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Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MS80 

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CIHM/ICMH 

Microfiche 

Series. 


CIHM/ICMH 
Collection  de 
microfiches. 


Canadian  Institute  for  Historical  Microreproductions  /  Institut  Canadian  de  microreproductions  historiques 


Technical  and  Bibliographic  Notes/Notes  techniques  et  bibliographiques 


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V 


U 


D 


D 


Coloured  covers/ 
Couverture  de  couleur 

Covers  damaged/ 

Couverture  endommagee  ^ 

Covers  restored  and/or  laminated/ 
Couverture  restaur^e  et/ou  pelliculde 

Cover  title  missing/ 

Le  titre  de  couverture  manque 


□    Coloured  maps/ 
Cartes  gdographiques  en  couleur 

Coloured  ink  (i.e.  other  than  blue  or  black)/ 
Encre  de  couleur  (i.e.  autre  que  bleue  ou  noire) 

0    Coloured  plates  and/or  illustrations/ 
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Bound  with  other  material/ 
Reli^  avec  d'autres  documents 

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pas  6t6  filmdes. 

Additional  comments:/ 
Commentaires  suppl6mentaires: 


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qu'il  lui  a  6t6  possible  de  se  procurer.  Les  details 
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une  image  reproduite,  ou  qui  peuvent  exiger  une 
modification  dans  la  m^thode  normale  de  filmage 
sont  indiqu6s  ci-dessous. 


Th( 
to  1 


I      I    Coloured  pages/ 


y 


D 

0 


Pages  de  couleur 

Pages  damaged/ 
Pages  endommagdes 

Pages  restored  and/oi 

Pages  restaurdes  et/ou  pelliculdes 


I — I    Pages  damaged/ 

I      I    Pages  restored  and/or  laminated/ 


Th< 
pos 
of 
filr 


Ori 
bej 
the 
sio 
ot^ 
firs 
sio 
or 


Pages  discoloured,  stained  or  foxed/ 
Pages  d6color6es,  tachetdes  ou  piqu^es 


I      I    Pages  detached/ 


Pages  datachdes 

Showthrough/ 
Transparence 

Quality  of  prir 

Qualit^  in6gale  de  I'impression 

Includes  supplementary  materis 
Comprend  du  material  supplementaire 


r~7|    Showthrough/ 

I      I    Quality  of  print  varies/ 

I      I    Includes  supplementary  material/ 


Only  edition  available/ 
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Les  pages  totalement  ou  partiellement 
obscurcies  par  un  feuillet  d'errata,  une  pelure, 
etc.,  ont  6t6  film^es  d  nouveau  de  fapon  d 
obtenir  la  meilleure  image  possible. 


Th 
shi 

Tir 

wh 

Mi 
dif 
en 
be 

rig 
re( 
m< 


This  item  is  filmed  at  the  reduction  ratio  checked  below/ 

Ce  document  est  film^  i  j  taux  de  reduction  indiquA  ci-dessous. 

10X  14X  18X  22X 


26X 


30X 


12X 


16X 


2ax 


24X 


28X 


32X 


ails 

du 

tdifier 

une 

nage 


rrata 
:o 


pelure, 
1  i 


□ 

32X 


The  copy  filmed  here  has  been  reproduced  thanks 
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Library  of  the  Public 
Archives  of  Canada 

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filming  contract  specifications. 


Original  copies  in  printed  paper  covers  are  filmed 
beginning  with  the  front  cover  and  ending  on 
the  last  page  with  a  printed  or  illustrated  impres- 
sion, or  the  back  cover  when  appropriate.  All 
other  original  copies  are  filmed  beginning  on  the 
first  page  with  a  printed  or  ihustrated  impres- 
sion, and  ending  on  the  last  page  with  a  printed 
or  illustrated  impression. 


The  last  recorded  frame  on  each  microfiche 
shall  contain  the  symbol  — ^>  (meaning  "CON- 
TINUED"), or  the  symbol  V  (meaning  "END"), 
whichever  applies. 

Maps,  plates,  charts,  etc.,  may  be  filmed  at 
different  reduction  ratios.  Those  too  large  to  be 
entirely  included  in  one  exposure  are  filmed 
beginning  in  the  upper  left  hand  corner,  left  to 
right  and  top  to  bottom,  as  many  frames  as 
required.  The  following  diagrams  illustrate  the 
method: 


1 

2 

3 

L'exemplaire  film6  fut  reproduit  grfice  d  la 
g6n6rosit6  de: 

La  bibliothdque  des  Archives 
publiques  du  Canada 

Les  images  suivantes  ont  6t6  reproduites  avec  le 
plus  grand  soin,  compte  tenu  de  la  condition  et 
<ie  la  nettet6  de  l'exemplaire  film6,  et  en 
conformity  avec  les  conditions  du  contrat  de 
filmage. 

Les  exemplaires  originaux  dont  la  couverture  en 
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par  le  premier  plat  et  en  terminant  soit  par  la 
dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration,  soit  par  le  second 
plat,  selon  le  cas.  Tous  les  autres  exemplaires 
originaux  sont  filmds  en  commenpant  par  la 
premidre  page  qui  comporte  une  empreinte 
d'impression  ou  d'illustration  et  en  terminant  par 
la  dernidre  page  qui  comporte  une  telle 
empreinte. 

Un  des  symboles  suivants  apparaitra  sur  la 
dernidre  image  de  cheque  microfiche,  selon  le 
cas:  le  symbole  — ►  signifie  "A  SUIVRE  ",  le 
symbols  V  signifie  "FIN". 

Les  cartes,  planches,  tableaux,  etc.,  peuvent  dtre 
film6s  d  des  taux  de  reduction  diffdrents. 
Lorsque  le  document  est  trop  grand  pour  dtre 
reproduit  en  un  seul  clich6,  il  est  filmd  d  partir 
de  Tangle  sup6rieur  gauche,  de  gauche  d  droite, 
et  de  haut  en  bas,  en  prenant  le  nombre 
d'images  ndcessaire.  Les  diagrammes  suivants 
illustrent  la  mdthode. 


1 

2 

3 

4 

5 

6 

>TORT 


OP 


SAINT  LOUIS  CITY 


AND 


COUNTY, 


FBOM   TflE   EAIILIHST   PERIODS   TO   THE   PilESENT   DAY: 


INCLUDING 


HIO(;i!\l'lll(",L  SKKTCHKS  OF  liEPRKKNTATlVK  MEN. 


BY 


•'•   THOMAS   SCHARF. 


v.u«.n,a;   of  t.,«  n.sTOK.r.,.  an,,   rn., nsi.r    cAr"no\4v     "    '•*«"■■■•■>'.   and 


r... ...  ..u,.A.„  ".»ro,.,..„K;;;A.;-rnoc;:^;:;;erm! 


IN  TWO  VOLUMES,  ILLUSTRATED. 


■^OL.  I. 


PHILADELPHIA: 
LOUIS    H.    EVERTS    &    GO. 

18  8  3. 


Copyright,  1883,  by  Louis  H.  Evkkts  &  Co. 


■PHP 


I'HES.s  OF 

J.    B.    Ml'l'INCOTT   &   CO., 

PHILAIIELl'HIA. 


PREFACE. 


It  lias  been  some  time  since  the  author  and  his  publishers — whose  enterprise  and  liberality 
liavi;  I'lways  kept  pace  with  him  in  every  new  undertaking — agreed  that  St.  Louis  offered  an 
ii)vitin{;  subject  for  an  exhaustive  local  history.  TFiey  knew  that  no  such  work  had  been  pro- 
duced ;  the  general  complaint  on  the  spot  proved  that,  and  se^ed  to  prove  also  that  it  would 
1)0  welcomed  if  Avritten. 

When,  however,  the  author,  after  completing  his  History  of  Baltimore  City  and  County  and 
tlie  preparations  for  the  History  of  Western  Alaryland,  came  to  St.  Louis  to  make  inquiries  and 
survey  the  field,  lie  was  disposed  to  shrink  from  the  undertaking  and  withdraw  from  the  engage- 
iMont  partly  made.  There  was  so  mucli  more  to  be  done  than  he  had  anticipated  that  the  magni- 
tude of  the  task  frightened  him.  Not  only  was  the  field  unoccuipied,  it  had  never  even  been 
e.\[)lored.  The  surface  liad  not  been  broken.  Virgin  soil  was  sure  to  be  rich  and  to  yield  great 
fruits  to  the  cultivator,  but  it  is  hard  work  to  plow  the  prairie  for  the  first  crop, — 

"  Hicc  loca  lion  tnuri  spirnntes  niiribus  ignem 
Invertere," — 

and  it  was  not  necessarily  a  labor  that  would  be  rewarding. 

The  author  does  not  wish  to  be  understood  to  say  that  much  has  not  been  written  about  tiie 
history  of  St.  Louis.  It  were  very  unlikely  that  a  theme  .so  rich,  so  various,  and  appealing  so 
strongly  to  the  imagination  and  the  sympathies  would  be  left  untouched  by  the  writers  of  a  corn- 
niuiiity  as  ardent,  as  ])roud  of  their  home  institutions,  and  as  sanguine  of  the  future  as  the 
inhabitants  of  St.  Louis.  Nor  have  they  neglected  it.  Much  has  been  done,  and  well  done; 
but  the  history  itself  was  not  written,  nor  were  the  sources  of  it  explored  and  its  materials 
searched  out.  Although  discouraged  at  first  by  the  magnitude  of  the  task,  the  author  fully 
realized  that  the  field  was  a  promising  and  fruitful  one,  and  his  generous  and  thoroughgoing 
])ublisliers  held  out  to  him  every  possible  inducement,  in  the  way  of  collaboration  of  manner 
with  matter,  of  expenditure  upon  the  form  and  make-up  of  the  work  to  keep  its  appearance 
fully  abreast  with  its  contents,  which  the  most  exacting  and  fastidious  writer  could  demand. 

Uiidcr  such  circumstances  the  author  finally  consented  to  undertake  the  task,  and  he  admits 
that  by  the  time  this  determination  was  reached  lie  had  discovered  that  while  the  subject  of  the 
liistory  of  St.  Louis  had  never  been  fully  or  adequately  studied,  so  far  as  could  be  ascertained 
from  outward  and  published  manifest^uions,  the  materials  of  which  it  could  be  made  were  not 
only  in  existence,  but  were  rich  and  comprehensive  almost  without  parallel.  Those  materials, 
collected,  arranged,  and  digestetl  for  the  first  time  in  these  volumes,  are  of  the  purest  ore  the 
gold  of  history  is  produced  from,  and  they  exist,  not  simply  in  "  outcrops"  and  "  placers,"  but 
in  true  "  lodes"  and  "  mother-veins,"  abundant,  anil  without  a  "  fault"  or  a  break  in  their 
absolute  continuity. 

These  materials  the  author  found  were,  to  a  large  extent,  in  the  possession  of  Frederic  L. 
Billon,  whose  unwearying,  indefatigable  research  had  unearthed  them,  and  his  first  step  was  of 
coui-se  to  get  access  to  Mr.  Billon's  treasures,  and  profit  by  all  that  he  had  discovered.     Without 


PRKFACK. 


I 


these  invaluable  stores,  wliieli  fully  justified  the  author's  expeutlitures  in  seeuring  theui,  ami  liis 
patient  toil  in  arranging  and  a|)|)()rtioning  tlieni,  it  would  have  been  impossible  to  present  the 
history  of  St.  Louis  in  tiie  satisfactory  sliape  which  it  now  assumes.  But  it  is  proper  to  forewarn 
the  reader  that  tlic  author  has  by  no  means  contented  himself  with  gleaning  over  the  fields  where 
Mr.  Billon  has  been  aeeustomed  to  search,  nor  with  suppleuicnting  his  investigations  by  others 
conducted  inside  the  same  limits. 

lie  conceives,  and  his  not  limited  nor  unsatisfactory  experience  confirms  the  belief,  tiiat  tiie 
history  of  numicipalilics  cannot  be  adequately  written  in  a  corner,  nor  can  it  with  faithfulness  to 
the  due  proportions  and  coloringof  the  subject  be  confined  strictly  to  local  occurrences.  A  city,  like 
a  ])la'iet,  has  .nore  motions  and  impulses  than  one.  Such  a  Hj)hore  revolves  on  its  own  axis,  to  be 
sure,  and  this  diurnal  revolution  nuist  lie  fully  considered,  because  tlie  most  frequent  and  the  most 
important.  But  it  has  also  its  orbital  and  its  cyclical  motions;  it  is  part  oi'  the  solar  system 
and  of  the  great  celestial  sphere,  and  its  true  path  can  never  be  accurately  traced  unless  all  the 
various  forces  creating  these  complex  motions  are  exactly  determined  and  the  residtant  estab- 
lished between  them.  So  with  cities.  They  have  their  own  centres  and  diameters,  their  own 
men  and  governments,  and  revolve  in  obedience  to  these  with  exactness  and  precision  ;  but  none 
the  less  do  they  occupy  significant  |)laces  in  the  State  and  in  the  Federal  systems,  of  which  they 
are  components,  anil  oftentimes  the  most  influential  members.  The  history  of  a  city  is  thus 
much  more  than  a  lot'al  chronicle,  a  specific  record  of  evijiits,  institutions,  and  men  within  a 
narrow  and  circumscribed  area.     The  Roman  satirist  contended  that  his  theme  etnbraced 

"  Qiiicqiiid  agunt  lioniitiivs,  votum,  timor,  ira,  voluptiis, 
Guudiii,  discursus." 

Shall  the  history  of  a  city  of  four  hundred  thousand  people,  the  chief  phice  in  the  greatest 
valley  and  on  the  noblest  river  the  world  ever  saw,  extend  over  a  less  wid(!  and  prolific  range 
of  discussion?  The  author  did  not  think  in  the  beginning  that  when  he  had  marshaled  in  line 
the  local  institutions  and  the  local  events,  had  given  the  annals  of  the  Spanish  and  American 
Governors  and  mayors,  and  told  the  current  stories  of  De  Soto  and  Coronado,  Marquette  and 
La  Salle,  Laclede  and  Chouteau,  besides  glorifying  the  local  heroes  in  "  perfunctory  and  provincial 
way,  he  would  be  doing  justice  to  or  indeed  producing  the  history  of  St.  Louis,  and  the  reader 
will  admit  that  no  such  limits  have  been  set  in  the  present  work. 

A  city's  history,  if  fully  told,  must  be  concerned  with  general  history,  with  national 
history,  and  with  State  history.  Try  to  eliminate  lioston  from  American  colonial  annals,  or 
Philadelphia  from  the  chronicles  of  the  struggle  for  American  independence,  and  what  u 
vaciuim  is  jiroduccd,  what  confusion  results.  Try  to  abstract  St.  Louis  from  the  history  of 
the  circumstances,  events,  and  resources  giving  consequence  to  the  Mississippi  valley,  and  what 
remains?  It  is  like  the  play  of  Hamlet  with  Hamlet  left  out.  A  city  influences  all  its  sur- 
roundings, all  the  (Mrcumstances  concurrent  with  its  annals,  and  is  equally  influence<l  by  tiiem. 
To  cast  out  of  the  ojiisideration,  therefore,  these  formative  clrcumstaaces  and  influences  is  to 
submit  effects  without  giving  causes,  and  to  i)rasent  as  an  independent  and  fortuitous  unit  what  is 
really  an  integral  factor  in  the  solution  of  a  far-reaching  problem. 

In  narrating  the  history  of  a  city  there  is  a  regular  order  of  succession  which  it  is  essential 
to  preserve  and  to  follow,  descending  from  and  through  events  to  men  and  to  the  institutions 
framed  by  them,  not  neglecting  the  resourc&s  wliich  these  events  imply,  and  which  these  men 
possess  and  develop,  or  comprehend  and  propose  to  utilize. 

It  is  upon  this  liberal  and  conscientious  plan  that  the  present  history  of  St.  Louis  was 
undertaken ;  nor  does  the  author  hesitate  to  declare  that  he  looks  upon  the  performance  of 
his  task  with  a  satisfaction  which  approaches  complacency.  As  a  record  of  events,  as  an  ex- 
hibition of  men,  as  a  chronicle  and  exposition  of  institutions  and  resources,  tiie  writer  is  con- 
fident that  his  work  lias  no  rivals  on  this  particidar  field;  and,  with  no  little  observation  and 


PREFACE. 


:i 


acquaintance  with  similar  works  upon  tiio  iiistory  of  otiier  cities,  and  no  ordinary  experience  in 
(lie  collecting  and  collating  of  materials  for  such  works  elsewhere,  he  is  disposed  to  claim  that 
the  present  History  of  St.  Louis  is  the  most  coni|)Iete  and  .satisfactory  record,  in  its  every 
de|)artment,  which  has  ever  been  prepared  and  published  in  the  United  States  of  the  growth, 
development,  and  expansion  of  a  municipality.  He  asserts  this  with  a  thorougii  knowledge  of 
what  has  been  done  in  New  England  and  the  East  since  the  revival  of  public  interest  in  and 
enthusiasm  for  local  details,  and  with  a  consciousness  also  of  the  suspicion  of  iirrogance  and  self- 
assumption  naturally  incidental  to  such  pretensions. 

But,  b(!fore  giving  Judgment,  the  reader  must  (Minsider  two  or  three  important  circumstances. 
Fird,  that  t\\e general,  the  national,  and,  so  to  speak,  international  history  of  St.  Louis  is  peculiarly 
rich,  varied,  and  full  of  color,  ani'  this  history  has  been  almost  entirely  neglected  by  the;  local 
chroniclei-s;  second,  that  the  materials  for  the  local  history  of  St.  Louis,  iierc  for  the  lirst  time 
assembled,  grouped,  co-ordinated,  and  arranged,  are  more  full  and  perfect  than  those  for  the 
history  of  any  other  city  in  the  Union  ;  and,  third,  tiiat  to  all  this  is  added  a  full  and  exhaustive 
account  and  description  of  every  prominent  institution,  public  or  private,  that  has  existed  or  now 
flourishes  within  the  chartered  limits  of  the  municipality  of  St.  Louis  and  the  county  circum- 
jacent.    Absolutely  nothing  of  importance  has  been  neglected  and  nothing  overlooked. 

To  accomplish  .so  much,  and  with  such  a  degree  of  self-satisfaction,  has  been  no  holiday 
task.  f)f  the  labors,  the  expenses,  the  responsibility  involved  in  such  a  work  the  author  says 
nothing.  The  book  is  completed,  and  it  will  speak  for  itself  far  better  than  any  one  can  speak 
for  it.  JJut  it  is  proper  to  call  attention  to  some  of  the  particular  features  of  so  voluminous  a 
production,  in  order  to  indicate  the  leading  matters  in  which  comprehensive  and  original  research 
has  enabled  the  pnsent  writer  to  supplement,  correct,  and  revise,  or  entirely  set  aside  the  previous 
and  existing  accounts  of  numerous  important  occurrences  in  the  annals  of  St.  liouis,  or  conneirted 
more  or  less  directly  with  its  histoiy. 

I.  At*  reffardn  general  hklory,  the  author  claims  that  now,  for  the  finst  time,  St.  Louis  no 
longer  makes  its  appearance  as  a  sporadic,  independent  case  of  accidental  and  individual  settle- 
ment upon  an  accidental  place  on  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi  River, — such  a  colonization  as 
might  have  taken  place  at  any  point  on  the  right  or  left  bank  within  two  hundred  miles  of  the 
actual  site  of  St.  Louis, — but  was  in  fact  and  efl'eiit  "  the  survival  of  the  fittest,"  not  indeed  in 
"a  struggle  for  existence,"  for  nearly  all  the  competitors  still  live,  but  in  a  tournament  for  the 
best  and  most  eligible  situation  for  a  capital  city.  To  establish  and  emphasize  this  point  history, 
geology,  arclueology,  and  physical  geography  have  all  been  ransacke<l,  and  a  gri-at  many  facts  of 
the  cla.ss  "  not  usually  known"  have  been  brought  to  bear  to  sustain  the  propositi(m. 

The  author  claims  that  the  question  of  the  discovery  of  the  Mississippi  and  the  relative 
pretensions  of  the  several  discoverers  are  discussed  by  him  in  the  only  way  through  vhich  a 
satisfactory  (jonclusion  can  be  reached  on  the  subject.  The  great  amount  of  controversy  and 
argument  about  facts  made  it  important  to  look  into  the  facts  themselves  with  careful  scrutiny, 
and  the  author  is  not  without  hope  that,  as  one  result  of  his  examination  and  comparison  of  such 
original  records  as  are  extant,  with  the  additional  light  thrown  upon  the  subject  by  the  recent 
re.soarches  of  Parkman,  Shea,  and  Margry, — all  of  which,  with  all  of  the  acce.s.sory  evidence,  have 
been  patiently  studied, — this  cause  celfhre  will,  by  common  consent,  be  docketed  as  "settled." 
The  true  history  of  the  Mississippi  valley,  and  the  toils  of  the  pioneers  and  explorers  who 
opened  the  way  to  it  along  ocean  tracks  and  by  woodland  paths,  have  been  clouded  and  obscured 
by  national  pride  and  prejudice,  and  by  sectarian  disputes  and  dissensions.  In  these  volumes  the 
author  has  struggled  to  do  justice  to  all,  and  to  aasign  his  exact  part  in  the  great  and  chivalrous 
work  impartially  to  each,  Spaniard,  Frenchman,  Englishman,  and  Dutch,  Huguenot  and  Catholic, 
Protestant  and  Romanist,  Canadian  and  Louisianian,  Puritan  and  Cavalier,  Jesuit  and  Recollfit, 
backwoodsman  and  voyageur,  trapper  and  hunter.     All  had  their  share  in  the  noble  achievement, 


VI 


PREFACE. 


;  I 


and  it  ia  the  judicial  office  of  tlic  historian  not  to  advocate  any  clans  of  pretensions,  but  to  decide 
upon  tiie  respective  claims  and  merits  of  ail  alike. 

The  circumstances  in  the  general  history  of  Upper  and  Lower  Louisiana  which  preceded 
and  led  to  the  planting  of  St.  Louis,  the  iiiHucnce  of  the  growth  and  spread  of  the  Knglish 
colonies  on  the  Atlantic  coast  towards  the  West  u|)on  this  event,  have  all  Ix'en  distinctly  traced 
and  stated,  and  a  flood  of  new  light  has  hecn  thrown  upon  the  dates,  the  history,  and  the  manners 
and  customs  of  the  French  settlements  of  tiie  Illinois,  from  which  St.  F.ouis  was  originally 
peopled.  The  "  relations"  o^'  the  missionaries,  the  narratives  of  travelers,  flic  officiial  reports  of 
government  officers,  the  most  obscure  records  of  local  and  jiersonal  history  have  been  diligt-ntly 
searched  in  oriler  to  make  clear  everything  that  was  doubtful  in  this  important  section  of  this 
hitherto  unwritten  history  of  the  country. 

In  respect  to  the  planting  of  St.  Louis,  the  topography  of  tlie  place,  the  names,  connections, 
business,  daily  life,  manners  and  customs,  laws  and  govcriunent  of  the  early  settlers,  the  author 
believes  that  his  work  is  simply  complete.  Every  possible  line  of  inquiry  has  been  followed  up 
to  the  end;  every  record,  and  all  tradition  and  reminiscence  have  been  exhausted  to  perfect  this 
chronicle  of  the  cradle-days  of  St.  Louis.  The  early  history  of  the  town  under  the  French, 
Spanish,  and  American  territorial  dominations  does  not  abound  with  incidents,  but  is  still  replete 
with  interest  in  every  part,  and  important  new  light  has  been  thrown  upon  many  of  the  accepted 
legends  in  regard  to  these  events,  light  derived  from  the  manuscript  records  and  impublished 
minutes  of  the  archives,  the  land  commissioners'  inquiries,  and  the  registered  proceedings  of 
courts,  trustees'  meetings,  and  all  the  dusty  documents  of  private  and  ])ublic  concern  which  the 
author  has  had  access  to.  Often  the  ])rivate  correspondence  of  individuals,  furnished  him  for 
biographical  purposes,  has  enabled  the  author  to  correct  a  date,  verify  a  disputed  tradition,  or 
sujiply  an  important  gap  in  general  history,  and  it  will  be  seen  that  the  j)apersof  Col.  O'Fallon, 
for  instance,  have  been  of  essential  value  in  enabling  the  author  to  enrich  the  history  of  the  war 
of  1812  with  Great  Britain,  and  the  Gratiot  jiapcrs  have  put  it  in  the  power  of  Professor  Water- 
house  and  Mr.  Billon  jjractically  to  rewrite  the  history  of  the  massacre  by  Indians  threatened  in 
1780. 

An  entirely  new  chapter  in  the  annals  of  St.  Louis,  and  one  of  deep  and  abiding  interest, 
will  be  found  in  the  attempt  to  trace  the  various  causes,  and  especially  the  Spanish  and  French 
intrigues  in  the  West,  which  led  to  the  Louisiana  purchi\se,  and  the  adoption  of  Missouri  and 
St.  Louis  into  the  American  Union.  The  pursuit  of  this  subject  required  close  study  and  much 
research  in  wide-spread  fields,  and  this  part  of  the  history  of  St.  Louis,  never  before  presented  in 
any  shape,  is  believed  to  be  the  most  r  mplete  investigation  of  it  ever  made  in  any  connection. 

In  respect  to  the  history  of  St.  Louis  from  the  time  it  ceased  to  be  a  Spanish  and  became 
an  American  town,  the  annals  presented  in  these  volumes  will  be  satisfactory  to  the  most  exigent 
reader,  whether  business  jnan,  politician,  or  antiquarian.  The  territorial  government,  the  nninici- 
pality,  tiie  part  taken  by  St.  Louis  in  the  various  Indian  wars,  the  war  of  1812,  the  Mexican 
war,  and  especially  the  civil  war,  are  all  minutely  traced,  copiously  illustrated,  and  exhaustively 
pursued  from  beginning  to  end.  The  intricate  subject  of  land  titles  and  claims,  and  the  history 
of  every  piece  of  land  within  the  limits  of  St.  Ijouis,  are  given  complete.  Nothing  which  could 
possibly  be  of  interest  to  the  present  or  of  value  in  the  future  has  been  oniiiicd  in  the  discussion 
of  these  wide-s{)reading  branches  of  the  general  theme.  The  material  was  abundant,  and,  while 
it  has  been  sedulously  winnowed  and  carefully  verified  in  every  instance,  it  has  been  copiously 
used. 

II.  As  regards  biography,  the  author  is  convinced  that  no  work  of  a  similar  character  has 
ever  been  written  which  is  so  replenished  with  the  lives  of  prominent  persons  in  every  walk  as 
these  volumes.  The  archives  and  records  of  every  sort  have  been  exhausted,  and  every  page  of 
the  daily  press  from  a.d.  1808  scrutinized  in  pursuit  of  biographical  material,  in  addition  to  which 


1        I 


PRKFACE. 


Tii 


Jilt  t(»  deciile 

"nil    |)ITCC(1p<1 

tlic  Kngliwl* 
tiiictly  U-am\ 
the  miuincrs 
as  originally 
ial  ri'|)<>rts  <it' 
oen  (lilifioiitly 
;cction  of  this 

5,  connections, 
;rs,  the  author 
in  followed  up 
to  perfect  this 
r  the  French, 
,  is  still  replete 
)f  the  accepted 
d  unpublished 
proceedings  of 
[•em  which  the 
iiished  him  for 
,.d  tradition,  or 
Col.  O'Fallon, 
tory  of  the  war 
Irofessor  Water- 
threatened  in 

biding  interest, 
and  French 
'  Missouri  and 

idy  and  much 
)re  presented  in 
V  connection, 
ish  and  became 
le  most  exigent 
cut,  the  munici- 
2,  the  Mexican 
id  exhaustively 

and  the  history 

ng  which  could 
n  the  discussion 

ant,  and,  while 
been  copiously 

r  character  has 
n  every  walU  as 
id  every  page  of 
ddition  to  which 


the  author  lias  iiad  access  to  the  private  jiapers  and  correspondence  of  many  leading  fuiniiies  and 
to  the  ricli  collections  of  Mr.  Billon,  so  tiiat  a  most  copious  and  precious  store  of  personal  history 
is  here  garnered,  relating  to  the  genealogies,  the  acts,  and  the  family  connecitions  and  alliances  of 
every  statesman,  every  member  of  the  professions,  and  every  business  man  who  has  been  at  all 
active  or  prominent  in  the  affairs  of  St.  liouis,  from  the  days  of  St.  Auge  and  Pierre  liacletle  to 
the  immediate  present.  In  many  cases,  even  wherc!  tlu-  person  was  most  distiiignished  ami  had 
l)een  most  frequently  written  about,  the  author  has  been  enabled,  from  his  innumeralde  sources 
(if  information,  to  supply  dates,  correct  damaging  inaccuracies,  and  supplement  the  chronicle  or 
narrative  with  new,  valuable,  and  interesting  details  and  particulars.  The  history  of  each  of  the 
learned  professions  and  all  the  leading  trades  j'.nd  occupations  lias  thus  been  enriciied  with 
sUetohes  of  (he  lives  of  the  men  who  illustrated,  adorned,  jiromoted,  and  di^veloped  them,  and 
this  circumstance  by  itself  cannot  fail  to  give  the  work  an  enduring  and  ever-increasing  value  in 
the  eyes  of  the  community. 

]1I.  Aa  rcf/dnh  InstUulioiut,  linally,  these  volumes  will  be  found  to  contain  the  history,  the 
description,  and  the  statistics  entire  of  everything  that  can  be  classed  under  this  line  of  inquiry. 
No  matter  from  what  point  of  view  the  reader  may  wish  to  study  the  institutions  of  St.  Louis 
and  the  private  and  public  w(n'k  done  by  her  citizens,  acting  individually  or  in  associatitm,  here 
is  wherewithal  to  satisty  his  desires,  anticipate  his  questions,  and  supply  all  the  information  he 
needs.  The  entire  municipal  establishment  is  traced  out  in  every  ramification,  and  presented  with 
the  fullest  detail  in  its  history  and  its  st;itistics, — the  city  gov(!rnment  and  officers  ami  every 
department,  it.s  (iiiances,  health,  (■diicalional  establishment,  police  and  fire  defiartmeiits,  public 
buildings,  monuments,  parks,  and  squares,  with  the  correlated  institutions  ami  tenements  of  the 
State  and  Federal  government  on  the  spot.  Commerce  and  industry,  iirmliiction  and  supply, 
finance,  transportation,  and  transportation  resources  and  facilities  have  all  been  presented  with 
carelul  eompletciness  and  assiduous  attention  to  every  detail. 

The  statistics  of  trade  and  manufactures,  and  all  that  relates  to  or  bears  upon  the  physical, 
industrial,  and  financial  resources  and  potentialities  of  St.  liouis  have  been  given  so  fully  that 
tiiey  cannot  fail  to  attract  the  particular  attention  and  command  the  respect  of  business  men. 
These  things  arc  treated  so  as  not  only  to  exemplify  their  present  condition,  but  historically,  in 
onler  to  illustrate  the  ra])idity  and  ratio  of  their  growth  and  development.  The  volumes  contain 
all  that  relates  not  merely  to  banks,  insurance,  railroads,  steamboats,  telegraphs,  trade  organiza- 
tions, manufacturing  aiul  commercial  establishments,  their  j)resent  state,  their  growth,  and  the 
men  who  have  contributed  to  their  development  and  prosperity,  but  everything  lik-iwise  relating 
to  the  physical  resources  and  |tossessioiis  upon  which  these  means  of  wealth  have  been  built  and 
are  still  building. 

Those  who  are  more  directly  interested  in  studying  a  city's  resources  from  the  point  of  view 
of  associative  effort  and  social  growth  and  advancement,  and  who  wish  to  learn  of  what  St.  Louis 
has  done  and  is  doing  for  religion,  benevolence,  and  charity,  for  science,  literature,  r.nd  art,  music 
and  the  drama,  and  who  seek  to  know  of  her  progress  in  education,  in  hygiene,  in  penatory  and 
reformatory  work,  will  find  in  these  volumes  complete  information  and  valuable  statistics  in  every 
branch  and  co-ordination  of  the  various  theme. 

A  glance  at  the  table  of  contents  will  suffice  to  convince  even  the  casual  reader  how  effectively 
all  this  wide  and  comprehensive  area  has  been  worked  over,  and  all  these  separate  planes  of 
human  association  and  endeavor  each  in  its  turn  brought  into  view  with  a  photograpliic  accuracy 
in  niinutitc  which  yet  has  not  prevented  a  steadfast  attention  to  the  preservation  of  the  perspec- 
tive of  the  whole.  Churches,  hospitals,  chariti&s,  societies,  companies,  agencies  have  been  sepa- 
rately treated,  and  their  history,  constitution,  organization  given  in  full.  But  it  is  useless  to 
attempt  to  enumerate  or  select  among  institutions  when  we  reflect  that  there  arc  more  than  six 
hundred  separate  heads  under  which  these  are  treated  oi'  in  this  book. 


Vlll 


PREFACE. 


i  I 


A  work  fl(>  tMin|)rcliensive  in  its  objpcte  and  scope,  and  endH-iusing  sncli  nn  infinitiult;  of  detail'*, 
luu.'^t  nGCCH8ari!y  liuvc  itr  limitations  and  defects,  and  the  antlior  la  quite  uwaro  of  tiie  inipoRHii>ility 
of  discussing  so  fully  sucii  a  groat  variety  of  subjects  without  occasional  errors.  It  would  have 
been  easy  to  escape  from  them  by  making  the  work  less  copious,  by  avoiding  dangerous  or 
controverted  themes,  nnd  gliding  swiftly  over  the  thin  ice,  generalizing  and  summing  up  insteail 
of  displaying  all  the  facts.  But  this  did  not  comport  with  the  author's  sense  of  responsibility  to 
his  task,  and  ho  has  not  omitted  anything  which  might  heln  *'^  snake  his  work  complete,  bemuse 
he  was  not  fully  assured  that  each  detail  was  "letter  perfect."  It  is  proper  to  call  'ittention  to 
some  som-ces  of  (rifling  error  for  which  the  author  is  not  responsible,  and  which  seem  to  be 
unavoidable  in  works  of  this  sort. 

The  desire  to  leave  nothing  untold  which  could  in  any  way  throw  light  upon  the  liistory  of 
events,  men,  and  institutions  in  St.  Louis  has  made  it  impossible  now  am'  then  to  esca;'  repetition. 
Facts  which  fall  within  the  proper  cognizance  of  the  narrative  of  gem  ral  events  will  sometimes 
reap|)ear  in  another  shape  in  the  records  of  institutions  or  in  the  pcTSonal  memoirs.  But  the 
author  i'.  assured  of  the  reader's  indulgencje  for  venial  errors  of  this  sort,  for  he  knows  that  the 
intelligent  reader  prefers  a  twice-told  tale  to  one  neglected  or  half  told. 

In  more  than  one  instance  the  author  has  been  constrained  b}  his  deference  to  local  authority 
upon  strictly  Uxral  subjetits,  and  by  yielding  to  the  testimony  of  experts  in  matters  which  experts 
alone  are  supposal  to  know  thoroughly,  to  hold  back  his  own  judgment  in  regard  to  certain 
siibjects,  and  permit  the  local  authority  and  the  expert  to  tell  the  whole  story  their  own  way. 
The  result  hiis  sometimes  been  clash,  confusion,  and  the  appearance  of  contradiction,  for  there  is 
nothing  about  which  local  authon.'es  and  experts  ditfer  so  much  among  themselves  as  those 
particular  events  and  things  in  regan'  to  which  they  collectively  consider  it  the  height  of  pre- 
sumption for  "  outsideix"  to  disagree  wi*^!.  them.  Where  the  subject  happened  to  be  one  of  moment 
and  importance,  the  anthoi-  hii.s  cnt  the  Gordian  knot  and  stated  things  to  suit  himself;  but  in 
indiflfbrent  or  trivial  concerns  lie  has  simply  stood  aside  and  let  both  parties  give  their  own  version.-. 

In  the  case  of  many  biographies  and  memoirs  of  individuals,  these  discrepancies  will  be 
particularly  observable,  in  conjunction  sometimes  with  an  obvious  want  of  proportion  between 
the  length  and  i)retensions  of  the  sketch  and  the  importance  of  the  individual.  For  none  of 
this  can  the  author  bo  held  responsible,  for  the  materials  upon  which  these  biographies  are  founded 
being  furnishe<l  by  the  families,  friends,  or  associates  of  their  subjects,  sometimes  solicited  from 
them,  the  author  was  constraincnl  to  accept  them  as  they  are,  and  did  not  feel  at  liberty  to 
remould  or  materially  miMlify  them  in  accordance  with  his  sense  of  j)roportion. 

It  will  furthermore  sometimes  be  noticed  that  there  are  variations  in  the  si)elling  of  names 
of  j)laces  and  particularly  of  ])ersons.  This  is  unpleasant  to  the  eye  and  oar,  but  cannot  be 
avoided  without  a  serious  danger  of  more  material  error,  and  a  want  of  fidelity  to  the  record. 
Spelling  was  not  a  particular  accomplisi.  nt  apparently  of  the  early  inhabitants  of  St.  Louis, 
and  French  and  Spanish  names  are  difficult  to  adjust  to  any  uniform  standard,  especially  when 
the  documents  in  which  tiiey  appear  have  j)a.sscd  through  many  hands.  There  is  in  fact  an  utter 
absence  of  uniformity  in  the  modes  of  spelling  those  old  names,  and  often  a  single  name  will  be 
found  written  in  two  or  three  different  ways  on  the  same  page.  It  is  a  common  thing  for  an 
individual  to  misspell  his  own  name  or  to  write  it  in  more  than  one  way  without  any  particular 
reason  being  apparent  for  the  variation.  Under  such  circumstances,  the  only  safe  general  rule  is 
tliat  which  has  boon  pursued,  to  follow  the  record. 

But  it  will  be  recollected  when  we  speak  of  errors  tjiat  we  are  surveying  the  contents  of 
two  volumes  of  more  than  nine  hundred  pages  each,  containing  over  two  million  words,  a  work 
more  bulky  than  the  ten  volumes  of  Bancroft's  History  of  the  United  States,  the  errors  of  which, 
by  tlie  way,  it  has  required  Bancroft  twenty  years  to  correct.  An  occasional  slip  in  such  an 
extensive  field  may  easily  secure  pardon. 


* 

i 
■I 

I 

s 

;,i 

^1 


] 


I'HKFACK. 


le  of  (Ictailf*, 
inposMiMlity 
w()iil<l  luvve 
laiij:^(.'r()'w  or 
jr  up  instead 
)onsi')ility  to 
jlot^.',  Wecuuse 
attention  to 
I  Hcein  to  be 

ho  history  of 
.•■  repetition, 
ill  sometimes 
irs.  But  the 
HOWS  that  the 

ociil  authority 
whicli  experts 
iril  to  certain 
leir  own  way. 
)n,  for  tliere  is 
lelvos  as  those 
heifj;ht  of  pre- 
one  of  moment 
imself ;  but  in 
•  own  version,-, 
tancies  will  be 
)rtiou  between 
For  none  of 
ies  are  founded 
solicited  from 
I  at  liberty  to 

illing  of  names 

but  cannot  be 

to  the  record. 

[s  of  St.  Louis, 

jspecially  when 

|in  fact  an  utter 

name  will  be 

li  thing  for  an 

any  particular 

general  rule  is 

Ithe  contents  of 
1  words,  a  work 
krrors  of  which, 
llip  in  such  an 


In  tiie  preparation  of  tiiis  work  more;  tiian  twenty  times  its  compass  of  material,  rxprcssly 
procuroil  and  arranged  for  it,  in  addition  to  the  great  eoll('<'tioii  of  hooks  read  and  examined  for 
collaleral  information,  wa.s  digested,  (tondensed,  and,  in  tlus  pertini'nt  newspaper  piiriise,  ''  boiled 
down"  to  the  present  limits.  In  no  sense  of  the  word  is  tliis  work  founded  upon,  built  up  out  of, 
(ir  repeated  IVom  any  pre\  ions  one  on  the  same  subject,  or  any  of  its  branches.  It  is  a  new  book, 
treating  its  theme  in  a  new,  comprehensive,  and  original  manner,  after  exhaustive^  research  and 
thorough  examination  and  comparison  of  the  best  authorities  and  tiie  most  authentic^  d(Maimenta 
anil  anthorilative  records.  The  digesting  and  assimilating  process  has  ])erliaps  not  been  (sirried 
a-  far  as  exigt'Ut  critics  might  demand,  or  as  th(Miiitlior's  taste  made  liir.i  desire,  hut  in  this  busy  atid 
hustling  world  there  is  not  time  enough  to  jwlish  the  front  of  a  large  structure  as  nicctly  as  one 
would  a  mantel  ornament  of  Parian  marble.  V!  .  ,  oprieties  of  style  have,  however,  not  been 
!>,:.  'cted,  for  carelessness  in  that  respect  would  have  been  equally  unworthy  of  a  theme  so 
(ii^iidied  and  of  the  liberality  an<l  beauty  of  form  of  the  publisher's  work. 

The  author  would  be  unjust  to  himself  and  to  the  city  whose  history  he  has  written  if 
he  did  not  acknowhulge  in  this  place,  with  feelings  of  profound  gratitude,  the  cordial  aid 
extended  to  him  and  his  undertaking  by  the  people  of  St.  Louis.  They  have  given  him  the 
fullest  enconiagement  throughout,  and  have  hclpinl  him  materially  in  elaborating  an<l  |)erfccting 
the  work.  Inijiortant  and  valuable  iussistance  .  iid  Information  have  been  received  from  the 
following  p(!rsons,  to  whom  also  particular  rocogni  ■'   ■•  is  due: 

To  till!  editors  and  proprietors  of  the  Mmoitr'  I'qxiblican,  who  gave  the  author  free  access  to 
the  files  of  that  paper  from  1808  to  the  pn'  cut  time,  with  lea/o  to  extract  all  that  he  wanted, 
and  to  Col.  John  Kna|)p,  fo:  odd  volumes     "  newspapers  f-'-.u  1858  to  1880. 

To  the  j)roprietors  of  the  Globc-JJeiiMcrut  for  th(   use  of  their  files,  etc. 

To  George  H.  Morgan  Esq.,  secretary  of  t!ie  vieicliunts'  Exchange,  and  to  the  board  of 
directors  also  of  the  Ex('hange,  'or  files  of  newspapers  from  1861  to  the  present  time.  Mr. 
Morgan  supplied  the  author  likewise  most  liberally  ""th  much  other  valuable  material  in  the 
shape  of  reports,  pamphlets,  etc. 

To  John  J.  Bailey,  Esq.,  for  essential  .assistance  in  the  preparation  of  the  histories  of 
churches  of  all  denominations;  F.  H.  Burgess,  Esip,  for  biographical  sketches  ami  details  in 
regard  to  the  press,  the  secret  societies,  and  other  institutions  of  St.  Louis;  Milton  II.  Wai-h, 
Esq.,  secretary  and  treasurer  of  the  school  board,  for  re|)orts,  official  documents,  and  valuable 
matter  in  connection  with  educational  interests  ;  Henry  W.  Williams,  for  his  complete  and 
able  chajjter  on  the  intricate  and  important  subject  of  land  claims  and  land  titles. 

To  Lyndon  A.  Smith,  secretary  of  Mayor  Ewing,  for  many  kindnes.ses  oi  various  sorts, 
including  free  access  to  and  use  of  valuable  documents  and  pamphlets.  Mayor  Ewing  himself, 
with  a  kindness  and  courtesy  not  to  be  forgotten,  and  particularly  valuable  to  and  appreciated  by 
a  stranger  in  a  strange  land,  extended  his  hand  to  the  author,  and  his  cordial  official  indorsement 
to  the  work  in  its  infaiuiv,  thus  giving  the  undertaking  the  right  sort  of  headway  at  the 
moment  when  it  was  most  needed. 

To  Professor  II.  II,  Morgan,  who  (contributed  to  the  work  the  chapter  on  "  Art  and 
Artists,"  and  that  on  "  Litcratnns  and  Literary  Men." 

To  Professor  Sylvester  Waterhouse,  for  various  contributions  to  the  work  which  are  cretlited 
to  him,  for  many  kindnesses  and  courtesies  in  smoothing  the  author's  way  in  a  strange  city,  and  for 
valuable  suggestions  in  regard  to  the  general  subject  which  Mr.  Waterhouse  wau  fresh  from  the 
study  of,  having  rewntly  prei)ared  an  abstract  of  St.  Louis  history  for  the  census  volume  on  the 
"  Social  Statistics  of  Cities,"  which  Col.  George  E.  Waring,  Jr.,  has  charge  of  as  "  special  agent ;" 
and  to  Col,  George  E,  Waring,  Jr.,  for  special  materials  and  statistics  in  his  departnu  .t  of  the 
census. 

To  Mr.  Frederic  L,  Billon,  who  has  been  long  engaged  upon  a  history  of  St.  Louis  under 


?l 


i  > 


PREFACE. 


the  Freiioli  and  Spanish  regimes,  and  wliose  voluminous  collections,  begun  forty  years  ago,  and 
embracing  many  rare  and  precious  documents  and  unique  manuscripts,  were  placed  unre- 
servedly at  the  autiior's  service.  These  manuscripts  are  particularly  rich  in  information  in  re- 
gard to  old  families,  topography,  and  real  estate. 

To  Dr.  E.  M.  Nelson,  i.litor  of  tiie  St.  Louis  Courier  of  Medicine,  for  the  chapter  furnished 
by  him  upon  the  "  Medical  Profession,"  and  for  other  kindnesses.  Good  ta.ste  and  extensive 
and  accurate  information  have  enabled  Dr.  Nelson  to  treat  his  subject  with  equal  fullness  and 
propriety  in  a  way  which  none  cati  fail  to  appreciate.  To  Dr.  H.  Judd,  Upper  Alton,  111.,  for  a 
sketch  of  the  history  of  dentistry  and  the  dental  profession  in  St.  Louis.  • 

To  Frederick  F.  Espenschied  fi)r  much  valuable  information  and  assistance,  and  the  use  of 
documents  not  be  obtained  anywhere  else,  especially  the  mayors'  messages  and  municipal  reports 
for  many  years,  with  copies  of  statutes,  ordinances,  digests,  etc.,  enabling  the  author  to  trace 
down  the  municipal  history  by  tiie  record.  Messrs.  Espenscliied,  Knapp,  and  Morgan,  with 
rare  generosity,  permitted  tiie  author  to  carry  off  all  these  precious  materials  to  a  distant  city, 
where  they  might  be  examinetl  more  at  leisure.  To  Wm.  H.  Mayo,  Esq.,  Past  Grand  Master  and 
Secretary  Missouri  Ijodge,  No.  1,  A.  F.  and  A.  M.,  for  very  perfect  records  of  Masonry  in  St. 
Louis  and  access  to  invaluable  manuscript  records. 

To  Oscar  W.  Collet,  Esq.,  secretary  of  the  Missouri  Historical  Society,  for  valuable  memo- 
randa and  notes  gathered  for  the  author  from  the  State  arcihives  at  Jefferson  City,  for  the  use  of 
the  collections  of  the  Historiad  Society,  and  much  assistance  in  the  search  for  information ;  Prof. 
C.  M.  Woodward,  of  Washington  University,  for  tlie  account  of  tiie  St.  Louis  bridge ;  Col. 
Albert  G.  Brackett,  U.S.A.,  for  valuable  assistance  and  information  in  connection  with  the  his- 
tory of  Jellersoii  Harracks;  Prof.  Marshall  S.  Snow,  of  Washington  University,  for  the  history 
of  that  institution;  llev.  Walter  H.  Hill,  S.J.,  for  similar  matter  in  connection  with  St.  liouis 
Univereity;  Thomas  Lynch,  Esq.,  for  information  con(;erning  the  Volunteer  Fire  Department 
Josepli  Nimmo,  Jr.,  Chief  of  tiie  United  States  Bureau  of  Statistics,  for  much  valuable  statistical 
matter  upon  the  trade  and  commerce  of  St.  Louis;  N.  AE.  Ludlow,  Esq.,  for  an  account  of  the 
rise  and  progress  of  the  drama  in  the  West ;  and  Ciiarles  W.  Knapp,  Esq.,  for  information  on 
tiie  business  interests  of  the  city. 

The  author  also  must  acknowledge  his  many  and  frequent  debts  to  the  authors  of  the  several 
more  recent  books  about  St.  Louis  and  Mis.souri,  their  history  and  circumstances.  Where  these 
works  have  been  quoted  from  specific  acknowledgment  will  be  found  in  the  text,  but  a  general 
confession  of  debt  for  hint,  guidance,  and  instruction  must  still  be  made  to  Richard  Edwards, 
W.  F.  Switzler,  li.  U.  lleavis,  Richard  J.  C!ompton,  John  Hogan,  R.  A.  Campbell,  Alphonso 
Wetmore,  N.  M.  Ludlow,  W.  V.  N.  Bay,  and  John  F.  Darby. 

To  his  pubiishei-s  the  author  must  gratefully  pay  the  meed,  thrice  deserved,  of  most  hearty 
and  effective  (io-ojieration  with  him  throughout  the  undertaking.  They  have  mo.st  liberally  met 
his  every  desire  in  respect  of  letter-press  and  engravings  of  portraits,  maps,  and  other  illus- 
trations ;  they  have  spared  no  expense  or  effort  to  make  the  mechanical  execution  of  the  volumes 
equal  to  its  subject  and  to  the  author's  ambition,  and  they  have  helped  him  in  every  difMculty, 
and  sought  to  remove  every  obstruction  from  his  path  while  the  work  was  in  progress. 

To  tiie  suliscribers  to  the  work,  who  by  consenting  to  take  it  unseen  on  the  author's  own 
recommendation  and  the  strength  of  his  and  the  publisher's  reputation,  have  secured  its  successful 
completion  and  publication,  the  author  rendei's  his  most  grateful  thanks,  with  the  earnest  hope, 
as  he  bids  tliem  adieu,  that  nothing  in  the  volumes  and  nothing  omitted  from  them  may  cause 
them  to  regret  their  confidence  and  their  liberality. 

J.  THOMAS  SCHARP. 

Balti.mokk,  .Murcli,  1883. 


' 


years  ago,  and 
!  placed  unre- 
brraation  in  re- 


apter  furnished 

and  extensive 

al  fullness  and 

Iton,  111.,  for  a 

• 

and  the  use  of 
inicipal  reports 
luthor  to  trace 

Morgan,  with 
i  a  distant  city, 
uid  Master  and 
Masonry  in  St. 

aluable  inenio- 
',  for  the  use  of 
rmation ;  Prof. 
i  bridge ;  Col. 
1  with  the  his- 

for  the  history 
with  St.  liouis 
e  Department 
nabic  statistical 

account  of  the 
information  on 

s  of  the  several 
.  Where  these 
:,  but  a  general 
hard  Edwards, 
bell,  Alphonso 

of  most  hearty 
it  liberally  met 
nd  other  illus- 
of  the  volumes 
3very  difficulty, 
^ross. 

e  author's  own 
ed  its  successful 
e  earnest  hope, 
hem  may  ciiuse 


CONTENTS  OF  VOLUME  I. 


CHAPTER    I. 
The  Ocean  Paths  of  DiBoovery 


CHAPTER    ri. 


ciiAPTER  rir. 

Upper  and  Lower  Louisiana 


CHAPTER    Xlir. 


St.  Louis  Laud  Titles. 


CHAPTER    xrv. 
Territorial  Oovernuient 


CHAPTER    IV. 
;|       The  Founding  of  St.  Louis 


CHAPTER    v. 

Climatology,  Geology,  and  Arcl.teology... 


The  Indians., 


Topography. 


CHAPTER    VI. 
CHAPTER   VII. 


41 


62 


78 


104 


126 


CHAPTER    XV. 
The  War  with  Mexico 


The  Civil  War., 


CHAPTER   XVI. 


CHAPTER  XVII. 
Political  Progress,  State  and  National 


CHAPTER   XVIII. 
Municipal  Government 


The  Earliest  Settlera  in  St.  Li 


CHAPTER    VIII. 


""'" W 


I  CHAPTER    IX. 

I     Spanish  Dominion,  and  "The  Affair  of  1780" 


CHAI'TER  XIX. 
Municipal  Departments 


Fire  Department.. 


CHAPTER   XX. 


202  !   Education. 

CHAP  T  E  R    X. 
Spanlal,,  French,  and  American  Intrigue,  in  the  West 227      I-ibraries ... 


The  Louisiana  Ccssio 


CHAPTER    XI. 


241      The  Press., 


CHAPTER  XXI. 

CHAPTER    XXII. 

CHAI'TER    XXIII. 


,.„                             CHAPTER    XII. 
Manners  and  Customs 


268      Amnsemonts 


CHAPTER    XXIV. 


.•!16 


329 


361 


890 


556 


647 


726 


788 


823 


886 


8(12 


959 


SCHARF. 


IXjIjTJSTI?.^TI03SrS     OIP    ^V  O  L  TJ  iMI  E    I. 


PAOl 

Allen,  Thomas facing  640 

Ames,  Edgar "  619 

Ames,  Henry "  618 

Armstrong,  ».  H "  638 

Autographs  of  Distinguished  Men  in  the  Early  History  of 

St.  Louis between  646,  647 

Barret,  R.  F facing  676 

Bates,  Frederick "  556 

Benton,  Thomas  H 593 

Big  Mound  nt  St.  Louis  in  1869 95 

Blair,  P.  P 625 

Blow,  H.  T facing  608 

Bridge,  n.  E "  606 

Broadhead,  J.  0 "  602  ] 

Budd,  O.  K "  680 

Campbell,  Robert "  370 

Chcnie,  Antoinc "  353 

Choutcnu,  Augusto 65 

Chouteau,  C.  P  facing  184  j 

Chouteau  Mansion 127 

Choutcnu,  Pierre,  Jr facing  182 

Chouteau's  Pond "  159 

Christy,  William "  194 

City  Hall 727 

Clark,  Gen.  George  R 108 

Cole,  Nathan facing  704 

Conn,  .J.  H "  577 

Crow,  Wuyman "  872 

Daggett,  J.  D "  070 

Darby,  John  F "  669 

Ewing,  W.  L "  717 

Ferguson,  Peter "  052 

Filley,  G.  ]•' "  600 

Four  Courts,  the 734 

Frost,  1).  M facing  502 

Fullerton,  J.  S "  406 

Gaty,  Siimuel "  660 

Globe-Democrat  Uuilding "  924 

Greeley,  C.S "  550   [ 

Harney,  W.  8 "  518 

Hart,  0.  A "  6S4 

Hawken,  Samuel 809   ' 

Ironclad  "  Benton,"  the 538   j 

Jefferson  Barracks between  626,  627 

Johnson,  C.  P facing  634 

Kaskaskia  in  1840 883 

Knapis  Georgu facing  90S 

Knapp,  John "  914 

Krum,  J.  M "  678 

Lafayette  Park 768  i 

Ladin,  S.  H 703  j 

Lane,  William  Carr , 655  j 

La  Salle,  Cavelier 32  I 

Xii 


Lindel),  J.  G facing  563 

Lindell,  Peter "  568 

Loretto  Academy 885 

Lyon,  Nathaniel 505 

Manual  Training-Sohool 876 

Map  of  Mississippi  River  in  1681,  by  Marquette. ..facing  3U 

Map  of  St.  Louis  City  and  County "  1 

Ma.son,  r.  M "  718 

McDowell  Medical  College  and  Military  Prison 418 

McLean,  J.  H facing  642 

McNair,  Alexander 666 

McNair's  Mansion 664 

Missouri  Republican  Building facing  902 

Museum  of  Fine  Arts 870 

Noble,  J.  W facing  620 

O'Fallon,  John "  344 

Old  Houses  in  St.  Louis 279 

Old  Market-House  and  Levee  in  1840 749 

Olympic  Theatre 984 

Overstolz,  Henry facing  712 

Paschall,  Nathaniel "  910 

Plat  of  Camp  Jackson 192 

Plat  of  St.  Louis  in  1764 66 

Plat  of  St.  Louis  in  1804 between  146,  147 

Pettus,  W.  G facing  562 

Pope,  Charles  R "  9.S6 

Pope's  Theatre 985 

Post-Dispatch  Building 035 

Priix',  Sterling 514 

Richardson,  James facing  894 

Roe,  John  J "  616 

Siippington,  John "  578 

Sarpy,  John  B "  582 

Si'llew,  Ralph "  854 

Se.xton,  H.C "  802 

Shaw,  Henry 754 

Shaw's  lintanienl  Garden 755 

Sherman,  W.  T facing  452 

Smith,  James "  878 

Stiiuard,  E.  0 "  630 

St.  Louis  Court-House 732 

Stone  Tower 131 

Taylor,  G.  R facing  690 

Tower  Grove  Park  Entrance 753 

Vogel,  John  C facing  410 

Von  Phul,  Henry "  05S 

Washington  University  Hall 807 

Welle,  Erastus faoing  628 

Whig  Log  Cabin 683 

Whittaker,  Francis faoing  614 

Wocrner,  J.  O "  696 

Yeatman,  J.  E "  652 


facing  568 

"    566 

885 

505 

876 

]ueUe... facing   3U 

"     1 

"    718 

ison 418 

facing  642 

565 

564 

facing  902 

870 

facing  620 

"    344 

279 

749 

«84 

facing  712 

«'    910 

192 

66 

between  146,  147 

facing  562 

, "    9S6 

9So 

9;!5 

614 

facing  894 

"    616 

"    578 

"    582 

"    851 

"    802 

754 

755 

facing  452 

"    878 

"    630 

, 732 

131 

...■ facing  690 

753 

facing  410 

"    65S 

867 

facing  628 

583 

facing  614 

"    696 

"    662 


1      1 


i 


HISTORY 


OP  THE 


CITY  AND  COUNTY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


CHAPTER    I. 

THK    ncKAN-PATHS   OF    DISCOVEllY. 

The  history  of  St.  Louis  presents  some  peculiarities 
such  as  do  not  .seem  to  appear  in  conncetion  with  that 
of  any  other  distinctively  American  city.  St.  Lnui.s 
is  intensely  modern  in  its  character  and  impulses,  yet 
its  foundation  rests  upon  a  substructure  of  very  an- 
cient associations,  such  as  lead  research  and  invcstii^a- 
tion  into  the  affairs  of  the  earliest  white  settlers  of 
tlie  North  American  continent.  The  first  white  man 
looked  upon  the  site  of  St.  Louis  only  nine  years  be- 
fore the  foundiiiiiof  IMiiladelphia.and  Laclede's  trad- 
inj;-post,  where  this  city  now  stands,  was  not  estab- 
lished until  1  TCI,  no  more  than  eleven  years  previous 
to  the  American  Ilevohuion.  ,St.  Louis  was  not 
brouda  into  the  Union  until  180:5;  it  did  not  fairly 
commence  to  prow  until  1818;  it  was  no  more  than 
a  frontier  tradinir-post  and  ^'arrison  town  when  it  was 
incorporated  as  a  city  in  1822,  Yet  we  must  seek 
i's  beginning;  in  ethnic  influences  and  race  raovenients 
and  colonies  which  are  antecedent  to  the  planting  of 
St.  Augustine  and  Quebec.  Tho  Spaniards  who  gov- 
erned St.  Jjouis  at  the  opening  of  tho  nineteenth  cen- 
tury had  iilready  discovered  the  Mississi])pi  River  in 
the  third  decade  of  the  fifteenth  century,  and  the 
French  forts  and  towns  in  Illinois  which  eventually 
contributed  tlicir  population  to  augment  the  growth 
of  St.  Louis  were  all  of  thetii  planted  and  thriving 
before  the  Peace  of  Ryswiek,  aiul  before  New  Kngland 
had  entirely  recovered  from  the  desperate  struggle 
jwiih  the  Watnjianoags. 

St.  Louis  aiul  New  Orleans  are  the  only  American 
[cities  which  have  owned  both  the  French  and  Spanish 
liway  before  yielding  allegiance  to  the  Constitution  of  the 
Itlnited  States.  New  Orleans  continues  French  to  the 
ore.  St.  Louis  is  thoroughly  Atn:ricanized ;  but  in  tho 
1 


process  of  transformation  tho  city  has  beeome  cosmo- 
politan in  a  remarkable  degree.      In  this  respect  like- 
wise St.  Louis  is  markedly  distinct  from  other  Amer- 
ican cities.    None  is  loss  provincial,  none  so  thoroughly 
metropolitan   in   the  composition   of  its  population, 
which  is  yet  blended  together  in  one  homogeneous 
whole  that  makes  it  an  effective  unit  in  every  article 
of  action  and  enterprise.     Quebec,  like  New  (3rleans, 
has  never  been  completely  naturalized  in  the  Anglo- 
American  family;   Boston,  like  Raltimore,  is  provin- 
cial ;  New  York  is  still  Dutch  in  warp,  and  I'hiladel- 
phia  has  not  outgrown  tho  peculiarities  of  the  formal 
sect  which  founded  it ;  Chicago  is  a  camping-place  of 
the  tuitions,  with  Yankee  machinery  to  give  it  elee- 
1  trical  swiftness  of  motion  ;  but  in  St,  Louis  national- 
I  ities  are  fused  and  welded  together,  so  that  every  in- 
I  habitant  feols  the  loeal  spirit  and  patriotic  iinpuUe  of 
i  the  Latin,  who  knew   no  higher  boast  than   '■'('ici.i 
I  Roniiiiui^  ,s'i(Hi." 

!       It   is  part  of  tho  object  and  plan  of  the  present 
j  Flistory  of  St.  Louis  to  trace  minutely  the  currents 
!  of  race  and  opinion  whieli  have  aftected  and  influenced 
the  (|ualily  and  character  of  the  city's  growth,  while 
describing  every  incident  of  that  growth  and  develop- 
ment with  lid<!lity  and  com])l('tenes.s. 

Such  a  history  is  naturally  attractive  and  pictu- 
rcs(|ue.  It  is  tinctured  with  romance,  it  is  pervaded 
with  adventure.  There  is  something  ab;mt  it  wliicli 
resembles  the  sweeping  and  Yari()Us  contours  of  the 
circumjaeeiit  prairies,  fiu'csts,  and  rivers,  and  withal 
there  is  a  smack  of  local  flavor  and  individuality  in 
it  which  recalls  the  lnoiliomic  and  careless,  easy  grace 
of  its  earliest  inhabitants.  To  catch  such  vivid  traits 
and  reproiluce  such  changing  and  various  tints  is  a 
work  of  art  at  which  the  most  skillful  need  not  blii.sh 
to  fail,  but  it  is  a  labor  also  of  love  at  which  the  artist 
will  toil  with  ardor. 

The  pleasing  hypothesis  that  St,  Louis  is  naturally 


hi 


! 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


flic  jroogrnplilciil,  coinmeruhil,  and  political  centre  of 
the  North  Ameiicaa  continoiit  may  bo  cnturtaincd  or 
(lisiuisscd  as  one  chooses,  wiiliout  injury  to  the  present 
hopes  or  future  prosi)ects  of  tlio  great  city.  But  if 
it  were  iinjiortant  to  tiie  city's  interests  to  maintain 
and  cstablisii  the  opinion,  some  curiously  apposite  ar- 
guments in  favor  of  it  might  bo  derived  from  the 
convergence  of  the  lines  of  exploration  and  discovery, 
of  travel  and  immigration  upon  fe^t.  Louis  as  a  common 
focal  point.  This  is  not  peculiar  to  one  epoch,  but 
common  to  all.  It  is  the  tradition  of  nearly  every 
Indian  tribe  and  nation,  and  notably  of  the  Natchez, 
and  the  Algonkin  and  the  Tr("|unis  who  dispersed 
thorn  and  drove  them  south,  that  they  originally  camo 
— ill  tlie  dim  legendary  past — from  the  northwest, 
upon  such  a  diagonal  line  of  migration  as  would  bring 
them  to  the  Jlississippi  at  or  about  the  latitude  of  St. 
Louis.  When  Ferdinand  de  Soto  and  his  followers, 
bitten  with  all  the  Spaniard's  \iti<t\t\:itC(iinisiici'ij'innrii, 
siuight  between  .\.h.  l.");5i)  and  154;!  to  discover  another 
Me.xiei)  in  tlie  heart  of  our  continent,  the  path  of 
their  arduous  wanderings  from  the  southeast  brought 
them  over  nearer  to  this  same  centre.  In  1540,  when 
the  Governor  of  New  Galieia,  Francisco  A'^asqucz  de 
Ciiroiiado,  set  fiirtli  u])oii  his  memorable  march  from 
Coiiijiostella  and  Cuiiaean,  upon  the  Gulf  of  California, 
to  discover  and  conquer  the  apciryphally  rich  "seven 
cities  of  Cibola,"  he  did  not  stay  his  footsteps  in  the 
strange  wildcrm  •;  until  hr  had  reaehed  the  fortieth 
]iaralli'i  at  a  point  half-way  between  Leavenworth  and 
Oinaba.  The  French  who  went  west  from  Quebec  to 
Lake  Superior,  those  who  descended  the  Wabash,  the 
Illinois,  the  Kaskaskia,  and  the  Mississippi,  and  tlio'^o 
who  ascended  the  latter  stream  from  the  Belize,  all 
met  and  settled  within  forty  or  fifty  miles  of  the  city 
whose  history  we  are  writing,  and  the  oldest  settle- 
ment, Cahokia,  is  within  siglit  of  its  taller  spires.  So 
likewise  the  thi(>o  chief  lines  of  Knglish  settlement 
from  New  England  across  Western  Now  York  to  the 
lakes,  from  I'ennsylvania,  Blaryland,  and  Virginia 
westward  to  the  Ohio,  and  from  Virginia  and  the 
Carolinas  to  Tennessee  and  Kentucky,  all  converged 
at  St.  Louis.  It  is  rather  more  than  a  coincidence 
that  Coronado  and  De  Soto,  the  one  starting  on  the 
Pacific  coast  and  the  other  on  the  Atlantic,  would 
actually  have  crossed  i)athsif  they  had  projected  their 
outward  inarehcs  two  hundred  miles  farther,  and  their 
meeting  point  would  have  been  very  near  the  site  of 
St.  Louis.  It  is  rather  mori'  than  a  coincidenco  like- 
wise that  the  road  of  the  trading-|)ack  and  wagon  (;f 
the  New  England  emigrant,  the  path  of  the  Virginia 
ranger  and  Kentucky  liunter,  the  devious  way  of  the 
Canadian  cunmir  dcs  Lois  and  vnijujoir  and  route  of 


the  trapper,  should  all  of  them  have  led  to  St.  Louis. 
In  the  ante-chaiiibcr  of  the  representative  of  the 
Frcncli  iiurt'en  rnjbne  or  the  Spani.sh  hidalgo  who 
might  chance  to  \w,  "  commandant"  at  old  St.  Louis, 
but  in  no  otlnir  place  on  this  continent,  it  would  have 
been  natural  for  Daniel  Boone,  "  backwoodsman  of 
Kentucky,"  to  meet  and  exchange  adventures  with  the 
Yankee  peddler  from  Ci.nneeticiit,  tlie  Jesuit  priest 
from  Minnesota,  the  Canadian  half  breed  tra|)perfrom 
the  headwaters  of  the  Missouri,  and  the  sugar-planter 
of  Opelousas  and  Terrebonne. 

So  races  and  nationalities  confront  one  another  to- 
day in  St.  Louis,  and  so  likewise,  in  the  remotest  past 
of  America's  conncetion  with  historic  periods,  we  find 
that  convergence  of  races  and  nationalities  towards 
tlie  central  point  of  the  great  Mississippi  basin,  which 
was  to  eventuate  in  the  founding  of  St.  Louis  and  its 
establishincDt  as  the  key-city  of  the  mightiest  river- 
system  upon  the  globe. 

The  causes  of  the  discovery  and  settlement  of  the 
valley  of  the  Mississippi  were  identical  with  t!.ose  which 
led  to  tile  discovery  and  settlement  of  America.  The 
lust  for  gold,  made  keener  by  the  currency  rc(juire- 
ments  of  a  period  of  restless  expansion  of  trade,  the 
desire  to  plant  proud  royal  banners  and  the  humble 
cro.ss  of  Christ  upon  new  lands  and  to  subordinate 
new  realms  to  European  monarchies  and  Catholic 
orthodoxy,  and  the  eager  jealou.sy  with  which  the 
Western  nations  of  Europe,  just  newly  born  to  com- 
merce and  the  possibilities  of  the  unlimited  expansion 
of  trade  over  the  ocean  spaces, !.'.  held  the  relations  of 
Venice  with  the  wealthy  East, — these  are  the  causes 
which  led  I'rince  Ileiiiy  of  Portugal  tt  jmsh  south 
and  ('hristopher  Columbus  to  press  westward  in  (juest 
of  that  Far  Cathay  the  unexampled  richcib  of  which 
had  been  exhibited  in  glowing  colors  by  the  fertile 
pen  of  Marco  Polo.  Father  Mar(|uette,  when  he 
sought  the  Missi,ssipi)i,  hoped  to  find  that  it  emptied 
into  the  Gulf  of  Calilornia,  and  thus  would  aiTord  to 
France  an  easy  route  to  China  by  way  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence and  the  lakes.  La  Salle  named  his  fort  and 
village  near  Montreal  "  La  Chine,"  in  token  of  the 
intentne.ss  with  which  he  pursued  his  original  object 
of  seeking  a  navigable  route  across  the  continent  to 
India.'  Both  Columbus  and  the  early  explorers  of 
the  continent  by  land  were  deceived  in  regard  to  the 
size  of  the  globe  and  the  proximity  of  Europe  to 
Asia.  Columbus  fancied  that  China  lay  just  across 
the  "  ocean  streani,"  not  more  than  fifteen  liundred  or 

I  Kiilm,  llie  S\v('ili!<h  traveler,  siiys  llie  imiiie  w.as  siitiriciil, 
Kivcii  l)y  La  .'^iille's  follower.^  in  derision  of  liig  inee.«siiiit  t;ill( 
iibuut  (,'liiiiii  unci  tlio  repealeil  ileliiys  which  kept  him  fruui 
making  any  further  progress  in  that  dircctiun. 


THE  OCEAN-PATHS  OF  DISCOVERY. 


o  St.  Louis, 
tivo  of   the 
hidalgo  who 
,d  St.  Louis, 
t  would  luivc 
Yoodsuuiu  of 
urcs  with  the 
Jesuit  piif.st 
t rainier  from 
sugar-planter 

le  another  to- 

reniolest  past 
■riods,  we  find 
lilies  towards 
li  basin,  which 

Louis  and  its 
lightiest  river- 

tlenicnt  of  the 
ithtl.ose  which 
America.    The 
rrcney  vcijuire- 
,11  of  trade,  the 
nd  the  hnmhlo 
to  subordinate 
s    and  Catholic 
vith   which  the 
ly  born  to  com- 
nited  expansion 
the  relations  of 
are  the  causes 
push  south 
stward  in  (juest 
ichcs  ■)['  which 
by  the  fertile 
uette,  when  he 
that  it  emptied 
would  atTord  to 
of  the  St.  Law- 
led  his  fort  and 
in  token  of  the 
oriiiinal  object 
the  continent  to 
Illy  explorers  of 
,n  regard  to  the 
of  Europe  to 
lay  just  across 
ftecn  hundred  or 

inline  WHS  siitiricul, 
•  liis  ineesfivnt  l^ilk 


uh   Ueiit  liim 


fioiu 


two  thousand  miles  from  Palos.  Do  Soto,  Hudson, 
llaleigh,  and  the  French  explorers  nil  seem  to  liavo 
suppo.scd  that  the  girth  of  North  America  on  the  line 
of  the  fortieth  parallel  was  not  much  greater  than  on 
the  parallel  of  the  city  of  Mexico.' 

This  was  a  fortunate  error  on  the  part  of  Columbus, 
for  his  great  voyage  never  would  have  been  under- 
taken if  he  had  been  aware  of  tlie  breadth  of  the 
"rcat  Atlantic,  and  that  another  continent  and  a  second 
and  mightier  ocean  still  interposed  between  him  and 
the  goal  of  his  hopes  and  vigils.  Columbus  had  the 
same  religious  reverence  for  the  opinions  of  Ptolemy 
and  the  elder  geographers  that  the  philosophers  and 
theologians  of  his  day  had  for  Aristotle.  He  accepted 
the  view  put  forth  by  them  that  the  sea  covered  only 
one-seventh  of  the  extent  of  the  globe,  instead  of 
three- fourths,  and  he  did  not  think  the  globe  was  near 
so  big  as  it  proved  to  be  in  the  sequel  of  his  discov- 
eries. ^^  El  m undo  es 2>(j<o"  he  wrote  to  Queen  Lsa- 
belia,*''  diji)  que  tl  uiuudo  no  c.s  tan  i/rundr  co)no  dice 
<:l  ri(/i/o."  ("I  tell  you  the  world  is  not  so  great  aiP 
the  vulgar  call  it."j  He  felt  assured  that  the  distance 
from  the  Azores  to  the  ktiown  jwrts  of  Eastern  Asia 
could  not  be  greater  than  a  third  of  the  earth's  cir- 
cumference, and  that  much  of  the  intervening  space 
was  taken  up  with  islands  and  the  unknown  parts  of 
Asia.  The  geographers  upon  whom  he  relied  had 
projected  the  Caspian  Sea  very  far  eastward,  advanced 
tlic  coast-line  of  China  to  the  meridian  of  the  Ha- 
waiian Islands,  and  taken  away  eighty-six  degrees  of 
longitude  from  the  actual  distance  between  the  Canary 
Islands  and  Cathay.  If  Columbus  had  not  accepted 
these  opinions,  he  might  well  have  shrunk  from  an  un- 
dertaking so  vast  as  that  of  traversing  the  immense 
breadth  of  unknown  space  between  Spain  and  Japan. 

But  the  failure  of  Columbus,  while  it  might  have 
delayed,  would  not  have  prevented,  the  discovery  and 
settlement  of  America  within  a  short  period  of  time. 


'  Tho  flri't  acuurato  guc^s  at  tho  true  proportions  anil  extent 
of  thu  Nortli  Amoriuun  continental  muss  is  fuund  in  Castu- 
neilii's  "  Relations,"  (ine  (if  tlio  narratives  of  ComnaJo's  niaruli. 
?|icukin;;  of  tlie  Imlian  tribes  north  of  tlio  lUo  Grande,  ami 
wlioin  lio  lliinli.s  to  Inivo  come  from  "East  India,"  lie  fays, 
"According  to  the  route  tlicy  followed  tl'.cy  must  have  eouie 
fruiu  iho  extremitv  of  the  Hastcrn  India,  and  from  a  very  un- 
known region,  which,  according  to  the  confornnition  of  the 
const,  would  be  situated  far  in  the  interior  of  the  hin<l  hetwi.xt 
China  and  Norway.  Thric  munt,  in  fact,  be  an  immeuHc  iiittunvc 
from  inw  aca  to  the  other,  according  to  the  form  of  the  coast  as 
it  has  been  discovered  by  Ciipt.  Villalobos,  who  took  that  direc- 
tion in  seeking  for  China.  The  same  occurs  when  wo  follow 
tho  const  of  Florida;  it  always  approaches  Norway  up  to  the 
point  where  'Jet  Iwccalumi'  (or  uodlish)  is  obtained." — .S'miV/i- 
gi'itinu  /iifutrt,  IStlU:  I'iipei  of  Ucn,  J,  11.  Sitiipiton  on  Curo- 
Utidu'u  Muivh. 


The  thirst  for  adventure  was  abroad,  the  compass  and 
tho  quadrant  gave  to  the  seaman  the  means  of  navi- 
gating the  ocean  on  certain  paths  without  needing  to 
keep  the  land  in  sight.     The  last  half  of  the  fifteenth 
and  the  first  half  of  tho  sixteenth  centuries  was  tho 
peculiar  epoch  of  human   energy  and  enterprise  di- 
rected to  and  concentrated  upon  the  field  of  maritime 
discovery,  ju.st  as  the  next  hundred  years  was  pecu- 
liarly the  period  of  colonization  and  settlement  in  the 
new  lands.     A  sudden  "  new  sense,"  in  the   hapf)y 
phrase  of  Humboldt,  was  developed  in  that  interval 
for  the  appreciation  of  tlri  grand  and  the  boundless. 
Even  if  "C/irisloplutnts  (jui'ilani,  vir  Liyiir"  as  the 
great  explorer  is  termed  iu  Peter  Martyr's  correspond- 
ence, had  not  attained  to  our  shores,  there  was  "  u 
track  of  fruitful  germs"  of  discovery  and  anticipa- 
tions of  America  which  would  not  have  been  neglected 
under   any   circumstances.     "  Tho    dreamy    land   of 
physical  myths''  had  showed  the  receding  of  shores 
of  unknown  continents  to  the  eyes  of  many  succes- 
sive generations,  hungry  for  new  sources  of  wealth 
and  luxury  and  filled  with  yearnings  for  new  and  un- 
trodden lands,  new  paths  of  adventure  and  romance. 
The  bosom  of  the  unknown  ocean  teemed  with  the 
most  desirable  images  that  come  in  dreams.     It  con- 
tained   the   philosopher's    paradise    of  Atlantis,   the 
blissful  havens  of  St.  Brandon,  the  realm  of  gold  and 
pearls  and  diamonds,  where  the  fountains  bubbled  with 
the  sparkling  waters  of  perpetual  youth.     Here  were 
the  Ilesperides,  the  isles  of  the  blessed,  whore  gulden 
apples  grew  on  rippling  trees.     In  these  regions  the 
dim   light  of  tho    traditionary  memory  just  caught 
gleams  of  the  shrine  of  St.  Thomas  the  apostle,  or 
saw  the   marble  palaces    and   great   bronze  gates  of 
Prester  John's  city  and  kingdom  in  the  wilderness. 

There  was  a  spirit  ripening  in  these  times  which 
would  have  led  men  abroad  to  .search  fur  the  improb- 
able and  the  impossible,  if  nothing  more  substantial 
had  offered.  But  there  was  evidence  of  land  beyond 
the  seas  which  did  not  need  to  be  corroborated  by  the 
dreams  of  poets  and  the  speculations  of  philosophers. 
Discovery  had  outrun  imagination  already.  The  nar- 
rative of  JIarco  Polo  far  exceeded  in  splendor  the  most 
exaggerated  accounts  by  the  ancients  of  the  wealth  and 
wonders  of  India.  Tlie  Azores,  the  Canary  Inlands, 
and  JIadeira  were  fitting  outposts  of  an  American 
paradise,  so  bright  were  their  skies,  so  sol't  and  balmy 
their  airs  of  perpetual  spring.  The  ardent  imagina- 
tion and  keen,  instructed  intellect  of  Prince  Henry  of 
Portugal'-  never  formed  such  a  warm  dream  of  India 

'^  lie  inherited  his  brains  and  his  tendency  to  ocean-paths 
from  his  mother,  I'hilippa  of  Lancaster,  sister  of  Henry  IV.  of 
England.     Ho  was  "  a  prinjc  devo'ed  to  lofty  enterpri.se  and 


f  1 


i 


HISTORY   OF  SAIN'T   LOUIS. 


as  is  prcsontcil  in  the  glowiii;:;  stanzas  of  Camocns' 
"  Os  Liisiadns,"  and  wlierovor  discovery  was  pusiicd 
the  real  exccedi'd  the  ideal.  For  fliat  matter,  ftlexico 
and  I'eni  wen?  more  niai»nificent  than  the  Cathay 
wliich  Cohinibus  son^ht,  and  the  fioldhcarinj,'  iiiiij;- 
donis  of  Thcguaio  nnd  Quivirn  which  Mar(|nette, 
Joliet,  Hennepin,  and  La  Salle  aimed  at,  the  seven 
cities  of  Cibola  wliieli  ('uronado  strove  to  attain,  could 
never  have  proved  half  so  rich  in  mineral  wealth  as 
California  and  Nevada  turn  out  to  he.  The  North- 
nun  liiid  discovered  (Jreeiiland,  Labrador,  and  Maine 
and  Massachusetts,  as  Columbus  learned  wlicii  he 
made  his  voyairc  to  Tliule.  The  actual  Sargasso  Sea 
in  the  angle  of  the  Capo  Verde,  A/.ores,  and  Canary 
Islands  may  have  easily  led  to  the  belief  in  St.  Hran- 
don  and  the  islainl  of  the  Seven  Cities,  and  the  bard 
Meredith  ap  Ciriflfith,  who  died  in  1177.  certainly  re- 
ported the  voyages  to  a  new  land  of  llie  Welsli  j)rinee, 
IMndoe,  whether  those  voyages  were  ever  made  or  not. 
It  is  even  claimed  by  French  writers  tliat  in  148S, 
four  years  before  Columbus  undertoolt  his  voj-age  from 
P.dos,  Cousin,  a  seaman  of  Dieppe,  was  blown  west- 
wanl  from  the  coast  cf  Africa  to  the  shores  of  a  new, 
unknown  continent,  in  which  he  saw  the  mouth  of  a 
great  river.  One  of  his  seamen  was  a  I'inzon,  who 
mutinied,  was  dismissed  from  tlie  maritime  service  of 
Dieppe,  and  went  to  Siiain,  where  he  met  Columbus, 
and  accompanied  him  on  his  first  voyage.' 

Be  this  as  it  may,  we  know  that  Christopher 
Columbus  reached  the  Western  Continent  in  141)2, 
and  that  .John  and  Sebastian  Cabot,  .sailing  under  the 
flag  of  King  Henry  \U.  of  JMigland,  fust  discovered 
Newfoundland,  Lal>rador,  and  tlie  main-land  in  I  107. 
Parkman  is  itielined  to  believe  that  the  French  fislier- 
men  of  Dieppe,  JIalines,  Ilarfleur,  .St.  Jean  de  Luz, 
and  other  places  along  the  coast  of  France — Normans, 
Hretons,  and  I{as(|iies— had  a  cod-lisheiy  on  the  banks 
of  Newfoundland  anterior  to  Cabot's  voyage,  but  no 
accounts  of  them  are  known  of  an  earlier  date  than 
that  given  by  Jean  I'armentier,  of  Dieppe.-'  Par- 
nets  of  gcnci'dii.-*  spirit,"  wlmsc  motto  wiis  "Tlic  tulcnl  lo  cli> 
gooil."  JIo  estiiblisliej  a  naval  college,  foiinilcil  an  observatory 
at  Sagrcs,  improved  umps  anil  eharts,  ejueateil  navigators,  anil 
prcpareil  the  way  for  the  prosecution  of  the  route  to  India  lin 
Cape  of  tiood  no])0. 

'  Parkman,  "  Pioneer?  of  Franee  in  Anierien."  wliere  tlie 
subject  is  dl-cu?.«cd  with  much  rending.  Kstanceliu,  .«a\s 
I'arkman.  lias  been  nnable  to  verify  Ibe  Dieppe  legend,  Ijut 
there  is  nolliing  improbalilc  in  a  vessel  being  Idowu  fri>m  Ibe 
coa.«t  of  .\IVii'a  aiToss  to  llio  coast  of  llrazil.  The  trouble  is 
that  one  navigator's  success  lends  to  the  springing  up  of  a 
thousand  eounter-elainis  of  discovery,  and  the  knowledge  of 
this  propensity  will  ahv.'iys  throw  a  flhudow  of  suspicion  upon 
any  t.r  jiiml  fiti-lo  pretension  to  priority. 

'The  claim  rests  upon  the  fact  that  Cabot  gave  the  name  of 


nientier  states  that  the  French  fishcrnicn  wore  at  the 
Hanks  in  ISOI.  It  is  a  curious  fact,  in  revicwinj;  the 
scene  of  tlic  discoveries  and  tho  ocean  adventures 
which  distinguish  tlie  latter  part  of  tho  fifteenth  nnd 
the  first  half  of  tho  sixteenth  centuries,  that  the 
French,  tho  nio.stichivnlrous  people  of  Europe,  nnd  ut 
tiiat  period  .scarcely  yet  emancipated  from  tho  sort  of 
religious  enthusiasm  which  led  to  the  crusades,  should 
have  boon  the  first  of  the  Kuropcan  nations  to  utilize 
tlio  newly  ae((uireJ  aci|uaintancc  with  the  Western 
Continent  for  the  comparatively  humble  purposes  of 
the  fisheries,  colonization,  and  legitimate  trade.  They 
were  not  dazzled  with  tlie  splendor  of  imjierial  con- 
quest such  as  sent  hosts  of  Spanish  adventurers  abroad 
in  the  train  of  the  successors  of  C(dunibus,  Cortez, 
Pizarro,  Ponce  de  L,'on,  Pamfilo  Narvaez,  De  Soto, 
and  others.  On  the  contrary,  it  was  the  Norman 
fishers,  the  descendants  of  tho  followers  of  Rollo  the 
scii-rover,  the  hardy  Hiscayan  coastmen  of  IJreton  and 
l?as<(ue  blood,  who  lirst  planted  the  white  standard  of 
Trance  and  erected  the  symbol  of  the  cro.ss  above 
their  fish-drying  sheds  on  the  coasts  of  Newfoundland, 
Labrador,  Nova  Scotia,  and  the  desolate  islands  in  the 
(iiilfoi'St.  liawrcnce.  France  has  lost  all  her  other 
jiosses.sions  ii.  North  America,  but  the  islands  of  St. 
Pierre  and  Mi((Ueloii,  on  tlu?  coast  of  Newfoundland, 
where  probably  the  French  fisheruien  landed  very 
early  in  the  .-i.vtecntli  century,  are  still  retained  by 
that  country  for  tho  fishery  uses  lo  which  their  con- 
venient .shores  weiv  originally  .set  apart.  It  was  these 
fishers  from  the  d'boucbesof  the  Ailour,  the  Garonne, 
the  Loire,  the  Seine,  and  the  Somme,  these  hardy 
navigators  who  had  been  taught  to  despise  tho  perils 
and  (liscount  the  mysteries  of  the  ocean  by  the  rude 
butfets  of  the  waves  of  the  Hritisb  Channel  and  the 
uncertain  tides  and  currents  of  all  the  French  coast, 
from  the  IJa.-.-in  d'.Vrcharclioii  and  the  Perluis  of 
La  l{o(bclle  to  the  chalk  bluH's  of  Poulogne,  wlio 
were  the  jiredeeo.ssors  of  Jactpies  Carticr  and  Samuel 
de  ClKimplain.  The  bold  jironiontory  of  Finisterre 
points  westward  with  singular  ('ni]diasis,  and  the  ex- 
perienced saiUiis  of  Die]ipe,  St.  Malo,  Moriai.\,  and 
Prest  Would  not  dread  to  encounter  the  difheult  iiavi- 
galion  of  the  (Jul!'  of  St.  Lawrence.  Cape  Preton 
was  iianied  by  these  sailors  at  least  as  early  as  any 
part  of  our  coritiiKMit  lias  been  named  by  Kumiieans, 
and  the  French  were  the  origiuatms  of  the  American 
fur  trade  as  well  as  its  most  successful  prosecutors. 
Wherever  the  Freiicli  landed  in  America  it  was  to 
settle  and  imjirove,  not  con(|uer  and  despoil,  and  they 


liaccalaos,  as  tho  Indian  word  for  cod-flnh,  to  tho  const  of 
l.abrailor,  stating  that  it  was  the  niitivo  name,  nnd  that  buc- 
caliivH  is  Uasquc  for  cod  fish. 


THE  OCKAN-PATIIS   OP  DISroVEIlY. 


5 


wcro  tlio  (inly  foruij^n  (IwoHl'm  upon  Aiuoiiciui  soil 
who  won  the  estcuin,  tlia  uontiJciieu,  anil  tlio  alft'ctluu 
of  the  niilivo  tribes,  who  eonli'sued  with  thcui  unJ  did 
not  poison  and  destroy  tlicm  by  their  eontiiet. 

If  the  Cabots  undoubtedly  discovered  the  shores 
of  our  continent  and  mainland  to  the  advantage  of 
En,i;laiid,  it  is  eertain  that  the  French  be};an  their 
settlements  upon  our  coasts  mueh  earlier  than  the 
English,  and  it  is  probable  tliat  there  were  many  in 
formal  Sftllements,  landinjjs  mude,  and  iisli-houses 
planted  by  seamen  and  individuals,  without  uovern- 
nuMit  support  or  sanction,  loni^  anterior  to  the  em- 
barkation of  Cartier.  The  lanj;uaj;c  of  Postel,  as 
quoted  by  Lescarbot,'  would  seem  to  be  conclusive 
upon  this  point :  "  Ti  riti  li!i:<-  oli  /iitrnssissiindin  /ti's- 
ailiUm's  nlilltiltiiii  hkiiiiiki  litfcniriiiii  niciiinriii  a 
Gii/lii  mliri  siilltd,  il  iiiitr  iiillli-  ncxri'iiliis  miiiii.i 
/'ri'(/iii  iif<iri  so/ihi  est."  This  would  not  imply  voy- 
ages of  discovery  orseareli,  but  the  fre(|uent  passages 
of  vessels  in  an  establislied  tralTie.  We  know,  from 
the  contemporary  ehronieles,  that  in  1517  fifty  ves- 
sels, under  the  Freneli,  Spanish,  and  Portuguese  flags, 
were  at  one  and  the  same  time  engaged  in  the  lislicries 
upon  the  cod-banks  of  Newfoundland,  and  it  is  re- 
corded that  on  Aug.  3,  1527,  more  than  a  hundred 
years  before  Lord  Baltimore  attempted  to  plant  his 
colony  of  Avalon  in  Newfoundland,  there  were  in  the 
Bay  of  St.  John  eleven  sail  of  Norman  vessels,  one 
Breton,  and  two  Portuguese.  A  business  of  this  mag- 
nitude is  not  built  up  in  a  day.  Cartier,  when  he  first 
came  out  in  15!54,  found  that  the  bays  and  capes 
of  Newfoundland  bad  already  been  named  by  the 
French  voyagers  who  preceded  him.  Nearly  all  these 
names  are  still  retained,  to  bear  witness  in  favor  of 
the  Frencli  claims  to  priority  in  navigating  along  that 
part  of  the  continent,  and  they  prove,  moreover,  that 
tlie  Frencii  did  not  simply  touch  at,  but  circumnavi- 
gated, the  island.  If  some  one  familiar  with  tlio 
family  histories  of  the  French  fishermen  of  Nor- 
mandy, Brittany,  and  Gascony  were  carefully  to  spell 
out  the  names  upon  the  map  of  Newfoundland,  he 
would  perhaps  establish  many  dates  wbich  are  now 
uncertain.  The  bays  of  Pistolet,  Griijuet,  Lemaire, 
La  Poilo,  and  Ingrenechoix,  and  such  names  as  Broyle, 
Renowes,  Croc,  Toliuijuet,  La  llune,  Barachais,  Fogo, 
Trepassey,  Cannaigre,  etc.,  must  reflect  the  names,  in 
some  measure,  of  the  fishermen  who  discovered  them. 
In  the  voyages  compiled  by  llamusio,  we  find  that 
these  liardy  sailors,  in  exploring  these  perilous  and 
se((uestercd  seas,  discovered  a  group  of  islands  to  the 
north  of  Newfoundland,  wiiird)  they  fancied  were  the 


abodes  of  fiends,  and  whieli  thoy  called  /<«  i/(.s  i/ih 
tlfiiitinn,  '^jiDiir  inttdiit  <jiio  As  DinioiiK  i/  /'onf  Ivrrllile 
tiittitmanr"  frightful  witli  the  inartieuliite  clAmor  of 
strange  human  voices,  shrieks',  yells,  and  ciies  such  as 
might  burst  forth  in  the  orgies  of  the  ini|)s  of  Satan  or 
from  the  damned  in  the  extremity  of  torture.  The 
ignorant  fishermen,  unblenehing  in  presence  of  natural 
dangers,  shrunk  appalled  from  these  supernatural  re- 
gions, nor  did  they  venture  into  the  mounlains  ol'  Lab- 
rador, which  were  fabled  to  be  tlie  habitation  of  dragons 
and  gritfiiis,  and  to  harbor  all  the  strange  creations  of 
faery  myth  in  the  depths  of  their  antres  vast  and  cav- 
erns horrible.  But,  for  tlie  rest,  wherever  a  .iliip  could 
go  thoy  pushed  their  little  barks.  Denis,  of  Hartleur, 
explored  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence  as  early  as  1500, 
and  two  years  later  Aubcrt,  a  navigator  of  Dieppe, 
completed  his  work.  Baron  de  Lery,  in  1518,  made 
an  unsucuessful  attempt  to  settle  on  the  bleak  and 
perilous  Sable  Island,  and  the  cattle  which  ho  landed, 
the  descendants  of  whieli  are  still  to  be  found  there 
in  great  numbers,  proved  that  he  intended  his  settle- 
ment to  be  a  permanent  one  and  the  nucleus  of  u 
colony. 

The  claim  of  England  to  all  the  territory  of  North 
America  north  of  Cape  Hatteras  rested  upon  the  voy- 
ages of  discovery  made  by  John  Cabot  and  his  son 
Sebastian  in  14iJ7  and  lliJS.  This  claim  covered, 
and  eventually  was  enforced  against,  the  territories  of 
New  France  and  New  Netherland,  though  the  energies 
of  England  in  that  direction  did  not  begin  to  be  put 
forth  until  the  reigns  of  Queen  Elizabeth  and  her 
successor,  when  English  ships  swarmed  every  sea  in 
pursuit  of  the  wealth-bearing  galleons  of  Spain.  Cabot 
had  a  commission  under  the  great  .seal  of  England, 
empowering  him  and  his  three  sons,  their  heirs,  and 
their  deputies  to  sail  into  the  eastern,  western,  or 
northern  sea  in  search  of  islands,  provinces,  or  regions 
hitherto  unseen  by  Christian  people;  "to  affix  the 
banners  of  England  on  city,  island,  or  continent,  and, 
as  vassals  of  the  Iviglish  crown,  to  possess  and  occupy 
the  territories  that  might  be  found.'-  Under  this 
patent  John  Cabot  erected  a  cross,  with  the  flags  of 
England  and  the  republic  of  Venice,  upon  the  penin- 
sula of  Cape  Cod  in  141.17,  and  in  140S,  the  same 
year  that  Vasco  de  Gania  reached  Hindostan  by  the 
way  of  the  Cape  of  Good  Hope,  and  Columbus 
touched  the  shores  of  South  America  and  found  the 
nioutli  of  the  Orinoco,  Cabot's  son  Sebastian  sailed 
into  the  Arctic  seas  as  far  as  the  icebergs  would  per- 
mit him  to  go,  coasted  Newfoundland,  and  continued 
his  voyage  along  the  American  coast  as  far  as  the 


1  I'arkman,  Early  French  Adventure. 


'  Bancroft,  vol.  i.  chap.  i. 


ill' 


6 


HISTORY   OF  HATNT   LOUIS. 


liititudo  of  ("iibrnUnr.  This  voyiiu;()  is  doHcribod  by 
iho  (>ii;^or  elirnniclcr  IVtcr  Martyr,  wlu),  from  liis  vnii- 
tnj;o  <;roiiriil  iti  Spain,  .scut  to  tbo  I'opi?  nml  tlui  other 
.s()V('r('ii;iis  of  Kiiro|i('  n  .scries  of  rcj;uiar  biillctiii.s,  rc- 
poriiii;:  tho  daily  projjrcss  of  adventure  and  di.scovery. 
The  spirit  of  ilm  Hgc  and  its  fructifyiii;r  curiosity  in- 
spired I'ctcr  Martyr  in  an  intense  doiirco.  "  Kacli 
day,''  he  wrote,  "  brinies  us  new  wonders  from  ii  new 
world,  from  tiu-  Western  antipodes  whicli  a  cert.iin 
(Jenocso  traveler  has  discovered.  Our  friend  Poin- 
ponius  L.'etus  could  scarcely  restrain  liis  tears  of  joy 
when  I  eoinmunicatud  to  him  the  first  accounts  of  so 
unexpected  an  event.  What  aliment  more  delicious 
than  such  tidini;s  can  be  set  before  an  inirenioiis  mind  ? 
It  is  lik(!  an  accession  of  wealth  to  a  mis(!r.  Our 
minds,  soiled  with  vices,  boconio  meliorated  by  con- 
tcmplatini;  such  fzlorinus  events."  It  was  tli(!  news 
of  thi^  su..'ce.ss  of  Columbus  which  impelled  thoCabots 
to  make  their  voyages ;  and  their  discoveries  in  turti, 
with  the  hope  of  sliorteniiiLT  the  distance  to  China  by 
followinj:  routes  lying  in  high  latitudes,  attracted  many 
navigators  to  the  nortliern  seas. 

Ill  ir)01  Manuel,  King  of  Portugal,  dispatched 
•  laspar  (!ortereal  to  these  waters  in  search  of  a  north- 
west passage  to  India.  His  two  caravels  explored 
seven  or  eight  hundred  miles  of  coastline,  as  far 
north  as  the  fiftieth  parallel,  when  their  progress  was 
obstructed  by  tho  ice.  He  gave  the  name  of  Labra- 
dor to  tlic  black  sIku'cs  which  still  bear  it, — a  name 
of  sombre  omen,  for  it  emphasizes  tho  fact  that  this 
navigator  kidnapped  fifty  of  tho  natives,  to  sell  them 
for  slaves  on  his  return.'  Cortcreal  discovered  the 
Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  and  so  thoroughly  identified 
himself  witli  the  country  that  in  old  Portuguese  maps 
the  coast  of  tho  main-land  opposite  Newfoundland  is 
named  T< mi,  ('orlcn-alix.  He  undertook  a  second 
voyage,  from  which  he  never  returned,  and,  tliough 
search  was  made  for  him,  no  vestige  of  vessels  or  crew 
was  ever  found.  The  Portuguese  did  not  press  their 
explorations  farther  in  this  direction.  The  treasures 
and  spices  of  the  tropics  had  much  more  attraction 
for  them  and  tho  Spaniards  than  tliey  found  in  furs, 
codfish,  and  whale  oil.  In  fact,  none  but  the  Frei-"h 
fishermen  thought  it  worth  their  while  to  loiter  about 
these  uninviting,  iron-boun;!  coasts.^ 


'  "  It  has  been  ponjectiircil  that  the  niiiiie  Terra  ile  Liihirn- 
(Inr  WHS  given  to  thij  uoa.^t  hy  the  I'urtiijjnese  slave  merchants 
iin  account  of  the  ailmirable  qualities  of  the  natives  as  labor- 
ers."— Pirlnre  iif  Qiiilcf. 

'  "  Le.s  (lernanile.s  onlinairos  qu'on  fait  sont,  'Y  a-t-il  iles 
tresors?  y  a-t-il  do  I'or  et  ile  I'argent?'  Et  per.innne  no  de- 
innnile,  'Ce.s  peuplcs  la  .sont  ils  disjiosc's  a  entendre  la  doctrine 
Chretienne?'  Et  quant  aux  mines,  II  y  en  a  vraiincnl,  mais  il 
le.-!  faut  fouiller    avec  in  luiitrio,  labour,  ct  patience.     La  jilus 


The  bull  of  Popo  Alexander  tho  Sixth,  wln(!h  gave 
to  Spain  all  tlie  new  f(!rritory  discovered  w<'st  of  a 
meridian  drawn  llirougli  a  point  one;  hundred  leagues 
west  of  tlu"  Azores,  and  confirmeil  to  Portugal  all  the 
new  territory  found  ea.st  of  it,  was  ignori'il  l>y  tho 
Knglish  and  resented  by  the  French.  Francis  I., 
the  chevalier  nionardi  of  that  country,  retorted  with 
animation,  "  What,  shall  the  kings  of  Sp;iiii  and  Por- 
tugal divide  all  America  between  them,  without  suf- 
fering me  to  take  a  shan-  as  tluiir  brother?  I  would 
fain  seethe  article  in  .Vdam's  will  that  bccpicaihs  that 
vast  iiiheritanc(?  to  them."  Francis,  inonMif  a  knight- 
errant  tlian  a  king,  and  more  of  an  adventurer  than 
a  true  paladin,  was  emulous  of  every  sort  of  glory 
which  his  brother-nionarctis  achieved.  Ho  patronized 
art  and  literature,  just  as  he  made  war,  to  increase  his 
I'rliit,  and  he  e(piippod  the  Florentine  navigator,  Gio- 
vanni d(^  Verrazzaiio,  for  a  voyage  of  discovc^ry  and 
exploration  and  to  seareli  for  tho  northern  passage  to 
India,  because  lie  coveted  the  wealth  and  the  fame 
that  Charles  \'.,  his  hated  rival,  was  earning  in  the 
New  World.  Itepeated  efforts  have  been  made  to 
disprove  the  genuineness  of  \'errazzano's  discnverics, 
or  rather  the  account  of  them,  as  contained  in  his 
letter  to  King  Francis,  of  which  llan)usio's  collection 
of  voyages  contains  an  ahridginetit.  These  efforts 
have  created  a  doubt,  but  have  not  discredited  N'erraz- 
zano,  it  would  seem,  among  these  who  have  examined 
into  the  facts  and  arc  acipiainfcd  with  all  the  eircutn- 
stanees.'     \'errazz.uio  sailed  from  Pieppc  towards  the 

hello  mine  i(uc  .jo  sachc,  c'oft  du  bled  et  dii  vin,  avec  la  nour- 
riturc  du  bo.-tial ;  (|ui  a  do  ecoi,  it  a  do  I'argent,  et  des  uiinoi', 
nous  n'eii  vivons  poiril." — Murf  ///•'Hcailuil,  (jiiotol  fniin  "The 
Oonquo.ft  (if  Canada,  liy  Iho  author  of  Iloehelagu,"  a  work  oi 
much  re.search  ami  a  mine  of  collateral  learning. 

^.ludgo  lloiny  ('.  Murphy,  id'  DroolJyn  (dead  siniHj  lhi< 
ti'M  Wit.s  written),  head:'  tho  list  of  tho  r^keptics,  luid  has  puh 
li.slu^l  a  mono;;rnph  on  tho  snbji'ct.  Itiit  I'.irlvniun  has  a  copy 
of  the  M.'^.  (tho  original  is  in  the  iMagliabccchian  library,  at 
Floreiu.'C)  of  \'err.'i/.7.ano's  letter,  from  wlii(di  Kaniusio  prcpareil 
Iho  abi'idgiiuiit  which  he  |Mibli»hcd,  and  Mr.  (ieorge  iV.  (Ireenc 
has  iinoartlicil  in  Floicricc  another  letter  gi\iiigan  indepcndeiii 
corr'djoratiiig  account  of  the  voyag<? — " /Vdiom./o  f'<tr/t'  u  mi- 
I'ii'lri-  n  I'lrriui."  liesiilos  this,  according  to  I'arkinan,  there  i' 
in  the  Komiin  Propaganda  a  mapiuadu  in  I52!l,  by  llioronymii- 
do  Verra/./.ano,  brother  of  the  navigator,  on  which  Canadu  ami 
this  eoiintry  are  designated  as  "  V'-ntzzunay  ttit'".  Xuva  (itittin, 
qiiltlr.  Uixtitjn-i,  b  tlltttt  fit  (iiitrtiuil!  tin  \'rrazzn)lo  AVocta/Klo." 
("  Verra/.zana,  or  New  France,  wliich  wns  discovered  5  yours 
since  by  John  da  Verrazzano,  of  Florence. ")  The  inivigatiu 
was  a  native  of  Florence,  and  ono  of  an  ancient  family  eini 
iient  in  tlic  annals  of  that  nursery  of  great  men.  What  br 
came  of  tho  navigator  after  his  return  to  Dieppe,  where  In 
wrote  his  narrative,  is  not  aseertaincd.  lie  was  earnestly  clr 
siruus  to  return  to  the  now  land  ho  had  discovered,  found  aenl 
ony,  and  convert  tho  natives  to  Christianity,  but  the  wars  mm  i 
disasters  of  Franco  at  that  time  preventeil  tho  king  from  giviii.' 
him  further  oncuurngcinent.     Shoa,  following  Uarcia,  says  lliii: 


I)i. 

All 
I 

vis 
ap, 

lull 

an<l 
sira 
fi-.i 

Ml 

Lis 

0   itl 

I'lac 
prcs 


TIIK   O0KAN-l»ATriS  OP   DISCOVKIIV. 


roil  west  of  n 
lulrtMl  lf,i';n«'^ 
„rtu-iil  nil  tlu> 
;iiortMl  by  tin' 
.  From'!'*  T., 
,  rolDrti'il  with 
Spain  iitxl  I't""- 
II,  williiint  cuf- 

1,1,,-?  i     WDlllll 

beqiiinUlis  tliat 
.ivdl'ii  kni;;lit- 
.ilvtMituivi-  lliaii 
y  Bort  (if  sl'""y 

lln  imtrcinized 
•,  to  iiiciciisi'  Ills 

nnviiiator,  Gio- 
,f  (lisciivi>ry  nml 
llicrn   passirio  <<> 
h  iiiul  tlic  fiviiiR 
I  ciirniiig  i"  t'"" 
(>  lioen   maili-   t" 
lino's  (liscovorics, 
coiitaiiu'd   in   bis 
uiusio's  collection 
t.     Tlioso   olTorts 
liscroilitod  Vciraz- 
10  bavu  fxaniinod 
ill  all  tbu  ciix-um- 
ii'lipe  towards  tbo 

111  viii,  ftvcu  liv  >i«"i- 
igciit,  el  <Kt<  miiu'f. 

,^w,w.\  i'i"iii  ■''•''"' 

■luiliii?"."  II  »■'"■'*  "' 
iirniii!;. 
11    (iloii'l    h'hu'I!    l\ii> 

ki'|ilu'^  iiii'l  •'»»  1'"'' 
I'.ivKniiOi  tins  ii  myy 
»\„-M\h\n  lilir.irv,  lO 
h  lliuiuisi"  iiri'liivic.l 
ilr.  Hecir«i!  W.  IJiccii.' 
iiii;  nil  iii'U'l»-'iulciit 
/••,.,„..ii.'..   ''"'■''■  "  ""■' 
to  I'liikmnn.lliei"''  i'^ 
152'.l,  liy  llii'i"")"""- 
oil  wliiili  Ciiiiiulii  lui'l 

,(.,    Hlf'      .Volll      H'lll'". 
l-ClJ.niMO      AV.O'tll'f""-" 

IS  ,lisoovi'rci\  5  yciir- 
icc")     Till-  iiuvii?iit"i 
uiioient  lumily  i'"'' 
reil  iiiL-n.     Wlmlli' 
li.  Dii'lM'c.  "•>'■"'  '" 
lU-  wii.s  ciinieslly  ilc 
isoovcied,  foiiiul  ftcl- 
iiity,  tiut  the  wiirs  mi  1 
I  llioUingl'rmiigiviiiu 
wing  liaroiii,  snya  I'l^" 


I'liil  of  ir)'j;i,  wiili  four  »bips,  hut  u  Mtiiriii  drovr  liicni 
linck.aiid  wluMi  bi- finally  .sliirtcd  on  llio  Viiyiii;c  m'ro.'^H 
lliiMK'iMin  from  Madciru,  in  .Faniiiiry,  l.')!'!,  lio  bad  1ml 
n  hIii^Io  ciiravol,  tbo  "  noiiiliin."  In  iliis  vi'ssfl  in' 
crossi'il  till'  Atlaiitii;  in  forty-nini'  diys,  lirst  ncarinj; 
till'  sliorii  nut  far  I'loin  tlu'  nmuih  of  Cnpo  Fear  Kiver 
Nortb  Carolinii,  "a  lu^wo  land,  nuvi'r  bcforu  hooii  of 
any  niaii,  ritliiT  ancii'iit  or  modern."  Tbi'  inhabitants 
crowdi'il  to  tbi'  sb.iiri'  (o  wi'lioiiu'  tlii'  slran;^'i'rs  iind 
Ircali'd  llu'in  witb  liospilality  and  fricMidsbip,  wbiub 
tlii'V  rt'iiuiti'd  by  kidnapping;  a  terrified  infant  to  earry 
iiaek  willl  ibem,  Wi^  .supposi-  as  a  euriosity  lo  present 
to  till!  kiiif;.  Tiio  vessel  followed  tbe  lino  of  the  coast 
iiorili  and  eastward,  piittiiifr  into  Niw  York  Bay  and 
tlie  Harbor  of  Newport,  both  of  wliieli  can  bo  idelili- 
fied  from  (be  navii^ator's  de.seri|itioii.  Tlienco  tbey 
proceeded  eastward  alnn^  tbo  New  Kn;;land  coast, 
linilin^'  ibe  nations  bostilo  and  mi>trnstfiil,  tbuii^b 
iinxious  to  trade, — evidence  enouj;b  tliattbey  bad  en- 
countered white  men  before.  When  be  bad  saileil  as 
far  lo  the  iiorib  as  Xewfonndland,  \'erraz/.ano's  pro- 

vihi -javo  out,  nnd  bo  steered  eastward  for  Franco. 

Hi>  I  arative  is  the  earliest  deseriptiun  ex'ant  of  the 
shores  of  the  United  States. 

The  next  voyager  to  this  coa.st  of  wboiii  we  biivo 
any  aceonnt  was  a  Spaniard,  Stefano  Ooinez,  »vbi), 
alter  sailinj;  to  Cuba  and  Florida  in  1525,  steered 
northward  in  i|Uest  of  the  passage  to  India.  IIo 
reached  Cape  Uace,  in  Ni'wfoundland,  and  is  siippo.scd 
to  have  entered  the  Gulf  of  St.  Lawrence,  and  given 
its  name  to  Canada.' 


il  i.  iiluuist  I'crliiiti  lli:it  lie  was  liMii|{t'(l  by  llic  Spiinianls  ut 
I'luTtci  del  ri<''i  "s  a  pi  rule,  in  llii'  (.'imrsi'  ol'  ii  siilisi'i|ii('iit  viiy- 
iii:;!',  wlildi  111'  pioliably  iiiinli'  in  tlie  servii'u  of  lleiiiv  VIII.  of 
Kii^Ian'l.  Itaniusio  ull'iriii.'^  tliiit,  on  a  second  voyage,  lie  was 
killed  unit  eiiluii  liy  suviigex,  I'lirkninn  is  iiielincd  to  ticlicvv, 
I'lOiii  conti'iii|Mirary  nllusioiiK,  that  lie  wiiii  living  in  Uoino  in 
I,'i:i7.  lint  LeClere,  in  liis  "  Ktaljllsscineiit  de  a  Foy,"  says,  "  lie 
hud  nearly  the  9111110  fiito  us  Mui<es ;  ho  inorcly  saw  that  vast 
loiintry  [iromisin^  him  iiniuenso  wealth;  he  |iro|iosi'd  to  enter 
it,  to  iiiako  a  sei'ond  voyage  and  eonstderuljlu  eshiblishiiieiils, 
but  death,  wliieh  >iir|iri.sed  him  on  the  way,  gave  biiii  no  lime  lo 
iiei'uiiiplisli  his  designs."  In  the  C'hronologieal  Memoirs  of 
llii'I'pe,  Verrnzzano  is  put  down  as  one  of  the  eoiiipanions  of 
Aiiberl  in  liis  voyage  to  Newfoiiiidliiiid  in  I.'il'J. 

I  "An  uncivnt  Castilian  tradition  existed  that  the  .'Spaniard.'! 
visited  these  eoiists  before  the  rreneli,  and  having  perceived  no 
iippeuranee  of  mines  or  riches,  they  exelaimed  frequently,  *  Acit 
100/11.'  ('  Here  is  nothing.')  The  natives  caught  up  the  sound, 
and,  when  other  Europeans  arrived,  repealed  it  to  tlieui.  The 
strangors  concluded  that  these  words  were  a  designiilion,  and 
from  that  time  this  inagnillccnt  country  boro  the  name  of  C'an- 
AiiA." — 7'/ic  Coiiijiicul  «/  CaiKiilii,  vol.  i.  p.  I!9.  Ilenne]iin,  in 
his  A'oHfV/c  /h:Hcn'fitinn,  declare?  that  the  Spaniards,  tliiding 
mithiug  lo  gratify  their  tbirpt  for  gold,  called  the  land  they 
touched  at  "W  I'djM  ill  A'l/i/o"  ("  Cape  Nothing"),  of  which  the 
present  name  is  a  corruption.  CharIevoi.\,  however,  derives  tho 


Franco  did   not  at  once  follow  up  thu  exploratiun.s 
of  Verrazzano,   but   iliey    were    not  forgotten.     The 
kin};d(ini  was  in  a  wretebed  condition   at  the  lime  uf 
the  mivigator'.s  return.      It  was  at  war  witb  Spain  and 
(ierniany  ;   it  was  invaded  by  tin.'  iiriny  of  eondotlieri 
under  the  traitor  Coiisttdile  de  Koiirbon,  ami  Framis 
was  jirepiiring  for  llio  fatal  expedition  to   Italy  which 
was  to  result   in  the  battle  of  I'aviti,  the  rout  iif  the 
French  chivalry,  and  the  captivity  of  the  king.     As 
llaymil  observed,  "  Intestiiio  troubles  discuurnged  tbo 
people  from  prosecuting  extensive  foreign  eominerce, 
and  checked  all   aspiration  for  founding  kingdoms  in 
the    two    Indies.   .    .   .    The    nation,    moreover,   was 
always   negotiating,    ns   it    were,    witb    its  sovereign. 
The  royal  authority  was  really  unlimited,  tbougli  not 
recognized  as  such  by  ibe  lawH ;  lliu  iiutiun,  thuugh 
often  too  independent  in  act,  yet  bad  no  legal  guaran- 
tees for  its  liberties.     The  governnicnt,  occupied  aloiiu 
witb  tho  tusk  of  subjugating  the  people,  took  no  care 
of  the  interests  of  the  coinmonwealtb."     But  in  15li(l 
France  had  a  breathing  spi'll ;    the  Treaty  of  Catnbrai 
gave  it  a  truce  ol'  three  years,  commonly  called  the 
/'((/./■  (As   />!(//((. s,  the  treaty  having  been  signed  in 
152'J.      Tho   grand   admiral    of   the    kingdom,    the 
monarch's  companion  in   .inns,   IMiilip|ie    de    Hrion. 
Cliabot,  took  advantage  of  it  to  re.nind  Francis  of  the 


name  from  the  Iro(|iiois  word  Kummtu^  "  ijui  nr  in-nnmn-p  I'an- 
n>if/tt,  it  Hijiiifii  MM  iimut  til  eitliiiHi  n," — a  collection  orculiiiis.  i  f 
this  lie  so — and  it  is  very  probable— t^aiiadii  aiel  Andastes  and 
C'onostogii,  the  iiboriginal  name  of  the  Sii(i(iiielianna  Indiiiiis, 
have  tho  same  root.  Uuponi'eaii,  in  a  paper  published  in  the 
Tranaactions  of  the  IMiilosopliical  .'Society  of  I'hiliulelpbin.  notes 
the  fa<'t  that  lira ndt,  the  well -known  Indian  chiet',  in  bis  transla- 
tion of  the  llonpel  of  St.  Mark  into  the  .Mohawk  tongue,  always 
gives  the  word  Canada  us  the  ci[itivaleiit  for  village  ;  so  that  each 
tribe  of  Indians  in  the  vicinity  of  Ibe  St.  Lawrence  may  bavo 
had  its  own  particular  Caninlu.  ('artier  called  his  lirst  fettk- 
ment  "New  France,"  imitating  Vcrrazzano;  the  St.  I,awreuco 
ho  calls  "  the  river  of  llochelagn."  or  "  the  greivt  river  of  Can- 
ada," nnd  tbo  naino  ('nutftlii  bo  eunlinos  to  n  district  extending 
from  the  Isle  des  Comlros  to  Ouebec.  The  country  below  he 
names  Snifitfiinif  ;  that  above,  Uiiflmlii'jn.  Lescarbot  gives  the 
name  of  Canada  to  the  bonlers  of  the  Si.  Lawrence  from  Mont- 
real to  tho  (iiilf.  In  the  map  of  Ortelins,  \:i~'i,  Ciunttln  lies 
above  the  river  Suguenay  ;  in  this  map  Labrador  is  still  called 
Ten-It  Ciirtrrcitlin,  iUid  Florida  extends  to  the  Missis.'-ippi  Uivev, 
wiiile  New  France  inelndes  both  North  ami  South  .\inerica. 
I'arkmun,  from  whom  tbe^e  particulars  are  derived,  thinks  Ibat 
the  derivation  of  Canada  is  undoubtedly  Indian,  not  Spanish, 
■'  In  the  vocabulary  of  the  language  of  llochelaga,  appended 
to  tbo  journal  of  C.irtier's  second  voyage,  ('miiiiln  is  set  down 
as  tho  word  for  a  town  or  village:  'llf  nppilUut  nne  riUe,  Cii- 
nuila.'  It  boars  tho  same  meaning  in  tbo  Mohawk  tongue, 
lloth  languages  are  dialects  of  tho  Iroquois.  Lescarbcjt  allirms 
that  ('anada  is  simply  an  Indian  proper  name,  of  which  it  is 
vain  to  seek  a  meaning.  Ilelleforest  also  calls  it  an  Indian  word, 
but  translates  it  "  Tim,'  as  docs  also  Tlicvet,", — I'uikiiitm, 
i'iuneers  uf  tVanci'  lit  the  Xeir   WuriiL 


r" 


8 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


i.\ 


II 


iiuiucusc  territorial  acquisitions  of  Spain  and  Portugal 
in  the  New  World,  and  the  necessity  to  imitate  these 
easy  and  productive  con(juests.  Cliabot  was  one  of 
the  king's  chief  favorites, — a  hero  who  shines  in  the 
chevaleresfjue  pages  of  the  Bon  Sicur  do  Brantome,  a 
noble  jouster  and  tennis-player,  but  not  merely  a  car- 
pet-knight. He  was  Governor  of  Normandy  and 
Brittany,  and  knew  perhaps  as  much  about  the  hardy 
mariners  and  fishermen  of  France's  iron-bound  coast 
as  he  did  of  the  belles-dames  of  the  court  and  the 
mistresses  of  the  king.  Chabot  inspired  the  king  to 
begin  an  establishment  in  the  regions  discovered  by 
Yerrazzano,  and  found  him  a  fit  expert  to  carry  out 
the  plan. 

This  agent  was  Jacijues  Cartier,  a  mariner  of  the 
old  Breton  town  of  St.  Malo.  Cartier's  portrait  is 
preserved  ;  it  is  the  face  of  a  man  of  acute  intcUi- 
genec,  inc'jmitable  will,  and  the  most  intense  earnest- 
ness of  purpose;  keen  as  a  falcon,  and  brave  as  only 
a  Breton  can  be.  ('artier  was  born  in  1494  ;  ho  was 
forty  years  old, — just  the  ivj/^  to  plan  and  to  carry  out  a 
great  design  ;  and  he  lived  in  a  town  filled  with  people 
who  were  familiar  with  sea-advcntnre  and  ready  to 
undertake  any  sort  of  enterprise.  Little  is  known 
about  his  personal  history.  He  was  born,  lived,  and 
dii'd  in  St.  Malo.  He  married  there,  and  both  he  and 
his  wife  wore  devout  Catholics,  attendants  upon  the 
services  in  the  cathedral.  In  this  venerable  edifice 
Cartier  always  confessed  and  attended  mass  when  he 
set  out  upon  a  voyage,  and  bad  a  special  service  of 
thanksgiving  when  he  returned.  Before  he  died  lie 
founded  an  "  obit"  service  there  to  pro, note  the  repose 
of  his  soul.  Under  the  directions  of  Chabot,  Cartier 
was  furnished  with  two  ves.sels  of  nut  over  sixty  tons 
each,  and  crows  numbering  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
two  men  all  told.  When  the  preparations  for  the  ex- 
pedition were  making,  it  is  said  that  the  kings  of  Spain 
and  Portugal  both  protested  against  it  as  an  invasion 
of  their  territorial  rights,'  but  this  is  by  no  means 
probable.  Cartier  sailed  from  St.  Malo,  April  2(j, 
1534,'-  armed  with  u  commission  from  the  French 
king  which  gav(!  him  very  full  authority.  Twenty 
days  afterwards  ho  reached  the  coast  of  Newl'ound- 
land  ;  thence,  by  the  Straits  of  Belle  Isle,  he  crossed 
to  the  mainland,  entered  the  Gulf  of  Clialcurs,  erected 
u  ero.ss  at  Gaspe,  and,  hot  in  pursuit  of  tlie  direct  route 
to  China,  ascended  the  St.  Lawrence  to  Anticosti. 
Everywhere  he  found  capes,  islands,  and  rivers  named 
by  his  French  predi'cessor.j.  Tiiis  first  voyage  of  Car- 
tier '.s  was  oidy  preliminary.    He  coasted  the  sea-margin 


'  F.  X.  tiiirnrau,  Ij'IIistiiiro  dii  CiiimJii. 

''  I'lU'kman,  Uuiiiusin,  Cliiirluvoi.\,  l/Esciirbot. 


\  of  ^Newfoundland  and  Labrador,  gave  its  name  to  the 
[  Bay  des  Chaleurs,  and  had  niucli  intercourse  with  the 
natives,  two  of  whom  he  took  home  with  him  wheu 
he  returned  to  France.  Ho  describes  the  Indians  aa 
being  well-built  ("  iKimi'iii  d'assin'  hefla  vita  e  griin- 
ilczsit"),  and  wearing  their  hair  tied  up  over  their 
heads,  like  bundles  of  liay,  quaintly  interh-eed  with 
feathers.''  Ha  took  possession  of  the  country  for  the 
French  king  when  he  erected  liis  cross  in  Gaspe  Buy, 
persuading  the  Indians  that  the  formality  was  a  relig- 
ious ceremony, — a  fiction  which  it  seems  did  not  im- 
pose upon  their  chief 

Cartier,  after  reaching  the  mouth  of  the  St.  Law- 
rence on  the  15th  of  August,  set  sail  for  France  again, 
the  weather  beginning  to  bo  stormy.  He  arrived  in 
St.  Malo  on  September  5th,  and  his  rejiort  of  the 
voyage  and  its  results  was  very  well  received.  The 
navigator  had  a  friend  and  active  patron  in  the  Vicc- 
Adniiral  of  France,  Charles  do  Money,  Sicur  de  Mail- 
lerie.  Money  had  the  car  of  Chabot,  and  is  su])j)osed  to 
have  intruduceil  Cartier  to  him.  Through  Maillerie's 
influence,  Cartier's  commission  was  renewed,  and  a 
much  larger  e(juipment  given  him  for  the  next  voy- 
age. He  had  three  vessels  assigned  him,  with  one 
hundred  and  ten  men;  and  several  gentlemen  of  birth 
volunteered  to  accompany  him,  including  Claude  de 
Pontbriand  and  Charles  do  la  Pommerayo.  Cartier's 
vessel,  "  La  Grande  Hermine,"  the  largest  in  the  fleet, 
did  not  exceed  one  hundred  and  ten  tons  burtlien  ; 
the  other  vessels  were  commanded  by  Captain  Gil- 
laumo  le  Breton  and  i^Iarc  Jalobert.  When  the  ex- 
pedition was  ready  to  sail,  the  men  all  marched  in 
procession,  with  Cartier  at  their  head,  to  t'le  cathedral, 
confessed,  heard  mass,  and  invoked  the  blessing  of 
Heaven  on  their  undertaking,  after  which,  on  Whit- 
sunday, May  li),  15155,  thoy  went  to  sea.  The  voyage 
was  tedious  ;  July  had  come  before  Cartier  reached 
Newfoundland,  l-ut  thence  it  was  an  easy  stretch  to 
the  Gulf  and  l{ivcr  St,  Lawrence.  Up  the  latter 
Cartier  .sailed  two  hundred  leagues,  to  the  fsle  d'Or- 
leaiis.  The  Indians  whom  he  had  taken  to  France  on 
the  previous  voyage  returned  with  him,  and  were  of 
great  service  as  guides,  pilots,  and  interpreters.  They 
procureil  supplies  and  promoted  intercourse  bc^tween 
the  French  and  the  savages.  Cartier  through  them 
made  the  ac((uaintance  and  secured  the  friendship  of 
Dannaeona,  the  chief  of  Stadacoiie,  the  basin  of  Que- 
bec ;  and  here  it  was  that,  the  season  being  far  advanced, 
the  bold  navigator  determined  to  winter,     Stadacone, 

^  Till!  lirst  two  voyngcs  iif  Cartier  are  tninsliiloil  in  tlio  tliir.l 
volume  of  Uamusiu;  l,'Es(!iul)ot  iil.^o  publiiilie!"  llieiii  in  his  llia- 
tory.  Thi'y  hit  written  in  tho  third  pcr.sun,  unJ  do  not  sceni  to 
bu  the  niivigiitor's  own  production. 


THE  OCEAN-PATHS  OF  DISCOVERY. 


9 


its  name  to  the 
liourso  with  the 
with  him  wlien 
the  Indians  as 
llii  vita  c  (ji(in- 
l  up  over  their 
intcrh'ccd  with 
country  for  the 
IS  in  Gaspe  Bay, 
ility  was  a  relig- 
cnis  did  not  im- 

of  the  St.  Law- 
for  Franco  again, 
He  arrived  in 
is  report  of  the 
1  received.     The 
;ron  in  the  Vice- 
;y,  SicurdeMail- 
uid  is  supposed  to 
rouy,li  Maillerie's 
i  renewed,  and  a 
for  tlic  next  voy- 
cd  him,  with  one 
rentleinen  of  birth 
hiding  Chiude  dc 
nuraye.      Carlier's 
largest  in  the  fleet, 
en  tons  hurthen  ; 
by  Captain  Gil- 
When  the  ex- 
|n  all  marehed  in 
i,  to  t'le  cathedral. 
Id  the  blessing  of 
which,  on  Whit- 
sea.    The  voyage 
Carllcr  reached 
ui  easy  stretch  to 
Up  the  latter 
to  the  Isle  d'Or- 
liken  to  France  on 
Ihim,  and  were  of 
iterpreters.    They 
Itercourse  between 
ier  through  them 
the  friendship  of 
the  basin  of  Que- 
uing far  advanced, 
nter.     Stadaeone, 

linsliUi!'!  in  I'm  •'>'!''' 
\\H'»  them  ill  Ilia  lliii- 
1,  unJ  ilo  uol  acoui  to 


however,  important  as  it  was,  was  not  the  chief  town 
of  the  country.  That  wa.s  called  Hochelaga,  sixty 
leagues  farther  up  the  river,  and  Carticr  determined 
to  visit  the  King  of  Hochelaga,  in  spite  of  the  opposi- 
tiiin  of  Dannaeona  and  the  many  great  bugbears  he 
contrived  to  prevent  tlie  voyage.  The  expedition 
was  successfully  carried  out.  and  thus  Cartier  was  the 
I'arlicst  white  man  on  the  site  of  Montreal.  A  thou- 
,sand  Indians  thronged  the  shore,  dancing,  shouting, 
and  singing  songs  of  welcome,  and  the  visitors  were 
escorted  in  great  state  to  the  Indian  village  of  fifty 
wooden  hou.sos,  where  the  decrepit  chief  of  Hochelaga 
received  and  entertained  them.  Returning  to  Quebec, 
Cartier  eotiipleted  a  fort  or  stockade  which  his  crews 
had  built  in  his  absence,  and  the  ships  were  moored 
alongside  of  it.  The  winter  came  in  with  severity, 
liut,  as  the  Indians  did  not  seem  to  mind  it,  it  was 
^■••■bi.lly  not  an  unusitally  bitter  winter;  but  the 
French  fared  very  badly.  The  scurvy  broke  out 
among  them  in  a  malignant  form  in  December,  and 
soon  there  were  not  enough  sound  persons  left  to  wait^ 
on  those  wlio  were  ill.  Twenty-six  men — twenty-three 
and  one-htdf  per  cent. — died  before  April.  An  Indian 
showed  Cartier  a  species  of  evergreen,  the  leaves  of 
which  were  a  specific  against  .scurvy,  and  the  survi- 
vors of  the  crew  were  broitght  around  and  restored  to 
health  by  copious  draughts  of  a  decoction  made  of  the 
leaves  of  this  fir  or  spruce. 

As  soon  as  navigation  permitted,  Cartier  set  sail 
for  France,  and  once  more  cast  anchor  in.  the  harbor 
of  St.  Malo,  on  July  8,  153(i.  He  had  made  great 
discoveries,  Lat  not  of  the  sort  that  are  attractive  to 
kings.  He  had  found  a  rigorous  climate,  a  savage 
people,  but  no  gold,  spices,  nor  precious  stones.  But, 
on  the  other  hand,  the  Indians  were  full  of  tales  of 
wonder,  such  as  suited  tlio  appetite  of  adventurers: 
they  .spoke  of  a  1  >nd  of  gold  and  rubies,  of  a  nation 
of  whites,  of  people  who  lived  without  food,  and  others 
who  went  through  liil^  upon  one  leg.  Cartier  did  not 
discredit  these  stories  ;  but  he  thought  it  would  be 
better  for  the  king  and  court  to  learn  them  from  the 
fountain-head,  and  conse(|ueiilly,  when  he  was  ready  to 
.sail  home,  he  had  carried  off  .Dannacoiia  and  his  chiefs 
and  interpreters,  kidnappitig  them  in  return  for  the 
many  services  they  had  done  him  and  his  crew.  The 
savages  were  treatt  1  very  kindly,  however,  and  soon 
became  reconciled  to  the  outrageous  captivity.  The 
returtied  voyagers  had  not  very  pleasing  tales  to  tell 
of  "  New  Fratice,"  nor  were  the  king  and  his  minis- 
ters iti  a  mood  or  situatior.  to  encourage  further  tul- 
vcntures  in  that  direction.  Chabot  was  in  disgrace 
and  the  poison  which  tlie  King  had  sipped  at  tho  well 
of  his  pleasures  was  already  taking  hold  of  his  system. 


Cartier,  however,  still  found  friends  and  supporters  such 
as  generally  rally  to  the  aid  of  men  so  earnest  and 
sincere.  Jean  Franyois  de  la  Ro(|ue,  Sieur  de  Rober- 
val  in  Picardy,  determined  to  employ  him  further, 
and  aid  him  in  occupying  and  colonizing  the  new 
countries.  Roberval,  a  man  of  rank  and  position, 
and  distinguished  as  a  soldier,  procured  a  patent 
from  the  king,  creating  him  lieutenant-general  and 
viceroy  iti  Canada,  Hochelaga,  Sagueuay,  Newfound- 
land, Belle  Isle,  Carpunt,  Labrador,  the  Great  Bay, 
and  Baccalaos  and  Lord  of  Norembega,  and  giving 
him  authority  to  discover  and  settle  in  New  France 
and  convert  the  Indians.  Cartier  was  made  captain- 
general  of  the  expedition,  and  a  grant  from  the  royal 
treasury  enabled  him  to  fit  out  five  vessels.  The 
profits  of  the  voyage  were  to  be  divided,  one-third  for 
expenses,  and  the  same  to  the  king  and  the  adven- 
turers. To  make  up  his  crews  and  secure  his  quota 
of  colonists,  Cartier  was  empowered  to  rake  the 
prisons  and  recruit  among  the  malefactors  of  every 
grade.'  The  Spanish  king  wati.Iied  the  preparations 
for  the  expedition  with  great  jealousy.  Its  destination 
was  uncertain,  and  reinforcements  were  dispatched  to 
Cuba,  Hispaniola,  and  the  other  colonies  of  Spain, 
while  the  King  of  Portugal  was  invited  to  join  with 
Charles  in  taking  possession  of  Newfoundland. 

Cartier  sailed  for  New  France  on  May  23,  1541, 
and  reached  Quebec  safely  on  August  23d.  He  se- 
lected a  .site  for  settlement  three  leagues  farther  up 
the  river  than  Quebec,  and  built  a  fort  on  the  crest  of 
Cape  Rouge,  calling  the  station  Charlesbourg  Royal. 
Roberval  did  not  come  out  with  his  vessels  until  15-12, 
and  whil(^  he  was  lying  in  tho  roads  of  St.  Johti's, 
Newfoundland,  resting  after  a  tedious  voyage  across 
the  ocean,  Cartier  and  his  ships  entered  the  harbor. 

'  Ciuticr'.')  eominissicin  fruiii  the  king,  ilalcil  ITtli  October, 
1J40,  s|iciiks  of  the  Iiulians  us  "t/nin  «itio'iiyi«,  ilraiit  «iiii»  inii- 
tintMHtuirr  fte  Dlfii  tt  mtiiM  iitnrjp  tit'  ntiHtui,'*  and  tlirrct.s  Ihnt 
the.v  shall  ho  "  iiislnicti'd  in  the  h)vc  ami  fear  of  (ioil,  and  of 
his  lioly  law  and  tho  I'hristian  doctrine."  It  describes  Canada 
and  lloi-  .uhvga  as  " /ft/«fO*/  t/(i  hnut  </.  l'A*<ir  tin  t-nti'  tic  rUrt-i- 
iliiil."  Cartier  is  to  lio  sent  into  this  attractive  huid  and  among 
its  well  sliaped  ]»eo[)lc,  to  make  their  ac<|uaintanco  ami  dwell 
ainonj;  them  if  necessary,  In  order  to  '■/nirv  tlmie  (n/ri'd/i/c  il 
Itletty  roli'e  Crt'iiteltr  et  /U.ili'mpteui\  ct  qur  mtit  (i  t'nui/mrnUiliiiH 
lie  mm  tittiiit  et  mtvi'/;  n<t«i,  fl  tie  yntrt;  Mtre  ,S<iiiitt'  Etjlinc  Cu- 
tfntlit/ue,  ttc  hf^iirlh  niiifs  moihhich  ilifn  et  uitin'i<t'i  premtrr  jUn.'* 
The  provosts,  i^ailifs,  senoschnls,  and  other  officers  of  cities  are 
dirccteil  to  deliver  to  Curlier  or  his  deputies,  all  prisoners,  no 
matter  what  orime."  they  may  hi'  accused  of,  except  treason  and 
coinin;;  false  money,  and  the  ea)itaii)  general  is  empowered  to 
select  from  these  prisoners  as  many  as  will  .snit  his  purposes  for 
tho  expedition.  Tho  commission  shows  great  confidence  in 
Cartier  and  his  "  gfim,  nulfiianre,  Inymilt',  jtnitrfiummie,  ftnrtti- 
eHHf'f  i/rniule  tliliijfiitin  tt  buhite  cj'yxiricacc,"  and  gives  him  a 
I'beral  iliscrctioii. 


>'!  iB 


I 


ii 


f 


10 


HISTORY   OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


dirtier  hfiu  broken  up  tlio  colony  and  abandoned  New 
France.  The  kidnapping  of  Daiinacona  and  bis  cbiof's, 
and  tbeir  subsequent  deaths,  bad  bad  its  nat-"ral  re- 
sult, and  the  natives  were  suspicions  or  hostile  from 
Hochelaga  all  the  way  down  the  river.  This  fact,  the 
hardships  of  winter,  discontent  and  disappointment, 
and  probably  failing  health  also,  bad  utterly  discour- 
aged Carticr  and  his  men.  Robcrval,  amazed  and  in- 
dignant, ordered  the  party  to  return  to  Quebec,  but 
the  navigator  with  his  vessels  silently  weighed  anchor 
in  the  night  and  made  all  sail  ibr  Franco.  This  de- 
sertion broke  up  all  Koberval's  arrang-'ments,  but  he 
still  determined  to  proceed  on  his  expedition,  sailed  to 
Capo  Kongo,  fortified  himself  strongly,  and  wintered 
there  miserably,  losing  fifty  men  by  the  scurvy,  and 
having  his  whole  force  disorganized  by  disease,  idle- 
ness, and  lax  discipline.  Ruberval,  after  conducting 
some  explorations,  finally  withdrew  his  colony  and  re- 
turned to  Franco  in  1511?,  and  then  for  a  time  all  idea 
of  founding  .settlements  in  New  Franco  was  abandoned. 
After  the  death  of  Francis,  Uobcrval,  in  l.")JO,  sailed 
again  for  the  St.  Lawrence,  accompanied  by  his 
brother  and  a  band  of  adventurers  ;  but  they  were 
never  heard  of  again.'  With  lloberval,  to  use  Park- 
man's  phrase,  "closes  the  prelude  of  the  French- 
American  drama."  The  curtain  did  not  rise  again 
until  1(104-7,  and  then  on  a  very  ditferent  scene. 

^leanwbile,  a  strange  series  of  evonts,  not  without 
their  influence  upon  the  destinies  of  the  yet  iinboni 
cit3'  of  St.  Louis,  were  being  acted  out  in  Florida  by 
the  Spaniards  and  the  French.  The  Spaniards  were 
a  very  difix>rent  cl.ass  of  adventurers  from  the  French. 
Tbeir  long  wars  with  the  infidel.-;  of  Granada  bad  filled 
them  with  romantic  daring  and  an  exalted  religious 
zeal.  These  wars  had  set  free  great  numbers  of  inen- 
nt-arms  cijually  athirst  for  glory  and  for  gold.  Hut 
it  is  no  more  than  justice  to  the  ('niiiiiiU'iKlnica  to 
say  of  them,  likewise,  that  tliey  esteemed  great  under- 
takings because  they  »< /<  great.  The  age,  as  Hum- 
boldt has  remarked,  with  its  overwrought  excirements 
and  passions  and  violence,  had  a  tendency  to  promote 
individuality  of  character,  always  a  prominent  trait 
in  the  Spaniard,  who  was  thou  "  the  freest  man  in 
Europe,"  free  in  person  and  free  in  institutions  like- 
wise.-    It  was  an   age  of  cruelty,  and  the  Spaniard 

'  This  is  llio  .»ti)rv  of  l.o  ( 'lore ;  but  Tliev  pt,  wIki,  us  I'ai  kiiiiiii 
say?,  (luglit  til  know,  lelai™  tlmt  Holiervnl  iviis  ii8!<a.'<itiimli'il  at 
niglit  ill  tlu<  licart    f  Paris. 

''  "  Tlio  Spaiiiiiitl  was  tlip  fri'put  man  in  Kuropc  :  the  vaii'ius 
piiwcrs  (if  (he  stale,  slill  unbroken,  nialntaini'.l  on  euoli  other 
that  salutary  elieek  whii'li  prevents  till  tyranny.  The  lime  was 
yet  wlien  the  tutor  of  tlie  heir-apparent  of  tlie  .'-'panisli  erown 
eoulil  iiieiileate  on  liis  pupil  the  iloi'triiie  tliiil  a  tyrant  inijjht  lie 
put  to  (loath  ;   wliile,  nt  the  .^anie  time,  tlie  people  were  tuught 


was  "a  man  of  blood,"  and  used  to  reprisals  and  bar- 
barivus  punishments.  But  Humboldt  defends  the 
Conquistadores  from  the  reproach  of  brutal  and  .sordid 
instincts  repeatedly  ea.st  upon  them.''  Balboa,  Cortcz, 
Davila,  Ponce  do  Leon,  were  full  of  the  spirit  of  ro- 
mantic adventure  and  that  heroic  daring  which  essays 
all  the  perils  of  the  unknown  for  the  sake  of  glory 
singly. 

Ponce  de  Loon  and  Fcrdinando  de  Soto  were  types 
of  this  class  of  lofty  aspirants.  The  former  discovered 
Florida,  the  latter  the  Mi.ssissippi,  each  sacrificing 
ease,  comfort,  wealth,  and  luxury  in  the  pursuit  oi' 
harassing  adventures.  They  were  pirates  and  sea- 
rovers  with  the  valor  of  chevaliers  and  the  enthu- 
siasm of  crusaders.  Juan  Ponce  do  Leon  was  a 
veteran  whom  the  laurels  of  other  discoverers  would 
not  .suffer  to  rest,  even  when  the  infirmities  of  age 
pressed  heavily  upon  him.  His  youth  had  been 
schooled  in  war ;  in  manhood  he  had  accompanied 
Columbus  on  his  .second  voyage,  and  was  given  com- 
mand of  a  province  in  Hispaniola,  from  whence  he 
cast  wistful  glances  across  to  still  uuconrjuercd  Porto 
Uico.  Finally  he  passed  over  to  that  island,  occupied 
it,  and,  after  an  interval  of  quiet,  was  forced  to  deso- 
late it  with  fire  and  sword  in  order  to  subdue  the 
Indians  in  arms  against  his  strong  hand  and  stern 
rule.  De  Leon  now  heard  of  a  land  far  to  the  north 
abounding  in  gold,  gems,  and  flowers,  possessing, 
niorcdvor,  a  river  or  a  fountain  which  bad  the  extra 
ordinary  qmility  of  restoring  to  youth  whosoever 
should  bathe  in  it.  It  was  the  vision  of  alchemy 
brought  within  reach  and  touch.  Ponce  de  Leon 
believed  the  fables  told  him, — he  was  not  singular  in 
that,  for  Peter  Martyr  had  fait!,  in  this  fountain  too, 
— and  got  up  an  expedition  for  the  conijuest  of  this 
new  and  wonderful  country.  I[e  sailed  from  Portd 
Bieo  in  JIarch,  1512,  and  on  Palm  Sunday  lauded  cm 
a  soil  wb.icli  the  natives  called  Caiitio,  but  whieli 
be  named  Florida,  in  commemoration  of  the  day.  Juan 
Ponce  took  jiossession  of  the  country  in  the  name  nl 
Spain,  and  explored  it  in  various  directions,  but  willi- 
out  suspecting  that  it  was  a  [lart  of  the  main-land.  lb 
did  not  find  either  gold  or  the  Fountain  of  Yonlli. 
but  he  encountered  a  most  determined  hostility  on  t'lc 
part  of  the  savages,  and  was  much  vexed  and  bafilod 
by  contrary  winds  and  currents.  At  last  lio  returiied 
to  Spuiii;  and  was  killed  not  long  uftcrwards  in  a  raid 
against  the  fierce  Carib  Indians. 


tlmt  religion  required  their  obedionoo  to  tho  ruling  powers,  will. 
suliinissiiin  and  support  fnini  wliieli  only  e.vtroine  eases  ('iiu!i 
absolve  tlieui." — ./.  6'.  Sluii  :    Ilitl'irij  o/  the   lUictucrj  nf  ih 

MtHKitnijifti   /i/err. 

'  CoKinog,  ii.  CIS. 


THE  OCEAN-PATHS  OF  DISCOVERY. 


11 


cprlsals  iiiid  bar- 
Idt  defends  the 
brutal  and  sordid 
Balboa,  Covtez, 
'  the  spirit  of  ro- 
ving whieli  essays 
the  sake  of  glory 

0  Soto  were  types 
former  discovered 
,  each  sacrifiein;^ 
n   the  pursuit  of 
pirates  and  sea- 
's and  the  enthu- 
e  do  Leon   was  a 
discoverers  would 
infirmities  of  age 
youth    had   been 
:  had  accompanied 
id  was  given  coin- 
a,  from  whence  he 
iinconriucred  Porto 
lat  island,  occupied 
was  forced  to  deso- 
rdcr  to  subdue  the 
III"  hand  and  stern 
lid  far  to  the  north 
flov.ers,    possessing, 
icli  liad  the  extra 
youth    whosoever 
vision  of  alchemy 
Ponce   de  Leon 
was  not  singular  in 
II  this  fountain  too, 
the  ciiiKiucst  of  this 
sailed  from  Portu 
m  Sunday  landed  mi 
Cautio,  but  whi.li 
n  of  the  day.  Jn;ui 
iitry  in  the  name  ul 
directions,  but  with- 
the  main-land,    lb 
Fountain  of  Yo'.tli. 
iiied  hostility  on  tli. 
;h  vexed  and  baillr ! 
At  last  ho  retuviir.'i 
ufterwards  in  a  raid 


I  tlicriilini?  jxiwcrf,  wii! 
Illy  I'xtroiiu'  iMisea  c'"u 
.,/  the   llinrtivei-j  "J   <■ 


The  suceei-8  of  Cortez  in  conquering  IMcxico  directed 
nnf'>rpriseand  adventure  still  more  eagerly  to  the  main- 
land. Florida,  it  wa.s  commonly  thought,  abounded 
in  treasures  e((u.ally  witli  the  country  of  the  Az- 
tocs.  Paniphilo  de  Narvaez  undertook  in  1528  to 
cdnnnev  and  colonize  the  peninsula,  the  external  con- 
tour of  which  had  been  determined  by  the  explora- 
tions of  De  Leon,  Garay,  and  Vasquez  de  Ayllon.  He 
landed  on  the  Gulf  coast,  near  Tainjia  Hay,  and  with 
tlire(!  hundred  men  marched  into  the  forest  in  search 
of  the  gold  and  booty  which  he  had  seen  the  followers 
of  Cortez  secure.  Narvaez  was  as  imprudent  as  he 
wasureedy  and  avaricious,  and  disregarded  the  eouns(ds 
of  his  experienced  pilot,  Miruelo,  and  his  second  in 
command.  Alvar  Nunez  Cabeya  de  Vaca.  The  result 
was  disaster.  Tiie  Indians  were  (h^eply  hostile  in  con- 
sequence of  the  slave-hunting  atrocities  of  Ayllon  and 
otiiers,  and  they  harassed  Narvaez's  line  of  march 
with  incessant  assault.  His  miMi  sickened  and  jier- 
ished  ;  the  hor-ses  gave  out  and  were  oaten  ;  famine, 
storm,  climate  conspired  against  them;  a  wi etched 
reninant  reached  the  coast  at  !:ist,  and,  emhaking  in 
crazy  boats,  tried  to  make  their  way  around  tliQ  curve 
(if  the  Gulf  to  Tanipicii.  Only  four  escaped  the 
hazards  of  such  a  route,  and  tliese— Cabcza  de  Vaca, 
Diirantes,  Castillo,  and  Estavanieo  (a  negro  slave  from 
Barbarv) — were  made  prisoners  by  the  Indians.  In 
passin;^  around  the  Gulf  from  St.  Mark's  to  Galveston, 
Cabeza  had  crossed  the  Mississippi  lliver  and  tarried 
for  an  interval  on  an  island  in  its  mouth.  He  had 
no  idea  of  the  river's  greatness,  however,  and  his  own 
woes  would  anyhow  have  prc^vented  him  from  paying 
r.liontion  to  geographical  discoveries.  He  and  his 
compariions  were  six  years  in  captivity  to  the  Indians, 
during  wliich  lime  they  acquired  the  language  and 
studied  the  habits  of  the  tribe.  Then,  escaping, 
(Jabeza  led  his  companions  liirough  Texas  and  New 
Jlexico  to  the  Pacific  coast  at  the  town  of  San  Miguel. 
This  wondrous  journey  took  eighteen  months  to  \mv- 
liirm  it.  and  tlie  way-worn  travelers  .secured  iminnniiy 
and  consideration  from  the  savages  alimg  the  route  by 
acting  the  part  of  "  medicine  men."  They  were  re- 
ceiv(>d  in  Mexico  like  men  raised  up  from  the  dead, 
and  the  strange  countries  and  cities  of  which  Cabeza 
had  heard  during  the  journey,  and  gave  acconnis  in 
hissimple  narrative,  led  to  two  more  romantic  expe<li- 
tions, — the  march  of  Coronado  in  search  of  Cibola,  and 
of  Hernando  de  Soto  in  quest  of  the  northern  P(n'u, 
supposed  to  lie  somewhere  in  the  continent  between 
tlie  river  Palmas  and  tiic  Atlantic  Ocean,  and  wliich 
(.'abeza  declared  to  be  the  richest  c(uintry  on  llie  globe. 

The  march  of  Coronado  to  Cibola  is  one  of  the 
most  during  and  successful  feats  uf  exploration  and 


adventure  upon  record.     It  is  an  anticipation  of  the 
toils  and  marches  of  Lewis  and  Clark,  of  Capt.  Bon- 
neville and  Gen.  Fremont  in  the  heart  of  the  unex- 
plored American  wilderness.     Cabcza   had   brought 
homo  accounts,  much  exaggerated,  of  the  adobe  cities 
of  the  Zuni  and  Pueblo  Indians,  some  of  which  he 
had  seen  in  the  course  of  his  wanderings  through 
New  Mexico  ;  and  before  Cabcza's  return,  an  Indian 
slave  in  1.5H0  had  excited  the  cupii'ity  and  curiosity 
of  Nuno  de  Guzman,  President  of  New  Spain,  by  re- 
lating that,  in  his  travels  north  of  Mexico,  he  had  seen 
cities  as  large  as  the  Aztec  capital ;  that  tlurc  were 
.seven  of  them,  and  they  had  streets  which  were  occu- 
pied exclusively  by  workers  in  gold  and  silver.    These 
cities,  the  Indian  further  related,  were  forty  days  dis- 
tant, and  the  route  to  them  lay  tlirough  the  desert.' 
Guzman  planned  an  expedition,  and  started  for  Cibola 
at   the  head  of  four  hundred  Spaniards  and  twenty 
thousand  Indians,  but  he  was  not  able  to  proceed  any 
farther  than  the  province  of  Culiacan,  which,  however, 
he  occupied  and  settled.    Shortly  afterwards  his  Taos 
Indians  died,  and  Guzman  was  removed.    His  succes- 
sor, however,  the  Viceroy  Don  Antonio  de  Mendoea, 
heard  of  the  seven  cities  from  Cabeza  and  his  com- 
panions, all  of  their  accounts  being  full  of  what  seems 
to  be  studied  exaggeratioti  of  the  riches  of  the  cities, 
their  piles  of  lofty  houses,  and  other  strange  features. 
Vas(juez  de  Coronado  was  (Jovernor  of  New  Galicia 
at  the  time.     The  viceroy  communicated  to  him  what 
he  had  learned  from  Cabcza,  and  Coronado  proceeded 
to  Culiacau,  accompanied  by  some  Franciscan  friars 
and  the  negro  man  Stephen,  the  companion  of  Cabeza, 
wlio  volunteered  to  act  as  guide  to  the  seven  cities. 
Coronado  .sent  him  with  the  three  Ftanciscan  friars  to 
Cibola,  to  bring  him  an  account  of  the  place.     One 
of  the  friars  was  Marcos  de  Nica,  whcun  Castaneda 
calls '•  theiilogian  and  priest."     Tiicnegro,  Ste[ihen, 
was  killed  by  the  Indians  of  Cibola,  but  Father  Jlark 
came  back  with  such  a  glowing  acc(Uint  of  the  country 
— which,  in  fact,  he  and  his  companions  had  scarcely 
seen,  much  less  examined — that  the  viceroy  was  in- 
duccil  to  undertake  an  immediate  e\pcdilion  for  its 
con((uest,  giving  tlie  command  to  C(  roiiado,  with  the 


'  Till"  "Iciiy  (if  rordiiinlii's  inaioli  lin.«  boon  told  l)y  rii.«lrtiio(lu. 
'I'lio  siilijcot  liiis  boon  (li.«oiis?o(l  iit  various  tiiiios  by  loilbilin, 
IliK^kiiigliiiin' Sinilli,  Shoii,  iiinl  otlior.^.  The  iloi'iiini'iils  rrlntili); 
toil  Imvo  1)0011  oollivtoii  by  Kiikluyt  ant  Toiiiimx  t'omimn!", 
iiiid  tlio  bost  |i!i|i('r  oil  the  history  und  routn  of  iho  iimroli  is 
tliut  by  llri)?.  (!('ii.  .1.  II.  iSiiiniLion.  eolonol  of  oiij;inoori',  I'nitod 
Sldtoa  iiriiiy.  pu'ili.-ibod  in  Iho  .sJiiiilhsoniiiii  Hoport  for  IS6tl. 
t!on.  .^Jiiiipsoii  wnrto  llio  piipor  in  Itiillimoro,  liiivinn  iieooss  to 
tho  liliriirios  of  tlio  I'oiibody  Inslituto  iind  tlio  Miirylnnd  Ilis- 
toriodl  Socioty,  us  well  us  tlio  pnpors  nnd  MSS.  of  tbo  Into 
llrnntr.  Mnyor. 


mm 


12 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


rank  of  caplain-general.  The  cspcditioD,  three  hun- 
dred Spaniards  and  eight  hundred  Indians,  started 
from  Cuuipostolla,  in  New  Galiciu,  on  Easter-Monday, 
1540,  passing  north  through  the  desert  of  Sonora, 
Cuizona,  and  New  Jlexieo,  along  tlie  course  of  tlie 
Gila,  and  through  the  I'inia  3Iountains,  to  the  Zuni 
country.  Cibola  was  found  to  be  a  poor  eomniunal 
fort  built  of  idobe,  and  having  no  more  than  six  hun- 
dred warrioTS,  who  bravely  resisted,  but  in  vain,  the 
invasion  of  tiu  Spaniards.  Tliey  had  no  gold  ;  their 
sole  wealth  consisted  of  corn,  cotton  stuff  made  by 
them,  fowls,  tanned  leather,  and  dressed  robes  and 
furs.  From  this  region  Coronado  passed  on  to  the 
great  canyon  of  the  Colorado  River,  and  met  Co- 
manche Indians,  who  told  him  of  the  bisons  on  the 
plaiDs.  Later,  wlu'n  they  had  crossed  the  Rio  Grande, 
Coronado  and  his  men  encountered  multitudinous 
droves  of  these  animals,  and  killed  great  numbers  of 
them.  It  was  the  opinion  of  Coronado  and  his  eliron- 
ieler,  Castaiieda,  that  tiie  Itio  Grande  made  such  a 
wide  detour  to  tiie  eastward  that  it  united  it.--  waters 
with  the  Missis.sijtpi  (of  which  tlicy  had  heard)  before 
emptying  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.  The  march  of 
the  expedition  was  extended  northeastward  across  the 
headwaters  of  the  Canadian  River,  across  the  Ar- 
kansas River  to  the  neighborhood  of  what  the  Span- 
iards thought  was  a  great  city,  (^uivira,  tcrniinating 
just  west  (if  the  Missouri  River,  midway  between  the 
Kansas  and  the  I'iatte  Rivers,  near  what  is  now  Pawnee 
City,  Neb.  The  return  route  was  down  the  Colorado 
River  and  round  the  head  of  the  Gulf  of  California. 
"  Thus  ended  thi.s  great  expedition,  which,"  says  Gen. 
Simpson,  "  for  extent  in  distance  traveled,  duration  in 
time,  cxteiiding  from  the  spring  ol'  1 540  to  the  summer 
of  l.")42,  or  more  than  two  years,  and  the  multiplicity 
of  its  cooperating  branch  explorations,  ecjualcd,  if  it 
did  not  exceed,  any  land  expedition  that  has  been  v.ii- 
dertaken  in  modern  limes." 

Cabcza  de  V^ica  appeared  in  Spain  just  about  the 
time  that  Hernando  do  Soto  was  preparing  an  expe- 
ditiou  for  tlie  coiK|uest  of  Florida,  leave  to  undertake 
which  he  had  obtained  from  Charles  V.  Do  Soto  had 
come  to  America  with  nothing  but  his  sword,  a  |ien- 
uiless  adventurer,  but  with  a  great  reputation  as  a 
warrior.  "  When  lie  led  in  the  van  of  battle,"  says 
one  of  liis  biographers,  '■  his  charge  was  so  powerful, 
ao  broad  w.as  the  bloody  pas.sage  which  he  carved  oui  in 
the  ranks  of  the  enemy,  that  ten  of  his  men-at-arms  could 
with  ea.so  follow  him  abreast."  lie  had  joined  Pizurro 
in  the  conf|uest  of  Peru,  ae(iuiring  immense  riches, 
which  ho  spent  lavishly  in  maintaining  distinguished 
state  at  the  court  of  Madrid.  lie  was  now  Governor 
of  the  rich  province  of  San  Jago  de  Cuba,  and  mar- 


ried to  a  woman  of  great  beauty,  Isabella  de  Bobadilln, 
the  daughter  of  De  Soto's  first  commander,  when  he 
was  serving  in  the  ranks.  But  repose  was  not  in  the 
nature  of  such  men  ;  ambition  and  the  greed  for  glory 
haunted  him  all  his  life,  and  he  was  now  willing  to 
expend  all  his  wealth  in  the  uncertain  effort  to  carve 
out  a  contingent  marquisate  in  Florida.  Tiie  stories 
told  by  Cabeza  de  Vaea  gave  body  to  De  Soto's  un- 
shaped  plans,  and  created  an  enthusiasm  in  regard  to 
Florida  that  brought  great  numbers  of  nobles,  gentle- 
men, and  soldiers  to  De  Soto's  banner.'     In  his  train 


'  Tho  "  Gcnllcinan  of  Klvas,"  who,  with  Louis  Ilcrunmlcz  de 
liiudinii,  is  rucognizeil  .is  the  iiuthcnliu  hl^lorlitn  of  Du  koto's 
ox]>e(litii)n,  roliitep  tliiit  "  *':»!  tain  (Ii!.*^(jtu  was  tlic  son  of  ii  S((nirc 
of  Xercsof  Itiuliijoz.  Hu  wont  inLj  the  Spanish  Iniiio!*  when  I'etcr 
Arias  of  Avihi  was  (iovcrnor  of  tile  We.**!  Indies,  and  there  lie 
was  without  an^'tliing  else  of  his  own,  save  liis  sword  and  tar- 
get ;  and  for  liis  good  (|uaUtie5  and  valor,  I'eter  Arias  made  liiiii 
eaptain  of  a  troop  of  horsemen,  and  liy  his  eoniniaiidiiiimt  lie 
went  witli  Fernando  I'i/arro  to  the  eomiucst  of  I'eru,  wliei'e(iis 
many  persons  of  credit  reported,  wliieh  were  there  present),  as 
well  at  the  taking  of  Alabalipa,  Lord  of  I'erti,  as  at  the  assauil 
of  the  eity  of  Cuseo,  and  in  all  other  places  whete  tiiey  found 
resistance,  wheresoever  he  wi-s  present,  lie  passe  1  all  other  enp- 
tains  and  principal  |  ersons.  For  which  cause,  hesidos  his  pan 
of  the  treasure  of  Ataliatipa,  he  had  a  good  share;  whereby  in 
time  he  gathered  a  luindred  and  four  score  thousand  ducats  to- 
gellier,  with  that  which  fell  to  his  part;  whieli  he  brought  into 
Spain  ;  whereof  the  Fmperor  borrowed  a  certain  part,  » liicli  he 
repaid  again  with  sixty  thousand  reals  of  plate  in  the  rents  of  the 
silks  of  (iraiiada,  and  all  the  rest  niis  delivered  to  him  in  Ihecon- 
tractation  house  of  Seville.  lie  took  servants,  to  wit,  a  gentle 
man  uslier,  jiagcs,  a  gi-nllcman  of  the  horse,  ti  cliatiiberlain, 
lackeys,  and  all  other  otiicers  that  the  house  of  a  noble  may  re 
quire.  From  .Seville  ho  went  to  tho  court,  and  in  the  court 
there  accompanied  him  .lolin  Biinusco  of  Seville  and  Lewis 
Moscoso  il'.Ah  iirado,  Nuno  du  Touiir,  and  John  Uodriguez  Ln 
billo.  Except  John  llaiiusco,  all  the  rest  came  wilh  him  fn>iii 
Peru  ;  and  eiery  or.cof  tlicni  brought  fourteen  or  lil'tcen  tho'isaiol 
ducats ;  all  of  them  went  well  and  costly  appareled.  And  although 
Soto  of  his  own  nature  was  not  liberal,  yet  because  that  was  the 
lirst  time  that  he  was  to  show  hiuisolf  in  the  court,  he  spent 
frankly,  and  went  aeeompanicd  witli  those  which  1  liai  e  named, 
and  Willi  his  fervaiits,  and  many  others  which  resortcil  unti) 
him.  lie  married  with  lionna  Isabella  do  liobadilla.  dauglih-r 
of  I'eter  Arias  of  Avila.  Karl  of  I'uiino  in  llostro,  Tho  Km 
peror  made  him  (iovermir  of  the  l.-le  of  Cuba,  and  .\delantado 
oi-  Presideiil  of  Flnii'la,  with  a  title  of  nian|iiis  of  cerliiin  (lart 
of  the  lands  that  he  should  coiKiuer."  This  sketch  of  lie  Sotn  i- 
curious,  as  illustrative  of  the  Spanish  character.  Tho  parvenu 
at  court  could  only  outshine'  the  old  hereditary  nobles  by  lavish 
display  and  c.xpcudllure,  and  it  was  this  which  contributed  as 
much  as  anything  t.i  foster  tho  greed  for  gold  which  led  tlo' 
generation  of  Coii(|uistadores  into  so  many  wihl  lands  and  do- 
pcrate  adventures  and  made  them  such  severe  taskmasters  of 
the  unfortunate  Indians  whom  they  had  eiiiM|uereil,  It  was 
this  delight  in  display  and  extravagant  expenditure,  moreinci, 
which  attracted  to  the  new  cotitiiiciit  so  many  scions  of  the  iiii. 
poverished  and  ilecayed  aristocracy  both  of  France  anil  Sp'iiii  - 
a  class  represented  by  such  men  ns  Frontenao  in  Canada,  lie 
Vnudreuil  nnd  Kerlerec  in  Louisiana,  and  Ulloa  and  t'a.-a 
Ciiho  in  thut  province,  and  in  St.  Louis,  Ita  frontier  town. 


THE  OCEAN-PATHS   OF  DISCOVERY. 


13 


jUa  de  Bobadilla, 
nander,  wlic"  l»c 
50  was  not  in  the 
le  greed  for  glory 
s  now  willing  to 
in  effort  to  carve 
Ida.  Tlic  stories 
to  Dc  Soto's  un- 
irtsni  in  regard  to 
of  nobles,  gentle- 
ler.'     In  his  train 

1  Louis  lli'innmU'/.  Je 
li^ionnn  "f  l>o  ^"'"'^ 
fastlic  son  of  a  siiuirc 
lisli  Indies  wlien  I'ctcr 
Inilii'S,  iinil  tliorc  lie 
ive  Ills  swoi-.l  nnd  tiir 
IVter  Alias  uiiiaeliini 
his  coiniiinni\iiii,Mit  lie 
icst  of  I'eiu,  wlieic(iis 
,vcre  there  present),  ns 
I'ciu,  as  at  the  assault 
laoes  wheie  tiiej-  found 
10  [Msse  1  nil  other  eaii- 
eausc,  hcsides  his  part 
;ood  share  ;   wherehy  in 
uie  thousand  dueats  to- 
;  whieh  he  hi-ought  int.i 
I  certain  imrt,  whieh  he 
'idatein  the  rents  of  the 
ivercdtohiniintheeon- 
rvants,  to  wit,  a  gentle 
i  horse,  a  ehainberlain, 
ouscof  a  nolile  may  re 
i„urt,  and  in   the  court 
of  Seville  and  Lewis 
Ll  Joliii  llodrisuei  Lo 
jsl  came  with  hiin  from 
Irtcenortil'K'onlhoMsand 
ipiareled.  And  nllhou).'h 
[vet  becau^e  that  was  the 
in  the  court,  he  spent 
,,c  whieh  Ihi.venami.l. 
.,■3  whicli  resorted  uiit.. 
[i  do  r,ol)adilhi,d.iught.r 
..  in  Uostri>.     Tho  Km 
[f  Cuba,  and  Ailelanta.l.i 
iinpiisof  .■crtain  pail 
ll'his  sketch  of  Do  Solo  i- 
diaracter.     Tho  parvenu 
■cditary  nobles  by  lavish 
[lis  which  contributed  ll^ 
fur  gold  which  led  lli. 
anv  wild  hinds  and  dc-. 
|h  severe  taskninsters  "f 
lad  coiuiuered.     It  was 
t  expenditure,  nioreoicr, 
.)  many  scions  of  the  iiii- 
|h  of  France  and  .'^p'vin    - 
rontenao  in  Canada,  1>( 
|a,   and    Ulloii  and  I'a-a 
,s,  iU  frontier  town. 


when  he  landed  in  the  bay  which  he  named  Espiritu  , 
Santo,  Florida,  after  a  .safe  and  pleasant  pa.xsage  from 
tlie  place  of  rendezvous  (the  port  of  San  Luetis  de 
Harranicdrt),  were  twenty-two  eeclesiastics  and  some 
"entlemen  of  the  best  blood  in  Spain, — Don  Juan  de 
Guzman,  Pedro  Calderon,  a  favorite  .soldier  of  Gon- 
salvo  do  Cordova,  the  "  Great  Captain"  and  the  best 
judirc  of  martial  qualities  that  his  country  has  ever 
produced,  Vasconecllos  de  Silva,  a  Portuguese  noble 
of  distinguished  family  and  bright  personal  fame, 
Nuno  Touar,  the  Chevalier  l?ayard  of  hi.s  nation,  and 
3I0SCOS0  de  Alvarado,  second  only  to  De  Soto  him- 
self. So  many  people  of  noble  birth  mustered  for 
this  expedition,  says  one  of  its  historians  (many  of 
them  having  sold  or  mortgaged  their  estates  in  order 
to  pay  the  cost  of  their  equipments'),  "  that  in  St. 
Lucar  iiiany  men  of  good  account,  which  had  sold 
tliL'ii'  goods,  remained  behind  for  want  of  shipping, 
whereas  for  other  known  ami  rich  countries  they  are 
wont  to  want  men." 

It  was  on  Sunday,  IMtiy  18,  l.")3[),  tlio  day  Ih  /'„.<,n 
iJc  S)>irilii  Siiiil<i  (Whitsunday),  that  tho  expedition 
rea'^hod  tiie  coast  of  Florida  and  the  place  of  their 
landiiii:,  ttio  port  of  Haya  Honda,  as  Hicdnia  calls 
Tampa  B.iy.  Here  six  hundred  and  twenty  men  and 
two  liiiiiili'cd  and  Iwciitythrec  horses  wcie  landed,  as 
biilliaiit  and  gallant  a  body  of  soldiers  as  ever  maiclu'i] 
into  the  bosom  of  the  repulsive  wilderness.  Jtian 
Ortiz,  a  survivor  of  the  party  of  Pamphilo  do  Xar- 
vaoz,  was  found  among  tho  Indians,  who  had  taken 
care  of  him  for  twelve  years,  teaching  him  tlnir  hoi- 
"ua^o  and  htibits.  Ho  protcstoil,  however,  that  ho 
know  nothing  of  tho  country,  and  was  sotit  on  to  Cnlia 
in  tlie  returning  .ships.  Dc  Soto  now  began  his  memo- 
ralilo  n:aroh,  wliich  led  him  from  Indian  town  to  town, 
from  tribe  to  tribe,  from  morass  to  river,  and  from  catio- 
brake  to  mountain  forest,  in  pursuit  of  that  ilhis  iry 
empire  which  ho  sought,  until  he  had  traversed  the 
greater  part  of  West  Florida,  Georgia,  Alabama,  and 
Mississippi.  It  is  the  practice  of  historians  to  eni- 
pliasizo  tho  fact  that  Caboza  do  Vaca  crossed  tho 
JiissLssiiijii  River  without  showing  any  consciousness, 
so  liir  as  his  narrative  is  concerned,  of  Iiaving  passed 
an  tinusually  laigo  stream.  Rut  it  is  probable  that 
Cahcza  was  less  reserved  in  his  communications  to  De 
1  Soto,  whom  at  one  time  he  seems  to  have  intended  to 


Don  Antono  Osorio  "  dispo8.«essed  hiuiselfof  sixty  thousand 
[reals  of  rent  which  lie  held  of  the  church,  and  Francis  Osorio  (if  a 
Itown  of  vassals,  which  he  had  in  the  country  of  ('miu|mps,"  says 
Ithc  I'lirtiiKuese  chronicler.  "  Dalthasar  de  (iallcKOS  soM  houses 
und  vineyards,  and  rent  corn,  and  ninety  ranks  of  olive  trees 
Bn  the  Xarafc  of  Seville."  This  unfortunate  also  took  his  wife 
tilh  liiiii. 


accompany,  declining  in  the  end  because  not  offered  a 
position  in  the  expedition  proportionate  to  his  concep- 
tion of  what  ho  deserved.  Anyhow,  De  Soto,  in  part- 
ing with  his  .squadron  when  he  finally  loft  the  coast 
after  tho  capture  of  the  town  of  the  A]ialaches,  di- 
rected his  fleet  captain,  Franci.sco  Maldonado,  to  return 
to  Havana,  procure  provisions,  and  meet  him  in  six 
months  from  that  date  at  the  mouth  of  the  great 
river  Espiritu  Santo.'^ 


'  Tills  sccins  to  furnish  indnhitablc  evidence  in  favor  of  tho 
conclusion  that  the  mouth  at  least  of  the  Mississippi  was  known 
at  that  time,  and  jirobiibly  long  bolorc,  to  flic  Spanish  navi- 
gators. It  is  not  known  precisely  wlieii  the  northern  line  of 
the  cr  '  of  the  (iulf  of  Mexico  was  explored;  but  tho  south- 
ern till,  -ad  been  pretty  well  deteruiincd  before  I  jl'St,  and  it  is 
not  likely  that  the  rest  of  tho  circuit  would  bo  long  neglected 
by  seamen  who  almost  monthly  made  tho  traverse  from  Hayti 
and  Cuba  to  Maricaibo.  Tainpico  was  a  known  port  in  l.i^O, 
and  it  was  impossible  for  seamen  to  cross  the  discolored  waters 
which  the  Mississippi  pours  into  the  (Iulf  many  miles  beyond 
Its  mouth  witliout  suspecting  the  existence  of  a  great  stream  of 
fresh  water  similar  to  tho  Orinoco  and  tho  Amazon.  John 
(lilmary  Shea,  in  his  admirable  History  of  the  Discovery  of 
tho  .Mississippi  Uiver,  notes  tho  fact  that  in  on  edition  of 
I'toleniy  printed  nt  Venice  (or  Strasbnrg)  in  l.'il.'l.  "  the  delta 
of  a  river  corresponding  to  tho  .Mississippi  is  traced  n]ioii  it 
more  distinctly  than  in  tho  maps  of  the  next  century."  The 
(iiilf  coast  of  Florida  was  thoroughly  examined  in  IJIS  hy 
(iaray,  and  in  1521,  in  a  nia|i  drawn  by  an  arbit'ator  lo  ilcter- 
iiiiiic  the  ]iret''nsions  of  rival  discoverers,  the  ^lississippi  was 
again  indicated  as  having  been  discovered  or  mapped  by  (iariiy, 
and  as  bearing  the  name  Hi':  i/i  /  ICxjiiriiii  Smilo  (  Uiver  of  the 
llol_\  (ilms: ),  assigned  to  it  by  Dc  Soto  in  his  signilicant  appoint- 
ment with  .Maldouado.  I'raniz  .Miiyer.  in  a  manu?cri|i|  note 
on  the  margin  of  this  ]iagc  of  Shea's  History,  notes  the  fact 
that  the  I'lolcuiy  map  referred  to  is  in  the  I'eter  Force  Library, 
and  he  further  suggests  that  the  mouth  of  tho  river  may  have 
been  intei'|iolatcil  subsequent  to  (ho  date  of  the  map,  '*  as  was 
tlic  case  with  I'tolciny's,  in  which  new  maps  were  inserted  ns 
they  camo  out  from  time  to  time."  Mr.  .Mayer  afterwards  ad- 
dressed a  note  to  the  J/istun'fnl  Miii/iuiiii:  in  wliich,  without 
s|iecifying  his  authorities,  he  says  (liat  "the  Veruci  I'toleniy  of 
l.il:;  lays  it  ilown,  or,  at  least,  marks  a  river  without  a  name, 
at  the  site  of  its  embouchure.  Orluis  Typis,  liil.>;  I'lncda's 
miip.  I.'ilit;  other  I'tolemies,  l.'i2j;  Cabcfii  de  Vaca  saw  it  in 
I.VJS.  Dc  Soto  crossed  i(  in  I.'i  II."  etc.  In  regard  to  the  vari- 
ous iiiiiiiiH  of  the  .Mississippi  Kiver,  Mr.  .Mayer  says  in  this 
mcmoranduin  (which  bears  date  Oct.  IJ,  IS.^7),  ''I  remember 
to  have  seen  in  the  course  of  my  reii  li:ig  the  follnwing  Indian, 
Spanish,  and  French  names  applied  to  the  river  .Mississippi ; 
and  it  may  bo  well  to  record  them  in  your  magazine  for  preser- 
vation, and  iirobably  to  be  augmented  in  number  by  oil  cr  stu- 
dents of  American  history; 

"IikHiiii  IIIIIIIIH. — .Mieo,  kingof rivers;  JIi:sriiA-SiiiiMi:srii.\, 
great  and  Sibi  river;  NvMAsi-Sieor,  (isli  river:  Okimo  (^imtto, 
groat  water-path — -a  I'hoctaw  name;  Misski:ssei'K  ;  .Mk.mt- 
eiiAssii'i,  old  father  of  rivers  (according  lo  Dul'ralz);  .Mil.- 
iioeiiiiA,  according  lo  Iberville. 

'■  /■'i-iiirli.  —  liiviKiiK  in;  Sr.  I.oris;  ItiviMii;  ni:  Coiiif.liT- 
Mississii'i'i. 

"  Siiiiiiiiili. — UiotiiiANUK;  Rio  fiiiANni-;  nKi.  Esi'Iiiitu  ,'^axto; 
liio  ni;  i.A  rAi.isAnA:  Uio  iik  CiiieiiAgi  a." 

To  coniplcio  the  list  of  Mr.  .Mayer,  nnd  make  it  more  inc 


!   1 


*■ 


.1      ; . 

■    i 

f 

j 

u 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


CorotiiiJo  had  roaclicJ  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi 
on  the  WL'stern  side,  and  crossed  at  least  one  of  its 
j;reat  tiibuiaiies.  De  Soto,  after  several  attempts  to 
discover  a  great  and  rich  country  north  of  Florida, 
turned  his  course  westward  and  distinctly  aimed  to 
reach  the  great  river.  lie  crossed  the  Altaiuaha;  he 
mistook  the  Coosa  for  the  Father  of  Waters;  he 
fought  the  Chickasaws  and  ranged  northward  to  the 
table-land  which  looks  down  upon  the  eastward  elbows 
of  the  Tennessee  and  Cumberland  llivers,  and  at  last 


thoilical,  it  iiiny  lie  aililuil  tliiit  tliu  Spiinish  luinic,  llio  iiKi.  Es- 
I'liini'  ."^ANTii,  is  I'ouml  on  liaraj's  iiia)i,  in  the  De  Solo  chioni- 
cle«,  and  in  Tri'liin  ile  Lnna,  wliu   al.^o  n(iplie!^  the  name  of 
Km  tliiANiu:  iii:i.  Esi-iiUTi'  Santo;  llio  "  (Jeiilleinan  of  Elvas," 
one  of  the  re|)oiters  of  De  Soto's  iidvcutures,  calls  it  simply  Klo 
OliAMilj;  (Jareillasso  de  Vegii,  the  roniaHCcr  of  Do  Soto's  expe- 
dition, denominates  it  CniTAyrA,  on  the  authority  of  Juan 
Coles,  who  aeeouipanied   the  expedition.     A  variation  of  Ihis 
undoubtedly   Indian   name   is  CicAgi'A.      Allouez,  the  Jesuit 
explorer,  l(llili-ri7,  gives  the  names  MkssiI'I,  and  Mkssisii'I  ; 
un  Marquette's  map  it  is  called  .MrrciiisiiM,  and  also  itiviKHK 
I)i:  I. A  losiKi'TioN,  the  latter  bestowed  by  the  explorer  himself; 
the  Natchez   Indians  called  it  (IciiKiiii  ion,  (ireat  Water.     In 
Dablon's  narrative,  10711-71,  it  is  spoken  of  as  SIississii'iM  ;  I,a 
Salle,  with  a  jiurposo,  when  lie  reached  its  banks  it)  IOS-,  bap- 
tized it  Itivihiii:  J)i:  L'oi.nKiir;  the  Algonkin   name  had  two 
forms,  Jlissr,  ^reut,  SKi;i'i;i;,  river  (.l//»»i'  is  equivalent  to  Mh- 
Hil,  Miihit^  as  in  Michii^an,  Miehll-iinacinac,  etc.,  Mi'^nii,  as  in 
Mhtoii-rtf  etc.     Scrpcr  is  simidy  the  French  »lj)i   Anglicized). 
The  other  Algonkin  name  was  Namasi-sh'Oi,  or  Ni;mosk  sii'oi', 
tho  river  oi  tislies.   This  is  the  name,  aecordinj;  to  lleckewelder, 
under  which  the  Mississippi  was  known  to  the  Delaware  Indi- 
nns  in  their  ancient  traditions  concerning  their  migration  from 
tho  fur  West.    Hennepin,  writing  in  IliSI,  spells  the  name  Mi:- 
CIIASIim;  according  to  Iberville,  the  Southern  Indians  denotni- 
nalcd  the  river  Mai.aiioihiia,  and  calleii  its  mouth   Ul ;  I'eni- 
caut's  narrative,  in  Coxe's  collection  of  Louisiana  State  papers, 
has  the  form  Mi:sc  iiai  Kiii: ;  in  some  places  the  Indian  name  for 
the  ri\er  was  Tai'ATA,  in  others  TAMALisiONi  ami  tlie  Spaniards 
eonielinies   termed   it   Itio   L]si-o\iiii)o  ("lost   river"),  and   the 
French  occasionally  Ilivti":iiK  nK.s  I'Ai.isAnns,  or  La  I'ai.isaiik. 
Itivifciii:  III:  St.  Louis  was  its  name  when  the  French  regarded 
it  as  the  extension  of  the  Ohio   Uiver.     In  a   note  on   .Mar- 
quette's voyage,  in  one  of  the  volumes  of  the  Louisiana  llis- 
turieul  Collection,  it  is  said  that  Sassa-c.uoi.a  \fae  one  of  the 
Indian  names  for  the  Mississippi;  tho  fcuin  given  in  Lannnin's 
History  of  Michigan  is  Muiii-.SKi'iiK,  ami,  as  Mr.  Mayer  has 
noted,  that   adopted  by  Du  I'ratz  was  JltiAT-cUA.sK-sii'l,  ai/ie 
being  a  corruption  of  the  Algonkin  «r/i<i'ii,  stream.     Still  an- 
other form  was  JIic  iiAsiri'A.     According  to  Dollicr  do  Canson, 
tho  Iro(|Uois  Indians,  in  their  haughty  way,  declared  that  llio 
Mississippi  was  the  same  river  and  hail  the  same  name  as  the 
Diiio.  b.'cinfe  one  of  the  forks  of  the  latter,  the  .Alleghany,  rose 
in  a  section  of  country  through  which    they  hunted.      I'rac- 
tieally,  tJrcat  liiver  was  tho  authentic  and  tlie  proper  name  of 
this  great  eoiilluence  of  unlimited  waters,  anil  the  Indian  tra- 
dition of  tho  .\ii mifii-m'jii  migration  is  probably  a  myth  of  late 
invention,  enntrivcd  to  explain  tho  name  of  the  river,  its  orig 
inal  prolix  of  Mirhl  having  lost  its  meaning  through  the  greater 
polciitialily  of  tho  anieeojent  urtielo  no,  by  which  A'liiin'ilii 
(=  tho  great)  became  converted  insensibly  into  .V<iiii<»i'(>»  U«he9, 
in  the  genitive  ease,  plural;. 


liis  men,  weary,  worn,  and  travel-stained,  came  upon 
the  banks  of  a  miglity  current  ■'  altnost  half  a  league 
broad ;  if  u  man  stood  still  on  tho  other  side,  it  could 
not  be  discerned  whether  he  was  a  man  or  no.  The 
river  was  of  great  depth,  and  of  a  strong  current; 
the  water  was  always  muddy  ;  there  came  down  the 
river  continually  many  trees  and  timber,  which  the 
force  of  tlie  water  and  stream  brought  down."  This 
was  the  Mississijipi,  the  Kspiritu  Santo  of  which 
De  Soto  had  heard  so  much.  The  inhabitants  were 
worthy  of  such  a  stream.  They  issued  forth  to  resist 
the  passage  of  De  Soto  in  a  fleet  of  two  Iiundred  and 
fifty  casioes,  dressed  with  flags,  all  under  the  command 
of  one  cacicjue,  who  sat  beneath  an  awning  in  the 
stern  of  liis  royal  barge.  Biedma  suggests  that  tlicso 
Indians  were  of  the  race  of  the  Mound-builders,  for 
lie  says,  "  Tho  caeitjues  of  this  country  make  a  cus- 
tom of  rftisiiig,  near  their  dwellings,  very  high  hills, 
on  which  they  .sometitncs  built  their  huts."  Some 
such  caciijue  must  have  lived,  in  prehistoric  times, 
upon  the  site  of  St.  Louis. 

The  expedition,  begun  under  such  splendid  auspices 
and  with  such  a  potnpous  array,  ended  in  cruel  sutTer- 
iiig  and  complete  disaster.  The  guides  led  the  party 
iistray  in  spite  of  the  scourge  and  the  fangs  of  De 
Soto's  bloodhounds,  and  their  route  lay  through  cane- 
brake,  swamp,  and  niora.ss,  and  the  pathless  wilds 
where  the  gaunt  cypress-tree,  hung  with  gray  Spanish 
moss,  protects  the  lurking-place  of  the  moceasiii-siiakc 
and  the  shaded  lagoons  frcciuented  by  the  hideous  alli- 
gator. The  men,  dispirited  and  disappointed,  con- 
vinced of  the  poverty  of  the  land  and  the  utter  failuie 
of  their  hopes,  would  have  given  up  the  march  and 
made  the  best  of  their  way  to  tho  coast,  but  De  Sutu, 
stern  and  sombre,  refused  to  turn  back.  He  listened 
to  counsel  and  complaint  with  patience,  but  followed 
the  directions  of  his  own  inflexible  will,  and  all  the 
rest  obeyed  him,  for  he  was  terrible  and  cruel  in  lucj 
wrath.  An  Indian  captive  who  refused  to  serve  a.s 
guide  was  burnt  at  the  stake,  and  every  Indian  villaijo 
which  oflJi.'ied  the  least  resistance  was  destroyed  wiiii 
fire  and  sword.  There  were  some  terrible  battles,  fur 
the  Indians  fought  the  invaders  with  desperate  cour- 
age, but  the  superior  arms  and  discipline  of  the  Sp:iti- 
iards  always  secured  them  the  victory.  But  tlicv 
paid  dear  for  it :  at  ^lovilla,  in  Alabama,  they  lust 
eighteen  killed  and  one  hundred  and  fifty  wounded,  In  ■ 
sides  eighty-two  hor.ses  slain  or  crippled  and  all  tliiir 
baggage  consumed  in  the  flames  of  the  town,  whirK 
the  Indians  themselves  set  on  fire.  In  the  Chieka!-;i« 
town  eleven  of  De  Soto's  people  were  burned  to  deaili, 
and  tho  rest  barely  escaped,  unclad  and  without  arm-, 
from  the  desperate  onset  of  the  savages,  wlio  fougli! 


a  II 

'  pen 

:Uo 

iSeiice 

|liaii;j 

ito,. 

flet  h 

Swas 

IJiitn, 

iiwelci 

liiiiu 

lllfeat 

;pUIII 

.Imd 
■Slave 
|o  res 
ividei 
l>eSa 
iicces 
l)ul  tl 


THE   OCEAN-PATHS  OF  DISCOVERi'. 


16 


led,  came  upou 
;t  half  a  league 
;r  side,  it  could 
an  or  no.     The 
stroiii:  current ; 
came  down  the 
liber,  which  the 
,t  down."     This 
Santo  of  which 
inhabitants  were 
cd  forth  to  resist 
two  hundred  and 
dcr  the  comuiand 
1  awninj;  in  the 
i<'i'ests  that  these 
jund-builders,  for 
iitry  make  a  cus- 
I,  very  hi-h  hills, 
eir  huts."     Some 
prehistoric  limes, 

1  splendid  auspices 
kd  in  cruel  sutTcr- 
lides  led  the  party 
1  the  fan|;s  of  I>e 
;  lay  throuf^h  cano- 
the  pathless   wilds 
i  with  i;ray  Spanish 
the  nioccasin-snakc 
by  the  hideous  alli- 
disappointed,  con- 
nd  the  utter  failure 
np  the  march  and 
coast,  but  l)e  Soto, 
back.      lie  listened 
iciiee,  but  followed 
,le  will,  and  all  the 
lie  and  cruel  in  hi.-: 
refused  to  serve  as 
Icvery  Indian  vilUii.'o 
was  destroyed  with 
:  terrible  battles,  fur 
with  desperate  coui- 
icipline  of  the  Span- 
victory.      15ut  thrv 
Alabama,  they  ln>t 
id  fifty  wounded,  Ik  • 
■ippled   and  all  tin  ir 
of  the  town,  whirh 
In  the  Chiekasiw 
ere  burned  to  death, 
id  and  without  arms 
savages,  who  foui;lit 


as    only   brave    men    can    do    in    defense    of    their 

homes. 

The  point  at  which  Do  Soto  reached  the  Missis.sippi 
River  it  is  suppo.sed,  was  the  lowest  Chickasaw  Bluff, 
about  the  thirty-fifth  parallel  of  latitude.     The  Span- 
iards tarried  on  the  banks  until  they  could  build  barges 
sufficiently  stout  to  carry  over  their  horses.     Then,  in 
3Iay  ir>41,  they  crossed  to  the  western  side  of  the 
river.     Tiie  Indians  were  numerous  in  this  section, 
dwelliii"  in  palisaded  towns,  but  they  had  no  gold  and 
no  knowledge  of  metals.     De  Soto  made  a  toilsome 
march  northward  on  the  line  of  the  river  to  about  the 
nei'diborhood  of  where  New  Madrid  stands.      The 
Indians  here  were  all  hunters,  and  poor;  the  bison 
were  so  numerous  that  they  prevented  the  cultivation 
i    of  maize.     Tlie  route  of  the  expedition  was  now  di- 
rected westward,  and  it  is  supposed  the  adventurers 
penetrated  as  far  as  the  iiighlands  of  Wiiite  River. 
t    They  went  into  winter  ([uarters  on  the  Washita  River, 
'    and  when  .spring  came  descended  along  the  line  of  that 
t    river,  in  the  hope  to  reach  the  sea.     The  marshes  and 
'i    the  bayous  of  the  Red  River  baffled  and  disheartened 
the  weary  explorers,  and  when,  a]iproacliiiig  the  Mis- 
sissippi again  on  the  southern  bank  of  the  Red  River, 
De  Soto  found  that  the  Indians  had  never  even  heard 
-,  of  the  ocean  and  the  (!iilf  of  Mexico,  even  his  resolute 
%  spirit  and  stern  will  yielded  to  depression  and  despair. 
I  He  was  seized  with  an   attack  of  malarial  fever,  and 
':  appears  to  have  utterly  broken  down  all  at  once.    Ilis 
•:  men  and  horses  were  dying  around  him,  and  he  could 
i;  get  no  information  such  as  would  enable  him  to  select 
a  safe  and  easy  route  by  which  to  escape  out  of  this 
toilsome  wilderness,     lie  sent  word  to  the  eaciipie  of 
a  tribe  near  by  to  come  visit  him  ;  that  he  and  his 
?  people  were  the  children  of  the  Sun  and  accustomed 
':•  to  receive  the  courteous  attention,  the  love  and  obedi- 
lence,  of  the  hunters  and  dwellers  in  the  forest.     The 
?  haughty  chief  sent  back  word  that  it  was  not  his  habit 
ito  jiay  visits  ;  that  if  De  Soto  was  a  child  of  the  Sun, 
Ulet  hiiu  dry  up  the  river  on  the  banks  of  which  he 
Iwas  encamped  ;  and  if  the  strangers   wished   to  see 
'Ihiirt,  they  might  come   to   him  :   he  would  cordially 
..welcome  them,  coming  in  peace,  and  not  give  back  a 
'jingle  stop  if  they  came  in  war.     Tiie  Governor  was 
already  in  bed,  .stricken   with   fever   and  "  in   great 
lumps"  on  account  of  his  chagrins,  disappointments, 
,nd  losses,  and  this  message  and   defiance  seems  to 
lave  wounded  him  to  the  core  because  he  was  helpless 
0  resent  it.     llis  illness  rapidly  increased,  and  it  was 
jvideiit  that  a  fatal  termination  could  not  be  avoided, 
le  Soto  called  his  officers  about  liim,  designated  liis 
icccssor,  took  leave  of  his  followers,  commended  hi.* 
ml  to  God,  and  "the  nest  day,  being  the  lilst  of 


May,  1542,  departed  out  of  this  life  the  valorous, 
virtuous,  and  valiant  captain,  Don  Fernando  de  Soto, 
Governor  of  Cuba  and  Adelantado  of  Florida  ;  whom 
fortune  advanced,  as  it  useth  to  do  with  others,  that 
he  might  have  the  higher  fall.  lie  departed  in  such 
a  place,  and  at  such  a  time,  as  in  his  sickness  he  had 
but  little  comfort."  '  De  Soto's  body,  af'.er  burial, 
was  taken  up  by  order  of  his  succes.sois,  wrapped  in  a 
mantle  made  heavy  with  sand,  and,  enclosed  in  a  tree- 
trunk  that  had  been  hollowed  out  for  a  canoe,  was 
sunk  in  the  bed  of  the  Mississi]ipi  River.  This  was 
done  in  order  to  prevent  the  Indians  from  denying 
the  claim  of  the  Spaniards  that  they  did  not  die,  but 
were  simply  recalled  to  the  celestial  sphere  I'rotn  which 
they  had  descended.  A  commander  of  such  great 
purposes  and  such  an  indomitable  will  as  Do  Soto  de- 
served to  have  for  a  sepulchre  the  mighty  river  ho 
had  discovered  and  traversed. 

Luis  de  Moscoso,  the  successor  of  Do  Soto,  devoted 
all  his  energies  to  the  one  object  of  extricating  the 
command  from  its  dreadful  environments  and  the  fatal 
country  in  which  it  had  suffered  so  many  ills.  De- 
spairing of  reaching  the  Gulf  by  the  Mississi]i]ii, 
he  struck  westward,  hoping,  as  C  beza  de  Vaca  had 
done,  to  reach  j^Iexico  overland.  Thus  he  followed 
the  valley  of  the  Red  River  for  over  seven  hundred 
miles,  and  got  as  far  as  the  Pecos  River,  among  the 
Comanche  Indians.  Then,  finding  no  encouragement 
to  pursue  this  interminable  route  farther,  the  wan- 
derers retraced  their  steps  to  the  Mississippi,  erected 
rude  forges,  beat  their  chains,  armor,  and  all  their  old 
iron  into  nails,  and  began  to  build  vessels  to  carry 
them  down  the  river.  They  constructed  "  seven  brig- 
antines,"  deckle.ss  barges  calked  with  the  wild  hemp 
and  Has  of  the  country.  Their  provisions  were  maize 
taken  from  the  Indians  and  the  dried  flohh  of  their 
horses,  killed  because  only  a  few  of  them  could  be 
taken  in  the  boats.  Thus  e(|uipped,  the  survivors  of 
De  Soto's  great  expedition  (three  hundred  and  twenty- 
two  men)  embarked  on  the  Mississippi  on  July  2, 
15ti5,  rapidly  descending,  as  their  oars  had  the  aid 
of  the  current.  On  the  way  down  the  river  they 
were  attacked  and  pursued  by  the  Indians,  but  were 
not  prevented  from  proceeding,  and  reached  the  Gulf 
of  Mexico  on  July  20th,  having  sailed,  as  they  com- 
puted, two  hundred  and  fifty  leagues  in  eighteen  days. 
Thence,  after  many  perils  and  hardships,  they  suc- 


'  Till'  I'lirtnuucsc  Uelfttioii.  Tlio  "  (Jciitleiimii  i>l'  Klviu"  niis 
i'eii:iiiil.v  :iii  I'vi'-witni'ss  iiC  all  tlii'  cxpcjitioii  (li,l,  iiiul,  lliuugli 
his  lU'L'ount  is  ll'iri'i,  niul  Ih>  puts  s|ict'L'lu'.s  in  tliiMiiontli.s  of  all 
Ills  cliiiraelors,  in  iiiiilatiim  oC  inure  rmiiDiis  liistnrian:!,  In-  wrilci 
with  a  winning  i^uit  of  iiigi'miuusiufis  wliioli  ivuuld  fueiii  ut  least 
tu  cnlitlc  him  to  coiiliik'ncu. 


isasm 


■MHMM 


16 


IIISTOllY  OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


ceedeil  in  following  the  coast  lino  around  to  Tampico, 
wlierc  the  Governor  and  people  greatly  wondered  to 
behold  tliis  troop  of  haggard  savages  leap  from  their 
brigantincs  and  hurry,  first  of  all,  to  the  church  to 
offer  thanksgiving  for  their  great  deliverance.  They 
had  but  little  of  the  appearance  of  white  men,  none 
of  the  look  of  cavaliers ;  they  were  tanned  black, 
gaunt,  sliriveled,  and  wild  from  tiic  assaults,  perils, 
and  privations  of  the  wilderness,  half-naked,  and  clad 
only  in  the  skins  of  the  wild  animals  they  had  taken 
in  the  chase. 

But  they  had  accomplished  a  great  work,  for  they 
were  flie  first  who  sailed  down  the  Mississippi  River 
to  the  Gulf,  and  it  was  this  e-vpedition  which  put  be- 
yond all  doubt  the  claim  of  Spain  to  the  first  discovery 
of  the  jMi.ssissippi.  It  will  be  sliown  in  another 
chapter  that  the  claim  of  Franco  to  tlie  first  settle- 
ment and  exploration  of  the  groat  river  is  fully  as  dis- 
tinct and  indisputable,  in  the  maps,  however,  of  the 
sixteenth  and  seventeenth  and  eighteenth  centuries, 
the  country  traversed  by  Ayllon,  Narvaoz,  and  l)e 
Soto  is  given  a  very  divided  allegiance.  In  the 
Spanish  maps  Florida  extends  north  and  east  to  ^'ir- 
ginia,  and  west  and  southwest  to  Mexico.  In  the 
earliest  French  maps  New  Fninee  extends  from  tlie 
Gulf  to  Hudson's  IJay,  and  in  the  later  ones  Tpper 
and  Lower  Louisiana  reached  half-way  across  Texas 
on  the  west  and  to  Georgia  on  the  east,  not  coiittuiting 
itself  on  the  northeast  with  any  line  but  that  of  the 
Allegheny  Mou!itains.  On  the  English  maps,  on  the 
other  hand,  Louisiana,  west  of  Florida  and  the  Caro- 
linas,  is  put  down  as  the  English  colony  and  province 
of  <'iir<j/iiiiii.  which,  it  was  claimed,  was  granted  by 
a  patent  of  King  Charles  I.  to  Sir  llnliert  Heath, 
then  attorney-general.  Sir  Robert  conveyed  the  [lalent 
to  the  Earl  of  Arundel,  who  was  the  father-in-law  of 
Ceeilius  Calvert,  th(!  second  Lord  Raltiniore  and 
f(ninder  of  Maryland.'  Of  the  tliree  claimants.  Spain 
had  all  the  rights  which  priority  of  actual  di-coveiy 
.secures  through  the  journey  of  Cabeza  ile  Vaea  and 
the  expedition  of  l)e  Soto.  Hut  J'Ingland  claimed 
prior  rights  as  regarded  the  whole  continent  in  con- 
sequence of  Cabot's  voyages,  and  France  also  in  eon- 
se(iuoncc  of  the  voyage  of  Verraz/.ano.  Sp  '.  ;  looked 
upon  Canada  as  being  the  upper  part  of  l''loriila,  and 
watched  with  incessant  jealousy  every  attempt  of 
France  ami  England  to  make  plantations  uiion  the 
shores  of  North  America,  fn  the  end  this  jealousy 
led  to  collisions  and  reprisals,  one  result  of  which  was 
an  undoubted  stimulus  given   to  the    settlement    of 


'  n.  (.'o.\o'h  "  Doscriplion  of  the   Kiigli'li   I'luviiico  of  Curo- 
lanii,"  Loui.'iaiiii  Ilijiorioul  CDllctioii",  vol.  ii. 


Florida,  Texas,  and  New  Mexico  by  Spain,  and  of  the 
valie^  of  the  Mi.ssissippi  by  France. 

Florida  had  so  far  successfully  resisted  every  mili- 
tary expedition  sent  against  it ;  but  it  continued  to 
attract  attention,  and  to  lure  both  enthusiasm  and 
adventure  to  essay  its  perils.  In  L')44  a  Dominican 
Father  attempted  the  spiritual  conquest  of  the  country. 
Luis  Cancer  do  Rarbastro  was  a  favorite  of  the  im- 
petuous Las  ('asas,  the  friend  of  tlie  Indians,  and 
their  missionary  ;  the  good  Rishop  of  Chiapas  heard 
of  Father  Cancer's  plans  with  enthusiasm,  and  suc- 
cessfully commended  them  to  the  king's  notice  and 
approbation.  Cancer  returned  to  Mexico  fully  accred- 
ited for  his  mission,  obtained  a  vessel,  and  sailed  fen- 
Florida  with  Father  Gregory  do  Ratata,  John  Garia, 
and  Diego  de  Ranalosa  for  his  companions.  They 
were  murdered  by  the  Indians  almost  immediately 
upon  landing.  Cancer's  companions  were  slain  first. 
When  he  heard  of  it,  he  wrote  a  simple  account  of 
the  ma.ssacre,  saying,  "  All  this  was  indeed  terrible 
and  very  atHicting  to  us  all,  bu't  not  surprL-^ing  ;  such 
things  can  but  happen  in  enterprises  for  the  extension 
of  the  faiih.  I  expected  nothing  less.  How  often 
have  T  reflected  on  the  execution  of  this  enterprise 
and  felt  that  we  could  not  succeed  in  it  without  losing 
much  blood  I  So  the  apostles  did,  and  at  this  price 
alone  can  faith  and  religion  be  introduced."  He  then 
landed  and  calmly  walked  to  meet  his  late.  He  had 
seen  thirty  years'  service  among  the  Indian  mission- 
aries when  he  was  murdered,  and  had  been  very  suc- 
ci'ssful  in  making  converts.  Father  Cancer  was  but 
one  exam|ile  of  the  devoted  spirit  and  heroic  courage 
of  the  Spani.sh  C.itholie  missionaries.  lu  1553  a 
vessel  was  wrecked  on  the  coast  of  Florida,  in  whieli 
was  a  number  of  Dominican  Fathers.  The  survivoi'* 
of  the  shipwreck  set  out  to  walk  to  Tami)ieo,  tiie 
frontier  town  of  Si)ani.>h  settlements  in  Mexico.  They 
were  nearly  all  massacred  on  the  way,  and  only  one 
priest  survived. 

Theso  disasters,  and  other  evidences  of  the  fiercenos 
of  the  Florida  Indians,  determined  I'iiilip  II.  of  Spain 
to  make  a  further  attempt  to  reduce  these  Indians  tn 
submission,  as  well  as  have  tliem  converted  to  tin' 
faith.     Guido    de    los    Razaros    had    attempted,   biu 
failed,  to  plant  a  colony;    and  Angel  de  Villifanc- 
s((nadron,  as  it  sailed  from  San  Juan  d' Ulloa  with 
the  same  end  in  view,  hud  been  shattered  by  a  disas 
trous  hurricane.      I'iiilip  was  urged  to  promote  ih 
Florida  enterprise  by  many  advisers.     Dr.  I'edro  d 
Santander  wrote  to  him,  July  15,  1557  :  "  It  is  law-  , 
ful  that  Your  Majesty,  lik(!  a  good  sliepherd  ap{)oinli'il 
by  the  hand  of  the  Eternal   Father,  should  tend  anil 
lead  out  your  sheep,  since  the  Holy  Spirit  has  shown 


THE  OCEAN-PATHS   OF  DISCOVERY. 


17 


Spain,  and  oF  the 

sistcd  every  mili- 
t  it  continued  to 
cntliuHinHm    and 
(44  11  Dominican 
est  of  the  country, 
ivoritc  of  the  \m- 
the  Indians,  and 
of  Chiapas  hoard 
husinsin,  and  suc- 
kin"'s  notice  and 
[exico  fully  accred- 
sscl,  and  sailed  for 
Jatata,  John  Garia, 
jonipanions.     They 
ilinost  immediately 
ons  were  slain  first. 
I  simple  account  of 
,vas  indeed  terrihle 
lOt  surprising  ;  sueli 
ses  for  the  extension 
ic'  less.      How  often 
m  of  this  enterprise 
\  in  it  without  losin;;        / 
,1,  and  at  this  pri^'e 
tvoduced."    lie  then 
■t  his  fate.     He  had 
the  Indian  mission- 
I  iKid  heen  very  suc- 
iher  Cancer  was  hut 
t  and  heroic  eoura^:e 
|)naries.     Tu    1')")'.!  a 
„f  Florida,  in  whieli 
hers.     The  survivor'* 
;ilk   to  Taniiiieo,  tlio 
hits  in  Mexico.    They 
lie  way,  and  only  one 

.Mices  of  the  fierceness 
LiriiilipU.  of  Spain 
lluce  these  Indians  W 
|iem  converted  to  tlii' 

had    attempted,   hm 

Angel  do  Villifani's 
In  Juan  d'Ulloa  with 

shattered  hy  a  disas- 
lirged  to  promote  tlii> 

nscrs.     Dr.  Pedro  d" 

If),  1557  ;  "  It  is  l''"'" 
lod  shepherd  appointwl 

Ither,  should  tend  ami 
Holy  Spirit  has  shown 


spreading  postures  whereon  are  feedinf^  lost  sheep 
which  have  been  snatched  away  by  tlie  dragon,  the 
Demon.  These  pastures  are  the  New  World,  wherein  , 
is  comprised  Florida,  now  in  possession  of  the  Demon, 
and  here  he  makes  himself  adored  and  revered.  This 
is  the  Land  of  Promise,  possessed  by  idolaters,  the 
Aniorite,  Amalekite,  Moabite,  Canaanite."  And  the 
writer  proposes  to  occupy  the  country  at  various 
points  with  a  thousand  or  fifteen  hundred  colonists, 
found  cities,  to  be  called  Philippina  and  Caesarea,  and 
establish  slave  depots  and  barraeoons.  In  1559  an 
expedition  was  sent  out  under  the  command  of  Don 
Tristan  de  Luna,  with  fifteen  hundred  men.  They 
landed  safely  in  St.  Mark's  Bay ;  but  immediately 
afler  landing,  a  storm  came  up  which  dashed  every 
one  of  De  Luna's  vessels  to  pieces.  Not  disheartened, 
the  commandant  sent  two  hundred  men,  under  com- 
mand of  his  sargente  mayor,  into  the  interior  of  the 
country,  to  explore.  They  joined  the  Coosa  Indians 
in  a  war  upon  the  Natchez,  and  defeated  the  latter  in 
a  battle  fought  on  the  banks  of  the  Ochechiton,  the 
great  river  discovered  by  De  Soto.  After  this  vessels 
were  sent  from  Mexico  for  the  survivors  of  Tristan 
de  Luna's  party ;  and  they  returned,  as  glad  to  get 
away  from  Florida  as  all  who  preceded  them  had 
been. 

In  1561  the  great  India  fleet,  bearing  from  Mex- 
jico  and  the  Gulf  to  Spain  the  bullion  and  treasure 
r  which  America  annually  contributed  to  the  coffers  of 
■  Kin"  Philip,  was  scattered  and  wrecked  on  the 
\  Florida  const,  and  between  there  and  the  Bermudas. 
One  vessel  disappeared  with  an  uncertain  fate,  and  in  it 
was  the  only  son  of  Don  Pedro  Menendez  (or  Melen- 
l  dez)  de  Aviles,  a  stern  and  haughty  Asturian  noble, 
(esteemed  the  first  naval  commander  of  his  day. 
f  Menendez  had  spent  a  life  of  wild  adventure  upon 
I  the  sea,  had  commanded  fleets  and  galleons,  and  been 
Ithe  prisoner  and  slave  of  Barbary  corsairs.  He  had 
Iserved  in  the  Indies,  accumulating  great  wealth,  and 
Ihad  been  incarcerated  and  fined  by  the  Council  of  the 
Indies.      Philip  pardoned  him,  restored  him  to  his 

ommand,  and  remitted  half  the  fine.     Menendez  now 
Begged  of  the  king  leave  to  go  to  the  Bermudas  in 

eareh  of  his  son.      The  king  promised  to  commis- 
sion him  to  make  a  survey  in  those  parts,  for  the 

encfit  of  future  navigators ;  but  Menendez  preferred 
undertake  the  conquest  of  Florida,  if  His  Majesty 

rould  permit.     "  Such  grief  seizes  me  when  I  behold 
Ibis  multitude  of  wretched  Indians,"  ho  said,  "  that  I 

bould   choo.se  the  con((ue8t  and  settling  of  Canada 
Dvo  all  commands,  offices,  and  dignities  which  Your 

lajesty   might   bestow."     While  the  conditions   of 

bis  expedition,  to  which  the   king   assented,  were 


being  settled,  news  came  to  the  court  and  to  Menen- 
dez that  Florida,  Spanish  territory,  had  been  invaded 
by  the  foreigner  and  the  hated  French  Huguenots 
had  actually  planted  a  colony  of  heretics  upon  the  soil 
of  His  Most  Catholi?  Majesty. 

This  was  really  the  case.     Admiral   Coligny,  the 
sagacious  head  of  the  Huguenot  cause  in  France,  had 
seen  the  expediency  of  planting  colonies  of  his  co- 
religionists in  distant  lands,  in  order  not  only  to  dis- 
seminate the  principles  of   the  Reformation  over  a 
wider  expanse  of  soil,  but  also  to  secure  places  of 
refuge  for  Protestants  in  case  they  came  to  disaster 
in  Europe.     This  policy,  the  original  contrivance  of 
Coligny,  was  followed  afterwards  by  Sir  Walter  Raleigh 
in  Virginia,  by  the  Dutch  on  the  Hudson  and  at  Am- 
boyna,  and  by  the  Swedes,  prompted   by  Gustavus 
Adolphus  and  Chancellor  Oxenstierna,  on  the  Dela- 
ware.    The  Catholic  colonies  and  missions  of  Spain 
and  France  were  active  and  zealous  in  the  work  of 
proselyting  among  the  Indians,  but  the  Protestant  col- 
onies cared  much  less  for  the  propaganda  of  doctrine 
than  they  did  for  the  defense  of  their  fellows  from 
persecution.     Coligny's  first  attempt  at  a  colony  was 
under  Villegagnon,  who  went  to  Brazil  and  planted  a 
settlement  of  Lutherans  and  Calvinists  in  the  Bay 
of  Rio  de  Janeiro.     The    Poituguese   expelled   the 
wretched  remnant  of  this  colony  in  1558,  after  they 
had  been  settled  there  for  two  years  and  a  half.     In 
1562  a  second  Huguenot  colony  sailed  for  the  New 
World,  under  the  lead  of  Jean  llibaut,  an  excellent 
sailor  and  stanch  Protestant  of  Dieppe,  who  had  been 
selected  by  Gaspar  de  Coligny  himself  to  command 
the  expedition.     They  embarked,  with  a  French  com- 
mission, under  the  French  flag,  and  their  instructions 
contemplated  a  military  colony.     Ribaut  had  soldiers 
as  well  as  seamen,  nobles,  and  artisans  in  the  two 
vessels  in  which  he  and  his  party  sailed  from  Havre, 
Feb.  18,  1562.     They  reached  the  coast  of  Florida 
on  the  last  day  of  April,  and  on  May-day  embarked 
at  the  mouth  of  a  great  river,  glorious  with  flowers, 
which  they  named  the  River  of  May,  but  it  is  now 
called   the   St.  John's.     Proceeding   northward,  the 
vessels  came  to  Port  Royal,  in  South  Carolina.    A  fort 
was  built  near  the  site  of  the  present  city  of  Beau- 
fort, a  garri.son  of  thirty  men  left  in  it  under  com- 
mand of  Albert  de  Pierre,  and  Ribaut,  with  the  rest 
of  his  party,  returned  to  France.     The  little  colony 
was  soon  expelled  by  famine.    They  crossed  the  ocean 
in  a  crazy  bark  built  by  their  own  hands,  and  were 
enjitured  by  the  Engli.sh  after  they  had  begun  to  east 
lots  to  decide  who  should  be  eaten  to  save  the  rest. 
In  1564  a  third  Huguenot  colony  came  out,  under 
command  of  Rent'  de  Laudonnii-ro,  a  Poictevin  noble. 


18 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


f ' 


He  had  three  vessels  filled  with  men,  and  he  landed, 
08  Kibaut  had  done,  at  the  mouth  of  the  River  of 
May.  Five  miles  up  the  river  there  is  a  bold  head- 
land (now  called  St.  John's  Bluff)  which  overhangs 
the  broad  and  sleepy  waters  of  the  lake-like  river. 
Hard  by  this  hill  Laudonniore's  engineers  marked  out 
the  lines  of  his  fort,  and  when  it  was  built  and  named 
Caroline,  after  the  King  of  Franco,  the  standard  of 
France  was  hoisted  above  it.  In  1565,  after  many 
vicissitudes,  the  colony  and  fort  were  relieved  and 
reinforced  by  Ilibaut,  who  returned  to  the  coast  with 
many  vessels. 

But  almost  .simultuneou.sly  with  Ribaut  came  other 
and  very  different  visitors.  Menendez  was  at  their 
head.  He  had  bargained  with  the  king  to  conquer 
Florida  in  throe  ycar.>^,  introduce  five  hundred  colo- 
nists there,  and  as  many  .slaves,  build  villagcfi,  estab- 
lish the  nucleus  of  a  Florida  church,  and  stock  the 
country  with  domestic  animals.  But  as  Menendez 
was  starting  out  to  recruit  his  company  the  news 
came  from  France  of  the  occupation  of  Florida  by 
Laudonniore,  and  that  Ribaut  was  on  the  eve  of  sail- 
ing to  reinforce  him.  Menendez  was  recalled  in  haste. 
No  foreigners,  and  especially  no  heretics,  could  be  tol- 
erated on  Spanish  soil.  Not  only  must  Laudonniere 
and  Ribaut  be  crushed,  but  Menendez  must  coni|uer 
and  colonize  the  wliolo  country,  to  prevent  such  ad- 
venturers from  repeating  the  in.suit.  He  was  in- 
structed and  he  proposed,  after  capturing  the  fort  on 
the  St.  John's,  to  build  a  Spanish  fort  in  Port  Royal 
Harbor,  and  another  strong  one  in  Chesapeake  Bay. 
This,  he  thought,  would  enable  him  to  hold  the  entire 
country  and  keep  the  French  from  following  in  the 
footsteps  of  Cartier.  The  new  expedition  was  pressed 
forward  with  fiery  energy,  recruits  being  sought  in 
all  the  Spanish  ports.  When  Menendez  sailed  from 
Cadiz,  on  June  21),  1565,  he  led  the  advance-guard  of 
thirty-four  vessels  anil  two  thousand  six  hundred  and 
forty-six  men,  there  being  a  further  reserve  of  fifteen 
liundred  men  who  were  to  follow  him.  Menendez  wrote 
to  the  king  a  full  account  of  his  expedition,  Mendoza 
kept  a  daily  journal  of  its  occurrences,  and  there  are 
numerous  other  and  contemporary  narratives  of  these 
affairs. 

Menendez,  with  his  advance,  pushed  forward  with 
intense  earnestness  and  frantic  zeal.  He  found  the 
French  flag  fiying  on  the  shore  and  the  French  fleet 
anchored  off"  the  mouth  of  St.  John's  River.  lu 
answer  to  a  hail  from  the  French  the  Adelantado 
shouted  back,  "  I  am  Pedro  Menendez,  General  of  the 
fleet  of  the  King  of  Spain,  Don  Philip  II.,  who  have 
come  to  this  country  to  hang  and  behead  all  Lutherans 
whom  I  shall  find  by  land  or  sea,  according  to  in- 


structions from  luy  king.  At  daybreak  I  shall  board 
your  ships;  Catholics  shall  bo  well  treated,  but  heretics 
shall  die."  At  daybreak  the  French  had  slipped  their 
cables  and  escaped.  Menendez  sailed  south,  built  a 
fort  at  Saint  Augustine,  garrisoned  it,  and  then  marched 
back  with  grim  and  savage  dcterminatiou  to  the  accom- 
plishment of  the  remainder  of  his  task.  As  he  sal- 
lied forth,  Ribaut,  with  the  French  fleet,  was  .sailing 
to  attack  him,  but  a  storm  dispersed  them.  Men- 
endez led  his  five  hundred  men  through  forest,  swamp, 
and  river  to  attack  Fort  Caroline  while  its  defenders 
were  away.  We  liave  no  desire  to  enlarge  upon  what 
remains  to  be  told  of  this  pitiful  and  brutal  story. 
Menendez  was  only  too  successful.  He  captured  the 
fort  and  put  its  entire  garrison  to  the  sword.  One 
hundred  and  forty-two  were  thus  slain.  The  rest  ol 
the  French,  as  they  came  in  a  few  at  the  time,  ship 
wrecked  and  half  naked,  were  invited  to  surrender 
unconditionally,  and,  when  they  did  so,  they  were 
every  one  shot  in  cold  blood.  It  was  charged  iii 
France,  but  has  been  denied  by  the  friends  of  Men- 
endez, that  he  hung  many  of  the  French  in  the  tree^ 
an.und  the  fort,  placing  over  them  the  in.seription  : 
"  1  do  this,  not  as  to  Frenchmen,  but  as  to  Luther- 
ans." "I  had  their  hands  lied  behind  their  backs,' 
wrote  Menendez  him.self  to  his  king,  "  and  them- 
selves put  to  the  sword.  It  appeared  to  me  that,  by 
thus  chastising  them,  God  our  Lord  and  Your  Ma- 
jesty were  served ;  whereby  in  future  this  evil  sect 
will  leave  us  more  free  to  plant  the  gospel  in  thesu 
parts." 

The  atrocious  butchery  has  not  found  many  de- 
fenders.     John   Gilmary  Shea,  in  his  "  History  nf 
American  Catholic  Missions,"  ob.serves  that  "  whetlur 
iu  this  treatment  of  the  French  Huguenots  Menendez 
regarded  them  as  pirates,  or  as  parties  to  the  death  ni 
his  son,  or  acted  in  obedience  to  the  orders  of  Phili|. 
or  to  his  own  persecuting  spirit,  can  never  be  known, 
but  iu  no  point  of  view  can  his  conduct  be  justitieii. 
The  nuissaere  was  terribly  avenged,  leading  to  proba- 
bly the  most   romantic   expedition  ever  undertakiii 
even  by  so  romantic  a  nation  as  the  French.     Charlie 
IX.  refused  to  take,  any  steps  to  resent  the  murder  ei' 
his  subjects  by  Menendez  under  orders  from  Philii 
II.     A  private  French  gentleman,  a  Catholic  and  a 
Gascon,  Dominique  de  Gourges,  determined  to  wipe  nn; ' 
by  his  own  efforts  the  stain  to  French  honor  wliid 
his  monarch  would  not  remove.     He  sold  his  putii 
mony,  fitted  out  a  secret  expedition  under  the  jn 
ten.se  of  going  to  the  coast  of  Benin  for  slaves,  uui   . 
when  he  was  once  at  sea  unfolded  his  designs  to  li':- 
followers  with  such  ardor  and  such  eIo((ucuce  ilii 
one  and  all  demanded  to  be  led  against  the  rutlilo 


|royii 

;||nd 

m>  h< 


TRACKS  OF  EXPLORATION. 


10 


,ak  I  sUaU  board 
ited,  but  heretics 
had  Blipped  their 
ed  south,  built  a 
uid  then  marched 
tioii  to  the  accoin- 
ask.     As  \\o  snl- 

flcet,  was  sailiiij; 
led  tiioui.  Men- 
i);h  forest,  swauip. 
hile  its  defenders 
eulurjie  upon  wliat 

and  brutal  story. 

He  captured  the 
I  the  sword.  Onf 
slain.     The  rest  ol 

at  the  time,  ship 
vited  to  surrender 
did  so,  they  wen 
It  was  charf^ed  in 
he  friends  of  Men- 
French  in  the  trees 
■m  the  inscription  : 
,  but  as  to  Luther 
)ehind  their  bucks, 
I  kin-;,  "and  theni- 
3ared  to  me  that,  by 

lord  and  Your  M;i- 

uture  this  evil  sect 

the  gospel  in  these 

lot  found  many  do- 
in  his  "  History  nt' 
serves  that "  whether 
llu^uenots  Meneud.'Z 
iirties  to  the  death  cil' 
the  orders  of  Philii' 
lean  never  be  known, 
jonduct  be  justiBo'l. 
fed,  leading;  to  prubu- 
ion  ever  undcrtaLiii 
|the  French.    t!hark> 
resent  the  murdci-  uf 
[r  orders  from  riii'.i| 
lan,  a  Catholic  and  ;i 
ieteruiined  to  wipe  I'u; 
French  honor  whiil 
He  sold  his  putii 
lition  under  the  pi 
iBenin  for  slaves,  an; 
led  his  designs  to  \v. 
such  elo(iuence  ilu 
against  the  rutlil.> 


Spaniards.  Tlion  lie  proceeded  to  Florida,  formed  an  Soto  the  men-at-arms  and  the  bloodhounds  went  it> 
alliance  with  tiie  Indians,  who  already  had  learned  to  the  van  of  the  march,  and  the  Franciscan  and  Do- 
hate  their  cruel  masters,  and  led  the  combined  forces  minican  Fatliers  brought  up  the  rear.  In  the  explora- 
to  the  assault  upon  the  two  forts  which  guarded  the  tions  of  the  French  in  Canada  the  warrior  had  very 
^  St.  John's  River.  This  was  in  15G8.  The  forts  were  little  place;  the  Jesuit  and  Recollect  missionary  sat 
taken  ;  the  garrisons  were  slain,  and  De  Gourges  hung  in  one  end  of  the  frail  birch-bark  canoe,  the  nnjurjuir, 
the  few  priiioners  with  the  legend  above  their  heads :  the  trapper,  or  the  tnurriir  (lis  IioIh  occupied  the  other 
"  Not  as  to  Spaniards,  but  us  to  Traitors,  Robbers,  end,  and  both  plied  the  paddle,  both  shared  the 
and  Murderers."  The  forts  were  demolished,  De  burthen  of  the  toilsome  portage,  both  dozed  or 
(ioiir^'os  took  leave  of  his  Indian  allies,  and  he  and  watched  by  the  same  fire  at  night.  And  the  results 
'  his  men  sailed  buck  to  Frnnce.  Their  visit  wus  like  were  us  different  as  the  methods.  The  Spaniurds 
•j  tliut  of  the  whirlwind,  leaving  but  desolation  to  murk  destroyed  or  enslaved  the  Indians,  leaving  the  few 
5  where  it  had  alighted.  Menendez  was  not  punished,  survivors  to  be  gathered  in  missions  around  some 
Olis  monarch  honored  him  liighly,  and  when,  in  1574,  convent  or  to  labor  their  lives  long  in  hopeless 
I  he  died  ((uietly  in  his  bed  in  Suntander,  he  was  grand  peonage.  The  French,  on  the  contrary,  mixed  and 
^  admiral  of  the  Armada  of  Spain  which  Philip  was  fraternized  with  the  Indians,  dwelt  in  their  villages, 
'■  collecting  for  the  invasion  of  England.  intermarried  with  them,  and  adopted  many  of  their 
f  The  planting  of  St.  Augustine  by  Menendez  was  habits.  The  spirit  of  (■'iinamdriie  which  was  thus 
'  i  the  first  durable  settlement  in   Florida,  and  it  was  produced  was  the  predominant  characteristic  of  every 


';  unddubteiUy  made  in  consequence  of  the  Huguenot 
■|5  colony  on  the  St.  John's.  Menendez  just  fulled,  in 
*'  consei|Uence  of  a  storm,  in  planting  settlements  inside 

■of  Port  Royal  Sound  und  Chesapeake  Buy.  Other 
/J colonies,  und  especially  Spanish  missions,  were  planted 
.'larouiid  the  coast  of  West   Florida,  in   Apulaohicola 

kSay,  and  among  the  Creek  Indians.     In  this  way  the 


French-Indian  town  and  settlemetit  from  Acudie  and 
Tadoussac  to  Ste.  (Jenevieve  and  Natchitoches,  from 
Lake  Superior  to  the  Gulf,  and  from  the  time  of 
Samuel  Chumplain  to  thut  of  Bibaud  jeune.  The 
French  are  not  indeed  the  best  colonists  in  the  world, 
but  wherever  they  have  settled  they  have  left  the  most 
prominent  and  ineftac'"\ble  impression  upon  the  char- 
iBpuniards  of  Florida  gradually  drew  nigher  to  their  acter  of  the  people.  M.  F.  X.  Garneau,  in  his 
Ifellow-countrymen  in  Mexico.  "  History  of  Canada,"  quotes  Maillefer  appropriately 

)  They  do  not  seem,  however,  to  have  improved  or  on  this  point.  The  Gaulish  race,  above  all  others,  he 
.|[nerea.sed  the  general  knowledge  oonceriiing  the  mouth  suys,  is  characterized  by  ''  that  occult  force  of  cohesion 
'||)f  the  Mississippi  River.  It  was  not  explored  further,  and  resistance  which  maintains  their  material  unity 
io  far  as  is  eertuinly  known,  though  it  is  claimed  that  amid  the  most  cruel  vicissitudes  and  makes  it  rise 
3n  l(ilU)  u  Portuguese  cuptuin,  Vincent  Gonzalez  by  superior  to  every  attempt  to  depress  it."  As  M. 
(iiame,  sailed  up  what  must  have  been  the  MissLssippi  Garneau  himself  puts  it,  "  The  old  Gallic  t't/mnhrie 
■'!^ntil  he  came  very  near  the  supposed  kingdom  of  (lieedle.ssness)  has  outlived  the  unchangeable  theocra- 
cies of  Egypt  und  Asia,  the  politicul  ciimbinutions  of 
the  Greeks,  the  civic  wisdom  and  military  discipline 
of  the  Romans.  Endowed  with  a  less  fle.\ible  genius, 
this  people,  more  confiding  and  less  calculating,  this 
people  of  antique  blood,  but  ever  young  in  heart  when 


Juivira.  It  is  also  said  that  an  Englishman  sailed 
up  the  river  in  ItitS,  and  in  IGiU)  a  Spanish  expodi- 
lion  arrived  in  New  York  by  way  of  the  ^Mississippi 
Ind  the  Ohio.  In  regard  to  these  vurious  early 
Voyages  Mr.  Shea  says,  "  I  confess  my  skepticism  ;' 
Ind  it  is  certainly  not  expedient  to  pin  much  credit     the  appeal  of  a  noble  conception  or  the  cull  of  a  great 


heurt  inspires  them, — this  people  would  huve  disap- 
peared us  other  races,  more  sage  in  seeming  than  it, 
had  done  before;  and  why?  because  they  compre- 
hended only  one  mission,  one  interest,  and  one  idea." 
The  Gallic  I'tunnlerie  has  been  shown  in  the 
strange  adventure  of  De  Gourges.  It  is  not  absent 
from  the  great  performances  of  Champlain  and  La 
Salle,  the  ma;i  who  planted  New  France  and  the  man 
who  extended  its  dominions  and  gave  a  new  grasp  of 
power  and  splendor  to  its  conceptions.  Champlain  took 
Si'AiN  discovered,  France  explored  and  settled,  the  up  the  work  abandoned  by  Curtier,  and  which  Roberval 
ley  of  the  Mississippi.     In  the  expedition  of  De     perished  in  attempting  to  carry  forward  to  comple- 


heursuy  evidence  of  explorations  of  such  an  im- 
|ortant  character,  which,  when  they  are  mude,  men 
Ire  goncrully  eager  to  report  und  chronicle  in  a  dura- 
Be  shape. 

CHAPTER  II. 

[IA(  KS  Ul'  K.VIM-OKATION— TllK    .MISSION AIIY  .VND 

Till';  fuii-tk.\di:k. 


i  1  ,■  1 


II 


m 


M 


20 


HISTOUY   OV  SAINT    LOUIS. 


tioii.  Tlioro  in  Htroiij^  evidunco  to  fliu  fact  tliut  tlio 
iimssncro  of  Coli^ny'H  II iiftuuiiot  colony  in  KloriJu 
hiid  iiiucli  to  do  witli  tho  roiiowiil  of  tliu  nttuiiipt  to 
settlo  Caimdii.  This  wiis  Fieiieh  territory  uiinost  by 
^cnoral  coiisuiit,  mid  at  ioa8ty»/r  /niiim:  iii-cii/iiitiiiiii.i. 
Tho  Spaniards  would  hardly  attuinpt  to  break  up  a 
Freneli  colony  on  French  soil  because  hating  tlieir 
reli<j;ion.  The  influence  ol'  the  (Juises  and  of  Catha- 
rine de  Medici  would  liave  been  exerted  to  destroy 
Do  (fourj^es  on  his  return  from  his  heroic  expedition 
a<;uinst  the  Spaniards,  but  it  was  counteracted  by  tho 
open  sympathy  of  France  and  the  open  applause  of 
Europe.  When  the  effort  was  tnade  to  surrender  the 
Gascon  soldier  to  the  venj^eanco  of  Philip  of  Siiain, 
the  President  de  Marij;iiy,  Chief  Jud};e  of  the  Su- 
perior Court  of  Normandy,  concealed  him  in  bis  own 
house,  and  Queen  Elizabeth  of  England  offered  iiim 
high  employment  in  her  marine  service.  So  groat 
did  bis  popularity  become  that  the  king,  Charles  IX., 
took  him  into  favor,  and  he  was  about  to  accept,  with 
the  royal  consent,  the  command  of  the  fleet  of  Por- 
tugal in  the  war  of  Don  AntoniL  for  the  Portuguese 
crown  when  death  ended  his  career.  The  long  and 
sanguinary  religious  wars  of  Franco  and  the  arduous 
struggles  of  that  kingdom  ensued  to  prevent  further 
attempts  to  establish  French  colonies  in  America. 
In  the  words  of  Mr.  Bancroft,  "  the  government  which 
could  devise  the  massacre  of  St.  Bartholomew  ( Au- 
gust 24,  1572)  was  neither  able  nor  worthy  to  found 
new  states,''  The  Edict  of  Nantes,  which  effected  the 
pacification  of  bis  kingdom  by  guaranteeing  safety  to 
the  lives  and  fortunes  of  his  Huguenot  subjects,  was 
promulgated  by  Henry  I\'.,  April  15,  1598,  and  tho 
.same  year  the  Manpiis  de  la  lloche  .sailed  for  America 
with  the  intention  of  [jlanting  a  colony  in  Acadie.' 

The  Normans,  Bretons,  and  Bas()ues  had  maintained 
and  increased  the  intimacy  of  their  fisbiiig  and  trading 
relations  with  the  coasts  of  New  Franco  during  all 
these  turbulent  times.  In  1578  one  hundred  and  fifty 
French  ves.sels  resorted  to  Newfoundland  alone.  To 
the  curing  of  cod-tisb  and  the  trying  rut  of  whale  oil 
a  new  industry  bad  be(!n  added,  tl.at  oi"  traflicking 
with  the  Indians  for  furs  and  poltrits,  ir.id  fo  wide- 
spread were  these  operations  that  ia  i>"i,)5,and  before 
that,  bison-skins  were  brought  down  ilie  Potomac  and 
thence  carried  by  inland  streams  and  portages  to  the 
St.  Lawrence,  to  be  traded  with  the  French.  Pedro 
Jlenendez  reports  in  a  letter  to  Philip  of  Spain  tlia^ 
wix  thousand  hides  were  thus  obtained  in  two  years, 
and  Tlievet  .■■ays  the  bison  used  to  wallow  in  the  sand 

'.M.  I'lil  lie  t'oiiioy.  of  Qiii.beu,  liuK  iitlciii|jtvi|  I"  hIkiw  tliiit 
till'  .Miirquiif  ilc  lii  Hoclii;  I'liino  nut  in  I."i78,  but  the  prcpmi- 
duriinoe  of  ilot'iiiui'iitary  uvitli'iice  is  ii»lvt'r.su  in  tli«  prcttin.siuit. 


on  tho  shores  of  Anticosti  Island.'^  This  trade  wa^- 
valuable  enough  to  attract  attention.  The  Marcjui'- 
de  la  Ilocbe  got  u  patent  from  tho  king  securing  tn 
him  the  same  privileges  as  those  formerly  obtained  by 
Uoberval.  He  gathered  a  gang  of  thieves  and  des 
peradoes  from  the  prisons,  embarked  them  in  u  small 
ves.iol,  and  sailed  for  New  Franco,  He  landed  lii^ 
forty  convicts  on  Sable  Island,  u  desolate  sand-ridgc. 
for  safe-keeping,  while  ho  biuLsolf,  with  a  more  trust;, 
crew,  proceeded  to  explore  the  adjacent  coasts.  Befor^' 
he  could  complete  his  surveys  a  storm  blew  his  ves,'<i  1 
off  the  coast,  and  he  returned  to  France.  Tho  convict  ■ 
were  sent  for  next  year,  and  so  great  hud  boon  their 
sufferings  that  when  the  survivors  (there  were  only 
ten  of  them)  wcro  brcrught  back  to  France,  Henry  I\  . 
made  special  provision  for  their  future.  Other  but 
fruitless  attempts  were  made  to  set  up  colonies  ;  but 
fiiuilly  Samuel  do  Champluin,  in  1(]03,  accepted  tln' 
command  of  two  ves,sels  sent  out  to  renew  the  coloni:il 
enterprise.  Champlain  was  a  well-descended  gentleman 
of  Saiiitonge,  a  man  of  skill  and  experience,  who  hail 
■seen  service  in  the  West  Indies  as  a  captain  in  tlic 
French  navy.  In  IfiO-l,  after  a  voyage  of  exploratimi 
the  previous  year,  four  vessels  were  sent  out  under  tlii' 
general  direction  of  Champlain,  and  it  is  notcworlliv 
that  the  iidventurors  in  the.se  ve8.sel3  included  not  only 
the  high  and  tho  low,  convicts  and  noblemen,  but  alsn 
(/'atholic  and  Protestant  clergymen,  who  greatly  vexed 
Champlain  by  their  polemical  disputes,^ 

Champlain,  De  Monts,  Poutrincourt,  Pontgravi, 
and  their  associates,  made  experimental  plantations  in 
Acadie,  at  Port  Royal,  Tadoussac,  and  finally  Queln'i', 
In  1009,  Champlain,  in  company  with  a  bund  i.| 
Indians,  explored  the  lake  which  bears  his  name,  ainl 
won  a  victory  over  a  band  of  the  Iroquois  Indian.-. 
In  1()15,  Champlain  took  out  four  Recollect  Futlu'i- 
witb  liiiu  to  found  a  mission  ut  Quebec,  and  afiir. 
wards  at  Montreal.  The  Jesuits  had  found  tlnir 
way  to  Nova  Scotia  in  1011.* 

-  I'mkinun,  Frftioli  Pioneers  in  tlio  New  Worlil. 

3  ",/",(/  riit"  ?ai(l   he,  **  te  mlniitrn  vt  untrr  t-iii-e  n'vntri-h.ir 


il  , 


"/■' 


■  jttn'iujfXitf  h  iliffi'fviit  tU  (n  relit/Inn.    Je  ne  i';i 


fjiti  itt'il  ti  plitM  I'aiftiillt  f:t  tfiil  ifninifH't  li:  meitlrnr  i-tntji,  /.. 
J'  sr,ii'»  tfi\  In'rn  i^iir  U  minttire  Hf  ftfm'tfltfiif  tjiwfi/ltf/nitnut  S" 
lie  MniilK  Wiivi'tr  til'  fntlln,  it  ruitluit  rtt  rttte  t\n;tnl  Iik  !>■■■ 
i/i'  ritnlritrgrKt'f," — I'/ntnifilftln  :  V'tjptf/rn  lie  fit  \inirt//i'  ^'m 
Tile  rough  snilois,  when,  iil'ler  liinilinj;,  ciiii''  unil  minister  ! 
aiiei'unilieil  to  the  oliniite,  recoinnn-mleil  to  bury  them  huili 
ime  ;;rnve,  to  .<eu  if  tliey  woiilil  Iteep    up  the  eontroversv  ; 

mnrtiitu 

♦  Tho  Ileciillects  were  frinrs  minor  ol'  tho  strict  ob.<er\  i 
Orilei"  ol"  St.  Fruni'iti.     They  ori};iniitcil  in  Spain,     Tlii'\   . 
Ilicir  French  name  from  the  Convent  des  Kecolletn,  given  n 
liv  r,ouii<  lie  (lonzugue,  Due  de  .\ever«.     They  were  pmii 
by  Henry   IV.,  I.ouis  XIll.,  and  l.ouis  .\1V.,  nnd  cpn;!  I 
over  I'ranec, 


TllACKH   OF    RXI'LOIIATION. 


21 


TluH  trodo  Wil- 
li.    Tho  Muniui- 
kiiif;  Bocuriiiu  tu 
merly  obtiiined  by 
■  tliioven  iinil  dw 
■d  them  in  u  ««""" 
e.     He  liuidud  lii- 
uHoUito  Hund-ridgc, 
with  u  more  trust;, 
jeiit  foastH.    Ueloiv 
)riu  blew  liis  ve«s.  1 
ince.    The  convicts 
eat  hud  been  theii' 
■s  (there  were  only 
France,  Henry  IV. 
future.     Other  but 
jct  up  colonicB  ;  bm 
1(50:J,  siecopted  tlh' 
to  renew  tlie  coloiiiM 
descended  genth^niun 
experience,  wlio  ha.l 
as  a  ciiptttin  in  tl\c 
iToyage  of  cxploratinii 
TO  sent  out  under  tli.' 
and  it  is  notcwortliy 
.sels  included  not  only 
id  noblemen,  but  aU 
on,  who  greatly  vexed 
iputcs.'' 

Itrincourt,  Pontgruvr, 
imental  plantations  in 
x.and  finally  Quel  iw. 
liuiy  with  a  band  t.f 
|i  bears  his  name,  and 
the  Irofiuois  Iudiiiii> 
[our  llecoUect  Futlici- 
at  Quebec,  and  at'tn- 
luits  had  found  tli.ir 


^(jw  World. 
It/  mitre  mi'^  sV'iid''"''' 
1,  leliijliin.    Je  iie  «'.'"■/ 
l„,l   Ic  iiieilldii'  I'""/',  " 
l,;,,i"i'('/"f''/"'/"''"""  ■'^" 
\l  ,11  >ille  j'ii;iiH  !'■'  /'" 
„.,  Ue  /a  .V"MC.//«!  Fn'< 
Lr,  Clin'  u>"l  "li"'-'*''^'   ' 
l,lo.l  1,1)  buvy  IhiMii  liHi'i 
up  tlio  uoiitiuvei>> 

r  i.r  the  strict  ol)^icr\  » 
litcl  in  Simiii.     Tin  \  - 
Itdcs  Ueoollola.Kivi'i'li' 
ler«.     'l'li«y  wuru  \mb 
loiiis  XIV.,  una  si'f^''"' 


This  is  no  place,  and  there  is  no  room  in  this  vol- 
ume, for  even  a  sketch  of  the  early  history  of  Ciinada, 
as  e(|ually  there  is  no  occasion  for  it.     All  that  we 
wish  to  show  are  the   ])atlis  of  exploration   to  and 
within  the  Mississippi  valley,  and  the  eircumstances 
and    intlnenecs  which  led  the   French   in   Caliiuia  to 
pursue  those  paths  so  persistently  and  successfully, 
and  to  plant  so  many  settlements  at  different  points 
alon^r  their  lines.     Those  settlements  have  jiiven   to 
tli(!  I'riited  States  some  of  their  chief  cities.     Tliey 
,  cuhninated  in  St.  I.oul  .  which  would  not  have  had 
■  its  history  nor  its  fortUTus  apart  from  them. 
'      Samuel  de  (Jliamplain   was  the  true  founder  of  the 
;  Freiicli    province   of  Canada.      He    established    the 
various  early  colonies  there,      lie  kept  them   tdjictlicr 
.  by  his  own  personal  exertions  dnriiii;  a  course  of  inde- 
•fatij^alile,  intelliirent  labor,  sustained  duriiij!  twenty- 
^five  years,  until   the  )ilantatii)ns  had  become  root(,'d 
"and  iirospci'DUs.     (Miamplain  was  a  iKn'out,  consistent 
.Cntholic,  who  bcj^an  the  record  of  his  voyages  with 
/the  recital  of  what  was  throuirliout    his  chief  article 
^of  faith  :   "  Le  salut  dune  senK;  anie  vaut  inieux  ((Uo 
Jn  coni|iiet(^  d'une  empire,  et  les  roia  no  doivont  sonijer 
h,  etendre  leur  dniiiination   dans  les  ;->vs  oh   rei,'ne 
a'idiilatrie,  ijue  ]iour  les  .soumcttre  h  Ji'sus    (Mirist." 
:%e   introduced    the  Recollect  friars  into  Canada  as 
iissionaries,  and  at  least  did  not  objeet  to  the  coming 
>iif  the  Jesuits  and  the  extension   of  their  intluenee 
trough  the  colonies.      But  it  is  almost  a  matter  of 
jtcord  that  his  first  impulses  in  planting  a  colony  in 
i^aniula  were  those  of  n^sistance  to  Spanisli  tyranny, 
ttid  Spanish  absorption   of  the  empire   of  the  New 

f'orld,  ami  that,  in  making  up  his  first  colonial  estab- 
hment    in    Quebec,  he   sought,   when   he  tried  to 
>mbine  Huguenots  with  Catholics,  less  to  promote 
^leration  and  secure  theapjiroval  of  Henry  I  \'.,  Sully, 
)d    l)u  Thou   than  to  consolidate  a  powiT   which 
nild  be  permanent  and  solidly  hostile  to  Spain.     He 
the  first  Catlnilie  writer  who  dwelt  forcibly  upon 
le  massacres  by  Menendez  in  Florida,  and  he  was 
enthusiastic  admirer  of  I^omini(|ue  De  Gourges, 
lose  exploits  he  often  goes  out  of  the  way  to  applaud, 
had  spent  two  years  and  a  half  in   Mexico,  Cuba, 
the  Spani.sh  West  Indies,  and  there  perhaps  he 
rned  to  di.slikc  the  subjects  and  the  policy  of  I'liilip 
In  his  "  Voyages"  ho  treats  the  mas.sacre  of  Jean 
lut  and  Laudonniere  as  "  affnini  full  a  In  nnlinii 
iiinn'x."  and,  like  a  loyal   Frenchman,   he    must 
^e  deeply  resented  the  Spanish  influence  at  court 
loh  led  the  weak  king  to  pass  this  affront  by  with- 
cliallenge.     He  was  a  gentleman  himself,  chlval- 
in  .sentiment,  and  full  of  sympathy  for  every 
^alric  performance.     He  says  of  the  feat  of  Do 


Oourges,  '■  Aiiisi  re  genereux  chevalier  repara  Thon- 
ncur  de  la  nation  Franeaiso,  que  les  Kspagnols  avoient 
olfensi'e;  ce  iju'  autrement  eusi  I'te  iin  regret  ii  jamais 
pour  la  France,  s'il  n'eust  venge  I'aflVont  receii  do 
la  nation  I'Ispagnolle.  Knterprise  generonse  d'un 
gentilli(iniin((,  i|ui  I'exeeuta  ii  ses  propres  coasts  et 
di'|iens,  Mculenicnt  jiDur  I'lionneur,  sans  autre  osper- 
anee  ;  eeijui  lui  a  reussi  ghu'icusument,  et  ecste  gloiro 
est  plus  a  priscr  ipie  tons  les  tresors  du  nioiide," — a 
sentiment  conrlu'il  in  the  laiiguap'  and  worthy  the 
age  of  Froi.ssart.  He  all  this  as  it  may,  it  is  certain 
that  ('liamplain  orL'anizi'd  his  colony  upon  the  princi- 
]>U'.  of  making  it  l''r,>ncli  in  a  irpresentalive  nniniu'r, 
without  regard  to  religious  diH'crences;  and  he  did  so 
in  spite  of  his  strong  predilections  for  the  Catholic 
faith,  and  his  liipdcl-huniored  contempt  of  the  Itefbrm- 
ers,  which  he  diil  not  corneal.  When  he  discovered 
that  he  was  not  strengthening  his  .settlements  by  this 
plan,  he  (leciincil  to  admit  any  uitm'.  Huguenots 
anionu  his  immigrants. 

The  colonies  thus  establishcil  i'll'i'ct(!<l  the  explora- 
tion of  the  great  basin  of  the  St.  Lawrence  and  the 
lakes,  and  thence  extended  their  discoveries  to  tlu^ 
valley  of  the  .Mississippi.  These  explorations  were 
the  wiu-k  distiuetivt^ly  of  the  trappcM-s  and  hunters, 
the  fur-traders  and  the  missionaries.  The  local  and 
imperial  governments  hail  very  little  to  do  in  promot- 
ing and  encouraging  them.  Cliam[)lain,  indeed,  ex- 
plored as  widely  as  ho  governed  wisely  and  well ;  ho 
was  such  a  mm  as  is  fit  to  be  trusted  with  the  care 
and  nurture  of  the  first  feeble  germs  of  em|iiie  in  the 
untrodden  wild;  but  ho  had  no  successors.  The 
several  eompLUiios  which  coiitiolled  the  affairs  of  Xew 
France  were  grasping  tnouop.>lies,  none  the  less  sordid 
because  made  up  of  bourgeois  and  noblesse  eloraents  not 
well  compounded  together.  The  imperial  delegated 
goveruuient  which  succeeded  them  was  an  attempt 
to  transplant  and  naturalize  an  exotic  which  was  not 
suited  to  the  climate  and  had  no  roots.  As  has  been 
said  of  it,  the  nnrifii  rn/iia'-  rule  in  Ciinada  was  •'  all 
head  and  no  body."  Talon's  acute  and  comprehen- 
sive plans,  and  the  broad,  vigorous  esecutive  ability 
of  Frontenac,  were  ablo  to  su-tain  it  far  beyond  tho 
limits  of  its  own  faint  aiul  flickering  vitality  ;  but 
v/lion  it  expired,  with  Montcalm,  upon  tho  Heights 
of  Abraham,  our  regrets  are  for  the  bravo  and  saga- 
cious marquis  slain  in  defensj  of  such  a  cause,  and 
not  for  the  French  domiuation. 

But  in  tho  midst  of  this  herbarium  of  dried  roots 
and  decayed  branches,  there  are  two  vital  forces 
abounding  with  energy  and  propagating  power :  the 
French  missionaries,  and  the  Frenchmen  and  half- 
brneds  who  conducted  the  fur  trade.     Those  were  the 


1 


H 


ji  l)|i 


1 

i'i 

I'i' 

'  i  i'^ 

li 

4. 

r- 

22 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


men  who  built  up  Canada,  and  who  extended  its  influ- 
ence iind  its  frontiers  throuj^hout  the  two  great  river 
systems  of  the  Nortii  American  Continent.  Wiien, 
after  the  conquest  of  Canada  by  Kertic,  in  1628-29, 
tlie  prc'ince  was  restored  to  the  Frencli  company  in 
Ki;!'!.  by  the  Proaf''  of  St.  Gorraain-en-Laye,  it  was  a 
1  .^or  and  mean  establishment.  In  the  forcible  lan- 
guage of  Charlevoix,  the  island  of  Cape  Broton,  with 
a  scant  few  tisher  huts,  the  fort  at  Quebec,  "  environed 
by  some  inferior  houses  and  barracks,  two  or  three 
cabins  in  Montreal,  as  many  more  po.ssibly  in  Tadous- 
sac  and  other  spots  on  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  by 
traders  and  fishermen,''  were  all  that  there  was  of  New 
France;  the  sole  fruits  of  all  the  discoveries  of  a  cen- 
tury of  explorers,  and  tlie  outlay,  and  toil,  and  suH'er- 
iiijrs  of  Cartier  and  his  successors,  Cliamplain,  when 
he  came  buck.  brou<;ht  the  Jesuits  with  him,  and 
they  and  the  Roci)liects  undertook  the  conversion  and 
the  education  of  the  Indians  /Kiri  y»(xxii  with  the 
extension  of  tlie  French  dominion.  Money  came  int(i 
the  colony  in  abundance  to  sustain  tlieir  jiious  and 
cninprehensivo  desij;ns,  and  population  and  prosperity 
ni:ide  ecpuilly  ra]>id  advances. 

So  mucli  rivalry  existed  between  *.lie  Recollect 
Fathers  and  the  Jesuits  in  Canada  that  the  literature 
and  history  of  the  period  is  infected  by  it;  and  po- 
leinii'al  controversy  has  actually  made  it  diUiculi  to 
determine  the  merits  and  the  rights  of  priority  of  the 
ditVerent  <'X]il()rers  and  discoverers.  The  local  iiiivern- 
ment  .sympathized  with  the  Franciscan  friars,  who  did 
not  imitate  the  Jesuits  in  their  severe  comments  upon 
the  loose  morals  of  the  haliilinm,  and  their  indignant 
efforts  fur  the  repression  of  the  lucrative  but  demoral- 
izing brandy  traflie  with  the  Indians.  Le  Clere  has 
written  the  history  of  ''  The  Kstablishment  of  the 
Faith  in  Canada  "  from  a  stand-point  that  is  so  dis- 
tinctly auti-Jesuit,  that  he  trie.s  to  glorify  La  Salle  at 
file  expense  of  Joliet  and  Mar(|uette.  Henne[iin 
pretended  voyages  for  his  own  benefit,  a.--  \i\\  Hontan 
Beems  to  have  done  also;  ami.  (/'■,■  imihii,  the  insidi- 
ous influences  which  obstructed  ]ai  Salle  s  efl'orts 
while  he  lived  seem  to  have  piirsui  I  his  ineniory 
since  he  died.  La  Sallo  attributed  many  of  those 
adverse  obstacles  to  Jesuit  influences;  but  he  was  too 
noble  a  man  to  accuse  the  order,  as  otlnn's  have  done, 
of  attempting  to  poison  him.  lie,  Frontenac,  and 
many  others  in  high  places,  were  hostile  to  the  Society 
of  Jesus,  opposed  their  presence  in  the  colony,  and 
put,  almost  invariably,  a  dark  coloring  upon  every 
interpretation  of  their  actions  and  their  designs.  The 
historians  of  the  colony  and  of  the  ei.rly  explorations, 
Sagard,  Le  Clerc,  Hennepin,  etc.,  are  all  tinctured 
with  pique  or  partiality  ;  while  the  voluiuinous  Jesuit 


"  Relations"  seem  (juietly  to  a.ssume  that  nothing 
was  done  outside  of  their  order.  The  sources  of 
these  jealousies  are  not  ditticult  to  discover.  Tin 
Uecollects  had  founded  the  Canadian  missions.  Tiie\ 
were  expelled  when  the  English  took  po.ssession  under 
Kertk,  and  they  were  not  restored  when  France  re 
covered  Canada  in  l()Ii2.  At  that  time  Cardina' 
Richelieu  was  supreme  in  Franco.  He  offered  t\\r 
spiritual  control  of  New  France  to  his  own  favorii" 
order,  the  Capuchins.  When  they  declined  it,  h" 
confided  the  province  to  the  Fathers  of  the  Society  nt' 
Jesus.  After  Richelieu's  death,  this  policy  was  main- 
tained  by  MaKarin,  and  it  was  intensified  under  Loni- 
XIV.  The  popular  feeling  of  the  colony  against  ti,' 
rigid  regimen  of  the  Jesuits  increased  when  Caiia<l:i 
began  to  have  large  garrisons  of  French  .soldiei-. 
familiar  witii  the  loose  morals  of  the  camp.  Tin' 
Jesuits  did  not  retaliate  when  accused  of  severitv, 
exaggeration  of  tlieir  services,  trading,  and  interfi- 
ence  in  the  government.  Still,  the.se  complicatioi]< 
and  s(|uabbles  make  it  desirable  for  the  impartial  his. 
torian  to  obtain  as  much  information  as  he  can  from 
outside  and  iiulependent  sources. 

This  iiiforniation  has  been  sought  and  secured.      It 
has  been  carefully  sifted,  and  compared  with  the  f'lij. 
ler  but  less  impartial  chronicles  written  on   Canadiiin 
soil,  and  the  result  is  the  conclusion  that  the  Jesuit 
Fathers  were  t/n  missionaries  of  (,'anada,  the  men  wlin 
exjilored  its  wastes,  civilized  its  savages,  and  converii ■! 
them   to  Christianity.     About  this  there  can  be  ii 
dispute.      As  •'  the  author  of    Hochelaga"  reniaik- 
"the   Jesuits   always   retained    the   superior   posilimi 
they  held  from  the  first  among  the  Roman   Catholj. 
missionaries   of    Canada.       'I'liero    is    a   well-known 
Canadian   proverb:   ^  Pour  /uire  mi   Ricnlhi  il  j\i,- 
niif    liiir/irlti\  imiir    I'll    I'i  i'i  I'I    Kit   lisinii,    ?»((/.<  y/^, 
mi  ./I'siti/r  il  /'lint  mi  piini'iiii.'  "'     The  distinction  i- 
as  true  as  it  is  subtle.     The  Swedish   traveler   Kiilh, 
who  came  to  this'coiiiitry  to  study  botany  and  natiiii 
history  at  the  suggestion  of  iiinmcus,  spent  much.: 
his  time  in    Canada,  and   has   put  upoti  record  tl, 
dill'erent  sorts  of  inipie.ssions  made  upon  hiui  by  ili 
three  classes  of  religions.       He  discriminates  in  ii;. 
colorings  enough    to  insure   himself  a  character  I 
impartiality. 

'*  'I'lii'  !{('tM»IU'<'l<,"  ln'  Mi_\>,  "  arc  a  tliirti  oliiss  of  clurgvii!-  n 
('ainxiii,  'I'lii^y  liiu'e  a  llni!  ilvvrlliii^^-linuHc  licrc,  nnit  it  t 
ciiurcli.  wliiTi"  lliey  otVu'iiitt'.  Ni'nr  it  is  it  liirm?  iintl  line  ^-.w  ( 
whicli  llii'V  I'nlliviili'  with  giciit  ii|>|>lieiilic>ii.      In  .M(inlrL';il  k- 

'I'rois  liiviiTi's  llicv  nil'  IimIuccI  in  iiImmisI  tlu'  cunie  ni;oiiiorii>  h' 
They  «io  nut  en'leiivnr  to  oliooncounnin^  fellows  ninnngst  tip 
lint  liiki'  nil  Iliey  can  get.    Tliuy  do  not  'iiriiietit  their  hnilns  u 

'  "  TiiUe  II  hiitehel  tii  iiiako  ii  KeeollDCt,  a  ehlsel  for  a  ]  ir: 
prii'st,  hot  nil  ar'i«t'«  hrn!»h  is  neceftsary  tor  a  .losuit." 


TRACKS  OF   EXPLORATION. 


23 


me    that   nothing 
The  sources  ol' 
;o  discover.     Thi 
111  missions.    Tho\ 
k  possession  under 
when   Franco  re 
liut  time  Cardinu' 
,.     He  offered  thr 
)  his  own  lavorii' 
cy  declined  it,  li" 
rs  of  the  Society  of 
lis  policy  wasiuaiii- 
iDsified  undc;r  Loiii- 
B  colony  a>;ainst  ti." 
•ased  when  Canail:i 
jf   French   soldier-, 
of  the  camp.     Tl.' 
lecused  of  severity, 
adiut;,  and  inleifn. 
these  complieatioii^ 
iir  the  impartial  hi^- 
atiou  as  he  can  frniu 

jiht  and  secured,      li 
mpiircd  with  the  t'lil- 
written  on  Canadian 
ision  that  the  Jesuii 
Canada,  the  men  whu 
avaiiea,  and  converii"! 
his  there  can  be  ii 
|Iloehela};a"  remark- 
the  superior  posit  inn 
the  Roman   Cathulir 
•re    is    a   well-kiinwn 
,n,    Rirnllrl    ;i   !■>'■ 

The  distinction  :■ 
Llish  traveler  Kuli. 
Idy  hotany  and  natni. 
Iniicus,  spent  mueli  •■ 
put  upon  record  tl 
liide  upon  him  liy  tl 
discrimitiates  in  1. 
Liself  a  character  t 

lliiril  cliis!'orclorgviii>'i 
4,;  limiso  hi-ri',  un.l   n  i 
lisiiliirK''  ttti'i  liiict!!!!  I 
icatioii.     In  Mcntrail 
Lt  ilK'naiiuMiiiviineiii- 1.' 

Jill^  IVlllUVS  UIIH'Kgsl   111 

ll  fiiriiu'iil  111"''''  lirnin-" 

lllect,  ft  i-lii^i'l  for  »  l'"' 
iry  lor  ii  .loi'uil." 


'^^ 


imicli  Icftrning:  iiiid  I  Imvo  lieoii  nssiircil  that  after  t'lcy  have 
|nit  III)  the  muiia.stic  habit  thny  do  not  study  to  inercBso  their 
knowledge,  but  forget  even  what  little  they  knew  bofcirc.  .  .  . 
■fho  iiriests  (<m/-.'.)  are  the  .•<e"(in(l  and  moat  numerous  order  of 
till'  clergy  in  this  country  ;  for  most  of  tlie  churches,  both  in 
towns  and  villagon  (the  Indian  converts  exco|ilod),  are  .'erved 
hy  |iriesls.  .  .  .  In  order  to  lit  the  children  of  this  ciuintry  for 
oiilers,  there  are  schools  at  (Jucliec  and  .-^t.  .loachiin,  where  the 
youths  lire  taught  Latin,  ami  instructed  in  the  knowledge  of 
(hose  things  and  sciences  which  liavc  a  more  iniin.'diatc  I'ou- 
ucctiou  with  the  business  they  are  intended  for.  However, 
lluv  arc  not  very  nice  in  their  choice,  and  ]ieo|)le  of  a  mid- 
dling capacity  are  often  received  among  thorn.  They  do  not 
seem  to  have  made  great  progress  in  liiitin;  .  .  .  most  of  them 
lind  it  very  dilUciilt  to  speak  it.  .  .  . 

"The  .Jesuits  arc  commonly  very  leiirned.  .sluilioiis.  and  are 
very  civil  and  agreeable  in  ccmpany.  In  (heir  whole  depin't- 
U'cut  tliert  is  somotliing  pleasing;  it  is  no  wonder,  therefore, 
that  Ihey  captivate  the  minds  of  the  people.  They  seldom 
speak  of  religious  matters  ;  and  if  it  happens,  Ihey  generally 
a\"id  disputes.  They  are  very  ready  to  do  any  one  a  service, 
and  when  they  see  that  the'r  assistance  is  wanted,  they  hardly 
give  one  time  to  speak  of  it,  falling  to  work  immediately  to 
liring  ihont  what  is  required  of  them.  Their  conversation  is 
vi'ry  entertaining  and  lecrned.  so  that  one  cannot  be  tired  ..f 
their  louipauv.  Among  the  .lesuits  I  have  conversed  with  in 
I'aiiaila,  1  have  not  fouiiil  one  who  was  not  possessed  of  these 
qualities  in  a  very  eminent  degree.  They  do  not  care  to  become 
loeaclicrs  to  a  eo.igregation  in  the  town  or  ciuintry,  but  leave 
these  places,  logi'ther  ivilh  the  involvements  arising  tVoui  tlieni, 
to  the  priests.  .Ml  their  business  here  is  to  .■onverl  the  hea- 
then ;  and  with  that  view  their  missionaries  are  scattered  over 
every  part  of  the  country.  Near  every  ti  wii  and  village  peo- 
pled by  converteil  Indians  are  one  or  two  Jesuits,  who  take 
care  that  they  may  not  return  to  paganism,  but  live  as  Chris- 
tians ought  to  do.  Then  'here  are  .lesuits  with  f  e  converted 
Inilians  in  Tadmis.mo,  Lorettc,  liei'aneourt,  .St.  I'Vanvois,  Sault 
St.  I.ou.s,  ami  all  over  Canada.  There  are  likewise  Jesuit 
missitmaries  with  those  who  are  not  converted:  so  that  there  is 
oommonly  a  Jesuit  in  every  village  belonging  to  the  Indians, 
whom  he  eiiilcavors  on  all  occasions  to  ei  nvert.  In  winter  lie 
goes  on  their  ^real  hunt-,  wliere  he  is  frei|nenlly  obliged  to  suf- 
fer all  iinag'iiablc  inconveniences,  such  as  walking  in  the  snow 
all  ilav.  lyi  g  in  the  open  air  a'l  winter,  lying  out  in  both  good 
and  bail  veather.  lying  in  the  (mlian  huts,  which  swarm  with 
fleas  and  other  veruMn,  etc.  The  Jesuits  undergo  all  these 
liarilsliip-  for  the  sake  of  converting  the  Imlians,  and  likewise 
for  political  reasons,  Ihe  .lesuits  are  of  great  use  to  their 
king;  for  they  are  frequently  able  to  persu:ide  the  Indiens  to 
break  their  treaty  with  the  Kngli.«h,  to  ini.iic  war  upon  tliom, 
to  bring  their  furs  to  Ihe  French,  and  not  to  permit  the  Kiif;- 
lUh  to  come  among  them.  There  i-  much  danger  attending 
these  exertions,  for  when  the  Indians  are  in  liquor  they  some- 
times kill  the  missionaries  who  live  with  them,  calling  them 
pies,  or  excusing  theuiselves  by  saying  tl:e  brandy  has  killeil 
them.  These  irj  the  chief  occupations  of  the  Jesuits  in  Can- 
ada. .  .  .  Kverybody  sees  that  thoy  are.  i.s  it  were,  selected 
'uin  other  people  on  account  of  their  superior  genius  and 
bilitics.  'fhey  are  hero  reckoned  a  most  euni.ing  set  of  pen- 
ile, who  generally  succeed  in  their  uiidertakings,  and  surpass 
\\\  others  in  acuteness  of  understanding,  t  have  therefce 
levera.  liinos  observed  thai  they  have  enemies  in  Canada." 

Fiicinics  in  Canada!  Enemies  nil  over  the  known 
orld,  yet  none,  even  while  ])ersecuting  them  and 
lenyinj;   theiu   nn   uhidini^-p'.ace,   have    ventured   to 


deny  their  zeal,  their  perfect,  impersonal,  and  never- 
flagging  devotion  to  the  cause  of  missionary  work. 
History  is  unanimous  on  this  point.  The  heroism  of 
the  Jesuit  apostles  has  made  malignancy  blush  and 
lias  disarmed  the  inveteracy  of  criticism.  They  let 
nothing  deter  or  prevent  thoni  in  their  efforts  tv  save 
souls.  They  laughed  at  hardship  and  privation,  and 
appeared  to  welcome  martyrdoiu  as  a  pleasure  as 
much  as  a  duty.  They  baptized  infa.its  with  the 
tomahawk  uplifted  over  their  tonsured  heads  in  the 
wigwams  of  the  Iroquois,  and  they  did  not  flee  before 
crucifixion  and  impalement  in  China  and  Japan.  In 
the  words  of  Bancroft,  "  they  raised  the  emblem  of 
man's  salvation  on  the  Moluccas,  in  Japan,  in  India, 
in  Thibet,  in  Cochin  China,  and  in  China;  they 
penetrated  Ethiopia  and  reached  the  Abyssinians ; 
they  planted  missions  among  the  Caffres ;  in  Califor- 
nia, on  the  banks  of  the  Maraiion,  in  the  plains  of 
Paraguay,  they  invited  the  wildest  of  barbarians  to 
the  civilization  of  Christianity.'  They  suffered  with 
unexampled  patience  iind  uiisurpa.'iseil  heroism  the  tor- 
tures of  the  d;inii!ed  inflicted  by  savages  who  might 
have  passed  readily  for  the  proper  ministers  of  hell. 
They  were  sciilped,  they  were  burned  at  the  stake, 
they  were  disemboweled,  scored  with  hot  knives, 
pinciied  with  red-hot  pincers,  and  their  finger-nails 
and  toe-nails  extracted  one  by  one,  with  a  studied 
refinement  of  cruelty  which  was  careful  not  to  over- 
step the  margin  of  endurance  and  so  .shorten  the  pro- 
cess of  agony.  In  the  face  of  these  dreadful  inflic- 
tions, men  like  Jean  de  Hrebeuf  stood  erect,  with 
never  a  quivering  iip  or  eyelid  ;  Isaac  de  Jogucs, 
while  running  the  gauntlet  and  enduring  weeks  of 
intermittent  renewal  of  brutal  pain,  eomlin'ted 
himself  with  visions  of  the  glory  of  the  (^ueen 
of  Heaven ;  Bressani,  beaten,  mangled,  mutilated, 
drtigged  naked  through  brake  and  bramble,  and  his 
companion  butchered  and  devonred'^before  his  eyes, 
could  yet  chant  his  oflices  with  a  firm  voice,  and, 
when  rescued  and  restored,  could  return  to  the  people 
who  had  used  him  thus  ill,  to  be  by  them  murdered 
at  last.  The  entire  cl'-oi.iele  of  these  Jesuit  missions 
is  one  of  t'rievous  peri,  d  pain  and  heroic  endurance 
throughout.' 

'  Of  the  Abnaki  missioimries,  Sebastian  Rale  was  killed  Aug. 
211,  Ili'.'l;  of  those  to  Ihe  lliirons,  Nichola.i  Viel  was  killed. 
July,  Ili'JS  ;  Jem  de  lircbeuf,  March  Hi.  lllHI ;  Anne  ile  None, 
fro7,en  to  death  K 'b.  I,  Ifilft;  Anthony  Daniel,  killed  July  I, 
ItitS;  Charles  (ianier,  killed  Dec.  7,  IIUH;  Isaac  Joguos, 
killed  Oct.  IS,  IttIC, ;  I!  nc  Menard,  killed  August,  I  lltil  ;  l.eonar  ' 
(larreau.  killed  .September,  Kill.');  Xatalie  Chabanel,  killed  Uec. 
8,  II'ilU;  tiaii.iel  I.allemanl,  killed  March  IT,  lllltl ;  of  Ihnso  to 
tlio  Iroquois  and  the  llttawas,  etc.,  Gabriel  de  I.a  Kihourde 
and   /..Tiibe  iMembrc  wore  killed,  IC>*0-Si^ ;   James  (iravier  in 


.1 


24 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


But,  in  fact,  niartyrdoni  and  torture,  the  toma- 
hawk and  the  stake,  were  the  least  of  the  things 
which  these  missionaries  suffered.  They  were  accom- 
plished men  of  the  world,  students,  scholars,  men  of 
intelligent  curiosity  and  refined  tastes.  Their  life  in 
the  dark  and  embruted  wilderness  must  have  been  a 
perpetual  martyrdom  to  every  instinct  of  the  natural 
man  and  the  cultivated  spirit.  This  not  only  in 
respect  of  the  penances  and  mortifications  they  in- 
flicted upon  themselves, — as  when  the  stalwart,  in- 
domitable scion  of  ancient  blue  blooJ,  the  mn.ssive, 
oak-like  Brebeuf,  added  to  the  fatigues  of  his  assidu- 
ous duty  by  flogginj:  himself  twice  a  day  and  wearing 
a  spiked  iron  girdle  underneath  his  bristling  hair-cloth 
shirt, — but  in  respect  also  of  the  deprivation  and 
meagre  poverty  of  their  daily  lives.  These  students 
and  scholars  had  no  books  to  read  but  their  brevii.iies, 
no  light  at  night  but  their  pine-wood  fires.  They 
had  no  society  but  that  of  the  ignorant  savages,  whom 
they  could  amuse  only  witli  toys  aud  fables.  Their 
chief  food,  the  "saganiity'  I'roni  ihe  filthy  S(|uaw's 
keule,  tasted,  as  one  Jesuit  Father  has  recorded,  "  like 
the  paste  in  the  paper-hanger's  and  bill-sticker's 
bucket."  Their  journeys  through  the  forests  were 
horrible  with  monotony  and  back-breaking  with 
fatigue.  They  sle]it  un  rocks  or  the  frozen  earth  or 
the  wot  moss  of  .swamps,  with  bireli-bark  blankets  to 
cover  them.  They  had  to  labor  witli  the  oar  or 
paddle  and  bear  the  weight  of  the  laden  canoe  at  the 
portage.' 

And  all  this  labor,  toil,  and  repression  seemed  to 
bring  with  it  so  little  reward,  after  all,  for  the  savage 
after  baptism  and  the  mass  and  much  teaching,  re- 
mains a  savage  still,  unreclaimed  and,  in  all  except 
superficial  respects,  miconverted. 

Mot  that  this  seemed  so  to  the  Jesuits,  however. 
Their  faith,  their  enthusiasm,  their  siiiwre  delight  in 
their  work,  was  full  and  ani|)le  compensation  to  them. 
Nor  was  their  work  all  done  in  the  shade  and  gloom 
of  the  desolation  wc  have  depicted.  They  wert!  in 
the  free  woods,  among  the  .scenes  and  the  po|uilation 
of  untraiumelttd  nature.  In  their  bold  and  distant 
voyages  and  explorations  they  had  the  company  of  the 
free  and  gay  cmniHrs  i/rs  Imla  and  voyageurs,  who 
made  the  rocks  and  forests  ;'clu)  with  light  and  joyous 
uhansons.     These  voyages    were  made  in  birch-bark 

170«;  I.oiiis  \  ivicrin  17.111;  .1.  II.  .<!.  C.i.'iiiif  in  17117;  Nu-hiiliin 
Foiiciiiilt  ill  (•riulior,  1702;  lOiJ  .MM  li's  |.ori.«  .Sniu'l, 'I'cstii,  |)ii 
I'lii-'suii,  nii'l  1)11  (iiiiuniii'  sluiii  in  Aikuni<aK  iiiiil  l.oiiiaiuiiii  be- 
tween 170L'  lull)  17.10.  'I'liL'se  lire  only  tlie  reonnleil  eii.'er'  in 
the  piibiiKlieil  "  lli'lalinn.''  " 

'  'J'here  were  tliirty-(h  e  |iorliij5c;',  snine  til"  them  lengues  ioii;f, 
tbniUKh  fui'i'Kt  iiiiil  !inrniii|i  unit  over  ruck  nml  fall,  between 
Quebec  nnil  the  lluruu  cuiintry. 


canoes,  Wf  nderful  contrivances  for  the  sort  of  navi- 
gation in  which  they  are  used.''  On  the  route,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  spoils  of  the  chase,  the  voyageur  and  the 
Jesuit  )iad  the  constant  resource  of  an  article  of  food 
which  contributed  very  materially  to  the  8u.stenance 
of  some  tribes — the  wild  oats,  or  wild  rice,  Zizaniit 
(iqniitlcd  of  Linnivus,  which  some  have  called  the 
"Tuscarora,"  and  which  Kalm  styles  "water  tare- 
grass."  •  In  the  way  of  anima!  fu(  ],  likewise,  tlie 
Jesuits  were  enriched  by  the  fortunate  circumstance 
that  they  couU  eat  the  flesh  of  the  beaver — rich, 
succulent  food,  and  est.icmed  a  delicacy  by  the  Cana- 
dians— on  days  of  fiLst  as  well  as  feast.  This  pro 
ceeded  from  the  fact  that  the  Vatican  had  pionounceii 
the  beaver  to  be  fish,  not  flesh,* — no  slight  boon  tn 
strict  conformists  like  the  Jesuits,  who  had  no  end  of 
'■JoKrs  )ii<iii/ris"  ill  their  calendar. 

Such  were  the  devotees  of  this  strange  order  whn 
did  so  much  for  Cariada.  They  studied,  prepared 
vocabularies,  and  translated  the  Scriptures  into  every 
Indian  tongue  and  dialect.  They  built  colleges  and 
semiiniries,  and  erected  a  chapel  upon  every  coii.ipicii- 
ous  spot,  while,  as  Bancroft  has  said  with  'lo  less  cuiii 
than  rhetorical  force,  "  the  history  of  their  lali>r.s  is 
connected  with  tlie  origin  of  every  celebrated  town  in 
the  annals  of  French  America  :  not  a  cape  was  turned, 
nor  a  river  entered,  b\it  a  Jesuit  led  the  way."  Be- 
tween 1();!4  and  lt)47  forty-two  of  tliose  devoted 
missionaries  threaded  and  explored  the  wilderness, 
.sought  for  souls  to  turn  to  God,  and  examined  tin' 
country  with  an  acute  and  intelligent  ro.sc;irch  whiili 
makes  their  annual  reports  and  "  Relations"  invalualili 

-  "  Tlie  eiUiiHS  thiit  iiuvij^ute  the  Ciiniiiliiin  liikes  iire  iiinunj 
the  iiin.-l  in^eiiioii.s  anil  n.^et'iil  i.l' the  liuiian  iiiiiniit'aotu<'t-H,  mil 
iiiitbin^  lli:it  l'liii'ii[M*iin  ip^eiiiiity  bus  lieviseil  is  sn  well  iii|ii|'i>  t 
Id  the  habits  iiml  iieeessities  nf  tlioir  ninile  nl'  lite.  They  .m> 
iiiaile  lit'  the  bark  ut'  the  bireb-tree;  ami  of  all  the  various  i-'i;- 
trivanceH  t'lir  lrans|iorling  burtlien«  by  water,  these  vessels  m  ■ 
tlie  niDst  extraiiriliimry." — bit'ftiiittj'i*  Xttrrittirf,  "  Timn  •■• 
rititniH,"  says  Cbarlevni.x,  **jitnijit'  mi  /Jtin  jtrtitM,  funtrnt  ht  i  '-- 
tt  iirri-  lilt  hint  i-iiil  /ifiirfiit  fuii'e  viiii/t  lli-iifn  Jinr  Jinu\  ,V.i  . 
iniii  K  it  fititt  iirfir  fit-  hntm  rminleiii'ii  puny  tii  fuii'e  itintzi'  titi"> 
iiiif  itiii  miiiii\"  III  making  these  canoes  the  thin  inner  \k\\',. 
of  the  white  liireh  is  useil ;  thin  luK.ps  for  ribs;  ii  gtinwale  ni  , 
narrow  lathe,  lo  wliieh  the  bark  in  seneil  with  Rtri|is  of  hIh 
cellar  root  ;  all  iiiaile  water-pronf  with  wiM  cherry  tree  ^iiiii, 

3  It   is  coniiniin   in  nil  .Aiiierien,  from  Fliiriil.i  to  Canaihi  m 
I'lrlher  innlliwards.    Kalm  rny^,  "  The  linlians  reckon  it  am  i; 
llieir  iliiitity  ilishes.      It  grows  in  plenty  in  their  hike.s,  in  -i:i:- 
mint  waters,  iiiitl  Homtrtimes  in  t-ivers  which  (low  slowly.     'I'!. 
giitliei  its  seeilrt  in  October  anil  pro|Mire  thciii  in  ilitTeront  w, 
and  I'bielly  as  grouts,  which  tiisto  iilniost  as  well  an  rice.'* 

♦"lie  I'lislor,"  siiys    (Ihnrlovoix,   "a    ele   jiiriiliquemei<'         ■ 
clarc  poifson  par  la  Faculli'  tie  Mi'ilicino  ile  I'liiis,  el  on    .  i 
quence  ile  cette  ileehirfttlon  In  Fiiciille  (loTh'''ologio  n  iM"'  i.  ' 

on  poiivuit  manger  bii  chair  les  jours  niaigres.     Par  un  qtiei' 
eat  tout-H-fait  puissiin." 


V«Jio| 


lilliii 


• £u_ 


TRACKS  OF   EXPLORATION. 


25 


he  sort  of  navi- 

the  route,  in  nA- 
voyageur  and  the 
an  article  of  food 
«  the  sustenance 
nld  rice,  Zlxanvi 
,  have  called  tlio 
yles  "water  tare- 
oi  1,  likewise,  tli. 
iiiute  circumstanci 

the  beaver — ricli. 
icacy  bv  the  Cana- 
8  feast.     This  P»o 
can  had  pionounce.i 
—no  slight  boon  t.. 

who  had  no  end  ol 

s  strange  order  wh.. 
y    studied,  propanMi 
Scriptures  into  every 
,y  built  colleges  aii.l 
upon  evfvy  coh^picu- 
aidwith  -lolcss  i:'i;^ 
)vy  of  their  laV^.'rs  is 
;ry  celebrated  town  in 
notacapewasturneil 

|t  led  the  way."  «.■ 
,vo  of  these  devot.a 
lorcd  the  wildcrnos-. 
od,  and  examined  tli.' 
•lligent  rcse;.rch  whicli 
Relations"  invaluiibV 

Cu.iulinn  liilc*  '"•(•  .nil"".- 
l,„U.innMinur..o.tu'i^  :nil 

,U>vU--li>^ '""'■" '"'"'""' 
i,,„„„U.  "I'lifc  ■l'l"'>  ■"■ 
„u,li.r.>llll.rviirio«s.-i,- 

l,VW«Ur.  tbo«evc89t.ls:n. 
S„rr„lirc.      "  T..„s  ... 

,„,l  llriiCM  ^,(11- ./<>"'••  •"■"■■ 
',,»..i- CI /."•'■<•  ''"'""■■' 

,no..8  tho  thin  inner  l.a-. 

,„f„r  lil.^;  u  g'.inw«U.  .1  . 
„„,v.m\  will'  »lril>s  "f  »1" 

Ul.  wiM  ctu-rry  tree  (?mM. 

iron.  Flori'l.'  l.>  I'l"""'"  "' 
•lioln.rn.ni'rooUoniliin,  1 

,„lyu.  tluMrliiUos.in-i' 

,whu-hll»w  slowly.     11 

,,„,e  tluMU  in  ailT.Monl  «.. 

,\m»flt  US  well  »»  "'"•' 
,.  I,   ,-.(,-.   juriaiquerai'"' 
i„e  dc  I'lviiF,  et  on  .■•  ■ 
,1b 'ni^'i'loK'O  *''""'''■ 


I'l 


.,lic 


Irs  nmigrei' 


I'lir  siv  quel 


contributions  to  history  and  geography.     Before  1 G60 
they  had  explored  all  the  course  of  the  great  lakes, 
from  Niagara  to  tlio  head  of  Lake  Superior,  had  es- 
tablished missions  among  nearly  all  the  tribes  contigu- 
ous to  these  broad  sheets  of  water,  and  had  penetrated 
up  many  of  the   streams  which   empty   into   them. 
Marquette,  AUouez,  Dablon,  Joutel,   Montigny,  St. 
M    Cosme,  Davion,  Tliaumur  de  la  Source    Charlevoix, 
I    Gravicr,  Marest.  Du  Ru,  and  Guignas  we.-e  of  the  So- 
I    ciety,  and  it  more  or  less  inspired  and  directed  the 
labor,*  of  Cliamplain.  La  Salle,  Joliet,  Hennipin,  Tonti, 
Iberville,  Buaclio,  Le  Clerc.   Le  Sueur,   Vincennes, 
D'Artagnette,  Nicollet,   Perrot,   and  La  Verendoye. 
Dr.  O'Callaghan,  the  able  historian  of  New   York, 
in    bis   work    on  the  ''  Jesuit    Relations,"  sums  up 
the  leading  achievements  of  the  order  on  the  path 
of  discovery  and  o.xploration  in  Canada.     He  says  tliey 
''  became  the  first  discoverers  of  tho  greater  part  of 
the  interior  of  tliis  continent.     Tiiey  were  the  first 
Europeans  who  formed  a  settlemeni  on  the  coa.^t  of 
I  ^ilninr,  and  among  the  first  to  reach  it  from  tlio  St. 
A  Lawrence.     They  it  was  wlio  thoroughly  explored  the 
f  Saguenay,  discovereil  Lake  St.  Jobo,  and  led  the  way 
4 overland  from  (.Quebec  to  Hudson's  Bay.     It  is  to  one 
§of  them  that  we  owe  the  discovery  of  the  rich  and 
inexhaustible  salt  springs  of  Onondaga.     Witliin  ten 
tyears  iif  tlieir  scond  arrival,  they  had  completed  the 
(examination  of  tl     country  from  Lake  Superior  to  the 
■Gulf,  and  I'uunde     several  villages  of  (,'iiristian  nco- 
.ijhyte.s  on  the  h  /ders  of  the  upper  lakes.     While  tiie 
■Intercourse  of  the  Dutch  was  yet  confined  to  the  In- 
iflians  in  the  vicinity  of  Fort  Orange,  and  five  years 
before  Elliott,  of  Now  England,  had  addre.-^sed  a  single 
yord  to  the  Indians  within  .six  miles  of  Boston  Harbor, 
J:he  Freiieli  missionaries  ]ilanted  the  cross  at  Sault  Ste. 
"^iirie,  whence  tli'iy  looked  down  on  tho  Sioux  eoun- 
^ry  and  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi.     The  vast  un- 
;%i;i'\ri;    West   now  opened   its  prairie"   before  tliem. 
jijf'orlii'i.itcly,  the  early  missionaries  were  men  of  learn- 
-'fps,  :  II I  observation.     They  felt  deeply  the  importance 
t  II  i;  J. -ition,  and,  while  ac(|uitting  themselves  of 
e  Hi  t.'      '■'  their  calling,  carefully  recorded  the  pro- 
is  e;'  I  vents  around  them."     These  records  consti- 
itcd    the   "Jesuit  Relations,"    which    were   yearly 
inte  1   when    they   reached   Europe,  and    supplied 
.rra  ives  not  surpassed  in  thrilling  interest  and  sim- 
I  aive   statement   by   any    in    the  collections   of 
.niusio,  Hakluyt,  Purcbas,  and  Navarrete.     They 
\t  the  same  time  an  inexhaustible  fund  of  accurate 
icrican  history. 
OCiicir  explorations  of  the  great  Laurentian  valley 
'-'■""■  u(i.  ."omplete  before  they  heard  of  the  greater 
y  of  the  unmeasured  river  beyond,  and  panted 


with  sacred  ambition  to  plant  the  symbol  of  the  cross 
among  the  teeming  tribes  which  roamed  over  its  fer- 
tile area.  That  ambition,  pious  as  the  Spaniard's 
thirst  for  gold  was  unholy,  was  not  less  quenchless 
than  the  mad  rage  of  the  Conquistadores.  It  was 
the  sole  grand  passion  which  was  permitted  to  intrude 
into  the  cool  intellectual  republic  of  the  Society  of 
Jesus,  but  it  swayed  everything  before ;  it  was  the 
mot  il'imlir  of  a  spiritual  knight-errantry  .such  as  the 
Templars  and  Hospitallers  never  dreamed  of.  The 
breviary  and  th.e  crucifix,  tlie  Jesuit  missionary's  only 
weapons  and  buckler,  were  carried  where  the  lance 
and  the  coat-of-mail  of  the  man-at-arms  would  never 
!:.;,'e  dared  to  venture.  Wiiat  the  lofty  .soul  of  Reg- 
ulus  ventured  to  do  with  the  eyes  of  Rome  and  Car- 
thage upon  him,  and  sure  of  the  wondering  applause 
of  coming  ages,  tiie  humble  but  fearless  Father  Isaac 
Jogues  did  as  a  matter  of  simple  daily  duty.  "  Ilio 
ct  noil  ii'Jibo"  ("I  go,  but  I  shall  Dever  return"),  ho 
.said  as  he  set  out  on  his  last  fatal  mission  of  peace  to 
the  Mohawks,  who  had  already  tortured  him  nearly  to 
death.  Such  a  spirit  could  not  be  bafiled  on  the  brink 
of  geographical  discovery  anywhere.  While  Cham- 
plain  was  exploring  the  lake  that  boars  his  name,  and 
Lakes  Ontario  and  Nipis.sing,  Pere  D'Olboau,  in  his 
mission  at  Tadoussac,  was  observing  the  Saguenay 
valley  and  the  regions  to  the  northward  of  tiie  St. 
Lawrence.  In  1(347,  Pore  de  Quen  discovered  Lake 
St.  Jean;  in  llKil,  Peres  Drouillettes  and  Dablon, 
with  y\.  de  Valliere,  pres.sed  forward  to  Lake  Nekou- 
ban,  but  it  was  not  until  ten  years  later  that  Father 
Charles  Albaiiel  and  his  companions  reached  and  took 
ceremonial  possession  of  the  desolate  borders  of  Hud- 
son's Bay. 

Father  Drouillettes  ascended  the  Chaudiere  and  dc 
scended  the  Kennebec  in  IG-IG,  beginnii. /  tho  mission 
to  the  Abenakis.  Peres  Bri-beuf,  Daniel,  Lallemant, 
Jogues,  and  llaiinbault  extended  their  explorations 
and  missions  to  the  upper  part.s  of  Lake  Huron  and 
founded  the  great  central  mission  town  of  Sainte- 
Marie,  near  the  Detroit  River,  and,  in  It);!!),  Jean 
Nicollet  was  beyoiid  Green  Bay  and  within  three 
days'  travel  of  what  he  conceived  to  be  an  ocean, — 
the  "great  water,"  which  was  really  tho  Missi.s.sippi. 
Father  Marcpiette,  in  1(571,  was  at  Michilimackinac, 
with  his  Hurons,  the  first  settler  in  Mich.igan.  Fathers 
Chaumont  and  Brebeuf,  in  lG40,oouipleted  the  explo- 
rations of  Lake  Erie ;  Raimbuuit  and  Jogues  went 
to  Sault  Ste.  Marie  and  the  archipelago  of  Lake 
Huron  ;  and  in  IGlil,  Peie  Mesnard  set  out  to  preacli 
the  gospel  to  \\\2  Ottawas  on  the  shores  of  Lake  Su- 
perior, of  whom  the  fur-traders  had  just  brouglit  in 
liU  account.    Ho  was  never  heard  from  after  he  reached 


ass 


26 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


St.  Espvit  Bay,  on  the  west  of  Lake  Huron,  but  years 
afterwards  his  breviary  and  cassoclv  were  found  among 
the  Dacotah  Indians,  preserved  as  sacred  relics.  Fatlier 
Allouez  pressed  farther  west  in  1 665 ;  he  preached 
among  the  Chippeways,  built  a  chapel,  and  became 
acquainted  with  the  wandering  bands  of  the  Potta- 
wattamies,  Sacs  and  Foxes,  the  Creeks  and  the  Illinois, 
the  Knistencaux  and  the  Sioux.  The  latter  told  him 
about  the  great  river  on  which  they  lived,  and  he  fol- 
lowed the  fugitive  families  of  the  Nipissings  into  the 
upper  regions  of  Minnesota. 

Father  Dablon  also  heard  of  the  ^reat  river  while 
at  his  labors  on  the  western  shores  o*"  Lake  Michigan 
in  16C9,  and  he  and  Allouez,  in  1()72,  came  very  near 
to  the  Mississippi  in  their  visits  to  the  Kickapoos  and 
Mascoutins  on  the  river  Renard.  These  Jesuits  had 
planned  to  go  north  to  the  polar  seas,  to  discover  iti 
that  way  a  shorter  route  td  Japan. 

And  now  the  time  had  o  ae  when  the  discovery 
and  exploration  of  the  Missi:  (  "  '  !ie  French  could 
be  no  longer  delayed.     Louis  1  is  king  indeed, 

and  his  thrifty  and  sagacious  mini  "  uf  finance  and 
trade,  Colbert,  was  looking  after  all  the  royal  pos.sos- 
sions.  with  a  view  to  their  development  for  the  glory 
and  emoluments  of  France.  This  Jean  Bapti&te  Col- 
bi^'t,  the  woolen-draper's  apprentice  of  Roueii,  who 
became  Marquis  de  Seigiielay,  was  in  some  respects 
one  of  the  most  remarkable  men  of  his  age.  He 
purified  the  French  finances,  gave  his  king  a  navy  and 
an  income,  and  blessed  France  with  a  civil  code  and  a 
new  industrial  system.  He  reformed  and  reorganized 
the  colonies,  Canada  in  particular,  which  he  took  away 
from  the  monopoly  of  traders  and  put  under  the 
king's  government.  Colbert  sent  Talon  to  act  as 
intendant  in  New  France,  and  make  that  j)rovince  a 
factor  in  his  new  and  world-embracing  commercial 
policy.  He  encouraged  nn  extensive  immigration  into 
tlie  country  by  liberal  gifts  of  public  lands,  and  pro- 
moted in  every  way  the  discoveries  and  explorations 
made  by  the  Jesuits.  Talon,  under  Colbert's  orders, 
had  actually  experimented  in  the  diret.ion  of  edu- 
cating, civilizing,  and  giving  citizenship  to  the  In- 
dians; he  gave  active  and  intelligent  support  to  the 
development  of  every  form  of  industry,  particularly  to 
new  modes  of  agriculture,  the  exploration  of  mineral 
resources,  and  the  extension  of  the  colonies'  commer- 
cial relations.  He  fostered  the  whale  and  seal  fish- 
eries, and  promoted  the  exports  of  timber.  In  1688 
eleven  hundred  vessels  came  to  Quebec,  bringing  mer- 
chandise and  bearing  colonial  produce  away,  and  this 
vast  increase  of  trade  was  mainly  tiie  work  of  Col- 
bert and  his  colonial  right-hand  man,  Jean  Baptisto 
Talon,  Infcndnnt  i(>'  In  ,/iisliri',  /'ii/i<r,  it   Finaiicen 


en  f'anadfi,    a   man   of  indefatigable    industry   and 
zeal. 

Talon  organized  and  systematized  the  work  of  ex- 
ploration and  discovery  which  had  been  carried  so  far 
by  the  Jesuits,  giving  the  Fathers  civil  agents  to  ac- 
company them,  and  suggesting  particular  routes  to 
specially  qualified  parties.  He  sent  Po'rot  to  the  foot 
of  Lake  Michigan,  to  talk  with  the  Miamis,  and  call 
a  meeting  at  Sault  Ste.  Marie  of  representatives 
of  all  the  tribes  of  the  region  watered  by  the  head- 
waters of  the  Mississippi,  the  St.  Lawrence,  and 
the  Red  River  of  the  North.  He  selected  and  en- 
couraged the  intent  and  ardent  La  Salle  in  his  initial 
undertakings.  He  picked  out  Capt.  Poulet,  of  Dieppe, 
as  the  fit  man  to  verify  the  route  through  the  Straits 
of  Magellan,  and  finally  it  was  he  who  recommended 
Count  de  Frontenac  to  select  Joliet  for  the  companion 
of  Fatlier  Marquette  in  the  exploration  of  the  as  yet 
unseen  great  river  of  the  West.  Joliet  himself,  though 
a  fur-trader  now,  had  been  educated  in  the  Jesuit  col- 
lege at  Quebec  for  the  priesthood.  Rene  Robert  Cav- 
elier  la  Salle,  who  hated  and  feared  the  Jesuits,  had 
spent  his  youth  in  the  Jesuit  seminary  of  Rouen, 
where,  whether  he  intended  to  be  a  priest  or  not,  he 
had  performed  some  of  the  duties  of  a  teacher  of 
youth. 

The  voyage  of  Nicollet  to  Green  Bay  has  already 
been  alluded  to.  Nicollet  was  an  interpreter  and  colo- 
ni'.il  commis,sary,  who  came  to  Canada  in  1618,  and 
learned  to  speak  Algonkin  among  the  savages.  In 
1639  he  went  West  among  the  Winnebagoes  (Ouini- 
pagou),  "  a  peop'e  who  call  thcm.selves  so  because  //cy 
come  fni III  a  distnnt  sen,  but  whom  some  French  er- 
roneously called  Puants."  Nicollet  establis'ied  good 
relations  with  these  bands,  accompanied  them  on  their 
homeward  way,  explored  Green  Bay,  ascended  Fo.x 
River  to  its  portage,  crossed,  and  embarked  ou  a  river 
flowing  westward.  This  was  the  Wisconsin,  and  Ni- 
collet was  told  that,  should  he  descend  this  river  throe 
days  farther  than  the  place  where  he  stopped,  lie 
would  have  found  the  "  great  water,"  This,  which 
the  Indians  meant  for  the  Mississippi,  Nicollet  mis- 
took to  mean  the  Pacific  Ocean  or  a  branch  of  it. 
Indeed,  the  Gulf  of  California,  the  "  Vermilion  Sea," 
as  it  was  called,  was  thought  to  extend  northeastward 
in  this  direction,  and  tlie  dimensions  of  the  continent 
had  not  then  been  gues.sed.'  De  Gro.seilles,  in  lUr)*^, 
on  Loke  Superior,  heard  of  the  Mississippi  as  a  beau 
tiful  river,  large,  broad,  and  deep  as  the  St.  Lawrence 
It  was  discovered  that  Iroquois  war-parties,  embarking' 


'  Till'  fiictfl  as  givpii  by  Shon  and  Margry  are  oontainod  in  , 
the  Jesuit  RolittionR  of  1A:!1)-4,'<, 


TRACKS   OF   EXPLOITATION. 


27 


,le   industry   and 

1  the  work  of  ex- 
leen  carried  so  far 
3ivil  agents  to  ac- 
rtioular  routes  to 
P'rrot  to  the  foot 
1  Miainis,  and  call 
jf   representatives 
Bred  by  the  head- 
t.    Lawrence,  and 
5  selected  and  en- 
Salle  in  his  initial 
,  Poulet,  uf  Dieppe, 
throuj;li  the  Straits 
who  reconunended 
;  for  the  companion 
•iition  of  the  as  yet 
liet  himself,  thousih 
d  in  the  Jesuit  col- 
llone  Ilobert  Cav- 
jd  the  Jesuits,  had 
seminary  of  llouen, 
e  a  priest  or  not,  he 
ies  of  a  teacher  of 

en  Bay  has  already 
interpreter  and  cohi- 
liinada  in  1618,  and 
!<;  the  savages.     In 
innebagoes  (Ouini- 
slves  so  because  thi;i 
lorn  some  French  er 
lot  established  good 
unii'd  them  on  their 
l}iiy,  ascended   Fnx 
lembarked  on  a  rivir 
Wisconsin,  and  Ni- 
iend  this  river  throe 
lerc  he  stopped,  lie 
■ater."     This,  whicli 
Issippi,  Nicollet  mU- 
or  a  branch  of  it. 
le  "  Vermilion  Sea," 
xtend  northeastwiuil 
Ions  of  the  continent 
Groseilles,  in  lCr)S, 
Wississippi  as  a  bciiii 
las  the  St.  LnwreiKv. 
ir-parties,  embarkin;; 


lurgry  ftrc  oontaincil  in   1 


on  the  Allegheny,  descended  the  Ohio  and  ascended 
the  Mississippi  to  fight  their  old  enemies  the  Illinois, 
or  descended  to  trade  with  Spaniards  in  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.  Allouez,  learning  of  the  river,  conjectures 
that  it  empties  into  the  Chesapeake  or  Delaware  Bay 

"  the  sea  by  Virginia" — he  says.     He  hears  of  the 

Ilimouek  (Illinois  Indians)  and  the  Nadouessioueh 
(Sioux).  "  They  live  on  the  great  River  called  Mes- 
.sipi,"  he  says. 

Unfortunately,  just  at  this  point  in  the  narrative 
of  these  great  events,  we  are  brought  face  to  face  with 
11  keen  and  acrid  controversy,  which  is  just  as  bitter 
and  just  as  personal  and  vehement  as  the  quarrel,  two 
centuries  ago,  in  New  and  Old  France,  between  the 
iidherents  of  the  Jesuits  and  the  friends  of  Robert 
Cavolier  de  la  Salle.  We  refer  to  the  question  of  the 
real  first  explorers  of  the  Mis.sissippi  River  from  the 
waters  of  the  St.  Lawrence.  Both  parties,  perfectly 
honest  and  sincere  in  themselves,  have  resorted  to  the 
questionable  and  disagreeable  expedient  of  denying 
or  disputing  tlie  genuineness  and  authenticity  of  the 
iloeumentiiry  evidence  produced  by  their  opponents. 
The  difficulties  which  environ  the  misunderstanding 
arc  .still  further  complicated  by  the  fact  that  on  bot'i 
sides  of  the  controversy  there  are  forged  or  spurious 
documents,  relations  known  to  be  false,  and  pretentious 
claims  demonstrated  to  be  without  a  shadow  of  claim 
to  iredibility.  But,  as  it  is  not  proper  to  discredit 
what  Father  Hennepin  said  and  wrote  in  his  original 
journal,  because  ho  afterwards  claimed  what  was  abso- 
lutely false  and  demonstrably  absurd,  and  as  it  is  not 
just  to  reject  the  truths  in  La  Hontan's  narrative  be- 
cause he  has  mixed  up  fal.sehood  with  tiiem,  so  it  is 
not  just  nor  proper  to  reject  the  "  Jesuit  Relations" 
because  they  are  assailed  by  Le  Clere  and  do  not  agree 
with  the  La  Salle  documents  collected  so  industriously 
by  M.  I'ierre  Margry ;  nor,  on  the  other  hand,  to  re- 
ject M.  Margry's  documents  because  he  pretends  with 
tlii'm  to  confute  and  demolish  the  Jesuit  "  Relations." 
Tt  is  the  business  of  the  dispassionate  and  impartial 
historian  to  accept  and  report  all  evidence  on  both 
siiles  which  is  of  a  credible  and  reputable  sort,  and 
to  reject  none  until  it  has  been  proven  to  be  unworthy 
of  belief  Then,  when  the  evidence  is  all  in,  and  has 
been  clearly  and  fairly  stated,  the  balance  of  prob- 
ability can  be  brought  to  the  test.  This  course  will 
be  pursued  here  and  hereafter  throughout  these  dis- 
cussions. 

The"  Jesuit  Relations"  are  plain,  simple,  unadorned 
statements  of  the  progress  of  mission-work  and  explora- 
tion, published  as  received  from  year  to  year  between 
Hill  and  1673.  They  are  continuous  from  1632  to 
1072.     After  1673  the  permission  to  publish  them 


seems  to  have  been  revoked.  Their  honesty  has  been 
impeached  by  Le  Clerc  and  by  a  correspondent  of 
Antony  Arnauld.  But  Le  Clerc's  prejudices  and 
misstatements  have  been  clearly  proved,  and  M.  Ar- 
nauld's  friend  simply  charges  the  original  narratives 
with  having  been  garbled  after  they  reached  Paris  for 
publication.'  In  respect  to  the  events  preceding  the 
exploration  of  the  Mississippi  the  narratives  of  the 
"  Relations"  are  full,  clear,  simple,  and  coherent,  with 
that  intelligent,  logical  consecutiveness  and  depend- 
ence of  one  occurrence  upon  another  which  it  is  so 
difficult  to  counterfeit  in  a  spurious  or  fictitious  nar- 
rative. We  will  proceed  with  these  narratives  as 
they  are  given  in  abstract  by  Shea  in  his  satisfactory 
"  History  of  the  Discovery  of  the  ^Mississippi  River." 
The  Ottawa  mission  acquiring  importance,  Pere 
Dablon  was  sent  to  it  as  Superior  in  1668.  A  station 
was  selected  among  the  Illinois  Indians,  to  which 
Pore  Marquette  was  sent.  He  took  charge,  and  at 
once  commenced  the  study  of  the  dialect  of  the  Illi- 
nois Indians.  His  instructor,  an  Illinois  youth,  gave 
him  some  knowledge  of  the  course  of  the  Mississippi 
River,  and  from  the  youth  he  also  now  heard  of  the 
Missouri.  The  enthusiastic  young  Father  had  long 
before  planned  to  make  an  exploration  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, and  was  simply  waitinir  orders  to  undertake  it. 
He  now  writes,  "  If  the  Indians  who  promise  to 
make  me  a  canoe  do  not  break  their  word,  we  shall  go 
into  this  river  as  soon  as  we  can,  v.  .th  a  Frenchman 
and  this  young  man  given  me,  who  knows  some  of 
those  languages  and  has  a  readiness  for  learning 
others.  We  shall  visit  the  nations  that  inhabit  them 
in  order  to  open  the  passage  to  so  many  of  our  Fathers, 
who  have  long  awaited  this  happiness.  This  discov- 
ery will  give  us  a  complete  knowledge  of  the  Southern 
or  Westeri    Sea."- 

Pere  Allouez,  Nov.  3,  166?,  left  Sault  Ste.  Marie 
to  visit  Green  Bay,  spent  the  winter  preaching  to 
the  Winnebago  and  other  tribes,  and  in  April,  1670, 
ascended  Fox  River,  crossed  Winnebago  Lake,  and 
came  to  another  river,  flowing  out  of  "  a  wild-oat 
lake."  He  turned  up  the  river,  not  down,  being  in 
search  of  the  Outagamis  or  Fo.'v  Indians.  After  a 
season  among  them  he  descended  the  river  to  the 
town  of  the  Fire  Nations,  as  the  Hurons  called  them, 
the  Machcouteuch  (or  Mascoutens).  To  reach  this 
tribe  he  had  passed  on  to  the  headwaters  of  the  Wis- 
consin, "  a  beautiful  river,  running  southwest,  without 
any  rapids.  It  leads  to  the  great  river  named  Messi- 
sippi,  which  is  only  six  days'  sail  from  here." 


'  See  .riilin  fl.  SIioh'm  oilitlon  nnJ  tniiislation  of  I.c  Clero. 
-  Relations,  l(ititf-70. 


( 
t 


28 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Pere  Dabloii,  now  superior-general  of  the  Ciinnda 
missions,  intent  on  rencliiiii;  the  IMississippi,  accord- 
ing to  the  advices  and  instructions  of  Colbert  and 
Talon,  yet  hesitated  whether  the  route  by  the  Illinois 
or  that  by  the  Wisconsin  would  be  preferable.  There 
was  another  Indian  war,  in  which  the  terrible  Ir(i(|Uois 
conquered  again.  The  Ottawas  and  Ilurons  fled  before 
theiu,  and  JIarquette's  mission  was  broken  up.  lie 
went  with  the  Flurons  to  Mackinaw,  but  the  idea  of 
exploring  the  IMissis.sippi  still  tilled  his  mind.  Pere 
Dablon,  who  wrote  the  •' Ilelation"  of  1G70-71, 
published  in  connection  with  it  a  map  of  Lake  Supe- 
rior. In  his  description  of  it  he  makes  the  following 
reference  to  the  great  river; 

"To  the  south  flows  the  great  river,  which  they 
(the  Indians)  call  the  JUi^!<i»siji/ii.  and  which  can 
have  its  nidiith  only  in  the  Florida  Sea."  He 
adds,— 

••  I  ili'cm  it  prii|u'r  to  set  donii  hoio  nil  »c  linvr  liarned  iihoiit 
it.  It  seems  to  eneiicle  nil  imv  lake-,  rising  in  the  iiiirth  ami 
nmiiing  to  the  south,  till  it  eiiijities  in  a  ."en,  which  ive  take  to 
he  llic  lied  .-^ea  (Gulf'  i>f  r:ilil'iirnia  i,  or  that  of  Floiida.  as  ivc 
have  no  knowledge  of  any  :-Ce:it  rivers  in  those  parts  llowing 
into  those  <e:is.  Some  Indians  assure  us  that  this  river  is  so 
beauliful  that  moie  iliaii  thr"e  humlrcd  leagues  from  its  mouth 
it  is  larger  than  mat  'vl.  I'li  flows  '  ■  (^luidiee,  as  (hev  make  it 
univi'  than  a  league  wide.  'J  ney  say.  tiioieover,  that  nil  this  vast 
extent  of  eounlry  is  nothing  but  prairies,  without  trees  or  woods, 
which  obliges  the  inhabitants  of  those  parts  to  use  turf  and  sun- 
dried  dung  for  fuel,  till  you  come  about  twenty  league.s  from  the 
sea.  There  the  f<irests  begin  to  appear  again.  Some  warriors 
of  this  eounlry  ( .Maskoutens),  who  say  that  they  have  deseendeil 
that  far,  assure  us  that  they  saw  men  like  the  l-'reneh,  who  were 
splitting  trees  with  long  knives,  .«iune  of  whom  hail  their  bouse 
on  the  water;  thus  they  explained  their  meaning,  speaking  of 
sawed  )danks  i.nd  ships.  They  say,  besides,  that  all  along  this 
great  river  are  vari(uis  towns  of  different  nations,  langinii:es,  ami 
custtuns,  who  all  nnike  war  on  eaeh  other  ;  some  are  situated  on 
the  river  side,  but  most  of  them  inland,  continuing  thus  up  to 
the  nation  of  the  .Nadouessi,  who  are  seaflerecl  over  more  Ihan 
a  hundred  leagues  of  eounlry," 

It  is  evident  that  it  only  remained  now  t(i  make  an 
expliiration  of  a  river  iiboiit  which  everything  was  so 
distinctly  known,  not  only  to  the  Western  missionaries, 
but  to  the  traders  liki^wise.  Among  the  latter  wtis 
Joliet,  a  secular  of  the  Jesuits,  who  had  come  as  near 
to  the  river  as  Alioiicz  had,  and  whose  services  and 
u.sefulness  were  known  to  Talon.  The  intendant  had 
resigned  liis  post  and  was  about  to  sail  for  France, 
when  he  received  a  letter  from  Colbert,  on  June  l, 
1G72,  to  the  effect  that,  "  as  after  the  increase  of  the 
colony  there  is  nothing  mure  important  for  the  colony 
than  the  discovery  of  a  pa,s.sage  to  the  South  Sea,  His 
Majesty  wishes  you  to  give  it  your  iittention."  Talon 
at  once  recommended  Joliet  to  the  Governor,  Count 
Frontenac,  ns  a  proper  person  to  undertake  the  ex- 


jflorafion,'  "  He  is  a  man,"  wrote  the  Governor  to 
the  French  minister,  '•  thoroughly  versed  in  this  sort 
of  discovery,  and  who  has  already  been  in  the  vicinity 
of  this  great  river,  of  whidi  he  promi.se.s  to  discover 
the  embouchure.  We  shall  have  certain  news  of  it 
this  summer,  and  also  of  the  Lake  Superior  copper- 
mine,  to  which  we  have  sent  other  canoes,  although  I 
do  not  believe  tiiat  it  can  be  made  of  much  use  when 
discovered,  from  the  distance  iind  the  difficulties  of 
transportation  on  account  of  intervening  falls  and 
ra|)ids.''  - 

When  Joliet  showed  his  commission,  Father-Supe- 
rior Dablon  chose  iMarquette  to  accompany  him,  in- 
stead of  Allouez,  though  the  latter  wtis  more  familiar 
with  the  waters  west  of  Lake  Michigan,  But  Mar- 
quette's enthusiiisin,  his  studies  in  the  Indian  tongues, 
his  acfjuaintance  with  and  esteem  among  the  Illinois 
Indians,  and  his  obedient  and  Kiial  devotion  to  his 
order,  secured  him  the  appointment.'     Joliet  arrived 

'  Frontonnc  socins  to  have  known  Joliet  himself.  "  M. 
Talon,''  he  writes  to  Colbert  on  Nov.  2,  If»72,  "  n  itiiMni  juge 
e.xpi'dient  pour  le  service  d'envoyer  lo  sieur  .Toliet  a  la  deseou- 
verti'  de  la  nier  du  Sud.  jiar  le  pays  de*  .Mask<nitens  et  la  granib; 
riviere  iprilsappeih-nt  Mississipi,  qu'on  eroit  se  dcsehiirgio-  dans 
la  mer  de  Californie,"  'flic  word  *'«*(*«/"  would  seem  to  indi- 
cate that  Frontemie  likewise  was  aciptainted  with  Joliet's  good 
ipialifies, 

''this  letter — the  first  pari  of  it  at  least — which  is  withoul  date 
in  flu-  Margry  collection  i  vol,  i.  p,  o.">,'>'!,  is  <iuoted  liy  .Mr,  Shea 
from  the  .Memoir  of  I'rontenac,  X.  Y,  I'aris  ecdl.,  as  being  writ 
ten  in  1072,  November.  Hut  then  why  sbonlil  he  have  |)roniised 
news,  thin  Mitiiimi:r^  of  an  expedition  not  yet  startetl.  if  he  wrote 
in  Xoveinber  '/  The  letter  must  have  been  written  in  IfiT.'f,  after 
,loliet  had  gone  to  Join  Marquette,  and  before  the  exploring 
party  had  started,  or  before  news  of  the  start  liad  been  received 
by  l-'ronteiiac. 

■'  .Maniuelfe  was  a  remarkable  man:  not  less  fnun  his  piet,\, 
his  humility,  and  his  de\otion  to  rtdigion  than  for  his  abilities 
a.s  a  linguist  auil  u  fcaidier.  'I'he  Indians  loved  him  as  a 
brother,  while  they  venerated  him  as  a  being  of  supcrnatunil 
tjualities,  .Tacf|ues  Marquette  was  a  native  of  I.aon,  France, 
descendant  of  the  moat  ancient  family  of  the  placi',  who  had 
borne  its  highest  civic  honors  for  four  or  live  bundi'ed  years. 
Jaei|ues  Marquette  was  biu'ii  in  lli.'l",  bis  mother,  singularly 
enough,  being  Uose  de  la  Salle,  a  pious  anil  devoted  Catholic. 
lie  entered  the  ,resuit  schools  when  only  seventeen  years  old, 
anil  in  I6li(i  was  sent  to  Canada  as  a  missionary.  ImiuediBtel\ 
im  his  arrival  he  began  the  study  of  the  Montagnais  and 
Algonkin  Inilian  dialects,  with  the  purpose  of  connecting' 
himself  with  lh<'  Tailoussac  mission:  but  in  llil>8  he  was  or- 
dered to  join  the  iltlawa  mission,  and  he  forlliwith  proceedid 
to  Lake  ,Siiperior,  erecting  the  missionary  .station  of  Sault  Stc, 
Marie,  I'ere  Dablon  joineil  him  here,  and  they  built  a  cliurcli. 
.Marquette  bad  two  thousand  Indians  here  under  bis  care.  :i 
docile  race,  whom  ho  tried  to  teach  the  lesson  of  his  own  lilV 
**  learn  to  labor  and  to  wait,"  In  the  auttiinii  of  10110,  he  wa- 
sent  lo  the  (Jtfawa  Imlians,  taking  the  place  of  ,\lloue/,.  ll 
was  his  leading  ambition  to  have  a  mission  among  the  Illinoi- 
Indians  and  to  iliseover  the  Mississippi,  ami  these  things  he 
incessantly  prayed  fur.    He  made  ucquuintancc  with  wnnderiii;: 


I 


TRACKS  OF   EXPLORATION. 


29 


e  Governor  to 

led  in  t^i's  s^o'''- 
in  the  vicinity 
ises  to  discover 
tain  news  of  it 
uperior  coppcr- 
loes,  altliou!;U  I 
nincli  use  wlicn 
u'  difficulties  of 
sning   ndls   and 

,11,  Fatlicr-Supe- 
oiupany  li'vHi,  i"- 
lAS  more  faniiliar 
gan.     Hut  Mar- 
ti Indian  tongues, 
iiong  tlie  Illinois 
1  devotion  to  his 
,.^     Joliet  arrived 

ilift  liimsolf.  ''M. 
1()72,  "  "  """"''  J"'B'' 
ur  .Tolii-t  Ci  lii  ili'scou- 
skouti-ns  el  la  Brando 
.lit  so<lcselmiKoiilaii^ 
■•  w.inM  sei-m  l»  iiiJ'- 
t.Ml  Willi  Juliet's  8"'"' 

-nliiiOiiHwillwmt.latc 

^  ,,„ot>'.n'.v  Mr.  Shea 

■is  coll..  H!'  lii'inn  wri' 
„nl.lli«'liavi'liromiseil 

,.|  stiirl.^'l,  if  lie  wrote 

|„  wiillell  in  lOTii.  after 

l.rfore   tlie  exiilcirin^ 

llurl  lia.l  tieen  reeeive.l 

lot  les^  frnlii  l""  V'^"^^  • 
|,   tlian  for  lii:*  abilitie- 
„n<    loved    liim    »»    '^ 
lliein-  of  snl.crnatnnil 
litive  i.f  l.aon,  Vrane.', 
,f  i\ie  (ilaee.  wlio  Inul 
111-  five  linndrcd  year?. 
Iliiii   iiiollier,  ^insnlarlv 
liind  devoted  Crttliolie. 
-evenlcen   vears  ol.l. 
<i„nary.     lniniedialel> 
l\„.    Montaijniiis    ami 
lirposc     of    I'onneetin- 
1,1  in   ItlfiS  lie  «"K  '" 

lorlliwitli  iiroeeede.l 
■y  .■tation  of  Snult  .-^i'' 
Ind  tliey  bnilt  a  oliureli. 
Iimmo  under  liis  care,  a 
,.BBon  of  111*  »"»  '"'■■ 
ilnmn  "f  Kitlf.  he  wa- 
jiliiec  of  Alloiie/..     H 
lion  among  tlie  Illinoi- 
i,nd  tliese  tilings  li'' 
lintanec  with  wanderini; 


at  the  mission  of  St.  Ignatius  of  Michiliniackinac,  says 
Maniuette,  on  the  day  of  the  Iiuuiaeulate  Conception 
of  the  Holy  Virgin,  and  the  two  travelers  were  not 
long   in    preparing   their   simple   outfit.     They   had 

Illinoi?,  studieil  their  liingiiage  and  customs,  and  learned  of 
(hem  about  the  river  on  wliieh  aomo  of  their  villages  stood. 
He  eiinio  to  dream  of  the  seareh  for  Indian  nations  towards  the 
..ioulh  seas  "who  are  still  unknown  to  us,  and  to  teaeh  tlieni 
of  our  great  God  whom  they  have  hitherto  not  known."  Ho 
thirsted  for  danger,  toil,  and  hardshi|i,  and  niartynlom  did  not 
appal  him,  though  it  was  not  in  his  liumility  to  seek  il.  He 
look  it  as  a  happy  augury  that  .loliet  should  have  arrive!  with 
Ills  eommission  on  the  feast  of  tlio  Immaculate  Conception  of 
the  Virgin  JIary,  "  whom,"  he  said,  "  I  have  always  invoked 
since  my  coming  to  the  Ottawa  country,  in  order  to  ootaiu  of 
God  the  favor  of  beinf?  able  to  visit  the  nations  on  the  Mi.«sia- 
sippi  River."  On  his  return  from  the  great  exploration, Maniuetto 
wa.s  broken  ilown  in  health  by  a  .lyseutery.  lie  recovered  par- 
tially, and  engaged  at  oneo  in  other  active  and  fatiguing  mis- 
.sionary  work,  until  tiiially,  on  his  way  from  old  Kaskaskia,  on 
the  Illinois  River,  to  his  former  station  at  .Mackinaw,  ho  expired, 
on  the  eastern  shore  of  Lake  Michigan,  .May  18,  ICTJ.  f.ouia 
.loliel,  his  companion,  seems  to  have  been  a  Canadian  by  birth, 
eiliicatod  in  a  Jesuit  college  at  gucbee,  and  afterwards  engaged 
in  the  far  West  fur  trade.  Parkman  .says  his  father  was  a 
wagon-maker  of  Quebec,  and  that  Louis  was  born  there  in 
IIU.').  He  began  life  with  the  intention  of  joining  the  priest- 
hoo.l,  received  the  tonsure  and  the  minor  orders,  and  took  a 
distinguished  part  in  the  philosophical  disputations  of  his 
cla.«>.  When  he  abandoned  the  clerical  vocation,  be  was  sent 
liv  Talon  to  explore  the  Lake  Superior  copper  mines.  He  was 
hardy,  brave,  intelligent,  with  a  strong  mercantile  instinct,  am 
hiid  ni't  lost  favor  with  the  .Jesuits  by  renouncing  the  priest- 
h.iod.  After  his  return  from  the  .Mississippi,  Joliet  married  a 
fur-trndcr's  daughter,  made  a  journey  to  Hud.son's  Hay,  and 
received  afterwards  a  grant  of  the  island  of  Antifosti,  where 
he  establislieil  himself,  engaging  in  the  tisheriea  and  surveying 
anil  making  maps.  The  English  burnt  his  place  on  Antioosti 
and  took  his  wife  prisoner  in  ItilM).  He  was  afterwards  royal 
pilot  for  the  St.  Lawrence  and  hydrographer  at  tiuebee,  ilying 
poor  about  17(10.  Mari|ue(te's  map  and  his  simple  narradves 
are  all  that  ho  left.  Ho  sought  no  reward  ;  his  tender  piety 
and  unselfish  devotion  have  embalmed  his  memory,  and  the 
Indians  have  fancied  miracles  in  connection  with  his  totnb. 
Two  years  after  his  ileath,  says  .Mr.  .Shea,  in  a  commemorative 
iiddiess  at  SI.  Louis  in  1S7S,  his  Ottawa  Indians,  passing  that 
Wiiy,  took  up  his  body,  cleansed  the  bones,  and,  putting  them 
in  a  box  of  bark,  conveyeil  theiu  to  Point  St.  Ignace,  where 
they  worn  with  solemn  rite  deposited  in  a  lidle  vault  in  the 
middle  of  the  church.  This  eililiec  was  burned  down  in  1700, 
and  In  lime  all  trace  of  the  site  and  of  JIar.iuette's  tomb  was 
lost,  till  last  year,  when  llie  Rev.  Kdward  Jacker  discovered 
anil  idenlilied  both,  but  only  to  find  that  the  tomb  had  been 
rilled,  evidently  by  some  Indian  medicine  man,  who  wished 
the  bonos  of  the  great  priest  as  a  magical  power.  The  lein- 
raiit"  of  the  bo.x  and  some  fraginenia  »(  bonca  were  piously 
gathered,  to  he  placed  under  a  monument  in  his  honor.  The 
fiuiiily  of  .Marquette  still  exists  in  I'rance,  proud  of  one  who 
,  aildid  such  lustre  to  their  name.  The  ilescendaiits  of  .Ldiet 
haw  filled  many  places  of  honor  in  Canada  down  to  our  day 
1  belli  in  rluiivh  and  State,  and  at  this  very  moment  the  arch- 
Ibisliop  of  the  ancient  see  of  t^iebec  and  the  archbishop  of  St. 
iBoiiilaio  in  .Manitoba  claim  descent  from  Louis  Joliel.  Ciutes 
|«n<e  pushed  his  way  to  the  carriage  of  Charles  V.,  and  when 


gathered  all  the  information  they  could  get  of  the 
Indians  and  drawn  up  a  map  on  the  basis  of  it.  They 
provided  themselves  with  two  bark  canoes,  and  Indian 
corn  and  some  dried  meat  was  their  whole  stock  of 
provisions.  They  had  five  men  besides  themselves, 
'■  firmly  resolved  to  do  all  and  suffer  all  for  so  gloriou.s 
an  enterprise."  "  It  was,"  said  Marquette,  in  his  sim- 
ple journal,  "  on  the  17th  of  May,  1G73,  that  we 
8tart«-.d  for  the  missions  of  St.  Ignace.  Our  joy  at 
l>ein),  chosen  for  tliis  expeditiott  roused  our  courage 
and  sweetened  the  labor  of  rowing  from  morning  till 
night.  As  we  were  going  to  seek  unknown  countries, 
we  took  all  possible  precautions,  that,  if  our  enterprise 
was  hazardous,  it  should  not  be  foolhardy ;  .  .  .  above 
all,  I  put  our  voyage  under  the  protection  of  the 
Blessed  Virgin  Immaculate,  promising  her  that  if  she 
did  us  the  grace  to  discover  the  great  river,  I  would 
give  it  the  name  of  Conception  ;  and  that  I  would 
also  give  that  name  to  tlic  first  mission  which  1  should 
establish  among  these  new  nations,  as  I  have  actually 
done  among  the  Illinois." 

The  travelers  soon  came  to  the  village  of  the  Me- 
nominee or  Wild  Rice  Indians,  and  from  thence  to 
Green  Bay.  They  entered  tlie  Fox  River,  made  the 
difficult  passage  beyond,  crossed  Lake  Winnebago,  and 
on  June  7th  reached  the  town  of  the  Mascoutins  and 
Miamis.  Thence  to  the  Wisconsin  River,  gliding  down 
the  tranquil  stream  through  vines  and  beds  of  wild  rice, 
until,  on  June  17th,  they  reached  the  bluff's  of  Prairie 
du  Chien,  and,  as  Marquette  says,  safely  enterc'.  tlie 
iNIississippi  "  with  a  joy  that  I  cannot  express."  Mar- 
quette describes  the  river  with  a  few  simple  touches 
which  are  very  effective.  Its  current  "  is  slow  and 
gentle;"  it  is  in  many  places  "studded  with  islands;" 
"  on  sounding,  we  have  found  ten  fathoms  of  water ; 
its  breadth  is  very  unequal ;  it  is  sometimes  three- 
quarters  of  a  league,  and  sometimes  narrows  to  tliree 
arpeiifs  (two  hundred  and  twenty  yards)."  "  We 
gently  follow  its  course,  which  bears  .south  and  south- 

the  emperor. king  haughtily  demande<l,  "  Who  are  you?"  tho 
coiniueror  of  ^Icxico  replied  as  lianglilily,  "One  who  gave  you 
more  kingdoms  than  your  nmreslor  left  you  provinces."  Mar- 
iinello  and  Jidiet,  ignored  by  Louis  XIV.,  might,  amid  the  gay 
circle  of  his  courtiers,  have  lold  him  the  same.  Their  peaceful 
conijuest  gave  into  ilio  grasp  of  Friinci'  the  two  great  river 
systems  of  Niuth  .America,  the  St.  Lawrence  and  .Mississippi. 
In  the  valley  of  the  .Mississippi  alone,  the  loveliest,  richest, 
and  most  wonderful  on  earth,  they  g  .e  I'rame  what,  had  she 
known  how  to  use  it,  would  have  made  her  the  mighliest  and 
ha|ipiest  of  niitions.  No  otlier  river  on  earth  traverses,  like 
the  Mississippi,  every  variety  of  cliniale  ;  no  other  valley  is  so 
evenly  watered,  so  rich  in  gold,  silver,  lead,  iron,  and  coal; 
none  has  a  more  fertile  soil,  scenery  more  grand  and  pictur- 
rcsiiue,  none  greater  advantage  for  cuiiiiiierce.  Vet  Franco 
overlooked  all  this. 


30 


HISTORY    OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


eust,  till  the  forty-second  degree.  Here  we  perceive 
that  the  whole  face  is  chunged ;  there  is  now  almost 
no  wood  or  mountain,  the  islands  are  more  beautiful 
and  covered  with  finer  trees ;  we  see  nothing  but  deer 
and  moose,  bustards  and  wingless  swans,  for  they  shed 
their  plumes  in  this  country."  Monstrous  fish,  fish 
of  strange  shape  and  design,  are  encountered ;  wild 
tuj'keys  perch  among  the  trees,  wild  cattle  (bisons) 
come  to  the  river-shoro  to  drink.  Everything  is  new 
and  strange  in  this  untraveled  wilderne.ss,  and  no  hu- 
man beings  were  seen  in  a  traverse  of  a  hundred 
leagues.  At  last,  on  June  25th,  footprints  of  men 
are  seen,  a  beaten  path.  The  two  explorers  leave  their 
canoes  with  the  people  and  follow  the  path  on  foot  with 
beating  hearts.  A  village  is  seen  on  the  bluff;  "then 
indeed  we  recommended  ourselves  to  God,  with  all  our 
hearts,"  yet  pursued  the  path  undiscovered  till  they 
could  hear  the  Indians  talking.  The  brave  adventurers 
shoutod,  the  Indians  rushed  out,  the  peace-pipe  was 
held  aloft  on  both  siilos.  "  Illinois,"  said  the  savages, 
and  took  the  voyagers  to  their  village,  where  a  venera- 
ble sachem,  standing  naked  in  the  doorway  of  his  cabin, 
with  uplifted  hands,  extended  to  them  a  welcome  which 
reads  like  a  verse  from  the  Odyssey.  "  How  beautiful 
is  the  sun,  O  Frenchman,"  said  he,  making  believe, 
with  com[)limentary  finesse,  to  shade  his  eyes,  "  when 
thou  coniest  to  visit  us !  All  our  town  awaits  thee, 
and  thou  shall  enter  all  our  cabins  in  peace." 

We  will  not  closely  pursue  Marquette's  narrative, 
which  fiows  along  throughout  in  this  simple  and  beau- 
tiful style,  the  original  being  more  naive  and  charming 
than  can  be  reproduced  in  any  translation.'  Tiie  next 
day  the  voyagers  proceeded  on  their  way,  promising  to 
return  in  four  moons,  and  escorted  to  the  river-bank  by 
a  regiment  of  spectators.  They  .soon  came  to  the  mouth 
of  the  Missouri  River  (the  I'ckihnwiti,  or  muddy  river, 
as  Marquette  calls  it),  having  passed  the  Painted  Uocks, 
the  description  of  which  was  afterwards  challenged  by 
Hennepin.     These  pictured  monsters  frightened  Mar- 


I  For  exnmple,  the  sachem's  foriniil  xpeech  of  wolcomo: 
"  Quiind  ji';u  tiny  mon  discoiir,  If  capitiiinc  .«e  lovii,  ot  tenant 
le  main  aur  la  teste  J'un  petit  esilav  o  qu'll  nous  voulciit  donnei' 
il  ])arlii  iiin^i.  '  .le  te  renieri^ie,  Robe  Xoire,  ot  toy  I'ranyois 
Is'aiiilie.^aant  a  M.  .lollyet)  ilo  ce  i|uc  voua  prcncz  tanl  ile  peine 
pour  iioua  veiiir  visiter, — ^jamais  la  terro  n'a  esto  si  belle  ny  le 
solcil  «i  lelatant  i|ii'aujourillini ;  jamais  nutro  riviere  n'a  cste 
si  calnie,  n'y  .-li  iiette  tie  roehors  (|Ue  vos  eanotz  unt  enluvee^  en 
passant,  janiai:^  no-Ire  petun  n'a  en  si  Don  Kout,  ni  noa  bloils 
n'ont  parn  si  beau  qne  nous  lea  voions  niiiintcnant.  Voiuy  luon 
Ills,  (jue  jo  te  iloiine  pour  to  fnire  eonnuistro  mon  C(«ur,  jo  to 
prie  il'avoir  pitie  ile  moy  et  ile  touto  ma  nation,  c'est  toy  (|ui 
oonnoist  la  (Jraml  Qenic  ((ui  nois  a  lous  I'aits,  e'cal  toy  qui  luy 
parle  et  '|uy  cscouto  "ft  parole,  licmande  luy  qu'il  mo  donne  la 
vie  et  !a  sante  et  vient  demeurer  avee  nous,  pour  nous  le  lairo 
connoistre,"  ete. 


quctte's  followers,  and  they  were  still  talking  about 
them,  "  sailing  gently  down  a  beautiful,  still,  clear 
water,  when  wo  heard  the  noise  of  a  rapid  into  which 
we  were  about  to  fall.  I  have  seen  nothing  more 
frightful ;  a  mass  of  large  trees,  entire,  with  branches, 
real  floating  islands,  came  rushing  from  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Pekitanoui,  so  impetuously  that  we  could 
not,  without  great  danger,  expose  ourselves  to  pass 
across.  The  agitation  was  so  great  that  the  water  was 
all  muddy  and  could  not  get  clear."  Marquette's  chief 
thought,  however,  was  whether  he  could  not,  by  ascend- 
ing this  river,  make  the  discovery  of  the  Ked  or  Cali- 
fornia Sea.  "  I  do  not  despair  of  one  day  making  the 
discovery,"  he  says,  "  if  God  does  mo  this  favor  and 
grants  me  health,  in  order  to  be  able  to  publish  the 
gospel  to  all  the  nations  of  this  New  World,  who  have 
so  long  been  plunged  in  heathen  darkness."  Neither 
of  the  explorers  could  dream  that  just  below  this 
point  of  the  Mi.ssouri's  debouch,  with  "  its  dangerous 
rapid,"  from  which  they  were  so  eager  to  escape,  a 
great  city  would  be  built,  the  population  of  which 
would  in  two  hundred  years  exceed  the  number  of  all 
the  Indians  whom  Marquette  sought  to  convert,  whori' 
his  name  would  be  the  theme  of  even  the  .schoolboy's 
lips,  and  the  day  of  his  discovery  be  kept  as  a  fes- 
tival, 

From  the  site  of  St.  Louis  the  adventurers  still  do 
scended,  pa.ssing  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  which  they 
knew  as  the  Ouaboukigou  (Ouabache — Wabashj,  froTii 
the  lower  tributary  of  that  stream.     They  found  heiv 
the  Chawanons,  or  Shawnees,  Indians,  who  had  thirty- 
eight  contiguous  villages,  Marquette  reports,  but  were 
not  warlike.      The  banks  of  the  river  now  became 
clothed  with  cane-brakes,  and  the   missionary  fouii'l 
the  mosquitoes,  which  had  not  troubled  him  before' 
beginning  to  swarm.     "  We  now,  as  it  were,  entereil 
their  country,"  he  says  ;  and  the  voyager  who  entor.- 
there,  as  experience  proves,  must  leave  all   hope  nl' 
sleep  behind.     The  Indians  procured  sleep  by  pa.ssin^' 
their  nights  on   a  scaffold  of  poles  erected  above  a 
smudge  fire.     Indians  encountered  in  the  Chicka.suw 
country  assured  the  travelers  that  they  were  not  moro 
than  ten  days'  distance  from  the  sea,  but  they  did  nni 
attempt  to  reach   it.     The  Indians   were  hostile  ui 
treacherous.     In  descending  to  the  mouth  of  the  Ai 
kansas  they  had  secured  proof  that  the  Mississiji]! 
flowed  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  and  not  into  the  At- 
lantic Ocean  or  the  Gulf  of  California,  and  they  feaicil 
if  they  descended  farther,  they  would   fall  into  tin 
hands  of  the  Spaniards,  be  made  prisoners,  and  Ihm 
the  fruits  of  their  voyage.     So  they  turned  the  prdw- 
of  their  canoes  up  the  river,  retracing  their  eoui> 
until  they  reached  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  lliver, 


I  talking  about 
iful,  still,  clear 
•apiU  into  which 
,  nothing  more 
>,  with  brunches, 
)m  the  mouth  of 
y  that  we  could 
)ur8elve»  to  pass 
lat  the  water  was 
Marquette's  chief 
ildnot.byascend- 
•  the  Ked  or  Call- 
e  day  making  the 
ne  this  favor  and 
ble  to  publish  the 
r  World,  who  have 
rkness."     Neither 
,t  just  below  this 
ith  "  its  dangerous 
eager  to  escape,  a 
ipulation  of  which 
1  the  number  of  all 
It  to  convert,  when' 
ven  the  schoolboy's 
yr  be  kept  as  a  fes- 

ad venturers  still  do 
le  Ohio,  which  they 
.1,0— Wabash),  from 
They  found  hen' 
ans,  who  had  thirty- 
:te  reports,  but  were 
river  now  becanu^ 
|e  missionary  fouu'l 
[roubled  him  beforo. 
,  as  it  were,  entereil 
voyager  who  enters 
it  leave  all   hope  d' 
[red  sleep  by  passiiii: 
,les  erected  above  ;i 
•d  in  the  Chickasaw 
they  were  not  moio 
[sea,  but  they  did  ii"i 
fins  were  hostile  m 
lie  mouth  of  the  Ai 
[that  the  Mississiiii'i 
laud  not  into  the  At- 
[rnia,  and  they  fearcl. 
would   fall  into  tln' 
c  prisoners,  and  l-'^ 
hey  turned  the  prow* 
"tracing  their  coins.' 
the  Illinois  Kivor, 


^^ 


TRACKS  OF   EXPLORATION. 


81 


and  by  it  and  the  portage  and  Cliicajro  River  came 
again  to  Lalie  Mioliigan,  passing  by  the  Indian  town 
of  Kasiiaskia,  wiiich  iMr.  Parkman  places  witii  such 
accuracy  about  seven  miles  from  the  town  of  Ottawa, 
Illinuis.  At  the  end  of  September  tliey  reached 
Green  Bay,  having  been  gone  four  m<inths  and  pad- 
dled their  canoes  over  twenty-five  hundred  miles. 

Marquette's  journals  and  map,  the  sole  record  of 
this  most  interesting  and  momentous  voyage,  were  not 
i  treated  as  they  deserved  to  be.     lie  prepared  hi.s  ac- 
count and  transmitted  it  at  once  to  his  superior,  Father 
Dablon,  who  forwarded  it,  with  a  preface,  to  Frontenao, 
by  whom  it  was  sent  to  Europe.    But  it  was  not  pub- 
lished by  the  French  government,  and  did  not  see  the 
light  until  printed  imperfectly  in  1681  by  Thevenot 
in  his  "  llecueil  de  Voyages,'  but  with  a  map  dift'erent 
from   that    of   Mar(|uette's,    which    accompanies   his 
"  Relation."     This  map  of  Thevenot's  may  be  a  rc- 
I  production  of  tiiu  one  drawn   for  Count  Frontenac 
[from  memory  by  Joliet.       A   copy  of  Marquette's 
{"Relation"  and  map,  however,  with  Dublon's  intro- 
Iduction,  was  preserved  in  the  archives  of  the  Jesuit 
loollcge  in  Quebec     It  was  practically  unknown,  for 
■even   Charlevoix  did  not  see  it,  and  it  was   finally 
tinearthed  to  be  published  by  B.   F.  French  in  the 
[iOuLsiana  Historical  Collections,  and  given,  original 
ktnd   translation,   with    much   supi)lementary    matter 
knd  learned  illustration,  by  Mr.   J.    G.  Shea   in  his 
kxccUent  volume  on   "The  Discovery  of  the  Missis- 
pinpi  River.'" 

Joliet,  after  taking  leave  of  Pere  Marquette,  pro- 
eeded  to  Quebec,  to  communicate  the  results  of  his 
discoveries  to  Count  Frontenac.  At  the  foot  of  the 
Irapids  of  Lachinc,  at  Montreal,  his  canoe  was  upset, 
atwo  of  his  men  and  an  Indian  boy  were  drowned,  and 
athc  explorer  barely  saved  liis  own  life.  His  journal, 
his  map,  and  all  his  papers  were  lost.  "  Nothing  re- 
aains  to  me  now  but  my  life,"  be  wrote  to  Frontenac, 
I'  and  the  ardent  desire  to  employ  it  on  any  service  you 
nay  direct."  But  Frontenac  himself  reported  Joliet's 
return,  and  the  discovery  made  by  him  and  Marquette, 
|u  a  letter  to  Colbert  dated  Nov.  11,  1674.'- 

"  Tlio  .*iour  .loliut,"  111!  writes,  "  whom  Mr.  Tulun  aJviseil  mo 
si'iiil  to  the  ilii'eovury  of  the  .*oulh  Sea  when  I  came  from 
trftiiee,  retiinieil  from  there  throe  iitoiiths  ago,  and  lui.s  iliseov- 
■reil  stiiiie  fine  countriea,  with  a  na\'i^atton  so  easy  bv  beautiful 
Jivrs,  lliat  ho  has  found  from  I.alio  Ontario  and  F(  ct  Frontenao 
■ne  limy  j;o  iiy  vcuKol  elcar  to  the  liulf  of  Mexioo,  having  but 
Idr  {"ii'tiigo  to  inako  between  I. altos  Ontario  and  Krie,  about 
jvlf  :i  league  long,  ami  whore  a  |io»t  may  be  set  i  p  and  another 
Bwsel  be  eiiiploycd  on  l.ako  Krie. 

*  Tlie  MS.  was  reprinted  by  Mr.  Lenox  undor  the  direction 
'  Jlr.  ."^hoa,  says  I'arknian. 
\*  .Marbiy,  vol.  i.  p.  257. 


"These  arc  projects  to  work  upiir  when  peace  is  well  ostsb- 
lislicd,  and  the  king  shall  please  to  push  llioae  discoveries. 

"  He  hafl  been  within  ten  ilays'  distance  of  the  tJiilf  of  .Mexico, 
and  boliovoa  that  by  the  rivers  wliich  from  the  west  fall  into 
thu  great  river  which  ho  found,  and  which  tlowa  from  north  to 
south,  and  which  is  as  large  aa  the  Kt.  Lawrence  at  (Quebec,  we 
may  fliid  communications  loading  into  the  Vermilion  .^ea  and 
I'alifiirnin. 

"  t  send  you  by  my  aocretary  the  chart  which  lie  haa  uiade 
of  it,  and  the  rjmarka  ho  has  been  able  to  rcTiicmber  concern- 
ing it,  having  lost  all  his  papers  and  journal  "  shipwreck 
that  overturned  him  within  siglit  of  Montreal,  ulicro  he  ex- 
pected to  bo  drowned  after  hiiving  made  a  voyage  of  twelve 
hundred  leagues,  and  lost  all  his  papers  and  a  little  saviigo 
whom  he  brought  from  those  regions,  which  I  greatly  regret. 

"  He  had  left  at  l.ako  .'Superior,  at  ."^ault  8tc.  .Marie,  among 
the  Fathers,  copies  of  hia  journals,  which  we  cannot  obtain  before 
next  year,  through  which  you  will  learn  with  more  particularity 
about  the  discovery,  in  which  ho  bus  acipiitteil  himself  very 
well." 

The  fragmentary  report  of  Joliet,  which  accompanied 
his  map  as  a  sort  of  marginal  comment,  completes  the 
history  of  this  successful  exploration,  which,  however, 
was  never  turned  to  any  useful  purpose  by  the  Cana- 
dians or  the  imperial  government.  Mar((uette  died 
and  was  forgotten,  except  among  the  Indians.'' 

Marquette  was  the  .saint,  his  pa.ssions  subdued  and 
his  soul  as  brave  as  it  was  tranquil.  La  Salle  was 
the  sinner,  proud,  haughty,  ambitious,  scheming  high 
schemes,  and  sacrificing  others  aa  readily  as  be  immo- 
lated himself  in  the  pursuit  of  his  great  and  some- 
times nebulous  enterprises.  But  Mr.  Shea  is  trans- 
parently unjust  in  the  comparison  he  makes  between 
the  two  men.  There  is  no  evidence  that  La  Salle  wim 
sordid  or  grasping,  and  he  does  not  deserve  the  sneer 
at  "  tlie  aristocrat  trying  to  be  a  merchant ;  courtier 
aspiring  to  rule,  eager  for  a  title,  but  with  no  idea 
of  founding  a  state  with  the  whole  valley  of  the 
Mississippi  in  his  hand.''  *  He  was  an  adventurer  ; 
but  so  were  Columbus  and  Balboa,  Raleigh  and 
Drake.  He  was,  if  Mr.  Shea  will  have  it  so,  "  a 
buccaneer ; "  but  after  the  order  of  Cortes  and  De 
Soto,  not  after  tliat  of  Morgan  and  Capt.  Kyd.  Abbi- 
Raynal  said,  "  New  France  had  among  its  people  a 
Norman  named  Robert  Cavelier  de  La  Salle,  a  man 
inspired  with  the  double  passion  of  amassing  a  large 
fortune  and  gaining  an  illustrious  name.     This  person 

'  Mention  ha»  '  i  >  i"ade  of  the  veneration  in  which  he  and 
his  name  were  held  among  the  tribes.  Ho  once  preached  to 
two  thousand  warriors,  and  his  intiuence  with  tlio  Illinois 
Indians  was  very  great,  ilnce,  being  at  war  witli  the  Miamis, 
they  came  to  beg  him  for  amnuinition.  *'  I  have  come  among 
yon,"  he  calmly  replied,  "  not  to  aid  you  to  destroy  your  ene- 
mies' bodiea,  but  to  help  you  to  save  your  o«  n  aonls.  Gunpow- 
der I  cannot  give  you,  but  my  prayers  you  can  have  for  your 
conversion  to  that  religion  which  gives  glory  to  God  in  the 
highest,  and  on  earth  peace  to  all  men." 

*  .\ddrcsa  at  the  Maniucttc  celebration,  St.  Louis,  1878. 


'  i 


82 


lIiaTOllY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


had  iiuijuircd  under  tlio  truiniii);  of  tlin  Jesiiitx,  nmon^ 
wlioiu  IiIh  youth  WHH  piiswd,  activity,  eiithiiHiiiHin, 
firiiiiiCMSut'  charactur,  and  hi);h-lioartediios8, — i|iialitioM 
which  that  celebrated  eonCralcriiity  knew  so  well  how 
to  discern  and  cultivate  in  |irouiisini;  natures  couimit- 
ted  to  their  care.  Their  most  audacious  and  enter- 
prisini;  pupil,  La  Salle,  was  (Wpeeially  impatient  to 
seize  every  occasion  that  chance  presented  for  dis- 
tinguishiuf;  liiinself,  and  ready  to  create  such  oppor- 
tunities if  none  occurred."  This  is  true,  as  far  as  it 
goes ;  but  the  trouble  with  La  Salle  was,  not  that 
he  was  trained  and 
moulded  by  the  Jes- 
uit discipline,  but 
that  hia  impetuous 
and  imperious  na- 
ture refused  to  sub- 
mit to  any  discipline, 
any  curb,  even  of  his 
own  experience,  sor- 
row and  suffering. 
His  rule  of  life  was 
that  of  Marius : 

"Si     fracliis    illabatur 
orliis 
Iinjiiivi<li)iii       fei-ieitt 
iiiinii.'." 

'•  Under  the  press- 
ure of  all  his  misfor- 
tunes," said  one  of 
the  missionaries, 
who  was  companion 
of  his  wanderings, 
"  I  have  never  re- 
marked the  least 
change  in  him  ;  no 
ill  news  seemed  to 
disturb  his  usual 
cijuuniniity ;  they 
seemed  rather  t  o 
spur  him  on  to  fresh 
efforts  to  retrieve  his  fortunes,  and  to  make  greater 
discoveries  tluiii  he  had  yea  effected.''  Such  a  man 
was  no  charlatan,  but  a  hero. 

'  Ilriii'-Ilobeit  Ciivdiur,  .""ii'iii-  ilo  liv  .■^iillc,  wns  liuin  in 
Rouon,  uC  nn  old  nwl  ricii  burgtit^r  riiniily,  in  wliicli  :it  une 
tinio  v/ns  an  estiite  linuvvn  it."  Lu  .'^allc.  Tlie  iliite  uf  Itis  l)irtli 
was  Xuv.  22,  ir>4H.  ilis  latlitir  antl  iiiiolu  were  licli  niurulnints ; 
bis  brutlior  wo.s  a  ,'^ulpiuiun  al>lir:  tlie  family  had  jilonly  of 
money.  Robert  received  a  good  education;  heconnectrd  him- 
self with  tliu  Jesuits,  tauglil  in  their  "chools,  but  could  not  yield  ; 
liim!jelf  to  their  ei'u>liin^  di.-cipline.  ile  lost  tiis  inlujrilance 
by, joining  the  .tcsnit.'^,  and  wlien  Ile  left  the  order  lie  ijuilod 
for  Canada,  in  Hitifi,  to  ..^irek  lii.'^  fortune,  'i'iio  .Sulpieians  of 
Montreal  ),'ave  him  a  grant  id'  lanil  iit  [.aeliiiic  to  cultivate,  and 


(  AVKI.IKll    111:   I.A    S.\I,1,K. 


Again,  Manpiette's  discovery  was  the  single  key 
.stone  act  of  a  series  of  discoveries  all  li'adiiig  up  to 
one  point.     That  point — the  test  ease  in  the  grca^ 

liold  aK  an  out|io>t  ngainxt  the  [roiiuolx.  ile  set  u|i  a  neigniui  > 
and  built  a  village  and  sloekade,  .stiiilying  the  Inilian  tungii 
and  tile  unnililions  of  the  fur  traile.  The  Indians  nlio  visitel 
liim  tidil  of  iirilrateled  lands  and  unnavigated  rivers  outside,  i 
I'anaila  :  he  heiird  of  the  Ohio,  whieli  name  the  Iroquidii  elaiuii  I 
to  belong  l»  one  great  river  extending  all  tlio  way  to  the  (lulf 
of  ,\Ie.xieo.  Ilesoui;l><  a  route  In  China;  perhaps  he  niigbt  llnl 
it  ill  Ibis  way.  Ile  wi'iit  to  (iuebce,  saw  liovernor  and  inlendaii', 
won  them  to  hit   plans,  Sfdd   bis  seigniory,  litleil  out  a  iiart\, 

ineliiiling  some  Sulpi- 
dans,  and  started  out 
for  tlie  Ohiu.  At  lli.i 
head  of  Lake  niilarin 
the  party  met  .lidiii, 
just  returned  from  .1 
futile  attempt  to  rca<  h 
l.aku  Superior;  they 
took  Joliet  fur  thiir 
guide  to  the  Illinoi-, 
and  I. a  Salle  left  them. 
Ile  had  started  tu  go  Im 
the  l.)hio.  La  Salle,  In. 
journals,  maps,  etc.,  now 
fall  into  mist  fur  tvi., 
years  ;  there  is  no  reeni.l 
of  what  bo  did  ur  -uw 
between  ICIl'J  and  lliTI. 
except  the  record  wliii'li 
M.  iMargry  has  lor- 
nislied,  the  unpiiblisliiil 
llisloire  de  .M.  le  In 
Salle,  by  a  tbiril  person, 
anonymous,  who  pre- 
tends to  give  the  ic- 
siilts  of  ten  or  twelvf 
eonversalions  with  l,;i 
Salle  in  Paris.  flii- 
lliird  person  will  biu.' 
it  that  in  these  (» 
year.s  La  Salle,  aliiio-' 
alone,  deserted  by  ii;- 
people,  explored  t  h  ■■ 
Ohio  from  its  Allegh:iiiy 
headwaters  to  the  tail- 
or toCairo  uiid  the  -Mt- 
sissippi,  and  deseeinli  i 
also  the  Illinois  to  tiie  .Mississippi,  whieli  stream  be  folloivi'  1  ■ 
I  he  thirty -sixth  parallel  of  latitude,— that  is  to  say,  from  .Ml  ;, 
Illinois,  to  lielow  the  bliilTs  of  Columbus,  Kentueky.  We  \ia\,  _, 
the  evi.lenee,  however,  IVoiu  his  own  band  and  that  of  .l"lit-  i* 
also,  bis  rival,  that  Ln  Salle  did  discover  ami  explore  & 
Ohio. 

La  Siillc,  when  he  returned  from  the  wilderne.'s,  had  gn  ii 
plans.  They  needed  mucli  money  to  aeeoinplish  them.  ll( 
went  to  Quebec,  saw  the  merebaiits.  saw  Frontenae,  and  tau;li: 
him  the  seerels  of  the  fur  trade,  in  whieli  the  (iovernor  wi.lnl 
to  engage  a  little  himself.  In  Hi74  La  Salle  went  to  Fraiii* I 
with  strong  letters  from  Knnitenae  :  he  was  well  reeeiwdn; 
court,  secured  a  patent  of  nobility  and  the  seigniory  of  I'.ir: 
Frontenae,  and  got  large  advances  of  money  from  his  fiuiiil 
to  promote  bis  adventures  in  the  fur  trade.  In  1677  he  wu..'  ir  i 
France  again  ;  new  comniissions ;  now  loans  ;  expluration  ot'th-  < 


TRACKS  OF  PJXPLOn.VTIOX. 


as 


8  the  mn^lo  key 
all  Iwuliiin  up  tu 
case  in  tliu  greiu 

llu  nd  ii|i  11  Joiniiiui.v 
IK  till'  IikIIiiii  tuiiKH  ' 
u  lnllilUl^'  ttlm  vi-iitiM 

Untl'll  riviTS  nlllMiilll  ■■> 

intliis  Irnfiunlsoliiiiiii  1 
II  tlin  wiiy  to  llio  (lull' 
pcrliaiis  111'  niinlit  liirl 
ivctnor  mill  iiileiicliin'. 
y.  litli'il  "lit  n  i)i"''>. 
iii!liiiliiiK   '""10   r*ul|"- 
iiiim,  mill   Kturtoil   imi 
or    tli«   Oliiu.     At  lliii 
leiul   of    I-iiko  OnliiriM 
ho    [iiirty    met    Joli't, 
U9t    ri'tiuiicil    fro'"     i 
riilili'  nttciiipt  to  reu.  h 
Liiko     Superior;     tlm 
took    Joliot    for    tliiii 
j-uiilK    to    tlie    lUiiiiii-, 
mill  l.ii  Sullu  Icl't  tlioiii. 
llohBil  >tiutci|  lo  K"  ii 
till.  Ohio.    liiv  .Siillt,  iii- 
j"iiriml^^.iiii'l"''''t'''  "  "" 
full    int"    "list   I'ur   U\; 
yo»rs  ;  tlierB  isli"  reivii  I 
of  wliiit  he  'liil  or  -uw 
between  10111)  and  IHT  I. 
exeilit  the  record  nlii<li 
M.     Mari;ry    Ims     Im 
nii-hecl,  the  iiiniiihli^ln'l 
lli'loire    ile    M.   le    lu 
Siille,  liy  a  lliiril  |'er^"i'> 
iiiiniiy"ious,    who    I'li- 
lemln    to    Rivo    the    h- 
Milts  of  ten   or    Iwelv 
eonversatioiis    witli    !■.' 
,<allo    in    I'ari.-.      Tlii- 
lliiril  iiersoii  will  liiH'' 
it    that    in    these    l» 
years   I-a  t-iille,  ahiii  ■ 
iiloiie,   ileserlcd  by  li 
people,    explored     t  li 
Oliiii  from  its  AlleKli;"  :■ 
lieailwaters  t"  the  tail- 
or toCair"  and  tlie  M'- 
sissippi.  and  deseeii>lii 
„-li  stream  he  t'ollowel  t.   . 
|,,,t  i,  |„  say,  from  Alt-i.. 
,s,  Kentueky.     We  lii». 
hand  and  that  ul'  .l"li''  • 
ii.C"ver  and   cxphire   111- 

■ic  wildernefs,  had  giu: , 
l,  iweoinplisli  them.     11< : 
Iw  Frontcniie,  and  tauLh' 
liieh  the  (iovernor  wi-li' : 
ll.ft  Salle  went  to  V'i;ui'.  | 
Ihe  waa  well  reeci\-.l 
1,1  the  seigniory  "I  T 
money    I'roni  his  liii" 
lade.     In  1677  he  \M- 
llounti)  exploration  ••'■  ' 


itidiiclioii — needed  to  bo  i-stalilislied,  und  jMnniuctto 
proceeded  to  verify  it  with  a  eortuin  ;;raiid  Kiii^;le- 
lieartiil  i*iiiccrity  which  was  siibliiiie  in  itneif  mid  in 
nil  its  !*nrrouiidiii,ns.  Hut  ha  Salle,  man  of  idean, 
man  of  desiiiMH,  man  of  complex,  fir  rcaeirni>,'  plans, 
had  foneeived  a  project  of  empire  of  which  the  .suc- 
cessive step  liystep  discoveries  undertaken  by  liim 
were  only  necessary  parts  of  tlio  trenK'mh)us  falirie. 
To  th(!  cxeculioii  of  the.se  tichemes  he  hroujiht  keen 
iMt('lii'.,'cii(e,  profound  earnestness  and  cntlinsiasm, 
and  a  will  ilmt  never  bent  under  any  pre.s.sure. 
Tallin,  the  intendalit,  had  conceived  the  idea  of  cross- 
in"  Like  Ontario  and  foreini;  the  Dutch  and  Knu'lish 
out  of  New  York,  which  would  have  eventually 
.smothered  them  in  New  En^'land.  Champlain  liad 
.soimlit  a  northwest  passn;.;o  to  China.  La  Sallo 
cnnihiiu'd  both  plans  with  tlio  occupation  of  the 
JIi.s.si.ssippi  and  the  West  and  the  monopoly  of  the 
fur  trade  by  Franco.  This  would  crowd  the  Span- 
iards as  well  as  Enjjlish  ;  it  would  build  up  an  empire 
for  France  in  America,  and  it  would  enrich  the  Sieur 
do  la  Salle  beyond  all  rivalry  of  contemporary  wealth. 
J'lvery  step  he  took  was  for  tlie  advancement  of  thi.s 
p].,!,^ — Forts  Frontcnac,  Niaj;ara,  Crevecd-ur  ;  the  ex- 
ploration of  the  Ohio,  the  Illinois,  tlio  upper  and 
lower  Mississi|)pi,  the  expedition  to  the  (Julf,  ilio 
fort  in  Texas.  It  was  La  Salle's  phin,  and  it  biiMino 
the  plan  finally  of  the  Freneli  government,  wlieii,  hav- 
ini;  its  chain  of  forts  from  Niagara  to  \'incennes,  to 
Kaskaskia,  to  New  Orleans  and  Mobile,  I'ensacola 
and  Presidio  del  Norte,  the  government  of  New 
France  planted  its  cannon  also  at  Fort  Pu  Qu.sne  on 
the  Ohio  and  Tieonderoga  on  Lake  Champlain  at  the 
same  time  that  it  struck  at  Hudson's  Bay.     It  is  no 


i  N"rtliwest,  the  Princo  do  Conti  for  hi.i  patron,  permis.sion  to 

[build  a  fort  111  Niaj;ara.     lleturning,  with  his  nolile  friend  the 

iloyiil  Chevalier  Toiili  for  companion,  ha  Salle  linilt  Iho  town  of 

iNia^ani,  liuilt  and  launehed  the  liist  vessel,  the  '•(irillin,"  on 

|Lake   Krie,  sailed   to    Lukes    Huron   and    Michigan,  anil   built 

b'urt  C'li  rrciriir  (the  only  groan  he  ever  uttered)  on  the  Illinui?, 

Rt  I'eiiria.     Misfortunes  and  losses  of  every  sort,  many  of  them 

of  his  own  coiilriving,  fell  upon    the   adventurer,  hut   ho   sent 

h'ere  Hennepin  to  cs|ilore  the  Upper  Missif  sippi,  and  he  finally 

Dxploreil  Ihe  lower  stream   from  .\lton  to  the  Oulf,  thus  earn- 

■Dg.  at  least,  his  title  of  explorer  of  the  West.     In  KiSI!  ho  went 

I  1' ranee  a);ain,  tet  out  hy  sea  to  Feltio  Louisiana  and  build  a 

Ibrt  at  the  mouth  of  Mississippi,  landed  in  Texas,  and  after  nn 

Iliad  of  inisforlnnea  and  miseries  was  basely  murdered  by  some 

if  his  own  followers.     It  is  a  wrotehed  story  j  but  Uobcrt  Cave- 

per  do  La  ."^allc  was  not  of  tho   men  who  nro  born   to  die  in 

ncel'ul  eiiinfort  in  their  bods.     He  was  badly  treated ;  tho  clc- 

benls  as  well  as  his  fellows  conspiicd  against  bini,  and  his  rule 

ftfi  too  severe,  his  manners  too  reserved  and  haughty,  for  him 

le  well  scrveJ.     I!ut  no  man  ever  had  greater  confidence 

ho«n  him  hy  rulers  and  capitalists,  und   no   man  ever  won 

^oro  loyal  fulluwcrs  than  ho  in  the  nob'e  Chevalier  dc  Tonti. 

3 


reproach  to  a  strong  government,  utnoh  less  to  n  yimn{^ 
man  with  no  forlune,  tiot  too  nuuiy  IVicnds,  and  numer- 
ous active  enemies,  il'such  cuinprehensive  und  I'ar  ruaeli- 
iiig  plans  fail  of  ucconiplit^hment.  La  Salle's  wlm'o 
crushed  by  "  cuinbination  tf  polilieal,  moral,  and 
physical  fnrces.  He  did  not,  perhaji!*,  have  tlie  at- 
traction of  eohc»l')n  in  himself,  and  he  liaJ  to  encoun- 
ter subtle;  intrigue  am:  trade  jealousy  and  siisiiiiinii  ; 
to  Ilea'  tliu  bvant  ol  ecclesiastical  and  civil  feuds 
which  lie  had  no  hand  in  cnusinir ;  to  be  the  victim 
of  Iiiilian  wars  he  had  not  rou  cd,  and  beaten,  buffeted, 
ruined  by  storm,  frosi,  pestilence,  robbery,  and  murder. 

We  have  no  intentitin  to  follow  La  Salle's  adven- 
turous steps.  At  Fort  Frontcnac  he  could  form  his 
plans  at  his  leisure,  for  ho  was  feudal  Ic'rd  of  all  around 
him.  Ho  was  on  the  road  to  riches,  fur  he  had  tho 
monopoly  of  tho  bufl'alo  fur  trade,  and  this  would  tio 
immensely  prolitable  as  soon  as  tho  prairies  wero 
reached.  Ho  needed  money,  for  ho  had  borrowed  fivo 
hundred  thousand  francs.  lie  pushed  Hennepin  for- 
ward to  tho  w.cplorations  in  Minnesota  ;  ho  established 
Tonti  at  Fort  Crcveca'ur,  and  then  pressed  on  his  prep- 
arations to  complete  the  exploration  of  the  Mississippi. 
Joliet  and  Mar(|uette  had  traversed  six  hundred  miles  of 
its  course.  He  would  explore  it  from  its  far  northern 
source  to  the  Gulf.  He  musteriMl  his  men.  resolved 
to  put  through  his  adventure  at  la.st,  or  perish  in  tho 
attempt.  "  So  many  mishaps  and  evils  always  happen- 
ing in  his  absence  made  him  resulve  to  trus-  nobody 
any  more  and  to  lead  liimself  all  his  people,  mareh. 
with  all  his  equipments,  and  head  each  of  bis  enter- 
prises, .so  as  to  insure  a  happy  issue."  ' 

It  was  on  Dec.  21,  lt)81,  that  La  Sallo  and  his 
company,  fifty-four  in  all.  Frenchmen,  Indian  warriors, 
and  s(piaws  and  children,  set  out  from  Fort  Jliami. 
The  streams  wero  frozen  in  places,  tho  portages  were 
made  on  sledges,  yet  on  Feb.  G,  UiS'J,  they  had 
reached  tho  Mississippi,  to  find  the  river  full  of  float- 
ing ice.     In  a  week,-  the  navigation  free,  tho  sirag- 


'  Itflation  dcs  Descouverles  de  Sieur  de  la  r^alle.  This  is 
(he  name  hy  which  Parkman  quotes  it.  In  Margry's  work, 
vol.  i.  Llj,  the  title  is  ndalion  des  dceouvcrtes  et  des  voyages 
du  Sieur  de  la  Salic,  etc,  l(')7!l-Sii-SI,  the  subtitle  being 
Itelution  Odieielle.  It  is  from  the  records  of  the  French 
ministry  of  ihe  marine,  and  M.  Margry  is  in  doubt  as  lu 
whether  it  is  La  i^alle's  own  composition  or  the  memorial  of  his 
friends  and  partners,  based  on  his  letters  and  journals,  and 
i^ritten  up  by  loi  HUi'intt  n:vlin{initiiiuc.  It  is  ])robably  the  latter, 
as  I'arknian  conceives.  Uiit  La  Salle  furnished  much  of  ihu 
substance  of  the  document,  and  Hennepin  pilfered  from  it. 

'^  "Twelve  days,"  says  the  narrative  of  Xicolas  Cavelier,  in 
Margry.  Tonti,  in  his  narrative  (same  volume),  says  the  delay 
was  to  enable  the  Indians  to  build  canoes.  I'ere  .Mcinbre  saya 
they  wore  detained  by  tlie  ice  from  Tebruary  0th  to  luth.  Vouug 
C'axelier  is  probably  wrong. 


34 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUi: 


gling  hunters  had  come  in,  an  early  start  was  made 
nc.\t  morning,  13th,  and  at  evening  they  Iiad  reached 
the  mouth  of  the  Missouri  (Ozugo,  Membn'  calls  it\ 
and  camped  in  the  woods  below  for  the  night.  This 
camp  may  have  been — and  probably  was — within  the 
present  limits  of  St.  Louis  County.  Young  Cavelier 
says,  "  Lc  premier  J'liir,  on  alln  culmner  n  sir  liiiiis 
(til  coMr  droit,  jtrociir  ilr  I'cnilioiirliiirc  li iiiie  ritierr 
qui  tnmhe  ilnint  Ir  Mifsiagipi  et  qui  In  niii^''  /or/r 
troiililr  ct  liorhi'iiiti'."  (Six  leagues  from  the  mouth 
of  tho  Illinois  would  bring  one  to  the  south  s  lore  of 
the  Missouri,  and  /ror/ir  <lr  Vciiibonvhiirc.)  Tiie 
place  was  fully  inhabited, — •'  (tliiiiiihvitr  m  peii;i/rs," 
.<ays  Tonli.  He  adds,  "There  are  c\on  some  villages 
of  savages  who  make  use  of  horses  for  war  purposes 
and  to  transport  th"  flesli  of  the  bisons  kille<'  by  them 
in  the  chase."  Father  Membre  also  speaks  of  tho 
Indians.  Those,  the  earliest  inhabitants  of  St.  Louis 
County,  wore  Osagcs.  La  Salle  and  his  party'  pro- 
ceeded down  the  Mississijipi  to  the  delta  without  any 
further  misadventures;  they  entered  the  Gulf  of 
IMoxieo  by  all  three  mouths,  and,  when  the  parties 
were  reunited  on  a  spot  of  dry  gr.juiid  just  within  the 
river,  a  column  was  erected,  bearit;g  the  arms  of  France 
and  inscribed  :  "  Lmiis  le  (wrnmi,  Roi/  ilr  Frmirr  if 
ilr  N^iirnrrr,  rrqnr  ;  lc  ih-iirirnif  Avrii,  l(!8li."  The 
Frenchmen  were  mustered  under  arms,  the  regulation 
Ti  Dtinii  and  other  L.i'm'  chants  and  hymns  were  sung, 
a  volley  of  musketry  was  discharged,  the  column 
planted,  and  La  Sulle  proclaimed  tho   fact  (attested 

'  It  i-  worth  wMlc  In  put  on  t-eoril  the  niiiMCS  (if  l.a  Siille'; 
[inrty,  tho  liist  nl  the  inlviiin'ing  tide  of  perSDiis  iifuU  natl'innli 
tics  who  have  liuilt  up  !^''.  Lmiis.  They  iliil  not  corno  hy  rail 
roail  nor  slonmlout,  yd  there  >vaa  .i  I'hiin.olcrislie  ;liver?ily  in 
the  ooniposition  of  xh".  party.  'I'lin  names  niuy  lie  found  in 
'I'onti'.'i  Itelalion,  n."  ;rul'li?heii  hy  Marjrry  :  .M.  dc  la  ."^alle,  ooi,,- 
niander,  !'or  the  kin;;,  at  the  f:'.id  di.-ieovcry  i  It. men,  l-'nim'el  ; 
I'.ie  Ueverenil  rather  Zenolilc  I  «ii'  .•  /I'ni'diiii."  .Ui'Tuhie  ).  Iteecdiee! 
( .Meinbre  Ha«  a  native  of  liapaunie.  .Spanish  Xelherhmd-I  :  Ih" 
Sieur  Henri  de  Tonty,  oaptai  i  of  liri^jadc  (r.n  Italian,  son  oi  a 
jovornor  of  tjactui  ^  tlic  Sieur  do  Uuisrondet  ;  Freneh,  and  wel' 
linrn ;  a  youth  .'^i.tnOi  and  loyal  to  liii  Sullu  throughout;: 
.liicquen  l!ourilor,."<ieiir  d'.Vutrny  ( I'Veneh  ;  son  of  llounlon.  (lie 
engineer,  of  (^uebee) ;  .laeiiues  I. a  Metorie.  notu'V  ;  .lean  Mi  diet, 
furgcon;  Jaciiues  Coohoi:" ;  .Antho'no  llassard  ;  .Joan  .Masse; 
I'ierro  You  :  Colin  Crovel :  Joan  ilu  Lignon  ;  An  Ire  lleiiaul'. : 
liabriei  llarbier  .  I'icrre  Migi.eret ;  Nicolas  de  La  italic  ;  Andre 
I!ab(euf:  I'ierrr  liiirol :  l.ouis  Daron  ;  .'ean  I'Ignabel  ;  l.i, 
Violelte;  I'ier.'C  Prud'lioinuie.  arn:iirer,  ."^.ivage.i  :  C.iplaiii 
CIniico ;  Ain.ibanso ;  Ilirgucn  :  Ahos;  Sencehe.  Naiuiouai 
rinthe :  Youtin ;  Saiintnp  ;  *tM:d>arC'S;iiaMtu  ;  Aliuialinan: 
.\pt.\os;  Chouakii^t  ;  Akiei^ko  :  Maskinaiupo  ;  iMiousuia. 
Onen'hio;  I'ioua;  one  lliiroii  wouian.  tlirce  .Nipi.s.sin^s,  live 
,\be.jaki>-.  one  'Ikipois,  and  threo  hildren.  >f  these  Indians, 
snii-.o  were  of  the  .Mohei'an.s,  survivors  of  those  c.xpellel  fnuu 
New  Engliiml  nnd  Xoiv  York  ;  Ihu  Micnakis  were  from  Maine, 
tho  Nipisfings  iVoiK  tho  Huron  country.  \\\  were  of  ihe  Al 
g<.  ikin  raee  I'lil  dcad.v  cneinics  of  the  IronuoiL'. 


likewise  by  a  prnr'vxverhal  drawn  and  witnessed  on 
the  spot)  that  he  took  possession  of  Louisiana  in 
tho  name  of  the  French  king.  The  boundaries  of  the 
parchment  empire  thus  appropriated  arc  marked  by 
Mobile  on  tho  west,  the  Rio  Grande  on  the  cast,  tin 
Ohio  and  Allegheny  Rivers  on  tho  nortlieast ;  on  t!u 
northwest  tiic  territory  extends  to  llie  polar  circle. 

La  Sii'le  now  retraced  his  eour.se.  lie  establislied 
a  fort  on  the  Illinois,  at  "  St".rved  Rock,"  near  the 
Indian  town  of  Kaskaskia,  to  defend  his  new  tradin- 
regions  (rom  the  assi'ults  of  the  Iroquois;  he  gathereil 
many  tribes  about  his  settlement,  for  liis  influence 
with  the  savages  was  almost  supreme,  and  in  Indian 
councils  he  was  mci..  powerful  and  more  persuasiv- 
even  than  Pontiae  or  Tecumsch ;  and  then,  in  lliSl. 
he  went  once  more  to  France  to  prepare  for  his  last 
expi'dition.  We  will  not  follow  liim,  but  proceed  now 
to  cxauiine  tiie  v.ivious  and  conflicting  evidence  in 
regard  to  this  part  of  the  history  of  exploration  in 
the  Mississippi  valley. 

Wo  have  alluded  already  to  the  fact  that  this  matter 
has  boon  comiiHeatcd,  and  the  discussion  of  it  seri- 
ously  embarrassed   by  the   intrusion  of  spurious  aiiij 
fraudulent  claims  and  the  coinage  of  documents  with 
f.dsc  names  and  dates,  as  well  as  invented  facts.     Tli" 
extent  to  which  this  has  been  done  marks  at  once  llir 
general  public  iiitorost  in  the  subject  and  the  inten- 
sity of  the   controvorsics  of   the   period.      I'eople  li.i 
not  eiiiii  and  forge  for  iinuisenieiit,  but  for  profit,  aii'I 
canards  and  invented  documents  will  not  be  put  foiili 
when  thoio  is  nobody  to  road  them.     The  countetCcit 
dociuiieiifs  on   which   (o  rest  o]iiiii()ns,  claims  of  di- 
eo'eiy.  and  explorations  did  not  cease  with  the  iin- 
mcdialo  poiiod  of   tho  discov 'ry   of  the   Mississi|i|: 
III  IS.j,"),  .liulge  Law  di'liven  1  a  lecture  belure  a  li: 
erary  institute    at   Cincinna  i,  in   which,  while    pin 
nouticing  a  eulogy  upon  th  •  Jesuit  missionaries  ol' ili 
N'orlhwost,  hi;  .?eiioi'r,ly  impeached  the  fair  (inn.'  .■ 
I'l'ro  Movjue're.     lie  said  that  the  Jesuits  extciuli  ; 
their  niissiniis  towaid/  ih"  Mississippi  by  three  roii; 
— the  W,ilia>b,  tho  Illinois, and  the  Wisconsin  Rivci- 
aiid  "  that  one  or  more  of  these  tlirec  routes  had  li.ri 
travi'rscd  by  111"  Jesuit  Fathers  years  befori!  .^Iarl|l;  n 
and  Joiict  launched  tlu'ir  frail  bark,  in  lliTii,  on  il 
waters  of  (he  Mississip[ii,  is  susceptible  of  proof;  \<v. 
thai   the  Mississippi   had   boon   known,  anil  the  tii'"- 
inhaliiling  visited,  and  the  missions  estublLshed,  bcl"i 
.Alari|iiette  even  coasted  its  borders,  is  now  well  im 
derstiiod.    As  early  as  tho  year  Xy'iU'l,  twinity  years  L- 
fore  Jlar:piette  and  Joliet  started  on  their  voyai:!   .j 
discovoy  to  the  'great  river  Mechassippi,'    Fatliitl 
Joan  I)e()uerre,  Jesuit,  went  friun  the  ii:i.ssioM  on  tlil 
Superio'-  to  the  Illinois,  and  established  a  flourisliiii.| 


^-^ 


TRACKS  OF  EXPLORATION. 


35 


fact  th;it  tills  uiatur 
iiscussioii  of  It  sen- 
ion  <if  !-iiurio\is  iiml 
c  of  dortuueiits  witli 
iiiventeJ  fa'-'ts.    Tlio 
no  nuivks  iit  once  tlu' 
iliject  anil  the  inton-   ■ 
poviod.      IVople  do 
it.  lu-t  foi'  profit,  ami 
will  nut  be  put  foitli   . 
in.     Tlio  countiirfoit  - 
tiiiiiins,  claims  of  (lis- 
eca^c  with  tlio  iiii- 
of  the  IMississipi'i. 
|i  lecture  hcMire  a  lit- 
1   which,  while    pi"- 
liit  niissionurie.sof  till' 
kmI  the  fair  funic  I'f 
til,?  Jesuits  oxteiuW 
hippi  by  three  routt- 
ho  Wisciiiisin  Rivci>. 
lirce  routes  had  Invii 
ars  before  Miirfiuciio 
Kirk,  in  1I>T;5,  on  ili' 
i>ptilile  of  proof;  iii'i| 
Lnown,  and  the  tti''^- 
|)iis  established,  hci"i  .1 
lers,  is  now  well  n" 
|(l,')i:.  twenty  years  1. 
■i\  tin  their  voya;.;t 
ileehassippi,'    I'aili.i 
111!  ilie  ii:i.ssion  on  tiul 
.blishod  a  flourisliiiii 


iiiission,  probably  the  mission  of  St.  Louis,  wh^re 
I'coria  is  now  situated,  lie  visited  various  Indian 
nations  on  the  borders  of  the  Mis.sissippi,  and  was 
sliiin  in  the  midst  of  his  apostolic  labors  in  IGGl.  In 
l(i.")7,  Father  Jsan  Charles  Drocoux,  Jesuit,  went  to 
Illinois,  and  retur^iod  to  Quebec  the  same  year.  In 
KuO,  Falher  Hu^acs  Pinet,  Jesuit,  went  to  the  Illi- 
nois and  established  a  niis.sion  among  the  Tarnarois  or 
Caliokias,  at  or  near  the  present  site  of  the  village  of 
Cahokia,  on  the  borders  of  the  Mississippi.  lie  re- 
mained there  until  the  year  1685,  and  was  at  that 
mission  when  IMarquette  and  Joliet  vent  down  the 
Mississippi.  .  .  .  Thus  it  will  be  seeti  that  for  twenty 
years,  to  ivit,  from  1651?  to  H'uH,  anterior  to  the  dis- 
covery of  Marquette  aad  Joliet,  there  was  a  succession 
of  missions  on  the  Illinois,  and  one  of  thciu,  that  of 
Cahokia, ,  (ablish.ed  on  the  very  banks  of  the  Missis- 
sippi. There  are  no  other  tncmorials  of  those  missions 
now  extant,  as  known  to  nie,  except  those  preserved 
in  the  Seminary  of  (Juebec,  from  a  copy  of  which  th" 
above  notleos  are  taken."  Jilin  G.  Shea,  unwilling 
that  such  discreditable  charges  should  lie  agalnr.t  the 
memory  of  ^larnuctte,  "  the  ai;gol  of  the  Ottawa 
missions,"  investigated  the  matter  carefully,  and 
showed  that  no  such  mr.sionario.s  as  Father  Dmpicrre 
and  Father  Drocoux  over  <>x!stod.  The  .'-ole  authority 
for  these  and  their  alleged  work  was  a  disi'redited  MS. 
by  one  Fr.  X.  Nolseaux,  a  vicar  in  the  (JneSec  Sem- 
inary, who  gave  no  authority  for  his  statements,  and 
who.se  own  super!  .s  have  said  of  his  work  that  '■  er- 
rors of  every  kind,  contradletions,  false  dates,  distorted 
facts,  are  found  in  every  page."' 

This  is  but  one,  and  a  modern,  instance.    Le  Clerc, 
in  his  largo  work  upon  "  The  Kstablishinent  of  the 
Faith,"  quotes  the  testimony  of  Father  Anasti.sius 
Douay,  a  companion  of  La  Salle  in  his  last  journey, 
to  the  point  that  Marque  te's  "  Relation"  was  a  fiction, 
and  not  published  until  after  La  Salle's  discovery,  and 
that  Joliet  would  have  given  no  sanction  to  the  state- 
ments it  contained.     This,  again.  Is  all   wrong,  like 
much  else  in  Lo  Clorc's  prejudiced  account.f  of  afl'.ilrs. 
Tlievciiot  published  his  version  of  JIaii|iiette's  journal 
ill  1G81,  fit  least  a  year  before  La  Salle'.s  discovery  was 
made,  and  two  years  before  the  neivsof  it  eou'd  reach 
Franco.     But  the  letters  of  Count  Frontenae,  given 
above,  are  a  sufficient  corroboration  of  the  work  done 
I  by  Marquette  and  Joliet,  even   without   Marquettes 
I  jonnial  and  map.    Le  Clerc's  position  that  Marquette's 
]•'  Uelatlon"  Is  a  fiction  is  utterly  untenable.      If  evi- 
Idciice  of  that  scu't  is  tenable  under  any  eireuinstances, 
|we  niusl  admit  Marquette's  "  Uelatlon,"  or  else  consent 

'  rcillcotinii!  of  Wiscoiuiii  Ilistoriwil  So:iely,  vol,  iii 


to  di-spcnsc  altogether  with  the  class  of  evidence  to 
which  it  belongs. 

Tonti,  the  loyal  and  generous,  brave  and  devoted 
follower  of  La  Salle,  has  been  seriously  injured  by  the 
fact  that  a  spurious  narrative  was  put  forward  in  his 
name,  an  absolute  forgery.  He  diselalined  all  connec- 
tion with  its  authorship.  La  Iloiitan,  another  writer, 
whose  travels  have  obtained  credit  because,  like  Hen- 
nepin, he  knew  how  to  mix  the  true  with  the  false, 
has  told  of  his  travels  up  the  "  Long  River."  No 
such  river  ever  existed,  nor  was  any  such  voyage  ever 
made.  JLithicu  Sagean  also  invented  the  account  of 
an  El  Dorado  in  the  Northwest  known  only  to  him- 
self; but  this  adventurer  was  illiterate,  he  did  not 
know  how  to  lie,  and  he  only  deceived  a  few  persons, 
like  M.  de  Pontchartrain,  who  were  not  to  the  manner 
born.  The  most  prominent  and  conspicuous  of  those 
fabulists  of  the  period,  who  seemed  born  with  a  cori- 
stitutlonai  aversioti  to  the  unadulterated  truth,  was 
Friar  Louis  Hennepin,  a  Flemish  Recollect,  an  ad- 
venturer, who  lied,  libeled,  cheated,  and  forged  with 
utter  unscrupulousness,  but  who,  nevertheless,  had 
many  of  the  best  (pialitles  of  the  traveler.  Tii  our 
own  day  he  would  have  distinguished  himself  as  a 
newspaper  correspondent.  His  braggart  vein  did  not 
]prevent  him  from  beiiig  brave  and  adventurous,  and 
as  an  observer  he  has  not  often  been  excelled,  while  as 
a  i-iicoiiff'iir  he  was  very  bright  and  entertaining.  His 
travels  went  through  many  editions,  and  their  popu- 
larity is  not  surprising.  He  was  a  bra/.on,  impuderit 
liar,  but  ho  loved  a  good  story  and  knew  how  to  fell 
one.  As  has  been  stated,  ho  was  sent  by  Li  Salle  to 
explore  the  upper  Mississippi  in  1080.  This  ho  did, 
from  the  mouth  of  the  I  liiiols  to  the  Falls  of  St. 
Anthony,  in  a  full  and  satisfaetoiy  manner,  being 
taken  prisoner  and  detained  several  months  by  tho 
Sioux.  When  he  got  away  from  them  he  went  to 
France  and  published  an  account  of  his  travels  and 
discoveries  in  a  little  Vdlnme.  finely  illustrated,  which 
the  public  eagerly  welcomed  and  read  with  avidity. 
In  l(i!t7.  after  La  Salle  s  death,  and  fourteen  years 
after  his  first  edition,  he  iiuhlishcd  a  new  version  of 
his  travels,  in  wlilch  110  claimed  to  have  gone  (hum 
the  >i..^sissip|il,  and  discovered  its  mouth,  before  going 
up  to  its  source.  He  had  forborne  to  mention  this 
subject  prevuuisly,  out  of  eonslderatinn  for  or  fear  of 
La  Salle.  In  his  first  edition,  however,  Hennepin 
had  given  the  dates,  and  now  ho  had  not  time  c'loiigh 
left  to  put  Ills  long  voyage  in.  Consi-ipiently,  he  was 
compelled  to  go  up  and  doivn  llie  M'ssissi])pi  in  his 
birch  canoe  more  rapidly  than  ho  couid  have  doii'^  if 
by  steam.  The  result  was  that  his  wretolicd  expe- 
dient was  instantly  detected,  and  he  took  no  credit  by 


36 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


the  falschuods  lie  was  trying  to  set  up.  Ho  was  a 
ieiiep;a(le  and  a  dislioucst  iiiiiu  at  tlio  best.  His  first 
edition  was  dedicated  ti'  Louis  XIV.,  tlio  la.st  to 
William  III.  of  Kngland,  sliowirig  that  ho  had  chanucd 
his  politics.  Ho  docs  not  seem  to  have  had  any  re- 
lij;ioii  to  chanfie.  Not  content  with  stealing  from  the 
narratives  of  JIarquette,  La  Salle,  Meuibre,  Le  Clcre, 
and  ]Mar(|Uctty,  Hennepin  turned  out  of  his  way  to 
ini.irepresent  and  libel  all  these,  and  La  Salle  in  par- 
ticular. He  is  the  author  of  the  story  that  La  Salle'.s 
main  object  in  his  last  voyage  was  not  to  occupy  the 
luouth  of  the  Jlississippi,  but  to  seize  and  plunder  the 
Jlexicaii  mine  of  Saiita  Barbara. 

Under  such  a  condition  of  the  records  and  docu- 
ments, it  is  natural  that  the  facts  about  the  discovery 
and  exploration  of  the  Mississippi  are  confused  and 
provocative  of  discussion  and  controversy.  The  par- 
tisans of  ]ia  Salle  have  attempted  to  discredit  or 
belittle  the  pcr'briuance  of  ^larqiiette  and  Jolief,  and 
hiivo  set  up  a  counter  claim  of  priority,  which  there 
is  no  proof  that  La  Salle  himself  asserted.  The  par- 
tisans of  JIar(|uette,  on  the  other  hand,  have  attacked 
at  once  the  credibility  of  the  documents  relating  to  his 
explorations,  the  value  and  extent  of  those  exi>lora- 
tions  and  discoveries,  and  the  character  and  genius  of 
La  Salle  himself.  Tl'"'e  is  no  necessity  for  all  this. 
There  can  be  but  little  doubt  of  these  facts:  First,  that 
]Mar(|uette  and  Joliet  reached  the  Jlississippi  in  1G7IJ, 
and  that  no  white  man  of  whom  there  is  any  record 
preceded  them  in  explori'ig  that  part  of  the  great 
river;  ooeond,  that  lleiinepiu.  acting  under  the  orders 
of  La  Salle,  explored  the  upper  Mississippi  in  IGSO, 
no  European  having  preceded  him  ;  and  third,  that 
La  Salle,  in  1082,  descended  the  Mississippi  from  the 
embouchure  of  tiie  Illinois  to  the  (Julf  of  Mexico, 
and  returned  by  the  same  route,  having  had  no  prede- 
cessors in  that  exploration.  Jno  one  can  safely  or 
successfully  dispute  these  three  controlling  f-icts  :  the 
evidence  for  each  and  all  of  them  is  too  strong.  If 
they  are  conceded,  all  causes  of  controversy  arc  re- 
moved at  once,  witlumt  detracting  anything  from  the 
lionoi  and  character  of  Marcpiette,  the  enterj)rise  and 
ndvcnturuusness  of  Hennepin,  and  the  glory  and  per- 
sistence of  La  Salle. 

The  claims  put  forth  by  M.  JIargry  in  behalf  of  I/; 
Salle's  priority  iiuve  been  Industriously  urged  by  him, 
but  they  are  untenable.  Indeed,  this  laborious  investi- 
gator has  liimself  discovered  anil  published  the  evidence  ' 
whicli  overthrows  the  jireteusion.  In  order  that  :io 
injustice  may  be  done  to  JL  Margry,  it  is  proper  to  say 
that  this  gentleman,  who  is  n  member  of  the  Fretich 
lli.storicnl  Society  and  assistant  custodian  of  the  ar. 
chives  of  the  marine  end  colonics  in  Paris,  has  been 


most  if.dcfiitigable  in  the  search  for  materials  for  liis- 
tory,  and  especially  American  history.  Ho  was  em- 
ployed a  uutuber  of  years  ago  by  General  Lewis  Cass  to 
exauiino  the  French  archives  for  information  concern- 
ing the  early  history  of  Detroit,  and  subsequently  by 
Parkmau  in  securing  copies  of  documents  relating  to 
French-Canadian  history.  He  has  p"blished  several 
volumes  of  original  papers  relating  to  our  history,  from 
his  department,  assisted  by  the  government  of  the 
United  States.  In  187!)  ho  was  elected  a  member  ol' 
the  Wisconsin  Historical  Society,  and  in  his  letter  ol' 
aeeeptance  he  wrote  as  follows  in  relation  to  some 
papers  of  his  published  in  the  French  "G'!neralJour- 
nal  of  Public  Instruction"  in  18U2  : 

"  Wliftt  I  .'  ..onccrninj;  CuvcMur  de  In  Snllc's  priority  In 
(lis.?iivering  the  Ohio  unil  jMi;?.<i?si|>pi  1ms  Ijfen  tlie  oet'iision  of 

grciu,  antl  eVL-n  acriiiioniou.-'       oversic*.     I  cure  noliiiiig  Inr 

altni'ks  from  wliieli  soiircli  i;  ulli  ii<  cxcliiileil,  iinU  wliii'li  an 

little  cIm'  tli.in  passion.  It  i,  iioiigli  for  ino  to  stale  tliat  in  IIji' 
American  edition  of  my  volumes,  uliicli  you  have,  I  was  not 
ttlloneil  to  put  any  notes  of  introduetion,  but  that  the  map 
inserted  in  the  Freneli  edition  '.-onfiruis  what  I  liave  advaneo) 
respi  etini;  tlie  discovery  of  tlie  Oliio,  andtliat  I  still  very  tiriulv 
believe  tlial  I.a  Salle  discovered  tlie  Mississippi  by  way  of  Hit' 
lakes,  liy  Chicago,  and  by  the  Illinois  Uiver,  as  fur  south  as  llio 
;!lith  parallel,  and  all  tliLs  before  IGTi!  (the  date  of  Slartiuetlc- 
diseovery ). 

"  This  opinion  of  mine  I  base,  lirst,  on  the  narrutivo  made  by 
I. a  .*alle  to  the  Abiic  itenaudot. 

*' This  narrative  describes  an  expedition  in  which  lai.Siille 
was  engaged  .'outhwcst  of  Iiako  Ontario  for  n  distance  of  four 
hundred  leagues,  and  down  a  river  that  must  have  been  the 
Ohio.     This  was  in  lflo',1." 

"The   narrative  |)roceeds  ;  Some  time  tliereafter  ho  niaili' ii 
.«eoond  expedition  on  the  same  river,  nliieh  lie  ipiitted  below 
Lake  Uric,  niaile  a  portage  of  siy  ..r  seven   leagues  to  embark 
on  that  hike,  traversed  it  towards  the  nouh,  ascended  thori\iT 
out   of  which   it   Hows,  passed   the   I.uke  of  Dirty   Water  iSi. 
Claire  !'),  eiitereil  the  Freshwater  ."ea  (Mer  IJouee),  doubled  th. 
p<]int  of  land  that  ents  this  sea  in  two  (Lakes  Huron  and  Mulii. 
gan),  and,  deseemling  from  north  to  south,  leaving  on  the  hi.i 
the  IJay  of  the  Putins  (tirecn  Hay),  discovered  a  bay  infinitely 
larger,  at  the  boltuin  of  which,  towards  the  west,  be  fouii'l  .i 
very  beautiful  haibor  (Chicago,     Is  Ihero  any  earlier  meiitiiii 
or  description  of  that  site?!,  and  at  the  bottom  of  this  liver, 
which  runs  IV(»ni  the  east  to  the  west,  he  followed  this  river,  nn>i 
having  arrived  at  about  thel'SDtli  (wfc)  tiegree  of  longitude  aiii 
the  .'i'.Mh  of  latilU'le,  he  eauie  to  another  river,  which,  uiiiliii.' 
with  the  lirst,  lloweil  from  the  northwest  to  the  so'itheast    Th:- 
he  followed  as  far  as  the  illlth  degree  of  latituilo,  where  he  lom,  1 
it  advisable  to  stoji,  eonteniing  bimself  with  the  almost  i-i : 
tain  hupo  of  souk  day  passing  by  way  of  thi)  river  even  to  il. 
Iliilfof  Mexico.     Having  but  a  handful  of  followers,  he  din 
not  risk  a  further  expedition,  in  the  eourso  of  which  he  \i  r 
llk'ly  to  meet  with  obstacles  too  greut  for  liis  strength.     {-' 
my  work  OiiuniftitH  cl   Ktiihiimttnniit  tlcn  t\'a>n:nin  ilnnn  i'm  ■• 
It  ifiniH  U  utid  de  i' Amerit/ut  Srpteitli'iimate,  1014  -1754J,  \"' 

p.  urs.l 

"  1  base  my  opinion,  secondly,  on  a  letter  of  La  .''ulle's  iii. 
— (be  Mississippi  and  the  river  Colbert  both  being  iiie.      1 1. 
letter,  dutcil    1  r.iO,  fays   the    writer  possessed   maps  whi.  Ii  ; 
|ii7J  were  poifsessed  by  Ln  Salle,  an!  which  proved  that  he  i- 


TRACKS  OF  EXPLORATION. 


37 


•  materials  fur  his- 
iry.     lie  was  eiii- 
loral  Lewis  Cass  to 
tbrmation  uoiiccni- 
d  subsequently  by 
uments  relating  to 
J  p-olislieJ  several 
toourbiatory.froni 
'overnnicnt  of  tlio 
Iccted  a  uiciuber  of 
and  in  bis  letter  ol' 
n   relation  to  some 
neb  "G'iUcralJour- 


le  lii  Salle's  iiriorily  i" 
iva  been  llic  occasion  "f 
iio".  1  care  iiotliiiig  ('•' 
L-x.luiU'il,  iinil  nliieh  an 
jr  inctosliitelliat  in  tin- 
h  >ou  have,  1  was  imt 
lion,  but  that  the  map 
9  what  I  have  advanc.^1 
i.lthal  1  still  very  liniily 
lississipiiiby  way  of  tlio 
liver,  a?  far  south  ns  the 
(Ihcdatoof  Marqucttes 

on  the  narrative  made  by 

btion  in  which  La  Salle 
lor  a  iliHanco  of  four 
ml  must  have  been  the 

ne  llieveafter  ho  niad.>  ;i 
,  which  he  (luiltcd  below 
■even  leagues  to  embaik 
nouh,  ascended  thoriicr 
like  of  Dirty   Water  (Si, 
Mer  Douce),  ilouble.l  iIm 
Lakes  Huron  and  Mulii 
ulh,  leavinK  on  the  «i-i 
/overcd  a  bay  infiiiii.l.v 
lis  the  west,  lie  founa   i 
lietc  any  earlier  meiili-n 
tlic  bottom  of  this  liicr, 
lofoll.irtcd  this  river,  :ui'l 
)  ilegrce  of  longitude' ^111 1 
ler  river,  which,  uniiin; 
jt  to  the  southeast     Hi  ■ 
latilu.lo,  where  he  fniii,i 
■  If  with  the  almost  ..: 
„r  thii  river  even  I"  tk 
Iful  of  followers,  hu  d;iii  i 
course  of  which  he  wj- 
for  his  strength.     1>" 
,(<■.  Frii'i'.nii  c/iiii«  I'niivi  I 
,,,,,/f,  1014-1754],  vol 


I 

'ft 


letter  of  La  Salle's  ni.». 
,.rt  both  being  .mo.  Tlif 
(Missesscd  mn|"  "'''''''  '" 
which  proved  that  he  iul 


»t 


already  made  two  voyages  of  discovery.     Among  tho  phioc»  set  : 
down  on  these  maps,  the  river  Colbert,  the  place  whoro  La  Sallo  ' 
had  landed  near  tho  Jlississippi,  and  the  spot  where  ho  planted  ft 
cniss  and  took  possession  of  the  country  in  tho  name  of  tho 
king,  arc  mentioned.  (Vol.  i.  p.  .119.)  , 

"  I  base  my  opinion,  thirdly,  on  a  letter  of  Count  Frontenac. 
In  this  letter,  which  was  written  in  1«77  to  the  French  premier, 
Cidbert,  Frontenac  says  that  '  the  .Jesuits,  having  learned  that 
M.  do  la  Salle  thoi  "it  of  asking  (from  the  French  crown)  u 
grunt  of  tho  Illinois  ike  (Lake  .Miehignu),  bad  resolved  to 
seek  this  grant  thomelvcs  for  Messieurs  Jolict  ami  Lebert,  men 
wholly  in  their  interest,  and  tho  first  of  whom  they  have  so 
highly  extolled  boforehand,  although  ho  did  not  voyage  until 
alter  the  Sieur  do  la  Salle,  who  himself  will  testily  t<i  you  that 
the  relation  of  tho  Sieur  .Toliet  is  in  many  things  false.'  (Vol. 
i.  p.  324.)  I 

"  In  line,  I  found  my  opinion  on  tho  total  antagonism  between 
tho  .lesuits  and  tho  merchants,  as  well  as  all  those  who  roprc-  ! 
sented  interest  or  only  a  legitimate  arubition.  In  opposition  to 
thcTesuils  Cavolier  de  la  Salle  always  associated  with  tho  Sul- 
picians,  or  Rcollcts,  whom  Colbert  had  raised  up  against  the 
Jesuits,  in  order  to  lesson  the  inllueneo  of  those  who  would  fain 
undermine  iiim. 

"  If  La  Salle  had  wished  to  practice  deception,  and  to  claim  a 
merit  that  was  not  his.  nothing  would  have  prevented  bis  say- 
ing thai  he  had  gone  farther  clown  the  river  .Mississippi  or  Col- 
bert than  ho  does  .say  ho  went,  whereas  he  left  Joliet  and  Father 
Mar(|uette  the  honor  of  having  penetrateil  to  that  river  by  way 
of  the  Wisconsin,  and  of  having  descended  tlio  Mis8issi|ipi  lliver 
;  three  degrees  farther  than  he,  ami  that  before  the  enterprise  of 
h67S." 

This  letter  of  M.  Mnrgry  is  tbo  brief  nf  his  entire 

P*ase  for  La  Salle.     The  letter  of  La  Salle's  niece, 

Madaloine   Cavclier,  Dame   Leforcstier,  written  21st  | 

of  January,  175(5,  says,  "  As  .soon,  monsieur,  as  your 

letter  came  I  .sonp;lit  a  safe  opportunity  to  send  you 

tbo  papers  of  M.  de  la  Salle.     There  are  some  charts 

which  I  have  added  to  these  papers,  which  should 

serve  to  prove  that,  in    1675,  M.  do   la   Salle  had 

already  made  two  voya-^es  in  these  discoveries,  since 

he  had  on  that  matter  a  map  which  I  .send  you,  by 

which  mention  is  made  of  the  place  whore  M.   la 

Salle  landed  (nliorihi)  near  the  river  Misipi,  another 

place  which  he  names  tbo  river  Cobrer  (Colbert?),  in 

another  ho  takes  po.ssession  of  this  land  in  the  name 

(^of  the  king  and  has  a  cross  planted,  in  another  place 

[^pwhich  he  names  Fn  ntenac,  the  river  St.  Lorans  at 

^another  place.   V'l'i  will  see  in  these  pieces  the  review 

Iwhich  they  made  in  the  fort,  which  be  built  of  stone 

Iwhich  had  been  (aifit)  of  wood.     You  will  find  there 

|the  receipt  of  M.  Ducbesnoiiu,  for  the  interest  for  nine 

thou.sand  livres,  which  M.  do  la  Sallo  paid  him  to  in- 

lemnify  those  who  had  made  this  wooden  fort."  This 

r  of  the  Dame  Laforestier  proves  too  much  for 

[.  Marjory.     The  good  lady  does  not  more  than  in- 

licate  the  contents  of  tho  papers  (which  are  not  in 

listenco),  but  she  describes  tho  mups,  and  proves  that 

of  them,  at  least,  was  in  illustration  of  tiie  ex- 

oloration  of  1682.     If  La  Salle  had  known  the  Mis- 


si8.sippi  before  1675,  he  would  not  have  confused  its 
name  with  that  of  Colbert.  Colbert  was  tho  name 
which  La  Salle  selected  for  the  river,  just  as  he  selected 
the  name  of  Louisiana  for  the  territory.  In  any  event, 
tbo  letter  proves  nothing  except  that  La  Salle  made 
two  voyages  before  1G75.  Tho  maps  may  or  may  not 
have  been  relevant  to  these  voyages.  There  is  no 
e\idence  for  it  beyond  tho  unsupported  conjecture  of 
this  simple-minded  dame. 

M.  Margry  relies  further  upon  Frontenac's  tetter 
of  1677.  The  language  of  Frontenac  is  .singular,  but 
it  cannot  be  read  without  the  context.  The  (jiovernor 
(who  was  mi.xod  up  in  the  fur  trade,  probably  in  part- 
nership with  La  Salle,  and  suspected  the  Jesuits  of 
thwarting  him  in  this  matter,  as  they  had  done  in 
regard  to  the  brandy  trade)  takes  the  occasion,  in  this 
letter,  of  preferring  a  charge  against  the  whole  Church 
in  Canada.  "  Almost  all  the  disorders  of  New  France," 
he  writes,  "  derive  their  source  from  tlie  ambition  of 
the  ecclesiastics,  who,  wishing  to  join  to  the  spiritual 
authority  an  absolute  power  over  temporal  things, 
cause  to  suflfer  and  to  murmur  all  those  who  are  not 
entirely  submissive  to  them.  It  is  not  simply  since  a 
year  or  two  that  the  ecclesia.stics  have  wished  to  make 
themselves  an  absolute  empire  in  Canada ;  it  appears 
they  formed  the  design  almost  as  soon  as  they  came 
in  here."  In  proof  of  this  general  indictment  Fron- 
tenac produces  several  instances  and  examples,  some 
of  which  arc  very  comical.  Among  these  instances, 
however,  is  this,  "  that,  having  learned  that  M.  de  la 
Salle  designed  to  demand  the  eonccs.sion  of  Lake  Erie 
and  the  lake  of  the  Illinois  (Lake  Michigan),  of 
which  the  first  is  a  consequence  of  his  grant  of  the 
commerce  of  Lake  Frontenac,  which  chiefly  comes 
from  Lake  Krie,  at  the  entrance  of  which  he  ncccs- 
•sarily  needs  to  build  a  fort  to  prevent  the  Knglish  from 
seizing  it  (and  by  the  report  of  the  Reverend  Jesuit 
Fathers  tbemstlves  they  [the  English]  have  recently 
sent  a  deserter  named  Turquet  to  reconnoitre  it),  —on 
learning  this,  I  say,  they  resolved  to  make  a  de- 
mand themselves  for  this  conccssiim  for  the  Siours 
Joliet  and  Lebert,  people  who  entirely  belong  to  them, 
and  tho  first  of  whom  they  have  so  much  vaunted  in 
advance,  (il/'imii/li  hr  did  not  I'oi/tujc  mild  after  the 
Sieur  de  Ik  Sn/Ze,  vho  liimxilf  will  teiftify  to  i/oii  that 
the.  relation  of  the  Sienr  Joliet  ixfahe  in  innni/  thimjst" 
What  voyage  .■"  What  relation  ?  Tho  Jesuits  and 
La  Salic  had  counter-claims,  not  to  tho  discovery  o[ 
the  Mississippi, — that  was  not  in  question  now, — but 
to  Lake  Micliigan.  La  Salle  wanted  to  pluii.  n 
trading-post  at  the  upper  Kaskaskin,  at  Peoria,  the 
great  town  of  the  Illinois,  where  Father  Marquette 
had  planned  to  have  a  missionary  station.    Joliet  had 


38 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


been  out  with  St.  Lusson  in  1700  on  an  uusuccussful 
journey  towarda  Lake  Superior  and  Lake  Michigan. 
This  was  the  voyage  in  which  La  Salle  claimed  pri- 
ority over  him.  In  1072,  when  Juliet  was  sent  out  \ 
to  join  Maniuctte  and  seek  the  Mississippi,  he  was  , 
expected  also  to  find  out  something  more  about  the 
copper-mine  on  Lake  Superior.  Jolict  made  no  "  Ite- 
lation"  in  regard  to  the  discovery  of  tlie  3Iississippi. 
Ilis  only  report  was  a  map  drawn  from  memory  and  a 
few  fragmentary  pages  concerning  it.  His  report  in 
regard  to  liis  journey  with  St.  Lusson  and  Dolier  and 
Gallinee,  on  the  contrary,  must  liave  been  full  and 
comprehensive.  The  reference  to  Jolict,  therefore,  is 
not  to  his  journey  with  Marquette  in  1672  at  all,  and 
if  it  liad  been  so,  the  words  ■•  false  in  many  things" 
would  not  imply  that  the  Jlississippi  had  not  been 
navigated  by  him  and  Jlanjucttc. 

But  M.  Margry  depends  chiefly  upon  the  reported 
conversations  of  M.  dc  la  Salle  with  "  a  frienJ  of  the 
Abbe  do  (jallinee"  (whom  he  considers  to  bo  the 
Abbe  Renaudot)  for  the  proof  that  La  Sallc  was  the 
original  explorer  of  the  Mississi]ipi  River.  This  in- 
teresting article  has  been  carefully  examined,  in  con- 
nection with  tlie  other  documents  furnished  by  M. 
Margry,  and  the  conclu.sion  is  that  it  does  not  bear 
out  any  such  supposition.  The  Abbe  dc  tiallinee's 
friend  probably  misunderstood  La  Salle.  lie  certainly 
got  the  latitude  and  longitude  wrong.  He  makes 
the  longitude  of  the  headwaters  of  tlie  Scioto  or  the 
Ohio  and  that  of  the  city  of  Chicago  the  same. 
The  paper  by  itself  is  unintelligible.  Read  in  con- 
nection with  other  papers  in  M.  Margry 's  volumes, 
however,  a  meaning  pan  be  reached  which  seems  to 
satisfy  all  the  conditions  of  the  problem,  without  put- 
ting a  reflection  upon  the  honor  or  veracity  of  any  of 
the  principal  actors  in  this  drama  of  discovery.  If 
we  suppose  that  "  the  friend  of  the  Abbe  de  Gallinee" 
misunderstood  La  Salle,  we  will  find  further  that  at 
no  time  did  La  Salle,  or  any  of  liis  friends  for  him, 
claim  that  ho  discovered  the  Mississippi  prior  to  1G82. 
He  did  claim  to  have  discovered  the  Ohio  in  the 
winter  of  lG(!!)-7t),  and  to  have  descended  it  an  un- 
certain distance.  He  did  claim  to  have  made  many 
otiior  discoveries  of  importance  in  the  country  to  the 
south  of  the  great  lakes.  This  claim  is  made  iti  sev- 
eral shapes,  as  coming  directly  from  him  and  from  his 
immediate  friends,  in  ofTieial  documents  and  auil'enti': 
memorials.  Jolict,  according  to  Parknian,  conceded 
the  claim,  in  two  maps  produced  by  him  in  1073  and 
1074.  Rut  be  did  not  claim  to  have  discovered  the 
Mississippi,  th-iugh  lie  knew  of  Joliet's  and  Mar- 
,  quette's  claim,  and  was  recommending  his  services 
and   sufTcrings  to  the  court,  in  pursuit  of  a  recom- 


pense to  be  based  upon  them.  Talon,  the  intendant, 
Frontcnac,  the  Governor,  knew  of  no  such  claim,  no 
such  discovery,  tlioagh  their  interests  and  La  Salle's 
were  identical,  and  though  La  Sallc  had  gone  to  the 
south  and  west  to  make  discoveries  by  Talon's  own 
direction.  Nor  did  La  Salle's  kinsmen  make  any  such 
claim  for  him  after  his  death  in  the  memorial  to  the 
king  reciting  his  services  and  explorations. 

How  then  are  we  to  interpret  the  conversation  with 
the  friend  of  the  Abbe  de  Gallinee  ?     That  such  a  con- 
ver.sation  took  place  there  can  be  no  doubt.     That  La 
Salle's  opinions  and  his  statements   eoneeniing    his 
performances    were    misunderstood   is   equally  dear. 
The  reporter  was  not  well  up  even  in  the  loose,  iiii- 
pcrl'ect  geography  of  the  day.     He  absurdly  says  thai 
La  Salle,  during  the  twelve  years  of  bis  American 
journeys,    had    traversed    the    regions   between    tlu! 
o3(Hh  degree  and  the  2().")th  degree  of  longitude  aiul 
the  0,'jth  degree  and  .'!Oth  degree  of  latitude, — a  ranirc 
of  from   Hudson's  Bay  to  Tennessee  and  Arkansas, 
from  the  Grand  Banks  of  Newfoundland  to  the  upper 
Mi.ssouri  River.     Pcihaps  La  Salle  did  go  to  IIiul- 
son's  Bay.     We  know  that  he  sought  a  short  way  to 
India,  and  that  liis  first  jouriu^ys  were  m.ide  in  the 
country  north  of  the  St.  Lawreiiec.      We  know  that 
in   the  end  he'  went  to  Matagorda   Bay,  low   down 
on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico.     But  he  had  not  done  so  at 
the  time  of  this  conversalion,  and  did  not  pretend  to 
have  done  so.      His  pretensions  arc  formulated  wiili 
the  utmost  distinctness  in  a  [laper  published  in   .^l. 
Margry  s  second  volume  ([).  377  el  sc)j.),  in  which  u 
friend  of  La  Salle's  makes  an  official  report  to  llii 
JIarquis  de  Seignelay  (,son  and  successor  of  Colbcit 
on  his  undertakings,  in  the  .shape  of  a  memoir  ■nn 
the  discoveries  of  the  Sieur  do  la  Salle  li>  tlir  soiil/i  uhJ 
till  irrsl  of  the  Great  Lakes  of  New  France."    This  i> 
an  elaborate  defense  of  La  Salle  from  all  the  charuL> 
brought  against  him  by  bis  enemies  (enemies  wImhi 
he  feared  because,  as  he  himself  said,  "  they  al\v;i\- 
suceced  in  the  end  in  pulling  a  man  down''),  aiiJ 
it  was  made  just  on  the  eve  of  his  departure  fur  tli> 
exploration  of  the  Mi,ssissippi.     In  regard  to  this  tli' 
memoir  says,  "  The  Sieur  de  la  Salle  has  had  mii 
ficient  i)roofs  that  the  river  Colbert  (Mississippi  <  liiil- 
into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,    .    .    .    and  «;<■  ivi//  li"' 
positive  news  ahuiit  it  at  the  end  of  the  yeur  fiam  il 
Sieur  lie  la  Salle."     This  is  the  languago  of  one  wli 
iiiti  .ids  to  go  and  get  ocular  proof  of  that  whiili  h 
is  already  morally  certain   about.     And  here  is  ,, 
that  La  Salle  claims  at  the  end  of  1081  ;  "7/-  /> 
/leeii  the  Jii  M  tn   /nrni  tlie  ilesii/n  of   these  ilisenrtri'- 
wbici)  '.e  communicated,  more  than  Jl/leen  t/ems  i, 
[in  1077  namely],  to  M.  de  Courcolics,  Governor,  an 


TRACKS  OF  EXPLORATION. 


39 


on,  tlie  intcndant, 
10  such  claim,  no 
3ts  and  La  Salle's 
>  had  gone  to  tlic 
;s  by  Talon's  own 
len  make  any  such 
10  memorial  to  the 
rations. 

2  conversation  with 
I     That  such  a  con- 
,0  doubt.     That  L;i 
its   conccruing   his 
1   U  eciually  clear. 
Ml  ill  the  loose,  ini- 
;  absurdly  says  thai 
•d  of  his  American 
!iions   between    the 
ce  of  longitude  aw) 
of  latitude,— a  rauiio 
)ssee  and  Arkansas, 
indland  to  the  n\)\H\- 
ille  did  go  to  Hud- 
DU-ht  a  short  way  to 
i-s  were  made  in  tlio 
iR'C.     We  know  that 
irda  Bay,  low   down 
10  had  not  done  so  at 
^d  did  not  pretend  to 

me  fornmlated  wiili 

per  published  in   M. 

et  sv'{.),  in  which  u 

otVioial  report  to  tli. 

successor  of  Colbcit 

,0  of  a  memoir  •  uii 

Salle  III  llir  Siiiltli  'n,u 

cw  l-'rancc."  This  i> 
from  all  the  chargo 
niics  (enemies  wliniu 
If  said,  "they  alwiiy 
a  man  down'"),  imJ 
Ills  departure  for  t!i. 
In  rcjfurd  to  this  tli' 
la  Salle  has  hud  sui 
bert  (^Mississippi  >  iVil- 

(;;i(/  w  irtll  '"' 
•I  i,f  thtt  year  fiiitn  'i 
0  language  of  one  wli 
roof  of  that  whiili  li 
ut.  And  here  i-  a 
nd  of  Ui81;  "//'  '■' 
'/I  of  lliise  (lisriiiiii'- 
Ih'in  Ji/tmi  yi«,:-  ■>; 
urcelles,  Governor,  uin 


to  M.  do  Talon,  intcndant  of  Canada,  who  approved 
it.  lie  subsc(juently  made  several  voyages  to  tliat 
region  ((/e  re  ms/c-Ai),  and  one  among  others  in  KifiO 
witii  Messieurs  Dolier  and  Gallinee,  priests  of  the 
S('iiiiiK.ry  of  St.  Sulpice.  U  is  true  that  the  Sieiir 
Juliet,  to  forestall  him  ( jtonr  le  pn'ceuir),  vuiile  a 
voyage  in  1C73  to  the  river  Colliert;  but  this  was 
simply  (iiiiiijiiemeiit)  to  trade  in  that  direction,  with- 
out having  spent  any  money  upon  it,  and  without 
attempting  then  nor  since  to  make  any  establiuhment 
tliere,  while  on  the  other  hand  the  Sienr  de  la  Salle, 
with  tills  design,  caused  Fort  Fronteiiac  to  be  con- 
structed and  built  several  vessels  with  decks ;  he  has 
built  several  other  forts,  discovered  the  country  of  the 
Nadowesious  (^Sioux)  and  several  others,  all  at  great 
expense,  which  he  was  nndar  no  obligation  to  incur, 
and  the  avoidance  of  which  would  have  nmdo  him 
rich."  "  If  he  had  preferred  profit  to  glory."  the 
memoir  adds,  "  lie  had  but  to  reuKiin  in  his  fort, 
where  he  enjoyed  an  income  of  more  than  twenty-five 
tliousand  livres  a  year  from  the  commerce  he  had  at- 
,  tracted  there." 

All  this  is  clear  and  intelligible.     It  disposes  coin- 
ipletcly  of  M.  Margry's  claims,  and  it  only  remains 
Ifor  us  to  show  what  were  the  nature  of  La  Salle's 
liscovcries,  how  he  came  to  make  them,  and  what 
Iheir  value  was  to  himself  and  to  the  Governor  and 
Inteiidant  who   so  eagerly  urged    him  to  prosec-.cc 
them.     His  career  as  a  discoverer  properly  began  at 
his  trading-post  at  Laehine,  where  lie  received  the 
Indians  from  every  quarter,  studied  their  languages 
and  manner,  and   made  himself  familiar  with  their 
Country.     This  is  on  iveord,  and  it  is  also  on  record 
that  in  IG'Jl),  after  conferences  with  Talon  and  Cour- 
cclles,  he  sold  Laehine  and  started  out  on  an  explor- 
ing expedition  in  company  with  Dolier  and  Gallinee, 
•the  llecollcct  friars.    Tlicy  intended  to  seek  the  Ohio, 
'  but  tile  Recollect  brothers,  after  meeting  Jolict,  were 
persuaded  by  him  to  go  around  Lake  Erie  and  seek 
'Lake  Superior,  whereupon  La  Sallo  said  he  was  too 
isiek  to  go  farther,  and  ;he  two  parties  separated. 

At  that  time  the  Iroquois  were  so  formidable  be- 

itweeii  Detroit  and  the  liead  of  Lake  Ontario  that  this 

ilakc  and  Lake  l']rio  were  of  no  use  to  the  French. 

iThe  missionaries  and   traders  led  Montreal  by  the 

Borthern  route,  ascended  tlio  Ottawa  River,  made  the 

Drtago  to    Lake  Nipissing,  got  into  the  Georgian 

ly,  skirted   along  tlie   north   siiore  of  the   North 

liannel,  and  in  lliGO  hud  only  heard  of  two  traders 

rho  had  passed  through  the  Sa'ult  Ste.  Mario  into 

Lake  Supiirior.     Tlio  missionaries  had  immediately 

llowed  them, — Menard,  Alloucz,  Dublon,  and  now 

Iar([uettc, — and  at  this  time  there  were  missions  at 


Sault  Ste.  Marie  at  the  cast,  and  at  La  Pointc  in  the 
southwest  of  Lake  Superior,  with  stations  possibly 
on  Green  Bay  and  the  Strait  of  Mackinac,  only  reached, 
however,  overland  from  Sault  Ste.  Marie.  The  'akc 
routes  were  not  available ;  the  southern  shores  of 
Huron,  Erie,  and  Michigan  were  scarcely  known, 
and  the  Iroquois  and  their  allies  infested  the  northern 
routes  also. 

It  is  repeatedly  mentioned  that  La  Salle  entertained 
Indians  of  the  Iro(|uois  nation  a',  his  post  at  Laehine. 
But  it  has  not  been  noted,  apparently,  that  among 
these  Iro(|Uois  were  some  of  the  Susquehannocks,  an 
Iroquois  tribe  who  were  generally  at  war  with  their 
kindred  of  the  Five  Nations,  though  sometimes  at 
peace.  These  people,  who  traded  with  the  Swedes, 
traded  also  with  the  French.  As  we  shall  show,  they 
hunted  up  to  Lake  Erie  as  well  as  on  the  headwaters 
of  the  Potomac.  La  Salle  sold  out  Laehine,  Jan.  'J, 
IGUD.  July  1st  of  that  year  he  engaged  men  in  his 
service  to  go  with  him  "  on  the  voyage  for  which  the 
said  Sieur  de  la  Salle  prepares  himself  to  go  to  the 
savage  and  distant  nations  of  both  the  North  and  the 
South  Coast,"  '  and  started  out  with  Fathers  Dolier 
and  Gallinee.  The  latter,  in  his  "  Relation,"  says  that 
M.  de  Courcelles  begged  M.  Dolier  to  join  forces  witii 
M.  do  la  Salle,  "  to  make  together  the  voyage  that 
M.  de  la  Salle  had  contemplated  (  jireinihlite)  for  a 
long  time  towards  a  great  river  which  he  had  con- 
ceived (in  conse(|uenco  of  what  he  thought  to  have 
learned  I'loiu  the  savages)  to  have  its  course  towards 
the  west,  at  the  "A  of  which,  after  seven  or  eight 
months'  march,  .  .  said  savages  related  that  the  land 
was  cut  off, — that  is  to  say,  according  to  their  fashion 
of  speech,  that  this  river  fell  into  the  sea, — and  that 
this  river  is  called  in  the  Iroquois  tongue,  Ohio.  .  .  . 
The  hope  of  getting  beaver,  but  above  all  the  hope 
of  finding  by  this  way  a  passage  to  the  Vermilion 
Sea,  into  which  M.  de  la  Salle  belioved  the  Ohio 
fell,  made  him  undertake  this  journey,  so  as  not  to 
leave  to  another  the  honor  of  finding  the  road  to  the 
South  Sea,  and  by  it  that  to  China."  Father  Gallinee 
goes  on  to  say  that  La  Salle's  commission  authorized 
him  to  .search  closely  in  all  the  woods,  rivers,  and 
lakes  of  Canada  in  qu'ist  of  natural  advantages  {pi>iir 
voir  s'il  ny  oiiroit  rieii  de  lion),  and  begged  the  Gov- 
ernors of  the  provinces  he  might  come  to,  such  as 
Virginia,  Florida,  etc.,  to  permit  him  to  jiass,  and  to 
give  him  aid,  as  they  would  wish  us  to  do  by  their 
people  in   like  case.'     The  expedition  started  from 

'  Milrgry,  vol.  '.  lOfi.  Kntjinjrment  tic  Cltitrl*'s  Thnitlottnirr 
iiu  Serviet;  de  t\iftlifr  tie  Lti  Sdlle, 

'  Mr.  Slii'ii,  ill  liiii  "  Uistury  of  tlio  Disoovory  of  tlio  Miiiais- 
sl|i|ii,"  aaya,  ''Whou  Juliet  {laiaod  down  La!<a Ontario,  iu  1074,  lio 


40 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


•;■  ti 


■  ^1 


Montrcnl,  in  seven  or  eight  canoes,  on  July  6,  IGfiO, 
having    for  guide   two   eanoos  of  Sonnontoueronon 
(Seneea)  Iroquois,  says  M.  do  Gallinre.     They  had 
come  to  Montreal  the  previous  year,  and  "  had  dwelt 
II  very  long  time  with  M.  de  la  Salle,  and  had  told 
him  so  many  marvels  about  the  Ohio  River,  which 
they  claimed  to  know  porfcetly  weil,  that  they  kindled 
in  liiia  more  than  ever  the  desire  to  visit  it."     These 
Indians  knew  all  about  the  Shawanesc  ((Vh'okiihoiis), 
and  the  other  Ohio  tribes.     Galliiiee  had  a  Dutchman 
for  his  guide.     At  tliis  time  the  Senecas  were  at 
peace  with  the  French,  but  tlioy  were  at  war  with  the 
8us(|uel)annocks,  or,  as  Gallinee    erms  them,    "  the 
Aiiliis/(ir/i(i'  vr  ^\ii>asloi((iis,   vlio  arc  the  savnges  of 
iWit)  Sivttliii.  and  who  continually  are  on  the  war- 
path around  the  country  of  the  Senccas.''     They  had 
just  slain  ten  men  in  the  very  place  where  the  Fathers 
and  their  party  wore  awaiting  an  interview  with  the 
Senec:is,  and  the  good  Gallinee  does  not  seem  to  have 
likyd  the  pro.spcct.     The  object  in  going  to  tlie  Senc- 
cas was  to  buy  from  tlieni  an  Indian  captive  of  one  of 
the  Ohio  tribes  who  might  serve  to  guide  them   to 
that  country.     The  Senccas,  howevei,  refused  them  a 
guide  ;  it  was  six  days'  journey  of  twelve  leagues  eaeli 
from  their  town   to  the  Ohio,  whereas,  from   Lake 
Eric  acro.ss  to  stream.---  running  into  the  Ohio,  it  was  only 
a  short  portage  of  three  days.  Besides,  the  Ohio  country 
was  very  dangerous.     The    Toaguenha   were  a  bad 
tribe  who  would  find  their  camp  and  scalp  them  at 
night.     If  they  escaped  these,  they  were  sure  to  be 
slain   by  the  Antasloes  (Sus(|Uchannocks),  and  that 
would  embroil  the  Senecas  with  '•  Onontio,"  the  Gov- 
ernor of  Canada. 

They  left  the  Senecas,  went  to  the  Niagara  River, 
and  thence  to  a  village  of  the  Gantastogue — Sununloua 
Outinaouatoua — on  or  near  Lake  Krie,  where  La  Salle 
fell  sick,  and  where  the  party  found  two  guides,  cap- 
tives of  the  Sliawanese  and  the  Nczl'erce  tribes,  one 
of  them  a  Pottawattamie.  La  Salle  selected  the  Sha- 
wanw-e  for  his  guide.     It  was  at  this  Indian  town 

Btdpjicil  nl  Fort  Frontcniip.  where  T,ii  Siillo  was  then  commnmlcr 
under  Fron(e"'ao,  Ilu  wns  thus  one  of  the  fir.«t  to  know  of  the 
result  of  Jolict's  voyage,  ami,  perhape,  was  one  of  the  lew  that 
8aw  his  maps  and  jutirniils,  whii'h  were  lost  before  ho  reached 
the  next  French  post.  At  the  same  time  it  docs  not  seem  to 
have  inailc  ninch  impression  on  l.a  .Salle;  hi.s  great  (jhjei't  then 
was  to  liuild  up  a  fortune,"  etc.,  etc.  Why  should  not  Mr.  Shea 
give  l.a  Salle  Ihe.bcnelit  of  the  counter-supposition  thai  when 
.Joliut  met  La  Salle,  at  the  time  of  which  we  arc  now  writing, 
he  might  have  got  some  germs  of  the  ideas  about  the  grout 
Western  river  with  whicli  the  explorer's  brain  wiis  ilion  teem- 
ing? Which  is  the  more  likely,  in  a  ipieslion  of  debt,  thiit  l.a 
Salle  borrowed  in  1871  what  ho  had  been  thinking  about  since 
1607,  or  that  Jolict  burrowed  in  1 601)  what  he  accomplished  in 
1673? 


that  Joliet  was  found,  just  in  from  the  West,  ami 
here  La  Salle  parted  from  the  Fathers,  who  startci! 
for  the  shores  of  Lake  Erie,  La  Salle  announcing  that 
he  should  return  to  Montreal.     Where  did  La  SalN 
go?     In  1677,  in  liis  petition  to  the  court  of  Francr 
for  leave  to  csttiblish  himself  at  Fort  Frontenac,  hr 
said,  "In    1C07   and    the  following  years  he  made 
divers  voyages  at  much  expense,  in  which  he  first  of 
any  discovered  much  country  to  the  soutli  of  the  great 
lakes,  among  others  the  great  river  Ohio.     He  fol- 
lowed it  to  a  place  where  it  falls  from  a  great  height 
into  vast  morasses,  nt  the  height  of  37  degrees,  after 
havitig  been  swollen  by  another  very  large  river  that 
conies  from  the  north  ;  and  all  these  waters  apparently 
empty  into  the  Gulf  of  IMexico,"  etc.     So,  then,  li.' 
claimed  the  priority  in  getting  at  the  true  idea  of  tli  • 
Western  river  systcMU  ;  in  reaching  and  exploring  the 
Ohio;  in  examining  the  coast-line  of  Lake  Michigan 
on  tlie  south  ;  in  discovering  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois 
River;  and  in  making  ac(juainfance  with  the  Sioux 
nation,  one  tribe  of  wliich  was  settled  on  the  western 
side  of  Lake  IMichigan,  south  of  Green  Bay.     Joliit 
admitted  his  claim  to  the  di.scovcry  of  the  Ohio,  ami 
the  French  court  admitted  his  claim  to  priority  at  tin- 
Illinois  River,  for  when  Joliet  asked  leave  to  establish 
liiiuself  there  with  twenty  men  in  1077  it  was  rcfLstJ. 
If  we  should  suppose  that  La  Salle,  in  lOiil),  alUr 
parting  with  Dolicrand  GtiUinee,  put  himself  in  change 
of  his  Shawanesc  guide,  descended  the  Allegany,  tlic 
Beaver,  the  Tuscarawas,  the  Muskingum,  or  the  Sciidu 
into  the  Ohicr,  and  ftpllowed  it  beyond  tlie  Widjti.-ili,  in 
conjunction  with  the  Sliawanese  and  ,icrhiips  the  Siis 
quehannock  Indians,  afterwards  mounting  the  Waba.-li. 
niiiking  portage  to  the  Kiitikakee  River,  thence  by  tli, 
Illinois  into  Lake  Michigan — we  can  under.stand  ix 
actly  how  he  proceeded,  and  what  the  great  exploni 
claimed,  and  iilso  how  he  came  by  his  intimate  kimw- 
ledge  of  the  Chicago  country.     We  cannot  espluiii 
the  mystery  in  any  other  way  than  by  cjiiceaii.;.'  that 
between  1()(J7and  l(i71  he  spent  his  time  in  ex|itoriii.- 
the  country  and  the  rivers  south  of  the  great  hikes, 
and,  as  his  followers  deserted  hiiu,  ho  must  have  liii 
the  a.ssistancc  of  the  Indians.     The  iiiiniediate  valiii 
(if  his  discoveries  to  the  Camidian  government,  outsii] 
of  the  great  expanse  of  new  territory  which  he  broiul, 
into  k.iowledge,  was  that  he  opened  up  a  new  soutln  it 
water-route  for  the  fur  tr.-ide.     The  crownitig  (jII'i  n- 
he  committed  in  the  eyes  of  his  enemies,  fur-trail.: 
and  others,  was  in  attempting  to  control  this  rouir  • 
his  own  jiersonal  advantage  by  erecting  Fort   Front. 
iiac  and  the  fort  on  the  Illinois  River.     With  th.- 
and  a  fort  on  the  Straits  of  Mackinac,  as  lie  hiins.!' 
said,  lie  would  have  entire  command  of  the  trad.  .: 


- 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  LOUISIANA. 


m  tho  West,  and 
thers,  who  startei! 
e  aiinounciiii?  that 
'licro  did  La  Salli 
10  court  of  Franc.  ■ 
i"ort  Frontenac,  In 
V'  years  he  madr 
n  which  he  first  of 
J  south  of  the  ^reai 
or  Ohio.     Ho  ful 
rom  a  f:rcat  hcijilit 
,f  H7  degrees,  after 
:ry  hirge  river  thai 
so  waters  apparently 
'  etc.     So,  then,  li.- 
the  true  idea  of  th" 
1^  and  cxploriii';  the 
J  of  Lake  Michigan 
iiouth  of  the  Illinois 
nee  with  the  Sioux 
ttled  on  the  wes-tirn 
Green  Bay.     Jolitt 
iry  of  tho  Ohio,  and 
lim  to  priority  at  tin 
icd  leave  to  e.stabli>li 
1077  it  was  refused. 
Salle,  in  lliU'J,  afkr 
mt  himself  in  ehar^r 
cd  the  Allegany,  tin 
ingani,or  the  Seintu 
ond  the  Wabash,  in 
md  ^lerhaps  the  Sii> 
Hinting  tho  Waba>li 
llivcr,  thence  by  tlu 
can  understand  ^'x 
t  tho  great  exploiii 
■  his  intimate  knew- 
Wc  cannot  espluin 
in  by  C'tnceclii.;.'  tlui' 
his  time  in  exploriii;: 
of  the  great  lako. 
In,  he  must  have  lit! 
The  imnioiliate  vain. 
governuienl,  outsid 
iry  which  he  br<ni-l 
'd  up  a  new  soutle  i' 
hie  crowning  othii- 
enemics,  fur-trad.: 
Icontrol  this  rout.  ' 
lecting  Fort  Front. 
River.     With  tli.- 
;kinae,  as  he  hitns.' 
Land  of  the  trad.  . : 


M 


■1 


■# 


the  lakes.  With  another  fort  nt  the  mouth  of  the 
Mississippi,  he  would  command  tho  entire  trade  of 
tlio  Miissi-ssippi  valley. 

Ill  view  of  nil  the  extended  array  of  facts  here  pre- 
sented, therefore,  we  must  eoiieludo  that  Mnrfjuette 
and  Joliet  first,  among  the  French,  discovered  the 
Mississippi  River,  and  that  La  Salle  firet  explored  the 
river  and  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  and  made  tlio 
world  ac(|uaiiitod  with  their  extent,  their  continental 
relations,  and  the  immense  possibilities  of  their  future. 
Mai(|uette  found  the  path;  La  Salic  surveyed  the 
thoroughfare. 


CHAPTER   in. 

UPPKIl  AND  LOWER  LOUISIANA. 


Il    The  French  empire  in  America  was  as  magniBccnt 

iln  its  proportions  as  it  was  short-lived.     Canada  ex- 

i^ended  northward  to  the  Polar  Sea,  and  the  hardy 

"^juiijin-a  lies  hois  and  fur-traders  were  more  than  once 

\a  conflict  with  the  British  whalers  and  seal-hunters 

On  the  shores  of   Hud.'on's   Bay,  while  there  were 

IjiUmerous  naval  battles  in  the  fiorded  borders  of  New- 

'^undland."     Westward  the  only  limit  to  New  France 

:>  It  was  in  these  liolds  that  Lo  Moyno  D'llwrvilic  nociuiicil 
the  o.\|KTiciioi'  iiti.l  c:\rncil  the  renown  wliich  ciiuscd  him  to  he 
geloctcil  tooolonize  Louisiana.  The  lirilishhatl  setup  an.Horti- 
flc<l  8omo  fur-trading  (losts  on  Hudson's  Hay  and  oecupieU 
several  line  harbors  iq  Newfoundhmd  soon  aCler  tlie  beginning 
of  what  was  known  in  Kurope  as  "  the  League  of  .Augsburg." 
La  Salle  was  only  Canadian  by  ado|ili.in,  but  I'icrro  Lc  Xloyne 
D'Ibcrville  was  a.  native  of  Montreal,  a  good  type  of  the  old 
Canadian  noblesse.  Jle  was  trained  in  tlio  French  navy ;  ho 
hnd  di.-tinguishe.l  himself  in  tbeeaptureof  l*emai|uidand  other 
iffairs  of  the  bonier,  in  the  lea.l  ..f  the  niixc.l  forces  of  French 
Mid  In.lians  whiidi  Canada  sent  to  rai.l  upon  the  frontiers  .if 
ITenr  Knglan.l  and  Now  York.  From  the  taking  of  I'einaqnid 
i||e  Bailed  at  once  to  Newfoundlanil,  captured  and  burned  St. 
ifolins,  an.l,  with  a  force  of  one  hundred  and  twenty-live  Cana- 
an sol. tiers  and  ii  few  .\benakis  Indians,  made  n  raid  upon  all 
0  Uritisli  settlciuents,  slaying  two  hun.lred  ]icrsons  and  inak- 
ig  fcvin  hun.lred  prisoners.  Thence  he  and  his  brother  .Serigny 
ooeeded  to  Iludiion's  Hay  with  n  squadron  of  warships,  cap- 
red  or  sunk  several  Kugliab  vessels  after  a  desperate  engage- 
ont.  anil  there  laid  siege  to,  bonibar.led,  an.l  t.iok  the  Unglish 
'ort  Nelson,  c.\p.'lling  the  Dritisb  from  those  inhospital)le.«hores. 
was  after  these  gallant  cxpl.>it9  that  D'Ibervillo  was  oonimiR- 
med  to  eompleto  La  Salle's  explorations  of  tho  Lower  Missis- 
pi.  He  was  one  of  the  eleven  sons  of  Charles  Le  Moyne,  a 
loneer  ginlleman  of  .M.mtre^l,  who  ha.l  ilislingui.^hed  himself 
the  lielil  under  La  liarri"',  and  wa.s  noted  for  his  inlluenee 
'er  the  Christianized  Iroquois,  they  choosing  him  for  their 
idcr  under  the  name  of  AknueKH'iii.  Charles  LeMoyno's  sons 
re  Fran^'ois  .le  Uienville,  killed  by  tho  Iroquois  in  tho  attack 
ion    Kepentigny,   Longueuil,   Sfirigny,    Assigny,    Murioourt, 


was  the  Pacific  Ocean  and  the  Spanish  possessions. 
Louisiana  began  where  Canada  left  off,  at  the  great 
lakes,  and  it  claimed  to  extend  to  the  Alleghany 
Mountains  on  the  east.  The  boundary  lino  between 
it  and  Florida  was  the  Rio  Perdido,  while  it  claimed  an 
indefinite  proportion  of  territory  from  Western  Georgia. 
On  tho  west  tho  French  demanded  the  Rio  Grande, 
and  tlio  Spanish  government  conceded  the  Sabine  as 
the  dividing  line  between  Louisiana  and  Mexico.  The 
Bi.shop  of  Louisiana  claimed  what  is  now  Oregon  as 
being  part  of  his  see,  and  the  concession  made  by  the 
French  king  to  Antony  Crouzat  covered  all  the  ex- 
panse of  the  Mississippi  River  and  tdl  tho  lands  bind- 
ing upon  it  and  its  tributary  streams  to  their  several 
sources. 

In  fact,  this  groat  river  and  its  tributaries  were  very 
little  known  until  many  years  after  this  grant.  But 
La  Salle's  voyages  had  opened  the  way  to  further  ex- 
plorations, and  to  settlements  in  several  places.  This 
explorer's  eagle  eye  had  fixed  upon  flie  most  coni- 
niandiiig  points  between  Quebec  and  Mexico.  He 
cliose  Lachine  as  the  outpost  and  bastion  of  Mon- 
treal ;  he  selected  Kingston  (Fi  :t  Frontenac)  as  the 
best  place  to  control  Lake  Ontario ;  ho  cho.se  the  site 
of  the  fort  on  Niagara  River  afterwards  known  as 
Fort  Erie;  his  eye  appreciated  the  advantages  of 
Detroit  and  Slackinac  ;  Chicago,  Peoria,  St.  Joseph's, 
Natchez,  New  Orleans,  and  Matagorda  Bay  were  all 
points  of  his  choosing;  and,  as  was  the  case  with 
Alexander,  tho  places  which  he  selected  for  forts  and 
trading-posts  have  most  of  them  grown  to  be  cities 
by  the  natural  process  of  tho  "  survival  of  tho  fittest." 
In  the  autumn  of  1083,  La  Salle  started  from  Illi- 
nois to  go  to  France  and  prepare  for  his  expedition  to 
tho  Gulf  of  Mexico,  leaving  (fie  faithful  Tonti  in 
command  of  his  post,  Fort  St.  Louis,  on  the  Illinois. 
lie  reached  La  Rochelle,  France,  on  December  2l5d 
of  that  year.  Tonti  was  ordered  to  hold  the  post  in 
Illinois,  and  to  co-operate  with  his  commander  when 
ho  should  have  news  of  his  arrival  below.  La  Salle's 
last  and  disastrous  expedition  sailed  from  La  Rochelle 
on  July  24,  1084,  with  four  vcsesIs  and  a  hand.some 
ei[uipment  for  a  permanent  colony  in  Louisiana. 
Through  accident  or  treachery,  they  sailed  beyond  the 
mouth  of  the  Mississippi  and  landed  on  the  coast  of 
Texiis,  whence  La  Salle  was  never  able  to  extricate 
himself.'' 


Sainto-TIAK'ne,  Chatcauguay  ainC-,  Chateauguny  jeuno,  ntcnvllle 
jeuiio,  and  D'Iber\r.le.  The  latter  fonn.reil  Louisiana,  tho 
younger  Uienville  founiled  New  Orleans,  and  three  parishes  in 
L.>uisiana  beat  the  names  of  the  sons  of  Lo  Moyne. 

'  It  has  been  unjustly  assumed  that  it  was  by  design  that  La 
Salic  ovorshot  his  murk,     Mr.  John  Oilimiry  Shea,  whose  hoa- 


II 


l.'l 


42 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


The  explorer,  in  fact,  never  seems  to  have  found  out 
exnclly  where  he  was.  In  common  with  ull  liis  con- 
temporaries he  seems  to  have  under-cstinmtcd  the  size 
of  the  continent  and  the  breadtJi  and  swoop  inwards 

lility  to  the  grciit  explorer  is  iinr<>rtunntc,  in  tlint  it  tou  often 
indiiees  him  to  make  light  of  giciit  |ilan3  nnJ  inn);nificent  pur- 
poseK,  claims  that  thin  expeilition  is  a  proof  thiit  Ln  Salle  was 
ft  "bueeiinccr,"     In   a   nolo  to  his  trnnshitiun  of  I.o  Clero's 
"  Kftiiblissemcnt  Jc  la  Foi,"  vol.  ii.|>.  lIOl!,  .Mr.  Shell  eays,  "  It 
WHS  pretendcil  that  La  S,illo  sailed  fi'om    Kraneo  to  siltlo  in 
Louisiana.     This  farce  has  been    kept  up   until   recently,  and 
historians  generally  have  been  misled.     The  truth  is  nt  last 
made  clear.     The  letters  of    I'ei'ialosa,  a   renegade  Spaniard, 
.Margry,  iii.  p.  0.'!;  La  Salle's  Projects,  ib.  pp.  4  t,  IS,  fi3  ;  his 
memoir  on  the  expedition  he  proposed  against  one  of  t'.tc  Mexi- 
can provinces,  ib.,  ii.  ]>.  .'MS;  the  journal  of  the  Snipitian,  Rev. 
Mr.  Desmanvillc,  ib.,  ii.p.  .'>I3.  all  show  that  his  real  object  was 
the  con(|ue.st  of  the  Santa  llarbary  and  other  mines  in  .Mexico. 
It  would  seem  to  have  been  his  object  from   the  first  to  reach 
tlic  rich  mining  country  by  means  of  the  .Mississippi.    The  per- 
fect madness  of  attempting  to  invade  .Mexico  and  wrest  New 
liiscay  from  the  Spaniards  with  a  hundred  men  is  apparent; 
but  La  Salle  tulj  lioaujeu  that  they  were  only  the  forerunners 
of  IVfialosa,  who  was  to  follow  thoin  next  year  with  consider- 
able lorces.   (lieaujeu  in  Margry,  ii.  p.  42S.)    This  furnishes  the 
only  duo  to  La  .^alle's  obstinate  refusal  of  Beaujeu's  last  offers, 
and  of  his  lingering  near  the  coast  without  making  any  serious 
etVort  to  reach  the  .Mississippi."     We  are  compelled  to  differ 
with  .Mr.  SIm'ii  -n  regard  t'l  this  matter.     We  do  it  reluctantly, 
because-  ins  authority  is  deserveilly  high,  and  he  is  one  of  the 
most  accurate  and  thorough,  as  he  is  the  most  painstaking,   of 
oiir  historians.     But  La  Salle's  fair  fame  is  as  much  an  object 
of  interest  and  a  thing  to  bj  defended  by    the  people  of  the 
.Missis.-ippi  valley  as  .Maniactlo's  ;  and  .Vr.  Shea's  attacks  upon 
La  Salle,  while  they  have  the  persislenco  of  personal  feeling, 
are  not  always  bene  out  by  a  more  liberal  interprelalion  of  tl'c 
authorities  cited  for  them.     This  is  said  advisedly,  and  for  '.he 
following  reasons:  The  abovc-quoleil  pa.v,"raph  charges  inore 
things  than  one.     It  charges  that  La  Salle  concealed  his  real 
object;  that  his  evpedition  was  in   elTccI   a  piratical  one,  and 
that  the  plan  of  it  wasfiish  and  harebrained.     To  this    it  is 
necessary  to  reply  that,  if  Margry's  volume  be  any  authority, 
nothing  can  be  more  certain   than   that    La  Salle's  rial  object 
was  to  emancipate  his  fur  trade  from  the  obstructive  inlluences 
of  his  enemies   by  pra\iding  a  ihmv  outlet  for  it  fin   the  (lulf 
of  .Mexico.     He  knew  thai  the  only  way  lor  him  to  get  at  the 
peltries  of  "  Castoria"  was  to  convert  thul  region  into  an  ap- 
|ianage  of  Louisiana.     Secondly,  if  La  Salle  did  plan  an  attack 
upon  .Mexico,  it  was  not  a  filibustering  expedition  at  all,  but  a 
legitimate  military  and  naval  cxpe.lition  of  the  French  gov- 
ernment, sanclioned,  encouraged,  and  erjuippetl  b.v  the  king 
and  the  ministry;  and  lastly,  it  was  not  the  plan  and  act  of  a 
fool,  but  a  well-wrought,  ablyforlilied  scheme  by  one  of  the 
most  cuinprehensivo  and  practical  minds  of  that  generation. 
All  these  llirec  things  we  propose  Ici  establish  by  the  authorities 
cited  by  Mr.  Shea  in  proof  of  the  converse  propt)sitions. 

I .  /.II  .S'oWc'b  Oljei'l. — In  a  letter  written  by  him  to  one  of  his 
friends  from  .Michilinnickiniic,  October,  lfiS2,  he  says,  "  I  have 
at  present  great  enemies,  who  are  used  to  accomplish  (i/ai  mnil 
iDniiH  II  li'iKl]  everything  they  un  Icrtako.  I  ilo  not  pretend  to 
resist  them,  but  only  to  set  myself  right,  mu  tlial  t  'iin  inmplett: 
hi/  Hrti  irhtit  I  hiiyf  he'jiin  fien;."  {.Margry,  ii.  p.  2!I0.)  "The 
utility  of  this  enterprise  {the  discovery  of  the  .Mississippi)  is 
primarily  apparent  in  the  convenience  of  the  pjrts  that  the 


of  tiic  3Iusican  Gulf  Ilo  thought  that,  because  it 
WHS  not  a  very  great  voyage  by  sea  from  the  niouili 
of  the  Tauipico  River  (or  tlie  Puiiiico,  as  it  was  tluii 
called)  to  tiie  moutli  of  the  Mi.ssissippi  and  to  Florida. 

mouths  of  this  river  form  near  the  Spaniards  and  near  Die 
path  of  their  lleets,  where  it  will  be  easy  to  support  a  stron:; 
colony  in  consequence  of  the  fertility  and  kimllinoss  of  tin- 
country  and  the  prairies,  all  ready  for  tillage,  etc.  .  ,  .  Tin 
mouth  of  the  stream  is  easy  to  ilefend,  ancl,  consequently,  tin 
entrance  to  the  whole  land  also.  It  is  within  (less  than)  li., 
leagues  [wide],  and  an  army  could  imly  with  great  diflicullv 
march  by  land  because  of  the  great  brakes  of  canes,  etc.  W, 
can,  from  there,  notably  incommode  and  even  entirely  ruin  N.  «■ 
.'^pain  simply  by  arming  the  savages,  who  are  e;isy  to  keep  ,[, 
Older,  having  already  temples  and  chiefs,  and  who  morlally  li  i, 
IheSpaniards  because  enslaved  by  them."  (Margry,  ii.  2'.IL',  2'-  . 
-Ml  this  shows  that  lie  looked  upon  acolcny  inside  the  nioulli  h; 
the  .Mississippi  as  the  best  place  not  only  for  his  fur-trade,  iim 
for  attacks  on  Mexico  without  danger  of  reprisals  by  the  Sp  m 
iards.  He  repeats  what  has  been  quoted  several  limes,  :.i,i 
there  can  be  no  doubt  that  his  colony  on  the  .Mississippi  hi. 
in  his  mind,  the  best  pjace  in  the  world  from  which  to  opeuii, 
against  New  Biscay  if  ho  made  up  his  mind  I"  Ij  that.  |i; 
other  words,  his  avowed  object  was  the  real  object,  and  tiie  ni,, 
which  he  had  most  dearly  at  heart. 

2.  La  S;ille,  in  proposing  to  operate  against  Mexico,  was  pi. 
posing  a  legitimate  military  expedition  agninsta  foreign  nalim 
with  which  his  country  was  at  war.  ..a  Salle's  memoir,  il,. 
"Projet  d'uno  Nouvelle  Knterprise"  (Margry,  ii.  p.  lii'.l,  n™ 
IMS,  as  g'.ven  by  Mr.  Shea),  stales  expressly  that  "the  piin 
cipal  f.uit  which  the  Sieur  de  la  Salle  has  proposed  from  i|. 
great  pcuils  and  labors  undergone  by  him  in  his  disc.ivery  wa- 
to  latisfy  the  ilesire  of  the  late  .Mouscigncur  Colbert  to  i  .i  j  , 
jiost  where  the  French  might  establish  themselves  and  we.ir  i,i, 
[fitliijmr)  the  i^paniards  in  the  placed  whence  they  draw  n 
their  riches.  The  place  that  he  proposes  to  fortify,  wij*^//  Iki,,, 
iibtire  tlif  liumtli  o/'  //*,.'  fiver  Cullicrl,  in  the  Out/ of  .Vc.r/i-<, ,  ti,,. 
all  the  advantages  that  wo  made  out  for,  that,  as  much  fur  i: 
advantageous  situation  as  in  eon3e<|uenco  of  the  favorable  ], 
position  of  the  savages  dwelling  thereabouts.  .  .  .  Tln^  i'.m. 
and  shore,  inundated  for  more  than  twenty  leagues  within  : 
mouth,  renders  il  (the  river)  inaccessible  by  lanil."  .  .  . 

.'!.   As  to  the  foolbardiness  of  the  enterprise.  La  Sallo  say. 
this  same  project  (pp.  IIOl),  nti I )  that  the  Indians  were  so  in  ii  i: 
by  the  tyranny  of  the  Spaniards,  so  eager  to  welcome  the  I'l.  n 
that  eighteen  thousand  of  them,  forgetting  ancient  enmiti,  -  ,i 
conquering  local  dilferencis,  had  come  from  two  hundred  Iimj 
around  to  meet  and  welcome  him,     "  By  the  reunion  "I  t\,~- 
forces,"  he  said,  "we  c;in  form  an  army  of  more  than  lili, 
thousand  savages,  who,  feeling  t'    niselvcs  to  be  suppoMi  1 
the  French  and  the  Abenakis  of  the  Sieur  de  La  Salle's  -i, 
will  meet  with  no  resistance  in  the  province  which  it  i«  | 
posed  to  attack,  where  there  are  not  more  than  four  iiutu 
full-blooded  Spaniards,  scattered  through  a  section  one  liiiin 
and   fifty   leagues  long  and   fifty  broail,  all  olVicers  or  ar'  ■ 
more  fit  to  manage  the  mines  than  to  oppose  \  igoroii^I'.  -        ^ 
enterprise,  which  would  bo  even   favored  by  tho  ninlatlii ..  ; 
dians,  and  negroes,  if  promised  their  freedom,    I'nder  ail  i 
considerations,  the  Sieur  de  I. a  Salle  oll'ers,  with  tho  appi' 
Monseigncur,  to  undertake  this  enterprise,  and,  i/'itin<- 
prm:iit  ifn  t'j-cfittioti,  he  offers  to  establish  a  post  very  ji-h  i 
geous  to  ooinmerco,  very  easy  to  defend,  niiil  <iiir /rum  irin 
tiwn  an  (I  riijitnre  ucciirn,  tlie  .S|>aniardtf  can  bo  deprived  ol  a  .- 
part  of  their  mines.  ...  All  those  things  being  surmi.t  i  : 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  LOUISIANA. 


48 


ht  that,  because  it 
ea  from  the  uiouih 
men,  as  it  was  tliui 
iippi  and  to  Floruli. 

mninrils   iind  near  In 
sy  to  siilipiirt  n  stroir,' 
iiml  kiiiilliness  of    tin 
r  tillivgo,  etc.  .  .  ■  '11' I 
,  mill,  consequently,  !..• 
within  (lofs  tliiiu)  !»' 
ily  witli  sreiit  iliBicii!lv 
iiltcs  of  canc-i,  etc.     W  t 
1  cvenintirelyriiin  Nmv 
wlio  are  ciuy  to  kcc).   n 
>,  nnil  who  mortally  li  i. 
,."(MarKvy,ii.2'."i,2':. 
.Icny  insiile  the  mouth..; 
Illy  for  his  fur-traile,  imi 
)f  reprisals  by  the  .<|i  m 
iotcil   several  times,   .ni 
,  on  tho   Misaissipiii  «  ■• 
rill  from  which  to  opemi, 
Ills  mind  '■■  !"  'hat.     li. 
c  real  object,  ami  to. 

against  Mexico,  was  |.r 
in  against  a  foreign  n:ili..i 
,,a   Salle's  momoir.  III. 
'  (Margry,  11.  p-  ^^'.i.  ii  ■ 
sprcs.sly  that  "the  piii 
lie  has   proposoil  from  il. 
him  In  his  iliaovery  w.i- 
^ui^neur  Colbert  to  r.il,. 
U  tliemsclves  and  we.ir.n. 
cvi  whenee  they  draw  ;,; 
ises  to  fortify,  "iV'.i/  '•  ■'  " 
,■„  ihe  O'lilj'"/  Mr-fir. ,. I,. 
for.  that,  as  much  fur  . 
Iiencc  of  the  favorabb'  i  r 

jreaboiits.   .  .  •  'I'hi » 

twenty  leaKues  within  : 
iible  by  land."  .  .  . 
iilerprisc.  La  t<allo  s;i.\ - 
|lii.  Indians  were  so  in  it  r 
);er  to  welcome  the  I'mi 
ilting  ancient  cnmiti'-  ;i; 
|c  from  two  hundred  le;i.' 
•  l)y  tho  reunion  "t  i!i. 
urmy  of  more  than  lihv 
(i-ehes  to  be  suppmlcl 
Sieur  do  Ui  Salles  -u 
province  which  it  i-  | 
more  than  four  hnni 
lu^h  11  section  one  huii> 
,ad.  all  officers  or  ai'  ■ 

to  oppose  \igoroii-l: 
orcd  by  tho  inulalt  •  • 
Ir  freedom.     Inder  all  i 
olVurs,  with  the  »p|ii  ■' 
rprisc,  and,  il  y""'  • 
jiblish  a  post  very  ivlv  ■ 
■  nil,  dill'  iiiirj'rom  "/i  ■ 
U  can  bo  deprived  III  ii ; 
llhinga  being  aurmi^ii 


■;,;it  would  not  necessarily  be  a  great  journey  by  land. 
Ilb  Salle,  independent  of  his  pretensions  as  an  original 
Icxplorcr,  was  a  great  geographer.  The  Jesuit  maps 
|nre  marvels  of  aet^uraey,  as  fiir  as  they  go,— (or  cx- 
fample,  tho  Jesuit  map  of  Luke  Superior,  Sault  Ste. 
iMaric,  (irccn  Bay,  and  the  upper  portions  of  Lakes 
IWichigan  and  Huron,— but  they  risk  nothing  upon 


Sieur  lie  I,a  .«ftllo  ofTors,  1/  l/ii  mir  nmllixiet,  to  start  from  Franco 

With  lir„  hiiodi-ed  mm  .■   wo  will  join  lo  tlicsc  yi/>y  who  are  in 

Iho  country  ;  we  will  X^Vr^Jifty  jUiU.iiirH  as  we  pass  by  St.  I)o- 

viiinRo;  he  will  cause  to  dcseend  tho  savages  who  are  at  Fort 

tt.  Louis,  to  the  number  of  more  than  four  thousand  warriors, 
nd  he  will  join  to  these  a  much  greater  number  of  others  I'o 
if  ill  divide  this  army  into  three  corp.s  to  make  it  easier  to  sub- 
■liat  them,  and  also  to  compel  the  Spaniards  to  divide  their 
fcrccs.  Two  of  those  corps  will  bo  composed  each  of  fifty 
f  ronchmeu,  fifty  Wabanakis,  and  two  thousand  savages.  Wo 
i^ill  give  orders  to  them  to  simultaneously  attack  the  two  e.ii- 
Iromities  of  tho  province,  and  tho  same  day  we  will  inter  with 
ibo  rest  of  the  f.irce  the  heart  of  the  eoiintry,  where  it  is  certain 
that  we  will  bo  seconded  by  all  tho  unfortunates  who  groan  in 
llavory.  Tho  English  at  lioston,  although  this  colony  is  much 
'  iK)ro  powerful  than  all  those  of  the  Spaniards,  have  been  deso- 
:||ktod  by  fi.\  huudiod  savages.  I'hile  has  been  ruined  by  tho 
4taueaiiians,  and  the  evil  that  tho  Iroiiuois,  although  without 
(l^cipline  and  witliout  leadership,  have  done  to  Canada,  aro 
^iamples  which  sulBce  to  show  how  much  this  stylo  of  warfare 
lilto  the  injury  of  those  unused  to  it,  and  what  may  he  e.\pectod 
ftfein  savages  led  by  experiencod  Krenchuien  who  aro  aciiuaintcd 
Wl|h  the  country."  La  Salle  goes  on  to  e.-tiiuate  also  the  extent 
«|^  quality  of  the  aid  that  might  be  looked  for  from  the  lilibus- 
t«l^  (voluuteor  French  privateorsmcn )  of  San  Domingo  and  other 
plUes  iu  the  West  Indies,  and  to  elaborate  his  plana  in  a  way 
wbioh  ahi^ws  how  carefully  he  must  have  studied  them  out. 
The  whole  paper  is  a  project  of  successful  waifaro  by  France 
in  America  without  demanding  either  many  troops  or  much 
money  from  the  mother-country,  and  in  olfect  was  tho  schomo 
upon  which  Fronco  conducted  her  subsciiueul  wars  with  Eiig- 
IkBd  on  this  continent,  llow  successfully,  the  hi.-tory  of  lirad- 
dook'a  defeat.  Fort  William  Henry,  Ticouderoga.  ami  I'onliac's 
W«r  will  prove.  Tho  king  was  so  much  prepossessed  in  fav  >r 
«f  La  ."hallo's  projects  that  on  March  4,  \(>M.  tho  Marquis  do 
flWgnelay  wrote  to  M.  do  Cussy  to  call  a  muster  of  tho  San  Do- 
ai^ogo  lilibusters  and  get  tbcni  in  trim  for  the  enterprise  pro- 
|Bcd  by  M.  do  la  Salle.  (Margry,  ii.  p.  :17".)  The  evidence 
dnccd  is  sullicient,  wo  think,  to  relievo  M.  do  la  Salle  from 
I  weight  of  all  of  Mr.  Shea's  charges.  IIo  was  pro|iosing,  in 
be  of  war,  a  military  operation  which  wa.s  at  once  original 
,  entirely  feasible.  It  had  tho  sanction  of  tho  king,  and  it 
iuld  have  resulted  also  in  carrying  out  La  .^allc's  ulterior  ob- 
it of  a  strung  plantation  near  the  mouth  of  tho  Mississippi, 
liofa  was  the  only  point  that  La  Salle  contemplated  aa  the 
Be  of  Ilia  operations.  It  is  more  than  probable,  indeed,  that 
Jtbought  of  the  excursion  upon  New  Itiscay  and  suggested  it 
Itho  French  marine,  chiefly  as  u  means  to  secure  the  elTcctual 
ablishment  of  hia  Louisiana  colony.  The  references  to  the 
lb£  d'lvsmauvillo's  journal  and  lioaujou'a  letters,  which  are 
lelt  upon  by  Mr.  Shea,  merely  show  that  Lu  Salle  was  com- 
■led  to  insist  with  emphasis  upon  his  inchoate  New  Biscay 
Jteditiou  in  his  inlerconrso  with  his  subordinates,  in  order  to 
irent  M.de  Iloaujou  from  depriving  him  of  his  soldiers;  and 
Sallo  espouaod  I'oualusa's  viowa  as  likely  tu  create  u  divcr- 
I  in  favor  of  hia' own  plans. 


conjecture.     La  Salle,  on  tho  other  hand,  in  advance 
of  his  chief  explorations,  worked  out  the  main  prob- . 
lem  of  the  water-shed   of  tho  American    continent. 
He,  in  common  with  all  the  European  colonists  of  his 
day,  lived  on  the  eastern  .slope  of  the  Nortli  American 
continent.     lie  and  they  had  heard  of  the  mountains, 
but  had  not  crossed  them.     The  lakes,  the  great  and 
little  rivers,  even  tho  rivers  ri.sing  back  of  or  between 
the  tall  mountain  ranges  of  New  England  and  New 
York,  all  flowed  eventually  into  tho  Atlantic  Ocean. 
La  Salle,  in  common  with  his  contemporaries,  heard 
of  streams  in  the  regions  south  of  the  great  lakes, 
which  flowed  towards  tho  west.     He,  like  the  rest  of 
his  contemporaries,  knowing  the  narrow  breadth  of 
the  continent  in  the  latitude  of  Mexico,  ttssumed  that 
it  continued  to  bo  nearly  as  narrow  far  to  tho  north- 
ward of  the  Gulf     Maps  made  a  generation  after  La 
Salle  gave    the    (!ulf  of   California    treble    its   real 
length  and  importance,  gave  it  an  inward  trend  about 
on  the  line  of  the  Colorado  River,  so  that  the  Pacific 
coast  seemed  to  bo  about  on  the  meridian  of  Pike's 
Petik  and  the  junction  of  the  Missouri  and  Yellow- 
stone Rivers,     It  was  assumed  that  the  rivers  wliich 
ran  westward,  south  of  the  lake  region,  flowed  we.st 
into  this  wrongly  placed  and  extended  "  Vermilion 
Sea."     The  chronicler  of  Coronado's  march  had  dis- 
pelled this  illu.sion,  but  his  narrative  was  cither  not 
read  or  not  understood.     La  Salle  began  his  explora- 
tions, and  their  first  and  most  immediate  result  was  to 
demonstrate  that  the  river  system  of  the  interior  of 
the  continent,  instead  of  flowing  westward  into  the 
Gulf  of  California,  flowed  southward  into  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico.     This  was  a  groat  discovery.     But  it  still 
did  not  quite  dispel  the  illu.sion  of  La  Salle  in  regard 
to  the  narrowness  of  the  American  continent.     He 
died  with   the  idea  that  the  Missouri,  the  xVrkansas, 
and  the  Rio  Grande  were  comparatively  short  streams, 
and  that  by  going  westward  the  eoast  line  of  the  Gulf 
of  Calil'ornia  and  the   Pacific  Ocean   would  be  dis- 
covered about  where  we  now  know  'he  Rocky  Moun- 
tains to  be.     La  Ilontrtii's  (also  narrative  somehow 
gives  us  the  first  intimation  of  the  existence  of  that 
great  chain.     It  is  certain  that  this  pretender  did  not 
reach,  much  le.«s  c'xplorc  it ;  but  some  of  the  French 
riiiiirurs  di'x  liuix  may  have  tasily  penetrated  into  those 
regions  by  tho  Mis.souri,  the  Nebraska,  or  the  Saskat- 
chewan Rivers,  and  La  Ilontan  may  have  learned  from 
them  what  ho  claimed  to  be  a  discovery  of  his  own. 
When  La  Salle's  death  was  still  a  secret,  or  perhaps 
before  it  occurred,  but  when   it  was  already  ktiown 
that  he  had  failed  to  reach  the  mouth  of  the  Missis- 
sippi River,  the  Jesuits  in  !■' ranee  lui'de  overtures  to 
'  the  Marijuis  de  Seignelay  for  pcrinis  ion  to  build  a 


;  > 


I    : 


i:^    ' 

-  \\ 

■i 

lyn 

i 

if 

i  ( 

1 

1 

.. 

1 

44 


IIISTOIIY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


vessel  nt  St.  Louis  of  tlic  Illinois — the  name  of  La 
HhIIc'h  fort — luul  complete  theexplorntion  of  the  river.' 
But  the  acoonipliMhed  ariU  loyiil  Sieur  de  Tonti  hiul 
already  iiinde  otiotlier  voyiige  dmvii  the  <;reat  river — 
the  second  that  was  ever  undeitnken— -with  the  simple 
object  of  affording  relief  and  succor  to  his  comiiiniider. 
Fort  St.  Louis  lind   been  taken  away  from  him  by 
Governor  Ham'    and   Iiitcndant  do  Chesneau,   both 
enemies  of  La  Salle  and   antagonistic  to  his  every 
interest ;  but  Tonti   had   succeeded    in   securing  his 
restoration  to  the  command.     Now  lie  iieard  tiiat  La 
Salle  was  in  distress  at  some  point  on  the  Gulf  of 
Mexico,  and  he  at  once  proceeded  to  his  relief.     His 
simple  letter  to  the  French  Minister  of  Marine  on  the 
subject  .speaks  volumes  in  his  favor.     It  was  written 
in   3IontreaI,  after  his  return,  being  dated  Aug.  21, 
1G8(J.    lie  says,  "On  the  news  I  learned  last  autumn 
at  Fort  St.  Louis  of  tiie  Illinois,  that  M.  de  la  Salle 
had  descended  to  the  coast  of  Florida,  tliat  lie  was 
fighting  with  the  savages  and  destitute  of  provisions, 
I  believed  tli..;,  under  sucli  circumstances,  it  would 
be  of  service  to  the  king  and  agreeable;  to  your  gran- 
deur to  give  him  succor.     That  is  why  I  started  for 
this  object  on  Feb.  IG,  IGSfJ."     lie  went  down  the 
river  to  the  Gulf,  restored  tlie  king's  arms  that  La 
Salic  had  planted  and  the  stream  had  washed  away, 
made  peace  with  the  Quinipissa  Indians  and  gave  them 
a  letter  for  La  Salle.     This  letter  the  Indians  kept  for 
fourteen  years  and  then  delivered  it  to  D' Iberville. 
Tonti  could  get  no  news  of  La  Salle,  further  *Iian  that 
he  had  put  into  Mobile  Hay  on  his  voyage  out.      He 
returned  up  the  river,  but  not  until  he  had  left  some 
of  his  men  in  a  garrison  on  the  Arkansas  River,  with 
instrueti<ins  to  look  out  for  La  Salle  and  his  men,  and 
relievo  them   if  possible.'     V'-'l  could  this  loyal  fol- 
lower declare,  as  he  did   in    a   letter   to  Cabart  de 
Villermont,  written  after  his  return,  "  I  have  iiothin!' 
to  reproach  myself  for  on  this  subject  as  regards  the 
king's  service  and  my  friend's." 

La  Salle's  brother,  bis  attached  retainer  Joutel, 
and  soni(;  others  of  the  explorer's  staff  succeeded  in 
extricating  themselves  from  Texas.  They  descended 
the  Arkansas  Ilivi^r,  found  the  post  established  by 
Tunti,  and  from  it  mounted  the  Mi.ssissijipi  to  St. 
Louis  (les  Illinois.  There  they  concealed  La  Salle's 
death,  nor  was  it  di.sclosed  by  them  until  after  they 
had  arrived  in  France.  When  Tonti  heard  of  it 
finally,  ho  at  once  proceeded  down  the  river  again, 
with  the  object  of  relieving  La  Salle's  .settlement  in 

'  I'arkmnn,  Difoovory  of  tlic  Orcut  West,  p.  :!89. 

'  Tills  fort  became  afterwards  the  town  of  .\rl(nns.'i8  I'ost, 
whieli  nils  unpiurcil  from  the  Conft'iierntcs  durinj;  ilio  lute  elvll 
war  by  (Jen,  .Jobn  .\.  McClernund,  of  Illinois. 


Matagorda  Bay,  but  the  place  had  before  thot  been 
captured  by  the  Spaniards  from  V^era  Cruz  and  Tain, 
pico.  So  ended  La  Salle's  attempt  to  settle  (Iil> 
country  of  Upper  and  Lower  Louisiana.  Tonti  wih 
of  ;;reat  service  in  reinforcing  M.  de  Denonville  wiili 
a  body  of  Canadians  and  Illinois  Indians  against  the 
Iroquois.  Afterwards,  in  1702,  \w.  was  with  D'lli'  r- 
ville,  but  his  career  practically  ended  with  his  efl'.  i- 
to  rescue  La  Salle. 

Till'  attempts  of  the  explorer  himseli    were  iidi 
useless,  however,  in  promoting  the  very  early  setih 
ment  of  Illinois  by  the  Fremh.     The  dates  of  ih, 
planting  of  towns  in   Illinois  are  very  u,icertaiii.  ;i. 
the  records  do  not  begin  anything  like  as  early  as  th, 
time  of  these  settlements,  nor  is  it  always  ccrlain 
that  a  French  settlement  was  coeval  with  the  day  nf 
the  establisliment  of  a  mission.     There  is,  howevor 
one  record  which  goes  to  show  that  the  settlement  i.| 
Illinois  was   begun  very  early.     This  is  a  letter  i,f 
Governor-General  de  Denonville  to  M.  de  Champi^rnv 
intendant,   dated  Nov.   G,  1()88,  and   written    fnni: 
Quebec.     '•  We  have  nothing  to  say  on  the  stilpjn' 
of  M.  de   la  Salle,"'  remarks  Denonville,  "of  wlxm 
M.  Cavelier,  bis  brother,  is  gone  to  carry  news  i( 
Munscigneur ;  we  foresee  tlnit  it  i/rcnt  nidnlirr  oj'uv 
lllievtiiir  fiiiiniirs  ih'S  hoi't,  j(7io  are  nmong  l/ir  On/.. 
f)iKir!<  inid  Ihv  I/liiinis,  will  be  sur<'  to  unilertake  tn.- 
join  him.''     Thus,  even  as  early  as  1(588,  there  niii. 
have  been  a  good  many  of  these  bush-rangers  ammi. 
the  Miamis  and  the  Illinois.     They,  as  a  rule,  livoij  ]• 
the  Indian  villages,  taking  up  with  the  Indian  woiikh 
and,  as  the  Illinois  bands  spent  half  of  each  year 
Ka^;kaskia  and  Cahokia,  in  the  "American  Bottom 
it  is  ((iiite  likely  that  some  French  cabins  may  liav 
been  jiut  up  in  these  Indian  towns  within  a  yo;ii' 
two  after  La  Salle  made  his  first  exploration  down  il 
Mississipjii. 

La  Salle's  unworthy  brother,  Cavelier,  proposr.l  • 
continue  his  explorations;  but  the  proposal  was  i 
very  cordially  received.     Tonti  bim.self.  in  IdlU.  ' 
fered  to  Cabart  de  Villeriuoiit  to  continue  La  S.ilii 
enterprise  and  '•  accomiilisb'  his  discoveries,  in  i:  ' 
to  give  trouble  to  Spain,  menace  the  Mexican  ini/. 
and    extend   the   fur    trade,  particularly    in    biili. 
robes.      Tonti     holds,    moreover,    that,    unless    (■, 
French  speedily  occu]iy  the    Mississippi  valley, 
English  arc  sure  to  do  so,  sending  parties  from  (' ■ 
lina  to  seize  points  on  the  Ohio  lliver.     This,  in  I ; 
was  just  what  Daniel  Boone  did  in  17G9.    Tonti  -  - 
that  he  had  heard  there  were  English  present  / 
conference  with  the  Miami  Indians.     The   Baimi 
Hontan,  writing  from  Hamburg  in  June,  1C9I,  m ; 
tioned  that  he  had  met  two  Frenchmen  who  i 


UPPER   AND  LOWER  LOUISIANA. 


46 


md  beroro  tlint  boi'n 
l^cra  Cruz  and  Tiiin- 
L'mpt  to  settle  il:i' 
misiiiiiH.  Tonti  wi- 
.  d(>  Dcnoiivilli!  Willi 
)  Indians  Hirainst  ilic 
lu!  was  with  D'Ui'  r 
ndcd  with  liis  ofT.   i- 

i<r  hiinscli  were  mt 
the  very  early  wetiK 

The  dates  of  iln 

ro  very  imcertain,  n- 

i},'like  as  early  as  ili. 

is  it  always  cerluin 

30val  with  the  day  i.f 

There  is,  howevir 
that  the  scttloineni  nt 

This  is  a  letter  nf 
!  to  M.de  Chanipil-'iiv 
!8,  and    written    t'nMi; 
to  say  on  the  suhjwi 
Denonville,  "  of  wlmn 
one  to  carry  new-  i 
,(  i/rcdt  iiiimhrr  <■/'»< 
,  (in  iinioiij  tlf  <l"i"- 
sure  tn  undertake  to  .; 
ly  as  1088,  there  nm- 
so  lmsh-ran;^ers  anion. 
'hey,  as  a  rule,  liv.M  !■ 
th  the  Indian  woiii.ii 

half  of  eaeh  year 

American  llottom 
neh  cabins  may  liav 
towns  within  a  ye;ir  ■ 

exploration  down  il 

Oavclier,  iiroposfd  • 
the  proposal  was  n 
himself,  in  IC.U.  • 
to  eimtinue  La  S.illr 
s  diseoveries,  in  "V :  ■ 
0  the  Jlexiean  lui',- 
aflieularly  in  biilT^ 
er,    that,    uidess   . 

Jlississippi  valley, 

lin^  parties  from  (' ■ 
lliver.     This,  in  li 

id  in  1709.    Tonti-; 

<  English  present  ,• 
lians.     The   B.irmi 
rr  in  June,  1001,  ni . 
Frenchmen  who  n;: 


from  Virginia.     They  claimed  to  havo  descended  tlio 

Missii^sippi  with  La  Salle,  to  have  boon  with  his  party 

;in  'J'exus  at  the  time  of  his  death,  and  then  to  have 

joined  the  Indians,  and  through  them  to  have  diseov- 

cred  very  valuable  mines.     La  Ilontan  pro»>ubly  ..as 

'iromancin-:,  however;  the   French  resi.lent  at  Ham- 

.,burj,'  could  discover  no   trace:!  of  the  f.Jventurcrs. 

lOtlier  attempts  weri'  made  besides  those  above 

tolerated  to  obtain  the  aid  of  the  French  government 

In  completing  La  Salle's  work,— notably  by  the  Sieurs 

•Pe  Louvigny  and  Do  Mantel  in  lO'JT.     In  tJie  same 

fear  one  of  the  old  friends  of  La  Salle,  the  Sieur  de 

lldmunville,  and  M.  Argotid  i)riijectcd  a  Louisiana 

company  and  prepared  .some  elaborate  memoirs  on 

the  subject. 

■  It  was  reserved  for  Picrru  Lo  Moyno  D'Iberville  to 
Complete  the  work  of  La  Salle,  perfect  the  di.wovery 
%  the  Mississippi,  and  the  settlement  of  Louisiana. 
There  can  be  no  doubt  that  the  French  ministry  had 
ibtermincd  from  the  first  to  secure  possession  of  the 
ifcagnilicent  country  opened  up  by  La  Salle  ;  but  there 
iifere  many  delays,  and  it  was  necessary  to  proceed 
Mrefully,  because  Spain  was  stronger  than  France  in 
tbe  Gulf  of  Mexico.  Iberville  was  ordered  to  pre- 
jilTO  for  his  first  voyage  as  early  as  June,  1008,  when 
kilwas  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  frigate  '•  Ba- 
dlhe."  He  immediately  drew  up  his  estimates  and 
made  all  his  preparations,  notifying  the  Fioneh  min- 
latry  that  a  company  was  forming  in  London  to  cstab- 
liah  a  colony  in  the  places  to  which  he  was  going. 
This  company,  he  was  advi-ed,  was  formed  on  the 
strength  of  information  given  by  Father  Hennepin, 
who,  as  has  already  been  stated,  dedicated  the  last 
odition  of  his  work  to  the  English  king,  William 
IH.,  and  oflTered  to  pilot  an  English  fleet  to  the 
mfbuth  of  tlie  Mississippi.'  This  news  about  the 
]^glish  made  the  French  government  very  anxious 
Mf'  have  Iberville  sail  promptly,  and  repeated  orders 
iii^e  sent  to  him  and  to  the  navy-y;ird  at  La  Kochelle 
phasten  his  departure.  He  fiually  sailed  from  Brest 
It.  24,  1008. 
Two  years  before  this  the  Spaniards  in  Florida  had 
Iranced  their  posts  as  far  westward  as  Pcnsacola, 
lioh  they  strongly  fortified.  Iberville  arrived  at 
pe  Franco  s,  in  St.  Domingo,  on  December  4th,  and 
Jan.  20,  1090,  he  was  ofi"  Pcnsacola,  where  the 
liniards  would    not    permit   the    French   to   land. 

I" If  thry  liavc  no  other  pilot  but  liiin,"  wrote  D'Iborvillo 

,  di'  IViitcluirtrain,  "  nothing  will  onmo  of  it.   llo  ia  a  mnn 

n  I  knovv  for  an  ignoramus,  who  WH8  nmor  c.\i'c|it  on  the 

er  |mrt  of  the  Mississippi,  iiml  has  uo  acquaintiinoo  with 

l«ea-iii:v.«t."    I'roof,  this,  that  Hennepin's  forgery  nnd  deceit 

kdcteotcd  as  soon  us  published. 


Sailing  westward,  Iberville,  reinforced  by  a  fifly-gun 
ship  under  Ciiateaumorant,  came  to  Dauphin  Island, 
west  of  Mobile  Bay,  which  the  Fieneh  commander 
called  Massacre  I.'^land,  from  having  found  a  large 
number  of  bones  of  men  and  women  tlu're.  Tiie  fleet 
finally  anchored  under  the  lee  of  the  Chandeleur 
group,  while  Iberville,  with  iiis  smaller  vessels,  explored 
Ship  Island  and  Cat  Island  (the  latter  so  named  be- 
cause it  was  found  to  be  full  of  raccoons).  The  col- 
ony was  landed  on  Ship  Island,  where  huts  were 
erected  for  them.  From  this  point  Iberville  and 
Bienville  started  in  two  large  barges,  with  fifty  men, 
to  discover  and  explore  the  Mississippi,  the  insignifi- 
cance of  the  mouth  of  which  deceived  the  commander 
when  he  had  finally  reached  it.  However,  the  barges 
proceeded  up  the  river,  and  at  last  came  across  the 
Indians  who  had  preserved  for  the  French  Tonli's 
letter  of  April  20,  1085.  Iberville  ascended  the 
Mississippi  as  far  as  the  mouth  of  Red  River,  and 
then,  returning,  explored  the  route  to  the  sea  by  way 
of  Lake  Pontchartrain.  Ho  then  began  the  erection 
of  a  fort  on  the  nniin-land  at  Biloxi,  opposite  Ship 
Island.  This  fort  had  four  bastions  and  mounted 
twelve  guns.'^  Sauvolle,  one  of  Iberville's  brothers, 
was  put  in  command,  with  Bienville,  another  brc'.IiOi, 
for  his  lieutenant.  Iberville,  having  completed  his 
fort  and  settled  his  colony,  now  returned  to  France. 
Sauvolle  undertook  some  explorations  of  the  interior, 
putting  Bienville  in  command  of  the  exploring  parties. 
He  ascended  some  of  the  rivers  and  bayous,  and  found 
unpleasant  intimations  that  the  English  were  des- 
tined to  give  trouble  to  the  new  colony.  A  war-party 
of  Chickasaws,  which  had  penetrated  as  far  tts  Lake 
i'ontchartrain,  was  otHsered  by  two  Englishmen,  and 
ill  the  iNlississippi  River  itself,  only  a  few  miles  below 
the  site  of  New  Orleans,  Bienville  came  across  a 
British  sloop-of-war  of  sixteen  gun»,  under  command 
of  Captain  Bar,  who  told  the  Frencli  that  he  was 
examining  the  banks  of  the  river  with  the  purpose  of 
planting  a  colony.  Captain  Bar  turned  back  in  coii- 
sctjuence  of  the  representations  of  ISienvillc.  But  it 
was  this  voyage,  and  the  report  in  Paris  and  Versailles 
that  England  was  preparing  to  make  an  establishment 
of  French  Huguenot  refugees  on  the  Mississippi,  that 
led  to  the  prompt  return  of  Iberville  on  his  second 
voyage,  with  reinforcements  and  more  colonists,  for 

I  '  Stoddard,  "  Ilistorieal  .'^ketches  of  l.ouisiiinn,"  says  this  was 
I  at  old  Diloxi,  mnulh  of  the  I'erdido,  but  .Martin  and  Uayarre 
'  say  the  prei^ent  Diloxi.  and  (layarrr  indicates  llic  very  s|iot 
which  was  fortified.  "On  the  east  sido^  nt  the  mouth  of  the 
bay,  as  it  were,  there  is  a  slight  swelling  of  the  shore,  about 
lour  acres  S(|uare.  sloping  gently  to  the  woods  in  the  bacligronnd, 
and  OH  the  right  and  left  of  which  two  deep  ravine."  run  into 
the  bay.". 


^ 


HISTORY   or  SAINT   LOUIS. 


liouisiaiiii.'  Ibcrvillo  proccctiod  up  tlio  MisHisMip[)i 
mid  built  II  fort  (•oiiio  sixteen  iiiiloH  below  tlie  present 
site  of  New  Orleans.  Tonti  having'  joined  liiin,  lie 
went  up  the  river  fartlier,  and  establislied  where  the 
city  of  Nateliez  now  stands  anotlicr  post,  called 
'•  Rosalie,"  in  honor  of  the  Countess  of  Pontcliar- 
train.  The  fort  on  this  spot,  which  Iberville  in- 
tended to  bo  tlio  capital  of  the  province  of  Louisiana, 
was  not  built  until  sixteen  years  later.  Hienville 
cx]ilored  a  part  of  the  Red  River  at  this  time. 

In  17<I'J,  war  havinj;  broken  out  between  France 
and  S|)ain  on  the  one  side  and  EnL,'land  on  the  other, 
Mobile  was  made  the  chief  French  post,  with  a  naval 
Ntatiiui  at  Dauphin's  Island.  Iberville  and  the  officers 
under  bis  command,  in  spite  of  continual  attacks  of 
fever  and  other  elimalie  diseases,  were  in<lefatij:able 
in  the  prosecution  of  their  explorations.  The  lied, 
the  Yazoo,  the  Pascagonla,  and  Washita  Rivers  were 
all  a.'-cendcd,  and  the  Arkansas  was  explored  above 
Little  Rock.  In  I7<>r>  the  Missouri,  as  will  be  seen 
farther  on,  was  explored  as  far  as  the  mouth  of  the 
Kati.sas  River.  The  French  coliiny,  however,  was  re- 
moved as  far  as  p'lssible  from  pro.-jx'riiy.  In  1701, 
Sauvollc  died,  and  in  170G  a  fatal  blow  was  received  in 
the  <K'atli  of  Lo  Moyne  D'FberviP.e,  who  could  not  lu 
replaced.  There  was  sickness,  ihere  were  dissensions 
and  furuine  in  the  midst  of  plenty,  so  that  the  helpless 
and  incapable  colonists  were  dependent  on  jirovisions 
inipor'ed  from  A'era  ("ruz,  on  acorns  found  in  the  woods, 
and  on  the  charity  of  the  Indians,  anion:.;-  whom  lliey 
more  than  once  were  forced  to  canton  themselves  in 
order  to  escape  starvin,::  to  (h'ath.  TIk;  colonists  were 
not  fit  for  the  tasks  they  bad  undertaken, — half  were 
incapable  adventurers,  in  search  of  easy  ucod  fortunes  ; 
half  were  fiilmniilK,  who  did  not  intend  to  work,  the 
Sweeping  of  jails  and  prisons,  the  worst  and  mean- 
est of  tramps  and  idlers.  Tli_^  colonial  and  lionie 
•■•ovcrnments  both  helped  to  confirm  these  settlers  in 
their  incapacity  by  enuourai^inj;  them  in  the  fruitless 
search  after  mineral  wealth, aiidiii  buntiiiu'and  trappin;^ 
lor  furs,  instead  of  i;ivin;_'  tliein  land  and  reipiirini^ 
them  to  till  it.  Sui)plies  which  isbould  have  been 
produced  on  the  .s]iot,  and  from  the  rich  and  teeminj,' 
.soil,  were  instead  rc;;ularly  .sent  over  from    France, 

•  (';iiiOiin  liiir  ("liciso  iKoiie  i^  ;?iv(ii  bv  FliLMville  ii^  <'ii|it!oii 
I.Diiis  IJioik  111-  IJunUs)  ii|ipi'i\r.«  t"  liavc  lici'ti  coioiccO-.l  with  the 
I'literprico  of  DiinicI  Coxr,  one  of  llio  original  ]>ro|>riot.ir,-'  of 
.\cw  Jersey,  for  tin-  planlii));  of  ('•ii-i,hi,i<i,  the  history  of  wliioli 
wuB  |)ulili.-*licil  In  1722.  Tlic  claim  rc:'teil  in  part  upon  the 
alleged  diceovery  Miaile  fifty  years  liefore  hy  the  Kngll.sli  Cap- 
tain Wooil.  The  point  where  liienville  met  Captain  liar  and 
turned  him  bacif  was  eallcd  by  the  French  lite  Kiiiiliili  (Kia.and 
is  said  to  have  btcn  the  site  of  the  English  defeat  by  Jackson  lu 
181i. 


and,  beiiiL'  looked  for,  no  effort  was  made  to  siipi  Ir 
iiier  'leiii  by  the  culture  of  the  soil.  The  j^ovi  in. 
iiiont  also  broke  up  or  (!hanf;ed  sentiments  fre(|ueiiiK 
and  in  an  arbitrary  manner,  so  tliat  no  one  felt  in 
clined  to  plant  and  improve  where  the  holdings  w  t, 
of  such  uncertain  tenure.  The  freueral  result  of  ilii, 
bad  policy  was  disastrous  in  the  extreme.  Stoibrml 
in  bis  Historical  Sketches,  says,  '•  The  crown  u  i, 
liberal  In  both  men  and  money.  During  the  tir.t 
thirteen  years  jibout  twenty-five  hundreil  settlers  m 
rived,  and  few  of  them  ever  returned,  and  the  mniiin 
expended  on  the  colony  during  the  same  peiin; 
amounted  to  the  enormous  sum  of  (iS!),000  livii. 
Yet  such  were  the  sunerings  of  the  colony  tliai.i' 
171-,  it  contained  only  four  iiundrcd  whites,  tweni' 
negro  slaves,  jind  three  hundred  bead  of  cattle.'' 

'i'he   government,  weary  of  such    a   steady  drm 
from  which  no  income  was  returned,  and  straiiuvl  i 
all  its  resources  by  the  expenditures  of  a   gignm' 
war,  determined  to  adopt  another  method  willi  hi; 
isiaiia.     To  abamlon  the  colony  there  was  simply  ; 
hand  over  a  great  province,  with  tlie  possibiiiiii^ 
an  empire  in  its  future,  to  the  lOnglisb.     It  wasi. 
cordingly  farmed    out,  under  a  charter  of  sIiiumI, 
liberality,  to  Anthony  Crou/.it,  a  wealthy  menli.i 
who  had   liad  extensive   dealings   already   with   il 
crown.     Of  Crouzat's  charter  and  bis  success  in  tl 
government  of  his  enormous  province  more  will  : 
said  presently;   but  it  is  necessary  first  to  speak  f, 
titer  of  the  progress  of  exploration   and   settleiiii; 
along  the  course  of  the  ^lissi.ssippi.     In  Id'.KS,  (in  i 
1  l{\\  of  Scjitember,  just  as  D'Iberville  was  pre|i:ii; 
to  sail  on  his  first  voyage  to  Louisiana,  a  pirty  stun 
in  eight  canoes  from   ^liebilimackinae  to  desccii  1  :; 
explore  the  MissLssippi   River  and  establish  mi-i 
at  ditf'erent  places.     This  party  was  under  the  leai) 
Father  Francis  Juliet  de  Montigtiy,   i  native  Vivu 
man.   but   (udained    in    (Quebec.      Tonti,    La   ."^.i! 
lieutenant  in   1(IH:!,  bad  obtained  of  the  exploi 
grant  of  land   on    the   Arkansas    River,   wliidi 
French  governinent  eonfirnicd   to  him  subsc(|ii  v 
When  be  established  bis  post  hero,  in  IGSti,  1, 
anxious  to  have  a  mission  settled  on  the  spot,  Mn; 
1(JS!)   he  gave   to    Fith        l>;iblon,  superior  'I 
Jesuits  il'  Canac  .  a  deea  {■••   a  piece  of  land  > . 
acres    '  ',  on  which   a  chapel  and   ini- 

hou.-  iH'    built   an'    i   lofty   cro.ss    r  i 

Tonti  I  provided  that  i.    >  was  to  be  dei; 

Novemi.       '(iltO.  I        there  are  no  records  tn  r 
that  it  was  done.     \Vben  it  became  known  in  Ci:  . 
however,  that  a  colony  was  to  be  planted  by  1»T 
ville  in  Louisiana,  St.  Valier,  the  bishop  o' 
claimed  that  the  new  settlements  and  the  wbei.vi   i 


bivi 


1     i. 


■V 


UPPKR   AND   LOWKR  LOUISIANA. 


47 


wan  IIKllll!    to   SUpi'll' 

ho  soil.     Tlu!  {^ovnii. 
suiitiiiu'iits  fru(jutMiil\ 
tlmt  III)  "lie  fcU  ill 
orii  tlui  li()Miiii,'s  w  I' 
cionoral  rcsuH  of  ilii. 
I  oxtrcmo.     StotMird, 
ys,    "Tlic   (Town    wi- 
ey.     Purine  tlio  lir-' 
,•(!  liunJrcd  settlors  ar 
t linn; J,  and  tlu!  ninii,'; 
riii;;   tlio   x!""^-    I"'ii"'; 
iim  of  (1SO,0(10  liMv- 
of  tlu>  colony  tliiii,  i- 
inndroil  whites,  twrin: 
(1  hoiid  of  cattle." 
•  sneli    a   steady  diaii 
'turned,  and  straincil  i 
iiditures  of  a   f;i;i;iiii' 
illier  method  with  I,: 
my  tlien;  was  siinpU  ; 
with  the  iiDssibiliiii-*' 
le  Kn^lish.     It  was;,. 

a  charter  of  siniul. 
;:it,  a  wealthy  inerilia' 
rm;.!;s  already  with  il 
r  and  his  success  in  li 

province  more  will  ; 

ssiiry  first  to  speali  f, 
iloMliou  and  settiriii.; 
ssippi.      lu   lli'.W,  nil  I 

)'lherviile  was  prepai: 

jiiiiisiaiia,  a  pirty  star; 

nackinac  to  descend  ;:: 
and  establish  Uii-i 
V  WIS  under  the  Icai 

inti;_'iiy,  i  native  Ti'ii 
rv.       'I'onti,    li'.i    ?^.i 

ained  of  the  explHi 
isas    lliver,   whiili 

•d   to  him  sul)sei|iirir 

St  here,  in  Ui^"',  li'  - 
tied  on  the  spot,  aui 
» iblon,   superior  ■!  : 
;i  pi    ^e  of  land,  i . 
a  ehapel  auil  mi- 
1    a   lofty    cross    ri . 
-  was  to  be  d"i:' 
are  no  records  to  r 
ceaino  known  in  Ci 
0  be  planted  by  I'l 
r,  the  bishop  o' 
ents  and  the  wh...  va  , 


%f  the  Mississippi  were  in  his  dioceso,  and,  consultinj? 
the  Jesuit  Seminary  at  (iuebee,  procured  from  them 
■  the  establishm(;nt  of  a  mission  on  the  Lower  Missis- 
sippi.    Montij;ny  was  chiwcn  to  bo  tho  pioneer  of 
tliis  mission,  and  was  invested  with  the  authority  of 
vicar  ^reiieral.     He  is  spoken  of  as  "a  man  of  vast 
designs  and   boundless  zeal;"    and  (layarre,   in    his 
"IFistory  of  Louisiana,"  eiilo'.'izes  him  as  the  worthy 
.descendant  of  that  Galon  do  Monti^Miy  who  was  the 
itandardbearer  of  Franco  at  tho  battle  of  Bouvinos. 
In   eomjiany   with    Montif^ny   were    Vatlier    Antony 
:I)avion,  a  priest  of  the  same  seminary,  Father  John 
Iprnneis  Hui.s.son  de  St.  Co.sme,  a  tiative  and  n  priest 
«f  Queliee,  and  the  Sieur  de  Vineennes,  who  fjave  his 
.name  to  a  villaj,'o  of  tho  Miami   Indians  on  the  Wa- 
i>n8h  lliver,  he  havinj;  a  trading-post  and  a  lieuton- 
fnoy    there.      Vineennes,    whose    family    name    was 
iBuissot,  is  said   to  have   been   a   nciihew   of  Tiouis 
^foliet,  tho  companion  of  Father  Marquette.     Tonti 
iccomjianieil  tin;  jiarty  as  far  as  the  Arkansas,  and 
St.  Cosmo's  narrative  of  the  journey  is  overflowini^ 
-jpifh  cNpreS'sions  of  oblij,'ation  and  gratitude  to  him. 
HHv  facilitated  our  course  throuLrh  several  nations," 
g^iys  St.  Cosnie,  •'winning  us  the  fiiendshi|)  of  some 
ipd  intimidating  tho.se  who  from  jealousy  of  a  desire 
.M|  plunder  had  wished   to  oppose  our   voyage.      Me 
hlB  nut  only  done  the  duty  of  a  brave  man,  T>nt  also 
dlichargod  the  functions  of  a  zealous  mis.sionary.     lie 
quieted  the  minds  of  our  employes  in  the  litth;  vaga- 
ries that   lliey  might  have;   ho  supported  us  by   his 
example  in  the  exercises  of  devotion  which  the  voyage 
permitted  ns  to  perform,  very  often  approaching  the 
moranients."  ' 

From  Mackinac  the  voyagers  proceeded  to  (ireen 
Buy,  where  tiie  Jesuits  had  a  mi.ssion  among  the  Win- 
oebagoes.  I'ottawattomies,  ami  Sacs  and  Fo.xes  ;  and 
.|j|enoo  made  a  detour  to  the  Illinois  lliver.  fearing  to 
by  tli(;  Wisconsin,  on  account  of  the  hostility  of 
Fox  Indians.  They  descended  by  way  of  .^lil- 
lukee  and  Kacino  to   Chicago,  where  there  was  a 

Buit  mission  to  the  Miami  Indians."     There  were 
I  Jesuit  missionaries  at  Chicago  at  this  time,  they 

Ving  a  house  there.     The  Indian  village  nundierod 

br  one  humlred  and  fifty  cabins,  and  there  was  an- 

j  Early  Vijyii;,^'-'  t'|i  iiii.l  Down  tile  Mi.^sissippi,  .tiilin  (iilinury 
K  ,..  47. 

|Thi'<  WHS  II  very  eiirly  nml  important  station  of  both  traders 
Imi.'i-iiiniiriis,  and  t'harlevui.x  tliiiik.iiil  was  visited  l)y  Nieoliis 

ot  us  early  a?  1 117 1.  This,  however,  .says  ,«liea,  is  only  an 
brence  of  the  historian,  not  boiiic  out  by  I'errol's  inaniiseripl. 

quelle  and  .I(dlet  tuiiehed  here  on  their  lelurn  from  the 
Mlsippi  in  lf>S;i,  and  Mar(|uette  wintered  hero  in  1(184.  Al- 
ii was  licre  in  l('i77,  nnd  it  must   have  been  known  to  La 

I  at  ■|iiite  an  early  period  in  his  extensive  exploruions. 


Other  village  quite  ns  largo  about  a  league  dintaiit. 
The  missionaries  accompanied  the  Indians  in  ihidr 
diffeceiit  migrations,  and  it  is  probable  that  they  liad 
a  house  in  every  cimsiderablo  stopping  place  of  the 
savages.  The  (lortage  whii'h  St.  (Josnie  describes  was 
from  the  Chicago  lliver  to  tho  Kankakee,  ami  thus 
into  the  Illinois  lliver.  Navigation  on  the  Illinois 
lliver  began  at  La  Siille's  old  fort.  There  was  another 
fort  at  Lake  Peoria,  where  also  was  tho  village  of  the 
Peoria  Indians  ami  the  Illinois  mission,  thou  in  charge 
of  Father  Marcst.  St.  Cosmo  thinks  it  the  lust  and 
most  promising  of  all  thi-  .Jesuit  missions,  there  being 
a  number  of  converts,  among  them  the  principal  idiief 
of  till!  Illinois,  whose  name  was  applied  to  tho  village 
of  Kaskaskia. 

The  party  reached  the  Mississippi  on  the  Tith  of 
December,  and  finditig  it  free  of  ice.  proceeded  to 
descend  at  once,  jlelow  tho  mouth  of  tho  Missouri 
and  tho  painted  rocks  described  by  La  Salle,  the  parly 
landed  on  the  Illinois  sidi;  and  proceeded  to  tin;  Indian 
town  of  Kawechias  (Cahokiaj,  of  which  name  this 
seems  to  be  the  first  mention,  though  it  is  evident  that 
Montigny  niitst  have  heard  of  it  either  from  Tonti  or 
Father  Miircst.  The  Illinois  here  were  in  mourning 
in  consi>i|uence  of  their  losses  from  an  attack  of  tho 
Sliawancse  and  tin;  Chickasaws,  in  which  tli;>y  had  lost 
many  warriors.  It  gives  one  a  new  idea  of  the  range 
and  military  strength  of  tlie  Chickasaws  to  find  them 
almost  simiiltaneimsly  oporating  on  Lake  Potitchartrain 
in  Louisiana  and  opposikc  St.  Louis.  .\t  the  town  of 
the  TamaroLs.  an  Illinois  tribe  some  miles  below,  the 
Indians  told  them  that  they  had  never  seen  any  lllack 
Gown,  except  Father  Gravicr,  who  had  visited  them 
a  few  days  before  that.  This  would  .seem  to  fix  a  limit 
for  the  date  of  the  establishment  of  the  missions  of 
(,'ahokia  and  Kaskaskia,  which  has  been  very  hard  to 
dctcrinino,  and  has  been  placed  much  earlier  than  this 
year.  From  the  Ohio  to  the  .Vrkansas  St.  Cosmo  does 
not  see  anything  remarkable  except  the  jielicans  and 
the  canes,  whioh  now  begin  to  grow  along  the  river's 
bank.  Christmas-day  was  spent  anion'.'  tho  (^napaw 
Indians.  Father  D.ivion  was  given  a  station  as  mis- 
sionary to  the  Tunicas  Indians  and  Father  Montigny 
took  one  among  the  Taensas,  supposed  to  be  a  branch 
of  the  Natchez.  St.  Cosmo  remained  among  tho  Tam- 
arois.  Father  Thaumur  do  la  Source,  in  a  letter 
which  accompanies  St.  Cosmo's  narrative,  saj's.  "  The 
finest  country  that  we  have  seen  is  all  from  (Miieagou 
to  the  Tamarois.  It  is  nothing  but  prairies  and 
clumps  of  wood  as  far  as  you  can  see.  /  ici//  nirnlion 
ii/so,  thtit  many  ('•niiii/iiiiin  iivnri/  iinvin^  the  IZ/inois. 
I  .siiall  not  come  down  within  two  years  to  know 
whether  they  will  settle  this  country."     Father  de  la 


■ii 


I 

■ 


48 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Source  diJ  settle  tliore  himself,  liowcvor,  for  Cliar- 
Icvoix  found  him  at  Culiokia  in  1721. 

D'llicrviUo  arrived  out   on  his  second  voyage  on 
Dec.  T,  1C90.     He  brought  with  him  a  Canadian,  a 
kinainan  of  hid  own,  by  name  Le  Sueur,  and  soiMe 
thirty  workmen.     Le  Sueur  had  been  sent  to  Louisi- 
ana by  JI.  I/Uuillicr,  farmer  general,  to  ciplore  for 
minor.ils.   He  wa.s  a  voyag.mr,  familiar  with  the  north- 
west, having  been  one  of  the  party  of  Nicholas  Perrot 
una  rather  lUarest  who,  in  May,  IGSl),  planted  a  oro.ss 
and  look  posses.sion  of  .Minnesota  in  the  name  of  the 
Frjneh  king.'     He  had  found  a  mineral  which  he 
estceiMcd  valuable  in  lODo,  had  built  a  fort  near  it  on 
the  Upper  Missisjippi,  two  hundred  leagues  above  the 
inouih  of  the  Illinois,  and  had  obtained  from  the  home 
govornuiont    permission    to   work    this    green    earth 
(which  probably  was  thought  to  contain  silver).     Le 
Sueur  and  his  miners  proceeded  up  the  Miss'-'-  ppi 
from  IJilosi,  arriving  at  Tamarois  \n  the  counlry  of 
the  liii!i')is  in  June,  1700.      On  Soptiimber  1st  Le 
Sueur  reached  the  mouth  of  the  Wisconsin  lliver. 
He  had  cncouiiterod  on  the  way  up  two  or  throe  dc- 
tuchmciits  of  Indians   in  canoes,  and  as  many  small 
parties  of  Caisadians.     The  latter  were  in  pursuit  of 
trade,  while  the  Indians  were  upon  the  war-path      Le 
Sueur  slili   [.ushed  up    the  i^lissi.ssillpi,   bvyond  the 
mouth  of  the  Chippeway,  and  in  his  journal  dcscriho 
Lake  IVpinand  the  caverns  in  the  adjacent  hills.    He 
left  the  Mississippi  at  the  mouth  of  the  St.  I'eter's 
(the  Minnesota)  lliver,  whrth   he  ascended    to  (lie 
Blue  i'];irth  lliver,  on  which  his  fort  had  been  estab- 
lished in  1()1)5.     The  post  was  enlarged  and  named 
Fort  L'Huillier.    Le  Sueur's  narrative,  as  made  up  by 
La  Harpe,  is  valuable  from  the  amount  of  iuforuiatiou 
it  gives  respecting  the  Sioux  Indiausand  their  habits. 
His  mine  never  came  to  anything,  and  he  returned  to 
France  iu  1702. 

While  Le  Sueur  was  ascending  the  Missis.sippi, 
Father  (jravier  was  going  down  tlat  stream  from  the 
Miami  mission  at  Cliicago.  As  Li-  Sueur  went  up  the 
river  he  was  met  at  the  mouth  of  the  Illinois  by  a 
Canadian,  who  gave  liim  a  letter  from  Father  Marest, 
warning  him  of  hostile  acts  of  the  Si(u:x  above.  It 
is  possible  (hat  this  me.s.scnger  may  liavo  been  travel- 
ing with  Father  Oravier's  party.  Father  (jlravicr 
found  the  Kaskaskias  band  in  the  act  of  migrating 
from  their  town  on  the  Illinois  lliver  and  descending 
the  Mississippi,  its  he  seems  to  have  supposed,  to  go 
to  Loui.siaiia.  Hut  it  is  mori;  likely  that  they  were 
simply  making  their  annual  journey  to  their  lower 
towns  oil  the  Kaskaskia  lliver,  where,  in  fact,  (hey 

I  Itcv.  L    1).  N'vill,  Ilistury  ol'  Miuni.-8utu,  |i,  1 14. 


stopped,  Father  Marest  accompanying  them.    Leaving 
I  the  Illinois  and  the  priests  at  Tamaronha  (Tamarois,-  - 
,  Cahokiii  and  Kaskaskia  country).  Father  Gravier  d.- 
^  scended  the  river  to  assist  Fatlier  du  llu,  who  W;i.s 
D'Iberville's  chaplain,  and  had  a  mission  among  tl^e 
^  Houraas  Indians.     Gravier  describes  the  buffaloes  ,i.s 
lining  the  banks  of  the  river  as  he  went  down-streaiu, 
and  speaks  of  seeing  fifty  bears  in  a  single  day.    Tlu  s' 
bears  were  always  traveling  from   south   to  nortli. 
Gravier  also  found  distinct  traces  of  the  English  m 
the  Mississippi  at  this  early  day.     In  one  insianci-  ii 
I  was  a  small  band  of    Mohegan  Indians,  below   the 
mouth  of  the  Ohio,  who  spoke  in  the  Al"oni  mi  aiij 
Shawaneso  dialects,  and  traded  much  with  the  Kn.'. 
lish.     This  may  have  been  by  the  way  of  the  Oliio 
and  the  Alleghany  Rivers,  the  Dutch  traders  from  Al- 
bany getting  access  to  the  headwater."  of  the  laiiir 
stream  by  favor  of  the  Iroquois.     But  Father  Graviir 
also  found   iu  a  village  of  the  Arkanscan  Qua|i;iw> 
swords  and  guns  of  Fugiish  make,  which  they  saM 
had  been  brougliL  to  them  the  previous  year  by  an 
Fiiglisli  trader,  who  had  ;   ejudices,  and  made  thr  ats 
against    the  Jesuit  missionaries.     This  trader  pinl. 
ably  had  come  to  the  JIi.ssi.ssi ppi  through  the  eoumrv 
of  (he  Cliickasaws,  and  he  :nost  likely  started  finu 
South  Carolina  or  Georgia,  though  it  is  pos.sible  li.iu 
he  inaybave  descended  into  the  Indian  country  alun,' 
(he  wcll-beaieu  path  of  the  Chcrokees,  through  tl,. 
Cumberland   and  Shenandoah  valleys.     The  fac!  •; 
(he  presence  of  an  Englisliniin  on  the  Mississippi  i;, 
lllltl.)  seems  to  remove  the  obstacle  of  inipossibiliiv 
which  stood  in  the  way  of  the  alleged  earlier  jouiin^. 
in  that  direction  undertaken  by  l*'nglishmcn,  as,  Ii; 
in.stance.  Col.  Wood,  in  1  (!.")  1,  who  (raversed  Iventisi'hV 
as  f'.ir  as   the   Mississippi,  and  Capt.  IJolt  (or    li.itt 
who  reached  the   Mississijipi   through   Kentucky  ii: 
1C70.    It  also  gives  new  interest  to  the  legend  of  il 
twenty-three  Sp"""''!"*  who  are  reputed  to  hr.vi'  h. . , 
wrecked  at   the  mouth  of  the  Mi.ssissipjii   in    \>'«'.- 
aiul  (o  have  ascended   that  river,  the  Ohio,  and  il, 
Alleghany,  us  far  us  the  site  of  the  j)resent  town  : 
Olean,  t'lence    proceeding  to  Onoinlaga,  from  wVv.. 
poi.it  (hey  were  forwarded  (o  New  Vork.'     The  A.. 

'  Oiu'  iicciiiint  i>f  this  excursion  (if  lliu  S|inirnir(l.s  i<  f,\\<: 
notn  to  StDiic'n  "  I.il'u  iif  .l(i!<t>|>li    llrant."     Tliciu  is  ii'|iiii 
liinolx'iMi  n  Frcncli  inisHidn  in  Iflflll  in  llip  (inomlagiioounu 
tlie  town  of  I'nin|ii'j-,  tlie  Jiwuiln  liiuiii;{  goiio  lliori'iii,  Itii-  • 
tiitiim  of  Kuriilioiilin,  tliu  0:ioiiJii,'ii  olilof.     Tim  S|iiiiiiiii  i 
.«:iii|  tl  tiiiM'  ooiiie  lu'iii  tlirLu  jrars  liilvr.  |iilul(.||  Ijy  li 
e;i|ilivr»  whuiM  tlii'y  Imil  foun'l  iiiiioti);  tin.  juiillicrn  liibi-:', 
ciliji'i-l  of  till'  lnii;f  juurii«y  wim  tiivor,  tlii'v  liaviii^j  iiii.«tuli('ii  •■-^ 
lr.i(iiioi.«Mi.s,.|i|ii|(,ii  ,if  fiill  i:icTiii'iiili(in«  I'orsixiiK  of  lliiil  ii,'    **"■ 
Tliu  S|ianiiiril3  li'I'l  their  eaiuu"'  ul  Olciii  roiiil,  itiiil  lui,., 
boooininui'i  tliiit  tliu  Kiuncb   in   llio  Irixpiiiii  town  «■(■ 


UPPER  AND   LOWER  LOUISIANA. 


49 


yiiig  tlicni.    Leaving 
aronha  (Tauiarois,-  - 
I,  Father  Gravier  dr- 
ier du  Ru,  who  \v:is 
I  mission  ainoii'^  lie 
ibcs  tlio  buffaloes  as 
10  went  down-stream, 
1  a  single  day.    Thi  ^o 
om   south    to   north, 
•es  of  the  English  m 
y.     In  one  inslanci'  ii 
1  Indians,  hclow   the 
in  the  Ah^onl.Mi  anj 
much  with  the  En.:- 
thc  way  of  the  OIiid 
Juteh  traders  from  Al- 
idwatcr?  of  tl:e  laii^r 
But  Father  Gra\icv 
i   Arkanscan  Quapaws 
iiake,  whifli  they  >ai.l 
0  previous  year  hy  an 
lices,  and  made  throats 
M.     This  trader  pml.. 
pi  through  the  coumiv 
ost  likely  started  IVuta 
ough  it  is  possible  il.a; 
le  Indian  cMuntry  almi: 
^herokecs,  through  ili, 
valleys.     The  fa.t  •■ 
,m  the  Mis-sissipiii  i;, 
ibsiai'.le  of  impossiliiruv 
alleged  earlier  jounn}- 
by  Eiiglisliinen,  as,  I.. 
ho  traversed  IveiitiicVy 
Capt.  Bolt  (or   Bait 
through    Keiiiuiky  i 
ist  to  the  legend  of  il 
•0  reputed  to  hr.vi'  l"v, 
|.  Mississippi   in    !'"  ' 
|ver,  the  Ohio,  and  il. 
if  the  present  town 
[Onoiidaga,  from  wlil 
I'W  York.'     The.l,, 

■  tlui  Siiniiianls  i*  nii'  i  ■ 

uiil.''     Tlu'ic  \f  rv\ 1 

ill  lln'  (iii(imlii);ii  emini'vi 
•iliit  K<)iii!  llicriMil  lln' '"' 
cliii'f.     Tliu  S|i«iiiiiri-  I 
Uitvr.  \i'\\'>Wk\  b.v  \i    I 


rlh, 


utlii'in 


liiljc 


i|  of  the  Kappas,  when  questioned  by  Gravier,  rccol-  i  sion  at  Arkansas  Post,  in  regard  to  the  oceui)aney  of 

t-  leetcd  the  visit  of    Fatiicr  Marquette   to  his  tribe  which  at  that  time  there  is  no  positive  intelligence. 

>|  twenty-seven   years  before,  or  pretended   to  do  so.  It  had  been   La  Salle's  plan  to  gtither  the   Indian 

^Father  Gravier  evidently  did  not  entertain  a  high  '.  hunters  of  tlie  Illinois,  Miamis,  and  allied  tribes,  with 

%opinioti  of  tlie  Lower  Mississippi,  either  as  a  pluce  the  roKrem-s  <les  hois,  around  the  fort  of  St.  Louis  des 

Jfor  colonics  or  afield  for  missions,  rnd  he  doubts  if  Illinois,  so  as  to  have  a  large  and  strong  town  there, 
*|thc   court  will  consent  to  maintain  the  settlements  :  at  onco  capable  of  resisting  the  raids  of  the  Iroquois 

fthere  when  it  discovers  that  there  are  no  mines  and  and  of  producing  large  results  in  the  fur  trade.     The 

fdat  all  the  country  is  subject  to  inu'idations  every  Jesuit  missionaries,  as  they  by  degrees  converted  or 
ear.     The  fort  on  the  Mississippi  whence  he  wrote,  brought  the  Illinois  under  their  influence,  succeeded 
t  Poverty  Point,  tiiirty-eight  miles  below  the  site  of  in  breaking  up  their  migratory  habits  and  in  gathor- 
^ew  Orlcu-.is,  was,  he  said,  apparently  folected  out  of  ing  them  into  towns.     They  did  not,  however,  succeed 
ifegard  for  the  mosquitoes,  which  he  fancied  must  be  in  making  them  strong  enough  to  repel  the  assaults  of 
a|More  abundant  there  than  in  any  otlier  place  in  the  the  Five  Nations,  and  hence,  when  the  Illinois  Indians 
•jeorld.    "  In  sooth,"  he  says,  "  they  have  given  us  little  planted  tiiemselves  permanently,  they  ab.mdoned  their 
:;|ruce  for  .seven  or  eight  days,  but  at  this    moment  large  settlements  of  Kaskaskia,  Peoria,  etc.,  on  the 
■■|hey  sting  me  in  close  ranks,  and  in   the  month  of  UliJiois  and  on  the  borders  of  Lake  Michigan,  and 
'3)eceniber,   when    we   ought   not  to  bo  troubUd  by  wenu  to  reside  iti  their  winter  quarters  of  Cuhokia, 
"Miem,  there  was  such  a  furious  ([uantity  that  I  could  Taniarois,  and  Kaskaskia.  on  and  near  the  Mississippi, 
lot  writ''  ,1  word  without  having  my  hands  and  face  opposite  St.  Louis.     The  narratives  just  (|uoted  from 
^vcrod,  and  it  was  impo.ssible  for  me   to  sleep  the  indicate  the  beginning  of  these  towns,  the  population 
Ikhole  night.     They  stung  me  so  in  one  eye  that  I  of  which  was  reinforced  by  tribes  dwelling  lower  down 
tfcougiit   I  would  lose  it.     Tlie  French  of   this  fort  the  river,  who  dreaded  the  as.saults  of  the  Cliickasaws, 
t^ld  me  that  in  the  month  of  March  there  is  such  a  atid  by  rintniin  ihs  In, it,  and  half  breeds,  who  were 
prodigious   quantity  that    tlie  air  is  darkened   with  roaming  about  in  search  of  peltries.     It  was  probably 
tHeni,  and   tliat  they  cannot  distinguish  each  other  hy  a  gradual  and,  in  many  eases,  imperceptible  process 
ten  paces  apart."  that  these  Indian  towns  became  converted  into  French 
It  will  bo  noticed  that  in  these  various  narratives  villages,  and  hence  the  clouds  that  conceal  the  dates 
there  is  distinct  evidence  of  a  floating  population  of  of  their  supposed  beginnings.     .Mr.  Dillon  justly  says, 
Canadian   French,  voyageurs  and  coitniirn  t/is  l/'n's,  in  his  "  History  of  Indiaiia,'' "  neither  the  oeciisional 
along  the  Mississippi,  and  in  and  around  the  Indian  presence  of  a  missionary,  nor  the  sojournings  of  ad- 
towns  en  its  l)ai:ks,  and  between  it  and  the  lakes,  IVom  venturous  explorers  of  the  country,  nor  tlit  periodical 
about  1(!8.").     There  is  no  evidence,  however,  of  any  visits  of   fur-traders,   can  be   fiiijy  regarded   as  the 
,    dktinct  French  si-tllenwiits  in  this  section,  except  oidy  founding  of  civilized  settleiuents.''     Nor  can  a  niigra- 
the  missions,  anterior  to  the  year  1700.     The  Indians  tory  Indian  town  be  looked  upon  as  a  l).\ed  and  stable 
themselves  were  migratory  in   their  character.     The  plantation,  and  the  prairie  Imlians  were  much  more 
niksionaries  accompanied   them  in  their  wanderings,  nomadic  than  their  brethren  in  tt.e  Ivist.     In  ITD."), 
Ml  as  not  to  lose  their  influence,  and   Mr.  Shea  is  Little  Turtle,  chief  of  the  Miamis,  .said  to  General 
pfobalily  right  in  supposing  that  at  the  tniie  of  D'Iber-  Wayne,  "The  prints  of  my  ancestors'  houses  are  to 
vjlle's  first  voyage  Tonti's  fort  on  the  Illinois  was  the  'le  seen  cverywln-re  in  this  purtion.     it  is  well  known 
Ofcly   pe.  maneia    French    establi.shment   west   of  the  l>y  all  my  brothers  ])ieseni  tiiat  my  Iniefatlier  kindled 
hikes,  unless  wo  may  add  to  tlie  li.st  Lo  Sueur's  fort  llie  lir.st  fire  at  Detroit;  I'nim  thence  he  extended  his 
(i|t]ie  Blue  Earth,  whicli  was  abandoned  by  at  least  lines   to  the  headwaters  of  Scioto;    froiii   thence  to 
a'^art  of  its  gairi.son,  and  Tonti's  little  fort  and  mis-  its  mouth  ;   from  thence  down  the  Oliio  to  the  month 


BiviM^  thi'iii  in  ilonjiii;{  any  ni'i|iiaiiituiio«  wIlli  ili'|Ki«it!i  uf 
[irciiciis  nutals.  Ilolli  parties  l)o);an  to  "  |iii)i<|it'.'t"  I'nr 
»,  Iniliaii  jcalimsy  ami  i<iis|ili'i<in  wor«  e.Vi.ilo.1,  aii.l  lliially, 
III  Suiiits'  Day,  mill),  tliu  cnliro  party,  Frcneli  and  t^pnii 


Ir,  llii'V  li«viiiK  Hi 


!«tlllv< 


lliiini  I'm  siKHJi  ul'  llial  iw 
ItlliMii  I'liinl,  ami  i"i.ii 
Itla'   Iri)'!"  ii«  '""»  "'" 


of  the  Wabash  ;  and  Ir.iin  thence  to  Chicago,  on  Jiake 
.Michigan."  In  .such  a  stale  of  things  a  town  could 
not  be  said  to  become  permanent  uniil  the  intluence 
of  the  white.i  predominated,  and  houses  took  the  j'laco 
l»,  »  10  uiurJcrcil,  nono  boln«  \v(i  to  tHi  ih,.  lalo.    Tlio     of  lodges.    The  cliiinnev  is  the  only  anchor  ofahou.se 

-   l„„rov..r,is  oxcclinKly  im,m.lml,l...  for  La  .'^allo  an.l  the      „„a  ,1,„  [„aia„s  never  built  chimncvs. 
licit  lathers,  as  waa  uluivtn  in  llic  pri'cnlinncliaptur.woro  i       u   ii    '     i-  i       lj       i  ,  '     „■  n  ,. 

■    v«ry  euiintry  ul  that  tim...    Tli.a.ilhoriti..«  for  tho  other  ''"  ^•'"''' "        ,'  '"'  '"*'  '^'-  •'"'*''P''  *  ^^^"''^  "^  ^''^•'"- 

u.vpioraiiuna  arc  giiiii  by  Ooliiii.i  in  liia  "  lllftury  uf    P""  (near  the  site  of  South  Bend),  was  built  as  early 
ucliy,' but  ihoy  arc  chiclly  Hlcn  li-r  or  lonjceturul.  :  ns   IGii),  but    the   first    permaiu-nt    settlement    west  uf 


60 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


1  ;i;  wm 

I    <    ik'.  in 


Lake  Erie  was  made  by  Antoinc  <lc  La  Motte  Cadillac 
at  Detroit  in  1701.  Tn  that  year  Cadillac,  who  was  a 
witty  nttaclu''  of  Frontonac's  at  Quebec  and  had  com- 
manded at  Miclnliniackinac  in  l(i9i-9(!,  where  lie  had 
quite  a  garrison,  a  largo  Indian  village,  and  a  town  of 
fur-traders  and  rmiiriirs  ifcs  hois  under  his  protection, 
went  from  Montreal  to  Detroit,  established  a  fort,  and 
laid  out  a  town.  In  1705  the  French  king  gave  La 
Motto  authority  to  concede  land  io  actual  settlers. 
The  concessions  were  in  the  shape  of  cumbrous  leases, 
with  many  feudal  conditions  attached,  an  annual  rent 
to  be  paid  in  peltries,  timber  and  mineral  privileges 
reserved  to  the  cnnvn,  restrictions  impo.sed  for  liic 
protection  of  game,  etc.  The  grantee  was  bound  to 
plant  or  help  to  plant  a  May-pole  in  front  of  the 
principal  manor-house  every  first  of  May ;  he  could 
not  sell  the  land  without  permission  of  government 
and  the  payment  of  a  tax,  nor  mortgage  without 
leave,  nor  work  at  particular  trades  witjiout  a  license, 
nor  grind  hi.s  corn  except  at  the  mill  of  the  manor, 
nor  buy  nor  sell  o.xcejit  under  many  restrictions. 
Under  such  circumstances  it  was  natural  (or  adven- 
turers like  the  -niir'  lira  (h  n  ImU  and  the  fur-traders, 
all  of  whom  traded  sjiirits  to  the  Indians  for  furs,  to 
keej)  away  from  the  government  plantations  and  seek 
places  for  their  settlements  whore  they  could  enjoy 
more  freedom.  In  17(12  the  Sicur  de  Jucliereaii 
established  -uch  a  post  south  of  Luke  Krie,  in  coni- 
ppiiy  with  thj  Jesuit  Father  Mermet,  cither  on  the 
Ohio,  as  is  commonly  supposed,  or.  as  some  hold,  at  the 
Miami  town  on  the  Wabash  which  was  sulisequently 
called  Mncennes.  La  8uile's  and  Tonti's  fort  of  St. 
Louis  des  Illinoi-;  appears  to  have  been  abandotiid 
about  the  year  1700,  or  alwut  the  time  that  Father  (Jra- 
vier  speaks  of  the  Hiovenient  of  the  Illinois  Indians  to 
the  tionth.  It  was  not  long  after  tliis  tl.ite.eerlaiiily.tliat 
K:iskaskia  became  a  permanent  settlement.  Ciiarlc- 
voix,  when  he  was  at  Cahokia.  eonipl.iining  of  the 
folly  of  planting  a  town  so  far  inlaiul,  was  told  that 
when  it  was  first  settled  it  was  imnii'diately  on  the  bank 
of  the  river,  which  had  receded  from  it  .so  far  in  that 
brief  interval.  The  reverse  of  this  haiipened  at  I'ort 
Chartres,  on  the  .^Iississippi.  in  a  line  wiili  Kaskaskia. 
Aeeordiiig  to  Cant  Filtniaii,  "when  the  fiirt  was 
began,  in  the  year  17")0,  it  was  a  good  half  mile  from 
the  waterside ;  in  the  year  17(l(i  it  was  but  eiglily 
paces ;  eight  ycirs  ago  the  river  was  fonlable  to  the 
island;  tlie  channel  is  now  forty  feet  <leep."  Caho- 
kia, or,  as  I'iltman  calls  it,  Kao'iuias.  "  the  village  of 
f^ainte  Famille  de  Kaoi(uias,"  was  the  first  settlement 
on  the  Mi.s.si.-sippi.  Its  site  was  not  well  eliosen,  as  it 
was  liable  to  be  flooded.  "  The  land  was  purchased 
of  the  savage.s,"  says  I'ittman,  "  by  a  few  Canadians, 


'  some  of  whom  ma>'ried  women  of  the  Kaoquias  n;i- 
tion  and  others  brought  wives  from  Canada,  and  tlun 

'  resid.Ml    there,    leaving    their    children    to    succci^d 

them.'" 

We  must  conclude,  in  view  of  all  the  facts,  tluit 

Cahokia  (or  Tannirouha)  and  Kaskaskia  began  to  Iji 

'  French  settlements  about  the  time  of  the  permam  iit 

I  ...  . 

'  removal  of  the  Illinois  Indians  from  their  summer  ti, 

their  winter  quarters.     This,  as  Father  Gravier's  ■'  l;, . 

lation"  shows,  was  in  1700.     Petuia  probably  had  :ii 

j  that  date  a  colony  of  French  trappers  and  hunti  r.< 

Vincenncs,  the  Jiiami  town,  became  a  French  post  in 

'  1702  by  the  establishment  there  of  tlie  Sieur  de  .In. 

chereau.     The  evidence    for   this   is  complete,—  ilii 

only  doubt  having  arisen  from  the  fact  that  the  lir. 

I  French  explorers  applied   the  name  "  Ouabache'    t 

!  the  whole  Ohio  Uiver  instead  of  to  its  Indiana  brarn' 

'  .solely.     But  Gravier's  "  llelation"  shows  coTiclusivi  1, 

:  that  in  1700  this  confusion  no  longer  existed,  and  iL. 

i  Ohio  and  tiic    A'abash  were  clearly  distinguished  IViin 

one  another,  and  each  was  called  by  its  own  a|i|ii 

priate  name.     The  language  of  Father  JLirest's  ••  II 

lation'  in  1712  is.  "  Tjch   fu'diirois  rlnieiit  vlah/is  , 

Flirt  fiir  Id   fliiivf    <  hhiliiifhv  ;    i/a  (/i'IIKIik/iTi  hI  , 

iiiissi'iiiniic ;    rt   li     Pill'    Mi'rnict  Iciir  fill   pui-nf 

Mermet  went  with  .Juchercau  in  1702;  his  miiii>:: 

was  among  the  Mascoutin   Indians;  there  never  w 

'  any   French  fort  on  tiie  Ohio,  nor  were  the   , '  is 

tins  ever  that  low  down.     They  were  about    V'wwv.. 

nes,  where  the  I'iankesliaws  had  a  village,  as  alsu  t! 

I  Twightwees  had  one  at   La  Salle's  post  on  ihe  S 

'  Josejih's.     Oct.  1!>,  no'j,  RI.  de  Vandreuil  wrcti  ■ 

tlie  I'leiieh  minister  that  he  had  sent  "  Sii'ur  de  W 

seine  to  the  .Nliamis."     For  this  M.de  I'ontehartr 

reprimanded  JL  de  Vaudreuil,  saying,  "  His  inn  i- 

desires  that  you   cause  the    Sieur    ^'incennes  in 

severely  ]miiisfied,— he  Iiaving  carried  on  an  o|i('ii 

undisguised  trade.'     In   1712,  however,  M.  dt^  V 

diciiil  again  sent    Vineeiines  to  the  .^liamis.      In' 

year,  1712,  both  Cahokia  and  Kaskaskia  have  .m 

iheiiliealed   existence — by  the   record.     Tlieri'  w 

church  and  amission    ■leaeh  place, — Notre  Pam 

Ca.sca.-quias  and  Li  S.iinte  Faniille  do  Caoqiiias.    ! 

former  hail  grown  to  be  (piite  a  considerable  i 

Tilt'    {'"reiieh  and   Indians  livrd  contentedly  ln_Mi 

I  "The  I'rc'sdit  iSliilo  of  thu  l')ur<>|ii'iiii  .*<Dttlnmciit«  un  : 
.Mifsiniiiiiiii,  with  n  (jt'iifcriipliiiMil  l)ocori|ition  iif  lliit  li: 
I  lly  l'ii|il.  l'hilli|>  I'iltiiiiin.  I.uiiiluii,  17711."  I'ittmiin  •'!;, 
Ills  li'iiik  "  wii«  ijii;»iniilly  wrote?  iil  the  rrqiipst  iiml  fur  ili.  i 
f^iil  (iiilv  ut  till'  Kt'critiiry  ot'  stiitf  fur  tlie  .'olipnicR."  ||<' ; 
si'ViTiil  cilti'iii|)l»  111  K"!  lip  111"  Sliaaipfippi  licl'i)ri'  lie  i-mi!  i .. 
ill)  HO,  mill  [It  unc  tiiiio  propii'<('i)  In  j;(>  iltF);iii.''<>il  as  u  i  '-  ' 
viiyiigi'iir,  lint  iviis  ili.«Miiiili'il.  Ilii  wrili'ti  liki'  n  in 
sur\er,  anj  liis  iiiapK  iiiiil  pliinK  uru  very  guuil. 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  LOUISIANA. 


51 


of  the  Kaoquias  tia- 
roin  Canada,  and  tlnn 
children    to    succcil 

of  all  the  facts,  tluii 
Krtskftskia  hcgan  to  b. 
inic  of  the  permam  iit 
!  from  their  sunimcv  t(, 
I  Father  Gravior'»"ltc- 
Peoria  prohably  ha.l  m       \ 
trappers  and  Imnt.i. 
,ccanic  a  French  po^t  Id 
croof  the  Sicnr  de  .In- 
this   is  complete,-  111' 
i„  the  fact  that  the  Iim       i 
e  name  "  Ouabaehe'    I 
„r  to  its  Indiana  bran.! 
ition"  shows  conclusiwl; 
10  lon^;or  existed,  and  tl. 
;learly  distin'.'uished  IVnu. 
called  by  its  own  appr- 
of  Father  Marosl's  -  It 
•,f(l/;<)/.v   I'liiknl   i'hilii:.<  , 
./„.  ;    (7s  (Ifm<iii'l!''-'iii  ■ 
\[,rmct  km-  fut   ''»"",'/' 
;min  1702;  his  minlM: 
Indians;  there  nevoiMv 
lio,  nor  were  the   .'is.n; 
Tlicy  were  aboui    v'iiKv: 
sluul  a  villa-e,  asal-M- 
.:i  Salle's  post  on  the  S 
M   de  Vandrcuil  wn.t.  • 
bad  sent  "  Sieur  d(^  Vi 
this  M.de   Poiiteluirtr 
uil,  sayiML',  "  liis  ni;.;.- 
,.    Sieiir    Vincennes  I" 
iiii:  carried  on  an  open 
[71 -J,  however,  M.  de  \ 
.^  to  the  Miamis.     In  ■: 
|„„1  Kaskaskia  have  iui  : 
ll„.  record.     There  w,.    ^ 
■1,  place,— Notre  Dam.  i  | 
I'aniiUe  de  Ca-Mjuias.    T  | 
,piite  a  eoMsiderahlc  tiu 
llivrd  eniitentcdiy  to;.'i'ili 

Kurciiiiiin  Si'ttlcMiiciil-  i: 
,ul  Doeoripllun  "f  tl"'  I'- 
„1"I1,IT:"."  l'lll>».M.  •!.;>: 
I  111  ttio  rwiiicfl  iiii'l  for  111!  ! 
iw  fur  tin-  oolniiu'ii."  Ilci'j 
WiaaifMlilii  I'cl'ofi" ''"  "oulihd 

L|  In  Ro  .lii-KuiiX-'l  »•  *  ''■'""] 
||„    « riles  like  ft  etti'fu" 

f  arc  vpry  g"'"!- 


"  You  call  us  your  children,"  said  an  old  Shawanese 

chief  to  Gen.  Wni.  Henry  Harrison  when  the  latter 

was  Governor  of  Indiana ;  "  why  do  you  not  make 

us  happy  as  our  fathers,  the  French,  did?     They 

never  took  from  us  our  lands ;  indeed,  they  were  in 

common   between    us.       They   planted    where    they 

pleased,  and  they  cut  wood  where  they  pleased,  and 

[bo  did  we.       Hut  now,  if  .1   poor    Indian  attempts 

fto  take  a  little  bark  from  a  tree  to  cover  him  from 

the  rain,  up  comes  a  white  man  and  threatens  to 

4hoof   him,  elaiiuinj;   the  tree   as  his   own."      This 

Speech  cxphiins  prci^isely  the  reason  why  the  French 

*ot  aloni,'  so  amicably  with  the    Indians,  and  why 

^^here  is  an  irrepressible  conflict  between  the  Anj^io- 

^axoM  and  the   Indian.      The    Frenchman   had   no 

hind  hunger.      lie  was  a  trapper  or  a  trader,  and  his 

Attempts  at  agriculture  were  neither  elaborate  nor  e.K- 

Wsive.     Hwiides,  he  knew  ]\o\v  to  accommodate  him- 

geif  s<,n<illi/  with  the  savages,  entered  into  all  their 

sports  and  games,  and  took  a  squaw  in  every  village 

to  wiiich  he  came. 

The  Illinois  were  a  social  race.  They  had  none  of 
tlic  taciturnity  with  wliich  their  kiii.smen  are,  per- 
l^pg  wrongly,  credited,  but  had  the  manners  and  the 
tices  of  a  city  population.  From  the  first  they 
i^mcd  to  have  formed  a  strong  attachment  for  the 
snch.  La  .Salle  and  Tonti  made  a  pow":.-,d  im- 
iion  upon  them,  and  the  Jesuit  missionaries  knew 
i^  to  maintain  and  extend  their  influence.  Tiius 
tM  Frenchman  was  always  welcome  to  the  villages  of 
^6  Illiniiis,  and,  whether  the  missionary  or  trader 
went  west  by  the  route  of  the  Illinois  River  or  by 
that  of  the  Wabash,  ho  had  to  pass  by  an  Illinois 
tOWD.  Til  •  roKiriir  i/is  />"/.s  did  tiot  care  to  leave  his 
llBnting-gtduiids  so  far  behind  him  as  to  carry  his 
pl^tries  to  (^ncbecor  Montre;il,  and  the  fiirtrader  was 
only  too  happy  to  meet  him  halfway  in  the  Indian 
M^ns  and  relieve  tiim  cpf  his  goods  at  an  ennrmous 
lanei  ineiit  of  the  profit.  Thus  the  Indian  towns 
ithe  portag,'s  and  iatiding-places  gradually  became 
homes  of  the  hunters  and  trappers  and  the  visit- 
•points  oftlie  traders,  miil  thus  \\\'  can  understand 
tt  ^I.  de  nenniiville  wrote  in  ills  memoir  to  tiie 
10  government  dated  Sih  Maich,  \i\Si*,  that  the 
ich  hail  "divers  establishmenis"  on  the  river 
iissippi,  •'  as  well  as  011  that  of  the  Oyo,  Oindiache, 
whieli  flow  into  tlie  said  river  Mississippi." 
ikaskia  and  Cahokia  were  seated  in  "a  country 
llflc  in  all  the  bounties  of  nature."  The  soil  pru- 
evny  sort  of  fruit  and  grain, — "  the  deer,  the 
lo,  and  the  elk  furnished  in  those  days  bountiful 
Ics,  the  rivers  abounded  witii  fish,  while  the 
and    the  feathered  tribes  afforded  articles   for 


'  comfort  and  for  trade.  Surrounded  thus  by  good 
;  things,  what  more  could  a  Frenchman  have  desired, 
I  unless  it  were  a  violin  and  a  glass  of  claret  ?  Tlic 
'  former  wo  are  told  they  h.-'.d,  and  we  have  good 
authority  for  saying  that  they  drank  excellent  wine 
from  their  own  grapes." '  There  arc  deeds  on  record 
at  Kaskaskia  which  bear  the  date  of  1712,  says  the 
authority  just  quoted.  This  town  was  beautifully 
situated  on  the  point  of  land  formed  by  the  junction 
of  tho  Kaskaskia  Kiver  with  the  Mississippi, — not 
immediately  at  the  confluence,  but  three  or  four  miles 
above,  as  Piiiladelphia  was  located  with  respect  to  the 
Delaware  and  Sohuylkill  Rivers.  Tho  site  of  tho 
town  is  a  deep  alluvial  plain,  with  high  bluffs  on  tho 
side  of  the  Kaskaskia  River  opposite.  In  Cahokia 
the  land  is  too  low,  and  liable  to  be  flooded  by  every 
rise  of  tho  Mississippi.  After  the  establishment  of 
Fort  Chartres  in  171S,  Kaskaskia  became  the  seat  of 
government  of  Upper  Louisiana,  and  was  of  conse- 
quence enough  to  be  assumed  as  the  centre  from 
which  all  distances  wore  measured  in  the  surrounding 
country.  In  1721  it  was  the  capital  of  the  Louisiana 
"  district  of  Illiiu)is."  From  this  date  the  French 
.settlements  on  the  Mississippi  must  be  treated  as  in- 
tegral parts  of  the  Louisiana  .system. 

That  system  did  not  overflow  with  liberality  nor 
any  other  kind  of  grace.  It  was  military  at  one  pole 
and  intensely  ecclesiastical  at  tho  other.  Lotiis  XIV. 
was  besought  by  the  Huguenot  refugees  ii,  Kngland 
and  America  fu'  leave  lo  move  in  a  body  into  Louisi- 
ana, colonize  it,  and  loyally  hold  it  as  a  fief  of  the 
crown.  They  would  doubtless  have  developed  ;ind 
improved  the  country  rapidly.  Rut  the  king  rejilled 
that  ho  had  not  expelled  them  from  France  to  enable 
them  to  build  up  their  heresy  in  America,  and  in  the 
code  of  172-1.  lor  regulating  the  province  of  Loiiisi- 
ana, — a  cocle  promulgated  by  royal  ordinance  "  in  order 
to  maintain  the  di.<cipline  of  the  Apostolic  Roman 
Catholic  Church," — the  direc'or-general  and  officers 
were  commandcil  "  to  rcinn-e  from  sniil  country  all 
the  Jews  who  may  have  taken  up  their  abode  tlnMC  ; 
the  dopartiiri!  of  whom,  as  dee!  .red  enjuiies  of  the 
Christian  name,  we  command  within  three  months, 
including  the  day  when  these  presents  are  iniblislied. 
under  jiain  of  forfeiture  of  their  bodies  anci  estates," 
In  article  sceoud  of  the  code  all  slaves  are  com- 
manded to  be  baptized  and  educated  in  the  same 
churcii,  and  article  third  says,  "  We  prohibit  any 
other  religious  rites  than  those  of  the  Apostolic  Ro- 
man Catholic  (Miureli,  requiring  that  tho^e  who  vio- 
late this  .shall  bo  punished  as  rebels,  disobedient  to 


'  Jiuiios  lliill,  sUitilK's  of  thu  Wc.«l. 


WWMP,'" 


imbrh 


ihUUWI 


62 


HISTORY  OF  SALNT  LOUIS. 


our  coiDUiands.  Wc  prohibit  all  lucetings  for  this 
purpose:  such  we  declare  to  be  unlawful  and  seditious 
asseniblagcs,  subject  !o  the  same  penalties  inflicted 
upon  masters  who  shall  permit  or  suffer  it  with 
respect  to  their  slaves." 

The  military  hand  did  not  rest  less  lightly  than  the 
ecclesiastical.  IJeforc  Crozat  took  charge  of  the  colony 
the  administration,  while  quarreling  among  them- 
selves, united  to  oppress  and  "  rcuulate"  the  colonists. 
Nobody  was  free  except  the  sixty  or  seventy  Cana- 
dians who  led  a  roving  and  dissolute  life  among  the 
Indians.  The  imbecile  government  meddled  with 
everything.',  and  created  a  hundred  abuses  under  the 
pretext  of  correcting  oi;  .  It  sought  to  repair  its 
impotence  by  its  ubiquity.  It  could  not  teach 
the  colonists  to  keep  themselves  from  starving,  but 
it  could  force  them  to  regard  the  province  as  a 
prison.  Thus,  Bienville,  the  most  enlightened  and 
energetic  man  in  Louisiana,  and  (he  one  who  had  its 
interests  most  sincerely  at  heart,  could  write  to  the 
homo  government  in  the  following  terms :  "  I  have 
ordered  several  citizens  of  La  llochelle  to  be  clo.sely 
watched,  because  they  wish  to  quit  the  country. 
Tliey  have  scrajjcd  up  something  by  keeping  taverns. 
Therefore  it  appears  to  me  to  be  nothing  but  justice  to 
force  them  to  remain  in  the  country,  on  the  substance 
of  wliieh  they  have  fattened."  Hicnvilie  also  asked 
leave  to  exeliango  Indian  slaves  for  negro  slaves  in 
the  West  Indies.  "  We  shall  give,"  he  said,  "  three 
Indians  for  two  negroes.  The  Indians,  when  in  the 
islands,  will  not  be  able  to  run  away,  the  country 
being  unknown  to  them,  and  the  negroes  will  not 
dare  to  become  fugitives  in  Louisiana,  because  the 
Inilians  would  kill  them."  In  1712,  Anthony  Crozat 
obtained  his  eliarter  from  the  king.  It  was  time,  for 
the  colony  was  almost  at  the  last  gasp.  The  letters 
patent  to  Crozat  cover  an  immense  and  extraordinary 
urant.  It  was  a  gigantic  nion(i])'ily  of  an  embryo  em- 
pire. It  M.iiil  that  "  u])on  tl'e  information  wo  have 
receivid  concerning  the  disposilioii  and  situation  of  the 
countries  known  at  j)re.-ent  by  the  name  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Louisiana,  we  are  of  opinion  that  there  may 
be  established  therein  a  considerable  ennimeree,  so 
much  the  more  adv.inlagenus  to  our  kingdom,  in  that 
there  has  been  hitherto  a  necessity  of  fetching  from 
forei'.iners  the  greatest  part  of  the  eomnioilities  which 
may  be  brought  fnim  thence;  and  because,  in  ex- 
change thereof,  we  need  carry  t'.,ithcr  nothing  but 
commodities  of  the  growth  and  manufacture  of  our 
own  kingdom,  we  have  resolved  to  grant  the  commerce 
(if  the  country  of  Louisiana  to  the  Sieur  Anthony 
Crozat,  our  counselor,  sceri'lary  of  the  houseliold. 
crown,  and  re\enue,  to  whom  we  intrust  the  exeeu- 


'  tion  of  this  project.     We  are  the  raoro  readily  in- 
clincd  hereunto,  because  hia   zeal   and   the   singular 
knowledge  he  has  acquired  in  maritime  comnarco  en. 
j  courage  us  to  hope  for  as  good  success  as  he  has  hiiii. 
'  crto  had  in  the  divers  and  sundry  enterprises  he  liii,t 
gone  upon,  and  which  have  procured  to  our  kingdum 
great  quantities  of  gold  and  silver  in  such  conjuiic. 
tures   as  have  rendered  them  very   welcome  to  us. 
I  For  these  reasons,  being  desirous  to  show  our  favur 
to  him,  and  to  regulate  the  conditions  upon  ."hich  wi.. 
mean  to  grant  him  the  said  commerce,  after  having  du. 
,  liberated  this  affair  in  our  own  council,  of  our  ocrtaiii 
I  knowledge,  full  power,  and   royal  authority,  ve.  In 
:  these  presents,  signed  by  our  own  hand,  have  appointuj 
■  and  do  appoint  the  said  Sieur  Crozat  solely  to  carry  on 
'  a  trade  in  all  the  lands  pos.sessed  by  us,  and  bouniliil 
by  New  Mexico  and  by  the  lands  of  the  Englisli  .  ; 
Carolina,  all  the  establishments,  ports,  havens,  ri\\T> 
principally  the  port  and  haven  of  the  isle  Dauphin 
heretofore  called  Monaere ;    the   river  of  St.  Limi. 
heretofore  called   Mississippi,  from  the  edge  of  ili 
.sea  as  far  as  the  Illinois  ;  together  with  the  river  ^; 
Philip,  heretofore  called  Missouri,  and  of  l^t.  Jeroiii 
heretofore   called   Ouabachc,  with   all   the  countrio. 
territories,  lakes  within  land,  and   rivers  whicii  11 
directly  or  indirectly  into  that  part  of  the  river  .'^ 
Louis."     Crozat  was  to  have  a  fifteen  years' Icasf 
this  territory  ;  to  search  for  and  open  mines  and  ri  ;i; 
the  profits  of  mining,  less  orelifili  to  the  crown,  ai , 
to  .send  a  vessel  once  a  year  to  Africa  for  slaves.    i| 
waii  to  own  in  perpetuity  all  the  land  he  inipinv 
the  buildings   he  put  up,  and  the  manufactures  : 
established  ;  and  for  nine  years  he  was  to  receive  li: 
thousand  livres  a  year  for  |)ublic  expenses,  a[\n  i| 
to  bear  all  the  charges  of  govo'Mnnent  himself,  ;i 
he  was  re(|uired  to  send  two  ships  to  Louisiana  ew: 
year,  laden  with  colonists  and  supplies.' 
i 

'  Cri)/.;it,  the  loeipiciit  iif  tlicfc  vasi   I'avor,",  iir  tlm  irn 
wliuse  .'"houlilt'r.s  tlll'^'e  iiiiiii(Mi.''o  bunluns  wcrn  iiiipfisod,  \\Ml- 
a  riirnior  uf  tin.'  rcvt'iiui*,  ii  iiifreliaiit  :i1i*o,  who.  ii)  the  wntil. 
ouiitc'in|ioraiy,  ''  liml  iinisperuil  in  ip|iukiio«  lo  tliu  iiftuni-l 
cif  nil  tlic  wurM."     l!ii)'ari<''  iiltaehi'H  n  ri>iiinni'c  lo  lii-  ii 
tlint  lio  H'lis  pca.siint-liorn,  InsliT-lirollier  to  tliii  pun  if 
till!  iiublcfFC,  wliu  cilueutoil  him  niiil  pnx'uruil  Ihu  iKJiar]'! 
of  liis  fortunes  in  tradr;  that  hu  had  an  only  ilau);hi<  r,  ^ 
lovely,  ri'lineil,  ami  possesseJ  of  every  iiceiimpll'liiniiil,  :. 
love  Willi  the  heir  of  the  l.atizun!(.    To  jienure  such  .i  hii>l. , 
hi}!  eliihl  Crozat  no:'cl>-'l  to  be  a  Me'l'ci,  !«>  th.it  tr.iile  ^iii  I  » 
nii;;hl  Kiip;>ly  what  wan  laekiujj  in  hlooil,  and  t  >  this  in  I  < 
took  hi.'<  I.i.nisiana  eonlraet.      lie  failed  ;  lhc<laii';hter  <i'. 
hroluMi  heart,  and  Crozat  expired  be.iide  her  hi:>r.      It  i- 
tu^iate  for  (iayivne',"  roinan''e,  however,  tinil  Cruznt  liv-  i 
vcar"  iil'ter  ho  surrendered  the  };overninent  "f  i.i)Ui.-ni 
the  kin;;'«  liunds,  and  hu  probably  iiiailo  money  hy    In' 
tion.     ]lo  died  in  l7'iS,  at  the  uge  of  eighl,y' three,  I  >: 
Louisiana  vf   ites  had  developed  tlieir  full  value. 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  LOUISIANA. 


53 


the  mor'j  readily  iii- 
;al  and  the  singular 
uritiiue  couin  orcc  en- 
luceess  as  he  has  hiili- 
dry  enterprises  he  has 
cured  to  our  kingdom 
Iver  in  such  conjunc- 

very  wolcomo  to  us. 
)U9  to  shov7  our  favor 
ditions  upon  whicli  we 
imeroe,  after  having  .In- 

council,  of  our  eertai;, 
•oyal  author'ly,  re,  l.y 
vn  hand,  have  appoiiital 
Druziit  solely  to  carry  »i, 
iscd  by  us,  and  boundol 
lands  of  the  EngUsli  • ; 
ts,  ports,  havens,  rivir, 
in  of  the  isle  Dauphin 
the  river  of  St.  Limi- 
,  from  the  edge  of  ili. 
rether  with  the  river  i>t 
souri,  and  of  ijt.  Jeron, 

with  all  the  countii- 
J,  and  rivers  which  la, 
luit  part  of  the  river  S 
'c  a  lifteen  years'  lease. 
land  open  mines  and  \\x 
i,efilih  to  the  crown,  a; 

0  Africa  for  slave.".    11 

11  the  land  he  iniprov. 

md  the  uianufacturcs  ; 

iirs  he  was  to  receive  li; 

ublic  expenses,  afu-r  il. 

^rovo'-nment  himsiH';  .. 
ships  to  liouisiana  l'\. 

id  snppli''s.' 

,0  viisl   liivors,  or  llif  n  " 
.unlens  were  imii-sed,  li;i'l  i 
lit  ivlso,  «l....  inlli>;W"i'l- 
..  „imk'in:«t"  lliL- iistiMn.-l): 
io\ii'»  11  rmiiaiii'c  I'l  In-  "' 
.l,rollu-r  to  Itio   foil  "f  ■ 
iiul  linKiircd  tliu  iiav.inrv 
10  luul  an  "lily  amiKlii'  r.  ' 
every   nccimili'i''"""'"''  ' 
'I'd  i<i'i'iirtiiuoli;iliii>l" 
.,,i:,.i.siu  lli.it  triulLMin  I  » 
n  l.looil.iuidti.thiM'ii'l' 
luiliJ:  ilieilnii^titer  ail, 
,1  l)osi.le  licr  liior.     It  i.'!  "i. 
ini'ver,  llml  CruMt  liv>.l  i 
i;oviMniiie"l  ■•'■  ;.»uiM:ina 
biy   imulu  uioni'.v  !■.»  'Iio  ^!' 
„«L.  of  ,.igl.l.V  till «.''*'* 
,1  iliuir  lull  vttluo. 


i 


Ik 


4     Crozat  found  his  new  province  in  a  slipshod  state.     River,  above  the  nioutli  of  the  Tallapoosa,  and  Bien- 
irhcre  were  five  or  six  fbrts,  three  or  four  hundred  [  ville  completed  Fort  Rosalie  at  Natchez  in  ITlfi.    The 
"Ibe^'Mrly  colonists,  and   about  seventy-five  Canadian  ;  immense  province  of  Crozat  Iiad  paid  nothing  to  legiti- 
Icovrnirs  who  took  the  king's  pay  as  militia.    The  new  ,  mate  cnt,  rprise,  but  that  fact  probably  made  it  more 
4nana"cr  of  the  colony  was  a  business  man.     He  sent  ^  valuable  for  purposes  of  speculation,  and  France  was 
Ifor  La  Motte  de  Ctdillac  from  Canada  to  act  as  Gov-    just  in  tha'  bankrupt  and  desperate  condition  which 
iernor   retained  Bienville  as  lieutenant-governor,  and  |  fits  a  country  to  become  the  prey  of  speculators.   The 
teinforcinr-  the  colony  with  men  and  goods,  directed  a     regent  -vas  an  adventurer  hini.self,  and   adventurers 
yi<'orous  search  after  mines,  while  seeking  the  means  '  flocked  about  him.     Legitimate  financiering  offered 
bf  introduciii''  French  goods  into  Mexico.     GayarriS  j  no  prospect  or  hope,  and  this  opened  the  door  wide  to 
Jbu^hs  at  Cadillac,  who  soonis  to  have  been  as  proud  :  illegitiniato  financiering.     When  Crozat  surrendered 
and  poor  as  Frontenac,  but  no  Governor  could  have  i  his  charter,  the  Council  of  Slate  received  it  gladly, 
^lilt  up  Loui-siana  under  the  circumstances,  no  matter  i  resolving  that  it  was  to  the  interest  of  France  that 
what  his  abilities.    Cadillac  wrote  home  that  the  inhab-  j  Louisiana  should  be  fostered  and  preserved  ;  that  this 
Hants  were  no  better  than  the  country, — they  were  the  i  was  an  undertaking  beyond  the  strength  and  resources 
ricum  and  refuse  of  Canada,  ruffians,  vagabonds,  profli-  |  of  any  individual ;  and,  as  such  enterprises  would  not 
rates.     He  declared  that  the  colony  was  not  worth  a  I  be  proper  for  a  king,  on  account  of  the  inseparable 
Jlraw  as  it  was,  but  he  hoped  to  make  something  of  it.  .  connuercial  details,  Louisiana  should  be  intrusted  to 
He  did  not  succeed,  though  he  came  near  doing  so,  if  ;  a  company.     This  was  the  origin  of  the  Company  of 
kb  advice  to  the  ministry,  to  give  the  colonists  as  ■  the  Indies,  chartered  by  the  Parliament  of  Paris  less 
much  land  as  they  wanted,  without  conditions,  had     than  a  month  after  Crozat  withdrew  from  the  colonial 
been  taken.     It  was  not  taken,  however,  and  Cadillac  ,  business.     The  Company  of  the  Indies  was  the  con- 
was  sent  off  on  a  wild-goose  chase  after  goldmines,     trivance  of  the  faro  banker  John  Law,  the  friend  of 
while  Bienville,  with  whom  the  Governor  quarreled,     the  regent,  who  had  undertaken  to  restore  the  col- 
thouMi  his  was  the  only  clear  head  in  the  province,  ;  lapsed  finances  of  the  state  by  creating  something 
gWJured  peace  with  the   Natchez   Indians.      Cadillac  '  out  of  nothing.     He  had  started  the  Bank  of  France, 
enoountered  much  laughter  and  opposition  in  his  ef-     and,  to  give  a  show  of  stability  to  the  operations  of 
forts  to  carry  out  his  ideas  of  government.     "  There  |  this  stock-jobbing  concern,  he  proposed  the  Western 
are  as  many  Governors  here  as  there  are  officers,"  he     Company,  or  the  Company  of  the   Indies,   another 
wrote.     "  Every  one  would  like  to  perform  his  duties  ;  stock-jobbing  concern,  lor  its  support.     One  bubble 
according  to  his  own  interpretation  of  t.hcm."     The     could  not  sustain  itself,  but  the  bubble  which  rested 
colony,  he  said,  was  "  a  monster  without  head  or  tail,  !  on  another  bubble  had  something  solid  under  it,  so 
and    its   government  is    a  shapeless   absurdity.  ...     people  thought.     The  bank  would  be  very  profitable 
Verily,  I  do  not  believe  that  there  is  in  the  whole  ^  if  it  had  the  revenues  of  the  Indies  Company  out  of 
universe  such  another  government."     Crozat  finally     which  to  get  its  dividends.     Louisiana  was  only  a 
dismissed  Iiim,  in  the  bluntest  way,  for  ineompetenc",     dream  in  France,  but  Law  and  the  regent  took  care 
bat  th'-  new  Governor,  Do  I'Epinay,  did  not  succeed     that  it  should  be  a  handsomely  gilded  dream.     All 
any  belter,  and  finally,  in  August,  1717,  Crozat  threw  i  France  for  a  while  was  .seized  with  the  infatuation  of 
u'lf  his  charter.  |  sudden  riches,  and  the  result  was  the  most  gigantic 

The  Regent  d'Orleans  was  practically  king  of  '.  speculation  ever  known,  followed  by  the  worst  Inan- 
Kdince  in  this  time  of  the  minority  of  Louis  XV.,  cial  cra.sh  and  the  most  widespread  ruin. 
m|I  the  kingdom  was  overwhelmed  with  the  debts  The  Western  Company  speculation,  however,  which 
{pijiarrcd  by  Louis  XIV.  in  pursuit  of  glory.  Crozat  crippled  France,  was  not  without  its  advantages  to 
WB  accomplished  nothing  for  Louisiana  and  for  France,  Looisiana.  The  company  had  a  monopoly  of  the 
i/A  some  of  his  agents  iiad  extended  the  limits  of  the  revenues  of  the  province,  but  it  needed  to  improve 
Rt^nch  po.ssessions  ir.  several  directions.  St.  Denys,  the  condition  of  the  province  in  order  to  show  any 
ly^'ro  of  romance,  had  planted  the  French  standard  revenues.  Some,  at  least,  of  the  one  hundred  mil'ion 
tup  oil  the  Bei  River,  and  on  the  Rio  Grande  and  iivrcs  of  the  original  subscription  of  Louisiana  s  oek 
:  Rio  Bravo.  Another  and  permanent  post  was  had  to  be  spent  in  Louisiana.  The  company  was 
Iblishcd  '(n  file  Sabine.  Charlcville  had  rciehed  under  bonds  to  introduce  info  the  province  six  thou- 
^Cuinl  erian  J  River,  opened  trade  with  the  Sliawa-  sand  whites  and  three  thousand  negro  slaves.  Bien- 
a>.d  established  a  post  where  Na,shvillo  now  is,  '  ville  became  Governor.  He  determined  to  settle  on 
I7i;{,  while  Fort  Toulouse  was  built  on  the  Coosa  '  the  river,  and  in  1718  he  selected  the  site  and  planted 


■BBB 


54 


HISTORi    OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


the  presfiit  city  of  New  Orleans,  giving  to  it  the  ; 
name  of  the  dissolute  /egent.     A  company  of  two 
hundred    miners    and   ass;  yers,  under   command    of 
Francis  llftuault,  was  dis|)atcl>ed  to  the  Upper  Mis-  i 
sissi])pi.     On  his  way  to  Louisia'ia  llenaiilt  stopped  at 
San  Domingo  and  bought  five  Iiundred  negro  shivcs, 
wliom  he  took  to  the  Illinois  country, — the  beginning  , 
of  slavery  in   Missouri,  i'or  Renault's  slaves  worked 
in  tlie  lead-mines  westof  Ste.  Genevieve.    Boisbriant,  ] 
the  king's  lieutenant  for  Louisiana,  wlio  arrived  out  , 
in  tlie  spring  of  171 S,  proceeded  up  tlie  river,  a.ssumed 
llic  government  of  the  Illinois  district,  and  built  Fort 
Chartres,  on  the  Mississippi,  not  far  from  Kaskaskia. 
This  post  thus  became  the  centre  and  seat  of  govern- 
ment of  the  Illinois  distric-t,  and  population  gathered  , 
around  about  it.     To  hasten  the  colonization  of  Lou- 
isiana, the  company  made   numerous  and  extensive 
grants  of  land,   with   provisions   attached   rot|uiring 
the  importatii)n  of  settlers.     Law  obtained  a  tract  of 
twelve   miles  sijuave   on  tlie   Arkansas,  to  which  he 
transplanted  Cl'ieen  hundred  German  emigrants  from 
Alsace  ;  LebJanc  and  others  got  a  grant  on  the  Yazoo, 
which  they  planted  ;    Bernard  la   llarpe    secured  a  ' 
grant  at  Natcliitoclus ;  De  Meuse  at  Point  Coupee ;  , 
.St.  Keine  among  the  Tunicas ;  Diron  d'Artagnette  at 
Hatoti  lloiige ;  Paris  Buveriiay  at  Bayou  Manehae ; 
Du  Muys  at  Tchotipitoulas  ;  the  Jlanjais  d'Artagnac 
at  Cannes  BruK'es  ;  JLidanie  de  Chaunionot  at  Pasca- 
goula,  etc.     The  settlements   on  the  Sabine  and  at 
IvUchitoehes  and  the  exploits  of  St    Denys  alarmed 
the  Sjianiards,  who   now  pushed  several   jiosts  int3 
Texas,    occupying    and    fortifying   San    Antonio    de 
Bexar,  Baliia,  and  Goliad,  and  then  advancing  as  far 
as    Nacogdoches    and    founding   the   mission  of   San 
Miguel  de  Linarez.     La   Ilarpe,  who  built  Natchi- 
toches  in    17H',   made  many  explorations  westward 
into  Texas,  conciliating  the  Indian  trjbes  and  setting 
up  trading-posts,     lie  now  piislied  beyond  the  Span- 
iards and  established  a  trading-post  still  farther  u[) 
the  Bed  Iliver,  at  an  Indian  town  one  hundred  and 
fifty  l(Nigues  beyond   Fort   Natchitoches,  in  -what  is 
now  Arkan.sas.      War    having    bniketi    out  between 
France  and  Spain,  Bienville  reduced  Pensacola,  while 
a  Spanish  expedition  cro.sscd  from  Santa  Fe  to  the 
Missouri   Biver.     This  exjiedition    was  intended   to 
excite  the  Pawnee  or  Osage  Indians  to  make  war  on 
tlie  Mis.s(mri  Imliaits,  who  were  allies  of  the  French. 
The  party  eros.sed  to  the  .^lissouri  Biver,  in  the  neigh- 
borhood of  Sabiue  County,  where  they  fell  in  with  the 
Missouris,  and,   mistaking    them   for   tin-  Osages   or 
Pawnees,  revealed   their  plans  to  them,  and  were  in 
('OU.sei|uence  mu.ssaered  in  the  night.     Thi,s  bold  at- 
tack led  the  French  to  erect  u  fort  on  an  island  in 


the  Missouri  Biver,  about  the  mouth  of  the  0.sagc 
Biver. 

Five  hundred  slaves  were  brought  over  from  Afrira 
in  1710,  and  by  1722  there  were  2100  Guinea  negrois 
in  the  colony,  the  annual  importation  after  that  ran.'- 
ing  from   one   hundred   to  three  hundred.     A  m;iii 
slave  sold  for  GOO  livres  and  a  "  likely"  woman  for  fioi) 
livres.     In  February,  1720,  five  hundred  and  eighiy- 
two  emigrants  arrived  out  from    I'rance.     They  in- 
eluded  some  women  from  the  streets,  and  even  fiiuu 
the  houses  of  correction  and  the  hospitals  of  Paris, 
who  were  thought  to  be  good  enougli  to  become  wivis 
of  the  Canadian  colonists.     JIany  other  settlers  beg;ui 
to  come  out,  and  explorations  were  pushed  and  tradiii;; 
posts  established  in  various  ((uarters.    The  years  17 -J - 
2o  were  full  of  disaster  and  gloom  for  Louisiana.   Law's 
JFississippi  bubble  had  burst,  the  company  was  a  wnck, 
and  the  seven  thousand  recent  emigrants  in  the  niw 
province  found  their  supplies  suddenly  shut  olT.     Tlj 
result  was  famine,  and  many  starved  to  death.     Indian 
wars  also  broke  out  in  several  places,  and  the  garrixci 
at  Fort  Orleans  in  the  Missouri  (near  JelTersoii  Ciiv 
was  massacred.     The  Cliicka.saws  captured  the  Ya/., 
fort,  and  finally  the  Natchez  Indians  broke  into  revolt, 
and    were  exterminated    before  they   would    subiiiii. 
Terrible  storms   devastated    the   crops   and   laid   lii 
Gelds  waste,  and  the  troops  in  soiiu  of  the  garri.xin. 
mutinied.      En  l~'X],  however,  when  the  governiihin 
of  the   India  Company  ceased,  it   was  seen   that   il, 
colony  had  grown  and  developed  greatly.     The  pujui, 
lalioii  was  over  seven  thousand,  including  some  iiij;, 
of  enterprise  and  wea  th,  agriculture  had  become  th 
established  pursuit  o'  the  people,  and  there  were  a  gn,! 
number  of  new  and  prosperous  settlements.      In  tli. 
Illinois  and  Wabasn  .sections  in  particular  great  crii|. 
Were  produced,  sUjiplying  the  lower  sections  and  yidi 
ing  besides  an  e4])ortable  surplus.     The  peltry  ir,ii 
from  this  .section  was  valuable  and  important,  an] 
good  many  flourishing  towns  had  sprung  up  here.  'I'l, 
whole   country  had  uu  established  civil  governniii, 
and  the  vicar-general  at  New  Orleans,  ivprcsenting  (! 
diocese  of  t^uebee,  .saw  that  religious  instructiuii  h 
amply  sup|)lied.     In  short,  there  can  bo  no  doubt 
the  exactness  of  the  thoughtful  Stcjddard's  coikIum 
that  "  whoever  takes  a  correct  view  of  the  tran.s.nii 
of  the  .^li.ssissippi  Company  must  be  convinced  tli ,: 
was  of  infinite  utility  to   Louisiana,  perhaps  the  |iii,> 
ervation  of  il,  particularly  as  it  posse.ssr'd  energy  anij 
resources.  .  .  .  From  this  period  may  bo  dated  li;^'. 
gra<lual  progress  of  the  colony  to  a  more  eligibli'  i     ' 
dition,  tiiough  il  was  occasionally  interrupted  by  n. 
Indians  and  Spaniard.s."  K. 

It  was  about  this  time  that  Loui.iiana  bei'an  1 1  fl  ! 


J 


UPPER  AND  LOWER  LOUISIANA. 


66 


uouth  of  the  Osa;.-, 

;1it  over  from  Afrira 
2100  Guinea  negruis 
ition  after  that  ran-- 
>  hundred.     A  ni:iii 
kely''  wouian  for  fjUii 
hundred  and  uij^hly- 
1    France.     Tliey  in- 
Irettis,  and  even  frniu 
le  hospitals  of  Paris, 
juji;li  to  heeomo  wiv,> 
y  other  seltler.s  bc_i;;iii 
ro  pushed  and  tradiii-. 
jrs.    The  years  17'2J^ 
1  for  Louisiana.  Law's  ■ 
company  was  a  wrcik, 
emigrants  in  tlie  nm 
ddcnly  shut  off.     'fli- 
•ved  to  dcatll.     Indiui 
laces,  and  the  garrlMju 
I  (^uear  JclTerson  Cilv 
m  captured  the  \  a/. . 
ians  broke  into  revuli,  ■ 
■  they   would    submit, 
e   crops   and  laid   lli 
SOUK'  of  the  garri.-ih- 
wlien  the  ■j;c>vernui.  ui 
ii  was  seen  that  lli 
;d  -really.     The  pnp;! 
.,  including  some  iiivii 
lukuro  had  become  ili 
,  and  there  were  a  gn m, 
|s  seltlcnienls.      In  ll 
particular  great  cruj. 
wi'r  seetion.s  and  yiill 
IIS.     The  peltry  ti.ii 
and  important,  an  1  ■. 
d  sprung  up  hero,  'I'i, 
Llied  civil  governin>i 
lileans,  rc-prosenting  i' 
lligious  instruction  » 
|n!  can  be  no  dual : 
Stoddard's  eontlii~i 
i-iew  of  the  traiis.icn 
list  be  convinced  tli.: 
liana,  perhaps  th'   ] 
L  possessed  energv 
riod   may  be  datru 
ti)  a  more  eligiblt  i 
lilly  iuterrupte<l  b\  n 

Louisiana  bos^mi  tu  fi 


ithc  proximity  of  the  English  upon  its  eastern  border,  j  They  erected  forts  at  Crown  Point,  Niagara,  Riviere 
The  Cliickasaw  Indians,  and  .sometimes  the  Choctaws,  j  du  Boouf,  and  at  the  junction  of  the  Alleghany 
yore  more  or  less  under  the  influence  of  English  \  and  Monongahela  Rivers.  These  advances  were  too 
iradcrs  and  hostile  to  the  French.  .«ome  of  the  dis-  j  signiflcant  to  be  disregarded  by  the  English,  who 
per.-ed  Natchez  took  refuge  among  the  Cliickasaws,  had  already  learned  the  value  of  the  lands  west  of 
'and  when  Bienville  demanded  their  surrender  another  \  the  mountains.  A  series  of  military  operations  en- 
war  began.  Bienville  from  New  Orleans  and  D'Artag-  sued,  which  resulted  in  the  con((uest  of  Canada  and 
nette  from  Fort  Cliartres  marched  against  the  Chicka-  ,  the  expulsion  of  the  French  from  all  those  parts  of 
taws  in  17150.  Tiieir  stronghold  was  on  the  head-  Upper  Louisiana  lying  east  of  the  Mississippi  River. 
Raters  of  the  Tallahatchee,  and  at  Pontotoc  they  were  This  was  the  immediate  cause  of  the  settlement  of 
^ble  to  defeat  the  French  army  under  Bienville  and  St.  Louis. 
bis  CliDc'aw  allies,  compelling  the  veteran  to  retreat,  ,       It  is  diflicult  to  name  the  precise  period  when  the 


hile  I)'i\rta^:H'.tte,  Vinecnnes,  their  Canadian  forces 
nd  their  ai.ius,  the  i'linois  Indians,  headed  by  Chicago, 
•:|rere  crushed  on  the  Yallabusha,  in  an  as.«ault  upon 
linothcr  of  the  Chick  isaw  towns.  The  Illinois  ran 
,  the  best  of  the  'Janadian  troops  were  .slain,  and 


.  IT- 


English  government  and  colonies  became  ae((uainted 
with  the  resources  and  the  capabilities  of  the  Missis- 
sippi valley.  The  French  were  certainly  much  more 
forward  in  accjuiring  a  knowledge  of  these  regions,  as 
they  were  also  in  settling  them.  But  it  is  still  the 
'J>'Artagiiettc  and  Vinccniics,  taken  prisoners,  with  .  fact  that  the  charters  under  James  I.  and  his  suc- 
i|he  faitlil'ii'  Suuat,  the  Jesuit  missionary,  were  reserved  cessors,  while  giving  a  dcBnite  front  upon  the  Atlantic 
^br  the  stake  and  the  torture.  Bienville  renewed  the  '  Ocean,  with  distinctive  parallels  of  latitude  to  mark 
'Sttack  on  the  Indiaiis  in  1710,  hut  his  military  geiiius  the  boundaries  between  the  difiercnt  cohmies  and 
|[ad  left  him  with  his  youth,  and  a  treaty  with  the  |  companies,  claimed  that  the  territory  granted  extended 
<^hii.kasaws  showed  that  he  dreaded  to  encounter  |  in  every  case  through  to  ''the  South  Sea."  What 
tiiem  again.  With  this  his  public  career  of  forty  that  meant  exactly  neither  grantor  nor  grantees  knew 
years  in  Louisiana  ecas-id,  and  he  was  superseded  by  ,  in  anywi.se,  but  the  time  was  now  coming  when  an 
tfce  Manpiis  do  Vaudreuil.  From  this  time  until  the  ,  interpretation  of  the  charters  and  patents  would  be 
Oiitbreak  of  war  with  England  and  the  English  colonies  forced.  The  grant  of  "  Carolana,''  which  has  already 
ili  1754,  Lower  and  Upper  Louisiana  had  a  .season  of  ,  been  spoken  of,  was  never  perfected  by  a  settlement, 
quiet  prosperity  and  continual  advancement.  In  175-1,  |  and  it  only  led  to  a  feeble  and  inelfective  protest 
M.  de  A'audreuil  became  Governor-General  of  Canada,  wiien  Oglethorpe  planted  his  colony  in  Georgia.  The 
and  M.  do  Kerlerec  succeeded  him  as  Governor  of  ,  English  explorations  towards  the  Mississippi  and  the 
Louisiana.  The  French  had  increased  their  .settle,  a-cents  of  that  river,  if  they  ever  wore  made,  bore  no 
men's,  and  colonists  were  coming  in  every  year,  as  frui.,  and  it  seems  probable  that  the  earliest  knowl- 
they  had  been  steadily  doing  since  1740.  Poverty  edge  of  the  fact  that  there  were  regions  of  surpassing 
and  shiftle.ssness  had  given  place  to  a  divensiCed  and  fertility  on  the  western  side  of  the  Afipalachian 
profitable  hu.sbandry,  the  culture  of  indigo,  sugar,  and  Mountains  was  gained  by  the  EnglLsh  in  1710,  when 
tobacco  being  added  to  that  of  the  cereals,  and  Loui.s-     iiieutenant-Governor  Spoltswood,  of  Virginia,  at  the 

iiead  of  the  exploring  party  fantastically  named  by  him 

••  The  Knigh's  of  the  Golden   Ilorse-Shoe,"  crossed 

the  Blue  Ridge  Mountains  and  saw  the  fertile  lands 

of  the  valley  of  Virginia,  and  beyond.     But,  while 

the  French  were  completing  their  chain  of  posts  from 

d  lower  Louisiana  by  a  line  of  Ibrts,  which   were     Quebec  to  New  (.)rleans,  the  English  contented  them- 

laccd  pretty  much  where  lia  Salle  had  long  ago  in-     selves  with  checking  their  rivals  in  the  Chickasaw 

icatod.     The  expectation  of  the  French  seemed  to  be     country,  interfering  with  them  on  the  Gulf  of  Mexico, 

at  the  barrier  of  the  Appalachian  Mountains  would     and  challenging  their  advances  in  the  section  between 

institute  u  perpetual  boundary  between  their  terri-     Lakes  Ontario  and  Champlain.     The  first  indication  of 

iry  and  that  of  the  English.     The  French  courted     an  intention  to  advance  the  frontier  practically  ^^aside 

d  won  favor  with  the  Kastern  Indians,  who  were     from  the  careful  reservations  made  in  European  treaties 

ally   exasperated   at   the    appropriation    of   their  |  and  the  a.ssiduous  nursing  of  Iroijuois  pretensions  to  the 

ds  in  Pennsylvania.      In   175li  'he  disaffection  of    indefinite   extension  of  their  hunting  grounds   wcst- 

le  Kastern  tribes  seemed  so  general  that  tiie  Frenclt  ,  ward)  was  made  in  the  establishment  of  Fort  Oswego, 

ire  encouraged  by   it  to  advance  titcir  frontiers,     iu  1722.     In  fact,  the  English  knew  astonishingly 


,ilna  now  began  to  export  largely. 

0  But  the  pressure  and  encroachuients  of  the  English 
lorca.sed  steadily.  The  French  had  explored  the 
Ihio,  ascertained  the  geography  of  Upper  Louisiana, 
lid  attempted  to  coiMiect  it  permanently  with  Canada 


1 

, 

^ 

J 

^ 

HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


liltic  of  the  socliona  over  which  tlio  French  couveurit 
<l(K  /kji'h  had  been  roaming  and  ranging;  at  will  for  n 
generation.  Wo  have  only  scant  and  uncertain  tra- 
ditions of  Knglish  traders  pas.sing  thitherwards  now 
nd  then,  and  these  cxjierinicntal  journeys  could  not 
have  been  very  numerous,  for  every  Knglish  trader 
who  crossed  the  mountains  knew  tliat  he  risked  his 
scalp  at  every  mile  of  his  route.  Spottswood,  as  the 
result  of  his  explorations,  proposed  to  the  British 
ministry  in  ITIG  to  form  a  company  for  settling  on 
the  Ohio,  and  James  Logan,  Secretary  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, who  often  met  the  Delaware,  Shawane.sc,  and 
Iniquois  Indians,  and  was  well  advised  of  what  was 
being  done  by  the  French  in  Ohio  and  Indiana,  was 
almost  importunate  in  insisting  on  the  necessity  of 
establi.--hing  British  outposts  in  Western  Pennsylvania, 
on  the  mountains,  and  on  Lake  Erie  and  the  Ohio 
River.  The  ministry  was  indolent,  however;  home 
affairs  were  concern  enough  for  it,  and  it  was  loath 
"  to  give  umbrage  to  the  French." 

In  1720,  Josliua  Gee,  a  hard-headed  Fnglishman, 
published  in  London  an  ingenious  discourse  on  trade, 
in  which  he  insisted  that  it  was  e.s.senlial  to  the  main- 
tenance of  British  commercial  supremacy  that  colo- 
nies should  be  extended  westward  to  the  Mississi]ipi 
and  its  tributaries.  About  17150,  John  Sailing  and 
Thomas  Jloilen,  adventurous  Virginians  and  border- 
ers, crossed  the  Blue  Ridge,  it  is  reported,  intent  upon 
making  an  exploration  of  the  "  Upper  Country," 
which  the  inveterate  liostility  between  the  Indians 
and  the  Virginia  "Long-Knives"  had  kept  au  un- 
known region.  They  crossed  into  the  valley,  trav- 
ersed it  as  far  as  thr;  headwaters  of  the  James  River, 
and  had  cinno  near  the  Roanoke  when  they  were  cap- 
tured by  Cherokees.  IMorlen  made  his  escape ;  Sal- 
ling  was  carried  prisoner  into  Tennessee  and  adopted 
as  a  member  of  the  tribe.  Subseijuenlly,  wiiilc  on  a 
hunt  in  Kentucky,  Sailing  was  captured  by  the  Illi- 
nois Indians  and  taken  to  Kaskaskia.  After  various 
adventures  and  six  years  of  captivity,  ho  was  6nally 
ransomed  by  the  Uovornor.of  Canada  and  exchanged 
through  Fort  Orange.  New  York,  and  Williamsburg. 
His  story,  on  his  return,  of  the  rich  and  fertile  regions 
and  mighty  rivers  and  prairies  he  had  seen  fired  the 
popular  imagination.  Winchester,  Va.,  had  just  been 
.settled,'  and  John  Lewis  and  John  Mackey,  wishing 
to  find  new  settlements,  employed  Sailing  as  their 
guide.  The  three  established  themselves  in  the  valley 
of  Virginia,  near  the  head  of  the  James,  and  liere,  in 
17ii(i,  John   Lewis  was  visited  by  Burden,  agent  of 


By  Jui^t  Ilitc,  with  sixlicn  fauiilics  from  Pcnusylvania,  in 


1732. 


Lord  Fairfax,  who  liad  a  patent  for  extensive  trads 
in  tlio  northern  neck.     Wliilo  Burden  was  with  tht 

'  Lewises  he  captured  a  bison  calf,  which,  on  his  return 
to  Williamsburg,  lie  presented   to  Governor  Goodi. 

j  That  official,  in  return,  made  Burden  a  grant  of  h.ilf 

I  a  million  acres  of  land  west  of  the  Blue  Ridge  and 
the  Shenandoah,  upon  condition  that  he  settled  n  hun- 
dred families  upon  the  tract  within  ten  years.  Bnr- 
den  complied  with  the  terms  of  this  grant,  and  did  it 
so  well  that  some  of  the  most  distinguished  familic. 
it)  Virginia  are  derived  from  the  colonists  on  BurdenV 
grant.  Among  thcjo  mtiy  be  named  the  McDow(ll<. 
Crawfords,  McClures,  Ale.vanders,  Wallaces,  Pattons 
Prestons,  Moores,  Matthews,  etc.,  names  familiar  liko 
wise  in  Western  annals. 

[       In  1742,  John  Howard  crossed  the  mountains  fmni 

i  Virginia,  descended  the  Ohio  in  a  skin  canoe,  and  wa- 
taken  prisoner  by  the  French  on  the  ]Mississi]i|ii 
Tins  journey,  however,  has  none  but  tradition  to  it-; 
upon,  though  Do  Haas  .seems  to  fancy  that  the  En; 
lisli  claims  to  "  priority  of  discovery"  have  partiillv 
their  source  in  Howard's  supposititious  journey,  tin 
real  priority  claim  standing  upon   Cabot's  discovirv 

I  alone,  and  the  assumption  that  that  gave  rights  wlijih 
extended  clear  across  the  continent.  This  was  >-u| 
plemented  by  the  purchase  of  the  claims  of  the  In,. 

'  quois  Indians,  who  pretended  to  the  right,  by  coii 
quest,   of  all    the    territory  north   of  the    Cheink, 

;  country  and  cast  of  the  Mississippi,  The  I'ii 
Nations  had  indeed  made  successful  raids  upon  x, 
this  region,  and  tliey  asserted  their  supremacy  tbrdii;;! 

i  out  all  of  it,  saving  only  ,«o  much  as  was  occupied  l\ 

\  the  3Iiami  confederacy.     If  this  claim  had  been  >^m': 
the  English  were  rightful  owners,  for  they        1  o: 
tainly  bought  out  the  Iro(|U(iis  pretensions,  both  in  iL 
treaty  of  1G84,  negotiated  by  Lord  Howard  and  Vu.x 
ernor  Doiigan,  and  in  that  of  172(5,  when  the  Iiidi, 
confederacy  ceded  all  their  lands  to  England,  in  iiu- 
for  themselves,  however,  "  to  be  protected  and  defriiil 
by  his  majesty,  to  and  for  the  use  of  the  grantui^  ;,i 
their  heirs."     France,  by  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  w, 
debarred   from   invading   the  territory  of  Eiigl:uii. 

'  Indian  allies,  and  conse(|uently,  if  the  validity  (!'  i! 

I  Indian  claim  could  be  established,  it  carried  cv"  r 
thing  else  with  it.     But  this  cannot  be  done,     Ti 
convenience  and  the  p<dicy  equally  of  the  Eurcj«, 
nations  retpiired  them  to  agree,  b}'  common  cmmm 
to  the  principle  that  Indian  titles  covered  no  m 
than  the  good  will  of  the  Indian  nations  coiivivii. 
theiii.     The  Indian's  deed  was  a  relinquishment,  v, 
against  him.self,  but  not  necos,sarily  of  effect  in  I 

j  of  others.     With  his  conveyance  nil  his  own  li- 

I  cca.sed,  but  ho  iiad  not  the  power  at  will  to  desiu'iia;, 


UPPER   AND  LOWER  LOT  iSIANA. 


67 


for  extensive  traits 
turden  was  with  tla 
which,  on  his  return 
to  Governor  Gooili. 
irJcn  a  (^rant  of  hilf 
tlic  Blue  RiJ};<=  "'"' 
that  he  settled  aliini 
hill  ten  years.     B\ii 
this  (;rant,  and  diil  it 
i-itinjiuished  familii- 
colonists  on  Hiirdon^ 
anied  the  McDowi'lU. 
•s,  Wallaces,  Pattoiis 
.,  names  familiar  likt 

id  the  mountains  fniiu 
a  skin  canoe,  and  w;i. 
1  on    the   Mii-sisMjilii 
e  but  tradition  to  n-t 
:o  fancy  tliat  the  Kul- 
covery"  have  parliilly 
lOMtitious  journey,  tli> 
pon  Cabot's  discover, 
that  gave  ri;.;hts  wlii,!, 
incnt.     This  was  siq. 
the  claims  of  the  Irn- 
to  the  ri^ht,  by  cmi. 
iirth   of  the    Chonikn 
ississippi.      The    l"i'. 
:cessful  raids  upon  :/ 
icir  supremacy  tbiH\i-l 
.ich  as  was  occupied  1; 
is  claim  htid  bi'fii  i;'"'^ 
lers,  for  tho)        1  ^t 
pretensions,  both  in  tl. 
ird  Howard  and  (nv 
720,  whi-n  the  lii'liu 
to  Fiiigland,  in  iru- 
protected  and  dcliiiil 
iisoof  thegrantoi^;.!. 
reiity  of  Utrecbt.  w. 
•rvitory  of  Kii,L:l;iiii 
if  the  validity  if  il 
ished,  it  carried  cvi  r 
■annot  be  done.     T 
jually  of  the  Vau<'\' ■ 
,  by  coiumon  ci'ii-.i 
itle-s  covered  no  in 
dian  nations  coiiv.  vii. 
a  relin(|uishmeiit,v,i'. 
sarily  of  eflfect  in  l.r 
ince  all  his  own  riji 
er  at  will  to  desigiui. 


i  the  successors  to  whom  he  wished  those  rights  to  pass. 

The  treaties  referred  to,  therefore,  and  equally  the 

treaty  of  liinnster  in  1744,  must  bo  regarded  as  nu- 

'  gntoiy  in  their  cfTeets  upon  the  French  rights  of  pos- 

s  session  in  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  valleys.      This 

I  Lancaster  treaty  had  been  negotiated  between  the  Six 

1  Nations  and  commissioners  from  Pennsylvania,  Mary- 

iland,  and  Virginia,  with  the  aid  of  the  well-known 

liPcmisylvanian  interpreter,  Conrad  Weiser. 

i     In  1744,  at  the  same  place,  another  treaty  was  ne- 

ipotiated,  to  which    not  only    the  Iroquois,  but  the 

^wightwecs  (or  Mianiis)  and  the  Shawanese,  were 

lequidly  parlies,  and  all  the.se  Indians  surrendered  lands 

'  [ipon  the  condition  of  protection.'     The   fact  of  the 

negotiation  of  these  treaties  shows  that  the  colonial 

knd  imperial  governments  of  the  English  had  awak- 

'^ned  to  the  fact  of  the  value  of  the  lands  in  the 

%  Western  country."     The  treaty  of  Aix-la-Chapelle 

^^ad  not  distinctly  defined  the  boundaries  between  the 

l^ritish.and  French  possessions  in  the  West;    both 

llaimcd  large  territories  which  the  Indians  still  pos- 

.|f8scd,  but  which  were  becoming  prospectively  valua- 

^^le  as  immigration  increased  and  cheap  land  was  less 

'^isily  iiccessible.     The  claim  of  the  English  by  right 

6f  discovery,  such  as  made  by  men  like  Howard,  was 

^edily  backed  by  claims  founded  on  possession  and 

occupancy  ;  for  English  traders  at  least,  if  not  settlers, 

I  llpuii  this  matter  of  lulventiirous  nml  .«ii|>|io."ititi()ua  titles 
ftnn  the  Iiullans  it  may  lie  as  well  to  ?ay  tli:it  Wlicutmi  li!,s 
■hown  coiiOusively  tliat  the  courts  will  not  even  "  take  notice" 
of  any  lanJ  title  not  derived  from  ttic  general  government,  and 
In  eiich  ease  this  title  miust  be  reoogniicd  by  the  government 
whieh  If  eoneerned.  In  the  third  volume  of  the  "  I'nited  .States 
Reports,"  ]i.  i>t'.S,  it  is  explieitly  stilted  that  ''  l),\ri,ver;/  coiigli- 
tHtf  thf  ori;ilii<il  lille  lo  IiiiiiIk  nil  llir  Amerli-iiii  rtnilliii  lit :  and 
the  title  thus  derived  was  the  exelusivo  right  of  aeiiuiring  the 
Mil  from  the  native?,  and  e.-tablishing  seltlemenia  u|ion  it." 
(Ji  Whoaton,  f..-^.  Itep.,  5i:i.)  In  explanation  ofthi-  |-'*ition 
liis  added  by  Wheaton  that  "the  Europeans  ros|iei'ted  the 
|hl9  of  the  natives  as  occupants,  but  a'serteil  the  ultimate  do- 
nion  to  be  in  themselves  i  and  claimed  thereby  the  jiower  to 
Int  the  soil  while  in  possession  of  the  natives."  Tlu'  Indian 
|lit  ofocjupaney,  moreover,  was  one  whieh  a  tribe  could  pass 
.government,  but  which  neither  tribe  nor  individual  could 
I  to  individuals.  The  Miami?  oould  sell  to  Parliament  or 
'Pennsylvania,  but  not  to  Weisor  nor  to  liit  Sallo.  The 
rited  8tatcs,  us  successor  to  (ireat  ISritain,  insisted  upon  the 
It  that  they  hail  "a  clear  title  to  all  the  lands  within  the 
lindary  lines  described  in  the  treaty,  subject  only  to  the  In- 
In  right  of  occupancy," — the  "  right  of  occupancy"  being 
lircly  dill'crcnt  from  title  derived  from  right  of  sovereignty. 
Ihcsc  roles,"  says  another  Supremo  Court  decision,  "  aejord  to 
I  Indian  the  right  of  possession  only.  They  deny  Mm  title. 
ept  he  receive  that  title  from  thisgttvernmcnt  or  its  assigns." 
ovory  alone,  therefore,  does  not  give  title;  but  it  always 
eeds  from  "  discovery  followed  by  possession."  lUit  the 
chain  of  title  will  be  found  more  fully  discussed  in  our 
Irenth  and  twelfth  chapters. 


began  to  pour  into  the  new  couDtry.     The  technical 
form  of  the  general  English  pretension  was  as  follows  : 

\  "  That  all  the  lands  or  countries  westward  from  the 
.\tlantie  Ocean  to  the  South  Sea,  between  48  and  34 
degrees  of  north  latitude,  were  expres.sly  included  in 
the  grant  of  King  James  the  First  to  divers  of  his 
subjects,  so  long  since  as  IGOG,  and  afterwards  con- 
firmed in  1020;  and  under  this  grant  the  colony  of 
Virginia  claims  extent  so  far  west  as  the  South  Sea, 

'  and  the  ancient  colonies  of  the  Massaehu.setts  Bay 
and  Connecticut  were  by  their  respective  charters 
made  to  extend  to  the  said  South  Sea,  so  that  not  only 
the  right  to  the  sea-coast,  but  to  all  itiland  countries 
from  sea  to  sea,  has  at  all  times  been  asserted  by  the 
crown  of  England." 

An  active  and  often  fatal  rivalry  now  began  in  tho 
Ohio  country  between  Engli.sh  pioneers  and  French 
occupants  and  traders,  the  latter,  as  a  rule,  having  tho 
.sympathy  of  the  Indian  tribes.  The  French  histo- 
rians, while  in  general  terms  they  impeach  the  treach- 
ery of  '■'•  jiirfulc  A//iii/ii"  in  these  struggles,  have  not 

'  showti  themselves  unintelligent  to  the  general  issue 
and  the  causes  whieh  led  to  it.  M.  Barbo  Mar- 
bois,  in  his  very  manly  and  satisfactory  history  of  the 
cession  of  Louisiana  (in  which  indeed  ho  was  a  lead- 
ing actor),  speaking  of  the  times  of  whieh  we  now 
write,  says,  "  The  chase,  the  amu.sement  of  civilized 
man,  is  the  principal  business  of  savages.  The  French, 
having  become  e((ually  eapiible  of  fatigue  with  the 
Itidians,  were  always  ready  to  accompany  them,  and 
to  second  them  in  all  circumstances ;  they  therefore 
scarcely  ever  experienced  the  treachery  so  commonly 
employed  towards  the  English,  who  attempted  to  form 

'  isolated  settlements.  But,  besides  the  ineonvenicneo 
arising  from  this  dispersion,  there  was  another  obsta- 
cle to  the  progress  of  the  French  colony ;  the  oflRcers 
from  Europe  had,  for  the  most  part,  only  false  notions 
with  respect  to  colonial  government.  They  were 
named  through  favor,  and  the  most  important  places 
were  oftetitimes  only  filled  by  dependents,  who  ac- 
cepted them  in  hopes  of  making  or  re-establi.shing 
tluMr  fortunes."  The  wide  dispersion  of  the  French 
settlers,  whieh  made  them  incapable  of  offering  an 
effectual  resistance  to  British  encroachments,  .seems, 
however,  to  have  proceeded  from  the  fact  that  the 
French  traders,  trappers,  and  hunters  followed  the 
Itidians  tVoni  place  to  place.  It  suited  tho  eonveni- 
enee  of  their  business  for  them  to  do  so,  and  theii, 
moreover,  they  thus  eluded  the  petty  inspections  and 
local  tyranny  of  the  Canadian  and  Louisiana  govern- 

'  nients,  which  men  accustomed  to  the  woods  and  the 
lakes  and  rivers  fount',  it  very  hard  to  bear. 

'       But  the  Indians  soon  discovered  that,  if  the  French 


I  -t 


. 


H 


( 


n  -;  .Kg 


58 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


were  more  kindly  and  sociuble,  the  English  trndcra 
paid  tlicin  belter  prices  and  made  tliu  businoSii  of 
hunting  more  lucrative.  The  British  traders  hud 
more  capital,  loss  time  to  spare,  and  they  bought 
rapidly.  To  niako  the  business  they  wore  upon  go 
olT  .still  raoro  rapidly,  thoy  were  very  liberal  with 
their  rum  and  spirits.  The  Penn.sylvanian  traders 
went  into  the  Oiiio  wilderness  in  considerable  num- 
bers, and  they  found  means  to  interfere  matoiiaily 
with  the  business  of  the  French.  They  were  rough 
men,  mountaineers,  rudo  in  manners,  carrying- their 
lives  in  their  hands.  Their  dress  was  half  Indian ; 
they  were  experts  in  the  u.se  of  the  riflo,  and  they  did 
not  scrujile  to  use  their  deadliest  weajums  in  their 
frei|uent  feuds.  The  roughest  and  most  adventurous  j 
of  these  border  eharaeters  were  generally  emi)loyed 
as  retainers  of  the  fur-trader;  they  drove  hi.s  pack- 
horses  in  the  long  train  across  the  mounluins  and 
rivers;  protected  him  from  outlaws  and  Indians,  and, 
when  he  had  reached  camp,  they  scattered  about 
among  the  Indian  towns,  hunting-camps,  and  wig- 
wams, trading  goods  .suitable  to  the  wilderness  traffic 
for  furs  and  peltry.  The  trade  which  thus  sprung  up 
was  valuable  enough  to  the  borderinen  of  Pennsylva- 
nia to  e.xcite  the  emulation  of  Maryland  and  Virginia; 
one  eonsei|Ucnce  of  which  was  the  establishment  of 
the  Ohio  Company  in  174!).  Lawrence  and  Augus- 
tine Washington  were  both  connected  with  this 
.scheme  ;  but  the  founders  and  chief  persons  in  the 
enterprise  were  John  Ilanbury,  a  London  merchant  of 
wealth,  and  Thomas  iiCe,  president  of  the  Council  ol' 
Virginia.  When  Lee  died,  Ijawrenee  Washington 
became  chief  manager  of  the  Ohio  Company,  and 
promoted  its  interests  with  intelligence  and  judgment. 
Coin-ad  Weiser,  the  Lancaster  (Pa.)  interj)reter,  had 
been  to  a  meeting  of  the  Shawancse  at  their  village 
of  Logslown  (on  the  north  side  of  the  Ohio  River, 
seventeen  miles  below  the  site  of  Pitt.sburgh)  in  1748, 
and  he  liad  seen  how  valuable  the  lands  were  all 
through  this  section.  His  mission,  in  fact,  while  it 
was  in  part  to  conciliate  the  Shawancse  and  make 
them  presents,  in  order  to  neutralize  the  influence  of 
Peter  Cliartiez,  a  French  half-breed  (who  bad  re- 
cently dwelt  in  Philadelphia,  but  was  now  a  refugee 
among  the  Shawanese,  and  seeking  to  engage  them 
in  hostile  acts  against  the  English),  was.  in  fact,  also 
to  learn  whether  or  not  the  tribe.«  could  be  induced  to 
look  favorably  upon  a  large  acquisition  of  land  upon 
the  Ohio  by  the  English.  Col.  Thomas  Lee  had  been 
one  of  the  commi.ssioners  of  Virginia  at  the  Lancaster 
treaty  in  1744,  where  he  had  become  acquainted  both 
with  Weiser  and  the  Shawancse.  When  Wei.ser  re- 
turned from  his  visit  to  Logstown  the  Ohio  Company 


was  formed,  with  ten  other  Virginians  in  it  beside^ 
Leo  and  the  two  Wasliingtons ;  the  king,  upon  beinu 
petitioned,  at  once  ordered  the  government  of  Vir 
ginia  to  grunt  to  the  company  half  a  million  acres  ol' 
land  west  of  the  mountains,  to  be  held  free  of  quii- 
rent  for  ten  years,  two-fifths  of  the  land  to  be  locate  1 
forthwith,  and  settled  by  planting  one  liundred  fan: 
ilics  ujioii  it  within  seven  years;  besides  which,  a  fun 
was  to  be  built  fur  the  protection  of  the  settlement. 
About  the  same  time  other  companies  for  the  coloni- 
zation of  the  West  were  formed  in  Virginia,  includir- 
the  Loyal  Comi)any,  which  had  800,000  acres,  ainj 
the  Greenbrier  Company,  which  was  granted  100,0liii 
acres. 

The  Ohio  Company,  however,  conld  not  move  >ii 
briskly  hut  it  was  anticipated  by  the  French.      11,. 
fore  its  charter  was  drawn  and  in  hand  Vaudreuil  > 
succcs:-or,  the  Mar(juis  do  la  Galisonnii"ro,  (Joveriu.i 
of  Canada,   sent   Louis   Celeron  de   Bienville,  with  :i 
battalion  of  three  hundreil  men,  to  the  Ohio  to  niiike 
peace  with  the  Indians  and  renew  the  French  pii>. 
session  of  the  country.    Celeron  at  several  points  on 
his  march  planted  stakes,  with  ]ilates  of  lead  at  tluir 
base,  bearing  inscriptions  in  French  to  the  effect  i\\m 
in   1741),  Louis  XV.,  through  Commandant  Celermi 
had  buried  these  plates  "as  a  monument  of  renew;il 
of  po.ssession  which  we  have  taken  of  the  said  rivir 
and  all  its  triiiutaries;  and  of  all  the  land  on  bmli 
sides  as  far  as  the  .sources  of  said  rivers  ;   inasmuch  a.- 
the   preceding  kings  of  France  liave  enjoyed  it,  an ! 
maintained  it  by  their  arms  and  by  treaties,  espeeiallv 
by  those  of  lly>\viek,  l.'treeht,  and  Ai.\-la-CliapeH. . 
Celeron  al.so  captnrid  sundry  Pennsylvania  trader.^  ii; 
Ohio,   and  sent   them   home   to  (lovernur   ILiioillnu 
with  letters  notifying  him  that  in   the  tiituro  all  >nA. 
intruders  would  be   rigorously  dealt  with.     At  il. 
saiue  time  the   Miami   Indians  sent  wampum-bell-  : 
(iovernor  Hamilton,  notifying  him   that  the  Freiui 
with   their  buried   plates,    were    trying  to  steal  tl; 
country  from  the  Indians,  and  assuring  him  that  tin: 
IViendsliip  fur  the  English  would  endure  as  lunu'   ■ 
the  sun  and   moon  ran  round  the  earth.     Govern 
Hamilton    and    the    Penn.sylvania    Council    sent    ,, 
envoy  to  the  Ohio  Indians  in  the  autumn  of  1741.( 
the  person  of  George  Croghan,  a  veteran  trader,  \i\\i 
knew  the  Western  country  very  well.     lie  was  ;iii)| 
supplied  with   presents,  and   hail  with   him  Ainlii 
Montour,  a  Canadian  half-breed,  for  interpreter,    'li 
Ohio  Company  had  just  sent  out  an  agent  to  e.\|  i 
lands  on  the  Ohio  on  its  account.     Thi^  was  Ci, 
topber  (jist,  a  native  of  Maryland,  a  hardy  and  a 
]iert  pioneer,  whose  home  was  on  the  banks  cf  ili  F" 
Yadkin,    in    the   saiue   section    from    which   \)m 


UPPER  AND   LOWER  LOUISIANA. 


no 


iiiians  in  it  beside.^ 
ho  kinj?,  upon  bcin.; 
f^ovcriniiciit  of  Vir 
If  a  million  acres  dl' 
ic  held  free  of  nuii- 
hu  land  to  be  locati  1 
'^  one  lunidruJ  fan: 

besides  wliieli.  a  fori 
n  of  the  settlenieni. 
)anies  for  the  colon  i- 
in  Virginia,  includii-u 
1  80v'),()00  acres  aiM 

was  {^ranted  lOO.Odn 

r,  c<mld  not  move  >n 
by  the  French,      l'"- 
1  in  hand  VaudreuilV 
Jalisonniere,  (iovcrn.ii 
n  de  Bienville,  with  ;i 
I,  to  the  Ohio  to  ni;ik.' 
•new  the  French  im- 
n  at  several  points  on 
plates  of  lead  at  tluii 
rench  to  the  effect  llial 
Couiniandant  Celeron, 
,  monument  of  reiie\v;ii 
aken  of  the  siid  rivu 
f  all  the  UukI  on  hnili 
1  rivers  ;   inasniueh  ;b 
have  enjojcd  it,  an  . 
by  treaties,  especially 
lid  Ai.\-li><MiaiHll 
iinsylvaiiia  trader-  ii. 
Governur  llamiUoii 
111  the  flit  lire  all  mkI 
dealt   with.      At  ll. 
lent  wanipum-belt- 1 
him  that  the  I'renr! 
•e    trying  to  .steal  tl, 
assuring;  him  that  llui: 
iild  endure  as  lciii_'  ■ 
1  the  earth.     Govern 
ania    Council   sent  iii; 
lie  autumn  of  17-1'J. ; 
a  veteran  trader,  wl. 
•y  well.     He  was  aiii] 
lad  with   him  Amlru 
1,  for  interpreter.    Ti; 
ut  an  a^ent  to  e.\pl"r 
uni.     ThLiwas  Ciiri- 
■land,  a  hardy  and  .5 
s  on  the  banks  ef  di 
from    which    D.ui: 


Boone  afterwards  started  out  on  ids  path  to  Ken- 
tucky.    Gist  made  his  way  lo  the  Ohio  by  the  Tn- 
dinn  jiath  through  Cumberland,  Md.,  the  path  which  | 
,  later  became  the  bed  of  tho  National  turnpike  road. 
At  liogstown  he  found  the  "  half  kiiij;,"  Taiiiicliaris-  , 
j son,  a  Seneca  chief,  in  jHiwer.     The  half-kin;;  was  u 
'  member  or  vassal  of  the  Iroi(Uois  confederacy,  but  his 
•S  people  were  mi.xed, — some  Iroijuois,  some  Delawares, 
iisonu!  Jliami.i  and  Shawanese.     Gist   found  .some  of  , 
ICroLihan's  rougli  people  in  Lo;i;stown,  and  discovered  ' 
'«Cro,i;lKm  was  only  a  few  days  in  advaiiee  of  him.     He 
pursued  at  once  and  overtook  the  IVnnsylvania  agent  , 
Ikt  Muskingum,  a  town  where  the  Mingocs  and  tho 
iTyaiidots    had    pitched    their  wigwams.     Gist    and 
'.ICroghan  now  eoncluded  to  act  in  cone(,'rt  on  account  ^ 
.iDf  the  hostility  of  the    French.     Tiiey    raised    the  ' 
MEnglish  flag  and  called  a  eimneil  nf  the  Ohio  Indians 
ito  meet  at  Logstown   in   the  ,-priiig.     Tlu.'y  nc.\t  ex- 
plored the  chief  parts  of  Ohio,  including  I'i((ua,  chief  , 
i^wii  of  tlu^  Twightwee  or  Miami  confi'deraey,  over 
'ilfliieh  the  saeli<ni  of  the  l'ianke»ha\vs  then  presided. 
A  treaty  of  alliance  was  made  with  the  Miatuis,  who  ] 
Bcnt  home  some  French  envoys  with   rather  a  liostih^ 
message.     Gist  di.scended  the  Ohio  almost  to  Loui.s- 
ville,  then  he  crossed  over  into  Kentucky,  followed 
the  river  of  that  name  lo  its  source  in  the  Cumbcr- 
I^d  Mountains,  erossi'd  the  headwaters  of  the  Great 
IQ^nawha,  tli(^   ranges  of  the  Alleghany  and    Blue 
Bidgo,  and  liiially  reached  his  home  on   the   Yadkin, 
baving  made  a  journey  of  over  a  thousand  miles,  the 
great,  r  ]'art  through  an  unexplored  wilderness. 

The  Fieiieh  al  once  dispatched  Captain  Joncaiio, 
"a  veteran  diplomatist  of  the  wilderness,"  to  prevent 
tho  Ohio  Indians  from  concluding  the  proposed  treaty 
with  the  English.  Joncaire  was  the  best  possible 
person  to  have  charge  of  such  a  mission,  lie  had 
been  captured  by  the  Iroquois  when  a  child,  adopted 
into  tho  tribe,  learned  their  language  and  manners 
and  customs,  and,  since  his  return  to  civilization,  had 
heen  repeatedly  employed  as  ambassador  to  or  me- 
diator between  the  Indian-;,  and  he  had  not  unfre- 
^ently  led  their  war-parties.  But  tho  council  at 
Iiogstown  was  proof  against  even  Joneairc'ti  persua- 
4ons,  though  it  was  said  of  him  that  he  had  the  wit 
tf  a  Frenchman  and  tlie  eloijucnce  of  an  Iroipioia. 
lliey  rejected  his  gifts  and  his  propositions.  Tho 
ngli.sh,  they  told  him,  were  their  brothers,  and 
)noiitio"  (the  Governor  of  Canada  in  Indian 
jiraso)  had  no  rights  or  pretensions  on  the  Ohio  ex- 
pt  such  as  the  Indians  could  afford  to  disdain.  The 
i>mis.sioners  of  Virginia,  Messrs.  Fry,  Lomax,  aud 
kton,  in  the  conference  at  Logstown  in  the  spring 
[17ri2,  finally  procured  from  the  Miamis,  Shawanese, 


Dclawarcs,  aud  Western  Iroquois  a  deed  coiiGrming 
tho  Lancaster  treaty  of  1741  in  its  full  extent,  con- 
senting to  a  settlement  on  the  Ohio,  or  rather  south- 
east of  it,  and  guaranteeing  to  it  tlic  protection  of 
the  Twightwee  confederaey.  Meantime,  the  alliance 
of  the  English  with  the  Miamis  had  been  in  some 
measure  scaled  in  blood.  The  French  liad  attiicked 
.some  Pennsylvania  traders  at  a  post  at  Pickawillany, 
near  Dayton,  Ohio  ;  the  Miamis  defended  them  and 
were  defeated,  losing  fourteen  warriors,  while  tho 
traders  were  carried  off  prisoners  to  Canada.  This 
war,  thus  begun,  was  maintained  on  the  Ohio  and 
extended  to  Canada,  while  there  was  still  apparently 
profound  peace  and  the  most  elaborate  o.nteiilv  cunliuli 
between  France  and  England  in  Europe.  Practi- 
cally, it  did  not  couso  until  tho  French  were  expelled 
from  Canada  and  from  all  their  territory  in  America. 

Joncaire  blustered  and  threatened^  but  Gist,  having 
returned  to  the  Ohio,  completed  his  surveys  of  the 
territory  ceded  by  the  Indi.ios  to  the  Ohio  Company, 
and  laid  out  a  town  and  fort  on  Chartier's  Creek,  near 
tho  site  of  Pittsburgh.  Gist  had  fixed  his  residence 
west  of  Laurel  Ilill,  not  far  from  the  Youghiogheny, 
and  eleven  families  of  pioneers  crossed  the  mountains 
with  him.  But  tho  French  were  not  ready  to  yield 
the  Ohio  country  yet  awhile,  and,  in  spite  of  treaties, 
they  knew  how  to  deal  with  the  Indians  better  than 
the  English.  An  old  Delaware  sachem,  seeing  Gist 
planting  his  surveying  stakes  along  the  Ohio  all  the 
way  from  the  Moiiongahcla  to  the  Kanawha,  said  to 
him,  "The  French  claim  all  the  land  on  one  side  the 
Ohio,  the  English  claim  all  on  the  other  side ;  now, 
where  does  the  Indians'  land  lie?"  But  the  Indians 
knew  of  old  that  their  French  fathers  were  not  near 
so  land-hungry  as  their  English  '•  brothers."  Be- 
sides, the  French  were  building  forts,  and  arming 
tliem,  in  a  systematic  and  persistent  fashion.  In 
1753  they  had  completed  their  works  at  Presqui-sle 
(Erie),  on  Luke  Erie;  Fort  Lu  IJn-uf,  on  French 
Creek  (^Waterford,  Pa.),  and  Venango,  mouth  of  the 
same  stream.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the  stream 
to  Venango,  Fort  Mitchell  was  built.  Before  the 
end  of  that  year  Fort  Du  Quesno  was  also  projected, 
and  a  fort  at  Logstown. 

These  encroachments  on  what  was  claimed  to  be 
Engli.-^h  territory  cau.sed  a  degree  of  agitation  in  the 
colonics.  Tho  Governor-General  of  ('aiiada  had  told 
Tanacharis.son,  the  half-king,  that  none  of  the  Ohio 
lands  were  the  Miami.s'  or  belonged  to  the  English 
either,  and  that  the  French  meant  to  build  a  fort  ut 
the  forks  of  the  Ohio.  The  Ohio  Company  com- 
plained loudly  to  Governor  Dinwiddle,  of  Virginia, 
and  he  did  not  disregard  the  appeal.     He  was  him- 


1 


inSTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


self  n  Htock holder  in  tho  company.  IIo  sont  a  ooni- 
missionor,  Ciipt,  Williiini  Trent,  to  expo.stulatc  witli 
tho  Frcncli.  Cupt.  Trent  went  to  Loj?»town,  nml 
thence  to  Piinia.  lie  found  the  place  in  ruin.s  and 
the  French  flag  flyin}?  above  it.  lie  lost  heart  and 
cnmo  home,  \\'in  coiiinii.ssion  not  discharj^cd.  Din- 
widdle now  selected  George  Washington  to  do  t\w 
important  errand.  Wa.shington  was  in  the  militia ; 
ho  was  a  Hurveyor  of  cxporionee,  though  only  twenty- 
two  years  old,  and  he  was  familiar  with  the  affairs  of 
the  Ohio  Company,  of  which  his  hrothcr  Lawrence, 
just  dccca.sed,  had  been  managing  director.  His  in- 
structions were  chiefly  to  find  nut  what  tho  French 
were  doing  in  Ohio,  and  what  forces  th-y  had  there. 
Ho  was  also  to  cominunicato  with  tho  friendly  In- 
dian.s,  and  renew  relations  with  tlicm  as  allies  of  Vir- 
ginia. Washington  set  ofi"  at  once,  being  joined  at 
Wills'  Creek  by  the  pioneer,  Christopher  Gist.  Hoth 
the  journal  of  Washington  and  that  of  Gist  in  rela- 
tion to  this  expedition  have  often  been  published, 
and  there  is  no  need  to  recite  their  contents  over 
AVashington  found  out  that  the  French  on 
the  Ohio  were  re<civing  reinforcement.s  from  New 
Orleans  us  well  as  from  Canada.  After  a  i  onfercnce 
with  tho  [riilians  at  Logstown,  Washington  passed  on 
to  Vciiango,  where  ho  was  entertained  by  Joncaire  in 
n  jovial  way.  Tho  French  elaiiujd  the  wlmle  Ohio 
country  in  virtue  of  La  Salle's  discovery,  and  vowed 
that  they  would  prevent  it  from  being  settled  by  the 
English.  After  a  visit  to  tho  French  post  at  Pres(ju'- 
isle,  and  encountering  numerous  delays  from  tho 
French  and  dangers  from  tho  Itidians,  Washington 
and  Gist  were  enabled  to  return  home.  They  had 
not  accoinplished  much  in  tho  way  of  diplomacy,  but 
had  gathered  inf>rmation  such  as  leCi  no  room  for 
doubt  of  the  formidable  character  of  tho  French 
forces  iti  Ohio,  and  their  determination  to  prevent 
the  Virginians  and  I'ennsylvanians  from  making  set- 
tlements there.  It  was  evident,  also,  that  they  were 
preparing  to  occupy  the  Ohio  River  in  tho  spring. 
Capt.  Trent  was  ordered  by  Governor  Dinwiddle  to 
tho  frontier,  to  occupy  and  fortify  tho  site  in  the  forks 
of  the  Ohio.  Wa.shington  was  to  rai.se  a  company 
and  go  out  to  take  command  of  the  new  and  impor- 
tant post.  Dinwiddic  besought  tho  other  colonies  to 
aid  him  in  resisting  the  French  invasion,  but  Xew 
York  sent  only  money,  and  I'enn.sylvania  debated 
whether  it  really  was  invasion  or  not.  Meantime, 
before  the  Virginia  troops  could  take  the  field,  the 
French  were  active.  They  mustered  in  force  at  Aic- 
nango  in  April,  1754,  descended  the  Alleghany  in 
their  bateaux,  and  captured  the  new  fort  at  tho 
mouth  of  that  river,  with  its  puny  garri.son.     This 


was  tho  first  act  of  the  war,  which  ended  only  witli 
tho  end  of  New  Franco  and  French  rule  in  Ami!ric;i 
Cupt.  Controcoonr,  who  demanded  the  surrender  nl 
the  fort,  claimed  that  the  country  upon  tho  Ohio  hml 
been  confirmed  to  his  king  by  tho  treaty  of  Aix  li 
Chapolle.  Ho  also  accused  tho  Knglish  of  omplo\ 
ing  Indians  in  the  beginning  of  tho  struggle  f'r 
supremacy.     The  war  which  ensued  was  certainly  iiv 

'  much  un  Indian  war  as  it  was  an  intorcoloni  il 
struggle  between  France  and  Great  Hritain  for  the 
control  of  the  North  American  continent.  It  was 
attended  with  a  thousand  atrocities,  and  tho  deep 
hatreds  engendered  by  the  massacres  of  settlers  on 
the  borders  of  Virginia,  Maryland,  and  I'ennsylvanii 
still  subsist  among  their  great-grindehildren,  who  aro 
today  the  pioneers  of  the  far  West.  Tho  ea])tur '  ol' 
Nova  Scotia  was  a  substantial  fruit  of  tho  early  Knu' 

'  lish  operatiotis,  but  the  defeat  of  Uraddock  brouglii 
the  tomahawk  and  seal|iing-knife  into  regions  whiuli 
had  been  exeuipted  from  Indian  raids  for  fifty  yeais 
and  sent  a  thrill  of  liorror  through  every  British 
colony.  The  Sliawancse  raided  tho  valley  of  tlie  Uhw 
Hiilgo,  and  the  Chcrokees  broke  up  the  settlement- 
on  the  Clinch  and  Ilolston  Rivers,  while  in  Penn>yl- 
vaiiia  the  Delawares,  at  their  head(inartcrs  at  Kitten- 
ing, overawed  tha  whole  State,  and  compelled  fort-*  i' 
be  erected  at  the  pass  of  the  Swatara,  at  tho  forks  (.: 
the  Sclmylkili,  at  Shippciisburg,  Carlisle,  and  Gnml 
cidiiitten. 

The  next  year  was  one  of  disaster  to  the  I?riii-1. 
army  and  of  misery  to  the  British  colonies.     Rut  ii 

1757  William  Pitt  became  Prime  Jlinistcr  of  (jiri' 
'  Britain,  and  proceeded  to  organi/,e  victory  on  sea  ;iii; 

land  and  in  three  continents  at  once.      By  the  eiiil  >■ 

1758  Kngland  had  recovered  all  shi^  had  lost  ami  ;i 

'  quired  a  new  prestige.  Fort  Frontenac  and  Fort  Dii 
(Juesne  both  fell  after  tho  capture  of  Louisburg  iv 
Boscawen,  and  Christian  Frederick  Post,  the  liniv 
and  devoted  Moravian  mi.ssionary,  after  a  perilnii' 
jtmrney  in  the  heart  of  the  savage  wilderness,  >ii 
ceeded  in  paving  the  way  for  the  pacification  of  tl. 

'  Indians.  In  1759,  Wolfe  captured  Quebec,  wl! 
Amherst  occupied  Ticonderoga  and  Crown  Point,  m.'. 
Sir  William  Johnson,  successor  to  Pridcaux,  receiv' . 
the  surrender  of  Fort  Niagara.  On  Sept.  8, 17(ii),  M 
do  Vaudreuil,  Governor-General  of  Canada,  capitiilatri 
in  form,  and  the  Knglish  we.re  given  undisturbed  im- 
session  of  every  French  post  and  town  in  tho  proviiuf 
of  New  France.  Tho  war  was  still  prosecuted,  Imif  I 
ever,  in  Europe  until  February,  1703,  when  the  peu  l 
of  Paris  was  negotiated.  England  restored  Havam 
to  Spain,  but  received  in  return  East  and  West  FloriJi. 

'  Franco  ceded  to  Spain,  by  a  secret  articlo  of  the  treatv 


X 


UITER  AND   LOWER  LOUISIANA. 


61 


lifli  ended  only  wiili 
•nch  rule  in  Aiunrici. 
led  tlio  Hurrondcr  nl 
ry  upon  tliu  Ol'i"  ''i"l 
•  the  Irciity  of  Aix  1 1 
0  English  of  cmplox 

of  tlio   struj,';j;le   I'-r 
iisued  was  certainly  ms 
was    an    intorc'i)li)ni  il 
Great  Hritain  for  llh 
;in  continent.     It  w^ 
rocitius,  and  the  il''-\' 
lassacros  of  sfttli^rs  «t\ 
land,  and  ronnsylvanii 
^r.indchildron,  wlin  up' 
West.     Tlie  caiituv  n! 
fruit  of  tlic  early  Kn.' 
t  of  Hraddock  brou-lii 
nife  into  re;.?ions  wliiili 
an  raids  for  tifty  years, 

tlirough  every  Briti^i 
L'd  the  valley  of  the  Hln ' 
roko  up  the  settlement- 
livers,  while  in  renn-)l 

hoad(iiiarters  at  Kitlan- 
(>,  and  compelled  forts  t.. 

Swatara,  at  the  f  jrks  di 
l)ur-,  Carlisle,  and  Ona.l- 


f  disaster  to  the  Biiii-1. 
{ritish  colonies.     But  in 
Trime  Minister  of  Gro;i' 
iL'aiii/o  victory  on  sea  imi 
at  once.      Hy  the  eii'l  <  ■ 
:ill  she  had  lost  and  u 
It  Frontcnae  and  Fort  1'. 
\pture  of  liouishuri:  1;. 
,rederick  Post,  the  hr;i\ 
i(.i)ary,  after  a   pcriluu 
•  savage  wilderness,  su 
r  the  pacification  of  tlie 
captured  Quchoc,  wliil 
;a  and  Crown  I'oint,  :ui.l 
<(ir  to  I'ridcaux,  ree.iv 
;a.     On  Sept.  8, 1700,  M 
ral  of  Canada,  capilul;ii>  | 
0  i;iven  undisturbed  \>    ~ 
and  town  in  the  pniviii 
as  still  prosecuted,  li  >» 
ry,  17G"J,when  the  I'ui  | 
ns^land  restored  Ilaviiiij, 
IrnKast  and  West  Flon' 
ecret  article  of  the  tri  i 


<  nil  of  Louisinnii  lylnj?  west  of  tlio  Mi.ssis.sippi,  while  !  of  about  eighty  or  ninety  French  families  settled  on 

''  Kiigland   took  from    Franco   not  oidy   the   whole  of  the  east  side  of  thi.s  river,  beiiij,'  one  of  the   finest 

Cainda.  but  also  nil  of  Louisiana  cast  of  the   Mis-  situations  that  can  be  found.   .  .  .  The  French   in- 
sissippi,  the  boundary  beln';"li.\ed  irrevocably  by  a  line  '  habitants  hereabouts  are  un  idle,  lazy  people,  »  parcel 

"  drawn  along  the  middle  of  the  river  Mississippi,  from  of  renegadoes  from  Canada,  and  are  much  worse  tlian 

its  source  to  the  river  Iberville,  and  from  thence,  by  the  Indians.     They  took  a  secret  pleasure  at  our  mis- 

a  line  drawn  along  the  middle  of  thi.s  river,  and  the  fortunes,   and  the  moment  wo  arrived  they  came  to 

Lakes  Mauivpas  and  Pontcharlrain,  to  the  sea,"  in-  the  Indians,  exchanging  trifles  for  their  valuable  plun- 

eluding  also  Mobile  and  every  place  on  the  east  side  dcr.  .  .  .  Till!  French  have  great  inlluencc  over  these 

of  the  iMississippi  except  the  city  of  New  Orleans  and  Indians,  and  never  fail  in  telling  them  many  lies  to 

the  island  on  which  it  stands.     The  navigatiim  of  the  the  prejudice  of  his  majesty's  interest,  by  making  the 
Jlissi.ssippi  was  made  free  to  both  nations.                      ;  Kngli-ih  nation  odious  and  haterul  to  them.     I  had 

y  f     My  this  treaty  sixteen  French  posts  and  towns  north  the  greatest  difficulties  in  removing  these  prejudices. 

\     of  the  Ohio  River  were  surrendered  to  the  Fnglish,  As  these  Indians  are  a  weak,  fooli.sh,  and  credulous 

including  Vinceuncs,  mouth  of  the  Ohio,   Cahokia,  people,  they  are   easily  imposed  on  by   a  designing 
Kaskaskia,  and  Fort  Chartrcs.     There  were  also  in  ,  people,  who  have  led  them  hitherto  as  they  pleased, 

this  "Illinois  country,"  .as  the   region   west  of  the  ...  The  Indian  (Twightwce)  village  consi.sts  of  about 
Wabash  was  called,  the  villages  of  St.  (Miarles  and  Sic.  ;  forty  or  tifty  cal>ins,  bi'sides  nine  or  ten  French  houses, 

Genevieve  on  the  west  side  of  the   Mississippi,  and  a  runaway   colony  from  Detroit  during  the  late  In- 

.J>rairie  du  Ilocher  on  the  east  side.      Hut,  in  fact,  at  dian  war;   they  were  coneerncd  in  it,  and  being  afraid 

;ilrst  the  cession  was  only  nominal.     The  French  were  of  punishment,  came  to  this  post,  where  over  .since 

loyal  iii  the  extreme  to  their  ancient  government,  and  |  they  have  spirited  uj)  the  Indians  against  the  Kngli.>li. 

IIjo  Indians  were  the  allies  and  the  friends  of  the  All  the  French  residing  here  are  a  lazy,  indolent  ])eo- 

|'rench,with  whom  they  had  always  lived  on  the  best  pie,  fond  of  breeding  misthief  and  .spiriting  up  the 

;^nis  of  intimacy.     The  British  garrisons  in  the  va-  |  Indians  against  the  Knglish,  and  should  by  no  means 

1|dus  posts  which  had  been  surrendered  bv  Vaudrcuil's  be  suffered  to  remain  here."     Croghan  is  a  prejudicul 

flipitulation  were  oidy  sure  of  the  ground  inside  their  witness,  but  his  facts  are  valuable.     They  are  corrobu- 

Itauparts,  and  not  always  safe  even  within  these  iiar-  rated  from  other  sources,  all  going  to  show   that  the 

row  limits.     The  Indians  looked  upon  the  British  as  ,  Frciich   in  the  Illinois  settlements  were  impelled  to 

tfceir  natural  foes,  and  did  not  con.seiit  to  believe  them-  seek  the  other  side  of  the  Mississippi  not  only  by 

l^vcs  obliged  to  submit  cither  in  consc(|uence  of  the  '  their  dislike  of  the  English  and  their  attachment  to 

oopitulation  or  the  treaty.     The  French  traders  and  French  institutions,  but  also  by  the  dislike  and  sus- 

eourciiis  i/i's  Ij'itu  hated  the  I'Inglish  bitterly,  and  en-  picion  manifested  by  the  English  towards  them. 
OOuragcd  the  Indians  in  their  hostile  attitude.     The         The  Illinois  settlements  at  the  time  of  the  treaty 

nsults  of  this  were  soon  seen  in  the  conspiracy  of  of  Paris  were  under  the  government  of  jM.  do  St. 

l^ODtiac,  when  nearly  every  jjost  in  Canada  and  the  Ange  do    Bellerivo,  commanding  at   Fort   Chartrcs. 

tlTest  was  surprised  and  captured  by  the  Ottawas  and  Ho  was  subordinate  to  M.  d'Abadic,  Director-General 

^eir  allies,  who,  however,  invariably  spared  and  pro-  '  of  Louisiana,  who  lived  in  New  Orleans.     The  secret 

Scted  the  French,  while  nuirdering  and  torturing  the  of  the  surrender  of  the  country  west  of  the  Missis.sip{ii 

nglish.     This  conspiracy  broke  out  only  two  months  to  Spain  was  not  known  or  suspected  by  the  French 

or  the  ratification  of  the  treaty  of  Paris,  and,  wheu  authorities,  and,  as  soon  as  they  knew  of  the  treaty 

otiac  could   no  longer  maintain  the  war,  he  fled,  of  Paris  and  that  the  Illinois  country  had  been  aban- 

ikcn  and  dispirited,  to  the  Illinois  towns,  and  took  ;  doncd  to  the  English,  both  D'Abadie  and  St.  Ango 

ifuge  there  and  in  St.  Louis  aiuong  his  friends  the  exerted  themselves  to  extend  and  increase  the  French 

nch.  I  settlements  on  the  west  bank.     D'Abadic,  in  Juno, 

When   George  Croghan,  the  famous  pioneer  and  17C3,  had  granted  to  Pierre  Laclede  Ligucst  and  his 

ut,  now  the  commi.ssioncr  of  Sir  William  Johnson,  ,  associates  a  charter,  giving  them  power  to  trade  with 

int  West  in  17(i5  to  learn  the  disposition  of  the  the  Indians  in  Missouri  and  establish  the  necessary 
inch  and  secure  their  aid,  if  possible,  in  preventing  ,  posts  among  thcni.  Laclede,  with  his  party,  includ- 
icurrence  of  Indian  wars,  he  was  not  prepossessed     ing  Augustc  and  Pierre  Chouteau,  ascended  the  Mis- 

what  ho  saw  at  Vinccnnes,  where  he  was  taken  by  sissippi  llivcr  for  New  Orleans,  and  reached  Stc.  Genc- 
larty  of  Indians  who  had  made  him  their  prisoner,     vicve  on  November  3d.     It  is  iicrc  that  the  history  of 
n  my  arrival  there,"  he  wrote,  "  I  found  a  village  '  St.  Louis  properly  begins. 


^ 


ri2 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


There  wore  only  two  French  spttloinenfs  at  that 
time  oil  the  western  hank  of  the  Mississippi  above  the 
post  of  Arkansas.  One  wa.s  a  trading  post  on  the 
present  site  of  New  Machii!,  (he  date  of  the  cstatilish- 
ment  of  wl)ieli,  accordinj;  to  doiihtfiil  tradition,  was 
17-10.  Tiic  pliu'e  was  simply  a  resort  of  traders  and 
hunters,  who  killed  jireat  tiunibers  of  hears  and  nianu- 
faetured  bear's  grease  for  sale,  shippiiij;  it  to  N(^w 
Orleans  by  fhe  Kaskaskiii  tr.iders.  The  ereides  eon- 
se(|nent!y  ealled  the  ben<l  of  tlio  river  on  wliieli  the 
settlement  was  eslablislied  IjWiinr  <le  In  Grni'ssr,  or 
A  (ireasy  Heiid.     The  old  villai:e  ofSle.  (Jenevieve,  tlio 

other  setileiiient  within  the  limits  of  Missouri  at  this 
time,  wiw  founiled  aliout  I",");").  H(Te  it  was  that  La- 
elede  landed,  and  here  be  might  liave  establisluMl  him 
self,  e.\eep(  for  the  faet  that  tlie  beautiful  plateau  on 
which  the  town  sto(i<l  (three  miles  below  tlie  pres<Mit 
town)  was  too  far  from  llie  mouth  of  the  Missouri 
River  to  suit  his  purposes,  lie  crossed  to  F<irt 
Cijiirlres,  and,  winterini:  his  jiarty  there,  explored 
the  western  bank  nf  the  river  for  'v  site  for  his  town. 

F  I  1  "(>.').  Captain  Stirling,  of  the  Hritish  army, 
eaino  to  the  Illinois  si-ltK-ments  by  way  of  Ketruil,  and 
received  the  surrender  of  Fort  Cliartres  from  St.  Ange, 
tlie  latter  retiring  with  !iis  garrison  of  twenty  (me  ini  n 
to  the  western  side  of  the  river.  Stilling  deinaiidi'il 
the  allegiance  of  the  pi,'ii]ile  of  the  French  setllemnils, 
and  j.'uaraiiteed  to  them  the  protection  of  tin-  IJrilisii 
govei'iiment  for  their  persons,  estates,  and  religion. 
This  dill  not,  however,  reconcile  them  to  the  Ivigli^h 
rule,  atid  so  many  crossed  the  river  to  the  I'rciiih 
scitleincnts  (111  the  west  hank  that  Furl  ( "bartU"- In-t 
seventy  (111?  of  eiglity  families,  and  ('ahul.ia  very  nearly 
in  proportion.  It  was  the  disbanding  of  a  happy  pcd- 
pli,  iKit  overly  rich  nor  prosperous;  not  eiilirpri>iiig 
at  all,  except  in  the  hunt  and  the  adventnidus  long 
voyage  of  canoe  and  flat  boat,  but  kindly,  merry,  hos- 
pitable. Their  \illagis,  built  in  long,  narrow  streets 
oil  the  margin  of  a  prairie  or  the  woodlVinged  bank 
of  a  sin  am,  were  made  eoiiipaet  and  crowded,  so  thai 
each  might  hear  his  neighbor's  voice  an(l  have  the 
ehance  to  vie  with  him  in  volubility.  Their  houses 
were  simple,  plain,  uniform,  but  solidly  built,  of  simic 
or  addle,  and  each  vitli  its  pondi  ami  garden.  Fvejy 
village  bad  its  '•  eoinnion-field  "  and  its  •  commons," 
in  which  each  householder  bad  an  eipinl  fee-simple 
properly,  and  t!ie  "  eoiiinion-lield,  c.-i.-i'iitially  a  com- 
iniinal  cstnte,  was  tillol  by  municipal  reguhition,  for 
the  joint  benefit  of  all  iIk!  I'ommii'iity,  Tin-  'com- 
mon,' in  iho  same  way,  all'orded  pastur.ige  for  the 
stock  of  the  village. 

"  Care,"  ,says  the  compiler  .^lonelte,  "  wns  a  straiejer 
iu  the  villages,  and  was  rarely  ( iiti  rtaine>l  many  days 


ns  n  guost.  Amusements,  festivals,  and  holy  days 
were  fieipienf,"  All  danced  tilike,  the  patriarch  u',<\ 
the  infant,  the  matron  and  the  priest;  all  had  li.. 
same  faith,  the  same  fornn  of  worship;  all  dres^il 
alike,  and  bad  the  same  simple  manners  and  the  s;niir 
round  of  domestic  tradition.  All  spoke  the  same 
jKiliiix,  i\  .soft  and  bastard  Fieneh,  lacking  the  tv .  r, 
and  elasticity  of  the  French  of  I'aris,  and  pervailil 
by  the  genuine  crtiole  languor  and  drawl,  Th^-  nicii 
Wore  the  blanket  capote,  with  hood  and  eape,  Icin.' 
vest,  blue  shirt,  and  short  breeches.  In  winter  ili. 
hood  of  the  capote  jirotceted  the  head  ;  in  summer,  a 
blue  cotton  handkerchief  was  worn  about  it.  Tli. 
Women  dressed  in  the  short  jacket  and  petlieoat  whii  li 
is  so  common  a  gaih  of  the  pi^i.-iaiitry  ;  in  winter  tin  \ 
Wore  stout  moccasins  and  clogs,  but  in  sumnier  w.  in 
barefoot. 

The  I.' iV(  riiiiient  was  mild  and  patirnal ;  the  coin 
maiitl'.iiit  bad  both  civil  and  military  juri.oiiictioii  ■mi.] 
despotic  power,  but  he  lived  among  bis  peojile  like  lli. 
father   of  a    family;    he   treated    tl.em    kindly,   ih,  , 
obeyed,    respected,    and    loved    !iim.     Tliey    had    1.  a 
.schools,  little  learning,  no  scienee.      Ivliication  wa~  •■: 
the  simplest  ;   its   limits  were  what   the  village  cin. 
permitted   and  what    the   parish  clerk  was  eapabli    . 
iiiip.irtiiig.     Their  courts  were  void  of  form  and  i.. ! 
nicalilies,  and  the  many  delays,  uncertainties,  ami  l.ir 
malitics  of  the   Kiiglish   and    .\mcriean   courts,  wii.' 
first    introduceil    into    this  ''terrestrial    paradi«( 
Illinois,    lieenme   a   .source   of   niiich    annoyance  i::., 
inconvenience,  and   ol'teii   of  grievous  Iils",  to  the  \i. 
sojihistieated  /utl'itnii.i. 


cii.\rTi:K   IV, 

Tin:  iiiiM)iN(i  (>]'  .-iT.  i.xris,' 

"  I  r  wi-    nearly  two  eenliiries   niel  a  (jUi.rter  :i!' 
the  brilliant  but  ill  fated  expedition  of  De  Soto  b 
any  ,\vslem!itie  ellorl  was  made  for  the  setlleiiKir 
the  valley  of  'lie  Cpper   Mississippi.      In   lliT.".  V 

'  I'l'lii'  in-cnl  iliiipli  r  in  uix'n  in  Oil!  f,ipiii  Hie  iimiiu- 
(if  I'rcf,  .*■,>■  I  *  oKtcr  Wiilcrhoiii'i',  of  U^l^ltill^l(ll)  l.'iuvi'rfcil\,    I- 
ri'ilefl  II ro  IiIm  nlso,  i(S<-<  |>t  iti  oaxuR  wlivn  it  was  tlinught  ex|H''i  • 
111  niii|iliry  the  tcit  Irmii  (illiiv«(inri'<»— iiiiiim««ri|il  or  jnnr 
III  llii>.-o  cnaoo  till'  iKliiiliiin  in  iiiilli"ili>d  liy  tlit'  iiiillior'n  imio 
111-  liy  ri'fcrciK'u  In  the  iiiithnrily  ill  llic  t'lme.     iif  Mr,  llrl'  i 

i-i  h llcfli  to  fpoitk,  111   lie  il  lili  \l('ll  klliOMl   in  tlli.<(  OIlllllliiMi 

lie  )iiinM*lf  fiiy*  of  tif  iMiiiiii«fri|it  <  f'liiiiiihni  I.y  liiin  to  liit  > 
lliiir  iif  III''  pri'"-!"*  .iiluiiii--.  iliLit  ilii.  flu•l^  I'lMil'iined  in  i' 
*'iire  it>ii(('il  Itir^-'Iy  ftoin   ■••i^innl  rtiiiiiiifl('ri|itff  of  tlu'  i 
wlilih  iin'  in   til"   rni.-h  Hiel  .S|iiiiiii>li    lnn);>iii|;('!'.  the  I  i 
I'liig  thill  of  the  iiihiibitiinlxit  the  cuunlry,  iii'urly  nil  <>l  m  ij 


THE   FOUNDING  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


C3 


ivals,  and  holy  dajs 
kc,  the  patr'mreli  au.l 
priest ;   -ill  bad  '-' 
worsliip;   all   drcs- .1 
iiaiincrs  and  tlio  siniir 
All    Kptiko   tlio  Willi.' 
oil,  lackinj;  the  t" '■ 
'  Paris,  and  pervail  il 
iiid  drawl.     Th-  mm 
hi.iid   and  cape,  l.iii- 
dies.     In   winter  tin 
e  head  ;   in  suinnui .  u 
worn   about   it.     'I'li 
let  and  pi-ttieoat  wlndi 
saiitry  ;  in  winter  tli>  \ 
s.  hut  in  suiniuer  wiiit 

iiid  patunal  ;  the  eniu 
liliiary  jiirisuietioii  iiml 
lonjj  hi^  people  like  lli 
od    tl'.eni   kindly,  iln.. 

liini.     Tiiey    had   l.w 
iKv.      KdniMlion  w;i-  -! 

what   the  villap!  (in 
,li  clerk  was  eapahlr  ■ 
.  void  of  lorin  and  t..'„. 
s,  nneeitiiinlies,  ami  I  ■: 
lAineriean   miirts,  \\\f 

Icrrcstrial    paradi^- 
niiieh    anmiyanee  11:1, 

niivons  los:<,  to  the  ii:. 


1  V. 

,<   and  a  ijni.rter   if 
ilioM  of  Ue  ."^oto  I'.; 

•  for   the  settleuiiii! 

I       1  I'  — ■>     V 
^^lIl•ll.       In    H>fi. 

|h  iull   f.-iii"  'I'"  l»i>i"' 
■.i.-hiii^<"i'  l.'llivc;>ll,». 
|rr<  il  wiiKllii'iigl't""'!'  ' 
-iiiiiiiiiK'iiil't  '"■  1    ' 
lili'.l  l.y  llu'  loitlii"-'"  II' '' 
Itlii-  fiiso.    (If  .Mr.  II.  . 
Il  Uii»»i>  in  t'""  (.'"iiii"  'I 
lfllllli''lll'.i  I'V  I''"'  I"  ''' 
111'   fin'l-    r"nl'iillOil    ill   ' 
III    IlllOilU'TlliI"    uf    11" 

liiirli   lnnijimiSi''.  tli«'  '  ' 
loountrj,  m'»rly  »H.>1  "i 


'0  

qnette  and  Jolict  sailed  down  the  Wisconsin  in  birch 
;   canoes,  and  then  with  their  frail  eiafl  explored  the  Mis- 
t  BJssippi  to  the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas.    In  KiSO,  Ilen- 
I  nepin  traced  the  Upper  Mississippi  from  thi!  conflu- 
I  enee  of  the  Illinois  to  the  Fails  of  St.  Anthony.      In 
I  IC.S-J,  La  Salle,  startiiif^  from   Illinois,  descended  the 
/^Mississippi  to  its  mouth.     These  intrepid  and  heroic 
f  piiimers  re.-ealed  to  the  world  the  magnitude  of  the 
■•|  Mississippi  and  the  richness  of   the  valley  which   it 
Idraiiicd.     Hut  .so  f^radual  was  the  pro;^re.s»  of  .settle- 
ment, that  it  was   more   tlian  ei-hty  yeai-s  after   the 
'icxplor.ilions  of  La  Salle  had  made  known   the  won- 
jdrous    wealth   of   the    .Mississippi    Valley  before    the 
Stradi lit:  post  of  St.  lionis  was  founded. 
'     ■•  IJnt  at  length  the  resources  of  Upper  Louisiana 
bean  to  attract  the  attention  of  c(mimerci;il  enterprise, 
and  ill  17"I-   the  finn  of  Max"iit,  Laclede  k  Co.'  ob- 

weri'  il.Koiii.liMits  III'  ihal  niilioniility.  nn.l  the  i  uiiii'li  thcoffl- 
felal  l.o.^iiiis<^  "'  •'"■  gi'ViTiiiiu'iil  liMiii  lliujuar  1770.  For  Hio 
,««o  "I  iiii.iiy  lit  Ilicsi-  ilufiimcrlK  I  iiiii  iii.Ulilcil  tii  my  I'lU'iil 
/ugii-iii.'  ill- l.ii-siisllic "lily  ...11  (f  the  1 1^1  i.rtlu'S|miii.|i  li.ii- 
tciiiiiii  ..'.ivrin.ii- 111'  lliis  ii|i|icr  imrtii  n  ..f  Liiiii-iiiiiii.  rc'i.liii): 
'iit  111'  Il  .^  l'..i-  iiiiiiiy  y.-nr.i  piisl  in  St.  I'liinvKi"  t'.miity,  wlin  sent 
Be  11  lion.,  iiiiiic  "f  lii-H  fiillur'.''  uili.'iiil  mil  (iriviitu  |i.i|.ir» :  In 
ny  .4.1  iii.'ii.l.li.  S.  i'l".iiili">ii.  lli'i  111"'  »ar\iiin)(  ki.ii  "f  llif 
OriRiinl  ('..I  .\ii;'ii-ti.'  Cli.MiliMii,  nil.)  lui.l  mii.-li  In  .l.i  willi  llic 
(bun. litis  "f  ''"'  I'liK""'-  »"''  "'"'  ''*'''  "■''''  '"  "  l"'ii"''  "f  ••''''.^' 
t»ii)i'iu.<,  until  liii- .lentil  in  IS'Jll.iil  tliu  ripu  nl.l  ii^'ciif  M'vcniy- 
IIIbo.  Til  lli-.CImili'>  (iiiitiut  nil. I  !.i..ter,(il  (liflli'iillinii.  ii.  Hii- 
ji|iy,  giiiii  luliil.liiii  oi'  111!'  lir^t  Cliiiile*  (imliot,  ii  |iriiiiiiiiiiil 
MrmniiiK'- III'  till'  liltl"'    liMiigc  from  llie  yciir   I7SII  until    In- 

4«tttli,iil  IMO  iijji'.if  i.ixly-livo  yo-ir.",  in  I.tl7,  iiml  iitiiom  to  wli 

tiiUn  .'ftiRily  in.li'lilc  1  ftir  tlif  inmluulilc  iti.l  I  .liTivcil  Inmi  tlic 
aft  uf  litvir  .l.iLMlinl'lll-."] 

'  "Till'  -tylc  ..f  the  liiiii  vllril•^.  Iliil  llic  al.in  c  is  llic  Lnai  -.r 
th*  sign.. till.'  iilliii'lii'.l  I.I  si'voriil  il.iruiiu'iils  in  tin'  i.fli.  o  of  llir 
M,  Liini.  ii'.'.ir.lrr  of  iltft'ils. 

"  Tlii'ir  «<ri'  live  or  i.i.\  |iaitnirs  in  the  linn. 

"MiiMiil  iswrilti'ii  in  a  larioly  of  wiiyi..  Kvcn  l.aclolo 
kiniicll  -'.ini'liini'A  r|iull  till'  w.ir.l  .Maxaii.  itiit  il.mltluf.' 
Mnxi'i.i  i<  tl.o  .■..iTc.'t  fiii'tn.  In  .U  ■  nil' 'l.ility  it  i-  ill.' siiiic 
Mine  tliiit  n»s  lioriii'  liy  iiiiinv 'ooili  i.i  l''riin.'i'  unili-rthc  an- 
riant  ri';<inii'.  Tlir  full  iiuinn  o''  I  wlcui-'i  ]iaitnor  wac  (Jilliirl 
Aiitoiiii' <lu  .'St.  .Mtixi'iit.  1."^'.  M.iX' 11.  i»  naiuu.l  liy  (iiiyuri.' .i« 
pK'a.liiij;  iiirr.'liant  of  ^''\y     -Uiani.] 

"  In  l.iiiiti'i'ii  i.iKtaiicc*  .n  /li'i^ii  tlu>  name  of  Laolclr  oi^ciir'" 
la  III.'  ar'liivc*  il  in  wrillcn  '  I'iorro  linol«l<'  liigiinnl.'  In  (lie 
t«i/y  "t  legal  innlruincnls,  wlii'tlior  .Irunn  l.y  liini'.i'lf  or  by  n 
JM>l»i>,  tlii^  ■'  111!' iilmoti  iinil'i.iiii  iii'ihogru|iliy.  Hut  wlivn.'vur 
l^.-l.'  I.'  s, gill'. I  lli''  niiinc  to  a  ilo.'iiincnt,  !Iil'  ^igilatllr(>  1..  iiiia- 
lialilv  '  liai'ltili'  l.igiii>!<l.*  In  ^n^oral  grant.*  of  l.iii.l  IiIh  nanin 
^  »i  Mill  Kith. ml  tho  ■  I'icrri'.'  Ily  hi»  nHxoi'.atc*  I'iiTrc 
%fH-\'  !.■  I.igdc"!  Has  alway.<  I'lille.l  '  l.ai'liiilc.'  The  given  ii'.iiii', 
W  1,111. iliarly  kn.inii  t.i  I'm  llrrl  hcIIIi'is  of  the  littli^  tiiiil  ag- 
p^l,  lias  lici'oiiK"  till'  lii'.torii'  titid  of  till'  fouii'lcr  ..f  .""l.  I  mis. 
i.il  III",  tlio  uso  of  till-  siirnanic  vvim  inrr.'.pii'i.l,  T'i«  fol- 
liwiii_-  rxiiiii|ilii<  illu.tiati'  till'  iiarly  Kri'ii.'h  pii'li'iini'ii  f.  r  liriisf 


I 


\iil'.ini' Viiii'i'tit   Itoiiin  wu'.  gi'ni>rall>  ealh'.i  ,\iiloini' Vin- 

lla|ilisti'  I.aniiu  Iliiohoui|(ic'lt('  mis  |io|mlarlr  kii.inn  ni 

.|)ti-'(!  liaink'.     Thi'  nulrcsi'  of  lliiiito  Vui>.|iu-it  win  riuiply 


(aincd  from  the  Govcriior(Jeneral'  of  Louisiana  an  ex- 
elusive  control  of  the  fur  trade  of  the  Missouri  and 
other  tribes  of  Indians  as  Car  north  as  the  river  St. 
Fetor.'  'Thh  monopoly  was  a  j;uarantec  of  wealth, 
and  thecomjiany  immediately  took  steps  to  avail  them- 
selves of  the  valuable  privilcjics  of  their  charter, 
liigne.st  was  the  youngest  inemher  of  the  firm,  and 
to  him  was  assigned  the  task  of  selecting  a  site  for 
a  trading  post  in  Ujiper  Louisiana.      Nature  had  spe- 


Ili'nil.i.  Tlio  cniniiion  ilei«ignation  of  ('harlcn  Frrnion  I>o- 
huiii.'ic  was  I'l'viiion.  'I'hi'  sit;naliirt' of  tin.  la-t  .'>|iaiii.''li  liov- 
criior  of  St.  I.oiiis  was  Charlrs  llcliaiilt  .In  liiissiis,  t.iit  tin-  lull 
nanio  of  tin?  father  was  I'ii'rrc  fhiirlcs  Ili'liaiilt.  ilc  l.assiis  .|p 
liU'«i.rc.  In  the  village  of  Ni'W  llourl.on,  whcru  the  (iovernor's 
futhur  licM  cuiiin;anil  at  the  linio  of  the  transfer,  ho  was  always 
eiiMed  lie  ljii/i'*'ie.  '  I'ierre  .le  I<ii/.ieru  was  known  in  Fiance, 
ai.  I  l>,v  tho  It.ir.in  do  t'aronlelut,  hy  the  name  of  Duhaiill  .|e 
).  o3ii».  n  )•!  (luring  the  Krcneh  Revolution  he  took  the  nnino 
l)e  III)   .i>re.' 

"  .\'oi!rt  Tison  nn.l  Frenion  Delauri.re,  Nov.  .'7,  18.12. — 
C'HtiiiiiMHin,tt  t-H    Mimriii,  \()I,  vi.  |i.  .'i.'i. 

'*  T'vo  own  lirolliers  of  tho  (Jovernor  h.irc  iho  ro^pc'tive  names 
of  Caitiiliiis  (le  Lassiis  itii.l  ,la('i|(ies  .Mare. 'Hill  t'eriin  llehaiilt 
lie  l.assus  (le  St.  Vrain.  Tho  iiiterminiihle  title  of  tlie  latter 
was  shortoue.l  in  ooiiim.ui  a.l.lres.s  lo.'st,  N'niin. 

"  l.a.'le.le  also  exoiii|.lilii'.|  ilio  Krcneh  lialiil  of  alil.reviaiing 
proper  naiiii's.  t'li.louUt.'lly  his  full  name  n  ■  Pierre  l.aele.le 
l.igiiest.  hut  prolialily  the  illustrious  pi.iueer  will  I.e  lust  known 
in  idler  time  hy  his  mid. Ilc  nami'. 

"  .-till,  in  personal  address,  I'reii'h  oiistoin  permits  Iho  sepn- 
lale  line  of  Christian  or  iiurnaine:  aveordingly.  in  the  following 
pii'^'es,  .  ilher  title  has  lieen  ciiiploy".!  t  .  designate  the  foiiii.ler 
of  St.  I...uis.- 

-  "  It  i-  generally  JIate.l  that  the  eoinpnny's  (charter  was  de- 
rive.1  tioni  (iovernur  d'.'Vhn.lie.  (.'ol.  Angiisle  I'h.iiileau  asserts 
that  the  lirenso  wiu  »eeure.|  in  I7llJ.  (Iliuil's  .Minutes,  ml.  i. 
p.  lilV.)  Ills  siateriient  is  strongly  corrohoriiie.l  hy  ei.euuisiaii- 
ti.il  evi.leiie.'. 

"  .M.  .l'.\l.a.|ie  w,.s  iipp.iiiit.'.l  ('.iniiiiaii.lant  .M.ir.'li  ICi,  I7fl:l, 
hut  he  di.l  not  reach  New  ilrleaiis  till  .luhe  '.",i,  I  7i>.l.  i  liayarr.'S 
ll.sl  iry  of  l.'iuisiitiia,  \..l.  ii.  p.  IHi.  i  It  is  ohvi.iiis  i'.,.\i  he  .li.l 
U'.;  p.rl'onii  any  oll'i -iiil  net-  prior  l.i  his  arrival,  li.il  the  .late 
■tf  his  jieliial  asstitnptioii  ..f  ..(He.*  was  only  the  tveeks  hcf.iro 
the  .lepiirtiire  of  l,a.'l".|e  li  found  n  tradin.;  post  in  Upper 
Ii.iuisiuna.  I  Hunt's  .Mniutos,  vol.  i.  p,  Ill7.i  I'liiii  .short  in- 
terval, bi.rely  suDleicnt  t"  alt'onl  tlie  nionihors  of  l.nulcdo't  liriii 
an  opportunity  to  got  aci|uuiiited  with  tlio  now  magistrate,  was 
(|uite  too  brioi'  f.ir  tile  sh>w  forinalilioa  that  .lohiyo.l  Iho  grant 
«f  s.i  iinp.irtniit  a  privilege.  Ilesides,  many  of  the  g.io.ln  which 
foriiud  l.aelvde's  outfit  wore  purehaiied  in  Havana.  In  thono 
days  of  slow  transportation,  suver.il  months  must  have  hocii 
eonsun.e.l  ill  pr.i.'Uiiiig  the  necpssary  merehaii.llso,  lii  I7ll:!, 
»n  ••'  ii;:  e:'.'"rpri"e  as  l.aeh'.le  .■  ntompl  ite  I  was  an  iinlortaking 
•if  great  diin>'ully  niid  slow  n  .unplishinenl.  If  w  prohalile 
that  the  preparations  fir  soardu.ius  an  o\pp.|iti..ii  oei'upio.l  n.t 
less  l^liali  a  t  wolvemolitli. 

"These  fiets  and  pre-iiniplions  seem  fully  l.i  jii-tifv  the  in 
fercnce  that  Iho  ehniler  of  l.aelo.le's  .".mpany  was  ohiaine.l  not 
from  (Jovoriior  dWhadi.',  hut   Irorii    his  proitooofl.«ur,  (Jovernor 
Korlorc.  " 

'  Atigusto  Chouteau,  April   IH,  IS'J.'i.     i  Hunt's  .\|iiiuleii,  vol. 
1.  p.  107,) 


«»» 


EJ5S 


64 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


ciiilly  fitted  Iiim  for  tliis  service.  lie  was  fortunately 
cmliiwcd  with  t!ie  attributes  of  bravery,  saj^acity,  and 
love  of  adventure,  which  insure  success  iii  pionoor 
rntcrpriscs.' 

I  Of  r-iT-o  t-iicloilc  I.igi'..:!,  thv  founder  iif  St.  I.oiilx,  l)iil  little 
ofliis  |i('rsjn:il  liiftory  i<  knunii,  I'ur'.licr  tliiiii  lliu  fact  thai  he 
wiiif  a  iintivi!  of  Franoe  iiiitl  a  partner  iii  llic  coinnierciixt  liuiifo 
oi'  Maxont,  Ijneleile  .t  .'o.,  v(  New  Orleans*,  for  i*tiiiii'  years  prior 
to  III!)  aiiveiti-re  to  tliii  I'pper  i-oni -iana  in  I  7i>!i  6J.  Nor  Iinvo 
we  intu'h  to  relate  oone».-ning  liini  'luring  llie  fimrti'en  years 
of  his  resitii'iice  in  this  hi.i  •*  vilhij;e  of  St.  i.ouis,"  us  whatever 
ilueiiuients  there  niiglit  have  been  in  posscaeiun  uf  liiinself  ur 
fuuiiiy.  at  the  pe;io.l  of  l.is  ileatli  in  I?"!*,  that  nii^ht  liuvo 
eiili);hieni  I  ii.s  in  rehilion  to  his  personal  history,  went  i  'to  the 
possession  of  .Au^'ustc  t^t]outtuii,  his  principal  btisinesfl  i!oni- 
)ianion  and  elerk  iliiring  these  fourteen  years  (surviving  him 
for  niorc  th;in  lil'ty  years,  and  suceee  lin^  him  in  tite  lilte  of  fotin- 
dir  of  the  p!  lei,  as  having  wilness'd  the  creition  of  the  first 
house  heret.  nnd  ilouhlless  Y.twv  heen  'osl  or  destroyeil,  as  none 
nri'  to  he  found  at  tliiii  ilay,  eillier  in  the  possession  of  the  last 
furvivor  id' t'li'Oilean's  .-onii,  slill  living  in  the  pi  lee,  or  the  iiu- 
nicroii.^  dcsei-idants  uf  !,aelede  in  (hese  parts  [these  papers  were 
entrii-led  to  Niiolli  I,  uid  deslroyed  liy  fire  i:ile  in  his  pos- 
sessionj :  cuiise,nieiit'y  '.vhatever  »e  may  ha\e  to  >ay  of  l.aeleile 
is  deri\'ed  mainly  from  t)ie  nieagro  faot.s  'oiii'erniiig  him  that 
are  to  he  found  ii.  tlu  a'ehr*es,  etc..  a;:d  from  tradition. 

l.aclede  hav  iiig  eomplete'l  his  iirrangements  tor  his  voyage  to 
tliis  upper  eotintiy,  sailed  from  New  Orleans  in  his  harge,  with 
lii.s  family  and  oiitlit  of  mrrehnndi.e  for  his  Indian  trade,  on 
the  :id  day  of  .August,  ITIi."!.  nnd  arrived  at  Fort  Chnrtres.  sumo 
tiTenty  miles  above  ,"*te.  tienevieve,  on  the  .'Id  of  Noveiiiher  fol- 
lowing. Ill  lea\iiig  New  llrlenns  he  had  eontempl.iteil  landing 
ut  .'«te.  Iivneviive,  the  only  rettleinent  at  ihat  period  on  the 
west  hank  of  (he  rivei  in  this  upper  country,  hut  arriving  tiler, 
and  finding  no  p'aee  in  wliicdi  to  store  his  goods  for  the  winter, 
the  village  lieing  some  two  miles  hack  from  the  river,  at  the 
suggeslioii  of  till'  I  omieandiiiit  at  that  posl  he  proeeeiled  :in  to 
l-'oi(  tMiaitres,  where  he  was  kindly  uen-omi'd  hy  the  eoniiiiand- 
anl,  .M.  Ney>iii  de  \'iliers.  Here  lie  landed  his  goods  and  prepared 
to  spend  the  wint"r,  in  the  eoiirse  of  wliieli  he  rode  i  pon  horse 
iKM'k  with  a  small  party  to  I'aliokiii,  the  uppermost  village  a.id 
sellleiueni,  iTossed  to  the  wi  si  side,  explored  the  eouutry  to  llio 
moutli  of  the  Jlissonri,  nnd  up  that  slrcnin  for  some  ili-iame, 
scleeled  the  spot  lor  the  loeation  of  his  trading  posi.  maiKid  it 
by  hiniting  the  trees,  and  returned  ti  Fort  IMiartres  to  await 
the  spring  opening  of  the  river. 

It  was  while  spi  ndiiig  the  winter  at  I'ort  ''li.iilns  I'lat  nens 
reaehed  there  of  (he  eissioii  of  Ih  it  side  of  the  eountry  to  (ireiit 

It;i(ain,  an  I  tin nsei|Ui'iit    '•  itrniination  was  formed  l>\  many 

of  the  inhaliitants  to  leave  the  eountry  rather  than  to  heeunie 
suhjeels  of  that  power.  This  miggesled  i  >  l.aehde  the  idea  of 
laying  out  a  village  around  his  eoiilemplated  trading  post,  and 
iiiiluring  them  to  eome  over  to  the  west  side  and  sidle  ilieiii- 
selves  around  him  ;  for  oihei  w  ise  it  is  e\  iiietit,  that  had  (hat  side 
reninined  under  the  suhjeilion  of  France,  hut  few  of  those  who 
did  eonie  mer,  the  most  of  them  natives  of  the  soil  wjiern  their 
fathers  had  been  eslnhlished  lor  n  period  i;f  eighty  years,  and 
where  they  lived  ill  eomfort  nnd  ease,  ■touhl  ever  liave  dreumcd 
of  ahiiiidoning  their  homes  simply  for  the  purpose  of  crossing  to 
the  west  side  I  which  they  iiiighl  have  done  long  previously  had 
thi'y  heen  so  disposed),  nnd  in  a  neasiire  begin  Ide  ane,r.  t'on 
sei]iieiitly  it  follows  that  the  sudden  springing  up  of  .>st.  I.uuis 
into  II  lillage  in  the  iinef  space  of  a  year  or  two  «a»  the 
ulTuet  uf  the  lassi  in  uf  the  eust   side  to    Knglciiu;    otherwiso  it 


'•  Under  the  royal  license  iind  the  instructions  of 
liis  finii,  Lif^jcst  at  iiice  bej^an  active  pre|iaration,s  fur 
his  northern  expeJinon.  With  a  few  hardy  men,  m- 
trautcd  by  their  fondness  for  wild  adventure,  he  liii 

nnuld  in  all  probnhility  have  been  hut  a  trading  post,  with  { .  r 
hr.psii  few  faiiiilits  scattered  around  it  in  the  progress  of  lin,. 
for  Iho  next  foity  years.  This  is  made  manifest  from  the  i.i,| 
that,  in  (hiii  long  peiiod,  the  increase  was  so  slow  that  the  |>:.i, , 
niimhered  hot  nine  hundred  and  twenty-five  souls  at  the  .j,ii, 
uf  the  transfer  to  the  I'ni.e.l  States  in  I  Sill. 

Wo  find  but  little  more  to  add  to  this  ioief  notieo  of  Lad.  1, 
His  lesidenee  of  fourteen  yours  in  the  village  uf  hisprojeiii  , 
was  iiiainly  devoted  to  the  prosecution  of  his  business  atl.nr. 
On  his  return  from  a  voyage  to  New  (trie. ins,  in  the  sprin,-  ; 
IT7!<,  ho  died  on  his  boat,  near  tlio  mouth  of  the  Arkiiii..i. 
It  Ivor,  on  the  S.lth  day  of  .tunc,  nnd  was  interred  in  the  wi:  ii. 
iiess  at  th.it  point.  J I  anything  was  done  at  the  time  tii  luo, 
the  Spot  where  hii  remains  were  laid,  it  was  soon  oldilei:i!,  ; 
lis  ill  searching  fir  llie  piaee,  hut  a  few  years  theiealli  i.  i 
trnco  of  tho  spot  could  be  f  nind. —  From  .M.S.  notes  of  f,  \ 
Uilh.n. 

T!ie  doiihts  and  discropaneies  in  re-;ard  to  l.artede  seem  i  . . . 
partly  reiiio\ed  hy  the  following  sketch  of  his  life  and  hi-: 
which  was  furnished   hy  the   iiidefaligalde   .Njargry  to   IIoii   i 
It.   Washhiirne,    while   Iniled  States   minister  to   Fvnne. 
seems   lo  cover  some  of   the   facts   neeessury  to  a   full  u 
sluuding  of  the  ease.— J.  T.  S. 

"  MiMSTi:itK  111:  1, A  SI  miink  kt  nrs  t'oi.oMi^, 
"  Friday,  Sept.  7,   1^.7 

"  MoNsiKin  l.K  MiNisTUK, — On  my  return  lioin''  yesteila  : 
hnslened  to  look  up  the  documents  which  arc  to  hn  piil 
hy  CongiiBs  and  in  the  sixth  voliiiiie  I  liave  found  those 
1  had  giithercd  cunceiniiig  i'ii;rre  l.aclede. 

"  I  aiii  all  the  happier  for  hir.  ing  had  the  occasion  of  c  .?,  ,• 
ing  with  Mrs.  Washliuriic  on  thai  subject,  iiiasieiich  as  I   -i 
bo  able  to  indicate  the  coniieetions  of  tlie  founder  of  ,**(.  I,,,.  ■•i 

which  arc  not  such  as  slated  in  a  newspaper  of  that  cii;.  Y 

ISI.'i,  uccording  lo  (he  report  of  .\Ir.  Niioll,(.  jj, 

"[  shall  be  ihankfiil  toyiMi  forall  the  inl'oriiintioii  you  th  i\  r 

pleascil  to  give  nie  concctning  Laclede  and  Mr.  tiriitiot,  -im 
the  foiniders  of  (iaiena,  if  I  have  understood  rightly,  I  ■ 
begin  by  giv  ing  you  myself  all  the  inl'ormutioa  I  liuve  c<>j,  >  lOt 

about  the  pioneer  of  ,St.  Louis.  Jjq 

"  I'lerre  Liicle>le  Lignest  was  n  native  if  the  (inrish  of. I',  i^^ 

Valle  d'.-Vspre,  diocese  d'Olorun  en  Iteurn,  about  fifti  en  hi,' 
from  I'aii  I  Ilassesl'yrennes).  lie  wus  tliu  younger  lirnllc 
a    Mr.  Liielede,  mttiti-f  futrtivtiliir  tli-t    /-.'oaj-  li    f'ltrth  n|  ■  — — 

pioi  iiice  of  llearn,  pays  de  .Soiile  et    llusse  Navarre,     i  I    ,  g|Q| 

think  this  has  ever  been  piihlisbcd.)      Pierre  Laclede  h.i'  ^f  ^ 

I  oiiisiiinii  in  IT.'i.'i,  and  foiinded  a  eoiiimercial  eslahlisliiii- 1  ^^ 

New  Orleans.  ** 

"The  war  III    I7.<I1  liaviiig  iiivolted  him  in  great  ciii<  ,  ||gg 

nieiit,  he  ol.tiiine  I  in  ITl'iL",  as  a  nward   lor  the  sen  o 
he  h.id  lendeied,  the  exclusive   privilege  of  the  fur  Inn 
went   up   to    Illinois,  accomp.inied   hy  two  young  men   <  i.  i> 

whom  was  c. 1 1  led  I'ierio  I'tienne  Aiigiiste  C  huuloaii,  »liii  Ij 

treaty  uf  I7ll.'>  put  nn  end  to   his  privilege      lie  di  I  ii  :   '        tin, 
courage:  he  b  night  from  his  partners  theii   shnrv  '<.  |m»  i 

nnd  leaving  Fort  I'harlres,  he  crossed  over  to  th 
the    Mississippi    nnd    •electod    tho  spot   where  to..   I. on-  i> 
stands  as   tlie  s  to  uf  liis   fiituru  eslaliiishmeiit,  wliii  h  1.'. 
Aiigusie  t'honteuu  to  start,  on  lliu  l.itli  of  Februiiry,  I  >il     :' 
was  scleral  years  in  building  it  up.      Haling  rclurnel  i    ^' 
Dileuns,  he  again  left  ih.il  placu  in  M.t\,  KiS,  ulthoiijh   ,   ,; 


d  the  instructions  of 
ictivo  proprtratioiis  i.ir 
a  few  UaiJy  nm\,  ai 
ild  adventure,  be  U\ 

t  n  trmliiiK  iiipsl,wUli|  r 
t  in  tlio  lifK"'""  "'  " '"'■ 
ul«  miinifi;fl  fr.iiii  llie  1.1,1 
,  na^sosl""  lliiitllii-'l' "' 
nty  live  suuls  nt  the  .In- 
II  ISill. 

Iiis  111  iff  noti<'0  of  liiu'l.  1. 
u,  villiigi;  111'  lii»lir"ji'   ' 
ion  of  liis  liui-iiii'ss  ivlliir- 

Orlein.*,  in  llio  >\n\\,: 
ic  moiilli  of  111"-   Ark.Mi  .,. 

WHS  iiitiTroil  in  tliowi'  li, 

la  iloiio  III  111"  l'"""  '"  """' 
,1  it  wnsi  siion  olililifii'  i 
II  few  .Vi'ivr,'  llii'iciiriii.  1 
-From   MS.  nnlfi'  't  1    N 

rcsftril  li>  l.iiili'iic  >'<T"i  1  i 
,-t,-li  (if  lii"  lil'>'  "'"'  '""■  "' 
,,ij;,Oilo  Miiri;ry   (•>   "'■>'   ' 
IcK  niiniflir  to  I'vniu- 
,  iiocfssiiry  to  a  full  u 

I  MIISK  KT  111'.*  I'lll.OMl  -, 

••  l'ri'l:iy,  Si-iit.  I,   I'  " 
iiiy  rotiirn  lioni"  y<'»le.  I.i 
1  wlii<-li  •■'"  •"  '•"  I'"' 
lino  I  Imvf  I'ounJ  ''"•*•' 

l.u.-l<"l<'. 

;  liiiil  lln'cK-ciir'ionof  e.iiivc- 

Mili'iiet,  inn.'iiMicli  tis 

*  (il  I  111'  foiiniliT  of  SI 

n  inw?|  "I""''  "'  '*'"' 

Nifoll.l. 
lltliiMnl'iirinntlon  ym  imv 

lr,l,'  1111. 1  Mr.  (Initiol. 

nn.l.■r^t 1  ri;.'litlv.     I  ■' 

lul'.irmutio.i  1  Irnvui'";!' 

.ilivci'f  ttii'liiiii'l'"'''' 
[,  It.iirn.iilioiit  (Iflo'ii  I': 
vMi»  lliii  youngiir  lirnil.- 


I  -1. 

I.M.I 

illv. 


,/,«      /■.'IIM      <l     t'" 


.(■ 


Ill  l'.ii»M-  Niivnrii'-  i  1  ■ 
,,1.)  I'l.-rro  l.iu'li"!''  "i 
liioinmiTiiiiil  ii'tiiblii-lu 

Jh.'.l  liini  in  Krcnl  imium 
,»ni.l   lor  111"  n'riM-      " 
l-iv  ill")!"  of  tlif  fnr  ti  '  ■' 
||   liy  two   yoiun    lion    ■  1 
l\ii.^i|.ti'  tlioiiliiiiii.  wh  1; 
li.  iiriviUn«       lie  ili  I  11 
]ii.u  llieii   Mmro  ". 
Lueil  "Vor  to  th 
je  upot   wlirre  •>..   l-""i- 
i.-l,ili;ii.linieiit.  wliiili  !'• 
I.pIIi  of  l''ebrii»ry,  I  11 
||,.      ll.niiM  rrlnrn.  M 
111  M.i.v,  I"'.'*.  "'•' ■' 


I  THK   FOUiNDLNG   OF  i^AlNT  LOUIS.  65 

iNew  Orleans  Au".  li  17(>I{.'  His  boats,  iiiisliapely  situation  iiossocsed  the  twofold  excellence  of  fitness 
An  structure  and  lieavily  laden  with  jioods  destined  for  liealihl'ul  residence  and  of  niatuhless  i'aeilities 
for  tlie  Indian  trade  were  ill  adapted  to  eneounter  the  for  loniinereial  exehanw.  Lifiiiest  expressed  his 
impetuous  current  of  the  Mi.-^sissippi.  It  reipiired  an  delii;ht  at  the  altraetions  of  the  place  in  a  prediction 
exertion  of  tiie  utmost  strenjith  of  tiie  oarsmen  to  force     whose  fiillillinent  has  rendered  it  historic.      I'piui  lii.s 

_^the  unwieldy  craft  up  the  stream.      Kven  on  tlie  lower 

^iver  there  were  at  that  time  very  lew  villaj^es,  but  from 
fJatchez  to  the  settlements  in  the  Illinois  eountry— a 
distance  of  about  sc\cn  hundred  miles— the  wildenu 


■Iras  pcople.1  only  by  savajies.     At  letijith,  after  months  |^ 


'^f  weary  toil,  Laclede  r.'achcd  Ste.  (Jeiievieve.  This 
.iilla^'c  was  then  the  only  larj.'c  French  .settlement  on 
l^ie  west  .side  of  the  Mississipjii.  The  exact  year  of  its 
jbundalion  is  not  known,  but  there  is  lioa!  evidence  ol 
its  cxi>lciice  in  IT.'H.  Tiadilioii  asiribcs  its  orijiin 
to  thi'  proxinnite  date  of  I  7:i.'i.'  iiut  in  1  Tli:!,  thoiiob 
a  pliiic  of  ciimmcrci.il  iniiiorlancc,  it  had  no  room  for 
ibe  storaoe  of  Laclcdi's  onods,  nr  i'nr  the  entertain 
sent  ill'  hi.<  men.  Al  ibis  time  M.  de  Ncyon  dc 
Villi' IS  was  commandant  of  Fort  dc  Cliartrcs.  In- 
fcrnicd  of  the  ililfniiltics  which  bcsd  iii-iu'.'-t,  He 
Jlpyo'i  iclicvcd  his  embarrassment  by  an  invilatioii  to 
ftore  lii>  iniiiliiiiidisc  at  Fort  de  Chart  ivs  until  be  had 
erected  lii-^  nwn  warehouse  al  the  trailini;  |iost  which 
he  WH>^  about  to  establish.  After  a  brief  rest  from  the 
fttij-'ues  of  bis  voyap',  Laclede  r(.Mimcd  bis  journey, 
and  naclnd  l-'orl  dc  ("harlics  in  just  three  months 
flroni  the  day  be  left  New  Orleans.' 

•' I'laciii'.'  bis  o,„i,|s  in  the  custody  of  the  fort,  ho 
again  set  foilb  to  iicuiniilisb  ibe  object  of  Ids  mission. 
With  a  few  companions  he  asceiub'd  the   Mississippi 


k 


(.Su/.£w[Wm^ 


to  tht 


nth    of  the   Mi.xsiiiiri.   carcfullv   observi 


rettnii 


to    F 


de    (' 


liartrcs,   in    ibe 


I'ul 


iif  h 


all  the  natural  adviintapes  of  situation.     On   Ids  re-     enthusiasm,  be  assured  llie  comiiiaiidaiit  that  •■  be  bad 


turn,  with  a  lull  knowbdoe  of  the  merits  ,if  the  several     found 


a  >ituatioii  wlii'ic  III'  inli'iidril  111  l'^tablish  a  sut- 


looalities,  be  promptly   chose  the  spot   on  which  St.     tlcinnii  which  niiobi  iMcnmc  b.'icari.r  one  iftbclinest 


Louis 


now  ;-t,'inils  as  the  site  of  his  tradiiiiipost.      Its     L'iti 


iif  An 


looal 


supermnly  leli 


•ved  him  of  the  einbarra.'*sincnt  of 


I  doubtful  cbiiice.      Ili'.ili,  si.lubrious,  and  central,  the 


All^llsle  ('boillciiii.    ibi'ii  ;i  |:id  uf  iliiilc -n,  bad 


*  t'llOI|t('llll'i«  .I'lllt  lull." 

'Aii^iiftt'  riioiiti'iiii    wa.'    liorii    in    Nrw   drlc 


U. 


•iok, 


I'l  ilii'il  on  till'  way,  within  oni'  iliiyN  iniireh  of  the  |ioi'l  I   17;'ill.     Tliii'  ilulo  wan  fiirninlii'il  liy  hi-   mm,  Oiihri  •!  S.  I'hii 


of  till' ArkiiiiKiix,     III' wiiK  saiil  to  lie  lilly.foiir  yi'ari' of  ii;;o;  he      luiiii,   "tho,   In 


.<!.     I.i 


Do 


.M,   I7III,   "lili    survives. 


I,  tlit'ii'lorn,  hnrii  alioiit  llii 

'All.i 


ai-  1721. 


'rhroiiiih  the  eoiiili 


of  Mr.  .I.ihn  \.   II 


of  Ihi   Si.  I.oiiIh 


lie,  MoiiKii'iii-  le  Mini-tie. In  leiuiH  I  lymi  lliee.x|iie«-       M.ri'iMilile  l.iliiary.  n'lir.il  iiii|iorlaiil  I'ln'tn  IniM'  been     lilaineil 


of  my  ren|ieut,  ainl  tiiy  lie^t  wli'lieii  for  you  an<l  yiiiiri«. 
"  I'liiiiu    Maiioiiv, 
•'II    Itiie  lie  MonI  'I'liaber 


from  Mr.  I'hoiileaii  wlilili   eoiilil  not  I  u  leriveil  from  aii\  other 


r 


*■"  lliiiil'i'  MiniiIeK,  vol. 


1117 


Note  of  Mr.  Ilill.i 


'  Choiiit'iiii   Ha-   in   hi-^ 


'illtll    e-lielni'il 


II 
tiM. 


II I  iiiali,  »  It' 


I'liiiili'  iiihl  hail  |( I  -oiireei'  of  iiifornia-      flile 


an  iin  iinniiiiall.\  inlelllKeiil  l.iil  liy  l.aeleile,  »lio  hail  );ri'al 


III:*  liiiHine^i' 


-iwriliiiifiii   I7II1I   711).  "The  lir-t  M'tller*  of  this  vil-       innnlioiul  in  the 


"I" 


I  llml  when   hi-  aftaiiieil  hi* 


1771  he  111 


'111, 


junior  |<arliier 


ol    till 


.ived  alioiil  Ivveiiiy  eiKhi  year-  ano  from  riii.,'»i.iiiiiii.i."      .p^i.  I.iini*  liianeh  of  the  New  (Irleann  liou.-e  ,if  .Maxini,  I.a.le.|e  ,t 


TW>  w'ol'l  make  the  -eilleiiieiit  alioiii  1711    I'.'.     Tile  |ieo|,le  of      ('„, ;  mill  al  tile  ilealli  of  l,a.le,|e  In  irr.S,  li,.  iv,i,  1,  Ittrue  ereil- 
,  he  al.ls,  uel  all  llieir   Hour   froiii    thin   |iliiei'.     Thij      ilor  of  the  Inm-e,  anil  eveiiluallv  miei le.l  In  ihe  Iiii«|iu>ki  etilab. 


flt,  J. 

W4||1<l  >A|iilllll  why  the  |ieo|ili'  ol  Sle.  (ienet  ii 


alleil  St.  I.olli 


mill      lifheil  bv  laielnle. 


nighi 


The  St.    1,'iiiiKlanii   rolinieil   hy  iiltueliiiiK  111* 
l/m'/f"  to  SlB.  (ienelTovA.-.J,  T.  S, 


».''  Miiin-  Miniili      vol.  I.  |,    I117 


"  lie  iimUe  nrverul  V'iya){e»  to  Nuw  ilrle«iii<  in  I77!l  ami  I'sn 
for  the  |iur|)ore  of  eloaiiij^  ll>  alVair*  Willi  t'ol,  Muxeiit,  (he  •riiior 
of  the  hoiine  a*  Ihiil  cily. 


^^ 


! 


I 


1 


(>(> 


IlISTOHV   OF   SAINT   LOUIS. 


ci>lii|.  iiiii'(l  Jj:ic'I(m1m  (III  Ills  viivapi'.     l>rit;lil  and  aitivo, 

ho  won  tlu nliili'iicc  of  his  ]ialriiii  ami  was  imnnntuil 

to  trusts  hi'Viind   liis   viais.      In  the  (>veiits  wliiili  at- 
teiiilnl  the  (ouiMiiiii;   ol"  Si.  licmis  liis  iiaiin'  cicciijpics 


Cioin  ict!  In-  must  ii'lurii  to  lhi«  .spot,  foil  the  liircst,  anil 
|iiit  ii|)  cahins  I'or  his  men.  Tim  wiiitcr  iiioiiths  w.  iv 
spi'iit  in  active  jircparations  for  tlic  I'litiire  .scltlciin  nt 
An  open  >[irinii  pcrinittcil  :in  cailv  rrsiiinplion  of    I,, 


"*>  *jA<  <X  V  Y  \ 


^i.  >5^- 


sT     l.ol  IS     \S    I'l.ANNKIi    l\    17i4. 

a7pi.iii'  of  historic  pioininincc  Ht'lorc  liavinir  liii' 
site  wiiich  he  hi'ii  scii'ili'ii,  Laclcilr'  niaikcil  ihc  Ihts 
lor  I  hi'  I'm  II ri'  iili'iilitiiMlioii  of  I  he  loealiiy.  and  iiifornici! 
Voiin.;  Cjioulean  thai  as  - i  as  the  Mi^^i.vsippi  wa-^  lire 

'•  .\lr.  ('hoHd-iiii  was  vciy  iitt  thiMJiciij  nnii  >v.''i*'niiitir  in  .ill 
lii«  l>ii!-iiH'i'!i  iiirnii',  nil. I  |i!Miii'iiliirl.v  ciiii'l'iil  in  |iii'*i'r»  iii;{  hikI 
fliiiiir  aw.iy  all  his  |>ii|M  is,  ..f  ln.wrvi'r  trivial  a  niilari',  sn  lluit 
lit  hi-  ilcatli  in  ISJ'.i  llii-y  tilli"!  a  liir;;»  i'hc.«l.  aii'l  passi'il  into 
the  |M.s«iii.i.iii  lit  his  son  lli'inv.  tlii'  "iilv  iini-  "!'  tin-  I'mir  «1im 
W)i.s  11  ImsiiR'ss  man, — muiiln'iin:;  si-viTiil  thiaiitiitiij,  iin'l  (M)iml 
in  iiiiiiili.r  anil  hulk  to  llif  wImIk  nl'  111.'  |.ii|.<rs  in  ihi'  anliivis 
"f  llii'  .S|i:iiii«!i  .lays;  lln-  aii'innu'iitinn  "I  Ihi'  sixty  ytiirs  he 
till. I  li.rii  cnnagi'l  in  hiisini'S.s,  <'i)ai|iiisiiiK  hills,  ii'i'i'iiitu,  .In'.ls, 
loasi  s.  li'iliT-,  an'l  iiiuliirariniis  piipi'is,  ivilh  lliosc  nl"  n  .In/i'ii  fi 
moio  rslatis  ill'  ilii'iiasp.!  [n'lsons  lliul  hi'  liiiil  olnscl  up  ii«  ivciii 
tor,  —  >i/.:  liiil'i.liiu'-,  l'laiiiiir'.:ini,  l,iiiisi"'l,  .\\v\.  Clark.  Ilniti/, 
Vcriliin.  anil  nlhi'rs,  all  iissi.rti'il   ai'.'iinlin;?  In  llii'ir  iialiiri' .1 

lllbl'li'.l    hy    hiinsi'll'.      or    tlii-i',    thl'    ll'llins    iilnlil-    lllaiillll|i-.l    in 

lii'Vi'ial  hiiinii'iil.  lahi'li'.l  iiii'liT  llii'  ihiliiil  litli-r  nl'  lln'  alpha 
Ih'I.  .Mr.  I'liMiiii'ioi.  .Iiiriii;»  li|s  ri'siilcin'i' in  Ilii' plai'i' llii'.iaK'' 
the  Hliiili'  'il  ilu'  .'Spuiiiali  ilniiiinilinii  ..I  Inily  yiar-,  hail  no 
nlhiT  title  tli'in  plain  Mr.  ('In.iilt'aii,  iii|;ai{n.i  in  his  li'^lliiiiali! 
liUsiur^s  ,,)'  ihoiohiiiit,  In.iian  trailer,  anil  niiiiiiiii;  hi-  uiiIit 
mill,  till'  only  mtc  in  the  I'lmntiy  ;  hnl  af'Irr  tin.  .'.iiinliN  hail 
)iHs-ril  In  llu'  .Viiii'riian-  in  l"-iil,  nt  wlii.'h  pi'rin.l  hi'  liiil  at 
taini'.l  iheatfi'  «\'  lil'ly  Inui.  In'  wiis  .'iiiflanllx  in  .illiri'  ill  sniiin 
rapn'ilx  iir.ilher, — jai|;;i'  "t  tin'  I'miiinipii  I'lins  r.niil.  jiislh'i' 
(if  lln'  pi'iii'r,  colnni'l  in  thi'  inililia,  Inwii  lni«tt'.',  I'nihil  .S|nt("' 
Burnt  f.ir  Hi'Vnltili.iiiaiy  piiisiiniMs,  prcsiili'iil  liiiiiK  ..f  .Miss.iiiii. 
cniiiniissiniifr  t.i  Iri'at  with  linliaiis,  I'ti'..  it.*.,  wlii.'h.  t.i^i-lhi'i 
with  his  n  ni  priviili-  husiin'-s,  ami  that  nf  sun'inl  hii^'i.  I'slatr., 
for  I'Miiiipli',  his  liillipi  in  Inn,  Mr.  ('iTr/',  sclilnm  hit  him  nn 
hllf  innini  nl. 

"  I  lane  -pint  iiiin'h  liinr  in  ln..kin'/  iIii'.mikIi  ilii'-c  i  llilllllill..ll- 
)|»pl•l^s,  Willi  till'  hopi'  thai  I  nii)!lil  linl  snini'thinit  iilaliii;;  In 
Iho  proiili-  hist'iry  nf  l.iicliU',  tiii'h  a-  his  ii  >li\  lly,  ii)ti'.  I'l.., 
or  iioiiiilhiinj  rihiliiiK  In  Ihn  hislniy  nf  ihi'  liini'S,  Inil  in  ihi-  I 
will"  miii'h  i|i<«pp.Miili.'ii,— till'  only  ilniniiinnis  H'hiliiijj  ..i  I. a 
i-li''l(-  pi'rsuiiall\  vti'rc  hln  lillo  ilvi'.ls  In  a  h'W  I'nnci'r-ionK  mil 
|iiiri'hu>rs  III'  l.inils  aii.l  Ints  in  Ihii  village,  nhli'h -nhsi'iim  ntly 
liefaini'  the  |irnpi'rty  nl  •'hniiiiMiii,  ninl  hia  linal  siiUli'ini'iil  nl 
the  i'«t«l<r  nf  I.Boliili'  with  I'nI.  .Maviiil  in  thi'i'ily  nt  S'i'w  lir 
leiins,  ill -lillv.  Irsii,      I  III.  ifiM'iilni  \   ..r  l,.i.'li'ili''-  rsl.iti.,  inKi'ii 


I  l>i'i.cii|>ti'.ii  ill  i'lni|.t.'r  ..II  'r..|>..iriii]'li>. 

wiirii  of  eoliiiii/.aiioii.  Aeliiin;  nndi't'  the  direeli.in  ,■ 
lii'jiiesl,  yoiiM'j:  ("lioiiteaii'  left  I''iirl  de  Cliarll'rs  ui'i 
aiiout  ihiily  men,  and  ariived  al  tlie  seleeleil  sii.  .- 
the  I  llh  of  l''i'liiiiarv,   ITiil.'      Maily  on  the  niiiini, 

-li.nllv  nlliM-  his  ilcntli,  Willi  the  pillilii'  siih'  nf  his  I'fl't'.l  ■.,  .-  i: 

nil    lr..nr.|    as    it    -In. 111. |    li:n|.  hicll.  Mil. I  .Inlll.lll'SS   willl    wIli:.. 

papers  IIkmi'  nii(;lil  have  henu,  ami  im  il.,iilit  were,  r.liii.n.' 
his  past  life  ami  hi-tnry,  innsi  Inn  e  heeii  taken  ilnwn  I"  \ 
Orleans  hy  ('hniileaii,  nml  .li'livere.l  nver  In  Maxetit  iir  th.'  ';■ 
si'tlletnenl  ;  ami  I  is  an  niiii.iyiii;{  ta.-l,  anil  ii  it<>iiri'e  nf  pr.ii.iiK 
ri'.^ret,  thai  at  iliis  .luy  s.i  little  i-  kii.iwii  uf  the  anleeetleiii. 
ihe  man  w  lin  f..iii,.|e.|  niir  .^t.  l,.iiils,  -nf  all  olluiis.  he  wh  . 
hi,-lnry  shniil.l  he  in  the  lian.ls  ..f  all  mir  people."  Iliil  il,. 
will  he  iiieasinn  In  Miy  iiin.'h  iiinre  ahiMit  Mr.  riniiitean  n-  \- 
lii-lniy  prnjjresses. 

'"Ills    hrolher    I'lero'  ua8  iml    nne  nf  the  <irl;{iinil  |..nli  I. 
He  arrived   ii  fen  niiinlhs  nlur  the -etllenienl    hail   he.  n  in 

Nni.JI,  IS-J,',,    Pierre   ('n..iiti.aii  ilepnse.l   thai  •  h i.   ■ 

I. ..Ill-  ah. nil  six   innntliK  alter  the  f.iiin.lalinii  nf  the   -..m 

//mil's    .l/i'iiiiN..  v.ll.   iii.  p.   H.i  :    l',„i,,in.,i,.i„,y    .I/,,,,,/,.., 
pp.  '.'S'.',   'Js.'l. 

-'"'Ihe  lime  nf  this  neeiirreMi'e  his  ln.i.n  ,|  »nh||.,.|  ,,| 
versy.  The  'late  nf  nn  event  i"i  striking  ennl,]  seaneh  ; 
iinpies-  ilsi'lf  upiin  the  inemnry  nf  the  luailin;;  int.. 
siiniahly  mi  man  in  Hie  wnrhl  knew  the  ilay  nf  his  anii  >. 
terthaii  .Mr.  rhniiteaii  hiinself,  ami  he,  wilh  pns-ihly  a  ■  ;., 
I  xe.'ptiiiu,  nlwaj- n.snerlel  that  herea.ln.l  the  seleeleil -;.  1  other 
I'Vhriiary,  17(5 1.  This  is  thclnte  nrti:inally  given  in  i!ii"t;|  "I' 
ineiit  eiilleil  '  I'hniilenirii  .Innriial.'  With  it  i  ii  w  l.i  i  f  t«i«  » 
'iiili.eiitnily  nf  the  writini;,  the  .l.mrmil  was  ink.  i.  i  j  14th « 
veiiiMilile   Ii.   .s.   I'linutiaii,  the  lit.>l   surviving  >nii  nl   .\ii: 

I   ll.nile:iii,    SI  I II  the    pies,  n f  the  writer  he  erili.n' 

-pi    le.|  the  iiifiliii-.'ript  wilh  H  pnwerfill   liianiiilx  ing  >;l:i-- 
lli.'ii    iinlipsiiiiiiiiuly   nlliniii'.l    thai    the    hnn.lniilini!   '<  i- jj 
I  II  her'-. 

"   I'l vpli.il  an. I  p.isitive  stnti'iiieiil-  .if  the  f,i||ii»n..' 

-.till   hiy.iiiil  riiitlier  <|iiesti..n  Ihe  iliilv  of  I'hniiti  ail's  m 

"  St.  I.nrts.  .Inn.  hi,  I- 
"  '  I'li.n  1  --..It  .s.  \\  ^  I  ritmn  ^y_ 

"'  .Mv    In  \ii   .S|ii.      M\    father  eatno  In  the  phi.e  « '.. 
I,..iii.- imn  siiin.l-    I'lhnniiy   II,  I7III.      In   I   'ling   hi-  .1 

■  if  the  pan   nliieli   hepeifort I    he  nlunyn  s  i  i|  thii   i 

■f  I'eliiiiar.v   na-  the  ilnte  of  his  arrival.      The  ori;;ii. 


I 

J 

t. 
h 
ti 

Bl 

01 

»t 

ii 

tb 
ha 
tri 

'  un 
f»t 
wai 
the 
the 
nrhi 
Cho 
e»ei 
ii 

upo 
yoni 
earl, 
Wh. 
\\e> 

mil. 

nhll 

wrifl 

lot. 


ti  ir 


THK    F()UNI)IN<i    OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


67 


wiiiur  uioiitlis  W'  I. 
!„•  I'litiin'  s.'lili'ini  ii 
Iv  icMiii'iiiiiiii  "I'    '■' 


V* 


„i„l.T  ill"  iliivi'tiMi, . ■ 
,  F.ivt  a."  Cliartivs  ui'l 

,  ;,i  il„-  >(>1.mMi'<1  sii 

F.:iily  I'll  ''"'  '"""""- 

,„„i  ,i..ui.n.«  will'  »'"'■ 

,1   „„,l.,ill.t  w.TO,  |.-I,.'..i: 
„vi.  liicntnUi'n  •l"wn  !■     ^ 
,1  „v..r  l»  M.<x'»t  !>«"" 
1,1.1.  !in<Ui'"»i'i'«"'l"' 
kii..wi.  of  tlitiiiiitw..,Uh 
„i,,_„r  nil  01  lull.*,  li.-  «li  •• 

n.ll.mr  , V'>'"     ""'"" 

„li"iil   M'-  I'll""'''""  '   ' 

,„„,  „r  111,.  .Mi;.'imil  I"'"'!' 
,.  -i.lllciiM'iit    liml  l»''  II  "' 
l,.|,.,-.-.l  lliiil  •  III'  <"""•■  1'   ' 
|,.  l.mii.lalioii  I'f  •III'  '■'"" 
,-... '■  .M""i''-.- 

|l,.i^   liviMl  :l  Mllijvl'l  "1   ■' 
j.tnkiii^'  "■"iil'l  'i-Kf''')  ' 
„f  (1,,.    I,.;l.lin«    IH-I'"-     ■ 

Inv  till'  >l».v  "f  ''"*  ■"''"'' 
lii.l  If.  wi'l'  1'"""''.^  '  ' 
]„•  ,.-ii.li''l   llifXil'-lcMl 

„pj;iniill.\  l!'^"""  ill  ''" 
|l.'     Willi  II  Ml"    1"   ' 

.I,.iiiniil    wK-i   '*'»'■"    ' 
|„.l   Miivuiiih'  -"»  "'    ^''• 

ni   llli-  wrillT  111-  I'lil"   ' 

|,vv..rl"iil  iimu'iiil villi:  >:' ' 

,1     ilii-     trill  l«lili'l-     ' 

|„.„„.,ii.„rti,..  r..ii.."i'  •■ 
,i„ii>  „ri'ii""t'iiii'''  " 

•  Sr.  l."i  !••■  ■'""■  '   ■  ' 

,„„.    1,,'llv.-    pill-    "'' 

-lit.     111  I  '""«  '""  '" 

1 Iwiiyii  "«  il  till'   " 

,Mn,il.      I'll"-  'Hi-" 


Ipf  tlu'  irilli  liis  in.'ii  li(L;aii  iti.'  Iiiiiiil)lc  laborn  whi.'li 

§ luiiriHl  11  si.iur  ill  tlii^  |iiiiii.'viil  Innsi  ini'l  sli'-lti'iv<l 
|ioiiiM>lv,s  Willi   Uiiiiporary  .sciifroMiii.iis.     '\'\wy  ili.n 

%  the.  .iMurn.il  »u-  1-Vl.iiiftiv,  lull  ^ ^'-'h  "IH'i""!''^  -"^"^''■ 

tuKMl    .Miii.li    lor  111.'   |ir.T.Mliii!!    li.     I"    ""'    l''ii"i'li.  '" 

4liieli  ill.'  ■louriinl  >vii»  willt.n.  H F.'vri.'i"  was  not  itiimmI, 

,t  "Mm*"  ill  liujt.Tiiiiil  h.avi.T  U-tt.  is  was  wiitli^n  <ivir  il. 
^Ihc  oii-iinil  wonl.  iiii.pl.lil>Tate.l  liv  llic  ull.Tali.m,  is  .-till  l.'gi- 

ie,       |"| H-  iii.v  liilliiT'!.  liiiiiilivritiiiK  as  w.'ll  as  I  'li.  iiiv  ..wii, 

A<|  1  am  sir.'  that  llio-) "al  was  nrnii'n  liy  liim.    Tli"  li't'ii-" 

%«r  111.-  iiiii.ii-lakniilo   [..■.•iiliaiiti.s   of  his  stvlo.      .Mior   my 

flier's  .l.-ill'    'liu  iiiiiinisi'iijit   was  foiiml  i ii«  liis  liapcts. 

ttroioain.vl  l,.r  a  nliil.'  in  .■liari;.-  of  my  brother,  ll.'iiry  Clion- 
iMiii,  ini.l  Ihuii.  alt.r  his  .I.v.-im.  was  phico.l  in  my  lian.ls  hy 
wi,l..«.  Th<^  .liMinial  was  in  my  |iiis«cnsi.iii  for  iii.ir.'  than 
enlv  livi-  y.ars  l)cl"rp  il  «as  Iransf.rri-.l  to  llif  .■oslinly  .iflli.- 
roiiiiiili'  l.ihruiy.  Wliili' it  was  in  iiiy  ki'<'|iinu'  I  oltioi  l.n.k.Ml 
r  111.'  oai-'.'s  aii'l  c.xaiiiiii.'.l  thi'  wriliii).',  ami  1  mil  as  .-.■rlaiii 
I  ciii  I...  willi'iiil  ImvinK  »'■'•"  him  wrili'  il  lliat  lii.'wni.l 
W'Ft'Vii.  r  "— as  will  as  ih,'  r.'st  of  Ihc  .l.iuriial  — i '  in  my  I'a- 
tll«rV  liaiiilnriliiii!.      If  hi-  himoi'lf  oliiinccl  Ih.'  .lati'.  ho  mn-t 

II^Yu  ,1 il  in  a  inniM.nt  of  f.o-;.'.lliilm'ss.     Iliil   ii  sin«l.'  i - 

trtWi.-ii"".  <>''ii  il  Ki'iiiii"'''  <•aiin.ll  h.'  allow.il  lo  oiilwfi^li  llii. 
untr.oo.  and  .lit  r.p.'ati'.l  il.rlanili.ms  of  ii  lif.tiino.  If  my 
ffcthi'r  ma.li-  Ih.'  snbsliliHion  lliiU  is  foun.l  in  his  .I.Mirmil,  it 
WM  siiniily  a  lapsi-  .if  iiioinory,  iiml,  f  far  ns  is  known  I.)  iiii-. 
the  only  lim.'  in  his  HIV  in  whi.Oi  he  .'V.-r  mi'iiti..ni-.l   .Mar.li  as 

th»dat.'  ..I  his  Lin.liiiK  nl  ihis  j.l IK'  must  hv  a  hi.l.l  niiin 

who  will  v.nliir.' lousM-rl  that  .Uiriiit;  ii  very  l.in«  uaiiiT  t'.il. 
Chovtcan  ..Illy  oii.-l'  f.irri't-lly  ri'iminhorcd  tlio  most  rt'iiiarkaM.. 
eTOat  in  his  lit.'. 

"'The  hw  paK.'s  thai  .'visl  an'  not  all  iliat  my  fatliiT  wn.t.' 
upomthe  hi-t..iy  of  >l.  Louis,  ilu  kept  a  journal  lor  twinly 
yean.  H  .■•mlainoil  a  lull  a.ooniit  of  tin'  h'tt.lini;  I'Vints  nf  .mr 
early  history.  Il  was  ripl.t.'  with  imp.irlanl  inforniati.in. 
Wken  N.  .1.  Ni.'.llil  WIS  ^'ath.Miiii;  inatcrial.s  l.ir  ft  work  .oi  lliii 
Weit,  Im  s.ili.ilf'l  ihr  privil.u'.'  of  .•"iisiillinK  my  Cilhi'i's  .l.nir- 
niil.  The  iliary  was  s.iit  lo  him  al  llallimor.',  ami  was  Imrii.-.l 
while  ill  his  iiisl.i.ly.  Tli.  Iianin.nt  that  ri'im.ins,  haviun  hi.n 
written  ill  an  .il.t  a.'ioiinl  h.H.k  Ihut  w.is  lo.l  miiI  I.i  .Mr.  Niiiol- 
let,  ncap.'.l  till'  tif. 

"  '  Wry  ri^spB.'tliilly,  y.oir  hiinihl.'  s.riaiil. 

"  'Ii  VlllllKI     .■-.  Ill'il   11   VI  .' 

«VXh.'  \  i."  .'Xpi.'so'il  in  lliii  inii.'.iliii;;  l.-ti.o  is  .•onlii- d  hy 

otbtr  I'ai'Is. 

"Ill  his  .l.'po'ilioii  I'll"..'  lii'.iii.li'r  Hunt,  in  ISJ...  Mr.  ("Iiuii- 
teikBOSsi'.ts  Iwii'i'  that  111'  urriii'.l  at  Ih.'  Ml.inl  Si.  I.oiiis  nn  Ihi' 
I5th  of  l-.'liiiiary.  ITl.l.  A  «worn  sluiiiiifnl  ma.li'  Willi  iho 
empba^ls  "f  a  ri|nlilioii  is  .'I'rtainly  .oititlfil  lo  I'.iniii'l.rati.in. 
Thl»  .l.'piisilii.ii  was  lak.M  nnly  ii  li'»  y.ars  li.'l.irf  his  il.'alh. 
itnd  his  iiiihil  ilni'llinK  prohnlily  upon  Iht.  in. on  iinporianl  .hit.' 
uponwhi'li  III.' w. Ilk  III  fiiiiniliiii:  I**!'  Iioiii- Ha>  a.'l.iiill\  lii'^nii. 
might  mitiiially  iiiak.' ii  misliiki' iif  on.' .la \ .  lull  iml  ul  a  wliolii 

movUi- 

*^Ylio  .loiirniil  tiiiisl  hiiie  b.'i'ii  nrittpii  wliilo  Tot.  ('Iiuiili'aii 
wMHiktill  in  lull  physii-nl  vicor,  fm  his  li.ttcrs  art'  firm  ami 
ol«|||y  I'lii  I'll.'  .Imposition  was  lak.n  ah. ml  I  on  y.'nrs  lii'fnrc 
Mriifihoiiii'aii  ilii'il. 

■^-Brri'.  Ih.ii,  ar.'  tlir....  siiiii.m.nts  ilmi  uri'  in  Milislantial 
UMfl;  ii;;ii'.'iiiK  in  tlo'  iiionlh,  Ihry  .lit'or  .inly  h\  a  ilny.  Tin' 
ilemnli.'i's  mail.'  iinil.'r  oiitli  <liiiw  lluii  thinni'imirics  if  II  vii(.ir. 
ua#iW  ai.'.'  I  iiliially  I'nini'iiliiiL'  with  llii'  ii Ilt'i'tinns  nf  imiliiii' 


|iut  ii|i  il  toiil-.sliL'tl  and  a  Ci'W  luj;  huts.  Tlicsi!  Hrst 
liuildili'^'.s,  the  rude  bi'i;iiiiiiiiL;s  ut'n  iiii'liniiiililnii  iii'iat- 
iif.s^s,  wore  i-ri'i'lL'd  (HI  llic  lil.ick  on  wliicli  lianitiiii's 
!!iilil  iiiiw  .slaiids.  |j:u'lid.'  ^*el^'cted  a  silu  lor  liis 
own  ri'siili'inc.  titnl  Inid  mit  .i  |ilan  I'nr  llii'  liiltiri'  vil- 
ia-i".' 

liiaiilino.l.  siini'tiuiicil  hot  the  Miliytiliitt-'l  *\:\U\  l.iit  lln-  iMi;,'ini»l 
I'litiy. 

"  A;ritin,  .Mr.  Chimtfiiu  .-iiiti!*  iit  lii'*  ii4'|ii)siti'tn  (li;it  lit-  Wit 
Fort  "Ic  rluiitrvs  nil  llir  loth  n|'  reliiufiry.  Hn  cuiiie  In'  Unat. 
'i'hi-  iti'liiin-u  IVmii  Foil  tk*  (.Miurlii-s  to  St.  Lotii.s  i.s  ulmut  Wity 
milt'!..  .\  I.'tid  'Irivcn  hy  t'licli  a  Itiri^c  nmt  |Hi«f!t'iil  cri*w  ns 
Choutciiii  had  in. nil  i-a^'ily  miiKc  the  (rip  in  Ihrro  <»r  (niir  dnys. 
Hut  th(*  ii.'i^iiiiiptinii  (hilt  lit>  liiii>lui|  ht'iM'  on  iho  I  lili  ul'  March 
iniplii'.'^  that  it  took  hint  •>uv  wh'ilf  month  In  niak*'  ii  vnya^e  of 
liliv  niilf  . 

**  That  Chfutcan  canip  hen-  in  Krliniai y  i*  al*'' ronliinml  hy 
a  <lr|>ti>iti'>n  nt'  linpli.-tc  Uivjcix'.  (Hunt's  Minntr-,  \  ut.  ii.  p. 
IMU.  (      IlivifH'  stalort  that 

•' *  llti  cuuii;  ti>  St.  I.oiii.'' in  thi*  tir-t  hnitt  th;it  ratnftnihis 
town  with  .Vu^u-^tr  Choutfuu.  *i'lii.-<  »Upniii'nt  .-ay^  hi.-*  father 
li'tt  Ka.'^ka-kiii  lat  tlie  .'ann'  linio  lii'  It  ft  Fort  do  rhnrtrrK) 
with  a  ('art  in  which  was  Mr-^.  iMioulcau  ami  \ur  riiiUlrm,  and 
(hiM  oiirl  wan  aiM-onipanii>d  by  Iwo-U'dr  M^utrst.  who  arrived 
ahout  thu  r'litnt-  lime  the  boat  did  from  Fort  <le  Churtres.* 

'Mva.'<kuskia  and  Fort  dei'hartn^  ate  nI>out  thu  '^atnu  dia- 
tani'c  fritin  Si.  \.  -ni^.  Kviii  an  o\-ti  am  couM  makf  tho  jmir- 
ney  in  tlirre  or  lour  days.  ('on'«(^^i|nenlly.  if  thealxno  -tato- 
nienl  of  Kivierc  is  trut*tW'irl  hy,  it  is  ceilam  th;il  i  huuleatl 
canie  to  this  phiee  in  Fehriuiry. 

*' Au;{usti' Chouleau  died  Fi-h.  *Jl,  |s_'*t,  'I'hc  in?^<-i'iptitin  on 
lii^  tiim)»tone  stat""<  that  he  arrived  at  ihi-  i-iti- ol  St.  I.<mia 
Feb.  II,  Kill.  The  epitaph  wa-wnltm  l.y  liis  s'ui  in  laW| 
Air.  <iiil>riel  I'aul.  It  i-  lair 'o  prr^iime  that  an  in-eriplion  of 
sneli  nuiincnt  wa."  not  aduptid  without  the  roiisHll:iti<in  and 
.-itiiction  td'  the  family.  'I'tuTefore  ihi.s  date,  wliiidi  et»uld  only 
hiivr  hern  orii;imilIy  df't  ived  from  Mr.  rhonttaii  hims»|f,  cx- 
pressen  the  tMlitd'nf  hi.-  ,  liildren  and  kin-^men  that  thr  !  Ith  of 
Fidirnarv  wa»*  tho  day  of  his  arrival  al  ihi.-;  -pot." 

'On  tlu'  lldh  of  February,  I7lil.  .\n^u^tt'  Chotihau,  with 
thirty  pirked  men,  nearly  all  meehanie^,  diMnihaikt'd  at  ttiu 
-eUi'ted  phii'e,  and  <>n  the  following;  mornintr  cominenri-d  w<M*k 
on  xlinU  liir  tlie  pndeetion  ttf  the  tools  and  provi>inn>> :  imme- 
diately atler  a  few  t-aldns  wero  luiilt.  \l  tin-  Iiiih-  :i  line 
ilfiuthnt  timlter  skirted  the  river,  jji'in  rally  e.vli-ndin;;  a.-^  far 
h:i<  k  a.-  what  is  itow  known  as  Fil'tli  Street,  hut  it  varied 
in  widtti,  \M\U  oft'a.-tional  openin*;-,  lea\in^  the  marj^in  of  tht* 
river  rntirt'ly  h'-e  tVnin  tindier.  The  hi'iivie^t  ^rrowth  \*as  on 
ihe  sipiare  now  ureupiiv!  hy  Itanium's  Hotel,  and  this  »as  the 
plaee  where  the  Iir>t  buildmjjs  were  er«et<'d. 

A  Idutf.  some  twenty  or  lliirty  feet  abo\e  the  ri\er,  extended 
Ihe  whole  h'n;;lh  id'  thu  intended  xillaj^e:  haek  of  this  waH  a 
i;onlli>  CHoll,  upon  wliieh  they  built  their  eiihins.  and  still  hn- 
yon!  them  «erelwooihir  ."wells,  the  laiit  bounrled  hy  wlnit  in 
now  Fotntti  Street,  and  then  eaine  what  Wii>  lon^  kiionn  in 
'he  reeotds  u«    l.a  tirande  Trairie. 

".luly'Jlt.  ISl!.i.  Ihiptisto  Itiviere  testilied  that  '  he  eame  lo 
St.  l^onis  in  the  lirot  bi>at  llnit  eaiiie  to  tbtM  town  witli  Au^Uito 
Chuiltfaun.  'Ibis  deponent  itiiy>  hiM  father  Udt  Ka^ikabkhi  lit 
theNamo  tiint*  be  left  Fort  dv  I'hiirlri'.-,  with  u  eiiit  in  whieb 
wa  Mri«.  Cbonteau  and  her  ehildron,  and  ih\<  etirt  was  aeeoin- 
pauied  hy  I.aehde  I.iKoe^t,  who  arrivml  t)l>.  ot  tho  toinie  It nu* 
the  boat   did  from   F<irt  do  t'harlres.' — Huul't  .Umm</«'»,  vol.  ii. 

p.    lO'.l. 


m 


()8 


IIISTOIIV   OF  SAINT    LOUIS. 


"St.   Louis  owes  its  titio  to  ii  inin<;lcd  spiitiinnit     vast  doiiiuin   lyiti;;  west  of  llio   Mississippi   was  -tii! 
ut'  piety  ami  |)ati'iiitisi:!.'      lIiidiT  tlu;  illusiiin  that  thu     a    Fruiicli    p<i.sso.s.siiiii,     Li^uost    iiaiiiuil     liiu     iiiiwlv 


"  I'lciiii  tlii"  ■le]i'isili"ii  it  ii|>|>i'niH  tlml  Clhiiitciiu  iiii'l  I,i).'iio»l 
roiit'liril  till'  !<|Mit  A}  iilMiiit  till-  Mimi'  tiiiio.      It  i.-i  iiulri'il  -^i-iin-ely 

priiliiiliki  thiit    l.ijfiii'sl  wiMiM  inlriiit  llii' ('.\i-tu:>i\  i nirni  of  no 

iiii|>i>rtitnt  ail  iiii'li'itiikiii);  In  ii  vniitli  uf  ni;lv  thirtri'ii.  Tim 
|)n*!>uni'u  111'  Li^iii-^t  in  iilti';iti'«l  li.v  ('lioiiloait  hiiiifiolf.  In  a 
>lo|iiHiliiin  ilatiil  Nov.  li'.  ISL'.'i.  hi'  mivn  lliii'  '  wlii-ii  lii'  lir>t 
oniiiii  til  till'  rci'i'nt  ."'I.  I.niiiii,  iiml  luM  iMit  tin' tiiwii  innlirilie 
ilireriiuiii  11/'  1,'i'lril'  /,i'7iir«(,  iliri/  I'slabli.'lii'ij  till'  wari'liiiiiiiii 
where  llio  iimrkol  imw  hIiiihIh.' — llnni'»  Minulf,  vul.  ill.  |i.  Ti. 

"  |)>iiilillfi-«  till'  fiiiiiiilutiiiiiii  III'  St.  I.iiuix  WITH  litiil  iiiiiltir  I  hi' 
|i«rKiiiml  mipiTviiiiiiii  uf  l.iu'li'ilr  l.lKuci't.  iinii  thi>  pari  wliinh 
tlio  voiilhfiil  Ohiiiiti-aii  prrrnriiii'il  wii.i  liinili'il  to  uii  intrllij^ciit 
exwiitliiii  III'  hi'  iiiitrurli'iii'.  Hut  Kiii'h  it  itcrvii'v  hiik  a  hi);h 
honor  fur  so  yotinj;  a  Iml." 

'  "  '  .Mr.  I.iu'li'lu,  on  hi"  arrival,  iiaiiii'l  tin-  lunn  .~l.  I.'uii-.  in 
honor    if  till'   KiiiR  of  Kraii'i'.'  -.Viiko'I"  'lioulfaii,  .\pril    IS, 

ISL'.l,   //li,l/'»     Millltlr^,  vol.   \.  p.    li'T. 

'•  .Many  por-'iins  Inivi'  woii.li'ri'.l  tlml  n  I'ily  ihiiivin;;  lt>  lilli' 
from  a  ili.i-oliili'  nionarcli  -lioiil.l  lii'  I'lillnl  Sainl  l.ouis.  'I'lii' 
.iiirpri-i'  spiiiiKi*  from  ii  iiii^appri'ln'ii.*i«iii.  liiiiii"  X\'.  wa:«  not 
i>aiioni/i-.|.  If  till'  plai'U  liti'l  lii'i-n  natiii"!  ilirri'lly  iil'tor  the 
kill);  it  woiiM  liaii' lii'cn  tirnii"!  I.'iiii>\  illi'.  or  I.oiiiKlioiiri;.  Ac- 
oordini;  I"  Kri'in'li  fu^tniii  it  roi|tiiri'»  tlm  uiMition  of 'vit'  '  ''r 
'  biiiir^'  tocon\rrt  ii  por-oniil  inln  a  local  i|i'iii);iialiiiii  .~l. 
Iioiiiii  wuf  iiaiiitiil  afti  r  thu  patron  rnint  'if  l.oni"  .\V,  Tlu' 
innniliiT  of  tin'  i  nlliolii'  t'hnri'h  ban  a  patron  ."aiiit.  Tlii' 
vcni'ration  of  tlii'  saint  wii."  an  'honor'  to  tliv  kiiij;.  Kvvr.v 
I'hri'lrniiii;  "f  tin-  I'hiM  ili-.-iiKnulv  ><"  pntmn.  'I'lu'  saint 
lii'iirinx  tlio  siiiiii'  iiami'  ai  tlial  );ivi>n  I'l  tlii'  i-hiM  lii'euiiu'.s  its 
patron,  'riii'ri'foro,  as  tlo-  Itapti-nial  iiami*  of  tlir  Kri'iirh 
inonari'h  wa*  l.'mi»,  lii"  pulniii  suini  was  Saint  l.oiii".  ili'ni'i' 
till'  tilli'  of  lhi>  plai'K  foinliiiii'l  loyalty  aii'l  pii'ty.  It  'lion 
iirc'l' till'  kill);  liy  ii'i  iri'iii't' ol'  Iho  Kiiiiil.  It  blrn<li'il  in  itsi'lf 
a  ri''iit!iiiti"ii  "f  royally  uith  the  ooiim'i'rati"n  of  ri'li>;i'in. 
Thin  rvplaiiali'iii,  "i  familiar  to  I'Miy  intillipi'nt  Catliolir,  ami 

mi  lilllc  known  to  Protislanl'',  i-  'liii-  t"  iIh'  •iii.'([i'«ti I    Mr. 

It.  W.  (  "lli't,  kii  pir  of  till'  Mii-i  iim  of  till'  Si.  l.oiii'<  llislori'al 
.•sot'ii'ty." 

Kiii^  Loiiif  t\.  of  l''raiii'ii  wa.'i  I'anniii/.r'l  ami  plari'ii  on 
tliv  I'ali'mhir  of  i>ainl'>  hy  I'opi'  ilonifai'u  VIII.,  in  Ihi'  yi'ar 
r.".>7.  'I'll''  aiinivi'mary  uf  thi'  iliialh  of  St.  l<oiii«  nri'iiri  un  the 
■J.'ilb  '>r  .\ii^iifl.      Wlii'ii  till'  pi'ini'i'r  i'iiii)(raiitK  from   Krain'i' 

I niiini'i'il  III  linilil  on  tin'  -ito  now  ciivorivl  hy  iIip  I'ity  "I  St. 

Loiii",  tlii','V'  i-utp'-toil  a"  till'  patron  naiiit  of  tin-  rtiiliiy'i  '-ity 
till-  monari'h  n  h'l'u  naiiii'  I'oniiiii'iior'  Ibi"  para^rapli,  ami  bp. 
"towr'l  M."  luiint!  upon  tin'  infant  t'olony,  'I'hi'  ralbnlral 
l'ari«b,  pommoiily  "o  I'lilli'il,  lint   niori'  I'orri'i'lly  tbr   l'ari"li   "I 

St.  I.ciuis,  wa-  oruani/i'l  fmii  altir  lln mininri'ini  lit  "f  llii' 

Kiitllunii'iil  hi'ri'  hy  l.arli'ili'  in  I7<'>l,  nml  St.  I.oiiiii'  ility  lia-- 
I'vi'r  siiii'i'  lii'i'i)  obiii'rvi'ii  to*  a  Irslival  in  lliii  parish. 

I<oiii«  IX  ,  or  St.  I.oiils,  iva«  horn   in    I'uissy,  .\pril  '.'.i,  l'.'l.>, 

anil  • I'i'ili'il  hia  fatluir,  I.onin  VIII.,  in    l'.'2ll,  bi'iii;;  llii'ii   in 

his  <'li't'i'ntb  yi'nr.     MniinK  bis  ininority  his  iimtlu'r,  llhiin'lu'  ' 
■if  I'astlli',  a  wonnin  of  grant  lah'iit  ami  ili'i'p  (lit'ty,  iu'li-il  us  I 
ri'i^enl.     This  linly  hcstoHi'il  ii|Min  hrr  son  ovi*ry  cari'  in  his 
<'i|ui!ati<iii.  mill  I'sppi'ially  gn\i'  xn'til   allcntiun  to   his   ri'li)(i- 
oits    Iminili^t.     'I'br    I'l'lt'hriilr'l     .Vi'iiiitlrr.    in    his    "Kirrbi'ii 
|{i'iii.'bicbli',"  'Iraws  a  Miosi   inluri'-tiii);  pirtnro  of  Ihr  ri'li){ioiis 
si  lln  of  Ihi'  i-barai'li'i    whirli   llm  assi'liioiis  I'aio  of  his  mullivr 
bail  fornifi   f'lr  In'r  son,  lint    which   wi'  ha\ii  not  tliii  spai'i*  lo 
rciproiliii'i'  hi'ro.     On  irin-biiig  lii-  maj'irily  l.oiii"  I'lij^ai^i'il  ill  .1 
war    with    lli'nry    III.,   Kiii^    of    KnKhui'l,  aiiil    'li'li'ali''l   tho 


Kni^lisb  at 'railli'biinr^.  at  .S.iinti'S,  anil  at  Ittiiyi',  in  I'JI'J,    >< 

afti  r  )i ticlii'tO'l   a  pi'arr  with   tlio   Kii);li>h   kini;.      At  a  -1 

."i>i|iii'nt  pi'rioil  Kiiin  l,oiiis  tril  'lan;;i'riiiisly  ill.  Uiiriu:; 
oritii'al  lii'ii'  hi'  niii'li'  a  vow  that  if  bi'  rroovrrcil  from  tlir  |. 
ne>s  III"  wotiUi  j;i»  in  'ii'rsiin  as  a  crusaili'r.  lie  <liil  ri'L-nvi-i  ,1 
in  ai'i'orilam'  'vitli  his  vow  iir  ippoiiili'il  bis  niotlu'r,  111 u 
of  raiitiU',  ri'ffi'nt,  ami  sailfl,  .\ii);ust,  l-l*^,  with  an  an.  1 
forty  tlioiisanil  iiii'it,  to  Cyprus,  wbrii'T  in  tlii>  foll'iwin;;  sj.ij 
III'  ili'parli'il  for  Ktjypt,'  thiiikin);  by  lhi>  i'oni|iicst  of  ih 
I'onntry  to  opni  tlii-  way  t'l  I'alinlini'.  Ilu  ■ti'i'iiwlcil  in  ;i 
tiirinj;  l>aiiiii'tta,  lint  was  i-.ri  'rwarils  Uufi'att'il  iiiol  '  il, 
prisoiior  by  till' .s^ari'  .iis.  'I'hi'  p.b'.,  "f  bis  ransoin  was  1,111; 
at  one  litin'i:\<i  thonsailil  marks  of  silver,  wliii'b  was  pai  I  | 
laptora,  ami  I.onis  was  releaseil  .May  7,  IJ.'ill,  with  Ibr  lii 
iiienls  of  bis  army,  re'lni'e'l  in  iinmlicr  to  si.x  thonsaihl  ui. 
Ill'  proeeeile'l  by  sea  to  St.  •Inin  l>'.-\i're,  anil  reiii;iii  <  1 
rali'stitie  until  tin'  ilratb  of  his  niotli-'r,  wliii'b  event  li:i|  | . ; 
Noviniliir,  \'.i2.  Iioiiis  was  then  eompelle'l  .0  nloni 
I''nin>'U  to  assume  the  ^ovei  iiim-nt. 

lie  applie'l  himself  with  j;reat  assiiliiity  to  the  task  "'  .- 
eriiiii);  liis  kiiii;'|i>m,  iinite'l   -eieral   provinees  t'l  the  ei'Mii 

the  la) f  feailal  li^^bts  or  by  treaty,  iin>l  mii'le  many  mr 

taut  ebaiifjes  in  the  ailininistratioii,  the  j^eneral  ti'ieli  n 
wliii'b  Htm  lo  inerease  the  ro,\ai  power,  hiirini;  tliis  t- 
eo'le  of  laiv  was  lirun);lit  into  use,  now  known  as  the  "  lii  m 

mints  lie  St.  I.uuis."  .luly  I,  r.'7ll,  l.oiii»  eniharkeil  n| 

ernsaile,  ami  »aile<l  for  Tnniii.      Here  a  peslilenee  brok'  „. 
the  Kreneb  camp,  by  wliieb  tlie  greater  part  of  the  l''rcii.  I|  1 
was  ilestroM'l,      riie  kill);  himself   was  attaekeil,  ani    11 
riiiiis,  Ann.  -'■'•  ''-'""■     •''nib  in  brief  aro  the  importan'  • 
ill  the  lite  of  the  iminareb  wbosi'  name  bus  been  liestunr  j  1 
the  city,  an<l  who  is  the  patmu  saint  of  the  ulilest  paii^i.  1 
i'it,\. 

l.'Mlis    l.\.    of     l''raliei'.    Sailll     l.ollis.    ciul'llleil    the    1.::, 

fen  or  'if  bi"  fallier.  Louis  \'  1 1 1.,  with  the  <listiii){iiislii''l  1 , 
of  hi-  ;;ramlsiri',   I'bilip    Aii;ctisliis.      lie   was,  says   th.    , 
ilayari'-,  "  the  ineariialion  of  I  ii  tile,  aiiii  what  is  inore  < y 
<liiiai\,  ot'  \iitue  born  on  the  throne  aiiil   preserving;  ii.  1 
pill  Ity  in  spile  uf  all  the  leinptations  of  royal  power.     U 
it'Oilil  hist.iry  he  taxeil  lo  prmlnev  a  character  wortli.v    ■! 
I'oiupareil  with  one  "o  pure.     Aimiii^  huroet,  he  must  .1    , 
he  ti'-kiiowle  i^e'l  as  one  uf  the  t;reati'st :  among  iiioini' 
mii"t  he  r.inki-'l  iis  the  inust,iiist;  anil  iiinoiig  men,  11-  i' 
nio'lest."      He    was  a   ^(ruat   warrior,  of  tlie  most  iimim. 
per-oiial  i-'oira^e  aii'l  the  ahli-si   );eneralsbip.      II;)  ».i>  1 
kiiii;,  f"r  "  he  s'lii^bt  the  welfare  uf  bis  people  moi. 
ii);;;raiiili/i-mi-iit  ot  bis  teriiluries  :   he  t'ormeil  the  bi'>:  :.i  > 

il'l  be  a'lapie'l  lo  tlo'  lime.  Hi|iiiinist«ri'<l  Ibcui  o|i>ii 

S'lii,  ami  III  serve-l  llieiii  ulnays  biiiiself;   be  was  a  l;  ■  1 
inasiiiiii'h  us  hr  serve'l  llo'l  with  hi"  whole  heart,  airl  ■ 
all  III"  coin  III  nil  ion  with   bis  fellows  to  <lii  bis  iluty  a.  < 
Ins  sense  of  ohli^alioii.  "     'I'hi-  is  high  praise,  bu;  ii  i-  ' 

lU'-erteil.     'I'll oil*  of  laws  frameil  hy  Ibis  ni'inat. '  . 'i 

hiave  aii'l  ri'proaehtess  as  Itayar-I  iiiiil  ilevont  as  Si.  \I . 
'riiiirs,  was  as  remurkahle  in  .  -  way  as  the  capiiii  1 
rharlemajrne  or  the  Cuile   Niip  "li"ii.      He  never  ilil  1 

act,  and  I ven  went  upon  his  erusa'les,  not  for  hi-   i»i 

or  bis  own  siilvatioii.  but  heeaiise  be  'ieemu'l  liim"eil  I' 
a  solemn  viw.  Winn  he  was  taken  prisoner  at  lim 
'iiiil'l  reii'lily  Iuim' eseapeil,  loil  ili^'laiiie'l  to  ll.\  aii'l  .' 
I'liiipaiiioiis  in  arms  ill  eaplii  ilv.  In  the  ha'iils  "I  ili' 
he  was  lhreateiie<l  with  the  lurtiiiu  because  bu  i'el'U"<  I  1 


tw 


(tn 

t»b 

croi 


of  I 
tb« 
Mb 

i'< 

Mm 
riili 

"I 
tiaai 


Villi 


*l 


H 


0  Mississippi  Wiis 


,11.1  lit  lllii.v.  i">  '-'-•    ■ 
e  Knulisl'  •*'">!•     *'  "    ' 
ii^.-rniiHly  ill.     l>"ri"'J    1 
ho  rfoovi^ri'il  I'nim  Hi''    i' >. 
iKii.liT.     llu  .li.l  rtwv.i    u, 

,„iuUMl  liiH  uiiilli".  lil 

iTu-l,  1-1"*.  «"''  ""  '"'  * 
„.,„•.'.  in  ilio  foll^wi"*!  'I'". 
J    l,v    tliL-   ••""M""'   "'    '' 
,i,l..'.      liv   -.•.•.•.-.lo.l    u,    ■.: 
wiir.ls     ilfl>iU>'<l    aii'l     ■  il. 

j,..  ,.r   lli*  r:!!!!""!"  Wi>*  1"": 

,f  silv.T,  »lii>'l'  «""  I""  '  ' 

M;1V    7,   I-''"'  "'"''    ''"     " 

,i,„l',iT  t"  *ix  lli"""-"^""'  "- 
1111  D'A.TO,  uikI  ruiMiin  .  i 
,„tl,..r.  wlii.'li  '•»■''»"  ''■'II'' 
:1„.„    ,M.ini..'ll."l      "    •■■"■"" 

I. 

t  i.-sLluilv  U>  111.-  tiii-k  ■■  : 
nil  ,,r"vi»w»  t-  tli«  >■'■•>" 
,,.iilv,  iiii'l  iiirt.lc  iimiiv  11.11 

(i.m!    Ihf    tflMMTlll     U-Il.l.M, 

,  ,,„w.,r.  PuiiiiK  ll'i*  "" 
.,  ii„«  kn..wiM>«llii'"l''"'''' 
:ii,  LmiiK  iMiiliiirlii'il  ii|i"i' 

IliT.'  u  IK'.-Iili'ti'-''  l>r"K.'". 
^,eiil.Tl"'r"'f  ""-"'■'"""''' 

M.ir  »u"  iiitiii'ki'.i,  »i"i  " 

iHi.-f    III'P  111'-    ill'l""'-'"'    ' 

!,•  II.IIU.'  lui-  111'"'"  l'<"<""'  ' 

.,.inl"nl Mi-nmi'-- 


mi..,  CHiiil"'"'''   ''"'   ' 
«illi  the  ili»lii>l!"i''l""l 
III.  wiis,  fny  'I" 
liic,  1111.1  «li''t  i'  '"""■ ' 
r..mMiii.l  |.ri-!<i'rviiiK  i'- 
i.,11-  "f  pivul  l"«w<^''- 
,.,.  11  >.liiirii.-t.r  w.irtliv  • 
„M.4  li.'r...'.«,  1'"  ">»■' 
^.r.■llt.•^l  ;  iiiH""«  """" 
,111.1  uiii.'iig  iiii'n.  I'- 
ll.r    .il"  tlu'   lll'i^l   ""' 
^..mTiiMiip.      II-'  »•• 
,.  „f  hi..  111...).!'"  1""" 
ho  I'.iriiu'.l  1 1"'  1"  ■' 
i.liiiiiiii'tori'.l  llieiii  "!'• 
himself;  !>'■  "■'"'  "  *^ 
h  hir.  wh.ilotu'iirt,  iiii.l 
,,«,  |..  .1..  lli»  >lut.V  11" 
i-  hiisli  (iriiix',  l>":  i' 
iiiii«.l  liy  il'i*  '"""I'l'' 
.1  iiii.l  ili'viiiil  n»  •''^' 
miy  iiK  lln'  i'"!"' 

11.      He  iii'vcr  .I. 

,  ..rii.u.l.-,  ii'il  t'lf  1"- 
„,.  h<-  .l.'.iiiu'l  lii'ii-'-' 
liikiii  iiri'iiin'r  »•    I' 

I    ,ll-.llUll«"l    111   llv   nil' 

IV.  Ill  111''  11"'"!''  'I 
lull.  hi'iMiiiKi'  111!  nlii- 


II 


I' 


TIIK   FOUNDING   OF   SAINT  LOUIS. 


69 


unil.'tl   iiost   in   iKiniir  of  Lmiis  XV.,  the  roi^ning 
iovoniL'M  'il'  Franci'.' 

,;  •'  Acciiiiiiiij,'  til  Irailitiitii,  iiis  lompaiiions,  in  ^Tiitu- 
^1  ri'c'o..'niliiiM  nf  \m  services,  desired  to  eall  tii'-  place 
liielnl.'.  imt  the  Cimrider  '  imidestly  derlined  tlie  justly 
de.seiM'ii  distinction. 

-  "'I'll!'  arrival  of  llie  Kiidisli  IfO'ips  at  Furt  d.' 
Cluirtn's.  In  laki'  possession  of  the  territory  wliieli 
Ihotr.'iiiy  of  I'aris  liad  eed.d  to  tlie  nrilisli  erown. 
tHiH  ilailv  I'.xpci'led.  In  aiitieipation  of  tills  event, 
iaeleile  il.iini'd  il  important  to  remove  his  mereliaii- 
dise  111  ."^t.  jiiiuis  prior  to  the  oeenp.iney  ol'  the  eoun- 
try  hv  ill.'  Kii-lisli.  Hut  a  siniiular  iiieldeiit  dilaiiu'ii 
him  r.ir  a  lime  in  St.  l,ouis.  The  L'ro\viii;_'  .setlie- 
mcnt.  menaced  hy  an  iint'oreseen  daiii;er,  deiiiiiii<l''d 
his  |iri'si'iie,.  and  proteciion.  It  was  a  I'ortnnate  acci- 
dent llial  iIk'I"'  w.'ie  n.i  Indian  villaires  in  the  inime- 
diale  iii'i-liliorhiiod  ol'  llu'   new  po>t.'      I'o.s.sihiy  this 


raiiM -M  '111  ;lii''  "''  •""'■  ''"'  iiiilli'iiilv  "f  .Iiiliivilli'  aii.l  "f 
M«llli.  »  I'll  I...,  'I'll.'  r.-iiniikiilili'  ch.ini.'lfr  .il'  Si.  I,.)iii.«  i«  I'vi 
d«D.'i'.l  II  111''  -Ir.iii^  a:i.|  .liirahli'  iiii|>it's»i.iii  it  liii<  iiiailc 
upon  ill.  II  .'ViT  fill.'"  liis  iloalli.  N.i  iiaiiio  if  'ii.iro  freqiii'mly 
born.'  Iiy  lIu'  Fri.n.'hniMii  tliioi  tlmt  nf  l,.iuls.  ."it.  Liiuis  han 
beooiiH'  111.'  piilniii  saint  .if  l''raii.'i'.  lunl  n«  I'an  Ira.™  Ih.'  I'Xtont 
of  till'  I'li'iiili  solll.'in.'nl!'  ill  .Viiiori.'ii  hy  liii'  |il.ic..«  ivhi.'h  boar 
til*  nam.'  ..f  l..mi»,  in  .'.)iii|ilimi)iil  at  .iiii'n  to  the  saini  an.l  l.i 
hit di'<i!iin  lull  an  I  SMi'i'i'SK.ir,  liiain  X  1  \'..  u  .//'loif/  M..ii.ii-./...' 
MMllUli,  ^ii'i'ly.  Hill  sinful  n"  .St.  I.miii!  ivns  III.!  r..vnri<i'.  I!.'- 
•idM  the  .S|.  I,.iiii.'i  "f  nhi.'h  i"  .vrit.',  liiniisiana,  l,..ui.«vill.', 
Ijoulsliour;;.  Iliiv  Si.  I,.>nis  (naini'.l  hy  lliiinilliM,  an.!  St.  Liiuis) 
del  Illinui"  an.l  St.  l.nuis  .l.i  Tcxii*  i  naine.l  hy  I.ii  Siillc),  tliiTo 

are  over  n  .l./.n  hIIht  SI.  Lwiii'in  iin.l  still  le  1 isvilles  in 

the  UnilB.l  States.  There  was  an  iinU'r  iif  kninlitli"...l  .if  St. 
liOuU,  ereiil.'.l  hy  Lcmis  .\IV.  in  H'l'.i:!.  .if  wliuli  a  ineiiil).'r  nr 
two  may  slill  snnlv...  The  last  kninlil  ..f  lli..  iir.l.T  was  ercate.l 
Id  18;I(I.-.I.  I'.  S, 

*  **'riio.'cssj..ii  .>f  lliis  t.'rrit.iry  I.i  S|.iiiii  iv;i^  mil  |ii...'l:iiiii.'.l  in 
Now  Orleans  lill  il.l..h..r,  ITU  I."  .l/.i-7,..'<  lli'l"'-,/ .,/  /.i.i.r.Miii.i, 
vol,  i.  |i.  mIi'>. 

*  "  In  III.'  r..l|.iivitii;  |iiirii)(ni|ili  llii'  r.Miii.lali.Hi  i.f  Si.  I. .mis  ir. 
llMDKely  a«.'iili.'.|  l.i  Si.  An;;.':  'I'iiil  n.in'rnininl  lu'lni;  es 
t%blishi'.|  iin.l.'r  the  niilli'.rily  .if  (treat  llrilain,  a  lew  innnllis 
•flMr,  hi  the  iMim,  St.  Ani;e,  the  t'rcneh  .'.iniinan.laiil  there, 
OfMted  tile  .Mis.s|ssl|.|ii  with  n  nnniher  nf  liix  I'.iunlryineii,  wh.i 
«4|l|  .lesininii  In  I'.ill.iw  the  white  Ihi);,  nn.l  Ini.l  the  fciiin.liilli.il 
of  Iho  Inivii  .il'  St.  I.iitiis,  ivhi.'h,  with  that  ..f  Ste.  (ienevieie,  iviis 
rtl»Briit  si'iil.'iiienis  111'  Iho  .'.imiiry  imw  kn.iwn  n*  tlie  Stale  .if 
MI(H<>uri."'— .l/.n-(Mi'»  //.»(.. I'l/  ,./' /.i.,.i'.i.iii.i,  v.il.  i.  |i.  :iiO. 

*  "A  few  veais  all.'r  lhi>  liiiiii.|>iii..n  .if  SI.  I..>iiis  ii  hainl  .if 
MiS.lly  In.liuiis  was  |i.'rinilli'.|  t.i  sellh'  at  Ihe  l.iwer  eii.l  .if  the 

ij^Bimi.'  r.'W  yi'urs  al'lrr  (  Klilli,  a  liainl  .il  I'.'.iria  lii'liiins  .ih- 
tatic'l  |'eriiii''>i..ii  I.I  hull. I  a  i  illa^.'.  an.l  tliey  .li.l  hiiil.l  .ine 
jiliiilily  where  ,ln.li;e  Il.'iit's  hnii-p  n.iw  slioels;  lui.l  in 
'  tiin.'s  Ihi-.  prairie  nr  ...inmiiii  liel.l  wa>  .'nlle.l  '  I'riiir'e  .In 
Tttttgo  Sainane.'  Aiimifl."  I'll. nilean,  .lime  .'I,  ls:'a,  Ihini'- 
U^lei,  i.il.  ii.  |i.  7. 

*Jj»|ilisle  lliviore  iil.-.i  s|i.'nks  of  'Ihe  lii.liun  lillaifo  wli.'re 
JTMlfe  Hem  n.in  lives.'— July  !!»,  IH:'i),  //mhC,  Minulc;  viil.  il. 


tiict.  may  have  heen  one  of  tlie  rea.sons  that  led  to  the 
.seleulioii  of  the  site.  Jealousy  of  an  invasion  of  their 
herita;;e  iiiiL'ht  have  incited  the  natives  to  hostilities 
fatal  to  the  helpless  colony. 

''The  Illinois  Indians  claimed  to  he  the  owners  uf 
the  Lfi'ouiid  on  which  St.  Louis  stands.'  Hut  they 
never  ilisturhed  (hi'  French  settlers,  and  never  de- 
manded reiuuneration  lor  the  occiipaiiey  of  their 
land. 

"  Yet  even  the  ri'motencss  of  th.'  Imliaii  villie^es 
'lid  not  wholly  exempt  the  cnlonists  from  savau'c  an- 
noyance. Ilaviiii;  hearil  of  the  presence  of  Freiieh- 
men  in  their  country,  a  liaml  of  alnnit  .me  hundred 
.Nlissouri  warriors,  with  several  hundri'l  women  and 
cliildreil,  came  ilowii  to  the  sottleinenl.  The  dale  of 
their  arrival  was  Oct.  Ill,  ITlit.  The  iisi..|i>il)le  nli- 
ject  of  the  visit  was  to  prncnre  a  supply  of  provisions. 
The  food  irivcn  for  the  purpose  of  eouciliatiii'i  the 
savaires  |ii'ove.l  a  'laii'.r''roiis  ._'ift.  Th.'  visit. irs  were 
so  dclii;hteil  with  the  hospitality  of  their  r.c.'piiou 
that  they  avowed  a  ilet  'rmination  nev.'r  to  l.'.iv.'  ih.'ir 
ficneroiis  entertainers.  For  a  wliil.'  lii.,;iicsl  nicl  by 
pacitic  measures  to  rid  himsilf  ol  his  troiilil.'soine 
);uests.  11.'  was  then  di5:i.'inL:  a  cllar  lor  his  new 
hou.se.''  The  s.piaws  were  employed  in  making  the 
e.xeavalioii.  Thi'y  i-arrii'il  away  the  din  in  woialen 
platli'is  aii'I  baskets.''  It  was  Imped  that  ih.'ir  aver- 
sion to  steady  ivork  woul'l  induce  them  to  leave  the 
place,  but  the  wa;_'cs  wliieh  lli.'V  rciciv.d  recoii.iled 
thein  to  their  labor.  The  warriors  wmild  nut  work. 
Larceny  was  their  only  rcL'iilar  iiidii~lry.  The  temp- 
tation for  them  to  .steal  whatever  they  coiiM  lay  their 
hands  iiii  was  too  f:reai  for  siieeessfiil  resistance.  At 
li'liiith  the  patience  of  l,i;:uest  became  exiiailsted. 
.Sceini;  no  jirobabiliiy  nf  their  voluntary  d.'partiire.  ho 
trieil  the  virtue  of  intimidalTon.  lie  threateiied,  in  the 
event  that  they  did  not  at  once  retire  from  the  vil- 
lii};e,  to  briiij;  over  the  French  troops  that  were  sta- 
tioned at  Fort  'li'  Charlri's  and  expel  them  by  force 
of  anus.  Th.'  menace  pr.  v.  J  ''ll'ective.  luln.tatitly 
the  Indians  withdrew,  and  never  a^ain  inolestc.l  the 
settlers,  llelieved  at  last  of  this  source  of  solicitude, 
Ijaeli'de  at  once  retiiriieil  to  Fort  de  Ohartres  to 
superintend   the  removal  of  bis  merchandise.      A  de- 


'  "  llnnl's  Minul.'^  ml.  i.  p    |ii7." 

^  ••  K.ir  several  y.'iirs  l,it,'t.'.ii''s  was  ihe  ..iily  h.nise  that  liail  a 
cellar." 

II  "  lliivinK  remaino.l  hen'  lifleen  .lays,  in  th.'  .■. iiir.se  .il  whieli 

I  lia.l  Ihu  ..'etlar  .it'  the  li.iii.su  wlii.-h  ive  were  i.i  liiiil.l  .liii;  hy  the 

n. linen  an.l  .'hihlreii.      I   gave  tlioni,  in  |iayineiit,  veriiiili.xi, 

I   Hwls,  itn.l  ver.lii;ris,     'I'hoy  .Iiik  llie  largest  part  nf  il,  an.l  .'nr- 

rieil  Ihe  earth  in  wnmlon  platters  nn.l  liaskels,  which  they  horo 

'  .111  their  hea.ls."— /I,  ('/iiiii(>.<ii'«  Jouninl. 


ro 


niSTOKV    OF   SAINT    LOUIS. 


Biro  fo  ilisiiic  llic  Siilcty  ni'  liis  ;_'(hm1s  Wiis  tint  Ills  oiilv 
nii>livt>  ill  iirikiii;^  tliis  traiisCcr.  lie  ilisliktil  tlic 
Kii'_-li>li.  ^111(1  iliil  lint  wish  III  lie  (lie  I'l'cijii.'iit  ivcii 
(iC  llicir  I'.ivins.  This  iivor.sioii  Id  tho  IJrilish  t'oslorcil 
thi'  L'liiwiii  111'  the  iiiCaiit  ■ii'llli'inciit.  The  Si'vcii 
Yoars'  War  in  lMirii|n'  hail  icci'iitly  chiscd,  Inn  tiic 
bitli^nirss  111'  I'l'i'liiiL'  which  il  cxi'il.cil  still  [x^rvadi'il 
tho  coliiiiics  iil'lhi'  N'i'W  W'orhl.  The  I'oaw  nf  I'aiis 
cliaiiiri'il  ihi'  IkiiiikIs  lit'  ciiiiiiro  in  Aiin'iiea  as  well  as 
in  Kiini|ii'.  liy  tins  n'ailjiislnii'iil  nl'  iilipi'iial  limits 
nil  111"  liiiiiisiana  Iviiii;  nu  tin?  oast  siih-  nl'  tlii'  Mis-is- 
sip|ii.  with  the  siiii,'ii'  i'.\ci']itiiiii  nl'  ihn  islaiiil  nl'  Nm 
Orleans,  hi'caini'  a  ili'iii'iiili'iify  nl' (iri'at  Britain.  Hiii 
tin;  French  roiileiits  of  M.islirii  liimisiana  iiniitr- 
nniilly  resentnl  th,'  tniM>i'ei.  They  [ird'erieil  In 
iilianiliiM  theii'  hniiii's  rathi'  ihaii  lucnnie  siihjecls  nl' 
the  Hritish  cinwii.  When,  in  .Innc.  17(11.  in  aeennl- 
aiiee  with  till'  instnii-tinii^  nf  (Jnveriinr  ir.Mnr];.., 
M.  lie  \'illier^.  the  la»l  l-'niich  ciiiiiiiriinlaiil  nl'  the 
illiiinis  ciiiintiT.  williilrew  I'lnni  the  |iii)viiice  in  aii- 
ticipatinn  nf  the  arrival  nl'  the  Hiii;lisli  fnrce^.  niaiiv 
Fri'iiili  rainilies  rrmn  h'nrt  ile  ( 'hailies.  St.  I'liili|ipe. 
and  I'rairie  du  Uneher  acennipaiiied  him  in  New 
( dleaiis.  Others,  entertainiie/  the  errniirnns  lieliel' 
that  the  \ve~t  hank  was  still  a  part  nl'  the  l''n  iieli 
elMpire.  went   In  St.  Lnuis.' 

"  Il  is  slated  that  the  immi'/ratits  I'min  ijlinni.-  \m n- 
sn  ;ilai'iiieil  liy  the  visit-  nC  the  Mis.snliri  Indians  in 
the  fall  nf  ITtil  that  they  lied  tn  the  last  side  nl'  th. 
Mississijipi.  'I'heir  lliudit  reduced  the  nilmiy  til  its 
oriirinal  nninln'r.  Hut  al'ier  the  wiilidrawa!  nl'  the 
IndiaMs  the  .-M'tllei-,  reasMirid  nf  sal'etv,  relurned  In 
Si.  liimi-. 

"The    linliiiis    ;ilsii    lilted  I  he  stnrii  and   iiiiperimis 

fiharacter  nt'tlie  l']ii^di>h,  and  i sei|Uently  translerred 

In  Si.  I,llui^  a  laiL'e  pari  nl'  the  I'lir  trade  wliiidi  they 
had  liiniierly  carried  nii  with  h'liit  de  Chartres.  Kiis- 
ka-kia.  and    Calinkia.      This   eiiiiiliinatinii    nl'  ciii-iiin- 

'  .Mr.  I'.illiirt  -  null':  ■•  It  \va»  nut  iiiilil  Ilic  ni>»-  nl'llic  rissii.n 
lit  till- i':i^t  -iilii  t<i  llii>  Kiidlisli  mil  iiimli'  kiinnii  In  ihin  h|i|i('i 
1  iinilrv.  iinl  a  Irw  |m'I"'iiiiii  lia>l  I'm-mul  rrmn  llic  oilier  fiJi'  in 
I  Till  nil  III-  invjlalinn.  Unit  l.iifli'ilii  bi-);iiii  lii>t  to  i-iini-iivi'  llii- 
jiii'ii  111  :i  vili.i^i  ii|irinj;tnir  up  ni'iiiiiiil  lii.<  tl'ailiii^-|in.'i|  (:ik  uiiii 
till'  eiiyu  with  III!  Ilio  ntliiT  villajri'."  In  tliia  \vi'.«ti'rii  rc){iiin  iit  llml 
iMirly  iliiv,  llii'V  iiri|;inalui|  rillii-riii  trinjin;;  jiiwl.'^  or  iiiii<.>iiiiiitiry 
I'UliililiKliaii'nt-i.  Ill'  |in'pureil  iiin  |il:il  for  lii-  villatfr  liilc  in 
I7iil  liii'rliaii*  ITll.'ii.      rin're  wen'  al   tlial    tiiiin   Inil   miiiii'  li'n 

or  Iwi'in'  iiwlii'i.lii.'il.i  ihiii  liiul  |.ii.M> M  of  IniK.  «,,  iiMiKi'il  mi 

th<-  plat. 

■■  lliil  in  I."  fiillouiiiK  .M'lir  ilTi'iii  im  hir^;!)  a   niiinln'r  I'liiiii' 
iirrii-1  IV'iiii  llir  iilliiT  liilo  mill  Imilt  mi  InU  iiH.-iirni'il  Ihi'iii  n'r 
ball.v  li_v  I.iimV  If.  tli:ii    in   Ilic  oiirlv  part  nf  llio  follnwiii);  yciir, 
I7'l<l,  till'  »y»iiiin  of  rui'onlinK  i'oiii'i'--iiin(i  «.i'  ■'•liiblisln'il.  ami 
Ilii-  liriil  mill  iii.ini'il  April  Ti.  ITIiii. 

"So    tlitit    in   tlii'M'   Irtii  years   tin"  pli .ipriiiiir.  ll^'   il  ivi'iii, 

iiliiiii.''t  .-il  oiici-  iiitn  ipiiti-  il  villiiiri'." 


stances  sn  materially  increased  the  |inpnlatiiiii  ,„ , 
hiisiiic.us  III'  St.  Lnuis,  that  the  villaire  hecaine  in  il, 
lirsl  year  nf  its  life  niic  nf  the  must  impnrtatil  p  ,  . 
in  npjier  Lnnisiamt.' 

"St.  Lnuis  snnn  liecaiiic  the  ireriii  nf  iitlicr  si  ii!,. 
liienls.  ('arnnilelel,  St.  Charles,  Bniihiimine,  Fl  ,ri. 
siinl,  and  l'nrta;/e  dcs  Siimx  ari;  the  nflsprintr  nl'  tl,. 
fruitful  yniinir  cnlniiy. 

•'In  a  letter  dated  the  -Jlst  nf  April.  ITl'il  • 
Kiiiir  nf  France  officially  annnunced  tn  M.  i\' \\  ,.' 
the  ( Jiivernnr-deiicral  nf  the  jirnviliic  nf  liinii  n 
thai  by  the  seerel  treaty  (if  I7(i2  the  i.shiiid  nl  \, 
Orleans,  and  all  nf  llii!  French  tcrrilnry  nn  th.  u,, 
side  nf  the  .AIi-.~is>ippi,  had  heen  ceded  In  S'  i;. 
When,  in  the  fnllnwiiiL'  Oetnlier,'  this  clian;:e  nl  i 
'_'iance  was  prnclaimed  In  the  jienple  of  Lnili-i, 
there  was  a  sudden  and  vinleiit  niilhui'st  of  |  :|l 
ii"|i"ii:niiiii  The  eili/i'iis  dennllllced  with  liittn  . 
eraiimi  the  dastardly  impnlicy  nf  the  French  iiin>  , 
who  had,  liy  this  in^lnriniis  act  nf  surrender,  alir;, , 
Inval  siilijeets  and   reliiiipii-hed  a  nia^.'iiiliceiit  en,! 

^Vlu'ii.  in  til iiirse  nf  time,  the  news  reached  I  | 

Lniiisiana.   this   feeliiin    nf   pulilie   dis-ati>l'actiiiii 
ciptally  intense.       .\ii    active  np[(nsiliiiii  tn  the  i  ii ,  . 
nf  dnniiiiatinii   wa-    ni  jaiii/.id.      Spain.  I'earim;    irii 
ii-i-taiice  In  its  aiithnrity,  re-nrted  In  amicalil"  in 
iires.   and    deferred    the    e.\ercise    nl     it.-    snvii    !, 
I  InViTiii'l'  d  .Miadie  died    Fell.    I.  ITl'."!.  and  it  «:,-  . 
that  niiii'liliealinii  at  his   inahility  In  cNccule  tin 
inaiids  nf  his  inval  master  hastened  his  death  ' 


-'  "'fill'  ftati'ini'ill  III"  (iay. ii'ii-  '  lli^tnry  of  l.oili^iali  i . 
|i.  'J;i  I  Iti:tt  St.  I.niiii  iMiiIiiiurit  nn!_\  Ii fi  \  nin'  inti.e.  : 
I  7i''.i  ill  I'li'.iily  wroni;. 

"In   lii- '  lli^tn|•y  of   l.oui'iiiiei,'  vol.   ii.   p.  :.',  .1  iiif;.    \i 
-:i\«,  '<ini-  nf  till'  lir>t  iii'l-  of  ll'ltniliy'-  ailniinisliali'ii  i 
onlrr  for  a  I'l-n-^iii-  of  llii'  inlniliilaiitii  of  N'rw  <lrli-aii.>. 
I'l'nsiii  WHS  laKi'ii  in  tin*  rrit  nf  liii'  provirii'i',  Init   frin-i 

I'li'i'  to  till'  firirt'ttih^i  mill  sill iliiii:  yi'in  •^.  tin'  fnllni.  u 

inriit  i-  lii'lit'M'il  to  111' I'ori 1." 

"  In  tliii  lalili'  appimli'il  liy  Hayi'i  n-  ri;;lii  liiiinlri'il  :ih  I 

mil-  i-  iriM'll  IIS  till'  Upprn\illl;ltr  pnplllatinti  lit  .'^1.  1. 1  111  I- 
■■   Il    Willi ll-l'ivi'il     tll:lt     till'    .■nMllii'tillH    I'l't  llllil ' .  ■ 

till'  siiiiii'  yi'iir. 

"  l-'riiin  till'  list  of  only  tliosr  ill  tia  llii  mill  ulin^c  iijiim  - 

li.i.-   pr r\i'<t,  anil   tinin   tlii'  iiiiinlicr  >>{'  Ints   assi^in' I 

i'ltllills  Ixlinwii  In  iiiiw   l>i-i'ii    Imilt    ill    Kill   aiiil   ITlil',  Il  :- 
wrlain  llial  tlu'  popiiliilinii  of  St.  I.niii-  in  llii'  liittii   >■ 
not  liiiic  bi't'ii  li'i-  t.liiin  fivo  linniln-il." 

'  "  liiyiirn  's  History  of  l.oiiisiiina,  vol.  ii,  p.  11". 

*  •  .Martin'-  lli'tory  of  lioiiinlanii,  vol.  i.  p.  JI.'UI." 

'  "li.iyiiiri's  llislory  of  l.ouiiiianii,  vol.  ii.  piijji'  III 

*  Mr.  IliMon's  imli':   " 'I'lir  ('I'svion  fioin  Friuu'i'  to  S|  in 
frmii  Nov.  .(,  ITli'J.  iiiiil  tin*  iirriviil  of  I'llon  lit  New  H:  . 
ri'ii'im  piissi'ssimi,  Mareli  a,  ITtld,  lliifi'  yiars  nnil  li^'l  ' 
alti'r  I  111!  I'l'Miiiii.      Wliy  lliis  iiinft  lii'lny  nf  llie  Spiiiii' 
It  wiiiiM  M'l'in   III*   il   111-  ivfirc  in   tin   hurry  In  arofpi  im 
I'li'phiint.' 


C 
I 

o 

II 

n 
a 

ol 
Vi 

u 

F^ 
nn 
ord 
hoi 
<e« 
put 

•  XII 

of  I 
by  I 
tho 
tek< 
oucli 
do  I 
(I 

I'roi 
nftei 
Attb 
•0901 

"1 

Kanl< 
inhkl 


bard 
thN« 

lOMlt 

eliaw 
in  the 
»n 
tb«ni 

tlM^I 


•oMiir 

""it- 


Till",    FOUNDING    OK   SAINT  LOUIS. 


71 


■d    llii'    iinlHilaliiiii     III 
,•  vill.i'-'i'   lii'i'imic  ill  ill 

■     IllO-<t     illl|lllllillll    I'    .     ■ 

|i(>  L'criii  111'  olluT  M  ii' 
l,.s.    [{iintioiiimi',    l''l  Ml- 
ari!  til''  iill>iii"mi:  <>l'  ili- 

l<t  (if  Aiiril.  ITi'il    ' 

|,,llMCI-ll    1(1    M.  il'Al    rl 

i.  |iriiviiici'  111'  I'""'  " 
ITl'ili  llic  i.~l:iii<l  "I  "^ 
icli  Icrrildi-y  (ill  ill'  > 
1  liccii  ccdcil  t(i  S;  ii' 
,1ht.'  llii-*  cliiiii:-''^  "'  ' 
lu'  \>e>'\>\i'  <it'  I'l'ni-  ' 
,,l,.|il  iiilll)lil'>'  "I'  1  '■ 
IciKmiio'ii  witli  111"'  ' 

y  .il'tlic   riviicll  lll'iiii 
;,it  (irsmri'iiiltT,  iili' 
1i,m1  a  ina^iiiilicciit  cu.i 
'.  I  lie  news  rcaclu'(l  I  ] 
imlilii'   (lissiti>riifli(':i 
,-  (i])j)iisitiiiii  li'  til'"  ' '" 
,.,1.     S|miii.  I'faviii'-'    im 
i(-(iil(il  t'l  amicaWi'  111 
,,|-,.isi:    (if    ilf-    siivcv  i: 
•li.  I.  ITt'i-').  ami  il  "i-  • 
iliility  1(1  cxci'iiii'  ''■■ 
liaslctic'l  lii~  ilcalli  ' 


lli-t,,iv  111'  l.^.iii-i.iii 

.iii\  r.iiv  "lie  iii'ii'' ' 
V..I.  il.  |..  •-'.■I'"';'  ^1 

Ucilly'^  iiiliiiiiii'lni'i""  " 
iin.lw  (if  New  ilrlcaii-. 
Iw  |ii(i\iiicc.  'ml  'I'"" 

,|i,|..-  vcid-.  Ill'-  fHlloi.ih 


,!■,  liilii  liiiiHlrfiliiii  I 

„,|,„l;,li„lllll    .-=1.    I.'llli-       ' 

.■,,nllii-liii>!  ci'lii 


iiliilMliiiii-  «li"-<'  "■'""  ■ 

iinilinr  "f  I"!"  ("""it^"'  ' 

il,   i„    \7tl..  ini.l  ITi'ii'.  " 

-I.  l...iii-  in  llic  liitlci  >■ 

:.illill..  vol.  ii.  y.  11 II.- 
Miunii,  V..1.  i.  !■•  :<:''•'•" 
liHliiiia,  w.l.  li.  |iii|;>'  1" 

i^Hidii  riciii  I'liiiio'  •"  'I' 

.;v„|  ,.r  111(111  111  N''«  "■ 
M,,  lliicf  yiivri"  »'"'  "■'--" 
„tv.  (Iclny  (if  tliB  Siiiiiii' 
II,   ni>  liiin-v  I"  iici'cl'l  '" 


k   "  .\l    rn>t    nil  (iri;iiiiiz('il    I'lT I'  i  ivil  ■.•umi-iiiiu'iiI 

;|j»iHtcil  ill  St.  I.iiiiis.    Tlic  few  ii Ii.inic.'*  1  Ihiiii.is 

irilii   acciilii|ialii(Ml    Liiclcdi'  wcic   lidiind    Id   r'lfli  n'lu'l' 
,^y   III!'    lies    (if  |i(i|-Sdiial    II  iciiiUlii|'   and  cdiiiiiidii    in 
JlBrc.-l.-^.      Tdi'    rcstniiiil.'-   nf    law    were    imt    iici-il d    Id 
.jbri'scivc  ptililii'  (irdcr. 

•' Ilidiii|icrial  cliailci-  ddiilitli--  vi-lcd  in  I,i'.;iic-l 
difcrclidiiarv  |id\V('is  dl'  udVcriiiiicnl.  I'Hl-  unwilling' 
to  tran-n'iid  iIk^  ('.\(iri'^-i  |iri\  il('.:c  nf  liis  inv  il  lii'cn.-c. 
liii_'iii-i  |ircrciT('d  Id  dcvdic  lii-^  attciiiidii  (■.xclu^ivcly 
to  lii-  inirianlili'  iiitcicsl.--.  ln.|is|idM'(i  tn  as>iitiic  )id 
lilical  rcs|idii-iliilily.  lie  cxi'icixMl  mity  llmsc  civil  rune- 
t|oii.>  llial  were  I'sx'niial  In  llir  wcHiil'c  ni'  lii-i  ilil'aiil 
Ool'iiiv-  Il  "••1^  inili<|^"ii-al'li'  llial  tlic  ■(.■lllcis  -limild 
have  a  tide  1(1  llic  ui'diiiid  (111  wliicli  llicy  liiiill  llniv 
Odbiiis.  .\cc(iiiliiii;ly  l,aclci|c  c|-aiilc(l  alldliiicnts  dl' 
laJDil.  "illi  llic  riillil  dl'  ii-ii'  iiiilil  llii'  inclidatc  claiiii 
W«fi  I'dnliniicil  iiv  an  aiitlciiiiy  cdiii|iclciil  In  ciinlcr 
a  full  litlc. 

"  I?iil  llic  accc.'^.'-idii  dl'  iniiiiiL;i,'iiil>  was  'jr.idiiaily 
oh.  ii'-'iii'-  iIk'  I'diidilidii  dl'  llic  yiMiii'.^  M'lilcmciil. 
When  .M  he  NcVdii  cV!iciiat('(l  Kurt  <li"  Cliartrcs.  .June 
16,  17»ll.'  he    Cdnlidcil    Id    Si.    .\li-c  (I.-    licllciivc    llic 

"lI'Aliii'lif  Kil-  ll'il  (iiivcrliur.  Ilu  was  ii|i|i(iiiil('i|  bv  llm 
FmbcIi  kin^'.dV.  /    t'f  Inil  cclcd  llic  coiMiliy  hi  .-|.iiiii.  siiii|p|v 

A*    diruoldl-   ;;clicllll     1(1    SllpCI-O.lc    (cIVi'llKir    KcilciC-.   vvll..    Wiis 

orderi'(l  to  Kniinc  l<i  itivc  nn  iicciiiiiil  (if  \i\>  ii<!iiiini.'lnili''n,  iiii  I 
hold  tlio  (■i.iiiiliy  (III III  llic  iinlviil  of  tlic  .■<|ninisli  In  rccci\c  |iii.<- 
WmIoii,  011(1  I"  ic'liii'C  'lie  iiiililaiy  (•-lMlili."liiiii'iil  I"  rcnir  fom 
(nntn  m/  d"'   ('<". 

"It  (»«..(  iialdially  i'ii|i|ih-c1  IIikI  lie  S|iaiii«ll,  ilnililliliL'  lln' 
exnmjile  (il  flic  liiili-li,  wlio  In-l  ici  lime  in  laliiic;  |....,.'(--i.iii 
of  tlmir  iidili'  II  (if  llic  ce^>i(iii  liclnw.  aii<l  were  mily  incvcnlcl 
by  the  liiiKliiiii  (if  the  N'ati'lic/.  Irilic  ot  licliaii-  I'liiiii  a.-ccii  liir^ 
the  rivor  id  nccivc  llicii  porlion  nt'  llii'  ii|i|ici  i(';.'i'iii,  noiilil 
takerarlr  |id.-ni'.i.:idti  df  .New  drlciin^'  and  the  di.'iiict  orcdinilry 
ooded  Id  Ih.'iii  lirl.iw,  liiil  il  Kccinn  llicy  ivrc  in  ti"  linny  Id 
do  SO. 

"'While  iiwallin!;  Ilicir  aniinl.  .\li.  d'.Mia'lic.  a  l'aii'ii|d' in 
Frencluiiaii,  Icll  a  viclim  in  Ihc  climalc,  and  died  I'd..  I,  ITf.'., 
ItflW  a  rc'idi  rue  in  I  he  place  nl' but  twenty  mdiilhs,  and  ('.ipliiin 

Aubry.  (if  llie   l-'rcncli   i(':.rnlar*.  Ill ni(ir  dtliccr  in  the  place. 

taoaecdeil  in  ihc  cdim |,|. 

"In  the  mean  lime,  the  dclav  nl'  llic  Spanish  in  lakinjj  pur- 
KMlion  leiidvd  lar;;cly  In  8trcii>;llien  Ihc  pnpuhir  hcliel'  dl'  llie 

inhabitant!!  heliiw,  that  Ih idii  td  .-ipnin  was  hnl  a  t pniiiry 

nwaWire  liir  pnlitieal  roa.sdiic,  an  I  that  hcl'drc  l(in«  llicy  wimld 
btlMrnccdcd  Id  Kiiiiicc;  ;ind  ■.vlicii  i  \ cnlnally,  al'icr  excccdiin; 
thlMyoai.-'  <l(dny,  llhia  did  iippe.ir,  nlihdii^h  iin  nppn.'itidii  was 
mll4f  In  his  landing;  with  hi>  Iwi.  .■dtiipallicH.  yet  the  Krelleh  dc- 

eliaad  m  make  in  him  c  rdiiiiiil  iiansi'ci-  nf  the  pi ■  as  is  usual 

In  thesR  i-asi  s,  :in<l  I'llna  wnnid  inn  iix-nnic  iho  respiinsiliilily  nl' 
•odi»viirin^'  In  take  a  rdi-,-ililc  p..s»efiddii.  This  diday  Ic'l  Id 
lh»J|»ll"!(i|iicni  h-diildc-  hcldW,  whiidi  i-csultcil  -d  disiuHlnni-ly  fdi- 
tllf^rcni'h  pnpnlalidii  i.f  the  place." 

l-^j^'e^dn  (Ic  Villicrs,  whn  liaci  the  cdinniand  .if  ilf   Illiici- 


iiii|idilaiil    duly    dl'  ..^iiirciKlciiiij    ilic   cduntrv    Id   the 
MiiLili^li   aiitliorilics.      Tlic  |.riiici|.al  linl.s  tn  lie  dcliv 
crcd  Id  tlic  I5iiii-.li  wci-c  I'cinia.  dii  tlic  llliiidi..s  Uivcr; 
.Maisiac.'dii  tiiclMiiii;  and  Vincciinc.-*,  dii  tlic  Waliasli. 
.\  I'dll  (III  tlic  ( IsiL'c  lti\cr  aii(|  aiidllici  (in  tlic  i\aiisa.<, 

alidiit  Idiir  liiindrcd  miles  lidiii  tlic itli  (il'llic  Nlis- 

Millli.  tlidii'jli  iidt  cdiii|iiiscd    ill    llic   Iciiildiy  ceded  to 

tlic  l''.ii'jli>li.  were   alxi   included  in  tl der  nl'  cvai.'- 

iiatidii. 

••  St.  .Vnuc  willi  line  c;i|itaiii.  two  liciilen.ini-.  and  a 
cdlli|iany  nl'  Idiiy  nicii.  iiinaiiied  in  clialee  cf  llic 
piisl  until  tlic  aiiival  nl  llie  Itritisli  trdd|i-.  On  tlic 
lOtli  dl'  Oi  tdlni .  ITi;,'),  Si.  .\iiv.'e,  in  llic  iialiic  id" 
llic  Kiicj  (if  l''ranec,  delivered  tc  ("a|.i.  Sieilin.-.  the 
accrediled  cdiuiiiissiiiuef  (if  his  |>iiii>li  iuaii'>lv.  liu- 
iiial  |idssessiiiu  (if  the  llliiidis  idunliy.  Sudii  after 
ihe  act  (if  Iraiisl'ei-  St.  .\n'_'c  withdrew  his  ei.uiiienid 
Id   ."St.   liiiui^.'      The  iircscn I    an    iiiddlcnl    sdhiierv 


ft,  idiandoiicd  II  on  the  I'ltli  nf  .lime,  ITl'il,  and 

'  liilcans  on  the  2(1  of  .Inly  with  ni.t  othoprs,  i-Lxly-tli 
ir»,  and  eighty  nf  thit  liihahitiinls,  ineliidiii^  w.. 


//■■.((..•./  .,/•  /,. 


-'■  I'dll  .Maisiac  Midi  Mi-snc.  imr  Mii--.iitc  ."  .N  ■■■llit'n 
/.•.,"..'.  p.  :■.'. 

'•rhdntian  i  in  his  innrnal  •  calls  ii  .\Iiirsiiii|iie.  Slnihlai  I  lli». 
Ini'y  nt'  l.diii.'iiina,  p.  L'i>l,  say.'  the  Imi  wii-  iianicd  .M.i->:i<-  in 
cdniinciiidriitinn  nf  iin  Indian  ina^sucre.  Maitin'-  'tli-iniynt' 
l.nnisiana,'  \  nj,  i.  p.  :i;;:l.  ii-scrls  that  the  tort  was  styled  .M.i-sno 
in  hdiinrdf  itscniiiniandcr,"—  l/'di,//r'«  t/imtnrif  ui'th'^  Mi--<i-''<if,pi 
\;,ll,;i.  Kil.  i.  p.   |sii. 

-'I'apl.  i'lttiinin  -l.ilc-  llial  Ihc  -nrniiclci'  in.di  place  nn  the 
'.'litli  df  Itctdhei'.  lint  llie  Imh  (d'ocldhcr,  ;{iv('ii  nn  ihc  iinllidr- 
ity  (if  Davidsnii  and  ."^liivc,  "  llislniy  id'  Illin"is,"  p  lii.',  i^ 
priiliality  thu  cnrrcci  -lufc.  An;:,  t'linnlciui  *taic^  that  St.  \n:.'(( 
and  his  tidcips  rcaidicd  ."'t.  I.nnis  .Inly  IT.  ITii...  — //ck'-  .I/,'ii 
......  vdl.  i    p.  In;. 

*  ■' \ tiditii^  1"  lla\i(ls(in  and  ."^tnic,  *  llistnry  nl    [Iliimis,' p, 

|('.:i,  .si.   \nj{c  I'ctiifd  I'lom   Fnrt  de  Clnirtrc-  with  niily  tHcnly. 
niic  men.  Imt  the  scvcnil  t;ariisnns  under  ihe  chaise  of  Me  Vil 
licrs  (.(iinpriscd  ahnnt  niic  hiin.lrcd  tiieii.     Whi.ii  this  dtVicer  evac- 

(laled  the  illinnis  cnniitiy  sixty  three  .snidicrs  cs led  leiii  tn 

New  iirlciiiis.  The  resl  nf  his  trnnps,  nninlici'in;;  ah.nit  fnrty 
men.  teinpnraiily  ;rnarded  {-'(irl  de  t'hailrc^,  ami  after  its  .siir- 
rciidci  tn  Ihc  I'inirtisli  uccdinpanic'i  St.  .\n^e  Id  .'•1.  I.dtiis." 

Ml.  liillnii's  iidte  :  "('apt.  I.niiis  St.  .An^e  de  Ilcllcrive  win 
a  ('an.nliaii  hy  natiiity.  and  was  ahdiit  .sixty  years  nf  a-.'!*  at 
Ihc  dale  "f  the  transfer  at  KnrI  ( 'hart res,  del. il.cr  In.  ITi'....      He 

had  liccii  in  Ihc  mililnry  scrvi f  |.'iiincc.  in  the  I'.tnada-  iiid 

in  Illiiidls.  tdi-  Mime  Idity  years,  and  liicl  (inly  attained  tlic 
rank  nf  captiiin,  i-rinin.|idii  in  these  Wc-tcrn  wiM-  l.ciii;:  (cry 
sinw. 

"  M'icr  Kiviiij5  piissc-sinii  df  the  n       r  >idi.  In  Ciipl.  Stcilinx 

(III   tl Iin.c  date,  he  c.iine  nvcr  In  St,  Lnuis,  IniiiKin^   with 

liiin  I'apl.  I'riiniiis  de  Vnlsiiy,  l.icnts,  l,nnis  Ihdeslic  and  Ijc- 
fcli\re  licsliiiiissciiii,  Scrircilit.s  Aunnstc  Nii'lndas  Vinceiii  and 
I'ierrc  Moi  lardy,  (nrp'ls  ,lcan  do  l.aKc,  Chinde  'rninii.  I.ain- 
hcri     Itdii   \' III  let,    Itaiiidtits   de    j.inihicrrus.   .lean    t'nnipaiids, 

.1 1  (ilivir,  and  nihcr  »d|.|ici-.  td  the  iinmlicr  nf  alrdiit  iwiiily 

nil  n. 

"'rile   wives  df   I'e  Vnlsav   and    I!ili-t:c   were  nic.'is  nf   <(, 

'd       .Aiitfi.,  dan){hleti' (d   hi'  lirnlhcr  in-law.  Ii(i\crnnr  N'cynii  dc  Vil. 

reii      lierii,  and  were  married  ill  Korl  t'lnirlrcs  prinr  In  ilu.  transfer. 

linn  an  I       It   dnes   nnt  appear   whctlicr  St.    .\ii);e  was  c\  cr   manied.      1 


ii'Hiitiiiif  viil,  ii.  p.  II 


think  imt,  ii"  nn  incntinn   is  fnnnd  nn   ii rd  nf  anv 


^■p 


^vm   I 


!    1.    :l! 


til 


72 


IIISTOHY    OK   SAINT    LOUIS. 


dill  not  iiiipi-ovc  the  iiinriilH  or  triiiii|iiillily  of  tliu  uol- 
ony.  Tlir  iiccil  of  an  nrL'iini/.ril  L'livt'rninrnt  to  re- 
jmi^H  tlio  jirowiiif;  ti'iidoiicieN  to  disurilfr  iiiid  to  |iuiii.sli 
violiilioii.s  (if  tlu!  liiw  li(!caiiii'  inj;i'ii(.  I'lulor  t\w 
stress  of  a  felt  necessity,  and  williout  tlie  .sanction  of 
S|iani>li  uiitliorily,  tlic  ])eo|ile  unanimously  voted  in 
St,  An<;e  I  he  powers  of  eivil  •government  until  the 
arrival  of  liis  liijally  appointed  sueecssor.  It  was 
reasonalily  |iresnined  thai  Spain  would  prouiptly  imi- 
tnte  llie  exiiinple  of  Kni:land  in  takin<_'  possessi(ui  of 
its  newly-ae(|uin'd  territory,  it  wa.s  not  at  all  antici- 
pated that  years  would  ellipse  I m  tore  the  a.s.serlion  of 
tile  Spanish  ri'_'ht  of  sovereif:nty. 

'•St.  Aie_'e  was  iu)W  over  sixty  years  of  au'e.  A 
veteran  in  military  experience.  \\v  lieM  iho  rank  of 
enpl:iin  iu  the  French  .s<;rvice.  lie  was  well  lilted  lor 
the  trust  which  the  |>iililie  voice  h.id  suuinione<!  him 
to  adiniiiisler.  Ili~  practical  wisiloui,  fair  dcaliiiL'. 
ami  natural  tact  alike  endeared  him  to  his  eoiintry- 
lueii  and  to  the  Indians.  His  powei  fol  inlliiriiei'  amoii^ 
the  natives  was  not  at  all  diniinislied  hy  the  kiiowledj;e 
of  his  stron;^  attachinent  to  i'ontiac,  the  lainous  chief 
of  the  Ottawa  Indians.  The  popular  authority  tiiii- 
porarily  conferred  upon  St.  .\iii;e  all  ilo'  powers  that 
le.L'ilinialelv  heloiii;  to  a  (Inveriior.  Itiil  personal 
preleicnci'  restricted  the  e\ecutive  filiielioiis  of  the 
new  imiLristrate  to  the  niainteiMnee  id'  piihlic  order, 
concessions  of  land,  and  the  diiection  of  the  mili- 
turv  department  of  the  •joverDineiit.  If  St.  Ani:e  had 
perliirmed  the  civil  duties  ol'  his  olliei',  the  puhlie 
records  would  near  evidence  of  tlo'  fact.  Itiit  tlii' 
archives  contain  no  lei:al  documents  attesied  hy  St. 
Alifre  lis  acting:  (Jovernor.  Hut  the  civil  functions 
which  .^^.  di'  Uellrrive  declined  to  c.\creise  Were  dis 
<'liar^ed  hy  JmLe  liclchvre  '  and  Joseph  Lalnisciere. 
Lefehvre.  a  native  id'  Kraiice,  had  souuiil  liis  fortunes 
iu  the  .Niw  World.  I)uiin;_'  his  sta\  in  New  Orleans, 
lie  ohtained  (iom  .M.  de  V'audreiiil,  the  (loveriior- 
(Jeiieral  of  Louisiana,  the  firatil  of  an  I'xcltisivc  rij;ht 
(d'tiade  with  the  Indians  of  the  Illinois  district.  He 
came  to  Fort  <le  ("hartres  in  1711.  IhiriiiLr  his  resi- 
dence at  that  post  111'  held  tht^  otlice  of  iMdi;e.' 


cliiM,  iOiil  nil  by  his  will  lie  lift  lii«  |irii|icrt\  In  llic  I'liililnti  iif 
1)0  \'illie?n.  ,*i|,  .Aii);f  ilic'l  I>('''. '_'",  I  77  I.  Jijft'il  ,-ilinrit  [*i'\»;nly 
yt'ur-'.iil  IIh"  Iiou-*!' t>r  .Ml-. 'I'tiiM'o.fi?  ('IiimOimh.  Mmiliwi-^l  .'urjn-r 
of  .Main  aiel  ('lM':'tmii  .Slri-cl-." 

'  ■'  His  full  iiioiiu  Hiis  .l.i-.'|.li  I.i'l.-liirr  il'liif-li  lull   lli-liniis- 

*  .Mr.  Ililliiii's  iiiilu  iif  lliu  I'stublisliiiiviil  <if  lliu  lirsl  ({mmtii- 
iiii  III  : 

".After  Iiiiclo'lo  linil  i^8liilili-hi!<l  liiin'ilf  in  hi."  new  trmling- 
pont  nf.-it.  Ijiiiii",  l)y  (lie  fri'i.'lion  of  liin  liuililiii;;^  in  li'il,  ilur- 
in>;  lilt)  iiro'^rosy  of  wliicli  he  hud  i>\tcnilt'il  ii  f^eni-riil  invitn- 
tiiin  III  all  tlioau  on   Ihu  olhor   ^i>li'   ili.^rnliKliiil   nt   Ihii   iiii'ii  of 


"  tlo.seph  Lahusciert!  came  to  the  Illinoin  eoiiiiii; 
from  Canada.  At  lAnt  de  (Miartres  he  fullowed  il, 
vocation  of  notary  and  scrivener. 

'•These   Krenehiiieii,  shnrini^'  the  antipathy  wliii 

tiring  tnin^t'i'iri'i)  In  ii  nation  thi'V  lim)  for  loii^  yt-iint  )>  \ 
U)ion  1114  tlirir  liiTt'ilitary  ineinii-t*,  ani)  tii-rutii-ri  in  roll^i':i.' 
I'onif  oMT  anil  lo  lilt'  on  IIoh  t-u\i\  aiol  Iniil  laiil  out  liis  )il;.r  . 

Id.*  |iro-i llvt*  \illai;f,  a  liir^fr  iinnila-r  from  Ihc  st'tth'im  i  ■- 

tliiit  -^iih',  UK  woll  iiH  a  loiinlirr  from  .-"U-.  Ilrncvioic  aiid  \ 
OrloaiH.  caiiH'  to  llii<  )>laia<  in  17ll.'i,  in  wliich  year  il  ^|Ma  .- 
almii.-t  lit  once. 

"  l.ai'li'ilc.  Iiy  virt'ir  of  thr  liren'r  (J'anlril  him  hy  Ihi'l  .i 
anthoriliis  hcluw  to  si'lii't  hi- own  point  lor  liiri  Iioliaii  '  i 
\\)\n  I'oii-iiliM'iMl  )>y  all  those  wlio  eiiine  to  si-ttle  aronii'l  I  i 
llir  li'^ral  |iro|irii'lor  of  the  new  |ilnfi',  ami  all  );runlH  of  lot  u 
niieie  hy  him  for  a  tiniii  verhally. 

'•  Amoni{  the  first  of  thosi' wli inii' loiT  from  Fori  i      ,it 

Hori'  .losi'|ili  I,«fohvro  irinifli'ii'rt  Ilrshriiissi'iin  lui'l  I 
l.iiliiisi'ii'rii.  Till'  I'ormur  hail  hren  a  priiniiiiPiit  inun  in 
■  lay.  .\  unlive  of  Kranec,  he  IniJ  oiiiiie  U|i  friiin  New  Hi,. 
in  tile  year  17  1 1,  witli  full  authority  from  Itiuernnr  \*ai  i 
for  the  e\i'ln-i\  e  triiile  wiih  the  liiilian.- of  the  lllinoi,<r.  .i 
anil  for  a  nnmlier  of  years  siih-er|iienlly  hail  "erveil  in  lin' 
[iiieily  of  jii'lj;!,' Ill  Fort  I'harlres.      Iiieij  .An;:.  I.'»,  ITIili. 

".lose|ih  l.iihuMiiere  was  a  lawyer  atnl  notary,  slyliii,' 1 
self  the  Kin;;'s  |ii-iieiiri-nr  i  attorney},  ami  a|ipears  to  Imi\.  ■ 
a  \  er\   ini)i<>rtaiil  |iersonaj;e  in  tiie  ineipieney  ol' the  villi,' 

•■Aller  I'apl.  Si.  \ni;e  hail  translerreil  the  eoniilrv  .  i; 
other  siile  to  ('apt,  .'slerliiiK  "t  "»•  I'ritish  army,  on  1 1. 1 
I  7ti'i,  lie  erosseil  o\er  to  lid-  siile  w  ilh  Ids  remaining;  iiiiii. :. 
Iierin^j' alioiit  Iweiit;. .  >liseh:tr;;iii;;  the  various  funetioii-  mi  . 
relary.  iiolary.  seiilie,  ete. 

'•  It   is  slateil   ill   some  of  the  annals  of  the  other  m'Ii'' 
after   llie   ileaili   ot   raplain   .'s|erlin:{,    li  ss   than   three   m.  • 
iitti-r  he   was   I'laeeil   in   pnsfiesMion  of  Fort  Clmrtre.s,  si.  ,\: 
at    the   reijiiesi   of  the   people  there,  went   over  anil   t>.  .Iv  ' 
porary   eiiininaiel    in    lleeemhir,    I7l'i.i,   nnlil    the   new    I: 
eoiiiiiiaiiiliint,  .Major  Friizer,  slmiilil  arrive.     There  is  n  .  [. 
lo  iloiilii  the  eoi  rei-tniiss  of  this   -taleuienl,  for  the   re:i-. 
itltliou;;li  m.iny  erosseil   over  to  thii*  siile  in  I7I><'>  as  st  iii 
a  niiii-li  hinder  niiinher  yet  inhahiteil   the  other  t*iiie,  lorl  ^ 
.An^e  ]i:ol  lieeti  for  so  lon'.r  a  peiioil  their  military  eoiniii:ii 
they  enterltiineil  tor  him  kinilly  feelings  of  atleetiMn  m,  I  . 
respeet  for  his  authority, 

••  A^iiiii,  SI,  .An;^e's  niiiiie  iloes  not   appear  on   any   i 
a-  eotiiinaniliint  fur  Home  time  aflor   the  //nvfrmiitiit  u.i,  . 
motion,  ill  April,  ITiiti.      I.efehvre.  who  styles  Idiiisell  in  i, 
St.  I, oiiis,  having  heeii   siieli  at   loit  I  hartres,  iinil   l.iilm 
who  hail  licen  llie  royal  notary  ain)  atloiney  on   the  "tin' 
appear   to   have  taken   ehurue   of  the  eivil   alfuirs  ot  ili. 
pliiee,  as  nil  the  early  papem  fouinl   in   tho  areldve-  .i|<|' 
ha\'e  heen  exeeiileil  in  the  preseiiee  of  one  or  llio  oilor  <' 
last  two  parties. 

"  I,ahllseiero  appears  to  have  lieell  the  eusloilian  of  tli.  i 
papers  itiinn^  tlii-  lempornry  ^oxernnieiit  iiinler  ■•^1.  .Vii.. 
lie  ileliveie'l  them  over  to  the  first  .Spanish  (iovernoi.  I'. 
St.  .An;;e  euiiteiitiii'.;  hiiiisetf  with  simply  iitlixin;:  Id-  -  : 
to  the  Innil  grants  iis  eouinuinilaiit. 

"  Up  111  this  lime,  the  winter  of  ITO^i-i'ilt,  I,avleile  hni 
ei.sml  tlin  nnly  authority  in  the  plaee,  whieli,  liavin);  lem  '. 
iL  vilhiije  of  several  liuinlreil  souls,  it  lieeaine  neces-aii  :  ' 
^ooil  iiriler  anit  sei'iirily  of  the  inhiihitiinis,  while  aM;i  >  ;: 
mlvent  of  the  new  owners  of  the  aoil.  that  there  slim  ; 
temporary  government  of  some  kiml  eslahlislieJ,  to  tr:iii..v 


TIIK   FOUNDING  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


78 


to  llic   lUinow  com  II 
!liiirtrcH  lie  IoIIdwihI  tl, 

IlLT. 

ijr  tlio  iiiitiimtliy  wliii 

y  liail  for  ImiK  y''»i»  ''  •- 
nil. I  liiiclii'ii  in  rclitfi'  ., 
Illl.l  liiiil  laiil  out  Wif  |il :' 
iiihir  Ircmi  tlif  Kcltli'iiii  i  ■ 
mil  Stf.  (li'nc\iov«  nn.l  \ 
1,  ill  wliiuli  ytMir  it  -imi    . 

H(.  j;r:iiili'il  liii"  li.v  till- 1    ■ 
I  |ii>iiit    I'lr  lii*    liiiliim  ' 

•IIIIIU    I"    ^-Ittlf    liroilll'l    I     I: 

11-1-,  anil  nil  KiiiiitK  1)1  111    » 

I'llltll*  IIMT  t'rrilll   l'"'H'    '       >!' 
ITI     1>r!'llluiH^l'llll    I'll'l     '    - 

LM'ii   II   |>riMiiiiioht  iiiiiii 
la  cuiiit'  ii|'  li'""  ^'■"  " 
rilv  I'liim  tioviTimr  Vn    i 

lllllillll-'irilll-    lllilini"!'      I 

|iiciitl.v  hii'l  "iTvnl   ill  I  In 

liicl  All).'.  U>,  l"<Hi. 
vyir  mill  iioliiry.  nl.vlin-  I 
in),  mill  iipiH'iii'  til  li«>' 
lit<  iiici|ii<n('y  i>f  tlu'  vilin' 
rmi^lirnil  tlii'  .■imnlr,\  ■  i 
llir  Itiiti-li  army,  ""  "  ' 
■  Willi  lii»  ii'inaiiiiii;;  in.  n.; 
jr  ilic  viiri'iu.t  liinrtiiiii-  '  i 

aniiaU  .il'  IIh'  hIIk'I'   '    i' 
inu.    Ii  >-   llian   tliifi'  iii  ■ 
uf  Flirt  Cliailrc.-',  Si.  A- 
It.,  HiMil   iivor  mill  lii'li  ■ 
ITi;,.,   iiiilil    111"    ii''"'    I'" 
ilil  iiriivr.     Tlii'i-i'  i"  II  i  I' 
ii.iiii'iil,  liir  lli«  f''-  ' 
1..I  si(U>  in  I7rti>  iiK  fi  111 
,.i|   llif  iilher  niiU",  imi  i 
1  ilifir  iiiililary  oniiiniiiii: 
|r..|ini;i  "I'  alVivlii.ii  ;ii.  I  . 

mil   ii|v|n'ar  on  any   I"  •. 
liT    111"  f/.Mi'rliiiKi"  »  I- 
,  nliii  pljli'S  liiiiiM'll  <•". 
loll  rliiirlri's,  anil  l:i'"i 

nil  :illiiiiii'y  iiii   tl I'll  ' 

1  ilii'  I'iiil  alVaiis  111  il" 
,1  in  tlie  iircliivc-  '  i 
1-  nf  nni-  iir  llio  mill  \ 


n  iliui-iiniiKlimi  "I 

\  iiinini-iil  uTiiltT  >l. 
-I  S|.mii>l.  (iiiviTiiiii 
li  ^iiiiply  ntlixiii>£  lii- 
iit. 
1'  K'i-i-i'iii.  Iiiii'li'il'' 
lai-i-.  wliii'li.  having  n 

il^,  it  lit'i'iiiiiL'  ni'< 

iilialiitiinii'.  wliili-  av 
li,.  mil.  Iliat  IlK'r.i  > 
kiinl  I'.-tnliliMlicil.  I" 


tiMir  oouiitryin.!ii  lelt  t.iwar.l.i  tlm  Kiifjlish,  camo  to 
SI.  LimiH  Hhorily  aftor  il.s  Hottloiiiunt,  and  won)  sl'iii 
■■ooiat.'il  Willi  St.  Aiif-ii  in  tlie  adiiiinistratioii  of 
dk'm.     Simio  papers  rolatini;  to  privato  busiiii'^.s  wtuti 

ragulalimnt  an  iiiiglit  In'  niwos-aiy  l'"r  tlm  villatfi' "'' '"'■■""'■ 
Forllii^  |.iii|ini.c  ,<l.  Anijc'.  with  llii'  unaniiiinni  u|i|iriiliiili.in  "f 
th«  iiili  ihilioii.i,  wii»  vi'-tcil  wilh  Ihci  fiinclinnii  "I'  li'ni|Mirai y 
OoTiTiiiir;  linl.nnt  LilioiminK  l"  iisMiiiif  tin-  nolo  ros|imiMiliili(y  "f 


liwkiiil 


...•s.iiiiii.K  In  in.liiiiliialH  111'  liit^  ami  laml"  nmv  llm 


HOUriiiii'ii-i'l  I'li'ii'  '"'w  MiK'ii'in".  l-i'lVbvrc,  wlni  liml  Inniii  jmli?" 
OBtlii' "llier ''ill'',  wan  a.imiciiitiil  willi   liliii  I'nr  lliat   |iiir|ii.Miiii 

thttiMii|.iirar,v  nivM  Km  iiiiiiiicnii  "I'  tin'  |iliifi'.  ami  .1 jili  I'a- 

bMoiiTc,  II  man  of  li'ijal  iuiiiwliiltfii,  who  hail  lilli^il  ll"'  |iii»iliiin 
of  tliii  kiiiuV  alloniiiy,  ••.hk  ii.i.-i(.'ii('il  I"  tin'  |iiHitiiiii  nf  iiflini,' 
ieeretar.v  ami  ('XitiiIciI  nil  ihi'  .ill'nial  wnliiiHi'  nl  ihn  lcin|iii 
rMrj  iiovci'iiiiieiit. 

"  I'lnln-  this  aniin); onl.  Ihn  lcin|iiiiary  ailinini^tralloii  nf 

■otinK  (lovdinin-  St.  Aimn  llll.l  lll»  L'iillna«lln^  »nlil  into  npcril 
tlOB*  nil  April  :!7,  I7liil,  lliiii  bniii^  thn  ilaln  nf  tlm  lir-l  rnnnlnl 
gnuil  nil  till'  in  thu  artliivc^i. 

"  Jinl),'!'  I.i'fihvrc  lillfii  liii-  iiiwiliun  It's?  than  four  ^Imrt  mnnlh-. 
Hvdii'il  on  Aug.  1;'),  ITIlil.  I,al)ii»cii"ri'  llioii  a-siiini«l  his  |iliMn' 
M  thu  a-iHneiato  in  ihi'  jfovcrnincnt  of  ('ft|ilain  SI.  AiiBc,  anil 
appeiim  to  havn  ilischartfoil  ihu  fiincaioiiK  of  iliiil  olVum  aliiioHl 
ex«lu>ivily  nnlil  tlin  aKMuni|itioii  of  llin  Spanish  aiillmrilv.  in 
Mn,  I77II.  a-  all  Ihu  ollii'ial  iloi-iiiiifnis  ar«  in  hi.-'  liainlwritinK. 
orwecntnil  ill  hin  priscini-,  lliv  siKnalnri'  of  St.  Anj;i'  M|i|iciir- 
ingbut  riiirly. 

"Joseph  Lahu^cii  re  caiiin  finiii  Canaila  to  the  llliiinis,  ami 
WM  .Biarriiil  at  llii'  lill'n  villain  nf  M.  I'hilippc,  mi  tlin  olhcr 
»l(l«»llow  cxtiiiol,  liit'atlnrinn  Vifvaiiniiiii',  Imrii  in  that  villaKi- 
of  OMnilian  |ian'iils;  pusses.* iii){  sniiin  I'.liioiitinii,  he  i'liiiiiiiiil  In 

batli*  kin^-  ullnriii'y,  ami  aeli'il  in  iho  im| ily  of  imlary  ami 

writar. 

"He  WDs  aiming  llm  lirsl  to  iiuiiie  over  In  the  west  siile,  ninl 
hii  grnnt  nf  hlnik  No.  l:'.  is  the  first  rieonliil  in  the  l.ivre 
Terrien  (laml  honk  i.  lie  parlieipaleil  I'nr  ii  time  with  St.  AiiK'' 
and  Lefuhx  re  in  the  lenipnrary  gnvernnieiit. 

"After  the  esliibli-shuienl  nf  the  Spanish  authnrily  by  Oapt. 
Pedro  I'ieriias,  .May  I'll,  1771',  lie  hail  imlhini;  fnrtlicr  tn  do  with 
tha  management  nf  puhlie  alliiir^,  but  eniitiiined  In  e.vereise  thu 
callillK  nf  milary  iiail  serivener  fnr  in»ny  years.  I  think  he 
diad  elsewhere.  a>  his  ilealli  is  not  fonmlon  roeord  either  in  Ihu 
•rohives  or  the  ehiireh  noisier,  lie  left  three  son.s,  .Inseph,  ,lr., 
Lonia,  uml  rraneis.  His  lirst  ilocniuunt  in  the  nrehives  is  of 
data  January.  I7lili,  and  the  last,  Miiy,  I77». 

"After  the  ti'inpnrary  Knverninent  was  set  in  operation  by 
Laalede.  SI.  .Viigu,  l.el'elivrc,  and  I.abiiseiere  in  I7l>li,  ami  the 
dotegii  of  Hie  same  made  a  matter  nf  reeord,  the  work  was  all 
dOM  by  I.abiiseiere.  The  land  ;;raiit  bnnks  ami  ne.irly  all  the 
original  doeumeiils  ill  tlioe.irly  arehivesaro  in  his  handwriting, 
aadonly  lhi>  lirst  fifteen  grants  nf  village  bits  are  signuil  by  St. 
Aaga  and  .Imlge  l.ofebv re  until  I  he  death  nf  thi.shist  in  August, 
ITMi  but  u  low  months  after  the  eslablishiiieiit  of  the  teniponiry 
fOfjrninent,  and  from   that  date  by  St.  Ango  and  l.ahuseiere. 

•  "  In  .lanimry,  I7lili,  the  lirst  doeumcnt  found  registered  in 
tha«rehives  is  the  sale  nf  a  lot  and  house  I  northwest  (|uarter 
afe^nok  .ii)  by  .laei|iiis  DeniH,  ii  joiner,  to  .Antoine  Hubert, 
uiit.  dated  .Ian.  21,  I7iili.  and  Iho  lirst  reeorded  grant  of  a 
|e  lot  ilUoek  1:1).  April  27,  ITtlfi,  previous  to  wliieh  date 
«(  hud  reeeivcd  possession  of  their  respective  localities 
Mhc  siinetion  of  l.ae.ede  in  the  eapiicity  of  original  proprio- 
tariilKlcr  Ilia  authority  from  the  (lovcrnor  below." 


exixMilotl  IjcCofo  LahuHirii'Tc,  acli-in  In  tilt!  va|iaL'ily  of 
notary,  early  in  ITtiti.  Tlu!  Krst  of  tlu!^^o  papurM, 
(latcii  Jan.  21,  ITti'i,  in  tin;  oldest  douiiinent  nicordod 
in  till'  arcliivi's  of  St.  Luni.s.  Tliu  sy.Htcni  of  rn^i.s- 
tiMed  land  ^'rants  wa.s  I'otniiicneiMl  in  April,  17116. 
Till!  lir.st  coiifc.icions  lioro  tin'  siiriialnics  of  St.  Ani;e 
as  autinir  (Jovernor,  and  of  .Joseph  l,i  iMivri'  a.s  foriiiur 
jtiiliie.  I'lisiiniiilily  it  was  U(!  Ucliorivt-'s  olijoct  to 
li'ssuii,  liy  this  association  of  anotluT  natnt'  with  IiIh 
own.  lii.s  pcrsoiiiil  rcspinisiliiliiy  for  urantitii.;  lands 
whifli  no  loiiiji'r  liclonijfd  to  thi'  ['"ri'iicli  ciowii.  JiU- 
fclivru  died  in  Aii};usl,  I7l>l>.  After  hi.s  dealli  all 
le;.;al  doetiinents  w«>l'e  exectlled  liy  Labilseiefc,  and 
kepi  in  his  eiistiiily.  Tlioiiirh  the  land  ^iraiils  wero 
all  diawti  liy  l.aliiisuii'le,  they  were  si;.'ned  liy  '"dh 
tht!  aetin;:  (iovernor  and  ihe  notary.  Winn,  in  .^llly, 
1770,  llu!  Spiinish  atilhorities  iimk  po.-isessioii  of  St. 
Ijouis,  Lahtiseii're  delivertMl  lo  (ioverimr  I'iernas  one 
htiiidred  and  ninety-four  let;al  doetiineiils.  The  aecii- 
raey  of  the  piiiiers  was  altcstini  simply  iiy  the  sii.;nattiru 
of  the  notary.'      The  aelitii;  (iiivenior  diil  nut  indoiso 

He  iippeari^  to  have  been  Ihe  faetotiim  of  the  village,  at  lirst  of- 
lieially  assoeiated  In  the  government,  and  then  an  legal  adviser, 
iiolaiy,  and  general  writer,  for  some  twenty-live  years. 

"  There  was  no  letter  *  \'  ill  bin  iiniiie,  but  from  his  general 
larelessness  in  his  signatures,  Ihe  lettiTs  '  s'  and  '  u'  were  so 
nearly  jniiied  togi'lliiT  thai  his  name  when  il  lirst  appeared  in 
print  after  the  irniisfer  to  ihe  I'liited  .Sintes  was  tjikeii  to  be 
•  l.ahu.\iere.'  and  always  sn  pi-inted. 

"  .luilge  .liiM'pli  I.efebvre  lle^lniiisseaii.  til'  ibis  genllenian 
we  kmiw  but  little,  lie  was  a  niiliie  of  I'ranee  and  in  New 
llrli'iiii.-  prior  to  1711,  in  whieh  year  Miovernorde  N'liiidreuil 
granli'd  liiiii  tlie  exiliisive  privihge  of  ihe  Indian  trade  in  the 
upper  eniinlry  or  Illinois  distriet.'     itiayarii'-.  i 

*'  lie  eanie  from  l-'raiiee  with  or  iibniit  the  lime  nl'  (Jovernnr 
Marijiiis  lie  N'andreiiil,  in  171-t.  lie  had  miirried  in  Franee  Mario 
I'rsule  lliaere. 

"  He  settled  at  Fort  (,'liartros,  or  l\a~kaskiH,  where  he  beeamo 
the  judge,  and  enine  ovvr  in  I'Ofi,  in  wliieh  year  lie  built  a  small 
liniise  lA'  pn^ts  at  the  soiitbeast  eoriier  of  .Main  iiiid  Lneiii.t.  mi 
tlielnt  assigned  him  by  l.ailede,  and  died  here  in  August.  Klill. 
"Their  son, — the  only  mic  meiiiioiied  was  born  in  171'!, — 
l*ii*rre  Friinvois  llrannl  , Inseph  d'lnglebert  I.efebvre.  beeaine  a 
lieuteniini  in  the  l''reneli  ser\  ii-e.  lie  was  married  in  .Sf.  l.oiiis, 
Nov.  10,  iriis,  to  .Miss  .Margai  i,  daughter  nf  Ilardel  de  I.aferne, 
siirgenii  in  the  king's  serv  i.-e.  I.ieiiteminl  I.,  died  ill  .New 
tirleans  in  17711 :  no  ehildrun  :  his  widow  subsi-i|iienlly  beeamo 
the  wife  nf  .los.  Segond,  a  merehant  of  the  eaily  day  from 
Franee.  iSlio  died  there  in  ISH  at  a  very  iidvanecd  age, 
leaving  a  nuniernii.s  posterity. '* 

'  .Mr.  Hillon's  note,   .li. /nip»  oy'  I7rtfi  : 

A  full  eatalngtie  nf  all  the  dneiiinents  found  in  the  archives, 
j  written   by.  ami   in   presence  nf,  , Inseph   l.abusciere,  from 

I  April,  171111,  to  .May  '.'n,  1770.  the  day  that    I'iernas  eoiu 

nieneed   his  administration.     Cnpied  from  the  original  in 
the  handwriting  of  liabiiseiere. 

Ileeds  for  sales  nf  Ints  and  lands 1^1 

Sale8  made  under  e.\ecutinii 11 

I  Itoiid  and  ohligiitioiis IIO 

llargains  or  trades 24 

'  Marriage  contracts lit 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


m  1^ 


12.5 


IIM    mil  2.2 


12.0 


1.8 


U    111.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  MS80 

(7J6)  872-4503 


,<"  MP. 


>''    w 


^ 


tf 


\° 


i/.x 


V. 


\ 


\ 


74  HISTORY    OF 

the  certificate  of  correctness.  Tliese  facts  justify  the 
inference  tliat  St.  An<:e  did  not  administer  tlie  civil 
functions  of  tlie  provernnient. 

"  Tt  is  a  sin^u;ular  incident  in   tlic  liistory  of  St. 

KxcliMOi^o-J  of  rc'iil  cstjitc. S 

Kn,:i;t;^<.'riif.'iils  fur  ritM'vioos 1 1 

Aci|iiif liMiiM's.  Iioinj;  rfci'ijtts ■'» 

Iintiati'iiis  ori^il'H  di"  uropcrty .'• 

Iiivniloiic;^  ut'  (li-tu'iiscil  )icTSu!i.-*'  i>ru|)('ity —  ;'- 

Iin  riili.rifs  of  nuMi'liJiinii.-'cw I 

I  Illicit  ( II  r(.>s t 

ro[tiirlii('i-.-*tiip>  - 

A;;ii.'tMiu'nls - 

Kiiijii!ri|.iiti(in- - 

Atli.lavi'^ -2 

On|in;iTi<fS  'H  (hM-ret- 1 

I'dwcr-   of  itltoriH'v 1 

Wilis '. I 

Lenses - 

Mis.-Hliiiir.Mi- 1' 

IhnMiiMfiit.-.  ill  :ill I'.U 

All  lilt'  ahuvo-ciiuiiicnitt'il  |.;ipers  were  ex<'ciito<l  hy  ].a1)Ur^- 
t'irif  as  nutnry  aini  <y  "iihn>  sei-retary  of  the  (<'m[nirary  gov- 
ernment, in  \vlio>e  custdtly  they  were  licM  until  lianili-"!  Dver 
by  liitii  to  (Mtvernur  Piernas,  May  20,  17'7n. 

01'  tlie  above  (Hie  hiunii'i'il  and  ninety-tour  doentnelits,  the 
only  OIK'  cxeeiiteil  in  presenee  of  Si.  An^e  a?  eoinniaiKlant  was 
that  of  Uoiissel  to  \'irvarenno,  April  '1<\  Kf'.'.l. 

LeI'ehvre  was  ii'Snfiatcil  witli  St.  An:;e  in  tii"  L-oni-cssiitns 
Iroiii  April  L'7  to  Aiii'.  I L'.  I  7)W1,  and  dietl  ^hrtrtly  alter  that. 
Afler  liiii  death,  I,al)usci.'re  exenited  llie  pa[.er-  alone,  hciuL:; 
associated  with  St.  Ani^e  in  the  ri'iiressi"ns  only. 

CatiiUiijiie  of  the  piipi'is  exf'uite  I  i.i  the  prr-em-e  of  the  [sev- 
eral Govern'.i>,  and  deposited  Ity  tln-m  in  lie'  itretiivcs  during 
iho  Frt'iHdi  and  Spaiiisii  d'Oniiiat  ions,  eopird  IVotii  the  orijiiinils 
in  thi-ir  if-ptvlivf  h;indwritiiigs. 

iThe  ori,L'inaI  fioni  wliich  1  ropietl  these  appear-  to  he  simply 
a  lisl  uf  ili(.'  .dlieial  and  printed  papers  exeentetl  in  tlio  presence 
of  eaeh  of  tlio  (i()vernors  sueee^J.^ivcly.  wliit  itppears  to  liave 
uia<le,  at  the  end  of  his  adinir:''rntion,  a  list  of  his  <illieial  aets, 
and  |)assed  it  over  to  Ids  sueeessor  in  olViee,  and  after  tlie  elose 
■if  the  administration  uf  Capt.  Stoddard  tliey  were  stittdieil 
together,  niuking  some  twu  hundred  pago^  uf  fiiulst;a]i  in  a  di- 
hipidated  condition,  nigged  and  mi'u>*e-eMten. ' 

These  papers,  ullidi  had  never  lo-cn  rifoiihii  in  tin-  French 
and  Spanish  days.  weiM?  long  after  the  t!iin>fer  to  tlie  rnited 
States  recorded  in  tlu-ir  original  hiugiutge  in  six  huge  voluims, 
which,  after  In  ing  translalctl  into  Kiiglish,  were  copied  \sith 
the  originals  intn  fourteen  large  volumes,  n-iw  knnwn  as  'I'lu' 
Archives. 

A  list  of  tlie  oflhial  papers  exeouted  In  presence  of  I.ahiis- 
eiere,  former  attorney  of  the  king,  .uid  notary  under  liie  I'reneli 
goVL'rnnicnt,  IVum  the  year  one  thousand  s(?ven  hundred  and 
sixty-six  to  the  Ui'tli  of  .May.  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and 
ae\('nf  \ . 

'I'o  .Mr.  l)on  I'edro  ricrnas,  Captiiin  of  Infantry.  Mcntenant- 
Oiivernor  of  tluf  estahlisliments  nf  t  ln'  I  lUitnis  and  depeiiilencics 
belonging  to  his  Cathidie  majesiy. 

Year  irtit;. 

Trial,  judgment  of  the  eonneil,  and  other  doenntcnti'  relating 
U\  the  sale  of  tlie  efleets  of  the  salt-works  id'  Mr.  Dateii- 
nrut.  St.  tieiic. 

SenOiur.f.  to  death  of  Mi.-liael  Ih>goiist. 

/mfeuftiii  of  Lorina,  a  negro  girl  td"  .Mi^^  Tjaferne,  to  Mr.  Lade- 
ronte. 


SAIXT   LOUIS. 


Louis  tlii't  its  first  I'onn  nf  ndVcrniiiiMit,  tliousli  iiisli- 
tutoil  ill  a  porioil  of  riqid  iiiipcrialisin,  was  disliiuily 
ro[)u))lii'aii  in  cliaractui'.  Tlic  mitliority  uiidcv  wliiitli 
Dc  i'cllorivc  ruled   was  conferred   by  ])()pular  aelimi 

.!//(.■,  ;.(.,r    ,-..nliiiL-l  .if  T..us,.iiiiiit    IliiiiiiM.l   ;iii.l   Miiric    .Infi-|,li , 
IJciiiiironoii,  April  'JO. 
I).p.  ..r  I'iiiil  KiiM-eiTi'Mii  Miul  Miiric  .IiiM'|.hn  Micliol,  May  In 
li r  l.iMii.<  MiircliL'taii'l  iiml  VcroiiiiM  l'iMiif..^i;,  .\"V.  7. 

I'miiuj' III!  Ill  ic>bli',Mtiiin  to  wcirk)  cif  .leiiii    liii]!.  Ttj-sicr  lo  .Ii'mi 

1!il|>.    |[jl1IM>lill. 

Do.  iif  II  littlf  ^'ii-i  hy  .1 |.  Qucveilo  tn  lliks  Cliciniii. 

li.i.  iif  .Mii'liacl  AihliliiT  to  liiiilliildmcw  l!Ioii(le;iii. 
])<>.  ')('  one  MiiiHjiuM  to  .Mr.  'J'onlim/.c. 
hicf'utorij  ()t'  Ilie  cll'ects  of  Mr.  Cii/.caii. 

Do.  nf  Tlie.  I.iivillc.  'i//'.ci  .-^t.  (iciiiiMin,  Koit  Cliar.,  ITU  I. 
Ihirfjiiin  between  .hiccjiic*  Jteiii^niui  .Mr.  Iliiliert,  Nov.  -.  17i'.' 
Do.  'I'lioinas  lilnnileiiu  iinil  I'eter  K()i;j;can.  .\u)^.  7,  17rili. 
Do.  I.oiiis  lii.le  iiiiil  /Vioxis  Mnrie.  Au;?.  27.  I7('iii. 
D(..  .Mr.  Vallciiu  iiii'l  Mr,  I.efclivre  in  llie  Ivin.iiV  niiiiie, 
I»i>.  ]\I:irti^n\'  aii'l  Tes-ier. 

Do,  Mr.    Iliihert   an.l   .Iiio.    1).    I.aii;;eviii   an^l    .loseiili    De- 
clh'tii.?.  I'"elirii;iry. 
Ilouii  of  I'eter  Iteiixiier  to  I'ri  Ilci'^  l.atoitr.  .'^ept.  'J'.l. 
J'l'-fljii  of  Mr.  (i'liicle  to   Mr.  (_'ar]ietiter   for  tlie   .!.'iiarili;ui 

Mis.s  I.afertie. 
('"/inrhit  rKhi/i  between  tlie  r>rulllei>  Des^au'ne-^. 
,*>'o/(  by  ,liie'|Tie,-  Denis  to  Mr.  Hubert.  .Ian.  21,  I  7(i(i. 
Do.  by  Jlr.  Lel'elivre  to  Franeir'  Kloy,  .Inne  27. 
Do.  by  l.onis  Deafen. 1^  ami   I'eter  Uoimeaii  to  ,Iobn  ('aiii|.i 
ri".-',  AiiL'.  '"'. 
j         Do.  by     ,Io>e)ill     I.ennviiie     .Martially     to     Xiehol.as     IIoum, 
Se|.l,  2:;. 
Do.  liy  .lame-  Deiii-  to  .Mr.  Iluliert,  .Mareli  I.'- 
Do.  by  ?aiiie  to  .Mr.  Anti-  lliiberl,  .Inly  ol. 
Do.  by  , Tame..!    Denis,   aiel    barL;;tiii  for  an  i'\teii-ion   to   \!r 

Hubert. 
Do.  by  Lambert   lion varb'e  to  ,1  aei|iie-  Denis.  .Mareb  le. 
Do.  by  I.auri'lit  'I'riiileaii  to  I.oiiis  |li.,slicl  res,  ol  tlie  rilliniii. 

iXviw  ol    a  liorse-inill. 
Ilo.  by  i.oiiis  Desnoyer>  to  Kraiiei.-  Dissoimel,  (let.  2S, 

Year  !7i;7. 
.l/ii. .;././.    ■■■■,ii,,u-i  of  l-'iaiiei-   Moriaii  to  Cailiariiie   .MarechV. 
Se|tteinber. 
Do.  I'ierre  Konu'eaii  aii.l  Tbere.sa  Hebert,  Feb.  2S. 
Do.  I'ieri'e  Iiacroi.v  aiel  Helen  Ij'.Vrebe,  .liiue  2.'i. 
Do.  Charlotte  l.ouviere  ami  .Jose|ili  (iamaelie.  May  :>. 
Omiti„vt  between  .Tosepli  De.sebciies  aiiM  Mieliael  I'ieliel. 
f'cxsiiiit  of  a  little'  ifirl   naineil    .Ma,sr(lalene    l,a\il!e  by   t'l.m  i 
Tiiioii  an-l  .Io-e|.lia  i;nelieilo.  bis   '.fife,  to  ,Ino.  I'.qi.  bin 
^oninois. 
Do.  of  one  lianieil    Fialleoi-    l.aville  by  the  willow  of  Si,  lii'i- 

iiniiii  anil  lu'r  biisban'l,  Claiiile  'I'iiion,  to  .\le.\i.s  .Marie. 
Iln,iiiii:,u  from  .Ino.  I!,  \ieii  ami  .losepli  FrnMeliville,  Aiiu'.  -'I 

Do.  by  .lo.-e|ili  Diibe  l.i  laiuis  lieor  ami  his  wife,  Oet.  7. 
Ihnitnipmnil  of  liunis  Desfonils  to  Mr.  liaeleile. 
/iiriiilcrii  anil    invoieu  of  nierelianiliso   ami   .Mr.   Iiiieleile  iiu  i 
.Mii.\ent,  relalin;^  to  Iho  seizure  of  the  Missouri  traile, 
|)o.  the  stores   .  .   .   |  niieo-eaten  ]   .   .   .   the  death  of  .Mr,  !,■ 

febvre,  Cii   .  .  . 
Do.  of  the  store.s  at  JMirt  St,  Cliarles  after  the  fliglii  of  bank- 
nipt  liaieia. 
Do.  of  the  ell'eets  of  Hie  banlinipl  llarura  after  he  abseoiili'il 
/i'/"i(iieiym(i'oii  of  Marie  Marguret,  ImHiin  f lave  of  Mr.  Diili' , 


THK    FOUNOING   OF   SATNT  LOUiS. 


75 


].\\>    i.iii 

,l.n,.. 

All,',  .' 
t.  7, 

IbucMii'ii'" 
Ir.  \hih*\ 


111  its  melliods  of  creation  this  soir-c'imsti(iit<MJ  <;ov- 
crmiKnit  was  purely  deiiioenitic.  Tlie  Kiiiu'  of  Fiaiiee 
c'liiild  imt  icsially  appoint  the  licutenant-<;ovei'nor  of  a 
pruviiieo  tliat  liad  ceased  to  be  a  part  of  the  Freiicli 

lUtniiiiit  lietwocii  Thoiiliiiizc  nnil  Fr.iiu  irf  Tliiliiiulf,  .Turn?  215. 

Jio.  between  l.iielcile  :\iiil  Itene  liin't,  Aiij^.  C. 

l)u.  between  .Iiiiin   Peiiiii.  iitiii«  liiieh-mee,  iiml  Jo<e[(li    l>a- 
Ijriiffo,  .Iiilj-  II). 

T)o.  between  Mi'.  I.iu'li'ile  ;inii  .Tdbii  lliiniiltoii. 

Ill),  between  Louis  .\r:irehetiin(t  ninl  Mr.  Ticfebvre.  AuR.  II. 
Oli:,i<ilinn  by  Mr.  l.iieleile  to  Mr.  Viviiit,  May  'J.'). 

Pu.  by  Iloiiore  to  l)u<'liou<|uetto,  at  Fort  (.'biirtres.*  I  7ti;!, 

Do.  (iij^aire  to  I'ierre  Muntanly,  An.;;.  ".1,  ITfir. 

Do.  by  St.  I'ierre  iind  Hlon.letui,  iitt ey   lor  Mr,  Dntillel, 

to  lincleib;  iinil  Iiei\rn.  .Tono  ;1. 

Jio.  Mos.^rs.  Ilonori;  nml  Desnoyer.'^  to  Ku^'ene  I'oiiro,  .lime  .". 

Dm,  by  Mr.  Liicle.lo  to  Mr.  Itateliurul.  May  2.'i, 

Tlo,  by  TonloUM'  ami  .Montanly.  Feb.  I.'i. 
S„h  l)y  .ToFeiili  Taillon  to  .Mr.  t,ae|e.U',  Dee.  1'. 

liu.  by  Francois  Delin  to  ,Mr.  l.acleiU',  .Ian.  7,  Kil''. 

Do.  by  .To.iepli  I.eroy  to  .losepli  I'ieote,  (let.  S.  1707. 

Do.  by  (iilles  Cheniin  to  .losepb  lllon'leau,  .lone  l.'i, 

Du.  by  Mr.  Daniel  liioine  to  .\lr.  .lolm  liateliiiriit,  .Ste.  liene. 

11...  .Ill",  liap.  I'revot  to  .lolien  Loroy. 

Do.  by  .1  alien  Tieroy  to  .Mr.  liet'ebvre,  .Ian.  2:1. 

D".  by  .lolin  ('oiii|iario.i  to  I'ierro  IV.^ij,  A)iril  2. 

III,.  I.y  .Io-e|ih  llebert  to  .\nte  d'Aunis  St.  Vim-e   t,  Sept.  S. 

Do.  of  a  traet  by  .lulien  beroy  to  .Mr.  I.aeleile,  .Ian.  2:1. 

Du.  I.y  .lovejili  Diibonl  to  .lo.^i'pb  Tellier,  St.  tiene. 

D".  Iiy  I'ierre  Montanly  lo  .Martin  Ibirain,  Oct.  II. 

Du,  by  Fralieois  Kloy  to  .lean  I'ap.  Vien,  An^'.  \K 

Year  17r,,<. 

Ai>ju'lii<'f'i<'ii,  sale  iimler  .iuil^inent  of  Caivi'N  limisr,  Sept.  ll'i. 
iliirri:!;/''  riiiUrin-l  of  Mr.    befrln  re    Uilloiiis-eaM   lo   Margaret 
l.at'erno,  Nov.  I  I. 
Du.  .\le,\is  Cotte  ami  lOlizabelli  lloilier,  Aii};.  1... 
D'l.  .Ino.  1!.  Diiraml  an.l  .Marii' Joseplie  .Marelielainl,  .Vov.  11, 
Do.  ,\ieli..las  j'.ar.silon  ami  .Mailelaiiio  I,eba'j;e,  ,\n^'.  i:i. 
.\,l,;r,iin,i  between  Mr.  .Montanly  and  .lolin    I'erin.  (i//riii  Ibiii- 

I'lier. 
Wiiiiiidu;;,  i;ift  by   ,M  r.  lon-ieile  lo  liie  eliiliheii   of  ,Mrs.  Ciiou- 

teaa,  .May  12. 
Ey>-h'iini<  between  .Mr.  l.ii-le'ie  ami  Dierre  N'oi-i-,  .fZ/us  .Taciino.s 
l.al.be,  Doe.  111. 
Do,  between  Mr.  I.aeleile  and  Ignatius  l.aroebe,  May  4. 
Do.  of  liou.se  between  l.aclianee  »nd  IJeor,  IJee.  I  I. 
Dii,  lii'tween  Mr.  I.aolode  .and  liabriel  Dodiur,  .Inly  I. 
Do,  bilwien  Colin  and  Olios  .  .  .  [niiee-.'iilen]   .  .  .   Feb.  20. 
K«'i":i' "'■"'  of  .Mexander  l.anj<lois  to  Mr.  Iliibiot. 

Do.  of  .Ma  .  .  .  [niiee-eaten  I   .  .  . 
/ii/iiciiiK^'oi  or  aeeiisalion  in  llie  natniMif  Jo.sepli  Harela.a  eadet 
Spanisli   engineer,  a;;iiin''t   Dm    Fernand   de   (ioinez   and 
I'liarles  Covos,  A1115.  :i. 
Ill,  111,'ainpt  Mieliael  'J'rilla,  Spaniard,  .lime  111. 
Eiiitiwipniinii  of  Maria  llenrion,  ^rallt '  1  by  Mr.  ATetivior. 
B'li'i'iui   between   .losepli    .Mainville   Deselieiioii,   and   Francis 
Diiivy,  Nov.  2.'i, 
|i',  lii'iivcen  Mr,  Vallean  and  'ronsiu'iiau. 
hii,  iiiliveen    I'ierre    l.npien.  ii/oi»   lUuoii,  and    ^Ir.  Hubert. 
Dir.  II. 
flii.;(<iiii  between  Loiii''  DeslicIre-  and  Ante  Saiis  Sonei,  for  a 
iMiililini;. 
liii.  liitween  Mr.  Holestre  and  lieeijuet,  Dee.  2!1,  1707. 


cin))ife.  Still  less  eoiild  the  viei^-renent  in  New 
Orleans  do  an  act  which  liis  sovereijxn  was  nut  eiii- 
powereil  to  perform.  But  tliiniojh  the  (lovornor  Gen- 
eral  eonld   not   conlirin   the  action   of  the  S(.    riOiiis 

OI,l!,i„i:<,ii  ibonill  by  .Marie  to  l/Aiiiloeiiienl.  .lime  17,  17i'>S, 

Do.  of  .Mr.  lieanjeii  to  Mr.  I'oiipast  for  .Mr.  Sarpy,  April  211. 

Do.  ,d'  .Mr.  li .1,01  lo  .Mr.  Fom-aiill.  .May  111. 

Do.  of  Aiitoine  .Malet  lo  Mr.  lianibert.  Sept.  27. 

Do.  by  .Mr.  lOiigeiie  l*ourt'  toirnnU  Mr.  Daleliiiriit. 

Do.  of  Montanly  .t  Dmieher  lo  IMr.  I.ainbert,  .lone  17. 

Do.  of  Mieliael  Itolet  Iialeroute  to  .Mr.  Iiiiinbert,  .lune  17. 

Do.  of  .Mr.  lieanjeii  to  .Mr,  Perninle,  Au«.  lH. 
Oi-itt'iuiurr  jirohiliitin;;  tlie  sale  of  ardent  ppirits  to  ttio  Iiidian>, 
I'liiroi-  nf  iiiini-ii'ii  of  .Mr.  laimbrelont  lo  .Mr.  Win.   l.ei-'Hiipt,'. 
for  tbo  estate  of  Fran's  Floy. 

rei-Ao/  /o-..er««   of  tlie   land  of  Ml.  Valpiu    to    ,Mr,   l.oi pte. 

Dec.  1  i . 

Do.  of  tbe  bouse  and  lot  of  tlie  same  to  .Mr.  l.acliauee,  Dee.  1 1. 
Ai-'iiililiiiicc  nt  Mr.  I'ierraiile,  in  ebar;;e  of  estate  of  dee'd  Jlr. 
Dutillet,  to  Mr.  I'.eranl 

Do.  of  Isidm-e  I'eltier  lo  l.oiiis  lllnin.  .May  IS. 
Will  of  .Mr.  Valeau.  .Nov.  2:i. 

Siili-  by    Francis   .M.irclieiand    DcMmyers  to   .lean    roiiiparios, 
Nov.  2S. 

Do.  by  Mr.  N'oIcmu  to  Mr.  I.,i.liame.  (let.  20. 

Do.  by  Mr.  Fnincis  I.a  Cliapellc  to  Mr.  Diovy.  Nov.  2(1. 

Do.  .Marie  to  .Mr.  I.Melede,  ,luly  1. 

Do.  by  .Mr.  Dubreuil  to  Pierre  l.iipieii.  ■/.'  liaion.  .May  1  I. 

Do.  by  .Mr.  .losepli  Denoyers  of  a  nc-m  to  Mr.  l,aclcilc. 

Do.  by  .Mr.  .lulien  l..r-iiy  lo  Mr.  1 ledo  ol  a  had  in  I  be  liijr 

Prairie,  , I  line  il. 

Do.  by  llille  llenrion  to  .Mr.  l.ailcde,  Dec  .'.. 

Do.  by  Mr.  Itoy  to  .Mr.  I.aiiilierl,  .Iniie  1,'>. 

Do,  by  .Mr.  l.ai  banco  to  .Mr.  Dubois,  Dec.  Hi. 

Do,  by  Mr.  .lulien  l,e  l!oy  lo  Mr.  Hubert,  Oct.  1  (, 

Do,  by  ,Mr,  liizct  for  ,Mr,  Hubert  to  Friin',s  Depnire,  Manb  l.i. 

li.i.  by  ju.l},'iiicn(  iif  llie  houses  of  ,Mr,  Hubert  lo  Mr,  lli/ei. 

Year  17(1'.'. 

Ailjnili<;,i;,„i  of  till'  Ian  1  of  Dubi'  to  1.  in^'ainoi-.  0,.|.  1,1. 

/'i././m- «o/./ by  e\ecution  of  a  tract  ul   tbe  Inir-  of  Dcaosiiiiou 

lo  .Mr.  I,aekiile.  Oct.  l.'i, 

ll f  a   trad  of   Diibi'  lo  lliiicni   .   .   .   lealcu    bv  mice'    ,   .   . 

I  ' 

0,1    I.-,. 

I        Do.  a  Iniel  of  .  .   .  do.  Ill  Fran's  Henri Ort.  l.'i. 

Do.  of  the  lioiiae  of  .   .   . 

Ho,  of  Ibc  bouse  of  Mr.  Dorieucoiiil  to  ,\lr.  llerard.  No\,  12. 

Sitnri/  of  tliu  lauds  of  .Mr.  Laclede. 

Leiim'  by  Dcslielres  to  .Mr.  Hubert,  Feb.  22. 

I    Conlrnii  of  miiriiii:ji-   by  Mr.  Nicbolas   '1'.   Dion   and   Tliercsii 

[  llorvienx,  April  :i. 

Do.  of  Pliiliberl  (iaiunou  and  .Miirie  Nuwby,  lOniilisb,  Dec.  2ii. 

Do.  of  .Ino,  Dap.  Savoic  and  boui-e  badiiiantaie.  Oct.  1.1. 

[       Do.  of  Anioiiie  Sans  Soiici  and  .Mario  F.  Vifvarenne.  ,\pril  20, 

I    OiVV  by  .lo-opli  Mirchloaii  to  frincis  llissoiinet.  March  M. 

■    Eixjfiiifnii'nl  of  Peter  Diircy  to  llasoii. 

I       Do.  of  l.oiiis  llutand  to  .Mr.  Hubert,  Feb.  1 1. 

1   AVe/min/e  between  Mr.  Hubert  and  Mr.  Ilaisaloii,  Feb.  2. 

fnmitnnf  of  Malta  is  'rainier  I  copy).  .<opt    1. 

//orr/o/ii    (or    trade)    between    Paul    Si){le    and    .\iillioiiy  Sans 

Soiiei,  Fob.  20. 

i    ()hliiiiili<iii  [m  boudiof  .Martin    I'ariin    to   Mr.  liiibrcuil   for  a 

negro. 


Do.  of  Autbony  Dcgagnc  to  Pi  iranto  A  Parin,  Sept.  S. 


■76 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


colonists  with  tlio  full  sanction  of  law,  lie  yet  sustained  I 
the  popular  choice    by  his  personal    approval, — the 

appointment  of  officers  whoso  purely  ministerial  fuiic-  | 

lions  (liJ  not  involve  the  grant  of  lands  vested  in  the  I 

Do.  of  Joiin  Piiv'in,  ftfitts  IJuttrluM',  to  I*otcr  Mitntiinly,  Aug.  17. 
Po.  (>r  TiOuis  Iiatniversu  to  .Mr.  Piipiii,  Sept.  '.'.  ] 

Do.   .1'  I'.ono  Itiict  to  .Mr.  rmil  Si'i;on(l,  July  la.  j 

Do.  of  ^Molioliis  I'over  to  .Io:iii  ('nin|):irio.(,  Dec.  5.  I 

r>o.  of  .To^jcph  l.iihrosso  to  I'aui  ."^c.i^oimI,  ,)uly  .'J.  j 

Do.  [(Mtcn  otrj  iiv  I'oillol  to  l>u  Clioiniot.  i 

Do.  "  I'hiliii  r,iilliiniim>  to  .Mr.  Si'ijonil,  .Iiil.v  111.  ! 

Do.  of  Mr.  Iliiliert  to  I.oiils  Chiuiiorcl.  .luly  ."i.  : 

Do.  of  Ii.i/.ili'  Dosjioyor."  to  IVtcr  .Montiinly,  .Vug.  17. 
Do.  of  siimu  li  .Jciiii  I'crrin  to  I'ierre  .Moiitanly,  .\ug.  17.  i 

/i' nipt  tiiiit  tiri/cr  uf  .Mr.  DiihrtMiil  to  .Mr.  Hubert,  on  Huron. 
Do.  by  Mr.  I'crrauto  for  .Mr.  Duniiul  to  the  Wi.low   I.iiugue- 

<loc. 
Jiflintfifin/iinciit  of  tlio  e.-itatc  of  Jos.  .Miirdiotaml,  by  his!  cliililrou, 

Fub.  L'. 
Do.  of  Louisa,  l.adurantaic,  Widow  St.  \'iuet'nt,  to  his  estate, 

Oct    l:i. 
0"piiit,ir,i>ln'p  between  T.abba<!i»'  and  Martin  Ibirain. 
Stiff,  by  Anthony  X'aliere  to  Anthony  Sans  Sonci,  May  .S. 
Do.  by  Frant'is  and  Cliiules  Thibaute  to  .N'iidi's  Fran's  Dion. 
Do.  by  'I'lionias  Dlundcau  to  .Mr.  Sarpy,  Jane  111. 
Do.  by  Jns.   l.abbo  dit  .N'uisso  of  2  arpcnts  of  land  to   .Mr. 

Dcsbruisscau,  Aug.  2.'I. 
Do.  Iiy  I,.iuis  Dcshotres  to  .Mr.  .Motard,  April  ,S. 
J-to.  by  .Mr.  .Marie  to  Mr.  Desbriiisseau,  .Aug.  L'S. 
Do.  by  iMr.  Joseph  Cluutrand  of  a  --arpcnt  tratt  to  Do.-lunia- 

Huan,  Aug.  !*.(. 
Do.  by  (lilies  Chcniiu  to  l.ouis  Dulrcsno,  May  17. 
Do.  by  I'l'ter  I.aeroix  to  Lambert  llonvarh'l,  .luly  ."i. 
Do.  by  Mr.  .'iarpy  to  .Mr.  Hoy,  April  20,  17711. 
Do.  by  Francis  la  (,'hapelle  to  I'liilibert  llaignon,  ilil  Laurent. 

Feb.  2,  '117. 
Do.  Iry  Fran's  and  Cbas.  Thibaute  .  .  .  [eaten  oil"  |  .  .  .  I.au- 

gioiniois,  Oct,  20. 
Do.  by  Mr.  'I'inon  to  Frances  .  .  .  [eaten  oil'  ]  .  .  .  Feb.  17. 

■^ear  1770. 
Ailjiiilimliiin,  of  the  house  of  lieor  by  Dnhe,  Oct.  7.  17f)7. 
Afjrccmmt  between  .Mr.  .'*egond  and  l.abrosse. 
/nilfnihii'f  of  Ilarribaute  to  .lauies  Denis. 
/-er(«c  of  a  billiard-table  by  .Mr.  Vieu  to  .Mr.  Vige,  Feb.  7. 
Ctiiilitiri  of  marriage,  of  Joseph   .Mainville   Desehenes  to  .'Vnn 

Cbaneellier,  Feb.  It. 
CfxHiittt  by  .Mr.  Hubert  to  Mr.  Conde,  .Mareh  II. 

Do.  of  a  ncito  by  .Mr.  Segouil  to  .Mr.  Faiiche  or  Fanthe. 
<SI/I  mill  iiliiii/iiiKliiiinii  by  Rene  Kiercerean  to  I'aul  Kierc'ereau, 

ilan.  7. 
AV'/min/c    between    Francis    I.arehe  and    .Mr.  .Ino.    1!.   .■'arpy, 
Jan.  20. 
Do.  i)otween  .Mr.  (,'banvin  ami  Denis,  April  Is. 
Iliiiiini'ii  iir  Iriiile   between   .Mr.  Chauvin   and   Jaci|iiGs   Denis, 

April   12 
i)l,/li/i,ii„i,  ,„■  l.niiilhy  Mr.  l.ouis  rhannird  to  .Mr.  Voiso,  April  28. 

Do.  by  I'hilip  l.allamnie  to  .Mr.  Segond,  July  10,  17ll». 
Still-  by  .Mr.  I'hilip  I.allainme  to  Mr.  Segond,  Fob.  17,  1770. 
Do.  by  Mr.  llerard  to  Mr.  Segond,  .Mareh  H. 
Do.  by  Mr.  Dubruissean  to  Joseph  .Mainville, 'i/iii«  Desehenes. 
Do.   by   Mr.  Jean  I'apin,  tiliim   Laehanee,  to  .Faines  Denis, 

Jnly  24. 
Do.  by  Mr.  Laclede  to  Mr.  I'onde,  .\pril  .). 


Dircclor-{Joneral  of  Louisiana,  until  Spain  assumed 
control  of  its  possessions.  In  the  exercise  of  this 
rij^ht,  Governor  Aubri  completed  the  organization  of 
the  civil  government  of  St.  Louis  by  the  iippointmcni 
of  two  judges,  an  attorney-general,  and  a  notary. 

"Several  events,  interesting  from  the  novelty  of 
their  first  occurrence  in  the  little  colony,  took  place  in 
17GG.  The  first  marriage  recorded  in  the  archivi's 
was  celebrated  on  the  2t)th  of  April,  17(iC.  In  tliu 
followiiig  .Miy  the  rite  of  baptism  was  first  tulmiii- 
istercd.  No  church  having  yet  been  built,  FatliL-r 
Meuriii  performed  the  ceremony  in  a  tt^nt. 

"  The  first  recorded  mortgage  was  c.\ecuted  on  the 
29th  of  September,  ITUli.  The  first  grist-mills  of 
St.  Louis  were  probably  built  in  the  .<!inie  year.' 

•'  In  the  stiniiiicr  of  1707,  t!ie  hupos  of  ti  rcuiiimi 
with  the  mother-country — which  the  loyal  Krcnchnnii 
had  never  ceased  to  cherish— were  ert'octualiy  extin- 
guished by  the  aiMiiiuticciiu'iit  that  S]>:iiii  had  ap- 
pointed officers  to  take  po.^.sessioii  t)f  iiouisialia.  After 
the  terms  of  the  treaty  of  17()2  had  been  proclaimed 
to  tli(!  resid(!iits  of  Louisiana  the  people  were  unre- 
mitting in  strenuous  endeavors  to  prevent  the  sur- 
render of  the  ceded  province.       They  rcmoiistratod 

Do.  by  Mr.  (Ihoret  to  llebert  Lcconipte.  .\pril  111. 

Do.   by    .Mr.  .\le.\is   Marie   to    Mr.  Sarpy,  a  house   and  lot, 
Mareh  2. 

Do.  by  same  to  same,  a  two-iirpent  tract,  Feb.  IS. 

Do.  by  Jean  liap.  Cois  to  Sarpy,  a  barn  ,t  lot,  Feb.  20. 

Do.  by  .lean    II.    Langonmois    to    Sarpy,    a    1-arpent    tract, 
Feb.  20. 

Do.  bv  same  to  same,  a  2-arpent  tract,  Feb.  20. 

Do.  by  .leiin  I!.  Laugouir.ois  to  Antoinc  .Morin,  Feb.  l.i. 

Do.  by  Isidore  Peltier  to  Mi-.  .fno.  IJ.  .Sarpy,  .Ian-  lo. 

Also  the  registered'  the  concessions  of  lands  and  lots  of  ilic 
village  of  St.  Louis,  tilled  up  as  far  as  folio  :i:>  on  the  back,— 
said  concessions  gnoiled  Ity  -Messrs. , St.  Ange  ami  Lefebvrc.  and 
Mr.  laibuseiere. 

r  certify  the  present  statement  to  be  true,  containing  all  tli.- 
deeds,  etc.,  that  I  registered  while  in  charge  of  them  at  the  p.ist 
of  St.  Louis,  of  which  I  retain  a  diiplieuto  copy,  ,St.  Louis,  tiii. 
20th  August,  1771.  I/AlifsciiiiiK. 

'  "  .Mortars  and  hand-mills  were  first  used.  (Ileynolils''  .Mi 
Own  'rimes,  pp.  116,  77.)  The  unsuccessful  experiment  of  wiiii- 
inills  was  trieil.  'About  1781  or  1 7S.i,  Joseph  .Motard  ererloil 
a  windmill  on  the  lot  claimed,  and  the  mill  renniined  on  tli' 
lot  at  least  ton  years,  and  occasionally  went.'  (('onnnissioiier<' 
Minutes,  v.d.  lii.  p.  272.)  For  the  location  of  this  mill  at 
the  following  reference  :   Hunt's  Minutes,  v(d.  i.  pp.  lli'.l-171. 

"'Ant<iino  Hoy  built  bis  windmill  about  ten  years  nj;".'- 
Iiouis  Hra/.ean,  Nov.  2S,  1808,  I'ttiiiittlnHittiit n,'  .l//iiii/.»,  vi 
ill.  p.  371. 

"  Hefore  1800,  mills  were  erected  beyond  the  limits  of  tlif 
village. 

"  '  Fzekiel   Lard  built  a  saw- and  grist-mill  in   1708  on  lii' 
land    in    Missouri    Kotlom.    between   fold    Water  and   liellc- 
fonliino.      I  Commissioners'    .Minutes,    I80S,  vol.    iii.   pp.211 
and  211.1     These  references  detino  with  suHioient  precisi'in  tbt  j 
situation  of  the  mills." 


"loiyarrc's  Ilistor 

'■'"Hunt's  .Minute 

'"Thi.s  eonlemplat 

'i"'i'ii™.     De    nioa  H 

iriis.— r/,/y„,.,.^',  //,•„, 

'"'"  ll'i'tin/  tif  r.i,iii„; 
'■■'Iniifs  .Minutes,  - 
''•M:ulin's  Hi.^torv 


THE   FOUNDING  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


au'iiiiist  the  transfer  to  Spain,  and  pctitinnod  for  a  re- 
trocession to  France.  IJiit  protests  and  supplications 
wcTo  aliive  unavaiiin;^.  The  treaty  of  17<i2  imposed 
liiimiliating  duties  upon  the  French  iiin^.  But  Louis 
XV.  did  not  shrinic  from  tlie  fulfillmunt  of  his  in- 
(rliiiiiius  oblipitions.  It  is  certainly  creditable  to  the 
iiiiiiiiirch  tliat  lie  did  not  a<^}:raviite  an  ii^noble  policy 
liv  :i  violation  of  his  plii^hted  faith.  But  when  the 
cojiiiiists  found  that  their  prayers  had  been  unheeded 
aiiil  that  S])ain  was  actively  preparinjj;  to  enforce  its 
iiutliority,  the  popular  resentment  tlireatened  to  cul- 
uiinato  in  open  revolt.  VVhat  could  not  be  aeconi- 
plislii'd  by  entreaty  it  was  resolved  to  effect  by  force. 

•  Meanwhile,  the  Kini:  of  Spain  had  appointed  Don 
Aiifiinio  de  I'lloa  the  Viceroy  of  Louisiana,  and 
sent  him  with  a  body  of  troops  to  e.stablisii  Spaiiisli 
uiiiliiirity  in  the  province.  De  Ulloa  reached  New 
Oili'ans  March  5,  17()(!.'  Kios,  the  Spani.sh  officer 
sent  to  take  military  po.ssession  of  Upper  Louisiana, 
arriv.'d  at  8t.  Louis  Aujj;.  11,  17(58.'-  Both  of  these 
iifliicrs  found  the  temper  of  the  people  so  hostile  that 
tlicv  did  not  venture  to  establish  the  jiovernment  which 
flii'V  liad  come  to  administer.  They  were  unwilling  to 
ineiir  the  responsibility  of  exercisinu:  an  authority 
wliieli  could  only  be  enforced  by  an  effusion  of  blood. 
Tliiiutih  llios  went  through  the  formality  of  taking 
military  po.sse.ssion  of  Upper  Louisiana,  he  did  not 
venture  to  assume  any  civil  functions.  During  the 
whole  period  of  his  stay  in  St.  Louis,  St.  \nge  still 
OTiitinued  to  administer  the  government.  The  futil- 
ity of  peaceful  efforts  to  inaugurate  Spani.sh  suprem- 
acy constrained  De  Ulloa  to  relinquish  an  office  wliose 
(laiics  he  was  not  permitted  to  discharge.  It  is  prob- 
able that  De  Ulloa,  in  view  of  his  intended  evaeua- 
tinii  '  of  the  province,  instructed  llios  to  retire  from 
I'piier  Louisiana.  At  all  events,  on  tlie  17th  of  July. 
ITti'.',*  this  officer  withdrew  his  forces  from  St.  Louis, 
and  the  province  was  again  free  from  the  presence  of 
t'oruiirii  soldiers.  The  departure  of  the  Spanish  troops 
wa,<  hailed  by  the  French  settlers  with  acclamations 
i>t'  joy. 

"The  inclemency  of  the  winter  of  ]7(i8-(iy  was 
I'Xtraiiidinary.  It  was  so  cold  that  orange-trees  were 
killed  on  the  borders  of  the  Gulf,  and  ice  was  formed 
"U  the  banks  of  the  liower  Mississippi.^ 


'  "  liiiyanr's  Ili.-tury  of  Loiiisiana,  vol.  ii.  p.  I.'t2." 

■  ■■  lliml's  Minuliv,  vul.  i.  p.  inr." 

'"'I'liis  ('(inlcniplalc'l  ilcpardiri' waa  linstcnod  hy  an  ael  iif 
liiliiKo,  l)i\  I'lloa  wu."  o.\|ii'lluil  I'riiin  New  Orleans  Nov.  I, 
\~\>.—iiiti/iii-i('M  l/iNttn-t/  It/  /.uiiiMiiin",  vol.    ii.    p.  LMl  :    Mm-- 

'i''\   Uixhirij  '>/'    /.nUiMiilll'l,    vol.    i.    p.   ;1.'>II." 

'■■Ilanl'a  .Minulcn,  vol.  i.  p.  lu:." 

'"  .M;iilin's  lli.Jloi'y  of  liOlli^■lana,  vol.  i.  p.  Iljt')." 


"  One  of  tJie  memorable  incidents  of  ITfiO  was  the 
arrival  of  Fontiac  in  St.  Louis.     He  came  to  visit  his 
friend,  St.  Ange  de  Bellerivo.     He  was  received  with 
a  hospitality  highly  gratifying  to  the  illustrious  chiet- 
tuin.    The  public  eurio.sity  was  delighted  with  tlie  op- 
portunity of  seeing  a  warrior  who  had  shown   such 
conspicuous  evidences  of  greatness.     Ilis  patriotic  de- 
votion to  the  interests  of  his  race,  his  grasp  of  mind 
and  power  of  military  organization,  liis  skill  in  plan- 
ning campaigns,  and  his  exploits  on  the  field  of  battle, 
had  rendered  his  name  justly  famous  in  the  annals  of 
Indian  warfare.      A  chief  whose  martial  prowess  had 
caused  the  .slaughter  of  two  thousanil  Kngli.shmen  was 
naturally  an  object  of  interest  to  the  French,  but  the 
appearance  of  the  warrior  disappointed  expectation. 
11'.  had  bec<ime  a  sot.    Thwarted  in  his  great  ambition 
I  to  expel  the  Englisti  and  unite  all  the  Indian  tribes 
in  one  powerful  confederation,  he  had  sought  to  drown 
the  memory  of  his  blighted  hopes  in  the  forgetl'ulrie.ss 
j  of  inebriation.     While  the  guest  of  St.  Ange  he  re- 
I  ceived   an   invitation   to  visit  his  French    friends   in 
,  Cahokia.     The  danger  of  venturing  into  the  presence 
I  of  English  foes  was  im.uinent,  but  all  efforts  to  dis- 
suade him  from  accepting  the  perilous  hospitality  failed. 
[  In  spite  of  friendly  remonstrance  he  went  to  Cahokia, 
;  and,  after  partaking  too  freely  of  the  bounty  of  his 
French  hosts,  wandered  away  into  the  woods  in  the 
'  helpless  stupor  of  intoxication.     While    in   this  de- 
j  fenseless  condition  Pontiac  was  murdered  by  a  Kaskas- 
kian  Indian,  whom  an  English  trader  had  bribed  to 
kill  him.     St.  Ange  deeply  regretted  the  death  of  his 
friend.    In  accordance  with  his  instructions,  the  ijody 
was  brought  to  St.  Ijouis  and  buried  with  military 
honors  ;  but  as  no  slv  ne  was  erected  to  mark  the  place 
of  interment  the  spot  was  in  the  lapse  of  time  for- 
gotten, and  now  the  tread  of  myriad  footsteps  passes 
daily  over  the  unknown  grave  of  the  illustrious  chief- 
tain. 

'•  It  was  during  this  period  that  St.  Louis  received 
the  nickname  of  '  I'ain  Court."     In  the  early  times 
but  few  of  the  French  settlers  devoted  themselves  to 
'arming.    Hunting  and  trading  with  the  Indians  were 
more  attractive  pursuits.     The  limited  village  did  not 
always   produce  an   ade((uate  supply  of  grain.     The 
:  sobri((\iet  probably  owes  its  origin  to  a  spirit  of  good- 
natured  raillery.     St.  Louis,  with  a  jocular  reference 
to  the  poverty  of  its  inhabitants,  had  called  Carondelet 
'  Vide  I'oche.'     The  frcijuent  scarcity  of  bread  in  St. 
I  Louis  afforded  an  opportunity  for  retaliation,  and  '  Y'uh' 
I'oche'  avenged  its  comical  insult  by  applying  t''  St. 
Louis  the  nickname  which  for  many  years  supplied  its 
rivals  with  a  fund  of  derisive  allusions. 
'      "  Trifling  incidents  sometimes  suggest  startling  com- 


TS 


IlISTOHY    OK   SAINT    LOUIS 


|iiiiisiiii>.  'I'lic  coiilni.st  hclwoi'ii  tlic  liltlc  vill:ii;(!  witli 
ilsM-iiiilv  Mipjilv  "f  liit'iiil>lull  ami  llio  iiii:lni|iolis  wliidi 
is  now  (iiic  (if  llio  i.'n':il  Liriiiii  ci'iilrcs  o\'  \]\i\  world  is 
iiii])iissiv('.  Tli:il  a  iiKUt  wIiom;  uiaiiurai-luic  is  now 
more  tlian  Iwo  niilliou  liarrt'ls  of  floiii',  and  wlioso  3'i'ai'ly 
ri'C(i|ils  arid  siiipnu'nts  of  ^niin  I'xi'i'cd  ('i;;lit_v-tliri'(! 
million  linslu'ls,  ever  felt  a  lack  of  bread  seems  in- 
eredilile." 


CI!  A  I'TKIi    V. 

(MM  VTnl.iKIV.  liKdl.iiilV.    AND   A  l!l  11  KOUK!  Y. 

St.  LiiUls  is  tlie  eintral  point  (.if  tlie  irreatest  river 
system    on   the    ulobo.      The    valley   of  the   Amazon 
tinbraees  a    broader    area   ol'   territory,   btit    that    of 
the  Missi.ssi])|ii  is  still  the  iricatist  of  all  valleys  in 
every  respeet  whieh  coneerns  man  and  tlie  susteiianee, 
(irogress.  and  development  of  the   human   raee ;  and 
St.  Louis  is  situated  at  the  eoiilroilinir-point  of  this 
valli>\-.      In  variety,  e.xtent.  and  utility  of  prodiietions 
the  Mississippi  exeeeds  all  other  rivers.      Unlike  any 
other  of  the  ij;reat  rivers  whieh  span  eontinents  in  the 
course  of  their  proj;re.=s.  the  Jlissi.ssippi  flows  from  the 
north   to  the  south.     The   Nile,   its  nearest  parallel, 
descends   from   south    to    norlli.     The    Amazon,   the 
Orinoeo,   the   St.  Lawrenee,    the    Plate,  the  Vangste, 
the  lloiiii;_'ho,  the  Danube,  move  in  a  L'oneral  direction 
from  Wf'>l  to  east,  tints  failinir  to  eudiraee  that  L'reat 
e.Meni  of  latitude  of  climate  and  of  productions  whieh 
their   immense   areas   of  water-siu'd    would  otherwise 
enliile  lliein  to.      Um  the  Mississippi,  while  its  head- 
waters an^  cooled  by  the  tricklini:  rills  and  the  clear 
lakei  denolinir  the  beds   of  ancient  iilaciers,  and   its 
stalwart   •  ody   is  invijiorated    by  ihc^  strength  ef  the 
temperaK^  zone,  bathes  its   tawny  and   imp  tuous  feet 
in  the  trojiics.     The  pin<>   and  the  lieinKjcl  crown  its 
head,  tlie  oak   and   the  walnut   i:ive  robust aess  to   its 
middle,  and   it   rests  iimid   the  reijions  of  the  cypre.s.s 
and  the  ()alm.      If  we  should  conceive  the  river,  in- 
deed, under   (he   iin.'ii;e  ol'  a  tree,  rooted  in  the  Gulf 
of  Me.\ico,  We  would  lind  the  ^feal  city  of  which  wo 
write  situated    prri-i>ely  at    the   most   coiivi^nient   and 
eligible  poltit  to  the  three  iireat  branches  which  unite 
to  mak(!  the  trunk   stream:   the  Missouri,  tli(!  Uppi^' 
^lississippi,  and  the  Ohio. 

This  point  is  not  only  the  ixeographical  and  hydro- 
;:ra]ihieal  centre  ol'  the  Mississippi  basin  ;  it  is  also 
the  eeuire  of  L'reatest  prodiiclion.  We  have  sh'>wn 
already'  how  all  the  various  streams  of  imini<;r,uion 

'  Chulili.'!-  I. 


and   population   seekinj;  settlements  and   homes  con 
ver.ije  upon  St.  Louis.      In  li  e  .same  way,  St.  Louis  is 
the  point  of  uatherini;  I'or  markri   of  the   products  of 
the   wheal    rej:ion   of  the  Northwest,  the  cereal   plain 
lyinj;  between  Lake.s  Michigan   and  Superior  and  tli.' 
headwaters   of   the    Missouri.    (Xteiidiiig   north    from 
the    Missouri,  the   Illinois,  and  the  Wisconsin  Rivers 
.  into  the  higher  parts  of  Manitoba.      It  is  the  ceiilie 
I  also  of  the  great  corn  and  wheat  country  of  the  thirtv- 
j  eighth  to  loi'ty-lirst  parallels,  wiiieh  begins  in  Weslein 
!  Kansas  and  extends   to  Western  \'irgiiiia.      It    is   llir 
I  distributing  ]ioint    of   the    products    of  the    elevated 
grazing  plains  (d' Texas  and  the  far  West,  and  its  con- 
trol  of  coal,  iron,  and   wood,  ihe   malcrial.s  of  (.'he;i|i 
manufacturing  |iroduclion,  arc^  in;iking  it    the  point  to 
which    (he  cotton   cro])  of  the  Southwest   necessarily 
gravitates.      The  up]ier  and  lower  waters  of  the  vall(  v 
tributaries,    both    of   them,    bring   to   S(.    Lmiis    the 
woods  Used  ill  all  manufactures  in  which  timber,  luin- 
her,  and    their    components   are   factors.     The  city  is 
just   upon   the  weslerii  edge  of  the  Illinois  coal-basin 
and  upon  the  eastern  edge  of  the  Missouri  coal-basin. 
It  is  adjacent  to  two  great  deposits  ol'  lead,  and  (lii> 
largest   masses  of  iron   ore  in    tin;  world  are  iminnli- 
ately  convenient  lo  its  furnaces  and  limndries. 

This   valley  of  the    Mississippi,  and  csp(!cially  tlio 
part  (d'  i(  nearest   to  St.  liouis,  has  alw;iys  been  ree- 
ogniztid  ])eculiarly  as  a  centre  of  jirolilie  auricullnial 
])idduction.      When    the    Frein-h    lirst    explored    tin' 
river  they   found  '■  the  great    Aineiican  bottom,    nii 
the  oj)]iosite  side  to   St.  Louis,  (he  seat  of  nuineiMiis 
and   prolilic    Indian    (ribes.  who   cultivated   corn   an. I 
raised  large  crops,  the   jirairies  around  covered  with 
herds  of  bison  and  the  river  teeming  with  iish.    TIum' 
Indians  bad  planted  theinselves  among  a  great  colli'i'- 
tion   (d'  mounds,  the  vestiges  of  a  still  older  but  m 
tirely  extinct  civilization,  of  which   not  even  a  innli- 
tion  survived.     'J'lie  plain  I'rom  Caliokia  to  lva,skaskiii 
and  the  banks  of  the  river  ojiposiie,  from  the  iimutli 
(d'  the  Missouri  to  Ste.  (ienevieve,  bear  conclusive  evi- 
:  deuce  td'  having  been  at  one  time  the  site  of  a  •j.rr.d 
city,  the  centre  id'   an   agricultural   peojile,  who  li.nl 
fix(.'d    habitations     and    constructed    gigantic    pnlilii' 
works.      These    works     did     not     consist    inereK    nf 
mouinls  and  the  lines  of  I'ortilicatiuns;  they  compiiNil 
also   Works  of  civil   engineering,  of  vast  conccplinii, 
exi'culed  on   the   largest  scale.     The   Mound  bnilii.i- 
not   only  built  levees.  |iroleeling   their  fields   from  iii. 
iindation,  and  enabling  them   in  times  of  droiigli!  in 
irrigate  wide  s](acc.  ;   ihey  adopted  buHides  ii  vast  sv~ 
lem,  sii.iilar  lo  that  di'Veloped  in  Italy  during  tin'  l;i>i 
century  under  the  intelligent  supervision  (d'  LiMipdM, 
Grand  Duke  of  Tuscany,  I'or  preventing  inundaiidn* 


.Old  rislorii 

iiiirrcepting 

ii  .'I  I  once  n 

iif  their  lan( 

Thi.s   .syst 

s'mI''  in  aiici 

tii'ii  by  the  ] 

rxii'iisive  wi 

li.hvd.      Tin 

,-ari'ssion  o( 

niieldy   flood 

coiiieiiti^  had 

dear  water. 

WMidd,   in   a  i 

.-nii!H'e  (d'  the 

.~H:imp   into   i 

is  CnJIipcU.nt     I 

.-ivr  system  ol 

\:iiiriil   in   the 

:ilid  I  111'   ojijiosi 

li  ill  is  elder  ru 

ilie  Mir|iassinu: 

:iilv,inl,n;es    of 

llielliselves,  jusl 

liliis,  and  Nine\ 

die  Tigris  and  I 

«i'  p"piii:ition  (| 

ll'rlilc  .soil.' 

'  On  llii.«  .<iilij('i-t 
liOiiis.  ue  ilii  ihit  .<! 

M  tllC    HiliJDilli'.l     ill 

i.'iii-  .1.  1)11  I'r,-.,  ,, 
:|ii'  St,iill„rii  M,„i,i ■ 
•  •■Aii'liii'ol.i^rit.,,! 

li'l  it  w.lf  IVliltl'll  : 
!'"">'  I    illlOl'llllii, 

i'''lur-"it,.||.  Iiii-  .-I  I 
'<  I"   III''  .■lli.-iu-v 
■'■'"•■-     Tlii..    iii:iy 

■"IV  l:;i«    ||;|.|    „,,  ,,(1-,., 

iiilu. 

■'.(u-t  lil'IdW  (':|||r 

'f  tbe  .Mi....^i..si|,|ii_  Ii 
ii'i'twi'Ie.  rti'.vtcn.l 
'li-lMIT,  ivostiviinlly.  I 

■llilcf.   lo   l|||.    ll,.|l,|,v,| 

li-"l'iiuu.«  |,ur|Mi.«c  11 

■ll|"'llllllllli||llir   HUtlT 

'"■ -■     -At  interviil 

■■ill|'liiiiily  ileliiieil,  |i 
■'■'I  «illi  ivMlcr.  lOhl 

J  III  livir  ;|||,|  ,-,,,|,| 
'■'■■  I  IlllVf  tlllwtl  I 
■  >n'W-\\    I  hoy   iv,,|.j, 

■'■ii  'i^-'  ii'iw  il('Hilii(,>  ri 
l'"'l'l''.  liiK  (111.  inl, 

I'llH'lirMi   ll|i;.|||y    j,,,.,, 
IIWMIIS  oI'iIk'..,.    |,i,,|,,n 


CLIMATOLOC.Y,  (iKOLOUY.  AND   AUCILEOLOGY, 


1(1  r.'.'-liiriiijr  »w:iiii|i.-<  ;iiiil  iii:ii>lu's  In  ciilliviilidii 


'J'lic  liasiii  (if  ilic  Mis.-i>si|i|ii,  cil' wliicli  Si.  I 


iiilcn'cptii 
il  Ml  oiico 


nl  tlic'ir 


ti 


10  sill  IllOll 


;il.t  d 
i)\  iuid 


liWll  l)V 


fllMllls 


(1  wiili     t!ic  key,  (;(iiii|iiis(;s  mx  iircii  of -,455,001)  Mniaio  mi 


l.imls 


till'  Iriiility      It   L'Xti'n<l>  tlinmi;li   lliirly 

twi'iitv-tliivc  doKi't'is  (ii'  liilitiiik', — ; 


■  of  l(iiiL:iiii(lo  ami 
II  iiica  uicatcr  tlmii 


This   systi'in,    wliicli    wiis   niiplii'il   nu    n    iiiiKliiiiti 

ilr  ill  iiiiciL'iit   Huy|>t.  WMs  bnmiilit  to  ureal,  iicrl'i'f-     lifi'''l  ui.i.vu  ilio  lj;irik- 


tidii  iiy  till!  .Mounil-lmildr 


1.1   s, 


Mil-  vesti-^i's  ol 


th. 


i>nii( 


:lll'i    llitl    r.-ir    ri'ilii     D.-i'Cnli: 


:ill:lls 


Arkii 


i!l\  1)1;  p!;lilllv  ill-iM'tnt: 
lll'ic'k     I'.lllllllR'lllr-'     ")■ 


cXtcll-Ul' 
trar, 


wiirks    euiislnii 


■t.'d  1. 


tiii'iii    ma 


si  ill  Im 


iM'i'k-c    \r. 


K'cn    unci 


'I'll. 


"J" 


„/„ 


:ll  \:<k' 


,lprr'->ll)ll     <l 


Ian  III  llii'Sf  \vin4 


was 


liv  means  n 


itlii.l. 
-  I' 


In   innnv   loi'iiti'it'H   tin 


IVI.l    VVitll    mlnhi 


ilaiiis  anil  waste  wius.  to  inleree|it   tl 


Mv  11. 


IIIH 
Olllli'lltS 


-waters,   retain   tlieiii   iiiili 


tl 


leir  eaill 


.«lrii(ili-.l 

|llll']MI!<C.-' 

|]ii.>li..r<' 


iifi  liap.-i  a-* 


i.ls 


.!>' 


TlK-r  \ 


rcFcrv.iM's  I 


111;.'  I'v   K^'.v|iii 


innn-ii-   niuii 


had  li, 


en  pi'eeipitaled.  and  Ineii  dram  i 


irili. 


■ar  water.      'J'liu  deposits  of  alluvium    thus   senired      ,.„,!   lakes  ainl  cimal.-  iven'  .lu;,'   tl 


ffHiii 


I.   il 


1   a  siiecessioii  ol 


yeai-.- 


Mlll 


Ire   to   rinse  tlie 


Ml'   till 

iif  tlu*  Xili".     I'' rum  llu'sc  ini<i  IVoin  llii>  i-Mniil.<  i>|ii'nu<l 
li,v    till'   wiirnst   iiMisti'is    111'    KkJI'*'  tin-   raiiiM   iliiriie.!   Ilie   ili-y 
(jiili'il.      Ili'iii.liitu.-- nils  that  alter  llu'in' iirlili- 
iCL'iirn'iicn  lit'  laiiilnf   in 
Wliin    tlic    .Muiin'l  li,Mili|iir.s 


M'liMiu   wiTO   irn 


i; 


:.v|it 


vliiillv 


"I" 


ibii. 


if  the  eoiiiitrv  aliovi'   flood-mark  and  eonvert 


fcaic'il   caitlK'n 


)iyi- 


liils  anil    \vin>lii|iri)  tix'  ^ttn   in  llioln 


.-WJIiip 
is  eiiiiipi' 


into 


dr\    and   solid 


A   r: 


tent   to  promote  aurieiilliiie  h\  a  eomprrhen-      the  lununiioK  dlnlil.  even  1: 


liouls  (if  till'  .\niri'ii.'an    .Nile,  tlii'v  tmt  niadr  ranal.',  iiml  |iiivcil 
;;reat  l;tko.<  :inil  liruail  llnesliin^-lluor.-',  anil  niailc  liriiik.  as  diit 


iK'Tv  m  till'  valk' 


^IVe 


>vstem  ol   eivil  eniiiiieeriti^  must  be  very  lar  :i 


111    tiie   sea 


le  of  civilization, 
thi 


St.  L( 
Miiiii 


mill  ilie  ojiposite  iilaiii  was  the  site  ol'  the 

i,f  this  elder  raee,  and  they  owed  their  eivili'/.alion  to     ,iyki 


I'j'  of  till'  .MissUsi|i|ii ; 
nnil  niuiinils  won;  hero  n|ilit'aM'il,  as  wiTi'  nilninuti-rs  of  >tiin« 

that  nicasioi'il  Ihc  lii-i;,'hr  nl   t| Is  in    K,L'y|il  ami  in  tin'  valley 

ul'  llio  I'liii-ln-iiti's. 


II 
'  i']:irli   hunl-iiwiifr': 


illl.ihnr.ss  lends  tn  the  cun.-l  nieliim  uf 


■  -le 


!ilo 


till 


shi 


iif  til 


e  ^reat  liviT. 


sur|iasslll'j 


■rtility   and 


thi 


illderfnl    elimatie      .v s  ago  each  planter  in  Ihe  lonlamls  huill   his  own  le 


r,„ty 


(Ivaiilaues    ol 


ilace    wliere 


ve^ 


just,  as  the 


lliey 
'I'heh 


plaiiti 
d   Men 


Thin  all  land  within  livi 


lies  of  the  river  was  taxed  fur  thi 


l""l 


I.alor,  counties  and 


Hid  Nineveh   and  Hahyloii  were  the  prodiiits  of 


burden.      It  ijeeaii 


'  j^roater 


jiari^lies  assmned  tlie  ;;ri»wing 
|iiiiteet- 


ch 


;ar.  and  the  task  nf 


:  the  eouiitry  inure  and  iiMire  intnleiable,  till  at.  length  ."Stales 


ilio  TiLzris  am: 


1  the    iMiphrates.       Uivers    create  a  loess       fmind  the  eosi:iiiess  of  the  work 


and  lii-dav  tin 


111'  ].ii|. Illation  quite  as 
I'erlile  .soil.' 


tlr 


■y  I" 


)ile  ui)  a  loess  o 


leivenlion  of  I'edeial  |iower  is  asked,  and  a  vast  sum  |iro|ioseil 
to  be  inve.-li'd  in  earthen  walls  designed  In  hedge  in  Ihe  turbid. 


to  bi 
resistle 


.  everiunnniiring  IhiiHl-lide  of  this  stii|H'ndiins,  restivi 


initaiued  *  inlaud  sea.* 


might  to  fetlci-  Ihe 


I  Om  ihis  siibjeet.  of  such  great   areli:e..liigieal  inteiesi  In  St.       llie  deep,  and  lashed  with  ehains  the  impatient  billows  tliat 


l;U|li-.    «1 


<lii  nut   sill 


;an  do  belter  than  eall  alleiitiun       balked  bis  |iur|iiises  of  vain  anibilinn 


,  tlie  -iil.jiiine.l   arliele  fi i  the  thoriui.gbly  eoinpetent  |ien  of      than  the  I'er.sian  king  who  would  lift  up  earthen   walls  to  im 

iiwi-  .1.  liii  I'll',  of  .Meiiipbis,   leiin..  which  was  published  in       prisun  the  resistless  eiinent  of  the  mightiest  i 


le  eonli- 


„il„ 


M,i 


■  f  .Iiiiie,  1^71.     'I'lie  title  of  iheariiilr       neiil ;  and  liow  inlinilely  wiser  that  extinct  rae 


i'lS 


•■  Aicliieologieal  .\spi 

1.]  it  isas  written  soon  aflei 


the  l,,,wbiiiil>  of  the  .Mi,-s 


M'l'i 


of  Ih. 


I" 


idieal 


for  c'ominvreial  giurpnses  the  Hoods  win 
lev  ees  or  dykes  only  aggravate  I 


iif  Hi 

vliiidi  utili/ed 
■apiicily  for  iiiisehief 


idalions  of  thai  slieaii 


the 


writer,  it  niusl  nut 


'  fuig'ilti'ii,  lias  a  theory  not  only  as  to  past,  conduet,  but  als 
1  til  Ihe  ellieacy  uf  ixpedieiits  and  possi 


'I'ottiiii  is  the  leading  prodiiel  of  the  hiwei^  i  alley  of  the  .Mis- 
•ippi,  as   was  wheat  when    lie    .Mnnnd-builders  eonslrueted 


emedii 


tb< 


Thi 


may   lia\e   hiaseil   Ins    eoiicltision 


I   hi 


broad,  paved  Ibreshing-ll'i 
rwl 


vhi 


bins  made  of  adobe 


ut    we    are       were  everywhere  nplilted.      'I'hese  paved  Hours, 


'lias  had  no  etVeet   ii]ton  the  statement  of  facts  addii 


"I  hi 


acres,  are  ni'ien  round  in   the  lowlands.      I,i 


euveriiig  iiiany 


id  Ir 


de 


■'.lii-t  lichiw  Cape  ilirardeau,  ,\Iissouri,  on  the  western  ,^liiiro 
fdie  .Missis,-ippi,  there  is  a  deep  fosse  more  than  oni 


r, lying  llirongh  I'orly  centuries  eonslitule  a  superiiiipnscd  In 
and  patient  uliservations  of  the  annual  growth  in  Ihickiici 


idred       this  deposit  will  tell  wilh  pro.xiiualc  aeeiiracy  how  many  lo'cs 


i.lc 


It  e,\Ieniled,  al  an   iinknonn   period   in  the  world's       have  elapsed  since  the  patient,  toili 


primeval  r; reared  it.s 


■  iMiv.  vvestwardly,  from  'iiie  hundred  to  one  linndred  and  lil'ty       tombs  and  temples  along  Ihe  sin 


of    till 


If  till 


'lllll■^,  le  tlie  headwate 

11-  i.livinus  purpose  vv; 


of  tho 


White 


unit  .'<l.  l'"i 


■■  the  diversion  of  a  large  voliiiu 


Hivers.       wisdom  of  those  that   ruled  tbe  mighty  toiling  muliiiudes  had 
1-  of  the      approved,  great  v.alls.  heightened  each  year,  Hoiild   have  eon- 


ii|i.ialiiiiidaiii  water  of  the  Mississippi   into  smaller  Iribiilary   j   lined  the  river  toils  proper  ehannel.      If  thi,- nbjcit  had  been 


.■\t  interval-  of  twenty  or 


lliirl\ 


v  miles  oilier  e 


anals.       etVeeted  llic  area  of  water, surl'ac 


Mp. 


'.I      to    Ihl 


d'  till 


■:ill  |ilaiiily  delined.  parallel  with  the  lirst,  and 


ray.- 


mid   have  been    lessened  "eitainlv  Iweiitv   tiiii 


ii|  with 


I   h: 


mid  de-igned  to  le 
rll 


the  Hood-tide  of  the 


rand  render  overllows  harmless,  traverse 


the  111 


and  til 

fusel  from  clouds  dimiiiisli"il  in  I  lie 


e  ipiantity  of  nioislure  lilted  up  by  evaporalioii  and  dif- 
.same  ralio.     Wet  and  dry 


'  traced  Ihese  ancient  canals  many  miles.     I'alpa-       seasons  would  have  supervened  to  curse  the  lowlands,  and  Ihe 


ch  lliey  were  not  only  disigncd   lo   reinler  ealamili 


llclds  of  this  II 


iiagnilicent  valley  would  be  no  iiiore  valii- 


desobite  rich  plantations  from   I'airo  to  the  (iulf       able  than  those  of  India.     Whether  the   .Moiinil-biiilders  gri 


iit)..issliile,  but  the  internal  eninmeroe  ni  wide  districts  and  of 


I'liiiil  iiiiglity  populalions  wii 


I  cheaply  condiicled  li; 


I  or  lla\  there  m 
inearthed  Ir 


iiiiv  be  no  me 


an?  of  ascertaining. 


<kele- 


Ihe  b^ 


iif  a  iiiound  at  the  slightest  touch 


of   till 


igh 


l''iir   long  ilislances  tovving-pallis 


an  impalpable  powder,  and  on   llii 


iiibices 


'ly 


80 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


.1        ■■>!'    \ 


\m 


4   ; 


that  of  all  Europe  whoti  Russia.  SwedoM,  and  Norway  at  1I{;{(>  luili's  above  its  nioutli,  has  a  width  of  500it 

are  loft  out  of  tlie  account.     Tlie  basin  of  the  Upper  !'cct,  and  a  mean  di.scharfje  of  105,000  cubic  feet  pi  r 

Mississippi  lias  an  area  of  160,000  sf|Uiire  uiiies,  and  .second.    Tiie  Mi.ssouri  is  iJOOO  feet  wide  at  the  mouth, 

a  lieight  of  1080  feet  above  the  sea-level.     The  river,  with  u   mean   dischar;i;o  of   120,000   cubic   feet   jn  r 


innrl<!i  of  thri<ii<l.'<  nnd  intrraticc!'  ul'  linx  ointli  in  wliiuli  tliu 
L'iir|i-i'>  of  tlic.-o  .\(liiiii.<  mill  K\  us  uC  this  nlcluft  wnilil  were  cn- 
wriijipi'ii.  In  future  explnriitioiis  of  iiiiiunils  this  inijuiry  iij*  to 
Ihi!  iiiiiti-iliil.s  111'  tlic  Mimiiil  huilili'is'  chithiii);  nmy  bo  drter- 
iniiieil.  Tho  innuiiils  on  tlie  hei^lits  tit  M<.in)ihis,  at  their  base 
one  Imiiilre'l  feet  alxive  the  river's  siirraee,  siii'ely  eniitaiii  l)Oilies 
whieli  liave  iie\er  lieeii  siiliiiierKecl.  It'  tlieso  be  e.vluiineil,  anil, 
as  is  eoniiiionly  I'immuI  in  tlie  j^epultiire  of  these  pCDple,  rnsin 
has  been  nseil  to  prevent  ileeay  ol'  Hesli  anil  bnnes,  it  will  be 
kiinwn  whether  lla.\  iir  eiiltun  were  enltivateil  to  niaUe  wimiiii;;- 
.iheets  innre  eniliiring  than  the  nnniinibereil  years  that  invest 
the  very  won!  '  Muund-bnikler'  with  \iij^ne,  shniluwy  nietnu- 
ries. 

"The  averajre  wiilth  of  the  lowhuuls,  rroin  west  to  east,  be- 
tween C'nirii  anil  the  (inlf  of  .Alexieo.  is  fiirty-five  miles.  The 
river's  ebannel  is  of  the  average  wiitt,.  jf  one  mile.  .Now  anil 
then,  as  at  the  heights  of  Memphis  it  is  narrower,  nnd  itt  sueli 
points  very  deep,  anil  the  current  .iwift  and  stronj;.  At  other 
plaees  it  is  expanded  into  an  open  sea,  and  this  is  very  shallow. 
In  these  fnets  we  linil  an  explanation  of  ainithor  whieli  the 
.Mound-builder*  eoinprehended,  and  wo  practically  do  not. 
Where  the  stream  is  wide  and  shallow,  its  mud  in  suspension  is 
rapidly  deposited,  and  the  cliannel  laiiidly  (ilhd.  When  the 
river  rises,  sliallow  little  streams  beirin  to  steal  \cry  alnwly  over 
and  out  of  the  banks  into  the  lowlands.  They  move  mit  very 
lazily,  and  therefore  deposit  mud  very  rapidly.  In  fact,  the  al- 
luvium is  most  rajiidly  deposited  ill  the  river's  very  edge.  Tho 
stream  thus  upheaves  )ierpetiially  its  own  banks,  and,  as  every 
traveler  on  steamers  has  observed,  occupies  a  ridge  from  the 
Chickasaw  liliills  at  Memphis  to  the  IJalize.  In  truth  the 
.Mound-builders  were  too  nearly  sane  to  aid  llio  river  in  up- 
heaving its  banks,  thus  rendering  crevasses  doubly  ruinous. 
This  process  of  up-building  the  banks  is  often  continuous 
through  a  series  of  months  and  years.  At  length  an  cvtra- 
ordinary  Hood  or  force  in  the  current,  or  its  sli;;ht  diversion 
by  a  fallen  tree,  or  the  caving  of  the  natural  or  artilicial  lovee, 
or  an  aperture  made  by  crayfish,  furnishes  an  exit  for  the 
pent-up  volume  of  uplifted  waters.  Tho  crevasse  is  steadily 
and  rapidly  enlarged,  and  tho  n|ilifted  current,  defying  all  ob- 
structions, overwhelms  everything  in  its  path.  Houses,  cattle, 
•  ]iiccaniniiies,' and  people,  and  the  richest  estates  are  swept 
away,  and  the  escaped  llood-tidc  of  the  '  inland  sea'  carves  out 
for  itself  a  new  channel  in  the  lowest  possible  |iortion.s  of  the 
lowlanil.o.  Hy  the  same  processes  ns  bel'ore  the  banks  of  this 
new  channel  are  uplifted  and  again  broken  down,  and  thus 
within  a  given  [ -riod  there  is  not  a  point  in  the  valley  be- 
tween the  hills,  forty-livo  miles  apart,  over  which  the  river's 
current  has  not  rushed  angrily,  or  moved  jdacidly  or  sullenly 
to  the  sea.  It  actually  vibrates  as  a  pendulum  from  the  eastern 
to  the  western  hills,  which  constitute  tiieonly  barriers  it  recog- 
nizes as  impassable  and  indestriictiide. 

"Not  many  years  ago,  just  below  .Mein)ihis.  on  tho  western 
shore  of  the  river,  and  o]iposite  the  great  mounds  on  the  heights 
at  Kort  I'icUiring,  there  stood  another  lofty  mound.  The  river, 
ever  ebangefiil  in  its  course,  broke  down  old  barriers,  and  from 
a  southern  was  diverteil  to  a  western  course.  The  great  mound 
slowly  diaappeared.  It  hail  certainly  been  erected  after  tho 
river  selected  for  itself  its  present  channel  at  the  base  of  tho 
Chickasaw  IlluH's.  How  long  does  the  Mississippi  pursuo  the 
same  narrow  path  ?     May  not  observations  persistently  made  I 


through  a  series  of  years  determine  the  time  in  which  tlii--i' 
changes  certainly  and  regularly  viccur?  .May  we  not  thus  leam, 
at  least  proximately,  the  date  of  erection  of  the  mound  which 
recently  ilisa|ipcaicd  !'  It  may  be  well  to  explain  that  while  tin- 
river  is  uplifting  its  banks  it  is  also  elevating  its  bed.  Wliereicr 
the  volume  of  water  is  widely  dillused  the  force  of  the  curreni  is 
lessened,  and  alluvial  matter  deposited  at  the  bottom  and  .mi 
its  banks.  The  river  thus  absidutely  '  levees'  itself,  and  at  llie 
same  time  renders  other  levees  seemingly  indispensable.  Tliii- 
we  find  that  the  average  annual  maximum  height  of  the  water 
ut  Hood-tide  along  the  whole  length  of  tho  river  is  now  seven 
feet  above  that  of  IS:i|l. 

"  There  is  a  rude  drawing  carved  on  the  face  of  a  flat  piece 
of  sandstone  dug,  1  am  told,  from  a  luiiund  near  Knltoii,  Teiin., 
a  little  village  on  the  rivor-shoro  soventy-llvo  miles  alene 
Memphis.  The  carved  lines  are  here  reprudueed.and  letters  an  1 
ligures  supplied  that  the  slrangi*  hieroglyphics  may  bo  iitili/eil. 
Kvidcntly  it  was  sought  to  be  shown  by  some  Mouiid-bniMiii  • 
mathematician  that  levees  were  worse  than  useless.  The  drau. 
ing  presents  a"  leveed'  cross-section  of  the  channel  of  the  Mi- 
sissippi.  1  can  make  nothing  else  of  it.  .As  every  intelliL'ent 
dweller  in  the  lowlands  knows,  the  average  rate  of  descent  el 
the  shore  from  the  river  is  fourteen  feet  in  live  thousand,  'fiif 
nearer  the  water's  edge  the  lower  the  levee  essential  to  thy 
country's  security;  and  as  the  river  is  constantly  elevating  its 
hanks  and  its  bed,  the  levees  must  be  constantly  uplifted,  'fin' 
rude  drawing  on  the  .saudstono  tells  its  simple  story  after  tliji 
fashion  (I'"ig.  1)  : 

Sfcliim  of  the  Chttnnel  of  the  MIsHt'asippl  us  tii'dwn  by  a  Mntim. 
builtler. 


Fig.  1. 


Hiver-Iied  at  Sleniphis  ninety  feet  deep. 

The  nearer  tho  levee  to  tho  water's  edge,  tho  more  spceilv  ii. 
destruction  by  abrasion  or  by  the  falling  in  of  the  unste.iilt 
banks.  Far  beneath  these  the  resistless  current  often  carvfi 
its  way.  If  theleveo  be  erected  a  mile  from  the  shore,  of  curs  | 
it  must  be  fourteen  feet  higher  than  if  built  at  the  water'-  eJ.'.. 
and  of  the  same  relative  height  at  any  given  distance  finm  ||,( 
boisterous  current. 

"There  is  anuther  wonderful  process  of  uplifting  the  cliann-: 
of  the  .Mississippi,  steadily  progressive  through  all  seasim-ani 
through  all  ages.  I  am  not  sure  that  the  .Mouiid-buildcis  uet?  I 
cognizant  of  the  facts  to  which  I  refer.  'I'h.sewill  bo  iii.in  [ 
readily  comprehended  by  reference  to  the  appended  .lia:,TM:. 
Cairo  is  about  four  bundrc.l  feet,  civil  engineers  say,  abovolli 
water-level  of  the  liulf  of  .Mexico,  as  shown  by  the  perpcndieuir 
line  in  Fig.  2.  As  tho  river  annually  and  rapidly  Icioitli™ 
itself,  encroaching  each  year,  by  depositing  vast  quanlitie-i; 
mud  at  the  lialize,  upon  the  domains  of  the  (Julf,  it  also  Hit- up 
its  bod,  ns  illustrated  in  this  diugrnm  : 


CLIMATOLOGY,  GEOLOGY,  AND  ARCILEOLOGY. 


81 


,f  50(1.1 
'cot  pi  r 
nioutli, 

foot   {!'  r 

[ic'\i  tlu-f 
llU!<  l>':nii. 
mil  wtlu-ll 
whilr  111.' 
Wlii-rcMT 
.  ciirri'iii  i? 
nil  iin.l  'ill 
unci  lit  lilt 
bio.  'I'llH. 
r  the  wiiiiT 
1  now  pfU'ii 

a  Hat  lii.'ce 
Itoii,  'I'l'iin,, 
iiilcii    iilmve 
cllftlcrsiiii'l 
:  he  iitUi/O'l. 
iml-buiMiii^ 
.    Tlio  iliiiiv- 
I  of  tlio  Miv 
•y  iiitclli:;t'iil 
of  ilcscfiil  ct 
iiiiiiinU.     The 
ciiliul  til  th« 
elevutinj;  ii- 
,|,lil'lcil.    Tilt 
oij-  after  tlii- 


(jy  a  Moiiifi- 


sociiiiil,  and  tlio  area  of  its  basin  is  518,000  square  j  second  is  675,000  cubic  foot.  Tlio  Mississippi  and 
,„||(.»i.  Tiie  Lower  Missi.ssippi  has  u  width  of  2470  ;  its  tributaries  afford  an  internal  navigation  of  0000 
feet  at  its  luoutli,  and  its  basin  comprises  an  area  of  I  miles  for  steamboats.  The  main  stream  is  navigable 
1  244,000   square   miles.     Its   mean   discharge   per     from  its  mouth  to  St.  Paul,  1044  miles,  and  from  St. 


FiQ.  2. 


Iiiro  spooily  ii- 
1  tlio  uii^toivl;  I 
It  oft  on  I'iirvn 
lliorc,  of  ('|IU^^|' 
!  wiitcr'-i  n\it. 
laiiee  fi'mii  A<  | 

fg  the  oluinn' 
111  P01I8011-  am 
|.biiilili'i>  «c;' 
»ill  h.'  iii";i 
liloil  .lii>;;r;ii;:. 

,  iilune  III  1 
|iier|nMi>lliii''i' 
lilly   lonjitlun- 
iiuaiuilio-  •'■ 

lit  illso  llflMlf 


\    Wiilcr-lpvol  iif  fiillf. 

11  C.iiiii,  lIKi  fl.alKivo  level  (if  Gulf. 

IIF,  W.ilil-lovol  of  I  IviT  IXUO  joins 

110   v'litoi-levcl  of  rlvor  A.P.  1H71. 
1)11.  ••  "  A.i).  :ltlli(i. 

C.  IIi'ii;lit  of  wutor  fit  Bito  of  Now 

Ul  loKllD  IMUI  yoUIH  llgO. 


F  Q  H 

I 

I  D.  Prpgent  lieiprlit  of  wator  iit  New  ] 

Orloiiiis,  It  ft.  iilmvo  level  of 

(iillf.  I 

K.  lloinlil  of  wilier  at  N.  (>..  A.P.  i 

:li;iKI,2Sft.  iiliiive  level  of  Uuir.  | 

F.  Iliilize  ISlHlyeilimigii.  j 

*J.     Ilul   '/O  tO-llllV. 

II.  Ilull/.e  A.I>.  MiKt. 

It  will  he  readily  obscrvci  that  as  the  muuth  of  the  river  is  re- 
aiovcil  from  Cairo,  the  straight  linen  from  Cairo  to  the  lializc, 
one  tliiiiisiand  inilo.ii  long  ami  rcprcaenting  the  river's  surface, 
.irc  coii.itantly  elcvatcil.     The  rise  ami  fall  of  the  river  at  Now 
Orleiiiis  is  now  fourlccn  feet.     If  the  mouth  of  the  river  be  far- 
thcr  leinovccl,  the  rise  and  fall  of  the  water  at  the  eity  will  be 
stCiuliiv  iiioreased.  and  }utri  pnHHii  forever  with  the  extension 
of  the  river's  length.     Not  only  is  the  bed  of  the  river  thus 
eonslnntlv  elevated  at  all  points  below  Cairo,  but  the  river  now 
rise?,  Iioin  tills  and  other  causes  hereafter  explained,  si.x  feet  j 
higher  at  Cairo  than  thirty-eight  years  ago.     As  new  farms  are  j 
rnpiill.v  opened,  forests  swept  away,  and  boundless  plains  and  j 
liill-siilos  cultivated  along  the  shores  of  the  interminable  river,  j 
its  chunnel  becomes  shallower  and  more  rapidly  filled  when   j 
forests  no   longer   ob.'truct   the   country's   drains.      Overflows  j 
tlirou"li  each  successive  year  will  be  more  sudden,  and  rising  to  ^ 
uniircccilenled  lieigbts  unless  outlets  be  made,  ns  by  the  Mound-  | 
builders,  will  render  this  magnificent  valley  almost  uninhabit-  I 

able.  I 

"There  is  no  evading  the  necessity.     If  Lowell  and  the  East  [ 
would  have  cheap  cotton,  and  grow  rich  as  never  before,  it  is  \ 
only  needful  that  the  scheme  of  leveeing  the  Mississippi,   a  j 
scheme  ns  absurd  as  its  perfect  achievement  is  impossible,  bo  , 
iibanduneil,  and  the  wiser  policy  of  the  Mound-builders  adopted.  ! 
The  river  I'o,  like  the  Mississippi,  as  the  Hudson  and   Con- 
iicrticut  d)  not,  brings  down   vast  ([uantities  of  detritus  from 
monntiiin-slopes ;  and  like  the  Mississippi,  the  Po  upbuilds  its 
oirn  banks,  and  the  people  have  aided  until  its  beil  is  above  the 
juiiiniits  of  church-spires  in  towns  and  villages  along  its  course. 
Armies,  ns  negroes  once  did  the  Mississippi,  watch  the  river 
anil  the  walls  that  uphold  and   hedge  it  in,  that  the  charming 
valleys  after  the  snows  melt  in  the  Alps  and  Apennines  may 
nut  bo  ovcrwholmed  and   desolated.     Inllnitely  better  for  the 
!  hapless  Italians  if  the  river's  superabundant  waters  were  dif- 
fiifcfl  and  utili/.cd  in  countless  canals.     Unhappily,  the  Italians 
I  never  learned  lessons  of  practical  wisdom  at  the  hands  of  the 
Chinese,  or  at  those  of  the  Mound-builders,  a  people  who  knew 
I  lilt  ujo  of  canals  as  well  os  the  Chinese  and  Egyptians.     The 
I  llanjes  is  restricted  to   the  narrowest  possible  confines,  and 
I  liijia  is  striated  by  railways  instead  of  canals.      The  costlier 
I  mcije  of  transporting  heavy  products  of  Indian  agriculture  seems 
I  to  be  preferred,  and  the  country's  wealth-producing  capacity  is 
I  greatly  lessened.     The  lircs  lighted  by  sun-worshiping  I'arsces 
■  (till  bliize  perennially  and  undimined,  as  in  forgotten  ages,  u|ion 
|li;ruat  mound's  summit  in  Calcutt.i;  but  along  the  shores  of 
(i 


the  Mississippi  and  in  cities  that  crown  its  banks,  the  light  uf 
the  Mound  builders' genius,  like  the  sacred  fires  that  illuinlnoj 
their  temples  and  watch-towers,  have  gone  out,  and  inoorrigiblo 
folly  reigning  everywhere  in  the  lowlands,  lifts  up  earthen  wiiHh 
to  hedge  in  the  mightiest  drain  of  the  continent,  Wendell 
I'liillips,  with  |jleasing  alacrity,  has  mounted  the  rostrum  once 
a  week  through  a  quarter  of  a  century  to  tell  niiinkind  that 
'there  is  nothing  new  under  the  sun.'  Very  certainly  it  is 
now  discovered  that  the  proposition — supposed  not  long  ago  to 
bo  wholly  new — to  construct  canals  connecting  rivers  of  thia 
magnificent  valley  with  one  nnutlier  and  with  the  great  lakes 
and  Mexican  Gulf  was  partially. ell'octed  by  a  race  of  men  older 
than  Cyrus  or  Solomon  or  Uavid. 

"  Whether  the  .Mound-builders  dug  other  canals  than  those 
that  conncoted  tiio  Mississippi  with  the  sources  and  conDuent 
streams  uf  the  St.  Francis  and  White  Uivers,  I  aiu  not  prepared 
to  say.  If  as  wise  as  elodhoppois,  who  would  control  flood- 
tides  of  little  streams,  always  draining  first  the  lower  side  of 
the  farm,  they  surely  connected  the  Mississippi  with  other 
outlets  farther  south.  Very  certainly  there  was  no  such  ab- 
surdity jiracliced  by  the  Mound-builders  as  that  contemplated 
by  the  bill  considered  at  this  hour  by  the  Amerioiin  Congress, 
involving  a  vast  expenditure  of  money  in  improving  the  livcr 
between  St.  Louis  and  Cairo,  when  there  is  no  exit  at  the  Ualizo 
fur  the  country's  wealth.  Moreover,  the  Mound-builders  never 
would  have  constructed  a  railway  spanning  half  the  continent, 
to  reduce  rates  of  transportation,  when  a  ship-canal  from  New 
Orleans  to  dce|i  water  in  Ilarataria  liny  would  cost  infinitely 
less,  and  transfer  freights  in  conjunction  with  the  river  at  ono- 
fourth  or  one-tifth  the  cost  of  railway  carriage  between  the 
same  commercial  points.  Quite  as  stupid  as  the  proposition 
of  St.  Louis,  a  reanimated  Mound  builder  would  assert,  is  that 
of  the  New  Orleans  Towboat  Company,  coming  through  the 
Chamber  of  Commerce  of  that  city.  Congress  must  dig  a  ship- 
canal,  quoth  tile  tugboats,  but  not  such  a  canal  as  will  obviate 
the  necessity  for  the  employment  of  these  delectable  tugboats. 
This  canal  must  leave  tlio  river  eighty  miles  below  Now  Or- 
leans, It  would  be  ruinous  (to  the  tugboats)  if  a  locomotive 
towed  the  'Great  Eastern'  from  Fort  Livingston,  on  Barntariii 
Day,  forty  miles  through  a  slack-water  canal,  at  a  cost  of  fifty 
dollars,  to  the  foot  of  Canal  Street.  New  York  would  then 
control  the  cheapest  and  most  abundant  grain  crops  of  the 
world.  Western  farmers  would  save  enough,  because  of  ehenp- 
oned  transportation,  in  a  single  year  to  pay  for  four  such 
canals,  costing  forty  millions  each.  L'uhap]iily,  tlio  towboata 
would  lose  five  thousand  dollars  on  each  sliip  of  twenty-five 
hundred  tons  tliat  eume  througli  and  went  out  of  such  a  cinal; 
and  therefore  ships,  as  Congress  proposes  to  provide,  must  still 
bo  consigned  to  the  tender  mercies  of  tugb  lats  employed  to 
resist  the  strong  current  from  Fort  St,  Philippe  eighiy  miles  to 
the  city's  wharves. 

•'Drains  for  the  lowlands,  constructed  by  Mound-buildeis, 
suggested  the  neces.sity  for  the  diversion  of  rivers  wholly  or  in 
part  from  their  present  channels.  If  n  canal,  its  volume  of 
water  regulated  at  will  by  locks  and  dams,  cuniiccled  Ucd  with 
Atchafaluya  lliver,  and  the  Arkansas,  througli  Bayou  liarthol- 
omew,  with  lied  River,  and  the  Missouri  from  its  farthest  point 
of  sotithorn  deflection  with  the  Arkansas,  we  would  have  prac- 
tically two  Mississippi  Uivers  par,illel  with  one  another.  In- 
undations would  bo  impossible.     When  icy  barriers  arc  swept 


82 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Anthony  to  Smik  Riipids,  80  niilos.  Tlio  INHssouri  ia 
nnvi^iiblo  at  ordiiiarv  water  to  a  point  sixty  miles  above 
the  nioiilli  (iftlio  Vclliiwstunc,  ISDl  niilos,  and  at  liii;li 
water  to  Fort  Benton,  2G44  miles.     The  Ohio  is  iiav- 

nwiiy  fri'iii  bcdn  iif  inuuntiiin  lorrcnt'i,  iiml  snnivs  ncMiiniiliitcil 
llir<)ii<^h  ilrcary  winter  inoiitlis  come  down  to  overwliolin  hotnes 
iiml  t'liniis  I'vi-nnlicrc  in  llio  villi  y  iif  tlio  .Miysiy^ipiii,  ns  ili<l  | 
till"  Miiund-liuililiM's  of  olil  lit  Ciipu  liinirilciiu.  we  woiiM  o|ien  '• 
the  giitewiiya  itf  ^roiit  eiinal,-),  iind  footprint-'  of  ilesoluliin  oiilil 
be  seen  no  inure  iiliiiif;  the  slioreii  of  tlie  ninjestie  river.  The 
flood  llint  left  the  Missouri  through  n  ciiniil  extending  from 
Knnsns  City  to  the  Neo.sho  would  induel  water  into  tlio  Missis-  i 
sipiii  at  the  incuith  of  the  .Vrkansas  before  It  would  have  roaehcd 
by  its  I're.sent  route  the  nioulli  id'  the  Ohio.  Floods  from  melt- 
ing snow  and  iec  in  the  Uocliy  Mountains,  that  reiieh  the  low- 
lands annually  in  .func,  have  inst  Lowell  and  .Maiiidiester  anil 
Leeds  eiiiinlless  millions;  and  yet  no  adei|uate  means  are  oven 
priijiutfd  either  to  iinl'elter  the  eomineree  of  this  valley  by  open- 
ing a  ship  I'liiial  from  \e\v  I'vleans  itself  to  ihe  si'ji,  or  to  double 
the  exportal-ile  wealth  of  the  I'nited  ."States,  by  perfci'ling.  by 
ineiins  of  eanals,  those  systems  of  drainage  iind  of  transporta- 
tion employed  by  a  raee  of  iiifii  that  preceded  the  •aborigines' 
in  the  pus.-ession  of  these  plains,  eapable  of  prodin-ing  unex- 
ampled wealth. 

•'  It  was  a  sad    fate  that  befell   n  people  who  suggested  by 
their  wisdom  niid  deeds  most  benellueni  mea.surod  of  publie 
poliey  eursorily  diseussed  III  these  pages.     The  primeval  raee 
might  furnish,  if  proper  researidies  were  made,  other  lessons  in 
practical  statesmanship.     No  adei|uato  means  have  been  em- 
|iloyed  to  iiseertain  the  eharaeter  or  value  of  the  eiintents  of  the 
magnilU'i'iil  mounds  eiery where  in  the  lowlands  in  the  vieinity 
of  .Memphis.     The  great  mmind  near   lllaeklish   Lake,  twenty 
miles  west  of  .Memphis,  is  hollow,      rrom  an  opening  near  the 
t)ase  countless  rattlesnakes  are  evoked  by  warm  sunbeams  of 
spring-time,   and   nothing   less  reckless  or  potent   than  nitro- 
glycerine would  dare  encounter  hi-sing  reptiles  whose  downy 
bed  is  the  dust  of  nameless  generations.     Peaceful  in  habits  of 
life  were  the  .Mound  builders.      Their  industry  and  practical 
skill  were  as  remarkable  as  the  indolence  and  shifllessness  id' 
the   Ited    Indian--.      Instead  of  hielimi   their   farms,  these  in 
many  places  were  uplifted   by  inealeiilable  toil.     Levees  ]ire- 
vcnt  the  outflow  of  water  behind  them.     It  stands  there  till 
cvapo.ition  removes  it,  and  people  sicken  and  die  who  breathe 
an  almosidicre  polluted  by  this  levee  system,  on  which  Congress 
proposes  Id  expend  thirty  millions  or  more.     Infinitely  wiser, 
if  the  purpose  be  to  eiirieh  all  these  States,  to  employ  the  (con- 
vict labor  of  all  on    a   great  canal   from  .Memphis,  situated,  as 
this  city  is,  just  below  the  point  at  wlileli  American   rivers  and 
canals  freeze,  to  the  southeastern  .All  inlic  coast,'-'     The  execu- 
lion  of  this  task  would  cost  »ery  little  compared  with  its  in- 
estimable value.     Having  derieed  these  rclleetions  from  facts 
incident    to    the   conduct   of    the    Mound-builders,    and    from 
suggestions  made  by  living  evidences  of  their  toil   and  genius, 
it  is  to  bo  deplored  that  so  little  of  what  might  be  known  of 
their  conduct  and  modes  of  life  is  ascertained.     Money  is  want- 
ing.    Without  it  excavations  cannot  bo  made;  and  strangely 
enough,  though  the  industry  of  this  peculiar  race  wa.s  tircles.s 

■  The  Missouri  at  Kansas  City  is  72;')  feet  above  the  water- 
level  of  the  Gulf.  The  Arkanfas  at  Fort  Oibsoii  is  OliO  feet 
above  the  Gulf;  Fulton,  on  ItcJ  Uivor,  2(2  feet;  and  tho 
Arkansas  at  Pine  DIulT  240  feet,  anil  liiiyou  Bartholomew  U.'i 
feet  above  the  Gulf. 


igablc  to  I'ittsbiirfili,  975  miles;  the  Monoiiiralichi  in 
(loneva,  !H  miles;  the  Tenniwsco  to  Muscle  ShoaK, 
0(1(1  niilos  ;  the  Cunibcrland  to  Hurksviilc,  ;!"(•  miles ; 
and  there  is  slack-water  navij,'alion  amounlino;  to  "i.'iil 
miles  on  other  Ohio  tributaries.  Tho  Minnesota  River 
is  navicriilile  to  Fiittersnn's  Rapids,  'J!l,')  miles ;  the  St, 
Crni.x  to  St.  Criii.x,  tiO  miles;  the  Illinois  to  La  Sallo, 


as  their  numbers  must  have  been  countless,  nothing  more  valu- 
able than  I'oppcr  and  bronze  implements,  and  in  one  inslaini' 
an  idol  of  bron/.e,  with  urns  and  vases  of  tcrra-cotta,  have  biiri 
j   found,     Tartar  mounds  along  the  northern  shores  of  the  Itla.l, 
Sea  contain  vast  i|iiantitics  in  value  of  golden  ornaments  of  the 
dead.    Hodiesof  chicflains  or  kings  have  been  exhumed  wrappe'j 
ill   sheets  of  gold.     Strange  if  these  people,  who  within  a  n 
cent  geological  period  redeemed  the  low  lands  of  Arkansas  from 
Hoods   at    tho   cost   of  unoxampled   toil,   had   no   money,  mni 
only  zinc  and  copper  and  bron/.e  implements.    The  assumpiici, 
is  seemingly  soabsurd,  that  however  olten  I  have  filled,  I  hav, 
never  opened  a  mound  without   consciousness  of  kern  nnxiiiv 
and  eager  evpeelations.      If  the  .Mound-builders  had  duralj,', 
valuables,  tlicy  will  surely  be  discovered  in  the  vieinity  of  tlic 
great   battle-Held  on  which  not  only    in  army,  but  a   race  wiis 
exlermiiialcil.     From  a  point  on  the  Mississippi  seventy  mile. 
above   .Memphis,  along  a   line  west   from   the   river,  there  i-  ;i 
series  of  defensive   earth  works.     There  are  ciirlhen  walls  .|i. 
lining  parallelograms  ami  ditches  and  circular  forts  and  Ion:. 
ilcl'ciisiM'  lines.     From  these  the  .Mound  Imilders  were  steadiK 
driven  back  until  the  final  struggle  lor  the  mastery  of  thecoiiutrv. 
and  for  national  and  personal  existence,  was  fought  live  mill- 
above  the  point  of  confluence  of  Little  lied  and  While  itivei-. 
A  broad  deep  ditch  connects  the  two  streams,  and  buried  wiiliji;. 
it  is  said,  are  myriads  of  Mound  builders'  skeletons.    ,  am  cre.l. 
ibiy  informed  by  one  who  traversed  this  battle-licbl  and  scannil 
it  closely,  and  dug  into  the  deep  receptacle,  that  a  million  nun 
may  Imvc  fallen  there.      It  was  the  iliteh  which  my  '  rebel' fel- 
low-countrymen  ne\cr  loiind, — 'the  last  iliteh,' — and  in  it  1 
am  persuaded   fell   the  bi>t  of  tho   .Mound-builders  of  the  I, u- 
lands.     It  left  no  survivor.     No  whispering  tradition   reciti- 
their  deeds,  no  monunienliil  marble  recounts  their  Iriuuipli-   ■ 
defeats.     A  more  tearful  than  Xoacliian  deluge,  the  siieiiee  ■: 
utter  oblivion  swept  over  them,  over  their  homes  and  toinb?  iini 
cilii  ■■.    The  ,same  black  cloud  that  Idinddl  the  eyes  of  Amcii,';,i 
trail. lion  ilril'tcd  around  the  globe,  and  they  who  biiilded  i:.'v|,. 
tian  |iyrainids.  and  dug  canals  to  utilize  superabundant  watii' 
of  the  Nile  and  Kiiphrates,  and  excavated  aguailas  in  .Mexiv.r, 
and  roared  massive  temples  in  Arizona  and  Central  Auieri'j. 
or  lifted  up  tumuli  along  the  shores  of  tho  Caspian  and  ilia,; 
Seas,— all   these  were  stricken  down  and  palsied  attliesai.:. 
instant  by  some  lightning's  shaft  of  annihilation.    Did  the  \\..u\ 
begin  life  afresh   from   the  date  of  the  extermination  of  lii, 
.Mound  building   races;'     AVas  there  another  creation?  an'l  i. 
there  no  bridge  to  lead   research   and  vague  curiosity,  tliat  :- 
stalkingblindly  among  wonderful  remains  of  unknow  n      .,i,lc., 
over  this  fathomless,  measureless  chasm  separating  books,  mci;, 
history,  and  traditions  of  our  age  from   those  of  the  .Meiiiii 
builders?     We  deplore  the  fortune  of  those  who  (ill  umiaimi 
graves,  of  those  whose  fame  is  attested  by  no  enduring  slum 
but  here,  in  all  this  matchless  valley,—  matchless  in  exuherai 
of  its  products  as  unco  in  its  density  of  population,— there  lii, : 
a  mighty  prehistoric  race  who  have  left  monuments  alone,  an; 
there  are  no  names  or  deeds  or  virtues  on  record.     Tradition  i- 
speechless,  and  Memory,  on  the  shores  of  a  narrow  sea,  pit- 
backward  with  lack-lustre  eyes  into  mists  of  black  oblivion. ' 


■fliese  and  subseiiu) 
ll'flaiidard  work  of  II 
i"l"'i'raphical  enginee 
'i^>  ■*li--i-silipi  Itivor.' 
'  Ihkl. 


CIJMATOLOGY,  GKOLOC.Y,  AND    AUCILKOLOOV. 


r:i 


•_'_'(!  miles.'  "  At  till!  luoutii  of  tlio  Missouri  flie  Jlis- 
M^-ippi  first  iissumcs  its  cliaraeteristic  nppcrtnincc  of  a 
iiirl'iil  and  iMiiliiiir  torrent,  imini'iisc;  in  voliwncanil  forci'. 
I'lntii  liiat  point  its  waters  pursue  llieir  di'vinns  way  for 
ninrc  tlian  thirteen  liuiulrud  miles, dcstroyinj;  banks  and 
i, hinds  at  one  locality,  reeonstructini;  tlieni  at  another, 
ali^orliinj;  triliutary  after  tributary  without  visiiile  in- 
iicase  in  size,  until  at  len'j;th  it  is  in  turn  absorbed  in 
till'  '.;reat  volume  of  the  Otdf'"'  The  course  of  the 
liiwcr  river  is  in  a  series  of  curves,  from  ten  to  twelve 
iiiil.~  in  diameter,  with  a  very  regular  sweep  around 
near  to  the  point  of  departure.  These  loops,  or  horso- 
slii.e  bends,  whore  the  river  sometimes  cuts  throuuh 
in  a  straight  course  at  high  water,  form  bayou.'*,  cre.s- 
(riii-shaiieil  lakes,  shut  out  from  the  current  by  sand- 
burs.  The  bluffs  are  the  oidy  properly  habitable  parts 
luljoininj:  the  stream,  and,  along  the  lower  liver,  these 
nearly  all  occur  on  the  east  side.  They  are  beds  of 
river  or  ancient  lacustrine  deposit,  resembling  and 
.similar  in  character  to  the  Khenish  loess,  consisting 
(if  beds  of  yellowish  loam,  s:ind,  and  clay,  resting  upon 
.still  more  ancient  beds  of  lignite. 

Tlio  delta  of  the  Mississippi  llivcr  properly  begins 
at  Capo  Girardeau,  Mi.ssouri,  where  the  su]iertluous 
waters  first  seek  an  outlet,  through  the  St.  Francis, 
■\Vliite,  and  other  rivers,  into  the  lied  River.  Below 
tlipse  are  found  the  Atchafalaya,  supposed  to  bo  the 
ori'.;iiial  outlet  of  the  lied  Hivi'r,  and  the  bayous  called 
\biniliae,  Plafpiemine,  and  Lafourche.  Above  Cape 
liirardeau  the  stream  loses  gradually  its  exclusively 
alluvial  river  character  and  begins  to  admit  the  conline- 
'  incnt  of  regular  banks.  The  upjier  river  is  clear  as  the 
liliiine,  and  even  at  St.  Louis  the  sedimeTitdadon  cur- 
iviit  of  the  turbid  .Missouri  has  not  yet  commingled 
with  the  clear  blue  of  the  upper  stream,  nor  reduced 
it  tn  the  apparent  color  and  consistency  of  tar,  boiling 
ami  i)ubbliiig  in  some  mighty  caldron. 

The  geology  of  the  river-bed  is  peculiar.  From 
Cairn  to  the  Gulf  the  bed  does  not  contain  any  of  the 
livor's  own  alluvium.  The  alluvium  is  found  abun- 
ilaiilly  in  the  overflowed  bottom-lands  on  each  side  of 
ilio  .stream,  but  where  the  current  flows  a  trough  has 
been  hollowed  out  deep  down  in  a  tough  blue  clay, 
wliieli  the  force  and  volume  of  the  mighty  body  of 
water  keeps  always  scoured  out  and  clean.  From  the 
iimiilh  of  the  Ohio  to  that  of  the  Missouri  the  same 
iiougli  is  found,  but  the  bed  is  St.  Louis  liniestone  to 
1  a  ;;rcat  extent.     The  blue  clay  is  cretaceous  in  origin, 


the  remains  of  the  becl  of  a  va-t  cretaceous  sea  that 
once  extended  from  the  base  of  the  iloeky  Mountains 
to  the  .\tlantie  coast.      ,\l  the  tinn-  this  <leposil  was 
forniecl  the   Missi.s..sippi   Hiver  had   no  exi-tenee.      in 
lh(!  tertiary   epoch,  which  sueeeoded   this   npp<'r  cre- 
taceous, the  oceanii'  lake  was   narrowed  to  an  estuarv, 
banks  of  loess  being   formed  on  either  side.      lnsidi> 
this  range  of  bluffs  another  deposit  of  recent  alluvium 
was   formed,   ami   the   river,  thus  coiitraeted,  cut   its 
trough  down  through  (he  alluvium,  the  Iik-ss,  ami  the 
tertiary,  until   it   had   made  a  bed   for  itself  in  the; 
cretaceous  clay.     The  river  was  thus  subseipient   to 
the   terti;iry   period,  but  it  had  begun   to  flow  as  at 
present,  only  with  a  much  greater  volume  of  water, 
provi(uis  to  the  depo>ition  of  the  loess.     The  fossils 
fouml   iti    the   different  strata  prove   this  chronology 
with   clearness  and  accuracy.     In   the  tertiary  noiu; 
but  marine  fossils  are  found  ;  in  the  loess  are  many 
fresh-water  shells  and  the  remains  of  ((uadruiieds  allied 
to  existing  genera."     The  present  position  of  the  loess 
or    bluff  formation  presupposes,  however,  a   vertical 
movement  or  upheaval  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  feet. 
The  alluvium  deposit  varies  from  twenty-five  fetit  deep 
at   Cairo,  111.,  to  forty  Ceet  at  New  Orleans,  and   its 
breadth  at  Napoleon,  Ark.,  is  seventy-five  miles;  this, 
however,  is  the  widest  point.     The   sediment    from 
which  this  alluvium  deposit  continually  falls  down  is 
in  the  proportion  of  oiu'  to  fifteen  hundred  by  weight, 
and  one  to  twenty-nine  biiiulred  by  bulk  in  suspension 
in  the  water.     The  nie;in  animal  discharge  is  assumed 
at  ]U,r)()(l,()m),lll)(),()|)0  cubic  feet  ;  con.'^eiiueutly.  Sl'J,- 
500, 01)0,(1(11)  pounds  of  sediment,  e(|ual   to  a  deposit 
of  one  Sfpiare  mile  two  hundred  and   forty-one  feet 
deep,  are  yearly  emptied  into  the  Gulf  of  Mexico. 

Humphrey  and  .Vbbot's  tables  show  that  the  maxi- 
mum depth  of  the  Jlississippi  is  118  feet,  at  Xatcliez; 
the  mean  depth  between  tbo  lied  and  Arkansas  llivers 
is  !t()  feet.  The  least  low-water  depths  on  the  bars 
are:  at  St.  Louis,  2  feet;  Memphis,  5  feet;  Natchez, 
(!  feet.  The  range  between  high  and  low  water  is,  at 
Rock  Island,  l(i  feet;  at  the  mouth  of  the  Mis.souri, 
ii5  feet;  at  St.  Louis,  37  feet;  at  Cairo,  "il  feet;  at 
Carroltim,  1  l  feet;  at  the  head  of  the  Passes,  2.3 
feet.  The  fall  of  the  Lower  ^lississippl  is  ,''|,-y  of  a 
foot  per  mile;  of  the  Ohio,  ^^^^  of  a  foot;  of  the 
MLs.souri,  below  Fort  Cuion,  ^^'^|'^j  of  a  foot;  of  the 
Upper  Mississippi,  below  St.  Paul,  ,'y-u  o*"  "  '""*• 

A  portion  of  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  has  a 


i 


'['lii'<c  mill  siilisei[«cnt  facts  anil  liijiirca  iiro  ilcrivcil   friini 
I  ik'tiinilioil  work  (>f  lluniiihvcj-  iinil  Abhiit,  the  Uniteil  States 
i'|i'i;;ri\iiliii'iil  engineers,  on  tlic  "  Physio.'^  ami   llyilraulics  of 
ill'  Mi>>i>.-i|i]ii  Uivor." 
■  IhhI. 


™  .r.  W.  Foster,  "  The  Mississippi  Viillcy."  Dr.  Foster  notes 
among  tlie  i|uuilrupei|s  iilentilied  l\v  I'rof.  l^eidy  a  lion,  two 
beius,  two  speeies  of  niegiilonjx,  two  tiipirs,  a  horse,  an  elephant, 
unit  II  mnstoilon,  all  exlinel,  as  well  as  fossils  of  the  e.xisling 
Ctrl' un  yinjniltdiuy. 


81 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


Vdlcuniu  iilianiutor,  iiriJ  is  sudjuct  tu  cartlK|uako  dis- 
tinbaiicu.     Now  Mudriil  is  the  ueiitro  of  tlii.s  ri'j^ioii 
of  disturbance,  tlio  waves  of  wliicli,  liowevcr,  have 
more  than   once  extended  in  a  milder   form  to  St. 
Jjoiiis.     In  llic  end  of  tlie  }'ear  1811,  and  from  tliat  i 
time  on  to  181. "J,  a  scries  of  severe  siioci»s  Wiis  felt  at  . 
Now  Madrid,  suflicient  in  violence  to  modify  tiie  sur- 
face of  the  country  materially,  and  to  destroy  forever 
its  prospect,  which  was  then  excellent,  for  bocominf^  , 
a  trade  and  business  centre  of  imj)ortance.     II.  M.  i 
IJrackenrid)^o,  the  intelligent  and  agreeable  author  nf  , 
'•  Views   of    Louisiana"  and  "  Uecollectiuns    of   the  , 
West,"  visited  the  place  in   1811,  just  previous  to  , 
tiie  telluric  outbreak,  and  his  description  is  that  of  | 
an  exceptionally  good  witness.    The  district  had  three- 
tifths  as  great  a  population  as  that  of  St.  Louis,  and 
it  was  an  objective-point  of  considerable  iuuiiigration 
both  IVom  the  East  and  from  New  Orleans.     Vessels 
descending  from  the  Ohio  Itivcr  regularly  made  it  tlieir 
stopping-place,  and   Brackenridge  says  that  '•  though 
in  a  low  state  of  improvement  at  present,  it  ought  to 
becomo  important.     It  will  be  the  store-house  of  the 
jiroduce  of  an  estcnsivo  and  fertile  country  ;  and  from 
the  St.  Francis,  and  the  lakes  which  lie  southwest,  it 
may  derive  important  advantage.     New  IMadrid  was 
laid  out  twenty-four  years  ago,  by  Col.  George  Mor- 
gan, on  an  txtensive  scale  and  an  elegitnt  plan.     I'. 
was  chosen  as  one  of  the  best  situations  on  the  river. 
The  town  contains  four  hundred  inhabitants,  one-third 
Americans,  living  in  a  scattered  way,  o\ct  a  great 
space  of  ground."    One  of  tlie  largest  mounds  in  tlie 
Western  country,  twelve  hundred  feet  in  circumfer- 
ence and  forty  feet  high,  was  here,  and  Brackonridge 
found   traces   of  a  great   ancieni   population.     The 
country  in  the  vicinity  comprised  u  vast  plain  of  the 
richest  soil,  "  handsomely  diversified  with  prairie  and 
woodland  ;"  it  was  esteemed  healthy  and  was  beautiful 
in  appearance 


,  1 


'  To  Mr.  Ciiaiiles  Dkhaui.t  Dki.assus,  Lieutcnnnt-Colonci  aJ- 

uiillud    into   the  etiiliuniiry  rvgiincnt  <if    Luuisiuiin,  and 

iiiilitiiry  and  civil  euuiiniiudunt  uf  tlic  |>u;t  and  divi:<iun 

of  Now  Miidrid. 

"Sill  TiiK  CoMMANnvNT, — licforc  Imnding  yoii  tlio  first  census 

of  New  Miidrid  under  your  coiniiiiindiuuiit,  I  Imvo  ventured 

upon  a  sketuli  upon  the  origin  of  the  settlement  of  thii  post, 

and  the  causes  which  huvo  returdcd  its  growth  und  chicQy  its 


'  In  confiniintion  of  tliis,  wo  present  the  fiillnwing  curious  i 
original   document  from  the  niunuscript  collcutiona  of  F.  I, 
Billon: 


*' Eniuiierntiitn  of  the 

Iiiliiiliiliiiitrt  of  Now  Mudiiil, 

Tlieir  Sluvi'8,  Oitlli',  iiiiil  Civps, 

17%. 


The  earlli(|uakes  desolated  it,  "creating  yawning 
fissures,  and  converting  dry  land  into  lakes,  some  of 
which  are  fil^y  miles  in  circumference."  The  sliocks 
occurred   in   connection   with   u  telluric  activity  dis 


cultivation.  If  former  defect*  have  kept  it  until  this  tlino  in 
a  rtpecicM  of  stupcfai^tion,,vour  .tngiicious  viewrt  and  the  xeal  ymi 
exhihit  to  .-ccond  the  good  will  of  M  •■  .10  tiovcrnor  (Jeneral  cf 
this  province  towards  this  seltlcnirnt  can  in  a  little  while  effuci: 
the  tioulilo  it  experienced  in  its  biitli. 

"  I  was  present,  Mr.  Commandant,  when  you  pronounci.! 
with  efliifioii  the>c  words  which  I  wish  that  all  the  inliahitiint'i 
might  have  heard,  words  which  depiileil  so  frankly  your 
kiml  intentions  and  the  interest  which  Mr.  tliu  (iove.nor  taki  1 
in  us. 

"  '  The  Oovernor,'  said  you,  '  is  surprised  at  llie  languor  ev- 
hibited  by  this  settli  luent,  and  its  little  advance,  lledesini 
its  prosperity.  I  will  retlect  upon  its  failure,'  addeil  )iiii, 
'and  will  endeavor  to  ri'inedy  it;  I  ask  yo':.-  assistance.  If 
the  inhabitants  need  cneouragoinent,  if  lliey  stand  in  need  <il 
help,  let  them  inform  ine  of  their  wants,  an  1  I  will  convey  theiu 
to  the  tjovernor-tieneral.' 

"This  offer  was  appreciated  by  those  near  you.  Little  iic. 
customed  to  hear  the  like,  tliey  wondered  at  you,  admired  yuii, 
and  appeared  to  rc.«t  content. 

"  Nevertheless,  ditlercnt  statements  were  spread  among  tlinis 
who  lieard  you.  ^Vhy  so  long  a  silence  since  your  gonei'oiis 
olTe.  '  Is  it  ilistrusl  on  tiieir  part  ?  Is  it  profound  retleclion 
to  bell,-  further  your  views?  Or  may  it  not  be  self  interest  llmt 
induces  8v '00  to  remain  silent?  1  am  ignorant  of  tlieir  nto- 
lives,  11  ,a  limit  myself  to  the  hope  that  tlicy  will  eventuiilly 
break  their  silence  and  make  known  to  you  their  salutary  re- 
llcctions. 

"If  my  knowledge  cqualcil  my  desires,  I  would  hasten  witli 
all  my  power,  Kir  the  Commandant,  to  tender  you  the  homajjo 
uf  my  services;  but  tliey  fall  too  far  short  to  allow  ine  to  Iiij|i0 
that  Ihoy  could  be  of  any  utility  to  you.  1  will  confine  myself 
solely  to  coinmunlcate  to  you  sueli  knowledge  ns  I  have  ii.'. 
quired,  and  my  reflections  thereon,  since  I  have  been  at  thj! 
post,  and  may  a  scries  uf  these  reflections  assist  in  your  benev- 
olent heart  some  happy  idea  that  may  tend  to  the  iidvantfigc 
and  prosperity  of  tliis  colony. 

",Somo  traders  in  pursuit  of  gain  came  loI/Anse  a  latiniisjc 
(cove  of  fat  or  grease),  a  gathcring-plaeo  of  several  Indian  na- 
tions, and  where  as  tradition  tells  they  found  iibundanee  of 
game,  and  especially  bears  and  buffaloes;  henco  the  nuiiio  of 
l/.Anse  a  la  (iralsse.  A  first  year  of  success  induced  thein  ti 
try  a  seeon  nd  to  this,  others.  Some  of  thoiu  doterniincdio 
establish  their  homes  where  they  found  a  sure  trade  ami  un- 
limited advantages,  divided  there  among  themselves  the  liui>l<. 
The  bayou  named  since  St.  John  was  the  rally  ing  point,  and  tlic 
land  the  nearest  this  then  became  settled.  Therefore  wc  linl 
that  Messrs.  Francis  and  .luseph  Lesieur,  Ambrose  Diiniiir. 
Chatuiller,  and  others  divided  among  themselves  this  neighbnr- 
hood, — property  which  M.  Fouchi',  the  first  commandant,  cun- 
sidcrcd  as  sacred,  and  which  ho  did  not  disturb.  The  protiis  of 
the  trade  of  I/Anse  a  la  (jraisse  having  been  heard  of  as  furiii 
the  post  Vinccnncs,  the  i^t.  Maries,  the  Ilunnts,  the  Kaeinc!, 
the  linrsalous,  etc.,  of  tliat  place  nccom|ili8hod  for  some  year) 
very  advantageous  trips.  They  Haltered  themselves,  mureurcr, 
that  the  Indians  at  L'Ansc  a  la  Graisso  traded  with  them  ami- 
cably, whilst  those  of  America  were  treacherous  towards  thciii, 

•  Abounded,— you  might  say  the  fat  of  the  land. 


nt 


CLIMATOLOGY,  GKOLOGV,  AND   AUCII.EOLOGY. 


85 


(rilmtfJ  over  half  a  heniisplicro;  uii  iNluiid  wax  clo-  volciino  of  St.  Vincont  broko  into  cniptioii,  and  sub- 

viitcd  tlirco  hundred  and  twenty  feet  above  the  sea  in  ;  tcrruneiin  iioixi's  of  ii  fVij;htful  eliaractcr  were  hoard 

llic  A/.orcs;  the  city  of  Caraccas,  in  Venezuela,  was  on  tlic  llanos  of  CulabaKo,  wliieh  hIiocIcs  were  distinctly 

(|('>'troyed,  witli   ten  thousand  of  its  inhabitants;  thu  felt,  and  (heir  character  noted,  at  ('incinnati. 


mill  iiniilo  tluMii  avcmc  to  inhabit  a  \)ml  wlioro  tlicir  livos  wore 
III  (iiiiKliint  ilnni;«r. 

"  Xi'vcrtlicli'si,  iin  iinfiirhinntu  iiniircliy,  ii  Fln^iiliir  diHonlcr 
nroviiili'il  I't  Ii'Aiuo  a  iiidrui^'so;  nil  were  iiiiiilcirs,  mid  would 
ulii'V  iioiio  of  tliosc  wild  9ei  tlu'iu-uUu'!  ii|i  iia  IioimIh  or  coiii- 
iihiikIiiuH  of  llii"  new  colony.  .\  murder  wu.'<  coiiiiiiittod  liy  an 
iiiliiliilant  on  nnollicr.  Tlusn  tiicir  eyr.i  wero  opcniMi ;  tlicy 
lu'jfiio  to  fool  the  necessity  of  laws,  nnil  some  one  iit  llieir  liuad 
til  t"iiii|iel  tlieir  obsorvnneo.  '.  v  Ijound  thu  eulprit  and  sunt 
liiui  t"  Now  Orleans.  Kveryl/  temU  to  the  lielief  that  tho 
ciiniiiaiiilants  of  the  posts  of  ."»te.  (Jenevicve  and  'f  St.  Louis 
biiil  iluriii;;  llieso  tninsiietions  apprised  tlit^  (joveriior-denertil  of 
wliiit  WU9  occurrin);  lit  L'Anso  a  la  (irulsso.  l!ut  u  now  soono 
was  in  preparation. 

"  I  iiio  iMori;aii,  having  descended  tho  Ohio,  the  llrst  year  tliat 
triiili  I'*  settled  at  L'.Ansc  a  la  (Jraisso,  he  examined,  in  passing, 
llie  land,  and  found  it  suitahlo  to  fix  here  a  settlcinent.  Ko- 
tiirning  to  Amorioa  (  V,  S.),  he  removed  and  succeeded  in  bring- 
in^  (iiiwu  to  this  post  several  fiiinilies.  He  selected  for  tlio  vil- 
liiri'  ilie  eievateil  ground  where  are  at  present  the  habitations 
III'  JiK'ksiin  niid  of  Waters  near  tlie  Mississippi.  They  built 
!iiiai'  lioiises  on  tho  Iiinil ;  anil  full  of  his  enterprise  and  the 
-uci'i'ss  lie  expected  from  it,  Morgan  descended  to  N'ew  Orleans 
liiiiljtain,  not  encourageuiont  simply  in  his  plans,  but  proprie- 
laiv  anil  honorary  concn  i'  '  oyoiid  measure.  He  was  ballled 
iu  liis  prolensioiis,  anil  did  not  again  set  his  foot  in  the  colony. 
"  'flu'se  various  occurrences  determined  the  (jovernor-tieneral 
til  :>ond  a  coniiM'.i.ilant  to  tliis  post,  and  M.  Fouetie  was  selected. 
Men  are  not  gods,  they  all  possess  in  some  respects  the  wcak- 
m:i:'('S  of  human  nature.  Tho  predominant  one  of  tho  first  coin- 
uiiindant  was  self-inlerest ;  and  who  in  his  place  would  not  havo 
been?  f'cnt  to  a  desert,  in  tho  midst  of  savages,  to  introduce 
tlio  laws  of  a  regulated  govornment  to  new  settlers  as  barbar- 
iiiis  as  the  Indians  themselves,  what  recompense  would  ho  have 
rivcived  for  neglecting  his  personal  interests?  What  obliga 
tioii  would  the  new  colony  havo  been  under  to  him  ?     None. 

"M.  Fouclii'  was  tlie  man  that  was  wanted  fur  the  creation  of 
tills  colony,  busying  liiuisdf  at  the  same  time  with  his  own 
interests  as  that  uf  those  of  the  inhabitants,  with  his  own 
aiun.'Snient  as  well  as  others,  but  always  after  having  attended 
lirst  to  his  business  ;  and  by  a  singular  address,  if  ho  sometimes 
liliakiil  the  fowl,  he  not  only  did  it  without  making  it  squall, 
hut  set  it  dancing  and  laughing.  M.  Fouche  lemaincdbuta 
very  eliort  time  at  this  post,  and  dune  a  great  deal ;  in  eighteen 
montlis  he  divided  out  tho  country,  regulated  the  land  neces- 
sary fur  the  village  and  that  of  the  inhaliitants ;  he  built  an 
iin|iosiiig  fort,  promulgated  the  laws  of  the  king,  and  made 
tlieio  respected ;  he  was  tho  father  and  friend  of  all,  lamented, 
rojretted,  and  dcmanilcd  again  from  the  (Jovernor-tieneral  by 
the  unanimous  voice  of  all  the  inhabitants.  In  all  his  labors, 
\tiis  M.  Fouche  assisted  by  any  one?  Had  ho  overseers  at  tho 
licail  uf  the  works  ho  proscribed?  Not  at  all.  Ho  alono  di- 
rfotcil  everything;  ho  laid  out  the  work;  penetrated  tho  cypress 
inainps  to  select  the  useful  trees  ;  ho  walked  with  tho  compass 
I  iu  liniiil  to  align  tho  streets  and  limit  the  lots  ;  he  depionslrated 
liv  his  example  to  the  perplexed  workmen  how  much  men  with 
I  kit  little  main  strength,  but  with  intolligenco  and  dexterity, 
I  can  multiply  the  extent  of  the  same  and  surmount  obstacles, 

"His  administration  was  too  brief  to  ascertain  the  good  he 
I  night  have  done  had  it  continued  the  ordinary  period.     What 


is  certain  is  that  during  the  eighteen  months  that  ho  was  in 
ciiinmand  there  caiiie  to  New  Mailrid  the  l.irgesi  portion  of  the 
families  that  are  still  there,  and  it  was  lie  that  attracted  tl|em 
tliore. 

"  .M.  Fortell,  successor  of  ,M.  Foiiclu',  eoninianded  this  post 
during  live  years.  Tlic  population  did  not  increase  under  bis 
ailiuinistratioii,  and  the  grow'i  J  griciiltural  labor  was  but 
slightly  perceptible.  (.Vole. —  M.  Portell,  a  man  of  disliii- 
guislied  merit,  ei^uaily  in  tho  niilitai-y  as  in  the  cabinet,  was 
superior  to  liis  positinii,  and  if  be  failed,  it  was  because  he  did 
not  place  himself  on  a  level  with  the  sort  of  people  he  bad  to 
govern.-  1'.  A.  Ii.| 

"  M,  rortell  did  nut  value  the  inhnbitants  sufTiciently  to  do 
them  a  substantial  favor,  nor  did  he  use  the  proper  means  to 
improve  the  condition  of  the  colony.  He  was  not  a  man  of  the 
people,  and  when  by  chance  his  interest  roi|uired  liiin  to  as-umo 
the  character,  lie  was  e.\ir  i  ely  awkward  in  it.  They  per- 
ceived that  he  could  not  pla.  ■  part,  and  that  a  residence  at 
court  would  have  inlinitely  betlir  suited  liiin  llian  one  in  a  new 
settlement  ill-composed.  M.  I'ortell  bad  a  good  heart;  ho  was 
by  nature  noble  and  "nerous,  bit  his  mi'  1  was  somewhat 
viistrustful  and  su  '  .jus,  and  his  aire  placed  hiiu  in  a  po- 
iiiion  to  be  iiilUienced  by  his  .'  irrouadings.  lam  cuiivinced 
that  if  M.  I'ortell  had  conit  iiloni  'o  tills  colony,  he  would  havo 
"vhibited  much  less  weaU  icss,  and  tlj^il  his  time  would  havo 
been  •euch  more  taken  up  for  tl  e  public  good  than  it  liad  been. 
The  little  progress  made  by  the  colony  must  not,  however,  bo 
attributed  to  the  apparent  indiiu  r  noo  which  seemed  to  form 
tho  base  of  M.  I'ortell's  characler, — jdiysical  an  .  mural  causes 
retarded  its  advancement. 

"At  the  period  when  M.  Portell  assumed  his  command  ho 
found  the  inhabitants  at  this  post  mnile  up  of  traders,  hunters, 
and  boatmen.  Trade  was  still  pretty  fair  for  the  first  two 
yeirs  of  his  residence  here,  so  tiiat  nearly  every  one,  high  or 
low,  would  meddle  with  the  trade  and  mi  a  soul  cultivnic  tho 
soil.  IL  was  so  convenient  witli  a  little  powder  and  lead,  some 
cloth  and  a  few  blankets,  which  they  obtained  on  credit  from 
tho  stores  to  procure  themselves  tho  inoat,  grease,  and  suet 
necessary  for  their  sustenance,  and  pay  ofT  u  part  of  their  in- 
debtedness with  some  peltries.  Some  of  them,  but  a  very  few, 
seeded,  equally  well  as  badly,  about  an  aero  of  corn,  and 
they  all  found  time  to  smoke  their  pipes,  and  give  balls  and 
entertainments.  How  often  have  I  lieard  them  regretting 
those  happy  days,  when  they  swam  in  grease,  and  when  abun- 
dance of  every  description  was  the  cause  of  waste  ond  extrava- 
gance, and  the  stores  of  tisli  from  their  drag-nets  gave  them 
whisky  at  four  or  five  reaux  .(bits  of  twelve  and  one-half 
cents)  a  gallon,  and  flour  at  four  or  five  dollars  a  barrel  main- 
tained and  kept  up  these  festivals  and  pleasures,  which  only 
came  to  an  end  when  tho  purses  were  exhausted  I 

"M.  Fouche,  I  young  man,  who  during  his  command  of  tho 
post  never  negleotod  his  work  or  business  for  amusements,  yet 
found  time  to  be  at  them  all,  and  often  was  tho  first  to  start 
them;  but  M.  Portell  was  not  so  sociable  in  this  respect;  ho 
found  fa:<!'  with  this  lightheadedness  and  folly,  and  judged 
that  a  colony  peopled  by  such  individuals  could  not  attain  a 
very  brilliant  success. 

"  At  last,  game  in  these  parts  becoming  scarcer,  the  Indians 
removed  themselves  farther  ofl°  lind  were  seldom  here;  the 
traders  knew  very  well  where  to  find  them,  but  tho  inhabitants 


.  i\ 


86 


HISTOllY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


New  Madrid  was  one  focus  of  this  wide-spread  iudiifcrent  to  them.      The  district  was  sparsely  set- 

disturbance,  and    tlic   shociis  wore   repeated    almost  :  tied,  tlie  log  cabins  in  which  the  people  dwelt  were 

liourly  for  so  many  months,  that  the  inhabitants  who  not  easily  overthrown,  and  tliis  prevented  tlie  loss  of 

remained   finally  became    inured   and   comparatively  life  which  shocks  of  such  severity  must  otherwise  have 


i;;.;  i?ljfS]f 


waited  for  tliciii  in  vain, — tlien  groasp,  auet,  in  :,  iiml  peltries 
boin^  no  longer  brougiit  in  by  tlio  Iiidiitns,  it  was  only  ii  few 
resident  Inmlcrs  nnd  the  trailers  tlicnificlvca  that  |irovisioned 
tlio  village;  tlie  unfortunate  habit  of  not  working;  had  gaiiieil 
the  day,  it  was  too  dillieult  to  ovorcoine  it ;  so  great  distress 
was  often  seen  in  the  eouiitry  before  they  eotild  snaleh  a  few 
ears  of  green  corn  from  a  badly-eultivate.i  field.  Three  or  four 
Americans  at  most  had  as  far  baeli  as  1 7'.l>!  risked  the  settle- 
ment of  farms  on  large  Iraels  of  land;  the  Creoles  undervalued 
them,  did  nut  eat  their  lill  of  dry  corn  bread,  and  smnkeil  their 
]ii|ies  quielly.  Tlicy  were,  however,  surprised  to  see  that  with 
several  cows  they  often  had  not  a  drop  of  milk,  whilst  tliofe 
three  or  four  Americans  gorged  themselves  with  it,  and  sold 
them  butler,  cheese,  eggs,  and  chickens,  clc. 

"  Uy  dint  of  looking  into  the  matter,  and  waiting  in  vain  for 
the  Indians  to  scip]dy  them  with  piovisimis,  it  struck  them 
that  the  most  prudent  thing  they  could  do  would  be  lo  become 
farmers.  It  bceaine  then  a  species  of  epidemic,  and  the  malady 
spreading  from  ouo  to  tlte  other,  there  was  not  a  single  one  of 
them  but  who,  without  energy,  sjiii  it,  animals,  or  plows,  and  fur- 
nished only  with  his  |iipc  aihl  stcitl,  iiiu.-t  needs  possess  a  farm. 

'■  It  was  towards  the  close  of  the  year  IT'.'i!  ihal  this  disease 
spread  itself,  and  towards  the  spring  of  IT'.ll  all  the  lands  in 
the  vicinity  of  New  .Madrid  were  to  bo  broken  up  and  torn  into 
rags  to  be  seeded  and  watered  by  the  sweat  of  these  new  faruiers. 
Wlio  can  tell  how  far  this  newly  awakened  enthusiasm  might 
havo  been  carried?  It  might  have  prodiiccil  a  salutary  crisis. 
but  nn  unlooked-for  occurrence  calmed  this  elVcrvcsceiico.  All 
were  enrolled  into  a  militia  to  be  paid  from  Jan.  1,  I7U1,  and 
tiiey  found  it  much  picasantcr  to  eat  the  king's  bread,  receive 
his  ]iay,  and  smoke  their  pipes  than  to  laboriously  grub  some 
]KitclH's  of  land  to  make  it  produce  some  corn  and  potatoes. 
These  mililia-mcn  were  liisbandcd  about  the  middle  of  17111. 
Their  pay  was  already  wastcil.  they  found  it  a  great  hardship 
to  be  no  longer  furnished  with  bread  by  tin;  king,  the  largest 
portion  of  tliciii  hail  neglected  tlieir  planting,  lin-y  found  them- 
selves at  the  year's  end  in  want,  and  clamored  as  thieves  against 
the  king,  saying  it  was  all  his  fault.  M.  I'ortcll  knew  well  his 
people  and  disregarded  these  outcries. 

"  In  the  mean  time  live  galleys  had  come  up  in  the  course  of 
this  year,  and  hud  passed  all  the  summer  at  .New  .Madrid,  and 
they  had  caused  a  great  consumption  of  food,  .M.  I'ortell 
found  nothiug  in  the  village  for  their  subsistence,  and  drew 
his  supplies  for  Iheni  in  part  from  Illinois  and  from  Kentucky. 
Ho  did  not  let  |iass  the  opportunity  of  making  it  felt  by  those 
of  the  inhabitants  of  long  residence  that  they  should  have  been 
in  a  condition  to  have  furnished  a  part  of  lliesc  supplies,  but 
the  blows  he  struck  came  too  late  and  made  luit  little  impres- 
sion. 'J'lie  hot  fever  which  had  ooeasioiiod  the  delirium,  where 
every  one  saw  himself  a  farmer,  had  now  subsided  ;  none  thought 
any  more  of  it.  Some  of  them  \i  Irj  had  made  a  trial  of  tlieir  ex- 
perience at  Lake  St,  Isidro  had  so  poorly  succeeded  that  the  laugh 
was  not  on  their  side,  and  it  needed  but  little  for  hunting,  row- 
ing, and  smoking  the  pipe  tu  resume  thuir  ancient  authority 
over  nearly  all  the  colony, 

"  In  1705  a  new  lit  of  the  fever  struck  the  inhabitants.  The 
settlement  of  Fort  St.  Fernando  occasioncil  a  hasty  cleaning 
out  of  the  little  torn  tiiero  was  in  the  colony;  Kentucky  fur 
nished  a  lit'le,  and  iSle.  flinovieve  supplied  a  great  deal  even  to 
Kcw  Sladrid,  that  fell  short  after  after  having  consumed  her 


own  supply.  This  example  struck  the  inhabitants;  they  saw 
that  if  lliey  had  harvested  extensively  they  couM  have  well 
disposed  of  their  surplus, — new  desires  to  go  on  farms  to  rai,-e 
stock  ond  to  make  crops, 

'•  During  these  occurrences  several  American  families  came  i<> 
New  Madrid.  Some  of  them  placed  themselves  at  once  on  farms, 
and,  like  children,  imr  Creoles,  from  a  sort  of  jealousy,  clanioiid 
again.-t  the  American.s,  whom  they  thought  too  wonderful ;  jciil 
ousy  atimulatod  them,  and  they  would  also  place  themselves  uu 
farms, 

"  It  is  ill  reality,  then,  only  since  the  year  K'Jfi  that  we  iiiiiv 
regard  the  inhabitants  of  this  post  as  having  engaged  in  cul- 
tivation, and  that  it  is  but  yet  absolutely  in  its  infancy. 

"The  population  of  the  years  1704,  1705,  and  1700  is  nearly 
about  the  same,  but  the  crops  have  increased  from  year  to  year, 
and  all  tends  to  the  belief  that  this  inerease  will  be  infmitrlv 
more  perceptible  in  future  years. 

"  In  the  year  1701  the  corn  crop  was  fiOOO  bushels;  in  170,i  it 
was  10,01111  bushels;  in  1700  it  was  17,000  bushels. 

''  It  was  in  this  posture  of  things  that  .M.  I'ortell  left  hi.- 
command. 

*'lt  was  pcrhajts  impos>ible,  from  the  foregoing  facts,  that 
the  settlement  at  New  ^ladrid  could  have  made  greater  progress 
than  it  has  up  to  this  time.  It  was  not  husbainlmen  who  caiiie 
and  laid  the  foumlations,  it  was  tradesmen,  couk.s,  and  other.-:, 
who  would  live  there  with  but  little  expense  and  labor,  who, 
being  once  fixed  there,  having  their  lands  and  their  cattle,  tlit 
Indians  having  removed  themselves  to  a  distance  and  trade  iiu 
longer  within  ihc  reach  of  all  the  world,  necessity  taught  tliciii 
that  to  jirocurc  the  means  necessary  to  live  they  must  rcsnrt 
to  tilling  the  soil.  The  fust  attempts  were  dillieult,  hut  the  in- 
ducement of  ilisposing  with  ease  of  their  cro|is  delerniined  them 
to  labor. 

"  The  first  steps  have  been  taken  ;  nothing  re.uaiiis  for  a  «i-c 
cominandaiit  bat  to  manage  everything  with  jirudcnce.  ai-ini.l- 
iiig  to  the  views  of  the  government,  to  lirnily  rc]icl  idlemss  an,] 
la/.incss,  to  'veleome  and  encourage  activity,  and  exhibit  to  tlu 
imlustrious  man  that  he  is  distinguished  above  others,  niid  lias 
earned  the  jirotection  of  the  governiiicnt  in  giving  him  taiigi- 
hie  proof,  either  by  prefereneo  in  purchasing  from  him,  or  -nmi 
other  manner  of  recompense.  The  honest  man,  the  active  iumI 
industrious  man  is  sensible  of  the  slightest  proceeding  on  tin- 
part  of  his  superiors,  and  it  is  to  him  a  great  expansion  t<>  r<'- 
llcet  that  his  labors  and  fatigues  have  not  been  ignored,  anl 
that  they  give  him  a  claim  on  the  good  will  and  benevolenoo<<; 
the  heads  of  a  province. 

"  What  a  vast  field  is  open  to  a  commandant  who  would  ie;i|i 
advantage  by  these  means,  and  gain  the  benedictions  of  all  tin 
worthy  inhabitants  of  a  colony  ! 

"  I  slop  here,  Mr.  Couiiiianilant,  What  I  might  say  finlher 
would  add  but  little  to  the  good  purposes  you  design  tor  tin 
progress  and  suitcss  of  this  place.  I  have  made  a  concise  iiar- 
ration  of  the  origin  of  the  post  of  New  Madrid,  and  the  f>;\f«i\! 
of  its  slow  growth  in  agriculture  ;  the  census  which  follow.^  iiill 
give  you  a  correct  view  id'  its  present  position.  It  will  pin' 
to  you  that  courage  and  emulation  need  but  a  slight  sii|i|>iirl  I 
to  emerge  from  the  gidtliness  where  they  have  so  luii^ 
inained ;  but  for  certain  the  Creoles  will  never  make  tliij 
nourishing  settlement,  it  will  bo  the  Americans,  tiurmaiis,  uiii 
other  active  people  who  will  reap  the  glory  of  it. 


"'N'liiv  AUuniu,  Di 


CLIMATOLOGY,  GEOLOGY,  AND   ARCH.1':0L0GY. 


87 


sely  set- 
elt  were 
10  loss  ol' 
fisc  have 

;  tlicy  saw 
liavo  well 
lus  to  rai^o 

\cs  cainti  to 
;«ull  I'liniis, 
y,  clumo'nil 
eiliil;  JL'iil- 

BlllSolvUS  MIL 

lull  we  in;iv 

ii^cii  ill  eiil- 

ney. 

yO  U  nciirly 

yciir  to  yt'iir. 

be  inliiiitilj 

s;  ill  IT'J.'  it 

rtcll  Iclt  hi,- 

ug  fuels,  lliat 
•liter  pnigies! 
icn  wlio  eiuiu' 
s,  mill  otlii'ij, 
111  liiVior,  «li.., 
eir  ciitlle,  111'-' 
p  iind  Inuli'  iiu 

tlUlglll  llltlll 

imist  iis"" 
but  till:  ill- 
miiieil  llioiii 

IIS  for  11  «iM: 
I'lier,  iiiT'ii'l- 
iilk'ins^  iiii'l 
<\iibit  to  Ilk 
iiers,  nii'l  Im' 
liiiii  Uiiigi- 
liiiu,  or  MUiiv 
111!  activi'  iiii'l 
'Ciling  on  (lie 
imnsioii  t"  I'- 
ignoro'l,  mil 
ieiio\  olt'iioo  "I 

10  woiiM  K';i|' 
ions  of  nil  till 

it  fny  fiiiili" 

^le.sign  l"i  till 

pi  eouelse  iiiir- 

1,1  the  ri'ii.-"ii> 

ih  roll"»>"ill 

It   will  I'li'li 

lliglit  Miiii"';! 

I   biiii!  1' 

make  tliis  ■ 

HJonniins  n" 


caused.     There  are  several  interesting  accounts  of  the  , 
eiirtli(|uake8  by  eye-witnesses,  or  by  those  who  con-  i 
veisotl  with  eye-witnesses,  while  the  shocks  wore  still 
frc^li  in  their  memories.    The  iirst  tremor  was  felt  on  i 


the  night  of  Dec.  IG,  ISII,  af\cr  a  term  of  pleasant, 
warm,  hazy  weather,  like  that  of  the  Indian  summer. 
The  gay  French  population  was  still  at  the  dance 


•Observe,  if  it  pleiises  yoii,  sir,  tliiit  iimoiig  the  liabitiitions 
graiili'ii  long  since,  those  given  in  by  Friincis  Itnciiie,  liy  llunot, 
Sr.,  ilie  Ilunot  son?,  I'iKiuin,  Liiduroute,  ileeeased  liainelin,  Lii- 
lotti'.  etc.,  have  not  yet  had  a  single  tree  eiit  on  tlieiii,  tlmt 
iliiisi'of  the  threo  brothern  .Saint  Marie,  Meloche,  and  other 
oreoK's  arc  barely  coinmcneeil.  Yon  will  see,  on  the  contrary, 
thill  tlio  Americans  who  obtain  grants  of  lands  have  nothing 
niiiri'  lit  heart  but  to  settle  en  thcin  at  once,  and  imiirovc  them 
to  ilic  extent  of  their  ability,  and  from  this  it  is  easy  to  draw 
euiii-lu-ions. 

••Another  observation  which  will  surely  not  escape  yon,  sir, 
is  tliat  the  total  of  heads  of  families  amount,  acconting  to  the 
I'Cii'iis  I  exhibit  to  yon,  to  one  hundred  and  lifty-niiic,  and  that 
iu  this  nuinber  there  are  fifty-three  who  have  no  jirojierty. 
This,  t  Ihink,  is  an  evil,  to  which  it  would  be  easy  for  you  to 
iijipl^  a  remedy.  In  a  country  destined  to  agricultural  pur- 
suits and  to  the  breeding  of  domestic  animals,  it  is  t')o  much 
that  one-third  of  its  inhabitants  slioiild  stand  isolated  from 
the  general  interest,  and  that  the  other  two-thirds  should  be 
e.v|io^ed  to  bo  the  victims  of  a  set  of  idle  and  lazy  people,  al- 
ways at  hand  in  their  slightest  necessities  to  satiate  their  hunger 
by  preying  on  the  industrious. 

"  I  Ihink,  Mr.  Commandant,  that  several  habitations  left  by 
jicrsons  who  have  absented  themselves  from  this  post  for  a  long 
time  should  be  reunited  to  the  dufiain. 

"  The  following  arc  of  this  class : 
"One  I'jiiic  Itoldue,  absent  for  over  two  years,  had  a  place  at 

Lake  St.  Francis,  Xo.  L'. 
■■  John  Kaston,  absent  over  three  years,  had  a  place  it  Lake  St. 

Kiihilie  ;  it  is  now  abandoned.     Mr.  Walker  says  he  has 

chiinis  on  it.     What  arc  they  ? 
"One  Tournay  had  a  place  at  Lake  St.  Isidro;  he  associated 

with  him  to  cultivate  it  one  tiainar.      Tournay  rcliiincd  to 

France,  and  Uamar  has  worked  for  two  years  at  Fort  St, 

Feniaudo. 
"M.  Hcsrocher,  why  has  ho  not  wwrkej  his  place  in  the  mill 

prairie  which   ho  holds  for  over  four  years?    Has  ho  nut 

enough  with  the  one  ho  holds  at  St.  Isidro  ? 
"  M.  Cliisholm  holds  threo  places;  ho  lives  on  one  ho  has  just 

commenced  to  clear,  a  second  is  cii  valiiir,  and  since  over 

four  years  he  has  done  nothing  on  a  third  near  the  village. 

Has  he  not  enough  with  two?     Why  hold   land  uselessly, 

and  above  all  near  the  village? 
•'  The  examination  you  will  give  the  census  and  the  informa- 
tion concerning  tho  property  of  each  head  of  a  family  will 
Icii'l  you  probably  to  other  rcllections.  I  append  to  the  whole 
linen-  map  of  tho  village  and  its  environs,  as  taken  after  tho 
iast  abrasion  of  lands  by  tho  Mississippi ;  this  work  claims 
yimr  iiidiilgonce;  it  is  not  that  of  an  artist,  but  of  one  of  tho 
must  zealous  subjects  of  his  niajesly;  and  tho  only  merit  it 
mil)'  possess  is  to  demonstralo  to  you  with  correctness  tho  nutn- 
lier  of  places  that  have  been  conceded  in  thu  village,  the  houses 
that  arc  buili  thoreon,  and  tho  names  of  tho  proprietors  on  tho 
general  list,  which  corresponds  with  the  same  numbers  as  those 
I'liunl  on  each  COMCcded  place. 

"I  pray  you  to  beliovo  mo,  with  profound  respect,  Sir  tho 
1  ommiindant,  your  very  affoctionate  and  devoted  servant, 

"  Pktku  Antuo.nv  Lafohuk. 
■Xicw  Mauiuu,  Dec.  31,  17»fl." 


Ilr    '8  OF  Families, 


li  Pierre  nesrocher 

2  Itohert  M.  Kiiy 

:)  Pierre  SalVniy 

4  >loel  Uentiet 

o  .bum's  Bleaci' 

I)   I'ltisiih  .liu-son 

7  u™.  Kuilili-1 

N  Ci'o,  ll'il't.ik 

tl  .bis   -Vihiins 

Ill  WJIIiiini  >lnik 

n  .loliii  Soniers 

1'.;  Arlliiir  Mi'biii  

l:l   liol.crt  I'l'himi 

14   Iliiviil  liiii.v 

I.')  .Ini'ob  Sleyi'rs 

Ill  Tlionias  lioihli.y 

17  Ami.  llilii-rnc.is  Mc'IocIio 

In  (lal.rii'l  lluin'l 

Ill  .lo»('|.ll  llllliut 

-0  rriiiiciM  Kiili-oiu'r 

21  .loM'iih  Sloivy 

22  .lean  lloriit'r 

2:t  .>liitli']iiiiii'  llunot. v<>  tiiiiiielin. 

21   lluit.  II.  .M.  Cliislioliii 

•2.'.  Ceo.  Wilson 

2fi  (Ji'O.  OiiMiii 

•.:7  lloliert  Wile 

2s|  Ainli'e  'roimaniliMiliI 

2!l  Pliiliii|ic  l.ietiol 

iili  Siinini'l  Doiscy 

;il    l'*iiilii;ois  I'liqiH't 

;l2  (fi'o.  N.  Ili'ii^iui 

:l;i  rliiis   Hoiiiioiiii,tlit  l.alotte.... 

34  Fraln,'ois  Kiu'iiii' 

35  Ju^cpli  iliiiiiit,  pi'i-c 

'U't  .lean  ltii|it.  Itaisalonx 

:17  Ishlor.'<Uci('lto 

3H  Siirali  Miilatri'sse 

:i'.i  .losi'i'li  .sin.  Jlurlc 

4o  Ktii'iiue  Sle.  .Miiile 

■11    Finn's  sti',  Millie  llourbon.... 

42  Fnini/nis  rii<|nin 

4;t  Paul  laiilcroiitc 

44  r:iristo|ilii'  Winsor 

4.')  Isaac  Tlioinpsoti 

4l)  Moiso  liiiiiKsroid 

47j.lolin  llarl 

4Sj,l„|iii  Laiilaiiil  Tliilaiit 

41*  Jean  Paniiu'r 

.laroh  Iti'iin^artl 

Azor  Ili'es 

Karilivi'iiii  el  Coinp 

Louis  Vtinilont'iiiHU'r 

Pierre  DerbJKny 

O.'ij  ThoniiiH  Tiuiiliman 

.M;;  Diivi.l  Shi'lliy 

."■•"I  Matllieu  iMci'orilli'k 

."iS  .lacob  Crow 

.'ill   Iticli'.IJ.  Waters 

till  .lohii  (>i'iini'y 

tJlLlaiiiii'S  Cotte,  (.'batoilller 

(i2|  Aii.ire  Wilson 

lil  Samuel  lllack 

(14   KialM-is   liesielir 

(i.'i!  Vi'uvo  Jose  liOsleur 

fill  Louis  Hroiiilletto 

(17  Anilre  (ioiler 

(1,S  An.Iro  (.'okee 

(lil  Molsu  Maltieilf 

7ll  ('.  Fi-an's  Kli'lie  Unpen 

Tl  ViiiveCyrillo  I.ediic 

72  Claiulo  'I'lilrior 

7;l  lli'iiry  (iiei'ii  

71  F.  lie  .liihn  lliirgs 

7-)  Vinli'lponcieur 

7(1  Fraiii,-'»is  llertliiatiniii. 

77  Jean  Viot  ills  (iascon 

7S  llyai'iiitlie  lleilliiannie 

7t)  Pierre  Saliourin 

Ml  Joseph  Rii'inleatl 

SI  Noel  lleriliiaimie 

H2  .Mex.  Sampson 

Ki  Jean  II.  riiaiiilillan 

H4  diaries  (iiiilliaiit 

K,  lilruril  livrlac 

8(1  Jean  H'te  llaelnu 

M  Jean  II  MalsonvlMc 

811  Louis  St.  Aubin 


B 
o 


li 
1  i 
I   ! 

■! 

1  I 


1 

1   I     2 

1      a 

}|     2 
1        I 


1 


1   i     1 

1  i     1 


3 

2 

1 

1 

i 

> 

2 

- 

i 

4 

1 

] 

1 

2 

I  ... 
.■i  ... 

II  2 

1  ... 


"2 

n 

4 

1 

0 

1 

... 

:;: 

3 

...  1 

1 

"2 
"li  I 


C       -      «  o  o 

sea 


IS 

III 


7 
:i 

8 
,s 
8 
4 

Kit) 
3 
8 


1 

lU 


■.mt 

ICill 

li.'iii 
.'ill 

;;iHi 

30 

l.'ai 

IIHI 

.Ml 

811 


2(11) 

11 

Hill 

2 

l.ilt 

1 

.'ill 

a.") 

1100 

4 

801. 

2(H) 

13 

8U(I 

2 

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2 

Ul 
l.'lO 

mm 


so 

30(1 
I. ''a) 

an 

30 

41 

2(10 
PidO 
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4IK) 

I'ilMI 
I'lIK) 
3i')l) 


80 

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lIHI 

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88 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


when  the  first  violent  convulsion  came,  throwing  down 
houses  and  fences.     Great  consternation  prevailed,  all 


89 
IX) 

ill 

9^ 
v:i 
94 
115 
till 
97 
98 
119' 
IIXI 

nil 

lUJ 
llKl 
IU4 
Klfi 
llHi 
107 
IIKI 
111' 

no 
lu 

112 
ll:i 
114 

llfl 

111! 
117 
ll« 

no 

120 
121 
122 
12.1 
124 
12.-. 
12«, 
127 
)2N 
I2'.l 
UO 

l;i2 
l:i:i 
114 

i;io 
l:i7 

i;w 
i;i9 

1411 
141: 
142 
14;i 

144 
14:.' 
14l> 
147 
I4H 
I4!i 
15(1 
161 
152 

15:1 

161 

155 
1511 
157 
158 


llr.vra  of  Familics. 


VeiiTo  Clmrtior. '  ...  i     2 

.Tiimi'tt  Itityen 

JuHi<|ili  Miclifl 

Aiit.  Viicliftli',  .St.  Antoinc...      1       a 

JlMi'pIl  Cinill 1 

Siiziinitti  (iiiill 

Kr'd  Omtelry  Murcliaterre 

.loHopl)  Letiniiiil 

.I(>!^u|)h  liiiiiiuurcitx 1       2 

Tomiw  Jiicoh 1  ,   ... 

.Iciiii  S.  GiK'rii) 1       2 

JdHcpli   ijiifiM-imy 1 

.li-im  LiiViilU'c 1       1 

Fulllino  (lu  IMiil  Dlicunib 

Kilty  lluinls,  Ciu-vutioli ^   ... 

Toiiias  Power 1  '   ... 

.Iiirijiiftt  Liulurulitu ... 

Mlihi'l  Cleriiiolit 1  !     2 

Ant.  Viu-luirtI,  niilili  Litnlube      1  |     1 

l''ie  .\tiloino  Luturge 1  i     2 

Vt'uvi)  liiivin I     1 

MiirJ(M;hiM-aiiui.«u I    2 

I'iorro  Poliii'i- 1        1 

Louis  Deiioyer 

.Joseph  Fiiilt ,   ... 

I'iorro  Viiiuleriinilt :   ... 

Pitro  Ki^nini* 

Andre  (ioiler,  le  petit 

Kiiny   Iliiiid^ 

l.p  Daino  Liilitlssiere 1 

l.itnreiit  Avellne 

l-i.l..r  Dnpins 

.ft-un  Hup.  Diipins 

Knuiotiis  r.\ii^loiii 

.Ijuoi'ii  (loot 

Feiiinu'  I.Hr);illoi) 1 

•lotiepli  JloCuortiioy 1 

.l.ilin  I'litiliel 2 

Marie  .St.  I'i"*rre 

Willmni   Hilton 

Mcholaf*  Toper ... 

Salnnel  Hill ...    ^    ... 

Witliitin  Diivis I   ... 

.Iilali   WutH I 

.loHopli  Doilairoii 

Kr.n.votH  ArcliHinheai) 

.Ii'itii  Hit.  GervttU I 

Alliert 

Louise  I.uiToix 

Anno  Doretto,  reninie  Scaler...' 

I'hil.  l.ouvierrc,  ll'alitour *.. 

.\n<lre  (jinoilt 

Nancy  Ktoil 

,(o<ei>'li  NichuU 1   ,   ... 

i'ath.    Ill-own,  feiunie   Calll|)- 

■faciiiiiii  Ilels I        2 

.loliii  Oiiilinoru 

.loltli  KaiiK I   ... 

Aiiloiiie  llorlcn 

.lolin  llairinont ;..     ... 

(leorKe  llaur '    ... 

.lolin  Watson '   ...   ;   ... 

Itariiel  Ovroby 1  ■     I 

Kriinc;oi8  IIoiIdoii. I        1 

llaviH  I.aineik' I        1 

Jno    It.  IjiilliMir,  (111  treliible 

.Matlileii  Kaille 

.liiHeph  MotiiHiigar 

AlexN  I'lcanl 1       a 

IVter  JoliiitHia 


=   l-si 


T7I110   lOT    42     96    fills    17,435 


5 

3     '^ 

> 

30 

4 

4IKI 

140 

4 

HO 

2 

4U 

30 

1 

2 

1 

1     1 

4 

5 

i 

4(1 
12(1 
30 
3u 


...    I 


rushed  out-doors,  and  all  began  to  pray.'  The  shocks 
continued  during  twenty  or  thirty  months,  sometinios 
coming  on  gradually  and  increasing  in  force;  som( - 
times  the  first  shock  the  most  violent  and  comiiij 
suddenly.  The  waves  came  from  the  west  or  soutli- 
west.  FLssures  six  and  seven  hundred  feet  long  and 
twenty  or  thirty  feet  wide  were  formed,  through  whioli 
water  or  sand  was  spouted  forty  feet  into  the  air,  at- 
tended with  electric  flashes  and  sparks.  Great  oaks 
were  cleft  in  twain,  and  mighty  walnuts  and  cyprcss(}.s 
submerged  forty  feet  under  water,  at  the  bottom  uf 
newly-formed  lakes.  Hon.  Lewis  F.  Linn,  Uiiitwl 
States  Senator  from  Missouri,  in  a  letter  written  in 
183C,  incidentally  gave  a  graphic  account  of  some 
features  of  this  earthquake.  He  was  trying  to  ex- 
plain the  origin  of  tho.se  hills  in  the  St.  Francis  River 
country  which  the  French  call  "  cotes  sous  desseiii,'' 
by  ascribing  them  to  telluric  agitations.  "  In  the 
region  now  under  consideration,"  he  wrote,  "  duiin;; 
the  continuance  of  so  appalling  a  phenomenon,  wliicji 
commenced  by  distant  rumbling  sounds,  succeeded  by 
discharges  as  if  a  thousand  pieces  of  artillery  were 
suddenly  exploded,  the  earth  rocked  to  and  fro,  vast 
chasms  opened,  from  whence  issued  columns  of  water, 
sand,  and  coal,  accompanied  by  hissing  sounds,  caused, 
perhaps,  by  the  escape  of  pent-up  steam,  while  ever 

"  I  find  in  those  piipcrs  of  Mr.  Delnssus  iiccn.su.iof  the  inli.nl). 
itants  (if  Capo  Uirnnlcau,  returned  by  tlio  tlieii  cotnmnnddiu. 
Louis  Loriinier,  \ov.  2.'!,  l.soii. 

"  It  eoiitnins  the  names  of  one  hundred  nnd  eighty- eight  hcn^lj 
of  faiuilie.",  the  only  Fieneh  names  arc  the  following  six,  viz.: 
Louis  Liirimier,  Cotnd't ;  TiarthplC'ino  Cousin,  Pierre  Ooihiir, 
Jenn  Lostn,  Louis  Eustncbe,  Francois  nerthiauino. 


Males. 

Whites 54,^ 

Hlaclis «0 


Fe  males. 
481 
flO 

571 


Total. 

10211 

ISO 

12Ult 


nKCAVirVLATlOW 


Chef  do  famillc Ilruils  urfainilies- 


■Male 140 

Fenialo...  19 


\:a 

Femmes Women. 77 

Fila llova 110 

Fllles (Jirls ■ W, 


4.'i7  souls. 

F^daves Slaves '      42 

Clievaux Ilfirnes ■.'(! 

notes  a  coriio...  Jlorneil  catllc COS 

Ki'colti'sde  mills Oini  product 17,435  tush. 

Niw  MAtinin,  31  Flue,  179ti. 


Population Q3j 

'■  iV<i(c — I  am  inclined  to  thinit  that  this  must  have  inchiilcl 
'lie  country  fur  some  miles  around,  as  tlio  population  of  St.  Loiiii 
at  that  day  was  liaroly  one  thousand. 

"F.  L.  nii.i.os.' 

(It  included  tho  whole  district.) 

'  "  A  witness  was  in  tho  midst  of  a  groat  forest  when  Hie  fir-: 
great  shock  was  felt.  lie  was  n  Held  sportsman,  and  was  ae  ■om 
panied  in  this  hunt  by  n  Fren(!liman  of  Littio  Prairie.  Iloui'. 
knonledged  that  tho  frightful  scene  around  effectually  iiniicrKh! 
him.  When  the  earth  was  nwking  beneath  his  feet,  and  llio 
tallest  trees  waving,  like  tcinpest-tosscd  s]iars  on  tho  occiin.  over 
his  head, '  his  knees  smote  logethor'  nnd  gave  way,  and  lie  I'muiiI 
himself  in  tho  most  devout  attitude,  imploring  the  Direiior'l 
visible  ]iuwcr  to  lend  that  protectii^n  no  mortal  could  eoiii|iiij! 
The  Frenchman,  relying  on  human  effort,  exclaimed,  wiili  n:i 
tional  vivacity,  'Monsieur  Walkare!  No  time  for  pray  I  .Siicn 
Dieu!  tiardez-vous  Ics  branch.'  And  ii  shower  of  dried  liiiil' 
from  IV  tree-top  ovorhcnd  disturbed  bin  devout  o.Terciscs,  nnJ 
they  saved  their  lives  by  flight  to  the  nearest  priiirie."— II 
moii'o  GnttlUei-  nf  Ihe  Slule  of  Minnuri.     St.  Louis,  1S,'!7. 


CLIMATOLOGY,  GEOLOGY,  AND  ARCH J50L0GY. 


89 


c  shocks 
imetimrs 
i ;  sonu- 
[  comiiit; 
or  soutli- 
long  and 
gh  wliicli 
le  air,  at- 
Ircat  o»ks 
cypresses 
bottom  uf 
n,  Uiiilod 
written  in 
t  of  sonic 
ing  to  ox- 
ncis  River 
s  dcsneiii," 
"III   the 
e,  "  during 
:non,  whidi 
iccecdcd  iiy 
tillcry  were 
id  fro,  Vibt 
ns  of  water, 
nd9,causeil 
,  while  cvii 

snf  tlio  inliah- 
ooinmnnilaiii, 

ly-ciglit  lioails 

fing  six,  vi/.: 

icrrc  Oo'liiir. 

T.itiil. 

l(12ti 

ISIl 

12011 

Ihavc  inolu'lfi 
|un  of  St.l.nlli- 

DlMJIN."       I 

I  when  tlip  fu-' 
nil  WHS  iio'ciiu 
■nirio.     lie  ac- 
IftUy  unniTvc! 
ffct,  im  1  tlif 
Hi«oci'an,oviT 
,  iinil  lio  f'lunl 
Iho  Diririiip.f 
loulil  c'iini|ias^ 
■mcil,  nitli  m- 
(iniy '.    f*iii'" 
uf  ilricil  limli' 
lexprcici'i',  niiJ 
liiiric."— Ill'' 
luU,  IM-. 


and  anon  flashes  of  electricity  gleamed  through  tiie 
IrouWed  clouds  of  night,  rendering  the  darkness  doubly 
JKirrible.  The  current  of  the  Mississippi,  pending 
this  elemental  strife,  was  driven  back  upon  its  source 
with  the  greatest  velocity  for  several  hours,  in  conse- 
quence of  an  elevation  of  its  bed.  But  this  noble 
liver  was  not  thus  to  be  stayed  in  its  course.  Its 
acciiiiiulated  waters  came  booming  on,  and,  overtop- 
piiii;  the  barrier  thus  suddenly  raised,  carried  nvery- 
ihinLC  before  them  with  resistless  power.  .  .  .  The  day 
tliiit  Kucceedod  this  night  of  terror  brought  no  solace 
in  its  dawn.  Shock  followed  shock  ;  a  dense  black 
cloiiil  of  vapor  overshadowed  the  land,  through  which 
no  straggling  sunbeam  found  its  way  to  cheer  the 
despuiiding  heart  of  man,  who,  in  silent  communion 
with  liiinsclf,  was  cr.i  pcUed  to  acknowledge  his  meek- 
ne.«.s  and  dependence  on  the  everlasting  God."'  Tim- 
othy Flint,  the  iiitclligent  traveler,  visited  this  region 
seven  years  after  the  earthquake,  and  ha.s  left  the  fol- 
lowing graphic  account  of  it :' 

"  Fnmi  nil  Iho  ncoounts,"  he  snys,  "  corrected  one  by  nnother, 
jnil  coinjjareil  with  the  very  imperfect  narnitivcs  which  were 
lnlllli^^llcll,  I  infer  thiit  the  shock  of  these  earthqiinkes,  in  thp 
iiiimiiliatc  centre  of  their  force,  innst  have  cquiileil,  in  the  ter- 
iil]!c  hcuvings  of  the  earth,  anything  of  the  kind  that  lias  been 
II.  irclcil.     I  do  not  bolievo  that  the  public  have  over  yet  had 
aiiv  iiilc(ni:itc  idea  of  the  violence  of  the  concussions.     We  arc 
iK'i'ustoined  to  measure  this  by  tho  buildings  overturned  and  the 
niortiility  that  results.     Here,  the  country  was  thinly  settled, 
'flic  liou^'c?,  fortunately,  were  frail,  and  of  logs, — tho  most  diffi- 
cult to  overturn   that  could  bo  con-tructed.     Yet,  ns  it  was, 
whole  tr.icis  were  plunged  in  tho  bed  of  tho  river.     The  gravo- 
yaril  nt  New  Madrid,  with  all  \U  sleeping  tennnis,  was  prccipi- 
tiitcd  into  the  bend  of  tho  stream.     Mo«t  of  tho  houses  were 
thrown  down.     Large  lakes,  twenty  miles  in  extent,  were  made 
in  iin  hour;  other  lakes  were  drained.     The  whole  country,  to 
the  mouth  of  tho  Ohio  in  one  direction,  and  to  tho  St.  Francis 
in  the  other,  including  |i  front  of  three  hundred  miles,  was  con- 
vulsed to  such  a  degree  as  to  create  lakes  and  islands,  tho  num- 
hcrof  which  is  not  known,  and  to  cover  a  tract  of  many  miles 
in  extent,  near  the  Little  I'rnirie,  with  water,  three  or  four  feet 
deep;  nnil  when  tho  water  disap|)oarpd,  a  stratum  of  sand,  of 
the  same  thickness,  was  left  in  tho   place.     Trees  split  in  tho 
niiil'l,  and  lashed  ono  with  another,  are  still  visible  over  great 
tracts  of  country,  inclining  in  every  direction,  and  at  every 
angle  to  the  earth  and  the  horizon.     They  ilescribcil  the  undu- 
lations of  the  earth  ns  resembling  waves,  increasing  in  elevation 
uMlioy  advanced,  and  when  they  had  attained  a  certain  fearful 
hi'ighti  >he  earth  would  burst,  and  vast  volumes  of  water  nnd 
sand  and  pit-coal  were  discharged  as  high  as  tho  tops  of  the 
troi't.    I  hnye  seen  a  hundred  of  these  chasms  which  remained 
!  fearfully  deep,  although  in  a  very  tender  alluvial  soil,  and  after 
a  la|)!c  of  seven  years.     Whole  districts  were   covered    with 
white  rund,  so  as  to  bocome  uninhabitable.     Tho  water  at  first 
fiivered  the  wholo  country,  particularly  at  the  Little  I'rairio; 
I  and  it  must,  indeed,  have  been  a  seeno  of  horror,  in  these  deep 
(>irett«,  nnd  in  the  gloom  of  Iho  darkest  night,  nnd  by  wading 

I  Iteenllections  of  tho  Last  Ten  Years  in  tho  Miaslsslppi  Val- 
llty.    182«. 


in  tho  water  to  the  middle,  for  tho  inhabitanU  to  fly  from  these 
concussions,  which  were  occurring  every  few  hours,  with  a  noise 
equally  terrible  to  beasts  and  birds,  as  well  as  to  man.  Tho 
birds  themselves  lost  all  power  and  disposition  to  fly,  and  re- 
treated to  tho  bosoms  of  men,  their  fcllow-sufl'crers  in  the  general 
convulsion.  A  few  persons  sank  in  these  chai^ms,  and  were 
providentially  extricated.  Ono  person  died  of  affright;  and 
ono  perished  miserably  on  an  island  which  retained  its  original 
level  in  the  midst  of  a  wide  lake  created  by  the  earthquake. 
...  A  number  jierished,  who  sank  with  their  bouts  in  the  river. 
A  bursting  of  the  earth  just  below  the  village  of  New  Madrid 
arrested  the  mighty  stream  in  its  course  and  caused  a  reflux  of 
its  waves,  by  which,  in  a  little  time,  a  great  number  of  boats 
were  swept  by  the  ascending  current  into  the  mouth  of  tho 
bayou,  carried  out,  and  left  upon  the  dry  earth,  where  tho  00- 
cumulating  waters  of  tho  river  bad  again  chaiigeil  the  current. 
There  were  a  great  number  of  severe  shocks,  but  two  series  of 
concussions  were  particularly  terrible,  fur  more  so  than  tho 
rest :  and  they  remark  that  the  shocks  were  clearly  distinguish- 
able into  two  classes  :  those  in  which  tho  motion  was  horizontal, 
nnd  those  in  which  it  was  perpendicular.  The  latter  was  at- 
tended with  the  cxplosicms  and  the  terrible  mixture  of  noises 
that  preceded  and  accompanied  the  earthquakes  in  a  louder  de- 
gree, but  were  by  no  means  so  desolating  and  destructive  as  the 
other.  When  they  were  felt,  the  bouses  crumbled,  and  trees 
wavoil  together,  and  the  ground  sank,  nnd  all  the  destruotivo 
phenomena  were  conspicuous.  In  tlio  interval  of  tho  earth- 
quakes, there  was  one  evening — and  that  a  brilliant  and  cloud- 
less ono — in  which  the  western  sky  was  a  continued  glare  of 
vivid  Hashes  of  lightning  nnd  of  repented  peals  of  subterrnnenn 
thunder,  seeming  to  proceed,  J»s  tho  flashes  did,  from  below  the 
horizon.  They  remark  fhat  the  night,  so  eimspicuous  for  sub- 
terrnnenn thuniler,  was  the  same  period  in  which  the  fatal 
earthqunkes  of  Caraocas  occurred  ;  and  they  seem  to  suppose 
tlio.se  flashes  nnd  that  event  parts  of  tho  same  scene." 

The  chasms  had  a  general  din^'tion  from  southwest 
to  northeast,  and  were  of  an  extent  to  swallow  up  not 
only  men,  but  houses.  They  occum-d  at  intervals  of 
less  tii.111  ii..!."  a  mile,  and  tho  people  felled  tall  trees 
acro.ss  them,  riding  upon  tho  trunks  and  in  the 
branches  to  escape  being  engulfed.  The  destruction 
of  property  and  values  was  so  great  that  Congress 
was  forced  to  come  to  the  relief  of  the  people,  passing 
a  law  granting  to  each  proprietor  whoso  land  was  de- 
stroyed a  section  of  hind  in  the  Boone-Lick  country, 
tho  desolated  farm  being  relinquished  to  the  govern- 
i  ment.  Some  of  the  fissures  still  discharge  gases  and 
j  blasts  of  air,  and  oartliquake  .shocks  are  occasionally 
felt  ill  the  section,  but  none  of  such  severity  as  those 
described. 

The  fertility  of  nearly  -11  the  soils  in  the  valley  of 
the  Mississippi  is  ns  phenomenal  as  its  extent  is  great. 
This  docs  not  apply  merely  to  tho  alluvium  and  lands 
produced  originally  or  subsequently  reinvigorated  by 
inundation,  but  also  to  the  yellow  loam  of  the  loess  or 
bluff-formations  and  tho  deep,  black  soil  of  the  prai- 
ries, both  level  and  rolling.  All  are  deep  and  seem- 
ingly inexhaustible.  Volney  made  the  di.scovery  in 
the  cuurso  of  his  travels,  and  subsequent  observation 


i       i> 


u. 


&  'i 


ii 


90 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


and  experiment  have  confirmed  it,  that  the  produc- 
tiveness and  fertility  of  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi 
are  due  to  the  northeast  trade-winds  of  the  Atlantic 
Ocean,  which,  entering  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  cross- 
ing the  peninsula  of  Yucatan,  finally  make  their 
way,  surcharged  with  moisture,  up  the  valley  of  the 
great  river  as  southeast  and  rain-bearing  winds.  The 
prairies,  says  Dr.  Foster,  are  not  due  to  the  texture  of 
the  soil,  nor  to  annual  burnings,  nor,  as  Lc.s(|uereux, 
the  geologist  of  Illinois,  supposes,  to  peat-growth,  but 
to  unequal  supply  of  moisture  and  an  alternating  ex- 
cess and  deficiency  of  rain-fall  throughout  the  year. 
That  the  prairies  never  were  forest  regions  is  evident 
from  the  fact  that  no  entombed  tree-trunks  are  found 
in  the  prairie  sloughs,  as  they  liave  been  in  all  swamps 
and  marshes  of  forest  sections.  The  irregular  and 
deficient  supply  of  moisture,  while  it  causes  the  dis- 
appearance of  trees,  does  not  materially  affect  agricul- 
ture until  the  highly-elevated  plains  of  the  West  are 
reached;  in  fact,  according  to  Dr.  J.  G.  Cooper, 
"  most  crops  will  succeed  much  better  with  less  rain 
than  is  necessary  for  most  trees  to  thrive."  The 
rains  which  water  the  Jlississippi  basin  arc  unequally 
distributed  as  to  the  seasons  of  the  year,  those  of 
spring  and  .summer  being  largely  in  excess.  In  win- 
ter the  mouth  of  the  Mississipjii  is  in  the  area  of 
greatest  precipitation,  eighteen  inches,  this  excessive 
amount  declining,  as  we  a.sccnd  and  approach  the  con- 
fines of  the  densely-wooded  region,  to  seven  inches  ; 
in  the  prairies  the  condition  of  moisture  varies  from 
five  to  three  inches;  in  the  treeless  plains,  from  two 
inches  to  nothing.  In  autumn  the  river-mouths  are 
in  the  area  of  greatest  precipitation,  twelve  inches, 
decreasing  to  eight  inches  on  the  edge  of  the  forest ; 
ranging  from  eight  to  five  inches  in  the  prairie,  and 
from  four  inches  to  nothing  on  the  plains.  In  summer 
the  range  is  as  I'ollows :  densely-wooded  region,  fifteen  to 
twelve  inches ;  prairies,  twelve  to  eight  inches ;  plains, 
eight  to  four  inches.  In  spring  the  range  is  filxeen 
inches  at  mouth  of  river  and  I'ensaeola,  ten  inches  at 
Fort  Laramie,  and  Chicago  and  Cheyenne  each  eight 
inches.  Dr.  Foster  remarks  that  "  a  region  where 
the  annual  precipitation  is  slightly  in  excess  of  twenty 
inches,  I  infer  from  observation,  is  unfavorable  to  the 
growth  of  trees,  even  were  that  moisture  equally  dis- 
tributed, but  where  three-fourths  of  it  is  precipitated 
during  the  spring  and  summer,  the  grasses  flourish 
and  mature  to  the  exclusion  of  arborescent  forms. 
The  effect  of  this  peculiarity  of  the  climate  is  to  ex- 
tend the  cultivation  of  the  cereals  much  farther  west 
than  could  be  done  if  the  moisture  were  equally  dis- 
tributed, and  to  afford  rich  pasturage  to  immense  herds 
of  buffalo,  up  to  the  verge  of  the  llocky  Mountains, 


over  a  region  which,  if  the  rains  were  equally  distrib- 
uted, would  present  still  more  inhospitable  features.'' 
Of  course,  this  motion  of  the  atmosphere  and  moiln 
of  precipitation  of  its  moisture  has  much  to  do  widi 
the  climate  of  the  country.  Climato  is  a  result  of 
numerous  and  complex  conditions.  The  geographii'ii! 
position  of  a  country,  and  also  its  topographical  cdii- 
figuration,  must  be  taken  into  the  consideration.  Tliu 
climate  of  Missouri  is  typiciil,in  many  respects,  of  I  lie 
general  climate  of  the  ''  interior,'' — a  climate  of  cx- 
treraes  both  in  temperature  and  degrees  of  tnoisturo. 
The  altitude  above  the  sea  of  that  part  of  Missouri 
which  binds  upon  the  Mississippi  River  varies  fiom 
two  hundred  and  seventy-five  feet  in  the  southeast 
corner  to  four  hundred  and  forty-five  feet  in  the  noitli- 
east, — a  rise  of  only  one  hundred  and  seventy  feel  in 
five  degrees  of  latitude,  cr  not  much  more  than  ,si.\ 
inches  to  the  mile.  Nothing  can  better  prove  tlio 
fact  that  Eastern  Mi.ssouri  lies  within  the  great  pniiiiu 
plain  of  the  interior.  The  Missouri  River  rises  fmm 
four  hundred  feet  at  its  mouth  to  over  one  thousmij 
feet  at  the  State  line,  a  fact  which  siiows  that  the  true 
prairie  begins  to  merge  into  the  elevated  plain  bolure 
half  the  State  has  been  traversed  from  east  to  west. 
These  are  all  circumstances  germane  to  any  con.-iiiler- 
ation  of  the  climatology  and  geology  of  St.  Jjouis.  Tlh 
accurate  observations  of  thermometrical  and  baroiiiciri 
cal  variations  at  St.  Louis  extend  over  a  period  of  uwri' 
than  forty  years.  The  mean  temperature  of  St.  Louis 
is  found  to  lie  between  5;5  degrees  24  minutes  aiiJ 
58  degrees,  or  say  about  55  degrees  30  minutes  Talir.. 
and  the  range  of  extremes  is  from  22-'.  degrees  lielmv 
zero  to  10-4  degrees  above, — eijual  to  an  extreme  flui.- 
tuation  of  12G5  degrees.  Dr.  Knglemann  has  preparej 
a  table  illustrating  the  seranges,  which  is  publislieJ  in 
connection  with  Campbell's  "  Atlas  of  Missouri."  it 
is  as  follows  : 

WItilor.      SiirliiB.  I  SuMimer.      Aiitiiiiiii.      Wlmii.  y™. 


Mi'iiii  t<>ia- 

licriilure.  :U.30 

;55.4° 

70.8°            •)0.3°               S3.r,° 

ni^'lii'Ht       1 

i 

■ 

iiiiuli 40.4° 

02.2° 

80.1°        fl().a°          ss.i-' 

T.nwI'Ht           1 

iiifiui '26.4° 

48,UJ 

72.U°           51.3° 

53.4° 

Itiihu'i'  <ir 

Illulli'St 

tlMlllxTil- 

Inri- 49'=  to  81 

o      8.">°t"07° 

93°  to  10-4°  8  »  to  102° 

03°  to  101° 

UiltiKu  ot 

' 

Idwcot 

ti'liipem- 

Uirv 

—22  to 

4°  0°  to  28° 

43°lor)7°    — l°to-t-28° 

— 2i°toil(f 

I       >io  Buuli  rniigc's  an  J  lUiutuiitlons  arc  known  upon  thoHj 
I   euust.     The  cxlionio  iliiily  riingo  of  tenipenituro  in  siiiiii^'  mil 
winter  is  soniutiincs  us  grviil  ua  50  (iogrccs,  in  full  unj  suiiimii  I 
40  (logri'cs.     Tlio  lii.sl  ^o.^ts  in  spring  ouenr  between  .Miinh  lilii  | 
nnil  Miiy  '2d,  tlio  aveniKc  beinj;  April  utii ;  in  nutunin  ilic  cir; 
iust  frosts  set  in. between  October  Jtli  ftiid  ISoveuiber  lii'iili,  [hi  I 
mean  being  0>.'tuljur  27tb,  the  limits  between  the  frcc/.inj;  |ioiiii!  { 


CLIMATOLOGY,  GEOLOGY,  AND  ARCHiEOLOGY. 


91 


Ili,i3  nin^siiigfrom  184  to  252  days,  with  nn  arcriigo  of  205  days. 
In,  Minlcinnmi  obsorvi'S  tlint  "  tlic  progress  of  vcgctiiblo  dc- 
vilDpriii'iit  cm.  bust  bo  npprcciiiti'd  by  tlio  observation  iif  com- 
mon iinl  wcli-lcnown  wild  or  cultivutej  trees  and  sbrubs.  'IMius 
ive  lind  tliiit  llic  first  in  bluiiin  is  tito  alder  and  tlie  Inizel,  next 
—not  niroly  retarded  by  intervening  ccld  spells — the  soft  or 
silver  le;ir  maple;  and  a  lew  ilays  after  this,  our  coniinon  white 
(•liii  liliMinis,  between  yebniary  liltliand  April  loth,  on  an  avur- 
ii.re,  March  liltli.  Dnring  the  next  following  days  roses,  syringas, 
UiiiSL'licrrics,  and  many  other  bushes,  and  the  weeping  willows, 
ijiinv  tlieir  young  leaves.  About  two  weeks  alter  the  elms — 
lietwcen  March  ISth  and  .\pril  L'Slh,  on  an  average  about  A|Mil 
2J— llie  peach  trees  oj)en  their  first  blossoms,  and  arc  one  week 
later  in  f""  bloom.  Plum  and  pear-trees  and  swoet  cherries 
lilus.-iiin  about  the  same  time,  or  a  few  days  later,  and  then  the 
sour  cherries,  and  the  glory  of  our  rich  woods,  the  redbuds.  IJe- 
tivecii  March  21st  and  May  1st  (mean  April  1  1th)  the  early 
apple  trees  begin  to  bloom  ;  and  between  March  L'.Sth  and  May 
lilth  I  mean  April  '.'lUh)  may  bo  said  to  be  in  full  bloom. 
Svriii;^as  bloom  about  the  same  time,  erab-apples  live  or  six 
(iiiys  later,  and  a  few  days  after  them  the  ciuinec  bushes.  The 
acacia,  or  black  locust,  native  of  our  southeaslern  boi-dcr.  and 
caltivati'd  everywhere  about  farms  and  in  towns,  begins  to  bloom 
between  .April  Ilth  and  May  IJ.'id,  on  an  average  May  1st,  and. 
six  to  ten  day.'i  later  is  in  its  fullest  fragrant  glory.  Kipening 
strawberries  and  cherries  and  blooming  roses  closely  follow  it, 
uiil  tlie  catalpa,  a  very  singular  bloomer,  conies  in  full  develop- 
ment generally  between  two  or  tlireo  weeks  after  the  acacia. 
Tlio  maturity  and  harvest  of  the  winter  wheat  immediately  sue- 
cocils  the  catalpa,  between  .June  10th  and  .July  1st,  usually 
aWut  Juno20tli." 

Ill  connection  with  lliis  branch  of  uliratitology,  a 
voiy  ciirerui  and  intollii;ent  ob.stirvor,  the  late  Hon. 
Tlioiuas  Allen,  long  ago  (in  1847,  in  fact)  furni.shotl 
an  interesting  paper  to  the  Jfofffcn/tKriHt,  then  con- 
ducted by  the  lamented  Downing.  That  eminent 
writer  on  rural  affair.s,  almost  the  founder  of  landscape- 
L'ariieniiig  in  the  United  States,  could  appreciate  good 
thinjrs  in  his  line,  and  was  delighted  with  Mr.  Allen's 
contribution,  of  which  he  said  he  had  .seen  no  account 
of  the  West  so  full  of  real  information  to  tlioso  inter- 
pstoil  in  rurtd  affairs,  and  none  in  which   that  intel- 

jreiicc  was  conveyed  '•  so  concisely,  justly,  and 
}  correctly."  We  shall  have  occasion  farther  on  to 
i|Uote  other  portions  of  Mr.  Allen's  paper ;  what  he 
sivs  of  temperature,  and  the  germination,  flowering, 
I  ami  ripening  of  plants,  is  as  follows : 

Tlic  climate  does  not  correspond  with  that  of  tho  same  lati- 
I  tuilc  on  the  sea-coast.  It  dilTers  in  respect  to  tho  prevaleney 
of  certain  winds,  in  variableness,  and  in  being  perhaps  not 
I  liuiler,  but  drier  in  summer.  Our  spring  seasons  iiro  often  wet ; 
I  mir  suiiuiiers  frequently  dry.  The  autumn  is  often  a  perpetual 
Mniliaii  summer,'  delightful  ns  can  bo  imagined.  Yet  frost 
a|i|iiars  sonietimea  in  October,  and  November  may  bring 
Ifvcrelj'  cold  weather.  The  consequences  upon  vegetation  of 
|» -Iry  sinaaier,  suoceedel  by  ii  lino  and  late-growing  autumn, 
|»i!iiNi\-  have  occasion  to  advert  to.  The  winters  are  generally 
ImiM;  the  average  mean  temperature  of  tho  winter  months 
If  ir  several  years  being,  for  example,  about  li(l°.  Snow  sonic- 
Itimej  tails  in  various  depths  under  twelve  inches,  but  rapidly  dis- 
|i{>|iciirs.     It  no'  uufrcquently  happens  that  we  can  plow  in 


every  winter  nioutli,  and  for  weeks  together  artificial  heat  is 
not  required  in  our  green-houses.  Two  winters  ago  ice  was 
not  formeil  in  sutVicicnt  quantities  to  supply  <»ur  ice-houses. 
Vet  1  have  heiinl  it  said  thai  tho  Mississippi  has  been  known 
to  bo  frozen  over  below  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio.  Last  winter 
that  river  was  firmly  closed  above  and  more  than  sixty  miles 
below  this  city  for  more  than  a  month,  [n  the  mean  lime 
there  were  many  warm  and  sunny  days. 

"The  month  of  February  often  tempts  all  vegi'tation  by  its 
genial  wavnith,  and  the  horticTllturist  has  to  lament  the  )>reina- 
ture  swelling  of  bis  fruit-buds,  doomed,  alas!  to  repeated  and 
killing  frosts  in  Slarcli  and  even  in  April.  Indeed,  the  month 
of  .Tunuary  is  sometimes  as  mild  here  as  the  month  of  March 
generally  is  in  Philadelphia.  For  example,  tho  mean  tempera- 
lure  of  that  month  in  ISI,",  was  41°.  Ducks  and  geese  began 
to  (ly  northward,  bluebirds  appeared,  and  several  shrubs  put 
forth  leaves.  Coldest  jioint,  22":  warmest,  71°;  range,  19°.  The 
mean  of  February  wis  lli^;  of  .March  12°;  but  tho  range  was 
greater  in  both  these  months  than  in  January.  Coldest  point 
in  March,  20°;  warmest,  71";  range,  .  I".  In  April  the  mean 
was  111";  coldest,  .TU";  warmest,  Sj°;  range,  5o".  And  in  all  the 
months  of  the  year  we  have  sudden  and  great  \  ariations,  the 
thermometer  often  ranging  20°  within  two  lu*  three  hours. 
The  frosts  of  early  April  generally  lind  the  apricot,  the  peach, 
the  cherry,  tlic  plum,  in  full  bloom.  1  have  heard  S'Une  rjf  the 
older  inhabitants  insist  that  si/iilf  •■m/i  of  peaches  is  not  real- 
ized more  than  once  in  five  years,  owing  to  premature  blossom- 
ing. My  own  experience  is  corroborative  of  the  general  fact, 
which  also  applies  to  apricots  and  nectarines.  Yet  some  of  our 
trees  wholly  escape,  and  are  overburdened  with  fruit,  as  is  the 
case  tho  present  year,  notwithstanding  severe  frosts  near  the 
middle  of  April. 

"In  IS  1 1  the  greatest  euld  was  (i°  hi.loir  zero,  January  17tb. 
The  greatest  heal  102",  July  l.'ith.  Variation,  10S°.  Greatest 
heat  in  February,  7!l";  greatest  cold,  4°.  We  eonsider  a  cold 
February  and  March  most  favorable  for  our  fruit.  The  mean 
of  February,  ISli,  was  4li°.  We  had  very  little  fruit  that 
year.  The  mean  of  February,  ISICi,  was  .12°.  Wo  have  an 
abundant  crop.  The  greatest  beat  of  the  ])rcsent  unusually 
hot  year  all  over  the  country  was  US"  early  in  July.  No  rain 
of  any  conseipience  fur  more  than  tWMi  months. 

"  The  average  mean  temperature  of  seven  years  prior  to  I  Slit), 
according  to  our  late  .\fsooiution  of  Natural  .Sciences,  was  as 
follows  ; 

January 29.0 

Februarv -M.o 

March...' 12.7 

April  5S.« 

May  Ii.'i.2 

June 7il.l 

July 7S.1 

August 74.6 

September Bfi.9 

October 55. S 

November 19.2 

Doceiiibcr 'M.7 

Annual  range,  10S°.  55.2 

This  id  5.2"  liutter  than  what  is  said  ti>  bo  llio  me  liuin  annual 
temperature  of  the  whole  eartli.  It  is  six  or  seven  degrees 
li'dter  than  the  average  temperature  of  London;  two  or  three 
ilcgrees  ItKi  than  that  cd'  Washington  City  ;  one  or  two  degrees 
/('««  than  that  of  (Cincinnati,  Ohio,  and  New  Harmony, 
Ind. ;  if  tho  publisheil  meteorological  statistics  of  those  places 
are  correct.  Only  two  degrees  hotter  than  that  of  Philadel- 
phia, and  eight  degrees  hotter  than  tliat  of  llosfon.  About 
cloven  degrees  less  than  that  of  New  Orleans.  Vet  St.  Louis 
has  tho  reputation  of  being  excessively  hot. 


if 


■   41 


92 


HISTOllY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


"Tho  annunl  nnd  monthly  rnngc  of  the  thcnnomctcr  is  iinich 
grontcr  nt  St.  Louin  thnn  at  Tiondun  or  New  Orlcnni".  It  ia  less 
thiin  at  Albnny  and  Kcwburgh,  and  much  less  thnn  nt  innny 
other  towns  in  New  York.  There  is  more  uniformity  nnj  more 
humidity  in  the  climate  of  London  thnn  in  thnt  of  St.  Louis. 
The  ihermometer  will  indicate  as  hi;^h  a  degree  of  'grcntest 
hent'  at  Albnny  in  summer  ns  it  will  in  8t,  Louis ;  and  in  winter 
it  will  show  tho  '  greatest  cold' nt  Albany.  But  wo  have  tho 
gro.itcst  heat  for  the  grcntest  length  of  time  nt  St.  liouis,  nnd 
the  sun's  rays  seem  to  bo  more  direct  nnd  scorching.  Wo  have 
no  mountninii,  except  in  the  south  interior  i)nrt  of  Missouri, 
while  the  country  is  comparatively  flat  far  off  to  the  north  and 
south,  nnd  vnst  prairies  stretch  to  the  east  and  west  of  us.  Tho 
prevailing  winds  follow  tho  genernl  course  of  our  Grcnt  Vnllcy, 
modified  nt  times  by  the  blasts  from  the  great  plains  in  the  west, 
nnd  from  the  prairies  ami  lakes  to  the  east  nnd  northeast. 
Fortunately  for  us,  the  cast  wind  does  not  often  for  many  con- 
tinuous dnys  bring  to  us  the  epidemic  ellluvia!  which  arc  gen- 
erated in  the  grcnt  Scnegnmbian  Bottom,  that  stretches  niong 
the  opposite  shores. 

"Tho  nverngc  number  of  dry  days  of  four  years  was  260  for 
each  year;  of  wot  dnys,  105;  of  sunshine,  ,'ill;  of  no  sunshine, 
51  ;  of  thunder  storms,  '>3. 

"The  summer  of  the  present  yenr  has  been  unusually  dry, 
favorable  for  insets  injurious  to  fruit,  and  would  have  ])roved 
entirely  desl;iietive  to  corn  and  ]iiitatocs  but  for  tho  rains  of  the 
last  of  August.  But  the  yenr  I8JI  was  more  destructive  from 
too  much  wet.  I  think,  however,  that,  as  we  have  no  moun- 
tains, and  the  primitive  forest  is  gradually  disappearing,  future 
observations  will  show  that  tho  nverngo  nuuiber  of  dry  dnys 
will  increase,  nnd  that  the  moisture  of  our  soil  and  the  waters 
of  our  streams  and  small  lakes  will  diminish. 

"  The  nights  of  summer  often  j'vrf  as  oppressively  hot  ns  the 
days,  but  not  always.  The  therniouK'ter  sometimes  f.ills  twenty 
degrees  soon  after  sunset.  There  is,  in  bright  moonlight  nights, 
nn  extensive  rndintion  from  the  surface  of  tho  llclds.  The 
thermometer  will  indiento  eight  or  ten  degrees  lower  tempera- 
ture at  the  surface  than  it  will  at  ten  feet  above.  Dew  is  rapidly 
distilled.  The  night  air  is  humid.  Fogs  sometimes  arise,  but 
they  are  not  frequent.  The  commonest  diseases  of  the  country 
are  bilious  and  remittent.  New  immigrants  can  scarcely  labor 
in  tho  field  under  the  scorching  sun  of  summer.  Ague  and 
fever  is  often  found  in  tho  low  grounds  and  along  tho  river 
'bottoms.'  Where  vegetntion  is  most  luxuriant  there  is  the 
greatest  decoinpositton.  A  vegetable  diet  is  tiio  most  suitable 
for  the  summer  months.  Fruit  also,  in  moderation,  I  believe 
to  be  better  thnn  nnimni  food  in  wnrm  cliinates.  Fully  ripe, 
nnd  sound  nnd  henlthy  itself,  it  seems  naturally  adnpted  and 
intended  for  the  use  (not  abuse)  of  man,  but  more  particularly 
in  that  climate  where  the  man  and  the  fruit  grow  together. 

"The  following  table  is  an  approximation  to  the  times  of  the 
flowering,  etc.,  of  the  fruit-trees  in  St.  Louis : 


Apricots March    2  to  March  10. 

Peaches "       17  to     April     1. 

Cherries "      ,'iO  to        •'        .'>. 

Plums "      ;10  '0        "        ,'■). 

Karly  apples April      5  to        "      15. 

(iooseberries "         5  to        "      — 

Pears '*        5  to         "      — 

Winter  apples "      25 

Strawberries,  ripe May    I."!. 

llaspberrics,      "   Juno  12. 

Currants,  "    "      12. 

Cherries,  "    "      12. 

Apricots,  "   July     4. 

Blackberries,    "    "       15. 

Plums,  "   •'       17 

Siberian  crab,    "    "      I'., 


"  Pcnches  and  Isabella  grnpcs  begin  to  ripen  early  in  August, 
and  arc  abundant  the  last  of  that  month. 

"Tho  lied  Juncnting  Apple,  or  Enrly  Red  Margnrct,  some. 
times  bears  two  crops  in  ono  season  (the  second  inferior  to  the 
first),  nnd  I  hnvo  seen  it  blooming  the  third  time  tho  same 
season. 

"  Wo  sow  seeds  for  enrly  salad  and  cabbngc  under  glns<  in 
Jnnunry  nnd  February.  Plant  Irish  potatoes  for  early  crop  in 
February.  Sow  parsueps,  carrots,  radishes,  lettuce,  onimis. 
cross,  and  enrly  peas  in  open  ground  last  of  February  or  enrly 
in  March.  About  first  of  April,  trnnsphuit  broccoli,  cnuliflower, 
onbbnge,  lettuce,  spinach,  and  plant  sweet  potatoes  in  hot-lpt,|. 
Sow  annuals  (flowers)  about  tho  first  of  May.  Begin  to  cut 
asparagus  early  in  April,  and  green  peas  are  on  our  table  a.^ 
early  as  the  middle  of  May.  Wo  have  had  frosts,  however,  even 
after  that  timo.  Plant  sweet  potnto  sets  about  first  of  May.  \)\« 
early  potatoes  early  in  .lune.  Corn  of  the  tJoldcn  Sioux  and  Tiis. 
carora  kinds,  and  summer  squash,  eatable  Juno  20th.  (iiillm 
garden  seeds  about  the  Inst  of  July.  Karly  planting  is  essential 
to  get  crops  well  set  before  tho  summer  drouth. 

"AxiMATKP  Natuiik. — Crows  stay  with  us  all  winter,  ami 
roost  on  tho  shrub-oaks  of  tho  rolling  land  back  of  St.  Louis, 
in  lens  of  thousands,  flying  to  tho  east  side  of  the  rivor  early  in 
the  morning.  They  are  chiefly  injurious  to  corn  in  the  oar. 
Robins,  larks,  bluebirds,  nnd  buntings  appear  in  the  wnrm 
dnys  of  winter.  Wild  (ligeons  sometimes  lly  nortli  ns  early  as 
1st  of  February.  Ducks,  geese,  brant,  nnd  cranes  fly  north  ir 
Februnry  and  March.  Quails  and  pinnated  grouse  are  aljuii. 
dant  all  the  year.  Sparrow-hawks  nro  very  numerous  in 
autumn,  and  feed  on  largo  grasshoppers.  Birds  in  variety 
appear  in  March.  Bees  are  often  tempted  out  of  their  liivts 
in  winter;  some  years  begin  to  work  in  March,  and  I  have 
taken  full  boxes  (tf  ncwly-matlo  honey  as  enrly  as  theotli.jf 
May.  The  same  hive  will,  in  favorable  seasons,  bear  robbinf 
three  times,  nnd  throw  ofi',  perhaps,  three  or  four  swarms  of 
young  bees.  Insects  in  countless  number  and  variety  flourisb 
from  early  spring  till  November,  attacking,  some  of  them,  everv 
kind  of  shrub,  tree,  fruit,  and  animal.  Tho  red  spider,  the 
aphis,  and  the  scaly  insect  infest  our  greenhouses.  The  | 
striped  bug  and  tithcrs  atta(tk  the  ('nriirliit(icctv,  often  destruc 
tivoly.  The  ourculio,  tho  peach-grub,  and  tho  apple-worm  ar 
all  numerous,  and  in  some  seasons  overwhelming.  The  grass 
hopper,  in  summer,  in  dry  seasons,  is  nearly  as  injurious  astjie  I 
locust.  Tho  army-worm  occasionally  mows  our  meadows  fur 
us.  Tho  gopher,  or  pouched  rat,  nnd  the  mole  are  injiirimii 
to  our  gardens;  and  the  former  sometimes  burrows  unilor  the  I 
jipple-trcc  and  destroys  the  bark  of  tho  roots.  But  we  nrf 
diminishing  tho  number  of  these  little  animals.  Rats  and  mice 
are  also  numerous.  AVe  protect  the  birds  and  tiio  toads,  iind  I 
multiply  ducks  and  turkeys  to  aid  us  in  our  warfare  agaiiiii  I 
the  insects. 

"  You  will  observe,  then,  that  our  soil  is  good  ;  our  summiri 
long,  and  our  winters  mild ;  that  our  climate  is  quite  vaiiiililtv 
that  we  are  liable  to  have  warm  Fobruaries  and  late  frorl>; 
wet  springs  and  suiumers  of  drouth ;    late  growing  autumn', 
smlilcnly  terminated,  and  myriads  of  insects  in  great  viirieh, 
We    luivo,    therefore,    our    advantages    nnd    disoouragoincn's.  I 
Soino  years,  then,  wo  shall  be  blessed  with  great  crops,  wliilt  | 
in  others  we  shall  bo  nearly  destitute  of  any.     Somo  of  the  evil 
to  which  we  arc  exposed  are  susceptible  of  amelioration,  iiliitr!  I 
are  beyond  our  control.     Tho  avenge  results  encourage  us  i»  I 
persevere  in  planting  orchards,  cultivnting  gardens,  and  other-  i 
wise  improving  our  estates." 

The  Missis-sippi  at  St.  Louis  freezes  over  about  once  I 
in  four  or  five  years,  partly  in  consequence  of  licavj  I 


CLIMATOLOGY,  GEOLOGY,  AND  ARCH.150LOGY. 


93 


1  August, 

ret,  some- 
■ior  to  tilt 
tUo  fiiuic 

!r  gift*''  ill 
■ly  cru).  in 
:o,   oniiins, 
ry  or  curly 
nulilloncr, 
in  luit-lii'il. 
sg'in  til  I'ui 
jr  tivlili'  a^ 
wover,  even 
•Mny.  Big 
ux  ftinlTus. 
ill.     (liillier 
■  is  essential 

winter,  nnl 
.,f  St.  I.niii!, 
Ivor  eiivly  in 
1  in  the  car. 
n    tlic  warm 
h  as  eiirly  ns 
I  tly  noilh  ir 
use  are  iiljuii. 
numcnms  io 
Is    in  variety 
)f  their  hivts 
,  ivnd  I  liave 

1\3    tllC  Dtll  iii 

bear  mWiing 
jur  swarm*  (li 
.ricty  IUiiiri>h 
if  tlicin,  every 
111   spiiler,  tli( 
lliouses.     Tilt  I 
lofion  ilestruc- 
iile-wuriii  ;irt 
.     The  gra<'. 
ijurioiis  us  tin 
nu'iiiliiws  f" 
lire  injiifi""* 
iws  untler  tli< 
lliit  wc  art 
[iiits  anil  inift 
ho  toails  anj  I 
,rfaro  nga;iiil 

our  suraiiiiT! 
Inile  vuriiiliit 
1,1  late  lioil': 
iig  autiMiiii'. 
Igront  variclv. 
l-ounigeiiit"''- 
It  croiis.  «!"''' 
lio  of  the  evil! 
Lrntion,  oltit" 
licourngc  us  i» 
us,  aiul  other. 

■  about  once  I 
be  of  lieivj 


ice  floating  down  from  above.  When  frozen  it  re-  of  lacu.strinc,  anipbibious  and  land  specie.',  indictiting 
uiiiiiis  closed  to  navigation  from  one  or  two  to  four,  its  origin  in  tlie  deposits  made  by  a  fre.sli-Wiiter  lake, 
and  oven  six  weeks,  the  ice  sometimes  being  solid  '  surrounded  by  land  and  fed  by  rivers.  In  tlio  words 
cnoimb  to  permit  the  passage  of  the  heaviest  teams.  |  of  Prof  Swallow,  who  first  determined  its  character 
Tlic  comparatively  dry  climate  of  Missouri  is  shown  and  gave  its  name  to  the  bluff-formation  (which  Lyell 
by  tlio  "  relative  humidity"  of  the  atmosphere,  which  i  had  previously  identified  us  similar  to  the  loess  of 
is  (inly  sixty-six  per  cent,  of  complete  saturation,  the  Europe  and  China),  "  These  facts  carry  the  mind 
driest  season,  as  has  already  been  shown,  being  the  back  to  a  time  when  a  large  portion  of  this  great  val- 
spriiiL,'.  There  is  u  large  percentage  of  clear  weather,  '  ley  was  covered  by  a  vast  lake,  into  which,  from  tlio 
the  autumn  particularly  being  distinguished  for  the  surrounding  land,  flowed  various  rivers  and  swollen 
iiuniljcr  of  cloudless  dtiys.  The  average  number  of  streams.  Wc  see  the  waters  peopled  with  numerous 
clear  days  in  a  year  is  143  ;  of  partially  clear  days,  !  moUu.-iks,  the  industrious  beaver  bailding  his  habita- 
17!!  •  of  days  entirely  cloudy,  only  49.  The  average  tion,  the  nimble  sijuirrel,  the  fleet  deer,  the  sedate 
annual  ruin-fall  at  St.  Loui.s,  according  to  Dr.  Eiigle-  '  elephant,  and  huge  mastodon,  lords  of  the  soil, 
maim,  is  41  inches,  the  variations  between  particular  I  There  must  have  been  land  to  sustain  the  elephant 
ycar^,  however,  being  as  great  as  from  25  to  C8  inches,  and  mastodon  and  Helices  ;  fresh  water  and  land  fur 
!  Snow  is  not  very  frequent,  nor  are  there  many  "  lay-  the  beaver ;  and  fresh  water  for  the  Cyclas  and  Lym- 
inn"  snows,  though  deep  ones  sometimes  occur,  ob- 


sti'iieling  travel.     The  earliest  falls  of  snow  known  to 


The  important  formation  denominated   St.  Louis 


uietcorulogical  observers  were  on  October  5th,  the  '  limestone  is  made  up  of  beds  of  liard,  crystalline, 
latest  on  April  Kith.  Tlie  Mississippi  is  generally  gray  and  blue  cherty  limestone,  "  interstratified  with 
low  in  the  fall  and  winter  months,  rising  between  i  thin  layers  of  argi'laceous  shale.''  Some  strata  con- 
April  and  June.  The  highest  rise  above  low-wafer  :  sist  of  a  bastard  silico-magnesian  limestone.  Some- 
mark  is  about  forty-four  feet,  the  average  about  times  the  fracture  is  dull  and  earthy,  sometimes  con- 
twenty-five  feet.  I  choidal.  Often  it  shows  changes  in  color,  is  alternately 
Of  the  geology  proper  of  St.  Louis  County  there  silicious  and  argillaceous,  and  has  a  peculiar  jointed 
'  is  not  a  great  deal  to  say  in  a  work  of  this  character,  '  structure,  like  the  sutures  of  the  human  skull.  Its 
which  does  not  pretend  to  scientific  fullness  nor  pre-  '  stratigraphical  position  is  between  the  ferruginous 
j  cision.  There  is  a  superstructure  of  rocks  and  soils  sandstone  and  the  Archimedes  limestone  ;  its  range 
of  the  quaternary  system,  embracing  alluvium,  bottom  ;  in  Mi.-souri  is  not  extensive  outside  of  St.  Louis 
liirairie,  bluff,  or  loess,  and  drift.  Immediately  under-  ,  County,  and  its  economical  value  is  very  great.  Some 
[lying  this  is  the  carboniferous  system,  the  character-  1  forms,  as  those  in  which  magnesia  predominates,  have 
I istic  rock  of  which  in  St.  Louis  is  the  St.  Louis  '  excellent  hydraulic  properties;  the  calcareous  strata 
I  limestone,  which  attains  its  greatest  development  and  (  yield  a  very  pure  and  superior  lime  for  general  use, 
[a  depth  or  thickness  of  from  two  hundred  to  two  !  and  the  calcareous  and  silicious  strata  are  good  for 
[hundred  and  fifty  feet  at  this  point.  In  some  parts  ,  building  purposes,  flagging  and  curbing,  and  maead- 
lof  the  county  a  Si>jcharoidal  sandstone,  one  hundred  '  amizing.  The  fossils  found  in  the  St.  Louis  limestone 
land  twenty-five  feet  deep,  belonging  to  the  magncsian  '■  are  numerous  and  characteristic,  including  Lit/ii>slro- 
lliuicstone  series,  and  the  lower  Silurian  system,  may  fian  (^iirndfiisc,  Syriugnimra,  Echinocidarix,  'Are- 
Ibe  found  beneath  the  St.  Louis  liiuestone ;  but,  for  all  iratula  Kolnyli,  T.  Spirijh-,  Feitcstvlla,  I'riulmtiti 
Ipraclical  purposes,  the  latter  may  be  assumed  to  bo  j  cora,  Echinocn'niis,  I'a/xochi'iius,  Crinoidtn,  J'tdivo- 
Ithe  foundation  rock.  Upon  it  rests  a  ferruginous  '  cfiinus  imdtipora,  Foti'riorrinug  lour/i'dac/i/!iis,  Acic- 
Isandstone,  of  the  carboniferous  or  mountain  litnestono  I  ii/a,     I'lcten    Missoiirifiisis,    Arm,     Cardiomoipha, 


{series,  the  normal  thickness  of  which  is  195  feet. 
iTlie  lower  coal-measures,  140  feet,  are  above  this ; 


Actiiwcriniis  2'ai'viis,  etc. 

In  the  bluff  or  loess  formation  in  St.  Louis  and 

Inoxt  succeeds  drift,  55  feet  thick ;  bluff,  or  loess,  the  '  vicinity  the  fossils  found  include  Amnicolu  lapldurid, 

iDDrmal  thickness  of  which  is  200  feet;  bottom  prairie,  |  Ildtx  voncdva,  11  Ihi/roidnis,  II.  sfrlalelfa,  II.  mon- 

135  feet  thick,  and  alluvium,  30   feet  thick.     These  ,  ndon,   It.  efrrlrina,  II.  urlmvca,  II.  himiitu,  If.  Ihi- 

buximuui  depths  of  strata  are  of  course  not  all  found  j  vain,  II.  mi'mita,  II.  lulii/riiitln'cn,  Ihltvinn  occulta, 

It  St.  Louis,  nor  in  St.  -Louis  Coutity.     The  bluff,  or  |  Limiiva  fraydis,  L.  rcjicea,  I'hysn  plicaki,  I',  y//- 

Icess, at  St.  Louis,  as  measured  at  St.  Gcor:.;e's  quarry  \  rinca,  riuuoiiis  liivo/ois,  I'u/ta  nrmi/ira,  Siicciiica 

knJihesiteof  the  Big  Mound, is  fifty  feet  thick.    'Hns  \  oldi'qiKt,    S.    citmiicstru,    Ytdvata    Iriciiiiiut/a,    etc. 

lormation  contains  D'.any  fossils,  and  organic  rema.ns  '  In  the  Archimedes  limestone  of  St.  Louis  County  the 


■  w 


I' 


ill 


94 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


characteristic  fossils  arc  Pen/rcnu'les  Jhmtlts,  P.  hit-  ' 
rrni/oi'iiiisj  Prodiiclux  jiimcldlHx,  Kaonijthnhts  pliin- 
orbis,  Arrhimi'di'imrtt  arclilmcdoi,  and  Psdmmodii.i. 

Dr.  Sliiimard  gives  what  he  considers  a  typical  . 
section  of  the  .strata  and  general  jithological  features  ' 
of  tlic  St.  Louis  limestone,  from  a  point  on  the  Mis-  ' 
sissippi  River  about  a  mile  and  a  half  below  the  ar-  ' 
senal.  Com:nencing  ten  feet  above  the  water-level, 
the  ascending  series  is  as  follows  : 

FfPt. 

1.  Bluisli-siay,   eoarsc-toxturccl,    siib-cijshillino    lirae- 

yloiip,  in  tliin  strata,  witli  cliaracluristiii  !*os.sils  anil 
lisli-rcinain.ii 1." 

2.  Iii^lit-;;ray    and    I)liii9li-K''ay    siliuo-calfareous    rock, 

Willi  niiiliik's  and  tliin  seamri  (  '  oliort.. 5 

3.  I3iilVand  l)liii.'<li-i;ray,  hard,  silicious  linicr-lunc,  linely  | 

granular  in  tu.xturc H 

4.  Same  as  ]iroo(Miing,  with  niui'li  (diert  through  it 8 

.*).  Compact,  li^ht-gray,  silieions  limestone,  thick  l)Cds, 

even  fracture 7 

6.  Light-drab,  compact,  briltle  limestone,  with  smooth,  ' 

an<;nlar  fracture .*! 

7.  (iray,  ino'tlcd  limestone,  fine  granular  texture,  mot- 

tled with  chert 44     i 

5.  niuish-gray,  suh-cry>talliiie  limc.-lonc,  with  cavities 

of  brown  calcareous  spar 10 

!l.  Tiight-drab,  compact,  lithographic  limestone,  smooth, 

splintery  fracture 2 

10.  Earthy,  deeouiposing.  ferruginous  limestone 1 

11.  (iray,  clo.^e  textured  limestone U 

12.  1'ln.rtliy,  ilccoiiiposing,  ferruginous  Iimest(uic. O.-f   ( 

l.'i   liiglit drab,  variegalcil,  brittle,  lilbogiaphic  sicuic l-j 

14.  hight-ilrab,     lini'-texlured,     lilhoiiniphic     limestone,  i 

smooth,   splintery    fracture,   line    spar    \eins,   with 
clouding  of  delicate  llesh  color  and  reddish-brown..        IJ 
l.'i,  .'^aine  as  No  !1 7 

Total  tbicknes,? llOii 

At  St,  Louis  the  strata  nf  this  limestone  are  nearly 
horizontal,  and  coiitiniio  so  until  near  Caioiidulet, 
wlicn  tl  ey  rapidly  dip  to  the  southwest,  and  pass 
iini.  r  ilic  bod  of  the  Mi.ssissippi.  The  .slight  dip  of 
tlio  strata  at  St.  Louis  is  westerly. 

The  (|uaternary  deposit  overlying  this  bed-rock 
of  the  city  Is  about  twenty  feet  thick  at  the  site  of 
Chouteau's  Pond,  near  Poplar  Street,  comprising,  in 
the  ascending  series : 

Ft.  In. 

1.  tiight  ash-colored  ferruginous  clay 2  o                , 

2.  Fine  silii'ious  sand  0               I 

II.  Ash-colored  clay 4                1 

4.  Yellow  and  gray  sandy  day 2  U 

,').  Fine  sanil ,'> 

<),  Soil  and  subsoil 5 

.The  limestone  at  Barrett's  Station,  of  ^^hlch  the 
St.  I.«ouis  custom-house  is  built,  is  the  Archimedes 
limestone,  from  a  bed  twenty-one  feet  in  thickness,  j 
In  various  parts  of  the  county  the  Encrlnital  lime-  ' 
stone  Is  found  underlying  this,  of  a  thickness  differ- 
ing according  to  the  locality.  Underneath  is  the 
Chemung  group,  and  beneath  that  again,  in  the  west- 
ern part  of  the  county,  the  Trenton  group. 

The  bluff,  or  loess,  is  found  in  all  parts  of  the 
county  when  excavations  are  made,  varying  in  thick- 
ness from  ten  to  forty  feet.     It  was  in  this  deposit 


that  the  bones  of  the  mastodon  were  found,  in  Flora 
gardens.  The  Rig  Mound  consisted  of  this  bluff  stia- 
turn,  having  a  depth  of  thirty  feet.  At  the  Bremen 
quarries  it  is  twenty-five  feet  thick.  The  clays  of  tlii.s 
loess  arc  excellent  for  brick-making  and  coarse  pottery, 
and  the  pebbles  are  superior  for  grading  and  gravelltig 
purposes. 

The  carboniferous  system  is  largely  developed  in  St., 
Louis  County,  yielding  four- fifths  of  the  entire  undor. 
lying  rock,  and  extending  from  the  lMi,'<slssippi  River 
westward.     It  Includes  all  the  formations  of  the  gen. 
eral  slate  system,  from  the  middle  coal  series  to  the 
Kncrlnital  limestone  inclusive.      The   coal-measures 
occupy  an  area  of  abotit  one  hundred  and  sixty  sqiian. 
miles  in  the  northwistcrn  part  of  the  county,     Tlic 
middle  coal-measure,  as  examined  at  Charbonnicro,  on 
the  IMls.sourl,  shows  sixty  feet  of  slope,  six   feet  of 
rough   limestone  masses  imbedded  in  cltiy,  six    feet 
impure  fire-brick  clay,  two  feet  hard,  compact  blue- 
grtiy  hydraulic  limestone,  eight  feet  yellow  argillaccou- 
.shale,  stained   with  ochre,  thirteen    feet   of  pur]ile, 
sandy  shale,  with   micaceous  particles  intermliioleil, 
forly-slx  feet  blue,  argillaceous  shale,  six  feet  grectii.-li 
fossilifcrous  shtile,  eight  feet  dark  sandy  shale,  und 
then   the  coal-.seain,  eighteen  inches  thick,      I'lulor  | 
this  scam   is  found  the  micaceous  saiid.stonc,  wliiJi 
overlies  the  lower  coal  series.     It  is  soft,  brown,  (iuc.  i 
grained,  crumbling,  lying  in  thick  beds,  and  oxulali: 
and  Is  disliitcgrtitcd  easily  on  exposure  to  the  air.    In  | 
some  places  it  lies  upon  a  five-foot  bed  of  fire-clav. 
In  others  it  is  eonipact  enough  to  be  quarried  aiiJ  I 
used  for  building  purpo.ses. 

Underneath   this  group  of  strata   the  lower  coal- 
measures  are  always  to  be  sought.     The  desceiuliii: 
series  is  clay,   fire-clay,  limestone,  shales,  and  tlieiij 
coal.     At  !i  shaft  on  the  Riviere  des  Peres,  six  iiiik.- 
from  St,  Louis,  we  find  the  following  order  in  theJc| 
secnding  scries  : 

Foot. 

1.  Yellow  clay b 

2,  l.ight-colored  sandy  clay 4 

.'!,  '•  Tumbling  roek''(liTneslone  blocks  in  clay- 

beda)  (1 

4,  Ilcd  clay (1 

5.  lilue  clay 7 

fi.  l,ight-gray  earthy  limestone lit 

7.  Very  compact,  hard,  dark-gray  limestone,,  2l 

S.  Uark-blue  shale 2 

II.  Coal ;i 

10.  Slope  (unexposeil  rocks) 80 

11,  St.  Louis  liniestono 20 

The  coal,  where  mined,  is  usually  found  at  a  dqil 
not  exceeding  forty  feet ;  the  maximum  thickness  isl 
about  five  feet ;  the  minimum  working  thickness  is  j 
not  much  under  three  feet,  and  the  yield  is  abiiii| 
eighty   bushels   per   diem    per   hand, — twenty-cL'lit 
bushels  representing  the  long  ton.     All  the  coal  ofl 


CLIMATOLOGY,  GEOLOGY,  AND  ARCtL'EOLOGY. 


95 


in  Flfirii 
luff  St ni- 
Brcnii'n 
rs  of  this 
1  pottery, 

pcd  in  St.. 
re  uiidor- 
ppi  River 
f  the  gill- 
ies to  the 
1-incasurcs 
sty  squari: 
nty.  Tl.c 
jniiierc,  on 
six   feet  of 

y,   six    foft 

ipact  l)luc- 
»rjj;illacc'OUi 

of  puvjilo, 
itermiii^ili'il. 
_:et  grefiiis 
y  shale,  ;inil 
:k.  l.'mlor 
stone,  wiru'li  1 

brown,  tin.' 

Hid    OXi^lltl^ 

tiie  air.    In  I 
of  fire  (.lay. 
luarrieil  auJ  | 

lower  coal 
desceuilin:  I 
Is,  and  tlioni 
|-cs,  six  niilfc' 
i;r  in  the  Jc  | 

Vopl. 


2(< 

\i  at  a  dei'ili 
J  thiekiiess  is 
jthiekiioss  ii 
Icld  is  abiiii 
Itwcnty-eidii 
ll  the  coal  ot 


St.  Ijouis  County  is  of  the  bituminou.s  variety,  burn-  i 
ill'.'  with  a  pood  flame  and  yielding  n  jrray  ash.     In  : 
some  eases,  leaf  like  laininfi;  nf  siil]ihuret  of  iron  are 
fiiuiid   in  it,  and  in   others,  thin  plates  of  crystalline 
ciiihonatc  of  iron,  vertical  to  the  strata.     The  fossil  ' 
phiiils  in  this  eoal  are  usually  too  much  carbonized 
ior  identification,  though  the  structure  of  Citliinu'les  ' 
iiml  Kijiiixt/it  have  been  recoj^nized.     In  reijard  to  the  ' 
cxtont  of  these  coal   deposits   of  St.  Louis  County, 
SiKMicer  Smith  writes  to  the  effect  that  it  i.s  much  ' 
■Tciiier  than   is  commonly  supposed.     The  county  is 
in  the  centre   of  the   j^roat   Western  eoal -field,   the 
liifcst  in  the  world.     The  measures  here  arc  not  out- 
lyiiij;  nor  distinct  from  those  of  tlie  general  bed,  but, 
(111  the  contrary,  arc  homogeneous  with  it.     iSIr.  Smith 
.says,— 

**  Tho  Clicltcnhiim  and  (iriwoi.s  beils  ninl  tlioir  vicinity  aro 
juP]"!?!'!!  liy  iic'i.v  to  be  tliu  unly  Inciilitios  wlici-e  cual  ciiii  be 
t'imnil  ill  this  cnimty.  Tliis  i.s  a  iiii.stalie.  Tlicn^  is  ii  liir;;e  tnict 
of  llu'.'^t.  Louis  ci):il-nclil  still  (joinpiinilivcly  une.xpjdrcd.  An 
exaniiiKition  of  Dr.  Sliiunanl's  gccilogiciil  innp  will  sliow  tliiit 
tliore  is  nn  extensive  eual-biiain,  of  wliicli  tli(!  Xuitli  Missouri 
Itiiili'iail  is  nearly  the  diunieter. 

"(  niiimcnciug  lit  (innil  I'niiric,  we  miiy  trace  the  coiil-iiiea.s- 
uios  al"ng  the  blufl's  ol'  the  iMissi^sippi  at  Watkin.s'  Creek, 
tiicncc  ivcstwardly,  cros.siug  Cold  Water  Creeli  to  the  .Missouri 
liivcr.  thence  along  this  river  to  Charbonniere,  ivliere  tlie  eoal 
cioiis  out  in  the  bed  of  the  river.  From  near  .St.  Cliarks  the 
li.iunilaiy  may  be  (laccil  soiilhcasterly  towanl  the  .Mississippi, 
iiit'laili'ij;  the  Chclti'uham  and  (Jravois  mines. 

"Tiii-  report,  made  in  IS.'i."),  did  not  e.viiggeratc  the  extent  of 
lliis  lii'M.  Iiut  rather  rcstrieleil  it,  as  some  discoveries  of  eoal  out- 
.-idcof  the  bouu.laries  there  deseribed  ilemonstrate. 

"Wlial  disliiij^uishes  tlio  eoal-lield  cd'  the  ilislrict  along  the 
.Norlli  Missouri  Hoad  is  the  cireuuisfanee  that  it  contains  eoal- 
n-.wm  which  are  entirely  wauling  in  the  district  heretofore 
iiiinol.  .-Ml  the  coal  obtained  in  the  Cheltenham  iield  is  from 
ihe  lowest  beds  of  the  'lower  eoal  series;'  the  'middle  and 
upper  series' are  wanting.  Along  llie  Missouri  River,  and  in 
oilier  places  which  have  been  e.vnmined,  the  'middle  series'  is 
known  to  exist.  If  wo  concede  (and  proofs  derived  from  the 
iooliii;ii'al  reports  of  all  those  who  have  surveyed  this  district 
■m-  vc'iy  strong)  that  it  h  a  part  of  llie  other  eoal-tielils  known 
tooxisl  further  north,  then  where  Ihe  series  is  eomplele  there 
;ucsix  litils  of  greater  or  less  thickness.  Of  these  the  second 
!•  the  Olio  most  valuable,  the  thiekest  and  the  best  eoal. 
•'."^ohere  we  see  a  largo  distriet  in  wliieh  the  eoal-moasurcs 
;  known  to  exist,  but  whieh  have  ni-ver  been  practically  ex- 
I  omincj.     .\  few  years  since  a  few  attempts  were  made,  but  they 

all  >tu|ipei!  at  the  first  vein  of  coal,  supposing  it  to  be  the  bed 
I  iibitli  liad  been  worked  for  so  many  years  at  Cbeltenhain.  This 
I  thill  vein  is  known  to  exist  nearly  over  the  ivholo  eoal  district, 

nl  overlying  the  best  workable  beds.     Deeper  explorations 

oiiid  probably  strike  those  lower  scries  where  all  such  beds 
I  liavc  liorilofore  been  found. 

'It  will  thus  bo  seen  that  the  geological  survej  indicated  tho 
icsi-tencc  of  eoal  in  this  region,  and  later  observations  have 
liciveJ  to  eoiilirm  that  report." 

The  fire-brick  clay  of  St.  Louis  is  excellent  in 
duality  and  inexhau.stiblc  in  quantity.    The  St.  Louis 


limestone  is  esteemed  one  of  the  best  and  cheapest 
building  materials  anywhere  to  be  found.  The  uiag- 
nesian  limestone  or  marble,  both  of  St.  Louis  and  tlu^ 
adjacent  counties,  is  very  fine,  pure,  white,  and  resists 
enormous  pressure. 

It  is  a  property  of  the  St.  Louis  as  of  some  other 
limestones  that  it  is  a  highly  cavernous  rock,  water 
infiltrating  through  it  readily  and  hollowing  it  out. 
Numerous  "  sink-holes"  on  and  near  the  site  of  the 
city  indicate  the  existence  of  caves  benetith  it;  and 
indeed  some  of  tliesc  have  been  explored  and  more 
or  less  utilized,  though  as  yet  none  have  been  found 
to  bear  comparison  with  the  stupendous  and  wonderful 
caves  of  Kentucky  and  Virginia.  The  city  had  hardly 
outgrown  the  proportion.-<of  a  village,  however,  before 
it  bi!gan  to  receive  the  distinctive  title  of  "  Mound 
City,"  from  the  remarkable  artificial  structures  whieh 
crowned  the  terraces  of  the  bluff.    The  "  Big  Mound" 


- 

1 

-  1 

m' 

'<'' 


Till-:  mo  jioUNi)  AT  ST.  i.oris  in  isia. 

of  St.  Louis,  once  one  of  the  most  striking  and  re- 
niiirkiililc  features  of  its  landscape,  was  finally  cut 
down  airl  carted  away  in  1SG9,  its  cubic  masses  used 
to  iiitike  a  rtiilroad  ''  fill."  iJofore  it  disappeared, 
however,  it  had  come  to  be  recognized,  in  connection 
with  the  mounds  at  Cahokia  and  other  places  in  the 
Great  A'.neriean  Bottom,  on  the  oppoi^ite  side  of  the 
river,  as  being  timong  the  most  remarkable  archiwo- 
logieat  remains  in  America,  and  much  conjecture  and 
a  great  deal  of  controversy  htive  been  employed  upon 
it. 

Brackenridge,  in  his  •'  Views  of  Louisiana,"  has  re- 
marked upon  the  curious  circumstance  that  the  early 
French  writers,  the  most  intimately  acquainted  of  any 
Europeans  with  Indian  manners  and  customs,  and  tho 
only  Europeans  who  dwelt  with  the  Indians  in  their  vil- 
lages and  lodges,  have  made  no  mention  of  the  numerous 
1  antiquitiesofthe  Mississippi  valley.  Yet  they  were  per- 
manent residents  at  Cahokia  from  about  tho  beginning 
of  the  eighteenth  century.  Capt.  Carver  appears  to 
have  been  the  first  writer  v.ho  noticed  the  mounds, 
and  attributed  their  origin   to  a  race  more  civilized 


9G 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


tlmn  that  whidi  occupied  the  country  in  which  he 
found  ihem.  Brackenrid<;o,  wlu)  hiid  spont  his  child- 
liood  in  Sto.  Genevieve,  returned  to  the  West  in  1810, 
a!id  traveled  tlirough  the  country  extensively,  and  in 
a  spirit  of  intelligent  pursuit  of  knowlcd<;e  and  care- 
ful observation.  His  account  of  tlio  St.  Louis  mounds 
is  very  clear.  He  had  frecjuently  examined  them,  he 
said.  "  They  are  situated  on  the  second  bank  just 
above  the  town,  and  disposed  in  a  singular  manner ; 
there  arc  nine  in  all,  and  form  three  sides  of  a  paral- 
lelogram, the  open  side  towards  the  country  being 
protected,  however,  by  three  smaller  mounds,  placed 
in  a  circular  manner.  The  space  inclosed  is  about 
four  hundred  yards  in  length  and  two  liundrcd  in 
breadth.  About  si.\  hundred  yards  above  tiierc  is  a 
single  mound,  with  a  broad  stage  on  the  river  side  ;  it 
is  thirty  feet  in  height  and  one  hundred  and  fifty  in 
lengtli ;  the  top  is  a  mere  ridge  of  five  or  six  feet 
wide.  Below  the  first  mounds  there  is  a  curious  work, 
called  the  Falling  Garden.  Advantage  is  taken  of 
the  second  bank,  nearly  fifty  feet  in  height  at  this 
place,  and  three  regular  stages  or  steps  are  formed  by 
earth  brought  from  a  distance.  This  work  is  much 
admired.  It  suggests  the  idea  of  a  place  of  assembly 
for  the  purpo.se  of  counseling  on  public  occasions." 

In  taking  away  the  Big  Mound  in  St.  Louis  in 
1 8G9,  many  human  remains  were  found  at  different 
depths  below  the  surface.  Some  of  the  contemporary 
accounts  of  the  removal  of  the  mound,  and  the  prog- 
ress of  the  excavation,  are  curious,  not  to  say  comi- 
cal, and  one  adventurous  newspaper  wit  invented  the 
discovery  of  a  secret  tunnel,  leading  under  the  Mis- 
sissippi and  communicating  with  the  interior  of  the 
big  tumulus  at  Cahokia.  What  follows  below  em- 
braces a  very  good  account  of  some  of  the  conjectures 
in  regard  to  the  origin  of  the  mound,  and  a  very  good 
description  of  its  appearance  at  the  time  of  its  re- 
moval : 

"A  paper  was  read  some  weeks  ago  before  the  St.  Louis 
Aeailemy  of  .Suienco  by  Profos.sor  Spencer  Smith,  and  nflor- 
wnrils  piibli.'hcd  with  their  approval,  which  udvociiteil  with 
considerable  pertinacity  and  sliow  of  argument  that  the  Hig 
Mound  was  a  natural  formation ;  that  it  was  not  the  work  of 
any  primeval  nation,  who  hero  expended  years  of  hibor  with- 
out any  design  ;  that  it  was  improbable  that  this  immense  heap 
of  earth  was  piled  up  by  human  hands;  that  no  evidcneo  of 
design  was  found  which  required  us  to  believe  it  to  bo  of  arti- 
ficial construction  ;  that  it  was  worse  than  useless  as  a  fortifica- 
tion; that  as  a  point  of  lookout  it  does  not  command  a  wide 
extent  of  country  much  greater  than  the  smaller  one  farther 
down  Ibo  river;  that  no  charred  remains  of  bones  or  wood 
were  found,  indicating  it  to  bo  a  place  of  sacrifice;  that  no  re- 
mains of  tools  were  found  either  in  the  mound  or  its  vicinity 
showing  tho  implement  used  to  heap  it  up ;  that  some  bones 
and  a  few  Indian  ornaments  wore  exhumed  near  tho  top,  but 
nut  in  any  pofition  which  gave  cvidenco  of  design  in  ])lac:ng 


thorn  thoro;  and  finally,  beoauao  it  is  not  of  an  oblong  sha|ie, 
sloping  north,  having  its  steepest  side  down-stream,  and  !»'. 
causo  the  earth  found  on  tho  tup  rosonibles  tho  soiliment  d>'- 
poiitod  in  tho  reservoir.  Therefore  it  must,  ej-  iiccemllnle,  be  a 
river  deposit  or  a  sand-bar.  I'rofossor  John  Itusscll,  of  tliu 
Minnotii'i  tSUttcHinaiif  so  wo  are  informed,  was  tho  first  to  suggc.t 
this  explanation,  which  has  been  taken  up  by  Professor  Smiili, 
and  is  the  prevailing  opinion  among  tho  members  of  the 
Academy  of  Seicnoe.  A  simple  sluteniont  of  tho  facts  in  llio 
oaao  may  point  to  another  possiblu  explanation. 

"  The  Dig  Mound  was  situated  on  the  northeast  corner  of 
Mound  and  Uroadway.    It  wasin  vcrtieal  hoighl  thirty-five l'< it 
from  tho  grade  of  tho  adjacent  street,  of  ulilong  shape,  in  a  nurih 
and  south  direction,  with  a  regularly  defined  outline  and  bai^c, 
In  an  old  lawsuit,  Magulro  i*.  Taylor,  for  sixteen  arpents  uf 
land  at  tho  northeast  corner  of  tho  mound,  we  find  sumo  inci- 
dental descriptions  which  were  worlh  (|ui>ting.  One  slatenieiit  U 
that  its  sides  were  well  defined,  and  tho  fuot  of  tho  mounil  wns 
as  well  defined  ns  tho  north  wall  of  the  court-house.     In  faol, 
in  a  deed  uf  Ilrazeau  to  I,ul>auni,  in  I7U8,  tho  foot  of  the  Mig 
Mound  is  made  the  point  of  departure  fur  a  precise  and  tccljiii. 
cal  description.     Farther  on  wo  find  tho  following:  'The  liig 
Mound,  a  most  noted  monument  in  i'<t.  Louis,  called  by  Iho 
French  La  (irange  do  Torro  (earth  barn),  is  an  artificial  erec- 
tion situated  on  tho  first  bank  of  the  prairie,  wei't  of  the  bank 
of  Iho  Missii'sippi,  at  the  distancoof  about  twenty-eight  arpi ni) 
north  of  tho  northern  wall  of  tho  forlifieatiuns  of  the  oldSpiiui-h 
i  town  of  St.  Louis,  and  about  four  and  one-half  arpents  west  of  the 
bank  of  the  river.  .  .  ,  Tho  bank  on  which  tho  niuund  stanil.<ij 
j   tho  eastern  boundary  of  the  (-rand  I'rairio,  covered  by  the  St. 
I   Louis  comuion-fields,  and  tho  land  descends  with  a  gentle  sloiie 
'   from  the  brow  of  it  to  the  small  prairio  or  bottom-land  between 
I  it  and  the  river.     This  bank  of  the  prairio  is  about  four  nnj 
one-half   arponts   west   of   the   rivor-bank,  where  the  mouni 
stanils,  and  about  sixty  feet  abuvo  tho  level  uf  the  |)rairie, 
along  tho  brow,  and  it  runs  nearly  parallel  with  the  river  ai 
'  that  distance  from  it  fur  a  mile  or  su  southwards.' 
!       "The  crest  or  highest  point  of  the  mound,  at  the  time  the 
I  oxeavution  cumnienced,  was  by  measurement  uno  hundred  feci 
east  uf  Uroadway.     A  vortical  section  at  this  point  to  the  b».<e 
of  tho  hill,  showing  wavering  lines  of  demarkatiun   butncin 
<  four  difi'crent  homogeneous  strata,  well  indicated  as   the  (li<. 
taneo  from  tho  street,  but  hardly  distinguishable  upun  a  eloicr 
examination. 
^       "The  depth  of  these  strata  varied,  but  averaged  eight  fmt, 
i  tho  lowest  one  being  ten  feet,  and  of  a  solid,  urigimil,  coiii|i;>c|, 
yelluw,  adhesive  clayey   formation.     The   throe  upper  strata 
above  this  foundation  were  dark  in  oolor,  resembling  a  luain 
!  or  soil,  and  friable  in  ctructure,  constituting  a  homugciicou) 
I  earth,  easily  separated  and  thrown  down  by  tho  heavy  puiuittl 
iron  bars  which  were  thrust  into  them.     The  top  of  the  iiiuuhj 
slanted  oastwardly  about  seventy  foot,  and,  with  the  exei'|Jtii 
of  a  single  grave,  which  was  niado  within  tho  memory  uf  nun 
still  living,  near  the  ape.\  of  tho  mound,  all  tho  remains  mre 
found  in  this  substratum  of  clay,  thirty-five  feet  east  ul  ibe 
apex,  twenty-five  feet  below  a  hori/,unlal  lino  drawn  IVuiii  iIk 
tup,  in  a  long  trench  or  grave  dug  four  feet  deep  in  the  original 
ehiy,  by  eighteen  feet  wide  and  about  sevonly  foit  long,  extending  I 
under  the  length  of   tho   mound  on   its    eastern  slupi'.    Tlie  | 
western  side  of  the  grave  is  distinctly  defined,  and  shows  ilie  I 
marks  of  the  instruments  used  in  its  construction.     Tlie  carih 
fell  olf  from  this  side,  leaving  it  sharp  and  regular,  and  show- 
ing the  stains  and  discolonitiuns  made  by  the  gases  csciiiinj 
from  Iho  decomposing  body  below.     The  budics  were  pliHcJiil 
a  reclining  position,  east  and  west,  with  the  head  tonaiJ  lliel 
ea.«t,  and  were  in  a  very  advanced  state  of  decay,  the  luucil 


CLIMATOLOGY,  OKOLOOV,  AND  ARCILKOLOOY. 


97 


jiiiiijj  very  <lfy  i""l  liDroun  and  cnnily  |>ulv('ri2cil  in  the  hiind. 
St'ti'iiil  iili'L'en  iilaci'cl  in  wiilvr  ftcmtuil  ani!-liiiir  ubovi'.  The 
^„il  ;iio\iiiil  thi'in  wnn  very  dry  un<l  tho  whole  wilhciut  odor. 
■|l,i .^e  l)iint'»  were  all  of  ii  riilhcr  hir^ci  »iz.e.  t 

"  Till'  writer  nioBKUrud  one  I'l'iiinr,  which  wns  of  the  length  of 
Iwtiilv  inches.  Tiie  l'riiKtnent»  of  jnw-boiiea  contiiininK  teeth 
nri'  '|iiiti'  Inrge  iind  tho  teeth  «oiind.  The  writer  liiis  now  be- 
I'oK  liiiii  II  piece  of  bliini<et  cxhunied,  the  ve);eliil>le  liliroa  of 
wliii'li.  twenty  in  iinniher  in  the  width  of  iin  inch,  huve  a 
«coiili('d  ii|i|ieftriineo.  It  is  of  very  course  iniinufiieluie,  imd 
ciiiiiv-  Mpnrt  on  tho  clightest  pieliinfj.  Some  tufts  of  ilai  k-red, 
ciiiii'"'.  -tniiK'''  hiiir,  of  a  pnn);ent  odor,  wore  also  taken  ont. 
Si'iiii'  >d'  tlie  most  interestiiiff  relies  found  are  now  in  posses- 
.-ioii  iif  one  of  the  iireiniMi  iit  the  Lyon  l^n^ine- Mouse,  opposite 
the  site  id'  the  monnd.  They  consist  of  two  copper  vessels 
iileiiliiMl  in  shape,  shaped  like  the  bowl  of  a  lai)!e  spoon,  with 
sliiiri'  projections  extending  from  the  convex  surface  of  the  or- 
naiioiil.  They  were  found  placeii  behind  tlio  ears  on  each  siile 
uf  tlic  skull,  with  the  concave  surface  down,  under  which  was 
an  irlilont;  bead  tho  size  of  a  pecan  perforated  tlirou|;h  its 
len);tlK  A  i|uantity  of  smaller  beads  of  the  same  kind  were 
foaii'l  near  in  a  eireiilar  position,  evidently  having  been  strung 
lUid  WMiind  around  the  neck  ami  over  the  head  <d'  the  rcenmhent  ; 
wiirri'O-.  They  might  have  been  placed  in  this  position  by  the 
inediiiiii-inan  of  the  tribe,  with  a  cunliilence  in  some  supersti-  ^ 
tious  uliject  which  would  thus  be  accomplislied.  There  wore 
iilso  found  an  ininn'iise  number  of  perfonileil  disks  from  a  quar- 
ter of  :iii  inch  to  one  and  a  half  inches  in  diaineter,  and  vary-  ; 
ins;  ill  thickness.  They  are  rounded  ([uite  regularly,  with  pol-  ■ 
i?lieil  sides,  and  a  perforation  whose  diameter  diminishes 
loivai'd' the  centre.  Their  principal  composition  is  carbonate 
,,f  liiiu',  and  they  are  made  from  n  marine  shell  from  tho  Al- 
luntie  •"'  the  Gulf,  several  of  which,  very  large,  were  e.xhiiined 
fruiu  the  same  grave.  Tlie  disks  were  strung  togellierand  u>ed 
lor  money  or  ornament  or  both.  It  would  be  an  interesting 
iii(|uiry  to  know  how  far  those  circular  pieces  resemble  the  per- 
fiinited  ilisks  found  in  the  low-water  lacustrine  explorations  | 
in  Switzerland,  whore  tho  remains  of  a  primeval  nation  were 
fuuiid  who  lived  in  houses  built  on  piers  extended  into  tho  i 
liikes  described  in  the  last  annual  report  of  tho  Smithsonian 
Institute.  There  were  also  found  in  llie  mound  some  very 
•  mM  shells  with  perforations. 

"Tlioro  are,  then,  two  i|Uestions  to  be  determined  :  lirst,  is 
\\n<  iiiuuiidof  natural  or  artificial  construction  ?  and,  second,  if 
arlirioiul.  what  is  its  prcdjable  ago  ? 

"Wo  think   that   the  fact  that  the  row  of  graves  found  was  - 
I  |iliiccd  Iwenty-live  feet  below  the  surface,  and  nearly  uniler  the  ; 
I  ct'iUro  of  wiiat  was  tiie  former  perfect  shape  of  the  mound,  is  a 
j  filial  iilijection  to  the  sand-bar  theory,  unless  you  presuppose 
I  iliat  tlic  land  at  this  high  elevation  above  tho  bed  of  the  river  j 
nil-  once  free  from   water,   then   afterwards   inhabited    by  the  , 
iML'ewhn  made  tho  graves,  and  after  that  ovi^rllowed  again  by   i 
jtiie  river  wliich  made  the  sand-bar  deposit.     This  is  ei|Uivalent  j 
Itci  saving  that  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi  was   inhabited  be- 
Ifuiu  the  period  when  it  was  one  vast  lake,  and  carries  us  back 
l|,ij;eiilogieal  eras.     But  this  is  no  geological  i|uestion.     These 
IgiMif-  arc  situated  in  the  crest  of  tho  IMiocene  period.     There 
llrt' lU)  iiplicavals  here,  nor  inverted  geological  strata.     It  is  a  1 
|ii;tri  i|iic.-lion  of  the  antiquities  of  the  human  race,  and  relates  ; 
Ito.i  [icriiid  long  subsequent  to  tho  latest  geological  era,     Tho  | 
l|r;m'j  inii-t  have  been  placed  there  since  the  subsidence  of  tho   ; 
||[;ilef.     Hut  tfitm,  fitiir  tliti  iht'  tfii-t/i   mute  to  he  pilttl  oeer  thene   \ 
»(ri,/.«.'     In  a  very  simple  manner.     It  was  placed  thereby 
Ik'  rik'c  that  made  tho  graves.     The  honingencous  nature  of  { 
lilt siiperposed  soil,  tho  regular  ami  well-delinoJ  shape  of  tho  j 
111,  and  tho  fact  that  these  relics  are  found  under  it  at  its  i 


base,  prove  that  it  must  have  boon  placed  there  by  artl- 
licial  means.  Tlieir  object  was  to  erect  a  tomb,  a  place  of  wor- 
ship, n  fortitlcation,  or  a  inonuinont  of  tho  liinplo  earth,  mora 
lasting,  as  the  poet  bns  it,  tliiin  brass,  as  titis  has  proved  to  be, 
Tho  fact  that  no  chiiried  remains  nor  implements  were  fminil 
in  or  near  the  place  is  no  conclusive  proof.  We  are  iiiclineil  to 
ascribe  a  iniieh  greater  antii|Uity  to  this  monument  than  Is 
commonly  supposed  for  two  reasons:  one,  that  although  the 
highest  eonditioiiB  for  a  porfeet  preservation  of  the  boms  were 
met  here,  in  the  total  exclusion  of  air  or  water  in  a  very  dry 
soil,  yet  the  remains  were  mouldered  in  most  instances  to 
almost  impalpalilo  dust.  In  the  moist  climate  of  Cireat  Bri- 
tain, under  the  most  unfavorable  circumstances  as  regards  pro8- 
ervation,  entire  and  well-preserved  skeletons  are  often  found  of 
an  uniloubli'd  aiiliqiiity  of  at  least  eighteen  centuries. 

**Theii  again,  tliis  mound  is  found  in  one  of  the  highest  ter- 
races left  by  llie  siih.-iilence  of  water  in  the  valley  of  the  river. 
At  the  time  it  was  built  its  banks  were  eaved  by  the  old  Kiither 
of  Waters.  Also  in  the  absence  of  any  tradition  whatever  iimong 
the  Inilians  themselves  concerning  the  origin  of  this  monument, 
for  tlie  memory  of  it  is  lost  to  tradition  among  the  original  or 
pre-Spanish  occupants  of  the  soil,  we  are  inclined  to  ascribe  its 
erection  to  a  so-called  prehistoric  race. 

"  As  to  the  capacity  of  such  a  race  to  build  a  sti-iictiire  of  this 
size  and  extent,  no  think  that  the  moderns,  in  tho  pride  of  their 
recent  inventions,  are  very  much  inclined  to  underrate  the  men 
of  antiquity. 

"  The  great  number  of  similar  iiiMiinds,  some  of  which  are  evi- 
dently iiitendeil  for  rurlilications,  covered  by  regular  and  art- 
fully constructed  approaches,  ahd  many  much  larger  than  Ibis, 
scattered  all  over  what  now  constitutes  the  United  Stales,  shows 
that  this  land  was  iit  one  time  oeciipieil  by  a  dill'crent  race  of 
men  than  the  Indian^,  iind  the  fact  that  tho  nice  needed  such 
immense  forlilicatiims  for  tlieir  protection  indicates  that  tho 
piqiulation  must  have  been  more  numerous,  and,  in  order  to 
support  tho  sieges  which  were  to  be  sustained  in  Ihe-e  defenses, 
must  have  been  more  agricultural  in  their  character  to  produce 
tho  necessary  provisions.  The  agriimltnral  |iortion  of  such  a 
population  could  easily  support  the  unproductive  labor  requisite 
to  build  the  mound.  With  respect  of  their  being  destitute  of 
the  necessary  iinpleiuents,  we  must  not  bo  too  certain  as  to  the 
inferiority  of  the  ancients  in  respect  to  mecliiinical  appliances 
and  tho  arts.  Wlio  kiiow.>  what  an  immense  amount  of  informa- 
tion was  destroyed  liy  one  fell  svvoop  of  the  Saracens,  who,  in 
the  early  centuries,  burnt  the  Alexandria  Libriiry,  the  smoke 
of  whose  burning  ascended  for  three  weeks,  and  obscured  tho 
light  of  the  sun  from  the  earth  ?  Who  knows  what  ancient  arts, 
carefully  described  in  those  old  manuscripts,  then  perished? 
The  comimss  and  gunpowder  were  in  posscksioii  of  the  Chinese 
centuries  before  the  tjhristian  era.  Who  knows  what  treasuries 
of  art  and  knowledge  lie  yet  entombed  in  tho  musty,  and  to  the 
modern  Chineso  themselves  antique,  incriptions  contained  in 
their  dusty  cobwebbed  librai'ies?  Tiio  ancient  Saracenic  manu- 
scripts deposited  in  the  University  of  Salamanca  and  other 
Moorish  libraries  arc  yet  to  bo  ransacked  before  their  treasures 
are  unearthed.  Tlio  ancient  race  that  pciq>led  this  continent 
were  every  way  competent  to  erect  this  monument. 

"The  world  is  much  older  than  tho  chronology  of  liishop 
Butler.  The  history  of  the  human  race  is  yet  to  be  written, 
and  tlio  men  of  antiquity  are  yet  to  have  justice  done  them." 

The  mound  at  one  time  wtis  built  upon  and  occupied 
by  the  rasidences  of  many  of  the  old  French  settlers. 
A  newspaper  paragraph,  written  at  the  time  of  its 
leveling,  says, — 


HI 


til 


iiii 


9rt 


HISTOllV   OF  SAINT   LOU'3. 


"('ill.  Cliiiiiilx'i'ii  (HUM'  wima  iihmiiImm'  nf  III iiiiiiiilli'i'  tliMt 

wtiili'tl  (III  ()l(|  Mr.  ilciidij't,  rcrciilly  iU'ci(iiJ*»'il,  in  rt'lcrcncc  to  tlin 
liKiiiiiil.  Tliu  I'diniiiiltrc  wiiijleil  Mr.  Ili>ii(ilri  lo  (luiiali'  IiIk  pint 
in  Ihi'  iiiuniKJ  lo  llif  cll.v  ;  llii'  ollu'r  iirojirictor''.  il  wii»  KXpcctiMl, 
woiilil  IIk'II  rolldW,  imkI  f(ivi>  n|i  lliiiir  |i:irN  iiNo  lo  llic  cily.  'I'lio 
jiliin  wii.'  to  ('lmii){('  llic  whole  nioniid  iiml  itn  ^nrrouiidiiiKCi 
wliici)  lit  till'  liiiit'  oc(Mi|)i(Ml  iilioiit  llircu  or  I'oiir  hlockn.  into  ii 
pulilii'  Ltiirdi'li,  with  11  kinil  ol' ii  |>ii\  llion  on  llio  i'IuviiIimI  ftroiiinl 
in  tile  centre,  with  other  loeiilitief(  tor  |>nhlie  LMiterluininviit  ;  to 
|>liuit  it  with  treeN  iind  Hluuhliory,  iind  Kiirroiind  it  In-  an  iron 
rail  lence.  Mr,  Ilenoi.«t,  tlionijh  a  KeiieniiiH  ^(riitleiiinn  in  niuii.v 
other  wa.v,  rel'iised,  mid  the  whole  plan  I'ell  lo  the  ground  on 
iiecoiint  of  lii!(  opp(i:«itiiin." 

At  a  cotiteni]i()i'iify  iiiuctiii^  ol'  tlic  Missomi  Hia- 
torii-iil  Society,  Jan.  7,  IHliK,  flio  llmi.  Juliii  F. 
Dartiy,  always  ilocjily  ititcieitcrl  in  tlic  lii>tc)ry  and 
arciiii>()lo(.'y  of  St.  liduix,  f^ave  .sonit'  feiiiinisconeoa  of 
till!  niuund. 

•'This  lll(lllnd,"^■ai(l  lie,"  »a>  a  Hiih.ieet  wliicli  had  ol'tcn  hoen 
treated  of  by  Col.  lleiitoii  wlieii  he  was  editor  of  the  Si.  /.miln 
Eiiijiiiif,;  itiid  hu  wroto  many  papers  upon  it.  'I'lien.  within 
the  i>peakor'ii  reeollection,  the  hlnlfs  ran  aloii|{  the  .MiiiHi.<Hippi 
Uiver  from  the  liig  .Mound  to  the  fool  of  .Miirket  ,<treet.  When 
tile  river  was  low,  there  wiiH  a  liirj;e  tiat  roek  at  tile  hottoin  of 
the  street  near  the  inoiinil  ami  at  ihc  foot  of  .Market  Street,  mi 
whiidi  linilier  and  drill  wood  wniild  oi'diiiionally  lodiie.  On  the 
blntl  there  wii.^  a  fool-print  in  liniestuiie  rock.  'I'liis  rock  wa> 
cut  out  aii>]  taken  to  New  llaniiony,  hid.,  alimit  tiie  .xatiie  time 
that  tlwim  was  ^tartiii;;  hi-  new  pliilo^opli.v.  'flic  general  iiii- 
prey^i(lll  that  he  (.Mr.  Oarhy)  linn  liad  of  the  llii;  .Mound  imi.i 
that  il  wa.s  not  aitilicial,  hut  natural.  At  aboiil  l.>^l<.l  a  irond 
iniin.x  I  ii'liaiix  vi>iled  St.  I.niii-.  Siuiie  of  them  lived  in  Franklin 
Ooiinly,  Mich  as  the  Shiiwncei'.  Tlicy  wmild  cdiiK'  here,  manli 
uloii'.;  the  streets,  iind  do  their  IieL';rin;^  l».v  siiii^iii;;  iind  ri-eitini;: 
very  IVe(|Ueiitly  they  would  I4et  luhaceo  and  oilier  articles.  When 
they  wero  here  on  one  of  their  visil.s  one  of  their  chiefs  died, 
nnil  lie  w.if  linried  iit  the  top  of  the  Hi);  .Miiiiinl.  Tlicy  hm  icd 
anolhir  i;hief  on  the  iMauclieslor  roiid,  near  IIk!  rc-ideiice  of 
Mr.  Marshall.  In  ISJii  they  eainu  ie;{uhirly,  put  a  post  at  the 
head  of  the  (;iai'e,  and  paiiiled  it  reil.  The  lirst  time  thai  he 
had  ihe  honor  of  liein^'  on  the  liii;  IMoiind  H!:s  in  \y2'2,  when  he 
was  a  hoy.  He  ran  up  it  on  the  L'ln  isinias-day  of  that  year, 
and  there  was  then  an  niidei-^rowtli  of  ve;ietation  on  a  .seijuiid 
liank  or  ledije.  He  referred  to  Ihe  ineeliiii;  of  the  lirst  l,ei;is- 
laliire  ill  the  .Mis-oiiri  Hotel  as  it  now  stands,  to  the  popularity 
of  Havid  Hiirtmi.  whii  11  caused  his  lieiii;;  sent  to  the  S(.'nalo 
iiiiiiiediately,  and  lo  I'ol.  Heiitoii's  eoiile.-t.  He  said  that  they 
met  one  morning  in  tlie  hotel  and  counted  how  many  votes  they 
needed;  they  found  ttiat  tliey  could  elect  Col.  jlenlon  liy  mie 
■vote,  and  that  was  by  a  man  named  Halls,  li.iai-diiii;  al  the  Imtel, 
who  was  sick  on  his  death  lieil.  When  (lie  vuic-  were  lieiiiL' 
taken  they  lodiiL'hl  Halls  down-stairs  on  his  dcaili-lied.  and  his 
name  heln^  called  he  voted  for(?ol.  Hcntoii.  flicy  timk  liiiii  up 
Btuirs,  he  died  directly  afterHards,  and  they  iminoilalized  liiiii 
liy  eallinj;  the  county  of  Halls  after  liiiii.  .Mr.  Darhy  next  no- 
ticed the  fatal  duel  helween  .losliiia  Hartini  and  'foiii  Hector. 
The  Hectors  were  a  niiiiienuis  family,  and  it  was  au;reed  tliat  if 
Tom  );(it  killed  anollM'r  should  take  his  place,  and  ixi  on,  and 
if  he  killed  Harliui  he  should  step  out  and  wave  his  hat.  The 
origin   of   the  duel  was  the  writ  ins;   "d"  S(Uiictliin!;  liy   liiuioii 

wliich  otVended   Ueulor.     Hiirton  accepted  tlie  challenj; i  the 

exprc-s  eoiiditioii  that  Tom  lieelor  would  admit  that  what  lie 
had  w  itien  was  true.  Hector  admiltvd  that  it  was  true,  hut  it 
was  ollriisive,  and  he  demanded   satisfaction.     The  diiid  came 


olfon  the  second  hank  or  \<!i\ge  of  the  IIIk  Mound,  ninong  tip 
uiidurKrowtli.  The  Heetom  went  up  on  the  tup  uf  Iho  lii;; 
Mdiind  to  see  it.  'I'oin  Hector  shot  Ihii'ton,  walked  to  one  side, 
pulled  otr  IiIk  hat,  waved  it  aa  ii  si);niil,  and  the  lleeloiK  iiki  Ic 
one  victorious,  tremenddiis  flhont.  There  were  sovoral  Ninallir 
nidunds.on  one  of  wliiuli  the  lirst  wnter-works  were  eonntru  iil. 
It  is  not  uncdiniuon  to  Iind  tliein  on  the  hanks  of  the  .Mis-m 
sippi  and  Missouri.  A  little  to  the  northnust  uf  the  III);  MoiiiiiJ 
there  was  a  small  pond. 

"The  president  said  that  n  parson  liiid  mndo  n  naloulatiun 
that  iniie  uxciivation  or  pond  had  been  flilod  by  earth  frum  ilni 
U\g  .Mound  the  wliolo  plaoe  would  bo  level.  This  favored  ihg 
theory  that  the  iiioiiiid  was  an  artifieial  one." 

'J'liori;  can  In;  im  raliiinai  liniilit  of  (ho  nrtilicial 
c'liataeter  uf  tlio  nioiind.s  in  tin?  Mi.ssi.ssijipi  valley. 
TliL'iv  can  c(|iially  be  no  I'ational  dnulit  that  ihu 
Moiiiid-btiildi'fs  wen-  very  diffiTont  in  tiioir  haluts 
ami  niannur.s  uf  life  fi'oia  the  wild  Indian.s  of  tin; 
prcsiMit  day.  Tito  latter  nro  noiiinda,  the  former  dwelt 
in  town.-i  and  cities,  liad  ti>iu])lc's,  fortiticalioiis,  iiikI 
pcnnani'nt  sii'iictuivs  of  i;fcat  oxtciit.  Tim  Pttdilo 
Itidiuns  of  Ni'W  Mexico  aiipioacii  to  what  wc  may 
conceive  to  I'.iive  licen  llio  iialiils  of  tiiis  race,  hni  it 
cannot  lie  detcvniined,  and  iierhaps  never  will,  ihat 
tlic^e  Indians  are  the  dcscendant,s  of  the  iiridii.stnilc 
face  which,  iit  a  very  remote  jieriod,  ]ieoplcd  the  .\Ii.s. 
sissijipi  valley  fidin  the  llocky  Mountains  to  the  Al- 
leirhanies,  and  IVoni  Lake  Superior  to  the  Gulf 

As  III  the  (;eniiiinnc.<.s  of  their  reinains,  iiowcver. 
all  doulits  must  be  .set  aside.  Drill,  ero.sion,  loe.'^s,  no 
]iiissiblc  (.'tiolovrical  hypothesis  can  .set  a.side  the  lacl,* 
which  jiriive  these  remains  to  bo  the  work  of  man. 
Tills  Wiis  ]irovcd  loiiii  ai;o  by  Thomas  JcHcr.sun, 
I^i.^llll||  iMadison,  and  Dr.  Barton.  The  work.s  of  ilie 
Mound -builders  compri.se  fortifications,  of  wliidi 
there  sire  iilinnst  iniiuinerable  exiimiiles  tlirniidlidin 
the  "feat  valley,  burrow.s,  or  places  of  burial,  aiiij 
mounds  or  pyramids.  The  Pirtifications  are  ii-iiallv 
such  an  intrenched  bank  as  wo  mij.'ht  suppose  tn  liav. 
been  ihrowti  u]i  to  Litiard  and  make  tirin  the  base  n! 
a  stockade  or  a  row  of  ptilisades.  The  burrows  wori 
the  ordinary  Imiial-miiunds  of  sava,i;es,  fiiitnd  .ilwav- 
in  the  vicinity  of  a  village  site.  The  nioiiinls  ar- 
more  elabofale,  ]ierhiips  more  ancient,  larger,  and  iiiav 
have  served  for  temples,  burial-places,  forts,  or  ail 
three  togei'ier.  II.  M.  Brackenridgo.  in  his  "  Virw- 
of  lioiiisiaiia."  hits  given  a  full  account  of  the  muniiil 
of  Cahokia  as  they  !i]i]icafed  to  him  in  ISIO; 

"  I  eros.sed  the  Missi.-sippi  at  St.  I.duis,"  lie  says,  "anl  iil'lcl 
passing  tlirdu;;li  tlie  wood  which  borders  the  river,  about  li:il!i| 
mile  in  width,  entered  an  extensive  open  plain.  In  lilln 
miniiti's  I  found  myself  in  the  midst  of  a  group  of  iiiimii|(.| 
mostly  of  a  circular  shape,  and  at  n  distance  resemblini  pniir-f 
iiioiis  haystacks  scattered  thtnugh  a  meadow.  One  of  the  lar;ci.| 
which  I  a.seended,  was  about  two  hundred  jiaecs  in  eirciiinri'i 
at  the  bottom,  the  form  nearly  stjuaro,  t hough  it  had  eviilciil!i  ua-l 


il,ri,'dno  0011 

I  lie  liip  was 

di  I'd  men.    T 

I114  towards  I 

or  I  l;,'lit  mile 

a  I  I  el  plain 

lliiry  trees;  I 

to  tile  left.  Ill 

llic  iiiargiii  ol 

111,-iiniilly  soiiil, 

or  |iyniuiiils,  I 

lii'ij';  these  II 

nliiiiit  a  iiille  I 

"  I'lirsuing  1 

i'i,'lil  dthers  in 

I  lie  principal 

liir).'(-t  mound, 

11"!    iiiillko  tha 

l-.';.7|ili.iii  pyrai 

»lii|<i  iidiius  pile 

rcipiircil  years 

iliately  on  the  h 

ccveicd  with   lof 

(lesiiii   wliiuli   it 

iilliivjal  ground, 

ciiuld  -careely  bel 

iviiicli  ivo  have  gi 

liy  iiiiy  but  n  few 

li'li/gniiii,  slandiiij 

i-(  u  liiiiad  ajiroii 

iindllier  pro.jectioi 

was  luubahly  intei 

riMind  the  base  I  (. 

Iiiinilrcd  yard.s,  an 

Tlie  step  or  aproij 


aiunks  of  l,aTr 


"c.-l  llicre  is  one  i, 
Icred  lliriiiigli  the 

li'lain f  Ihreo 

("niciil.  .\s  the  sw 
"iikid.  and  I  coul, 
v>  as  III  di.seover 
(■iiiyivliere  obsen 
cu'lli,  lo  the  height 
"liier,  nil, I  which  a| 
1  alsii  observed  pie 
■ol.<. 

•■  I  was  perfectly 
I'll"  those  of  .Me.xi, 
il"iij.di    it    miglit    11, 
I'"!'"'",  il  is  not  im, 
ir.lialiit.ints.      Thi., 
•Icalli.  was  once  the 
'l'«c  leioples,  noiv  ,|,, 
-lunled  with  the  sIk 
imaia.ls  ivere  the  site 
""="■    It  is  evident  tli 
.•allcied  tribes.     If  i 
l'™illed  ill  this  eouii 
miy  jirubabllity  of  n 
Ciino  asionisliiiigly    „ 
«"iiM  have  sulliccd  to 
'l-rMiitinliabitiints  wit 
I  than  mere  sust< 
;«.(■  jioner  of  »  „||iu,.  , 
"lirretliecenro  no  liiws 


CLIMATOLOGY,  (JKOLOOY,  AND  ARCILEOLOGY. 


99 


•■iiiv!  aiV 
In  lill'-'il 

■|)    III'    Ul'illll'i'.l 
uilllililli  I'll'" 
,iftlic'l:":is'-| 
ciroiiiiilVfii't 

llrvUU'iilkiiii-l 


ill  r^'ino  cciiKlilnriilil"  iilli'tiilicin  fnim  tlio  wiisliiig  nl' llio  ruins. 

Till'  liip  *""  '•''"'•  ""''  ""  ""■"  ""•"''I*""  ' iiliilii  loviTiil  liiin 

lu''l  nit'n.  Til*'  prn«|)i'i*t  t'nuii  thi"  niotmil  U  very  Iteuutiful ;  Imik- 
I  _,,,„„ri|«  till'  liliilIi",  wlili'li  itri'iliiiily  "ocii  nl  tlii' iliMliinoi'iil'  nix 
III  .  i.'lit  iiiil('>,  llic  liulliiiii  lit  till"  |iliiiM'  lii'iiiu  vi'ry  Willi',  I  liml 
■  I  I    111  lilllill  liul'ipril  lllr,  VFiril'il  liy  /»^7«  nl'  wnini  mill  ii  lew  »"!- 

iliitv  In'Oi";  til  III"  litflit  llic  |iniiii('  in  I mini  by  tlio  Imriznn, 

,,,  III,,  li'fl.  tlir  I'oiirtio  111'  tlio  Ciiliiikiii  inny  In'  ilistiii({iiiiilit'il  liy 
llir  iiiiiruiii  "f  iviiiiil  u|Miii  iH  liiinlti',  iiihI  I'lOKKiiiK  llui  viilli-y  ill- 
iiu-.pn;illv  siiTilli-HiiulluM'sl.  Ai'oiiiiil  nil'  I  I'niiiiti'il  Iwi'iily  iiiihiiiiIk 
i,r  hviiiiiilil'',  liesi'li'"  11  K'''!"'  miiiilirr  111'  miiill  iirlilii'iiil  rliivii- 
li.'ii':  tlii'»o  iiiiiiiiiili  I'liiiii  KiiiiielliiiiK  iMiirci  tliiiii  ft  sumioircli', 
nlii.nt  11  iiiilB  ill  I'xlfiil,  itn  iliiiiin'li'i'  lnnni'il  liy  iIib  riviT. 

><  i'lii'iuiii^  my  »'iill<  iiliiiiK  tho  liiink  ul'tlir  L'liliokiii,  I  iiiiitji'il 
(li^lil  iitlnTD  in  tilt'  ilistiiiiiu'  111'  tliri'o  milri  lii'l'ini)  I  iirriveil  lit 
llii'  |iriin.'i|iiil  iiPSi'tuliluKi''  Wlicii  I  rnii'lu'il  llm  font  iif  tlu' 
|iiiL"'-t  iiKiiiixl,  I  <v'iK  Btnuik  »illi  tlie  ilc^reu  nl'  iistuiiisliiiii'nt 
nut  iiiiliko  tlint  wliii'li  is  i'X|ii'i'ii'nceil  in  cuiiteniiilntinK  tliu 
Ku'viitiiiii  |iyriiiuiilti,  uml  I'oiilil  not  liolp  cxi'liiiiiiinn,  '  What  ii 
Jill]..  Miliuii'  pill'  ill'  ciirtli  I'  'I'll  limip  ii|p  sui'li  iv  iiiiiKi'  luii.il  liiivo 
rciiiiiriil  yi'iirs  iiml  H"'  liibiir  nf  IIiiuikhihIk.  It  iitiiiiil.i  iiiiiiic- 
iliiitrlv  nil  till'  liiiiik  iif  till'  (,'iiliiiUiii,  liiiil  iin  till'  aiilo  next  it  is 
ciiveii"!  willi  liilty  troi'n.  Witu  it  imt  I'lir  tlic  iC|{uliirity  iinil 
lU'si-'ii  "lii'jli  it  in  11  ni lest 9,  tliii  t'iii'Uiii,i|aiii-i'  nl'  its  liciii;;  nil 
ulluviiil  (jrmiiiil,  mill  tlir  iitlicr  iiiiiiiiiil<  wultiTcil  iiiniiinl  it,  hi' 
I'liulil  -I'lirecly  bolirvi'  it  Ilii'  w"  >.  f  liiiiiimi  liiimli',  inn  I'liiintry 
wliii'li  wo  liiivi'  ni'noiully  bi'lio  '  niniT  to  Inive  burn  iuliubitcil 
liv  unv  bnt  n  I'mv  liizy  Imliiins.  I'liu  sliii|io  is  timl  nf  ii  jianil- 
Idogmni,  stiiii'ling  finni  nortli  In  smillij  nn  tlio  snutli  siili' llii'io 
ijftlirniiil  iijiinn  or  step  iilmut  Imll'-wiiy  ilnwii,  anil  frniii  this 
iinnlliir  pro.ji'otion  into  lliu  plain  abniit  llftouii  I'oet  uiilc,  wliirh 
WHS  |iinliably  intemli'il  as  an  ascent  to  tho  niouml.  liy  sleppini; 
riiunil  the  base  I  coinputeil  the  eiiTuniferenuo  to  bo  at  least  »ix 
liiiailriil  vanls,  ami  tlio  lioiglit  of  tho  uiiiiiinl  abnnt  ninety  feet. 
The  slip  or  iiprnn  has  been  used  as  a  kitehciif,'«rileii  by  the 
iimnks  Iif  IiaTnippe,  iiml  tho  tup  is  soweil  with  wheat.  .Neiirly 
ive.-l  there  is  one  of  ii  smaller  size,  anil  lifteen  others  are  seiit- 
tiri'il  tlirniiKli  'liB  plain.  'Inn  are  also  seen  nn  the  blullV,  at  Iho 
.li'liiiii'i'  nf  llireo  miles.  Several  of  llieso  mniimls  are  almnst 
iiinieiil.  .\s  llio  swmd  liiiil  beet  burnt  the  earth  was  fii'(|iicnlly 
iiiikeil,  ami  I  unuM  Iraee  with  ease  any  iinoveniiess  nf  surface, 
•„  lis  tn  iliscover  whether  it  was  nrtilieial  or  aioiilenliil.  1 
inrvwliere  observeil  a  jjreiit  iiiiniber  of  siiiall  elevations  nf 
cirlli,  I"  till'  lieiKbt  nf  a  few  feet,  lU  regnhir  ilistames  I'riiin  eaeli 
iitJHT,  iiii'l  which  aiipeiireil  to  oliserve  snme  nriler.  Near  them 
I  iil.-ii  nliserveil  pieces  nf  Hint  ami  fra),'iiieiit.s  of  eartlien  ves- 

"  I  was  perfectly  sntislieil  that  here  mice  existoil  n  city  siini- 
lirlii  those  of  iMe.xico  descrilieil  by  the  first  eniniiieinrs.  .\1- 
llipiigli  it  might  mil  have  been  a  Licnpnlis,  I'ersepnlis,  or 
IhfWs,  it  is  not  imprnbable  that  it  conliiineJ  many  thniisaml 
iiiliiil'itiints.  This  plain,  now  repnsing  in  the  stillness  nf 
iliMtli.  "as  onee  the  scene  nf  a  busy  iiiiil  erowileil  popiihitinii  ; 
ilii'Si' temples,  now  ilevnteil  In  the  iilnhitcr.s  of  silence,  nnee  re- 
■  iiiilril  with  the  shouts  of  war  nr  the  soii);s  nf  peace.  The 
iiMumls  were  the  sites  of  temples  nr  inonunients  to  the  great 
iiii-ii.  It  is  eviiloni  this  eniilil  not  bavo  been  the  work  of  thirty 
I  tatlneil  tribes.  If  the  liuiiiaii  species  hail  at  any  lime  been 
liimittiil  ill  this  eounlry  In  have  increased  freely,  and  llioro  is 
TV  pruliability  nf  the  fact,  it  innst,  as  in  Mexico,  have  bo- 
fc'iiic  asinnisliingly  nninorous.  The  same  space  of  ground 
IniiMlHue  suHiccd  to  maintain  fifty  limes  the  number  of  the 
^|'n^ent  inhabitants  with  ease,  their  agrionltnro  having  no  other 
iinl  than  mere  snstenaiico.  Aniniig  a  nnmemus  pnpnlation 
Itiir  I'lraer  of  a  chief  must  necessarily  be  more  absolute,  and 
InhtTctln'ic  arc  no  laws,  degenerate  into  despotism.  .  .  .  Henco 


thera  would  not  he  wanting  n  tulflulant  number  of  hamla  to  orect 
mniinds  nr  pyrmnids,*' 

The  f;rc'iit  iiimind  iit  Ciiliokiu  dcscrilicii  liy  iiruck- 
i>iii'i(lf;o  iH  uiilliid  "  Monk's  Mmuul,''  from  tlio  Tuot 
tliiit,  ii.s  liiiitoil  !)_,  Iiiiii  uliDVo,  it  wiw  tlic  Hito  of  a 
LMiiivuiituiil  :'Stablishiiiunt  of  tlio  iiNooliu  iiiiiiiks  of  Lu 
TrapjM!,  who  ^cttlud  tliero  iibout  1809.  Tlioy  de- 
voted tlieiiimilvu,'^  to  iiidiLstrial  piirHiiit.s,  iiiid  oiio  of 
tliiiir  iidvortiseinciits  is  now  hul'oru  u»,  taki'ii  from  tlio 
St.  Loiiix  /iriiiili/iriiii  of  Jim.  24,  ISll,  Its  follows; 

"  NiiTliK. — Several  persons  having  shnweil  tn  the  lininks  nf 
[laTrappea  desire  to  purihase  watches,  if  they  would  sell  llicin 
fur  trade,  the  said  inniiks,  in  order  to  salist'y  everybody,  give 
nntico  III  Iho  public  that  until  the  end  of  the  year  1^11  they 
will  sell  watches,  clocks,  and  other  silversmith's  work,  and  also 
line  horses,  fur  llie  following  articlos  in  trade,  vi/.. ;  wheat,  corn, 
linen,  beef,  pork,  cattle,  tealber,  tallow,  blankets,  etc. 

"  I'lOlAIN   (illll.l.KT, 

'*  Sitfit'fiiH'  11/'  thf!  Monkut 
"Cantine  .Mnuiids,  nine  miles  ubuvo  Ciiliokia, 
"  N,  D, — The  above-mentioned  arlioles  will  be  sold  at  a  lower 
price  to  whoever  shall  pay  cash." 

With  .somu  ubrid<;ment,  we  reproduce  tho  account 
of  them  given  by  Uniukcnridi^o  in  his  interesting  nar- 
rative of  his  visit  to  ('ahokia  in  1811  : 

'•  The  buildings  which  the  Trappists  al  present  ocinpy  are 
merely  temporary.  They  cmisist  nf  four  or  live  cabins  on  a 
mnund  ab'iiit  fifty  yards  from  iho  large  nne,  and  which  is  about 
one  hundred  and  fifty  feet  s(|uare.  Their  other  buildings,  sta- 
bles, eribs,  etc.,  ten  or  fifteen  in  niiiiibor,  are  scattered  about  on 
the  plain  below.  I  was  infnnned  that  they  intended  In  build  nn 
Iho  terrace  nf  the  large  mnund.  This  will  prinluce  a  fine  eB'oct, 
especially  if  painted  white;  il  wnulil  be  seen  five  or  six  miles 
acrii-s  the  plain,  and  I'mm  snme  pnints  of  view  ten  nr  twelve. 
They  have  aliniit  nnc  hundred  acres  inclosod  in  three  different 
fields,  iiii'luiliiig  tho  large  mound  and  several  others.  On  enter- 
ing the  yard  1  fiiuinl  a  number  of  persons  at  work,  snme  haul- 
ing and  stnring  away  the  crop  of  corn,  others  shaping  limber 
for  snme  intended  ciifico.  \  cnnsideriible  number  of  Ihesc  were 
boys  from  ten  to  fourteen  years  nf  age.  The  ellccl  on  my  mind 
was  inexpressibly  strange  al  seeing  them  pass  and  repass  in 
perfect  silence.  WInil  force  must  it  rei|uiro  to  subdue  tho  sport- 
ive disposition  nf  boyhood  !  Hut  nolhing  is  so  strong  as  nature, 
I  admireil  the  cheerful  drollery  of  a  poor  mulatto  lad  with  one 
leg  who  was  attending  llic  horse-niill.  As  the  other  boys  passed 
by,  lie  always  contrived  by  some  ndd  gesliciilalinn  tn  altraot 
their  atlontinn.  He  generally  succeeded  in  exciting  a  smile. 
It  was  a  fainl  gleam  nf  sunsbino  which  seemed  to  say  thai  their 
happiness  was  not  entirely  obscured  by  the  liiriil  i/lui}//!  that 
surrnuiidcd  Iheiii. 

"  l''aliguod  with  this  scene,  wliicb  I  eoiitemplated  apparently 
uiioliserved,  I  ascended  tho  mound  which  enntains  their  dwell- 
ings. This  is  nearly  twenly-fivo  feel  in  height,  the  ascent  aided 
by  a  slanting  road.  I  wandered  about  here  for  some  time  in  ex- 
jieclation  of  being  nnticed.  It  was  in  vain  that  I  nodded  to  the 
revmend  fathers  nr  jieeped  into  the  cabins.  In  the  course  of  fif- 
teen minutes.  Father  Joseph,  a  sprightly,  intelligent  man  in  tho 
prime  of  life,  who,  I  learned,  had  Ihe  gnvernment  of  the  monas- 
tery in  the  absence  of  Father  IJrbain,  came  up  to  me,  and,  after 
some  conversation,  invited  mo  into  the  watchmakers'  shop.  I 
was  nol  a  little  surprised  to  find  here  a  sliup  better  furnished 
than  any  in  St.  Louis.     Part  of  it  was  occupied  as  the  labora- 


100 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


tory  and  library  ;  the  library,  I  confess,  but  indifierent.  A  few 
medical  works  of  no  great  repute,  and  tlie  rest  composed  of  tlio 
dreams  of  the  fathers  and  the  miraculous  wonders  of  the  world 
of  saints. 

"Two  men  were  at  work,  and  two  hoys  appeared  also  busily 
employed.  One  poor  fellow  of  ten  or  eleven  years  of  age,  seated 
by  a  stove  and  employed  in  making  strokes  upon  a  slate,  at- 
tracted my  attention  ami  pity.  He  appeared  to  have  Ju!t  risen 
from  the  bed  of  sicknei-s,  or  ratlier  from  the  tomb. 

"Father  Joseph  in<|uired  whether  I  had  dined,  and  being 
informed  in  the  negative,  had  something  prepared.  My  faro 
was  simple,  consisting  entirely  of  vegetables,  though  not  less 
acceptable,  for  it  was  given  with  good  will.  Having  returned 
thanks  to  the  good  fathers  for  their  huspitiility,  I  took  my  leave. 

"  I  learned  that  the  family  of  the  Trappists  consists  of  about 
eighty  persons,  a  considerable  number  of  whom  are  at  present 
from  homo.  The  boys  are  generally  Americans;  the  men  are 
principally  Germans  and  French,  with  a  few  Americans.  It  is 
said  they  e.xpect  an  accession  from  Europe  of  about  two  hun- 
dred. It  is  about  a  year  since  they  have  been  settled  in  this 
place.  The  last  summer  they  were  much  alllicted  with  fevers, 
si.v  or  seven  ilicil,  and  very  few  escaped  severe  illness.  The 
boys  particularly  a]ipcared  of  a  pale  or  sallow  coinple.\ion. 
They  deny,  however,  that  the  place  i  unhealthy.  They  say 
that,  as  in  most  parts  of  this  country,  the  emigrant  must  ex- 
pect to  undergo  a  seasoning,  and  that  those  who  died  were 
chiefly  old  men  who  had  been  previously  alllicted  with  chronic 
com])laint8.  But  the  meagre  diet  upon  which  these  people 
subsist  must  ulso  have  contributed  not  a  little. 

"There  lire  things  in  which  no  one  can  deny  them  praise. 
They  are  extremely  industrious  in  various  useful  employments, 
and  there  are  excellent  workmen  among  them  in  a  variety  of 
trades.  An  asylum  is  ofTeri-d  to  such  unfortunate  wretches 
(certainly  very  rare  in  America)  who,  aged  and  friendless,  are 
in  danger  of  perishing  of  want." 

In  a  litter  aeuouiit  of  a  visit  to  Monk's  Mound,  in 
1837,  tlie  writer  says, — 

"  .\  ride  across  the  American  Holtcun  from  East  Ht,  Louis  to 
the  blutl's,  on  the  Colllnsville  plank  road,  discloses  to  the  eye 
of  the  curiiius  a  large  nninlier  of  ancient  mounils.  Perhaps  a 
dozen  or  more  of  these  interesting  formations,  which  are  gener- 
ally supposed  to  have  been  built  by  an  extinct  race  only  known 
as  tile  *  Alound-buildtn's,'  may  be  counted  as  the  btutVs  are 
nearcd.  These  incmnds  are  of  various  sizes  and  forms.  Some 
are  conical,  with  irregular  shajies  on  either  siile,  .Some  are 
truncated,  and  others  have  the  sugar-loaf  form.  The  largest 
of  the  singular  elevations  are  located  about  two  inile^  west  of 
the  bluffs,  bclweeu  the  main  road  and  Cahokia  Creek,  which 
is  known  as  '  Monk's  Mound.'  It  rises  above  the  surrounding 
plain  to  the  height  of  ninety  feet,  and  the  base  is  said  to  cover 
an  area  of  forty  acres.  Its  precipitous  sides  are  deeply  seamed 
with  furrows,  causeil  apparently  by  melting  snows  and  rains. 
The  sides  of  these  gullies  are  elevated  and  rounded,  forming 
paths,  up  which  the  ascent  is  made,  and  they  are  seen  to  spreail 
from  the  apex  towards  the  base  like  the  logs  of  a  spider.  Some 
portions  of  the  mound  are  terraced,  and  portions  are  over- 
grown with  forest-trees.  Thern  is  alscj  an  apple-orchard  near 
the  base.  The  summit  can  bo  easily  reached  on  all  sides,  but 
up  one  of  the  gullies  a  wagon  roud  has  at  some  former  period 
been  constructed.  The  summit  is  a  Hat  gilateau  of  several 
acres,  with  a  ilwclling  near  the  centre,  and  a  garden  now  under 
a  good  state  of  cultivation  on  tho  north  side.  The  name  by 
which  the  great  mound  ia  extensively  known  is  derived  from 
the  monks  of  La  Trappe,  who  established  themselves  here  in 
about  the  year  181U,     The  mound  once  belonged  to  an  Irish 


I  gentleman  who  was  clerk  of  tho  St,  Clair  County  Court.  It 
!  was  bought  from  him  by  Maj.  Nicholas  Jarrot,  of  Cahokia,  anl 
given  by  him  to  the  monks,  and  after  it  was  abandoned  bv 
'  them  it  again  reverted  to  Maj.  .farrot.  Mr.  Guy  Morrison, 
i  late  of  Colllnsville,  bought  it,  and  we  believe  at  one  time  built 
I  a  house  there.  Some  of  these  facts  were  communicated  to  us 
I  by  Madame  Jarrot,  the  venerable  relict  of  Maj.  Jarrot,  \«li<i 
•till  survives  in  tolerably  good  health,  although  in  her  ninety. 
.  third  year. 

"  The  building  on  the  summit  of  the  mound  is  untenante<l. 
It  is  a  low  frame  structure  containing  a  number  of  rooms,  with 
a  veranda  extending  along  the  west  and  south  sides.  We  who 
'  visited  the  establislimont  supposed  the  establishment  tube  tlm 
deserted  habitation  of  the  silent  old  monks,  and  prompted  by 
a  spirit  of  curiosity,  we  effected  an  entrance  through  one  iii' 
the  windows  anil  prociceded  to  explore  its  hidden  recesses.  It 
was  a  ratty  old  place,  and  contained  nothing  which  suggested  ti 
our  minds  the  peculiar  mode  of  life  practiced  by  the  picms 
members  of  this  religious  order.  There  were  old  barrels,  old 
broken  bottles,  old  hats,  and  old  scraps  of  broken  furniturt' 
.senttered  here  ami  there.  Everything  about  the  promises  liii<l 
a  general  flavor  c.^  mild  decay.  We  were,  however,  after  rclio 
and  found  none.  We  subsequently  learnt  that  the  dwellin;: 
was  built  long  after  the  monks  had  evacuated  the  premises,  hv 
a  Mr.  Hill,  who  kept  a  school  there.  His  grave,  located  mar 
the  dwelling,  on  one  of  the  angles  of  the  mound,  was  ])oiiueii 
out  to  us. 

"  Half-way  down  the  north  slope  of  the  mound   the  ninifli 
of  (L  tunnel  is  seen,  which   was  dug  out  several   years  agn  bv 
sonic  explorers  with  a  view  of  finding  the  relics  of  some  anciint 
Mound-builders.     But  the  success  which  rowanled  the  labor  wp 
were  unable  to  ascertain  from  the  residents  in  the  vicinity,  wlii, 
take  no  more  interest  in  the  matter  than  the  man  in  the  iiiuoii. 
From  the  character  of  the  strata  which  compose  these  forma 
ations  there  is   no  evidence  that   the  nionml    is  the  work  uf 
human  hands,  but,  on  the  contrary,  it  is  a  'spared  monunuiii' 
of  the  adjoining  bluff, — formations  left  standing  apart  by  tli? 
powerful  currents  of  the  ancient   acas  that  at  one  time   iiiiiij- 
dated  the    Mississippi  valley    and   swept  over  the  Anicrican 
Bottom.     Similar  mouml-like  formations  are  sc-n  all  aloii;;  tli" 
bluffs,  as  at  (lascyville,  of  which  there  couhl  be  no  dispute  as  tn 
the  origin.     The  foot-hills  at  GoMen  City,  and  between  Hoiiver 
and  the    Kocky    Mountains,   present   similar    forms,  and  Ibr 
voyager  on  the  Upper  Missouri,  above  Sioux  City,  will  sec  hun- 
dreds  of  such   conical   "oi{   oblong   elevations,   stiuldini;  the 
bluffs   and   bottom-lands   i':<<e   hay-stacks   and   walled   battle. 
uients,  all  of  which  are   unquestionably    natural  foruiiition'. 
But  that  there  are  mounds  made  by  huuian  hands  fur  scpiiitiir' 
and   purposes  of  defense  or  observation    there   is  equally  i 
doubt.     Monk's  Mound,  however,  is  not  one  of  tliein.     It  U 
nevertheless  worthy  of  a  visit  by  all  who  take  an  interest  in 
the  various  freaks  of  nature." 

Tiio  purchaser  of  the  Trappist  estate  roforicd  |. 
above  was  T.  Ames  Hill,  a  native  of  Mas.sacliiisutt>, 
but  long  a  re.sideiit  of  Kentucky  and  St.  Louis,  llf 
moved  on  the  property  in  IHIll,  erecting  a  cabin 
on  the  very  suinniit  of  tlie  mound.  When  he  dieJ  j 
he  was  buried  in  the  northeast  corner  of  tln'  |iliiik 
surface  of  the  pyramid's  top.  This  Cahokia  inouinl 
the  largest  in  tho  United  States,  is  in  every  way  an  i 
imposing  structure.  Mrs.  Hill,  who  lived  upon  its 
summit  for  twenty-five  years,  says  that  a  largo  .sooM  | 
entrance  into  the  mound  was  at  one  time  discuvercij, 


CLIMATOLOGY,  GEOLOGY,  AND   ARCHiEOLOGY. 


101 


f  Court.  It 
Jaliokift,  ami 
)andone<l  by 
ly  Morriaoii, 
n«  lime  built 
nicnted  to  us 
Jarrot,  \>li'i 

I  licr  ninctj- 

a  untenante.l. 
f  rooiup,  witli 
dca.  Wc  Willi 
lont  to  be  ilie 
promiitoil  liy 

II  rough  one  of 
n  recesses.  It 
ill  sugsesteil  h, 

by  tlie  pi"ii- 
jld  biirrels,  .il.l 
iilicn  furuiluri' 
le  iironiifcs  liii<i 
ver,  ufler  relii- 
it  the  dwelling 
he  premises,  tiy 
,ve,  lucfttcil  ni-'!\r 
nd,  was  poiiitci 

)und  the  mo'itli 

al  years  ago  by 

I  of  Kimo  auLiciil 

(led  the  labor  we 

the  vieinily,  wIin 

uan  in  the  nmoii. 

)0se  these  fnrraa- 

is  the  vhkV  ot 

ired  monument' 

ng  apart  by  tlie 

one  time  imin- 

the  Anii'rian 

;n  all  alciris  lli' 

no  dispuli'  list. 

between  l>eincr 

forms,  and  thf 

ity,  will  si'O  liUD- 

IS,   studilin.i;  ll'.t 

a    walled   liiillle- 

:iiral  forniatimi'. 

,nda  for  se|iiiltiir' 

re   is  enually  w 

of  them.     It  !■ 

,e  an  iuti'ro-t  i;. 

ito  rcfein-il  t^ 
Massachusett-, 
5t.  Louis,  lie 
|ectin<!:  a  cabin  | 
^Vhcll  lit'  dieJ 
|r  of  the  iiliiii^' 
ihokia  iiiimuJ,  I 

every  wn)'  a"  I 
llivotl  upi'ii  ii*  I 

a  larpe  secri't  | 
line  disci  iveroi 


lull  was  filled  up  aj^ain  to  prevent  vermin  and  wild  \ 
animals  from  making  their  dens  within  it.'  The 
Cahokia  tumulus  was  originally  an  immense  tcrragon, 
suiipiirted  by  a  heavy  terrace  on  tlie  south  and  west, 
;i]i'iioaclied  by  a  talus ;  the  north  base  five  hundred 
ami  i-ixty  feet;  south  base  seven  hundred  and  twenty 
t\et ;  summit,  length,  three  hundred  and  ten  feet; 
broaddi,  one  hundred  and  forty-six  feet.  The  north 
fide  is  the  most  precipitous.  The  terrace  approaches 
fidiii  the  south  and  west,  and  is  one  hundred  and  twenty 
foot  ilci'p  ;  the  talus  approaches  from  the  south,  and  is 
fiCiy-five  feet  broad  at  top,  one  hundred  and  twenty 
feet  long,  and  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  feet  broad 
at  ba.se.  Height  of  mound,  ninety-one  feet.  The 
.miperficial  area  of  the  summit  is  two  acres  ;  of  the 
basi',  .'^is  acres,  vlI  i1k>  solid  contents  are  e.stimated  at 
twoMtv-five  iiiillion  cubic  feet. 

Wills  de  Haas  contends,  from  observatioti.  that  no- 
wticiv  in  the  United  States  are  the  mounds  so  largo 
and  numerous  and  arranged  with  so  much  system  as 
tho.^ic  on  the  American  Bottom.  "They  presenl 
indeed,  a  city  of  mounds,  a  vast  and  mysterious  col- 
lection of  monumental  remains."  This  .system  is 
repeated  and  continued  on  a  scale  almost  eqtially  large 
at  New  Madrid.  The  American  Uottom  is  the  most 
extensive  and  valuable  alluvial  in  the  I'tiited  States, 
It  stretches  from  opposite  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri 
to  the  Kaskaskia,  a  distance  of  over  eighty  miles, 
with  an  average  breadth  of  seven  miles.  Its  fertility 
i.s  inexhaustible  ;  its  scnery  is  varied  and  picturesi(ue; 
and  the  prehistoric  races  made  it  their  favorite  abode, 
built  llicir  mounds,  and  gathered  their  dwellings  upon 
it.  The  Indians  foinid  by  the  whites  upon  these 
sites  did  not  even  pretend  to  any  knowledire  of  the 
builders  of  the  mounds.  They  liai;  no  traditions 
concerning  them. 

To  their  superstitious  souls  these  great  works  were 
sini|ily  iiiiiiii/oii, — .supernatural, — because  mysterious 
and  inexplicable.  Nor  has  the  acute  and  scientific 
investigation  of  the  present  day  thrown  any  real  light 
upon  the  liistory  of  the  moun  Is,  who  built  tboin,  and 
how  and  when  they  were  constructed,  We  do  not 
know,  we  may  almost  despair  of  ever  learning  whether 
the  Mound-buililers  were  auto"hthone9  or  immigrants, 
or  from  whence  they  derived  their  knowledge  of  agri- 
culture, working  stone,  making  cloth  and  tietilia.  Mr. 
de  Haas  remarks  that 


'Many  of  the  larger  tumuli  had  ohamberA  in  thoir  interiors; 
Ijut,  IIS  the  Mouml-builders  do  not  seem  to  have  uulerstood  the 
lirinciple  of  the  arch,  they  simply  framed  a  square  uliaiiibor  of 
limber,  two  uprights  and  a  crosB-pieeo  to  tic  tb«m,  and,  when 
these  timbers  rotted,  the  roof  fell  in. 


"Two  grand  groups  of  ancient  tumuli  loom  up  on  the  broad 
surface  of  the  American  Bottom,  They  are  distant  from  the 
central  tigures  about  six  miles,  but  connected  by  a  series  of 
smaller  mounds,  forming  a  continuous  chain,  and  constituting 
one  grand  and  e-xtensive  system  of  tiimular  works, — unequaled 
lor  she,  number,  and  interesting  feature  on  either  the  sub-con- 
tinents of  America, 

"  One  of  these  groups  stands  within  the  city  limits,  and  ad- 
jacent to  Kast  8t.  Louis;  the  other  six  miles  to  the  northeast, 
lying  ehielly  north  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railway,  These 
are  connected,  a  scries  of  tumuli,  stretching  along  Indian  Lake 
and  CahokiaCreok  ;  the  entire  system,  including  those  along  the 
bluff,  numbering  over  two  hundred. 

"These,  collectively,  present  a  vast  city  of  mounds  in  ruin. 
They  undoubtedly  constituted  the  seat  of  a  great  j)0wer, — a  com- 
munity little  less  ]iopulous  perhaps  than  that  now  centring 
within  an  area  of  twenty  miles  of  this  great  modern  metropolis 
of  the  West,  The  upper  group,  containing  the  most  important 
niduunients,  was  doubtless  tlie  citadel  of  the  ancient  enijiire. 
It  uoinprises  over  sixty  mounds,  arranged  with  great  system, 
and  in  marked  position  toward  each  other.  The  great  mound, 
constituting  the  princi|ial  feature,  is  supported  by  fci  r  elevated 
sijuaies,  and  numerous  large  tumuli  of  niaiiifest  iinpurtanoo  in 
llie  system. 

"The  inoiinds  coniprisitig  these  respective  groups  are  conical, 
elIi)isoidal,  square,  and  parallelogram,  .^omo  are  perfect  cones, 
others  the  frustrum.  They  vary  in  height  from  live  to  ninety 
feet,  in  some  instances  presenting  an  angle  of  nearly  sixiy 
degrees.  They  are  all  of  earth  taken  from  the  surrounding 
|>lain  or  blulT,  and  constructed  with  symmetry,  neatnes.s,  aiul 
niauifest  design. 

**  It  is  claimed  as  a  noticeable  fact  that  corresponding  exca- 
vations can  bo  observed  near  most  of  the  mounds,  1  have 
notii:ed  fliis  quito  marked  in  some  instaiu'es,  but  only  in  such 
localities  where  the  vegetable  mound  was  found  undiM'hiid  with 
a  deposit  of  sanii.  With  their  rude  impleiiients  and  tV.cilitics 
for  removing  soil  thi'  Mound-builders  could  not  make  heavy  ex 
cavations,  tint  would  rntlier  avail  themselves  of  that  most 
readily  removed, 

'*  I  have  failed  to  detect  near  any  of  these  mounds  thcy*in«r  so 
frequently  noticed  near  the  Ohio  \alh'y  tumuli.  They  compared 
in  general  external  a[>pearance,  internal  structure,  and  arrange- 
ment to  the  ancient  tumuli  of  other  parts  of  the  country,  except 
those  of  an  elliptical  type.  This  class  occurs  more  frequently 
here  than  elsetthero.  The  square  mounds  find  counterparts  in 
the  elevated  s([uares  at  Marietta,  Ohio. 

*'  A  general  design  is  manifest  in  all  the  ancient  earth-works 
of  America.  In  the  Ohio  valley  they  ore  found  in  connected 
systems.  In  the  Mis:  .Issippi  valley,  or  that  part  lying  op|iaaite 
this  city,  they  occur  alone  in  tumular  ereolions,  arranged  in 
'  groups,  with  outstanding  guards,  system,  and  unmistakable 
design, 

"The  remains  of  art  found  among  tho.so  mounds — stone  im- 
plements, lictilia,  etc. — iudicate  a  knowledge  quite  equal  if  not 
in  advance  of  art  remains  f-oiu  the  mounds  of  Ohio,  West  Vir- 
ginia, Kentucky,  Indiana,  etc.     There  is  a  decided  difl'erenoe 
between  some  of  their  stone  implements,  which  will   bo  more 
!  particularly  noticed  hereafter.   This  fact  induces  the  belief  that 
I   they  belong  to  a  ditl'erent  people.    As  to  the  object  of  the  mound, 
I   without  attempting  to  advance  a  hypothesis  based  on  incom- 
I  plete  observations,  it  may  bo  safely  assumed  that  all   mounds 
I   wherever,   whenever,  or  by   whomever  constructed,  were  pri- 
miiiili/  ilesii^ned  as  |>laces  of  sepulture.     This  wo  read  alike  in 
I  the  simple  a,',  1  often  scarcely  distinguishable  tumuli  in  the  val- 
1   ley  of  the  Mi  isissippi  or  the  isles  of  llritain,  as  wo  do  in  the 
I  huge  tumuli   in  the  Cahokia  or  the  vast  earthen  and  mega- 


102 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


lithio  monuments  of  Northern  Europe  or  the  valley  of  the  Nile. 
They  were  often  devoted  to  other  uses,  but  the  great  first  pur- 
pose was  sepulchral.  They  doubtless  often  served  a  triple  pur- 
pose,— tomb,  temple,  dwelling-place.  The  large  square  works 
possibly  supported  the  houses  of  important  personages,  or 
picketed  around  as  places  of  defense.  The  great  mound  prob- 
ably supported  the  principal  temple,  also  the  house  of  their 
oazique  or  king.  Others  served  as  guard-posts,  and  still  others 
as  places  of  defense." 

The  e.irly  inhabitants  on  the  Mississippi  had  three 
modes  of  burial :  inhumation  in  a  horizontal  position, 
the  body  having  a  regular  grave,  generally  stone-lined  ; 
inhumation  in  a  standing  or  sitting  position  ;  and 
cremation,  the  body  burnt  and  the  ashes  and  carbon- 
ized bones  preserved  in  a  vase  or  urn.  Many  cinerary 
urns  have  been  discovered  in  the  course  of  the  explora- 
tion of  barrows  and  mounds.  All  the  art  and  indus- 
trial remains  of  the  Mound-builders  show  them  to  have 
belonged  to  what  is  called  the  Stone  Age.  But  few 
metallic  remains  have  been  found  in  the  mounds  of 
St.  Louis  and  the  American  Bottom,  and  these  only 
copper  and  for  ornament.  Various  curved  shells  have 
been  found,  showing  the  use  of  wampum  and  the  fact 
that  the  Mound-builders  had  intercourse  with  the 
coasts  of  tlie  Gulf  of  Mexico  and  the  Atlantic  or 
Pacific  Oceans.  The  Mound-builders  had  attained 
great  probcieney  in  working  stone.  Their  weapons 
are  often  of  exrjuisite  design  and  perfect  workmanship. 
Their  tools  were  rude,  chisels  and  hatchets,  h>immcrs 
and  knives  of  granite,  hornblende,  nephrite,  and  their 
arrow-heads,  spear-points,  knives,  fluting  instruments, 
etc.,  are  of  quartz  of  every  grade,  from  black  chert  to 
opalescent  chalcedony.     Mr.  de  Haas  remarks  that 

'*  One  type  of  these  Hint  implements  is  most  universal.  These 
are  tif/riculturft/,  pi'ovin;r  beyond  doubt  that  tlx:  people  who  used 
them  tilled  the  soil.  Two  distinct  styles  prevail, — one  long,  like 
the  blade  of  a  spade  ;  and  the  <tther  identically  our  modern  hoe, 
the  eye  being  substituted  by  a  double  notoh.  These  vary  in 
size, — the  longer  from  si.v  to  fifteen  inches  ami  four  or  five  inches 
broad  ;  the  other  about  the  diameter  of  an  onliriary  garden  hoe. 
These  implements  show  usage, — the  parts  entering  the  soil  being 
highly  polished,  such  as  nothing  would  so  readily  elfeot  as  at- 
trition in  sand  and  loam.  These  implements  are  t|uite  anoma- 
lous,— nothing  of  the  kind  having  been  discovered  in  the  Ohio 
valley,  or,  so  far  as  [  urn  aware,  east  of  the  Mississippi  or  in 
Kurope. 

"A  variety  of  other  flint  implements  have  been  discovered, 
unlike  any  heretofore  found.  .\l»o,  a  large  granite  implement, 
which  may  have  served  tor  dressing  hides  or  crushing  corn.  I 
notice,  however,  a  total  absence  of  steatite  ami  serpentine  orna- 
ments and  amulets,  so  oommon  in  Ohio  valley  mounds." 

The  pottery  found  in  ccjnection  with  the  mounds 
of  St.  Louis  and  the  Americau  Bottom  presents  a 
great  number  of  curious  and  instructive  examples  of 
the  fictile  art.  Mr.  de  Haas  thinks  that  the  ancient 
potter  of  the  Mississippi  valley  was  but  little  inferior 
in  skill  to  the  potters  among  the  ancient  Egyptians. 


{  The  Mound-builder  did  not  use  the  potter's  wheel : 
'  his  ware  was  all  hand  made;  and  much  of  it  was  only 
sun-dried  or  fire-baked  in  a  very  inadequate  and  in- 
efficient manner.      Two  or  three  different  stylos  of 
manufacture  have  been  discovered, — one,  a  breccia  of 
I  clay  and  pulverized  mussel-shell  or  white  spathic  car- 
!  bonate  of  lime.     The  ware  is  of  irregular  thickness, 
tough  and  capable  of  resisting  the  efi"ects  of  moistuii', 
dilatation,  and  shrinking.     The  ornamentation  is  neat 
and  plain,  rude  lines,  dots,  chevrons,  and  zigzags  beitiu 
the  chief  patterns.     The  vessels  found  comprise  urns, 
vases,   cups,    dishes,   etc.,   and    some   of  thorn  havu 
handles  made  in  imitation  of  familiar  animals.     Tiny 
arc  chiefly  mortuary  in  their  purposes,  it  is  probabl(>. 
A.  J.  Conant,  of  St.  Louis,  who  is  probably  as  com- 
petent >i3  any  scientist  in  the  country  to  discuss  t1ie 
subject,  has  written  an  excellent  monograph  on  tiie 
Mound-builders  as  representatives  of  the  prehistoric 
man    in    the    Mississippi    valley.      He    divides    the 
mounds  of  Missouri  and  the  American  Bottom  into 
four  general  classes :    burial  mounds,  caves,  or  arti- 
ficial caverns ;  sacrificial  or  temple  mounds ;  garden 
mounds ;  and  miscellaneous  works.     He  first  consid- 
ers mounds  in  their  relations  to  town  sites,  producinj; 
very  good    evidence,  from    the    explorations   of  l)r. 
Beck,  in  1822-23,  that  St.  Louis  was  a  town  site  with 
numerous  sacrificial  and  burial  mounds.    In  Dr.  Peek's 
diagram  we  find   two  square    pyramids,   three  large 
conical  mounds,  and  six  smaller  cones,  forming  a  niJe 
parallelogram,  the  Big  3Iound  covering  its  left  flunk 
at  a  distance  of  six  hundred  yards.     The  late  Col, 
John  O'Fallon's  mansion,  on  the  Bellefontaine  road, 
was  built  on  one  of  these   Indian  moulds,  and  lie 
reported  that,  in  excavating  the  foundations,  hiimaii 
bones  by  the  cart-load,  with  stone  axes  and  arinw. 
heads  in  great  numbers,  were  taken  out.     The  wuods 
west   of  the    dwelling    were    full  of  small    moumls, 
thrown  up  apparently  by  the  Mound-builders  as  .sjti's 
for  their  houses,  all    having  hearth-places,  whereun 
were  vestiges  of  charcoal  and  ashes. 

Mr,  Conant  looks  upon  the  Big  Mound  of  8t, 
Louis  as  a  typical  burial  mound.  If  its  magnitude 
or  the  size  of  its  vault  is  to  be  taken  fur  a  standard, 
he  t!  'nks  it  would  seem  to  have  been  the  tomb  uf  tile 
most  holy  prophet  or  the  royal  race.  The  se[iulfiir;d 
chamber  within  it,  which  long  ago  fell  in,  was  of  un- 
known length,  but  could  be  traced  for  seventy-two 
feet.  The  manner  of  its  construction  seems  to  have 
been  as  follows  ;  the  surface  of  the  ground  was  flrst 
made  perfectly  level  and  hard  ;  then  the  walls  were 
raised  with  an  outward  inclination,  made  compact  and 
solid,  and  plastered  over  with  moist  clay.  Over  the.se 
a  roof  was  formed  of  heavy  timbers,  and  above  all  tiie 


CLIMATOLOGY,  GEOLOGY,  AND  ARCHiROLOGY. 


103 


s  wheel : 

was  only 

e  and  in- 

styles  (if 

jreceia  <ii' 

athic  car- 

Lhickness, 

moistuiv, 

on  is  neat 

sags  beiiij; 

irise  urns, 

hoin  have 

lis.     Thry 

probable!. 

)ly  as  coni- 

iiscuss  the 

ph  on  the 

prehistoric 

ivides    the 

ottoni  into 

es,  or  arli- 

ds;  garden 

first  consid- 

I,  produeiiij; 

ons   of  Dr. 

wn  site  with 

[1  Dr.  3et'k's 

1  three  lar^ie 

luing  a  nitle 
left  flank 

he  late  Cul. 
taine  road, 
Is,  and  lie 
ions,  hunitui 
and  arriiw- 
The  wuiiils 
ill  njdvuuls, 
lers  as  sitos 
es,  whi'voun 

und  of  St. 

magnitude 
u  standard, 
tomb  of  the 
e  sepulolinil 

was  of  un- 
seventy-two 
iiBS  to  have 
nd  was  first 
walls  were 
fcompacf  mid 
Over  these 
Ibovc  all  the 


mound  was  raised  of  the  desired  dimensions.  The 
bodius  were  placed  evenly  upon  the  floor  of  tlie  vault, 
u  f'l'W  feet  apart,  equidistant  from  each  other,  their 
feel  towards  the  west.  A  great  number  of  beads 
and  >hells  were  found  mingled  with  tlie  black  mould 
thiit  enveloped  the  bone.s.  These  beads,  identical 
with  those  found  in  the  Ohio  mounds,  are  cut,  ac- 
cording to  Prof.  Foster,  from  the  shell  of  the  Busy- 
con,  iif  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  though  some  are  made  of 
the  common  mussel-shells  of  the  neighborhood.  These 
beads  are  .-o  numerous  that  the  whole  body  of  the 
corp-i',  from  head  to  thigh,  must  have  been  covered 
with  them. 

Tliu  great  Monk's  Jlound  at  Cahokia  is  looked 
upon  as  the  most  perfect  specimen  of  a  temple  mound 
in  the  United  States.  It  is  better  preserved  and  the 
most  finished  model  we  have  of  the  forms  of  the  Mexi- 
can tt'ucallis  and  the  temples  of  Yucatan.  On  the 
top  of  these  mounds,  in  one  corner,  was  always  a 
suialli'r  elevation,  upon  which  the  sacred  fire  was 
keiit  liurning,  and  in  front  of  wliich  all  sacrifices  were 
made. 

Tlio  garden  mounds,  small,  flat  elevations,  Mr. 
Coiiaiit  thinks  were  thrown  up  by  the  Mound-builders 
for  the  cultivation  of  maize  and  other  crops.  In  thin 
lands  a  richer  .soil  was  thus  obtained  ;  in  flat  lands 
the  di.sa.sters  of  flood  and  moisture  were  avoided.  It 
is  pos-'ible  also  that  the  edges  of  tliese  garden  mounds 
were  defended  by  stakes,  to  prevent  them  from  being 
trampled  down  by  the  doer  and  the  imincn.se  herds  of 
bison  wiiich  roamed  everywhere  Wheat  found  in 
an  urn  in  one  of  these  garden  mounds  in  Utah  is  said 
to  have  gertiiinated  and  returned  a  good  yield  of  a 
new  and  prolific  variety. 

Among  the  potteries  found  in  the  Missouri  mounds 

are  drinking  vessels,  moulded  in  the  form  of  owls,  of 

;.'oiinls.  etc.     Dr.  Foster,  in  his  excursus  upon  the 

[ireliistoric  races  of  North  America,  thinks  that  llio 

.^[oulld-builders  attaitied  a  perfection  in  the  ceramic 

arts  that  places  them   far  ahead  of  the  people  of  the 

1  Stone  and  Bronze  Ages  in  Europe.     "  We  can  readily 

cmifeive,"  he  says,  "  that  in  the  absence  of  metallic 

1  vesseLs  pottery  would  be  employed  as  a  substitute,  and 

I  the  [lotter's  art  would  be  held  in  the  higliest  esteem. 

From  making  u.seful  forms,  it  would  be  luitural  to  ad- 

[  vaiiee  to  the  ornamentul.''     The  commonest  forms  of 

the  Mound-builders'  pottery  repre,sent  kettles,  cups, 

Iwter-jugs,  pipes,  vases.     They  ornamented  the  sur- 

[faces  of  these  with  curved  lines  and  fretwork,  and 

liiiimlded  them  or  their  parts  in  the  image  of  birds, 

Mjuadnipeds,  and  the  human  figure.     The  cluy  whicii 

jtkv  used  was  finely  tempered,  und  did  not  crack  or  , 

Ivarp  iu  baking.     Some  of  their  desigDs  are  said  to  ' 


be  true  to  nature,  tasteful,  and  show  a  degree  of  re- 
fined feeling  whieli  approximates  to  the  sense  of 
beauty.  Some  of  the  human  figures  indicate  a  study 
of  the  living  model  and  a  distinction  of  form  and  atti- 
tmle  such  as  reveal,  in  a  rudimentary  fashion,  the 
artistic  feeling.  There  is  a  very  interesting  collection 
of  these  fictile  treiwures  in  the  museum  of  the  St. 
Louis  Academy  of  Sciences  and  in  the  Missouri  His- 
torical Society.  Oscar  W.  Collet,  Secri.'tary  of  the 
Missouri  Historical-  Society,  who  has  paid  great  at- 
tention to  such  subjects,  has  made  by  his  own  per- 
sonal unaided  ott'orts  a  collection  of  Indian  anti(|ui- 
ties,  which  in  some  respects  is  considered  the  tiiiost 
ill  the  country.  The  s])ecinu'ns  of  stone  implements 
of  war  and  the  cha.se  are  thought  to  bo  the  largest 
and  best  preserved,  the  liandsomest  and  most  char- 
acteristic anywhere  to  bo  seen.  They  are  arranged 
upon  an  excellent  plan.  The  etl'orts  of  Mr.  Collet, 
the  Historical  Society,  the  Academy  of  Sciences,  F. 
F.  Hilder,  Mr.  Conant,  and  others  in  this  direction, 
will  cffiictually  re[)iiir  to  Mi.ssouri  the  loss  the  State 
sutt'ered  by  the  dispersion  of  the  splendid  Indian 
Museum  begun  by  Mcriweatli''r  Lewis,  and  added 
to  during  twenty  years  by  Gen.  William  Clark. 

We  have  no  space  to  follow  Mr.  Conant  in  his  com- 
ments upon  the  craniology  of  the  Mound-builders, 
nor  in  his  speculations  in  regard  to  the  origin  of  this 
extinct  race.  Enough  lias  been  presented  to  prove 
that  the  mounds  of  St.  Louis  and  the  adjacent  country 
are  the  work  of  liunian  hands,  and  that  they  were  the 
products  of  the  patient  labor  of  a  people  who  had  but 
the  slightest  resemblance  to  the  Indians  whom  the 
white  men  found  in  this  country  when  they  discovered 
and  .settled  it.  A  few  important  conclusions  are  ob- 
vious from  th"  various  facts  which  have  been  adduced. 
There  are  tr.  ces  sufficient  of  occupation  and  settled 
inhabitancy  to  make  it  apparent  that  tlie  entire  valley 
of  the  Missi-ssippi,  and  especially  the  vicinity  of  St. 
Louis,  was  the  seat  of  an  extensive  if  not  crowded 
population,  which  was  not  nomadic  but  fixed,  and 
which  must  have  had  ))ermanent  dwellings,  cities,  and 
a  stable  government  and  well-defined  religion.  This 
population  was  industrial,  and  iiad  ac(|uired  the  rudi- 
ments of  many  arts.  For  example,  the  Mound-builders 
used  and  knew  how  to  manufacture  salt  by  the  process 
of  boiling.  The  evidence  is  found  in  the  masses  of 
broken  pottery  about  the  salt-springs  of  Gallatin, 
III.,  among  which  are  fragments  of  kettles  of  a 
very  large  size.  Brackcnridgo  noted  the  same  sort 
of  remains  about  the  salines  of  Ste.  Genevieve,  Mo., 
as  early  as  1811.  Some  of  the  fragments  here  showed 
the  kettles  to  have  been  as  big  round  as  barrels. 
Our  American  Indians,  when  the  country  was  first 


104 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


<■  U 


discovered,  had  no  acquaintance  with  the  antiseptic  I 
and  preservative  properties  of  salt. 

In  the  next  place,  the  Mound-builders  made  tex-  '■ 
tile  fabrics  and  wove  cloth  out  of  the  cortex  of  various  i 
herbaceous  plants,  such  as  the  nettle  and  wild  hemp,  i 
They  cooked  their  food  and  regularly  used  cooking 
utensils.     They  pound  jd  their  maize  in  stone  mortars  ' 
(as  the  Algonkins  did  also),  and  the  pestles  and  mor- 
tars, of  sienite  and  fiiiartzitc,  were  highly  polished,  ■ 
and    finished  with    particular  care.     Maize  was  the 
staple  of  their  food,  but  was  not  the  only  grain  they  \ 
used,  for  wheat,  rice,  and  a  cereal  resembling  rye  have 
all  been   found  in   the  mounds.     'J'hey  cultivated   a 
great   variety  of  melons,   squashes,   and   cucumbers,  ' 
and  gathered  the  pecan,  the  shellbark,  hickory-nut, 
and   the   walnut.      Using  so  much   farinaceous   and 
vegetable  food,  it  is  obvious  that  the  uiiase  was  by  no 
means  their  chief  dependence,  and,  cultivating  a  wide 
area  of  soil,  they  were  able  to  maintain  largo  popula- 
tions upon  comparatively  limited  areas  of  territory. 

The  Mound-builders  had  a  species  of  manufacture 
and  1)1'  commerce  of  their  own.  Copper  ornaments 
and  implemonis  made  on  Lake  Superior  have  been 
found  in  Alabama  and  .Mississippi.  The  Mound- 
builders  are  thought  to  have  wrought  the  mica-beds 
of  North  Carolina  extensively,  and  specimens  of  this  j 
mica  have  been  found  at  New  >[adrid.  They  im- 
ported marine  shells  from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico  and 
from  Long  Island  So\ind.  They  procured  obsidian  ; 
from  beyond  the  Rio  Grande  to  make  arrow-heads 
and  knives,  s])ecimens  of  which  are  found  in  Mi.s-  ' 
sissippi  mounds.  The  Mound-builders  knew  some- 
thing of  astronomy  and  a  good  deal  about  practical 
military  and  civil  engineering.  Pyramidal  mounds 
always  have  their  sides  to  the  cardinal  points  of  the 
compass,  and  in  inclosures  the  gate  generally  was  on 
the  eastern  side.  The  dams  erected  by  them  and  the 
canals  tliey  cut  show  a  familiarity  with  the  principles 
of  hydraulics.  Their  defensive  works  are  admirably 
calculated  to  .serve  the  purpo.se  for  which  they  were 
intended.  The  sites  were  invariably  well  chosen,  and 
the  defensive  lines  to  cover  and  protect  these  fortresses 
would  have  won  the  admiration  of  a  Vauban, 

The  Mound-builders  were  an  agricultural  people. 
They  selected  the  most  fertile  sites  for  ttieir  habita- 
tions, and  their  population  was  always  most  dense  in 
sections  most  prolific  in  the  cereals,  and  particularly 
maiz"  The  granaries  of  tiie  West  to-day  are  those 
spots  wiiore  tlie  tumuli  of  the  Mound-builders  most 
abound.  In  conclusion,  ail  tlie  evidence  in  regard  to 
this  prehistoric  race  which  has  been  so  far  collected 
tends  to  show, —  ' 

1.  That   the   Mound-builders    had   an    organized  > 


autocratic  government,  in  which  the  individual  was 
merged  in  the  state,  and  thus  their  rulers  could  un- 
dertake and  complete  the  great  works,  the  remains  of 
which  are  found  in  this  age. 

2.  The  Mound-builders  were  a  laborious  people. 
Nothing  but  the  united  labor  of  many  thousands  of 
men  could  accomplish  such  great  works  as  have  sur- 
vived the  leveling  influence  of  time  through  thousands 
of  years. 

3.  The  Mound-builders  were  not  nomads,  but  bad 
fixed  habitations. 

4.  Tiiey  were  numerous  and  gregarious,  dwelliiij; 
in  populous  cities,  as  attested  by  the  grouping  of  the 
mounds. 

5.  The  Mound-builders  were  acquainted  with  many 
of  the  practical  art.s  of  civilized  life.  Tliey  smcliLil 
copper,  wrought  stone,  mo;'lded  clay  into  u.seful  foiius. 
built  houses,  reared  mounds,  which,  like  those  of  ()t(j. 
lum,  I'xinal,  Paleni(ue.  and  San  Juaii  Tectiliuanu:, 
were  no  doubt  temple-crowned  in  tlie  distant  ]iast. 
They  manufactured  salt,  made  cloth,  and  had  ve.-^el- 
fitted  for  many  uses.  They  cultivated  the  soil,  raisal 
corn,  melons,  pumpkins  and  squashes,  and  subsistcil 
in  a  larire  deirree  on  the  fruits  of  the  earth. 


CHAPTER    VI. 


TUK    INUl.A.NS. 


Veuy  different  from  the  Mound-builders  in  evcrv 
respiict  were  the  Indians  whom  the  white  men  t'luni'l 
upon  the  soil  of  St.  Louis  and  its  vicinity,  at  tlif 
time  of  their  first  explorations  and  afterwards  wluii 
the  town  was  settled.     We  do  not   know  positively 
which  of  the  tribes  had  tiie  best  pretensions  to  the 
site  of  St.  Louis  ;  but  it  appears  to  be  the  case  that 
while  the  Illinois  Indians  claimed  the  spot,  visitoil  it 
frc((uently,  and  may  have  occupied  it  perniaiieiilly  in 
the  period  of  their  greatest  ascendancy  and  nuiiilwi.  j 
the   Missonris  were   the   nearest  Indians   to  it,  iinJ 
camped  and  fished  there  ;  wiiile,  from  the  time  of  I,a| 
Salle,  it  is  probable  that  the  more  powerful  Wait- 
satches  or  Osages  exercised  a  sort  of  suzerainty  livwl 
it.     This  they  were  the  better  able  to  do  fnnn  tliel 
fact,  recorded  in   the  jcnirnals  of  Chevalier  de  ToniiJ 
that  this  was  a  tribe  of  horsemen,  and  hunted 
made  war  on   horseback,  getting  their  mounts  froul 
the  wild  horses  of  the  plains  and  by  trade  with  thel 
Connuiches  and  Apaches  of  Texas  and  New  Me.xicol 
Indian  legends  seem  to  concur  that  the  ancestni^olj 


THE  INDIANS. 


105 


tlie  Natchez  Indians,  or  some  tribes  very  nigh  akin 
to  thoiu,  were  the  original  occupants  of  St.  Louis  and 
the  .Vincrican  Bottom,  whence  they  were  expelled  by 
the  tierce  a.s.saults  of  the  Iroquois  and  Algonkins,  at 
that  time  allies.  These  Indians,  whether  descendants 
or  luit  of  the  Mound-builders,  wore  certainly  more 
iiearlv  allied  to  them  in  manners  and  customs,  and  in 
the  iloj;ree  of  their  civilization,  than  any  other  tribes 
witliiii  the  limits  of  the  United  States  of  whom  we 
liavo  any  knowledge,  excepting,  perhaps,  the  Navajo 
iiiid  tlio  Puetlo  and  Zuui  Indians  of  New  Mexico. 
Stiii'liiiis;  off  all  the  romance  with  which  chroniclers 
liiivr  .scon  fit  to  clothe  the  history  of  the  Natchez 
trilii'.-.  wo  will  still  find  a  nation  of  sun-worshipers, 
liviiiL'  in  fixed  towns,  and  having  a  form  of  mo- 
iiarcliieai  or  hierocratical  government  such  as  wo  may 
reiulilv  conceive  the  Mound-buildors  to  have  obeyed. 

Wlioii  Man|uette  and  Joliot  dosceiidod  tlio  S\h- 
lOiisi'  .iiid  Mississippi  Rivers  in  1(!"3,  thoy  encoun- 
tered only  the  Illinois  Indians  within  the  limits 
of  Missouri  and  IHinois, — and  their  expedition  went 
no  tlii'ihor  than  the  mouth  of  the  Arkansas.  In 
l(i8J,  on  tlie  other  hand,  when  La  Salle  and  Tonti 
(Icseeiided  the  Illinois  and  the  Mississippi,  and  looked 
into  tlie  Missouri  and  the  Ohio,  thoy  found  both 
Illinois  and  Shawanese  on  the  loft  or  east  side  of  the 
upiicr  river,  and  on  the  west  side,  a  short  distaneo  up 
ilie  Missouri  above  St.  Louis,  they  found  the  Mis- 
souri Indians,  and  above  those  the  O.sagos,  and  prob- 
;ililv  tiio  Panis  or  Pawnees.  At  the  time  of  the 
iKtabli>linient  of  the  trading-post  of  St.  Louis,  in 
17(11,  hy  Jiaclodo,  the  remnant  of  tiie  Illinois  bands 
was  pormanently  settled  at  Ivaskaskia  and  Cahokia, 
II  iiicro  handful  in  comparison  with  what  they  had 
on, — a  few  families  only  of  the  Poorias  still  dwell- 
in;,;  by  the  lake  on  the  Illinois  River  which  bears 
thoir  name.  They  had  been  ravaged  by  pestilence 
I  iiiiJ  devastated  by  war.  The  Iroquois  had  driven 
ilioiii  from  their  homos  at  old  Kaskaskia  and  Peoria 
I  with  tire  and  hatchet,  and  the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  the 
Oitawas,  and  the  Miamis  and  their  confederates  kept 
ilieiu  out.  A  few  years  later,  as  has  been  already  set 
Ifiirtli,  they  either  contrived  or  consented  to  tlie  murder 
jot  Pontiac,  while  that  great  chieftain  was  their  guest 
liii  Cidiokia,  and  the  result  was  the  literal  extermina- 
ItiiHi  of  the  tribe.  They  numbered  at  least  twelve 
Itlioiisand  souls  in  1670;  they  had  sixty  towns  in 
IITOO;  in  1800  none  of  the  blood  survived  except  in 
|ihe  veins  of  French  half-breeds  and  about  two  hun- 
sdrcd  Kasknskias  (with  a  few  scattering  Peorias  divided 
Kiweeii  the  east  and  west  sides),  afterwards  removed 
Bo  the  Indian  Territory,  and  the  tribe  name  had  dis- 
kppcared  except  as  a  geograpiiical  title. 


The  Illinois  belonged  to  the  great  Algonkin  race, 
'  which  held  nearly  all  the  temperate  parts  of  North 
I  America  at  the  time  of  the  first  colonization  of  this 
continent.  They  were  the  kindred  of  the  Algonkins 
of  Canada,  the  Chippeways,  or  Ojibways,  of  Michigan, 
the  Mohegans  of  New  England  and  New  York,  the 
Shawanese  south  and  the  Miamis  north  of  the  Ohio, 
the  Powhatans  and  Nottaways  of  Virginia,  and  the 
Delawares,  or  Lonni-Lcnapes,  of  Pennsylvania  and 
New  Jersey.  The  name  Illinois  is  a  French  cor- 
ruption of  a  root-word  identical  with  Lenni-Lenape, 
varying  only  in  afli  nd  suffix;  and  both  nations 
gave  the  same  meaning  to  the  haughty  title, — ''We 
are  fJie  men."  Neither  nation,  however,  though 
skillful  with  arms  and  in  the  clia.so,  could  cope  with 
the  Iroquois  in  the  field  ;  and  the  juurnal  of  Tonti  and 
the  reports  of  La  Sallo  and  the  French  missionaries 
are  full  of  thrilling  accounts  of  how  the  Six  Nations 
invaded  thoir  territory,  captured  thoir  strongholds, 
mas.sacred  thoir  women  and  children,  and  pursued  their 
flagging  warriors  over  the  prairies  for  hundreds  and 
hundreds  of  miles. 

The  Illinois  lived  well  in  a  fat  prairie  country, 
yielding  crops  a  hundred  for  one,  and  abounding  with 
game  of  every  sort.  1  hey  were  a  comely  and  accom- 
plished race,  the  women  handsome,  the  men  bold, 
versatile,  vivacious,  taiivat've,  but  treacherous,  lazy, 
and  licentious  to  such  a  degree  that  they  had  even 
adopted  the  unnatural  vices  which  are  commonly  sup- 
po.sed  to  attach  themselves  only  to  the  pampered 
civilization  of  outworn  cities.  When  the  Jesuits 
succeeded  in  converting  them,  and  making  them  good 
Catholics,  they  became  effeminate  as  well  as  idle,  and 
lost  concern  for  the  eha.se  as  well  as  for  arms. 

About  the  time  of  the  first  white  colonies  in  North 
America,  there  seems  to  have  been  a  general  move- 
ment among  the  Indian  tribes,  looking  to  the  reform 
and  consolidation  of  their  political  institutions.     We 
cannot  determine  whether  the  impulse  to  this  was 
received  from  within  or  without;  but  it  is  certain  that 
the   establishment  of  the  confederacy  of  the    Five 
I  Nations  was  either  preceded,  or  very  swiftly  followed 
by  confederacies  of  the  New  England,  and  the  Vir- 
ginia, Georgia,  and  Tennes,see  tribes ;  by  the  Huron 
confederacy  in    Canada,  the    jSIiami   confederacy  in 
Ohio  and   Indiana,  and  the  Illinois  confederacy  in 
Illinois.     The   latter  tribal  union  comprehended  the 
several  bauds  of  the  Kaskaskias,  the  Tamaronos,  the 
Mitchigamis,  the  Cahokias,  and  the  Peorias.     Their 
i  chief  towns  were  on  both  sides  of  the  Illinois  river, 
from    Chicago   to    the  Mississippi,  and  their  winter 
j  quarters  were  in  the  Great   American  Bottom,  from 
'  Cahokia  to  Kaskaskia.     Even  before  La  Salle  built 


106 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Fort  Crovecocur  their  towns  on  the  Illinois  had  be- 
come favorite  resorts  of  the  wild  French  trappers  and 
hunters,  the  voyngeurs  and  the  riinniirtt  (7t:s  Iwig,  and 
later  on,  tlieir  villajjes  of  Cahokia  and  Kaskaskia  on 
the  Mississippi  beuaiue  French  villaj^es  as  well ;  tlie 
points  of  meeting  between  the  fur-traders  and  the 
half-breed  children  of  the  wilderness  who  roamed  the 
interior  of  the  continent,  traversed  its  mountain  passes, 
and  trapped  on  all  its  streams,  from  the  llio  Grande 
and  the  (lila  to  the  Columbia  and  the  Yukon,  and 
from  the  Gulf  of  Mexico,  on  the  south,  to  Hudson's 
Bay  and  the  Great  Slave  Lake  on  the  north. 

The  iieneual  Aliionkin  tradition,  as  pieservcd  by 
HcL'kewelder  (and  also  by  Kafiiiesc(ue,  in  the  transla- 
tion which  he  furnished  to  Nicollet  of  the  so-called 
Wii/iiiiiofiini,  or  bark  record  of  the  Lenni-Lenape), 
points  to  a  miL'ration  of  that  nation  from  the  north 
into  the  country  of  the  Missouri  River,  whence  they 
crossed  the   Mississippi   between   the   lakes  and  the 
Ohio,  drivinn;  southwards  the  Alliiiewi,  the  orij;inal 
occupants  of  the  soil.     The  latter,  it  is  said,  lived  in 
towns,  were  very  numerous,  and  had  stronj;;  fortitica-  i 
tions.     This  Wnliim-ofnm,  a  sonj:;  learned  by  heiirt, 
the  arranjzemcnt  of  the  parts  of  which  is  determined  \ 
by  menioriter  eliaiacters  written  on  bark,  would  be  a 
very  remarkable  chronicle  if  we  could  repose  com-  , 
plete  eontidence  in  ir<  irenuineness;  but  that  we  can- 
not do  u]ion  the  eviilciice  vouchsafed  to  us  by  the 
brilliant  but  erratic  Rafinesque.     As  it  now  stands,  \ 
its  authenticity  is  abnut  upon  a  par  with  the  poems 
ofOssian   and  the   Book  of  Mormon,  excepting  that 
its  inlcniiil  evidence  is  rather  in  its  favor, — that  is  to 
.say,  it  does  not  contradict,  it  only  amplifies  the  ex- 
tant Indian  legends;  and  it  may  be  all  very  true,  only 
we  have  no  more  than  Rafine.sque"»  word  for  it,  and 
the  concordance  of  tlie  symbols  u.sed  witli  the  well- 
known   picture-writiiiL.'  of  the   Delawares  and   Ojib- 
ways.     The  ira/i»H-o?«»i  (meaniufi;  literally  "painted  , 
sticks'')  consists  of  five  divisions,  two  devoted  to  In- 
dian cosmoirony  and  a  diluvial  IcL'cnd,  the  other  three 
recording  the  mi<{rations,  battles,  resting-places,  and  \ 
names  and  order  of  succession  of  the  chiefs  of  tlie  ■ 
Algonkins.     The  song  is  .said  by  Rafines(|ue  to  have 
been  obtained  by  tlie  late  Dr.  Ward,  of  Indiana,  from  ■ 
the  remnant  of  the  Delawares  on  the  White  River. 
The  metre  is  apparently  that  of  Hiawatha,  some  at  t 
least  of  the  verses  terminating  in  homophones :  < 

"  Wciiiipiiynt  );iincunga  sliinuking 
Wunkviiji|ii  ubiiueleniliim  piiyiiking 
AllutTolunduiu  kowiycy-tuliiitking." 

The  'egend  goes  on  to  relate  that  after  the  flood 
the  tint  iiien  (Lennapewi)  were  with  the  turtle,  in  , 
the  '"tLVc-house,  the  dwelling  of  Tulli.     It  was  cold,  it  ' 


'  snowed,  and  from  the  north  plain  they  went  south  in 
search  of  milder  land  and  game.  In  the  new  laijc] 
the  northlings  separated  from  them,  and  the  Snakes 
(enemies)  fled  and  hid. 

"  In  vast  numbers,  in  a  single  night,  they  went  to 
the  Eastern  or  Snake  Island,  all  of  them  marching  by 
night  in  the  darkness  over  the  waters  of  the  haid, 
stormy   sea.      The    northlings, ,  the   easterlings,    ili,. 
southerlings  (^Shuwdwipi),  the  beaver-men,  the  Wulf. 
men,  the  hunters  or  best  men,  the  priests  and  nuili. 
cine-men,  with  their  wives  and  daughters,  and  their 
dogs.     They  all  arrived  at  the  land  of  firs,  where  tliev 
tarried ;  but  the  western-men,  hesitating,  wishccl  t,, 
return  to  the  old  turtle-land."     The  next  song  iiUs 
of  a  long  sojourn  in  the  fir-land,  under  many  cliiil!v; 
making  war  on  the  Snakes,  and  slowly  wending  souili. 
ward  till  they  came  to  ShililKking,  bufl'alo-land.  in 
the  plains  beyond  a  hollow  mountain.     Here,  on  tin. 
Yellow  (Missouri)  River,  they  built  towns  and  min,:,} 
corn  nil  t/if  meculoirs.     There  Taminend  reigned,  thr 
greatest  and  best  of  chiefs,  and  all  was  peace,  becuus,. 
all  men  were  his  friends.     But  this  golden  agi'  \va. 
not  maintained  under  his  successors;  there  was  war 
noi't'i  and  south,  until  at  la.st  Opekasit  (Kast-lookiiii; 
•said,  ■'  Let  us  go  to  the  sun-rising,"  and  many  wont 
eastward  together.    The  Mississippi  was  reached,  jui'l 
the  nation  tarried  long  on  its  west  bank.     The  cdii-  i 
test  with  the  Alligewi  was  long  and  doubtful  iiftor 
the  river  was  crossed,  but  at  last   the  enemy  fltj 
southward,  "  and  all  the  people  were  pleased.     Suutli 
of  the  lakes  they  settled  their  council-fire,  and  iioitli  I 
of  the  lakes  were  their  friends  the  Talumdfnii.    .\o.\i 
was  Linniwalaiuen,  who  made  war  on  the  TalaiiiaiM 
(the  Ilurons)."     The  division  and  separation  of  tli< 
tribes  is  next  described.     The  Ncntegos  (Nanticuket 
and  Shiiiriinis  went  to  the  south-land.     The  eoinitiv 
was  occupied  from  Maine  to  Albemarle  Sound,  km  | 
Niagara  to  Kentucky,  from  Lake  Erie  to  the  Cliosii- 
pcake,  by  the  Algonkins,  and  the  Iroquois  and  [\\<  \ 
Erics  trembled.     The  Algonkins  made  war  on  tlif 
Cherokees  and  the  Creeks.     They  had  alliances  witli 
the  UtlUniki  (the  Illinois),  the  Slimcaniit,  and  {\\<\ 
K<:uowiki8  (Kanawhas  or  Canoes),  and  were  fiieiij* 
of  the  Wvininmik  {W\&x\x\s,  Weas,  or  Bcaver-childrcii . 
and  the  Tawas  (Ottowas),  and  TalmiialuHs,  or  l!i- 
rons.     The  wide  range  of  these  afiinities  and  ida- 
tionships  is  very  noticeable.     The  record  coiicluile!| 
as  follows : 

"  Then  tin-  children  divided  intc  three  parts,  the  L'lKiiain 
Turtle  tribe),  the  MimiminI  (Wolf  tribe),  the  Chicklmiiii  (hiA 
key  tribe;. 

"  Hfiiiltutcliund  was  ohieT,  and  fought  the  Mahoiigwi  iMcog.l 
wi,  or  Mingoes,  or  Iroquois),  but  failed. 

"  l.ani/omuwi  nas  chief,  aod  the  Makomjul  trembled. 


^\2IM 


THE  INDIANS. 


107 


Bouth  in 
new  laud 
e  Siiiikos 

y  went  til 
rchiiif;  by 
the  haul, 
ings,    I  hit 
the  Wdlt- 
untl  iiu'ili- 
aiid  tlieii 
ivhere  lliev 
wishi'il  III 
t  song  ii'lls 
any  chit IV, 
ding  south- 
ulo-laiul,  ill 
[ore,  oil  thr 
and  miacil 
reigned,  tht 
ace,  hecausf 
len  age  \va> 
icre  was  war 
last-lookiii;; 
1  many  went 
reached,  iiiiil 
i.     The  coil- 
loubtful  iii'icr 
enemy  floi 
ised.     f^DUtli 
■e,  and  iiortli 
Ktliiii.    Noxi 
,e  Talaiiiiitiiii 
Iratioii  of  tlie 
(Nant'R'iiki* 
Tlie  comiiiv 
Sound,  tViiiu 
to  the  Cliesa- 
luois  ami  lit 
war  oil  tlif 
lUliances  wiili 
iiis,  and  the 
were  fricnJ* 
cr-childmi . 
aiis,  or  lil- 
ies and  ri'li- 
•d   eoiicluiic! 

|be  ['nil  III  I" '■''«' 
fcicfri'i'iiiii  1  '"'• 

Iaomi/h'i'  iJ'™S' 

Limbleil. 


(I  Waini'hikiH  (White-crab)  was  chief,  ami  a  IVienil  of  the 
I  phorc  iiooplc. 

II  Srn'iihipnt  Was  chief  towanls  the  pea. 

II  \mw  from  north  ami  suutli  caiiio  the  li^iyiai/rtc/iiVf  (White- 

Icoiuei''- 

II  j'lofi'iiiing  to  be  fricmts,  in  big-birds.     Wlio  arc  tlioy?" 

^  .mijipleraentary  and  modern  fragment  tells,  in  the 

Itoiier-  lit'  a  Jeremiah,  who  these  Wapslnis  (East- 
reopli')  are,  "who  came  out  of  the  sea  to  rob  us  of 

lour  laiiis."  It  recounts  the  friendship  of  Penn,  the 
subscqiii'nt  wars,  and  liow  the  Dclawares  were  driven 
to  Olii'i  and  Indiana,  ending  with  "  KithtHkand  and 
ifljw''"'"' were  the  chiefs  of  our  two  tribes  when  we 

Iresolvcd  to  exchange  our  lands  and  return  at  last  be- 

lyond  the  Mastxjxk,  to  our  old  country. 

AVo  -liiill  hi'  near  oui  fiies.  the  }\'itknn  (Osngesi,  l)ut  thoy 
[are  nut  worse  tlian  the  )'ioi^'i(ii'»iitivjn  (l^nglisli  .«imlte!i),  wlu> 
Iwnnl  tu  ji"-!"-'*!'  tlio  whole  Hig-isliinil. 

.Shall  we  bo  free  ami  hiiiipy  then,  at  the  new  Wd/i'dnnii / 
\yie  iviiiit  let  (iml  penoc  and  wisdom." 

There  is  a  certain  degree  of  verisimilitude  about 

ibis  iianativo  which  gives  it  a  great  interest  to  every 

iij(|uirer,  and  at  least  makes  him  wish  its  genuineness 

luiil  bo  established.     If  that  were  done,  it  would  at 

jiice  take  rank  as  one  of  the  most  valuable  ethnic 

jooids  in  existence.     Until  that  is  done,  however, 

[e  must  be  content  to  regard  it  with  suspicion,  and  to 

laiis  110  theories  upon  it. 

The  Indians  on  the  west  side  of  the  Mississippi 

[ho  had  anything  to  do  with  St.  Louis  or  its  site  at 

ft  previous  to  its  settlement,  were,  as  has  been  stated, 

Ihe  Mis,souris  and  the  O-sages,  with  now  and  then  the 

'iiwiiees.     The  latter  tribe  were  akin  to  the  Tunicas, 

Southern  Indian  race,  roaming  originally  south  of 

le  Arkansas,  and  probably  of  the  same  nation  as  the 

raianc'he.'*.     At  tlie  period  of  the  settlement  of  St. 

luis  their  lieadquarters  were  on  the  Platte.     Tlie 

bi-'os  certainly,  and  the  Missouris  probably,  were  of 

le  i;reat  race  of  the  Dacotahs  or  Sioux,  a  distinctive 

Liusrican  nation  whom   the  early  French  explorers 

luiul  dceujiying  all  tlie  region  about  the  headwaters 

the  Mississippi,  from  Lakes  Superior  and  Michigan 

•ross  to  the  Missouri,  and  thence  southward,  on  the 

It  side  of  the  Mississippi,  us  far  as  the  Arkansas 

iver.  Tiie  main  tribe  had  not  yet  become  horsemen, 

it  ihcy  were  entirely  a  nomadic  race. 

The  .Missouri  Indian  bands,  as  has  already  been 

wn,  paid  Laclede  and  Chouteau  a  long  and  disa- 

;able  visit  while  they  were  laying  off  the  original 

ID  of  St.  Louis,  and  their  squaws  helped  tu  dig  the 

It  cellar  ever  excavated  within   the  limits  of  the 

[sent  city.   They  appear  to  have  been  comparatively 

%\m  savages,  easily  controlled  and  intimidated. 

tribe  was  quite  numerous  at  one  time,  its  villages 


beiag  situated  on  the  Missouri  east  of  Jefferson  City, 
but  it  soon  yielded  to  the  pressure  of  civilization. 
The  French  fur-traders,  trappers,  voyageurs,  and  cour- 
eurs,  ascending  the  Missouri  Iliver  from  New  Orleans 
and  Canada,  early  made  their  homes  among  these 
savages,  and  repaid  their  hospitality  by  corrupting 
them  with  drink  and  disease.  Later,  when  the  tribe 
was  removed  farther  west  and  settled  on  the  Platte, 
near  the  Otoes,  it  sunk  into  a  truly  deplorable  condi- 
tion. It  had  received  much  aid  from  the  government 
in  the  shape  of  money  and  instruction  ;  teachers, 
smiths,  and  farmers  were  attached  to  its  .service,  but 
all  to  no  good.  The  evil  spirit  seemed  tp  have  be- 
come domiciliated  in  its  lodges,  the  people  were  jeal- 
ous, discontented,  and  factious,  and  there  were  con- 
tinual orgies  and  blood.shed.  They  finally  conceived 
such  a  deep-rooted  prejudice  against  the  spot  occupied 
by  them,  on  tlic  north  side  of  the  Platte,  under  the 
impression  that  an  evil  manitou  infested  the  place, 
that,  in  a  moment  oi'  drunken  riot,  they  set  firi'  to 
their  village,  and  it  was  burned  to  a.shes.  They  then 
pitched  their  lodges  in  the  prairie,  on  the  south  sidi" 
of  the  river,  whence  they  were  finally  removed  to  the 
Indian  Territory. 

After  Pontiac's  war,  there  was  a  great  commotion 
and  many  changes  of  location  among  the  Indian 
tribes  east  of  the  Mississippi,  the  ultimate  effect  of 
which  was  to  give  much  trouble  to  Missouri  and  St. 
Louis.  The  State  never  had  a  great  Indian  war,  but 
it  suffered  continually  from  Indian  raids  and  riots 
during  a  long  period  of  time.  The  pressure  of  popu- 
lation into  the  western  parts  of  New  York,  Pennsyl- 
vania, Maryland,  Virginia,  and  North  Carolina,  and 
the  beginning  of  settlements  in  Tennessee  and  Ken- 
tucky, drove  great  numbers  of  the  Eastern  Indians 
into  Ohio  and  Indiana.  The  Mohogans,  Delawares, 
WyMndots,  Nanticokes,  Shawanese,  Kanawhas,  Five 
Nations,  Cherokees,  all  made  their  way  into  the  terri- 
tory of  the  Miamis,  while  the  restive  Dacotahs 
pressed  the  Mascoutins,  Sacs  and  Foxes,  and  Kieka- 
poos  down  into  the  territory  of  the  Illinois.  At  the 
same  time  land  companies  and  land  speculatortt  began 
to  purchase  Indian  titles  by  the  wholesale.  The 
French  colonists  did  not  seek  such  an  occupancy  of 
Indian  lands  as  would  expel  the  original  proprietors 
from  them,  and  they  tilled  the  soil  and  built  their 
cabins  alongside  of  and  at  peace  with  the  natives 
wherever  they  planted  themselves.  Not  so,  however, 
the  colonists  of  English  descent.  They  demanded  a 
clear  title,  undisturbed  possession,  and  no  redskin 
neighbors,  and  they  enforced  these  demands  with 
their  rifles.  From  the  time  of  the  treaty  of  Lancas- 
ter, in   1748,   the  most  persistent  efforts  had  been 


108 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


'r 


made  to  drive  the  Indiiins  west  of  the  Ohio  at  all 
points,  and  much  bloodshed  was  the  result.  After 
the  surrender  of  the  French  settlements  east  of  the 
Miiisissippi  in  1761-()3,  and  the  occupation  of  Kas- 
kaskia,  Post  Vincenncs,  and  Detroit  by  the  En<;lish, 
a  number  of  western  land  companies  were  established, 
intended  to  operate  in  the  track  of  British  expedi- 
tions sent  out  to  subdue  the  savage  "  hostiles."  Of 
these,  we  need  refer  to  but  two  in  this  connection,  the 
object  of  which  •'  Dunmore's  war,"  in  1774,  ending 
in  the  desperate  battle  of  Point  Pleasant,  was  cer- 
tainly undertaken  to  promote.  On  July  5,  1773,  at 
a  public  council  held  in  Kaskaskia,  an  association  of 
English  traders  and  merchants,  styling  themselves 
'*  the  Illinois  Land  Company,"  obtained  from  ten 
chiefs  of  the  Kaskaskia,  Cahokia,  and  Peoria  bands 
a  deed  for  two  very  large  tracts  of  land  on  the  east 
side  of  the  Mississippi.  The  first  of  these  covered 
what  is  now  known  as  the  ''Egypt"  district  of  Illi- 
nois ;  the  second,  what  is  now  the  central  part  of 
Illinois,  with  the  river  of  that  name  for  its  north 
boundary  for  ninety  leagues.  The  members  of  this 
company  were  principally  liOndon  and  Pennsylvania 
niori-liants.  including  the  Francks  and  Ilamiltons. 
The  other  company  referred  to  bouglit  from  the 
chiefs  of  the  Piankeshaws,  through  Louis  Viviat,  a 
niercliant  of  the  Illinois  country,  all  the  best  lands  of 
the  Wabash  valley,  to  the  extent  of  thirty-seven 
million  four  hundred  and  ninety-seven  thousand  six 
hundred  acres.  The  purchase  was  made  Oct.  18, 
177"),  of  eleven  Piankeshaw  chiefs,  and  the  members 
of  the  company  purchasing  were  the  P]arl  of  Dunmore 
and  his  son  ;  Louis  Viviat ;  the  Francks,  of  London 
and  Philadelphia  ;  Thomas  Johnson,  Jr.,  and  John 
Davidson,  of  Annapolis,  Maryland;  William  Ru.ssell, 
Matthew  Ridley,  Robert  Christie,  Sr.  and  Jr.,  of  Bal- 
timore ;  Peter  Campbell,  of  Piscataway,  Maryland  ; 
William  Gaddes,  of  Newtown  Chester ;  William  and 
Daniel  Murray,  Nicholas  St.  Marlin,  and  Joseph 
Page,  of  the  Illinois  country,  and  Francis  Perthuis, 
of  Canada.  The  occupancy  and  settlement  of  these 
hinds  was  prevented  by  the  outbreak  of  the  Revolu- 
tionary war.  In  April,  1780,  the  Wabash  and  the 
Illinois  Land  Companies  were  united  into  a  single 
c<impany,  and  their  agents  were  repeatedly  before 
Congress  (in  1781,  17;»1,  17!)7,  1804,  and  18l0j 
for  a  confirmation  of  their  claims,  which,  however, 
was  always  refused.  The  consideration  paid  by  the 
Wabash  Company  to  the  Indians  for  their  grant  of 
thirty-seven  and  a  half  millions  of  acres  was  five 
shillings  in  cash,  400  blankets,  22  pieces  of  stroud, 
liaO  shirts,  12  gross  star  gartering,  120  pieces  of  rib- 
bon, 24  pounds  vermilion,  18  pair  velvet  laced  hous- 


ings, 1  piece  of  mrlton,  52  fusils,  35  dozen  large  buck 
horn  handle  knives,  40  dozen    couteau  knives,  .'lOO  I 
pounds  of  brass  kettles,  10,000  gun  flints,  (iOO  pouiiJi 
gunpowder,  2000  pounds  lead,  400  pounds  tobacci'.4(i 
bushels  salt,  HOOO  pounds  flour,  3  horses,    1 1   verj  I 
large    silver    arm-bands,    40    wrist-bands,    6    wliole 
moons,  ()  half  moons,  9  ear-wheels,  46  largo  crosses,  I 
2!)  hair  pipes,  (50  pairs  of  ear-bobs,  20  dozen  Miialll 
crosses,  20  dozen  nose-crosses,  and  110  dozen  brooulie* 
There  is  some  satisfaction  in  knowing  that  this  uut-| 
rageous  purchase  was  never  confirmed. 

After  the  Revolution,  the  British  having  de>riti.]| 
their  Indian  allies  in  the  West,  they  were  left  in  a 
wretched   condition   of   discontent  and   partisan  iiiij 
predatory  war,  constantly  in  collision  with   the  nnl 
merous  .streams  of  immigration  now  pouring  in  friinj 
every  (|uartcr,  and  with  border  lines  uiLsettled.     Vir.l 


ginia  claimed  the  whole  of  the  Northwestern  Teui 
tory,  by  right  of  original  charter,  and  by  coiu|uestaLJ 
as  the  result  of  the  daring  ami  successful  ('.\|iciiiiioJ 
of  George  Rogers  Clarke  against  Kaskaskia  and  ViJ 
cennes.  The  Spaniards  also  put  in  a  claim  u>  ii  m 
of  Illinois,  ill  consequence  of  the  expedition  finiua 
Louis  up  the  Illinois  River  in   1781.     Ilarniar.  jij 


lio  i-"jnsw|iu.|iei.s  , 


THE   INDIANS. 


109 


arge  buck 
nives,  .'lOO  I 
)00  pounds 
tobacco,  40 1 
8,   11  verj 
,   6    wliole 
tffi  crosses.  I 
lozen  Miialll 
Qii  brouflk'!.  I 
lit  this  out- 1 

in;j;  (k'MrU"l| 
ere  left  in  a| 
partisan  unj 
ith  till'  iral 
irinj:  in  fri'itl 
iettled.     Virl 


|\westL'rn  Tenil 
'  coii(|Ui!?t  -m 

Iful  cxiiciliiioi 

laskia  iind  Vi| 
claim  t"  a 

Idilioii  IVimiS 
Haniiar.i^ 


then  St.  Clair,  and  finally  Wnyne  were  sent  into  the 
Iniliiiii  country  to  pacify  them.  The  former  two  were 
defciiiiJ.  but  Wuyiie  coiiipiured  a  peace,  and  the 
treiitv  of  Greenville,  which  he  negotiated,  was  ob- 
gerved  until  Tecumseh  and  his  Eiii;lish  allies  were 
•iblc  to  foment  new  discontents.  After  Gen.  Harrison 
bniki'  the  power  of  Tecumseh's  confederacy,  there 
was  iifiico  in  the  sections  east  of  the  Mississippi  until 
the  oMtl)reak  of  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  undiir  Black  ' 
Hinvk.  wiiich  was  the  last  breath  of  Indian  war  that 
distuiliod  St.  Louis. 

But  (hiring  all  the  interval  between  the  cession  of 

Louisi;iii;i,  in  1804,  and  tlie  end  of  Rlack  Hawk's  war, 

the  nfowini;  town  was  gretitly  vexed  by  niijiratinj;  or 

vaiialioiul  Indians,  who  infested  its  streets  in  the  track 

of  liuiiiirs  and  tra])pers,  and  made  it  a  border  town 

I  indeoil.    Tiiere  were  a  good  many  niurder.s  by  Indians 

Jniinir  tiiis  period,  some  committed  within  the  iiiime- 

t  iliati'  ]  icoincts  of  the  town.     The  first  murder  trial 

in  St.  l/imis  after  the  cession  to  the  United  States, 

was  of  im   Indian  for  killing  a  white  man.     Several 

ca.*i's  of  this  ,«ort  will    be    found    referred   to  else- 

hvlieir.  ill  the  course  of  this  volume.     During  this 

ill  the  tribes  and   fragments  of  tribes  that  had 

I  been  sinitrgling  against  the  ever-rising  tide  of  white 

iuiiiii'Mation  between  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  had 

[been  uradually  pressed  westward,  until  nearly  all  of 

I  them  bad  finally  cro.s.sed  the  latter  river,  and  were 

JBCttled   between    it    and    Western    Kansas.     Several 

[tribes  pitched  their  wigwams  within  St.  Louis  County. 

[  As  late  as  1820  there  were  eighteen  hundred  Sliawa- 

[nese  ciaamped  within  twenty  miles  of  the  city,  and 

[thev  were   far  from    being   good    neighbors.     Close 

(contaet  for   twenty  years  with    the  white   man  had 

Iconuptcd  and  degraded  them  inconceivably.     Jacob 

Burnet,  in  his  '•  Notes  on  the  Northwestern  Terri- 
itory, '  lias  given  a  graphic  description  of  this  sort  of 
|coiitaniiiiation,  which  took  place  under  his  own  eyes. 
[Al'ier  >peaking  of  the  original  happiness  of  the  In- 
Idiaiis,  their  dignity  of  character  and  simplicity  of 
liMiiiiers,  he  says, — 

■  I'ML'nii-ci'ius  i)f  the  riiiuiHi-  cKnsefiiioiiL'Cs  that  woro  to  fol- 
llcBlhcir  iiiliiniicy  with  white  men,  they  eeileil  to  the  .\inerienn 
||ivernmcnl  large  iiiul  valuable  portions  of  their  territory  at 
Itnrlv  nnniinal  prices.  These  hm.ls  were  settled  by  Anieriuans, 
■in  .^llu^e  purity  iiml  friendship  the  uiisuspouting  savage."  hail 
Ifmicondiienee!  nordiil  tliey  uwaliefrom  tlie  delusion  till  their 
kiiMts  "f  .-iibriety  and  molality  had  been  uuderniinod  by  the 
iii|irincipled  while  men  with  whom  they  assoeiated,  iind  until 
Jii'  vioc*  engendered   by  intempcraneo  ami   idleness  had  eon- 

iinalLvl  every  tribe. 

I  '  llieioasequenees  t>{  this  legeneraey  very  soon  terminated 

1  llicir  ruin.     The  hunting  excursion  eeased  to  be  pleasurable  ; 

fcelaliorul'  raising  their  usual  crops  of  corn  and  beans  boeunio 

IdtuJgi'ry,  unil  their  chief  delight  was  in  the  cKciteuiont  pro- 


duced by  ardent  spirita.  The  oon.sequeneo  was  that  their  gub- 
sistenco  became  precarious  J  they  often  suffered  for  food  ;  their 
health  declined ;  they  raised  but  few  of  their  children ;  their 
self-respect,  their  dignity  of  character  and  heroism,  inherited 
from  their  ancestors,  were  lost;  the  ravages  of  inteuiperancu 
and  its  kindred  vices  reduced  their  numbers  and  scattered  their 
tribes;  they  became  in  their  own  estimation  a  degradeil,  de- 
pendent race.  The  government,  availing  it-elf  of  their  weak- 
ness and  want  of  energy,  suceeeiled,  by  bribes  and  menaces,  in 
obtaining  the  best  portions  of  their  country,  and  eventually  in 
driving  them  from  the  land  of  their  birth  to  a  distant  home  in 
an  unknown  region. 

"This  distressing  chapter  of  aboriginal  history  began  at  the 
treaty  of  (Jreenville,  in  17U.').  and  lerminateil  in  less  than  fifty 
years.  TIio  writer  of  these  notes  witnessed  its  commencement, 
progress,  and  close.  Prior  to  that  treaty  there  hatl  been  no 
frienilly  intercourse  between  the  Indians  and  the  white  men  of 
the  Ignited  .States,  in  consequence  of  the  war  which  existed  be- 
tween them.  That  intercourse  and  its  destructive  consequences 
began  immediately  after  the  restoration  of  peace,  t'ntil  that 
time  the  nations  were  numerous,  powerful,  anil  uncontaminalcd. 
'•The  yearly  journeys  of  the  writer  to  attend  the  tJeneral 
Court  of  the  'territory  at  iJetroit  made  it  necessary  to  go 
through  some  of  their  villages,  und  eoiivoiiient  to  visit  others, 
and  often  led  him  to  their  hunting-eainps,  which  gave  him  many 
opportunities  of  seeing  them  in  their  villages  and  on  their 
hunting  excursions,  and  of  becoming  personally  acquainted 
with  some  of  their  prinei|>al  chiefs  and  warriors.  At  that  time 
their  hospitality  was  limited  only  by  their  means  of  indulging 
it.  The  corrupting  influence  of  their  new  a.ssoeiatos  was  just 
commencing,  and  had  made  but  little  progress.  They  retained 
the  distinctive  marks  of  their  national  character.  Their  deport- 
ment showed  that  they  felt  conscious  of  their  strength. 

"  In  their  general  intercourse  with  white  people  their  man- 
ners and  deportment  nmnifested  their  consciousness  of  equality. 
They  had  lost  nothing  of  the  snlt'-confidence  which  they  pos- 
sessed when  the  national  and  State  governments  admitted  their 
independence,  and  met  them  in  council  us  clonals  and  friends. 
They  were,  however,  unconscious  of  their  eoniparati\e  numeri- 
cal weakness,  and  of  theeorrupting  influence  of  their  new  asso- 
ciates. In  a  few  short  years  their  eyes  were  opened,  their 
delusion  vanished,  and  their  la>t  hopes  sunk  in  despair. 

"  It  would  be  unjust  to  form  an  opinion  of  the  original  in- 
habitants of  this  country  by  a  reference  tn  their  descendants  of 
the  present  day.  In  the  short  period  of  half  a  century  they 
have  been  so  changed  that  scarcely  a  trace  remains  of  what  they 
were  when  their  country  was  first  entered  by  the  pioneers  of 
our  race,  an  event  which  sealed  their  destiny. 

"  In  journeying  more  recently  through  the  State,  tlie  writer 
has  occasionally  jiassed  over  the  ground  on  which,  many  years 
before,  he  had  seen  Indian  towns  filled  with  families  of  that 
devoted  race,  contented  and  happy  ;  but  ho  could  not  perceive 
the  slightest  trace  of  those  villages  or  the  people  who  had 
occupied  them.  All  the  settlements  through  which  he  passed 
on  the  Slauinec  and  Auglaize,  from  Fort  Wayne  to  Ueflance, 
and  from  tlience  to  the  foot  of  the  Kapids,  had  been  broken  up 
and  deserted.  The  battle-ground  of  (ieneral  Wayne,  which  he 
had  often  seen  in  the  rude  state  in  which  it  was  when  the  action 
of  17114  was  fought,  was  so  changed  in  its  uppearanco  that  ho 
could  not  recognize  it,  and  not  an  indication  remained  of  the 
,  many  populous  Indian  villages  ho  had  formerly  seen  extending 
many  miles  on  either  side  of  the  river.  Flourishing  towns  and 
'  fields  cultivated  by  white  men  covered  tile  ground  which,  thirty 
years  before,  was  the  jiroperty  and  home  of  the  nations  of  the 
forest. 
I       "  The  contrast  was  striking,  and  excited  a  train  of  unpleas- 


no 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


;''i- 


iint  rocolleution^.  It  wax  a  niituriil  inquiry,  '  Wheru  are  the 
inuItitiicU'8  of  (looplo  who  wore  formerly  aeon  hero,  iiniu»lng 
tboiiinclvo.i  on  thexo  Uapiil.',  tiiklng  tho  awlft  muskelunge  with 
their  liowa  iinil  nrrowfl?'  They  wore  then  independent  and  un- 
distiirbeil  owners  of  the  country,  which  had  descended  to  tlioni 
thrnugh  a  long  line  of  heroic  ancestorK,  and  which  they  cxpeulo<l 
their  cliildrcn  would  continue  to  posaess  when  they  were  gone. 
"  it  was  far  from  their  thoughts  that  in  a  few  years  they 
would  lie  expelled  from  these  homos  und  ilriven  to  herd  with 
strangers  in  a  strange  land.  They  did  not  expi'ct  to  hear  so 
soon  the  same  chilling  salutation  which  was  adilressoil  to  tho 
eIo(iuenl  bard  of  .Mantua  l>y  tho  Uoman  soldiers  to  whom  his 
paternal  villii  had  ijecn  allotted  by  tho  agrarian  laws  of  Italy, — 
*  ///(<•  tin'n  mint  .*  rt  let-en  mhfrttte  rtittnii.'  The  final  catastrophe 
of  that  noble  nice  wiis  witnessed  liy  the  people  of  Cincinnati  a 
few  years  sint'c,  when  tlie  remnant  of  the  Wyandota,  the  last  of 
the  braves  of  the  Oliio  tribes — '  i-fti'/iiitm  Damiiim  tttquf  iniinilin 
Acliillei" — arriveil  at  the  lauding  and  ascended  the  steamboats 
that  were  to  convey  tbeni  from  the  places  of  their  nativity  into 
hopeless  banisbnient." 

Such  wore  tho  forlorn  and  do^rndod  tribes  and  f'rii>;- 
ment.s  of  tribes  which,  between  1S04  and  1825,  poured 
acro.ss  the  Mi.ssissip])i  llivor  at  or  near  St.  Louis.  Nor 
were  these  hordes  iiinuiuerous.  Four  tribes  were 
represented  at  tiie  treaty  of  Fort  Mcintosh  in  1785  ; 
the  Six  Nations  at  that  of  Fort  Stanwix  in  1784  ;  the 
Shawanose,  Wyandots,  and  Delawares  at  that  of  tiie 
mouth  of  tiie  Great  Miami  in  178(i ;  the  Six  Nations, 
Wyandufs,  Delawares,  Ottawas,  (!iiippeways,  Sae.s  and 
Foxes,  atid  J'ottawattamies  at  Fort  llarmar  in  1781); 
and  at  Greenville,  in  1794,  there  were  present,  among 
tho.se  who  sit;m'd  the  treaty,  member.s  and  representa- 
tives of  the  Wyandots,  Delawares.  Shawanose.  Ottowas, 
Chippeways,  Poltawattaiuies,  Miamis,  Kel  Rivers, 
Woas,  Kiekapoos,  Kaskaskias,  and  Piaiikeshaws, 
several  of  tho  tribes  being  in  several  brandies  and  be- 
longing to  various  localities.  Between  1804  and  1825, 
tweiity-oue  tribes  crossed  the  Mi.ssi.ssippi  River  at  or 
about  St.  liotiis,  having  an  aggregate  membership  of 
over  thirty  thousand  .souls. 

The  best  enumeration  of  tho  Indians  west  of  the 
Mississippi  at  the  beginning  of  this  century  with 
which  we  are  ac(|uainted  is  that  made  by  H.  M. 
Braekenridge,  in  1811,  in  his  '•  Views  of  Louisiana'." 
He  bad  traveled  extensively  among  the  savages  him- 
self, ascending  the  Missouri  above  its  junction  with 
the  Yellowstone,  and  iiis  .statistics  are  at  onee  trust- 
worthy and  concise.  He  begins  his  chapter  by  re- 
marking tile  rapid  decrease  of  the  Indian  populations. 
Tribes  and  iiaticms  which  were  populous  along  tiie 
river  when  the  whites  came  had  cither  become  entirely 
extinct  or  dwindled  away  to  a  few  individuals.  Tho 
Tetiisas,  the  Bayou  Goulas,  the  Natchez,  all  numerous 
in  the  days  of  Tonti,  D' Iberville,  and  Charlevoix,  were 
now  extinct.  So  likowi.se  were  tho  Iloumas,  the  Wa-  ; 
bashes,  tho  Abenuki.s,  tho  Tarakas,  the  Kappas,  and 


theTacucaH.   The  Illinois  onco  numbered  twenty  thou. 
sand  ;  tlicre  remained  scarce  forty  families.    Kven  tiic  I 
Osages,  who  once  had  twenty-two  towns,  had    inM 
fifteen  hundred  warriors  left,  and  tlie  Missnuris  mim. | 
bered  but  four  hundred  and  fifty  souls  all  told.    Biacl;. 
enridge  notes  the  Shawanose  villages  near  St.  It-m] 
and  calls  the   tribe  "  a  sober  and   orderly   pooiiii' 
Stragglers  from  all  the  tribes  miglit  be  seen  in  all  tli 
towns  at  every  season,  selling  tiicir  game  and  li>| 
There  were  thirty  thousand  Indians  on  the  MisMjuni 
They  had  been  much  more  numerous  before  the  siiiall.1 
pox  got  among  them.     "All  the  tribes  which  at  tliiif 
day  wander  over  the  immense  plains  of  the  \Ve>t  arrl 
but  wretclied  remnants,  not  probably  more  than  i||>l 
tenth  part  of  the  numbers  which  existed  fifty  yeanl 
ago." 

Tho  following  is  an   abstract  of  part  of  Brnclten. 
ridge's  fable    of  the   Indians   in   Upper  and    Loweil 
Louisiana  in  Ids  time: 


'  i 

KiK  0!«»p(t ")  I 

iJltW'  Osii^;o V  15()0 

HiK  'I'l  ticks j 

Kansas :i(K) 

i  KWiiuo  Lmip 41MJ 

I'liwriei)  Kopiili :('>() 

I'liwru'o  Louji  {■J.) .'too 

OiimliiiH ^.iO 

IViiicuH 1  HO 

Otot'B  luul  Miiwoiniti HO 

Clieyt'nnt.' 500 

Mutuliiim :jf)0 

Siiukecs(Stu'H) MK) 

Si(Mi\  banilti '  l.'ilK* 

Koxf's ;iOO 

ShiivviiiieHu :too 

Ohiekawiwu  am)  C'horoket'H  i  6)HJ 

Aikaii-'^aB !  200 

CaiiiliK's ;  110 


5.')(M)  Osage.  .Missouri, uti'l  \iU:- 

SUM  Itivt'i-j.. 

1.''t<H)  Kfilisus  liivtT. 

::(HHl  I'hilti'  uri.l  Kaiisii^. 

KilH)  Kansas, 

l.'jilo  Wolf  ami  Pliilte. 

WKI  .North  of  I'liitlc. 

4M)  Misaijuri  nt  Ihu  ijiii  ('.mrr. 

4.'>0  Platte  anil  KIklioi 

lllllll  lliMiil  of  I'hcyioiiic  .... 

'JIMHI  lOtHI  lIlill'H  up  lliu  .Mi-  .- 

■ir,Ui)  llelow  K.ills  of  St.  .\nlli.t;. 

filXlii  .Mi.HsisKippj  ami  .>li>Miiin. 

IIHHI  Falls  of  St.  Antliuiiy. 

Hoo  Mississippi  an<l  St.  Friin.';. 

a«KI  Wliitii  ilivpr. 

KKK)  .Arkansas  Itivcr. 

otMt  l.\l'kaiisils  anil  lit'il. 


•  l!iv... 


The  fixed  agricultural  villages  on  the  MisMjiirj 
wore  limited  to  tho.se  of  the  Osage,  Omaha,  I'mial 
Pawnee,  Maiidan,  and  Aricareo  tribes.  The  PawiiTOJ 
at  that  time  were  located  in  the  forks  of  the  K;iii>a.-.| 
tho  Otoes  and  Missouris  below  Wolf  River,  iiirti 
wore  all,  however,  hunters,  and  roved  tiie  plaiii.>  kl 
tho  season  of  game,  having  great  numbers  ol'  lim-dl 
and  dogs.  They  still  used  the  bow  and  airow  irin.! 
cipally  in  iiuiiting,  if  not  also  in  war,  and  tlu'  siniM:;^! 
object  of  their  veneration  and  worsiiip  was  the  liiiirdJ 
head,  looked  upon  as  a  powerful  Mdin'lou.  Tlie  liaijJ 
witii  tlie  Indians  Braekenridge  tlitl  not  find  to  kill 
a  wiiolesome  condition.  The  Spanish  n't/ini'  Ul 
countenanced  shameless  corruption  and  t'liiiliifBil 
abuses.  Tho  government  farmed  out  tho  tiaJo  (>] 
localities  to  individuals,  taxing  it  heavily ;  the  ii]« 
opolists  in  return  extorted  exorbitant  prices  for  tliiirj 
goods.  On  the  other  hand,  .says  IJrackenriilgo. 'ilitl 
Britisii  policy  iias  been  to  give  their  goods  on  u  Ttijl 


THE    INDIANS. 


Ill 


•iiuall  profit,  but  to  sell  their  liquors  enormously  high. 
\ftcr  nil  Indian  lias  once  supplied  himself  with  the 
artic'li's  of  which  he  stands  in  immcdiute  want,  ho  be- 
(Oiiii's  ia/y  and  censes  to  hunt ;  but  with  the  hope 
nrct'ciiii'd  to  his  iiua<:inntion  of  obtainini;  a  keg  of 
ivliisU'V  ho  will  toil  incessantly."  i 

Of  till!  Osage  or  Wasatch  Indians,  Brackenridge  i 
)iieiitii>iis  that  their  language  is  the  root-tongue  of 
jidjai'iiit  tribes,  but  he  does  not  seem  to  have  found 
out  that  it  is  a  dialect  of  the  language  of  the  Dacotalis. 
•■Tlii'S(^  jieople,"  ho  remarks,  "  have  been  noted  for 
tlieir  uncommon  stature ;  this  is  .somewhat  ('::»gger- 
atcd,  iliough  they  are  undoubtedly  above  the  ordinary 
sije  III' men.  The  wandering  or  semi-wandering  na- 
tions (if  Louisiana  may  be  uharaeterized  as  exceeding 
in  stature  the  whites.  The  Osages  are  reputed  war- 
like, liut  this  arises  from  their  being  at  war  with  all 
tlii'ir  neighbors,  and  not  from  any  uncommon  degree 
of  liiavi'i'y.  When  compared  with  the  Sliawanese' 
and  tlio  nations  oast  of  the  Mi.xsissippi,  they  might 
with  more  propriety  be  regarded  as  a  treacherous  and 
cowardly  race."  The  Kansas  used  to  be  the  biggest 
loaui's  and  scoundrels  of  the  Missouri,  says  IJracken- 
ridL'i'.  lii't  the  Pawnees  have  beaten  them  .so  severely 
tliat  thc'V  are  better  behaved.  The  Ottoes  (Otoes, 
W'ad'iiihiiiihi)  are  the  descendants  of  tiie  aneiont 
Missduris,  the  remnant  of  that  once  numerous  nation 
livini,'  with  or  near  them.  The  language  eonimon  to 
;  tlie  two  tribes  is  remarkably  lofty  and  sononms,  and 
the  iriljcs,  greatly  reduced  in  numbei-.s,  are  bravo  and 
warlike,  seeming  to  be  kinsmen  of  the  Pawnees,  with 
wlioiii  tluur  relations  are  e.xtremcly  friendly.  Brackeii- 
rui'-'c  ;_'ives  a  better  character  to  the  Pawnees  llian 
they  were  generally  credited  with  in  his  time.  The 
I  I'linfas  and  Omahas,  (|uiet,  industrious  people,  speak 
a  dialect  of  the  Osage  ;  the  Ariearees,  our  author 
I  ,«;ivs,  were  originally  Pawnees.  Of  Mio  Saukees,  or 
Sacs  and  I'o.Kes,  he  says  that  they  were  in  his  time 
located  (Hie  hundred  and  I'orty  leagues  above  St.  Jjiuiis. 
ItIhv  trailed  with  the  merchants  both  of  Mackinaw 
laiidJ^t.  Liiuis.  •'  The  country  which  they  claim  lies 
IpriiiciiKilly  oil  the  east  .side  of  the  Mi.ssissipjii.  On 
llhe  west  side  they  claim  the  country  of  the  ancient 
[Jlissduris  by  right  of  con(|uest,  without  defining  any 
jpdrlion  to  the  AyUwas  (the  I)es  Moins  Indians). 
I'i'o  iheui  may  be  ascribed  the  destruction  of  the  Peo- 
Irias,  Kaskaskias,  Cahokias,  Mis.souris,  and  IHinois." 
I  Dii  I'ratz,  the  not  very  reliable  early  historian  of 
iLnuisiana,  gives  a  sketch  of  the  travels  of  a  sort  of 
lliidiaii  Aiiachai-sis  whom  he  met  about  ITllO,  and 
jdesoribcs  as  possessing  a  very  solid  understanding  and 
treat  elevation  of  sentiment.  This  was  a  Yazoo  In- 
Mxm.  Miiiiciichtapc,  "pain-killer,"  whom  the  French^ 


called  "the  interpreter,"  from  his  familiarity  with 
many  native  diideets.  lie  lost  his  wife  and  children, 
and  thereupon  became  a  traveler,  about  the  middle  of 
the  eighteenth  century.  He  first  sojourned  among 
tlie  Cliickasaws,  then  went  to  the  Chaouanons  (Sliaw- 
anese),  in  Tennessee  and  Southern  Kentucky.  From 
their  country  he  proceeded  to  the  mouth  of  the 
Wabash,  and  ascended  the  Ohio  until  he  found  him- 
self in  the  territory  of  the  Irof|uois.  After  viewing 
the  Falls  of  Niagara,  he  descended  the  St.  Lawrence 
to  the  Gulf.  On  returning  to  l\u\  Ohio  he  constructed 
a  canoe,  and  ilescended  to  the  Mississippi  and  down 
to  the  Yazoo.  In  his  next  journey  he  ascended  the 
Mississippi  and  the  Missouri,  being  entertained  by  the 
Tamaroas  (a  band  of  the  Illinois)  siud  the  Missouri 
Indians,  dwelling  among  the  latter  long  enough  to 
acquire  their  language.  He  found  them  only  a  few 
days'  voyage  above  the  mouth  of  the  river.  I'ro- 
ceeding  still  fartlier  westward,  he  came  to  the  Kansas 
and  then  to  the  Otoes,  ascending  the  Platte  to  their 
village.  His  journey  did  not  end  until  he  had  reached 
the  Western  slope  and  the  navigable  waters  of  the 
Oolumbia  River.  It  is  noteworthy  that  he  ound  the 
Mi.ssouris  opposite  the  Illinois  and  not  far  from  the 
3Iississippi,  and  that  tiie  site  of  the  Otoe  village  in 
1750  was  just  al)Out  the  same  as  tliiit  occupied  by  the 
tribe  a  hundred  years  later. 

The  Missouri  Indians  disappeared  too  early,  and 
left  too  few  and  faint  traces  of  their  character  to  be 
a.ssociated  with  the  history  of  St.  Louis.  The  Osages 
were  the  most  important  tribi^  and  the  most  distinc- 
tive people  ainiing  the  red  men  nf  Missouri,  and  of 
them  we  are  able  to  furnish  a  jiretty  full  and  accurate 
account  IVoiii  the  studies  of  persons  who  knew  tlieiii 
well.  We  have  already  qudted  what  Mracki'iiridge 
had  to  say  of  their  stature.  Their  enunteiiance  is 
rather  comely,  with  black,  hvilliaiit  eyes,  aquiline 
nose,  and  generally  regular  feiilures.  Tn/i/in'iisca 
liir  White  Hair),  the  great  ehi('f  of  the  Hig  Osages, 
is  said,  besides  being  a  person  of  great  good  judg- 
iiieiit,  to  liav('  been  the  handsomest  man  nf  his  nation. 
l\o.  was  at  the  time  we  speak  of  forty  years  of  age. 
An  anecdote  is  relat(>d  of  him  while  he  was 
with  several  braves  in  Washiiigioii  City.  'J'he  Presi- 
dent, Gen.  Tayhn',  wishing  to  pay  him  u  deserved 
compliment,  remarked  that  he  believed  he  beheld  in 
him  tin;  eomeliest  man  of  liis  nation.  As  the  com- 
pliment was  being  interpreted,  not  a  muscle  of  the 
noble  chief's  eounteiianee  was  moved,  but,  bowiii"- 
gravely,  and  with  a  show  of  approval  to  his  host,  he 
repliiMJ,  '■  You  have  spoken  the  truth,  my  Father  : 
I  believe  you  !"  The  reply  shows  the  readiness  and 
absence  of  all  ceremony  with  which  an  Indian  usually 


113 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


\  '^i 


receives  u  well-lii'stowud  ciimplitneiit.  The  personal 
endowments  so  liberally  bestowed  on  tlie  men  is  not 
fully  sliured  in  by  the  Osaj;e  fi-nmles.  Their  women 
have  f;enerally  coarse  and  irrej;u!ar  features.  The 
un.<.'ainliness  of  feature,  however,  in  atoned  for  by  a 
well-knit  and  graceful  form,  iios.se-ssed  with  very  rare 
exceptions  by  all  the  females  of  the  nation. 

The  (general  character  of  the  Osajjes  \»  precisely 
that  of  the  majority  of  Indian  tribes.  They  are 
brave,  but  not  to  a  fault.  They  see  no  impropriety 
in  retreatin;;,  on  ordinary  occasions,  from  )i;roat  per- 
sonal danijer.  They  are  warm  friends  wlicn  a  suffi- 
cient cause  of  liking  is  afforded  them,  and  will  en- 
dure severe  privation  and  undergo  serious  suffering 
to  ren<]i'r  a  service.  Unlike  many  other  Indians, 
tliey  are  not  discreditably  vindictive.  Kver  ready  to 
resent  an  affront,  they  can  with  time,  or  with  what 
they  may  deem  a  sufficient  reparation,  forget  a  serious 
injury. 

Although  the  Osages  was  one  of  the  first  nations 
with  whom  the  white  traders  dealt  (the  (Jhouteaus 
had  a  post  on  the  Osage  Uiver  long  before  the  begin- 
ning of  this  century),  they  yet  retained  to  a  very 
late  day,  in  all  their  purity,  their  original  habits, 
callings,  and  general  mode  of  life,  discarding,  despite 
the  constant  contact  in  which  they  were  placed  with 
the  whites,  every  idea  of  turning  their  attention  to 
auriculturc  or  other  useful  pursuit.  Until  they  were 
removed  to  tlie  Indian  Territory,  they  had  a  .strip  of 
land  in  Kau.sas  fifty  miles  lung,  bordering  on  Bates 
and  Jackson  Counties,  JIo.,  with  an  abundant  hunting 
range  westward.  There  were  two  ]irineipal  tribes 
and  several  villages,  and  the  .soil  and  pasturage  being 
good  in  their  reservation,  they  were  comfortably  well 
off  [ 

What  the  precise  origin  of  the  Osage  nation  is  we 
cannot  pretend  to  determine  accurately.  A  tradition 
is  extant  among  them  that  many  years  ago  their  fore- 
fathers lived  on  the  borders  of  immense  lakes, — our 
Northern  lake's, — and  that  they  frequently  journeyed 
westward,  for  the  purposes  of  hunting  and  making  wur 
upon  the  tribes  who  possessed  the  territory  they  now 
iniiabit.  The  tradition  may  very  po.ssibly  be  true. 
Old  traders  now  living  remember  well  the  day  when 
they  were  scattered  all  through  Missouri,  even  to  the  i 
Mississippi  River.  Whatever  particular  locality  they 
may  liave  originally  emigrated  from,  it  is  evident  that 
the  nation  was  formerly  much  more  numerous  than 
now,  and  tliiit  large  bodies  have  left  it,  from  time  to 
time,  since  they  cros.sed  the  Mississippi,  to  establisii  a 
distinct  and  separate  government  of  their  own.  With  ■ 
other  evidences,  this  is  told  us  in  the  fact  that  many  | 
of  their  neighboring  tribes  speak,  with  some  differ- 


ences, their  own  language.  Thus  the  Quapnws,  who 
inliabiled  the  prairie  to  the  southwest ;  the  KariM.i 
tribe,  over  about  Council  Grove;  the  Arkansas, — imw 
few  in  number,  and  promising  soon  to  be  quite  extinci, 
— who  wore  scattered  along  the  Arkansas  line,  ii|| 
speak  the  language  of  the  Osages,  with,  of  coursr, 
such  variations  as  distance  and  difference  of  eust.iiii 
and  callings  will  naturally  bring  about.  The  langiiii}.')' 
of  the  Otoe  tribe,  fornu'rly  lumr  Council  Hluff,  is  al.'i,, 
so  like  the  Osage  that  the  two  nations  readily  uniliT 
stand  eacli  otiier.  The  probabilities  are  tluit  thov 
were  all  at  one  time  a  single  nation.  Some  cau^c  .,| 
di.ssension  induced  separation  at  various  tiincs.  'I'liw 
are  near  neighbors,  and  live  now  on  friendly  ti nib 
extending  to  one  anotlier  every  ordinary  courte.sy. 

The  government  among  tlie  Osages  is  simple  in  iji, 
extreme,  indeed,  hardly  deserving  the  name  of  guv, 
ernmeiit.     Kach  great  division  (of  the  iJig  and  liiitit 
Osages)  has  a  ''  great  chief,"  who  nominally  i.-  tli 
head  of  the  nation,  but  who.se  autiiority,  in  fact,  dn,, 
not  extend  so  far  as  that  of  many  others  below  liim 
His  official  list  of  duties  includc.'S  merely  the  presiiliii; 
at  councils,  calling  the  attention  of  tiie  nation  tu  ^inv 
subject  which  may  re((uire  t',ieir  immediate  disciissidn 
and  entertaining  distinguished  guests.    Tlie  great  tiiM 
derives  his  distinction  or  his  power — wliatever  nauici; 
is  entitled  to— hereditarily.     After  the  ])rincip:ii  div:- 
sion  in  the  nation  of  Big  and   Little  Osages  liilloit 
several  subdivisions,  each  of  which  lias  its  particular 
chief,  who  is  elected  for  some  victorious  deed  ur  aj 
pointed  by  the  great  chief.    This  al.so  is  an  honoralj 
distinction  merely,  which  gives  them  no  power.   Thirl 
and  last  in  order  are  the  "  braves,"  who  come  in  inuili 
greater  number,  and  with  whom  the  authority  oI'l'i'V. 
crnmcnt  really  lies.     These  are  self-made  nu-ii,  wl;» 
earn  their  distinction  by  their  valorous  deeds  and  bri! 
liant  achievements  on  the  battle-field.     No  inuttiri: 
ho  be  the  pauper  of  the  natim,  if  he  have  sciird; 
attained  the  age  of  maturity,  or  if  he  be  stoo[n'(i  an; 
ciippiel  with  years,  the  person  who  will  ucculll|lli^!l 
an  ai '..  to  entitle  liim  to  the  distinction  of  brave  Ix'. 
■riiijs  immediately  invested  with  all  its  iionors  andaj 
it-,  benefits.     A  brave  is  the  favorite  of  the  iiaik 
and  his  counsel  will  be  blindly  followed  when"  tliti 
word  of  the  chief  above  him  would  not  be  hearkeiieiil 
to. 

To  give  an  idea  of  the  plan  and  appearance  of  a! 
O.sage  villages,  as  also  to  impart  an  insight  into  tld 
habitjj  and  mode  of  life  of  the  entire  nation,  it 
necessary  only  to  select  one  especial  village,  will 
who.se  population,  in  our  remarks  about  niaiiiicrs  as^B"'^'"' ''"-'  sound  of 
customs,  we  shall  more  particularly  familiarize  tli^B'''^^'''  '"'J  of  wanio 
reader.     We  choose  for  this  purpose  to  select  the  viH'''''^''^^''  ''"^  wildest 


hige  of  I  he  li 

(if  the  tribe  I 

weM  li  the  } 

witli  the  tuwi 

The  Neosho  1 

wi'.'-t  iif  the  V, 

forcsi,  lining 

.shdic  to  a  dii 

This  liinlur  ( 

ff:iiiiiils,  liicko 

iv(Miilcd  strip  1 

|p;u-k  .IS  the  eyi 

and  cM'nly.     ] 

I'leviiiions,  save 

the  viliiige,  whc 

iviclciilly  ijio  w 

L'uliir  Incaiity  n 

at  lii>l  ajiproac 

l,ih(ir      The  sil 

>kiits  c.f  tlif  tin 

iiH'iit  iif  the  var 

anil  wcMtlicr.    Tl 

the  pniirio  bree: 

and  so  cliilling  u 

iiicro  Mike  of  cot 

winter,  when  tlit 

ivliiinal   to  the   I 

iliMilv  a  siidificii 

iiLshcd  iihuiidant 

ill  .sjiriiig  and  su 

liijiln'red  strip  in 

The  village  of 

liiiniiri  (1  lodges,  di 

fort  apart,  and  risi 

regard  to  (heir  on 

tlie  opjirt.ssive  he 

«a.s  in  full  life  ui 

ture«|iic,  if  net  ai 

I'lK  Jiarties  of  sa 

Kattorcd   hero   an 

racing,  others  can 

oirn  Christian  gui 

a-aiii,  sejiarated    i] 

llie  way  lodge,  we 

croiLs  occurrence  h 

laughter.     A  little 

liorses  were  quiutly 

wliieli  the  prairie  al 

Ijyrid  madly  i„  c\; 

'm  every  quarto: 


THE  INDIANS. 


113 


18, —  IHiW 

•  oxiinci, 
lino,  all 
r  cimrsv. 

OU^it'llK 

I  ft',  is  alsu 
ily  uiniiT- 
thnt  thej 

D    CllU'^C  »!' 

;as.  Tiny 
idly  tiriib 
urtesy. 

Iljlll!  ill  thr 

lie  (if  piv- 

mid  liiitlt 

mlly  i-  til 

II  I'uut,  din- 
below  liiiii 

le  pvosiiliii; 

[itioii  tci  iiiiy 

D  discii>siiiii, 

e  great  eliii' 

ever  iiiinio  i; 

rineipiil  liivi. 

siiges  lolloj 

its  jiiU'tit-'ula! 
deed  or  aj- 
in  lioiuiralJ' 
ower.  Tliiti 
)Uie  ill  tiiuili 
lority  111'  ::i";- 
le  iiii'ii,  wl)» 
[eds  iiiul  bri;- 
lo  iiiatti'ri; 
(uvc  si'iira'k 

StOlipi'll  ''""i 

uec()iii|ili!i 

ut'  brave  Ik- 

iiuirs  ami  >'■! 

I"  tbe  ii;ii» 

wliei'o  tk 

lioarki'iifii 

liranee  of  al 
lirht  into  m 
Inalioii,  it 
jvillajio,  «itt 
luiaiiiuTS 
liiiliarize  tli 
Llect  tlie  rfij 


];,..(.  (iT  llio  IJifi  0.sa;;i's  as  it  cxJNled  before  tlio  removal 
III'  ilic  Iriiie  li'oiii  KaiiwiH,  Nituatcd  Home  fil\y-Hix  mile.s 
^,'si  iif  the  Mi^miuri  line,  and  about  on  u  |iai'allol  line 
^vitll  ilie  town  of  Sto.  Genevieve,  on  (lie  Mi.ihi.shi|i|ii. 
'I'lii'  Ni'<>!^lio  Itiver,  flowing  about  u  ijuarter  of  a  mile 
,vo.-t  III'  the  villaj;e,  wa.s  eoncealcd  from  it  by  a  dense 
Cuot,  lining  its  borders  and  extending  from  citlier 
^liinc  III  a  distance  of  tbree  or  four  hundred  yards, 
'j"lii^(  iiinln'r  eoiisidted  |irineipully  of  siilemlid  oaks, 
vahiiiis,  hickories,  and  mulberries.     IScginning  at  the 

^y K'll  strip  near  the  Neosho,  and  extending  as  far 

liack  ;>■*  'he  eye  ean  reach,  the  prairie  rises  gradually 
and  evenly.  It  is  unbroken  by  abrupt  descents  or 
ilfvatiiiii^,  save  some  three  or  four  miles  to  the  east  of 
the  village,  where  is  encountered  an  occasional  mound, 
L'videiilly  the  work  of  nature,  but  which,  from  its  sin- 
gular locality  and  peculiarly  ,><yninietrical  proportions, 
at  lir>t  approach  ajipeais  tu  be  tii^  result  of  human 
Liliiir.  The  situation  of  this  village,  just  at  tlic  out- 
-kiits  III' till'  timbers,  allowed  its  jiopulation  the  eiijoy- 
iiieiit  III'  the  various  desirable  cliaiiges  of  temperature 
;iiiil  wrailicr.  Thus  the  warm  suinnier  months  brought 
the  pr.mio  breezes,  which  at  times  become  so  violent 
;ur1  i-ii  eliilling  us  during  the  night  to  rc(|uii'e,  for  tlie 
were  i-ake  of  comfort,  additional  clothing  or  Ore.  In 
winter,  when  the  blast  is  at  all  times  disagreeable,  a 
uiiiiival  to  the  Woods,  only  a  short  distance  oft",  will 
iii>uie  a  Mifticient  shelter.  The  prairie,  mouover,  fur- 
iii>licd  abundant  and  excellent  pasturage  for  the  horses 
iii.s|iiiiig  and  summer,  and  when  tiiis  iiad  gone,  the 
liiiiWrcd  strip  in  winter  offered  a  passable  supply. 

The  village  of  the  Big  Osagcs  numbered  about  two 
liuiulii  d  lodges,  distant  generally  from  fifteen  to  twenty 
foot  ajiart,  and  rising  In  every  direction  with  but  little 
roiiiml  to  their  order  of  arrangement.  Before  or  after 
the  op]ircssive  heat  of  the  day,  when  its  population 
was  in  full  life  and  motion,  it  presented  r|uite  a  pie- 
lure.s(|UO,  if  net  an  imposing  appearance.  Its  numer- 
(.M<  parties  of  savages,  in  wild  accoutrement,  were 
nattered  hero  and  there,  some  engaged  in  horsc- 
laiiiig,  others  earnestly  disputing  the  victory  in  our 
Off!)  Christian  game  of  "  prisoner's  base ;"  others, 
apiin,  separated  from  the  tlirong  by"  some  out  of 
tlic  way  lodge,  welcomed  the  recital  of  every  ludi- 
iTiius  occurrence  with  renewed  bursts  of  boisterous 
laii;:liter.  A  little  farther  on,  its  many  bands  of  wild 
.lioiscs  were  quietly  enjoying  the  luxurious  abundance 
ivliieli  the  prairie  affords,  or,  in  frolicsome  humor,  ca 
jirttl  nuully  in  every  direction  through  the  grass. 
I'om  every  quarter  were  heard  the  shouts  of  cliil- 
ron,  the  sound  of  beating  drums,  and  tlie  songs  of 
i.vtrs  and  of  warriors.  The  varied  scene,  in  a  word, 
|ualeil  the  wildest  imiiginings  of  Indian  life,  and 
8 


must  be  seen  to  be  fully  ii|iprcciaicd.     The  loilges— 
every  one  of  which    is    designed   to   aceoinuiodale   u 
single  family  only— vary  fioin  seven  to  ten   feel  in 
breadth,  ami  from  tweiity-tive  to  a  liiindreil  feet  in 
length,  according  to  the  number  of  its  iciiaiits.     A 
family  of  live  pcisniis  will  occupy  a  lodge  of  (wcnly- 
live  or  thirty  feet  long.    An  Indian  lodge  is  constructed 
alter  this  fashion :  The  necessary  number  of  small  green 
hickories,  eight  or  ten  in  number,  arc,  in  the  first  jilace, 
firmly  secured  in  the  ground  in  two  parallel  lines,  whose 
length  and  di.itaiiC(^  from  each  other  are  the  limits  of 
the  tent.    The  ends  above  arc  lashed  together,  so  that 
the  whole  forms  a  continuous  arch.     These  are  after- 
wards ovcrlaiil  with  mats  carefully  fastened  at  short 
distances,  and  iill'eiiiig  a  reliable  resistam.'e  to  wind  anil 
rain  during  even  the  must  severe  8tortn.<<.     The  low, 
marshy  tracts  oceasionally  encountered  in  the  Osage 
prairies  i'urni-h   a  tall  species  of  grass,  which,  when 
properly  dried,   serves   as   an   excclleiil   material   for 
making  these  mats.     The  lodge  having  been  erected, 
dirt  is  heaped  against  the  malting  at  its  fool,  to  secure 
it  in  the  event  of  violent  gusts  of  wind,  and  a  few  feet 
off  a  deep  Iveiich  is  dug  to  carry  off  the  water.    Holes 
are  made  at  the  roof  of  the  lodge  to  allow  the  e.seapo 
of  smoke  from  the  fires  within,  and  over  these  holes 
dressed  bufl'alo-skins  are  thrown  loosely  to  prevent  the 
rain  from  entering. 

Though  cleanliness  is  not  an  indispensable  cliarac- 
terislie  of  the  Indian,  the  interior  of  an  Osage  lodge 
presents,  nevcrth"li'ss,  a  remarkably  neat  and  orderly 
appearance.  While  the  Osage  will  make  his  most 
sumptuous  repast  on  do^;  meat,  and  while  ho  will  go 
about  in  times  of  mourning  for  months  with  ]irobably 
half  an  inch  of  dirt  daubed  over  his  face,  he  never 
fails  to  expend  .some  eare  on  the  cleanliness  and  com- 
forts of  his  habitation.  The  lodge  floor  is  spread 
with  bufl'ulo  robes  and  boar-skins.  Hunting  accoutre- 
ments, horse  trappings,  kitchen  utensils,  clothing,  etc., 
arc  ranged  along  the  sides  of  the  tent,  where  they  will 
not  interfere  with  the  movements  of  the  inmates. 
The  head  of  the  family  has  a  firejilacc'  in  his  lodge 
for  each  of  his  wives,  at  which  she  cooks,  and  near 
which  she  pi'iccs  her  bedding  and  all  the  personal 
property  and  clothing,  culinary  utensils,  etc.,  he  may 
allow  her.  An  utter  stranger,  in  entering  a  lodge, 
may,  by  this  domestic  arrangement,  know  the  i)reci.se 
number  of  wives  maintained  by  his  host.  We  may 
as  well  allude  here,  also,  to  a  singular  custom  of  hos- 
pitality. When  a  visitor  has  crossed  the  threshold, 
whatever  fireplace  he  chooses  to  sit  by,  tlie  wife 
whose  fire  it  is,  and  -.yhom  he  is  supposed  to  honor  by 
I  the  preference,  immediately  rises  to  prepare  him  a 
collation.     Her  neglecting  at  any  time  to  show  her 


1 


114 


HISTOEY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


i\ 


i:i 


R   !*' 


guest  this  attention  is  an  evidence  that  he  is  regarded 
as  an  enemy,  or,  at  all  events,  that  ho  is  unweiconio. 

No  difference  occurs  in  the  size  or  mode  of  con- 
struction of  the  lodges,  otlier  than  that  which  may 
arise  from  the  "reater  or  less  nuniher  of  their  inmates, 
or  from  the  wealth  of  their  owners.  TIio  same 
species  f'  covering  precisely  shelters  the  great  chief 
and  liis  brave  as  that  which  protects  the  ])umblest 
pauper  in  the  nation,  and,  on  account  of  this  similarity 
externally  of  all  lodges,  it  is  difficult,  without  being 
intimate  with  every  walk,  alley,  and  by-path  in  the 
village,  to  find  the  residence  of  an  acquaintance  who 
may  live  a  little  distance  off. 

In  the  old  times,  before  the  Osagcs  lost  their 
Kansas  lands,  two  annual  periods  of  intense  activity 
broke  up  their  life  of  quiet,  indolent  indulgence. 
These  were  in  June  and  Xoveniber,  the  time  of  tlicir 
spring  and  winter  hunt  at  each  season,  for  buffalo  on 
the  plains,  and  deer,  elk,  and  antelope  in  tlie  timber. 
The  summer  hunt  is  for  meat  alone,  the  late  fall  iiunt 
for  moat  and  skins  and  furs.  Much  hunt  u.sed  to 
occupy  about  eight  weeks,  including  the  jo'irney  of 
sis  or  seven  luiiidrcd  miles  to  the  Grand  Saline  or  to 
Bent's  Fort  and  back. 

Although  plunged  in  a  state  of  ignorance  and  bar- 
bari.sui  from  which,  like  the  majority  of  other  Indian 
tribes,  there  is  little  hope  that  they  will  over  be  re- 
deemed, the  Osages  have  indeed  a  cau.se  for  self  con- 
gratulation in  the  abundance  which  meets  them  at 
every  side.  Neglecting  the  cultivation  of  the  fertile 
soil  they  possess,  and  shunning,  in  fact,  every  indus- 
trious and  useful  employment,  they  seldom  lack  the 
necessaries  of  life,  and  frequently  enjoy  nniny  of  its 
luxuries.  If  anything  could  re])ay  the  loss  of  mental 
and  moral  improvement  consequent  on  a  civilized 
state,  certainly  their  many  advantages  of  climate,  of 
sjil,  and  of  game  of  every  description  would  rejiay 
these  savages  tenfold. 

While  they  are  at  home,  the  Osages — we  aliude  to 
the  men  in  particular — do  absolutelv  nnthing  that  is 
useful  and  profitable.  The  history  of  a  day  in  the 
Big  Osage  village  is  told  in  a  few  words.  At  early 
dawn,  the  titr.e  for  rising,  the  singular  and  rather 
ludicrous  custom  of  bemoaning  whatever  loss  they 
may  have  sustained,  or  whatever  evil,  great  or  small, 
real  or  imaginary,  may  have  befallen  them,  is  in- 
dulged in  by  the  population.  An  introductory  uioan 
in  one  lodge  will  bo  nnsw,ercd  by  a  hyuteric  cry 
in  the  next,  and  the  sounds  of  the  two  probably  will 
be  drowned  by  the  violent  sobs  of  a  third  yet  more 
incon.^olablc  mourner,  who  has  chosen  a  position  at 
his  lodge  dcor.  In  this  way  the  work  of  sorrowing 
progresses  until  at  last  the  entire  village  is  in  tears. 


The  lo.ss  of  a  near  relative,  the  death  of  a  favorite 
dog,  the  illness  of  a  hunting-horse,  or  any  injury  tn 
some  cherished  trinket,  all  enter  on  the  same  footing' 
in  the  category  of  legitimate  themes  for  this  species  of 
mourning.  Nay,  as  absurd  as  it  may  appear,  shoiilil 
no  nearer  cause  of  sadness  have  occurred,  an  0-,i;,'(. 
will  even  shed  tears  as  he  leaves  liis  bed,  and  bouiii] 
in  the  most  pitiable  terms  the  death  of  some  renint'? 
ancestor  whom  he  never  knew.  The  time  for  s^ucli 
extraordinary  ebullitions  of  sorrow  is  limited  to  fil'iecn 
or  twenty  minutes,  after  which  every  trace  of  cure 
disappears,  and  the  most  light-heaiiod  chcerfuliics 
probably  will  follow. 

How    the    matutinal    mournings   just    descriljoj 
originated  we  can  have  no  idea.     It  seems  to  W  mi 
ancient  custom,  however,  and  is  religiou.sly  adhond 
to  by  every  division  in  the  nation.     To  proceed  wiili 
the  history  of  a  day,  the  women  bu.«y  themselves  iiftoi- 1 
wards  in  preparing  meals,  while  the  men  look  afiir 
their  horses  that  generally  have  been  grazing  in  tlio 
prairie  adjacent  to  the  village.     The  remainder  of  tlk 
day  is  passed  by  the  males  as  they  may  find  \nm  \ 
agrce.-ible.     While  the  women    arc    engaged   aliivi-; 
every  hour  in  cooking  (for  an  Osage  will  cat  as  mam 
as  ten  or  twelve  meals  during  the  day),  or  duriii; 
short    intervals,  mayhaii,  in    repairing    the    huntii]; 
accoutrements  of  their  husbands,  the  men  pass  tliiiri 
time  in  racing,  dancing,  gambling,  and  other  game 
of  various  dcscriptio'is.     As  night  approaches  ilicv  i 
congregate   in    numerous   parties  at   the  largest  iinj  | 
most  convenient  lodges,  where,  encircling  a  little  lire 
place,  they  rennun  frequently  until  within  a  few  liDiir* 
of  dawn,  engaged  in  dancing  and  in  social  convoixi- 
tion.     Almost  the  sole  topics  of  conver.sation  witliilul 
men  are  women,  war  exploits,  huniing,  and  liuisci. [ 
The  night  is  rarely  allowed  to  pass  without  suvoral 
dances,  accompanied  generally  by  singing  and  Liy  ilk  I 
beating  of  the  drum.     Tiiese  drums,  giving  a 
monotonous  sound,  are  readily  made  from  a  kcu;iiai;| 
filled  with  water  and  oversprcaij  at  one  end  wiiluj 
dressed  sheep  skin. 

The  ludicrous  custom  spoken  of  abo\e  of  wco|iiii.'| 
for  their  ancestors,  like  Mark  Twain  slicdding  trar.f 
at  the  tomb  of  Adam,  sufficiently  demonstrates  tliolji;| 
that  the  Osages  belong  to  the  race  of  the  IViiMiiili-, 
Among  that  nation  this  custom  is  universal,  and  liit| 
been  noticed  and  commented  upon  by  all  traveler-, 
from  Hennepin  down.     It  doubtless  luid  its  oriuin  ir, 
.some  obscure  superstition  or  tradition  of  the  race,  anjj 
must  not  be  attributed,  as  some  travelers  have  soiid 
to  do,  to  a  tendency  to  liypocrisy.     In  point  of  llict.j 
people  are  continually  deceiving  theniseh-cs  about  i 
manners   and    customs  of  savages,  and  there  is  c<)| 


,'iti'iiil  ii;(oreIiai)ii 


•^ 


TIIK  INDIANS. 


115 


1  favorite 
injury  to 
ne  fiiotiiiu 
species  of 
'ar,  should 
an  0>:v^t: 
and  bewiiil 
me  venioto 

0  for  i'lifli 
id  to  fifteen 
ICC  of  e;ire 
hccrfuliiess 

;    dcsci'ilicil 
lis  to  W  ;\ii 
s',y  adhertii 
jvocccd  wiili  I 
isclvcs  lifter- 
n  look  al'tir 
•iiziiii;  ill  tlie  I 
iiliidor  of  tilt 
ly  find  liifi>t 
;u;^od   iiliivj 

1  eat  as  iiuiny 
v),  or  durii!; 

tlio  liuiitiii;  I 
ion  puss  tliiir  I 
I  otlicr  ^;iiiii 
iroaelies  tlitv  I 
hirjjost  ■lUiJ 
a  little  fm- 
a  few  limir- 
;il  eoiivorsii- 
iim  wiiliili 
and  horwi. 
tliout  sevoijil 

and  by  i 
ivlni;  a  d( 
111  a  ko'i  li 
c  end  with  1 1 

e  of  weoiiiii.'l 

^leddinj:  toar-l 

Itrutes  till 

Ihc  I*aeotali!. 

krsal,  and  lia<|l 

all   tr:ivi'lor-, 

its  oriuin  i'. 


t  the  r 


iiee 


mil 


I'.ive  sou; 


f)oilit  of  ilicl. 

^•C8  about  lliej 

there  is  m] 


.rrcntor  mistake,  for  instance,  than  to  suppose  that  the 
\iiR'iican  Indian  is  morose,  taciturn,  and  unsociable. 
Ill  ri"'nrd  to  tiiis  a  clever  writer  has  said  that — 

"  When  a  I'nrty  of  Favnges  visits  one  of  our  cities,  where  a 

croH'l  is  coiiftantly  lit  its  licels,  nnd  wlicic  there  are  an  hunilrocl 

eves  I"  slnre  at  it  from  every  side,  it  is  but  natural  that  these 

iiersiiiis  shoulil  be  reserved,  and  that  tliey  sliould  earcfiilly  con- 

•cal    ihe    many   cinolion      of    aslDnisliiuent   and   admiration 

l,ioii"lii  into  play  by  the  curious  things  they  sec.     About  two 

veins  :i}!"  "'*  *'■''■  '"  "  "''■'^"^j  "'^I'l'  -I  parly   of  8i.\  Sioux,  none 

'„!  nliiini,  wo  knew,  hail  ever   before   witncs.scd  such  feats  of 

.,,riliiv  cin<l  equestrianism  ns  wore  there  shown  ihem.     To  lend 

vtt  iiiiiie  interest  to  thu  cntertaiunicnt,  wo  Icurned  from  their 

j^,,,i|ireler  that   in  n  few  minutes  after  their  cntraiiee  every 

,ni  "!jir  of  the  party,  believing  the  human  frame  altogether  too 

fi-jiil  to  undergo  such  exertions,  h.'n!  convinced  himself  beyond 

llio  iKifsibility  of  doubt  that  the  p-Tforiuer.s  were  lietitious  li/;- 

i,,i.f,  iiKide  to  ride,  jump,  and  run  by  some  ingenious  metdnin- 

ioiiK'iiiliivanee  whieh  they  did  not   understand.     With  sufh 

aJiliiioa:''  matter  for  wonileiuient,  the  jiarty  sat  in  almost  utt'ir 

silence,  like  so  miiny  statues,  to  all  external  appearances  not  at 

ill  surprised,  and  but  poorly  entertained.     The  feeling  in  this 

in-taii''""  should  be  uuder.-tood.      The  savage  spectators  were 

„iiiv  carrying  out  one  of  ouv  i.wn  wise  saws,  '  to  do  in  Koine 

.,s  ISoiiKins  do,'  nnd,  no  doubt,  showi'd  their  good  sense  in  Ibis, 

,5  tliov  do  under  other  similar  cireumstances,  by  restraining 

cvorv  exlraoidiuary  iiianifeslal.oi   of  astonishment.     This  can 

,,ivc  no  correct  idea  of  the  Imlian  at  home.     No  race  is  more 

«i'i;iblc,  probably,  and  more  impulsive  than  the  Osage  [ndian^^ ; 

lumc  receive  the  narration  of  iin  amusing  ane.  d"le  with  greater 

•  iislo.  follow  a  tale  o(  sorrow  with  more  extravagant  exi'linua- 

,;„ii5  i.f  svuipalhy,  and,  in  a  word,  spend  more  of  their  time  in 

.(.oiiible  conversation  Ihan  they.    AVIIh  an  uncontrollable  enrios- 

iivtii  know  the  history  of  those  about  them,  and  a  desire  ever 

oti\ke  I'f  relating  their  own  exploits  in  baltle-field  or  hunling- 

•i.iiinl,  their  most  pleasant  inouieuli'  are  those  eonsuined  in  a 

;oi'i:il  inlerehango  of  experience  nnd  sentiments. 

"The  only  school  for  mental  and  imual  improvement  the 
ii,;ic>e  voutli  finds  is  the  example  set  by  bis  elders,  lie  is  ns- 
iiMied  no  teachers,  and,  so  far  ns  the  mode  of  employing  his 
limeiind  the  aequiremenls — r  iher  of  good  or  evil — he  chooses 
1 ,  m;i*ter  are  concerned,  he  inds  himself  a  free  agent  from  his 
rtilie.-t  infancy.  Some  ntt-  ntion.  however,  is  paid  the  ]iroper 
,ltvrlopiiicnt  of  his  physicil  powers,  — Midieil,  some  portions  of 
(v  tininiiig  lie  undergoes  while  preparing  him  for  the  hnrd- 
-liiii!  he  is  destined  to  encounter  in  afterlife  is  eharacterlstio 
,,f  ilic  general  barbarity  of  his  tribe. 

•An  iiifiint  bus  hardly  inhaled  the  first  breath  of  life  wli.Mi 

li..  is  Conveyed  to  the  \veter-eour>'o  nearest  at  hand,  nnd,  during 

ihc  bitlerest  wintry  weather  as  in  the  mildest  d.ay  in  >un\nicr, 

ji  Mvcn  a  copioup  br.tb      ,\fterwnrds,  being  swathed  in  suil- 

«!ile  miinciit,  ho  is  (ilneed  in  the  eliurge  of  some  other  nur.-e 

tun  bis  niolher.     A  week  ensues,  when  he  is  reclaimed  by  ilie 

Hiiiil.',  mid  is  p..tced  in  his  cradk ,  a  curious  an  1  simple  article 

I  iliimeslic  ecTveiiicnce,  which  is  toen  never  left  till  the  oecu 

I  bccoint  old  eiough  to  learn  to  walk.     The  cradle  con- 

jn-!!  >iiiiply  of  ft  phink  about  ft  foot,  iirobably,  longer  than  its 

icU'ii'led  oc.'upam.     The  child,  having  been  laiu  flat  upon  it, 

t  Miiiied   firmly   by   strips  of  blanket  and  other  bandages. 

be  begin  at   the   fee,    and   end   only  about   the   shouMers. 

;irc  compressed   more  pftrticularly  about   the  loins  nnd 

iiM  tlie  ftouiftch,  wilh  a  view  to  throw  out  ns  much  ns  possi- 

Hiil  to  expnnil  the  chest.     Secured  snugly  ftftcr  this  fashion, 

oliild  in  the  lodge  is  placed  '  on  enil'  JUt  of  harm  s  Wfty  |  in 

I,  genial  weather  it  is  left  without  near  the  lodge  door,  or — 


during  the  temporary  absence  of  its  nurse— hung  up  to  the 
limb  of  ft  tree,  where  it  basks  ipiielly  in  the  sunshine,  without 
tbingcrof  molestation  fr(un  the  ditgs  and  wolves  that  may  infest 
the  vicinity.  On  a  journey  the  cradle  is  hung  to  ihe  sadiUe-bow, 
nnd,  while  still  olTcring  every  security  to  its  little  prisoner, 
proves  thus  no  iueonvenience  to  the  rider. 

"After  he  has  learned  to  walk,  and  until  he  is  obi  enough 
to  depend  on  his  own  exertions  fiu'  nniintennnee,  the  child  is 
allowed  to  remain  alauit  bis  parents*  lodge,  abstaining  always 
from  every  species  of  onerous  labor.  When  aliout  twelve  years 
of  ago  he  becomes  herder  to  his  f.ithcr"s  drove  of  horses,  and 
begin?  also  to  learn  the  use  of  thc^  bow  and  fnearms.  .At  six- 
teen or  eighteen  years  he  is  invested  with  the  honors  and  re- 
sponsibilities of  manhood,  ami  sbiues  lii'^  labors  ami  jiartici- 
patcs  in  the  amusements  of  his  aiders  about  him. 

'•The  healthful  tendency  lu'  the  ecuislant  bodily  exercise 
taken  by  the  Osage  Imlians  from  tlieir  earliest  vouth  is  iPiini- 
fest  in  the  extraordiii.iry  powers  of  endurance  with  which  in 
time  they  become  endowed.  We  need  give,  by  way  of  illustra- 
tion, only  a  single  instance,  that  of  an  arcnmhuitiit, — an  nlarm- 
ing  crisis  in  the  lives  i»f  our  own  females,  whose  physical  de- 
veloiuneiits,  in  the  nuijority  of  eases,  have  been  retarded  from 
the  lack  of  necessary  exercise. 

'•  .An  (Isage  female  is  rarely  eonliued  to  a  sick-bed  from  the 
cITeets  of  child-birth.  On  ihc  summer  hunt  of  IS'.'.i,  when  Ihc 
nation  was  only  a  few  .lays  out  from  their  village  on  the 
Neosho,  an  elderly  (einale,  whose  ciitii'al  situatitin  wi-uld  have 
indicated  an  early  c<oilineiuent,  Atlloweil  in  the  rear  of  the 
train.  An  hour  e>r  two  after  the  tints  had  been  struck  one 
sunshinv  morning,  a  Iraih-r,  the  only  while  person  among  the 
population,  heard  some  groans  issuing  from  a  small  copse  of 
wood,  as  he  was  about  to  pass  it,  anil,  hastening  in  its  direc- 
tion, found  the  Hinnau  on  Ihe  point  of  giving  biith  to  her 
child.  To  his  prolTered  call  for  assistance  the  patient  raised 
I. ,e  most  strenuou.i  objections,  and  eimld  only  be  prevailed  on 
nl'lor  repealed  entreaties  to  accept  some  uddiliunal  cli>lhing, 
which  was  finally  left  her.  'I'ho  trader  repaired  to  his  party, 
and  an  hour  more  pridiably  had  ensued,  .vhen  the  woman  over- 
took them,  to  all  evidences  in  excellent  health  and  spirits,  anil 
bearing  in  her  anus  a  fat,  bright-eyed  little  papoose.  This 
is  one  only  out  cf  a  hundred  instances  which  occur  daily  to 
show  the  wholesome  result  of  the  frequent  bodily  exercise 
taken  by  the  Osages." 

The  0.«>ies  aro  not  subject  to  many  di.seases,  whieh 
is  forliinate  for  them,  for  their  pliarniaeopn'iti  is  not 
rich,  and  their  practice  Inith  of  physic  and  sur<rery  is 
very  primitive  indoed. 

If  all  the  curtitives  included  in  the  denomination 
"Indian  remedies"  had  the  niiijori' 'of  their  prop- 
erties in  common  with  the  remedies  v, -,  ♦ed  to  during 
illiieas  by  the  Osage  Indian,  then  v/ou  .  the  .system 
he  a  most  absurd  and  dangerous  species  of  quackery. 
The  Osages  have  certain  roots  for  the  cure  of  snake- 
bites, which  occasioiiiiUy  are  administered  successfully, 
but  which  almost  as  often  cttect  no  satisfactoiy  result ; 
they  resort  in  ^omc  di.>;eases  to  vapor  baths,  taken  in 
temporary  lodges  thrown  up  for  tlie  purpose,  with  or 
without  result  as  tiie  propiiely  of  (he  remedy  might 
determine;  in  local  nnd  otiier affections,  attended  with 
acute  pain,  fhoy  iif  pl_"  dry  and  wi^t  cups,  the  cups 
being  tnade  of  butfaKi  horn  ;  nnd  finally,  wherever  rt 


I 


[ 


116 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


J 


wound  has  been  inflicted,  tlioy  are  careful  always  to 
keep  the  injured  part  very  clean.  These  include  all 
tlio  rational  remedies  we  can  brini;  to  mind  wliicli  the 
tribe  bring  to  tlieir  as.sistaiice  in  times  ^.t'  sicktitss. 

The  luedicine-nien  of  the  Osagcs,  while  in  the  dis- 
eliart;e  of  their  professional  duties,  are  invested  wlih 
all  the  diiinity  and  honors  onjuycd  among  us  by 
firaduafed  doctors  of  medicitie.  Tiie  treatment,  with 
its  results,  of  a  little  giil.  tlie  (laughter  of  a  brave, 
who  on  a  certain  occasion,  having  been  struck  violently 
with  sonic  hard  substance  on  the  left  arm,  was  threat- 
ened with  its  loss,  may  give  an  idea  of  their  medical 
jirofession  and  their  mode  of  praclice  : 

The  child,  owing  to  an  abundant  secretion  of  pus 
in  her  wound,  had  suffered  intensely  for  several  days, 
when  her  case  was  at  last  submitted  to  one  of  the  most 
distinguislied  medicine-nicn  in  the  nation.  An  hour 
or  two  after  Ik-  had  been  sent  for.  the  doctor,  aecoutered 
in  the  most  fanciful  habiliments  his  wanlmbe  furni.died, 
and  baving  his  face  and  arms  well  ctiated  with  green 
and  red  paints,  made  his  a]ipi'aranee  at  the  lodge  door. 
lie  was  received  by  the  family  with  demonstrations 
of  the  most  imifiiuiid  respect,  and  was  left  alone  with 
bis  patient,  the  oi;ly  uiiintercstnl  .-pc.tator  present 
being  a  while  trader,  who  was  all.iwed  to  remain  by 
especial  favor,  llaviui;  impiircd  from  bis  patient  tlie 
seat  <if  lier  disease,  tlie  mcdicinc-man  began  bis  ireat- 
nient  with  a  sjiecies  of  sulemn  cxon'ism.  Throwing 
bi>  hands  aloft,  be  abjured  the  evil  spirit  that  jioss(>>sed 
the  invalid,  in  a  kind  nf  b;iif-snpplicatiiig  and  half- 
ibreatening  .-train,  to  leave  her.  Afterwards  lying  at  b<'r 
side,  and  applying  bis  lips  and  tcith  to  the  spot  wbicb 
was  most  painful,  b"  pulled  the  >kin  violently  from  one 
.side  ti>  the  other,  keeping  up  all  the  while  a  very  ab- 
surd and  peculiar  nasal  gi mil .  interrupted  now  and  then 
with  a  ibrealeiiing  e.xclamalioii  against  the  disease. 
This  continued  for  some  ten  or  hfteen  niiiiiiies.  when, 
increasing  tlic  vehemence  of  bis  strange  guliiirai  tiinr- 
murs,and  pulling  the  flesh  violently  with  bi>  teeth,  he 
sprang  suddenly  to  bis  feet,  and  spat  from  his  nioutb  a 
small  frog,  which  when  he  eiitercc!  be  bad  kept  care- 
fully com  ealed  I'm'  this  purpose.  The  fiog  in  this  ease 
was  the  evil  spirit  wiiicb  luid  jiosscssed  the  invalid 
I'ointing  to  it,  and  jianliiig  from  his  recent  cxeile- 
inent,  the  doctor  e.xilaimed  in  an  e.xullir.g  tone,  '•  IJe- 
joice,  my  daughter,  you  are  new  cured!  nehold  the 
bad  spirit  tiiat  infected  you  I  You  suffered  inueb, 
because  be  is  large  :  have  no  more  fear,  be  is  now 
quite  harmless."  Tlieii  producing  a  pinch  id'  jwwdered 
root  of  uroniatie  flavor,  he  scattered  it  over  a  lire  near 
tlie  sick-bei'.  The  ri'miiants  of  the  disease  would  be 
carried  away,  it,  wa;  intended,  liy  the  smoke.  Two 
days  after  this  operation  ii  young  brother  of  the  little 


invalid  was  seized  v,  itb  the  idea  of  pricking  her  arm 
at  .several  places  with  his  knife.  Thus,  fortunatelv, 
he  allowed  the  pus  to  discbarge  itself,  llepeating  tliis 
sargieal  operation  several  times,  bis  sister  soon  became 
convalescent.  The  inedicine-inan,  however,  had,  in  ijils 
as  in  all  other  similar  instances,  the  credit  of  the  cure. 
He  was  feasted  and  courted  by  the  family  ;  and,  fin;iilv, 
as  a  more  substantial  rcuiuiieriition  for  his  profes'-ieiinj 
services,  presented  with  a  beautiful  huiiting-borie. 

In  almost  every  disciise  the  ridiculous  ceremony  de- 
scribed above  takes  place.  Tlie  dis'Tise  is  aiway.s  soini. 
evil  spirit  ;  and  this  evil  r>pirit  is,  in  turn,  a  frog,  or  a 
small  pebble,  or  a  grasshopper,  or  aught  else  wliidi 
the  medicine-man  may  elioose  to  select.  The  iiicaii- 
talion  will,  as  a  matter  of  eour.se,  invariably  reiiiuvc 
it.  After\>ards  nature,  or  tlie  accidental  ado])tioii  of 
some  rational  remedy,  may  effect  a  cure,  wliieb  in  al! 
iiislanees  is  attributed  to  tlie  mystic  powers  of  the 
nu'dicine-man. 

T    the  event  of  a  deatli,  tlio  corpse  is  enveloped  in 
a  blanket  and  taken  immediately  to  its  place  oi'  in. 
ternient,  generally  a  mound  or  some  oilier  prominent 
spot.     It  is  covered  with  earth  and  stones,  and  stakes  I 
are  afterwards  driven  at  either  side  and  crossed  ovit  | 
as  a  protection  against  the  wolves.     The  nearest  vAi- 
lives  only  of  the  deceased  go  into  mourning.     Tlic 
male  mourners  array  themselves  in  their  tiiiliiest  nnj 
most  shabby  habiliments,  cover  their  faces  witli  ilht,  I 
and  allow  their  hair  (which,  with  the  exception  ol'tlie 
sealp-lock,  is  always  shaved  closely)  to  grow.     The 
females  dress  tliemselves  likewise  in  their  worst  i;;,r. 
nienls,  and  cli]>  their  hair  close  to  the  liead.     IJoili 
are  reserved  and  morose  during  the  entire  season  nf  I 
mourning,    a1 -ttiiiiing    lidiu    a    pariicipaiioii    in  tlie 
amusements  and  eniployment  of  tho.so  about  tliLin. 
and  leading,  as  mindi  as  their  domestic  lies  will  allAti 
them,  a  secluded  life. 

Wiien  a  death  occurs  among  tlie  Osages,  the  nKiiini- 
ing  of  the  nearest  kinsmen  of  the  deceased  is  imt  laii 
aside  until  they  have  made  bis  or  Iier  spirit  .soiuo 
cies  of  otl'eri'ig.      Oflentinies,  for  weeks  and  iinn 
t.igetlier.  the  opportunity  for  a  suitable  sacrifito  ii ii  | 
Iniving  occurred,  they  will  remain  shorn  of  every  orna- 
ment, and  will  religiously  adhere  to  their  tatteieii  ;;dr-| 
nicnls  and  soiled  visages, — emblems  of  inouriiiii;;,- I 
continuing  to  sbnii  the  society  of  those  about  tliini. 
The  nature  of  an  oflTering  may  difler  according  tu  tk 
character  and  iicliievements  of  the  decea.sed.    To  >ii',il 
the  horst!  or  burn  the  lodge  of  an  enemy,  to  poiHiriiil 
valorous  deeds  of  any  nature  whatever,  to  sacriliw  an  I 
animal  or  some  elierished  property,  or,  finally,  to  i:i!,c 
the  life  of  ti  fellow-creature  may  (with  all  but  a  wifi 
each,  under  certain    eireuiu-tanccs,  prove  sullititii!] 


THE  INDIANS. 


117 


5  her  unii 
rtunatcly, 
!atin;j;  tliis 
on  bcuaiiie 
lud,  i\\  tills 
f  tlio  cure. 
iiJ,  fiii;illy, 
irLfos>-ii'ii;il 

r-liOl'iO. 

vciuony  de- 

iways  SDiiio 
n  (Vdj:,  iir  a 
olso  wl'.ii'h 
Tlie  incan- 
ibly  roiiiuvc 
ailoiilioi)  of  I 
wliicli  ill  :ill 
wcrs  of  llio 

;nvolopcj  in 
place  ol'  ill- 
ir  prouiiiieiit 

s,  and  slakts  I 

CVOSSUJ    OVH 

nearest  vela- 
iriiiii^.     Tiic  I 
■  liliiiiesl  ;iiij 
es  with  dill.  I 
eptiou  ol'  tli(  I 

:ro\v.  Tile 
ir  worst  ^.;;,i- 
head.     ISmli 

ire  scasuii »{ 
luioii    ill  ilic ! 

about  tlu'iii, 
lies  will  all.K  I 

the  numrii- 

;d  is  litit  l;ili 

Irit  some  s|il- 

and  iiiniiili! 

I  isaerilii'i-'  ii"t 

'  ever)'  uiiii- 

I  tattered  p,i- 

luiiiuniiiiL'.- 

I  about  tlmii. 
ordiii,;;  111  tlw 

led.    To  ^lwl 

jr,  to  iioirurm 

saerilioo  ai 

Bially.  til  i;iv-' 

II  but  a  will 
|ve   suIVkiuIiI 


cnuso  ;o  doff  one's  mourning.  The  sacrifice  of  human 
life  ill  such  instances  is  frequent.  So  much  a  matter 
of  I'diirsc  have  such  atonements  become,  t!)at  a 
iiioui'iier  will  sometimes  take  the  life  of  his  beloved 
friend  (0  expiate  the  doatli  of  his  near  kinsman,  and 
(1,0  iindiabilities  are  that  he  will  not  even  be  broufjht 
to  tiisk  for  the  murder.  In  the  suiunier  of  1833, 
ffliil^t  the  cludera  was  raging  in  its  greatest  fury,  it 
iitlaekrd  and  carried  away,  among  others,  the  daughter 
(if  ilie  first  brave  of  tlie  nation.  This  brave  was  also 
tlic  vrrv  intimate  friend  of  a  trader  living  among  the 
iiutioii.  a  gentleman  connected  with  the  fur  company, 
«lio  had  had  the  command  of  his  present  jiost  for 
many  vears.  The  girl's  corpse  had  hardly  grown  cold 
wlicn,  oil  the  evening  that  she  died,  her  father,  who 
lif.d  been  sitting  pensively  among  a  noisy  throng, 
suddenly  assumed  an  air  of  ferocious  determination, 
and  as  ho  rosn  to  his  feet  disengaged  his  battle  ;ixo 
fiom  his  belt.  '  My  daughter  has  gone,"  lie  said,  as 
lie  advaiitei'  to  tlie  lodge  door ;  "  she  wants  a  worthy 
jHi-  'n  t(i  ;i.  eompany  her  to  tlie  hunting-ground  above. 
1 1  sliiili  wike  the  life  of  our  pale-faced  brother."  No 
•reliit  ■  jierson  was  more  esteemed  than  the  trader  to 
I  wlidin  he  alluded,  and  the  prospect  of  his  speedy 
I  doom  cast  a  gloom  over  the  throng  who  had  overheard 
the  iiiuurners  determination.  £>  sacred,  however, 
was  liis  terrible  obligation  consit  red  that  not  one 
dared  raise  a  word  of  remonstranci .  The  brave  pro- 
ceoded  nil  his  fatal  errand,  an-^  as  he  reached  the 
trading' house  knocked  violently  at  the  door.  Un- 
lia]ipily  for  himself,  a  Caihulian  employe,  one  Louis 
I  Bernard,  who  happened  at  the  time  to  bo  in  the 
'reeiM,  answered  the  summons.  lie  was  on  the  point 
lol  eriissiiig  the  tlin'sliold  when  the  hatchet  was  buried 
[ill  liis  head.  lie  expired  almost  instantly.  The 
[iiiuiderer  turned  cc^'ily  back,  and  having  reached  his 
iKul'.'e.  proceeded,  with  grave  demeanor,  to  cleanse  his 
lliatelk't  and  t.i  don  his  beads,  bracelets,  and  other 
loriiaiiieiits,  am:  i^  .I'i' ',  i!i"  mourning  plight  in  which 
[lie  had  disguised  liimseil  iv  inn;v  or  two  before.  T!ie 
Idrath  of  his  child  hail  '•  ;  n  firopeily  atoned  for, 
luHiiiild  now  follow  his  usual  daily  avocations,  lie 
IfMS  iif  course,  never  ealed  to  account  for  tlii!  murder 
Iho  had  perpetrated  ;  tin  promiitne.ss  of  his  expiation, 
Ion  the  contrary,  placed  .mother  laurel  on  his  brow. 
When,  after  a  death  has  occurred,  a  long  time  is 
lliiwed  to  elapse  before  an  offering  is  made,  the 
^ii't  uf  till,  deceased,  it  is  suppi.sed,  fails  to  gain 
|lilini!<i<iiin  ill'  iho  celestial  iiunting-grounds,  and 
ipjialers  resl'.'fly  nlKmt  it.-i  old  home  on  earth, 
bauiiliiif,'  and  :i)i  •.  vi.i^  tli  ..-le  from  whom  the  sac- 
fioc  s-lioiild  coiiu  .  T  udition  records  an  incident  to 
llmw  that  these  spirits  can   wield  u  fearful   power 


when  it  suits  their  purpose.  A  tattooer,  who  had 
left  his  lodge  on  a  professional  visit,  while  journey- 
ing through  tiie  forest,  felt  a  warm  breath  exhaled  sev- 
eral times  upon  his  cheek  and  shoulders,  like  that  of 
some  invisible  person  near  him.  Being  weakened 
and  exhauiited  by  fright,  lie  sat  himself  upon  a  log, 
\rhen  on  a  sudden  he  saw  a  strange  and  unearthly 
figure  make  its  appearance  at  his  side.  Ilis  tongue 
clung  to  the  roof  of  his  mouth,  and  he  would  have 
flecl ;  but  another  breath  passed  over  him,  and  the 
mysterious  stranger  vani.shed.  He  resumed  his 
course,  and  in  du3  time,  having  finished  the  tattoo- 
ing of  the  person  who  had  called  him,  was  just  about 
to  return.  Just  as  the  unfortunate  man  lo.st  sight  of 
the  lodge  he  had  left,  the  breath  again  touched  him, 
and  he  was  stric.'kcn  dead.  The  legend,  with  many 
others,  is  religiously  handed  down  among  the  Osages, 
to  .show  the  moral  obligation  of  offerings  to  the  dead. 
An  Indian  entertains  no  idea  of  the  connection 
between  soul  and  body,  and  is  not  impressed  by  any 
fears  in  the  contemplation  of  his  apprnacdiing  end. 
Without  stopping  to  inquire  into  the  manner  of  the 
transition  from  his  earthly  to  his  eternal  home,  and 
with  not  the  least  apprehension  for  the  consequences 
of  such  a  eluinge,  he  hopes  merely  that  his  troubles 
may  cease  with  the  termination  of  his  earthly  journey, 
and  he  will  meet  his  death  with  firmness.  The  Osage 
heaven  is  the  heaven  of  nearly  all  American  Indians. 
It  is  described  as  a  well-timbered  and  well-watered 
country,  blooming  with  fruits  and  vegetation  at  all 
seasons  ol  the  year,  and  abounding  with  every  de- 
scription of  bufi'alo,  deer,  bear,  birds,  and  other  game. 
The  dangers  of  starvation  shall  bo  unknown  ;  the  dis- 
comforts of  a  variable  and  inclement  climate  shall 
have  passed  away  ;  the  Indians,  as  the  favorites  of 
the  great  JIaster  of  life,  .shall  occupy  the  first  position 
among  the  nations;  all  men  shall  bo  at  peace,  and 
plenty  and  happiness  shall  smile  oi:  all.  Many  years 
ago  it  was  customary  at  the  death  of  an  Osage  to 
sacrifice  on  his  tomb  all  the  iiorses  he  had  owned, 
and  to  destroy  in  the  same  place,  also,  all  his  bunting 
accoutrements  and  other  property.  Tbe.se  imimda- 
tions,  it  was  believed,  supplied  the  wants  of  the  dead 
on  their  journey  to  the  new  bunting-grounds.  The 
brave  whoso  tomb  was  buried  in  the  ashes  of  a  valu- 
able amount  of  property,  and  streamed  with  the  blood 
of  a  goodly  number  of  horses,  was  supposed  to  enter 
the  celestial  hunting  grounds  at  the  head  of  the  cav- 
alcade, mounted  on  liis  favorite  charger,  aecoutered  in 
his  most  magnificent  costume,  und  surrounded  with 
all  the  pomp  and  splendor  that  bad  attended  him  on 
earth.  This  custom  is  now  almost  entirely  effaced. 
To  this  day,  however,  on  certain  O'.'casions,  the  fuvorito 


118 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


hunting-liorso  of  the  deceased  is  led  to  tlie  place  of 
burial,  the  corpse  made  to  bestride  it,  and  the  nniinal 
killed.  Afterwards  both  man  and  horse  are  buried 
in  the  same  hole,  and  the  funeral  obsequies  are  per- 
formed over  both  alike. 

A  wife  retains  her  mourning  a  full  year  nearly  after 
her  husband  has  died.  The  many  obligations  under 
which  he  placed  her  when  liviiij;  call  for  particular 
evidences  of  regret  and  gratitude  when  he  is  dead. 
Ten  or  twelve  months  after  she  experienced  her  loss, 
the  occasion  of  laying  aside  the  niourniiig  is  solemn- 
ized with  a  final  ceremony  in  honor  of  the  deceased. 
Tliis,  like  all  other  religious  rites  and  feasts  among 
the  Osages,  is  characterized  with  absurdities  through- 
out, and,  deprived  of  its  general  purpose  of  honor  to 
the  dead,  evinces  only  their  uncouthnoss  and  barbarity 
of  ideas.  A  stake,  streaming  at  one  end  with  one  or 
two  b'ankets,  calicoes,  beads,  and  oti'>  ivticles  of  per- 
sonal decoration,  is  driven  in  the  ■  i  -  '  About 
the  time  the  ceremony  will  begin,  it  is  >  ■.  tud  by 
probably  a  .score  of  friends  of  the  dcceiisi  :  all  of 
whom  arc  stripped  of  their  ornaments  and  besmeared 
en  their  faces,  chests,  and  arms  with  ahy.  The  wife, 
surrounded  by  a  number  of  volunteer  female  .sympa- 
thizers, is  stationed  near  at  hand,  and  holds  herself, 
with  them,  in  readiness  to  set  up  a  cry  of  pitiful 
lamentation  at  the  first  tap  of  the  drum  by  a  party 
in  the  circle.  These  lamentations  are  kept  up  to  the 
end  of  the  ceremony,  tlie  assistant  weepers  bewailing 
as  loudly  and  as  bitterly  as  the  wife  herself  Simul- 
taneously with  the  first  cry  and  the  tap  of  the  drum, 
one  of  the  party  who  f  )rms  the  circle,  and  who  has 
an  emblematic  crow-skin  suspended  from  a  belt  on 
his  back,  enters  the  ring  and  begins  to  dance,  drop- 
ping an  occasional  word  to  the  spirit  of  the  person 
whose  memory  he  is  commemorating.  Afterwards 
resuming  his  place  in  the  circle,  he  passes  the  crow- 
skin  to  his  neighbor,  who  performs  the  same  dunee. 
All  in  turn  follow  after  this  fashion,  when,  as  the  last 
one  has  finislied,  the  ceremony  terminates  by  a  di: 'ri- 
bution  among  the  assistant  female  mourners  of  the 
calicoes  and  other  presents  hanging  from  the  pole. 
Those  who  a.ssist  in  bewailing  on  such  occasions  are 
supposed  to  pay  a  high  tribute  to  the  memory  of  the 
deceased,  and  are  well  paid  by  the  surviving  relatives. 
In  fact,  they  represent  exactly  the  hired  mourners  of 
some  of  our  Christian  countries,  with  the  exception 
that  tlioy  nro  generally  better  paid,  and  that  they  in- 
dulge in  more  extravagant  demonstrations  of  grief 

Ingratitude  and  selfishness  are  two  passions  which 
among  the  Osages  never  fail  to  entail  discredit.  The 
most  frightful  personal  perils,  the  most  trying  crav- 
ings of  hunger,   the   most  disheartening  sufferings. 


cannot  excuse  a  selfish  act,  neither  will  the  most  pow- 
erful causes  be  received  as  plea  sufficient  to  explain 
away  an  ungrateful  one.     An  occurrence  which  tuok 
place  among  the   Blaekfect  Indians  some  twelve  or 
fifteen  years  ago  might  have  taken  place  among  tlio 
Osages  as  well,  and  will  serve  as  an  excellent  exani|i!,; 
to  illustrate  the  feeling  with  which  in  the  latter  tiiln 
a  manifestation  of  selfishness  is  received.     A  faniiK 
consisting  ol'  the   father,  wife,  two  children,  ami  ;, 
little   step-.son,   had   strayed   from   their   village  (in 
winter  in  search  of  game,  and  after  an  absence  of  twij 
days,  during  which  their  efforts  were  attended  with 
the  worst  success,  while  endeavoring  to  return  tlicv 
unfortunately  took  the  wrong  route.     They  wandered 
for  some  days  without  so  much  as  a  morsel  to  sutisl'v 
the  gnawings  of  famine,  when,  to  crown  their  div  I 
tress,  the  fall  of  a  heavy  snow   rendered  a  funlii-r  | 
prosecution  of  their  toilsome  march  almost  impos>iljli.. 
Hunger,  fatigue,  and  distress  had  almost  finished  tlioir  I 
work.     The  father  began  to  speak  of  the  hopelessiius; 
of  tliv^ir  situation,  the  mother  bewailed  over  her  own  | 
sufferings,  and  lamented  the  approaching  fate  of  tlie 
young  ones,  to  whom  she  could  no  longer  give  noiir 
shment,  and  the  increasing  debility  of  the  chiMivn  | 
was  an  unmistakable  evidence  of  their  approailiic 
end.     The  family  had  remained  in  camp  a  whole  ilav.  I 
when,  [)rovidentially  as  it  were,  the  father  suceeeiiijl 
iti  finding  and  killing  a  woodcock.    Without  evimii 
the  least  desire  to  minister  to  his  own  wants  (a  iiuUil 
species  of  .selfdenial  met  with  every  day  amun^' tli.l 
Indians),  he  passed  the  bird  to  his  wife.    The  woiiiaii  | 
•seized   it  with   avidity,  and  after  barely  wanniiiL'  ii 
over  a  fire,  she  served  her  own  children  each  v.itli  ii; 
proportion  ;    then,  leaving  out,  despite  his  cries,  tl, 
step-child,  her  husband's  little  son,  she  greedily  mii 
suined  the  remainder.     All  the  while  her  luisliaiil 
who  sat  on  the  opposite  side,  watched  her  closely  an] 
fiercely.    As  she  had  fini.shed  the  last  morsel,  iiKnircl 
ing  her  to  his  side,  he  spoke  to  her  in  purport  as  K-l 
lows:    She  had  acted  selfishly,  he  said;   she  lia^l  A  1 
prived   his  boy,  her  step-son,  of  life  when  it  hiiil  in| 
her  power  to  restore  it  to  him.      He  had  hiaisclf  Ki 
(|uite  as  .severely  as  she  the  sufferings  of  huiij;i  r,  Im: 
with  the  hope  of  serving  her  and  the  children  ciiuaihl 
he  had  willingly  given  up  his  sliare  of  the  I'oihI  wliiili 
the  Great  Sjiirit  had  thrown  in  his  way.     She  oii;;liij 
to  have  done  like   him  ;    slie  should   at   least  liav(| 
treated  his  child  as  well  as  she  treated  her  own.   .*>l!e| 
was  very  selfish,  and  she  brought  her  doom  U]ioii  l»j 
self     As  ho  concluded  his  hara.igue,  the  inaiMi'iii-i 
savage  seiz'id  his  totnahawk,  and,  one  after  tlio  hiIiitI 
butchered  her  and  the  three  children  about  licr,  n  :l 
making  an  cxccpiion  in  favor  of  his  step-soii,  abouJ 


THE  INDIANS. 


119 


whom  the  difficulty  had  occurred.  Afterwards,  leav- 
iii"  liis  victims  in  the  various  positions  tliat  lie  had 
iiieiilii^cd  thciu,  and  taking  only  what  would  .suffice  to  ; 
protect  hiiu  from  the  cold,  he  resumed  his  sad  jour- 
ucy.  An  accident  decided  that  ho  should  be  jiiekcd 
up  by  a  wandering  party  of  hunters,  to  whom  he  re-  , 
latod  all  that  had  haiipencd. 

An  ungrateful  trait,  like  a  selDsli  one,  is  (|uickly  , 
noticed,  and  for  years  afterwards  will  be  alluded  to  in  i 
terms  of  reproach.  There  arc  many  modes  of  express- 
iiirr  .'latitude,  peculiar  to  the  tribe.  The  matutinal 
lauRiiialions,  mentioned  in  a  previous  number,  arc  at 
times  a  spceies  of  grateful  tribute  to  .some  lust  friend. 
Another  instance  is  that  of  races,  had  in  honor  of 
>ome  favorite  horse  or  dog  that  may  have  been  dead 
for  se\eral  years.  These  races  oeeur  near  the  spot 
where  the  animal  died.  It  may  be  at  the  village,  or 
Juiiii"  a  hunt,  or  on  a  war  party.  Presents  are 
imide  by  the  mourner  to  the  winner  of  the  race,  and 
the  "ratitude  of  the  first  is  measured  by  the  liberality 
of  his  gifts  to  the  other.  With  not  another  claim,  an 
Osage  may  bring  himself  into  high  favor  by  ])roving, 
so  fur  as  presents  are  concerned,  nobly  grateful  when- 
ever the  opportunity  occurs.  The  frequent  tributes 
to  the  memory  of  the  dead  owe  their  origin  in  fact, 
ill  some  measure,  to  the  credit  which  they  entail. 

Ill  Chapter  IX.  of  the  present  volume  will  be  found 
la  voiy  complete  and  auiheiitie  account  of  the  only 
I  serious  Indian  attack  upon   St.  Louis,  the  so-called 
•affair  of  1780."     But  the  early  records  and  news- 
i  iBiiKTs  are  full  of  stories  of  Indian  outrages  and  trials 
ol'  Iiiiliaiis,  and  during  the  war  of  1812-11  even  the 
poacolul  remnant  of  the  Illinois  sceiu  to  have  taken 
up  iirm.H  and  lueiiaced  the  town.     The  fur  trade  and 
I  furtiadeis  made  it  a  centre  of  attraction  for  the  sav- 
ages, and  they  could  not  lay  aside  their  wild  ways, 
I  even  in  the  streets  of  the  town,  when  excited  by  drink. 
There  was  generally  an  Indian  prisoner  or  two  in  jail 
lawiiiiiiig  trial  or  sentence.     Brackenridge,  in  his  very 
I  entertaining  "  Recollections  of  the  West,"  relates  how, 
lone  day  sauntering  along  the  ''second  bank"  in  St. 
iLuuis,  his  attention  was  attracted  to  one  of  the  towers 
I  near  the  old  fort  (in  one  of  whose  ruined  barracks 
Itlioeourt  was  still  held)  by  an  Indian  who  sat  near 
Itiie  iron  giate,  confined  as  a  prisoner  for  some  high 
|oll'ena>.    The  Indian  challenged  him  to  a  match  at 
Iclk'tkors  and  beat  him  several  games.     Brackenridge 
Ifuiind,  on  imiuiry,  that  he  belonged  to  the  nearly  e.v- 
Itiiiet  tribe  of  the  Muscoutins,  or  Fire  Indians,  whoso 
lluiL'es  used  to  be  pitched  on  the  west  side  of  Lake 
lllicliigaii,  b  'tween  the  Illinois  and  Wisconsin  llivers. 

glelmil  manVd  a  woman  of  the  tribe  of  the  Kieka- 

mr,  tilio  had  abaudoued  him  for  another  Indian  ;  he 


met  her  accidentally  in  the  streets  of  St.  Louis,  pur- 
sued, overtook,  and  stabbed  her  to  the  lieart.     Brack- 
enridge volunteered    to   defend   the   man.     He  had 
already  been  in  prison  eighteen  months,  and  the  head 
chief  of  the  Kickapoos  was  in  St.  Louis  to  demand 
his  surrender  to  him.     The  case  came  to  trial,  and 
Brackenridge  was  successful  in  his  defense,  his  plea 
being  that  an  Indian  slaying  another  Indian   could 
only  be  tried  by  Indian  laws,  as  he  had  only  violated 
these.     The  incident  is  referred  to  to  show  how  com- 
mon Indian  disorders  must  have  been  in  the  town  at 
this  time,  when  savages  from  every  part  of  the  coun- 
try were  continually  jostling  one  another  in  its  streets. 
In  the  course  of  his  ingenious  and  able  speech  for  the 
defense,  Brackenridge  said,  "  There  are  several  Indian 
villages  in  this  county;  there  are  many  in  different 
parts  of  the  United  ''lates,  surrounded  on  all  sides  by 
settlements  of  vliite  people.     Has  any  grand  jury 
over  thought  of  examining  and  iiKjuiring  into  their 
doings  and  actings  in  their  villages  ?  ...  It  is  not 
long  since,  in  one  of  the  villages  on  the  Maramec, 
two  women  were  put  to  death  by  order  of  an  Indian 
council   on    t'lo    charge   of  sorcery  !"     Certainly  we 
have  the  outline  here  of  a  rather  unpleasant  condition 
of  affairs. 

As  early  as  1778  we  find  a  deposition  among  the 
records,  made  by  Francis  Vietlole  St.  Cloux,  to  the 
effect  that  while  hunting  on  the  Illinois  River,  at 
Ilonore's  cauiji,  Louis  Makas  (the  Omaha),  being  near 
by,  took  his  gun  and  said  he  would  kill  u  Frenchman 
anyhow.  St.  Cloux  dodged  the  .shot,  got  Louis  round 
the  body,  called  some  river  hunters  to  his  aid,  tied 
him,  and  took  him  down  to  St.  Louis  in  the  boat. 
"  The  next  morning,  arriving  home,  he  went  up  into 
the  loft  and  brought  down  liis  scalp-lock,  saying  he 
had  dressed  long  enough  as  a  Frcnehinan,  he  would 
now  dross  as  an  Indian  warrior  and  take  scalps."  St. 
Cloux  did  not  like  such  a  savage  about  his  liou.se,  so 
sent  for  the  sergeant  and  the  guard.  The  Governor 
sentenced  l-ouis  to  perpetual  banishment,  and  to  be 
"  sent  below," — that  is,  sent  to  New  Orleans  to  be  sold 
for  a  slave  to  St.  Domingo.  But  Louis  filed  !>is 
shackles  loose,  cut  a  hole  in  the  prison  wall,  and  made 
good  his  escape.  He  was  pretty  much  of  a  desperado, 
had  been  a  slave  in  Canada,  and  committed  several 
murders.  June  21,  1788,  an  Englishman  named 
Kerr  from  the  American  side,  his  wife,  son,  and  two 
daughters  were  murdered  by  Indians  on  Jacques  Gla- 
morgan's farm,  six  miles  north  of  St.  Louis,  on  the 
road  to  Bellcf'ontaino.  The  Lieutcnanl-tjovcrnor  ap- 
praised the  effects  of  the  Kerr  family,  which  showed 
a  pretty  good  line  of  household  stuff.  In  March,  1800, 
the  eomuiandant  ut  C'uroudelet,  Pierre  do  Treget,  rc- 


i  ?l 


120 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


ports  tlio  itiurdor  of  Adam  IIouso,  an  old  man,  and  a 
boy  at  llio  Ilonauto  forks  on  tlio  Marainec'  Do  Troget 
found  tlie  man  dead,  his  body  full  of  wounds,  lioad 
cut  off",  and  scalped.  The  boy's  head  was  cut  off,  but 
no  wounds  on  iiis  body. 

In  1808,  July,  according  to  the  <SV.  Louis  /ir/nihli- 
cim,  the  Osages  committed  so  many  outrages  on  tlic 
frontiers  that  the  government  permitted  the  Delawarcs, 
Shawancse,  and  Kiekapoos  to  go  to  war  with  them.  It 
was  claimed  that  the  combined  tribes  could  put  five 
tliousaiid  warriors  in  the  field,  while  the  Pawnees 
were  ex]iccted  to  aid  the  Osages. 

At  tliis  time  there  was  considerable  excitement  in 
St.  Louis  over  the  trial  of  two  warriors  of  tlio  Toway 
tribes  for  murder,  and  of  a  Saukee  for  killing  a  white 
man.  All  three  were  convicted,  but  the  Governor 
reprieved  the  Saukee  and  the  loways  were  granted  a 
new  trial.  They  were  again  convicted,  but  it  was 
difficult  to  get  a  jury,  si.xty-soven  talesmen  having 
been  set  aside  as  having  formed  an  opinion.  The 
following  article  from  the  Misi-iiiiri  Gii~<tle  of  that 
day  is  very  instructive : 

"lliiviii;^  iitlcntivi'l>'  ol)«cncil  the  proiiress  of  tlio  triiils  of 
t)io  .'^iHiU  niiil  tlic  two  lowjiy  Iiniians,  iii.fl  .snin  ■'('  tlH)  ooiI'miui- 
iLTiit  iiiul  iJu'j.^criuont  elTui't*.  1  ivisli  yuu  I'l  ;^ivi'  this  inserliuii 
in  your  very  nsrt'ul  paper.  The  Cmirt  of  Oyer  ami  Tt'rmiiHM-  was 
compose"!  liy  .Messrs,  Ijiioas  ami  .Shrador.  Duriii;;  tlic  course 
of  llic  trial  I  was  powcrlully  struck  with  the  imlcl'atigable 
paliciii'c  ami  stern  impartiality  of  the  juil^es.  They  gave  the 
Intlians  evi'ry  chance  that  any  white  man  eoulil  expcet,  cominj^ 
licforc  the  highest  tiibunal.  To  the  Sauk  ami  two  loways  on 
their  lirst  imiictiuciit  they  nssigneil  Mcssis.  t_'arr  anJ  .Mears,  anil 
fur  the  two  loways  on  their  seconJ  imliclment,  Messrs.  Uastuii 
anil  Mears.  as  counsel  lor  the  prisoners.  The  court  was  as  at- 
tentive even  to  formal  exceptions  agitated  liy  the  iirisoncrs' 
counsel  ns  if  any  white  citizen  of  the  Unitcil  States  was  upon 
his  trial,  and,  though  the  universal  outcuy  was  •  Hang  them  !' 
*  Jiang  them  I*  yet  the  immovable  jutlges  inflexibly  ailhcreil  to 
the  rules  of  law  and  to  the  ilictales  of  humanity  anil  justice. 

"They  have  iloue  themselves  mueh  honor  in  their  coniluct  in 
this  trial,  ami  some  of  their  decisions  therein  would  grace  even 
Westminster  Hall. 

"During  the  suspense  of  this  long  trial  the  streets  of  .'^t. 
Louis  teemed  with  Indian  warriors.  They  were  freipieiilly 
spectators  of  the  trial  of  their  fellows,  an  I  had  a  place  in  court 
ivssigne  1  for  their  reception. 

"\  understand  that  they  incessantly  harassed  the  (iovernor 
and  Gen.  Clark,  beseeching  pardon  for  the  ofl'endera. 

'  Mr.  llillon  remarks  that  the  Myro  Fork  of  the  .Maranicc  is 
our  present  Dig  Kiver,  a  large  branch  corning  into  the  Maraiueo 
on  the  south  siile,  in  Jetfcrson  (.'ounty,  F'titrt-fi*-  a  lii  ntititf  is 
Rcnaute'a  Fork,  or  Mineral  Fork  of  llig  lliver,  in  Washington 
(.'ounty,  eight  or  ten  mile-  north  of  Mine  ii  Iturton,  now  I'otosi, 
"  This,"  he  adds,  "  is  the  Uenauto  mentioned  by  Oayarre  and 
others,  who  came  over  from  France  in  17 — ,  ami  broiigiit  the 
bricks  necessary  for  the  furnaces  from  Paris  with  his  name  on 
thoin.  ('ozena  unearthed  one  of  them  in  purveying  in  that 
locality." 


"  The  (Jovernor  and  the  general  held  a  counsel  on  Suiidiiy 
last  with  some  of  the  chiefs  and  warriors. 

"  I  think  thoir  speeches  inspired  the  Indians  with  the  great. 
ness  of  the  United  States  and  the  indissoluble  connection  ilia: 
exists  between  their  felicity  and  the  friendship  of  tlio  Anierii-:u. 
government.  Indeed,  the  chiefs  in  their  reply  showed  belli 
atfection  and  fear.     They  were  all  submission,  all  compliain.-e, 

"The  Governor  endeavored  to  quell  aniniositie.s,  to  arrest 
Iho  destructive  ]irogress  and  fury  of  war,  to  crenlo  and  e-i,ii,. 
lijli  a  pcrman'.  nt  peace  among  these  nations.  They  appiini 
inclined  to  realize  his  wishes  fully,  but  I  cannot  guess  at  (liiir 
Iierformance.  The  (iovernor  and  the  general  appeared  so  will 
acipiainted  with  the  motives  that  have  the  entire  domain  iivii 
the  heart  of  Indians,  and  of  the  very  texture  of  their  luiiij., 
and  can  so  easily  balance  their  passions  and  sw.iy  theiii  :(t  j 
pleasure,  that  they  arc  well  calculated  to  rule  that  people  luij 
attach  them  strongly  to  the  American  government." 

The  Governor  referred  to  was  Col.  Meriwether  | 
Lewis,  of  Lewis  and  Clark's  expedition.  To  sliuit  i 
the  wholesale  character  of  Indian  depredations  in  Hi 
time  it  is  only  neuessary  to  read  the  following  ailver- 
tisement  over  his  own  signature: 

"  On  Saturday,  the  L'lth  of  this  month,  will  ho  sold  nt  piilili 
auction  in  front  of  the  l']agle  Tavern,  in  the  town  of  St.  buuis 
six  public  horses ;  also  the  residue  of  tuenty-tlirec  horses  ulii;:. 
were  delivered  to  me  in  the  mouths  of  August  au'l  Scpteiiiljvr  1 
last  by  the  Osage  Imliaiis.  The  terms  of  sale  will  beciisli,,,. 
approved  notes,  pa^-ablc  at  ninety  days. 

"  Mkiiiwktiii:ii  I,i.«i<, 

"St.  Loiis,  December  12,  I  SOS. 

"  P.P. — The  horses  which  were  delivered  to  mc  by  the  (J.j^f 
tndian.s  were  acknowlcdgoil  by  them  to  have  been  taken  fnii;  | 
tlie  inhabitants  of  this  Territory." 

Not  long  after  this  the  Dela wares  and  Slia\vaii«| 
resoUed    u[)on  establishing   some  reforms,  ami  ilnv 
did  it  in  a  very  radical  way,  as  may  be  gatherej  ('iniiil 
the  following  editorial  from  the  Min.iniiri  Giiudli  ^i\ 
Aug.  1(1,  18011: 

"  Having  heard  itf  the  execution  of  several  Dciaivnros  an: 
Shawancse  at  their  towns  near  Cape  Girardeau  (on  A|i|:. 
Creek,  in  that  county),  we  had  the  curiosity  to  incpiiiv  ..: 
Koilgers,  the  Shawancse  eliicf,  as  to  the  triilb  of  the  re|ii.ii, 

"Mr.   Uodgers  says  that    Wiui-li<-lvlh-lhili,  n  Delaivari,  :i5: 
Thtt-tlni'trftif,  a  Shawanese  chief,  summoned  him  to  atliiii,| 
solemn  council  at  their  lownsj  that  on  his  arrival  he  lounh 
griiit  revolution  was  about  to  take  place,— they  had  iiiliuli  :>. 
the  use  of   intoxicating    liipiors    and  determined    to   iiliiuilrl 
the  chase,   to  raise  stock  and  corn  for  food,  and   teach  ti.i 
women  to  spin  and  weave  their  cloths. 

"Tl  cy  had  established  a  court  to  try  oriininnls;  four  pcr-ot!  I 
were  tried,  and  three  men  were  found  guilty,  and  one  uniui: 
acipiitteil.     The  eondeiniied   were  led  out  of  town   In  a  lliis 
woods    and    tomahawked.       They   were    then    placed    on  ii\ 
immense  pile  of  wood  and  burnt  to  ashes.       UpwanN  uf  wii  I 
hundred  men  assisted  on  the  occasion." 

Indians  seem  to  have  thronged  St.  Louis  evcrvitivi 
about  tills  time.  One  day  it  is  a  delegation  from  ilii','^;iri| 
and  Foxc.«,  come  to  find  out  something  abniit  llioiri 
fellow-tribesman  under  sentence  of  death  for  iiiunlir. 


THE   INDIANS. 


121 


on  Sumla; 

li  the  gicat- 
ncctiun  I  ha' 
,10  Aiiierii-ii. 
Oiowi'il  bull! 
lompliniicc. 
>s,  to  iirrcst 
0  »inl  e?>tiib- 
cy  iipinMrtl 
rurss  nt  tlu-ir 
earcil  ?o  wrl! 
(loiiiatii  ovct 
tlicir  iiiiiid^,  I 
w.iy   tlRiii  111 
lit  peoplu  niii  I 
t." 

Jleriwi'tlitr  | 

To  show  I 

itions  ill  lii^ 

jwiii''  lulvii 


solil  nl  ]nil 
rn  oT  St.  Kmu 
1H5  horses  wlii.'ii  | 
aii^l  So|iti'UiUr  ] 
will   lie  casli,!,' 

;tiii:u  I.kwk. 

lie  by  tbf  0-11^ 
)ecn  tiiUen  fii'U 


id  Sli;iw;iiK>c| 
ins,  iui'i  tliiv 
iitlicrL'il  fiiiLl 
/■j   Gii:.i  Hi  I 


Dclawiui's  ac';| 
[eaii   (on    Xyy.: 
to    iiiiiuiii'  i; 
llip  ri'|i"rl. 
Deliuviiri',  anil 
liiii  I"  aU'iil  .| 
Iviil  111'  l""iil ' 
hiail  iiiti'i'li  I'^l 
l(>il    to   iiImii'!"". 
1,1. 1    teiu'll   lU: 

lis;  four  iKT-iil 
luiil  on.'  »..l..i 

fiwn   I"  II  ll.> 
pllici'il    nil  «  I 

JjiwariN  "I  i'w| 

luis  cvonil.iv| 
Irnimilii'J'ai-^l 
about  tliciil 
|i  Cor  umriloi. 


'flic  iioxt  day  it  is  a  gang  of  Indians  arrested  for 
.t(  mIiii'-'.  Here  is  a  paragraph  from  a  newspaper  of 
July  15,  1809:  "A  party  of  straggling  Taways 
(tttawas)  liavc  infested  tliis  place  and  neigliborliood 
for  several  weeks,  killing  hogs  and  destroying  other 
nroiH-rlv.  That  part  of  Illinois  Territory  between 
Caliokiii  and  Wood  Rivers  appears  to  have  lieen  their 
..liiu'ifal  scat  of  war.  In  scouring  the  woods  a  few 
,|.,v^  noil  in  search  of  their  favorite  game  they  took 
llic  singular  nielliod  of  moving  on  all  fours  and  inii- 
tatiii'-'  llic  notes  of  the  mud-lark  ;  one  poor  devil, 
kiiiL'  niore  successful  in  imitation  than  the  rest,  and 
l„.i„^'  much  obscured  by  a  tliicket,  was  fired  upon 
iiiid  killed.  This  circumstance  has  for  tlio  present 
put  !i  stop  to  their  depredations."  A  third  day  it  is 
a  visit  fioni  the  big  chief  of  the  Mandans,  who,  com-  ' 
iiiMiuliiig  many  people,  and  dwelling  in  a  country  : 
iinilifui  in  furs,  must  be  courteously  treated  and  ^ 
entertained,  and  sent  home  to  his  village,  si.\teen 
liuiiclieJ  miles  up  the  Missouri,  under  an  escort. 
Pioirc  and  Auguste  Chouteau  and  their  sons,  with 
Manuel  Lisa,  we  may  bo  sure  (and  the  record  proves 
ilj,  were  of  the  party. 

In  1811,  Pierre  Chouteau's  barn,  at  the  north  end 
of  the  town,  was  burned  "  by  a  vagabond   party  of 
Iiuliaiis  who   infest    this    town  and    neighborhood." 
I  The  cciiitemporavy  report,  June  lU),  1811,  says, — 

'  I.iisl  Moniliiy  iipiicareil  to  bo  a  day  ol"  jubilee  anion;,'  tliein, 
nara.ling  tlic  strcet.s  >¥itli  b.iltli'S  of  wliiakey,  wliii-li  are  opciily 
(uUl  tlii'i"  by  almost  every   retailer,  in  deruiiiee  .if  llii'  laws; 
,|„n„;r   their  orgies  an    In.Iiiin  of  the  name  of   S./nlii'm!  at- 
tacked an  OHoway  woman  in  tlie  most  iiopnions  part  of  the 
I  town,  and  nt  mid-day,  and  put  her  to  death   by  thrustini;  an 
I  nmiw  into  her  iicek  and  down  her  bo.iy.     Xlueli   niisehief  is 
„|,,,rthcndcd  If  some  of  our  whiskey  iiiereliants  are  not  made 
I  examples  of." 

About  the  time  of  the  outbreak  of  the  war  of'lSlL', 
ciimcst  efforts  were  made  to  conciliate  some  of   the 

jtiibcs  adjacent  to  St.  I.uuis,  and  get  them  to  make 
peace  with  one  another.     The  two  jiarrtgraplis  which 

]  I'lilluw  are  evidence  of  this  : 

".\  ilc'putalion  of  Pulawatomios,  Kieknpoo.'i,  and  Oliipawnys 
Urrin'.l  hereon  Tuesday  last,  with  fjoinn,  the  Illinois  ehicf,  on 
Ithrir  way  to  sec  (lovernor  Kdwaids,  win,  had  fent  for  them. 
I  Till')'  wail  lieic  for  hia  arrival  at  Cahokia,  to  open  the  eonfer- 

I  flK'C. 

"These  pe.ipic  eamo  down  the  Mississippi,  with  three  I'niled 
Iflati'S  Hags  tlying  in  their  foremost  eanoeii,  with  the  wliito  mes- 
liciigcrs  who  were  sent  for  them.  The  settlers  on  the  river  were 
Inilfcl  of  their  npproaeh  by  .Maj.  Whitesi.les,  who  recpie-^led 
llhat  they  should  bo  siifTered  to  pass,  nn.l  a  frien.lly  attention 
|lh..ivii  them  if  they  came  on  ehoro.  Yet,  with  all  these  pre- 
Icniiliuns,!*  low  dastardly  fellows  could  bo  found  to  attack  tho 
Icmm's.  rejjardless  of  thu  hiws  of  nations.  These  heroes  iircd 
llciiiir  twelve  shots  ul  a  parly  Ihcy  know  would  not  return  tho 
lliihiti'."    [.^pril  II,  IS12.J 


"  Some  days  ago  the  chiefs  of  the  tireat  and  Little  O^Jage,  tho 
Sacs  Itcnnrd,  and  the  Shawanoes  and  the  Pcliuvare-'.  who  reside 
in  this  Territory,  met  here  in  order  to  aeeoinpany  (!eM.  William 
Clark  to  the  Federal  city.  On  Tuesday  week  la-t  they  held  u 
council  to  compose  their  ditfi.'reiftes,  and  endeavor  to  bury  tho 
tomahawk.  With  the . "shawanoes  and  the  Delawares  tlieOsages 
made  peace  by  promising  to  cover  tho  dead  bo.liesof  the  Shaw- 
anoes with  such  remuneration  as  would  be  acceptable.  With 
the  Sacs  and  Koxcs  no  trcaiv  could  bo  made,  as  the  Sa.s,  etc., 
said  they  di.l  not  come  here  .or  that  purpose,  nor  ha. I  tlu;y  taken 
the  opinion  'if  their  nation  on  tho  subjeet.  The  Osagi'S  ap- 
peared to  be  anxious  for  peace,  but  the  Sues  evaded  everything 
on  tliat  head  by  remarking  that  their  numerous  neighbors  wore 
determined  on  ivarwith  the  Osages,  and  they  could  not  restrain 
their  young  men  fr<im  joining  tile  hostile  jiarties.  On  tho  .'ith 
inst.  (len.  W.  Clark  left  this  ]ibice  for  Washington  City,  with 
tho  chiefs  of  the  above  nations."     [May  9,  ISI2.] 

For  all  that  the  war  was  made  very  vexations  to 
St.  Louis  on  aceount  of  the  vagrant  Indians  around 
it.       The    Illinois    Indians   and    their   kindred    atid 
allies  took  up  arms,  raised  a  force  of  four  hundred 
warriors,  and  harassed  the  country,  murdering  out- 
lying planters  and  farmers,  killing  hugs  and  cattle, 
and    stealing    horses.      The    country    opposite    St. 
Louis  swarmed   with    savages,  and    they  made    fre- 
quent raids  to  the  west  side  of  the  river,  burning  and 
[ilundering  whe  ^ver  they  came.     Their  canoes  gave 
them  a  safe  meal,    of  escape  whenever  pursued.    After 
the  war  the  few  surviving  Illinois,  anil  the  Sacs  and 
Foxe.)  as  well,  were  compelled  to  ri'inove  west  of  the 
iMississi|i]ii.    The  latter  were  estimated  at  that  time  to 
have  nigh  one  tliousand  warriors.    The  band  of  Mlack 
Hawk,  liowever,  which  had  been  most  active  in  its 
hostility  to  the  whites,  refused  to  submit  to  this  ar- 
rangement, and  continued  to  occupy  the  ancient  Sauk 
town  at  Kock  Island.    This  fine  old  warrior  had  been 
one  of    Teeumseh's    most   trusted    lieutenants.     lie 
claimed  to  acknowledge  none  but  British  authority, 
took  bis  warriors  into  Canada  to  receive  their  atniuities 
and  subsidy,  and  returncil  breathing  vengeance  against 
the  invaders  of  tlie  ancient  hunting-grounds  of  tlie 
Sacs  and    Foxes.     Two  leading  eireumstances  filled 
liim  with  bitterness  against  the  whites.    In  ISO-l  some 
chiefs  of  his  tribe  went  to  St.  Louis  to  procure  the 
release  of  two  or  three  warriors  who  were  in  custody. 
While  there,  so  Black  Hawk  alleged,  they  were  made 
drunk,  and  pcrsuiided  to  sign  a  treaty  relinquishi'  'j; 
their  lands  east  of  tlit-  IMissi.ssippi.     'J'his  treaty  had 
been  confirmed  by  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  (lii'tidly  to  the 
whites  after  the  termination  of  tho  war  of  1812-14. 
The  chief  of  these  friendly  Indians  was  Keokuk,  Black 
Hawk's  rival,  who,  by  his  pacific  counsels    and    the 
force  of  a  rude  but  impetuous  and  magnetic  eloiiuencc, 
had  succeeded  in   alienating  the  majority  of  the  tribe 
1  from    their  allegiance  to  their   hereditary  chieftain, 


i 


122 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Bluck  Hawk,  and  preventin;;  him  from  waging  wiir 
with  the  full  force  of  the  tribe.  As  will  be  presently 
seen,  these  discontents  led  finally  to  open  warfare. 

During  the  war  of  181^-14,  St.  Louis  and  tlie  ad- 
jacent towns  were  thrown  almost  entirely  apon  their 
own  resources  in  repelling  Indian  incursions  and  hos- 
tilities. They  mot  tlio  emergency  like  brave  men. 
Governor  Howard,  of  the  Territory,  threw  up  his 
office  and  took  the  Oeld  with  a  commission  as  brigadier- 
general,  guarding  the  Jlississippi  at  and  above  the 
mouth  of  the  Illinois,  and  co-operating  with  Governor 
Ninian  Edwards,  of  Illinois  Territory,  in  protecting  the 
left  flank  of  Gen.  Harrison  in  his  operations  along  the 
lakes.  The  people  of  St.  Louis,  for  their  own  part, 
raised  a  force  of  Ave  hundred  mounted  scouts  or  rangers. 
They  built  a  cordon  of  twenty-two  stations,  or  family 
block-houses,  extending  from  Bellefontaine,  at  the 
mouth  of  the  Missouri,  to  the  Kaskaskia  lUver.  Along 
this  line,  seventy-fivo  miles  in  length,  the  scouts  and 
rangers  passed  daily,  keeping  up  comniunications  and 
preventing  the  enemy  from  breaking  through.  The 
cordon  was  afterwards  extended  to  the  Illinois,  Saline, 
and  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio.  The  British  and  In- 
dians were  at  I'rairie  du  Chien  and  I'curia  ;  the  Illi- 
nois and  Missouri  troops  at  Portage  des  Sioux.  The 
latter  took  and  burnt  Chief  Gomo's  town  at  Peoria, 
and  the  town  of  the  Sauks  at  Qiiiney.  They  failed  to 
capture  Prairie  du  Chien,  but  they  picketed  the  Mi.s- 
sis>ippi  with  gunboats,  and  expelled  the  Indian  canucs 
from  the  river. 

At  Ildone's  Lick  the  people  of  the  mighborhood 
sucees-'liilly  defended  their  live  i-tnckades  against 
freipient  a.-^.-anlts  nf  the  Indian.'^.  At  Cote  Sr.ns 
Dessein  the  resolute  Creole,  Baptiste  Louis  Iliiy, 
aided  only  liy  two  women,  successfully  defended  bis 
cabin  against  a  hundred  savages,  covering  liimself 
with  glory  by  killing  fourteen  of  them  before  they 
withdrew.  While  he  shot  with  unerring  aim,  the 
brave  women  kept  his  rifles  loaded,  and  prevented 
the  besiegers  from  setting  the  block-house  on  fire. 
The  actiun  was  looked  upon  as  the  most  suceosl'ul 
engagement  of  the  war,  and  was  highly  appreciated 
in  St.  Louis.  Fnfortunatcly,  the  eitizens,  i.i  after- 
wards getting  up  a  testimonial  for  M.  Boy,  offended 
his  susceptibilities  (for  ho  was  as  gallant  as  he  was 
brave),  and  he  could  not  be  jiacified. 

In  July,  1S15,  the  war  having  closed,  the  Indians 
and  their  deputies  were  invited  to  asseiuble  in  council 
at  Portage  des  Sioux,  to  treat  for  peace.  The  com- 
missioners on  the  part  of  the  United  States  were 
Governor  Clark,  of  Missouri,  Governor  Edwards,  of 
Illinoi.s,  and  Auguste  Chouteau,  of  St.  Louis.  Rob- 
ert  Walsh,  of  Baltimore,  then  just  beginning   his 


public  life,  was  secretary  to  the  commission.    Trcaiiw 
wore    made  with    the    Pottawatamies,    Piankoshaws. 
Sioux,  Omahas,  Kickapoos,  Keokuk's  band  of  ilic 
Sacs  and    Foxes,   the  Osagcs,  loways,  and    KaiiNis 
Indians.     Tlie  Sacs  of  Black  River,  Black  Hawk's 
band,  refused  to  attend  the  council  or  be  governed  In 
the  treaty  which  Keokuk  had  signed.     The  treaty  of  I 
1804,  also  repudiated  by  Black  Hawk,  had  ceded  an 
imiiien.se   territory  on  both  sides  of  the  Mississi|p|ii, 
north  of  the  Mis.souri  and  Illinois  Rivers,  to  the  Wi>.  | 
consin  and  the  Des  Moins.     This  cession  was  eon. 
firmed  by  Keokuk's  band   in   1815-l(j,  and  bd'ijii 
1830  a  part  of  these  lands  wore  surveyed  and  opeii.jj 
for  .settlement.     Settlers  began  to  pour  in,  and  i>|n:.  I 
eially  upon  that  part  of  the  tract  near  to  the  aiKJint  | 
Sauk  town  above  the  mouth  of  Rock  River. 

Black  Hawk  was  not  a  great  leader  of  men,  Jil;, 
I'ontiae  and   Tocumseh.     Ho  could  not  continl  l;i,, 
tribe  so  well  as  Keokuk,  yet  lie  was  a  man  of  sirmi.' 
individuality,  brave  to  a  fault,  humane  even  to  ji;,, 
Worst   enemies,   tenderhearted,    feeling   strongly  mij 
capable  of  inspiring  a  very  warm  afTection  in  his  i;,|. 
lowers.      Ho  was  di'eply  attached   to  his  family  ;  jiaii  i 
bis  opposition  to  Keokuk  proceeded  from  his  ardiiit  I 
desire  to  have  his  son,  Na-sheas-euek,  sueceeil  him  I 
as  chief  of  the  combined  tribes,  and  when  his  dau;.'li  j 
ter  died  the  old  chief  used  to  make  an  animal  lii- 
grimage  as  long  as  he  lived  to  her  grave  on  the  Icmli 
of  the  Missis.sippi  nt  Oquawka.    The  [ihysiognmm 
Black   Hawk  was  striking;   he   bad  a  very  line  lioajl 
with  a  towering  forehead,  which   reminded  overydiitl 
of  the  portraits  of  Sir  Walter  Scott.      In  his  old  a:. 
and  during  his  captivity  the  veteran  warriur  luraintl 
garrulous,   talked    much   of   him.self,  and   dietaloili| 
sketeh  of  his  life  f'cir  publication.     In  the  euur-e. 
this  ho  imparted  some    interesting  information  oidi 
cerning  his  jiecjple,  a  part  of  whom,  under  theiiaiiitl 
of  Ma.seoutins,  had  boon  under  Jesuit  in-jtruetiuii  ai| 
the  Green  B,^-  Mission  as  early  as  1(188.     The  ^j. 
and  Foxes,  after  the  women  planted  corn,  had  tluiil 
"  cram:  dance,"  at  which  the  young  braves  did  lliiii 
ciiurling.     The  national  dance  is  participated  inlvl 
the  warriors  only.     The  braves  who  have  been  ii|«iil 
the  war-path  and  killed  an  enemy  can  enter  tlie  N|iiart I 
and  recite  and  act  their  ex|)loits,  but  all  otlier.s  wcrel 
forced  to  keep  out.     The  impulse  given  bysialiail 
institution  among  a  people  .so  hungry  for  a]ipliiu>i'i.' 
the  Indians  may  readily  bo  conceived.     '•  1  iviii*| 
ber,"  said   I51ack   Hawk,   "  I   was  ashamed  to  Wl 
where  our  young  womt^i  stood   before  I  eoiilil  lak 
my  stand  in  the  square  as  a  warrior." 

After  the  national  dance,  when  the  corn  was  hocill 
and  Iiad  got  a  good  enough  growth  to  prevent  itfn'j| 


lieing  choke 
wanl   to  hu 
tribe  went  t 
rushes  of  w 
iil.so  e(|nipjii 
wandering  ei 
The  difTerent 
uiio  aiiiillier 
on  a  fair  has 
son  I  if  feasti 
mmi-enients 
(in  a  side,  wit 
ilu'  enni  croj 
Indians  gettii 
George  Ilaven 
{})'  the  towns 
fro|iiciilly    g! 
sand  (Miliars 
said,  lliey  ahv 
fidelity.     Prolj 
lung  to  the  uiK 
myself,"  said   1 
Wilier  finni  a 
giiudin'ss  of  tlu 
fun  as  W(.'ll   as 
I  ti'ved  over  a  wid 
Indians  return 
I  traders'  cabins  L 
fi'asting,  e;ii'd-pl 
winter  is  breakii 
the  limit  f(ir  beii 
old  men  and  woi 
iiKijile  groves.     . 
I  jiiovisidiis  arc  a 
Illark  Hawk,  "■ 
accduipaiiied  by 
I  rolled  around    li 


THE   INDIANS. 


123 


rriiT  iH'caiiKl 


[ruiatiuii  oiD'l 

JV    tllL'  IKlUlt 


levent  it  Imil 


lieiii?  eliokoil  by  weeds,  the  young  '"cm  set  out  wost- 
Wi\iil  to  hunt  deer  and  buflalo,  and  the  rest  of  the 
triln'  wont  to  iisl),  to  dii;  lead  in  tlie  mines,  and  get 
lusliis  of  wbieli  to  niai<e  mats.  The  hunters  were 
also  eiiuipped  as  a  war-iiarty,  in  case  any  of  their 
wandeiing  enemies,  the  Sioux,  should  be  uneountered. 
XIh'  .liircront  jiarlies,  on  their  return,  cxebanged  witli 
uiio  niiiilher  tlie  produets  of  tlieir  several  industries 
oil  a  fair  basis  of  rceiprocity,  and  then  ensued  a  sea- 
son iif  feasting;  from  lodge  to  lodge.  The  favorite 
iiimiM'iiients  were  ball-playing,  three  to  Ave  hundred 
on  a  ;-ide,  with  large  slakes,  and  borsc-raeing.  After 
tlic  cnin  crop  was  seeuivd  the  winter  hunt  began,  the 
liiiliiiiri  iiettiiig  snp|)lies  on  credit  from  the  traders. 
Gcoriic  Uavenport,  the  old  Indian  trader  and  I'ounder 
of  tlu'  towns  of  Koek  Island  and  |),ivenport,  would 
fieuiuiiily  give  a  credit  of  fifty  to  sixty  thon- 
saml  diilai's  to  a  single  band  of  Indians,  for,  as  he 
said,  tliey  always  paid  their  debts  with  scrupulous 
fitlolitv.  I'loliity  and  a  strong  religious  feeling  bo- 
loii;;  to  the  niicoutaminated  Indian  eharaiter.  "  For 
uivst'if,  said  Black  Hawk,  ''  I  never  take  a  drink  of 
water  from  a  spring  without  being  niindl'ul  of  the 
I'lHiJnoss  of  the  Great  Spirit."  Tiic  winter  hunt,  for 
furs  as  well  as  meat,  is  made  by  small  parties,  seat- 
ti'ved  over  a  wide  area.  As  soon  as  it  is  completed  the 
Indians  return  to  the  lodges  of  their  winter  camp,  the 
trailiTs'  cabins  being  near  by.  Annther  long  season  of 
feasting,  card  playing,  and  other  pastimes  ensues.  As 
winter  is  breaking  up  the  young  men  go  out  again  on 
[tlieliiMii  fur  beaver,  musk-rats,  and  raccoons,  and  the 
!  old  men  and  women  resort  to  the  sugar-camp  in  the 
iiianlc  groves.  As  this  is  the  wild-fowl  season  also, 
I Il|■ovi^i^lns  are  abundant.  "  After  this  is  over,"  said 
JBlaLk  Hawk,  '•  wc  return  to  our  village,  sonictinus 
Qccmupaiiicd  by  our  traders.  In  this  way  the  year 
j rolled  around  happily.  But  tl  'se  are  times  that 
vore  1 
lilack  Ilawk  was  a  proud  and  haughty  chief. 
I 'When  lie  met  President  Jackson,  in  181(3,  he  said, 
I"  I  am  a  man,  and  you  are  another."  In  speaking  of 
Ihis  outbreak,  he  said  he  and  his  people  did  not  cx- 
[poct  to  coiupier  the  whites.  "  I  took  up  the  hatchet, 
jfur  my  part,  to  revenge  injuries  which  my  people 
Icould  no  longer  endure.  Had  I  borne  them  longer 
Ivtiiliout  striking,  my  people  would  have  said,  '  Black 
llhiwk  is  a  woman, — bo  is  too  old  to  be  a  chief,  he  is 
ilio  Sac' '  When  he  surrendered  himself  nt  Prairie 
|0u  Cliien,  he  said,  "  Black  Hawk  is  a  true  Indian, 
liiid  di-dains  to  cry  like  a  woman.  lie  feels  for  his 
Itife,  Ms  children  and  friends,  but  he  docs  not  care 
Ifurlii"'  -ilf  He  cares  for  his  nation  and  the  Indians, — 
Itky  will  suffer;  ho  laments  their  fate.     The  white 


men  do  not  scalp  the  licad,  but  they  do  wor.sc,  they 
poison  the  heart;  it  is  not  pure  with  them.  His 
countrymen  will  not  bo  scalped,  but  they  will,  in  a 
few  years,  become  like  the  white  men,  so  that  you 
can't  hurt  them,  and  there  must  be,  as  in  the  white 
.settlement.^!,  nearly  as  m....y  officers  as  men,  to  take 
care  of  them  and  keep  them  in  order."  In  spite, 
however,  of  these  expressions  of  manhood,  when  the 
steamboat  on  which  he  was  a  prisoner  passed  Rock 
Island  on  its  way  down  the  river,  in  full  sight  of  the 
beloved  village  which  had  been  the  home  of  his  tribe 
for  one  hundred  and  seventy  years,  the  poor,  heart- 
broken chieftain  wept  like  a  child.  The  scene  and 
its  surroundings  were  too  much  for  his  stoicism. 

The  Sacs  and  Foxes  numbered  about  three  thou- 
sand souls  anil  had  six  hundred  warrinrs  when  the 
troulilo  broke  out.  Of  these,  three  hundred  adhered 
to  the  fortunes  of  Black  Hawk  (including  in  the 
number  a  few  ^Vinnebag()es  anil  Pottawatlainics),  and 
with  this  small  army  did  Ma-katai-me  she-kia-kiak 
undertake  to  make  war  u])on  the  United  States, 
being  then  a  lean,  meagre  old  man  of  sixty-odd  years, 
and  not  great  stature.  The  treaties  of  1804,  1815, 
ami  181(1  gave  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  full  permission  to 
live  upon  the  cedi^d  lands  until  the  United  States 
government  oiTcred  them  for  sale.  In  1810,  Fort 
Armstrong  was  built  on  Rock  Island.  The  Indians 
did  not  object  to  it ;  but  still,  as  Black  Hawk  said, 
they  were  '•  very  sorry,"  for  it  was  the  best  i.-,land  on 
the  Mississippi  and  a  favorite  resort  of  the  Indian 
youth.  In  the  words  of  the  old  chief,  "  it  was  our 
garden  ^  such  as  the  white  peojde  have  near  their  big 
villages),  which  supplied  us  with  strawberries,  black- 
berries, plums,  apples,  and  nuts  of  various  kinds; 
and  its  waters  sujiplied  us  with  pure  fish,  being  sit- 
uated in  the  rapids  of  the  river.  In  my  early  life  I 
spent  many  hajipy  days  on  this  island.  A  good  spirit 
bad  care  of  it,  who  lived  in  a  cave  in  the  rocks  im- 
mediately under  the  place  where  the  fort  now  stands, 
and  has  often  been  seen  by  our  jicuple.  lie  was 
white,  with  large  wings  like  a  swan's,  but  ten  times 
larger.  We  were  particular  not  to  make  much  noise 
in  that  part  of  the  island  which  liu  inhabited,  for  fear 
of  disturbing  him.  But  the  noise  of  the  fort  has 
since  driven  him  away,  and  no  doubt  a  bad  spirit  has 
taken  his  place."  So  Black  Hawk,  like  Socrates  and 
Napoleon,  had  his  guardian  Daimon  ! 

Mii-katai-mo-she-kia-kiak,  the  Black  Hawk,  was 
no  match  in  policy  for  Keo  kuk,  the  watchful  Fox. 
In  1823  the  latter,  upon  the  advice  of  the  Indian 
agent  at  Fort  Armstrong,  withdrew  with  his  band  to 
the  western  side  of  the  Mi.s.-.i.ssippi.  He  got  a  jirescnt 
of  forty  squaio  miles  of  land  for  so  doing,  and  at  the 


124 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


fame  time  put  Bliick  Ilnwk  in  tlio  minority  nnd  in 
the  wroiij:.  Black  Iliiwk  mid  lii.s  fullowcrs,  refusing; 
to  iniivo,  and  still  chiiniitig  (o  own  allngiaiiee  to  Groat 
Britain,  bpcaino  known  as  the  "  British  hand."  The 
nnnio  itself  was  cnoujrh  to  condonin  them  in  any 
Western  community.  Black  Hawk  stuck  to  the  old 
villa,u;o,  with  all  the  conservative  instincts  and  nil  the 
crahhcd  jiatriolisni  of  nn  aired  warrior  who  had  always 
hated  the  Americans,  and  always  looked  upon  them 
ns  njrsjrcssors  and  invaders.  He  had  a  ri^'ht  to  remain 
there,  under  the  treaties,  ns  none  of  the  lands  were 
sold,  and  the  whites  were  intruders.  But  the  squat- 
ters ahnut  the  mouth  of  Rock  River  wore  such  people 
ns  no  Indian  hand  could  live  in  peace  with.  They 
were  there,  in  fact,  to  expel  the  ''  British  hand"  and 
pet  possossion  of  their  fertile  lands.  Tlioy  stole  the 
Indians'  stock,  plundered  their  cornfields,  burnt  their 
houses,  insulted  and  heat  their  women,  liarasscd  them 
in  every  way.  There  was  no  redress,  no  benefit  to 
come  from  an  appeal  to  just  ice,  for  it  was  the  object 
of  officials  as  well  as  siplatters,  of  Federal  officers 
equally  with  thoS(>  of  the  State,  to  force  Black  Hawk's 
band  to  imit;ite  the  e.Nample  of  Koo-kuk  and  re- 
move to  the  west  side  of  the  river.  At  last,  to  make 
their  process  of  compulsion  cffiK-tive,  the  government 
sold  a  few  (|uarfor-sections  of  land  at  the  mouth  of 
Rock  River,  including  the  site  of  Black  Hawk's  vil- 
lajio.  Ho  was  now  requested,  or  rather  ordered,  to 
move  away,  and  refused.  The  whites  made  indosurcs 
of  the  Indians'  fields  of  ripeuinj;  corn,  and  the  sqniiws 
pulled  them  down.  A  white  trader  brought  whiskey 
into  the  village  to  sell  to  the  Indians,  and  Black 
Hawk  rolled  the  barrel  out  into  the  road  and  knocked 
the  head  iii. 

(lovernor  Reynolds,  of  Illinois,  forthwith  issued  his 
proclamation  announcing  that  the  sovereign  State  of 
Illinois  had  been  ''  invaded,"  and  calling  for  volun- 
teers to  rei)el  the  invaders.  A  large  force  at  once  took 
the  leld,  the  regulars  at  Fort  Armstrong  were  rein- 
forced, Keokuk  interposed  his  good  offices,  Black 
Hawk  discovered  that  his  "  prophet"  had  deceived 
him,  and  that  his  promised  allies  among  the  Kickapoos, 
Winncbagoes,  and  Pottawattaniies  were  not  forthcom- 
ing. The  old  chief  therefore  consented  to  remove 
west  of  the  Mississippi  with  his  band,  acknowledge 
Keokuk  as  head  chief,  and  cease  to  trade  with  or  visit 
the  British  at  Maiden.  This  was  in  July,  IS.'U,  and 
Governor  Reynolds  made  the  victory  the  subject  of  a 
pompous  dispatch.  Black  Hawk  had  prevented  any 
violence  from  being  done.  He  could  have  murdered 
every  white  man  for  fifty  miles  around.  He  contented 
liimself  with  warning  them  off  from  his  corn-fields. 
lie  was  not  satisfied,  liowcver,  and  he  made  unceas- 


ing effiirts  to  secure  allies,  and  especially  to  got  'lie 
band  of  Sacs  and  Foxes  under  Kofikuk  to  join  hiii. 
Once  ho  very  nearly  suceeeded.  His  emi.ssaries  li.ul 
roused  the  whole  tribe ;  they  danced  th(^  scalp-danco, 
and  demanded  to  bo  led  upon  iho  war-{iath.  Then  it 
was  that  Keokuk's  eonsuinmato  oratory  and  statosiimii. 
ship  stood  him  in  good  stead.  Ho  accepted  the  issue. 
He  as.sented  to  all  that  was  ])roposod.  He  would  K'ail 
them  in  battle.  He  knew  their  wrongs.  Ilcfelttlioir 
thirst  for  vengeance.  But  ho  must  load  them,  .iinl 
there  was  no  middle  course.  They  could  make  war 
for  vengeance,  hut  it  was  a  hopeless  war  nt  the  start. 
Tlicy  could  not  cope  with  such  an  opponent.  Von- 
geanco  they  would  glut  themselves  with,  but  iluv 
must  all  perish  in  the  attempt.  It  was  their  dulv 
therefore,  before  starting  on  this  expedition,  to  put  all 
their  women  and  children  to  death,  and  then  detennine 
that,  onoc  across  the  Mississippi,  they  would  never 
turn  back,  but  die  by  the  graves  of  their  father.- 
•sooner  than  see  them  desecrated.  This  speech,  wlileh 
is  singularly  like  one  made  by  the  famous  chief  Coin- 
stalk  after  the  battle  of  Point  Pleasant,  in  177 1,  re- 
stored quiet  and  the  authority  of  Keokuk,  and  cum- 
[iletely  foiled  the  emissaries  of  Black  Hawk. 

Black  Hawk's  band,  however,  was  V(Ty  restless.  A- 
he  himself  expressed  it,  they  often  crossed  the  river  iv 
"steal   roasting  cars  from   their  own   fields."     Thiv 
went  up  to  Prairie  du  Cliien  and  murdered  twcnt\- 
eight  Menoininces  under  the  guns  of  Fort  ("rawl'dr,!, 
Neopopi?   (^Slri)iij  Soiij)),   Black    Hawk's  lieutenant.  I 
went  to   Maiden,  to  consult   the    British  comuiandir 
there.     Ho  also  consulted  the  prophet,  and  was  a.'i.<ui\'il 
that  in   the   spring  the  Ottawas,   Chippewas,  Poti:i 
wattamies,  and  Winncbagoes  would  a.ssist  Black  Hani; 
to  regain  lii.s  village.     In  April,  18152,  Black  Hawk  | 
and  his  whole  band  broke  the  treaty  and  crossed  ilis 
river.     They  were  going  up  Rock  River,  they  said.  D 
plant  <'orn  at  the  villages  of  their  old  allies,  the  Win- 
nehagoca   and    Pottawattaniies.       Gen.  Atkin.son,  a! 
the  fort,  ordered  them  back,  but  Black  Hawk  refusoJ, 
and  the  general  sent  him   another  message,  tliat  if  I 
hi^  ilid  not  return  he  would  be  forced  back,     lila i 
Hawk  went  on  his  way.     Governor  Reynolds  callcl 
out  the  Illinois  militia.     A  part  of  them,  mountcJ. 
under  Maj.  Stillman,  came  up  with  Black  Hawk  at  Kis- 
wacokee,  where  he  was  treating  sonic  Pottawattaniies 
to  a  dog-feast.     Black   Hawk  sent  a  flag  of  truce. 
He  found   lie   could   get  no   allies,   he    reidizcd 
error,  and  was  willing  to  surrender  and  be  sent  bait  I 
across  the   river.     The  flag  was  fired  on.     .Xiiollic!  | 
party  he  .sent  out  was  captured,  and  one  of  liis  war- 
riors was  slain.     The  main  body  advanced  upnii  liini.  I 
and  Black  Hawk  prepared  to  figlit.     Ho  Jiad  but  fifty 


fc,  ;>.:  f'iiJt 


THE  INDIANS. 


125 


braves  with  liiiii,  but  at  tlie  first  volloy  Maj.  Siill- 
iiiiiii's  two  hundred  and  scvciily  wiirriois  turnod  and 
lloJ.  Some  of  them  ran  all  the  way  home;  most  of 
ilitin  liiit  twenty  iiiiles  botweoii  tlu^ni  and  Bliii-k  Hawk 
liol'uii!  they  halted.  The  place  is  called  "  Stillnian's 
Iliiii"  to  this  day.  Black  Hawk  took  their  camp  and 
(vciylhin^.  Then  ensued  a  border  war,  short  and 
sliarji,  with  many  murders  and  arsons. 

The  troops  concentrated  quickly,  however.  Black 
Hawk  had  no  provisions ;  ho  was  cumbered  witli 
wiiiiH'Ti  and  children, — proof  enough  that  he  did  not 
cross  ihe  Mississippi  at  the  head  of  a  war-party, — and 
he  ilitl  not  do  much  fiij;hting.  An  unsuccessful  attack 
iiiKiM  the  fort  at  Buffal)  Grove  was  followed  by  a 
brisk  retreat.  A  detachment  of  volunteers  under  Col. 
I'omV  was  met  on  the  way  and  defeated.  "  If  they 
liad  all  been  like  their  brave  little  captain,"  said  Black 
Hawk.  '■  they  would  have  beaten  me."  On  the  banks 
of  the  Wisconsin  the  regulars  and  volunteers  came  up 
with  the  Indians,  and  killed  forty  of  them.  At  Bad 
i  Axe,  as  they  were  cro.ssinf,'  the  Mississippi,  the  troop.s 
I  ni'aiii  eaiiie  up  with  the  Indiajis.  They  were  aided  by 
a  steamer,  which  rejected  Black  Hawk's  flag  ol' truce, 
anil  a  massacre  ensued,  in  which  three  hundred  and 
fiftv  Imliaris,  men,  women,  and  children,  were  butch- 
ered. Those  who  reached  the  other  side  of  the  river 
were  set  upon  by  yioux  marauders.  It  was  a 
[wrctilied  and  di-sgraeeful  spectacle,  a  wholly  unnoccs- 
Isarv  >laughter.  In  this  short  and  very  disgraceful 
llniliaii  war  four  men  who  afterwards  became  famous 
were  in  arms  against  the  Indians, — Jefferson  Davis, 
gucijnJ  lieutenant  U.S.  inl'antry,  Albert  Sidney  John- 
Uidii,  Hubert  Anderson,  of  the  same  arm  of  ser- 
iTice,  and  Abraham  Lincoln,  captain  Illinois  volun- 
I  tours. 

Black  Hawk  fled,  but  two  Winnebagoes  who  had 
Iken  fiuliting  in  his  ranks  pursued,  captured,  and 
[briiu,i;lit  him  into  Fort  Armstrong.  Another  peace 
jwas  made  with  the  Sacs  and  Foxes,  attended  with 
Ijnutlier  cession  of  territory.  Black  Hawk,  his  son, 
Itlic  I'roplict,  Naopope,  the  Prophet's  brother,  and  his 
liilopted  son  were  demanded  as  hostages.  They  were 
Iscnt  down  the  river  in  charge  of  Lieut.  Davis  to  Jef- 
Iferjua  Barracks,  at  St.  Louis,  and  when  there  were 
■put  in  irons  and  nnide  to  drag  the  ball  and  chain, 
piko  private  soldiers  under  punishment  for  drunken- 
Tliis  was  a  wretched  piece  of  business,  and  cx- 

!oJiii;Jy  mortifving  to  the  proud  old  chief.  "  Was 
kho  White  Beaver"  (Gen.  Atkinson),  said  ho,  "  afraid 

ffiiuld  break  out  of  his  barracks  and  run  away  ? 

Or  was  lie  ordered  to  inflict  this  punishment  upon 

If  I  had  taken  iiim  prisoner  upon  the  field  of 

(ittle  I  would  not  have  wounded  his  I'colings  so  much 


by  such  treatment,  knowing  that  n  brave  chief  would 
prefer  death  to  dishonor." 

Black  Hawk  lutd  often  been  in  St.  Louis  in  former 
times  under  very  different  ausi)ices.  Ho  had  fre- 
((uently  been  there  to  vinit  his  "Spanish  Faiher" 
before  the  cession  of  Louisiana  to  the  United  States. 
He  was  there  when  the  news  of  the  cession  was  n;- 
ccivcd,  and  saw  how  the  inliabilants  look  it.  Ho 
was  there  on  liis  way  to  the  battle-field  of  the  ALira- 
nicc,  .n  which  liis  father  was  slain,  and  he  killed  five 
Cherokees  with  bis  own  hand.  He  was  there  three 
or  four  times  to  make  war  upon  the  Osages,  and  to 
pay  friendly  visits  to  Chouteau,  or  to  sell  his  furs. 
Ho  was  there,  also,  during  tlic  fierce  war  waged  by 
ills  tribe  upon  the  Kaskaskia  Indians.  Now  he  was 
there  a  prisoner,  in  chains,  and  measurably  on  exhi- 
bition. 

During  the  winter  he  and  his  companions  in  cap- 
tivity were  visited  by  a  great  many  peoj)le,  and  the 
newspaper  scribes — ^'-town  criers,"  as. they  were  called 
by  sarcastic  Keokuk — wrote  them  up  assiduously. 
'•We  were  struck  with  admiration,"  said  one,  "at  the 
gigantic  and  symmetrical  figures  of  most  of  the  war- 
riors, who  seemed,  as  they  reclined  in  native  case  and 
gracefulness,  rather  like  statues  from  some  master- 
hand  than  beings  of  a  race  whom  wo  had  heard  char- 
acterized as  degenerate  and  debased."  "  A  forlorn 
crew,"  wrote  WashiTigtoii  [rving,  who  also  saw  them, 
"emaciated  and  dejected,  the  redoubtable  chieftain 
himself  a  meagre  old  man  upwards  of  seventy.  He 
has,  however,  a  fine  head,  a  Roman  stylo  of  I'aee,  and  a 
prepossessing  countcianco."  When  (,'utlin,  the  artist, 
visited  Jefferson  Barracks  for  the  purpose  of  paint- 
ing the  portraits  of  these  chiefs,  and  was  about  to 
commence  the  likeness  of  Naopope,  he  seized  the  ball 
and  chain  fast  to  his  leg,  and,  lifting  them  above  his 
head,  cried,  indignantly,  "  Make  me  so,  and  show  me 
to  the  Great  Father  !"  The  artist,  in  rclusing,  missed 
the  chance  of  painting  the  most  dramatic  picture  of 
the  century. 

Keokuk,  with  great  generosity,  brought  his  family 
to  St,  Louis  to  visit  and  minister  to  'i.o  alien  rival, 
and  exerted  himself  strenuously  to  ;..i  i\ro  his  re- 
lease, offe.ing  to  become  responsible  in  person  for  the 
good  conduct  of  the  captives.  But  they  had  been 
ordered  to  Washington,  and,  after  arriving  there, 
were  s'  it  to  Fortress  Monroe.  After  a  confinement 
of  fi*  w  weeks  they  were  released  and  returned  home, 
taking  the  leading  cities  in  their  way,  and  meeting 
with  a  reception  everywhere  second  in  enthusiasm 
only  to  that  which  welcomed  Lafayette.  The  throng- 
ing multitudes,  the  evidences  of  wealth  and  power 
and  commauding  genius   quenched   the  old   warrior 


12C 


IIISTOUY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


RP^i? 


spirit  ill  niiicli  Ilawli.  Wliun  lio  relunit'il  lioiiio, 
brokLMi  ami  ii  suppliant,  Kooiiuk  rcccivod  liiiii  in 
/in'iici,  iiiid  the  (lojjiadi'il  cliiuf  bowt'tl  Iuh  liead  in 
8iionce.  Only  once  did  his  aiiciunt  H|)irit  flash  u\), 
wlioii  ho  tindi'iHtiiod  in  the  Cduncil  that  the  I'rojiidont 
ordi'i'i'd  hini  to  ohi-y  Keukuk.  IIo  sprang;  to  his  luct, 
indignation  (or  tlio  ninnu'nt  depriving  him  of  spoceh, 
and  thin  he  hurst  forth:  "  I  am  a  man,  an  old  man. 
I  will  not  conform  to  the  counsels  of  any  one.  I  will 
■Ml  for  myself;  no  one  shall  govern  mo,  I  iim  old; 
iiiy  hair  is  gray.  I  once  gave  counsel  to  young  men, 
— am  I  to  eonfdim  to  those  of  others?  T  shall  soon 
go  to  the  Great  Spirit,  when  I  sliall  ho  at  rest.  What 
I  said  to  our  great  father  at  Washington  I  say  again, 
— I  will  always  listen  to  him.  I  am  done."  IJut  this 
was  oidy  a  uiomentary  chullitinn.  lllaek  Hawk  ree- 
(igiiizi'd  the  fact  of  his  depositimi,  and  submitted  to 
it.  He  retired  to  one  of  the  Sac  villages,  only  once 
more  coming  out  of  his  seclusion  to  make  another 
visit  to  the  Kiist,  and  then,  returning  home,  died  at 
his  secluded  camp  on  the  l)cs  .^luins,  Oct.  ;!,  ISliS, 
aged  seventy-two.  A  notorious  body-snatcher  stole 
his  corpse  iVoin  the  grave,  and  sold  the  skeleton  In  a 
surgeon  in  (^uincy.  Ill  ;  but  (uiVenmr  Lucas,  of  Iowa, 
(!oin|ielled  the  rcstor.ilion  of  the  old  chieftain's  bones 
to  Ills  kindled.  'I'liey  were  sul)sc(|Uently  jilaecd  in 
the  Burlington  Cieulogieal  and  Historical  Society,  and 
were  burnt  up  in  the  fire  whicli  destroyed  tlio  build- 
ing and  all  the  .society's  collections  in  \S7)'). 


CHAl'TKll   Vir. 

TOl'OGR.M'llV. 

St.  Loti.s,  says  Brackcnridge,  in  his  '■  Views  of 
Louisiana,"  "  is  the  siiat  of  government  of  the  Terri- 
tory, and  has  always  been  considered  the  chief  town. 
It  was  formerly  called  Pain  Court,  from  the  priva- 
tions of  tlie  first  .settlers.  It  is  situated  in  latitude 
38^    23'    X.,    longitude    89^  3G'   W.'       This    i^lace 

'  This  is  by  nn  uu'.in.'^  ncciinito,  it  is  ni'tliin*^  more  tliioi  :oi 
niipnixiinntion.  Tlie  exiift  gcii;;ra|iliii':il  |m  .-iticm  nT  i'l.  I.oiiis 
has  lipcii  ilelcrmincil  by  (ilj«crvnlic.ns  condui'teil  nnilcr  tlio  Ciiast 
.'^urvey,  nml  const'qucnl  tn  tlic  solar  culipso  whicli  oeouncil  in 
Augu.''t,  ISti'J.  The  point  first  fixt'il  was  tho  Washington  I'nivpr- 
siiy  1  but  it  will  ho  .seen  from  tho  oHloial  ixsult  of  Iho  obsona- 
tions  given  below  that  Iho  values  have  been  rciluced  lo  the 
centre  of  the  courthouse,  which  forms  more  appropriately  the 
point  from  which  to  announce  the  latitiiilc  ami  longitude  <jf 
the  city.  I 

In  onlcr  to  reduce  tho  observed  values  to  the  centre  of  court-  '■ 
house,  wo  must  deduct  from  the  latitude  25.7  seconds,  and  from 


occupies  one  of  the  best  tituntions  on  the  Mis.si,. 
sippi,  botli  as  to  site  and  geographical  position.  In 
this  la.-t  respect  tiie  confluence  of  tlu!  Ohio  imj 
Mississippi  lias  certainly  much  greater  ir.itnral  advan. 
tages,  hut  the  ground  is  subject  to  iiumdation  ;  ani; 
St.  Louis  has  taken  a  start,  which  it  will  most  ]irnl 
ably  retain.  It  is  probably  not  saying  too  much  ili,' 
it  bids  fair  to  he  second  to  New  Orleans  in  imporiaiM 
on  this  river." 

It  will  bo  recollected  that  Brackcnridge  was  a  n.i 
clear-headed  oliserver,  not  given  to  e.vtrava 
when  this  was  written,  in  181  l,St.  l..ouis  liad  -at 

to  grow.     Its  poimlalion  was  only  one  thousand  linii 
hundred,  tiiid  it  had  only  increased  about  I'our  huinlni 
in  si.\  years.    Sle.  Genevievi^  and  St.  Cliarles  wi  it  ii. 
rivals,  anil   iiiaiiy  jicrsons  thought  it    would   be  dm 
strip]ied  by    them,   while   New    .Aladrid  was  ii  iion! 
more  attractive  spot   to   the   imiiiigialion   whic-Ii  lia; 
begun  lo  flow  in   fniin   tlo'   e:i'<twaid.      Brackeiiiiil;;,. 
huwever,  wa<  cciiiliilent  in  bis  cipinion  of  the  sile.anj 
in  aniillier  [laragiiiph  he  lays  bis  linger  upon   exicilv 
the   >lrongest    resources,  ol'  St.   Louis,  and   the  cliii 
cau-:e  of  ils  gmwtli, — its  unrivaled   position  as  ails 
tributing  ctiitn.'.     -'St.  Lnnis,"   said   he, '' will  prul,. 
ably  become  one  nf  those  great  reservoiis  of  ih'-  v. ,11 
betwi'eii   the   luicky    Mountains   and   the    Mlegluaa 
from   whence   nieichandise   will   be  distributei'         ' 
extensive  countiy.     It  unites  the  advanfag 
three  noble  rivers.  ^Mississippi,  Illinois,  and 
When    their   banks    shall    becduie    the    residence  .; 
millions,  when  flourisliing  to\vns  shall  arise,  can  w. 
suppose  that  every  vender  of  nierchandise  will  lu  i; 
to  New  Orleans  for  a  sujjply,  or  to  the  Atlantic  citio: 
There  iinist  he   a  pluec  nf  iHntriliiilinn   nnmeu-ln,. 
Iie/ireeit  tlie  iiiniit/i  nf  the  Olilniltld  Mi.isitKii'.    Ihsid'y 
It  fiiiile  lo  till   iiinllieni  jiiiiix  if  Xi  w  Sjinia   in'll  /,. 
ii/ieiiei/.  mill  II  iliiiii  (iiiiiiiiiiiiiealiiiit  tn  tin    JSiist  /.c 
iliis,  III/    irai/  if  thn    Mhaiinri,  iwijj  he   itmre  ihn 
ilreiiiitt  :    ill    tills   rii.w,    St.    Ijoiii'n    iri'U    heennii:  ih 
Memphis  if  till    Anicri'eiiii   Ailr."     When  this  v!.\< 
written  not  a  steamboat  had  yet  turned  its  wIiclIs  in 
Western  waters,  nor  had  an  emigrant's  wagon  ovtr 
gone  west  of  the  Gasconade.     All  navigati<in  was  k 
arks  and  keel-boats,  and  the  railroad  was  not  yet  cvtD 
dreamed  about. 

"The  ground  on  which  ."^t.  Louis  stands,"  continues  Draci 
enridge,  "is  not  much    lii;;her   than   the  ordinary  bank-,  Ija! 

tho  longihidc  L'.fi.'i  seconds,  so  that  wo  have  finally  for  llio'ouri. 
house  of  St.  I.ouis  : 

Peg.  MIn.  Soc. 

Lnlitudc .'is  .T?  ;i7.j 

H.  M.           S. 

Longitude 6  0  43.1!!) 

Di'g.  Jlin.  Sic 

Or,  in  Arc    90  11  111.. "5 


llic  II Is  arc  r 

l„wn  is  loiilt  111 
ruiiiiitii^  p'lriilU 
|n({  llii'iii  Ml  rig 
|in.<  Im'i'm  Ii'I'I  Ii 


till'  plivi-iirc 


I 


hcallh,  ilicroshii 

„f  the  ri'ililc  fin 

liiiic  I'liai  on  111 

,i.il.l.'  i.f   the 

i-    3  .■l.isnl  lip.     The 

iinli.     How  dilft 

ill  ilic  <auic  vieg 

of  llic  liver,  the 

nf  bii'iMi«s  and  p 

mill  iiisii'fiil  ilwi-l 

llio  lirmi'l  wave  11 

life  bank  St.  Loiii 

l<i  gri'iit    aihanla 

fi'atlrrcii  nitimii'i 

II  mill'  iind  II  hiiir, 

n  large  and    elei;: 

lirgo  and   costly 

llie  inn  Icrn    taslr 

tliiscirirl.     On  el. 

pi'iiiis  I'l  be  coiiip. 

tiiiM   nf  sInllO   walh 

till  llii'  illusion  sli 

\l\'i  llir  St... Old    lull 

fi'vl  above  the  level 

|i,«n  beliiw  lis,  aiiil 

ill  la.'ti  ilireclioii, 

lli:iiii;,'h  nliicli  it  pa' 

« I  ivhi.'li  concea 

'iijll  have  been  will! 

t   I  III'  river,  there  wi 

,l..-int  Inii't.     Thei 

crvli'd  f'lr  defense 

riii'iiliir  lowers,  Iwer 

nsniiill  ^inrkadi'd  lo 

iprt'si'nt  I'l.lirely  uno 

oao  of  the  buildings 

lolinTis  used  as  n  prisi 

lliis  line,  up  the  riv 

nil  I  remains  of  antiq 

[llie  tnwn,  prove  that 

Icliu^cn  as  the  site,  pe 

1.0'. king   lo  the 

[it-vlf  before  u«.     It   i 

n^rceal.le  waving  .sur 

It'ovnt  nlinost  iiiiperce 

IhiTC  are  im  trees;  th 

[Iiiixi'd  vvilh  hazels,  ni 

Iniflenrpluiu-tries. 

cavinnis  of  a  great  cil 

[ptiiia  firm  houses  ;  it 

luil.    Sui'li  is  Iho  appi 

ItSain  oati'lies  the  Jlini 

[their  rise  hero  mid  con 

jgr.'atrr  part  lace  to  tin 

Ifiil  rivulet  which,  ft  she 

|llio  river.     I  have  ofto 

'I.i'l  the  Si.  Louis  re 
j».ilkal..ng  I'oplar.Stre 
ItliE  sivcvt  seipicftored  s 
lofscliularly  reflection. 


TOPOGRAniV. 


127 


.  ,  II In  |,|.p  ri'pi'llod  liy  ft  liolJ  iihorc  (if  limiBlnno  rnclfK.    Tlic 

ivii  i-  liiiil'  ln^lw*'"  •'•"  f'*'""'"  !>'"'  "  I""'"""!'  liiiiik,  tlirt'o  glrurlH 

,„  „.,riilk'l  nilh  lliu  liicr,  iiii.!  ii  nuinbiT  iif  iilliiTS  croM- 

run M •  ^' f^  I 

l„    ,1,1, I  riKlil  ""«''■'•     "  '■    '"  '"'  'i""<"i'"'  "'»'   iiu'I'"" 

1,,,.  h.iii  li-l'l   lii'twi'ii  ""'  •"»■"  iiii.l  llic  river;  fur  I Im  sake  of 

He  i.lcM-iirc  (if  tlic    |iriiiiKMmiIf,   ii»  wril   ns  f.ir   Inii-iiios!!  niiil 

Ic'illh,  ihcroiiliiiiilil  liiivc  1»'C"  ""  cncnmcliinciit  on  tlie  iiinrKin 
f  iiic  rjniilc  ftri'iun.     'I'lic  priii('i|iiil  |i'iico  (if  iMisiiiwn  (i(i;{lit  tii 

|,„,c  l.vcii  on  lli«j  liiuik.     Kroni   llic  .ipiio.-ili'  i-iilo  nothing  in 

,.|,|lilc  iif   llio  linfy  Inii'llu  of   a  |io|)ii|iiiiii  lo«n;    it  iip|icnr» 
loxd  up.     'ri'<^  ""'■  "f  **'•   ''""i'   '»  ""•■  ""I'lo'  t'l"'  "f  f'ini^in- 

rnli.     II""  ililfpii^'it  "(Hilil   lm\o  lifcn   it-(  iippcnnincc  if  built 

in  ihc  f:\me  i'lc),'!int  nnuincr,  its  iMnoin  opiincl  In  tlii'  lirocips 

of  the  "vcr.  'I"'  '''i'''i""s  cnliviMii'd  liy  scones 

,if  bii'ini'.'i'  nnil  pleiisiirc,  nn.l  rows  of  cIcKiinl 

gnd  liislcfMl  (Iwcllini?*  lookinK'  wit''  pride  on 

the  liroii'l  wiivc  Hint  piuse!".     From  tile  oppo- 

,ile  liiiiik  St.  I-oni?,  notivitlistiimling,  nppeiir.'" 

,„  |;re.il    iiilvnntiigo.      In   a  (iihjoinled  luiil 

f,.;ilternl  uninner,  it  extenilH  nlons!  tlio  river 

„  mile  ;iii'l  II  liiilf.  iii'l  "c  f'"'"'  'I'"  ''l<^''  "I" 

I,  liir^e   nwl    clcgiint   town.      Two  or  three 

hrgo  iiii.l   oo-lly  huihlinKs   (though    not  in 

the   iiiolern    tn.'tei  eontriliiito  in  pohfing 

Ihi?  elTeel.     On  chiMir  cxuniiniition  the  town 

f„„t<  |,i  he  cnniposcil  of  nn  ('(iiiul  propor 

li.m  of  *l'inc  wiilN.  houKC.-,  iind  fruit  tie  .J, 

lilt  I  lie  illu'ion  'till  (•"iitiniu"'.     In  n^-eend- 
iiv'  the  seeond  hunk,  wliieh   ia  nboiil   forty 

feet  iihove  tlio  level  of  the  phiin,  we  hiive  the 

t„nn  helow  n«,  nnd  ii  view  of  llio  MisKiasipi  i 
In  (iiih  dircelion,  nnd  of  the  line  eountry 
tli;oii;,'h  which  it  pifscs.  When  thceurtuiii  of 
nuuil  which  ciinecnlK  the  Ainerienn  Uotloin 
(lull  hiive  heen  withdniwn,  or  a  vislii  formed  hy  opening  feinii," 
til  the  river,  there  will  he  n  deliglitfiil  profpeet  into  that  rieh  ami 
rk"'inl  ti'iiel.  There  is  a  line  of  works  on  this  .second  hank, 
creeled  f"r  del'eiife  ugainst  thi?  Iiidiiin.i,  eonsi.^ting  of  several 
cirealiir  tMwei>,  Iwenly  feet  in  diiinieter  nnd  fifteen  in  height, 
n.'iiiiill  'liiekiidi'd  fort,  and  n  .'tono  hreiistwork.  Tlie^o  are  iit 
iire*eiil  eiiliiely  unoceiipied  nnd  wnsle.  cxeopting  the  fort,  in 
one  (if  tilt'  huildings  of  which  the  courts  are  held,  while  the 
oilier  i!(  used  as  a  prison,  .'^oine  di.-lnnce  from  llic  tcrmiiintion  of 
llii^  line,  up  the  river,  there  are  ii  nunihcr  of  Indian  mounds 
mil  reniuin^  of  antiquity,  which,  while  they  are  ornainental  to 
lliu  tiiwn,  prove  that  in  former  times  tho."c  places  had  also  heen 
clio'cii  as  the  site,  perhaps,  of  a  populous  city. 

■'  1,11'ikin;.;  to  the  west,  a  most  charming  country  spreads 
itMir  before  us.  It  is  neither  very  level  nor  hilly,  but  of  an 
n'rceuMe  waving  surface,  nnd  rising  for  several  miles  with  an 
I'cint  iiliiiosi  iniperceplihle.  K.vcept  n  small  belt  to  the  north, 
tliiTC  lire  11"  trees;  the  rest  is  covered  with  shrubby  oak,  inter- 
mixed with  liii/.uls,  and  a  few  trilling  thickets  of  thorn,  criib- 
oiirle  or  pUiin-tr(es.  At  the  first  glnnce  we  nre  reminded  of  the 
(luimns  "f  II  gre:it  city  ;  but  there  nrc  no  countrysciils,  or  oven 
fliiiii  firm  liiiusos;  it  is  a  vast  waste,  yet  hy  no  means  n  barren 
(till,  Siiili  is  llio  appearance  until,  turning  to  the  left,  the  eye 
min  oiitilies  the  Mississippi.  A  number  of  lino  springs  take 
their  rise  hero  nnd  contribute  to  Ihc  uneven  appearance.  The 
gnater  pari  faoe  to  the  foutliwcst,  nnd  nid  in  forming  a  bcnuti- 
fiil  rivulet  which,  ft  short  distance  below  the  town,  gives  itself  to 
the  river.     I  have  often  boon  delighted,  in  my  solitary  wulkF,' 


to  irneo  the  rivulet  to  Its  fourecs.  Three  inilrs  from  town, 
hilt  within  rienr,  nniong  a  few  lull  onks,  it  risrs  in  four  or 
Ave  silver  fountains,  within  short  di'tnnoia  of  each  other,  pre 
scniiiig  ft  picture  to  ihe  biney  of  Ihc  pool,  or  the  pencil  of 
the  piiintcr.  I  hftve  f.ineied  myself  for  n  luouient  on  elnnsic 
ground,  anil  beheld  the  Naiads  pouring  the  stream  from 
their  nrns.'^     Close  to   the  town    there   is   a   lino   mill,  erected 

'^  Niiiiids  cinptying  their  urn-  into  .Milk  fieek  sewer,  nnd 
Ihe  Vninn  Depot  cbi'-ic  groHiid  — for  tbir.l  nnd  fourth  eliis< 
freight  I  Hut  the  place  mii-t  have  been  pretty,  or  Ihe  memory 
of  the  old  inbabilnnts  would  not  have  eliing  to  ii  so  lenncioiislv 
nnd  so   leiiilerly.     Chouteau's   pond    and    niill-»eut,  they  woie 


' 

^-JfciT*'    "    ' 

■-■'  '  ! 

•     '  ■»*: 

F'-: 

:JW- 

M 

MMiil 

M 

^jjji^-L 

^^^S 

HI 

■ 

^^M 

jpl^lg 

^H 

1 

'  1,(1  the  Pt.  Louis  reader  of  this  conceive  of  taking  n  solitftry 
litilli  along  I'oplnr  Street  from  Ihe  Levee  westward,  nnd  socking 
lllitiivcet  secinc'tored  shades  of  Urntiot  Avenue  for  nn  interval 
loficliulurly  roQcctioD. 


1)1.1)  I  iiuctk.m;  m.\n.sI().n. 

renlly  the  liri-t  park  of  the  Pt.  Louis  people.  The  p,ind  wns  ii 
bike;  the  liees  around  it  wore  of  the  original  fori  st  ;  it  wiis  a 
I  |ilnee  for  loveri.  for  holibiy  spoils;  it  divided  with  Ihe  I!ig 
'  Mound  ihe  ntleiition  of  viMliiig  sirnngers.  It  is  not  nioie  than 
1  (orly  .M'ars  ago  since  Choiile;ni's  pond  existed  in  its  original 
form,  a  glilloiing  sheet  of  wntcr,  covering  nn  nnn  of  one  hun- 
dnd  neies,  with  high  gr.issy  liniiks  ihnt  sloped  r|iiietly  down  lo 
the  wnter's  edge,  and  were  set  with  Inll  forest -trees,  cnsting 
shade  enough  lor  a  pnrk.  Tlio  gorge  Ibrongb  which  the  wnste 
of  the  pond  llowed  down  the  river.  Mill  Cicek  (from  n  point 
between  Ihe  Sevcnih  .'^treet  Hcpot  and  St.  ,rosepli'.s  College), 
was  overhung  by  very  tall  nnd  bilge  sycnmore-trees.  The 
waters  of  the  mill-dam  were  fresh,  elenr,  nnd  filled  with  fish, 
mill,  ns  a  rule,  the  boys  of  the  town  would  niueh  rntlier  tnko  a 
swim  in  Ihc  pond  than  go  to  school.  It  wns  out  of  town;  you 
could  only  get  to  it  by  eliiiibing  over  the  ridge  at  Sixth  Street, 
nnd  this  miide  it  an  excellent  spot  for  (lieiiics.  The  springs 
to  which  IJrackenridge  nlludos  were  Itock  Spring,  Ilnmmond's 
nnd  .McUon's  Springs,  and  Lucas'  Spring — the  hitler  .north  of 
Market  Street,  near  Twentieth  .Street.  The  site  of  tlio  Four 
Courts  wns  a  sort  of  promontory  julting  into  Ihe  hike  nnd  occu- 
pied originally  by  the  mnnsion  of  Henry  Chouteiui,  third  son 
of  .\ngiis'o.  We  have  before  us  nn  nccount  of  Ihe  )ioi,d,  run- 
ning back  tifiy  or  sixty  ycar.s  ngo,  furnish(d  by  .Mr.  Hi' hard 
IJowling.  lie  snys  the  head  feeder  of  the  pond  was  in  old 
times  known  ns  Lyon  Springs,  and  now  ns  Koek  Springs,  which 
wns  for  years  a  plnce  of  great  resort,  nnd  Ihc  scene  of  dance 
and  revelry.  The  foot  of  the  pond  wns  on  Market  Strict,  A 
ravine  ran  from  Market  Street  north  to  about  Pine  Street,  nnd 
there  was  a  spring  between  Chestnut  nnd  I'inc,  on  Ihe  west 
side  of  the  present  Ninth  .Street.  The  spring  issued  about 
fifteen  feet  above  the  bottom  of  the  ravine.  There  wns  another 
spring  on  the  north  sido  of  Maket,  east  of  Ninth.    There  was 


I 


128 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


•if' 


2i« 


by  Mr.  CIioiiIumii  un  this  streamlet;  the  dnin  furms  a  beautiful 
flici't  iif  wiiter,  nnd  nlTords  niucli  nmuscnicnl,  in  fibbing  nnd 
fowlinj;,  to  llio  ])0(i|ile  uf  the  town.  'I'lio  couiinon  ficM  of  St. 
Loui.<4  was  fuiiuerly  inuliiseii  on  this  l)nnl(,  consisting  of  several 
tlioujiantl  aei'cs;  at  present  tliero  arc  not  more  tlian  tw(i  thou- 
siinil  under  cultivalijii ,'  the  rest  of  the  i,'roun(l  looks  lilic  tlic 

iilso  a  noted  spring  south  of  the  present  site  of  Winkeimeyer's 
brewery,  whieli  was  a  great  ]ih>cc  of  resort  for  piunic  parties 
and  siuail  I'ourth  of  .luly  galhi'rings. 

Tile  spring  was  resorteil  to  fre(|ui*ntly  by  Dr.  Kobert  .Simp- 
son, tJtdin  ^liade,  and  Tliomas  Colicn,  who  spent  tlie  titno 
fisliing  for  eroppio  and  bass.  About  three  or  four  hundred 
yards  .^outli  of  tlie  present  Clark  Avenue,  a  neck  uf  the  |>ond 
ran  up  nearly  to  a  point  a  litlle  west  of  Iho  site  of  tlio 
Four  Courts,  wliieh  was  called  by  th.,  ',-'d  inhabitants  "  Itaek 
Itow."  About  lifty-eiglit  years  ago  a  boat  club  was  orgnM'zed, 
and  the  elub  had  their  boat-liouse  about  three  hundred  yards 
north  of  Chouteau's  mill.  The  cunipauy  which  started  the 
elub  was  cuniposerl  of  Ciipt.  (ieorge  11.  Keuuerly,  Ale.vandcr 
St.  Cyr,  the  .Arnold  brothers,  ami  others.  The  uicmbers  of  the 
club  W'>''o  a  unifortTi  of  Kcoteh  plaid  pants  and  jacket. 

At  Chouteau's  mill  there  was  an  embankment  thrown  up  on 
the  west  side  ol  the  hill,  whiuh  was  stoek..'dcd  with  cedar 
pickets  iie.\t  to  the  water,  and  the  banks  were  covered  with 
sycauiorc-lrces,  ami  it  was  a  ]dcasant  resort,  on  uccount  of  the 
shade,  for  catching  fish.  The  mill-dam  was  on  the  south  side 
of  the  mill.  The  fall  over  the  dam  was  about  twenty  feet  down 
to  the  rock,  nnd  from  the  foot  of  this  fall  the  ricseen'  was 
about  thirty  feet  to  the  creek,  forming,  bcsid'i  the  cascade,  a 
sleep  rapids.  iSouth  of  Iht  inilldaui  the  ground  ro"c  to  a  eon- 
siderablc  elevation,  and  <ui  this  rise  of  ground  Col.  Augusto 
ClHuitcau  had  a  very  fine  orchard,  c.imprising  dilVcrent  varie- 
ties of  Iruit-treis.  On  the  west  side  of  the  orchard  the  bank 
was  about  litteen  feet  high  ;  on  the  west  side  of  the  pond  was  a 
gradual  slope,  coveretl  with  ha/.cl  bushes,  scrub-oaks,  ]iersim- 
mon,  and  grapevines.  Slos'  of  the  iuiiabilants.  who  lived  in 
the  centre  of  the  town,  would  resort  to  this  spot  to  wash 
clothes.  Two  or  three  wouicu  would  club  together,  and  one, 
furnishing  a  cart,  would  haul  out  all  the  clothes  of  tlie  paily. 
They  had  large  iron  pi  t?  in  which  to  boil  the  clothes,  and 
platforms  e.Mended  out  into  the  water  at  a  d"plh  of  two  feet, 
where  the  clothes  would  bo  put  in,  ami,  afte- pounding  them 
out  with  paddles,  priHhaiug  the  Siitne  e'icct  as  washboards, 
they  would  bang  the  cl.iihes  out  to  dry  on  the  hazel  bushes. 
The  niill-ilni'i  In  lore  alluded  to  broke  about  Ihc  year  \S2i),  and 
tt  ';real  many  lish  were  caught,  by  everybody,  consisting  of 
bulfalo,  bass,  and  croppies,  and  so  nuiny  were  thrown  out  on 
the  bank  as  to  create  a  sltncli  so  great  that  the  truslecs  of  the 
town  hiol  to  get  fc\eral  loads  of  liuic  and  co\er  the  tiah. 
Chouleau'a  mill  was  n.auaged  by  (labriel  S.  Chouteau,  wiu)  U 
now  eighty-'eur  years  old.  and  one  of  ihe  oi.lest  mitifes  now  in 
bt.  Louis,  lie  ui.inagel  thu  mill  as  a  water-mill  f<r  several 
yours.  He  had  a  valuable  colored  .<-ervant  named  Mosqnetu, 
who  was  the  head  mill.'r,  ii  very  failhful  man.  He  iillol  the 
jiosition  many  years,  ;ind  when  he  retired  .Mr.  (Chouteau  em- 
ployed a  man  nauied  liolTman  as  head  miller,  ^ome  years 
afterwards  .Mr.  Chouteau  put  in  asicaui  engi'.caud  ran  it  until 
the  mill  was  closed. 

The  Hour  mad(  by  .Mr.  Chouteau  wouM  compete  with  the 
best  Hour  of  to. day.  The  mill  supplied  Ihe  inhalj'iarit.s  with 
most  of  t'le  I'nur  consumeil  un'il  immigration  comn'cnccd, 
then  mtist  of  the  Hour  eauiu  fiom  Cincinnati. 

A«  before  ndicated,  Choutc".  I's  pond  was  genirally  fed  from 
Springs.  Am>  ng  ll.ose  bcsl.  knowi'  were  Iho  Marie  .-Spring,  the 
Curncan  f^pri.  g,  IlocU  ."Spring,  and  olhers. 


worn  corainun  in  llio  neighborhood  of  iv  largo  town,  tho  gnsj 
kept  down  and  short,  and  the  loose  "oil  in  several  olaccs  cui 
open  into  gaping  ravines." 

TIlis  description  by  the  observant  BrackenriilM 
seems  to  be  graphic  enoiigli  and  accurate  enough  tu 
brino;  the  old  town  up  before  the  eye.  It  nii>y  very 
well  serve  for  the  introduction  to  some  account  of  the 
topograpliy  of  St.  Louis  from  tlie  date  of  its  fouijil;i. 
♦ion  to  the  more  recent  ind  final  settlement  of  grades 
and  levels.  And,  in  regard  to  the  standard  of  grades 
and  level.'<,  it  is  proper  to  begin  by  deseribing  tlie 
ra'.her  peculiar  .system  which  is  employed  in  St.  Luui.s 
(or  establishing  and  nnuntuiiii:;?  tliis  standard.  This 
is  ascertained,  by  means  of  what  is  called  "  the  eiiv 
directrix."  The  employment  of  tiiis  grew  out  of  liie 
following  circumstances : 

"In  IS2r>  there  was,  as  far  as  ihen  known,  un))recedeiilc.| 
high  water.  The  citizens  wanted  Ihe  high-wnter  line  estui,. 
lishcd,  so  that,  afterwards  streets  could  be  graded  and  Ihmimj 
erected  above  tho  water-line.  Jlr.  I'aul,  under  instruiliorji 
of  ihe  City  Council,  erccteil  a  monument  as  reiiuired.  Tiii* 
monument  was  a  dressed  limcst<mc column  two  feet  stioare.airl 
was  set  in  front  of  the  southeast  corner  of  the  then  City  Hal!, 
on  the  I.evee,  near  Market  Street.  This  stone  is  yet  in  pliur,  I 
and  stands  across  tlic  curbstone  in  front  of  No.  I  Soutii  I.tni, 
.\  hole  was  cut  in  this  stone  to  set  the  monument  of  the  iii^-;. 
water  of  18-11,  whicdi  was  seven  feet  seven  inches  hi-jher  tiiiin 
in  1  S2ri.  This  last-u)ei..ioned  monument  was  rlestroyed  l>y  lire 
in  IS.'ili. 

"The  top  surface  of  Paul's  mouuu'ent  was  phu^ed  evc!i  niiii  I 
tlit;  liiglicst  line  marked  by  tlie  Hood  of  t82U,  and  was  oltieiaiiv 
decdurcd  the  base  line  for  sub^eiuieiit  and  additional  siirve 
the  city,  and  its  additions  us  to  Ireet  grades.  The  cuiIj.^Im)  | 
of  the  sidewuliv  on  Iho  Levee  Iron;  I'lum  Street  to  I'raiiklit 
Avenue,  formerly  Cherry  ritreet,  was  placed  on  a  level  of  iht 
base-line,  and  its  grade  is  designated  on  tl'  street  coiiiiii;.. 
sloners'  map  ns  being  at  zero.  This  lino  was  and  isollitLlj 
styled  in  the  ordinances  as  Iho  'city  direetri.\ 

"  The  elevation  of  this  city  dircclri.\  above  the  sea-level  his  I 
been  determineil  as  fidlows: 

"  Ity  Ihe  Cnited  States  .'•^igual  Service'    tvith  baromcttT  \iw. 
urenient,  four   hundred  and    lour  ''eel  above  the  sea  le\tli;| 
Washington.  D.  C. 

"  lly  the    United  States   Coast    Survey,   Lieut.    lluin|ilirt;( 
baroiiieier  measU'ciiicul,  four  hundred  and  eight  and  a  liall  ini  | 
above  the  sca-le\el  at  .Mitbilc. 

"  lly  the  I'cnis^lviinia  Central  and  the  Ohio  and  Mi-si>M||ii| 
Itailroad  surveys,  with  sight-levels  of  grades  from  l'liiladil|4i;i  I 
to  St.  Louis,  four  hu:i<lred  and  twenty-eight  and  one  loiiKli  l»l  I 
above  sea  level  at  IMiiladetphiii. 

"  These  three  observations  wore  averaged,  and  the  elovalii  I 
of  four  hundred  mid  thiitcen  and  two-tli'rds  feet  di  leriiriiici 

'  Sonic  aiMilioni'l  facts  in  relation  to  the  directri,\  are  \mn 
sary  to  complete  our  knowledge  of  the  topography  of  ."'t.  I.diiii 
The  westeru   limits  ot  the  cily  at  that  lime  were  a'unU  uu  i| 
line  w  illi  the  presi'iil  Fifth  Street,  between  Choulcaii  and  I'lani 
In  A\enucs.     The  citizens  in  improving  their  properly,  iml 
ing   new    buildia,;s,  and  grading  streets,  desired  to  havt'iml 
llood-line  accuralvdy  li.xed  and  porpoluated,  so  that  all  riit-iio-l 
pidvciiK  nts  eou'd  be  mfcly  loiMili'd  above  high-water  iiiaik. 

Col   I'aul  localid  ihe  nionuiiieiil  at  a  point  tliin  on  ili    -< 


TOPOGRAPHY. 


129 


town,  tlio  gri"' 
•crnl  Dittoes  oui 

Brackcnriil;^c 
ito  enou^li  to 
It  may  very 
iccount  of  ilie 
pf  its  fouiiJn- 
nciil  of  grades 
(lard  of  ).'\\\>ks 
di;s«ribiiii;  tlic 
cd  ill  St.  lioiiis 
laiidard.     This 
nUed  "  the  cily 
'rew  out  of  ilic 

fn,  tmiiicL'ivU'iilcl 
-wutcr  liiK'  t'stiil). 
;ruileJ  mill  li'i">ti 
uiuUt  instnu-tioiij 
lis  rei|uireil.  'Iliii 
v;o  li:i't  .■^ii'.iiin'.aiil 
.tie  llicii  t-'it>-  Hull, 
one  is  .vet  ill  liliiw, 
No.  1  Soutii  I'tvit. 
uiiiicKl  "f  tlielii;'. 
iiK'lies  lii';lii-T  llim  1 
:iis  ilcstro.VL'il  liv  fire 

us  iiliiceil  even  nifii  I 
Ci,  mill  WHS  olliciiillv  | 
ililitiiiniil  siirve\> 
lea.     Tliu  oiiil).-l«  I 
i«treel  to   I'rauklii 
ill  on  11  level  ipf  lis  | 

l\-     street  ciiiiiiu^:- 
iviis  iUiil  is  "IVki^lT  I 
ri.v 

vf  tlie  sL'ii-levolbi! 

lull  buniim-lir  iii.ji 
the  sen  !i'ii;l  ■''■ 

ll.ieiit.   lluiii|ilirf;i 
eight  ami  ii  hall  it.I  | 

)hio  iinil  Mi- 
ls from  l'liil:ilil|'l'ii| 
It  lUiJoiie  f'>uillil«'| 

ll,  iinil  the  elevali'i 

Ills  IVet  iliteiiniiiw- 

ilireetiix  lUf  iici«- 
jSniphy  ol'^l.  hniu^l 
Ine  weio  ii'i"Ul  oii>| 
Thoul^'iiu  mill  I'l"'^ 
llicir  |iioiieity.  irtt'.l 
lilesireil  to  hiiu'  iwj 

1  llnit  all  111 
Ijjh-wiilei  111.11  > 
111  tliin  1111  ill-  ■ 


Til  in  system  of  measurement  .seems  to  be  very  per-  uomtDon  hydrof^iapliic  system  of  the  whole  country, 

foct  ami  very  satisfactory.     It  has  a  definite  base  and  thut  which  is  the  basis  of  land  surveys  as  well  as  water 

unit  I'l  its  rwn,  and  is  aceuvatoly  connected  with  other  aistance  lucasurenicnts.    The  result  is  to  |iive  us  correct 

gysti'iiis.  and,  throuch   the   coast   survey,  with    the  and  graphic  ideas  of  the  city's  topo<;raphy.     The  area 


p,,«t  iiiiiiiror  tho  City  Hall  nnil  Market,  hut  now  on  the  aijc- 
uiilk  ill  Iront  of  No.  +  South  Leveo.     This  inonuiiient  was  a 
liiai  V  iliissed  limestone,  two  feet  siiuare,  ami  is  yet  to  he  seen   ■ 
ill  iila'i' "11  the  sidewalk.     This  stone  was  oflieially  estahlisheil   | 
hv  till' '  i'y  t-'oiini'il  as  tho  city  ilireetriy,  ami  has  continiieil  so   i 
ever  siifi'.     The  top  of  the  eurhslonu  on  the  I^evee  from  IMiiiii 
to  t'lieirv  .*^treets  is  supposed  to  he  kept  on  a  hori/ontal  line 
<tilh  tlie  jrraile  of  the  mominiental  stoii's  ami  is  the  "  zero"  aril 
ciiv  iliii'i-'trix  hiio  ■"  all  surveys  of  elevations  ami  grades  in 

St.  l.iiii.i- 

AliMiii  eif,'hleen  years  after  Col.  I'aul  estaHislied  the  eily  diree- 
tri.v.  I'll'  .Mississipjd  River  rose  seven  feet  and  seven  iiiehes 
liiglier  liiaii  the  Hood  of  182  . 

This  was  the  cxtraoril'nary  hi^li  water  of  lS-(4,  wliieh  ciin- 
timip!  liiiMi  .June  2lHli  to  July  Mlh.  The  water  was  fi.r  live 
(lavs  111  seven  feet  hi(;her  than  the  eity  direetri.f.  The  liiHh- 
,.#(  iiui  1  reached  on  tliv  ollieial  (;au(;e,  read  at  that  lime  by  Mr. 
l.t'iipoM,  "as  at  I  r.M.,  .lune  L'Tlh,  when  the  water  st"iid  seven 
fei'l  seven  inches,  or  seven  and  fifly-eight  hundredlhs  feel  above 
llic  direolrix. 

A  few  months  alter  the  Hood  of  ISll  ilie  City  (lonneil  directed 
tliuta  laimament  be  ]diieeil  on  Col.  Paiirs  in  uiunieiit  to  indicate 
to  future  j^ciieratiins  the  line  of  what  was  then  kmiwii  as  the 
great  tlood.  In  accordaiu'e  with  the  oflieial  <lirectioiis,  a  dressed 
liiiic^toiic  otielisk  ten  feet  high  was  placed  on  the  initial  point 
i.f  the  directrix.  In  and  arouml  this  (ibeli?k  was  cut  a  ileep 
line,  under  which  was  cut  the  li}^ures  IS-I-J,  at  the  elevation  of 
llic  liijjh  water  of  that  year. 

In  llie  latter  part  of  IS5(i  a  row  of  st  '-es,  then  known  as  tho 
( ilv  liuililinKS,  and  located  along  the  I.evec  from  Market  to  Wal- 
nut ."^trcel*.  was  destroyed  by  lire,  and  the  heat  of  the  lire  and 
j  tlie  lalliu!;  walla  demolished  the  IS4I  nioniimenl,  and  it  was 
never  rcplaceil,  The  inlet  cut  into  Ihe  Ueno  monuineiit  of  l-.l'li 
;  In  rc.-eivc  and  hold  the  ISll  inonumeiit  is  yet  to  be  seen  in  its 
(irijiinid  p">'!ion  on  Ihe  I.evee. 

Ill  iMi;;  the  river  wii.i  lower  than  it  hud  been  duriii;^  the  cen- 

Ituv.  ami  the  *-'ily  Council  iiislrncled  the  city  eiij^-ineer  lo  have 

,1  river  gauge  established,  wilh  the  lowest  gri  de  of  the  water 

I  fur  lliat  year  used  as  the  low  naler  mark.     This  gauge  was  of 

ivruushl  iron  b.irs,  iilaced  down  the  incline  of  the  l.evce  between 

Market  and  Walnut  .Sticels,  near  the  initial  poirt  of  the  eity 

Idinrliix.     The  low-water  mark  was  established   .t  thirly-thrcu 

1  eiglily  lino  hundredths  feet   below  tho  eil     directrix,  and 

riadiug  the  g.iUge  the  distance  below  tlir  city  directrix   is 

Ifnviiiently  given. 

Alier  IS'.'li,  as  the  city  was  enlarged  in  area,  the  eity  engi- 

ii'vrs  .■trcit  commissioners,  and  public  surveyors  established 

I'kiiilc'-"  Mr  grade  monuments  at  ditVereiit  points  in  the  city 
lilHivelh"  iiiigiual  eily  directrix  line.  These  benches,  as  they 
lur.iiiji'ii  by  .-.urveyors,  have  been  carefully  ineasiired  us  to  ele- 
ItatHUi  above  the  eily  dircelrix,  and  are  lrei|uenlly  resnrveyed 
Iti'iiiMiri'  «■ .  araey.  From  these  benches,  about  one  hundred  and' 
|J;ii  111  iiaiiiber,  all  moftsureinents  in  SI.  I.onis  for  street,  sewer, 
|railr"iii|,  and  huildin;;  grades  are  taken.  Tho  surveyors' field 
ItliaiU  ill  Ihe  street  eommissioners'  office  and  in  the  elliees  of  sov- 

iriil  III'  the  local  surveyors  record  the  location  of  these  benidies. 
Ill  '.he  street  cnininissloners'  otliee  at  tho  Cily  Hall  there  is  a 
|lir;i  street  map  of  the  city,  on  which  arc  recorded  Ihe  grades  of 
mill  s.rcels  abo.e  file  eily  directrix.     An  examination  of 

ktir  niup  );iv"s  the  information   that  Si.  I,ouis,  in   its  area  of 
9 


sixty-two  squitro  miles,  is  situa'cd  on  t"'cntT-three  knolls  and 
hills,  varying  in  elevation  from  10  feet  to  2011  feet  above  the 
eily  directrix. 

The  highest  elevation  of  land  in  the  city  is  about  one  mile 
west  of  Shaw's  (jarden,  or  four  miles  southwest  of  thv:  court- 
house. The  elevation  is  lll.i  feet  above  the  directrix,  and  on 
this  place  is  the  female  hospital,  which  is  57  led  in  altitude, 

.'Vbout  half  a  mile  sonlhcast  of  the  feninle  hospital  is  located 
the  insane  asylum,  a  building  12(1  feet  high,  ])laced  on  eleva- 
tion ISO  feet  higher  than  the  direetri.x,  and  so  situated  as  to  bo 
seen  from  points  ten  miles  distant,  and  from  two-thirds  id'  the 
eity. 

Tho  Christian  Urothcrs*  new  college  on  Kaston  Avenue  (St. 
Charles  Itock  road)  is  located  on  an  elevation  of  146  feet  above 
tee  directrix. 

The  southeast  end  of  Forest  Park  is  fiO  fed.  anil  the  south- 
west corner —  i  ',  miles  distant — is  100  feet  bigher  iban  directrix. 

The  highest  eleviition  in  ll'Fallon  Park  is  III!  feel. 

Tile  mound  in  l.afayelle  Park  is  I.'IS  feet  above  diieil'ix. 

liclow  arc  ^livcii  some  of  Ihe  principal  high  buibliiii:s  in  St. 
liOuis,  with  tbr  grade  elevation  of  site  above'  eity  directrix,  and 
the  altitude  of  Ihe  building  in  addition  : 

The  west  arcade  of  th'  Illinois  and  St.  Louis  bridge  at  the 
vehicle  roadway  i;  OS  feel,  and  the  steam  .ailroadway  IS  feet 
above  the  Levee  sidewalk  or  cily  directrix. 

.St.  Louis  elevator,  liiddle  Street  and  Levee,  grade  3  feet, 
altit  Ilie  I  HO  feet. 

Heleher  sugar  re'inery,  new  building,  Dickson  (Bates:)  and 
Lewis  Streets,  grade  20  feet,  altitude  1.^0  feet. 

Shot-tower,  half  block  north  of  lielcher's  refinery,  grade  10 
feet,  altitude  180  feet. 

Central  elevator  li,  Levee  and  Lombard  Streets,  graile  0,  and 
altitude  I  17  feet. 

(eiitial  elevaior  A,  'J  welf.li  and  Cerre  Streets,  grade  HO,  and 
allilude  121  feet. 

Chamber  of  Commerce,  Third  and  Chestnut  Streets,  grade 
JOJ  feel,  and  altitude  lO.'i  feet. 

MiKKiiiii!  Iliiiuliliiini  building,  Third  and  Chestnut  Streets, 
allilude  112  feet. 

Court-house.  Fourth  and  Market  Streets,  grade  .OS  feet,  iind 
allilude  to  promenade  LIS  feel,  and  to  apex  of  dome  ITU  feet. 

McLean  tower,  opposite  Ihe  court-house,  nltiti'de  to  promcn- 
adi    14.)  feel,  and  apex  of  dome  170  feet. 

New  custoiiilionse,  corner  of  Kighlh  and  Olive  Streets,  grade 
.')!  feet,  altitude  of  building  101  feet.  The  iiome  of  this  build- 
ing will  be  lOU  feet  higliee  than  the  building.  The  promenade 
of  dome  will  be  loO  feet  above  sidewalk. 

.Singer  building,  Fifth  and  Locust  Streets,  grade  hi  feet,  and 
altitude  120  feet. 

New  York  Trust  Company's  building,  Sixth  and  Locust, 
gr..de  oO  feel,  .iiul  altitude  101  feel  to  edge  of  roof. 

Lindell  Hotel,  Sixth  Street  and  Washington  Avenue,  grade 
4S  feel,  and  altitude  110  feet. 

Now  Southern  Hold.  Fourth  and  Walnut  Stroeis,  t  ado  60 
foot,  and  alliludo  102  feet. 

Four  Courts,  Twelfth  Street  and  Clark  Avenue,  grade  45  feet, 
ami  altitude  to  ajiox  of  dome  140  feel. 

Walor-tower,  Fourteonlh  Stioot  and  Orand  Avenue,  grade 
OS  feet,  and  al'iludo  154  feet;  total  elevation  above  directrix 
25?  feet. 


I    i 


130 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


of  (-ixty-two  square  iiiilos,  the  jrencral  plan  of  twi-nty- 
thrce  liills  and  knolls,  risini;  from  forty  to  two  hun- 
dred feet  above  tlio  directrix,  are  data  from  which  a 
map  could  almost  be  drawn  without  noodlnfj;  to  see 
the  place.  The  e.xpan.sion  of  the  city  until  it  has 
sprrad  over  all  this  wide  area  and  taken  in  all  these 
knolls  and  hills  is  a  liist.ry  of  a  wonderful  growth  in 
Wonderfully  rapid  periods.  It  is  in  fact  a  romance, 
very  different  IVoni  the  monotonous  story  of  Chicij^o's 
unfitlding.     For  almost  >i.\ty  years  St.  Louis  was  con- 

('(imptiin  IIMl  ri'servoir.  I.Ml'ayiltu  aixl  (iriiiKl  .Vvt'imos.  ;{n.Je 
l.Sd  fcot,  and  nltiluile  cif  walla  :!(!  I'ut!. 

Kiiirgrounds  eli'VUtor,  giadu  'Ml  fci't,  ahd  altitudu  tii  iinniien- 
ndc  lOo  flit,  and  to  apex  l.')5  fuct. 

Itelow  aru  };ivi'n  tlio  gradf,  altitude,  and  total  elevation  of 
tlie  |irincijial  I'linivh  Jtccplt's  in  St.  IiOiiis.  The  uhuiclies  arc 
as  fnllovvs  : 

I'atliodriii,  on  M'alnut,  between  t^eeond  and  Tldid  .Stieel.<. 

St.  I'atriek'H.  corner  of  Sixtli  and  liiddle. 

First  l*re.«ly.vterian.  corner  of  Vourteeiitl]  Street  and  liuca.s 
I'laoe. 

.^eeoU'l  I're^ljyterian  Lliumi.  corner  of  .•^evcDteentii  .Street 
and  liUcas  IM.ioe. 

Centenary  .Mvtliodi-t,  corner  of  Sixtccnili  and  I'ine  Streets. 

St.  tleorgc'-'  (Episcopal),  corner  of  (,'he>tniit  and  iJeauniont 
Streets. 

Second  Bapti.st,  corner  of  UeautuonI  and  Locust  Streets. 

I'i'/riui  (t'oii;;regationali,  comer  of  '"win;;  and  Wasliington 
Avenues. 

St.  John's  (.Mcthodisll,  corner  of  Ewing  .Uenue  and  Locust 
Street. 

St.  .Vlpiionsus'  (.Mmrcli,  corner  of  tJraiol  Avenue  and  Morgan 
Street. 

The  first  column  '.:  figures  j^iven  is  tlie  )»rade  in  feet  of  tlic 
site  aliove  the  city  directrix,  tlie  second  column  the  altitude  of 
the  steeple  from  the  sidcwall<,  and  the  third  column  tliu  total 
elevation  oi  the  apex  of  the  spire  above  the  city  directrix. 

Total 

Clinrchcs.                   Cnelc  Altitude.  Klevalioii. 

Pilgrim i:!"  TM  .'iilll 

Second  Ilapf.st lis  2.1,0  .l.').! 

St.  tieor'.'cV 114  175  2,S!) 

Second  rre.-bvtoiian «:!  I'J,")  28S 

(Vnlenary  ...'. si)  205  285 

St.  Johns  (.Methodist)...  l;i»  :.':>  2811 

Eirsl  I'reslivlerian .Ml  2211  2711 

St.  Patrick's 5tl  1(10  210 

St.  Alph.>nsus' I.'in  SO  210 

Cathedral .l'-'  I.M  182 

The  Krade,  altitude,  ami  elevation  of  the  principal  observa- 
tories in  tlu' city  are  as  follows,  the  measurement   Immiii;  given 

up  to  the  promenade  o,-  walk  : 

T.ital 

iliade.  Altlluilc,  KIcrution. 

Insaneasvlum ISO  120  300 

Wat.r-lower US  154  252 

IVmale  hospital 1',I5  57  252 

Mel IS  tower 58  145  20.') 

.New  custom  house 51  150  201 

Court-house 58  1:18  1  U(l 

Fair  .;rouiid- elevator....     110  105  1!I5 

Shot  tower 10  180  l!IO 

The  grades  given  above  wen'  taken  from  the  street  conimis- 
eioners'  map.  and  the  nltituiles  were  oblaincd  from   the  arohl-   ; 
tec's  or  others  who  claimed  to  have  positive  inrorinatlon  on  the 
fubjeel.    (These  figures  and  facts  are  fioin  the  Si.  /,oi(/«  AV/oi''- 
/ic<i»  of  Dec    17,  issi.i 


tout  to  remain  a  little  tradintj;  city  under  and  oii  tin. 
side  of  a  limestone  bluff  at  the  river'.s  edije.  Sudd,  nlv 
it  climbed  to  the  top  of  tlie  bluff,  found  the  hij;h  Lvd 
country,  and  began  ,it  onee  to  grow.  The  old  Fii  iich 
village  and  town  crouched  under  tlie  biiiik,  quie.-cciii 
and  passive,  like  ont^  who  htigs  tln'  cdiimney-  urinr 
and  suKikcs  hi.-,  pipe,  too  eoi'tenl  witli  idle  ea.^e  lo  i„. 
persuaded  to  move  on.  The  new  American  cit\  jcl'i 
tlie  "Id  town  tlic're  uiidisiurbud,  and  I'iin  away  fidiii  ii 
to  seek  its  fortune.  Alter  that  was  secured,  it  tunioij 
back  to  the  old  town,  gave  it  a  thorough  shakiiiLr  ui'. 
and  dres.sed  it  out  iti  such  splendid  new  attire  tliai  ,'| 
wa:*  not  able  lo  recognize  itself  any  longer. 

It  is  the  literal  fact    "    t  St.  Ltiuis  did  not  bcoin  |„ 
grow  until  the  country  recovered  from  the  financial 
depression  which  suc-eeiled  the  vn  •  "•'  1812-14.  cul. 
miiiiiting  in  1819.     This  depre.«>        .as  so  great  thai  I 
it  strangled  enterprise  and  arrested  itiimigration.     Tli,. 
whole  West  was  ruined  by  liard  times  tind  bad  iijuiicv, 
:ind  business  came  to  a  standstill  for  the  lack  ut' a  i 
currency  and  a  medium  of  exchange.     St.  Louis  w,i. 
arrested  by  these  adversities  just  tis  she  had  begun  to 
invite  an  enter]irising  American  popuhition.     In  l><i'i)  I 
it  was  very  little  improved  from  what  it  had  been  in  [ 
1780.     It  still  lay  idl  under  the  hill.' 


'  We  read  in  the  recollections  of  Dr.  K.  ,Slmpsitn,  an  nirlt 
settler,  who  came  to  St.  Louis  from  Maryluml   in  ISOll,  luivinii 
till'  position  of  as.sistiott  surgeon   I'.S.A.,  that   the  town  wi.  | 
estlmntcd  to  contain  twelve  hundred  inhabitants,  but  few  Ainc.  | 
leans,  anil  those   mostly  attaidied   to   the  government  scrvi.. 
There  vrerc,   with   sumlry  cross   streets,  Ibric  main  streets, 
Main  Street  proper,  Cliuridi,  now  Second  Street,  and  Ijiirii,  u  ■  I 
Third   Strecl, — but   this    latter  street   did    not   extend  full 
north   than  about  where  now  is   IMne  Street,  wliere  it   inci  ib(  | 
forty-arpent  lots. 

The  town  was  all  uniler  the  bill,  and  laid  out  in  sipnirc-, :ii  | 
these  squiu'es  were  divided  into  fotir  lots,  so  that  each  n\u;'r 
had  room  for  ti  gartlen  and  some  fruit-trees.  ThtuewcriT 
brii'k  houses,  but  many  of  stone,  some  few  frame,  but  iii..^!  i 
log  buildings,  some  cabin-fashion  and  others  in  French  stvie,- 
largo  logs,  ilrcssed  on  two  sides,  set  some  eight  feet  in  it.  I 
groiinil,  with  shingle  roofs,  .\  sample  of  the  last,  and  the  it 
one,  I  believe,  left  standing,  is  to  be  seen  at  the  corner  of  Tliil 
anil  Plutn  Sttcets,  .lust  such  a  house  was  on  the  lot  1  |<';- 
chased  in  the  fall  of  ls|l,  and  in  which  [  lived  for  a  iiiiii)  < 
of  years.  The  shingles  were  thick,  ami  instead  of  iiiiils  «■ 
hung  wiih  pegs  or  straps  across  the  ratters,  and  uunlciio- 
good  roof,  but  was  r.thor  musical  in  windy  weather.  Tlir  I  ■ 
residence  in  the  tow"  was  that  ol'  Col.  .\uguste  t^hoiiieiiii.  »': 
occupieii  oUl  ..'juare  of  ground,  surrounded  iiy  a  hi^li  ^(  i' 
wall,  with  Mail.  Street  in  front,  the  church  in  the  reiir,r.iil| 
between  Market  and  Walnut.  In  speaking  of  streets,  Ii 
them  by  their  present  iiaines. 

The  iiiarket  siiuare  was   bounded   by  Main,  .Market,  Wi' 
Streets  and  the  river.     Maj.  Pierre  Chouteau  occupied  !i  Is'.t I 
stoiio  building  in  what  was  then  called  the  northern  p:irt"l''!i' 
town.     The  Cabannes  resided  on  a  cross  street  south  nf  Mijl 
Chouteau's.    As  you  came  down  .Main  Street  there  were  Siiru'i,! 


iinil  o\i  il 

Suddenly 

i>  old  Fn mil 
,k,  quicMMiit 
iiuney-  I'liur 

II'    I'HM"  111  W 

iciin  citv  left 
iiwiiy  fi'om  11 
red,  it  tunicl 
1  sluikiniJ.  mi. 

iittiro  tlirti '.! 
!;er. 
\  not  bi"jin  i" 

the  fiii;iiiiial 
1812-14.  cul.  I 
s  SI  I  <^i'eiit  tliai 
i<Tvatiiin.    Tli. 
ludbiid  iiiiiiity, 

the  laok  of  i 

St.  Louis  \v;i- 1 
e  had  heiiuii  h 
itidu.     In  1  Sin  I 

it  had  iK-eii  ill 


Siiniisun,  111)  isitl;  I 
11,1  in  l**!'''-  liavinij 
liiit   tlie  t"«n  «'[ 

i;ts,l)Ut  fl'W  .\m«- 

jvrnuicnl  serviv 
0  main  ^tiTcls.-l 

■I't,  mill  i.iirn.  11  •! 

Mit   oxteml  fiirlt'! 

.  wlii'iv  it   iiirt  tlf 


mil  in  i^nnari-.ai.i 

S,.  tllilt    IMI'll  il»r;-! 


Til. 
fninie, 


lull  mm 


III 


H'llU 


h  stvle. 


iiinlil    l>«t  1" 


It- 


II'  lii.'^t,  iinil  till"!  y I 


lllip  ciivni'i 


(if  TVri  I 


II  tW  l"l  1|. 
Iliveil  fill'  1'  Hill"'*' I 


stoivil  of  mil 


Is  W-; 


iiil   iiiii' 

VtlltluT. 


lo  ft  ic; 
'I'lip  111"' 


st(.  (Miiiiitfiiii. 


Il   liy  II 


lii^ii  si  1' 


111  ill  llio  r'"i 

i.f   stil'Cl! 


I  vi:i 


Mniki't,  \Vi 


TOPOGUAPHY. 


131 


Wliat  it  was  in  1809  it  remained  in  1818  and  in 
ISli-.  will'"  il  was  incorpnriited.  ISIr.  Billoii  describes 
,vitli  ilisiiiietness  what  tlii^  town  was  in  tlie  lormcr 
year  wlioii  ho  first  saw  it.      Fie  says,— 

••  liilil  llie  iniMirpoiiitiun  of  .*t.  Lw'■■^  as  a  city,  in  Ueoeinlicv, 
IS'',  .irnl  tlio  siil).'<i'qin.'nt  ailoplion  in  -  "ystcm  of  ^rndra  for 
•I,,,  .iiiits  of  llic  eil.v,  tlipif  liail  bi'eii  little,  if  any,  cliangu  in 
(|,i.  -iiiraoe  of  tliP  griiund  fnini  itii  lirst  settlement  in  I7fi4,  a 
.icrii.l  of  nearly  ai.xty  yearf,  eoiiyoquontly  on  my  arrival  in 
(lie  nliiii'  ill  ISIS,  I  must  ham  founil  it  almost  in  its  primitive 

ftiile. 

'•Til'  liver-front  presented  at  that  ilay  a  limestiino  bliiff,  cx- 
teiiiliiii,'  from  ftliout  the  foot  of  I'opiar  .*<trect  on  the  south  to 
iibovi'  ll'iv's  tower,  at  the  foot  of  Ashley  Street,  on  the  north, 
ihis  liiiill  heiiiK  about  on  a  le'  el  ivilh  the  main  street  as  far 
«iiuth  ;i-  the  eentre  of  the  village,  at  the  I'liblie  Square,  at  an 
elevali'iii  of  some  tliirtylive  or  I'mty  fei  t  above  the  onlinary 
stftize  111  'in'  river.  From  there  south  to  I'optar  Street  it  «;ra(l- 
iiallv  .'I'peJ  ilown  to  the  level  of  the  alluvial  lint  whieli  hor- 
ilisreil  llie  river  for  about  two  miles  farther  south. 

'•'flu're  were  then  but  two  roails  lo  ascenil  from  the  river  to 
Miiiii  Slii'et.  viz.,  at  Market  ami  Oak  Street".  These  ascents 
were  vi"v  abrupt  ami  rough  ami  hail  been  roughly  quarried 
tliriia'li  'iie  limestone  roek  by  '.he  early  inhabitants  with  crow- 
liars  iiml  liaiiiiuers  to  enable  them  to  get  to  the  river  for  water. 
"  .Main  Street,  nortii  fruin  .Market  Street,  was  geiiorally  level, 
ivilli.  I'l'i'li'ipi*,  a  *•"'?  "'is'"  ■'■'"■'-'"' •  S"i'i!5  ''"nth  from  Market 
jitreet  il  nseeiideil  some  four  or  live  feet  to  the  centre  of  the 
liliirk,  Ibrii   Col.   Ohoiiteau's.      Krom    here    it    descended   with 

lSniH':i'i*>.  I'apin's,  Conner's.  I.abadie's,  and  others.  (Iratiot 
inTitpit'il  a  lar^jC  stone  building  at  theeonier  of  .Main  and  Chest- 
nut:  (ipiiii>ite  iiraliot,  east,  was  the  store  of  Hunt  «^  llnnkes- 
sir.  llie  largest  in  the  town.  tHil  Madame  rbotileau  oeeupieTl 
I  nl.in;;,  Imv  building  e  irner  nf  .Main  and  (.'hestiiiit,  and  south 
nil  uf  the  sii..  "  block  was  .Anioiiie  t.'henie;  oppo>iie  Clienie, 
1  east,  was  I'latte,  and  on  the  same  block  was  lieiiliold. 

Tlii'rc  was,  I  think,  hut  mie  lioii^e  on  the  hill,  the  old  .'^pan- 
I  iili  pirii.-'Mi  hiiusc.wiih  a  round  .-tone  tower  in  front,  jii-l  where 


In 

Lu  oceiipii 


,1  ;i  Ir: 


about  the  same  slope  as  the  limestone  blulTs  to  its  terminus  at 
Plum  Street,  where  it  ran  into  the  river. 

"  Second  Street  was  about  on  a  level  with  Main  Street  near  the 
ccnlro  of  the  village,  but  from  Chestnut  Street  north  to  above 
Vine  it  was  lower  than  .Main,  and  of  course  in  bad  weather 
was  always  vory  muddy,  and  the  lots  on  the  east  side  were  fre- 
quently several  inuhes  deej)  with  water  for  days  until  it  dried 
np  by  evaporation.  The  residents  of  this  vicinage  remedieil  it 
to  some  extent  in  1778  by  draining  it  through  the  ori,  .  -trect, 
now  Chestnut. 

"  .Sei-'ond,  south  of  Walnut,  had  about  the  same  descent  as 
Main  Street  south. 

"Third  Street,  in  the  centre  of  ti.e  village,  was  a  few  feet 
higher  than  .Second,  but  from  CIn  itnut  north  it  ascended  grad- 
ually up  to  near  our  present  AVashington  .■Vveniic,  fierhaps 
some  twenty-live  feet  in  this  distance.  From  here  nortli  it  ia 
nearly  level.  Southwardly,  from  about  Walnut,  it  descended 
with  about  the  same  grade  as  Main  and  Second. 

"Of  Fourth  Street,  the  highest  part  was  from  Kim  to  near 
Chestnut,  (joing  north  from  Chestnut  it  descended  precipitously 
to  Pine,  where  a  gully  crossed  the  intersection  of  Second  Street 
from  northwest  to  southeast,  carrying  off  the  water  from  a  largo 
district  north  and  west  of  this  point,  through  the  centre  of  the 
present  llloik  sfi  down  Chestnut  to  the  river.  South  from  'ilui, 
Fourth  Street  had  a  pretty  steep  descent  for  the  distance  of  a 
few  blocks,  and  Irom  there  about  the  same  as  Third,  'fhe  very 
highest  point  on  F'ourlh  was  at  the  intersection  of  Walnut, 
overlooking  the  country  in  every  direction.  On  this  spot  the 
central  stone  tower  was  erected  in  17S0,  and  here  the  S]ianish 
tJovcrnor  constructed  the  garri^^on  in  I7'.ll.  There  was  no 
Fourth  Street  south  of  Elm  until  after  IS'J2,  Col.  ICastun's  in- 
closurc  crossing  it  halfway  lo  Fifth  Street.  South  of  this  it 
was  but  a  road,  with  two  or  three  houses.  The  limestone  bluff 
which  fronted  the  place  was  nearly  perpendicular.  In  seasons 
of  low  water  in  the  river  there  was  a  wide  sand-bar  extending 
out  a  considerable  distance  from  the  shore,  which  when  the 
water  was  at  an  ordinary  stage  was  covered,  leaving  a  narrow 
road  of  sand  at  the  foot  of  the  bliilV.  At  seasons  of  high  water 
it  would  completely  cover  this,  and  at  times  rise  some  eight  or 
ten  feet  above  the  foot  of  the  blntls.'' 

St.  Lotus  had  been  iiieorjiorated  as  a  town  in  1809 

by  the  Territorial  Court  of  Coimnoii    Pleas.      It  was 

incorporated  as  a   eily  by  the    Lefiislature  in   1822. 

Previous  to  181(i  there  had  been  no  additions  to  the 

town  as  orioinally  laid  otV  by  Jjtulede  and  Chouteau. 

In   that  year  Chouteau   and   J.    H.  C.  Lueas  jrave 

si|uare  to  the  town   lor  ti  enurt-house,  and  oH'eieil  I 
....!..  ..  I ,  » .,  ....  il,..  11.. ...t   ...,.]   ..r  »i,..   ,..,„..    I',.. 


ortherii  pi 


rl.'fV 


I  reel  s"" 
I  there  were 


ih  I.f  >li; 


01. n   STONK  TOWKK. 


Iiiliiut  Street  intersects  Fourth  Street.     There  were  three  other 
Itiiii'l  <ti.iie  lower',  II'     at  each  end  of  the  town,  and  oni  far- 
•  ii|i  Tliinl  Streeu     There  was  also  a  square  stone  bastion 

ll'illlHT  iinrlli. 


■'I'""'   ■"■■ 

sale  a  larue  traet  on  the  west   end   of  the   liiwii,  I'rom 

Fourth  Street  to  Seventh.'     This  was  the  lirst  ac- 

'  The  following  is  .Indgu   liueas'  a  Ivertiscment  of  the  pro- 
posed sale  ; 

"  The  s'lbscriber  has  been  induced  lo  lay  out  into  lots  about 
fifty  aires  of  land,  being  part  of  his  farm  Immediately  ad 
joining  the  town  of  St.  I.ouis,  being  cimprised  in  the  same 
plat,  and  by  way  of  cxlciisiun  iiorlhwardly  with  the  south- 
erly new  part  of  the  town  laid  out  by  Col.  Chouteau.  These 
connected  new  parts  perfectly  correspond  with  the  old  part  as 
to  parallel  and  cross  streets.  The  only  ililVercnce  is  that  the 
streets  of  the  new  part  nro  nearly  as  broad  again  as  those  of 
the  old  pari,  that  they  are  perfectly  straight,  and  cross  each 
rectangularly.  Tlio  new  site  is  mostly  level  and  eonimnnding, 
as  it  is  on  an  average  forty  feet  lil^^her  than  the  {{round  on 


I 


132 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


ucssion  of  territory.  We  will  describe  it  more  par- 
ticularly n  little  farther  on.  The  streets  of  St.  Louis 
were  not  regularly  named  until  182(5,  though  several 
of  them  bore  names,  as  /{iif  de  T  Egllnv^  Rue  ihs 
Gniiiqis,  Rue  Priiu-ijKiff,  Rue  de  Jianere,  etc.  In 
July  of  tiiat  year  an  ordinance  was  paj^sed  adopting 
formal  names.' 

In  1826  the  city  had  beiiun  to  grow,  but  had  not 
yet  quite  got  out  from  under  the  liill.     In  proof  of 

whiuli  tbf  old  town  is  sitiiiitc,  and  |lrc'^'entiIlJ;  a  fiiU  view  of  the 
MisiiUsi|i|ii  Uiver  for  live  or  six  iiiilos  down,  and  from  several 
parts  as  far  u|i,  olfi'ring  a  horizon  lU'ar  as  vast  as  on  tlio  ocean, 
and  only  liniiled  at  distant  (loints  for  enlianceinent  of  its  charms. 
Col.  Choutciui  and  the  sub.scriber  have  a);reed  to  offer  gratui- 
tously to  tlic  county  of  .<t.  Louis  a  whole  S(|uare  iu  the  most 
eentnil  and  best  situation  for  a  court-house  und  a  suitable  pub- 
lic area,  exclusive  of  a  lot  intended  for  the  use  of  a  jail.  The 
whole  town,  including  the  new  part  laid  (JUt  and  represented 
in  the  connected  ]ilal  of  Col.  ('houtciiii  and  the  subscriber 
(ivhich  will  be  deposited  in  the  recorder's  ollicc  in  a  few  days), 
form  an  oblong,  the  breadth  of  which  is  ciiinil  to  one  third  on 
the  whole  length.  l!y  the  present  addition  all  goes  to  the 
lircadth  and  nothing  to  the  length.  Thus  the  addition  is 
doubly  beneficial,  as  it  tenils  also  to  render  in  future  the  town 
more  compact. — Joiix  li.  C.  liit'As." 

'  An  ordinance  naming  the  streets  of  St.  Louis. 

M'llKiiEAS.  It  is  a  de.-ideratuui  with  the  eitiz.ens  of  this  city 
to  remove  the  (iiltieulties  and  inconveniences  which  are  daily 
experienced  from  the  pre.-ent  names  by  which  the  streets  of  the 
city  of  .'^1.  Louis  are  ilcsignatcd  ;   lliercforc, 

lit  it  uriluineil  hi/ llic  Mni/nr  ini'l  llniinl  "/  Alilrni(i'}i  c/  llit 
I'ily  "/  Si.  I.iiuIi,  That  all  the  streets  running  westward  from 
the  .Mississippi  Uiver  shall  be  called  and  known  by  the  follow- 
ing names,  lo  wit  :  The  street  known  by  the  name  of  Market 
Street  shall  retain  its  present  name,  the  first  |)arallel  or  cross 
street  north  of  said  street  shall  be  called  Chestnut  Street,  the 
second  shall  be  culled  I'ine  ;^treet,  the  third  shall  be  called 
Olive  Street,  the  fourth  shall  bo  called  Locust  Street,  the  fifth 
shall  be  called  Vino  Street,  the  sixth  shall  be  called  Laurel 
Street,  the  seventh  shall  be  called  Prune  Street,  the  eighth 
shall  bo  called  ilak  Street,  the  ninth  shall  be  called  Cherry 
Street,  the  tenth  shall  be  called  Hickory  Street,  the  eleventh 
shall  be  called  I'ear  Street,  the  twelfth  shall  be  called  Willow 
Street. 

Sec.  I.  Aii'l  l,r  il  I'nrlhir  ifnlaini::!  I'l/  Ihe  tdillini-ili/  ii/tiii  Kdi'il, 
That  the  first  parallel  or  cross  street  south  of  said  .Market  Sheet 
shall  be  ciillc  1  Walnut  Street,  the  second  shall  be  called  Kim 
Street,  the  third  shall  be  called  Myrtle  Strecl.  Ihe  fourth  shall 
be  called  Spruci'  Street,  the  lil'lh  shall  be  calldl  Almond  Street, 
the  sixth  shall  be  called  Poplar  Street,  the  seventh  shall  be 
calleil  Plum  Street,  the  eighth  shall  bo  called  Ci'dar  Street,  the 
ninth  shall  be  culled  Mulberry  Stecet,  the  tenth  shall  be  called 
Lombard  Street,  the  elevonth  shall  be  called  ILi/cl  Street,  Ihe 
twelfth  shall  be  called  Sycamore  Street. 

Ski  .  I!.  Ami  hf  il/inlher  iinliiiin-il.  That  the  streets  running 
parallel  or  nearly  parallel  to  the  river  Mississippi  ehull  be 
called  and  known  by  the  following  names,  vi/. :  Tho  street 
nearest  the  rivor  •^hall  be  called  Front  Street;  the  remaining 
parallel  sircels  shall  be  named  in  numerical  order,  viz..  First, 
Second,  Third,  etc. 

Ski.  1.  Ui  it  on/iiiii«/.  That  tho  register  cause  immediatoly 
to  be  put,  at  tho  expense  of  the  city,  index-boards  at  tho  iutor- 
Bcotiun  of  the  ero««  itreets  with  tho  first  street. 


this  take  tho  following  from  the  "  Impressioiis  du 
Voyage"  of  his  Highness  Karl  Uernhardt,  duke  of 
Saxe- Weimar,  who  visited  St.  Louis  in  182C,  in  the 
month  of  April : 

"St.  Louis  lies  upon  a  rather  high  rocky  foundation  on  ilj. 
right  bank  of  tho  Mississippi,  and  stretches  itself  out  nemlj  , 
mile  in  length  in  t'lo  iliroctiun  of  tho  river. 

**  Tho  most  of  the  houses  have  a  garden  towards  the  u:iti>r: 
the  earth  is  supported  by  walls,  so  that  the  gardens  fornix,,  i 
many  terraces.     Tho  city  contains  about  four  thousand  iniialii. 
tants.     It  consists  of  one  long  main  street,  running  pinallt'; 
with  tlie  river,  from  which  several  side  streets  run  to  the  hii;;hi! 
behind  the  city.     Hero  single  houses  point  out  tho  space  \\\m,  I 
another  street  parallel  with  the  main    street  can  one  day  I,.  [ 
built.     The  generality  of  tho  houses  are  new,  built  of  brirk  lit 
stories  liigh  ;  some  are  of  rough  slone  and  others  of  woo  I  mi  | 
clay  in  tho  Spanish  taste,  resembling  tho  old  houses  in  \m 
ttrleans.     Itound  the  city  along  the  height.-,  formerly  ran  ;i  wai:, 
but  it  is  now  taken  away.     At  the  corners  stood  nni.ssive  roun; 
)^uard- towers,  the  walls  of  which  one  still  cau  see.     Inanurtheri 
direction  from  tho  city  are  seven  artificial  hillocks,  in  twormi 
which  form  a  parallelogram.     TMiey  belong  to  tho  much  lallie;  I 
of  Indian   mounds  and  fortifications,  of  which  nunibir-  at> 
found  on  tho  shores  of  tho  (/)hio  and  Mississippi,  and  wliicli  m,  I 
dispersed  over  these  regioiis  from  Lake   I']rio  to  New  .^I^■: 
There  exist  neither  documents  nor  traditions  eonceniin;'  ttel 
erection  of  these  works,  or  (d*  tho  tribe  of  people  who  (.'rertril 
them.     In  some  a  great  quantity  of  human  bones  have  ImiI 
discovered,  in  others,  on  tho  contrary,  nothing." 

But  from  this  period  it  .sprang  forward  rapidly,  anil 
has  never  since  ceased  from  it.s  process  of  expaihkl 
and  growth. 

Professor  Waterhouse,  aided  by   Mr.   Billnn's  jr 
valuable  manuscripts,  has  written  the  following  uondtl 
and  accurate  sketch  of  the  early  topograpiiy  ut' ,v 
Louis  for  the  present  volume  : 

"For  four  or  five  years  after  its  settlement  St.  I.oiiis  niil 
called  a  trading-post.  This  title  forinod  a  part  of  its  offi.-ul 
designation.  Then  for  about  forty  years  the  young  colonv ' 
the  name  of  village.  Nov.  tl,  LSOy,  St.  Louis  was  ini'..i|iir, 
as  a  borough  town,  and  Dec.  9,  1822,  it  was  invesled  la  ;;i| 
Stale  Legislature  with  the  title  of  city.  For  more  tli;iri  Ii.h1:J 
century  tho  physical  features  of  St.  Louis  remained  iiiituu  k(J 
by  tho  hand  of  improvement.  No  publio  system  of  graliii;;»| 
undertaken  prior  to  LS2il.  No  changes  materially  altering: 
general  surface  of  tho  ground  were  made  before  ilic  inoiir|  :.| 
tion  of  St.  Louis  tts  a  city.  Accordingly,  the  folluwiii);  fa 
observed  in  ISIS,  must  present  a  substantially  corrc-t  ii<« 
the  site  of  St.  i,onis  in  its  primitive  condition.  To  avui-l  r'[-| 
tition  and  the  employment  of  terms  hmg  since  ob-ikit'. 
|iresont  names  cd'  streets  and  numbers  of  blocks  are  u-cl  inii.1 
de.-.^riptlon  A  glance  at  Chouteau's  luup  will  slion  ihai"iJ 
of  the  sireets  inent  .med  in  this  account  wore  not  in  oxisWi| 
at  that  day,  and  arc  merely  employed  us  a  ]ireseiit  imac- 
idcntifying  localities. 

"  In  1761  a  steep  limestone  bluff  occupied  the  phuc  >l  i| 
present  Levee.     It  extended  from  tho  foot  of  Aslili-v  ti)iinl-J 
of  Poplar.     Its  height  ebove  the  onlinary  stage  of  llic  .M- 
sippi  was  thirty  fiv.    .r  forty  feet.     From  the  l'ultlic.N|iiar(:«| 
tween  Market  and  Walnut  there  was  u  grailuul  ddintt 

2  Derived  from  Mr.  F.  L.  Billon. 


lowiui:'  concis 


ill   of  ita  offi;;j 


corroi'l  Mf« 


Lresi'iit  miMii- 


TOPOGRAPHY. 


133 


nlliniiil  liiiltom,  which  bogiin  in  the  vicinity  of  Poplnr  Strcot 
niid  c\li'niloil  down  the  rivor  nearly  two  miles.  It  w«»  through 
(liij  ijllcy  that  the  waters  of '  \.a  I'etito  l{ivii>ro'  llowcJ  to  Iho 
Mi''>*i'~i|']''*  'i'ho  mouth  ol  the  Ijttle  Kivor  wan  a  sliort  ilistanco 
licliiw  "ur  (iiesent  gas-works.  Owing  to  n  slight  oonvexity  of 
the  ri»' i-fi'""'>  "'"  'I'stance  of  Main  Street  from  the  edge  of 
the  lilnll  varied  from   one  hundred  and  tifty  to  two  hundruil 

feet. 

■•  III"  liigliesi  ground  on  Main  Street  was  in  tlie  rear  of  tlic 
I'ulili  ■  -i|uarc,  now  block  seven.  From  this  central  elevation 
tlicrv  »;is  a  descent  of  about  live  feet  to  Market  Street.  From 
llii.a  pi  iijl  to  Iho  northern  limits  of  Main  Street  the  ground 
,v„s  liii'l,  or  slightly  rising.  From  the  Public  S(|uarc  south 
tlicre  »:i-  a  gradual  slope  to  the  foot  uf  I'lum  Street,  where, 
in  cun-equenco  of  a  slight  westwaril  enrvaturo  in  the  river, 
M.iin  Street  terminated. 

'*  Will)  one  important  exception,  Second  Street  had  the  same 
(teneral  laillinea  as  Main  Street,  Init  from  Chestnut  Street  to 
Vine  .'^Irict  there  was  a  shallow  depression,  wliieh  after  rains 
was  niudl.v  and  almost  impassable.  In  the  street  nnd  in  Iho 
lots  101  the  east  side  the  depth  of  the  water  was  often  over 
-hill'?,  la  1""*  "''■'  tract  was  drained  into  the  gully  which 
i,li]i,,ncl\  crossed  Chestnut  Street  in  its  way  to  the  river. 

I'lin  'third  Street,  I'roui  the  centre  of  the  villiige  to  Washing- 
Inn  Awiiiic.  there  was  a  rise  of  twcnty-fivo  or  thirty  feet.  From 
\V;i.*lii":;l"U   Avenue  to  its  northern   extremity,  'I'liird   Street 

,5.,j  , pMralively  level.     From  the  centre  soiilhwnnl.  Third 

Sircci  I'l-lliiffcd  the  general  sl"pe  of  Main  and  Second  Streets. 

"In  IslS,  Fourth  Street  was  not  in  existence.  The  lino  on 
which  this  street  was  subsequently  laid  out  ran  heyonil  the 
we^'terii  limits  (d'  the  village.  I'mil  about  the  lime  St.  I.ouis 
iissuiiH  I  uinnieipal  honors  Fourth  Street  terminated  at  Klin 
Sircit.  .\l)out  IS2;1,  Col.  Huston's  lanil,  situated  at  the  inter- 
.(.fliiiii  111  these  sircols,  was  sidd,  tho  paling-fcnee  which  ob- 
-trmlcd  travel  was  removed,  and  Fourth  Street  was  extended 
-uathnard.  The  highest  ground  on  this  street  was  between 
KIni  and  Chestnut  Streels;  it  was  called  'the  bill.'  It  was 
llic  watcr-slieil  between  Ninth  Street  and  the  river.  It  was  the 
nil. -I  ilevalf'd  land  ineIo>eil  within  the  first  limits  of  the  city. 
i'riMii  Clo'slnut  Street  there  was  a  rapid  descent  to  Pine  Street. 
At  llii"  point  a  deep  gnlly,  which  draincil  a  large  area  lying 
iiuillun-l  of  the  village,  crossed  Fourth  Street  in  a  soulheast- 
t-rlv  (lirccliou.  North  of  Pine  ,'^trcet  the  surface  of  Fourth 
.<ttefl  ro-e  with  a  very  slow  and  slighi  ascent.  South  of  Klin 
,stnel  the  ground  on  Fourth  Street  gently  declined  to  the  valley 
III  .Mill  I ■  reck. 

'■  The  ground  swell  on  Fourth  Street  was  thirly-livo  or  forty 
ficl  higher  than  tho  blutV,  and  consc(|ncntly  seventy  or  eighty 
lilt  higher  than  the  river  itself.  In  ITIil,  from  -Market  Street 
iliiwn  tlM(iu;;h  the  valley  of  Mill  Creek,  tnere  was  a  heavy 
iriiKlli  III'  forest-trees.' 

'  111  Iriint  of  the  whole  land  on  the  snulh  of  the  town,  where 
.Mr,  Siiul.ird  now  lives,  there  was  a  bottom  (?ovoreil  with  heavy 
liiiiWr,  which  ended  at  the  creek,  just  adjoining  .ludgo  llcnt's 
|iltii'o.-— .ln_'/»«/r  f  7ioi(/eiMf,  .lime  1,  l><l!a;  lluiit^M  A//aii/r«,  vol, 
ii.  piige  I. 

The  spilt  iiiiiiiediately  whore  the  town  stands  was  very 
liuiivily  liiabereil,  but  back  of  the  town  it  was  generally  prairio, 
nilli  «iiino  timber  growing,  but  where  the  timber  did  not  grow 
il  Hiis  entirely  free  from  undergrowth,  and  the  grass  grow  in 
^Ti-iii  aliiinilance  everywhere,  and  of  the  best  iimility :  but 
kIiito  the,  inhabitants  used  to  out  their  hay  was  where  .liidge 
l.ui'iij  nun  lives,  and  between  his  bouse  nnd  tho  eottonwooil- 
u^'p^.  il  being  all  prairie. — lliijilinlr  Itivil'rr,  July  'J!',  IX'.'a  : 
//mil'.  .Uiiiii(>»,  vol.  ii.  p.  1011, 


"In  1SI8  a  low  sand-bank,  from  four  hundred  losixhundrcd 
feet  wide,  extended  from  the  foot  of  Market  .Street  to  tho 'south- 
ern extremity  of  tho  village.  At  tho  lower  end  of  this  hank 
there  was  a  slight  elevation,  covered  with  gronjis  of  bushes.  In 
after  years  this  knoll,  insulated  by  tho  action  of  the  river  an.' 
enlarged  by  alluvial  deposits,  became  Duncan's  Island.  At  tho 
base  of  tho  bluff  there  was  a  Hat  rock  about  one  hundred  foot 
wide.  In  high  stages  of  tiie  river  this  rock  was  always  sub- 
mergcil,  but  in  low  water  it  atl'iudcd  a  ilry  nnd  uiiobstnioted 
foot-path  from  Market  Street  to  Morgan  Street.  During  high 
water  the  boatmen  were  eQjn|iellcil  to  laud  on  the  bottoms,  and 
to  inako  a  long  detour  to  reach  the  village. 

"Tho  original  bounds  of  St.  Louis  were  narrow.  Ajcording 
to  the  plat  of  I7BI,  the  trading-post  stretched  from  v"houteau 
Avenue  to  Cherry  J^trcet,  and  from  the  river  to  near  Fourth 
Street. 

"  .At  that  lime  there  was  no  street  fronting  on  tho  Missis- 
sippi, tbo  rear  yards  of  the  first  line  of  buildings  extended 
to  the  edge  of  the  bluffs.  Three  streets  ran  parallel  wilii  the 
river.  'I'hey  were  named  Main  (or  Royal),  Church,  and  Ilarii 
Streets.  2 

"The  width  of  these  streets  was  thirty-six  French  feci.' 
"  Kightcen  cross  streets  ran  wcsl  from  the  river.  Their  width 
was  thirty  French  feit.<  Walnut  was  thin  iii'lcd  Iiii  Hue  do  Iiv 
Tour,  because  it  led  u)i  to  the  tower  on  the  hill,  and  Market  was 
named  I-a  Hue  de  la  Place, ^  because  it  formed  ihe  northern 
bonier  nf  the  Public  Si|iiare.  Only  two  or  three  of  the  other 
-Irecis  running  west  had  distinctive  names.  They  were  merely 
bines,  on  ivhich  tlierc  were  no  houses.  In  IXIS  the  village  was 
divided  into  forty-nine  lilocks.  Illoek  7,  in  the  centre  of  tho 
ri\cr-l'iont,  was  called  La  Place,  or  the  Public  Sipiare.*'  On 
tbi^  varani     i^ace,  al'ler'tbc  ci-->ioii  to  the  riiiled  Stales,  the 

'-'  La  Hue  Principale  (or  Hoyalc),  La  line  de  I'Kglise,  and  La 
Hue  lies  I i  ranges.  In  the  early  grunts.  Second  Street  was  at  first 
designated  I'ne  .\utre  Uiic  Principale.  '-d  Street  was  soino- 

tiincs  called  La  Hue  liarrcrc.  froiii  Ihe  n  i  .•  of  a  baker  who  for 
many  years  lived  at  the  soiilhivcst  corner  of  'I'liinl  and  Chest- 
nut. 

■'  A  French  fool  was  nearly  lliirteen  Kngiish  indies.  In 
oilier  villages  the  streets  were  simieliuRS  still  narrower.  Tho 
streets  of  Ilobertsville  were  at  lirst  only  twenly-t'our  feet  wide. 
—  Ilinit'H  MhtittiH,  vol.  ii.  p.  l."i. 

*  The  main  streets  were  all  of  them  laid  out  lobe  Ihirly-six 
feet  (French  measure)  wide,  and  iiM  the  cross  streets  were  laid 
out  to  be  thirty  feet  ( Froneh  measure)  wide.  The  blocks  were 
generally  laid  out  to  be  two  hundred  and  forty  feet,  fronting  on 
the  main  streets,  and  running  back  three  hundred  feet  to  tho 
other  main  street. —  Aiiijimlc  I'lniiidnii,  Sept.  8,  I8'J5;  lliiui't 
Miiiii('i,  vol.  ii.  p.  ITS. 

The  first  selllers,  not  distinctly  foreseeing  the  future  great- 
ness of  Si.  Louis,  laid  out  Ihe  streets  to  ini.'t  the  needs  of  a 
small  village.  The  probable  reason  lor  narrow  streets  was  the 
greater  ease  of  ilefen>e.  (.'ompactness  permitted  a  slinrter  lino 
of  palisades  and  a  greater  concentration  of  forces. 
^  Market  Street  was  also  callc  '  La  Itue  lionhommc. 

"The  northern  part  of  liloek  7  was  then  (I7'.l«)  a  publio 
place  of  meeting  for  tho  inhabitants,  and  was  called  "  La 
Place."— .l/ii)"'  /'.  I.etliir,  Nov.  7,  IS'.','):  //iih('»  MiiiiitiH,  vol. 
iii.  p.  58. 

It  was  used  as  a  place  of  arms  (Place  d'Armes),  for  Iho  uso 
of  tho  inhabitants.  — r/im/ri   Dilniull    />./i(««i(«,  Nov.  it,  18'25  ; 

:i,i,i.,  p.  i«n. 

The  words  "  Place  Publiiiue,"  in  the  Frcncli  languagl',  mean 
an  open  spaeo  free  of  access  in  every  direction. — Itiitf  I'liiil, 
Nov.  10,  18'2i:  Hiid.,  p.  7.'!. 


131 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


iM 


first  piililio  miirkct-lioiisc  wiis  built.'  Block  .'i4,  ilircctly  went  nf 
the  Public  Square,  was  spleuteil  by  Ijiicledc  for  his  own  residciici'. 
It  WHS  nil  this  site  tlint  the  spnuious  stone  house  eiillcd  tlie  Chou 
teiiu  mansion  was  subse(|UOUlly  ereetod.  lllock  59,  between 
Seeonil  and  Third  Streets,  was  reserved  for  the  Culholie  Church 
and  couictery.  The  blocks  between  Walnut  and  JIarket  Streets 
were  three  humlred  trench  feet  8(|uare;  all  the  rest  of  the 
bloeks  had  a  frontage  of  two  hundred  and  forty  by  it  depth  of 
three  hundred  Fr  neb  feet.  Within  the  limits  of  the  village 
the  (triginal  grants  to  settlers  were  oominunly  restricted  to  a 
(juiirter  of  a  block;  a  few  favored  individuals  obtained  half- 
blocks,  and  in  three  or  lour  instances  ollicial  distinction,  meri- 
torious sei'vice,  or  s<icial  dignity  securcfl  the  concessit  u  of  a 
whole  block.  In  ISIS  there  were  only  two  approaches  from  the 
rivci-  to  the  tonn.  These  led  up  Market  and  Morgan  Sheets. 
The  asient  was  sleep,  rocky,  and  ditVieuK.  Under  the  town  or- 
ganization no  steps  were  taken  to  provide  additional  means  of 
access,  but  sotm  after  the  adoption  of  a  municipal  government 
other  streets  were  cut  down  through  the  blulf  to  the  river." 

Tlic  hoiiiidarios  of  St.  Louis  County,  a.s  t)ffii'iiilly 
laid  (lowTi  ill  coiiiiectiou  witli  tlio  <;oiieral  laiid-offico 
sysloiu  of  the  United  State.-*,  uive  the  followitii: 
limits:  Beiririninsr  in  tlie  niiddlo  of  the  main  cliiinnol 
of  the  Missi.s.sippi  River,  due  east  of  the  mouth  of 
the  river  Maramec ;  tlience  due  we.st  to  the  middle  of 
the  main  channel  of  the  Maramec  River,  at  the 
mouth  thereof;  thence  up  the  31aramec  River,  and 
witli  the  middle  of  the  main  channel  thereof,  to  a 
point  where  the  township  lint^  bi'tweeii  T.  4'ii  and  44 
N.  of  the  base-line  crosses  the  same :  thence  west- 
with  said  line  to  the  main  channel  of  the  Maramec 
River,  where  the  said  channel  atrain  cro.s.ses  the  same; 
thence  up  the  Maramec  River,  and  with  the  middle 
of  the  main  channel  thereof,  to  a  point  whore  the 
ran<;e-line  between  R.  '2  and  H  K.  of  the  fifth  princi- 
pal meridian  crosses  the  same ;  thence  north  with  .said 
lino  to  the  middle  of  the  main  channel  of  the  Mis- 
souri itiver;  thence  down  the  Missouri  River,  and 
with  thi^  middle  of  the  main  channel  of  the  said  river, 
to  the  mouth  thereof;  thence  due  east  to  the  middle 
of  the  main  ehatmel  of  the  Missi.«sippi  River;  thence 
down  the  Mississippi  River,  and  with  the  middle  of 
the  main  channel  thereof,  to  the  place  of  bejriniiiuf;. 

The  county  of  St.  Louis  is  subdivided  into  five 
municipal  townships,  namely:  Caroudelet,  St.  Louis, 
St.  Ferdinand.  Bonhomme,  and  Mttramec. 

The  township  of  St.  Louis  bejiins  at  a  point  in  the 
main  channel  of  the  Missi.-isippi  River  due  east  of 
the  juncti'>n  of  Morin's  Oeek  and  river  Ginsiras ; 
thence  due  west  acro.ss  the  river  Ginp-as  to  the  mouth 
of  Morin's  Crook  ;  thence  .soutliwardly  with  said  creek 
to  where  it  eros.ses  for  the  first  time  the  northeast  line 
of  a  New  Madrid  location,  by  virtue  of  certificate 
No.  94.  in  T.  4.')  N.  R.  7   E. ;    thence  northwest- 


'  "The  market  wjis  built  on  it  about  A.n.  18II," — Mackiij/ 
Wheiii/,  Nov.  It,  1825:  H,iiit\  Mininin,  vol.  iii.  p.  61. 


wardly  with  said  line  to  tlie  northwest  corner  of  sii.l 
claim  ;  thence  southwestwardly  with  the  northwestrin 
lino  of  said  claim  to  where  it  iiiter.<ects  tlie  towiL^liii, 
line,  between  T.  45  and  46  N.  of  the  base-line  ;  tliemi. 
west  with  said  town.ship  line  to  where  it  cro.sses  ilie 
range-line,  between  R.  r>  and  0  E.  of  the  fifth  priiuj. 
pal  meridian  ;  thence  south  with  said  range-line  to  ilic 
corner  of  T.  44  and  45  N.,  R.  5  and  (5  E. ;  tlxnco 
eastwardly  with  the  botmdary  line  of  CarondiJet 
town.ship  to  the  main  channel  of  the  Mississipijl 
River  ;  and  in  the  main  channel  thereof  to  the  phut' 
of  beginning. 

The  townsliip  of  Caroudelet,  which  has  been  In 
part  incorporated  with  St.  Louis,  begins  at  a  point  in 
the  main  channel  of  the  Mississippi  River  due  cast 
of  the  southeast  corner  of  the  commons  of  the  ciiv  of 
St.  Louis ;  thence  due  west  to  the  said  southeast 
corner;  thence  westwardly  with  the  southern  lidun- 
dary  line  of  .said  commons  to  the  southwest  ciiriicr 
thereof;  thence  northwardly  with  the  western  line  of 
said  commons  to  where  the  same  inter.sects  the  linn 
dividing  T.  44  and  45  N.  of  the  base-lint! ;  thence 
west  with  said  dividing  line  to  tlie  line  dividing  1{,  ', 
and  G  E.  ol'tlie  fifth  principal  meridian;  thence  .suutli 
with  said  i-inge-line  to  its  intersection  with  the  south- 
east boundary  line  of  survey  No.  IttlW,  in  T.  44  N., 
R.  5  and  (!  E. ;  thence  soiithwestwardly  witli  saij 
.southeast  line,  and  following  the  course  of  said  line, 
to  the  middle  of  the  main  channel  of  the  JIaiaii.  c 
River;  thence  down  said  Maramec  River,  in  ihe 
middle  of  the  main  channel  thereof,  to  its  nimiiii; 
tlienee  due  east  to  the  middle  of  the  main  ehaniicl  ui 
the  Missi.-isippi  River;  thence  up  .said  Missi,-si|i|ii 
River,  in  the  middle  of  the  main  channel  therodl'.  in 
the  beginning. 

The  village  or  hanilet  of  St.  Louis,  as  laid  ma  U 
Laclede  and  Auguste  Chouteau  in  1764,  ami  as 
mapped  by  the  latter  in  17Sl).  was  bounded  by  TliirJ 
Street  on  the  West  and  the  Mississippi  River  on  tlio 
east;  by  Cherry  Street  (now  Franklin  Avenue )  nu 
the  north,  and  what  is  now  Poplar  Street  on  thu 
south.  It  contained  fuvty-nino  blocks, — fifteen  be- 
tween the  river  blutf'i  and  the  first  or  principal  stivei, 
extending  from  the  present  Poplar  Street  on  ilie 
south  to  (,'herry  Street  on  the  north  ;  nineteen  between 
the  first  and  second  streets,  from  our  Lombard  Street 
south  to  Cherry  Street  north  ;  and  fifteen  bcuveen 
the  second  unil  thirtl  streets,  from  liOmbard  Street 
south  to  Vine  Street  north.  Fourth  Street  iiliimst 
exactly  marked  thi;  line  of  fortifications  drawn  uiid 
began  by  (.'houteau  in  1780,  and  completed  in  17114. 

In  1804,  and  at  the  time  of  tlio  town's  ini'iir|i(ira> 
tion  in  1809,  its  boundaries  were  the  followino;:  The 


TOPOGRAPHY. 


135 


iiniih  lino  WHS  about  one  liumlrcd  ami  forty  foot  north 
yf  K,  iiikliii  Avenue  (formerly  Cherry  Street  j,  lietweeii 
tlic  liver  and  Broadway.  Tlie  west  line  was  alonj: 
,li,.  iiii'seiit  west  side  of  Broadway  from  Franklin  to 
W:i-liioirloii  Avenues;  tlicnee  diagonally  from  the 
jjiiiiliwrst  corner  of  Third  Street  and  Washington 
\viniu'  to  the  southwest  corner  of  Fourth  and 
Jiaik<t  Streets;  thenee  to  the  soutlieast  corner  of 
]'iftli  .iiid  Gratiot  Streets;  thence  diagonally  to  the 
p;,st  siile  xi'  Fourth  Street,  between  Papin  (formerly 

I  callecl  l,()iiiliardj  Street  and  Chouteau  Avenue ;  and 
tliiiii T  diagonally  to  the  north  side  of  Kiitger  Street, 
lii'twecii  .Main  and  Second  Streets.  The  south  line 
WHS  (liaL'onally  northeast  from  Rutger  Street,  near 
Main  Street,  to   the  then   river  I'l  I'apin  (formerly 

jailed  liumbard)  Street,  at  about  Main  Street. 

Alter  the  ineorporation  of  the  ''town  of  St.  Louis" 

I  bv  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  for  the  district  of  St. 

1  Ldiiis,  'lU  the  9th  of  November,  1809,  the  board  of 
trustees  of  the  town,  by  an  ordinance  dated  Feb.  25, 
1811.  (sialilished  the  following  as  the  boundaries  of 

I  the  piaee  for  inmiieipal  purposes  : 

■  Ci>iuiiicnce  ut  the  river  .Mis.«is.''i|ipi  at  low-wiitir  murk,  iit  or 
I  ni'iir  tla' "iinlmill  of  Aiitoiiie  Kuy  ;  llion  iliic  west  to  tlio  eiist 

lino  "f  'lio  forty  nrpent  Int."  on  tlu'  liill  hiiok  of  St.   l.oiiis; 

tlunii'  iiloni;  tlic  line  of  siiid  lots  to  Mill  Creek;  then  down 
1  tni'l  I'leek  to  its  month  ;  thence  np  tlie  river  .Missis.«ip|ii  along 
llcjiv-ffutir  murk  to  tile  place  of  licj;inning. 

"  Wll.l.lVM  C'l.AIlK,  ('/liilniiini  jjrn  iem. 
"  Cl.KMKNT  U.    I'KNROSK. 
"  l!i:llNAlll>    I'liATTK."  ' 

I  Till'  wonl  (ir/iiiit  anil  its  plural,  •irjiin-,  ofcur  constantly  in 
j  till-  M  I'lenoli  anil  Spanish  records  of  t'pper  and  Lower  I.ouis- 
liiiiiii  and  I'aiiada,  and  it  must  he  clearly  understood,  or  these 
I  roi'urds  Clin  only  produec  confusion,  .\ipent,  the  French  lor  an 
laiTf.  isu  measure  of  length,  and  cd' surface  likewise.  'I'lio  French 
I  \i<e<\  to  say  "  an  acre  lonj;,"  just  as  we  say  "  a  inilo  long,"  Thoy 
Isiiv  "iin  arpcnt  of  land,"  or  "ten  arpens  of  land,"  just  as  we 
I  lav  "an  acre  of  land."  Singularly  enough,  there  is  no  precise 
Impasurement  fontho  arpent ;  its  length  and  its  superficial  quan- 
Itilv  varied  greatly  according  to  the  difTerent  provinces  of  France. 
[ill  one  pliice  it  meant  tivc-sixt!is,  in  another  it  meant  scven- 
|ei|;liths  of  an  acre.  ronse(|Uently,  when  our  American  surveyors 
Ibio-iin  to  verify  the  Fieneli  and  Spanish  surveys,  it  became 
|ni'ci'<S!iry  to  o^tahlish  an  arbitrary  value  for  the  I'rench  meas- 
luri's  in  order  to  have  a  common  and  unvarying  standanl.  This 
IKiisdcpiie  very  early,  and  a  table  was  prepareil  and  printed  for  the 
IgiiiJinu'c  and  government  of  surveyors.  A  copy  of  this  tabic. 
It.'  originally  printed,  in  old  type  upon  a  broadside  of  coarse 
lpa|K'r,  lies  before  us  now.      It  is  as  ftdlows: 

Linrnl  }{t'itHUi'e, 
FiiMioh.  United  States. 

','1  fret  are  eipntl  to 77  feet. 

I'l  lurches  are  eipial  to 7  poles. 

riiains.  Links, 

1  licroh  iseipial  to II       2il.l«fi 

'.' jn'ri'lies  are  equal  to 0       Dtt.lt.'i;! 

H      "  •'  tl       87. & 

t      "  "  I        \<SM6 

i      •'  "  1       45.3:t3 


This  town  incorporation  of  St,  Louis  was  granted 
upon  the  petition  of  two-thirds  of  the  taxsible  inhabi- 
tant.s  to  the  court,  which,  by  act  of  the  Territorial 
Legislature,  had  discretionary  power  in  the  premises. 
The  petition  was  presented  Nov.  9,  1809,  and  on  tlie 
same  day  the  judges  (Silas  Bent,  president,  Bernard 
Pratte  and  Louis  Labenunie,  associates)  granted  the 
charter  and  franchises,  and  provided  for  five  trustees, 
to  be  elected  by  the  vote  of  the  tax-payers,  to  act  its 
town  commissioners.  The  boundaries  of  St.  Louis, 
!is  expressed  in  the  charter,  were  as  follows : 

"  ISeginning  at  Antoine  Roy's  mill  on  the  bank  (d'  the  Mis. 
sissippi,  thence  running  si.xty  arpens  west,  thence  south  mi  said 
line  of  si.\ty  arpens  in  the  rear  until  the  same  (Tosses  to  the 
liar ri ere  Denoyer ;  tlicnco  ilue  south  until  it  conies  to  the  .'■-ngar- 
I.oaf;  thence  due  cast  to  the  .Missi>sippi :  from  thence  by  the 
Mississippi  to  the  place  mentioned." 

t'hiUns.  Links. 

n  perches  are  equal  to I  7,'> 

7  "  "  2  1.166 

8  "  "  2  ,■!.•!. :i,t;{ 

«        •'  "  _  ,...j 

10        •'        (one  lineal  arpent)  are  ei|nal  to...         2       iH.iififi 

L'  lineal  arpens  are  ennal  to 6       s:t.;i:i;{ 

:!  "  "  ,S       7.> 

I  "  •'        II      r.Ci.r.iiii 

.">  "  •'         U      5s.:i:i;i 

6  "  "  17       oil 

7  "  "  20       4l.fi()« 

8  "  "        -'.!     3:i.:ia:i 

S)             "                       "           20       25 

III             "                       "           2'.1       10.1)66 

IIH)             '•                       "           2111        66.666 

lOIIO             "                       "           J1I16       66.666 

12  arpens,  lineal :i.i 

S4            "             215* 

27  arpens,  4!  perches  are  equal  t( SOf 

Supt rjii-itil  MfiiHuti . 

288  arpens  are  equal  to 24")  acres. 

Chniiis.  Links, 

1  arpent  is  ei|ual  to 0  86.117 

2  arpens  are  ei|ual  to I  70.14 

,1       "  '•  2  03.21 

4        "  "  3  40.28 

:,        "  ••  J  26.:ia 

6  "  '■  5  40.42 

7  "  "  a  !l.').4!» 

8  '•  "  6  SO.:M! 

9  "  •'  7  60.625 

10  •'  •'  8  ."i0.6l» 

1011        "  "  85       116. J4 

1,000        "  "  850       Oil. 44 

lO.OCO        "  "  8506       «4.4» 

Ariieiis.  Perches.  .\cre8. 

1  17.551  make I 

2  :!5.0I2      " 2 

.1         52.653       •'     3 

4  70.204       "     4 

5  7.755      "     5 

7  5.300       "    i 6 

8  22.857      "    7 

a         40.408      "     8 

10         57.1159      "     9 

II  75.510      "     ; 10 

117         55.102      "     100 

1,175         51.020      "     1,000 

11,755  10.204       "     10,000 

6002.50  acres  =^  =  7056  arpens      1  league  square, 

640  acres    -  752  arpens  32.64  perches  =  1  mite  squnre, 

'I'  Side  of  n  league  square, 
t  Side  of  a  mile  square. 


: 


136 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


A  further  incorporation  of  the  town  as  a  city 
occurred  Dec.  9,  1822.  The  extended  boundaries 
were  described  as  be^innini;  at  a  point  in  tlie  middle 
of  tiie  main  channel  of  tiie  Missi-ssippi  lliver,  due 
en.st  of  the  southern  end  of  a  bridfie  aero.ss  Mill  Creek, 
at  tiie  lower  portion  of  the  town  of  St.  Loui.s ;  tiienee 
due  west  to  a  jioint  at  which  the  western  line  of  Sev- 
enth Street  extended  southwardly  and  intersected  the 
same  ;  thence  northwardly  alonj:  the  western  side  of 
Seventh  Street,  and  continuiii<;  in  that  course  to  a 
point  due  west  to  the  northern  side  of  Roy's  tower; 
thence  due  east  to  the  luiddle  of  the  main  chaiinel  of 
the  river  Mississippi  ;  thence  with  the  middle  of  the 
lUiiin  channel  of  the  said  river  to  tlu;  bejiinniiiir. 

This  boundary,  in  brief,  was:  On  the  north,  Ash- 
ley Street  to  Broadway,  thence  west  alonji;  Riddle 
Street  to  Seventli  Street;  the  west  line,  Seventh 
Street,  from  Riddle  Street  to  Labadie  Street ;  ..ud 
the  south  line,  Labadie  Street  to  Fourth  Street,  and 
Convent  Street  from  Fourth  Street  to  river. 

Within  llu'Se  limits  the  town  contained  an  area  of 
38")  acres,  on  \vhi(;Ii  there  were  2!52  brick  and  41!) 
frame  dwdlintrs,  coii'iaininj;  a  population  of  ."lOOO. 
The  taxable  prii]ierty  was  increased  fnim  S124, .")()(> 
to  8810,(11)4,  and  the  ta.K  incn^ased  from  S;!768  to 
J382:!.80  aniiuiilly. 

Resides  cxteiulin;;  the  liiuits  cl'tlu^  town  this  year, 
the  rate  ol'  taxes  was  iiicre.ised  IVom  one-third  to 
one-half'  of  one  per  cent. 

Rene  I'aul,  wlio  was  the  first  city  enuineer  of  St. 
Louis,  surveyed  and  mapped  out  the  city  as  it  was  in 
1821!.  The  oriiiinal  map,  made  by  Mr.  Paul,  was 
lost  ten  or  twelve  years  ajro,  but  an  authenticated 
copy  has  been  ])reserved  in  the  present  street  eom- 
nii.ssioners'  otiice. 

In  1851.  to  .show  the  rapid  iirowth  the  city  had 
made  in  the  interval  of  less  than  thirty  years,  its 
boundaries  were  as  follows  : 

.  "All  that  ilii<triet  of  coiiiilry  eniitiiinml  within  the  fullnninji 
limit",  to  wit;  lii>j;iiining  at  a  |ii)inl  in  llic  middle  nf  the  main 
channel  of  the  Mississippi  liivcr  dnc  cast  to  the  southeast 
cornel- of  I-t.  (ieorxe,  in  St.  Louis  County;  thcnee  due  west  to 
the  west  line  of  Seeond  Caioudelet  Avenue;  thenee  north  with 
the  said  west  lino  of  said  avenue  to  tlie  north  line  of  ClKoiienu 
Avenue;  thenee  northwardly  in  a  direct  line  to  the  mouth  of 
Stony  Creek  ;  thcnco  due  east  to  the  middle  of  the  main  chan- 
nel of  the  .Mi..isissi|>|d  Itiver;  thence  soulhwanlly  with  tlie 
middle  of  the  main  channel  of  the  .Mississipjii  liivcr  to  the 
place  of  lieginning," 

which  district  was  divided  into  six  wards.  The 
city  was  then  allowed  to  inaititaiti  fur  its  protection 
and  clearance  a  hospital,  poor-house,  atid  work-house. 
The  City  Council,  now  increased  to  twenty-four 
members,  with  two   boards,  witii   officers  a.s  wo  now 


find  them,  the  stated  sessions,  and  all  the  powers, 
were  set  down,  their  ri};ht  to  appropritite  was  liir  itcij 
and  they  were  generally  held  to  check  in  jjui,  | 
doin<;s.  In  like  manner,  the  particular  duties  of  thp 
mayor  and  the  ministerial  officers  heretofore  oi  tion  I 
created  wer(!  laid  down,  and  the  election  of  tlic  1„| 
provided  for.  So  additional  powers  were  pranlcija, 
to  the  improvement  of  streets,  the  inaintenanec  of , 
police  force,  and  so  on  eretier;dly  to  the  last  chapicr. 

The  first  survey  of  the  town  was  made  in  aeion].  j 
ance  with  the  direction  of  Laclede,  the  found' r,  1 
Auoiiste  Chouteau,  tinder  the  Spatiish  fioveriiiiu'iii 
and  in  1781,  the  year  succeeding  I'miin'r  </<'  ^/ivkA 
riiiiji,  or  the  Ttidians'  attack,  a  full  account  of  wlii,}, 
will  1)0  found  in  it  sueccedinfr  chapter.    The  objciiifl 
the  map  was  to  show  the  original  grants  of  land  by  tlur 
French  and  Spanish  governmeHts,  and  also  to  ilbistni'- 
the  plan  of  fortification  propo;|ed  by  Chotite;iii.  Imi 
never  completed.     The  original  map  and   fiebl  noi,, 
are  still  preserved,  and  iti  the  pos.>iession  of  TluMij.lij, 
Papiii,   of  St.   Lotiis,  who.sc  grandfather  a.ssisi  ■)  \i.'\ 
making  the  surveys.     The  map,  which   is  insujl.ttj 
in  French.  "St.  liouis  of  the  Illinois,   fortitieil  1; 
D(Ui    Francisco   do    Cruzat,    Lieutenant-Coloinl  ;ii,; 
Lieutenant-tjioverr.orof  the  western  part  of  (he  lllin,,. 
in  178((,"  presents  iind  locates  the  town,  the  (Icinj. | 
limes,  the  b:istiiiiis,  the  g;ites,  the  governinoiit  liuuv 
the  chnicl',  the   Public  Square,  Mill  Creek,  and  il,.| 
.several  bus  and   blocks  occupied  by   individii;ils  m; 
ili.ii  residences.      Ch(iute;iu  himself  said  of  this  pi;,' 
in  a  tiiemorandum  <iver  his  own  signature,  d:ite(l  ir, 
1825,  ••  In   regard  to  the  line  of  fort ifieal ion.  I  eiiltl 
Iniai/  it  in  1780,  by  order  of  the  gciveriitncnt."    I|<| 
also  says  that  this  jilal  made  by  him  in  1704  wiis  i; 
by  order  of  the  govertinieiit,  but  to  eomtneniuralc  Li. 
services  as  one  of  the  founders  of  St.  Lnuis,     F.  L  | 
Millon   furnishes   the  accotupanying  satisfactorv  dij- 
gi;im  and  de^eription  of  the  origin;il   fortiti(;ilioii-'f 
St.  Louis  : 

The  "  Fort  on  the  Mill"  (so  called  by  the  old  iniul.i. 
tants  of  the  village)  was  conifileted  and  occii|iicil  I.; 
the  one  conip;iny  of  Spanish  .stildiers  UMi;illy  ki'|:| 
iit  this  j:.ost  ill  the  ye:ir  171*4.  It  was  :i  sijunrel 
inclosuic  of  three  hundred  French  fe<'t  on  e;i(li  I'f  i> 
four  sides,  iiicln.sed  with  palis;ules  firmly  sit  in  il- 
ground.  Its  eastern  front  lino  was  about  in  ilu'cii 
tre  of  our  ])re.>ient  Fourth  Street,  t>x*eiidiiig  wi-;  ■ 
about  the  east  line  of  Fifth  Street,  and  from  the  wA 
tre  of  the  present  Block  No.  104  on  the  sniitli  i 
near  the  centre  of  RIoek  No.  103  on  (he  iiurtli,  adl 
embraced  the  ground  covered  by  our  present  \V;ilna: 
Street,  from  Fourth  to  Fifth,  sixty  feet  wide,  iktl 
north  half  of  our  present  Block  No.  104,  mi  nliicli 


K"iMlli  Strt 


TOPOGRAPEIY. 


137 


if  CO 


I'illh  aunt. 


PI.AT  OF  TIIK  FOUTIFK'ATIOV  ON  TIIK   IIILI.,  COMI'LETKI)  IN   17'J4. 


Fifth  St  root. 


K'.urlli  Sliwl. 


Kiiiiith   Stivet. 


r 


Th*'  rtiuaro  in  tlio  coritro  oT  t!io  pliit  ri'prrsciilH  llio  rurlitii-utiun  <w  iiirloHod  \villiiii  tlio  imli.sjMlns,  with  tlio  huiltliiig«  tluMt-ili,  viz.; 
.\— (.'(ilnlmitHliint's  IIihihc.  t'— I'owd.-r  .Mii};ii'/ii)o. 

H — Itarnn'Iis  I't'i-  tlio  Soliliors.  0 — Contral  T'-wor,  lisi'il  iih  tho  (iiiuliI-IIouKi-. 


slodd  tlio  (irijiiiial  Soutlioni  Hotel,  one  liiiiidrt'd  and 
twiiiiv  t'oi't,  and  the  same  ((uantity,  one  hundred  and 
twenty  I'eet,  of  Block  1015,  north  of  Walnut,  to 
witliiii  alioiit  twenty-four  feet  from  the  south  lino  of 
tho  •'  Tvler  Granite  IJuildin^'s.''  This  point  was  se- 
k'fted  for  it  by  the  then  iS)iaiiish  (Jovernor,  for  the 
rwisdii  that  the  road  leading  up  to  it  from  the  main 
ftiect  of  the  village  (our  present  Walnut  Street)  was 
ill  ili;it  day.  and  for  lonjr  years  thereafter,  the  jirinei- 
]i,cl  iiii.'^s  street  of  the  village,  the  so-called  "  G«ver- 
i  Mdvs  iiousc"  being  at  the  southeast  corner  of  our 
I  jmviiit  Main  and  Walnut  Streets,  and  from  which 
piiiiii  thete  was  an  unobstructed  view  of  tlie  main 
entnince  to  the  fortification,  in  u  direct  line  with  tlic 
I  coiitre  of  Walnut  Street. 

Tlio  eafl  line  of  tlie  fortification  was  about  forty 

[foot  fiMin  the  brow  of  the  hill,  along  which  ran  a 

rii;id  north  and  south,  and  in  laying  out  Fourth  Street, 

bv  CliDiiteau  and  Lucas,  in  181(i,  it  took  these  forty 

foot  and  about  forty  feet  more  from  the  east  line  of  the 

furiifieation  grounds  for  that  purpo.se,  and  in  extend- 

liiiL'  Wiihiut  Street  west   it  took  a  piece  sixty  feet 

Iwiiio  through  the  precise  centre  of  the  old  fortifica- 

Itiiiii  jiroiind,  leaving  tho  8tone  tower  in  the  centre  of 

|lho.''iioot.  with  a  roadway  on  eaeii  side.     Tho  build- 

|inu'»  within  the  fortification  were  tliose  designated  on 


the  plat.  There  were  some  eight  or  ten  small  can- 
non, principally  fiidd-pieces,  kept,  mounted,  in  the 
fort,  during  the  Spanish  oc('U]iation  of  it,  some  tun 
years,  which  \vt>re  removed  by  the  Spanish  coninuintU 
aiit  on  the  evacuation  of  the  counti'}'. 

After  the  transfer  to  the  United  States  in  1804,  the 
barracks  were  occupied  by  the  United  States  soldiers 
for  a  couplt!  of  y.-ars,  when,  tlio  cantoniucnt  at  Rclle- 
fontaine  having  been  established  by  Gen.  James  Wil- 
kinson, ill  180G,  tile  troops  were  removed  to  that 
point,  and  tliese  works  were  abandoned  for  military 
purposes.  Tho  commandant's  bouse  and  the  stone 
tower  were  subsequently  made  use  of.  for  a  time,  for 
a  very  diffi^rent  ]iuri)ose  than  that  lor  which  they 
were  originally  designed,  as  appears  from  the  follow- 
ing extract  from  the  records  of  the  Court  ol  Oyer 
and  Terminer  of  tiie  Territory,  March  tciiii,  180G. 

April  4tb,  ''on  application  to  Governor  Wilkinson, 
he  granted  to  the  authorities  of  the  village  to  make 
use  of  tho  military  guard-house  [the  tower]  in  tho 
fort  on  the  hills  as  u  jail  until  one  could  bo  built." 

Dec.  19,  180(i,  "the  court  ordered  the  house  in 

the  garrison  to  be  repaired  for  the  use  of  the  courts, 

and  a  stove  and  wood  to  bi;  furnished  for  the  jail." 

,       This    building    was   occupied    by    ihe    Territorial 

Courts  of  Common    Pleas  and  Oyer  and  Terminer 


i:j8 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


If 

§4 


for  some  ten  ycprs  until  1816,  in  which  year,  Lunin 
iiiid  Chuutouu  haviii<;  hiid  out  their  first  aildition  tu 
the  town,  whuii  tlie  ground  of  tlie  old  fort,  buiii;^ 
Ciiouteuu'd  private  iiruperty,  as  part  of  Ids  iarjie 
luill  tract,  was  cut  in  two  hy  the  extension  of  our 
present  Wnitiut  Street  throufrli  it,  and  lot  No,  .'),  on 
wiiieli  tliis  house  stood,  was  pmvhased  by  M.  Mc(iiri», 
a  lawyer,  wlio  occupied  it  a  few  years  until  iiis  re- 
moval to  iMotitironiery  County,  subse((uently  by  Jolm 
B.  Smith  and  others.  McGirk  sold  it  to  N.  I'asehal, 
and  I'aschal  to  Mrs.  Saunicl  IVrry  in  ISIiti,  who  re- 
moved it  to  mal;c  way  for  a  modern  brick  dwellinj:. 

The  old  round  tower  was  the  town  jail  until  the 
county  court  built  th«'jail,  in  lSlT-11*,  on  tiie  .south- 
east corner  of  Chestnut  and  Sixth  Streets.  William 
Sullivan,  who  purchased  from  Chouteau  in  181(i  ;he 
halfblock  upon  which  tiie  Soullicrn  Hotel  was  suhs<'- 
(juenily  erected,  and  had  built  a  ,>'  nail  frame  and  Io<; 
house  at  the  nortiieast  corner  of  his  lot,  where  he 
lived  for  a  number  of  years,  was  the  jailer  at  the 
old  lower.' 

'  In  rcgioil  111  tlic-ii'  work."  nf  ileleiini',  tin-  goviTnmcnt  limise, 
|iri.-iiin.  anil  (illior  |niintH  iiiilieiil>.>(l  mi  Clioiiteuu'^  inii|),  we  liiivc 
thutollii\vini;tuMitiiiniil  inti>re'<tiiig|iiirti<-ii1iu>.  gatliGn'il  tli rough 
till'  inilL'Taligiiblc  iiiilui'try  nl'  Mr.  Ilillon,  wliii  ni-ver  leiivc.-^  a 
!^ul>,ii'i't  until  he  hii.i  cxhaiisUMl  nil  Ihc  inl'iiniiivliiin  atliiiniililu  in 
regard  to  it.  (Jovcrnnr  \>v  l.uyha's  succcH.sor,  (Vu/.at,  he  :>ays, 
initneiliately  on  his  .-irrival,  ?oni;lit  to  rimkc  provi.-ion  lor  the 
protcclion  of  the  vilhigc  from  further  inniails  of  savage?  like 
that  of  K."!!!. 

In  piirsuanre  of  this  |)ur|iose.  lie  author i/ui I  .Mr.  .Auguste  (!'hou- 
tcan.who  hail  ilrawn  fur  .Mr.  T.aeleile,  in  17(11,  the  original  plat 
of  the  village,  to  sketeli  otV  ii  line  of  ilefen.-^e.s  out.siile  of  anil  to 
incluilo  the  village  a,s  then  luiil  olf,     (See  plat  178(1.) 

Mr,  ChoLiteau,  although  a  well  oilucateil  man,  was  not  ni>  yet 
a  iniliiary  niiin,  ami  in  ilrawiug  out  his  Hue  of  I'ortilii'iilions, 
whieli  look  very  well  anil  regular  on  papei',  perhaps  itiil  not  take 
into  eoufiiileriition  the  necessity  ot'  tirui  anil  sotiil  grounil  upon 
which  to  erect  llu;  stone  portions  of  tlie  Uefeniies,  vi/..,  the  ha."- 
tion  anil  the  towers:  so  that  when,  in  after-years,  these  works 
were  actually  ereeteil,  they  were  eonipelleil,  from  the  nature  of 
the  grounil  on  the  spot  assigneil  them  in  the  plat,  to  ileviate 
therefrom  in  some  of  them,  antl  plnec  them  at  other  points, 
where  no  ilouht  the  grounil  was  more  sultalile,  as  subsci|uent 
events  eonelusively  proveil. 

By  the  original  plat  those  ilefcnsive  works  were  to  have  been 
a  atone  ba.stion  at  both  the  northwest  ami  southwest  corner.*  of 
the  then  village,  a  central  rounil  tower  of  stone  on  the  west  line 
of  the  village  inelosure,  ami  four  stone  demilunes  (half-iuoons) 
nt  the  northeast  and  southeast  corner."  of  the  village  on  the  river- 
bank,  and  the  other  two  on  the  west  line  of  the  vilhigc,  ei|ui' 
distant  between  the  central  tower  and  the  bastion,  and  a  stockade 
of  atrong  posts  firmly  planted  in  the  gnmnd,  and  fastened  to 
each  other  near  the  top. 

This  Blockade  was  put  up  immediately,  and  the  northwest 
bastion  and  northeast  two  deini-luncs  coinnienced  the  same 
year,  IT.'^O.  The  ivork  was  then  suspended,  the  panic  having 
passed  over  in  con.scqucnc«  of  the  peace  of  178.3, 

In  1797,  fearing  another  attiick  frum  Canada,  the  works  were 
relumed,  and  four  circular  tonera  of  stone  were  substituted  in 


In  a  very  complete  and  accurate  di<;c8t  by  tlic  ,v 
Liiii!.i  (llolii-D'innrrdl  (April  2,  1882)  of  the  real 
estate  iiistory  of  the  city,  it  i.s  said  that,  in  ITtin.  ,M. 
Aubri,  the  (jovernor  at  that  time  of  the  French  |  inv. 

place  of  the  half  iiuions.  :      more  solid  and  less  e\pensi,i   i., 

erect.    In  lieu  of  the  southwest  stone  bast  ion  a  large  block  I 

of  strong  timbers  was  erected. 

These  works  were  never  completed,  and  after  the  trans  it  i, 
the  Initeil  States  gradually  fell  into  decay  and  evoiituall  i , 
appeared. 

The  tower,  whicli  if  creeled  on  the  spot  designated  fur  ii  ii 
17S(I  would  have  been  found  a  liltle  east  of  l''ourth  Streii.ji,,| 
below  Locust  tin  llliiek  s.S),  wjis  erected  on  liloek  llll,  on  llo' m.; 
side  of  Tliird,  o  little  north  of  the  centre  of  the  block,  biun.,.,, 
.St.  Charles  and  'Vashiiigliin  .\ venue,  lOid  fully  two  hiui  ir.l  I 
yards  northeast  of  the  spot  assigned  for  it  on  the  plat.  Ti. 
fouiidalions  of  this  tower,  projecting  partly  into  Third  Sii|.,.| 
reuniined  there  until  IS'J.i,  when  they  were  removed  I"  iimIi,  I 
way  for  the  I'nion  engine  house.  The  ground  here,  ori,;iii,i 
some  live  or  six  feet  higher,  was  cut  down  to  conforui  lu  r 
I'stnlilished  grade. 

The  woiiilen  lilock-house  in  lie\i  of  the  southwest  stone  li;isii„i,  I 
was  situated  near  the  bank  of  Mill  Creek,  about  on  tlie.nnrlli  I 
line  of  our  present  Chouteau  ,'\ venue,  about  midway  belvinn 
Third  and  Fourth,  in  lilock  71,  It  was  used  fur  some  ,Vl«^| 
before  its  removal  by  butchers  in  that  vicinity  as  a  slaa;;liifr 
house,  being  convenient  to  the  creek  in  which  to  thron  ih,j 
olVal,  and  was  finally  remuved  after  the  incorporation  nl'  |j„ 
city. 

The  southeast  tower  of  stone,  built  near  the  spot  designi'-l  f..r  I 
it  on  the  plat,  was  found  to  be  on  Itlock  N'o.  Ili.  near  it^  tinrii,.  I 
west  corner,  a   little  east  of  SecomI  ."^treet,  and  just  siiiith  ;; 
Sycamore,  a  new  street,  laid  out  and  added  to  the  city  pliil  Iv 
Col.  Kene  I'aul,  the  first  "city"  engineer. 

The  stone  tower  on  the  west  line,  between  the  cenlnil  inc  | 
and  the  Idoek-house,  was  located  near  the  line  of  I'lftli,  a  litt'i 
south  of  Poiilar,  where  the  high  ridge  began  to  slope  wesi  tut;,- 
creek. 

The  northeast  tower  stood  on  the  limestone  bluH  on  tlierivr;. 
bank,  a  little  north  of  the  foot  of  Cherry  Street. 

I  have  but  a  vague  recollection  of  its  remains,  it  being  iru 
locality  not  much  frei|uented  in  my  day.     These  so-callnllu: 
moons  on   the  plat  were,  when   erected,  all   circular   tiiHt'.*  ■: 
about  twenty-five  feet  in  diameter,  and  about  thesanie  in  lii'ii:h[.  I 
These  towers  were  iiev»'r  conipleled;   that  at    the  jinu'tinii 'fl 
Fourth  and  Walnut  Streets,  being  used  for  a  nunioer  ul  mwI 
after  our  aci}uisition  of  the  country  fur  the  town  prisnti.  Ii 
temporary  roof;  the  others  were  uncovered. 

The  spaces  from  tower  to  lower,  as  laid  down  on  the  |iill 
with  projections  and  recesses,  would  seem  to  indicate  tlial  Ihul 
W4-re  to  have  been  built  of  stone.  If  so,  the  id<'a  was  i|iiirkltr 
abandoned,  as  the  stockade  put  up  the  same  year,  l7Sl>.iii<l 
simply  a  straight  line  <if  pickets,  lirinly  set  in  the  groiiiil. :iDil 
bound  together  near  the  top  by  sapling  withes. 

The  northwest  bastion  was  built  of  stone,  just  within  tlidml 
of  the  present  Dlock  No,  B8,  at  tne  southeast  corner  of  hIihutiI 
now  Cherry  Street  and  Broadway,  1880. 

The  central  lower  of  stone  was  placed  in  the  centre "fstl 
present  Walnut  Street,  on  the  west  line  of  Fourth  Strui't;  Will 
in  17«7. 

Col,  Viint  Paul,  surveyor  for  the  city  at  the  time  of  its  ilm  I 
poration,  who  bad  been  in  St,  T.ouis  since  October,  IfHIS.iiII 
was  surveyor  from  1815,  and  the  city's  official  survevurfr*! 
1S23  to  11338,  testified  as  follows  in  regard  to  the  siteiifilii| 


TOPOGllAPIIY. 


i;{9 


by  the  Si. 
if  the  real 

t7()r>,  M 

cnch  I'liiv 

I'Nix-nsiii'  t., 
.- block- l.uii., 

m  tiiiii-'iTi, 
i-eiittiiilli  ■\'.. 

iivteit  for  ii  iu  I 
th  SlriMi.jii.i  I 
III,  i>n  III''! 
iliieU,  bciuwi  1 

Iwn  liiiiilri-.| 
In.'  |ilul.    TL- 1 

Third  Stret-i, 
inn  eil  t'l  itiakf 
leri'.  (iii^'iiially 
jonforiii  t'l  ih' 

It  stimi'  Ini'lint  I 
it  on  llii'.niiriii  I 

lillnilj'  ll'lWiTB  I 

for  Home  vcar'  I 

fts  a  sliiiijrlitfr- 1 

lo  llirow  ih«f 

[inniliiiii  "f  ill'  I 

|iol  ilci'ij.'ni  ■!  f : 
.  lU'ivv  it-  iiiirlii- 
iJ  just  MMilli  ?; 
tlio  oilv  (ilatl'vl 

le  iH'iilnil  ti«e!  | 
if  Fil'lli.  aliiK 

U|o|il'  \H-l  I'lli.^ 
Illlll   on  llHTivrt.| 

t. 

Ins,  it  licinsini 
i,.soo;ill.'(lll;i:;. 
■ciiiar  tnwi'.-i  : 
guiiu'  ill  lifiirh!.  I 
till'  jlllli'li'ill  '!.l 
iiuiiio>.'r  of  ujbI 
kii  |iris<'i].  liiil  il 

iwn  "11  lli>-'  I'' 
Lliciite  tli;il  tkt.'l 
fdcii  W!i9  iiuifkl!  I 
jciir,  ITSli."!!! 
|thf  gruuinl,  ;ie1| 

It  witliin  tlic!i'-il 
trnor  "f  wlmiirtl 

l)ie  «'iilro"f  b| 
Irth  Street;  Imilil 

Itiuie  iil'itsiiiM-l 

Itober,  ISD^.uil 

ill  survejiirfr*! 

lo  the  sitc"(i»l 


Biiiv  nC  Lmiisiuiin,  gave  to  M.  St.  Aiige  de  IJt'lk'rivo, 
IcciiniMMinlaiii  at  tilt;  [mst  of  St.  LouLs,  iiutliority  to 
fcraiii  lilt:  fyl  domain,  and  that 

\\  lull  llio  territory  eaiiie  in  ponno^sion  of  tlio  .''piinisli  go". 
fcriiiiuNt.  I'ierniis,tliu  Lieiitoimnt-ti^veriior.  I'uiiliriii'  i  nil  of  tlio 


bill 
Boll" 


ii    I 


II  the    I'lKe 


iif  ItiiMwin    cl    iif 


Koiinl    cil'   i'liblio 


•  I  .iir\  eyed  the  exteii.''ion  of  Wnlniil  .'^trecl  throii;,'li  the  I'ort, 
•liii  11  IV. 1-  ill  piirt  iiorlli  ami  south  "f  Wiiliiiil  Street.    The  round 

I  Wuliiiil  wai<  in  the  fort  j  the  llloek  \»'.i  Hii.i  entirely  on 
hhiiiii'  "1  *  liind,  with   the  oxcT|ition  of  llio  ^jonthriiHt  oornor, 

HcdiiK  ■    loll    the   eoninioii    line  cut  olV    abont    six   feet   on 

Tnhiiii.  making  B  very  neiito  angle  on  Fourth;  north,  llio 
iort  Mil-  I'lif'ly  on  the  Fourth  Street  and  on  the  two  lloeka 
|03  iinl  I  "1 1  Ihe  powder  niiigii/.ine.  at  llio  south  onil  of  the  fort. 
In  .•'iilliviin  lot.  the  nouthenKt  eoriier  of  tlio  Soiilhern  Hotel: 
larl  III  Ihe  remain!'  wero  removed  in  exeavaliiig  fur  the  hotel. 
Vourtli  Street   had  liceii  cut  down   iit    lliiil   poiiil  in  jji'inling  H 

onie  -ix  feel  or  f«,  which  e.xposed  tlieiii  for  iniiiiy  year.",  'fhc 
lid  lirt  «ii''   removed    by   I'nul   in    extending   Walnut   Street 

liriiiii;'!  I'li.Miti'auV  addition." 
jVlicMii  llie  .'iiiipofied  graveyard,  near  the  fort,  Mr.  liillon  iiddK  ; 

*  .Mr.  ii.iliriel  S.  Chouteau  infoniiri  iiic  that  'after  the  pn.-se.«- 
■On  iif  the  phue  by  ('apt.  Amos  Stoddiird,  of  the  riiited  Slate.* 

nv  in  ISlli.the  few  Anierieiin  ..soldiers  who  aeeonipiiiiied  him 

lere  iiiiiirtered  in  the  barraekson  the  hill,  wliieli  had  been  pro- 

lloiii'lv  oeciipied  by  the  .Spanish  troops  at  this  post,  generally 

I  tingle  eoiiipany  id'  soiuo  forty  men;  that  naturally  a  death 

louM  oeoasionally  occur  ainniig  them,  and  not  being  Catholics 

bil  I'Mtilled  lo  inlerinent  in  the  eeinetery,  the  only  burial  place 

I  tlic  villiige.they  were  buried  just  back  of  the  barracks  biiild- 

kf?,  iietiveeii  it  and  where  is  now  Market  Street,  the  ground 

Bund  tlie  barracks  being  at  that  time  all  open,      liesides  the 

bUliers,  other  persons,  residents  of  the  village    not  Catholics, 

leroiicciifioiially  buried  there. 

1 '".\fter  llie  esiablishinenl  by  the  I'niled  Stall's  of  tin'  iiiili- 
Ln'  |iiisl  at  ilelh'foiitaine,  on  the  Missouri,  which  beeanie  the 
idninirlers  of  the  li'nited  Stales  military  in  the  \Vc>t.  these 
oiis  were  removed  to  that  point,  and  the  old  biirraeks  were 
tniliiiieil. 

I*''  Cel.  Chouteau,  vvlio  had  long  been  the  owner  of  this  ground, 
leii  ^'ave  notice  that  he  would  nu  longer  permit  any  interinents 
^  bis  land.  The  interments  on  thisgruund  ceased  from  that  tiiuo, 
pd  ia  a  very  few  years  after  their  di.seontinuance,  there  being 
I  heailstones  to  mark  the  graves,  and  the  gni.sa  and  bushes 
tiiviiiL'  up  around  the  place,  there  was  nothing  left  to  iiulicate 
|»t  ilii' ground  had  ever  been  used  for  such  a  purpose,  and  it 
iiiily  ill  later  years  that,  in  excavating  for  cellars,  the  rc- 
:is  of  Imiiiaii  beings  were  thrown  up,  which  ga\  e  rise  to  the 
irlnre  thai  a  graveyard  had  once  exii'Icd  on  the  spot.  Mr. 
ftiiteaii  suppose.s  that  during  the  years  it  was  so  used  the  in- 
Bciils  on  this  ground  might  have  nu'iibered  sonic  fifty  or 

|''It  was  Diving  to  the  circumstances  above  delaileil  that  Cliou- 
lanil  Lucas,  in  disposing  uf  lots  in  the  first  addition  to  tho 
Rn  uf  St.  Louis,  made  by  tliein  in  May,  ISIO,  inserted  a  spe- 
fli^'uhilion  in  eaeh  deed  that  the  ground  should  never  bo 
I  lur  burial  purposes, 
ft'iiii'e  the  foregoing  was  wriWen  I  have  obtaiiicil  tho  fol- 

"Oit.  :'8,  ISI.'i,  Col.  Chouteau  give.'*  notice  in  the  Mlmiimi-i 
Kit' »(  this  date,  'That  ho  will  not  permit  his  land  on  the 
lailjuiiiiiig  the  court-house,  in  tho  town  of  St.  Ijuuis,  to  be 
it  uMoi  as  a  place  of  burial,  and  oautiona  the  publio  against 


grants  made  by  St.  Ange.  A  surveyor  was  appointed,  and  be 
assigned  lands  to  parties  petitioning  for  tlieiii.  and  bImi  origi- 
niileil  a  sy  .'mu  oI  confirming  and  making  grants  that  continued 
foi  tiventy-five  years  or  longer. 

"I'ni'ar  the  proviiieiiil  laws  the  title  was  not  eoiiiplele  iiiilil 
after  the  eonfirimitiiui  of  the  grant  by  the  liovernor  of  the  pmv 

trespassing   in  fiiliirc,  as  he  will   institute  suits  against  all  so 
trespassing. 
'"Dct.  I'2,  181 J.  Arm  sri;  Ciioitkh  .' 

"June  I,  Isjll,  .liiiiies  Sawyer  gives  notice  In  the  Mi'^inni 
(/nil  III  that  '  he  has  purchased  frniii  Col.  A.  Chouteau  lot  No. 
n,  in  bis  new  addition  on  the  hill,  mli'iiiiing  the  court-house, 
on  which  lot  aro  some  graves,  and  being  about  to  build,  ho 
gives  this  notice  to  the  frieii'ls  of  those  there  buried,  so  that 
they  may  remove  their  remains  if  they  think  fit  to  tlo  so. 

"  '.I  AMKS   S  M\  vi:ii.' 

**  From  these  notices  il  appears  Iliiit  the  stone  house  in  the 
fort  ground  was  still  used  for  a  court-hoiisii  until  tho  lot  was 
purchased  by  .Mcdirk  fnuii  Chouteau,  in  .May,  I.SHI,  when  it 
became  the  property  of  Alcli irk  with  the  grinind,  who  took  pos- 
session of  it." 

"The  first  house  built  in  St.  Louis,"  continues  .Mr.  liillon, 
'*  was  the  large  stone  in  Block  ;M.  which  was  always  the  central 
point  of  the  village  and  subsei|uciit  •  town.'  This  bouse,  built 
by  Laclede  in  ITfiJ  for  Maxeiit.  Laclede  i  Co.,  of  Now  (Irloans, 
and  designeil  by  him  at  the  diiy  for  his  business  and  residence, 
was  a  very  large  house  for  the  time  and  place,  being  sixty  feet 
front  on  the  street  by  twenty-four  deep,  and  divided  olf  on  tho 
principal  Hoor  in  five  rooms, — a  largo  cen- 
tral room  twenty  four  feet  square,  and  four 
smaller  ones  at  the  corners.  , 

"This  centre  room  was  for  nearly  twenly     |  | 

years  the  govornment  hall.     The  basement, 
about   ten   feet  high   from   the  level  of  the  ground,  divided  as 
above  stairs  into  several  I'omparlments,  was  aNn  for  about  the 
same  length  <if  time  as  (|uarlers   for  the  troops,  and  while  so 
occupieil  was  usually  styled  the  garrison. 

'•The  ascent  lo  the  main  lloor  was  by  outside  steps  to  a  gal- 
lery in  front  and  rear,  and  there  were  narrow  stairs  t'l  a  high 
garret  under  the  stocp  roof  at  tv»o  of  the  corners  inside. 

"This  lioiisi' was  occupied  by  (iovernors  St.  .-Vnge,  I'iernas, 
Cru/.at.  and  I>e  I, eyba  during  their  rcspcclivo  adiiiinistratioiis, 
and  by  Oru7.al  a  second  time  until  K'Sif,  when  he  bought  the 
Martigny  house  at  the  corner  diagonally  opposite  and  re- 
moved there.  After  St.  Aiigc  was  succeeded  in  tho  government 
by  I'iernas,  having  nu  family,  he  bad  his  room  and  board  in 
the  house  uf  Mrs,  Chouteau,  Main  and  Chestnut,  until  his 
death.  Dec.  2l>,  1774. 

"The  wife  uf  De  Leyba  died  in  this  house  in  I7T'.I,  and  be 
himself  .liine  -S,  1  7H0.  one  short  year  thereafter. 

"After  the  hall  of  governmcnl  had  been  removed  by  Cruzat 
across  the  street,  Laclede  being  dead  and  the  bouse  unoccu- 
pied for  a  number  of  years,  it  went  rapidly  to  ruin,  and  the 
property  was  sold  by  .Maxent  (the  owner),  of  New  Orleans,  at 
publio  sale.  .lun.  B,  17.'*'.i,  to  Augustc  Chouteau,  who  almost  re- 
built it  anew,  and  necupieil  it  for  forty  years,  until  his  death, 
in  IS21I,  and  his  widow  for  some  years  thereafter.  Chouteau 
inclosed  the  whole  block,  three  hundred  feet  square,  with  a 
high  stone  wall,  the  original  fence  of  stakes  having  completely 
decayed  away  during  its  occupation  by  the  Spanish  government. 

"In  the  year  1774,  there  being  no  village  prison,  Gover- 
nor Piernas  had  Laclede  construct  a  small  one  of  fifteen  by 
twenty  feet  against  one  of  tho  gable  ends  of  this  stone  house, 
where  it  might  at  all  times  be  under  the  supervision  of  the 


140 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


%i  I 


Inco.  Thi"  |>ri>vinuiul  unpitiil  nt  tlint  liiiin  wim  iit  Now  Orleans, 
*  nnd  but  »  low  St,  Iionii  titluH  were  I'lillv  I'liiiliriiiod,  iix  lliu  ex- 
penso  niid  tiiiio  rc(|iilr<'il  lo  K"  li>  Nvw  Orli'iiiin  wiin  muro  lliiin 
tho  iiiiijoritv  uf  tliu  inliiiliihiiitK  nl'llie  villa){o  nl'St,  I.iiiiiH  emilil 
give.    At  tlint  |it'ri(>'l  in  tliu  liialorv  <if  St.  I.diiis  it  took  bvtwui'n 

(inU'ily  H('i>{cant  iiii'l  iiiililii'r  or  two  \vli(>  liinl  I'lmr^o  "f  llio  unv- 
rrniiient  cliiuuhur,  tni<l  woi't*  con^taiilly  in  nttL-n<liiin!o  on  tliu 
(Jovcrnor." 

And  tiniitly,  in   rr^|it.'<'t   to  llic  re»i<lcni'»i  whicli   tiw  srvfiral 

S|mni)*Ii   iiitvcrnorft  npii'il,    Mr.   Hillon  ''tiy*,  "TJioro  novor 

wax  in  St.  I.iini-  ii  Ihmihl'  liiiill  i'x|ir<'8!ily  for  tlm  <>cTii|iiitiiin  of 
the  S|iiinisli  (io\('rnor!<.  iln  the  ori;;iniil  |iliit  of  llio  villiigo, 
tilt'  niirtli  liiilfol'  l)lofl<  .\i>.  II,  nl  tlio  sdntlioimt  i-orncr  of  Miiin 
unci  Walnut  Stroi'ts,  i»  iniirl^i'il  a«  tho  Kovornnii-nt  lot,  lii'uauso 
Unrin:;  tlio  lii.«t  twenty  year^  or  co  uf  tho  I'Voneh  and  S|tanitih 
ooinbinutiotiH  thi.-'  hoii.'io  wa.''  ocoupiod  hy  tlio  four  last  .Spani.^h 
(lovcrnorn  !'uiToi'.«ivolv  from  Oruzat'!'  K'conil  term,  viz. :  ('rn/.at. 
Tore/,  'rruilcau,  and  Do  IjasHus,  tho  LTovrrnnient  boin^  xirnply 
tonantH,  an<l  |iayinn  rem  for  it  to  the  nriKinal  cuvni'r."  of  tho 
propiMly. 

"Tho  ori;.;inal  'nvnt'r  of  this  lot  was  .Ifdin  M.  .Mai'tijrny.  ono 
of  tlio,-e  wh(t  cann'  ovor  with  liuclcilc  from  the  oilier  side  in 
I7<il-ll.'i.  riiid  <iblaini'd  a  vc'hal  ;;i:inl  for  the  .sanic.  lie  wiix  a 
noted  mall  in  tho  villiiije  for  a  number  of  years,  and  a  captain 
in  the  iiiililiii  of  the  post. 

"(In  this  lot  .M;irlii;ny  built  in  \7Mi  n  stone  house  of  forty 
feet  front  by  twenty-live  deep,  iliviileil  into  several  rooms.  He 
lived  in  it  for  a  number  of  years,  and  .sitld  the  property  to 
Governor  Cruznt  on  .Inly  It),  I'H.'I,  diirinj;  Cru/.at's  seeond  term 
as  (jovernor.  Cni/at  removed  llio  }{ovorninent  idiiimbor  from 
the  lnr<;e  lit*u>e  on  the  oppo.sile  side  of  the  street,  built  by  l.ti- 
eleile  in  17(!1,  to  this  house,  which  ho  ueenpied  with  his  family 
Home  lour  years;  nml  when  about  to  leave  tlie  eountry  at  the 
oxpirilion  of  his  term  of  otllee,  ho  sold  it  to  Augnsle  Clioiiteaii. 
Aug.  IM,  ITS",  whore  property  it  remained  until  after  his  death, 
l-'cb.  L',<,  1.H21),  a  period  of  over  forty  years,  and  to  his  estate 
subse'|uently.  After  it  beeanie  the  property  of  Chouteau  it 
eontiniied  to  be  oeciipieil  by  eaeli  siieeessive  Spanish  (lovernor, 
and  it  WHS  in  this  house  that  the  doeiimeiits  relating  to  the 
transfer  of  this  1,'pper  Louisiana  to  the  rniled  Stales  were  e\- 
ociiled  and  tlie  transfer  eonsiiiniiiated.  Heiiee  it  iiii;;ht  ap|iro- 
priately  be  en  I  led  the  '  (iovernuieiit  House,'  and  was  doubtless 
so  miirked  down  on  the  old  plat  in  .sul)se(|uent  years. 

"This  old  house  had  a  history  for  ovor  thirty  years  after  the 
transfer  to  the  United  States.  From  its'eentral  loealion,  Main 
and  Walnut  Streets,  whi  di  for  many  years  before  and  after  was 
the  principal  cross  street  of  the  villin;e,  leadiiii;  up  from  the  (iov- 
ernor's  house  to  the  'Fort'  on  Ihe  hill,  it  was  the  most  noted 
house  in  tho  village  previous  to  and  after  the  ehiin^e  of  jjov- 
crniiienl. 

"  It  eontinucti  to  lie  oecujiied  as  the  j;overnnn'nt  house  by 
t'lipt.  Stoildard  diiriii);  hi.s  brief  sojourn  hire  as  (Jovernor  until 
Sept.  ;)ll,  ISIM. 

"  IXdoand  1^(10,  Miij.  William  Christy  occupied  it  as  a  public- 
house  until  he  built  fur  himself  a  fraiiii'  lioii-e  on  the  land  ho 
had  purchased,  just  nurthwest  nnd  iidjoiniiii;  the  vilhi);e.  on 
the  hill,  where  he  opened  a  farm  in  ISU",  and  resided  for  a  few 
years,  upon  which  land  ho  subsequently  laiil  out  '  Christy's  first 
iiddition  to  ,St.  l.ouis.' 

"  1811",  it  was  occupied  by  (!en.  Win.  Clark,  tho  first  auper- 
inteiiilent  of  Indian  atTairs  at  St.  l.ouis. 

"  l.'<fl.1,  November,  by  .Maj.  Renin  Webster  as  the  '  Kaglc 
Tavern.* 

"1810,  Juno  27th,  reupened  by  Maj.  Christy  us  the  'Mis- 
souri Hotel.' 


flvi  and  six  inonllia  to  git  to  and  return  from  New  Orleniis    'fi,, 
St.  I.ouisians  subsequently,  in  buying  and  sellini;  land,  \i;i|i>| 
the  obje<?lion  tu  a  complete  title.     .Subseipietit  prooeedii.i;*  |g 
tho  I'nited  Stales  courts  eonlirmed  many  of  these  Kmnts.     Ini,,  1 
the  Spanish  and  French  governments  in  St.  l.ouis  lun<lsvt(i.  I 
granted  upon  personal  petitions,  and  occupied  siiiiiliirly  lo  i|j, 
present  homestead  grants  of  the  I'nited  States,  except  i  uu  , 
money  piiyments  were  re<|iiired,  and    it  was   necessary  inrii.J 
petitioner  to  be  a  meinber  of  the  lluniiin  Catholic  Cliuri  'i. 

"  When  the  province  in  which  SI,  Kouis  was  sitiialod  u,i. ,,,., 
veyed  by  the  Frcmdi  lo  the  Tnited  States,  land  speculiil  .|.  (;, 
ated  a  panic  and  'beared'  real  estate  by  claiming  that  the  |,iei, 
grants  of  land  nut  eunllrnied  in  title  by  the  (liivoriiiir  (iinml 
of  the  province  would   nut    bo  coiisiderid  vali'l  by  the  I'lij!. 
States.     The  holders  of  sucli  real  estate  immediately  soil  t.ii;,. 
agents   of   the   speculators   at    very    low   rales.     .Many  iill,..,. 
fraiiilulent  land  claims  were  creatcl  during  this  land  piiiiii',,ii,,| 
these  claims  for  ovor  seventy  years  afterwards  caiisod  pidpcr*;! 
litigation   in   the  courts,  but  at  prosent  all  of  tlieiii  h;i\c  littj 
liiially  scttlc'l,  except  in  two  or  three  instances," 

Tlii.s  is  II  fuir  j;;i'iiorul  stutoinent  of  tlio  subject,  bgj 
still  soiiio  (juiilifiwitiuiis  iitid  ex|iiimu(i(iT)s  iirr  ]ux<A 
siii-y  ill  tlie  premises.     8t.  Aiij^e  jirobiibly  litnl  im  ^1 
tliority  of  a  definite  charaetor.     He  wa.s  acceiitaUetl 
the  Freiicli ;  liiH  jirrsence  was  necessary  tii  tlio  piv-i- 
vatidM  (if  order,  and  lie  was  williiie;  to  act,  in  coiiiieii 
tion  with  the  nottirics  named  in  Chapter  IV.,asA.,.J 
liiiiiis  until   tho  Spanish  authority  should  lie  cstati 
lishod.      His  jrrants,  with  the  sanction  of  the  iioiarii| 
as  a  proof  of  their  rcjiularity,  thu.s  beeamc  thi>  ait- 
a  (/(.'  /iir/o  o;nvernnieiit,  which   it  was  uood  policvf: 
every  IkukI  in  recof^nize  tiiid  uphold.    But  tlniv  wnu!.! 
probably  have  been  many  diHieultieH,  had  it  imi  li#.l 
for  I  lie  fact  that  real  estate  had   little  jiraeticul  valiJ 
ami  colli  1   be  obtiiiticd   by  every  one   in   the  orialffl 
abuiidiiiice,  anil  wiiliout   any  material  outlay.     Marl 
of  th(?  lii'st  conccssiiiiis  of  lots  are  very  uiisciirc  :i[.| 
vasiue  ill  the  dcicripiion  of  the  lot.'ation  and  llieiiifi 
and  bounds      There  was  no  particular  lamliiiark  : 
a  startin<;-point,  iii>  ba.se-line  for  surveys,     Fri'iuii  itl 
nii<;raiits  from  Kaskaskia,  Cahokia,  Prairie  dii  Rot 
Fort  Chartres,  and  other  settlements  on  the  ca.sl  Imii 


"  181  l-l.'i,  Mr.  Horace  Austin  succeeded  Maj.  Clnistv. 'ii!| 

••  islli,  .laniiary  '.'7th,  Thomas  Peebles,  the  ■  '        i. 
last  public  house.     'Washington   H''l.'ntN'     ii  and  1  ,! 
the  '  (ireeii-tree  Tavern,'  on  .Sccoii'l  '  tng  liei-ii  ,)|iti 

as  jiiiblic-houses,  this  old  liou-'  .'ei  used  lo  .>:< 

"1SI7,  Hccember,  .Stephen    i  s,  'broker's  nn, 

office.' 

"  1818,  .lanuary  2'.Hh,  store  in   |  of  the        i-,..    ])m'M 

its  occupancy  us  u  public-house  it  hud   been  '    ach  tiilurgHil 
the  addition  of  several  rooms  on  ihe  ground  Moor. 

"1S21,   May,  .loliii   .1.    Iiunrojic,   confectioner,   in   llir  t»: 
part;   Asa  Wheeler  and   Daniel   D.  Page,  bakers  aid  ,- 
south  part. 

"This  house,  but  a  ono  story,  originally  forty  feet  fruii'.ij 
been  extended  south  some  twenty  Icel.  Afier  »c  ljKiiit| 
city,  in  1823,  they  were  Nos.  27,  2<J,  and  111." 


TOI'OORAIMIY. 


141 


„r  ilii'  river,  not  clioiminf;  to  live,  uiuier  the  BriliHli 
i,iitli"iiiii'^,  caiiiu  over  to  St.  liouis  ami  took  up  their 
iil.n.lc  ituTc,  Home  occupyiiin  hits  simply  upon  the 
\);,,[-i  (if  the  (idvermir's  vorbiil  iissent,  itml  building;  on 
jaipis  t'l  whii'li  they  luul  muH!  but  a  litii  of  (MHirtcsy. 
],  „  IS  liiis  which  led  to  tho  employment  of  the 
"  l,i\  res  Terriens,"  or  land-reeord  books,  the  lirst 
,.iiirv  in  whieh  was  made  under  dale  of  April  27, 
]7(;i;.    Hut,  in  faet,  to  (piote  tiiu  words  of  Mr.  Uilloii, 

1  wliii  lias   most   thoroughly  investi>:;utod   the  original 

lluml  titles  of  primitive  St.  Louis, — 

'  l.iiiiil^  iinJ  loll  originally  were  nf  littlB  or  nu  value  in  tliciii- 
I  |el\iw,  ,is  limy  wero  frcfly   bcstiiwoci  upon  imy  |iiTsiin  on  llic 

i„l,, iiiiiiii  tlial  liowiiulil  ini|ir"V('llM>in  lor  hi'-own  hiibilnticiu 

Dilliiii  11  viMir  iinil  II  liny  from  tliuilalc  of  III*  K'nint.  If  wllliiii 
tliiit  li""'  1"'  l"!"!""'''  tlie  Ipi'"'  liilior  poimiiilo  on  the  liiiiil,  m. 
lii;iH.r  lii'«  triiiiil,  «nililiinKa!'iiiiill  (mrlinn,  cull  inniliiHn  ii  tree, 

I  oriinvlliiiit,"^'*'"'  liol""'  viilually  cciiiiiillcil  with  tho  i liliminnr 

I  tlic  "Mill,  iinil  coulil  iliciKise  of  it  iiK  he  plciiscl :  (ithernisr  he 
hail  r.prhili'cl  it,  "uil  il  rcvvrtc-il  tii  thi'  ilouiniii.  to  b(^  rc'Kriiiilcil 
I  t,i  uri.v  "ih.r  who  iiiiK'ht  apply  lor  it.  Coiiscquciilly  llll^  hinl 
„„  ,,ili.r  value  for  luauy  years  alter  the  hirth  of  the  villiine 
I  tliiiii  lliiii  "I  ''"'  iiuproveiueula  put  upon  tlu'in.  Wlien  a  Mile 
of  II  li"ii-''  '""'*  r''"'*  ''  """  ''"'  '*'"  '"'"'"  only,  the  lot,  no 
inntlir  if  large  or  small,  oven  to  the  exti'ut  of  a  hlock,  Roin),' 
with  till'  liouae.  There  are  several  instiiiuius  on  reeonl  wliere  ii 
lot  hai-  heon  Jolil  for  ten  or  twelve  Uullars  merely  to  repay  the 
leller  fur  llie  labor  ho  might  have  hestoweil  on  it. 

Tliere  were  also  not  a  few  inHlanee.i  wlieru  houses  nml  lot.s 
•i.  ^„l{  verhiilly,  without  written  ileed,  a  verbal  sale  being  good 
,1,  ill,  consideration  hud  been  paid.     If  sold  on  lime  it  was 
I  ceii-iiii'i"!  uiortgaged  for  the  piiyinent,  if  not  paid  for  when  due 
It  «a^  .  "ii-idered  forfeited,  and  the  Itrst  owner  had  a  ri^lil  to 

jell  il  anaiii  to  a  new  party,  and  the  title  g 1.     If  it  had  been 

■old  "11  lime,  and  a  third  party  had  gone  seeurily  for  the  pay- 

lliii'iil.  llie  I  arty  paying  the  money  n  lien  due  birame  the  legal 

1  omiii.  iiii'l  eoiild  sell  il  and  make  a  valid  title  to   the  same. 

Kuril"-''  reasons  the  chain  of  title  is  broken  in  a  miiiibcr  of 

I  ca-i''." 

Mr.  i!illi)n  adds  that  after  the  aflair  of  1780  the 
[villii^'i'  made  so  little  iirooress 

•  For  tlie  ne.\t  twenty  years,  and  so  few  lots  were  applied  for, 
[thai  tliere  was  but  liillu  necessity  for  extending  the  village 
lliiiiil'.  three  blocks  were  added  to  the  south  end,  with  but 
loiichiiascuii  each  ;  fourteen  on  the  west  side  of  the  Third  .'Street, 
I  villi  a.'^  many  new  houses  on  the  ascent  to  the  high  land  back 
|of  111'  village;  and  the  four  already  muntioned  in  the  iiorth- 
lltol      iiier,  without  any  improvements  thereon,  so  that  in  I  SO  I 

llbi'  iiiliigc  nlat  stood  thus: 

With  Viieant 

Adde.l.  Total.  II.ium'S.  Illoek. 

|«t  row  of  blocks I.'i             I  IB  la  I 

Id    ' I'.l              2  21  21 

L    •'     "      "      -m 'o             ••  211  17  .( 

Idth It  II  11  :i 

lil  22  "I  til  7 

A  few  year  before  tin-  purchase  by  the  United 
iBtiites,  and  wL.  ti  it  was  becoming  daily  more  evident 
jtlwt  hi'foio  ion;:  the  country  would  jiass  from  the  pos- 
liossiiin  (if  Spain,  numy  grants  of  lands  were  made  by 
Ithi'  SiKiiiisli  ofl5eials  throughout  the  country.     There 


weri!  no  vacant  lots  left  to  coneede  in  the  villa;.:c,  all 
having  been  granted  or  in  tliu  po.sses,-<ioii  of  individ- 
mils.  South  of  the  village  to  (^urondelet,  and  west, 
then  were  no  more  lots  nor  lands  to  grant;  tlieri; 
remained  eoiiiigtions  to  St.  Louis  but  the  pieee'of 
land  north  of  tht!  village  above  mentioned.  This 
was  eoneeded  by  (iovernor  Delasstis,  in  the  years 
17!l!t-lH(Hl,  to  various  individuals,  vi/,.  :  Glamorgan, 
Sotilard,  Vosli,  Kgli/,  and  others,  in  pii.'ees  of  from 
live  to  tell  arpens  fronting  east  on  the  river,  and 
running  baek  tip  the  hill  to  the  east  line  of  the  forty- 
arpeiit  lots.  These  several  pieces  of  land  adjoined 
each  other  eonseeulively,  ihere  being  no  roads  left 
between  or  through  them,  the  northertiniost  cross-road 
front  the  river  west  then  being  our  present  Morgan 
Street.  There  was  then  no  Cherry  Street,  it  beii",- 
but  a  narrow  Iuik?  between  what  are  now  Blocks  Nos. 
24  and  2").  the  only  road  at  that  period  through  these 
lands  being  a  continuaiion  of  the  main  street  north- 
wardly, and  was  called  the  road  to  Hoy's  mill. 

The  article  in  the  (iltilit-  Ih  miiciiit  proceeds  to  give 
a  list  of  '■  the  original  property-owners  in  the  old 
town  and  village  of  St.  Louis  prior  to  and  at  1809, 
according  to  the  survey  of  Auguste  Chouteau,  made 
in  1781  or  1782,  iind  afterwards  confirmed  by  sur- 
veys made  in  182;5  by  Uene  Paul  for  the  city,  and 
made  in  181^8  by  Jose[ih  (!.  Hrown  for  the  United 
States  government."  We  owe  it  to  .Mr.  liillon  that 
we  are  here  able  to  present,  in  a  compact  form  and 
regular  order,  a  full  list  of  the  lots,  owners,  and 
improvements  in  St.  Louis  during  the  whole  period 
fidin  17t;4  to  182'{,  inclusive,  with  all  the  dates  and 
every  other  ciretimstance  retjuisite  to  perfei^l  intelli- 
gibility and  accuracy.  The  collection  and  arrange- 
ment of  such  a  mass  of  material  was  a  most  laborious 
task,  but  to  Mr.  Hillon  it  has  been  a  labor  of  love. 
The  lists  may  be  trusted  as  giving  an  exhauslive  his- 
tory of  real  estate  transactions  in  St.  Louis  during 
the  first  lifty-seven  years  of  its  existence,  and  wo  owe 
it  to  Mr.  Hillon  to  present  his  lists  as  he  prepared 
them,  without  omitting  any  particular  or  uegleeting 
any  detail. 

I.-I.I)TS   HESIONATKn    IN   ('IIOUTK.\l"S   MAI'. 

In  I7lil,  when  Clioiiteaii  traced  out  the  original  plat  of  the 
embryo  village  of  St.  I.ouis,  under  the  direction  and  instruc- 
tion of  liiiclede,  his  stepfather,  the  following  were  the  only  lots 
designated   thereon  as  being  then  in  possession  of  individuals  ; 

In  block  now 

No.  2.  the  north  one-half. 

Xo.  S,  the  south  one-half.  .lean  do  Iiago. 

No.  It),  the  block,  I,ouis  Honore  Tesson,  concession  Feb.  (J, 
1770,  to  Louis  Ilonore  Tesson. 

No.  2o,  the  block  east  half,  John  Ii.  rurdinnl. 

No.  HI,  south  west  onc-lburth,  .lohii  1!.  I'rovenchere,  concession 
Feb.  15,  1768,  to  J.  B.  Provcnehero. 


Ii 


In; 


T 


\. 


142 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


No.  S4,  block,  I.ncleilo  I/i^uoat,  ooncossion  Aug.  II,  ITfiO,  to 
l<iii'lod«. 

Nil.  'l-t,  bloi-'k,  (iiibrici  Dcseary. 

Niv  .iO,  niirlh  on;-bi>lf,  concession  Aug.  0,  1767.  to  Hrm' 
Duel 

No.  1)4,  Ilor'bwo^|^  cme-fourtb. 

No.  68,  ni>itb»o.<l  one  fourtii,  Micbol  Ilollet. 

N.>.  fie,  soiithwcj*.  onc-fourtli,  cuncciisioii  Jan.  •i,  1770,  to  Eu- 
gero  Po'jn'. 

No.  Bl,  iioiiiiwcl  onfc  fi^urtli,  Desliotrc.s. 

n.-  TiiK  r<iN(  ;;syiiiNs  ok  l.vnds  .\nu  villa  :k  i.ot.s. 

DiirinK  tho  loin|iorary  French  government  eighty-one  grantH 
of  lota  in  the  village  of  .St.  Iioiiis  bail  beeu  iiiaile  by  St.  Ango 
and  bis  assi-eiates,  from  No.  1,  Apri'  27,  I7fifl,  tii  No.  81,  Feb.  7, 
1770. 

Upon  lb"  large.-t  |ior(iiii  of  llie.«e  Inla  tho  grantees  bail  built 
their  resiliences.  .V  few  of  tl.ose  parties  having  ncgiecteil  lo 
coui|ily  with  the  cimilitions  of  the  gran',  'i/..,  to  'cniuifciico 
some  iinproveiiient  on  it  within  a  year  an.l  a  ilay,  bad  forfeiteil 
it,  anil  it  reverted  to  tne  dnnmin,  to  be  granted  to  a  seconii 
parly.  'rhe..'t  eighty-one  recorded  grants  added  to  '.hose  that 
bad  been  prc.iiiusly  vcrball;'  graii'id  by  .'I.  Ange  and  his 
associates,  about  'ilisorbcd  all  the  lots  of  th,-  village. 

.As  soon  as  th"  Spanish  authority  was  est'iuli.shei!  :it  Now 
Orleans  iiy  I>on  0  Keilly  in  17liU,  orders  were  sent  iMi  to  St. 
Louis  lo  stop  the  conjessiiin  of  lots  and  lauds  until  the 'Spanish 
authority  should  bo  established  in  this  upper  region,  accordingly 
the  last  French  concession  was  made  on  Feb.  7,  1770. 

On  the  arrival  of  I'iornns,  and  his  assumption  of  tho  govern- 
ment on  .May  20.  1770.  tils  first  step  was  to  select  a  suiveyor, 
which  he  did  by  appointing  M.  Martin  iJuralde  to  tbeolliee.  witli 
instructions  to  proiced  at  once  lo  the  survey  of  the  lots  whiih 
had  bocii  granted  by  the  temporary  French  |.;ovcrnnienl.  This 
duty  he  peri'orn.cd,,ind  made  report  of  his  registry  and  plat  on 
the  LMd  of  May,  177'.'. 

'fhc  first  recorded  concession  of  a  village  lot  is  by, — 

l.utS. 

<!■  vcrn.o    ricrniis,  .Inly  13.  1771;  last,  April  21.  1775 11 

tiovernor  Cru/.at,  I'ib."  2'.i,  177ti:    last,  Sept.  I,  1777 Ii 

tiovenior  He   l.cyba,  .Inly  2.1,  I77'>;  last,  Jan,  20,  I7S0 7 

(Jovernor  Silvio  de  I'arlabona,  Sept,  7,  U^O I 

(Jovernor  Ciuzat.  May  ,'i(l,  \7M:  last,  Oct.  :>,  1787 Ii 

<;overnor   I'l-rez.  ,!iiiie  2.i,  178-^ ;  last,  Sept.  22.  Kill 7 

tiovernor  Trudiau,  .luly  20,  17'.i:i:   last.  May  HI,  I7',lll 12 

(luverniir  He  I.hssms,  Sept,  2.  I7',l'.l:  las!,  Nov.  21,  I80.T-,^,..  :,:, 

Add  tliii^e  pre\iiiii;ly  granted  by  French  guvernmi'iit..  7."i 

Whole  number  of  lots  cnncedcd  in  Mio  villagv  from  17CI1  lo 


l.xoil. 


1,".0 


And  a  few  eoncessions  north  of  and  adjoining  the  village. 

lir.— IIKCISTKK  (IF  CiiNCKS.xliISS  I  if  LOTS  IN  TIM'  VILLAiiK 
OK  yr  l.on.-i,  FKOM  TIIK  FIK.vr  oM:,  lil'.ANTKIi  AI'KII. 
■47,  noil.  Til  TIIK  CIIAMIK  iiK  IJDVKK.N.MKNT.  TAKKN 
KUO.M    IIIK  oKUilNM.  "I.IVKK.S  TKUKIK.NS   ' 

1766. 

1.  Aiiril  27,  II.  1. 'I.  To  Joseph  I.abuseiere,  prociireiir  du  Hoi, 
150  by  .'100  f.i't,  Criim  the  principal  -Ireet  lo  tlie  river,  on  one 
^ide  Chancellicr's  lot,  the  olber  a  street. 

2.  April  ;;0,  i:.  J  of  Ol.  To  Joseph  I'alvi',  210  l,y  150,  on 
the  second  graiide  me,  on  each  Hde  a  ct"-s  sireet,  i  Iteverle  1 
to  the  ciiiwn.) 

;i.  May,  !.'.  W,  |  of  27.  To  Jean  Marie  Thoulmue,  120  by 
|oO,  tiiiiit  on  a  street  passing  in  rear  of  Laclede's  lot,  running  to 
the  lot  of  llei|uetti',  on  one  side  Ilonoru  Sans  Souci,  on  Ihe 
other  the  royal  domain, 

4.  May  ,'10,  N.  J  of  8.  I'ranyi  is  Itissonncl,  120  by  15ii,  on  Ihe 
llrst  main  slroel  l.i  the  .Mississippi,  on  one  side  Kondeaii,  the 
other  a  cross-road. 

,1.  June  2,  K.  i  of  ."i8.     Andre  Augusle  Condi',  Surgeon,  240 


by  150,  on  west  side  of  Secunil,  on  each  side  a  cross  streel.  run. 
ning  back  to  royal  domain. 

Ii.  June  10,  N.  E.  j  of  2».  Franvois  Kloy,  120  by  I  .(i  „, 
Main,  on  one  side  Jenn  Daptisto  Jaui(URmin,  the  other  m  .n,,, 
street  in  rear  my,,!  domain. 

7.  June  :iO,  ,S.  E.  \  of  lifl.     Louis    T,~esl,etrea  and   Ni  Imli,  I 
Leoiinle,  120  by  150,  on  ,*ccond  opposite  Sans  Souei.  nm  -i,!,., 
cross  sireet,  the  other  royal  domain. 

8.  July  4,  N.  W.i  of  37.     Jean  I'revot,  120  liy  150,  finm,,  i 
I'ourbon  Street,  rear  l)u  Ureuil,oiie  side  Ilaccannet,  the  "ilnn 
cross  sireet. 

!l.  July  20,  N.  E.  i  of  .17.  Louis  Dii  lircuil,  merchani.  I;. 
liy  150,  on  Royal  Street,  in  roar  Jean  I'rcvosl,  on  one  side , la.  | 
ipiea  Labe,  on  the  other  side  a  cross  street,  going  lo  thr  ii\,.. 
lie  nisii  received  a  coiieessinn  at  same  lime  forthe  north  lialt./ 
lilock  I,  which  he  had  previously  purchased  from  Jos.  Miinli. 
tr.nd, 

10,  Aug.  5.  N.  E.  \  of  43.  Thomas  Hlimdeau,  120  by  l,ii,  I 
front  on  Koyal  .Street,  on  one  side  M.  I)e  Volsay,  on  the  other  aiil  I 
the  r  ..1  royal  domain. 

M.  -Vug.  5,  t-^,   E,  i   of  41.     .laciiucs  Lacroix,   120  by  Ur 
front  on  Uoyal  Streel,  rear  royn'  donini)'   ■  .,  one  side  Murticnv  | 
the  other  a  cniss  streel  from  l)e  Volsay. 

12.  Aug.  10,11.13,    Jos.  Lalic^clcrc,  an  additional  60  liy  |> 
added  to  and  in  continuation' of  (he  first  i'     cession  made  liiiu. 

13.  Aug.  11,  I!.  31.  Laclede  Lignest,  300  feet  siiuaiv,  fr ,,i  I 
Uoyal  .*s|reei  In  .Second,  to  tne  square  reserved  for  the  cliiiri-li  .5 1 
one  side,  on  one  side  a  cross  street  from  Marcereau  iind  llulivr:,  I 
the  oilier  from  Taillon. 

11.  Aug.  12,  X,  E.  i  of  ,33.  Laclede  LiguesI,  120  lij  |> 
fronton  Itoyal  Street  in  rear  Roger  Titilloii,  on  one  >ide  lul.; 
,Iosepli  Taillou,  on  the  otiii'r  a  cross  street  scpiiraliiig  it  t'roa  | 
\'euve  Marecbal.' 

15.  Aug.   15,  H.  42.     I'ierre  Francois  de  Volsay,  olfui 
marines,  240   by  .'100,  from  the  river  to  the  second  graiide  rut,  I 
one  side  u  cross  street  from  the  lot  of   Itlondcau  ati<l   haiiiv 
on  the  north  nnolher  cross  street. 

Hi.  Aug.  l.'i,  N.  W.  i  of  43.  Micli'd  Lainy,  120  by  ljii,.t| 
second  grande  rue,  east  by  lllondeau,  one  side  the  cro^s  -irw;  | 
l'rui;i  De  Volsay,  south  Ihe  royal  domain. 

17.  Aug,  20,  W.  J  if  20.  JiMii  I!ap.  Ilutand,  210  by  i.ii, 
oni-  frunt  Cotin  and  F.  I'-loy,  on  the  other  a  grande  nii', 
each  side  ;v  cross  street. 

IS.  Aug.  21,  N.  K.   I  of  30,     Ale,\is   Marie.  120   by    l.i,- 
grande  rue,  on   rear  lot  of  I'Arche,  one  side   Langnuinnis  i:,  | 
other  ii  crtiss  streel. 

10.  Aug.  23,  \.  E.  i  of  (ill.  Louis  Hisloriers,  a  lot  on  ii  granl. 
rue,  on  one  side  .los.  Calve,  on  Ihe  other  Francis   Dilin,  in  nt  | 
the  royal  domain. 

2(1.  Aug.  27,  S.  E.  ;  of  28.  To  Franvois  Lii  I'liiipelle.  k" 
150,  i>n  la  grande  rue,  oppnsite  Labusciere,  on  one  side  ir 
sireel  from  F,  Floy,  Ihe  oilier  side  Inl  nf  Laurent,  near  11 
dumain, 

21,  Aug.  27.  X  E.  lid  28,  To  I'hilibert  liaguoii,  dil  l.^nn. 
suldicr.  1811  by  l,'iO.  itn  grande  rue  from  Labiis<-i<-re,  t.i 
riiyiil  dnmaiii,  one  side  a  cross  street,  the  olber  La  Cli;i,,cii., 

22.  Aug.  2S,  S.  J  of  5,     .lulieii  La  Rny,  120  by  l.'ill,ioi  lli; 
Streel,  east    .Mississippi,  nn  one  side  a   cross  sliect   li'iiii  lk\ 
Itreuil.  the  other  I, it  oftjuyun, 

2.".,  Oct.  I.ieiitieid  II,  41,  on  Sei'ond,     I'ierre  Lacroix,  a  1  1  i  | 
giandn  rue,  in  rear  Sans  (juarticr,  one  side  Ilerger,  lln'  ■Ac 
royal  domain, 

24,  Oct.  30,  S.  4  of  12.     Jean  Ihip.  Mervieux.  roynl  .uiniw  | 
120  by  i50,  on  Main,  lo  Ihe  Misgissippi,  one  side  l.ioils  1  Inn 
celli'T,  Ihe  other  a  street  f-om  Dechene. 

25.  Nov.  15,  X.  i  of  12,      Louis  Cbancellier,  120  hv  !,.m 


TOPOGRAPHY. 


14:J 


a  cross  streci   run. 


Liiiiiy,  1211  l.v    IJ". 


I^Iiirio.  I'.HI   liv    I  ii', 
fiile  liiiiiilMiiini'i-,  1 


1 20  bv  i:iM,"nll"; 


v'u'»\.  ro.viil  ii If" 


tellior,  !-'ll  \>s  1' 


\i    I,   iiiiiMisito  K.  Eloy,  to  the  river,  one  side  Hervicux,  the 
oiliiM  11  i'r"e!<  street  from  Labuscic're. 

1787. 

■Ml  Mm  ;o,  S.  E.iiil'27.  RogtrTiiillon,  120  by  160,  on  Hiiln, 
„,ir  I  iViil  (liiiimin,  one  side  cross  sireet  from  Philiborl  (laig- 
nnii.  111!'  "Iber  Sieiir  Devin  (Alexis  Sliirie). 

•I-  .Miiv  18,  revertoil  S.  i  of  -Hi.  Jos.  Liibiiseii^rc,  I.^O  by  ;)IH|, 
on  il"  "^''^  street,  rear  royal  domnin,  on  one  side  Hlondoiu 
aii.l  l.i!")'  ''"'  '"'""■  "  ''■■"*'  street. 

"S  .liiiM'  12.  11.  15,  reverted.  lieleslre,  2411  by  I.IO,  on  the 
river  -ircit,  one  side  u  cross  street,  the  other   Lefebvro  Dos- 

lirui-<:i". 

'>:i,  .Imie  12,  X.  K.  i  of  27  and  .''.  K  i  i>f  211.  Alexis  Mivrio 
I'leviiii.  21"  by  ISO,  on  'he  river  stnel,  reur  royal  domiiin, 
„nc  -i  ii  Il()f;er  Tiiillon,  the  other  a  cross  .street. 

:;ii  .luiie  .')0,  ."i.  i  of  U.  I.cfehvrc  Desbniisseiiu,  12il  by  lio, 
Miiiii  >lii'el  10  river,  one  side  lot  of  liclestre,  the  other  iv  cross 
.triTl  rnim  I.nl'iisi'ii'-rc. 

:;i  .li.iv  I,  lilork  ,')il.  I.ouis  Lambert, dit  l.iilleur,  210  by  .'iOO, 
on  "MO  i;ninde  rue  to  imother,  on  oiicli  side  a  cross  street. 

:1J.  .lulv  2.  I'ierre  Fanchr,  raeridiant,  l!-!0  by  l.')0,  on  Iho 
«lrc(l  ttc-t  of  Montardy,  ri'.ining  back  to  hill,  cross  street  each 
-i'lr.  This  grant  reverted,  and  was  granted  to  Dagoberl.  Feb. 
2,  ITii'.i,  all  1  again  to  A.  Marie,  ,Se|)l.  7,  1700. 

;).:.  .Inly  10,  N.  J  of  .Ml.  Jean  Ortes  and  Jean  Cainbas,  120 
liv  .'!iiO,  "lie  side  a  cross  street  between  Legrain,  on  the  other 
Ilao-iiiiiel. 

;;i.  AiiL'.  0,  X.  K.  1  of  bO.  Ki'ne  liuM,  IJO  by  l-iO,  nn  Second, 
oppoMle  l.aiiiy.  one  side  cross  -tree'  froin  Lambert,  the  other 
anil  rear  the  royal  doiiittin. 

;(,!.  All;;,  f,  ^.  W.  1  of  57.  Jean  do  '■■\go.  120  by  LiO,  mi  Third, 
in  rear  Legrain,  one  side  l!i..tiivalel,  the  other  a  cross  street. 

:;ii.  Aug.  '.I,  .X.  4  ot"  14.  Jean  .M.  Tomouze.  a  lot  ordinary 
Alt',  I'll  .Main  lo  the  river,  one  side  the  cross  sireet  from  lieles- 
lic,  the  other  royal  domain. 

;;7.  Aug.  10,  S.  \V.  !  of  ;1IL  Claude  Tinon,  120  by  1.^0,  on 
Sciunl.  rear  Lunguuiuois,  on  one  side  V.  I'Arche,  the  other  a 
cross  street. 

>.  Aug.  Ill,  X.W.  1  or.'i7.      Lambert  llcauvalet.  120  by  150, 
1  (HI  Ihird  .■Street,  rear  Jcaiinette,  free  ncgrcss.  on  one  side  Jean 
Of  l.agc,  llie  other  a  cross  sireet  from  I'lacy. 

I.  Aug.  12,  S.  K.  i  of  J2,  reverted.  Antoine  Doiuiay  St. 
Viiiccnl,  120  by  150,  on  Second,  one  side  Tinon's  lot.  the  other 

rii.#  slrcol  from  Lambert,  rear  roynl  domain. 
111.  .^^eiil.  15,  X.  K.  i  of  ;i8.     Jean  ('oin|iarios,  on   La  Pierre, 
I  K'li  hv  l.iii,  .Mail,,  one  -ide  la  Veuve  lleberl,  the  other  a  cro.-s 
I  Jtrofl. 

41.  Se|it.  20,  N.  \V.  I  :"  ill.  Itcnc  liuel,  120  by  l.iO,  on  a 
iL'niiiilc  riic,  one  side  Harsalcii,  the  other  a  cross  sireet  rear 
I  r  yal  .luiniiin. 

i;.  ."^ciil.  20,  S.  :  of  50.  .Nicholas  llav-alnii,  12ii  by  :100, 
I  fr  lilts  on  a  ginnde  rui',  one  side  I'ciic    Hucl.  the  other  n  cross 

I  si  reel. 
17'iS. 

i:i.  Jan.  2,  X.  K.  I  oft!!.  Je.iii  H.  Valleini,  surgeon  in  Span- 
li-li  HTvicc,  120  by  l;.0,  on  tlie  street  to  the  chapel,  back  to  t'  e 
Ibill,  sninc  liil  to  Calve. 

II.  K.li.  i:,  S.  \V.  I   of  :;l.     Jean    11.    I'roMiiehere.    120  by 

II  ill,  on  .•^c'luid,  roar  (iaiiiache.  one  side  the  cross  sireet  from 
jhul  Kicr.'ereaii,  the  other  Thibaiilt. 

t.i.  April  :iO,  X.  W.  I  of  40.  Jean  Sale  l.ajoie,  120  by  1,10, 
Ion  Seconil,  rear  of  Carrier,  one   >ido   I'etil,   Iho   other  the   lot 

Igt  .    This  concession  was  Hist  lo  .Martin  Durable,  and 

|»li.n  III  Sale,  July  il,  178W. 

Hi.  April  8,  8.  K.  J  of  HO.     Francis   l»olain,  120  by  l.'iO,  on 


Second,  rear  Eugene  Poure,  dit.  Bcausoliet,  one  Bide  Dclorier, 
the  other  cross  street  from  the  oburch. 

47.  May  1,  S.  4  of  0.  Louis  Heor,  120  by  150,  on  the  granilo 
rue,  "r.[,„site  Veuve  Marechal,  to  the  Mississippi,  one  aide 
Uenaud,  the  other  cross  street  from  IJissoniict. 

IS.  Moy  1,  N.  4  of  51.  Do  Volsay,  oflioier.  120  by  .100,  one 
side  lielestre,  the  oth3r  a  cross  street,  front  on  2d.  rear  on  the 
King's  road. 

4U.  May  1.  E.  4  of  40.  (iuilhiunie  Itizet.  240  by  150,  from 
Second  to  Third,  rear  royal  domain,  one  side  Itarsalou,  the  othei 
side  the  creek. 

50.  Sept.  10,  S.  4  of  51.  Picote  lielestre.  120  by  :tOO.  front 
and  rear  largo  streets,  one  side  Dc  \'olsay,  the  other  a  cross 
street  from  Buet. 

1769. 

51.  Feb.  7,  N.  E.  1  of  S.'t.  Douchard,  120  by  150,  on  Second, 
one  si  le  the  \'euf  Durnnt,  ihe  other  a  cross  street,  rear  the  royal 
domain. 

52.  Feb.  7,  X.  E  i  of  20.  Louis  Dufresne,  120  by  150  north, 
one  side  Diircy,  the  other  side  Deshetrcs.  front  on  grando  rue. 
rear  the  hill  royal  domain. 

5;i.  Feb.  7,  S.  E.  i  25.  Louis  Deshetrcs,  IL'O  by  l.'iO,  on  one 
sitic  .'Vmour  liouvienue.  the  other  (tiignc.  front  a  large  street, 
rear  royal  domain  to  hill. 

54.  Feb.  7.  .S.  1"  li  of  52,  on  Second.  Laurent  Trudean,  120 
by  150,  one  side  TiLon,  Iho  other  ii  oro.<s  street  from  De  Volsay. 

55.  Feb.  7,  S.  E.  i  of  63.  .losepb  Laiiglois,  120  by  150,  on 
one  side  Laroolie,  the  .^Iher  a  cross  street  from  Hoy.  rear  roya! 
domain. 

."iC.  Feb.  7,  .X.  \V.  i  of  27.  Alexis  .Marie,  120  by  150,  an  ad- 
ditional piece  to  Ihe  hrsi,  rear  the  road  to  the  barns,  the  two 
sides  royal  domain. 

5r.  Feb,  7,  S.  4  of  43.  Antoine  Morin.  120  by  ;!00,  from  the 
Mississigipi  to  Second,  one  side  Itluudeau  and  Lai.iy,  the  other 
royal  domain. 

5S.  Fell.  7.  .S.  E.  1  of  <|,  Antoine  Hubert,  150  feet  square, 
one  side  the  road  lo  creek,  another  the  street  oppo8i:o  the  cem- 
etery, the  other  the  road  to  the  llarricre  il  (ijyon, 

50.  Fob.  7,  S.  W.  \  of  28.  Fraiivois  Durey,  120  by  150,  one 
siile  tlie  lot  he  ac(|uired  from  Fran^-ois  Deschapelles,  front  Ihe 
road  or  hill,  one  side  Laurent,  the  other  tlie  cross  street  from 
Floy.  Jr. 

00.  Feb.  7,  N.  E.  i  of  83. Chiiuvin,  150  by  120,  a  large 

street,  between    l.aderoute,  one  side  road  to  Tailluii's  ,Mill,  tiic 
other  and  rear  royal  doninin, 

01.  Feb.  7,  .><.  W.  i  of  40.  Pierri'  l.acroix,  IJil  by  150, at  one 
end  Jean  Comparios,  Ihe  other  end  Second  Slieel,  one  side  him- 
self, the  other  i.  cross  street  from  Duraiid. 

62.  July  17,  X.  E.  (  of  ,'i5.  Kieni  Marcheleau  dcs  Noycrs, 
120  by  150,  lor  a  barn,  one  slile  a  cross  sired  from  llaecannet, 
Ibe  throe  oilier  sides  Ihe  loyal  domain. 

63.  July  17.  S.W.I  of  44.  Jean  I'aillc,  120  by  150,  one  end 
Second  Street,  the  other  royal  iloinain  lo  Ihe  Mississippi,  one 
side  .Morin,  the  other  a  cross  streci. 

114.  .Inly  17,  X.  4  of  45.  St.  Franvois,  120  by  \M),  one  eml 
Second  Sireet,  the  other  .Mississippi,  one  side  a  cros^  >lreel,  the 
other  the  creek. 

65.  ,luly  IS.  X.  K.  J  of  81.  ,lacii«es  Denis,  IL'O  by  150,  on 
3d.  opposite  the  ehiiLch.  west  Ibe  Hani  Mill,  on  one  siile  liiibcrt, 
on  the  other  a  cross  street  from  lleaiisoliel. 

00,  .Inly  IS,  S.  4  of  ;is.  Veuve  lleberl,  120  by  150,  Main  lo 
Ihe  Mississippi,  one  siile  I'ierre  Pcry.  dit  Lapierre,  the  oilier  a 
street  from  N'eiive  lleaugeiion,     • 

07,  July  \X,  S.  E.  1  ,if  S3.  Lavillo,  taihir,  120  by  150,  Third, 
near  Ihe  Ham  Hill,  one  side  Chauvin,  the  other  .t  cross  street 
from  Montardy, 


144 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOTUC! 


mi 


88.  July  IS,  S.  W.  i  of  27.  Antoiiie  Sans  Souci,  120  by  150  I 
ut  north  piirt,  lit  one  end  Vnlliere,  the  other  end  the  hill,  royal  j 
domain,  one  side  Marie,  the  other  a  cross  street  from  Phil,  j 
Oagnon  Laurent. 

6!1.  .luly  18,  N.  W.  }  of  28.      I'hilibert  Gagnon,  180  by  IJO,   ' 
behinil  his  lirst  piece,  in  front  him.«elf,  rear  Second  Street,  one 
side  Durcy,  the  other  a  cro.«8  street  from  .Sans  Souci. 

70.  July  IS,  X.  E.  i  of  aj.  Nicholas  Choret,  120  by  150,  on 
Main,  rear  lot  of  Hubert,  one  side  I>u^cham|ls,  the  other  a  cross 
street  from  I.aclede.  i 

1770.  I 

71.  Jan.  10,  S.  J  of  50.  Au  Kivirrc,  dit  IJacca,  120  by  300,  j 
Second  to  Third,  one  side  Cottin  and  llortig,  the  other  a  cross  I 
street  from  Ant.  Baccannet.  I 

72.  Jiin.  10,  S.  W.  i  or;!7.  .\ntoino  Uai'cannct,  120  by  150, 
on  Second,  rear  Jaec|ues  I'Abbi'',  one  side  liafleur,  the  other  a 
cross  street. 

7."!.  Jan.  12,  S.  J  of  I.     I'ierre  Rov,  u  lot.  Main  to  the  river,  ' 
opposite    Coiuparios,  dit  (la.<ciin,  one  eml  Sarpy  under  Blon- 
dcau,  the  other  end  a  cross  street  irom  IluTiand's  lot.  ! 

74.  Jan.  .'U.  S.  \V.  i  of  20.  .lohn  II.  Vilvareniie,  120  by  150, 
at  one  end  l.a  Chapellc,  the  ether  end  the  hill,  one  siile  a  cross 
street  from  .Marie,  the  other  .-iile  Lc.uis  Delietres. 

75.  Jan.  Ill,   N.  i  of  (ill.  should  be  the  west  half.     Kugeno  I 
I'oiire,  dit  Ueausoliet.  120  by  3011,  at  one  end   Delin,  the  other 
end  fronts  across  street  between  ''le  I're-bytery,  in  rear  another  > 
cross  slie'et.  j 

71).  Feb.  1,  I  say  S.  K.  i  of  54.  Nicholas  lieaugenoii,  120  by  I 
150,  one  side  'I'lirgoy.  N.  K.  of  54,  the  other  cross  street  between  | 
Bouehart.  fnmt  on  Second. 

77.  Feb.  2,  N.  K.  1  of  3.  Alexis  .Marie,  120  by  150,  at  the  I 
end  iif  the  Main  Street,  rear  TArch,  one  side  l,aiigouinois,  the  j 
other  a  cros.«  street  from  Orte. 

7S.  Fi'b.  :',,  S.  Vv.  i  .if  01.      Francis  Hi-sonnet,  150  by  100,  at 
the  fool  of  thi'  hill,  one  side  a  cross  street  or  gully,  the  other  | 
side  Jacciues   Miireohal,  one    side   Louis   liiffoiinet,  the  other  I 
royal  domain. 

'70.   Feb.  0,  S.  \V.  i  of  02.      Frani'ois  .Marechal,  120  by  150, 

one  end  Mori  iiu.  the  other  myal  d aiii,  one  >ide  Hoy,  the  otlioi 

a  cross  street  from  Bissonnet. 

80.  Feb.  0,  B.  16.  Louis  llonore  'lesson,  240  by  150,  from 
Main  to  river,  one  side  a  cross  street  I'roui  (iuyon,  I  he  other  a 
cross  street  from  ISeor. 

SI.  Feb.  7,  N.  K.  1  of  ;il.     John  U.  Bei|uet,  lo  mcunier,  120 
by  150,  on  Main  rear  Thibaiilt,  one  S'dc  (iamaclie,  cross  street  ' 
from  Laugoumnis. 

Till'  liirt".;oiii}:  ei^hty-mif  toiici'.'isioiis  aiv  reuiiriled 
in  "  Livre  Torrieii"  (liiii(l-book)-No.  1,  the  first  four- 
teen (it'wlikli  were  L'tiintnl  h_v  St.  AnL'e,  tlie  iiiililary 
coiiiniainlaiit.  and  lii'l'rlivri'.  juil;:e,  and  llie  rtiiiainiiii,' 
portiiin  by  St.  Aniio  and  Lalm-'uii'Te.  At  the  lueit  of 
llie  Isn't  paoe  is  written  :  •'  .\iTele  le  sipl  Fevrier, 
inil-8e|it-eent-M)ixunle  dit  [i^tiiiiiied  Feb.  7,  1T7(»J. 

i.Sifined)  ■•  liAlll  .xciKKE."       j 

The  second  book,  Livre  Terrien  No.  2,  contains  no  concis- 
sions  of  lots  in  the  village  us  then  called,  but  is  made  up  of  the 
notes  of  Martin  Ituralde,  the  king's  surveyor,  of  hia  conveys 
of  tracts    of  land    in  the  surrounding  country  outside  of  the 

villagi'-  ,,....      f  r       •     ^ 

/,,ijii/   Hunk  .No.  .1  (  /.iir«    lei  lien). 

i 
1771.  ! 

1.  July  I-l.     To  Ainable  (iiiyon,  a  lot   00  feet  sijiiare  lor  11 

barn,  lack  of  the  village. 


2.  Jan.  20.  (lillauino  Bizet,  a  lot  60  feet  square  for  a  l.aro, 
back  of  the  village. 

1772. 

.'!.  April  25.     lliviere,  dit  Baccannet,  a  lot  60  feet  squmi. f,,  I 
a  barn,  back  of  the  village. 

4.  Juno  10.     I'hilibert  (iagnon,  a  lot  60   feet  square  inr »  1 
barn,  back  of  the  village. 

1773. 

5.  June  21,  S.  E.  i  of  54.     Chas.  liiiet,  120  by  150,  on,.  ,i,|,  | 
Ronbidou,  the  other  Durand. 

6.  Jan  l(i.  Jno.  li.  llorvieux,  60  feet  square,  adj  iiiii 
Calve  and  Chancellier,  on  two  sides  the  royal  domain. 

7.  Sept.  3,  S.  part  of  Block  7.     Benito  Basque/.,  60  In    1;, 
on  Rue  Principiilc,  one  sida  a  cross  street  from  Martigny,  il,  I 
other  sides  royal  domain. 

1774. 
S.  Juno  4,  N.  E.  {  of  52.     Joseph  I'Ardoise,  60  by  150. 

1775. 

9.  April  11,S.  W.  i  of  55  Oregoire  Kierceroau,  Ijiii,, 
150. 

10.  .■\pril  11,  Block  01.  Louis  Bissonnet,  60  feet  sqiiuref. 
barn,  back  of  vlllago. 

11.  April  II,  N.  E.  J  of  52,  on  Second  and  Third.  M.l,  ;J 
Beaugenoii,  a  lot  for  a  house. 

12.  April  16,  S.  W.  411.  I'edro  Caillon,  120  by  I5il.  I  ii,it,| 
the  lot  lirst  conceded  to  I'lerro  Lacroix. 

13.  April  10,  S.  W.  i  of  52.     Alexis  Loiso,  120  by  l.'.ii.  ,..j,| 
tinualion  of  Laville's  lot,  one  side  a  cross  street  from  De  Xah,, 
near  lieaugenoii,  other  side  royal  domain. 

14.  April  24,  S.  E.  1  of  61.      Diego  I'Anive.  120  by  15ii,na| 
the  Barn   Hill,  on   a  griinde   me,  one  side  Calve,  the  uilie., 
cross  street  from  Laruchc. 

1778. 

15.  Feb.  29,  Louis  I'Ardoise. 00  feet  square  for  a  liarn.b,; 
of  village. 

16.  March  11,S.  W.  j  nfii3.  Alexiiiidre  Rondo,  On  I'eot  s.|«,,. | 
for  barn,  back  of  village. 

17.  March  12.  Louis  Ln  Sudray.  (lUninited  to  lujiil  i,| 
main.) 

1777. 

IS.  Feb.  4.  Francois  .Marechal,  120  by  150.  The  saiiif  l; 
to  Cnillou  previously. 

10.  Sept.  4,  not    lociited.       I'ierre    Hissonnet,    12il   Ijv  I 
griinde  rue  to  the  Mississippi,  one  side   Rigaiuhe.  the    '  — 
royal  domiiiii. 

20.  Sept.    I,  N,  E.  of  25,  reverted.     Joseph    Uivel,    !:■ 
150,   gniiido   rue,   on   one    dde    I.ecoiite,    llie  other    riv,ili.| 
main.     Same  lot  to  Oeslorier. 

177S. 

21.  .Inly  23.  Nii'holiis  Lei'.iiiiple,  210  by  150.  Main  i,  i^l 
river.  Block  15. 

22.  Doc.  22,  N.  E.  1  of  25.  Franyois  Dcslorier,  l..re»rt| 
[sinithl.  120  by  150,  north  end  of  the  village,  on  Mniii.  ..11.  aj 
.Nicholas  Leeompte,  other  side  and  rear  royal  doiii:iin. 

1779. 

23.  March   II,  N.  W.  \  of  25.     Jean    11.  Lepire  il,:i|.im| 
i20   by   150,  north  end  of  village,  -on    .Main,  one  -ile  .1  it 
Cardinal,  cross  street,  the  other  royal  domain. 

24.  April   15,  S.  J  of  6,  east  part.     Louis   Ride,  Sii  ij  1. 
I  ne  side  the  Mississippi,  the  other  himself,  one  side  it,  ■' ii'inl 
from  A,  (Iuyon,  the  other  from  Martignjr, 


TOrOGRAPHY. 


145 


sqiiivro  for  a  l.arn, 


120  by  150,  oii.;>H, 


loisc,  flO  by  V>n. 


25.  Aug.  10.  8.  W.  i  of  82.  Pierre  Montordy,  180  by  150, 
one  cml  himself,  the  other  royal  doninin,  ono  sido  Nicholas 
BciiiiKeiiou,  tho  other  cross  street  from  De  Volsay. 

•Tp.  .Sept.  15,  S.  K.  4  of  24.  .lean  Hapt.  llrugiorro,  IL'O  by 
]iO  iiiirth  end  village,  one  end  Main  Street,  o|ipo8ito  Guil. 
l,ici>iii|iti',  line  side  cross  street  from  Desloricrs-  tho  others  tho 
royal  doniiiin. 

or  the  2B  concessions  of  village  lota  in  St.  liOiiis  recorded  in   : 
Livre  Terrien  No.  3, — 

Xos.  1  to  II,  from  .July  IH,  1771,  tu  April  24,  1775,  •vere 
grnnled  to  Don  I'ldro  Piernas. 

S„f.  15  to  20,  from  Feb.  20,  1770,  to  Sept.  4,  1777,  were 
granied  to  Don  Francisco  Cruzat. 

}i„f.  21    to  26,  from  July   2;i,  177S,  to  Sept.  15,  1779,  were 

gninicd  to  Don  Fernand')  do  Lcyba.  j 

I 
Ijit'i'c  Ten'ieii  ( f^aud  /look)  No.  4, 

17o0.  I 

I.  ,liin.  20,  .S.  \  of  45.  Alexis  Cotti',  120  by  150,  at  south 
end  "11  loixl  to  tho  bridge,  east  Mississippi,  ono  sido  lot  of  St, 
Fiiiiifciis,  deocaseil,  tha  other  the  creek. 

•j.  ,>e|il.  7,  N.  E.  i  of  46.  Augusto  Amiot,  120  by  1511,  ad- 
joiniiij;  the  above  on  the  south  to  the  creek. 

1783. 
;).  .May  :iO,  N.  W.  of  54.     Hliiahcth   Vijet  Vaohard,  120  by 
Ijii.  one  side  cross  street  from  Greg.  Kiercoreau,  the  other  from 
Laurint  and  Taillon.  ' 

1786. 
'    All".  II,  N.  E.  1  of  54.     Francisco  Flory,  60  by  150,  one 
I  arlos  Tayon,  the  other  I'Ardoise. 

17H7. 
,1.  ii.i.     II.  Saucier,  180  feet  8(|uare,  near  the  gate  and  Sans 

,«mi,M.  r.liR-k  66. 

178S. 

II.  .lune  25,  N.  K.  i  of  81.  Regis  Vasscur,  120  by  150,  on 
graiide  rue  (Thinh,  a  cross  street  from  Botclar,  other  side  royal 
(luinaiii. 

;.  .March  1,  N.  W.  i  of  44.  Carlos  Levcille  (colored),  60  by 
loll,  near  Louis  Hide,  tlio  Mississippi,  and  royal  domain. 

8.  Sept.  2.     Auguslin  Amiot  (colored),  120  by  150,  adjoining 
I  til-'  lot,  iu  lUock  45,  of  tho  negro  Carlos  above,  on  the  road  to 
Cutahiii. 

I7S0. 

V.  Aug.  21.  .i.  I).  Martigny,  ISO  by  150,  Uue  Principal,  for 
j  l!llpli^le  I'elit. 

HI.  All".  27.  tiunc'vieve  Kou/.ier,  veuve  Louis  ISissonnel, 
I  1211  liy  150,  ill  lllock  80,  west  of  tho  village,  near  the  barn  of 
I  Ccrri'  iMid  Chimlcau. 

1700. 

II.  .Miiv  5.  I'l'dro  Troye.  120  by  150,  near  Fostin  and  Qabri  I 
I  }li'l'>dv  inid  rotui  doiiiiiin. 

I:'.  May  11'.  .iacinto  .-iaii  Cir,  180  by  15li,  adjoining  Mnr- 
I  ti);iiy  ■  11  -Main. 

1701. 

i:;.  .Miiy  r.',  .\'.  W.  i  of  '\).  Ann. Camp,  veuve,  120  by  150, 
I  on  II  ■rnss  street,  west  royal  domain. 

II.  Sipi.  ;'2,  N.  W.  i  of  84.  .\nloine  Koynal,  80  feet  square, 
|oa  (lie  lull. 

1 7«:). 

1.1.  .Inly  211.  lll.iik  67.  Kstor,  muhittress,  240  by  300,  west 
llidi'  of  Si'i'iiiid,  rear  ol'  t'liiiiiorgiin,  ono  siite  cross  street  from 
IVi'iiM'  Hiipiiy,  ilii'  other  from  .las.  lli'a/.caii. 

Thi'  I'liiu'esi^ins  of  village  St.  Louis  lots  in  Hook  4  are:  No. 
10 


1,  from  Fernando  do  Leyba;  No.  2,  from  Silvio  Francisco  de 
Cartahima  i  3,  4,  5,  from  Francisco  Cruzat;  6  tc  14,  Manuel 
Perez;  and  15,  Don  Zenon  Trudoau. 

"  I,  Don  Zeiion  Trudcau,  captain  in  the  regiment  of  Louisiana, 
Lieutenant-Governor  and  coininaudcr-in-chief  of  the  western 
part  of  tho  Illinois,  certify  the  present  register  of  concessions, 
containing  76  pages  of  writing. 

"  St.  Louis,  Sept.  20,  1703.  Zf.non  Tkiukau." 

In  lioiik  No.  5  of  concessions  I  find  but  four  of  the  lots  in  tho 
village  of  St.  Louis,  as  follows,  viz. ; 

1793. 
No.  1.  Sept.  27,  N.  W.  i  of  2*.     To  Ester,  120  by  150,  on 
second  main  street,  hack  of  tho  residence  of  Clamorgan  and 
opposite  her  first  grant. 

1794. 

2.  Oct.  20.  N.  E.  piirt  Dlock  65.  Pierre  Baribcau,  104  on 
Second  by  220  deep  west  up  the  hill,  and  running  south  to  St. 
Andre. 

1795. 

3.  ,lune29,  S.  j  of  8j.  Antoiue  Ueyniil,  l.ili  feet  on  Third 
by  300  deep  to  tho  line  ol  I  lie  "  Hue  dii  Foi  t,"  south  .Market  St. 

1796. 

4.  .luly  211,  S.  W.  I  of  70.  Antonio  Kcilil,  120  by  150,  one  iido 
lot  of  Pedro  Lab'iadie,  on  another  the  Widow  Camp. 

These  concessions  were  trom  Don  Z.  Trudeau. 
Book  No.  6  relates  exclusively  t"  concessions  in  the  villages 
of  San  Fernando  (St.  Ferdiniindi  and  a  Kobert  (now  liriilgtun). 

NoTK. — The  eoiieessions  of  St.  .Ange  and  Lefebvre  and  Labus- 
cicre  are  in  the  l''rencli  language,  being  miido  prior  to  the  a«- 
sumf  lion  of  the  .'Spanish  authority  ;  those  of  tho  Spanish  Gov- 
ernors, Pierniis,  Cruzat,  De  Leybii,  Perez,  and  Trudeau,  are 
chieQy  in  >S|'anish.  In  a  few  instances  the  same  lot  has  been 
I  granted  a  second  and  a  third  time  to  diti'ercnt  jiarties,  the  first 
'  perhaps  not  complying  with  the  conditions  of  the  grant,  whioh 
in  every  ease  gave  the  party  one  year  in  which  to  enter  into 
possession,  liv  either  inelo.^iiig  it  or  improving  it  in  some 
manner  to  ind'ciite  his  intention  of  occupying  it. 

**  Gencrttl  Nolivv  to  Frederick  IliiU's,  Esq.,  Recorder  of  Land 
Titles  in  and  for  the  Territory  of  Missouri  :  Sir, — For  the  benefit 
of  all  parties  interested,  please  to  record  the  registered  conces- 
sions of  Livres  Terriens  Nos,  I,  2,  3,  4,  5,  and  6,  on  lile  in  your 
oflice.  St.  Louis,  Nov.  28,  1812.  Thomas  F.  Ridilick,  Pierre 
Chouteau,  Gregoiro  Sarpy,  .liilius  de  Mun,  Charles  (initiol, 
Henuird  Pintle,  H.  G.  Farrar,  .loliii  McKnight,  Alexander 
Mc.Nair,  \S\»,  C.  Carr,  John  P.  Cabnnne,  Augiiste  Chouteau, 
M.  P.  Leduc." 

I   IV.— OWNKKS    OK    TIIK    I.iiTS    AND    IiE.>iCRIPTInN    OK    THE 
llOUSKS   IN    Till';    Vlt.l.AdK   OK   8T.  LOTIS,  .MAIICII    10,1804. 

lllock  1,  soiiili  half,  Pierre  Roy,  Jr.,  vacant  lot,  no  bouse. 

lllock  1,  north  half,  Charles  V.ichard,  house  20  by  17,  built  by 
liilles  Chernin,  1765. 

lllock  2,  south  half,  John  itap.  Lehemc,  house  of  posts,  30  by 
20,  built  by  llortiz  in  1795. 

Block  2,  north  half,  Pierre  Gueret,  Sr.,  stone  house,  .S&  by  25, 
built  by  Alexis  t'otte  about  1770. 

Block  No.  3,  north  and  south  halves,  Gregoire  Sarpy,  house 
of  posts,  40  hy  20,  another,  '.'0  by  15,  built  by  Louis  Marcheleau 
Denoycrs,  1766,  and  south  half  house  of  posts,  23  by  20,  built 
by  I.aroche  about  1766. 

Block  4,  south  h.ilf.  Paul  Guitard  (2d),  log  house  20  feet 
square,  another  of  20  feel  in  rear,  Mareheteau. 


146 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Kloek  4,  south  SO,  Ilyaointhu  Kgliz,  liuiiscx  or  )i08ts>,  25  square, 
built  l>y  Loui.4  Marclioteiiu. 

liluek  4,  north  half  No.  00,  Frnnfois  Bricbeucttc,  hoiiHo  of 
po.«ls,  20  b.v  18,  built  by  I'cclni  Tjiipici,  <lit  Uiiron,  1770. 

Ulock  5,  south  half,  Kranyois  Liburj^c,  stone  house,  liO  by  22. 
another,  posls  on  wall,  20  by  2.'!,  I,eruy,  1706;  the  stune.  I7HB. 
Ulock  .i,  north  hull.  Wni.  Iliborte  l,ocoTn|itc,  stcme.  III  by  20, 
built  by  Ainiiblc  (iulon,  Sr..  1701). 

Illouk  0,  south  hall',  .loFCjih  Uol>iilon  (si'coml),  stone  house  CO 
ft>et.  by  liiinst'lf,  nitb  stone  l>iike-house  in  the  rear,  anil  one  of 
posts,  2o  by  ."0,  by  I..  Kblf.  1770. 

Uloi.'k  6,  north  bull',  .Au);n<le  l^'houtcaii,  a  ^'tone  house,  10  by 
2o,  built  by  .liio.  U.  .Marti^'ny,  lirst  owner,  iibout  1708. 

Itlock  7,  south  part,  Ant;u.sie  rhouteiiu,  an  old  house  of  posts, 
58  by  32,  and  an  old  warehouse  of  posts  DO  feet  sijuare. 

Itloek  7,  nortli  part,  I'lace  I'ubliqne,  bouse  of  posts  on  wall, 
5(1  by  40,  built  by  Hobidean  about  1770. 

liloek  8,  south  half,  liernanl  I'ratte,  Sr.,  the  above  lino. 

JJIoek  8,  north  half.  .Ino.  li.  Truteau,  stone  bouse,  4.i  by  20,  on 
south  part,  built  by  1".  Itissonnet,  tlrst  owner,  1768. 

liloL'k  11,  south  hair.  Veuve  Sil  Laliadie,  stone  house,  50  by  25. 
built  by  Pepin,  1770;  another,  stone  store,  32  by  .'Iti,  at  corner, 
178.^. 

liloek  i),  north  hiilf,  lienito  Vasipicz,  house  of  posts,  .'10  by  2.'i, 
built  by  Hene  Kierseriau,  lirst  owmr,  170ti. 

liloel'.  I",  sooth  half,  .Ante  Vintenl  liiuiis,  house  of  posts  on 
walls,  40  by  20;  also  a  sl.ire.  40  by  2.'.,  three  stores  built  by 
Marie,  1770. 

Block  10,  north  half.  474,  A.  V.  Houis,  vacant  lot,  no  bouse. 

liloek  No.  10,  north  half,  72  half,  Louis  lirazeao,  .Sr.,  stone 
house,  .'18J  by  24,  on  south  part,  built  by  lirazeau  about  17110. 

Ulock  II,  south  hall,  Kc);is  I.oisel,  house  of  posts,  2,i  by  20, 
built  by  Hayet  prior  to  1786. 

liloek  11,  north  half,  .lames  Hankin,  house  of  posts,  40  by  22. 
,10  feet  south  of  corniM-,  by  Mainvillc,  KO.'i  or  1700. 

Block  12,  siiuili  haf '.  Andre  Lamlrevillc,  bouse  id'  posts.  30  by 
15,  and  iu  roar  a  stuni^  horse-niill  30  by  41),  1783. 

liloek  12,  nortli  half,  Aus!\i-te  Chouteau,  stone  house,  30  by 
21,  built  by  I.ouis  t'liMncelher.  lirst  owner,  1771*. 

Block  13,  liabriel  Cerrc,  stone  house.  00  by  30,  1708,  and  large 
stone  «arciu)use,  by  I'errautc,  1770. 

Block  14,  south  half,  I'ierre  t'houtciiu,  Sr.,  bouse  of  pi.sts,  30 
by  20;  another,  20  by  10,  Deshetre,  1780,  Debrusseau,  1700. 

Block  14,  north  half,  .Ii>hn  and  Nicholas  ,'*t.  Andre,  house  of 
piists,  20  by  18.  blacksmith-shop,  built  by  Thebault,  1708. 

Block  15,  I'aschal  I,.  Cerrc,  old  bouse  of  posts,  used  r  cnr- 
])cnter  shiip. 

Block  10,  Nicholas  llebcit  I.ccoinpte,  house  of  posts,  20  by  IS, 
nt  soutliwi  St  corner,  built  by  I.ouis  Tess.m  llonore,  1770. 

Block  17,  s(Uith  half,  .Margjirct  l.aipiaisse,  original  ^rnntce, 
no  hmisi'. 

Bbck  24,  siMitb  liiill,  llcnevicve  lieauvuis,  orif;inal  grantee, 
no  bouse. 

Bh  ck  25,  northeast  (luarter,  l''ranvois  Beloricr.  bouse  nf  posts, 
2ip  by  18. 

Block  25,  northwest  i|Uiirter,  Aiitoine  Kccontre,  or  I'atiiek 
Lee,  no  h(uiso,  vaeant  srounil. 

Block  25,  siMilhcast  quarter.  80  fiM't,  Patrick  Lee,  stone  house, 
30  by  20,  built  by  C'lamorgan,  1800. 

Block  25,  southeast  c|uarter,  40  feet,  .lacijuea  Clamorijnn,  chil- 
dren, small  stone  bouse  i>n  corner,  1800. 

Block  25,  soullitvest  i|uarler,  .lacquea  (,'laniorgan,  vacarjl 
ground,  tio  house. 

Block  20.  northeast  (|Uiirler,  .lacc|Ues  l'hunor;;an,  stone  house, 
35  by  20,  built  by  t'baneclller,  1781,  suiull  bouse  posts,  20  by 
15. 


Block  26,  northwest  quarter,  Janies  (or  Jacques)  Clamorgan, 
small  bouse  of  posts,  by  Dehetres,  1709. 

Block  20,  southeast  quarter,  James  Clainorgan,  housf  qf 
posts,  25  by  20,  by  La  Cliapello,  about  1770. 

Block  26,  southwest  quarter,  James  Clainorgan,  old  larn, 
built  by  John  M.  Cardinal,  about  1777. 

Block  27,  north  half,  Joseph  Bra/.eur,  Sr.,  house,  25  by  Hl^ 
1786. 

Block  27,  southeast  quarter.  Ante  V.  Bonis,  stone  hou-e,  li; 
by  10,  unlinishcd.  1800.  another,  40  by  12. 

Block  27,  southwest  quarter,  Augustc  Chouteau,  boii^c  ofj 
posts,  41  by  17,  mill,  411  by  I'M,  atone  stable,  22  by  10. 

Block  28,  north  half  and  southwest  quarter,  I'icrrc  Choutcao,] 
Sr.,  stone  house.  75  by  45,  built  by  Cbiuiorgan,  1785,  old  liiiuit 
of  posts,  20  by  25. 

Block  28,  southeast  quarter,  John  Bap.  Ortes,  vacant  l.t.  nj 
house. 

Block  21),  north  half,  Antuino  Soulard,  on  northwest   uiaiter, 
house  of  posts,  2(1  by  30:  on  northeast  quarter,  small  I 
posts,  log  barn. 

Block  211,  south  half,  Antoine  Roy,  on  southeast  qiiirter 
bouse  ipf  posts,  40  by  23;  Cambas  A  Ortes,  southwest  quiirler 
bouse,  20  by  18. 

Block  30.  Tiorth  half.  Kmilien  Yosti,  house  posts,  30  l,y  2jJ 
Alexis  Mnric,  1700;  on  northwest  quarter,  small  house  | 

Block    30.    sioitheast    (|uarter.   Veuve    Oen.    lion    Bis- 
bouse  of  posts,  15  by  20,  by  .lohn  B.  Bidet  Lan).'oondis,  Ki.ii. 

Block  30,  southwest  quarter.  .Augustc  Cbouteito.  stone  ic.u 
34  by  25,  by  .lean  I'l-pin  Lachance,  about  1773. 

Block  .31,  northeast  quarter,  (Miarles  Sinu>neau,  smalt  houi 
of  posts,  about  15  feet  square, 

lihick  31,   northwest    quarter,    Paul    Trimo,   sm.dl    ieoi^i' 
posts,  by  Thibault,  about  1770. 

Block  3.1,  southeast  quarter,  north  00  feet,  pur  .'\Iari;ii  I, 
douceur,  south  00,  Louis  L.  Torneau,  (dd  bouse  of  posts,  luijl 
by  ttaoiache,  1  700. 

Block  .11,  southwest  c|Ui.rter,  John  Bap.  Provenchcre,  h^ 
posts. 

Block    .32,    northeast    quarter,    Joseph    Mario    Papin, 
bouse,  4(1  by  25,  by  Ui'slu'trct,  first  owner,  1700. 

liloek  32,  northwest  quarter,  Jae(|ues  Chauvin,  bouse  i  ( 
25  by  20,  by  I'aiil  (ireg.  Kicrsereau,  Mrsl  owner,  1700. 

Block  32,  aunt  beast  quarter,  Charles  (Irntiot,  stone  li»ii-o. 
by  .'lO,  and  slon<   kitchen,  25  by  20,  by  J.  M.  Papin,  17s5 
store  by  (Jratiot  in  1707. 

Block  32,  southwest  quarter,  Charles  Gratiid;  there  lj:ol  liei 
on  the  souihwcat  i|uarter  bouse  of  poats,  18  by  15,  and  barn 
F.  Bissiiiinct,  1700. 

Block  3;;,  nortlieast   quarter,  Voiive  (-'houteau  ;  on   iihmIh 
ipiarier,  stiuie  house,  50  by  34,  built  by  Laelcdc,  Kiii'i. 

Itliick  33.  ncu'thwest   ipiartcr,  \'euve  t/houtoau,  sfttic  li.n 
.';2  by  22.  built  by  l.abrose,  1707. 

Block  3i3,  stiulli  half,  Pierre  Chouteau,  stone  bouse.  Is  |,v 
built  by  .los.  Tay  iu  1705. 

Block  ;i4,  Aiigoste  Chouteau,  atone  dwelling.  On  by  2.'!.  Wii 
bouse,  50  by  30.  cabin  stables,  nil  stone,  I  y  Laclede. 

Block    35,    northeast   ((Uarler,    William    Herbert    Lc.  uin 
stone  house,  built  by  himself,  about  1783, 

Block  35,  northwest  i|iiurtor,  Jnn.  II.  Uorrnl   DeagrossiH 
house  of  posts.  40  by  20,  by  Jncqiits  Denes,  1700. 

Block  35.  aoulhea-t  i|uartci,  Frnnyids  Valois,  house  ui' |.i 

45  by  22,  by  Deschiimps,  1700,  small  stone,  25  by  |o il, 

corner. 

Block  35,  southwest  ipmrter,  J-  o,  B.  Tison,  joiner,  In 
posts,  20  fi'et,  also  an  olil  horse  ini  1. 

Block  3ii,  norlboiist  quarter,  Cb.t.lss  Sanguinet,  Si.,  h 


l«r- 


ee — 


1-^ 


Ji 


lO 


{ 


^44. 
town 


r  Jaoquea)  Clamur„Mn, 

Clamorgiui,  hou-<'  of  I 

i70. 

Clninorgnn,  old  I  irn,  I 


,  Sr.,  houiic,  -5  l>y   IM 

Bonis,  stono  liuuse,  liji 
!•  I 

0  Chnuttjnu,  liiiu^i'  gfl 
)lf,  2L'  by  10. 
liter,  I'icrrcCliouii'iiol 
iirgan,  17S6,  olil  ljiju.<e| 

I.  Oi'tvs,  vacant  lit.  nol 

on  northwest   luiinerj 
inirter,  sniull  Iuukco 


_,,cr4>^- 


(I'l.xiiT   OF) 

yTHE  TOWN  Or     l 

'mi  hi 


<9»>' 


Ci(_WJIir)H(    Ai.h    THE  HWrsES..  \ 

A  "^'*'A»t'H  10  TH  1804  .v\>^  J 
V.v^  I'repaicd   bv   FretloncU  I.  nilloii\  J 


^ 


on    soutlicai^t  r|ii;irterJ 
ei",  i<autlin'e.<t  (|iiiirterJ 

loupe  postH,  MO  liy  22I 
r,  small  liousc  )>u>t>. 
(Sin.   Uou   I!i>-Mnui 
el  Langoiindl.",  ITi^l 
Mioutciui,  sloni'  \mm 

ti77;t.  ■«f^- 

'luioncau,  sinnll  ImuiJ 


-L 


ee — 


■-J  k 


riino,   sni.ill    Iioijm' 

feel,  pur  Mariiii  I J 
house  of  |lo^ts,  liiiil 

Provcnchere,  Il.u-i'J 

Marie    Papin,   -in 

•,  I7(ifi. 

lauvin,  house  1 1'  pu: 
owner,  1700. 
■aticit,  stone  Ii'mi-c. 
H.  I'apin,  17>,i,  iilw 

lUiot;  then'  IiikI  InJ 
S  by  lo,  iin'l  barn,  j 

luleaii ;  on   ii'irilipj 
aeleile,  1700. 
ir>uteau,  8ton"  lijuf 

ilonc  house,  |s  1,1 


lling,  00  hy  lill.  »hB-'^- 3Si^;=^^^^^:^ 

y  Liielede. 

1    Herbert    l,(r>im|l 

orral  Deignwi'liiW  J 
•s,  1700. 

Jllois,  housv  i.f  |iy 
b,  25  by    I",  li'ir'lK 


THIRD 


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5 "!:       ©  I  .^^i~-j:_ 


SCCOno 


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ja 


J^-a 


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V     /<;      li 


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ngiiint't.  Si..  Ix  lu 


town 


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L]  «.  OOOCR  HOUttS   ON     ?TOKt  WAILS 

■  f  OOOtn  HOuJt  J  .irM   rojTi  IN  TNt   cnouNO 
CI  SI  OnC   hOu  tc  s 
I  CATHOLIC  CHuHCn 
U  ^■IIJTS     HOuSt 

•  NOnsc     MILLS  '    A    /tififfi 
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C  'OOOtll        HltOflllC 


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[NOTE. — The  btack  dotted  line*,  beipnnitiH  a\  the  hxlf  moon  %x  the  Norlh-ea^t  uDHHir  of  thi 
repretrnt  ihr  paluAdn  put  up  iinntt^lititrly  atlcr  the  "Affnir  of  May  x6,  i7iki  "  'I 
luu  were  iiul  uum'jcrcd  until  aAcr  ibc  imurpurAtiun  of  (he  City,  tn  iBaj.) 


y  THE  TOWN   or     \^ 


/      OXMAIlt'H  10  TH  IHOtyX         ^  J 
^^  >^  I'jfpaipd   l>v   I'lediTitU  \.  I'.ilUni.V 


tir  moon  *l  the  Norlh-eul  tHnicr  of  the  Plat  and  runninj  around  the  villiage  to  the  river  .«  bio  k  44, 
'  utter  the  "Affnir  of  May  s6,  if^  "  They  had  all  disappeared  before  1804  The  Mocks  of  tht  town 
rponitioii  of  (he  City,  in  iBaj.  | 


poXs,  28    bv    1 
I  "111!. 

iiiiR'k  ,'in,  DO 

poMs,  20  by   Ifl, 
qm!l,  Sr. 

liluL'k  3fi,  iiorl 
:'..  l).v  20,  biiill  li 

lilOL'k   .'Iti,   9UUt 

2:1  bv  20,  by  V.m 

liiofk  .'ir,  nortl 

2:).  I.iiuis  Uubrt'i 

MIdfk  .'17,  iiurtl 

liy  2,1.  Provost  or 

Ilttx'k  .'17,  suitti 

bv  .'111,  Jai'qucs  li, 

illoL'k  ,'i7,  .«()uth 

:iii  by  2,i,  built  by 

llli.fk  .')8,  iiortl 

h.iiisii  of  posts,  bu 

Alcxi-.'  .Mario.  Jr., 

lildck  .'iH,  north 

bv  is,  by  Martin  , 

lilock  ;1S,  soutbi 

".U  I'V  22,  iind  slon 

lilock  X$,  .Jouth« 

.■^bjiic  house,  30  by 

l!b.ck  .'19,  nortli 

2.">,  Nioliolii.s  IIoiiuj 

lilui'k  .'ID,  soutliv 

po-l.s  liy  Joseph    i; 

lilock  'M),  sontbv 

po.'l.s  27  by  Iti,  by 

Hlock  JO,  northii 

2j  by  20,  by  t^hiis. 

lilock  10,  northwc 

by  l.'i,  bivrn,  20  by  I 

lilock  Ul,  .southea 

by  I**,  by  Fnin^'ois 

Hliick    10,  southw 

|iM::tS. 

lilock  -11,  nortlicMi! 

2.i  by  20,  burn,  20  b 

llbick  11,  centre  si 

1'*.  by  .losepb  L.  Mii 

lll..ck  II,  southeiis 

bv  20.  by  ,Iac(|uo8  1,; 

Mbptk    II,  :i,l  norl 

I  i."5ly,  2.')  by  20,  I'ler; 

niiick  II,  2.1  ocnin 

[  f'liiarc,  liilles  Chcmir 

lilock  II,  2il  south 

|of  ]«ift<.  12  by  i:,,  (ii 

block   M,   (iabriol 

|}'riinv"is  De  Volsay, 

block  ■);!,  northeast 

|Sll  by  211,  Tliomus  bio 

liliH'k    l.t.  northwos 

Ifo-rj.  ■•:>hy  20,  Miche 

lllipck  l.'l,  south  hall 

block   II,  north  hul 

pli.  by  liabriel  Dosearj 

lll"ck  H,,>onth  half, 

fx'ii'uof  posts,  built  bj 

lilock  \4,  south  half, 

block  15,  north  half 

Bt.  Kruin'ois,  first  onm 


TOPOGRAPH  Y. 


147 


post.',  28  by  14,  iind  other  amall  ono  by  Liiuis  DeHnuyeri', 
171)1'. 

Illoc'k  :<A,  iioiithcatit  quarter,  JoHeph  A.  Hortiz,  house  of 
l><>»t!i,  2U  by  lA,  nnil  n  !<nilth'8  shop,  Biiiiie  fixe,  by  J.  B.  Boo- 
(liii'l,  Sr. 

Itluok  3ft,  northwest  qunrler,  Orcgoire  Sarpy,  buuao  of  posts, 
I'.i  by  211,  built  by  (la.  Dodiiir,  Jr.,  iibout  1770. 

lllook  .'It'i,  southwest  quarter,  (Jro^oiru  Sarpy,  house  of  posts, 
2,'>  by  20,  by  Veuve  Dodier,  Sr.,  1766. 

llluL'k  .'i7,  northwe.it  quarter,  Patrick  Lee,  house  of  posts,  41)  by 
25,  Louis  Dubreuil,  1766. 

Illork  o'i,  northvvu.'>t  quarter,  Patrick  Leo,  house  of  posts,  30 
by  2S.  Provost  or  Leroy,  1760-711. 

IliiM'k  37.  soutlicast  quarter,  Philip  Fine,  house  of  posts,  22 
l)V  .".II,  Jai'qucB  Lahbc  Noise,  first  owner. 

Illotk  37,  souihwe.it  (|unrttT,  Louis  Bunpart,  Sr.,  stone  house, 
;iii  bv  2.i,  built  by  Antoinu  Uivii^rB,  1774. 

Illiri'k  3S,  iiortbe:ist  ([uarter,  north  6(1,  Michel  Kollct,  siuall 
tiotise  of  posts,  built  by  Pierre  Pcrq  ;  same  quarter  south  60, 
Aii'xi^  .Marie.  Jr.,  vacant  lot,  no  bouse. 

nidck  .'!^,  nortliwest  quarter,  Ann  Cuuip,  bouse  of  jiosts,  2.'i 
liv  IS,  by  Martin  liarum,  blacksuiith,  176S. 

Illiiek  3S,  southeast  ((uarter,  Francis  M.  licnoit,  ."tone  bouse, 
;:0  liv  22,  and  stone  kitchen,  20  by  25,  1768. 

Illofk  38,  southwest  quarter.  Veuve  Fraufois  DrozCharloville, 
stone  house,  30  by  25,  by  Kugcno  Alvarez,  1780. 

Ilhick  39,  north  half,  Antoinc  Flundrin,  house  of  posts,  35  by 
2.'j,  Nicholas  Bcangeno,  1765. 

nioik  311,  soutlieust  quarter.  Veuve  Noise,  (lit  Labbe,  house iif 
(Hisls.  by  Joseph  llebert,  176.5-66. 

liioL'k  .39,  southwest  quarter.  Francois  Caillou,  old  house  of 
iiosis.  27  by  16,  by  J.  li.  Petit,  lirst  owner. 

Dlouk  40,  northeast  ((uarler,  (.'barbs  Vachard,  house  of  post.-', 
•Jj  by  20,  by  ('has.  Carrier,  prior  to  1766. 

Illock  40,  uorthwoft  (|uarter,  Luuis  lieaudoin,  house  of  posts,  18 
by  1.1.  barn,  20  by  :i0. 

Dloik  10,  .loutbeast  ((Uarter,  Calvin  Adams,  house  of  post.-",  15 
bv  1^.  by  Fran^'ois  Marclieteau,  1766. 

Block    10,  southwest  quarter,   Louis  Cuillou,  small    house  of 

,,oStS. 

lljoik  41.  northeast  ■'  -  'h,  Alc.xanilre  tlrimeau,  house  of  posts, 
25  by  Jii,  barn.  20  by  2o,  by  T.  Ilunaml,  1766. 

liloek  41,  centre  si.vlh,  Joseph  (iuittaro,  bouse  of  posts,  20  by 
IS.  by  Joseph  L.  Martigny,  tirst  owner. 

Hlnfk  II.  southeast  si.xtb.  Antoinc  ."Sniith,  house  of  posts,  25 
l)v  20.  by  Jacques  Laenii.i,  tirst,  1766. 

Illoik  II.  2d  northwest  sixth,  John  Bap.  Marii,  house  of 
iiiisis,  2.1  by  20.  Pierre  lierj;i  r,  tirst  owner,  1766. 

liloek  41,  2d  cenlre  si.vth.  .loseph  Koy,  house  of  posts,  14  feet 
fi|Mare.  (iillcs  Cbcmin.  lirst,  1766. 

liUu'k  41,  2d  southwest  si.xtli,  Floi'a  (free  inubittrcss),  house 
of  iiosls.  12  by  15,  (lilies  Cbcnian.  first,  1766. 

Illoik  52,  (iabricl  Cerre,  house  of  posts,  30  by  20,  Pierre 
Fninfois  l>c  Volsay.  1766. 

Itlock  43,  northeast  quarter.  John  II.  Latressc,  hou^e  of  posts, 
8U  by  211,  Thouuis  liloudeau,  first,  1766. 

IJKwk  43.  northwest  quarter,  Louis  Charbonneau,  house  of 
!.  25  by  20.  .Michel  Lanii,  first,  1766. 

Illock  43.  south  half,  Eustache  Caillou,  house  of  posts. 

Illock  44,  loirlh  half,  Francis  Tayon,  house  of  posts,  23  by 
111.  by  thibriel  Uescary,  first,  1766. 

lllo.'k  1 1,  south  half,  north  60,  Charles  Laveille  (colored)  snuill 

u.'cor  poits,  built  by  himself  in   17S8. 

block  M,  south  half,  .south  60,  vacant  hind,  no  bouse. 

Illock  45,  north  half,  Andre  Uoy,  house  ufposti,  20  by  20,  by 
It.  Fruu^'uis,  first  owner,  1769, 


Block  15,  south  half,  .'V,  Cutti**,  jr  Kus.  Cuillou,  no  house  on 
it  then. 

Block  46,  north  half,  Jno.  It.  Petit,  no  house  had  been  built 
on  it. 

Blooka  47  and  48,  Francis  Tayon,  owner,  vacant  ground,  no 
house  until  I. SI 2. 

Block  411,  south  half,  Fran^'ois  Uide. 

Dlock  411,  north  half,  .\nloine  .Morin.  bouse  of  posts. 

Block  50,  Anioine  F.  Saugrain,  stone  house,  40  by  30,  two  or 
three  other  small  buildings,  by  Bene  Buet,  1767. 

Illock  51,  south  half,  Pierre  Uucboui|uette,  houae  of  posts,  20 
by  25,  built  by  Picoto  lielcstre,  1768. 

Block  51,  north  half,  Antoine  Morin,  house  of  posts  built  by 
himself,  1780-UO. 

Block  52,  south  half,  180  feet,  Auguste  Chouteau,  to  third. 

Block  52,  centre.  120  feet,  Francois  Liborge,  to  third,  house 
of  posts  and  nn  obi  barn,  by  Claude  Tinoii,  1760. 

Block  52,  north  60,  Franfois  lJuchoui|cttc,  to  third,  bouse 
of  posts,  25  by  20,  by  Valets,  1778. 

Block  53,  southeast  quarter,  Antoine  Flanilrin,  bouse  of  posts, 
30  by  20,  built  by  .-^imon  Coussot.  1780. 

Block  53,  southwest  quarter.  Veuve  P.  Iligaiiche,  hou.so  of 
posts,  by  (Jabriel  Hcci|uet,  about  1700. 

Illock  53,  northeast  (juarter,  Philip  lliviere,  house  of  posts, 
20  by  18,  by  Joseph  Bouchard,  1700. 

Block  S3,  northwest  r|uarter,  Philip  Kivierc,  no  house  on  the 
lot. 

Block  54,  south  half  an<l  northwest  i|uarter,  Peter  Didier,  stone 
himso,  40  by  20,  built  by  Charles  Dissette,  1773-74. 

Block  54,  northwest  quarter,  south  60  feet,  Ilyacinthe  Ainelin, 
small  house  of  posts. 

Illock  54,  northwest  ([uartcr,  north  60  feet,  John  Bap.  Doinine, 
house  of  posts.  15  feet  si|uare,  built  by  Fleury,  dit  lirenier, 
1780. 

Illock  55,  southeast  quarter,  Pierre  C^uenel's  heirs,  house  of 
posts,  20  by  20. 

Illock  55,  southwest  ((uarter,  Nicholas  Beaugenou,  house 
of  posts. 

Block  55.  north  half,  .Manuel  Lisa,  bouse  of  posts  on  a  wall, 
25  by  20,  barn,  etc.,  built  by  .lobn  B.  Lorain. 

Block  50,  south,  .'iil  by  175,  Jcihu  II.  (lirard,  suuiU  bouse  of 
posts,  built  by  Anioine  Baccanct,  1770, 

Block  56,  50  by  125,  .Manuel  Lisa,  no  bouse. 

Block  56,  70  by  300,  Joseph  Descary,  house  of  posts,  15  square, 
built  by  Dufnut  about  1 700. 

illock  56,  northeast  (juarter,  Charles  (iratiut,  old  house  of 
posts,  22  by  18,  built  by  Dries  about  1768. 

Illock  56,  northwest  quarter,  Vincent  (iuitunl,  bouse  of  posts, 
24  by  211,  by  Planche  in  1771. 

Block  57.  southeast  quarter,  .-\le.\is  Lalaude,  house  of  posts, 
20  by  17,  built  by  Antoine  (Jlivierc,  1782. 

Block  57,  northeast  quarter,  .Mario  Jcannette,  free  colored 
woman,  a  house  of  posts,  25  by  20,  built  by  herself  in  1766. 

Block  57,  west  half,  Marie  Hose  Salle  liite  Lajoyc,  house  of 
posts  on  stone  wall,  25  by  20,  by  Juan  Salle,  1770. 

Block  58,  east  half,  Charles  Sanguine!,  bouse  of  posts,  30  by 
20,  by  Auguste  Con.le,  1766. 

Block  58,  northwest  quarter,  Charles  Sanguinet,  house  of 
wood,  25  by  20,  built  by  .M.  Kollet,  Sr.,  about  1770. 

Illock  5S,  southwest  qtuirter.  Paul  (iuittitrd,  Sr.,  shoemaker, 
small  house  of  posts,  20  by  18,  built  by  Joseph  Ilivurd  about 
1774. 

lilock  00,  southeast  (juarter,  Joseph  Uobidou  (2d),  an  old 
horse-mill  of  posts  and  a  house,  Ueynal,  1704. 

Itluck  60,  northeast  i|uarter,  John  II.  Uuinoulin,  stone-uiason, 
small  house  of  posts,  a  small  store,  20  by  30,  1 791. 


148 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Block  no,  went  half,  Kiixono  Alvnri'7.,  house  of  ponti  on  wall, 
2i  by  .'15,  lur^o  Imrii,  hy  Kug.  I'oiir*"',  1 7711. 

Blook  Al,  uiiiil  half,  Vouvo  Sunan  Uubreiiil,  (tone  bouse,  i2 
by  2B,  rriiiiic  LM)  foot,  1772. 

Block  61,  northwoi't  quarter,  Vouro  Susan  Dubreuil,  barn,  .10 
fp"t. 

Block  61,  soulhwcKt  quarter.  Veuve  Thereae  Chouteau,  vacant 
lot,  no  lioiKic. 

Block  62,  south  half,  .\rcnil  Kutgorx,  hou^e  of  posts,  31  by  2."!, 
built  hy  Antolne  Keilte,  about  I7U0. 

Block  62,  northeast  (|uarter,  Friinols  Dorouin,  stone  bouse 
and  postx,  built  by  I.aoroix  about  1800. 

Block  62,  northwest  <|UBrter,  .losrph  I.aoroix,  no  house  on 
the  lot,  bein^  the  orcliiird.  etc.,  on  the  abo\c. 

Block  ll^l.  southeast  ijuarter,  Veuve  Franyois  Bissnonct,  atone 
house  about  twenty  feet  8(|uivre,  liy  liinKeinbre  about  17911. 

Blook  6;!,  soutliwest  ((uarter,  Anloiiio  Keynal  (St.  Charles), 
vacant  lot,  no  house. 

Block  6:t,  northeast  ipiarter,  Mailaiuc  Mar|;aret  I.aqualsse, 
small  house  of  posts,  IH  by  2.^,  by  I.arochc,  first  owner,  1766. 

Block  Bii,  northwest  i|uarter,  Antoino  V.  Bonis,  vacant  lot, 
no  liouse,  an  old  barn. 

Block  64,  south  half,  Veuve  Desantels  (I.ouls  Lcmonde),  small 
house  of  posts,  by  Julien  I.eroy,  176". 

Block  64,  north  half,  Fraufois  Jourdan  Iiabrasae,  log  house, 
l.l  by  1.8. 

Block  6,i,  south,  120  by  250,  .loseph  Laprise,  log  house,  20  by 
18,  built  by  Juan  .St.  .\ndr(',  first  owner. 

Block  65,  north,  164  by  220,  Pierre  Barribeau,  house  of  posts, 
built  by  hinisclC.  1795. 

Block  66,  Auguste  Chouteau,  vacant  ground,  no  house. 

Block  75,  northeast  qimrter,  ,Tohn  1!.  Duplcsq,  from  E.  Cail- 
lou,  small  loi;  house  by  E.  C.iillou. 

Block  75,  claimed  by  .Tames  ,\Iackay,  vacant  land. 

Block  75,  south  half,  claimed  by  .Tosepb  Labrosse,  vacant,  no 
house. 

Block  76,  north  half,  .Joseph  Fayon  (.''t.  Charles). 

Block  77,  south  third,  Veuve  F.  B.  Charlcville,  small  house 
of  posts. 

Block  77,  centre  third,  .M.  P.  Leduc,  vacant  ground,  no 
house. 

Block  7",  north  third,  Paschall  Leon  Cerrf-,  house  of  posts, 
45  by  S3,  barn,  cabin,  etc.,  built  by  Caillou  about  1794. 

Block  78,  south  half,  I,ouis  Delisle  Bienvenuc,  house  of  posts, 
25  by  21),  built  bv  Delisle,  1786. 

Block  78.  northeast  (luarter,  .Toseph  Charlevillc,  house  of 
posts,  25  by  IS. 

Block  78,  northwest  quarter,  .loseph  A.  Hortiz,  house  of 
posts,  built  by  l.ouis  Dumot,  1795. 

Block  79,  southeast  quarter,  .loseph  T.abbadie  St.  Pierre 
(colored),  house  of  posts,  IS  by  20.  by  Louis  Vaohard,  1797. 

Block  79,  suuibwest  quarter,  Joseph  Labbadie  St.  Pierre 
(colored),  vacant  lot. 

Block  79,  northeast  quarter,  Esther  Lnrgan  (free  colored), 
small  house  of  posts,  built  by  herself,  1798. 

Block  79,  northwest  quarter,  Anna  Camps'  heirs,  vacant 
lot. 

Block  80,  south  half.  Samuel  Solomon,  house  of  pi>st8,  25  by 
18,  built  by  RCnC>  Dodier,  1796. 

Block  80,  northeast  quarter,  Louis  Bourq,  vacant  lot. 

Block  80,  northwest  quarter,  Cath.  Crepeau  Tougat  Lavio- 
Ictte,  vacant  ground. 

Block  81,  south  half,  (iregoire  Sarpy,  vacant  ground. 

Block  81,  northeast  quarter.  Regis  Vasscur,  house  of  posts. 

Block  81,  northwest  quarter,  Oreg,  Sarpy  under  Riridro, 
Tucant,  no  house. 


Block  82,  southeast  quarter,  Louis  lloiirq,  house  of  posts,  22 
by  20,  built  by  ,\l    ular(b|,  first  owner,  1770. 

Block  82,  siuithwcst  quarter,  Louis  Bourq,  vacant  lot. 

Blook  82,  northeast  qinirter,  Manuel  Lisa,  house  of  posts  on 
a  wall,  40  by  24,  by  Moulardq,  1766. 

Block  82,  northwest  i|uarter,  (labriol  Onlier  (St.  Charles), 
vacart  lot. 

Block  83,  southeast  quarter,  Uavid   Rohror,  house  of  posts, 
25  by  20. 

Block  8.'l,  northeast  quarter,  Jean  Berouino,  bouse  of  posts, 
built  by  himself,  1795. 

Block  83,  west  half,  vacant  land. 

Block  84,  southeast  quarter,  .Mario  La  Bastille  (free  colored), 
small  house  of  posts,  built  by  Denaux,  blacksmith,  1771. 

Block    84,  northeast   quarter,  Catharine  Crepeau   Tougard, 
small  house  of  posts,  very  old. 

Block  84,  west  half,  public  land,  vacant. 

Block  85,  south  half,  Eugene  Alvarez,  his  barn  lot,  no  house. 

Block  85,  north  half,  Antoinc  Keynal,  of  St.  Charles,  eighty 
feet  square  at  nortliwest  corner,  no  house. 

Block  85,  balance  of  one-half,  public  land,  no  house. 

Block    86,    southeast   quarter,   Veuve   Chouteau's    barn,  no 
house. 

Block  86,  northeast  quarter.  Veuve  L.  Cbevallier's  barn,  no 
house. 

Block  H7,  south  half,  Sanguinet  and  Vosquez,  barn,  no  hou.so. 

Block  87,  northeast  quarter,  Alexis  Peeard,  Sr.,   barn,    m, 
house. 

Block   87,  northwest  quarter,  Louis  Bruzcau,  Sr.,  barn,  nu 
house. 

Block  88,  southeast  quarter,  Joseph   Lacroix,  snuill  house  nf 
posts,  built  by  himself  about  1797. 

Block  88,  northeast  quarter,  Louis  Buor,  small  house  of  posts, 
by  Louis  Buor,  1797. 

Blocks  89  and  90  were  barn  lots  of  various  persons,  without 
houses. 

Blocks  106  anil  109,  Alvarez  and  Marli,  were  vacant  lots,  no 

houses. 

STONE  DWKLLINUS. 

1.  Pierre  tJuerette,  Sr Block  2 

2.  Francois  I.iberge "  5 

3.  William  Ilehert  Lccompte •'  5 

4.  Josepii  Kobidon  (2),  bake-house "  fi 

5.  Auguste  Chouteau '•  0 

6.  John  Bapliste  Trutcau '■  8 

7.  Veuve  S.  Lttbbadic,  and  store "  9 

8.  Louis  Brazeau.  >Sr '■  111 

9.  Auguste  Chouteau,  and  mill ■•  12 

10.  Uabriel  CerrC",  and  warehouse "  13 

11.  Patrick  Lee 'i  25 

12.  Clainorgan's  children **  25 

13.  .lames  Clamorgan "  26 

14.  Ante  V.  Bouis.  and  store "  27 

15.  Pierre  Chouteau,  Sr ••  2S 

16.  Auguste  Chouteau "  30 

17.  Joseph  M.  Papin •'  32 

IS.  Charles  (Iraliot,  and  kitchen "  32 

19.  Vciivo  Bourgols  Chouteau "  33 

20.  Same •'  33 

21.  Pierre  Chouteau "  33 

22.  Auguste  Chuulenn,  and  warehou.se "  34 

23.  William  llcbert  Lecompte,  and  store "  35 

24.  Louis  lionipart  ( 1 ) "  37 

25.  Franyois  i\l.  Benoit,  and  iiitchen "  38 

26.  Veuve  Charlcville "  S.S 

27.  Antoine  F.  Saugruin "  60 

28.  Pierre  Didier "  54 

29.  Veuve  Dubreuil "  61 

30.  Franfois  Derouin "  62 

31.  Veuve  Francois  Bissonnet "  63 

32.  Joseph  Krazcau "  27 

Benito  Viisquez,  store •'  9 

Charles  (jlratiot,  store "  32 

33.  Bernard  Pratte,  part  atone,  etc "  S 


Stone 


Stone  I, 
Divellln 


Houses 
'I'his  agree 


When 
laiill. 


IS'X 


-Vo 


Islo 

( 

IMl 

7,«,l 

" 

fi 

im;; 

lo 

" 

II 

" 

1'.; 

IslJ-l. 

I'l 

IM.) 

M 

IM4 

I.-, 

)M4-1,', 
IM,-, 

Ill 
17 

19,20 

IMO 

21  I 

1M7        ! 

22  ' 

■S.i 

IMS 

24     . 

IM9 


Is.'ri 
Ms 


l<lo 
IMS-19 

i:so 


1.1117 


au  7| 
.'III  .§ 
.■II 

:i-'  iJ 

.'I't  Al 


:»    .A| 

Mi     A I 

37  I  Jj 

38  .S|| 


TOPOGRAPHY. 


149 


1,22 

U  on 
tlo»), 

p()8t8, 

po«t«, 


)  house. 
,  oinlity 


no  house, 
barn,   iw 


Hock  2 


5 
« 
0 

'  s 
'  « 
'  1» 

■  12 

"  V.\ 

"  25 

"  2;i 

"  2« 

"  27 

•'  2S 

"  ;io 

'<    S2 
"    S2 

"   n;f 

•'    31! 

"  m 

"    34 
"    35 
"    37 
"    3S 
"    3S 
"    50 
"    al 
"    61 
"    fi2 
'•    «3 
"    27 
•'      ',» 

••   ;rj 

"      8 


UKCAPITL'LATION.  ,   Ulaiitt,"  my*  thiit  "whin   liu   leouivod  po»«i'.-»i..ii,  Maiib  10, 

,-:iono  ilwcllingK .13  1    ISOI,  St.   Louis  ODntiiiiiccl  iibout  IHlMioiiM'?  in  all."     lie  niu»t 

;;       "'"'■I';"" I  l„ive  cmmlnl  Ihrin, 

"       wiirrlKiii^'e 2 

"       »loi«« J  ,'^iioh  wim  Si.  I.fiius  o(    |HOI,  when  it  |iii-'i''l   lo  llir  |i"8«if»i"n 

"       liomc mill I  of  lliu  Unitdil  Slates. 

hiilif-houst' 1  [Thu  (una  "  hoiini' ol'  posts,"  wliirh   is  so  oricii  U!*tM|  uljmo, 

.     .,  ,.                                                                            ,,  illtit'triites  tho  Fri-nch  iiioik- of  ImiUliiiL;  loir  houf^'s  ns  contra- 
Stone  lHiililin>(s -II  ^      '^ 

Dwellings  "f  l""'-'  of  slom-  walls 7  ili:'liin;iii'<lii'l  fiom  llio  ^:n^lisll.      The  latter  lay  llie  In^H  hori- 

"         ol'imsts  and  Ions 131  /.onliilly,  joining  Iheni  al  the  corners;  hut  ibc  Krencli  used  the 

,  ,„  loi{s  vertically,  idniilini;  Hie  bottom  of  the  Most  in  the  irrou'id 

ll.oiscs  in  the  villM^'e  u.  ISDl 1S2  ■•                   ;"'..''.        ,,          ,             .,  '            .... 

Iiko  a  iiali.'ade,  aii'l  .|niiiiii;!  tlieiii  by  weallierhoard  lies,  just  as 

Tlii.s  agrees  siilistuiilially  with  Stoddard,  who,  in  his  '■  I.ou-      described  hy  Dr.  Siin|isoii  in  another  piiKe  in  tbi«  ebaplir.] 

v.— STONK  m;it,i>iN(is  iMiT  rr  in  st.  i.oris  fko.m  tmk  yk.vk  imh  to  m.w,  iwi. 

^^'';'"        So.               Owiiom.                               Doscriinliiii.  i                         I,<icAtiiiii.                        i      Illorks,        lleeii|jaiilH  Miiy,  Isiil. 


1S04 


IMI'.I 

I  ■■"7 


MO 
l.Ml 


I.'.! 
4 


7,«,  IP 
0 
10 

11 

12 

i;) 
II 

i.'i 
111 

17 

IS 

'  19, '.ill 

i\ 

■a 


1810  31 

1S18-19  35 

1780  .16 

37 
1807  38 


.\iidre      rAniIrt'.  Two  stone  stores. 

vllle. 

AntciiiM'  Hoy.  A  "iniill  store, 

.liilin  l'ani|rl.i'll  .t  Walelinuse  IH  hy  liO. 

Whit..  .Miitl..ck. 

Until..  KuHlnii.  Lart:*' ilwi'lliii^  mill  ntllro. 

.\ntt)ilie  |lnii^-eii.  'I'liiee  filial]  ..tniio  shnlis. 


H7,  NO  N.  Main,  removing  his  old 
iiiaiso  of  (losls  nt  the  corner. 

'.I'J  N.  .Main. 

irnS.  Main,  MiiHiin's  Mall  i>ri.iiiils- 
hina  l.ii.l|;i..  No.  Ill,  IKDfi-ll. 

S.  \V.  ccr.  KiMl  iiloniil. 

r.7,  .V.I,  III  S.  .Miiln. 


|sl.j-i:i 

l.^|:l 

1-11 


l,»l,-i 


IMIi 

lsl7 
IslH 


IM'J 


ISjO 


Mine.     IV     Land     Dwidllng  anil  laveril 

l>ia  lioiiipii'tte. 
.Itfhfi  II.  r.  I.iicas.     Dwi'llliiK-hniisc. 


Antoiiie  Cheltle. 

Ili'ln'.  Paul. 
I'hri.stian  V'llt. 
K|ihralni  T.iwn. 


118  S.  Seei.iiil. 
7th  alHiv..  Jbnliel. 
f    his  resi-     N.  \V.  e.ir.  Market  and  Miiiii, 


ilake-lniime,    hack 
ileliee. 
I  The  inarkeMiniise  with  12  stalls.    On  Pnhlie  S'|iiiire. 


Twii-tftury  ^tltn■  anil  ilwelhiiK. 
Stiiiio  hiilhling  fur  Ifiul-faclury. 
'rw,,-.*l(iry  ilwellingdion^e. 


.  l*a|>iii. 


'I'wi.-stiiry  adii.  to  her  old  hiiiisi' 

.Vnt'iine  Henanil.  .Snuill  ilwi'llin^. 

Kiancis  Cti'iiii'iit.  "            *' 

Anj:  .V  l.oiiis  lira-  Two. small  one-ntorii's. 

/.(■an. 

Juhli    II.   1>.   Del-  Two'itory  stone  and  dwelling. 

ciiiir. 

AiiK.  Alvarpz.  Oiip  stnry  with  Rnllery. 


ti.'i   N.   Main,  iiltiTwards  extenih.d 

it  ill  rear. 
Ill  rear  of  f^.'i  N.  Main. 

On  rlvrr-fioiit  al>oVR  !Market. 

:is  Main. 

ISO  N.  Main. 

(Mieslnilt  K.  uf  :id. 

KiMiih  side  Olive  heliiw  Main. 

711  S.  Main. 

N.  W.  cor.  3d  anil  JIarket. 


Vi 

■M 

:17 

R-i 

ISI 

:i:i 

7 

M 

II 

8 

32 
2A 
01 
11 


The  rotinty  jail  c(>ininenei>d  this  1  is.  K.  cor.  ilili  and    rhestniit  (hii* 


l,'.\niireville.  I 

U  illiiini  [liiL'aii. 

|i.  Alli'ii.v  .M.  Ilrown. 

II.  I':iii.t..ll,t.l.  Ilrlkrht. 

Mav.    Wl ,    ..Smith, 

ef.i/ 
Mine.  I. ami  tioi'l'li. 

The  llrst  Inaiso  laillt 

i.ii  the  hill. 
Km-ixiii,  a  haker. 

('oliitilenci.il   hiislness 

.Sfpl.  I.  IxlJ. 
tiili'S  M.  Salnliil.VCo. 

Unoti'Uliied. 

II.   Ytin    rind's    resi- 
il a. 

WanI  a  llnlllns. 
Kiancis  .Mt.iiel. 
Francis  I'h'liient. 
AtlK.  Hra/cali. 

,1.  11.  II.  Ihlonur. 

I.iik'    K   Lawless. 


year. 
.Ins.  V.  (.Jariiliu'.      ,  Dwi-lliiig-honsu. 

Hyp.    A    Sil.    V.    llhicksinitli-shiip. 

I'ai'in. 
llarilMh'niy     Ar-    Dwclliiigdiuiisc. 

IMIIIll. 

I'al'k  .M.  Dillon.       Warehouse. 
Win.  I>i.akers,  .Sr.    Dwelllng-liouse. 


Thoinas  Itraily. 
.Iiihii  llraily. 
Aug.  ttiiiher. 

CJeii.  Will.  Clark 
Manuel  Lisa. 


I  MissiMirl  Hotel. 

t  Stoiii.  wareliotisu. 

Small  lUvt'lling. 

Stone  warehouse. 

Stone  waroliuuse  26  by  6?V<). 


Ished  IS20). 
S.  v..  cor.  7th  and  Walnut. 

S.  side  Pine  above  Main. 

S.  G.  cor.  3d  and  Locust. 

N.  W.  cor.  Oroeli  and  Water. 

N.  W.  cor.  nth  anil  Klui. 

'  lOS  N.  Main. 
On  Water  aliovii  Cherry. 
8.  side  Locust  ahove  4lh. 

!  S.  K.  cor.  Vine  and  Water. 
S.  W.  cor.  Chestnut  and  Water. 


1  Sfons  dieetUngt  iii  the  t.e'ir  rianUii  of  the  luirn,  IHJl. 

Large  stone  dwelling.  Near  his  winil-niill  on  the  river- 

flonl  at  fool  »r  lliddle. 
Large  two-stoi  v  stone  dwelling.     N*.  St.  Lmiis  near  the  foot  of  N. 
Market. 
,  One-story  sione.  K.  side   Caroinlelet  Ave.    opposite 

Park  Ave. 
John  II.  Oiii-hoii-    Oiie-story  hiiilt  hy  Jos.  Itrnzeau,    Itiver-hank  at  the  foot  of  Land. 

ipietto.  Sr. 

Sihis  Iteiit.  Stone  dwelling,  water-ndll,  etc.    |  RIver-liaiik    N.    of    the    .-Vrseiml 

I  gruunds. 


Antolne  Roy. 
Win.  Christy. 
Aiit.  Soiilard.t 


Lueiis'ailil., 

.-shei  III  ItrowiiiVothers. 

114 

Clioilteail's 

•loseph  V.  Ciarnler. 

add  , 

1:1:1 

•■'- 

Papins. 

l."i 

Jno.  &  Thos.  llotldck. 

Sold  it    nntildsbcil  to 
H.  Kasti'ii. 

Cbollte 

lU's 

Mrs.  1».  Ileakers. 

adil.. 

112 

2li 

David  Massey. 
lliailv  ,\c  McKiiight. 

Lucas'  add.. 

Ann.  liilihor. 

Ull 

12 

.lohn  llacchlis. 

8 

Mo.  Fur  CoiHpany. 

Renard. 
Chrisly. 

Soulard's  widow. 
J.  Uuchouqnette. 

8.  Kent. 

I  Suulanra  Itoiise  was  posts  on  wnll ;  must  have  been  linllt  by  Cerrt-,  a»  ho  hnd  a  cuncessiun  of  this  aftor  17^0. 


1 50 


IIISTOUY  OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


ml 


I 


i 


VI.— A  COUI'kBTB  LMT  Or  TUB   IIKrcK   IIUIM)IN(IS   I.V  AND  CONTiaUOUS  TOST.  LOUIS  IN   .MAY,  lN.il. 

Dnii'riptiun.  LoL'iillt^.  DIocki.  Occiipaiili,  li<'.j|. 


VI.-A 


When 
klllll. 

Nil. 

OWIIPM. 

'    1812 

1 

D»r«li"lo.iii'w 
H-itl   1.:. 

*t 

2 

Wlllliiiii.siiillli. 

1813 

:i 

CiiiUliiiii  Will. 

1       *t 

4 

MhiiIImI  I.Imi. 

i    I8IA 

N 

1  .M<  KiiIkIiI       \ 
{        lln„l>. 

1 

(  Saliiu. 

.    181A 

b 

Will.  ('.  I'liir. 

1      „ 

n 

»y\     V.    A    11)1. 

l'H|>lll. 

18IG 

7 

Willl.oii  I'liiik. 

" 

10 

Willliiiii  ltf<  liir. 

1817 

1 

II 

llt'iiiiiiil     I'l'iiiti-, 

" 

U 

Iliib.rl  Slllllauili. 

1* 

l:i 

Al.rnlialii  llllri. 

14 

TIk'Iiiimuii    IllMIK- 

I.IM.. 

1,'. 

TlxiK.  Ml  KiiIkIiI. 

17-W 

Ill 

Itul'vrl  I'ulli'l. 

17 

.'^Mllll*. 

1M«        . 

18 

lloUi'il  Oiilltll. 

"           1 

1 

i\ 

Uarliuril     rriiitu, 

41 

■i-i 

TlMtiimn  Muiili>y. 

" 

Zt 

Willliiui  t'lulk. 

••         1 

•n 

HUIIK*. 

II 

2.-. 

.Xiitoitid  <!l»>Mle. 

M                1 

iili 

.Ion.  Ili'llil<-|-n'<ll. 

"               J 

27 

'I'lioa.  K.  Ilhhlii'k. 

H 

•M 

Tilt'  llii|>ti^t 
Cliuich. 

it 

•i'.l 

Ali'xiiiiiler  Ni'iivi'. 

1* 

:iii 

.Iiiliii  .liiiii>ii. 

1818-lU 

:il 

ri<lrirk.M.|)ilh>ii. 

" 

M 

KIIJiili  1 I.I' 

i< 

:);i 

Tli'iB.  .^kililiri.'. 

"      1 

^14 

.lain'/.  Wiiriii'i-. 

" 

-.a.  .■Hi 

Tli",i.  Wiii.'iliiiili'). 

1819 

;i7 

ifiil'riel  ruiil. 

" 

M 

Sitini'. 

*' 

;i'.i 

Atlfj.  I'liiiilteiitl. 

M 

40 

SiUlli'. 

U 

41 

Siiliii.. 

*l 

4'J 

.Siilui'. 

II 

4^1 

Siallli'. 

II 

44 

.^lllllUI'l    l.JAU. 

« 

4.". 

.Siillii.. 

u 

4li 

.I.'lii,  llnlbn.iik. 

«       1 

47 

.**li'|ihi.|l  *ju.v. 

H                 1 

4» 

.liiiiit'H  liiiiiHr. 

"                 1 

4U 

llilhiTl  I'llltull. 

■1                  < 

M 

Jus.  Cliarli-iw,  Sr. 

" 

SI 

11.  ».  (icyiT. 

« 

M 

.li'Ini  aiiil  .It'i-ry 
J"iii'«. 

u 

53 

Jiwliua  Hartiiii. 

Twn-Kliiiy  htiirw  »ii<i  <l\v«tlliii|j. 


DiMilih'   twn-Mtory,  twn  ntnri'it  (_ 

itihl  liniirilluK-lx'wiio  iilxivn,  l 

Twu-^(.>iy  ilwi'lliiiK,  tli«  tiiNt. 


11  N.  Mitlii. 
7      " 

HIS         " 
■J  I  " 

42       *'  (181«,      T. 

"WMhlrigtoii  Hull.'*) 
41  N.  Miiiii. 
tillH.  Mitlii. 


B«rthti1d  A  CliouteAii. 


Klbl.y'ii 


Two  itltli  t^N,  iirid  ilwuMhtK  Htiuvi>.     :t-l  \.  Miilii 


T«i>-Mtiiiy  »t"i(*  lUiil  ilwfllliii;. 
Two'Mlory  ilwclliiiK  atiil  ipltlm. 
T\v<)>(iltti}  stoic  iiiiil  iIwkIIIiik- 


hU»t  nIiIp  :ta  above  Vine. 
5  N.  .Mnlii. 


Two— lory  Htoi«  iiriil  witrolioiihu 

III  M'HI. 

Twoiiinloiic-hiitr-Ktory  tlwpllliig, 

Hllil  MhnoIIJC  llltit  111  Httic. 
Snmll  (IWflliMK. 
J  Doiihlc  lwo-«r(iry,  twoBtori'B  ) 

(         mill  JWl'lhllKMUlHlVB.  } 

(.iiitt'Hiory  itlur*!. 


UN  s.  Miiiii. 


Two-Ktnry  wHielioiiM>. 

TwM-dtory  BtoicH  hihI  vaulln  lie- 
low. 
LiiiK<'  two-Hlory  rcMliIiMice. 

l.iiip'  liiii  k  for  Iii(lliiiiofni<(>  niiil 
iiiiift'iiiii. 

Two-Kloiy   Ntnl.. 

Two-Btory  ilwi'lliii^. 
Two-(tiory  rewiiii-rao. 
40  liv  HU  feet. 


:  Onc-ntory  wmi-lioiiNe,  4<*  front. 
Two  iilhl  otie-half-it|(iiy  (Iwclltllg. 
Twii-H(ory  Btoic. 
Two-Mtory  Hi. Ill*  itiid  (Iwelliii};. 
Sijiitll  ilwi-lliiit;. 

Dniihlc  tWU'Htoiy  ilwullinK. 

Two  two.fitory  ilwi'llliign. 


Klin  tiliovi*  Miilii,  nurth  Mlile. 

•Hn  N.  Miilii. 
>^'Z  H.  Miiiii. 
H4      " 

HH        " 

:i  N.  Miilii.  Thedo  wuru  tho  oM 
I'nitto  lloiiHt*,  with  iiuw  hi'ick 
fniiitH. 

N.  W.  cor.  Muikt't  luij  Uivor. 

8.  \V.  ror.  Wutor  iiiid  Morgiiii  (Cri) 

frond. 
lo:i  N.  .Mitiii  (riMiiovliig  L'luiuci*!- 

liur'H  old  Htori'). 
101  N.  Muiii. 


los  8.  Miiin. 

Hoiilh  4lli  bi-litw  I'opltir. 

S.  \V.  cor.  Market  am)  M. 


S.  W.  ror.  'i^il  and  Green. 
i:.:t  N.  Main. 

H 

Miukct  W.ofKth. 

IjinI  hiil<>  till  above  Olive. 

Nurtli  «idt'  Spruce  alHivn  6th. 


(  Two  two-Mtory  HtorcH  and  his  |^  71   N.  >la|ii. 

1       dwelling  above.  )  7  1 

Twu-Ktoiy  ^tt>le  aixl  dwelling.  17  >    Main. 

..  o  ..  ,„  .. 

..  O  .4  21  " 

"  "  "  2.t  " 


.14     ChrUt.  M.  I'ri.e. 
I        hh    i'Uiut.  Ho>tit>roii. 
;  66,  .'■)7     .Sillie. 


58     Kiilalie  (iiiitard. 
69     Aiiu.  V.  <  hi'iiteaii. 
tk)     Auij.  Ahare/. 


Two-f-lory  (Iwelling. 


Oiie-Mtory  olTice,  etc. 

Brick  Ijvery-Htiible. 
Two-Hloty  (IwullliiK. 
Two  one-Btury  ofliceB. 


Ono-Btury  dwelling. 

Two  Htory  Htoii>  am)  dwelling. 

One-story  dwetliiig. 


Ill     Chriit.  M.  Price.        Two-ntory 
62    Thotni.^onl'.  U'll- 

liaiim. 
Chi     Klleii  I.eroiix.  ** 

CA     Peter  Koigiison,  *' 


eri     Hank  of  Mlsfionrt. 
60    Jauiert  KoniitTly. 


HHiiktiig'hoiiHti. 

Twu-Ktory  Btoru  and  dwelling. 


67    Pryur  Quarles.       [  One-atury. 


17  N.  Main. 
l!»  •' 
78  S,  Main. 
HO  " 
ll!>  •' 
'  (i  8.  :iil. 
tj.  K.  cor.  Market  and  6th. 

S.  \V.  cor.        "         " 


S.  K.  cor.  Market  and  Gtli. 
N.  W.  cor,        "        *• 


4th  hImivm  Market. 
Pine  above  Main. 


Olive  above  6th. 

\ti  N.  Main. 

:td  aljuve  Market. 

12S.  3d. 
m    " 

RIni  al>OTe  4th. 

Olive  above  6tb. 

6  S.  Main,  1818  by  19. 
67      " 

I  S.  W.  4th  and  Myrtle. 


it)e 


Keiinorly. 
Itenj.  J.  tiewurd. 


• 

Hliiltli  it  FKritnaoii. 

n 

Jimi'l'h  Mi'il/.'K. 

1 

r.  J.  It  .Mi.  I.liidfll. 

:i'i 

TliiiiiiaH  Mrdiilra. 

M 

Ili'rriurd  (iilliiKdy. 

a 

(ii'ii.    .VlkliiHiifi    and 
Dllifim. 

^2 

M.  l:  l.ii.lui;. 

10 

1'lit'll  vtinillt. 

(W 

Win    lli'iiiii'lt'a  lliilol. 

8 

11    riBllii  iV  (,'i«. 

nn 

DkiiIi'I  C.  IIiim  a  Co. 

■MS 

Will,  ll..Savin,i)A  Oil. 

I.ii'iili'iiant-ij'ivoriior 
WilllaiM  M   Aihli')'. 
Thi.iiiaa  .MrKiiliilit. 

H7 

(illllli-n  IlaitlllKH. 

;i7 

('.  Marili  and  S.  Olior. 

37 

Jidin  Nlcliojuiin, 
Kfir.  Ili'll  A  Oi. 

I'ali'li  Cox. 

8 

I.') 

Jiilin  OrawTurd. 

TliMlniiri     llanlv    anil 
iilliirii. 

12 

(it'll.  W'lllialii  Clark. 

12 

I'larkV  iiHIl-i',  i'Ic. 

33 

Tiaiy  A  Waliri'iidorl). 

.18 

Varalil. 

IIIU 

Tlii.iiiii»  K.  HIddlck. 

. 

84 

Kor^i'iii'nil  piiijMiHt'f; 
(ii'^i'i'n  idlli'o  liiuJi- 
nii'iit. 

I 

63 

A.SioitiV  W.  K.Riil.' 

,\ 

66 

ratnrk  McDiiiiHld. 

1.-) 

Uniriti'  II.  Iliildi. 

3.1 

Klijah  lli'i'li<< 

i 

Clii'iileatrH 

ThiiliMH  .Mc(fiiirp.                 ■/; 

ailil  ,  Kill. 

Luaifi'  aild.. 

J.  Warner  and  idlii'm. 

8'* 

Cliiinh'airit 

MiM.     ('.     Ki'ed    ali'l           ;. 

ad.l.,  110. 

ollii'm                               Z 

11 

.lanii'H  Ariiidd  A  Vo.            |jj 

11 

(iaiirii-l  rani.                    Wffll 

7 

I'liiil  A  Iiiiiriiln.               1^ 

7 

Walhii'i',  lliiu',.|l  AC".     1^ 

7 

Vanilit  I'l'lnw.                    ^^ 

7 

^^H 

7 

Brand     X      iR'tali'li"     ^H 

^H 

8 

.laiiifM  cli'itu'nM-              ^H 

8 

Jim.  and  lifii.  Cullii'r,     ^H 

8T 

.laAiHi  lliilliroiik.              ^H 

»7 

^^M 

3 

.lallK'K  I.ii))er.                   ^^M 

84 

^KM 

rliiHlteaii'N 

JiiHi'idi  CliarlcHH.             ^^M 

ailil.,  Iii3. 

Cliiillti'airti 

Alex.  FerKUNun.              ^^M 

adil.,  113. 

I'lliiillcaii'ii 

Vacant.                          ^^M 

ail'!.,  113. 

ChMiiti'an'H 

JiiK.   Itiirtun   and   Ki|.    ^^H 

mill.,  184. 

^H 

8& 

Slnilli  A  WadiliiiKliiiin.   HH 

31 

CliilH.  llnHHenin.               ^^m 

31 

II.    M.  Ilri'i'ki'nri.l).'!'.    ^H 

lim.    WillniinH   itml    ^^B 

l.enilnizniili.                ^^M 

Lucax*  aild. 

Klllalii' Uiillaril.             ^M 

20 

Wjlliiilii  llfiilifi.             ^^B 

89 

Mm.       AKllt'H      Ciiiv'"    ^^M 

^^B 

84 

Clirla.  M.  Pllnit.              ^M 

M 

Jon.  and  W.  JamcH.       ^H 

Choiiteairft 

Mailiiine  Limiux.           ^^B 

add.,  lO.'i. 

Luoas*  add., 

I'eti'r  FerKiiKon.           ^H| 

117. 

^^■i 

33 

Ilankof  Mliiaonii.         ^Hj 

10 

Janiui'  and  <>eor>;i3  11.   ^H 

Whra 
Uuilt. 


1120 


Tli« 

I'ollow 

(lariii.'.'i  \i 

ho.li.  b 

I'liili. 

No. 

1M6       1 

8< 

1M!I 

I 
89  1 

" 

iiii 

IMl)-ao 

III    . 

»        i 

1 

92    C 

\m 

03     ■ 

'* 

U4     .1 

•'■' 

!l.-,     \ 
«U,  J 

y\ 


'"'■'*  08,  oil 

IMH-IO         Uk, 


I'll!! 


«li,.„ 
I'llilt. 


l»r, 

I.ilH) 


Nl7 
l.ins 


\K'l 


■  ""ll-lll 
IMl) 


101     A 


No, 


lf"7-8 
IMl 


1  .ll 

2  li, 

3 

.M 

4 

W 

a 

.Ion 

a 

.Ma 

7 

'•111 

8 

Kn. 

0 

Ml, 

10 

Ant 

11 

8,m 

12 

Gll.l 

ilti'i 

>4    Norl 

III 

>A    Alfrl 


TOPOGRAPHY. 


151 


mil. 


1..11. 


Mll'l 


lllltC'l. 


A  <'t>. 
,  *  C,'«'. 

vcrmir 
\«liU'y. 

liK«- 
».  Olior. 


■il. 

Illy    »»'l 

»  Cliiili. 

int'iiiUtrfl. 
Illil'llck. 

if.  K.  null' 

D.iuiiM. 
t.il.li. 

(Julrp. 

|,„i.l  "tli.TK 

llceil    mil 

M 

III 


|,.w. 


1  &  !'<■. 

I. 
l\Af.i. 

Ih.liin.li' 


r,...k. 
l.er. 
irl<™. 


.Ill    n" 


,1   r.i 


iiiWinRliaiii. 
iwi-nin. 
nTkciiii'lt:''. 
iMuiuia   iiii'l 
lion, 
ulliiril. 
lii'iim'.    ,    , 
jriiod     Gav  ■ 

W.  J«niM 
.  I.nroux- 

[  MlM""''    , 
orly. 


VI.— A   OOMl'LKTR   I,IST   (IK   TIIK    llltll'K    IKJIMlINOS    IN    ANI>   ('ONTKIUOITS   TO  ST.  l.llUIS    IN    M.VV,  Iv^l.—c.iili.ii.i'il. 


Wh«u 
Uuilt. 

Mu. 

Ownira, 

liiO 

68 

J.ololi  nrliilit. 

11 

6l>-78 

JmIiii  Jdtii'H  row. 

■• 

7» 

Alvh.  liiinililn. 

" 

811 

Mlrliill.1  Triiyilor 

li 

81 

J«in.i  O'T.Mil. 

tl 

82 

Jfilil    Lnlliii     ri>n 

T'rnrlipr. 
83    Gfii,  Will.  Hwt.ir. 

m4     Alir'm  Cullitlhi. 

iiiiin  {Will). 
8rt    .fur.-l)  Fry. 

87     llUlinp     I,.    WiU 
'      Hum  iMibuurg. 


I)i'Ht-rl|itloii. 
LurKtt  wiirolidiiRM,  •!''>  fevt. 

Toil  uiir-Htury  Dlllci's, 
Ihiiil'lt*  i>ni* uliiry  ilwcllliitf. 
Siimll  ilsvL'llinR. 

(hip-Alory  (IwclliiiK. 

Two  Htiiry  for  likii(lM>IHrp. 

Uric-Hldry  tiliup. 

Twl.-^t(.^>'  nluH'  aixl  ilwflllnpji. 

DiuiMi'  Ht'iry  fur  <lwi'lllnK. 

Twu-Htory  coIU'ro  biiiMliiK. 


Lunillly. 


N.  W.   WKtur  untl  MiprKiiti,  fmir 

itori'p.. 


Mtil  ki-l  Clint  rmiii  Itli  U>  idloy. 
S.  S.  Mlllkrt  uIm>vh  :>tli 
N.  W.  lur.  4Ui  ntnl  (ir'*«Mi. 
N.  K.  t-nr.  r.th  ari't  St.  ('huilMH. 
N.  K.  cor.  'Jd  un>l  IMtii*. 
4lh,  Viiif  hikI  St.  Cliiitli'M. 
S.  S.  Uiilnut  ahnvi'  Muln. 
T.-iN.  Miiiri. 
KiiHt  "UUt  4th  lielow  Lonift. 

ii.l  bt'luw  Murkot. 


Blui'ki. 


Oei-ll|HuH^l82l. 


1(1 

0.   C.  Siiillli,  Tl iiu 

.liiiilliii,v,.lri...  1  'tiiii|>< 

ii.'ii,  'niouiiiii  iii'iii|i- 

HlfH.I. 

8.-. 

Wllll.iiii  I.ii.iK,  Al<x. 

limy,  iin.l  oilifrH, 

('ii..iii.'iiiri< 

Ar.li.*(jiiiiilil(». 

u.i'i,  nil. 

Clirl-tv'ii 

Ml.:liii.>l  Tntyiior. 

H.lll. 

roinmi'M 

,llllll.'Hl)T.>o|, 

il.l.l. 

:il 

K.      Ml. Ilk     iiti.l     11. 

Sliiirlili.. 

('oiiiior'H 

Laliil  .ill!.'.'. 

Il.l.l. .'.HI. 

:i.'. 

W.   (Ill's   n.ulnliT  iif- 

n.«. 

U 

liiilifc'.'lt  .V  Iliil.lfliiiui. 

LllCHII*  11(1.1., 

Slil.lloy,      Kry,     itiiil 

188. 

l>tlllTB. 

fi9 

St.  IhiuIb  C'uIUki>, 

Thu  tollowini;   hrii'k  huii^c:^,  iiltliniigb  nut.  witliin  tlit;  tt)\vn   limitH,   wore  in  the  nciir  vicinity,  iiml   wuru  tliu  ru.''i(lcnc«it  of 
tiitriics  \fho:tt'  bmtine.-'^  wiis  in  tho  town  : 


Whpii 
I. .nil. 

No. 

Owiiurs. 

IMli 

m 

Oul.  Kli.i.  Ilc.t.ir. 

IH'J 

so 

Will.  ('.  Ciirr. 

" 

IHl 

Will.  C.  Ciirr. 

l^ll)-'20 
.1 

01 

OJ 

o:i 
94 

.Sllvi-»tr.'     I..ililiii- 

•Uf. 
(J.iv..ri...r      Alex. 

McNiilr. 
TlioiiiiiK     KiiKlirili 

(•lll|H'llt.T. 

.Iiiilu-  John  II.  C. 

•; 

9.^ 

BO 

I.II.MS. 

Willliini  Sl.iki's. 
Jiilii.-H  .Mtickiiv. 

hl7 


l-ls 
IMs-l',1 


07    MiillliliiKM.'dlrk. 
08, 0'.i    O.ni:.' I'limiiM'. 

llHI     Till'     lll'Hl     I'lllllll- 

II.'  Calliii.liiil. 
101    Auk,  t'liuiitriiii. 


l)(*Kcrl|itl(in. 


Twii-Htory  rft.iili'ii.'o  tit'iir  tlip  Hi'hI  l.i't;.'  niouii.l,  iii)rtliw..'4t  of  tlif  town,  on  tin.  ii|i|M>r  roii.l  to  tlit.  ciiiitoii- 

ni.'iii  lit  ll.'lUiioiit.iini' iiiow  III. ink  lix'.i), 
Siuiill  lirl.-k  (iM-i'lliii^,  iiortliU('>.t  .11  til.'  town,  iitoo.i  on  the  wmtli  imrt  n!  Chit  .Slr.'ft,  JiinI  w.-st  of  ilMJiiiiR* 

tloii  with  Mroii'ltttiy  (w.im  ri'iiiov.-.l  In  .>|i|.iiiiiK  Curr  .^ir.'i-t,  l**:!-). 
Two-ntoiy  l.rifk  (Iw.-lliiitr,  Imllf  for  him  liy  M.-C.'II.hikIi  A  K.TjriiNoli,  norlhwi-Ht  of  town,  htoo.l  lit  our  preu- 

elil  Kilth  SllOPt,  11  lilili'soilth  of  Wiy'li  Sll.'.t,  ...■.•li|iii.il  l.y  UoluMI  Win.li  In  \»2\. 
Un.'-Fit.ii'y  .Iwelliiii:,  North  Miiln,  iilnivf  .Miilluii|<liy'ti  lirew.'ry,  iieiir  IiIn  ox-tiiill,  at  !.oiitliwt>tit  oornio'  of 

|iri'nriit  .\Mliley  Stri'ft. 
I.iirtif  tw.i-Htory  <lu-flliiiu,  wi'^t  •.i.li.  tif  Itio^olwiiy,  iii-ar  the  flnit  nioiin.l,  .ui  (he  ii|i|i.'r  road  t.i  the  cunt. in. 

nieiit  at  lli'llef'ii.taln.',  a  Utile  noiilli  .if  oiirVriwiit  ll'K.illon  Sfr.i't. 
Small  hii.'k  .Iwelliii^  on  Broii.luiiy,  Jiif.!  iioiili  of  .McNalr'rt  r.'ui.leiie.', a  Hide  iioitll  .if  our  {ireHeiil  U'Tallun 

Mre.'l. 
Hrk'k  .Iwetlini;,  .in.--liair  lull"  out  on  iiolith  Hl.le  St.  Charles  roa.l,  now  foiniliig  part  of  the  MirtKoiiii  I'ark, 

I.etw.  en  I  nil  an.l  Uth  Street-. 
I. aim'  reMiilene.',  two  inil.M  wcwt  of  ilie  Jtiil,  now  IMiie  SIr.'et  an.l  Letlin^well  Aveiiii.'. 
'rwti-Htory  ilMelllni;,  MonthweMt  of  tin-  town.  afterwar.lH  part  of  tli.*  c.'iiveiil  InilMiiig,  wltliin  the  wallu 

on  (ith  liel.iw  l.tilihuilie  Street,  recently  lakon  iknvii. 

OrHlft«i(  in  Uteir  Propfv  /Vm«. 

(lii.'-Ktory  lirirk  oin.'.',  nnKli   Itli,  went  si. I",  iiUive  Walnut  (I'lioiit.'an's  a.l.l.,  Dlock  li:!),  .icciiiuiiita,  1821, 

II   Itarton  an.l  James  II.  l*...'k. 
Tu.i  I. rick  .IwelliiiKs,  .1111'  story,  li.ntli  .Mil,  west  sl.le,  lielow  Locust  (I.il.-as  a.l.l.,  IlTi,  Bra.lley  anil  utliein. 
l)n  (lie  wes(  sl.le  ..C  2.1,. ir  Church  Stre.-t,  ln'tween  Mark.'t  an.l  WallilK,  .'i!(. 

One-storv  hriek  wareliuuao  of  40  by  tlO  fevt  ul.ing  the  river-frout.  Buiitlieiitit  coriiiT  of  liH  north  half  of 
llloi'k  No.  U. 


VII.— KKAME  AM)   LOU  IIOUSKS  BUILT  IN  ST.  LoL'IS  FBOM  MARCH   ID,  18(«,  TO   .MAY,  1821. 


Hi7 

l!*iis 


lMlll-1 
I.-IU 


I!" '7-1 
II    1»11 


No. 

2 
:i 
4 


Ownen. 

Deflcr 

ptiuu. 

Lncatlon. 

Blocks. 

Occupants  May,  1821 

JoMi'ph  LnprtHe. 

Snmll  fniniL'  dwe 

Ming. 

Km  N.  W.  cor.  Vino  an.l  2il. 

tw 

Hart.  Tohlii,  laborer. 

t^i'iiiinii)       Hfitu* 

Lu^'  hn 

!(*«'. 

l:tH  N.  .Main,  extension. 

24 

Viicant. 

ViUB, 

Mnit*  BiMilte  Vuh- 

'• 

•im     "                "            north    of 

Mnie.  Viuquez, 

mil'/. 

vlllaiji'. 

Will.  ClirlMty. 

Kramo. 

Green  aUive  lid,  north  of  town. 

Vacant. 

Jus,  IMijIilinrt. 

I'«K. 

;  112  N.  2.1. 

«» 

Mary  Ih.lan. 

Muiy      Miiitinny 

4th,  east  side,  N.  E.  cor.  Cedar. 

77 

Mary  .Martigny. 

(cuIuiimI). 

14 

i  01  S.  3d. 

&C. 

Vacant. 

Fniiicit  Ufmnl. 

•• 

;  '2(i:l  N.  Main,  extension  aUivetown. 

Vacant. 

Miuliinm  |jii|>riitc. 

"* 

1  211.')     "                   "                "          '• 

AiiK.  Ilunicher. 

AiituiiK)    lCviicim< 

** 

1214     ■■                  

Juc.ili  llawkeu. 

tr**. 
8iiniH. 

.. 

218     "                  "                "          " 

nii'lmnl  Robinson. 

Klijttl)  Smith. 

Dull  Me 

fnime. 

S.  K.  cor.  Main  ami  I'oplar. 

1 

Fied'k  Mullett. 

»t»ihniiii,\Ve»ciitt 

Kmuic'8 

fur  tan-} 

ard. 

121  tol'20  8.'2d. 

3S» 

Jnii.  an.l  Sani'l  Ran 

tnid  Tliiirp. 

kin,  tauuers. 

NoiiiiHiHlMcKen- 
AlfredCrutBliiger. 

Frame  dwelling 

N.  K.  cor.  Myrtle  and  3d. 

.'>7 

Vacant. 

Log 

u 

77  N.  Church. 

30 

A.Oriitsliiger,  hatter. 

llill 


I 


152 


mSTOllY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


VII.— KBAMK  AND  LOO  II0U.SK8  IIUILT  IN  ST.  LOUIS  rUOM   MAUCU   10,  IWH,  TO  MAY,  lNai.--'„„/i,„,„|. 


Whi'li 
liiiilt. 


IKIl 


1812 


I8i:i 


181S 


1KI4 
181.'. 


I81S 


Hl(!-17 
1817 


li 
I'.l 
HO 
•Jl 
i'l 


■.:7 
•J'J 

:in 


.Iut'i|i'i>i,  I'rl  iH(*. 

Ill-   II  i;    FiiMur. 
.latiit-t)  l'iiir<l. 

J<ililil'  Poiir.'i'lli. 

AikIiv     rAiMlii- 

Villf. 

Miiilitnu'  rt'Ki-iiv. 

Iluvl.l  lli'l.rliiii.v. 
Illl/ili'  lli>ll'  llljii. 

.Mil*.  ^\\\\\  Aihilii". 
ToUMiKilll  Itrtlt'i^l. 

Mii'liiliu'      l.ai|iiii- 

\'irt.iriii      liMiHs*'! 

(n,l..ii-.h. 
Mini.'  Il.'ll.>.'l. 
(i.'lllir.ili        Itfiill' 

V.li". 

Kliiii.l<  WillliilllH 
(ll.i.luill^l. 

lo.iis  ll..i-.>y. 
I.ji.iif.il        I.at.'i- 

.(•".i-tili  r.iiiiti. 
Sj.m^xii  Ktirr. 
(•ii\iil  .li'  ...lii'iiii. 
.Malll..'U   Ki'ii 


l)l!«'ll|.tl.l|l. 


I.i>^  ilvv.>lliii^. 

n.iiil.l.'  rii.iii.'ilwi'llhii;. 

l.ill^i'  ft:. III.-  hIim]). 

Siiiiill  Ihk. 

1,..|:  f«i.'i.'. 

'I'tt.i-BltH  V  fijiiiu'  utnr.'  ftii.l  ilwi'M- 

iiii;. 
Fn.mc  Ktiirc 

Kniiii.'  .-r  l.ijr. 
I...):. 


Ul.ickH.        0.iMi|iiiiit«  Miiy,  1821 . 


Ki-itni.'  (Iw.'lliMi;. 


Kiami'  ilwi- 


liig. 


:t7 
■111 

41 


41! 
41 


4.; 

47 

4S 
4'.i 
.'.o 
.M 


•.4 


.'iM 
511 


til 

tij 

i;:i 

r.4 

ft-, 
I'lii 

n7 

flu  , 

mi 

70' 

71 

72 
7:1 

7li' 

7.1, 

77 

78  I 


M.  I'.  I...1II,-. 
Wrii.  >i"!  iii*i.ii,  1  . 

I\  tii^it'. 
William  I  .  I'aii'. 
Hani.  1  Sli,,|.,.. 
I'  1. 1  1 1  JIM.  n       ,V 

Mal.l.'-lil.'W.T.. 
Fjtrrai-  .'■  W.ilk.'l. 

Will'iiiii  ('.  Can'. 
TliH-   V.  lli.l.ll.h. 

.lain.'"  It  will, 

l'llili|.     ,V      ll.'hIV 

K'n'lii'lla..'.  I 

AI.'V.  .M.'Naii. 

K'l.-it  lluii'li. 
.I..I1M  I 

Taijwiiiil  ll.'ii"i-l 

Mii.laiii.'  I'hil.  Ili- 

\i.'i.' 
K.'llx  Kiiiiliilm'. 

Ktancih  Lcla'aii. 

1*111. i  Prim... 
l,.iniH  Ili'Hii'.;., 

Ilavl'l  M i.|i'a. 

('.'l.'^!»■   'Xltlliliiii..' 
.loliii  II.  Il.'aiilllv 

rl.'iii'iit  II.  I'.'ti- 

f'lH' . 

.■.".iah  lllll'ly,l.llt' 

l.'l. 
.I.Klali  llniil.>,lial- 

t.'l. 
I'.'t.'l'  I'l  iiliri). 
.M.inii.atit  'lalt'iliii 

cir  c'lial|.'«« 

LiiiilH  '<".il  .MI^'Mi" 
mil. 

Ml.' I  T.'-.,.ii 

Will.  Milln.in. 

M "  s,  ,,ii. 

(•I'll.  KM'ihnrl. 

.I.m.  ViiM'IIih;. 
Il\l.    \'it-i|iii'/. 
riiii'.  .Sn.llli. 

.Si 

Oalil.'I  Ki.'i'tll  III. 

Al.'x.  M.'Xnli. 
Tli"«.  faritiiill. 


I.>iir  11. 1. 1  Nti'hf.. 

I.ar;.'..  t\Vii-;.tii|V   fialiu.  ('J   "liir.'r 

l.l'I'.M   i 

Twi.-(.ti.ry  fnuii.'. 
Knilii.'  HlMio. 


Small  ri'aliu.. 
l-'i'iiiii.*  ami  I'.ff. 
Kraiii.'  i'iiil>liliK*<' 

Fraiii.'  fur  tli.'ir  iii.i.lli.'.'iir.v. 

Small  fiiimt.. 
I.iir«.*fiiimi..'liir.'aliil  w.I'.'Ihhhi* 

n'iir. 
Twi.-.'I'ir.v  fiiinii'  .lwi'ltiti(s. 
Kiaiiii.  Ii..ii.'..>  ..I  Hliop  in  I'.'nr. 
Kialli.'  Iit.in*.'  ami  (.li'tp  in  rear. 

Kralil.'.Iwi'ili.ij;. 

I,..);  li'iilK.'. 
'rwii-wtory  fiuiiii*. 


Krume. 
I.iiU' 


8.  2.1,  weft  Hiile,  alM.vo  Myrtle.  j 

'•<  N.  il. 

:i.l  L.'l.iw  .*i|inRi*,  40  liy  70  (viiriuiis 

I ). 

128  S.  Miiiii.  I 

»l,1l:l  N.  Mnln.  | 

I 
40  8.  3Iahl. 

.Ml  N.  Main. 
171     " 

.*».  M.fii.  I'a-t  Hi. I.',  Ii.'liiw  IVililiir. 
lol  X.  ■;.!. 

80       " 

114      " 

;<    M.iii  l..'l,i»'  Miilla-ri'V. 
Vii  N.  Mam. 


j:t4  .N'.  Main,  iiIkivi*  t.-u'ii. 

8.  W.  i-iir.  Vine  hikI  :i.l. 

N.:|.I  iilHiv.'  111.'  l.HHli.iii,  iiIk.vc  t'lwii. 

':.l  l..'l'.«'  l',.|.lar. 

77  an. I  7!l  .S.  .Main,  cr.  .if  .Mvrll.'. 


:l'.)N.2.l. 
mi  N.  Main. 

N.  :t.l  nlH.vt>l.aHll.in,  mirtli  nf  t.iwn. 
.<.'.  -v  :l.l,  f..i'  ••(;ii'.'ii.Tr.'..Tav.'rii." 
N.    ^laiii,   in    i'.\l.'ii..iiiii    III. 1 1).   <<r 

|..\ni. 
Ii^  N.  Main. 

.".II  S.  .Main. 


7'.:  S.  :l.l. 

Mvtil.'  I'li.ivu  :til. 

.'i/M.\iiI.'. 

:t.t  li.'Ii.w  spnic*. 

:  8.  :i.l  li.'l..n'  I'Inm. 
,\.  .1.1  alHi\t>  llu*  l•a^lilln,  11   rlliw.'nt 

..r  l..\M,. 
2.1  l..'l..u  l'..|.|ar. 


87  N.  11.1. 

7iKi  N.'.;.!. 


;ui  iilii.v.'  rin.v 
fl  N.  :;.!. 


I.. 


M  l..'|..«'  -lA. 


Tw.i-wl.irN  Irinii'  'Iw.'llii 


iiii.<.nt.<r,v  friini"'  slinp 

Twi.-%liir,v  .Iw.'MiiiK'. 

r»...«l.i|y  .iwi'llliit!  an. I  killi.'li. 

T..O  Hti.ry  .1...  llliii:  kimI  i.h"p. 


'r\v..-»|iir,v  'l\v..IIiii):  nil. I  bIuiji. 
'ruo-Hi.iry  .Iw.'lUiitf. 
Krune. 


wi  .s.  :i.l. 

N.  K.  r.»r.  IMiie  nn.l  M. 

K.  iil.li.  3.1  alHiv..  I'li.'Kliint. 

X.  K.  .  T    ;.! I  I'li.'ftnn!. 

S  >i.l.'  I'Miii  al 'J.I. 

■J7  <    J.I. 

»7  S    M 

On  l.'ll.  Maik.'t  ali..r.'  .Mli. 
S...1II1  -l.l.'  Wiiliiiil,  ali'.M'  nil. 
Kim  al-.\.'4lli 
Mvill.'  I..'l.iu  Main 


I...K.  20-  N.  Main,  nrtli  ..f  Pmn. 

I.  .^,,1     ..  ..  .. 

"  28  Mvitl... 

:io      " 

I'lani.'  i..l.llllim  I..  "flrnen-Tree  h.'i.s.'2,|. 

'rav.'in.'' 

I.a.K.'  IWii-«t">r,v  rralii.'.  ..*prine  HlHive  Main. 

Fiaiii..,  I\%>>  ..t  till.'.,  leiicniimti..  S'.iilli  Hill..,  Spin. .'  iiIhivu  Malt. 


,'.7 

.liiM.  r.'riiiH 

no 

Dr.  11  li.  Kariar. 

80 

At   111..   tiiiM.    .Mctli..- 

.Ii>ln. 

;io 

William  Stuwuit  nn.l 

..lll.'I'H. 

12 

.111...  ('..wall,  grtieer. 

■Xt 

riiil.  Millan.l.iii. 

:il 

,lit8.  Yiir.l.  rtirtiitnre. 

1« 

Jii...    II.    lit'Ciinli',   III' 

ImriT. 

1 

Will.  Iliiti.'iiii. 

64 

Th.'H.   .I.'liii'.t.iii    uj.l 

..tll.'IK. 

n;i 

Jan.'  Ilai.lln. 

(;.') 

Will.  Il>.wai.l,  tlirniT. 

4.1 

llalHt..  Il.'lf.itt. 

24 

Maj.  Tli.'S.  K..l>>tlll.. 

4(1 
1 


JllH.    I.llkctllUI,  gtlllH. 

Jiiu.  II.  (iit^iittn.  Ixiitl. 

.rn^i-|ili  I'lijiiii.  irrorcr. 
M.  K.  WiN.mVKflioul 

|l^.l^>l  <-it |.>tli>"- 

.l.thrr-oii,    riiin|>l'i'||    \ 

I'll.,    II, lit    iiiaiin1:i'  - 

tuiy.  I'ir. 

A.  I  .  .^l:^U•■lliJ',  IllWV'l 
l'Ii4M>X  iV  MnllKll,liiitiltt 

Kli/IlMHllt^'Hll,ui<l"» 
II.  C.  luv.t*. 
M-MnipiiyniitlotlHTr 


:!o 

K.iriar     ,V      Wi:ll(.  r, 

;ir, 

►li.ip. 
liiilli'l.'.V  fi  Stark. 

:iii 

.I..I111  Sha.  kl.tlil  .1  1... 

82 

I'.il.  Sam'l  llamin..it.l. 

82 

.Ills.  Irwin,  carpt'iiti  1 

37 

I'liilip  I!...  Ii.'l.lav.' 

So 

/..'Intl. .11   I'.'ti. Ill'l..': 

...» 

T.'ii.'li.'i  ami  ..lli"r". 

."i2 

.^aiati  l.al.r.i-rt.  i-tc 

.Mary  I..'..,  wiil.w 

.'.:i 

.ljiin..M      Kit/^iiiiiii  ii> 

Bi.i.i'r. 

.^;l 

Ma.lalti.'  Hivi.'i,' 

1-4 

Fi'lix      F.'iilaiti.',    Ii- 

111.)  .T 

114 

Flan,  i.^     I.i'l..'ail,   I  .  - 

p.'tii.'r. 

H7 

Paul  Plillie. 

s.s 

.Miiiiiun..  .Illlic. 

h8 

Il.'t'tiai.l  llii;ii..ii. 

211 

|i.    .Moni'Mt....,  .aip'H' 

20 

III 
Marlani..  Ainlirni.. 

.'it; 

II. 'Illy  .\'lalllrt, .  ai  | '  <  - 

02 

lliwiiill  II.  I>li.'... 

HI 

A.  Full"  ,4  (J.'.i  I'il/.l 

111 

Vaianl. 

K\ 

P.'t.'r  Ptlniiit. 

\           ■» 

Il.'.'k  .\    S|.ai.liM.;    1.^: 

' 

..Ih.'lK 

12 

1..   S.    MiHtll'li'li,  i:.II- 

i.iliill.. 

rti. lilt. 'lilt. 

V t. 

.* 

»l...Mllllvali,Jll«ll.- 

*. 

.M.H..'N  S.-.ltt.  Ilf..!" 

.'i 

A.    SlIU.ill,      .III  III  I- 

niak.'r. 

.. 

l.iii  I.  Hay.  I.iii.  Ii.r 

.. 

II.  \    !    \'a''.tli"  / 

:i7 

.la.   •     Vain.... 

:17 

in.'  i.r.'ttui...'iiri'.'ii'." 

;i7 

4,...il.».t  lllalii'li..l'l. 

:i7 

.'.M.I1     Ijinp,  1 '.:i 

.•18 

III.  I.«ril    lllli.l.o.  .ml 

..ll,»r». 

«t  '^ 


TOPOGRAPHY. 


ir>:5 


rar. 
Mi'tli"- 

grocyr. 

lion. 

iinilnr'' 


ii 


f.irl. 
lun,  giiii" 

•M'. 

(llll.  tT"!-'! 

MliV  mIm.. 'i 

I  llll.loll.-- 
jl  UIHlllllil'  ■ 
•.■lli*,l"«>'  I 

i,,ui;li,l'»'l'- 

V'C. 

*      \Vi:lU.i- 

y  /I  Sliirk. 
jiiki"i'l  A  I 

ri  llmiiiii 1 

i-an'i'iii. 

l.nll.'I'luV.' 

i',.i..n,i  •■ 

„n.|..lli'  1- 
.,0.n.-».  ■■'>■ 
,,,,  »i.li» 

Kit/-»ii>i"i     ■ 
1. 

liixi.  M 

.iiliiiiit',    It' 

l.,-l,.i.u. 

I  illl'* 
Imi;.'. 

111:;!.. .11 
,1..,.   .1111". 

.Vliil.r..i.. 
,.|.im*,.:iM 

I  II    Pii." 


I'lillllH 

r.|,.l.li... 


M.tfili'l t 

til. 

>l. 

Mllltv Ill-' 

,  S..ill.lll'l" 
Mil. '11,        .ill!"    I    I 
\..T. 

|(„>,l.lll.l." 

Vil"!)!!.' 
V.illMT. 
lili'lli;'..'!"'!"'"''" 
,  ,V    lllnllfli.il.l 

Lmii-,  •"»■''■'*  _ 
.rrt  i)iiiii.>«y  iiii'ip 


VII.— FUAMK  AN'D  Loa  I'lUaSKS   nUII.T  IN  ST.  I.OUI.S  KBUM   MARCH  10,  1804,  TO  UAY,  Wil.—Cn„(iinie,t. 

No.  Ownf>ra.  l)cBcri|itii)ii.  Loratii.i].  Blocks.        <>('rii)miil»  Mity,  1  *21. 


1817 


1'.)  Wm.  ChI.i'om,  nir-  Knimi' nlinp. 

ju-ntiT. 

HU  .l.iliii  S.  lliitri'll.  Two  Hloiv  liuiiie. 

81  .loliii  KooKiirkiT.  I.'  j;. 

HJ  Npni  I.V..I1B.  Kniiiit' ilwi'lllnK. 

8:i  .liw   l,.'l.li.iiil.  "  ■• 

S4  Hiinli'l  Sliupi.. 

IV>,  811  (.'ill.  A.  ('Iiuiil.>iill.  H..»  iif  r.Mir  riiimii  nliLpD. 
87,  8S 


.'111  ulillVP  CIli'Htll.lt. 

17,  iiiirlli  niilf  lit  .Myiilo. 

Ill      " 

•^■1,  nilitli     "  " 

lili  N.'.'.l. 

M:!.-!,  :iil. 

:i.'l,  M,  ;i7,  :i'.i  s.  M,iin. 


1 


MO-17 
1-17 


Ml    Siiiii'l  Muiinl. 
'.Ill    SniiH'. 

'Jl      .Inn.  Iliilili. 

•Ji     .Mi'xis  l,i>liin.li'. 
m     Km  ill  in  Villus. 

04     M..!i.  »  I).  Hill..-'. 

Ii.'i     .Inn    II.  II.  I'll. 
'.It.     .lu^.  •.inMyi'i.N..I,lt.i 
.-i.ilni'.iiiiiil.liii^',.- 

'J7     Aim.  IV  I'liiitlli'ilit 

^s.l|■l■il.l.... 
»h    TlnniliilniiSinilli. 

'.I'.i     K|ilii'iiiin  T.'H'ii. 

Iini    I'l.l.   Mil  II.  t'l.'ni- 

Mill 

ml    .In...  r.  I'.iiii'i. 
lu.;    l/.Vtiei'      Allir.l. 

I.tlllt        I..V     .I..X. 

MiitiiiiKnit,  l>il.',. 

l(i:i       MllM'H   l>.   lllltl'H. 

liM    S  liiinlt  iinil  .Inn. 
( iini|ilit'll. 

10.'')     .liTPIlllnll  t'nlllioi'. 
Itlil     Kviitisli-  Miillijf. 

Iii7     liliMr  ('.  Smith. 

lii»     I .■  II.  Orifflth, 

i'.tr|.i'nl.'f. 
lull     Siilni.. 
nil    .Sini". 
Ill     Ali'.v.  Mi-NkIi. 


Fritinn  i'iiirlii(fi'-',tinp. 

"        1'l.trk.sinllli-tiliiip. 
I.nc    Iwi'llllli;. 
.■<lll.lll  li'U'. 
1,111').'.'  hnlls..  nt'  pnsiM  nil  Willi,  t;tl 

fi'.-l  ri..lit.  Iii;:li  lia.Hclni'iit. 
'I'w.i-slni.v  fiiinii'  llWI'Uttl^. 


Tw  .-Ml.'iv    fiiiini'    'lui'llln^'    Htiil 
nlllr.'.  ' 

l.iiiui'  .hii'llini;. 
Sniiill 


'I'w.'-tnr.v  ilwflltnu. 


S.  K.  (-.11-.  Citl)  ttlnl  LucliHt. 

N.  1-:.  1..1-.  7lli  mill  Wiilnul. 
.S'lnth  Hill'  Khit.  III... VI.  M.ilii. 
Nntlh  i.iili'  l:l >l...vi'  .Main. 

:!iil  S.  Miiin,  l.iu-k,  tini-|li  nf  l..\vn. 

N.  W.i-ni.  :til  nil. I  Alninn.l. 
.Miiiki't  iiLnvi'  4tli. 


.M  N.  .\iiiln 

111  .-<.  Milin. 

Sniilli  «i.|..  I  lii-sllllll  l.i'L.w  -.i.l. 

N.  \V.  i-nr  dlivi'  iinil  tilli. 

81  mill  h;i  N*  '.:.I. 
117  N.  ;lil. 


"                "          iloiililchi'um' 

WislH.I.Mii,  M 

.w  K 

l,iiu;c  fniuii-  (iwt'lHriK. 
TA"..|t.r>  fniiiit'. 

N    \V.  nir.  iJ't  mill 
.10  S,  *J.I. 

(mm 

Sill, '11  M»i»ii',  liiiil  hilliiinU  I'tu'k. 

H'J     " 

Kiiiiiii'  «torf. 

7t  N,  Muiii. 

11'.; 


I.iiiti.-nt  Pni);i't. 


li:i     Muiliinti'     VM.Ii.u- 
It.nl9 

114  .liiini-. 
Il.''>    Siiini'. 

III'.    .I..I111  l.itilf. 

117    I'hi-i..  Will. 

115  :  .liilin  II.  ilicaiii.. 
nil     KianrUi'riH.lji. 
lliti     Mail.itnn      Vi-nv.- 

I'i'-.-ilV. 
l".l     .ln>.  M..iila|:ll.- 
I-.;.!-     Ml   Kill  nil  I      .« 

i::i      liia.lv 

I'.i4     Kii'ili'i-li-k  Dfiil. 

12.'.     Sam.'. 

Vil     Win.  Ciirr  l.atit'. 
I'.'H      llaliKli'  ll.nhili-. 
\-^\i     KiHii.-iN  lli't-niiin. 
1:111     11.    II.    I'rii'i'     l,y 

l>  II.  mil. 
i:tl    Saiiii*. 

i:l'i    SHnin. 


m  Mn   Kllut  Kail. 

1:14  T salnl    lli< 

ttiilf>t 

l:m  .Inltl'   II.  litl.*. 

MA  lllit-nllft    VtlKipi  -.'.. 

i;i7  (Hli-iM  ('.  Hniliii 

|:1H  .Ittsnn  llnllirnnit.       Kt-anic 


Stitall  Cratni-  titi'alri'. 
Fniini'  I'll-  ..rti.-n  nf  ii'^jisli't-. 

Small  ftiitnt'. 

inii'.„lni'>  ftiinii'  !4tni'('. 


Hntall    fiaiui'    Hint,.   f..t'   Il.id'ifc'H 

-h.ip. 
Klalni'  wii|:;oii..'ilinp. 

1,1'U  ilwi'llint;. 

1.11);  ilwi'lliii);  >.*'  (tnHtM. 

Tw-u-Htni')'  fiami' 

Mlark-lnJlM-Kllnp  ill.  1  i'\.  aIU,,}:. 
'I'm.,  t");  wa)£.in-i(lio|ia. 

'riii,'i<  fi-ainc  Ntiiri'f  (Sinitirit.. 


T«"-»lnr\  .Iwi'lling. 
Small  ilui'lliti)!. 
l,iiK.I«.'lllim. 
Kriiini'. 


In  t-iat'  nf  al...vi.. 
Spim-i,  rtlM.v.'  Main. 

1117  S.  'J.I, 

1"  N.  Main 

.'il       '• 
.'.  1      " 

•S>      " 

77,711" 

'!>  N.'il. 

N.  K.  i-nr.  Mi>rki<t  anil  :lil. 

K.  »i.l.'  Till  kI".v,.  Klni. 

N   r.  1.11   llllvi'  at:.l.l.l. 
im,  IK.'i  N.  Main. 

It'  N.  Main 


Tv.i-tliir)'  ilwrlllnR. 

Dnill.iti  rraint). 
■rwn  «t..l)-  fiaMlli. 


I -J       " 
U       " 

I-J7  8.  Main. 

.s.  V.  i-iii .  ,'i|li  ami  Lnrtint. 

:lil  1,1'l.iw  Walnut. 

W.  fiiltt  ;til  ulHtvu  Vine 


».  K.i-iir.  nil  anil  (?  ipalnnl. 
W.  ..Ill*  'Jil  l>.ipl.-tr. 

■i->f  N.tUlll,  N    nflliWII. 
'JtH     "  "  ' 

Mvrtip  »l«ivi'  I'll 
M'M\rlli'. 


01 

V'ni-alit. 

sr. 

J.    S.      linsKi'll      ami 

i.tlicra. 

Sfl 

.1.  Ki'fwirki-r,  nr.irer. 

:i7 

Mt«.  Slli't-ki-V,  wlilnw. 

o;i 

J.  I.|.|.|nnilaliil  i.llii'ia. 

■^^ 

Ui,);(.|-  (-..lljim.  tavern. 

II 

K.  MillKi-n,  tallni-.  ill 

;i:l,   llai'P't.V  lllair. 

wali-liniiik<-tH,       in 

:;:>;     I'aliii-I     llarti- 

ii.iti,i'iii'l»uim'r.:;7 ; 

.lnlin.<nll     ,V     Whili-. 

liatii-1''  :'.!i. 

I.tinis. 

Siiinl  Mniiiil. 

*' 

.-^:ini.'. 

C'hiiillrall. 

.Inn.  anil. Will.  Ilnl.ll. 

;m 

Ail'Xi;.  Alii.-liii. 

Xi 

Kl'all         Valnin       anil 

('a|it.  .liiH    Mi-lltinni'- 

kI".  ISA. 

811 

Suritli  >l'iil'k-i,  wi.L.w. 

t'l.ni  t-r...'lni       l.riiivv. 

i-li-l'k'-.    ..Mil-.'     ami 

Mil 1    tnnlll  aUlVC. 

:il 

.Itni,   Sarin. Ir,   rnllf(?r- 

tinti-:. 

4 

llailnw  .»  .Ian  r  Spi'ti- 

.1-1.  ,-l.aita. 

;i:l 

I>".<t..>lli.'.-.  KliaH  Ki'i-. 

1.  1.  1'  M 

l.tiian. 

In'...  K  Sl:.,lli.'i>.  U.S. 

:iii 

('lii'i»'.  I1.'V'I,  t't-n,-n-. 

ti:i 

l/.\liUi'  Allal.l.i-arli'l-. 

f'.'i 

Tlin*  ll.'iniwlia.l,  r.S. 

111. ii  III  nui'iil. 

t'llnlltl'llll. 

11.  iiii.l    IV    Sl.lilnn   .V 

l,iitL:l'-v,  I'Ut   lii'i". 

t'.n 

Th"-.  II.Ki'iilnti. 

.'18 

KpiKinpal   (-|iiit(-li   in 

Ih'JI. 

r.ii 

Al.    .-ikinniT    .t    r.,., 

(iinl  nlliiT-  in  1-,-ai-. 

.1(1 

.Inaii.  .\tiiiititKi',  ini'i- 

rhanl. 

:it) 

.Inn.  Itntljll,  Ji'VV.-lcr. 

:iii 

a7 

(Jart'i't    .'Vnilt'tfinn'M 

..tli.'i'. 

:I8 

Stnilh  .V  l>..ii):lii'|-ty. 

crn.i-iK. 

III 

Kl-.'.rk   III.  kit,  lall'.l. 

111 

I'l'tiT  .\    l."Iii'aiinii'. 

111 

ll.li  ii-l   Mniit-i',  I'.it'iin 

(1 

.Inilll   linlfa,  l.arla'l'. 

II 

.1'  Illl     Klalti.',   I.lai-k- 

uniilli. 

04 

.Inilll    II    liiiiaiii',   la- 

ImiI-IT, 

till 

Fiamii     Cii'fl.v,  (iir- 

pPltt'T 

cliiititran 

lli't'  ca.  .l-'iii't'ii  hnttiii'. 

11:1 

.Innl'pli   >l     lltauni'. 

10 

Kail    ,\     l.iiilil,    aii.l 

l»alilt'l  l'a'tt»r. 

»3 

.litnHJt  ('liriHtnian. 

Ilalli't. 

:i:i 

.liirnl.K.  k-t.  111.  tail. .1-. 

:i:l 

Iir.   II.    1.     MnlTnmn. 

ilmus 

'J 

lit    Win    Ian   I.alii' 

l.ii.aK. 

llllllnli'  llinl  Iir. 

V    Ihrniiill 

Utl 

llaM.I    II     Illli      ar- 

p.'lil.-r. 

0(1 

Ni'lii'llllaii  lliitc-i,  lint- 

ti.'r. 

!I0 

II.  Wn.lill.'  ,t  J.  Ham- 

wy,  H.-ni'l't-H, 

HS 

.laini>M('^«'iklin, tailor 

M 

I'li.-ncy   llHlii.rn,  lint- 

li'r. 

.Inilll  II  liny. 

Vmanl. 

HK 

11    ('    SMlilll 

:i7 

K.I    llnimrki,  liahiT 

^ 


I: 


154 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


VII.— KBAMK   \Nn   1,00  II0U8KS  BCILT  IN  ST.  LOUIS  moM   MARCH  1(1,  Ifiol,  TO  MAY,  1821— (>  nliuurrf. 


VII 


Wh«a 
liiilt. 


No. 


1 J 18-211         Kill     Sli'lilli'ii  (!i>.v. 


IHJl 
IS  JO 


1821 


l»l« 
l.-lf) 


IM7 
IMS 


IHIKI-T 

1SCI7 
ls|il-l-i 


1814- 


l4(l 
HI 

I4J 

!4:! 
144 

14.'. 

lie 

147 

I4S 
54'.l 

l.->u 


i.v» 

i.i.', 

l.'.Ci 
l.-.T 


Siuiif*. 

Sjinoii  SiiMKiiliift. 

Williiiin  Brown. 

Nil-Ill. Iius  Vor.liti. 
Iti'iil."ri  Nril. 

Ili'iliil:       I'li'l.in.l 

(llilt;hti 
ll.xlih       I'l.'liihH 

i'll'lt'Mi. 
.Mi.rli.ii.iii.l  U.K-h- 
.•1  l»v... 

.li.Nt'|.li  KHiiriimn. 
Kniiii'ir*     K«iiu-he, 

i-jir|n'nt»'r. 
FruiM  U  Udrhr.ril. 
I.Hk'-ni\ti  .t  lliiw- 

ken. 
.Mliv.l  Mo.iro. 

.loh.'pll  Klllhk. 

Jitn.i-.*  .1.  ritr.iy. 
Jt.hii  1.  Siiltoii. 

.luliii  Kittncv,  Sr , 
,>M'l'ri>.>.<  K  llv 


DeKitptlon. 


I  LuK  hoUH . 
r'.iiIMMitfl;  fdop. 

.■<;l|..ll  lof 

.^iii.tU  fni  ,ie. 

Kratilt*  rj.nwiit.T'ii  mIi..|». 
."^in.ill  Iniiii  >  iilllce. 

T«i.-iilc.iy   Iw.-lllnn. 

Siiiilli  fr.m.t. 

Imfhv  fenllic,  st'Vfial  tfJiPlili'lllN. 

Frmiif  (I'liJ-r), 

('  hilKljr), 


T'AtHHtt.ry  log. 
Sliiilll  flitptp. 
FrtiliM-  ^ll(lJ^. 

Kiiiliif  li<iiiift>. 
T\v->-»tory  hi  ,j»o. 


I.ocnll(ili. 


I  21)  .Myill... 

'  III  ipftr  No.  I'l  Mvrtl... 

8.  >|.|r  .^1 li.l  \V.  i>lii\. 

M,»M.-  Cp.liil-  K  i.ritll. 

,  S    K.  tor.  Ollv.'   ,.ul  .'.111. 
'  N.  Hlilf  rhi'cl.vri  hIk.vo  Itll. 

K.  K.  yw  mil  Uli.l  nii'Miiiil. 

till.  nUiv.*  ('Ii«.«trillt. 

.<.  'ji  iii'lou-  riiiiii. 

N  K.  .-..1   2.1  I. mi  Clierry. 
,  W.  (.i.lr  4lli  iiIm.vi' Orfpi. 

[    N.  Bill.'  .-I.   I'llll.l.'H  .lla.V.'    Mh. 

N  2.1  iiN.v.'  f'lutrry,  north  of  t.. 
!*.  rti.li'  I'l.i-tar  al...vi.  2.1. 
S.  K  ...r.  :iil  K..'l  Ciir-i.tnilt. 
:t<l  I...I..W  rlioHttiiii. 

Ul  M.  Miilli. 

><.  "lilt.  Wii«liiii|,Mi.n  \v..  hIh.v... 


BlonliK.        Oi'i'ii|uiiitn  .>liiy,  IS2I. 


l.'.s     l.i.iiiH  Uiijiianl 
l.v.i    I'll"  Duti'.K'riiU'. 

ll'.'i     LoiiIki*  Trill. -Jill, 
nil     Siiln|.M..ii  Finr. 

Hi2     .\l  ruiiitin      ...lilu- 

tii.. 
I.'.:!     .M      K.    ll.it.-»   .11 

rmil  .Vn  l.'pM.ii. 
11.4     li.il.iii'l  I'li.iilN'rI. 

Ho     Tii..in.i.«  ll.ihly 

|i:ii      .l..llil   IHlllll. 

11.7     Itin.'  ■■mil. 


Ilil)     Alpxiin.l.'l  NikI.. 


SniHll  |h.|til. 

I...^'  .Iwflliii^. 

Siimll  I..)'  ..Ihip. 

Fiiini'-  Wiir.'li.iii...., 

Krnnte. 

KiHiii..  Hl..r<.«- 

I..i^  M.I.  Wf.iiijtli-Mli.. 


tfrutteil  III  tfirir  /if.jul'ir  /V.i.rj, 

82  >.  :i.l. 
88      " 


Sii.iill  loje. 


.  NMIIllI  l.'Kh 


M.  niilc  l>lni>  III...!'..  Miilii 

N.  kI.Iii  of  Oiik  I'lial  ..r  Miilh. 

.s  hI.Ih  of  Wiiliinl  I'lml  ..r  2.1. 

III.  '.Viil.-r  al...vi.  Cli.'iiv,  iiii.l.'r  llii' 

l.lnns. 
.N.  K.  f..r.  NVjit.-r  hiiiI  LiiiiicI. 

Oil  lib  l..>  ..r  ".'.  fi'.'t  ri..iil  ..11  rUrr 
III... v..  Oiik. 

On  iiv.'r..ri  ,M.  K   .^  II.  -|..| i>t.. 

II V 

On  III..  II-..I  N   \V...ii    Olive. 

On  C.-ii  Cliuk'n  I.. I  l.i'L.w  Pino 
N.tiiilt)..f  Onk  iiIh.vi.  till' i>li-.tiiit.onl 


thiMtJr  Ihr  7'..ini  l.imll^. 


I'll    John  II.  S.  Siiillh    i  Oni''<t..iy  fiiinii.  .Iu.'IIIiik. 


Kl     C.l     .l..hh   n'Kiil-     Urii.'    .h.ul.h-   l«..-.l.. 


Al'..iil    thri-i'   mil iilliwi.al  of  | 

lh.>     "t..»l.,"     II. 'Ill'     111!'     lil-HV.ilK   I 

r'»t.l.   In    iill.*i-t.'.iti«    kii..Mn    iig  | 
II..'  M.'|i..i.»l.|  i.l.i..',  ill  III...  k.'.7 
S(   I... Ill"  ('..nun  .11..,'  y.'l  , 


..t  (I.I 

-tiin.li.iK  in  IH7I). 


172     1'ie.rk  ('i.nni.r. 
171     Kniii.'i.  Itl.l.. 
174     Kriiiii,..!"  (■iiill..n. 
I'lii^di.  Ii..  *'iiill..i.. 


1 .11     U 


Il.>l..'i( 
.1  ll.'i 


.'plllvii. 


.iufllinii  n..illiw<-l  ..f  lh<. 
I. .Mil.  Ill  nlt.'r->.'iirN  ulii.ii 
th.'  t.>u  II  lilni(<«  u.'i.'  f*t..|iili-.| 
!'.'>. 'II. I,  i(  *»M  n\  III..  .\  W. 
.-..I  ..I  '.Mil  Itll. I  F.^Hiikliii  Avi>. 
I'tiilnu  .Iw.'lliiiK. 


of    p.>Ht« 


S.  '2.1,  s.  \y. 


or,  of  l.oiiiUir.1. 


S    'i.i.   WH-I    .|i|..,   N,   W, 
\V|..t   .hit,  2.1,  III... M'  II:. 


.  Miixi-I. 


W.'iil 


17n     Ml.  Ii.'l  M  "ilii 
18111-17        IK.i     rii..«   K  lli.i.ll.k.     .xniiill  franii' 


nil  ol  tniilKi'. 

.il,  N.  W.  ror.  ..f  Cnliir. 
iil...vi.  I'.Mhtr. 


Is]     JoMi't'li     llrii/.'iiii,     Trti.'..!..ry    fiiiiii..    .Iwi'llinu    .  n 


4(li,  .S.  K.  n.r.or  Miili".iry  SI. 


.Ir. 


|S2     HII   I.iiI.Im.:Ii.'ii. 


|..;l  linp.  M.'lttllP. 

|S4  Kmii..,..!-  I'..lr|pr 

Is.'.  ('H(h    ('ri.vli.r. 

ISO  Wni.  I'liiiiily. 

18V 

1B8  " 


(III.  riwr-l  H'.k.iil...ii(  1 ' .,  nilh*'* 


|..'i..w  t..M  n,  lM.m 


liii.  lion- 


i.i.'ll..  .*  HmiiI'*,  now  ill  .iitxirh 


(U  niill  r.ir  Riiuit.K  litnil.<.r,  ..n 
till.  rlv..r'l.iink  hIh.^o  t-wli, 
fool  of  Anhli-y  ^t. 

I,'.K 


1818 


IS'I     A|p<    lli'lllmllii!.        KwrllInK  .if  p..>t<. 

HMi  " 

nil    i-Uiix  nriixiiiF.  " 


Kimf  nl.li.   III.  iil>.v..  (Illti.. 
W.'X  >.i.l<. '2.1,  U'h.w  IIiiupI. 
* hIhiv*  Murgmi, 


Eiwl  ihlK  .'III,  I.I.I.IW  r..plur. 


47 

Sliti'v    .SiiKrirmii, 

WI.I..W. 

.'17 

Uvfilli.  A  Uii|.l.'y. 

M 

Vitctiril 

711 

Will.  Ilt'iun,  |Miiii|>> 

iiiiih.  r. 

(l.'KN. 

N.  Vf'diii  ni,'\  iflherN 

" 

*'            r..rH»<l,    clcrU 

•ry  ''■■iii(. 

'* 

'h'lHIIll,      Cill 

'• 

■'■■■    '1<'KK.  Kti'^''' 

ft-/ 

...  ;-<Mr1ui)  And  utii- 

*H  I  .Irti.  Mnt'I",  t'jir|)4*nt«'r 

riirivly'a.    i  .hm.  Kiiiilinnii.tMili  li<  r 

''**lllllH''lt,  K     Kitllclll',  lMI|it'll|(-t 


»• 

K.  K.I.  Iir..ril,  t.  ii.  Ii>'. 

WilllHiii    Miiiili.'y,    In 

.'i:i 

llflliy        l'i'l"I*.|l,      l;i- 

IhiLT 

(Id 

.lom-pli    Kliiiik.  Htoii. . 

fiill.'i' 

HI 

.1.  J,  I'lii.ly,  .HfiH'iil'  I 

4 

MhiIhiihi     a.    'rulli.  r. 

nl.L.w. 

N.  W 

.f'.l.ii  Flnii.'VHtiilTI.".. 

kl'IlK,  I.iIk.ii.i.. 

SI 

1 Ii.  (iinltiiiil. 

^.' 

.lollll      LllllCMH.,      I..'.|l. 

Illllll- 

m 

V'.."-!. 

111 

Klix.   Hull. 

Iliohly 

M 

Niilii.ii.' 

Kiik 

14 

Phill        '    ', 

1(1 

lliit.l...                ,  ,.1.  ... 

4!l 

411 
41) 


77 


..lip  II.. 


.1   (iiill  .1  S...|lln.  I 

.  .'IN. 

P.iiil  l..>Ui*,  III. I.  ill 
M.iiv  11.11.  Iiiv,wl  ! 


I>.i\|.|  IIiikIi.'n 
ll.iti-li.  >l..lln 
F.  i'.illl..n. 
Vpiivi.  Miii'it.  l.nU.i 
Pli'in.  Pn.vi.nrlii'i" 
H.  Ihin.'.in. 
Vltiil  hi.iiitui.ti..ii 
Mii'h.l  >l..iiii 
liiHi'iiii  Ki.'ilm.l 
Ci.l.  I'llim.  |li'lu-»n. 


■lap    .M..l..ii.. 
Fritn'ii  P"lri.'i. 
Aiilolni.  t'li'M.  I 
It.  V.  WHlki'i 
AlplioiiRi-  Wflni.'i'' 
Anil.i..M«   N.'U..ll  all 
(h.lH.rni.. 

.llllltIM   Mlllpll) 
Alfrml   M.nilP. 

IU>ll<-villi>. 


Wlirn 

I'Milt. 

I    No 

I>1'.) 

l» 

Ws-2.1 

l!l. 

I'.  12 

Ill- 

III," 

I'*!!! 

IIK 

1*18 

III; 

l«l.'. 

108 

Kill 

lUU 

2(81 

IM7 

'2(11 

The  lii'M  a. 
nn  I  l.uo.'i*,  rol'iT 
rciii  i".|ii(|.  triiiKi 
l»ni  lliiri:  JH  imt 

VIII     Till.:   P|,.\ 

I-IC'.    I.S     IIKCl 

liATK  To  Til 


1  Ali'xun.l.'r  ..^ii 

2  .Miiiilihui  Mid 

'I     J'llll.-N  .Siiwypr 

4  .^1..-.,  s.',.tirtri 
■i.'l  lliitiinHii 
'■.  .Mi.'hii.'l  T..|i«oi 
■'  I'l.'i.r  (^iiiil|.i. 
7  .M«.li.  P  l.nlii 
■    'l.-.'ph  ('1111,1,., 

''      Cl.il.l...   I.II.'IM. 

I"    ^Villi.ini  .Snliiy, 

II   .1  llll  II..I.I. 

I-    Wiii'iin,  .s.iiiiv, 
I    »<-i't.  Piinl, 

■•«  •St..iiKlii,.ii  i;„|,, 

I .  .I.iliii  i'.,n,pl.>.|| 

1''  'I M.ii.h. 

i:  .l-l.i.  li.iii.,. 

-  .M.i.liiin.'  IV»,'n,. 

I:'  III  .liini..,,  11,,,;, 
111   p, 


i  i^i.iil 
•II  (^1,, 


I', 


-I  ('.'I   I(..l. 

-  iiiif.i.  i:, 

.':  .Mii.l.. 

:t  .M'..l.ii 

-'  l-.i.ii'  II  (l.iiiiii,] 

-'  Illi.lllllN    M.(J,,(, 

-'  1  h  .ii.ii«  K.  Illii.i 

.-  i.iilirii.l  Puiii. 


III. 


>  Will 
■II"  '1..1"  F.  II, .1,1,1 
I    'I  l"i  11  ('.  I.n.' 
■     Kll.'ii  l.,'l,.||X 

^VllllHIII    lli'iiki' 


/'.'/•/■ 


I  .llllll', 


'iiiitiisM|.in,j 
.III  lliiiilil.  I 
'11  Vi.ii  Piinil 

rt..  I'll. 
II.  I  Ml. 


"llll.. 


»  II, 


II  li.'.'l.. 


Kill, 


II  I'll 
I    I.... 

I  I'     H.I 


I   Kh  II  I'l,. 


'  (oiiliinl. 


N  ill.  1, 


l,B    \*.' 


I  I'll  N.-iil 
I  .M  .„h 


I-    II.. 
|l>    I..I 
hill 
1*1    llrill. 
I*-    A-H  Hiluiin." 


..I  -Ii. 


'iK'r.l 


iiy,  1x21 

oil, 

,i|.l.'y. 
Iiiimii- 

..l.llllIM" 
11.1,      lll-lk 

('•<url. 
Hliil,    cm 

K.  ►.■"'•'•I 

1  himI  I'tl 

nirlx'lit-  ' 
lii.l.ill.li'  I 
iMi|ti'Hl'i 

1,  t.ii.  I"'" 
lunli.'V,    U 

l.rnoM,    1' 

link,  -I'"  ■ 

■riirliiMl    T 

A.  T-n  ■. 

il i» 


lliilil 
„,.«„.,    I„.„. 


TOPOGRAPHY. 


155 


,    l.l.l     IM 

iliiy,»i  '■ 


Whrll 
liiilt. 


ISI9 
lslS-2" 

mifl      ' 

1>I8 

l-i:. 
i-ir. 

IM7 


VII.-KRAMK  AND  LOO  HOUSKS  DUILT  IN  ST.  I,)UIS  KROM  MARCH  10,  1804,  TO  MAY,  IKJl— CoLj/u'/nl. 

Nu.  Owiiont.  Description.  |  Ijui-iUioii.  Blocki.     |  Occupants  Muy,  1821. 


102  Jim.  Jojalli'.  FrHniM. 

1<.>:I  KrHiivoin  It<>rii[mrt.  Lm^. 

VM  J<Mt|iliStiliit>.  " 

I't'i  JohiiH.  Ui'unthU.  Fmnit>. 

ItMt  .liw.  liiiliiirK<^  " 

lit;  ,!..«.  i.iu-ioix.  " 

V.m  .l<»H.  llru/nui.Jr.  PohIh  on  wull. 

\UU  AlHalmmtiiilliitin.  Smutl  tVunio. 

i:o'>  VvHw'n  H'>ni|Mii  I.  Siiiiill  Imk,  for  l>luLktiinl1h'ttliuii. 

UOl  Juhii  It.  Ilnrti/.  Siimll  <lw<-llliig. 


I 


Kict  hIiIo  :t<1,  holuw  Spruce. 
*  S.  K  ror.  'M  tiinl  I'luin. 
I  Ktuit  Midf  :M,  iilxiVf-  (Mivf. 

N.  \V.(ror.:t<l  kihI  Wtilriul. 

West  (ti'lf  :ttl,  hI'dvp      ** 

tHJ,  tiS  N.  W.iiM.  :i.l  rttui  Olivo. 

S.  \V.  (t.r. 2<l  anil  Myrllc. 

South  HJitn  Wiilnut,  tMiMl  of  2(1. 

North  Hl<lf  Spruru,  fufi  of  *2<1. 

S.  'Jtl,  (tiisl  niih^,  bcluw  MiillH'rry. 


S.'i 

Jcijallo. 

M 

F.  HniiiiHirt. 

M 

,1.  Siiliiia. 

84 

.I.>liil  Hull. 

K4 

.1.  l.HtiurKi'. 

8K 

Thoriitoii  A  Keniu'ity 

r.it 

K.   KiikIIhIi. 

;f. 

N.  Si'viii'Mir. 

:i7 

HiiliiInirt'H  ritiop. 

4.1 

Iliirli/.'ri  n.Hidiilico. 

'I  lio  lli>l  u<  111  it  ion  iiiailt'  t'l  thr  tnwn  iif  Si,  ri'.ins  al'lor  iii*  inror|innitiMn  liy  tlic  I'mirt  ol'  ('<i  in  in.  in  IMciis  wiis  tliiit  of  Cliniituiiu 
III.  I  l.m!;i>,  ri'l'iTiiMl  111  iiliiivo.  Willi  ilii.  iL'cjiiiil  ol'  tlir  s.ili'  111'  lIu'Ki'  InK  wo  i..iiii|il<'ii'  .Mr.  Ilillmi'-  cxlmu-livi'  eiiliilii;;iii.  of  uiirly 
rt'iil  t'>tiiti' triin-uulions  in  tlif  city.  lli.i  inatcrialH  comd  ilowii  iniuMi  Inter,  an.)  in  llic  sanu.  cnniiili'tr  i^liape  u.^  icganlii  nu;li  lot. 
Lilt  llicri;  id  not  H|iaeu  in  ^rliirli  to  );ivo  them  without  injuntiL'e  to  otiier  lirani'lics  of  tlic  siilijeet. 

Vlll-TIIK  I'l.AT  (IK  TIIK  KIK.ST  AUDITION  To  TIIK  TOWN  OK  ST.  l.lH!IS,  >IA1»K  nV  ClIoUTKAU  AND  I.IJCA.S  IN  MAV, 
l-ir.  IS  UKCilllllKri  iN  IIOOK  K,  I'AliKS  2  AND  :t.  IN  TIIK  KKt.dllllKlt'S  OKKK'K.  UlT.S  .SOI.l)  IIY  TIIK.M  KUO.M  Til  \T 
liAI'K  TO  Tin;   YKAIl    1S1.>I,  AS   FOUND  OK   KKCOKD. 

lit/  ClmulfiH', 


LotB, 


I  Alrxuiiilir  Stimrt. 

J  Miitlliiiui  Mrliirk. 

;;  .liilih-H  .^tiwyi'r. 

4  M.i-i'K  Si.itt.inil  Suni- 
II. 'I  Maiiinioni). 
Ml.  hm-l  Ti-wuti. 

,  I'lf.ir  ijiiiiili-ii 

:  Mm  II.  r    l.-illlr 

K  .l..>|.|ill  I'loiiliHii. 

1.1  (')iiil  li'M  l.liraH 

III  Willi Siillltiiii. 

II  .1  liii  II..I.I. 

U  Will  alll  S'llllvull. 

I  lloiif.  I'aiil. 

'.4  Sl.'aiilili'ii 'oilill. 

I'l  .I..I .ilii|.li<.|l. 

II.  .I..I111  MiiikIi. 

1;  .1.  III.   D.ll.'K. 

^  Mii.inlii..  IVway. 

I:<  In   .liillii'a  Miliiil'. 

;..  Ill    I'll.. I  l^iiiirlrH. 

;l  c.l   li,il...il  ijiiarli'a. 

..  lliif.iH  i:.i«l..ii. 

.' .  Mii.l  iiiii.  i*i.iM-ay. 

:l  M.i.liiiiiiHlnnili.r. 

:.  I'lui   M   (Mllllli. 

:i.  Tlitilllilft  Mrliilili'. 

'j7  Ih  iiiiiiK  K.  Illil.li.  k. 

j>  liiilirii'l  I'linl. 


May 


Jiint' 


,11.1c.    :i:),  :i4,  fil,.'i2 


11 


Am 

.lull 

Mari'li  II. 
A|iiil      I 


■J4 

(i7  Hllll  S2 

19,  ■.'(I 

4 

».  IHIT     ll"i,  11(1,  8:1,  H4 
■-'1 
:i.'i 


1, 

I, 

'-". 


•ii\. 


Hi'Iil.     II, 


Ofl. 


I, 


.laii.      M,  mis 


II, 


:ill 
114 

i,  w 

Nil 


1,2 


1:11,1.1:; 


K.'i't. 


288  liy  270 

144  l.y  V\r> 
144  Iv  1:1.-. 
11.1  I..V  22J 

124  In  1:1.1 
114  I'y  ri'i 
117  t.v27il 
28S  l.y  l:i.'i 
2.8  liv  |:l.-i 
ll-'i  l.y  |:l.-. 
2.'<8  l.v  2711 
114  l.v  11.1 
l:t.i  l.v  1:1.1 
114  l.v  11.1 
114  l.v  1:1.1 
114  l.y  1:1.1 
22N  |.\  1:1.1 
114  l.v  1:1.1 
til  l.v  1:1.1 
114  l.v  1.1.1 


1>8I|.|  M.i    fl'l'l 


lloi.kaliil 
l'a,j... 


Pif.Miiit  l.iii'atiiin. 


81:ioo 

Ciim 
i^li  I 
.11 K I 

111  HI 
2111 
.1(10 
742 
CKKI 
4. 'ill 
I. II  HI 

:iiHi 

.'KVI 

:iiHi 
:iiHi 
:il» 

(idO 

4(111 

4lNI 
4lHl 

4011 

.llHI 
4<H1 


K488 

K    17 

F    (ill 

F  li.li 
F  211 
K  .122 
(i  :17  s 
II  lull 
F  II'J 
(i  27s 
F  21  HI 
(J  208 
(i  llo  I 
(i  112) 
F  2111: 
F  :142 
F  :147 


Tliii  lili.ck  rioia  Maiki't  t.i  Walnut. ami  .III1  to 

(lili. 
N    W.  uir.  4lli  anil  Walnut. 
S.  W.  ror.  4lll  ami  Markiit. 
N  rtjili.  of  Kill!  friilii  .Itti  l..('lii.iiti.aii'.ii.aHl  liiiti, 

4^  lii't  wi.»t  lit  4lli. 
N    K  cor.  .Miirki'l  ami  illli. 
N.  K.  c,.r..Mli  anil  Mirtlc. 
N.  niilc  ol  .Market  troiii  nth  to  7tll. 
K.  hIiIi-  ol  illli  fioin  .Market  to  Wiilnnt. 
W   iil.li.  ..I'  ,1ili  til. Ill  Wiilniii  Ui  Flin. 
S.  W.  cor.  of  41I1  anil  Walnut 

A  ll.ick  fi 1  .Market  (..  WallMlt,alHli'.tli  lo7lli. 

.s.  K   i-..r.  of  .lili  ami  Walnut 
N.  W.cor.  of  .Ithanil  Market. 


F  111:1 

Fini       !<.  W. 


W.  kIiIc  ..f  olli  Ir Klin  to  Myrlle. 

S.  W.coi.  ..f  lilli  anil  V.'iilniit. 

K.  »i.le  ol  .Itli  Iroiii  .Myrtle  to  S|iriice 

N.  K.  cor.  ol  71I1    illiI  kllll. 

S.  W.  cor.  of  .1ili  iiii.l  .spiiici.. 

S   K.  err.  C.lli  ami  Walnlil 

or.  of  Itli  ami  .Mvitle. 
nil.  of  4tli  I'r.ili,  Kllll  to  Myrtle. 


I 


lilt 


N.  W 


or.  (itli  anil  Kin 


:liKI         0    48        S.  K.  cor.  of  7tli  ami  Walli'll. 


K  1(11 


K.  hi.li.  of  .'.111  from  Spill.- 


S.«l.. 


of  Market  tiiiiii  sih  I 


Aim.. I.. I. 


11)1. Ilia.  WiiiNlaiiley.        AilR.     27 


(   22.S  l.y  1:1, 
\   114  l.y  1. 


U 


a  IM        K.  .(iile  III  .1ih  l.eluf.eii  ri.|iliiraml  I'liiiii. 


W. 


of  iltli,  Klin  to  Mvitic,  ami  N.  K. 
.r.  Ttli  ami  .Mirlle 


HI    ricaiiui  F.  Illilili.  k. 
il    .I'liii  M  I'.  I.iu'a/. 
.".    l:ili.ii  Leroiix. 
WllllHIll  Deaki-l'H. 


e|it.  a:i,     " 

Oil.  1(1,     " 

Junx     ;i,  181(1 
—  1818 


•in  ty  II. . I  .|M.c. 
117'..  X  ss  l.y  210 

f  1.1  l.v  I'l.l 
ea.  114  l.v  1:1.1 


K.  Hiile  dill  Iroiii  Myitl.'  to  S|irncc. 
K.  Kill.,  of  .1tli  near  I'lijilar. 
K:I22       N  Hl.le  of  Market  ti.ini  7lli  to  sill. 


:187 


K  ror.  of  .nil 


111  Kill 


m 


!ffi  )i' 


n. 


Not  on  11 


N    K.  ami  S.  F.  cnlv.  ..f  i.lli  ami  Kiln. 


Ilil  .Inlin  II   I"   /.«<•.!»  (.1  1V,..../,ir<.  Ilanl.  Aiilh.tnii  f.  .Soi 


,  Iti'irlfn  (Jr.itl..',  \Villi<tm  <'liru->it 


luk-lie- 
M..liii 


Mane  li.U 
III.  I..'i 


iiifmn 
M..1111 
1.1. 

1,1-  mil  - 


M.i.li. 


1..I. 

ill 

r 

111 

Wa 

1m 

, 

w 

.til 

.Me 

N 

vt. 

u 

.rli 

.  M 

ii| 

lO 

1  M 

...1 

*'. 

III 

I    .tail  ('..11111111,^1. 
.I..>inli  IIOKlit. 


He 


.1  M.. 


W    Uunf,. 


.Inly     I.' 


Fell. 


14. 


111..  111. I  .hil.e/  War.    May     2(i, 


M. Ill  oil    Keitoi. 

I    l.h   II    I'lelllK.in. 
I...I..I'..  (liiilaul. 

VI '.II, a«. 

1\  I'll. nil  Cala'en. 

Vi.ii  I     Miinl. 

i'<  I.  I    l-l-lltllMltl. 

ire  ('  Slliley. 

«.lt  I. ..III.  v. 
N    1.   1,1.  \..rileli. 
I;  III.,  n  N,.al. 
I'd.  I  M.iiiili 
|..i,.|  .-li..|.eril. 
lii"l.i.  M  .lint. 


Anji. 
N.iv. 


•2(1, 
211, 


>*i>|il.    18, 1818 


Dbc. 
Jan. 


'  Nov.     22. 


KolH. 


l.'i 


III, 

111,  |81'I 


n,  1(1 

:i»,  4(1, 4.1, 4(1 
44 


N. 'iofl.', 
17,  IH 


Apill    II,  I8KI       M    l.^of  Ift 
part  of  RH 


2.1, 
II,  1822       M.  (  . 


N.  '..  uf  41 


11.1  l.v  1:1.1 


1 1.1  l.y  1.1.1 
f2(iliy  -  - 

1  Ifi  l.y  Flfi 


r:i,  "I,  7»,  7(1         228  liy  270 


11.11.)  11.1 

ll.M.y  27n 

121  In  1:11 

228  liv  270 

llHiv  1.1.1 

114  liv  Ilil 

1 14  l.y  1.1.1 

ft7  l.y  1:1.1 

1I2H  liy  1:1.1 

.17  liy  1:1.1 

28  l.y  liri 

.17  li"v  1:1.1 

,17  liy  l;i.i 


M...ik 
ami  ra|!e 


F   1:1 


K  cor  of  (ilil  ami  Clie-liiiit. 
.1    1117       N.  K.  cor.  of  tilli  i.iil  cheiilnnt. 


F  1:1 

K  2i>H 

F  :i(Hl       S.  K. 


.Ill 


F 

F  44.1 


177 


.nil  i..(.tii. 

.".(Il  ami  l...cii..t. 
.  (itli  ami  KociiHl. 


K  Kill       S.  W.  cor.  of  dill  ami  I'in 
N.  K.  cr.  of  4lli  'iiiii  Ollv 


.<.  K. 


.nil  ami  I..1. 111.1. 


Ill.ck  from  (Itli  1.1  7(li.(i|lve  I.,  I.. 


F  4Til       S.  K.  c.r.  ol  Till  .mil  nlive 


N.  . Lie  of  I'iiii.  ii.,iii  41I1  I.,  .nil. 
S.  K.  cor.  of  411,  ami  Locimt. 
Illock  from  .nil  to  (ith  ami  I'llle  to  Olive 
III  olive 


II  l(i|        S.  W.  cor.  of  mil  anil  ('live. 


II  .14(1       S.  K. 


N.  W.  cor.  of  fith  ami  1  lii>tiiiit. 


..f  'Mil  ami  nllv,. 


K.  .nil'  of  .1th  lioni  I'lii'Ulnnt  to  I'ine. 


K  448  v..  Hlle 

K  4(11  W..I.I 

1.1:11  N    W .nil  aiel  Olive,  iK.itli  half 

I.  1:12  N.  W. 


en  Mai'ket  anil  Cherilnnt. 


156 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


A'. 


KrcuureyitHvet  in  f7i»u/«<iH*ii  AtUlUUm, 

Janii'H  ftinvcr  tfi  Siiliiiiin  IJi^lilliiun.  Sliiy  I.  ISI7,  \0  I'.v  U4.  imitiir  lot  tl,  K  -iAl,  suiilh  sIcIh  M.iikot  iiliovc  4lli. 
Alcxmiili'r  siiiiirt  tn  II.  S  lii'.vci,  Mi>|it  17,  IHIk.  IJii  I'l.r  '.'Tii.  imrt  uf  :I4  »ii<l  .'il,  (i  :I7:!,  xoiiili  kIiIh  Miirkit  fith  to  Dtli. 
Siitlif)  to  Atliio,  'J4  )>v  -7(1,  liiiliilu-f  of  ;i4  iumI  ;M,  II  4)!t,  Hoiith  |iiii'l  4if  Murut'  lotf. 

Tl iiH  Wiii.tiiiili'V  lo.liK.il>  Iti'i'il.  Miiirh  10,  (''111,  -^m  h.v  l:l.'>.;>7  iitiil  :.x,  II  'J'J!>,  i'ii<t  niile  of  iltli.  M,vrlli>  to  S|iriii'i>,  JHlXH). 

\V.  I'.  I.nllli   t..,lo.Hliim  lliiitoli,  .liiiii'  1,  mill,  117  l.v  l.l.'i,  lot  ti7,  .1  ■!■!,  N.  \V.  ror.  lltli  iiliil  Miirkct. 

II.  S  Ci'.viM'  to  .lolin  Mini  ,lio iaii  .lor Iiilv  '/'.i.  IMI'.i.  I:is  l.y  lilt,  imrt  of  .'<l,  II  4:i.'<,  S  K.  >'or  iitli  iiinl  Miirki't. 

.loliii  .loiii'H  to.lonlMiii  lliiit Il.'i'.  ■>■!.  I  SHI.  1:IK  l.v  111,  tlii' ni.ovc,  .1  Jl,  l-^.H-mi,  K  4:1. 

.l..»liim  Hail. Ill  t.i  .l.il.ii  .1 ►.  Di-r.  JJ.  IHIM,  1 17  l.v  l::.'..  I..t  117,  .1  Jn,  Srnnl,  s ill.l  hIkiv.. 

.1  iriiiiii  liiiii.iii  I..  .\.  i;.iiiii.ii',  Miiv  N,  \n\\.  .Mi>:,  i,v'i:w,  I'.ist  I.;  ..r  .'.I,  K  I4N,  «.>iiiii  >.i.ii'  Miiik.'t,  iii'tw.'iMi  .'.th  nil. I  mil. 

II    S.  lo'.vi'i't  .  .\l'.  h    (ialilhl.',  h'l'ii.  II.  IM2I,  lifl.v  77,  palt  of  ;.l,  K  1411.  H..iitli  •\-U-  .Maik.'t.  L.twi-i'ii  .'itli  aii.l  I'.lh. 

I  III  I.ih'an')  Kli  H   ('I.-II19..I1  t.i  .lohii  Hail.  S|.|i|.  I.  IHIS  -lit  l.y  0711,  l.ils  71,  74.  7."i,  711,  f.ir  S7r.7ii.  li  :llill.  lilli  t  .  7lli,  Dllvo  t.i  l.o.-llst. 

.Iiiliil  l'»lii|.l<i.ll  l.i  lliilli^  Kaitoli,  Mav.  I.1I11.  iiii.livl.li.l  half  ..f  '.'H  ali.l  ;;ii.  II   i:il,  U'.'Kt  i-lili-  .'illi.  Kiln  to  M.vitli'. 

.s.  loiiitt,  l.v  iilii'iin,  to  l'.,s.  lli.|ii|.Mi'a.l,  .III III'  Ti,  11-'.%  ollii'i  hull  '.111  an. I  M',  \,  1117,  »'i'»t  aiili!  .'.Ill,  Kiln  t.:  .My I  lit'. 

In  I.hciih'  AililHtoit, 

William  Cah.'i'ii  I"  Wiliiain  It.'.  t..i',  .liilv  14,  1.'<I'<,  I'Jn  f.'.'t  .01  4lli,  II  ;t.l7,  S.  K.  rot.  4tli  aii.l  I imt. 

Willlnni  li.'.'L.r  I..  IMilni'iin  llarll.'t.  K.'I'.'ll.  Islll.  IJo  l.v  .v.i,  II  :lt:,  S.  K.  .'or   4lli  ami  l,.n'ii«t  <>•■!■  11..I1'  l.clow). 

Kiihill"  (lii.tai.l  t.i  I'.  Il.iimnii.',  .Iiiiin  III,  IslK, ,'.;  l.v  l;l.'i,  auutli  1.^  ol  77,  li  ■It:'.,  I'ant  ni.li'  7lli  I'Cluet'ii  I'ini'  an. I  lllivor. 

1..  \V.  MiiKi."<  10  I'nor  yiiail.T. 

I'lvoi  giiaili'H  t..  I.i'»i»  l.i'ai  lii'.l,  Mai'cli  li,  ISllI,  11.'.  l.v  l:!.'',  lot  70,  II  .Vtll,  .s.  \V.  I'or.  Ulli  atiil  I'liio. 

will.  Il.'.tov  I..  Ila|.li-1  lo..lali'.  Mav  'Jl.  IMH.  11.".  l.v  1171.,.  "  I'nt  ' ..  ..f  1:1,  II  41IK,  S   K.  nir.  .■iili  aii.l  l.o.  iml. 

Wni    lii'.l..i'  1.1  .\liii    Coill..il,  lilt.  111.  Islli,  11.-,  l.v  1,71.,.  i'".o.t  ',,  ..r  1.1,  II  .-lill,  *.iltli  -ill.'  I,.l.■ll^l  i-a-l  of  .'itli. 

li Can-in'r  I..  M. ...•.-  III".  .liM-ll   .Ian.  'J-j.  I^'.'ii,  To  lu'll..,  >i..irtli  '....l  4'J,  I  II,  S,  W.  i.ii'.  .Ml.  aii'l  l,...'n«l.  ?'i|iHi, 

lii'.i.  rai.i.iii'1'  to  lint,  anil  Slln'l  Mount,  .Ian    'ja.  l.'l.li.  .'i7  hv  ri.'i,  noVth  ■ .,  ol   4.:.  I  4l'..  ."<.  W.  r.ir.  .'illl  ami  I,". 'lint,  SI.ViO. 

.I..>iali  llii:;lit  t.i.l.'i-.'i.li  r.  lliovMi,  M.ii.li  1:1.  l.'^i.'ii.  114  I'v  1  ;."..  I.'t  4'<,.)"liir.,  S    K.  .-..r.  i.ili  aii.l  (■|ii'>tiiiit,  Siiim. 
.I..»i.|.li  r   Ili.'XHi  to  ll.'iiiili  n.laii.l,  .Mai.  Il  17,  I  >.o,  114  i.y  M...  ft  4.S,  .1  111.  N.  K.  ror  r.tli  ami  I 'lii'«tliill,  il'JIK). 
riiiia'a"  Harll.'tt  t..  I  liaiin.  Slo'|.al.l    >lairli  1.',  l.--'ii.  I."  L.v  Ml,  .1  -jr.!,  s.  K.  .'  ir.  4lli  u'lil  l..i('ili't,$."..'i. 
rhaiin.'.'.v  Sli.'iiar.l  to  .la.'..l.  Kr.v,  .\iii;  II,  l^jn,  I'iii  In  'V.I.  .1   IMi,  S.  K  .'oi'.  4tli  ami  Lociint,  S4:.'.. 

.Iio'.l.  Kiv  1.1  Uavi.l  Sl'iill.',  It.  I..'..  |.«'.'ii.  I'JII  l.v  .'.11,  ,1  471,  "a I..t,  *rliKiii. 

1:."..  I'.  Sil'l.'V  t.i  Killal|.'(;ililai'.l,.l..ii.  11,  IB'J.-i.  114  I'.v  l:Ci.  lot  7 J,  M'JJI.  S.  W.c.r  illli  ami  tllivi'.  S:ilMI. 

Sa to  Kniii.  h  liii'.'iix.  .liilii-  -Jii.  l^'J^l,  ..7  l.\   I  -."i.  '■.•iilli  1..  .if  7J.  N  liH,  «i-t  >iil.'  iHli  L.tw.'.  11  I'ili.'  aii.l  lUivf. 

.I.iliii  II.  r.  l.iini.  to  |ir   Tlii'^   Ili.iiKlian,  .\|.nl  II.  l.^-'>-,  Ifl  L.v  M.',,  I..t  71,  n  In.".,  N,  «.  .'..r.  litlia.i.l  I'lii.-. 
|ir.  Il"il|:liali  li.rliai'.  11.  Mall,   >'l|i.'.'ll,  Iri.al,  114  I1.V  M...  lot  71,  IJ  174,  Kami' uliovi',  JrliHKI. 

.\ii;;n»ti  I'lioiit.aii  nol.l  I..  Win.  Hiv.ki'n*,  Sr ,  |  ri...'  t..  IS'i...  ilii.  two  lot...  \o«  .'.4  ami  .■..■.,  S.  K.  ami  N.  K.  ...it.  ..f  (itli  ami  Kiln,  .1 1  not  i'.'n.i  : 

II.'.ik.'K  I  mil  a  Kl'.iK'  hoiii. tin-  N    K.  .'or.  lot.  ami  ..i.  tl tli.r  lia.l  liii  I'ri.'k-.var.l. 

n.ak.'iB  ami   |i..i..tli.v,  liU  wile.  1 tuac.'.!   Il.l-  |.i..|..'rl.v  K.-l.  '-'J.  Is.'ii,  1.1    >latlli.'\v   Mil. v  l'..r  Sin.'..  ll,i,,k  S,  j.ai;.'  '-'14.     llcakiTH  ilii'.l  K, 

mini.'  .vi'ar.  Is'j.i;  ili..  nioiipn;..  «ii»  i,,....  I,  m.il  aii.l  llu'  i.i..|i.'rt.v  -..I.I  li.v  Sli.iid  .I..».  ('.  lli'..\vii  t..  Slaloii.'.v.  Jlai.li  11,  IxiJ'J,  lor  Sliil  4.'i. 

Thi'M'  lii|>  uiTi'  "1.1  f..r  t.i\.'«.  nil. I  I'lii.  ha-r.l  liv  .l.'liii  Sliii.  klonl.  Ills  ili'i'.l  loi   wiiiii'.  .V|.hl  IK.  IS'j.'i,  ri.c.i.li'.l  in   |l..ok  M,  |.hi!i'  'Ml.     .Sinn  kl  - 
ri'liii.|iiii.|ii'.l  it  I..  111.'  .•..liK  .'f  li.aki'in  for  $'.11.  Hi'.'.  '.'.  I.-:.".,  Il."'k  II.   ■I.-'.     TIii'm'  pall'.'"  .livi.lii.l  I'l    .4  Mai.li  17,  1S'J7.  :i-<  lollows: 

li.".i);i'.  liaiin;.-|>iiirlia>.i'.|  Wlllialn'ii  foili  111,  ^..t  tin'  ".'»l  hall,  i.T'  .  fi'.'l   .m   Klin  l.v  ll.'>  11.11  III  .111  1.1  h  Slri.'t:   l.allil.iTt,  :i:l.ll  fi'i't  lli'»t  I'a-I 
Kiln;  an. I  III.  Iiar.l,  Mill  f.'.'l  lo'xl  .'a.l  l.i  allay  l.y  11.'.  ilv.'|i.  Hook  11  .'1411 

Miih.'li.'V  haviiii:  ali'>  .li.'il.  Ilaxrl  >lii'|iiir.l  liml  .loliiia  .^lllor•'  pai.l  the  nMl  ti£ai;i>  .l.'l.l   to   Ki'iiil.'ii.  a.lininistrator,  Kiili.  17,  ISXt,  uiiil  ri'i'.  ii.-. 
il I  r..r  111.'' lot  from  K.'li.l ll.iok  I'  'Jil:i. 


NiiTr.-TlH'  i-aMtiTii  imitioii  of  thin  lot  on  LociiHt  Siri'i'l  win 
■talili'  "f  Uavi.l  .Min-nii',  wli.i  lli.'ii  k.'jit  ll.'.t.iiM  Ity  llol.l,  Vliii' 
llitiiiuiil!«'il  liy  lUa'tor  0)1  that  .lata  for  a  l.mii  .irSI-.iMbi  I'.ir  liv.i  y. 
fiiilii  liiiiliiiriiii.l  li.iiliiir  ill  mill,  whl.'li  l.iy  rniivs*  Tlilrl  SIr.'.'t. 


|{i..'t..i''ii  |.i..|'i'rlv  11."  lull'  IIS  0.'t.  >J.'i.  IH-J  I,  ami  liail  tlii'rooii  at  that  ilati' a  li 
ami  Tlilril.  I'hii  lioli'l  |.r.i|..'l  ty,  Ml  hy  l.'m  fi'.'l,  ami  tlm  «talili'  lot  alK.v.,  1. 
.111.     Till' iii'irti^.ii;!' iiNo  iiiciii.l.'.l  Ilia  aant  pan  oftwoliln   Ucotor  lia.l  a.  .|ii 


;;c.iii  ill  whi.'li  t.i  I'lnilitii!  ilniiu'i'miis  (ir  rurriietory  |iri-"i!i 
Tlie  Hloiii'  w.irk  iva.'*  iloiu'  liy  'riiiiiiiiiK  l{i»yti.il.i-'i,  ami  tho  i\i. 
work  III  Hi'iiiih  ricMiitiil.  Ill  niter  yi'iir?*,  iitiil  iiiilil  ri'.*.  ir 
thill  ■triii'liiro  wii'-  kiiinvti  iis  llii'  '■Ojil  .[nil,"  a  Inrm'r  mil  m 
iin|iiiniii];  liiiililitii;  liming  lici'ii  built  iti  tlio  rt'iir  tiiid  lii 
iiitf  it. 

Till'  tir.'it  liiiii.liiii;  iiiiii.l  119  II  ciiirt-liottiiii  wns  •liitiii'.''  I:.':ir 
bliioksiiiilli.ii|io|i.  iiltiTi'il  t'or  till'  )iiir|)osi>.      Il  \vii8  uitiinii'l 


I'll  (li't.  Ill,  INT",  Mr.  Kirliiinl  Dnwliiiif  ninl  11  iiry  iii- 
tvri'stiii)(  |in|ii'r  lii'liiii'  tlm  .Mi^S'iiiri  llistnriiinl  .■^o.ii'.y,  in  whi.'li 
ho  took  oi'.'a"i..ii  In  ,^|it'ak  from  tiienmry  iiii.i  |K'r.iotiiil  rrrollt'C- 
tioii  ill  ri'unr.l  to  miiiih  iif  tlii' rnil  eslnli'  Initisiiilionii  s..  I'are- 
liilly  intaliiifiii'.l  iilmvi'.  The  viitiolhi"  ii'initiii'i'i'tn'i'  ran  li:ick 
tin  Inr  iiK  I>I7,  at  whii'h  lime  he  cliiim.*  thai  llierewcie  liiil  two 
boiiHPS  tiorlh  III'  I'lankliii  .\veiiiie.  Siiiiie  of  llie'e  ntiiiiii'- 
ci'iit'i'!.  1)11  not  neonnl  with  other  eiintemiinniry  trii.lttions,  iiiiil 
»e  will  mil  ftllotn|it  to  hartmini/.e  them.  They  iilnnil  near  the  I  the  we-t  si.le  nl'  'riiir.l  Street,  lietwieii  Alinoml  nnil  S|irii  • 
I'linr  iiiiiiin.lii  there,  ivhioli  liiive  sinec  i|i>n|i|ieiire.l.  There  were  I  It  whk  nlaiut  forty  feel  fnitit  liy  iihnut  nevonty  feel  ilue|i.  Wli' 
but  fifteen  hriek  house.-  in  the  town,  the  largest  heiiiK  Kihliey'a  the  ciiurt  wiik  not  in  session  it  wan  useil  ai*  a  |ihieu  of  aiiin- 
lliili'l,  liuilt  li\   Knight  A  llrmly.  nipnt,  anil  the  first  ilieiitrietti  iiorfortniincc  in  St.  Ijouis  was  ,'io: 

Tlieru  were  nt  that  lime  tw-ii  fei  ry  lio'its  m;iKiii'4  regular  lii|is,       there  in  l>ctoli'-»r,    ISI7.  hy   Mr.   Viis,     lie   brought    liis  .' m 
one  111  the  foot  of  -Market  .-slroi't.  anil  mie  near  .Morgan  .-street.       |inny  from   Nnshville,  Teiiti.      It  vnt  the  largest  room  in  "i 
In  Irotit  of  the  lily  nns  iisuniliiar,  whii'h  ill  ISl'.l  reni'lieij  from       eity.  nml  was  tlurefore  in  .lematut  for   liiilli«.  Fourth  of  .1  ' 
Miuki'l  to  .Morgiiti  Stri'i  ts,  aiiit  I'.xli'ii.ling  Iwolliinls  the  way       iliiiners,  ele. 
tioioss  tile  liver.  *        Ahout   the  yenr   l.'s'.'ll  the  I'.iurt  was  mnveil  to  an  nil  Imh' 

The  ferries  were  owne.l  hy  .Mr.  .Nii-li  an.l  1').  .M.  \'aii  .-Xrs.iel.  I  buil.ling  on  the  s.iiilliwrst  eoriier  ..f  Sei-onil  iinil  \Viiliiiit  M)..'i.' 
One  of  the  lioats  eros-eij  iiboie  Itlomly  Islnti'l.  ami  the  oilier  |  iin.l  some  yeamiillerwnr.ls  to  the  llii|itist  t'hiireh,  suiitliwi'-i  ' 
below.  Skill's  iitiil  iu'i'l  lioiit-  were  also  iinu'li  iiseil  in  the  trans- 
fer of  freight  mill  |iiissi'iigeri«. 

.Mr.  Ihiy  stjirle.t  the  lirsl  horse  ferry-bont  iilioiit  1x21,  wliieh 
was  also  the  first  one  that  liml  any  eo.  er  or  |irotei'liiiii  froiii  the 
weather.  In  Is.;  .Mr.  Wiggins,  of  I'itiuinniiti,  enine  to  St. 
liOiiis,  and  iibuiit  n  your  iifterwanlii  brought  here  from  that 
|ilnre  the  first  sleiitii  ferry-bout  ever  run  here. 

The  olil  jii!!,  .1  very  )iriinitive  struetiire,  stoml  In   ihe  eentre 


tier  of  .Mmki't  mill    Tliinl  Streets.     The  first  enurthoiiM' I 
by  St.  I.oiiis  roiinly  sloo.l  on    Koiirth  .Street.  oeeii|iyiii^' n  | 
tioii  of  the  gt  oil  till  now  eovereil  hy  the  east  wing  of  tin'  ]  ti- 
.-truetiire.       It  wits  built   by  Morion  .t  Ijiiveille,  iitnl  a.<- 
menee.l  in  IHl'ftnnil  finisheil  in  IM2H. 

The  |irinei|iiil  |iart  of  the  liinil  surr  nitnling  .St.  l.oiiis  in  III 
early  .lays  beloiigeil  to  a  half  ilo/en  |icrsona,  vi/.. :  Col.  Aii|!»''i| 
('lioutenu.  .Iiiilge  .lohn  II.  <'.  I.iii'iis,  .leremiah  t'linnor.  Williul 


of  the  erosring  of  Kourlh  mnl  Walnut  Streets.      I'lie  jailer  wan       t'hristy.  Willimn  ('.  I'nrr.  ami    Itnberl  Wiish.     They  owiu'ilil 


William  Sullivan,  a  large  iitnl  |iowi'rl'iil  man,  weighing  o\er 
three  hiimlre.l  )ioun.|s.  In  l.Sj.H,  thl.s  jail  beiti4  foiiinl  Itiiiile- 
()uiite,  a  new  one  was  liuilt  on  the  sonthciist  eorner  of  Sixth 
mill  f'hesttlul  Streets.  It  was  ol  umlr;'l<si'(l  -tone,  iilnl  eonsisteil 
of  a  iiiiiin  story  :inii  Im-etiii'iit.  llie  lattei    lii-iiig  11  smt  o!  iliin- 


the  laml  well  of  Kiiurth  Sireet,  running  forty  arpetis  in  Iimi'I' 
to  near  where  llrntnl  Avenue  now  is,  wlii.li  joiiieil  the  |ir:iw| 
eoinmon  llehls.     The  lanii  west  ol    I-jleventh  Street  wa-a!li*| 
bereil.     Went  of  ChiiiitHaii's  |ioml  were  liense  tliiekets  of  IiiibI 
liushes,  oaks,  ami    |ii'r-iiniii'iiri,   renehing   mil    to   the  |ir;i  'i| 


.N'.'rth  of  Frank 
wa-  tiiiiberei],  ii; 
laml  south  of  fl 
Convent,  wan  ti 
whi.'li  south  of 
.\isi'tial  walls  to 
the  east  niilc  of 
.'\iii',itieSonl]irr|, 
lli'iil,  whose  |iliii' 
fliere  were  III 
soiitli  inisseil  live 
works.  About  11 
i-  now  there  was 
The  roail  norti 
tliroiigli  what  in 
whi.'li  was  then  a 
tlii'M'  then  w'hieli 
the  place. 

The  roiiil  west 
hloeks.  when  it  bi) 
.Aietiite  at  what  i 
.^i.  t'liarles  Street 
a  real  leailing  to 

lu'liiriiiiii;  III 
01  riif,  wc  find  t 

"The   principal 

street  ami  alley   1 

seventeen  years  ,if 

follows,  as  seen  liv 

uf  ileeils.       The    lu 

ifesignalions  of  str 

••.I.'l.n  H.  ('.  I.u, 

eiilfi  1.1  \inlli  Stre 

'.liilia  I',  s.,1,1,,, 

river  t.i  I'aron.lelel 

•M.  .1    D'Kallon 

i:i;.''llli,  an. I  Wash 

"  !■'.  T.  I.anghmi 

Street  to  lliilger  Sl 

"  K.  T.  Christy's 

.••irvet.  I.i'lween  Fri 

■■.I..).  O'FnIli 
ami  Koiirleenlh  Sir 
"'liilii  C.  Soiil.'ir 
I'lll'leii  the  area  fr 
I'.tiU'.'ii  I'ark  ami  I 
.M.irkit  i-  was  in  tl 

"  Illow  nnil    l,c 
Hie  liie.'  anil  Caroii 
iiii'l  I'.ity  .iiie  feet 
li  eii  anil  sixty-thn 
"I  Vii'tor  Street. 

'■Kill,  s,  |,s:(!),  II 

nml  ilesiTibeil  as  fol 

of  tlie  main  ehnniie 

nniith  of  .Mill  Creel 

I'f  -aiil  eri'ek;   then. 

I  eri'i'k  lo  a  point  will 

ilii.i'l  iiilersei'ie.l  III 

[irii-iileof  saiil  -Ire 

I  HesiiTii  line  of  ,Sev. 

'  iil'inu  Hie  ni'sierti  lli 

lli'l'lle   Sireet:    I  hit 

r lii. fill'  Street  1.1  ilie 

l'»aiilly  with  ihe  we- 


TOPOGllAPHY. 


157 


.1  not  r.Tc.i  ; 

l.'i. 

Ml.     SIllK'kli: 

»t  iioUt  i'ii>t   • ' 

iinil  ri'1.1  ive.  I 

lilt  ihiii'  K  n.i  ■ 

lilt   lllmvi  .  » 

liir  hull  in  «|iir- 

ory  |irif"tii> 
ami  till'  "■»  i 
iiiilil  rci'iir  . 

^IM-   ill.l   Ml 

iltil    I  1,1    : 
hiini'-  I'll' 

IS    .■illllillv  1 

mill    >|ri 
il..,.|,.    W:, 
I. I'    "11 


I 

iiui.-  «;i-  -•'     j 
l,«ht     In- 

riioiii  in  'U| 
„urtli  111'  iliirj 

111)  liM    ftiUHl 

Walnut  Sliiful 

iirl-li'iui.f  lii'l 

'I'viiiK'  "  I 
,1   till'  litfUl 
mil  «:'■ 


l.iiiiix  iiitli^l 
("ill.  Au«u-'il 

iiiiiir.  Williisl 
riii.v  iiwiu'cUl 

rill*  in  li'iifi'l 
ni'il   llii'  |i"'" 

i-l  wii«  ulll'l 
liiUfOiil  li«i'l 


North  of  Franklin  Avcntiu  an>l  wont  of  Itruailway  all  tlii!  lanil 
wa'  tiiiibiTcil,  IIS  was  all  that  norlli  iif  Ashley  Stront.  All  llio 
hiiiil  south  111'  Chouloau  Avonuc,  taking  in  tho  Sailed  Heart 
Convent,  was  (imiicrcil  ilown  to  tho  Widow  Choutonii's  trnrt, 
wliiili  south  of  lial'ayetto  Street  was  enltivaled.  From  the 
Arsenal  walls  to  Ciirondelet  the  hind  was  all  tinihered  except  on 
the  east  side  of  the  Curoinli'lel  roml,  wliiih  was  iiiltivtileil  liy 
Am  ■iiieSiiiilard.  .lu^eiili  lira/oau,  (ioii'iiior  llelassiis,  and  .Inline 
lleni,  whose  |iliiee  joined  the  arsenal. 

There  were  three  |irinei|ial  couiily  I'oads.  The  road  jfoinjf 
south  jmsseil  over  Mill  ('reek  hridj^e  elost*  by  the  prr'seiit  pus- 
works.  Ahout  three  hiiiidred  feet  south  of  where  Park  A  enuo 
i-  now  there  was  anolher  road  leading;  soutlittest  !o  liravois. 

'file  road  north  was  a  eoniiniiation  of  Main  Street,  ninning 
Ihiiall^li  what  is  now  liellefontaine  Ceiiielery  lo  llellefonlaine, 
wliii'h  was  (hen  a  iiiilitiiry  |>ost.  There  was  a  lieaiililiil  spring 
there  then  wliieli   no  lonj^er  e.\ists,  and  which  gave  the  title  fo 

lllr  phicc. 

The  road  west  ran  out  >*^l.  tTiarles  Street  for  about  til'teeii 
hloeks.  when  it  hnru  north  until  it  came  in  a  lino  with  Franklin 
Avenue  at  what  is  now  Twenty-second  .Street,  Slartinx  from 
St,  Charles  Street  and  running  south  of  liiieas  Place,  there  was 
II  rmi  I  leading  to  .Manchester  and  other  points. 

liinirniiif^  now  to  the  urticlu  of  tliu  G/ol.c-Di  in- 
I/,  rill,  we  tiiitl  tliut 

"The  principal  additions  of  real  est.ntn  hliieked  out  with 
street  and  alley  dedications  by  tho  owners  during  the  first 
fcvenleon  years  of  llie  e.\isteiice  of  St.  I.oiiis  as  a  city  were  a« 
fiillows,  as  seen  by  the  plat  books  in  the  oHiee  of  (he  recorder 
of  deeds.  The  lueations  are  given  according  to  the  present 
ile-itriialioiis  of  streets: 

".li.lm  H.  0.  Ijucas'  addilion  of  Sept.  i>.  ISIl,'),  was  from  Sev- 
eiilli  111  Ninlh  Street,  between  Market  and  St.  Charles  Streets. 

".liiliaC.  Souhird's  addilion  of  .May  IH,  |s;i(!,  was  from  tho 
river  III  Carondelet  .\vonue,  between  I'ark  and  tieyer  Avenues, 

■',1.  .1  O'Fallon,  Feb.  I,  IS.tIi,  the  block  bolwuen  .Seventh, 
Ki;;'illi,  ;ind  Wash  Streets  and  Franklin  Avenue. 

"  v..  'f.  I.uiigliani,  .September,  l.s:'i(i.  from  the  present  I.a  Salle 
,<lreet  10  lliitijer  Street,  between  Second  and  Fifih  Streets. 

"  K.  T.  Christy's  addition  of  IS:ill  was  from  Ninlh  In  I'welfth 
.^Ireet,  lietweeii  i-'raiikliii  and  Lucas  Axeiaies. 

",l.  .1.  O'Fiillon's  addilion  of  .Inly  17,  ISIIT,  between  Seventh 
mill  Fiiurlreiilh  Streets,  from  Franklin  .Avenue  to  Hiddle  Street. 

",liili:i  C.  Souhird's  second  addition.  , lime  I'l.  ls:i.S.  It  in- 
I'lU'U'd  llie  area  from  Carondelel  .Avenue  to  Oecalur  Street, 
li.tiieeii  I'urk  and  tieyer  A\eiiiies.  'I'lie  si|uare  where  .Soulard 
Miirkct  i<  was  in  this  addili deilicaled  (o  market  purpo«es. 

"Blow  and  I.o  lleaiimo's  addiiioii,  Dec.  2n,  IMIIS,  lietween 
llie  live  and  Carondelet  Avenue,  with  n  width  of  one  hundred 
iiiel  lull y  one  feel  north  at  Carundolet  Avenue,  and  six  hiin- 
ilreil  and  sixty-three  fool  north  at  tho  river,  from  the  iiorib  side 
I.I  Vii'l.ir  Street, 

'•  l-'vli.  S,  |S:l'.l,  (he  city  limits  were  exiende.l  iiorlhwardly 
and  ilesi'rihed  as  follows  ;  Itcginnini;  at  a  poiiil  in  the  middle 
el  llie  inilill  chiiniiel  of  the  .Mississippi  Itiver  due  east  of  the 
lai  lib  of  .Mill  Creek,  so  called  ;  Ihenee  due  west  lo  the  moiilli 
III  -M  vrei'k  ;  theiico  up  the  centre  of  the  main  channel  of  said 
CM'i-lv  III  a  point  where  ihe  soiilbein  si.lc  of  Kiitger  Siieet  pio- 
iliii'i-'l  iiiler-ected  the  same  ;  thence  weslwardk'  along  the  south- 
nil  .ill.,  iif  said  sired  to  Ihe  inlcrsei-lion  of  tin.  same  with  the 
we-leiii  line  of  .Seventh  Street,  proiliice.l ;  Ihenee  iiorlhwardly 
al'iiii:  llie  n.'Slorn  line  of  .S|.veiilh  Slteel  lo  ihe  norlherii  line  of 
l.i'l'lle  Street:  Ihenee  eastwatdly  willi  tlie  norlliein  line  of 
IbiMli'  Street  lo  the  western  line  of  Itroadway  ;  thence  north 
»iiii||y  with  the  western  line  of  llroadwiiy  to  a  point  »  here  Ihe 


southern  boundary  of  survey  No.  071,  produced,  shall  intersect 
the  same;  tliemic  easlwardly  along  the  southern  boundary  of 
said  survey  to  the  Mississippi  Itiver:  thence  due  east  to  the 
middle  of  the  main  channel  of  the  .Mississippi  Uivcr;  thenco 
down  with  the  middle  of  the  main  channel  of  said  river  lo  ihe 
place  of  beginning. 

"This  change  of  boundary  did  not  enlarge  the  area  of  Iho 
eily  mole  than  live  or  six  blocks  ;  liul  the  lines  were  ninde  more 
d  inile  and  straighter.  The  southern  side  of  survey  No.  071 
•  i.s  aftcrwnrils  Ashley  Sireel,  extendol  to  liioadway.  Thceity 
at  this  time  had  a  populaliun  of  aluiiit  sixteen  thousand,  and 
the  taxable  property  was  assessed  at  $S,OSL',:"illO,  and  the  laxes 
paid  aniounlod  lo  .S'i;!,L".l|. 

"Tho  property  owners  who  during  the  succeeding  years  iniido 
the  prircipal  additions  to  the  city  were  as  follows: 

"  Kdinund  T,  Clirisly's  addilion  of  .March  18,  IS.'dl,  was  from 
Ti.eltlh  lo  Thirteenth  Streets,  between  Franklin  and  l.ucas 
A\eniies, 

"  T.  H.  l.espeiance's  addilion,  .May  15,  I.S;19,  from  the  river 
to  I'arondelet  Avenue,  bclwoeii  Allen  and  Kusscll  Avenues,  for- 
merly I.espcraiice  and  Picolle  Streets. 

"The  Dueboiiquctle  addition,  Dec.  I,  \X'M,  was  made  by 
Jean  Haptiste  Diichoui|iietle,  Theodore  I'apin,  .lohn  li.  I.esper- 
unce,  and  Ilraiil  .M,  .Alexander.  The  area  was  from  the  river 
to  Ciirondelet  Avenue,  between  Allen  Avenue  iiid  Lami  Street, 
"Ann  Diddles  addilion,  April  10,  IS4II,  from  ilroadway  to 
Tbirleentb  Street,  between  Diddle  and  O'Fallon  Streets 

".lohn  Stacker  and  .Martin  Thomas'  addition,  .May  L'l,  ISill), 
conlained  leii  arpens  of  land,  and  was  from  O'Fallon  lo  How- 
ard Stieels,  belweoii  Droadway  and  Kast  SeveTteeiitli  Sireel. 

"  Fob.  la,  \X\\,  the  city  liuiils  were  extended  southwardly, 
westwardly,  and  northwardly,  and  were  described  as  beginning 
at  a  poini  in  the  middle  of  tlie  main  channel  of  the  .Mississippi 
Ulver,  thence  due  east  to  Ihe  southeasi  corner  of  St.  (ieorge,  in 
St.  I.ouis  County:  thence  due  west  lo  the  west  lino  of  Second 
Carondelel  Avenue:  thenco  north  with  Ihe  said  west  line  of  said 
Avenue  tJ  the  north  lino  of  Chouteau  Avenue;  thence  iiorlh- 
wardly in  a  direct  line  lo  tho  mouth  of  .Stony  Criiok,  above  the 
present  north  line  of  the  city  of  St.  I.ouis:  thenco  due  oast  to 
the  middle  of  the  main  channel  of  the  .Mississippi  Itiver; 
thence  southwardly  with  llie  middle  of  iheniiiineh  umei  of  the 
Mississippi  Uivcr  lo  the  place  of  beginning. 

"The  limits  for  IK41,  and  which  eontinued  for  fmirieen 
years,  were  brielly  as  follows  :  .Norlh  line,  from  a  poiiii  on  .Main 
.Streel,  between  Dock  and  ituchiinan  Slnets.  to  llie  rive,,  along 

the  ri Ill    Hocky   Hraiich  :   wesi    line,  a  slrai^lil  southwardly 

piojected  line  Iri  III  .Main  Street,  i r  Dock,  lo  Chouteau  Ave- 
nue, one  huiidred   feet    wesI    of   S ml    Carondelel    .\veniie: 

tiieiice  soulh  along  .Second  Carondelel  Avenue  lo  Wvoming 
Street:  south  line,  Wyoming  Street,  from  Second  Ciirondelet 
Avenue  to  First  Ciirondelet  .Avenue,  thence  easlwardly  to  an 
iiili  rsei'tioii  with  the  river  al  tlie  fool  of  Anna  Street. 

"  T'hc  urea  of  theeily  within  these  limits  was  Iwo  thousand  six 
himdred  and  thirty  aeros,  or  nearly  four  and  oneiiinih  si|iiarii 
miles.  The  assessment  of  properly  increased  from  j:«,OsL'.allO 
to  .SlLMUI,il'.'x.  and  luxes  were  increased  from  $I.I,2!I|  to 
.Sl.i.d.SS. 

"'I'his  exiension  o!  Ihe  eily  look  in  llie  lollowiin;  addilions  : 
"  The rpo rated  town  of  Nortli  Si.  I.oiiis.  di  dieaied  iiy  Wil- 
liam Cliiiiiiliers.  W.  T.  Christy,  and  'I'homas  Wright,  on  .liiiio 
'.".I,  l^lll.  This  town  was  Ir.iiii  the  river  to  Iwelllli  Sireel,  he. 
tweeii  .Madison  and  .Montgomery  Mieeis.  In  llie  dedicalion  by 
.Missrs.  Cliimibers,  Christy,  uiel  Wright,  they  gave  a  inarkel 
-i|ii.ire  and  school  park  and  ehiircli  sites.  These  special  gifts 
are  now  known  as  KxchunLTe  Si|iiare,  iit  the  foot  of  North  .Markid 
Sireel,  and  Ihe  Webiler  School,  .lackson  I'ark,  and  llrace  Kpis- 


III    Ihe    \" 


liiH 


HISTOUY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


<'ii|i<il  Cliiiri'li  si(o,  Ijctwcoii   Kli^vi'iitli  iiiui  Twelllh  Stier(?.  fniiii 
Mnili.'un  to  Mi/iitgDiiirrv  Slri'ct. 

"Till'  Idwii  111  SI.  (ii'iirKi-,  with  slroiln  iiml  lilocks,  WiiK  ileili- 
(MilcJ  .\ov.  1 J,  ls:irt.  liy  Win.  Ciirr  [.iiiu.'.  This  Inwii  wim  IhciiIciI 
friiiii  the  river  U>  (!iiriiiiilelet  Avt'iiiii',  bi'liicrii  Vif'or  .'<lrc'c'l  and 
thu  rear  of  liil>  mi  the  north  »iile  of  Lvnch  Sireit,  lorinorly 
llar|>i'r.  Oni'  of  tlie  oonililion:'  ol'  St.  (Jiii,),"'  a  lililion  wa."  Unit 
William  Carr  Lani''!"  heirs  ami  a.'^i^nn  kIiouIiI  have  the  ri({hl  to 
locate  anil  inaiiilaiii  forever,  free  of  ehnrtse  iir  eiwt  whatever,  a 
rnilrouil.  with  one  or  more  traeks,  through  any  xtrcet  in  naiil 
ndtlition  whiL'h  they  nii);ht  seleel  I'ur  that  |>in|iosu.  The  ilc<ii- 
eulor  aliio  resorveil  the  ri^hl  of  owrcrshiii  in  the  ferry  privi- 
leges, ami  in  the  aildilioM  of  lanil  ile|uisileil  by  the  river. 

**  A  village  then  known  ax  funlral  .St.  Koiii.-',  loeateil  from  the 
river  to  Klevenlh  Street,  hetwren  O'Falloii  an<l  'fyler,  formerly 
Weh.«ler  .■'lreel,was  also  lakin  into  the  iMty  by  ilie  exiension  of 
l.'<41.  'I'lie  ileilicaleil  ahlition."  in  I'onlral  .<t.  I.onin  were  an 
follows  : 

"ThoniMs  .1.  I'ayneV  addition  of  .Ian.  S.  ISII,  to  i  eiilral  ,-^l. 
l.uui.^,  was  from  the  ri\'er  (o  llroadway,  lietwi'en   .Miiund  and 

I!o({y  formerly  Hi klyni  Street.      The  dedii'alor  reserved  to 

himself  llie  riiriit  of  ivharfajje.  IVri  ia;ie,  and  l,e\ec  j^radiii);. 

"  KolM-rt  M'lore's  addition  i>r  .Inne  r>,  I'^lli,  Wll^■  nboul  seventy - 
ti^r  feet  eaeh  side  of  .M<nilid  Stieet,  IVom  llroaiiway  to  the  went 
end  of  the  iirefenl  nireel. 

"Charles  Collini''  northern  addition,  .Inly  I,  ls:;il,  was  IVom 
the  river  to  the  rear  <t(  lots  on  the  nest  side  of  Seeond  .^Iruct, 
between  .Mound  and  Chiiniberi"  Streets,  This  addition  contained 
lull  bbieks  or  forty  arpeiis  of  land. 

"I'luirles  ('(dliiis'  western  adiilinn,  Nov.  'J'J,  ISI.'i,  was  both 
sides  id'  liogy  ilorinerly  Itiviiklyn)  Street,  from  llniadway  to 
.Ninlli  Stieel. 

"  'file  other  |>rinei|,iil  additions  to  St.  I.oiiis  durinH  the  lour- 
teen  vears  |>reri-ding  ihe  next  extension  ot'  the  i-ity  lioundary 
were  as  follows  : 

"  11.  M.  Shrove'-  addition  ol  .Inly  s,  l>lll,  was  fi Twelllh  lo 

l-'oiiitei'iilh  .Streel.  between  Franklin  Avejiueand  Itiddb' Sirei.-t. 

"  Itenjamin  A.  Smilai'd's  addition  of  Novetiiber,  IS^ll.  was 
Iroin  ';iiil  to  .Morion  Sli.it.  belwein  I'ark  Avenue  and  .Marion 
Street,  and  Inun  Slate  to  .Minloii.  belwei  n  .Marion  and  I'arroll 
Sin    t... 

•■./ulift  I  .  Sonhud's  third  nddilion,  Sept.  :.'S,  ISIO,  was  I'roiii 
Iieiatur  to  Itosaiti  SliieK,  between  .Marion  Street  and  Allen 
.\\  I'lini'. 

o.lulia  I'.  Soiilnrd'a  fourth  addition,  Uvl.  7,  1H4II,  wii.it  from 
Hosatli  to  Ihe  rear  of  the  lotn  on  the  west  side  of  I'loscy  .Street, 
bitwien  Carioll  and  Soulard  Streets. 

••  hoiiis  .\.  Ilenoi-t's  addiliiin  of  Ail(.'.  I',  I  si'.',  m.s  friini  l.a- 
iledo  A  \  en  111'  to  lots  on   ihe  nollll  side  of  l.m  llsl  Strerl.  between 

lleauiiionl  Sireet  and  l.ellinL'well  Avenue. 

o.Iulia  1.  Souhird's  llflh  addilion,  Sep'.  I.i,  ISH.was  from 
llo^;ltti  to  .Morton  Sireels,  lielween  Soubird  Stieet  and  (ieyor 
Avenue,  and  from  Ito^alli  Street  to  rear  of  lots  on  the  west  side 
of  t'losev  Street,  between  lieyer  iind  Husseil  Avenues. 

"  William  ('.  fan,  nil  Au^.  I,  IS  I'.',  added  the  area  I  mm  Four- 
teenth to  Sevontei  nth  Streets,  bitweeii  Franklin  Aviiiue  and 
llidille  Streets,  and  iliiliealed  fan  Park.  '  t<i  iriiiaiii  vaeaiit  und 
to  verve  forever  lor  a  pleasure  itroiind  and  public  si|u»re,  and 
for  no  other  purpose  whalevur.'  In  dedieaiinK  this  addilion 
luetories,  nine  pin  alleys,  nr  other  then  iitleiisivu  inslitutions 
were  prohiloied  within  the  liinils  ot'  the  addition. 

"(iabriel  I'aul's  addition  of  Sept.  li,  18-l'J,  was  mi  the  Ijisl 
side  ol  Adolphe  Street,  Irmn  .Market  to  Spruce  Street,  and  in 
the  re»r  of  iliese  lots  wn«  the  He'letn  limit  of  Chouteau's  pnnd. 

"  Itelle  I'aul,  llet.  7,  l^tl,  added  the  liloiks  bilwevn  Markit 
'Ireel    and    Clail,    Aieiiue,   from    Sevenleenlh    lo    Ki^jbieeiitli 


Strets.     .At   that   time   most  of  this  area  was   represented   ai 
belli;;  in  Clioutcau's  pond.' 

'  f'oneernin)!  Clioiitoau's  pond  somelhini;  has  already  been 
said.  Its  hiritury  will  bo  found  eouiplete  in  the  following  note 
from  the  pen  of  Professor  Waterhouse: 

".Joseph  ,Mi;;uel  Taillon  was  one  of  ,he  early  pioneers.  Hi- 
eiinie  to  ,^l.  I.ouis  from  tlie  sclllemcnt^  on  the  east  side  of  tin' 
.Mississippi  in  I7ll.'i.  He  was  then  nbout  forty-eight  years  old. 
The  wise  forocasl  of  I.aclede  attracted  settlors  by  coneesi'ions  ,,f 
luiid.  A  grant  i  f  half  a  block  on  ihe  north  side  of  .Market,  be. 
tween  Main  and  Second,  was  made  to  .Mr.  'I'aillon,  On  this  lot  liu 
built  a  stone  house  forty-eight  by  thirty  feet.  This  biiinling  wh 
for  years  one  of  the  largest  dwellings  in  the  village.  Here  .Mr, 
'I'aillon  lived  for  more  than  forty  years,  and  died  at  the  begin- 
ning of  the  present  century  at  the  advanced  ago  of  about  niiu  i_\. 
'rtiough  so  illiterate  that  he  could  not  write  lii,s  name,  he  »as 
by  no  means  deficient  in  talent.  Mis  native  aptitude  fur  bii-i- 
iicss  led  to  his  appointment,  as  one  of  the  trustees  of  the  villii^'e, 
'I'o  'I'aillon  iielongs  Ihe  credit  of  creating  an  urtiticial  pond  in 
the  valley  of  the  '  Ciil  de  Sac.'  Three  miles  from  the  .Mis-i.. 
sippi,  near  the  west  end  of  l.iiclidc  Avenue,  there  is  ii  hiiii' 
spring,  whose  copious  waters  formed  the  rivulet  which  the  Freiu'li 
called '1, a  I'elile  Hiiii're.'  The  little  stream  wound  throM.-h 
the  valley  in  a  southwesterly  direction,  and  eniplled  into  tlio 
river  n  short  distance  bidow  the  foot  of  Convent  .Sireet.  The 
progress  of  iniprovemcnt  long  since  obliterated  the  old  cliatniil 
of  Ihe  brook,  and  now  the  tal  waters  of  Itoek  Spring  lion  \„ 

the  river  through  the  ma--n  c  arches  uf  the  Mill  Creek  sewer.  In 
Kli.i  only  one  or  two  small  grist  mills,  impelled  by  horse  or  "\- 
powcr,  existed  in  .S|.  l.ouis.  .*si.on  aller  his  arrival, 'I'aillon  r.,i.. 
ceived  the  idea  of  ereiiing  a  waler  mill,  and  at  once  procei.iii 
to  carry  his  plan  into  cxccutinii.  Having  obiaincd  Ihe  rci|ui^!'. 
authority,  be  ibiniined  ihe  Ibick  Spring  rivulet,  and  liuili,nr,n 
the  inlei'seelion  of  .Ninth  and  Poplar  Streets, a  frame  mill  viiili 
one  set  of  stones.  He  operated  the  mill  about  two  years,  aii<l 
then  sold  il  to  Pierre  l.aclcde  l.iguest  for  four  hundred  liMi-. 
'I'he  date  of  the  sale  was  Hoc.  -.  17li7.  but  possession  wa-  iini 
given  iiiilll  .March  '.".',  I7(is.  l.aclcde  enlarged  thu  capacilv  .  f 
the  mill.  He  put  in  two  sets  of  stones,  itiid  secured  the  ncii..- 
sary  increase  on  water-power  by  raising  the  height  of  the  diim. 
The  mill  reinnincd  in  the  posuessiun  of  Laidcde  till  liisdcitlli  i:: 
.luno.  177S. 

".Inly  I,  17711.  the  mill,  together  with  two  hundred  and  fcli 
arpens  of  land,  was  sold  at  public  aiictiun  to  Augusta  I'luiii- 
teaii  for  two  thmisand  livres.  Col.  Choiiteaii  retained  this  piuj- 
erly  till  his  death,  in  ISL'll.  Huriiig  tlio  half-century  "\  l.i. 
ownership  he  iiiiide  niaiiy  iiiiproi  enients.  The  woodi-n  mill  <; 
'fiiilloii  was  toin  down,  and  on  its  site  a  larger  mill,  built  <>f 
stone,  was  erected.  When  in  the  course  of  time  the  grontli  : 
the  \illage  rei|uircd  greater  facilities  for  the  iiiannfacliitc  ,t 
Hour,  the  second  mill  was  lenioved  and  replaced  by  a  still  hufrr 
slolie  mill.  It  is  not  probable  thai  they  were  biiill  on  exa<'t:i 
the  same  site.  In  order  to  avoid  any  intcrruplimi  of  siipp'n., 
it  is  likely  that  the  second  mill  was  allowed  to  remain  until  tin- 
oiimplclion  of  the  third.  Hut  all  three  of  the  mills  stood  in  li.i; 
immediHlo  nelghborhuod  of  Ninlli  and    Poplar.'      The  an  i 

•'  file  old  stone  mill  was  torn  down  since  \'<l\:\,  and  il- 
ls now  (IS7X)  nearly  euvcredby  a  subsluntiul  building  orini  • 
partly  Hhoiithed  with  iron,  and  used  for  iiii  ico-huuse  and  n  si'  ' 
for  the  sale  of  agricultural  machinery  and  tools.  It  is  ii)"'i<: 
three  hundred  feet  wesiwardly  from  the  southern  half  ot  ibf 
Central  .Market,  The  railroad  grounds,  tracks,  and  sheds  ihlj'iii 
il,  and  ihe  rnii>ii  Hepot  is  located  partly  on  the  old  shore  iiiii 
pailly  on  the  lu'd  of  the  pond."  — .Viiit^/c/ '.  //.«(.  ■./'  .l/oi<nii/ 


i!  i 


been 


of   tin' 

r»  oM. 

iH.  I..-. 
(.lot  I..- 


\\V  "1 


illns:.' 


Mi 


liu;;i' 


,  Frc 


■■li 


lliniii-'li 
int..  I'll' 
ct.  Ihe 
I  I'liiiiiii'l 
11. .«  I.. 


iii: 


lilltiii  ."ii- 
proc.'.'i.'l 
u  ri'imi^i'' 
l.uili.ii." 
lill  «itl. 


Ir.'.l  li 


,.|l|.iU'll.> 


.i.'i.ih 


.1  111.. 1 1  ■•'.' 

,ltlH-li."l 

liirv   •■!    '<  ■ 

>,|.  II    Mil- 

ill,  l.uilt' 
,Ml.' 
llir:l.'llll>' 


"f 


-111!  liir|:.r 
.,11  .'Mv.liy 

„l    Ml).).!!.-. 

iLiilil  111' 
.,.,.1  iiili'< 


liiiH  ' 


11    1,  1.1-  : 

Imir  ..I  111' 

.Ii<-.l»  ii'l.l"" 

,1,1   shiircalii 


"  riiet»*li)ri'    I 


s 

.CI 

w 
P) 

53 


li 


TOPOGRAPHY. 


159 


■*Tlie))ilurt'    Piijiiti   iumI   Hniinn'*   I'u-uttr'H   niMition,   Si'jtt.   V,  "  K<'>iir-  I'nnlV  aililitinii,  L)oc.  2t,  IS| j.  wuh  t'nini  (Jnitii'lStreut 

|gi>l     «...-     r..»w    !»•■    I.' .ill.    <trn..»    ><■   Pn  rnnflolft     Avpttllf     lu>lwnf>ti  tl»  rlHMlh'IIM    Avt'THlC.    llclWlMMl    lU-ckwltll    llllil    HurlnW   StllM'tfl. 


H 


w§ 


>■'' 


■A 


INIl.',  Wii»   Iniiii  |l 
lliici'i'M  .\\i'i II 

"jniiii  II.  r  I. 

In    KIcll'lllll    MM' 

llir  |ii<nil  wiiH  liir 
il.iMi.     Il>  I"  >;iii'li 

i'linlltfllU  ikMi'iI 

iiiiil  |iiir('lin«i',  mill 
llii'  liiirilcTii  III'  III!' 
jiiii;;  aiiil  itliiMit  (III 
till'  MiiKlilforliiiiiil 
liii."  1111  K'Hirlli  Sir 
Slicct,  T\w  liiiiii. 
tiiiu'ii  litl<'  III  Mill 
.*l;itt(4  .•iirvi'v,  ilif 
:iii>l  iiiir  ipiiirliT  11 

lillll  :l   |i:llt  of  till' 
■'  I'lil.  I'llMMli'tlM 

I, -.      Iiiirin^  til 

ill  'ii^jii'l.''  niliii'  III 

liirllli'lMfl  till!  |ili'M- 

ii|.i.ri  till-  f.ilfic  iis.-iii 
•Ml,-.-  n.  ('..I.  Chi. I 
.    tiii'irnl  i^  I'S.snilli 
.::lli'    mill   |i'illil    III' 
:ili<l  »ll.'  \  ll'lllllllv  ll 

■Thf  |iiiiiil  HUH  a 
<wi)i  iililily.  Apitit 
Mi;:i'l,v  III  Ihu  riiinl  I 
i:.-*  Iiaiikfl ;  plraMirt' 
iiiim'DIIi  ."litiri'd  wen 
liunliiicii  i«iiii^lit  Ileal 
riiai|Hliliiiii   uf  f|ice 

A I  aitiiiitie  game; 

I  lit  Mitiinier  in  llie  em 

'  lEiil  ill  llie('iMli>e 

I  till-  r.iiiiaiii-e  vani.-lieil 

|iilli|  ili.elf  beeallle  111 

I  »liiile.(illl';  aculllllllhil 

Jl'iiMie  health.     The  I 

Im  11  -ewer  i<ceiue<l  In 

hill'  hvKieiiie  eDinliCiiii 

ilaiiiiiin-  e'lii-iileratini 

|f('.'ti"l  Uy  till'  ilelnaiiil 

IP'inli'-  ll.iilruilil  llet'ili 

|tr;il  |."-i:i'ii.  easv  ^ra 

Ni'li>   itil|irin  eiiii'fll.i  l 

Cnrk  II-  Ihe   liieatim 

•III  II   mil!  a|i|ii>i|M'ia 

<'  "I  the  liieal   Ceil 

railniail    pa.''!-a}{e 

>  III :>l  111    tlio    liiuiiiei 

:iiiiii;,'e.     The    wiitci 

III  ll  Illy  was  'liawi 

iji-i   i-iirl-  „t  Ihe  I 


Tl.i'  ;.'eiii  nil  \n\i"grn 

|lli-.k-elilieil  l,y  Mr. 

"Till'  main  hudy  of 

pii"'  l'iii„',  exteiiilini; 

ll.  liitween  .Ninth 

''■ml  wlino  i..  ninv 

pi' I.  al    the    |irc.-en 

nilt'l  |i"inl  was  almut 


TOFOOUAFllY. 


159 


'•i'liciiiliiK'    l'ii|>iii   iiikI   lliiiinri'    I'iciitli''?!    iiilililiuii,   Si'|il.  1),  "  Ui'iii'  I'liiil'.'' inlilitiuii,  ll»'. 'Jl,  IHI.i,  ivuri  I'riiin  (liutiiil  Slivut 

isr.',  wii»  rriiiii  l)f  Kiilb  SIrti't  U>  Ciiriinilclit  AuMiur,  IxlwiT'ii  t(i  riniiiliiiu  Aviiiiii',  hrrwi'mi  llcckwilli  iiinl  lliirluw  Sirui'tK. 

Itiii'.'i'll  An'iiiii'  mill  Shi'imiiilimli  Stiei'l.  "  Dr.  IIiiii|iik<'  l.iiiii'''' -n'diiil  ii<|iliti<>ii,  April  I:!,  1^1(1,  wn*  fr.riii 

".Iciliri  II.  ('.  IiIii'iih' iiilililliiii  iif  Fil>.  ",  ISi:),  W11.1  fruiii  Niiilli  '   Fh«t  Curoinli'lcl  to  .><iicmiiii|  ('iin<n<li'li't  Avi'imc,  liitwi'i'ii  Wvn- 

l..  Klru'tilh  .""trcirtii,  bciwi't'ii  Miirki't  mill  .''I.  I'liiuic*  StrvHlH.  iiiinK  i>nd  ArKOiiiii   Stii'itii,  I'liiitainin;;  iilmiit  Inn  iir|ii'ii!i,     .\t 


till'  iii'iiil  wiin  liir;{oly  ixlciuliil  liy  ri'|M'iili'il  i<lt'Vutiiins  nf  llio 
ilalii.  Il.v  II  uriiilual  ai'nilinilicill  "I  the  iiiljuiiilii;;  |>ni|icrly,  Col. 
CIkiUIi'IIo  iuIiIi'iI  I'li'vrii  liuinlri'l  iiinl  ttviiitv  iir|irnH  in  lii.-  nrlg- 
iiial  iinrrliiii'i*.  iitnl  Ih'i'iimki  miIu  |tro)irirliii'  iit'  nil  llii>  litnil  iijhiii 
till' iKir.liTH  iiIIIm' |iiiiiil.  Tl'i*  iiiilllrni't  nai  iivnrly  tliii'r  inili-rt 
Imiii;  anil  almut  thn'i'-(|iiiirlci.i  nt  u  iiiiln  ivhii*.  It  nlrutcliu'l  t'loiii 
till'  III  i);lil>iirli<<iiil  III  Uiick  S|iiiii);  In  ilii^  Iriiiit  liliu  nl'  llii'  lii'lil- 
lut?i  nil  Kniii'lli  .'^Iri'rt.  anil  frntn  <'hmiteiiii  AvciiiU'  to  .Miirkft 
Sirrct.  'I'tii'  I'liaril  nl  lanil  l'nnllni^>iull('rH  I'nntirini'il  f'ni.  ('linn- 
liiUiV  liiU'lo  llii.i  laiiil  .IiiiU'7.  \sH\,  Afforilhi),'  In  ilic  liiili'il 
.^t.ilrn  .'unry,  tlii^  triirr  ('iiilinii'inl  iilt-vfin  liuinlii'il  iiikI  til'ty-li'.n 
:iii'l  niir  i|iiarli'r  iicTt'H.  Tlu'  lii'ict'inlanl."!  nf  ('liiiiitraii  ."till  ro- 
liiii  a  [lart  of  tllii  Mill  <'ri  "k  I'glatr. 

-■  Tnl,  Cliiiitti'iiii  Miirvhr.l  nioHt  of  tlio  original  fi'tlliTi*  of  .St. 
I,. mi-.  I>nrin)(  tlio  Ulty  yriim  nl'  liin  oi'oii|iani'y  of  lln'  iiiill-iiitu, 
lliuiirainl'i  t'liinv  In  llib  villii)(v.  lu  nlioiii  trailitinii  I'vvn  hail  iiutiir 
Miriili<ini'<l  thii  |irinr  iiwiiui.'<lii|i  ot'l'iiiiinn.  I'hu  lulk  wan  givuii 
iMioi)  till'  r.iliii*  iifi-iiinii'lioti  tli.it  thin  bnily  nl  wiilvr  owi'il  it.i  v\- 
■  •Iriii'd  In  Col.  I'hniiii'aii.  Itiit  llio  titli'  wliirli  |)n|iiiliir  urror 
I'liili-rrril  in  I'Hni'iiliiilty  jn^t.  .■\ii}^n:'tr  C'liiHiluaii  u\|iaiiiluil  tlio 
litlli'  mill  |>nnil  III'  Taillnii  to  the  ilinii'ii.iioni)  nl'  n  niiiiill  lukc. 
ami  rta."  nrlually  lliu  fiuiilor  nl'  ■  Cliiiuti'aii'n  I'oinl.' 

"Till'  |iiiiiil  «iH  a  ly|ie  nl'  Kri'iiih  lil'i'.  It  omiiliini'il  |ilc'anuro 
niili  iililily.  Apiiit  t'rniii  il.i  inilii-triiil  norvii'i'-,  it  I'niih  ilmtei 
i,ir).'rly  In  lliu  ruini  nl'  noriiil  uiijoyMieiit;  |iii'tiii'.i  ;;allii'M'il  ii|inii 
i\<  liaiikti:  plraniiru  [larticrt  ntiil(;il  ovi'r  itn  liiii|>ii|  'li'iiih-;  it.i 
iiini.nlii  •linri'»  wori'  lliu  lry.-lin){.|ilai:r>  nl'  ymin^'  Inn-;  tlu'ii' 
lunluii'n  niinuhl  hcalililiil  ri'i'rralion  or  ti'>ti'il  thi'ir  .'•lri'n;;tli  in 
I'liitiiiililioii  III'  ti|ieu<l ;  .i|iorlsiiieii  ivi'iit  tlirri'  In  cali'li  linh  or 
fIiimiI  ai|iuitii!  ijanii';  liathi'rn  »nui;hl  riiliul  Ironi  tho  niiltry  licaLi 
III  Miiuiiiur  in  till' cooliiOM'  nf  itd  ntiroil  wtttors. 

'  hut  in  tliucour.^u  of  tiuio  ufiail  i'liiin);e  I'liinii  ovor  tin*  Hceiio; 
till'  r.iiiinni'i'  viinisliuil ;  lliu  uity  cxtciiiliil  nUmg  the  baiikn :  the 
I  |.[<ii<l  iiM'lf  hi'i'aniu  thit  ri'i-cptaulu  of  iiii|iiiri.'  ilraiiiiiKu;  thu  un- 
vliiili'^iiin'.'  auiMiiiuihilioiis  iiv|{»ii  tn  iinaki'ii  n  imliuiliiilti  lor  the 

|)iubl>i'  hi'iillh.     Till'  ri'iiinval  nf  tlii'  |>nn.|  ami  tin nntrnrtinn 

lilt  i<  .•t'vttr  :>oi'niL'il  In  ho  thu  niily  I'lloi'tiial  iiumiii.-i  of  inijn'ov  in^ 
lllir  liyifii'iiii' I'niKlirioii  of  .Mill  I'ri'i'k.  lint  tlir  ihanui'  »hirli 
■(.'iiiitiiry  rnii.-iiii'ralions  hail  tirit  nii^^ii'li'il  wan  iilliniali'ty  rf- 
Ifi'i'li"!  Iiy  till'  ili'iiiamls  for  |iui.lii'  iin|iiou'iiit'iitn.     Tlii'  ,Mi-soiiri 

Ip.lrlli  li.iilrnilil  mrillil  all  ontll'l  to  thi'  .Mi>ninni|i|ii.  Its  I'ln- 
Itral  |i""i:i''li.  cany  i;riiiU\  |iulilie  arocnniliilily.  anil  fri'i'iloiii  frnrii 
^i>li\  Mii|>rnwinrnln  iinini^takiihly  iniliuiilnl  thu  viillry  nf  .Mill 
ICrii'k  :i-  lliu  Ini'alinii  nf  thu  railway  ii|i|iruauli  to  thu  riiur. 
It  nan  a|i|iMi|iriiiluil  to  this  tinu.  The  vuliuy  in  now  thu 
rill'  nt  lliu  liiuat  C'unlriil  illation,  iinil  thu  uiin\uiiieiit  avunuu 
lailiiiail  |iansat;u  lliron);h  thu  uity.  Uunuuruh  liaa  fiiiluil 
)  lii  '1  III  tlin  iniiiiici|>iil  ruuonln  any  iiioiition  of  tho  ilutu  of 
:iiiia;;i-,  'I'hu  water  wiin  not  all  lot  out  til  uiio  tiiiio;  tho 
111  li  .ijy  was  iliawii  ulf  |iroliahly  in  |S:)2  or  ISJil,  but  tliu 
'i|.i'-i  j.arl-  of  thu  |ioiiil   wuro  not  fully  ilrainuil  till  nuvural 

•  I'llT." 

Tl.i'  L'i'ii'  ral  tn|i"gra)iliy  of  thu  niill'ilain  aiiit  iln  ilraiiiii;;u  in 
■inliiil  l>y  Mr.  Ilillmi: 

"Till'  III. nil  iiiiily  nf  thu  |iiiiiil  near  lliu  mill  was  almul  a  hiilf- 
kllt-  I"ii^.  uNtuiiilin;;  finin   itn  nnrthuriininnt   jiniiit  at    .Markut 

'ii'i.  Iiutui-un  Niiilli  mill  'I'uiilh,  in  ii  nniithwunturly  iliruutinii 
biil'iiiil  wlirio  i.-^  iinw  l*a|,in  Striul,  at  itn  jnnulion  with  Twulllli 

Ifci'l.  at   tliu    pru-i'tit    Shii'klu   \    llaiTinon    Iroii-NN'nrkn ;    itn 

Avil  |iiiiiit  WU8  ahoul  threu  hunilrud  yuriln  aorusn,  from  Kiglitli 


Struol,  itn  uanturninont  liiiu,  to  Kluvuiilh.  itn  wunturii  liiiu,  tU 
uhnni  S|iriii'i'  J^truut. 

".■<lartiiii{  from   tli"  ilain   at    tliu   iiilur linn   nf   Nintli   luul 

I'lijilar,  iln  uiiiturii  nlinru  i'iii-\  uil  arnniiil  almii;  I'iiulilli  In  riark 
.Vvi'iinu.  mill  Ihutii'u  iinrlliwunt  to  itn  nnrthuriiinnnl  |iniiil  at 
.Mm  kut  .'"trui'l.  Iiul  wuuii  .Ninth  a  ml  '{'unlh.  whuru  a  i^uUy  Iiron-^lit 
till'  raiii-nalur  I'rniii  an  far  imrlli  a-  n|i\u  .■^truut.  mul  fmiii  a 
n|ii'iiii{  in  Ihu  };rniiiii|  north  of  .Markut,  hut wi'uii  Kiiflilli  mnl 
Ninth,  whuru  niiu  Thnman  .Mn;;iiii'u  liinl  put  up  ii  iniiill  liriuk 
ri-"i<lutiru  in  l*i|7,  mi  a  niinill  Inl  liu  puri'lia>ui|  from  Chotitumi; 
from  thin  point  tliu  nlioru  line  uufm'iI  in  u  nnulhwunt  iliruclinn 
In  ,'iiiniit  I'lark  aiul  Kluvunlh  ."'truutn,  Ihuiiuu  a  nmilh  iniirnu  li> 
almul  Curru.  whuru  it  wan  iilmut  nnu  hiiiiilruil  yanln  wiilu,  anil 
iiiinlu  II  turn  to  n  wu-twaril  iliruulion.  From  lliu  walur  (jatu  at 
.Ninth  anil  Poplar  thu  nlioru  iiiuanilureil  alotij;  thu  fool  of  ImkIi 
I  ;;rnuiii|  in  u  noulhwunt  ilirui'tioii  to  ahoul  T'nulftli  ami  I'lipiii; 
from  lliin  point,  in  ii  f;unural  northwunt  iliruulion,  frotii  uiiu  hiiii- 
'  ilruil  to  onu  liiimlruil  ami  lifty  yanln,  until  it  ruauhoil  to  nuar 
.Mmkut  ."'truut  «){"i"i  'i'"'"  aliout  Taynn.lii  Ailolph  nrTwunliutli 
,  Sli'uul  ;  burn  it  liirnuil  ii^iiin  to  a  -nulliwuni  uniirnu  to  whuru  it 
i-ro.inuil  Cliniiluau  .'\vumiu,  at  about  Ariiir'trnti;?  Axeiiiiu,  llio 
.-olltllWunI  point  ii\'  lliu  potlil  ;  t'rnlll  thin  point  to  it.-  uhiuf  nouruUi 
lliu  llnik  Spriii)!.  it  wiin  hut  thu  nalurnl  i-lrumii.  at  liniun  hi'.'hur 
or  lortur.  auuoiiliiiK  In  lliu  i|uantily  of  watur  in  thu  main  hn,|y 
of  thu  pniiil  mill  thu  Kliitu  of  thu  nuii»iiii. 

"  'lliu  main  hnily  nf  thu  pnii.l  nt  thu  mill  wan  alimit  nnu  Imlf 
iiiilu  liiiij;  liy  tliri'u  hiimhuil  yanln  aenmn  at  ."^prnuu  Struut ;  limii 
tliuru  it  variuil  in  willli  from  onu  liiimiiuil  to  onu  linnilruil  aiiil 
lifty  yar'ln  to  thu  nnutliwunt  point  of  lliu  poiul  propur,  at  Cliou- 
luau  Aiuiiuuaiiii  T'wunly  nuumul  ,<truct.  'fliu  wlinlu  lunglli  nf 
thu  poiiil  with  iln  uurvun  anil  iiiuamluin  wan  nuarly  two  iiiilun, 
lull  in  n  niniill  Imnt  wu  rrui|iiuiitly  amuiuluil  thu  hranuli  to  hcyiind 
thu  I'auiliu  Uiiilroail  tuauliinu-nlinps. 

"  lluniilun  ilg  thruu  prinuipitl  nouruun  of  nupply,  thu  Knuk 
Spriiii;,  llammoiiirn  iinil  .Multua'n  Sprinxi't  nuverul  uthur  linn 
npriii;;n  uiiniu  inin  it  frniii  varioii.n  poinln.  l.iii'itn  ."iprin;;, 
jii't  nmlli  of  .Markut  .""truut.  nuar  'I'wuntiuili.  wan  a  fniu  liiri^u 
spiin;^  in  a  liatulnnmu  ixi'mu  of  yniiii^  Mipliii^  liiuliur,  and  wa.4 
iiiiii'li  runorluil  to  by  pii'iiiu  parliun.  Fmirlli  nf  .Inly  uululualinun, 
aii'l  Inr  many  yuain  tliu  .Mullimlintn  nf  thu  ilay  liulij  tliuir  miiiiial 
i-aiiip  muutin^n  at  thu  npnl.  Aiinlliur  fniu  .-priii<x  in  a  ,-mall 
rniiU'i  rit\f,  whii'li  ivu  I'ntiM  jiinl  utilur  Willi  niir  littlu  urafi,  wan 
nil  tliu  south  bank  nuar  Mluv until  Siruut.  in  aflur  yuarn  Hahur^ 
.t  I'sli.iflnur'n  laiiuury. 

"  A  iluup  niilly.  ualluil  by  lliu  uarly  Frumli  tliu  '  Kauuni,'  or 
'  lloiik,'  ran  ivlniiu  ilowii  lliu  prununt  'rwclflh  Siruul,  ilrainini; 
thu  watur  uuionn  our  prununt  Wiinliiii);tnii  .'^i|miru  from  tin  far 
north  an  1,nuust  at  'riiirtuunth,  whuru  is  iinw  .Misnnuri  Park, 
thun  lliu  rusiilunuu  of  ,liiil|{u  ,Tohn  H.  ('.  Liiuan.  Thu  ifrouml 
butwuuii  Hle\utilli  aii'l  Twulftli,  iinw  ouuiipiuil  by  tho  Four 
Coiiitn,  was  alwtiyn  liijili  f^roiiiiil,  for  inmiy  yuars  thu  rusi,luiiuu 
pnipurly  of  lluliry  rliniiluall,  IliinI  noli  of  thu  ohl  niii;iiial. 

"Whun  Ihu  I'auiliu  Hailniail  unmmunuuil  tliuir  work  in  Is./i, 
liufnru  tliu  pniiil  wan  ilniiiiuil,  lliuy  built   tliuir  roail  nnmu  bloukn 

wuni  of  Fiiintuunlh,  wliurutliuy iiiii'iiuuil  work  mi  pilus.     .-Mtur 

Ihu  pniiil  was  ilrainuil,  tliu  pru-inl  Nintli.  'lunlli,  Klui  unlh.  ami 
ntliur  struiln  Kuru  opunuil  miil  imulu  uinisn  Ihu  lanil  that  luul 
liui'ii  uovuruil  by  thu  poiul,  ami  in  thu  uoiirsu  nf  yt'arn  Ihu  Intri 
wiru  ','ia.|iially  lilluil  up:  thuCnlliur  Wliilu-I.ua.l  Wnrkn,  the 
llarrinon    Iniiiiilry,   tho  gastucluin,  buKBagu-faulory,  raiiioailn 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


m 

m 


m  IIIII25 


HM    12.2 


1:4  0 


IL25  il.4 


Photographic 

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160 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


1} 


; 


tliiit  time  thi:s  tidditiun   furnicd   the  southwest  corner  uf  tliu 
city. 

"I3eriiar(l  (i.  Farrar's  iicMitiiin,  Sept.  22,  1847,  was  from 
Eleventli  to  Kiglitcentli  Street,  lielneen  Ilebcrt  unci  Sullivan 
Streets. 


and  depot    buildings,  mid  many  other  establishments  recently 
erected  arc  all  Imilt  on  |;rounil  in  or  near  the  ])ond. 

"  Alter  Chouteau  had  replaced  the  primitive  old  wooden  mill- 
house  of  Ta.voti  &  Liicledo  with  a  stonu  building,  and  had 
raised  the  dam  to  supply  more  water  for  the  same,  to  strengthen 
the  dam  he  had  placed  a  row  of  cottonwood-trees  along  on 
it,  which  in  a  tiiw  years  furnished  a  line  shade,  and  was 
much  resorted  to  in  hot  weather  as  a  pleas  mt  evening  prom- 
enade,  where  the  boys  caught  line  lish,  with  which  the  pond 
abounded," 

Its  further  history,  as  a  matter  of  land  record,  is  given 
below  : 

Chouteau's  mill  tract  was  lirst  surveyed  by  order  of  the 
board  uf  land  commissioners,  by  Silas  llent,  the  lirst  United 
States  deputy  surveyor  in  St.  Louis,  in  November,  1809.  He 
gave  it  a  front  to  the  east  of  -13  chains,  or  U46  yards,  equal  to 
HJ  French  linear  arpeus,  by  a  depth  westwardly  on  its  north 
line  of  2:lo  chains  (.'^U  linear  arpens),  and  on  its  south  line  uf 
223.10  chains  (about  77  linear  arpens),  averaging  through  the 
centre,  east,  and  west  7S,42  arpeus,  containing  about  1110  ar- 
pens. Add  the  outlet  to  the  river,  2  by  il  arpens  (18  arpens), 
and  the  small  tract  south  of  the  inill-truct  proper  of  4  by  13i 
arpens,  or  54  arpens,  made  the  whole  tract,  as  conlirmcd  by 
the  board,  June  7,  1810,  survey  No.  3fi3,  about  1212  arpens,  or 
1031  acres.  (See  State  Papers,  '■  Public  Lands,"  vol.  ii.  page 
476.) 

Subsequently,  when  accurately  measured  by  the  city  authori- 
ties, Chouteau's  front  on  Filth  Street,  from  the  north  lino  of  the 
mill-tract  at  .Market  Street  south  to  Lnouteau  Avenue,  was 
found  to  be  about  1030  yards,  or  about  16  arpens  front,  which 
he  had  always  claimed  to  hold  under  Ligucst,  Laclede,  and 
others,  e.xclusii .:  of  the  Onion  tract  of  1  arpent  front,  north  of 
him, — the  south  lot  or  No.  1  of  the  ooinuion  tields.  Including 
this  1  arpent,  his  east  front  was  about  1100  yards,  or  17  arpensi 
— lOUl  yards. 


Arpeus.       Acres. 
Itout's  survey  nt'  the 

uiill-trait 1140  or  000,% 

Uelil's  survey  of  the 

S.IUIII  tract 64  or     4.'j,Vi, 

Ilouls  survey  uf  Ilio 

strip  to  river 18   or     l!>i^ 

Arpens 
Add  106  arpenlB  1246 

64 
18 

Acres. 
lOflO 

15iV« 

Vila       lo:ll 

Add  the 

Guion 

tract 

1318 
4U 

H..A, 

1358  n!>b^% 
It  appears  tha' a  more  accurate  survey  and  admeasurement 
made  the  tract  47  chains  1 1  wide,  insieail  of  43  chains  ashy  licnt's 
survey.  I'his  dilVercnce  of  4  chains  II  in  the  width  gave  the 
tract  106  arpens  more.  'I'o  this  add  the  (Juion  40  arpens  on 
the  mirth,  not  included  in  the  lirst  survey,  and  we  have  the 
tract  to  contain  140  arpens,  equal  to  1 24. 2d  acres,  more  than 
ill  the  first  calculation. 

Alter  Chouteau  and  Lucas  had  lai<l  off  their  lirst  addition  to 
St.  Louis,  ii.  Mivy,  18111,  which  they  e.xtenued  back  west  of  the 
old  town  to  Seventh  Street,  Chouteau  inclosed  the  cast  ami 
north  line  of  his  mill-tract  by  putting  up  a  new  iiielosuro  of 
pickets  along  the  smith  side  of  Market  Street  to  the  pond  at 
Ninth  Street,  ami  the  west  side  of  Seventh  to  Chouteau  Avenue. 
Wlien,  in  18o3,  the  poiul  was  drained  by  the  removal  of 
the  dam,  and  the  lines  of  the  ttreets  were  run  through  the 
land,  the  old  stone  mill  built  by  him  was  found  to  bo  situated 
a  little  nurthwual  of  the  present  intorseotiou  of  Poplar  with 


"Susan  La  Ueauuie  and  Charles  Collins' addition,  Jnn.  L'l, 
1S47,  from  Nin'h  to  Kleventh  Street,  between  Pogy,  formerly 
lirooklyn,  and  Tyler,  formerly  Webster  Street. 

"Louis  A.  La  Deuauie  and  Archibald  Uamble's  addition  u! 
Aug.  1),  1847,  was  from  Mercer  Street  to  .Jefferson  Avenue,  Ijc- 
twccn  Clark  Avenue  and  WiJnut  .Street. 

"  William  C.  Carr's  third  addition,  July  10. 1847,  from  Eigh- 
teenth Street  to  .Jeffersoii  Avenue,  between  Franklin  Avenue  aiiil 
Biddle  Street.  The  recorded  conditions  of  the  ilcdieation  of  tlic 
streets  in  this  addition  were  that  'there  shall  be  no  butciicry, 
tallow  chandlery,  soup-factory,  steam  factoiy,  tannery,  niiu'-|iin 
alley,  or  any  other  offensive  business  or  occupaticm  set  up  onar- 
ried  on  on  any  jiartof  said  addition,  whereby  the  dwellings  of  aiiv 
other  lot-owners,  proprietors,  or  occupants  may  be  in  any  way 
annoyed  or  disturbed;'  that  there  shall  be  no  change  in  tlie 
streets  or  alloys  as  laid  off  in  the  plot,  and  that  all  the  IViucf 
and  timber  on  the  street  and  alleys  shall  be  reserved  for  the  u^o 
of  Wm.  C.  Carr. 

"  Adolphe  Paul's  addition,  Jan.  30, 1846,  between  Market  an! 
Walnut  Streets,  from  Adolphe  Street  to  Twer  'rt!.. 

"Dr.  Ilardage  Lane's  addition  of  October,  1839,  res  i.-Cij 
March,  1846.  This  addition  was  from  Austin  to  I'oplar  Siml, 
between  Fourteenth  and  Sixteenth  Streets. 

"Solomon  IL  Kobbin's  addition  of  .Sept.  3,  1847,  was  from 
Seventeenth  to  Eighteenth  Streets,  between  St.  Charles  Strcti 
and  Lucas  Avenue. 

"Richard  W.  Ulrici's  addition  of  Oct.  2fi,  1847,  was  lioit 
Twenty-third  Street  to  Jefferson  Avenue,  between  Market  an! 
Eugenia  Streets. 

"Thomas  Allen's  first  addition,  April  12,  1848,  was  from  Ci- 
rondelet  Avenue  to  Fulton  Street,  between  Geyer  and  Allen  Air- 
nucs.  Among  the  conditions  of  this  dedieati<ui  is  the  followin:; 
'  There  shall  be  no  slaughter-hor-.;,  bawdy-house,  soap  ami  can. 
die  factory,  tannery,  distillery,  nine-pin  alley,  or  any  iillier 
offensive  business  or  occupation  set  up  or  carried  on  upon  anr 
part  of  the  addition.' 

"The  Fairview  oddition,  made  by  Charles  K.  Dick?on  ani 
John  J.  Murdoch,  May  1.  1848,  was  between  Siilney  and  A'ici  .■ 
Streets,  from  Kosatti  to  Morton,  formerly  Suuimer  Street. 

"J.  G.  Shand's  addition  of  June  12,  1848,  was  from  Monra 
to  Montgomery  Streets,  between  East  Sixteenth  and  Seventcinlk 
Streets. 

"Ed.  Haven's  addition  of  May  10,  1848,  was  eiglit  bl.nk', 
within  the  area  from  Carondelct  Avenue  to  Decatur  Stiei't,iiiii 
between  Victor  and  Shenandoah  Streets. 

"The  Devolsy  addition  of  June  9,  1848,  was  four  bloclij.m 
each  side  of  Gravois  Avenue,  from  Wisconsin,  formerly  .Mc.\;ii: 
Avenue. 

"The  Labadie  addition  of  June  28,  1848,  was  six  bWk. 

Eighth  Street,  between  it  and  the  present  entrance  to  tin;  ii|»:| 
cut  of  the  tunnel,  and  the  flood-gates  for  the  overllow  olial 
pond  diagonally  across,  northeast  to  southwest,  the  inlci-ii!ii| 
of  Poplar  and  Ninth. 

Auguste  Chouteau's  estate  was  divided  in  18,12,— tin' |i!| 
I  west  of  Seventh  Street  wa."  sold  in  small  tracts,  wliiili  ninl 
\  added  from  time  to  time  to  the  city.  The  mill  lot  was  b^iujlll 
by  Henry,  Edward,  and  Gabriel  Chouteau  for  $1 1,0(10,  iinJiM 
mill  was  run  by  woter  or  steam  till  it  burnt  down,  smiie  nw| 
buck.  In  1837  Edward  Chouteau  sold  his  third  in  (lio  i 
tnu't  to  his  brothers  for  $10,000,  anil  they  solil  it  di  I'iril 
Chouteau  for  *LV  111.  In  18,03  P.  Chouteau  sold  hi-  thirl: 
P.  Dexter  Tiffany  for  $6,'i,nut),  and  he  and  his  pan  mi  <  'M 

''   third  of  this  to  the  Paeiflo  Kailrcuid  for  $120,000,  i I<V| 

I    I8,')3.     .Some  of  the  deeper  hollows  of  the  pond  were  nut  |ii| 
I  drained  before  1870. 


within  the  area 
Iwcen  Sidney  ai 
".lames  H.  L 
vas  from  Twelf 
Olive  Streets. 

■■  Isaac  W.  Ta. 
wa-  two  and  a  hi 
ivf-l,  between  Ilii 
"Thomas  Alle 
blocks  from  linsui 
an.loali  Streets. 

"Among  the  c 

slioulil  not  be  aii' 

the  addition,  'suci 

candle  factory,  tai 

"tico.  5,  ISoo,  t 

soulhivardly,  west 

beginning  at  a  poii 

.Mis>i->ippi   liivrcr, 

lu'okuk  Street  easi 

ihc'iice  westwardly 

■Slreit  to  a  point  si: 

me;  tlience  nortliv 

.Avenue,  at  a  diatan. 

iinlil  it  intersects  t 

llic  lull!  dividing  t( 

la.'livardly  with  sail 

dioiif  the  main  ehan 

nanlly  with  the  iiiea 

1"  Ibe  place  of  begin 

"The  new  limits  m 

aiiJa  line  si.x  hundrt 

.Ivciiue  us  the  west  a 

city  about  seventeen 

tor  taxation  was  incri 

"This  extension  toe 

incorporated  Ajiril  6, 

■'trccl-  niiiile  \iy  (Jeorg 

ircliiiii,  and  .Mallinckr 

Bclicl„iiiaine  road,  he 

"The  village  of  J|i, 

Tbi<  village   was  dcdi 

Itiia.liinarea  of  live  b 

"ell  Avrnues,  between 

".lames  E.Vcatiiiani 

March  L's,  1S5I,  five  b 

Sdica  Street,  from  the 

"•'"lie  G.  Cabanno' 

•'.  1.'<I'J,  between  lie, 

l^'l'cct  as  th,,  south  line 

"William  T.  F.  Wi 
Ml'iill';;,  |s4y,  from  lie 
[•"'IThirticnth  Streets. 
"■*'i"m  L.  Mills'  wci 
'"l.v  I",  LStiO,  from  Liu 
itii'.rth  side  of  Pine 
•eaiMimnt  Street, 

•'"'ill  J.  JliirJoeh  an 

""'■l-Mlclicatcd  Jan.  U 

''•eels,  «ith  Adolphe  St 

"Tbi!  Union   addition 

'f'"""n.l.ouisA.LalJei 

'^'"■I'i",v.  L.  A.  Uenoii 

'.""1.  an.l  others.    Thi 

l'.>''locl«.a„a„„8  bctiv, 

mi  fast  Sixteenth  Stre 

11 


TOPOGRAPHY. 


161 


within  the  areiv  from  Cnrondelet  Avenue,  two  blocks  west,  be- 
tween Siilncy  and  I'cstalozzi  Strcetsi. 

"JiiincK  H.  Liiciis  nnd  Ann  li.  Hunt's  mldition,  Jim.  18, 1849, 
WHS  I'lom  Twclflh  ti>  Seventeenth  Street,  between  Market  and 
OH  vi:  Streets.  j 

■■  Isiiau  W.  Tiiylor  and  E.  U.  Mason's  addition  of  Oct.  6,  1848, 
wa<  two  and  a  half  blocks,  in  the  area  from  Carondelet  Avenue  | 
wo-l,  between  Uarton  and  Sidney  Streets.  I 

"Ihomas  Allen's  second  aldilion  of  Deo.  13,  1848,  was  six  i 
bliiL'ks  from  Uosutti  to  Morton  Street,  between  Victor  and  Shen-  j 
aiiiloali  Streets.  j 

"Among  the  conditions  of  this  dedieation  were  that  there  j 
slioiilil  not  be  any  offensive  business  set  up  or  carried  on  upon 
ilic  aildilion,  'such  as  a  slaughterhouse,  bawdy-house,  soap  and 
caiiille  factory,  tannery,  or  distillery.' 

"  Dec.  5,  1855,  the  limits  of  the  city  were  farther  extended 
soulhwardly,  westwardly,  nnd  northwardly,  and  described  as 
beginning  at  a  point  in  the  middle  of  the  muin  channel  of  the 
Mi>>i-'ippi  liiver,  where  the  continuation  of  the  south  side  of 
Kt'okuk  Street  eastwarilly  would  intersect  said  main  channel  j 
tluiici!  westwardly  by  the  said  line  of  the  sor.th  side  of  Keokuk 
Street  to  a  point  8i.\  hundred  and  si.xty  feet  west  of  Grand  Ave- 
nue; thence  northwardly  and  |>arallel  to  said  (Jraml  or  Lindell 
Avenue,  at  a  distance  of  six  hundred  and  sixty  feet  therefroyi, 
until  it  intersects  the  IJcIlefontaine  road;  thence  northeast  to 
llie  line  dividing  townships  4.0  anil  40,  range  i  west;  thence 
latlwiirdly  with  said  line  and  in  the  same  direction  to  the  mid- 
dle uflhc  main  channel  of  the  Mississippi  Kivor  ;  thence  south- 
nanlly  with  tlie  menndcrings  of  the  main  channel  of  said  river 
ti.  ilie  jihicc  of  beginning. 

•'The  new  limits  made  Keokuk  Street  the  southern  boundary, 
anJ  a  line  six  hundred  and  sixty  feet  west  and  north  of  Qrand 
Avenue  as  the  west  and  north  line.  This  made  tliB  area  of  the 
city  about  seventeen  square  miles.  The  assessment  of  property 
f,.r  lux.ilion  was  increased  from  *42,<J'JI,812  to  $59,80<J,28'J. 

"Tliis  extension  took  in  the  town  of  lircmen.  This  town  was 
iui'irijuratcd  April  6,  1845,  under  a  dedication  of  blocks  and 
ini't>  made  by  Oeorge  liuchanan,  K  C.  Angelrodt,  N.  N.  Dcs- 
mliiui.  and  Mallinckrodt.  It  was  located  from  the  river  to  the 
Ilelli  lentaiue  road,  between  Buchanan  nnd  Salisbury  Streets. 
'Tlie  village  of  Highland  came  in  also  under  this  extension, 
j  This  village  was  dedicated  by  .Fohn  U.  Slicplcy,  Aug.  1.  1848. 
i;el  an  area  of  live  blocks,  extending  from  Jclferson  to  Lelling- 
II  Avenues,  between  Laclede  Avenue  and  Kugenia  Street. 
'James  K.Yeatmanand  UobertS.  Holmes' addition,  dedicated 
I  Miirch  L's,  1851,  live  l)locks,  ironling  on  the  south  side  of  An- 
Igelicii  Street,  from  the  river  to  the  llellcfontnine  road. 

'Julie  a.  t'abannc's  addition  of  ten  blocks,  dedicated  April 
In,  181'J,  between  Decatur  and  Menanl  Streets,  with  Victor 
l.'lriet  as  the  south  line. 

"WiHiam  T.  F.  Wright's  addition  of  four  blocks,  dedioated 
|A|Mil2:i,  1S4U,  from  IJenlon  to  Uobert  Street,  between  Twelfth 
Ilii'iTiruieenlh  Streets. 

A'lain   li.  Mills'  western  addition  of  four  blocks,  dedicated 
[July  1(1,  18)19,  from  Laclede  Avenue  to  the  rear  of  the  lots  on 
tnurlli  side  of  I'ine  Street,  between  Jell'erson   Avenue  and 
pieauillullt  .^treet. 

Juliii  J.  .Murdoch  and  Charles  K.  Dickson's  addition  often 
llwks,  Jedieiitcd  .Ian,  lU,  1850,  between  Uandolph  and  Market 
(t.itis,  «iili  Adolphe  Street  as  the  eastern  line. 

"Till!  Union  addition,  dedicated  March  5,  1850,  by  John 
ffalliin,  Louis  A,  La  lleaume,  James  Miller,  Jusiah  Dent,  John 
,  Sbepley.  L.  A.  Uenoist,  Albert  Todd,  Samuel  Knux,  I).  II. 
hi.vtun,  and  others.  This  adiliiiou  contained  lifty-fuur  present 
|ty  bluekMind  was  between  North  Market  and  llebert  Streets, 
Mm  East  .Sixteenth  Street  to  Jell'erson  Avenue.  One  of  the 
U 


conditions  of  the  dedication  of  the  Union  aailition  was  the  reser- 
vation of  the  park  now  known  as  St.  Louis  Place  '  for  a  public 
park  or  pleasure  ground,'  to  be  kept  in  good  order  and  to  be 
improved  by  the  city  as  a  private  ])ark,  for  the  use  of  the  resi- 
dents of  the  area  comprised  within  the  district  designated  as 
Union  addition. 

"Fairmouut  addition,  dedicated  by  Wm.  R.  Price  and  John 
Ivory,  April  11,  1850.  This  adilition  included  six  blocks  on 
both  sides  of  Liberty  Street,  froia  Sidney  to  Lynch  Street. 

"Ann  C.  T.  Farrar's  addition,  dedicated  Oct.  2U,  1830,  in- 
cluded seventeen  blocks  between  Buchanan  Street  and  Bremen 
Avenue,  fiom  Tenth  to  Sixteenth  Street. 

"The  Arsenal  addition,  dedioated  by  J.  S.  Dougherty,  J.  W, 
Taylor,  and  E.  R.  Mason,  Deo.  18,  1850,  included  eight  blocks 
west  of  Carondelet  Avenue  and  opjiosite  to  the  ])rcscnt  Lyon 
Park. 

"Adam  I<.  Mills' addition  of  May  li),  IS44,  from  Jefferson 
Avenue  to  Bcaumimt  .Street,  between  Lucas  and  Franklin 
Avenues. 

"Lewis  Bisscll'a  addition  of  nine  blocks,  deilicateil  Jan.  8, 
1852,  from  the  river  to  Broadway,  between  Angelica  and  Bissell 
Streets. 

"Stoddard  addition,  dedicated  Sept.  9,  1851,  by  Henry  .Slod- 
d.ird  and  John  J.  Murdoch.  This  addition  includes  the  area 
between  Beaumont  Street  to  Canlinal  Avenue,  from  Laclede  to 
Franklin  Avenue,  and  from  Jefferson  to  Compton  Avenue,  be- 
tween Franklin  Avenue  nnd  the  rear  of  the  lot  on  the  north  side 
of  Thomas  Street.  It  comprises  about  seventy-two  present  city 
blocks. 

"  Clement  B.  Penrose's  addition  of  May  22, 1852,  was  between 
Klevcnth  and  Sixteenth  Streets,  both  sides  of  Penrose  Street. 

"  William  Glasgow,  Jr.'s  addition  of  March  28,  1853,  was  nine 
blocks,  situated  on  both  sides  of  Cass  Avenue,  from  Garrison 
Avenue  to  Francis  Street. 

"  Rock  Point  addition,  made  April  9,  1853,  by  Stephen  D. 
Barlow  us  executor  of  the  will  of  William  C.  Carr,  extended 
from  Main  Street  to  Carondelet  Avenue,  between  Dorcas  and 
Lynch,  formerly  Harper. 

"  Florence  village,  dedicated  by  James  S.  W'alson  and  Samuel 
D.  South,  April  211,  1853,  on  the  west  side  of  Garrison  Avenue, 
belwecn  Thomas  Street  and  Cass  Avenue. 

"  Beaumont  aildition,  nnide  by  Deborah  and  Israel  (ji.  Bcfu- 
mont  and  Sarah  Irwin,  June  14,  1853,  extended  from  Jelferson 
Avenue  to  Beaumont  Street,  from  the  roar  of  the  lois  on  the 
south  side  of  Olive  Street  to  Lucas  Avenue. 

"West  Bremen,  an  addition  niaiio  by  William  C.  anil  A,  11. 
Taylor,  Oct.  12,  1S53,  extending  from  West  Sixteenth  Street  to 
Grand  Avenue,  on  both  sides  of  Bremen  Avenue. 

"George  Mincke's  addition,  April  24,  1854,  on  the  cast  side 
of  Tayon  Avenue,  from  Clark  to  ('houtcau  Avenue. 

"  Compton  Hill  addition,  made  by  .lames  S.  Tlionias,  Jlay  20, 
1854,  includes  ten  blocks  from  Park  to  Chouteau  Avenue,  be- 
tween Compton  and  Graml  Avenues. 

"Mary  L.  Tyler's  addition  of  July  10,  1854,  from  Eleventh 
to  East  Sixteenth  Street,  between  Tyler,  formerly  Webster,  and 
Clinton,  formerly  Exchange  Street.  One  of  the  conditions  of 
this  dedication  was  a  reservation  of  all  surplus  earth  above  es- 
tablished grades  of  streets  for  the  purpose  of  filling  up  streets 
and  lots  below  grade. 

".South  St.  Louis,  situated  between  the  (dd  Arsenal  and  the 
present  Marine  Hospital,  dedicated  by  Samuel  S.  Hayburn,  Wm. 
S.  Stamps,  John  Wilhncll,  and  twenty  others.  May  11,  1830. 

"Thomas  F.  Smith's  first  addition,  Sept.  28,  1855,  both  sides 
of  Ewing,  formerly  Summit  Avenue,  from  ],aclede  Avenue  to 
Randolph  Street. 

"  North  Stoddard  addition,  made  by  Thomas  A.   Buokland 


162 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


*(T/'    F 


imd  Ilobort  M.  Fiinktioiisor,  Mnrch  24,  1S58,  included  thirteen 
bloclis,  nortli  of  Stoddnrd  Street  to  Henton,  between  Ileuumont 
Street,  formerly  Klliot  Avenue,  and  GliistjDW  Avenue. 

"Soiitli  Stoddard  addition,  maile  by  R.  A.  S.  and  F.  Jolin 
Ale.\iinder,  Marrli  .'!!,  1.166,  wiis  IVoni  liaclcdo  Avenue  to  Ran- 
dolph Street,  between  Ewing  and  (ila?gow  Avenues.  ' 

"J.  H.  Lueas  and  Anne  L.  Hunt's  addition  of  June  .1.  185i),   ' 
was    from    Eeventecntli    Street    to   Je(fer.''on    Avenue,  between 
Market   Street   and  the  rear  of  the   lots  on  the  north  side  of  ^ 
Olive  Street. 

"La  Monte  addition,  made  bv  R(]bert  .Me.  0'Hlenifl,  ,Jiine  22, 
18.18,  was  ton  blocks,  inclixled  in  the  area  from  Chouteau  to 
Park  Avenue,  west  of  .Teflerson  Avenue. 

".lames  II.  Kails' addition  of  four  blocks,  .Tune  14.  1859,  was 
south  of  Chouteau  Avenue,  both  sides  of  Josephine. 

"  Kdward  Dehino's  addition,  Slay  1",  IS.")'.),  was  six  bloeks 
along  the  soutli  .«ide  of  Arsenal  Street,  between  .Jefferson  and 
California  .-Vvenue.". 

"  I'eter  I.indcH's  lirst  addition,  made  -May  2(i,  lSti4,  eompriscil 
fifteen  blocks,  from  Laclede  to  Lindell  Avenues,  between  (Jarri- 
aon  and  tirand  .\venues. 

"  Ann   C.  T.    Farrar's  addition,   made   Aug.  4,   1864,  from 
Eleventh  to  Sixteenth  Streets,  between  Mallinekrodt  Street  and   | 
lircmcn  Avenue,  included  four  bloeks  dedicated  for  ])ark  pur-   ' 
poses.     This  park  is  now  known  as  Ilyde  Park. 

"  Bryiin  addition  of  fif'y-seven  blocks,  between  Grand  and 
Prairie  Avenues,  formerly  Bryan,  from  Hall,  formerly  Water 
Street,  to  Penrose,  fornicrly  Belle  Street,  was  made  by  John 
Cano  Bryan's  heirs,  March  15,  1861,  and  by  Eveline  Bryan,  Oct. 
;i,  1865.  of  fifteen  blocks,  between  (Jrimd  and  Prairie  Avenues, 
from  Hall  .Street  to  the  river. 

"  Uanken  addition,  made  by  Thomas  Ranken,  Jr.,  David 
Banken,  Hugh  L.  Uanken,  Robert  Hanken,  and  Thonuis  R. 
Patton,  Nov.  .'ill.  I86S,  was  between  Chouteau  Avenue  and 
Manchester  rond,  fiom  Complon  to  ('banning  (formerly  Ranken) 
Avenue,  and  both  sides  of  Grand  Avenue. 

"'I'lioums  Allen's  western  addition.  May  17,  1869,  was  from 
Jefferson  to  California  ,\venue.  fnuu  Lafayette  Avenue  to  the 
rear  <d'  lots  on  the  south  side  of  Ann  .V venue,  and  contained 
twelve  bbtcks. 

" 'I'bomas  Allen's  central  addition,  of  .lune  21.  Ll|'i9,  was 
twenty-two  blocks,  betwci'n  South  f'arondelct  Avenue  and  .Tef- 
lerson Avenue,  from  (lever's  Avenue  to  the  rear  of  lots  i>n  the 
south  side  of  Ann  .\ venue. 

"Gabriel  S.  ('houteiiji's  adililion  of  twelve  blocks.  June  8. 
187".  from  Garrison  ('formerly  Monfrosel  to  Compfon  Avenue, 
between  the  Missioiri  I'acilic  Itailmail  and  Clark  Avenue. 

"  Tower  (trove  Park  and  Grand  Avenue  additions  of  thirty 
blocks,  friun  Louisiaiui  to  (Justine  Avenue,  aliuig  the  south  side 
of  Arsenal  Street,  was  dedicated  by  the  Cmnecticul  Mutual  Life 
Insurance  Company,  June  L8,  1881. 

"  A))ril  5,  I87II,  St.  T,ouis  was  farther  extemled  s<mth  so  as  to 
include  the  section  south  id'  Keokuk  Street  and  east  of  line  six 
liunilrcd  and  sixty  feet  west  of  Grand  Avenue.  T'nder  this  ex- 
tension the  assessed  value  of  the  real  estate  in  the  city  increased 
from  »;|  i:!.426.4in  to  .«12.'..S:!:),95(I. 

"  l!y  this  extension,  through  a  legislative  enabling  act.  the 
city  of  Carioiilclcl  was  taken  into  St.  Louis.  Carondelet  had  an 
area  of  about  three  si|uare  miles,  ft  was  founded  in  1767.  lirst 
incorporated  as  a  town  Nov.  4,  18.'!;f.  and  March  1,  |S5|,  was 
formed  into  a  city.  The  Carondelet  municipal  government  or- 
giinizalion  took  place  April  9.  IS.M,  when  the  ]ilaee  bad  twelve 
hundred  and  sixty-live  inhabitants,  twenty-six  of  whom  were 
slaves.  Mr.  .lames  II.  Walsh,  now  clerk  in  Comptroller  Adre- 
on's  office,  was  the  liist  nniyor  of  Carondelet.  The  present  Walsh 
Street  Has  about  the  northern  limit  of  Carondelet. 


"Besides  adding  Carondelet  by  this  extension,  a  section  Man 
taken  in  lying  between  Keokuk  and  Osceola  Streets,  known  a.i 
South  St.  Louis,  that  had  been  blocked  off  and  dedicated  in  I  sfig 
by  several  parties. 

"  Also,  .'^outh  St.  Louis,  suburban  addition,  dedicated  by  .Ti.lin 
C.  Tvory.  July  14.  1858.  This  addition  was  from  Kiehclber^'cr 
to  Osceola  Streets,  between  the  Siringtown  and  Ciil)ann/''  Ave. 
nues,  formerly  Stringtown  road  and  Seventeenth  Street.  Tliis 
addition  comprised  sixty-threo  blocks. 

"  .ALirch  IIO,  1872,  the  city  limits  were  extended  farther  west 
and  north,  so  as  to  include  Tower  Grove,  Forest  and  O'FiiMiin 
Parks,  and  so  as  to  make  districts  for  assessment  of  taxes  for 
park  purposes.  On  Feb.  4,  1874,  the  Legislature  repealed  ili, 
act  of  1872,  and  placed  the  limits  back  to  a  line  six  liuiclrH 
and  sixty  feet  west  of  Grand  Avenue. 

"  Aug.  22,  1876,  the  present  city  charter  was  adopted,  the  liiv 
was  made  separate  and  independent  from  the  county,  and  in 
vested  with  certain  legislative  rights  formerly  belonging  In  the 
State  Legislature,  This  action  nnide  St.  Louis  a  free  cilviii 
local  government,  being  the  only  one  in  the  great  valley  in  iliai 
condition. 

"  Under  thi.s  new  charter  the  limits  of  the  city  were  firllin 
extended,  bo  as  to  include  the  Tower  Grove,  O'Fnllon,  aiil  F.r 
est  Park  districts,  and  increased  the  area  of  the  city  from  ninf. 
teen  and  a  half  .si|uarc  miles  to  sixty-two  and  a  quarter  'maji 
miles. 

"'I'bis  last  extension  of  the  city  limits  increased  the  iissesje.! 
value  of  the  real  estate  from  $166,009,6611  to  JISI, 345,560. 

"Under  this  extension  the  following  additions  were  iiiailei,, 
the  city  : 

"The  town  of  Lowell,  forty  blocks,  incorporated  in  1«J9  U 
E.  C.  Hutchinson,  Josephine  Hall,  lldwnrd  F.  Pittnian.  Kuli,- 
Hall.  Will,  (larnett,  and  others.  The  town  was  between  llnri'. 
and  Bellefontaine  road,  from  Grand  Avenue  to  .Vdeliii.li',  f„: 
merly  D'Fallon  Avenue. 

"  Hock  Springs,  dedicated  by  John  B.  Sarpy,  May  28,  iS'il 
"Cheltenham,  dedicated  by  Derick   A.  January  anil  otliir- 
in  1852. 

"Quinette,  dedicated  by  Oliver  Quinette,  Feb.  17,  l8.i".), 
"Mount  Olive,  dedicated  by  M.  F.  Iliinley,  May  10.  Ifi.il. 
"These  last  four-named  villages  were  between  Forest  1 
and  Shaw's  Garden. 

"Cote  Brilliantr.  four  hundred  arpens,  or  a  little  oiitiiiI 
Ffjuare  mile,  dedicated  by  Charles  Gibson,  James  V,  Papf.;in: 
Felix  Coste,  Dec.  14,  185.'1. 

"  McRee  City,  being  an  addition  of  fifteen  blocks,  iiia<lr  :■ 
the  Laclede  Baee-Track  Association,  .lames  .1.  O'Fall'iii.  [.^^^ 
dent,  and  Charles  L.  Hunt,  secretary,  June  29.  I8li9:  iiini ! 
teen  bloeks  added  by  Mrs.  .Mary  McRee,  Oct.  4,  1869.  Tlii- 
was  between  Cabanin'  Avenue.  Mancbester  road,  Mi-IIro 
Chouteau  Avenues. 

"  Fairmoiint,  twenty -five  blocks,  dedicated  .Tune  10,  Isilii.f  ij 
King's  highway  to  Maeklind,  formerly  St.  Louis  AveiiiK. 
tween  Hi.«cbolT,  formerly  Bernard  Avenue,  and  Norllirii|.  A' 
nues.  This  dedication  wiis  made  by  Mary  (\  Hereronl,  K 
lieth  I'hare,  Robert  K.  Pattison,  Ashley  R.  Xortbriiii,  t 
Paltison,  .liilia  A.  T,eteher,  Julia  A.  Ashbrook,  and  ntlur-. 
"Rose  Hill  addition  of  thirty  blocks,  made  by  11.  I'. 
Hamilton  Gamble,  June8.  1871,  between  Union  and  llii.lin! 
Avenues,  along  the  south  side  of  Easton  Avenue,  I'nrnii'i 
Charles  rock  road. 

"Evans   Place,  twelve   blocks   along  the  north  siiiiil 

Avenue  from   Pniirie  In  Taylor  Avenues,  dedicaliil  in  .l& 

1872,  by  B.  D.  Evans,  Clara   Evans,   Lydia  Evans  i  .Mhi 

Montgomery  Blair,  Walker  Evan.s,  and  Amanda  V.\m'. 

"College  Hill,  a  tract  dodienteil  by  the  St.  Louis  In 


at  various  tin 
tlic  present  0' 
Penrose,  form 
and  Adelaide, 

'I'lie    hi.stt 

ficMs"  of  St, 

tile  Liitin-rai 

iuiiiiiiLT.s  jind 

our  cniniijun 

Tlii.x  lii.stor_y  t 

widi  the  roiu 

cit)-  ii.tve  eiiri 

ill;.'  (lie  ifinuiii 

triicts  which  w 

anJ  till!  tacit 

of  till'  entire  < 

belon-iiio-  t„  ,1, 

Liiui,s  f'urtiishiit 

present  areti  of 

Till'  hi.story  ( 

•ri'ioirnizi'd  auth 

''Tliey  consisted 
acres,  according  to 
iiiliiiljitant  (lossesse 
Tliey  neie  inelosoil 
furnished  his  propo, 

)«'lilionMMdgrant,a 
I'lupcrly. 

"flic  French  and 
riiiliiyadopteil  tliiss, 
little  distance  from  J 
I'lillivnteil.     It  was 
llii'inlmliitants  sho 
'"*ii|ij"Mteachothe 
Klioii  engaged  in  lli 
lln-'.*' eould  the  more 

I'lii'se  com  ID,  I 
\«m\a\  and  dcsen 

Till'  ii,<(.  and  ( 
WW  t'-\|ilaiiied 
ClumiDau,  in  iiis 
••'|||iiiiii,s,siiiiiei's   i„ 

"Of  lliiise  who  wer 
"I''"  Mile,  far  the  la, 
l'.>' liicir  labor  in  the 
tliilipfil,,.. 


Iliill 


ill  the 


lock 
'fifiigriciillurala 
•'"■'•"IS  snch  as  black 
el'.i'inphned  In  bui 
tiiT'hiimli 
piii.L' : 
111, 


"pent  th 

iMiiisecjuently, 

"  "eon  as  they  I, 

*'l'f"m'd  lit  once  t.i  tj, 

'"•"I'lii-ji'isellie  land  i 

''"'■■"•  being  them 
'■"iicclcd  i,|  g,rij„  ^ 

•'I'I'licant  allotted 
"lliiaie  it.     This  , 


TOPOGRAPHY. 


163 


•2S,  is:.:. 

liul   OtllCi 

IT.  1  !*•■'.'■ 
10,  IMl. 

ittle  ovft  til 
r.  \'a;:r.  ir'! 

loi'U?,  mil'''' 
,'Fullon.  I'l". 
1  SCiH ;  '.ii'l  ''-'I 
18dy.   Tlii"?! 
,,,.1,  M.'K«  ' 

,.  lO.ltlW.fri 
nis  Avemie.l 

\l,Tvl"r.\,  V. :i 
[ortliniv,  E.'l 
„n,l  Mtlifr-. 
,.  ],y   \'.y.i§ 
,  mill  ll>"li"'f 
„ui\  l'"i""'' ) 

irtli  si.l-n 
fcilll'il  ill  Af'i'1 

r,viin:<  (M''''4 

1,1,1  I'.VlllI?. 

ll.oui^  ''"'"I 


at  v;iriou8  tiinos  ainco  1H,'>7.  and  located  along  the  south  side  of  : 
the  |iie»cnt  O'Fiillon   I'liik,  between  the  Bellefontiiinc  rond  and  i 
I'tni'ij-o,  formerly  Hello  Street,  imii  Prairie,   formerly   llryiin, 
mill  Adelaide,  formerly  O'Fallon  Avenue. 

Tlie  history  of  the  "  commons"  and  "  common 
ficMs''  of  St.  Louis  would  of  itself  suffice  to  cstabli.sh 
tile  Latin-race  orifiin  of  the  old  town,  .so  different  in 
iniiiHicr.s  and  customs  from  those  which  distiiisruish 
our  communities  of  Enjzlish  foundation  and  descent. 
Tliis  history  takes  the  close  student  into  a  region  filled 
witii  the  romance  of  liti<ration.  The  lawyers  of  the 
city  have  enriched  theni.selves  in  the  process  of  quiet- 
iiii'  the  innumerable  disputed  titles  of  individuals  to 
tracts  whicli  were  once,  by  common  consent  and  iisajje 
and  the  tacit  approval  of  law,  the  common  property 
of  till'  entire  community.  Tiicse  tracts  and  sections 
beloiii;iiii>'  to  the  commons  and  common  fields  of  St. 
Louis  furnished  between  ci<!;ht  and  nine  miles  of  the 
present  area  of  the  city. 

The  history  of  these  common  fields,  according  to  a 
■  rt'LOiiiiized  authority,  is  as  follows; 

"Tliey  consisted  of  a  tract  of  land  comprising  a  (|uantily  of 
acTC'5,  ni'ooriling  to  the  wants  of  the  inhahilunts,  in  which  each 
iiiliabilant  possessed  a  portion  for  the  purpose  of  I'ullivation. 
Tliey  were  inclosed  at  the  joint  ex)ien.se,  or,  rather,  each  one 
furnislitMl  his  proportion  of  labor.  These  lots  ijcre  obtained  by 
ni'tition  and  grant,  and  belonged  to  the  inhabitants  as  fee-simple 
jiroiierty. 

"The  French  and  Spanish  founders  of  new  settlements  inva- 
riably adopted  this  system  of  common  tic  Is,  which  were  at  some 
little  diflance  from  the  town,  and  which  the  inhabitants  jointly 
calliviitL'd.  It  WHS  done  for  protection,  as  it  was  necessary  that 
llic inhabitants  should  all  reside  in  the  village,  so  as  to  be  ready 
li.  .ii|>|iiiil  each  other  in  ease  of  an  attack  from  the  Indians,  ami 
nlicu  engaged  in  their  agricullural  occu|iations,  being  together, 
tlicy  eiiuM  the  more  readily  resist  any  invasion." 

Tlk'so  common  fields  were  desii,;nated  with  French 
personal  and  descri]itive  names  and  as  prairies. 

Tlie  ii.<e  and  origin  of  eominons  and  common  fields 
were  explained  fully  and  lucidly  by  Col.  Augusto 
C'lioHleau,  in  his  testimony  before  the  board  of  land 
I  ciiiiimissioners  in  1808.  That  testimony  is  as  fol- 
luws : 

■or  llmse  who  were  the  lirst  lo  come  over  to  this  fr)in  the 
Idllicr  silk',  far  the  largest  portion  were  tillers  of  the  soil,  who 
jliv  lliiir  labor  in  the  Held  prmluceil  their  own  subsisten 'e  and 
Itliiit  111"  tlieir  stock.  Some  of  them,  in  seasons  when  not  engaged 
■  hi  their  agricultural  avocations,  e.vercised  the  calling  of  rough 
MrliMiis  such  as  blacksmilhs,  carpenters,  stone-nuisons,  hewers. 
Id',  eni|ili>ved  in  building:  others,  |>roeuring  sunill  outfits  of 
IliHTilianilise,  spent  the  winter  trading  with   Indians  and  trap. 

1 .iei|ucntly,  it   was  a  matter  of  prime  necessity   with 

lllinii,  .11  siiiia  as  they  had  erected  their  domiciles  in  the  village, 

It'iriiiei'il  at  once  111  the  prodnetion  iif  their  breads! ulVs.     For 

Ttlii-  |iai|iiise  the  Inml  immediately  adjuining  the  village  on  the 

imtluvest.  being  the  most  suitable,  was  set  aside  for  cultivation, 

til  I  iiniieileil  in  strips  of  one  arpent  front  by  forty  in  depth,  and 

a{i{ilieant  allutled  one  or  more,  acconling  to  his  ability  to 

liiliivnie  il.     This  was  culled  the  common-Held  tuts,  and  the 


tract  extended  from  a  little  below  Market  Street  on  t  e  south 

to  opposite  the  big  mound  on  the  north,  and  from  the  liroadwny 

to  JelTerson  Avenue,  east  to  west.     The  land  lying  southwest  of 

the  village,  being  well  watered  with  numerous  springs  and  well 

covered  with  timber,  was  set  aside  for  the  village  commons,  in 

!  which  the  cattle  and  stock  of  the  inhabitants  were  kept  for 

'   safety  and  convenience.     These  two  tracts  of  land  were  at  once 

I   inclosed  by  the  peo]ile  in  17(i4-65,  and  their  eastern  fence  formed 

I   the  western  boundary  of  the  village  for  many  years." 

I       The  "  commons"  were  not  inclosed  ;  the  "  common 
I  fields"  were,  and  were  divided  into  what  were  called 
I  "  forty-arpent  lots."     That    is  to   say,   the   common 
;  field  was  inclosed  in  one  common  fence,  and  within 
i  this  inclosure  each  head  of  a  family  had  a  lot  to  cul- 
I  tivate,  which  was  one  arpent  wide  ond  forty  arpens 
loiij;.     The  regulations  for  the  management  and  care 
;  of  the  common   fields  were  explicit  and   full.     The 
!  people  who  settled  St.  Louis  knew  the  entire  unwrit- 
ten law  of  the  '■  prairie,"  and  they  put  it  in    force 
forthwith.      It  was  of  course  necessary  to  add  contin- 
ually to  the  common,  and  especially  to  the  coininon 
field,  by  taking  more  land  from  the  royal  domain   as 
the  po]iulatiiiii  iiu;rea.sed,  and  this  fact  of  itself  re- 
stricted  their  communal  privileges   and  customs    to 
small  towns  and  iinprogressive  villages.     In  St.  Louis 
the  common  field  was  fenced  in  as  early  as  17G4-65, 
and  this  fence  was  several  times  extended.     The  evi- 
dence that  the  common  was  jiroperty  of  tlio  village  is 
found    in   a   decree  of  Lieutenant-Governor  Cruzat, 
Sept.  22,  1782.      When  the  American  jurisdiction 
was  established  in  St.  Louis,  the  inhabitants  wished 
to  have  tlieir  common  land  confirmed  to  them.    They 
claimed  at  that  time  4293  arpens  under  the  decree  of 
Don   Franc;  co  Cruzat.      The  commons  were  taken 
care  of  by  a  syndic,  and  eight  umjiires,  nominated  in 
general  assembly  of  the  people  the  first  day  of  each 
year.     Their  duty  was  to  "  watch  together"  the  re- 
pairs of  streets,  bridges,  and  drains,  and  enforce  the 
regulations  in  regard  to  the  lands  of  the  cominune. 
The  syndic    and    umpires    for   1782   were  Perrault, 
Hrazeau,   Cerri''.    Ueni''    Kiorcereau,  Joseph    Taillon, 
Joseph  Mainville,  Ciiauvin,  and  Auguste  Chouteau. 
Their  chief  work,  after  seeing  that  water-cour.ses  were 
kept  clear,  was  to   view  and  preserve  the  common- 
field  fence.     The  fence  was  to  be  viewed  on  Jamiary 
1st,  and  to  be  in  full  repair  by  April  loth  at  farthest. 
On  the  first  Sundsiy  after  this  date  the  umpires  were 
to  "  receive"  tlie  fence.   "  The  aforesaid  umpires  shall 
not  receive  the  fences  unless  they  are  constructed  in 
such  a  way  lliat  cattle  shall  not  be  able  •  j  get  out  of 
the  common  and  go  into  the  town  fielus  of  the  inhab- 
itants, to  injure  tliciii."     When  the  umpires  liad  re- 
ported to  the  syndic,  it  was  his  duty  to  appoint  eight 
other  umpires  to  test  and  verify  their  action  ;  neglect 


MHili 


u^ 


1G4 


HISTORY    OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


or  iiiisropresontatioii  involved  a  pmiiilty  of  ten  livres 
fine,  besides  pjiyiiij;  for  all  daimiges.  Any  one  cross- 
infj  or  injuring;  the  fenee  after  it  liad  been  received 
•,vas  to  be  fined  and  cast  into  jail. 

Messrs.  Clement  B.  Penrose,  John  B.  C.  Lucas, 
and  James  L.  Donaldson,  tru.stees  of  St.  Loui.s  in 
180(5,  lioard  the  claim  of  the  people  to  tlie  42915 
arpeiis  of  commons.  Auiiiiste  Chouteau,  Greiroire 
Sarpy.  W.  II.  Le  Conipto,  and  many  other  citizens 
testiti:fd  to  the  fad  of  tht^  common  and  its  conduct. 
The  trustees  were  in  doubt.  The  claim  lacked  the 
quality  of  inhabitancy,  and  there  was  no  re<ristered 
warrant  or  survey,  but  still  the  elaini  orii.Mnated 
under  the  French  u:overnmeiit ;  such  <rrants  were 
usual  under  both  the  French  and  Spanish  regimes; 
they  were  in  coiiforndty  with  the  laws  (jf  the  respec- 
tive countries,  and  they  seemed  equitable  under  Span- 
ish law.  However,  Messrs.  Lucas  and  Frederick 
Bates  voted  for  rejectin<j;  the  commons  claim,  only 
Mr.  Penrose  favorinj;  its  confirmation.  By  net  of 
Congress,  however,  of  June  18,  1812,  tlie  right  of 
St.  Louis  to  its  common  lands  was  fully  confirmed. 

In  1835  tlie  Missouri  Lejiislature  authorized  the  St. 
Louis  authorities  to  sell  tlie  "  commons"  east  of  the 
present  Twelfth  Street,  provided  the  majority  of  the 
resident  property-iiolders  in  the  city  consented. 
These  inhabitants  <;ave  tlieir  consent  on  condition 
that  one-tenth  of  the  ]iroeeeds  of  the  .sales  be  used 
for  public  .school  purposes,  and  the  balance  for  muni- 
cipal inqirovements. 

About  4293  arpens,  or  3735  acres,  were  sold  at 
that  time  for  nearly  8425.0()((.  Subsequently  the 
purchasers  imaL'ined  that  tliey  had  agreed  to  pay  too 
much,  and  therefore  failed  to  niak  ;  the  payments  on 
time,  and  the  sales  in  most  iustancis  were  set  aside. 

In  1843  the  city  authorities  bjsian  to  resell  the 
"  common  fields,"  and  realized  nea  ly  fifty  dollars  per 
acre.  Between  1843  and  1850  about  3lil5  arpens  of 
these  conmions  were  sold,  and  the  city  treasurer  re- 
ceived $103,680.  The  lowest  price  fi.xcd  by  the  ciiy 
was  twenty-five  dollars  p 'r  acre,  or  about  821.75  per 
arpent.  In  1860  the  jiart  of  the  city  commons  sold 
was  estimated  to  be  worth  about  $25.(100.000.  The 
purchasens  platted  the  commons  into  blocks  and  small 
additions,  and  sul)sc(|uently  made  tiiem  a  part  of  the 
city's  iuq)roved  area.  In  1800  the  city  held  five 
hundred  and  ninety-one  acres  of  the  commons  unsold, 
and  this  properly  wa.s  assessed  at  $581,391.  Since 
then  the  city  ha.s  sold  or  leased  out  nmst  of  the 
"  common  fields,"  and  held  the  rest  for  public  parks, 
sites  for  public  tmildings  and  nnirkets. 

The  city  now  owns  of  the  unimproved  commons 
fifty-seven  pieces,  valued  at  $143,025.    Tlie  improved 


I  real  estate  belongin;;  to  the  city  government  for  parks, 

;  markets,  engine-houses,  police  stations,  hospitals,  cjiy 

'  hall,  court-houses,  penal  institutions,  and  water-works 

is  estimated    this   year   (1882)   to    be   worth   about 

'  $5,709,370.      The  value  of  the  buildings  and   im- 

provements   on    the   city   real   estate  is   esliniated   at 

$12,789,145. 

The  United  Stales  government  now  owns  property 

in  real  estate  and  buildings  in  St.  Louis  to  the  valiii' 

'  of  $5,787,800,  and  the  St.  Louis  school  board  owns 

,  proju'rly   valued  at  $2,382,342.     The   valuation  (if 

j  property  owned  by  priv.te  schools  and  convents  Is 

$1,418,405,  and  by  church  corporations,  $3,010,580. 

The  total  amount  of  real  estate  e.vempt  from  ta.xatinn 

in  the  city  i.s  about  $35,000,000. 

The  street  nomenclature  of  St.  Louis  has  undi'r- 
gone  several  radical  changes  since  the  formation  of 
the  place.  At  first  French  designations  were  given 
.  to  the  streets  in  the  old  village.  When  tlie  town  was 
incorporated  tlie  streets  running  east  and  west  wuio 
named  in  English  after  various  trees  or  plants,  and 
tiie  streets  running  north  and  south  were  designatiil 
by  letters  of  the  alphabet.  Market  Street  being  ili,' 
only  street  ttA  retain  its  original  name,  and  that  beiiiL' 
its  translation  from  the  old  Fiencb  name. 

Five  years  after  the  town  became  a  city,  or  in 
1827,  the  City  Council  changed  the  north  and  soiiili 
streets  east  of  Seventh,  between  Biddle  and  liiiiLW 
Streets,  to  their  present  names,  and  amended  Ilazil 
to  Chouteau  Avenue,  and  Laurel  to  WashiiiL'inn 
Avenue,  as  now  designated. 

Occasionally,  during  the  subsequent  fifty  years,  a 
few  street  names  were  changed,  and  some  streets,  like 
the  present  Clinton  Street,  Lucas  Avenue,  and  (jniiid 
Avenue,  were  changed  three  or  four  times. 

During  the  past  twelve  years  there  became  incur- 
porated  with  the  city  of  St.  Louis  the  cities,  lowiis 
and  villages  of  ('arondelet,  Rock  Spring,  Cheltenliaiu, 
Klleardsville,  Cote  Brilliante,  Rinkelville,  AslilaiiJ. 
Jjowell,  and  Baden.  Before  these  additions  wire 
made  their  territory  was  mapped  out  in  blocks,  wiili 
the  streets  named  similarly  to  the  ones  in  St.  Lcmi-. 
Alter  the  extension  of  the  city  limits  in  1855.  ilie 
farms  between  Jeffer.son  and  Grand  Avenues  wm 
platted  into  blocks,  and  became  additions.  In  iiiaf- 
ping  out  these  additions  the  owners  of  the  liniis 
named  the  streets  to  suit  their  fancy,  regardless  a>i'i 
whether  the  street  names  were  siiuilar  to  tlnw  ii 
other  jiarts  of  the  city,  or  whether  the  streets  wore 
lineal  connections  of  other  streets  previously  naimJ 
In  conse((uence  of  the  above  circumstances,  mil  of 
the  two  thou.sand  one  hundred  street  iiamcs  in  ili( 
city  in  1881,  over  two  liundred  were  duplicates,  near!; 


0Mi>  hundred 
fiMir  names, 
six  names. 
two  hundred 
ciinlJMUous  li 
inline  for  eaci 
tliiy  pas.sed. 

Tile  introd 
liviMj  of  post 
the  (lislrict  ,sy 
I'lililic  improv 
slieet  commis 
lijcil  A.ssembl 
incnts.  to  revis 
\'!:\^  made,  ant 
Till'  (irdiiianee 
18>S1.     After 
.<lreet    commi.s^ 
iinotlier  revisioi 
linuims  street  i 
fiircing  the  ord; 
tion.il  revision  c 
City  Council,  ant 
-'y.  1881,  and  p 
Tiiciirdiriance  wi 
lis  iiniiiiance  No. 
The  names  of 
I'll'  :iNliquarian, 
•^I'l'.-^  an  old  hLstor 
riitlilossiy  wiped  ( 
"piniiinaiivene.s.s 
ilirk.     Names  m 
ilioy  .serve  at  leai 
iiii'i  revive  or  kee| 
ami  occurrences. 
"■'iiHs  of  St.  Loui 
fiifly  li'cated  a.s  a 
T»  ill!  outsider  tl 
'•I'anin.k.jot"   j„ 
"liiiust  iiiconceivab 
There  is  a  grci 
"•■"lies  which  have 
'Ik'  nicknames  wo 
Cuiirt,"  "  Vide-poc 
fcy  no  means  unplc. 
'I'l'  ca.se  tlie  Mi.sso 
esielleiit  work  iti 
f^Tl'y  and  keep  o 
Ipfiil'liical  names. 
P"-  nblireviiitioD,  f, 
'"  eorrnpt  and  mis 
[J|H)  iiilulligibility  o: 
"'iver  is  spelt  Des 


TOPOGRAPHY. 


165 


yo;ivs.;i 
vct'ts.  like 
ml  Gvmul 

anu'  iiiivr- 
ties,  toffi',! 
hcUciilim 

A^lllallJ, 

iliollS    WlH 

ilooks.  Willi 
St.  liiiiii-' 
IS;'),"),  tlie 

OIUU'S   \Vi* 

111  niaf- 

tlu'    lilll'i' 

irdU'ss!i>i'i] 
to  tlli':^!'  H 
Istroels  worej 
Isly  iKViU'ii. 
luicos,  mil  I'' 
kiiu'S  ill  ill*  I 
leute^,  iH'urln 


0111'  hundred  wore  triplicates,  fifty  were  divided  iiuiong  1 
fuiir  iiainos,  tliirty  aiiiniij:  five  names,  and  live  anion;;  '■ 
six  names.  Besides  tliis  frequent  repetition  of  names, 
twii  hundred  and  twenty  streets  that  were  about  in  a  > 
ciiiitiiiuous  lino  liad  from  two  to  seven  names,  or  a 
iiniiie  for  each  addition  of  city  blocks  throu^ii  which  ; 
they  passed.  i 

I'lie  introduction  of  tlie  jire.sent  system  of  city  de-  • 
livery  of  post-office  matter,  and  the  establishment  of 
the  district  system  of  ro^isterinu'  voters  and  assassin^  | 
]mlilic  improvement  taxes  made  it  necessary  for  the  [ 
stiwt  commissioner,  under  instruction  of  tlic  Muni-  ' 
ei]):il  Assembly  and  tiio  Board  of  Public  Improve-  j 
incuts,  to  revise  the  street  nomenclature.     A  revision 
was  made,  and  it  passed  the  Municipal    Assembly. 
The  ordinance  was  No.  ll,G!t:-5,  approved  March  31,  I 
1881.     After   the   approval    of    this   ordinance   the 
street    coiumissioner    fimnd    it    neces.sary    to    make 
uniitlior  revision,  to  correct  omissions  in  naminir  con- 
timidiis  street  lines,  and  therefore  lie  postponed  en- 
fiireiiijj;  the  ordinance.    In  October,  1881,  the  addi- 
tional revision  of  .street  names  was  presented  in  the 
City  Council,  and  went  to  the  House  of  Delegates  Nov. 
2tt,  1881,  and  passed  both  hou.ses  March  21.  1882. 
The  onlinance  was  approved  March  22d,  and  is  known 
as  (iiiliiiance  No.  11.9(1(5. 

Tlie  names  of  streets  is  a  sore  subject  to  the  genu- 
ine antiquarian,  who  cannot  av(ii<l  a  pang  when  he 
sees  an  old  historical  landmark  in  the  way  of  a  name 
nitlile.-sly  wiped  out  by  the  carelessness,  ignorance,  or 
iipinionativene.ss  of  a  city  alderman  or  a  municipal  ' 
tleik.  Names  mean  souietliing ;  when  nothing  else, 
tliey  .-^erve  at  least  to  fix  dates  in  the  public  memory 
mill  revive  or  keep  alive  patriotic  and  national  events 
amloeeun-enees.  The  old  Indian,  French,  and  Spanisii  • 
naiiies  (if  St.  Louis  and  Missouri  ought  to  be  rever- 
I'liily  treated  as  u  venerable  and  valuable  inheritance. 
To  an  outsider  the  idea  of  sinking  such  a  name  as 
'Cardiiiielet''  in  the  commonplace  ''Broadway"  is 
almost  inconceivable,  yet  it  has  been  done. 

There  is  a  great  deal  of  history  in  the  Missouri 
names  which  have  come  down  from  the  past.     Even  i 
I  tlie  nicknames  won   by   the  towns,  such   as  "  Pain 
CViirt,"  '•  Vide-poehe,"  "  Mi.sere,"  etc.,  have  much  of  '■ 
by  no  means  unpleasant  significance.      In  this  view  of 
tile  case  the  Missouri  Historical  Society  is  doing  au 
I  t.xa'llent  work  in  its  eflfbrts  to  preserve  tlie  orthog- 
Iriipliy  and  keep  on  »ecord  tlie  meaning  of  it.s  geo-  ] 
Ipraphical  names.     In  many  cases  the  French  foible  I 
Ifiir  ablircviation,  followed  by  the  English  propensity  ; 
Ito  corrnpt  and  misspell  French  words,  has  destroyed  ! 
Ithu  intelligibility  of  names.     Thus,  the  Des  Moins  { 
llliver  is  spelt  Des  Moines,  as  if  it  were  the  Monks'  ■ 


River,  whereas  it  is  really  la  riviere  de  Moingona, 
an  Indian  tribe  of  that  name  frequenting  its  banks. 
Maramcc,  the  river  forming  the  southern  boundary 
of  St.  Louis  County,  is  really  Maniameck,  ''  Catfish 
River."  (rasconade,  according  to  the  late  James  A. 
Lucas,  should  really  be  "  (Jassonade,"  meaning  raw 
sugar,  a  favorite  article  with  the  Delaware  Indians 
once  .settled  on  the  banks  of  that  stream.  "  Pain 
Court,"  meaning  a  deficient  loaf,  is  said  to  be  the 
remini.scence  of  an  ancient  parish  in  France,  and  not 
simply  an  c]iitliet  originating  in  Kaskaskia.  "  V^ide- 
pochc,"  it  has  been  suggested  by  Hon.  V/ilson  Primin, 
referred  to  the  skill  of  the  Carondeletians  at  games  of 
chance,  and  the  fact  that  they  were  usually  able  to 
send  their  St.  Louis  visitors  home  with  empty  pockets. 
As  to  names  of  streets  and  localities  in  connection 
witli  topography,  a  writer  in  a  St.  LoUis  journal 
of  May  28,  187(1,  .says,— 

"In  our  own  city  wo  iijivo  nii.xei]  upsovenil  systems  of  niiniing 
our  sticel.s.  The  stciTotypo  '  |irini'i|ial  street'  of  nil  tnwns  of 
Frenuli  or  .S|ianisli  origin  on  tliis  continent  is  prcserveil  in  our 
.Main  Street,  iiml  .Miirket  .Street  still  indicntea  llie  locality  of 
tlic  sole  niarkel-|iliice  of  the  I'rcneli  villiige  of  St  l.ouis.  Hut 
in  the  villnge  itself,  the  tirst  Aineriean  settlers  having  been  to 
a  eonsiileralile  extent  from  Pennsylvania,  and  tho  overland 
trade  of  Missouri  with  the  Allanlio  Stiles  having  been  mainly 
with  l'hihidel|iliiii,  the  system  of  that  eity  was  adopted.  Ac- 
cordingly the  Chestnut,  Walnut,  Spruce,  and  I'ine  Streets  of 
the  Quaker  t'ity  have  their  namesakes  liere,  and,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  Market  Street  anil  Washington  Avenue,  all  the  old 
streets  of  I'Vench  St.  Louis  running  weslwardly  from  the  Mis- 
sissippi I'.'ver  are  named  after  trees  ;  one,  indeed,  Olive,  bears 
Hie  seari'cly  appropriatedcsignation  of  a  stranger  toourelimato. 
With  the  exten>ion  of  the  city,  the  list  of  trees  being  soon  ex- 
hausted, new  streets  were  usually  given  the  nninesof  theowncrs 
of  the  various  additions  through  which  they  were  laid  out.  Oc- 
casionally the  memory  of  some  original  settler,  whose  name  had 
become  too  closely  connectcii  with  the  locality  to  be  readily  got 
rid  of,  has  been  preserved  in  the  designation  of  a  street,  and 
more  frequently  siune  distinguished  public  man,  as  Benton, 
Geycr,  eti!.,  has  received  a  like  tribute  of  respeet.  In  naming 
our  streets  parallel  to  the  Mississippi  Uiver,  we  have  followed, 
except  in  regard  to  some  few  great  avenues,  the  sensible  (irno- 
tical  plan,  general  in  American  cities,  of  merely  numbering 
them. 

"  Hut  we  have  wholly  neglected  in  naming  our  streets  to  pre- 
serve any  remembrance  of  the  old  landmarks  and  lines  of  di- 
vision which  are  of  interest  in  the  history  of  our  eity,  and  some- 
times of  importance  fur  the  understanding  of  its  annals.  The 
next  generation  will  find  no  names,  and,  indeed,  even  few 
streets  or  avenues,  to  point  out  (ho  boundaries  of  the  common 
and  tho  common  fields  which  figured  so  largely  in  the  public  as 
well  as  in  the  private  history  of  old  St.  Louis.  Urand  Avenue 
very  nearly  but  not  exactly  marks  the  eastern  boundary  of  the 
Orand  Prairie,  and  'The  King's  Highway'  is  still  the  desig- 
nation of  the  old  colonial  main  road.  This  is  one  of  tho  very 
few  instances  in  which  historical  reminisoonoea  have  been  re- 
spected in  the  naming  of  streets  or  avenues.  As  tho  subject  of 
our  street  names  was  before  our  hut  City  Council,  with  a  view 
to  siinpl  lying  them,  which  is  not  unlikely  to  bo  revived,  we 
wish  to  put  in  a  plea  for  regard  to  the  historical  reminiscences 


16G 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


of  St.  Louis  in  );>^'>"K  >'  goncral  designation  to  the  most  im- 
portiint  of  our  grciit  avenues  of  eoniuiunication  wliicli  run  par- 
allel  to  tile  Missinsippi  Uiver." 

AiiionfT  tlio  oddities  and  curiosities  in  old  local 
nanio.i  we  find  "  Kerry  Patch,"  once  u.sed  to  desij^nate 
a  district  between  Sevtiitecntii  Street  on  thn  ea.st 
and  Twentieth  west,  beiweeii  Mullanphy  and  Hiddle 
Streets.  It  wa.s  settled  \>y  Irish  ininii;.;rants  about 
1842,  and  beinj;  then  cuniinons,  without  street  lines, 
the  shanties  were  s])rinkled  in  a  very  promiscuous 
fashion  about  the '' Patd',''  ■ill  the  oceupants  beiiijr 
alike  squatters.  ''Duncan  Island''  in  1817  was 
notbiui;  more  than  a  couiiuon  •'  towhead"  in  the  river. 
The  niiine  was  derived  from  "old  Bob  Duncan,"  who 
came  from  I'ittsylvania  County,  Va.,  and  planted  a 
cabin  on  the  island  in  order  to  insure  a  pre-emption 
claim.  The  sand-bar  extended  from  the  foot  of  Mar- 
ket Street  to  the  south  of  Mill  Creek,  or  La  Petite 
Riviere,  as  it  was  called  by  the  French  inbabitniits,  and 
kept  on  increasinu'  by  accretions  until  about  the  year 
1829  or  18:}0.  The  old  channel  of  the  Mississippi 
River  previous  to  about  1817  ran  along  the  front  of 
the  city  ;  above  St.  liouis  the  main  channel  ran  on  the 
cast  side  of  Gaberet  Island.  Then  the  channel  changed, 
and  it  ran  on  the  wei?t  side,  scooping  out  hundreds  of 
acres,  and  forming  a  chute  since  tlien  called  "  Saw- 
yer's Bend,"  on  account  of  the  numerous  "  sawyers"  or 
snags  that  planted  themselves  there.  The  river  then 
followed  ill  its  course  to  ncMr  where  the  old  dry- 
docks  were  located  at  the  foot  of  Asliley  Street,  and 
then  the  current  shot  acro.ss  from  the  Point  of  Rocks, 
at  the  foot  of  Ashley  Street,  towards  tlie  Illinois  shore, 
causing  a  bar  to  form  along  the  whole  front  of  the 
city,  so  that  no  boat  C(mld  land  soutli  of  what  is  known 
a.s  the  foot  of  Morgan  Street.  The  channel  then  ran 
at  the  loot  of  Bloody  Lsland,  and  hugging  the  Illi- 
nois shore  kept  that  direction  as  far  as  Cahokia  Ik'ud, 
and  then  crossed  over  to  the  Missouri  shore  about  a 
mile  above  Carondelet.  The  sand-bar  at  the  foot  of 
Market  Street  extended  two-thirds  the  way  across  the 
river  as  far  back  as  about  1828.  About  the  year 
18IK)  a  member  of  the  board  of  aldermen  named 
Cotton  M.  Tabor  had  a  contract  with  the  city  to  build 
log  cribs  on  the  west  side  of  Bloody  Island  in  order 
to  throw  the  clianncl  again  over  to  the  Missouri  side. 
The  cribs  were  built  of  cottonwood  logs,  wliicii  ho 
had  cut  off  Gaberet  Island  and  floated  down  to  Bloody 
Island.  He  filled  the  interior  of  the  cribs  with  sand 
instead  of  rock,  and  the  fir.st  high  water  that  came 
washed  all  the  cribs  down  the  river,  not  leaving  a 
remnant  behind. 

The  channel  was  first  improved  by  Maj.  Robert  E. 
Lee,  of  the  Engineer  Department,  in  conj  unction  with 


Henry  Kayser,  the  then  city  engineer.  They  cmi- 
structed  heavy  dams  of  stone,  and  filling  up  tim 
channel  between  the  Illinois  shore  and  Bloody  Tslaiid 
had  a  tendency  to  throw  tJie  channel  on  this  side,  and 
dikes  were  thrown  from  this  side  out  to  straighdn 
the  line  of  the  wharf,  wliich  is  now  the  present  lint'. 

"  Hup[iy  Hollow"  was  a  name  given  in  primi'ivi! 
times  to  the  ravine  commencing  south  ol'Spruce  Stii'ii 
and  west  of  Fifth.  Ciioutcau's  Jlill  Creek  travcr.M'iJ 
it,  and  the  banks  were  shaded  by  tall  sycamore-trcfs, 
under  which  the  colored  "aunties,"  who  were  ilii' 
precursors  of  "Ah  Sin,"  did  tlieir  washing  iiml 
stretched  their  clothes-lines.  On  Sunday  they  umi] 
to  have  their  "  bu.sli  meetings"  in  tlic  glade,  at  wliidi 
they  often  got  "happy."'  The  "old  race-track."  a 
name  which  is  still  soinetiiiies  applied  to  the  loealiiv, 
long  since  built  u]),  was  on  the  Grand  Prairie,  on  ilic 
Gallatin  farm,  afterwards  known  as  Capt.  Shre('Vi> 
place,  three-fourths  of  a  mile  above  Franklin  Avemu', 
It  was  tin;  earliest  race-course  near  St.  Louis,  iinJ 
some  <if  the  most  famous  thoroughbreds  of  Keniuikv 
and  Tennessee  have  tested  their  speed  upon  it. 

"  Vineuav  Hill"  was  years  ago  given  to  an  cleviitieii 
near  the  then  head  of  3Iorgan  Street  and  Franklin 
Avenue,  at  Eighteenth  Street.  The  name  was  ili- 
rived  from  the  well-known  battle-field  in  Iielami. 
where  the  United  Irisliinen  fell  to  pieces.  "  Clabljir 
Alley"  is  a  familiar  name,  but  the  spot  is  not  ,so  wuil 
known.  It  runs  north  and  south  from  Franklin 
Avenue  to  Biddle  Street,  between  Si.xtli  and  Sevcnil!, 
has  many  teneiiieiit-houses,  and  a  den.se  populatidn  if 
divers  colors  and  nationalities.  Years  ago.  when  llmv 
were  many  dairies  in  the  vicinity,  the  negroes  and  inw 
whites  in  the  alley  used  to  subsist  in  a  measure  ii|»'ii 
buttermilk  and  "  clabber,"  and  the  police  gave  :k 
name  to  the  place  I'lom  seeing  the  gutters  gencraiiv 
half-full  of  sour  milk.  "  Battle  Row,"  notorious  in 
old  steamboating  flush  times,  was  on  the  Levci'.  I* 
tween  Morgan  and  Washington  Streets.  It  ecuii- 
jirised  several  low  two-story  stone  houses,  owned  Uj 
the  John  .Mullanphy  estate,  and  was  noted  for  sceiire 
of  turbulence  and  disorder,  and  for  being  the  iiii 
dangerous  locality  in  the  city.  Many  a  bloody  lii; 
caiiie  off  there,  and  scarceiy  a  day  elapsed  witlmut  il 
row,  it  neciling  generally  a  squad  of  pcdiceuit'ii  k| 
make  an  arrest  in  the  vicinity. 

"  Wild-Cat  Chute"  is  the  euphonious  cognonieti'l'l 
an  alley  running  north  and  south  between  Carr  a 
Biddle  and  Seventli  and  Eightii  Streets,  fillud  wiill 
tenements,  and  'peopled  by  a  low  class  of  iieyrid 
The  name  originated  abimt  thirty  years  ago,  when 
large  amount  of  what  has  been  known  as  ''  wilJ-nil 
money"  was  in  circulation,  especially  among  sttaioj 


bo.it  deck  ha  I 

wiidMi  fre(|ue 

liiiiiiey  was  eii 

till' word  "  clii 

tl..'  alley  was 

liiiiiiiis  loealit 

el- Wild-Cat 

only  by  river 

pcniiaiienlly  e, 

••  Castle  Th 

teiii'inerit-hous 

early  part  of  tl 

tlio  city  in  dro 

the  largo  fenei 

tlu'ii-  domieiles 

soiiiliern.     Thi 

'•  I'liit  Sumter, 

tlie  names  did  i 

its  name  from 

still  known  by  i 

•  Pond  Fort" 

it  was  the   iieai 

Pi>nil.      It  was  ! 

the  northeast  co 

wa.s  kept  by  a  w 

biiililing  is  still 

Cluireli.     It  was 

of  that  day  as  K 

Jack. 

"  Robber's  Ro 
oil  the  river-bani 
It  was  a  roost  1 
people  of  tlie  wo 
there  gave  it  its 
becaine  incensed 
and  burned  it  doi 
contents.  Some 
ceived  a  jiretty  se 
Lonsi.sted  of  tarrii 

"Shakerag.' 
upper  end   of  tl 
"Shakerag,"  and 
'i'l'c-     There  was 
day,  "liich  is  uo\ 
to  the  locality  in 
lioiLses  there,  and 
'"  the  habit  of  sh 
a.s  il  signal  in  certi 
'■  Vauxhall  Oar 
in  St,  Louis  which 
local  celebrity  as  t 
called  after  the  fai 
It  surrounded  one 


THE  EARLIEST  SETTLERS   IN   SAINT  LOUIS. 


167 


boat  deck  hands  and  roustabouts,  tiie  lower  classes  of  |  city,  and  which  was  built  by  Thomas  C.  Riddick,  on 
wliiiui  t'rcciucnted  the  locality  named.  The  wild-cat  i  the  west  side  of  Fourth  Street,  between  I'lnm  and 
niniiey  was  (,'asily  {passed  on  the  iiznorant  nefinies,  and  Poplar.  It  was  after  Riddick's  occupancy  that  it  was 
till' word '•  chute' was  applied  by  the  river  men,  because  turned  into  a  public  jiarden.  In  1823,  and  for  a 
tl,.'  alley  was  a  by-way  or  short  cut  to  another  no-  number  of  years  afterwards,  it  was  a  place  of  great 
till  iiiiis  locality.  The  two  I'licts  orijiinatcd  the  name  public  resort,  and  was  fauious  for  its  Fourth  of  July 
ol  ■■  WildCat  (dilute,"  which  was  for  a  lonj;  tin)e  used    »celebrations. 

only  liy  river  men.  The  name  seems  ^'eiiorally  and  i  The  second  '•  Vauxhall  Gardens"  was  established  at 
pcuiianently  established  now.  the  old  Soulard  residence,  on  the  east  side  of  Caron- 

•  ('aslle  Thunder"  lias  lontr  been  applied  to  ii  largo     delct  Avenue,  south  of  Miller  Street.     It  was  sur- 
teiicuient-house  in  "  Wild-Cat  Chute."     Duriuf:  the     rounded  by  a  lar^e  orchard,  beariii}^  excellctit  fruit, 
early  part  of  tlie  war  the  colored  people,  who  came  to     and,  like  its  predecessor,  became  a  great  public  resort 
the  city  in  droves,  generally  settled  in  communities  in     and  place  for  political  meetings.     The  garden  has  long 
the  large  tencnicnt-hou.scs,  and  were  fond  of  calling  |  ceased    to   exist,  but  tlie  building  still  remains,  al- 
llioir  domiciles  by  the  name  of  some  fort,  generally     though  it  has  lost  its  name, 
soittliern.     Thus  one  such  tenement*liouse  was  called 
'•  Fort  Suiutcr,"  and  another  "  Fort  Pinckney,"  but  i 
the  names  did  not  stick.     "  Castle  Thunder"  received  i 
its  name  from  the  negroes  in  the  same  way,  and  is  '  v^  ii  ^v  i  a  tj  rv     v  i  i  i. 

still  known  by  it.  |  tHK    KARUKST   SETTLLIRS    IN    .ST.   I.Oi;i.^. 

••  Pond  Fort    was  a  danee-liouse,  so  called  because 

it  was  the  nearest  place  of  the  kind  to  Chouteau's  In   the   well-known   fragment  of  Auguste   Chou- 

Pmnl.     It  was  a  two-story  brick  building,  joeated  on  ;  teau's  Journal,  in  wliicli  he  begins  the  narrative  of 

the  northeast  corner  of  Sixth  and  Spruce  Streets,  and     the  founding  of  St.  Louis,'  he  records  some   names 

was  kept  by  a  woman  known  as  •' Capt.  Jack.  '     The  ^  which  have  a  peculiar  value  Ou"  every  one  interested 

building  is  still  standing,  about  opposite  the  Italian  |  in  the  early  settlement  and  the  earlier  settlers  of  that 

Cliiireh.     It  was  a  gathering-place  for  the  fast  people     city.     In  addition  to  his  own  name  and  tliat  of  La- 

uF  lliat  day  as  long  as  the  "  Fort''  was  held  by  Capt.  '  cledc   Liguest,  his   employer,  be  mentions   the   fact 

Jack.  I  that  he  set  out  to  plant  the  new  post  with  a  boat 

•' Robber's  Roost."     This  was  an  infamous  resort     containing  thirty  men,  "  nearly  all  mechanics."    There 

on  the  river-bank,  wIktc  Filley's  foundry  now  stands,     were  also  on  the  site,  after  the  building  of  the  first 

It  was  a  roost  for  gamblers  and  other  disreputable  I  house  began,  some  people  who  had  come  from  "  Caos" 

people  of  the  worst  description.     The  scenes  enacted  i  (Cahokia),  but  had  fled  when  the  Missouri  Indians 

tlieie  gave  it  its  name.     In  June,  1831,  the  citizens     put  in  tlieir  appearance.     Laclede  was  sent  for, — bo 

became  incensed,  and  one  night  as.senibled  together     was  at   Fort    Chartres, — and    on    his   arrival   found 

and  burned  it  down,  witli  all  the  furniture  and  other     means  to  send  the  Indians  away  witliout  any  likeli- 

I'uiitents.     Some  of  the  inmates  at  tlie  same  time  re-     liood  of  their  return.      Thereupon   "  tho.se  persons 

ceived  a  pretty  severe  handling,  one  feature  i)f  which  {  who  had  fled  to  Caos  on  tiie  coming  of  the  savages," 

consisted  of  tarring  and  feathering.  \  says  Chouteau,  "  returned  as  soon  as  they  knew  that 

"  Shakerag."     Some   years   ago    a  locality  in  the  !  they  bad  gone  away,  and  commenced  building  their 

upper  end    of  the   city    obtained   the   nickname  of  ]  houses,  or,  to  speak  more  correctly,  their  cabins,  and 

■'Shakerag,"  and  it  is  sometimes  so  called  at  the  present  I  entered  their  lands  agreeably  to  the  lines  of  the  lots 

time.     There  Wiis  a  slang  meaning  to  the  word  at  that  '■  which  I  bad  drawn,  foUov  ing  the  plan  which   Mon- 


day, which  is  now  obsolete,  and  the  name  was  fixed 
til  the  locality  indicated  when  there  were  but  few 
houses  there,  and  the  inmates  of  most  of  them  were 
ill  the  habit  of  shaking  a  rag  held  out  of  the  window 
as  a  signal  in  certain  cases. 


sieur  Laclede  had  left  with  me." 

The  names  of  these  persons  of  ''  Caos"  are  given 
in  a  note  to  the  Journal  as  follows :  Joseph  Tayon, 
Roger  Tayon,  Dechene,  Beauclianips,  Morcerau 
(Marcheteau),    Joseph     Bcquot    (Becquet),    Andit5 


"  Vauxhall  Gardens."     There  have  been  two  places  |  Becijuct,  Gabriel  Dodier,  Baptiste  Martigny,  Lemoine 
in  St.  Louis  which  at  different  times  obtained  some  |  Martigny,  Beaugenou,  Cotte,  Picket,  Hervieux,  Bac- 

loi-al  cilebrity  as  the  Vauxhall  Gardens,  the  first  so  j 


called  after  the  famous  London  resort  of  that  name. 


It  surrounded  one  of  tiie  oldest  brick  resi  ^ences  in  the     transiatud  in  1868. 


It  is  now  in  the  Moruantilc  liibriiry  of  8t.  Louis,  ami  was 


168 


IIISTOIIY    OF   SAINT   LOUIS. 


;4 


'  *'j<:i-r,f*'.i  sIh 


Al  ■ 


cane,  Fraiiydi.H  Dclin,  Lii  GaiTossc,  I'aiil  Kierscranx,  B.  Diiraiid  in  17()8;  slio  diod  in  I7t!!(  or  177<t. 
Grej^dirt!  Kiorsonmx.  Alexis  Picard,  Aiitniiic  I'otiiiur,  loavinir  an  iiirarit  (laii;;litcr,  TiieotiMtc ;  and  Diiraii'l 
Th.  Labrossc,  liabrosHe,  Louis  Clianceiior,  Joseph  died  in  177il,  at  the  ai;e  of  tliirty-one.  This  orpliMu 
Ciinncolier,  (Jrunmeho,  Hide,  Hoi,  Lajoio,  Le  (Jrairi, —  child,  then  but  four  years  old,  in  after-years  bueaiii" 
tliirty-one  in  all.  These,  witli  the  thirty  from  Fort  the  wife  of  Kniilien  Yosti,  and  died  in  the  year  I8"_'i;, 
(Ihartres,  in  the  words  of  Chouteau,  "  commenced  to  {  in  her  residence  at  the  southwest  corner  of  Main  hihI 
jrive  some  pormaneiiee  to  St.  Louis,"  The  names  of  Loeust ;  one  of  her  sons,  Francis  Yosti,  now  ovc  r 
these  thirty  it  does  not  ,i(pw  seinn  possible  to  ascertain,  •  eiirhty  years  of  ajje,  is  still  livinj?  in  St.  Charlie, 
but  the  greater  part  of  them  are  undoubtedly  amoiij;  1S78).  A  .son  of  tlie  above  Marchetean,  Jose|,li 
tliose  obtaiiiinj;  tin'  first  concessions  of  lots,  tjiveii  in  Marcheleau,  Jr.,  married  Ursula  or  Uharlotle  Cardiiiil 
the    cliajiter    preeediii;;    this.'      In    Hunt's    Minutes     in  1779. 

Joseph    Houry,  a  ropomaker,   Haptiste   Riviere,  An-  Michael  Lami  came  over  in  17(ir>-(i(i,  built  a  hoii-i' 

toino  Riviere  ((///  Baccanet ),  Sr.,  and  his  wife.  Bar-  of  posts  in  Block  43  in  lH'tG,  married  the  widow  of 
bara  Kloi,  are  mentioned  as  having;  come  at  the  .same  i  Francois  LeCebvre  DuchoiKjuette  in  Ste.  (jenovievi'  in 
time  with  ('houteau  and  Laclede.  !  1771).      Ilyaciiitlm  St.  Cir,  Sr.,  was  one  of  tlie  lew 

Louis  Ride,  Sr.,  who  came  to  St.  Louis  in  17r)4  ;  prominent  men  of  the  early  times  in  St.  Louis,  and 
witli  the  Cahokiaiis,  was  born  in  Canada.  His  tir.st  one  of  the  most  enterprisiiijr,  haviuf;  built  sevenil 
wife  was  Veroni(jue,  daughter  of  Louis  iMarcheteau,  .  stone  houses,  etc.,  in  difl'erent  parts  of  the  villaire. 
by  whom  he  had  four  sons,  Louis,  iiaurent,  Francis,  [  He  received  from  the  government  several  grants  ul' 
and  Claude,  all  born  before  he  moved  to  St.  Louis,  lanii  in  the  country  not  far  north  of  the  village.  Tliis 
His  wife  died  in  1772-7."5,  and  he  married  Cartella  ,  couple  had  fifteen  children,  through  whom  they  left  ii 
Jaeinthe  (Vouassen),  widow  of  Louis  Lunaiit,  of  Ste.  numerous  posterity:  1,  Hyaeinthe,  Jr.,  born  in  17"^l. 
Genevieve.  She  had  three  sons  and  two  daughters.  |  2,  Marie  Constance,  born  in  1785;  Mrs.  Wiliiam 
She  died  in  1784,  and  Ride  in  1787.  Gabriel  Dodier  Christy.  15,  Leon  Narcisse,"  born  in  1787;  disiip- 
was  a  blacksmith  of  Fort  Chartres  ;  one  of  his  sisters  t  peared  ;  supposed  drowned.  4,  Mario  Helene,  boiii 
married  J.  B.  Bec(|uct.  another  Alexis  Cotte,  the  in  178!);  died  1820.  5,  Frani;oise  Agnes,  born  in 
third  Simon  Coussot.  171)2;   Mrs.   Llewelyn    Hickman.     0,   Melanie.  burn 

Among  the  first  who  came  over  from  the  east  side  in  17!(.!;  Mrs.  Auguste  Brazeau.  7,  Tlierese,  bdin 
to  settle  in  St.  Louis  was  the  very  numerous  family  in  17!)r>;  died  1806.  8,  Francois,  born  in  17117; 
of  the  Marcheteaus,  «A''(.s' Dcnoyers  (correct  orthog-  married  Mary  Ann  Bellew,  ]S'.\ti ;  died  ISli!).  II, 
raphy,  Mareheteau).  The  three  older  Mareheteaus  Brigette.  born  in  1799;  died  1800.  10,  Brigette  1'.. 
were  brothers,  Louis,  Sr.,  Joseph,  and  Francis,  born  in  1801  ;  Mrs.  Samuel  Abbott.  11,  Pascal 
These  elder  Mareheteaus  were  originally  from  Can-  i  Ilebert,  born  in  ISOH;  married  Maria  Taylor.  iL', 
nda.  Louis  .Marcheteau's,  Sr.  (<///  Denoyer.-"*,  fir.st  Helene,  Mrs.  Nicholas  Bailvin.  IH,  Kmilic';  14. 
wife  was  Frangoise  Ledue.  Their  children  Wv.  e  Ba-  Benjamin  C. ;  15.  Stephen  ;  left  no  issue, 
sile,  Louis  (2d),  d/ius  Kierq,  a  married  daughter  of  The  Brazeaus,  Jt)seph  and  Louis,  were  married  to 
Veronique,  first  wife  of  Louis  Ride,  with  .several  chil-  two  si.sters,  Delisle.  They  were  all  born  in  Kaskaskia; 
dren,  and  two  others,  names  not  given.  Louis  mar-  "t  least  they  came  from  there  to  St.  Louis  prior  tn 
riod  a  .second  wife,  a  widow,  Quirigaut  Felip,  July  3,  ]  1782,  as  Joseph.  Sr.,  was  one  of  the  syndics  of  llio 
1772,  then  quite  an  old  man,  and  died  early  in  1774.  i  village  in  that  year. 
Joseph   Maicheteau   had  been   twice   married  before         Joseph  Brazeau,  Sr.,  born  in  1742  ;  died  Nov.  2'1 


coming  over  to  St.  Louis,  and  three  married  daughters 
with  their  hu.sbands  and  children  came  with  him,  viz  : 
Jeanne,  the  wife  of  Charles  Routier,  daughter  of  his 
first  wife.  Madeline  Robert;  Elizabeth,  wife  of  John 
Bap.  Becfjuet,  and  Catharine,  wife  of  Franc^ois  Bis- 
soiinet,  his  daughters  by  his  second  wife,  Elizabeth 
Leduc.  and  perhaps  others  whcse  names  are  not  on 


181 G,  aged  seventy-four  years.  Marie  Therese  De- 
lisle  Brazeau,  born  in  1749;  died  February,  IK'A, 
aged  eighty-five  years;  monuuKui  at  Calvary  Cem- 
etery. 

Louis  Brazeau,  Sr.  ("Old  Cayewa"),  and  wite, 
Marie  Fran<;oi.se  Delisle,  brother  and  sister  of  almvc, 
came  from  Kaskaskia  about  the  same  time.     Tlicy 


record.  Marclieteau,  Francis,  the  third  brother,  was  i  '»ad  a  numerous  family  of  sons  and  daughters ;  the 
a  carpenter.  His  wife  was  3Iarie  Josephe  Noiselle  i  sons, — Louis,  Jr.,  Jo.seph,  Jr.,  and  Auguste;  the 
(a  daughter,  Marie  Josette,  became  the  wife  of  John  i  daughters, — Marie   (Mrs.  John    B.   Duchouqncitel 

I  Julie  (Mrs.  Alexander  Papin),  Theri'-s^  (Mrs.  Charles 

'  Billon's  List,  No.  III.  '  Bosseron),  Cccile   (Mrs.  Charles  Sanguinette),  and 


-Aiirnre  (Mrs 

viniis  to  181 

1.  1810,  and 

I'lieir  sistt 

Cli'irieviJlo,  w 

liiipien.  Pic 

Maigiiret  Goii 

prc-enco  of  Lii 

side.      Baron 

d.iy.  lot  one    I 

ii'id  lifty,  north 

tiveiily-four  by 

Anotlier  one 

leau,  Beaugeno 

iiiiiie  Ifenrion,  c 

ihiiient  among  t 

— Nieliulas  and  ( 

Josephe,    iJch'.n,; 

.mil  perhaps  othi 

ffcst  eiirner  of  oi, 

ill  nU"),  where  li 

iiis  oldest  daught( 

leen,  was  married 

(iist  recorded  myri 

ill  this  liou.se,  ear; 

■^"I'l  '"  William  i 

prior  to  May  4    ■ 

il'iii^'liter  Helene. 

IJiWtte,  Guillau 
irrtil.  Canada.      He 
\yuK  the  establish 
jaiiil  was  among  th 
jaliiT  the  cession  of 
liiMvn  there.     He 
Jlfre.  and  had  never 
jJhiv.^o,  1772.     H, 
P"-.  and  the  invt 
'line  15.  1772.     ll^ 
'lable  estate  for 
'  lit'irs  here  wore 
— .iiid   two  .sisters 
fcir-l.  and  Marianne, 
ii'-'"  five  marrie 
h-  Montreal,  Cana 
Vaehard,  Louis,  ai 
^''"'  al'ove  Guillaum 
'w  the  death  of  Gu: 
Use  in  which  he 
»"i'  above.     Here 

KVaeharddyinga 
'  «afly  in  August, 
h  Joseph.  Charle 
M'feal,  Canada— ana 


TIIK   KAULTKST  SKTTLKRS   IN   SAINT   LOUIS. 


169 


larvu'il  i« 

laskiiskiu ; 

priiir  I" 

|CS  of  tlio 

Nov.  •r.i 

trcsi"'  Do- 


rary 


is;u, 


Anriire  (Mrs.  Lnuis  IJoiiipsirt),  were  all  iiiarriod  pro-  I       Huot,  lU'in',  came  here  from  Calinkia.  on  the  other 

viiiiis  to  1818.     Mrs.  Louis   Brazeau,  Sr.,  died  Nov.  sido,  in    17(i<5-()7.      Ho  liad  a  concession  of  a  liidf 

1.  1810,  and  "  Old  Cayewa,"  Dec.  5,  1828.  block,    one   inindred   and    twenty  hy  tliree  hnmlred 

Tiieir  sister,  FraiK/oisu    Brazeau,  vcuvo   John    B.  (north  one-half  of  tiio  present  Block  5(»),  upon  which 

('li;irlevillo,  was  in  St.  Louis  ])rior  to  \T.y.\.  Ik-  had  liiiilt  the  same  year,  ITti".  a  laru'e stone  house, 

liiipicn,  Pierre  I.,  f//V  Baron,  was  married  to  Louise  '  forty  hy  tliirty  feet,  (ine  of  the  earliest  stone  houses 

M;iij.'arct  Gondean,  in   Kaskaskia,  Feb.  3,  175!),  in  in  the  vilhiire.     Ho  died,  unmarried,  Nov.  HO,  177U. 

iiicvnce  of  Lahusi'iere,  then  royal  notary  at  the  other  In  his  will,  dated  Nov.  'J8,  177"!,  h(!  leaves  his  prop- 

sidi'.      Burou  died  Oct.   12,   1775;    inventory  same  eriy  to  his  niece,  daii>;hter  of  his  brother  in  Cahokia, 

Jiiv.  lot  one   hundred  and  twenty  by  one    liiiiidrcd  and  a  bequest  of  two  hundred  livrcs  to  assist  in  the 

iitul  liily,  north   half  Block   4;    two   houses  of  wood,  erection  of  the  village  church,  then  in  contemplation. 
twciily-lour  by  eijihteen  and  twenty  by  cii.'litcen.  This  house,  then  culled  "south  of  the  village,"  was 

Another  one  of  the  ('ahokians  nu'iitioned  by  Chou-  on  the  block  between  Second  and  Third  and  Mulberry 

U'iiu,  Beaujienou,  Nicholas,  Sr.,  and  wife,  ner  Mari-  and  Lombard,  for  many  years  the  Sauirrain  projierty, 
iiiiiii'  llenrion,  came  over  from  the  Fort  Chartres  set-         Lanu'lois.     There  wen;  three  Laiifjiois  here  in  tlie 

tjiiin'iit  amonj:  the  first,  in   1704-05,  with  two  sons  infancy  of   the  village.     Two   of   them,    Alexander 

—Nicholas  and  Charles — and  four  dauj^hters, — Marie  (<fif  Rondeau)  and  Noel,  were   brothers,  and  came 

JoiiL'iiiie,   llelene,  Tlu'rese,   and    Ajrnes,  all   minors,  '  over    from   Cahokia.     The    third,   Joseph    Lanjrlois, 

iinii  perhaps  others.     He  built  a  house  at  the  south-  i  mi<_dit  liave  been  a  l>rotlier  also.     They  were  all  three 

west  I oitier  of  our  present  Main  and  Almond  Streets,  Indian    traders.       Alc.\and(!r    Lanjrlois    received    an 

ill  1705,  where  he  lived  ii  few  years.     In  this  house  outfit  of  floods  for  the  Indian  trade  from  M.  Duralde, 

his  oldest  dauf^hter,  Murie  Josephe,  then  near  eijrh-  |  Aus:.  6,  1777,  which  debt  was  paid  by  his  widow 

teen,  was  married  on  tlie  20th  of  April,  1700,  the  !  July  10,  1778,  lie  havini:  di<'d  in  the  interval. 
Iii>t  recorded  marriaj^e  in  St.  Louis.      His  wife  died  !       Josepha  Lacroix,  widow  first  of  Champajine,  and 

ill  tiiis  house,  early  in  tiie  year  1769.     It  was  then  second    of    Alexander    Lanjjlois,  fiist  will   July   21, 

iltl  to  William   Bissctto.     Beaufjeiiou  himself  died  :  1778,    names    her   cousin    and   brother-in-law,   Noel 

linr  to  May  4,  1771,  date  of  the  marriaj;e  of  his  |  Lanjrlois,  her  executor  and  heir  of  her  property,  first 

Jauiiliter  Heli>ne.  '  paying  a  few  bequests.     She  makes  ime  of  six  hun- 

Hissettc,  Guillauine  (William),  was  born  in  Mou-  dred  livres  (one  hundred  and  twenty  dollars')  to  the 

Itroal.  Canada.     Ho  had  been  liviuf;  at  Fort  Chartres  church.     Her  second  will,  Dec.  2,  1778,  six  months 

ofore  the  establishment  of  the  "  post"  of  St.  Louis,  after  the  fir.st,  natnes  her  nephew,  Joseph  Tayon,  Sr., 

laiiil  was  amoiif?  the  first  to  come  over  to  St.  Louis  and   Ani;eli(jue  Chauvin,   wife  of  Beaulieu,  of  C'a- 

al'tiT  tlic  cession  of  the  east  side  to  Enuland  became  hokia,  her  heirs;  same  bequests  as  in  the  first  will, 

Ikiiiiwn  there.     He  was  u  single  man  when  he  came  Tayon  named  as  executor.     Her  third  and  last  will, 

lliirc'.  and  had  never  been  married.     His  will  is  dated  I  dated  Feb.   22,   1779,   names  Louis  Robert,  Sr.,  of 

IMav  i^O,  1772.     He  died  six  days  afterwards,  June  5,  Cahokia,  her  sole  heir  and  executor.      In    this   the 

ll'72,  and  the  inventory  of  his  property  was  taken  bequest  to  the  church  is  cut  down  from  six  liundred 

Juno  15,  1772.     He  was  a  merchant,  and  left  a  eon-  i  livres  (one  hundred  and  twenty  dollars)  to  one-half, 

I'vablc  estate  for  that  early  period  in  our  history.  '  tliree  hundred  livres  (sixty  dollars). 

]i>  heirs  here  were  two  brothers — Charles  and  John  '       Veuve  Langlois'  sale  of  her  property  between  her 

-anil   two  sisters, — IsabeHe,   wife  of   Louis  Va-  >  second  and  third  wills  is  thus  described,  Marie  Josetto 

Itiani.  and  Marianne,  wife  of  Claude  Marechal.     He  [  Lacroix,  veuve  Alexandre  Langlois,  to  Louis  Robert, 

Iso  five  married  sisters  living  in  their  native  '  of  Cahokia,  Dec.  31,  1778,  for  two  thousand  livres 

jlaco.  Montreal,  Canada.  (four  hundred  dollars),  all  her  property,  real  and  per- 


land  wito, 
I  of  ahnvo. 
le.     They 

[iters;  die 
istc;  the 
puqiiettei. 
Charles 
ette),  and 


I  Vaoliard,  Louis,  and  wife,  Isabelle  Bissette,  sister 
ftlio  above  Guillaume,  came  married  from  Montreal. 
IfitT  the  death  of  Guillaume  Bissette  they  purchased 


sonal,  which  she  may  have  in  the  Post  of  St.  Louis, 

and  wherever  else  they  may  be   found, — a  lot  and 

house  of  po,sfs  on  a  wall,  with  the  furniture,  useful 

liiiusu  in  which  he  died,  the  same  built  by  Beau-  i  and  ornamental,  all  the  animals,  horses,  cattle,  and 

mil  above.     Here  they  lived  the  balance  of  their  i  hogs,    fowls,  lands,   dwellings,  carts,  plows,  negroes, 

»s,  Vacliard  dying  about  1787,  and  his  widow,  Isa-  '  negresses,  male  and  female  Indians,  the  whole  as  it  is 


lie,  early  in  August,  1797.  They  left  four  sons — 
luis,  Joseph,  Charles,  and  Antoine,  all  born  in 
fcntreal,  Canada — and  some  daughters. 


at  this  day,  or  in  such  quantity  as  may  be  found, 
wheat,  flour,  grain,  corn,  barns,  outhouses,  and  gen- 
erally everything  which  the  said  Widow  Josette  La- 


mi 


170 


IHSTOIiy   OF  SAINT   L0UF8. 


cruix  po88L's»e8  ut  tliiH  tiniu,  to  whom  the  wliolo  be- 
lonuA,  huviii;;  iieijuirt'il  iiikI  Meltlud  it  f'oruuHli  witli  tlie 
di't'CHrtuil  Alcxaiidoi-  riiiiifjlois,  licr  liu.stiinid. 

On  tliu  27tli  of  AiifiUNt,  1770,  Liuiilciiaiit-Oov- 
eniiir  Don  I'cdro  I'icriiii.-i,  tlio  first  Hpuiiisli  Uov- 
eriinr  in  St.  Louis,  bani.siiod  tor  ton  _vi'»r«  from  tin- 
8])iiiii.x|i  s('tllt>iiii'iit.«,  on  iittaiiit  niid  uonvictioii  of  iiNin;; 
Ncditioiis  liiiJtriiaL'c,  disturliin^  thu  (KMurc,  uiid  ii'tiii^ 
in  t'ontcmiit  niid  derision  of  llio  ordiniinceH  of  the 
kin;:,  a  ucrtain  Ainiublc  Ijt'tourneaii,  a  Canadian.  T ho 
oft'i'iisc.  ui'cordin;;  to  tliu  ii'cord,  was  vory  trivial,  and 
did  not  njurit  such  a  heavy  penalty.  lietoiirneau  hail 
simply  talked  at  tho  ulmreli  poreii,  ih'risively  coiu- 
uientini:  on  an  ordinance  laying  an  excise-tax  on  pro- 
visions. He  d(^clared  that  ht;  said  no  more  than  that, 
if  ;ill  tlie  youn;.r  men  were  like  him,  •'  tlu^y  woidd  not 
Work  lor  forty  sous  a  day  in  peltries."  However,  his 
hanishment  did  not  need  to  drive  him  any  farther 
than  Caliokia  or  Kaskaskia,  so  it  did  not  amount  to 
much.  Jjetourneaii'.s  mime  is  introduced  hero  be- 
cause he  was  a  Canadian  vni/iniiiir  in  St.  Louis  in 
17()1,  and  most  )irobahly  one  of  Ciiouteau  s  "'oatmon. 

Paul  Kierm'reau  was  a  resident  of  Fort  (!i  irtres 
in  January,  17t)-l,  at  which  time  lie  took  an  invyo' jry 
of  the  eft'ects  of  Alexander  Thomas  Lavillo,  shoe- 
maker, lately  deceased,  whose  widoM,  Jo.sepha  Que- 
vado,  was  about  to  contv;i.et  a  second  marriaj^o  with 
Claude  Tinon.  The  Tinons  moved  to  St.  Ijouis,  as 
also  did  another  of  the  a]>praiscrs,  I'ierre  Montardy, 
whose  wife  (Marie  Duchamin)  was  some  years  latia- 
(in  1779)  a  i)arty  to  a  .suit  for  slander.  A  sister  of 
Paul  KierL'ori'au's  married  Piern;  Chouteau,  youni^er 
brotlier  of  Au<;uste,  and  some  of  their  descendants 
are  still  liviiif^  in  St.  Louis. 

The  following  are  some  niomorunda  froiu  the  uiar- 
riaj;e  contracts  in  the  Archives:  Kicra  rcdK,  /'hk/, 
of  age,  born  in  New  Orleans,  son  of  (Jrcfroire  Kierce- 
reau,  deceased,  and  of  Gillette  Le  Bourse,  fathei  d 
mother,  and  Marie  Josephe  Michel  {dit  Tayon),  aged 
eighteen  years,  daughter  of  Josepli  Michel  and  Marie 
Louise  Bosset,  his  wife,  her  father  and  mother,  hero 
present,  at  tb(i  hou.se  of  tho  said  Jo.seph  Michel,  dit 
Tayon,  po.st  St.  Louis,  May  10,  17t)t). 

Kicrceirdii,  Girijoire,  aged  twenty-two  years,  born 
at  Fort  Chartrcs,  III.,  son  of  Ileynaldo  Kiercereau 
and  Marie  Magdaline  Ilobillard,  father  and  mother, 
and  Magdalina  St.  Fran(;ois,  aged  eighteen,  daughter  of 
Antoino  St.  Frangois  and  Carlotta  Larche,  all  here 
present,  Aug.  26,  1774. 

»SV.  Fi<tin;ois,  Antoiii<\  aon  of  Joseph  St.  Francois 
and  Charlotte  Lemaistre,  of  St.  Joseph,  Canada,  and 
Charlotte  Larchveque,  daughter  of  Augustin  Larch- 
verpie  and  Mario  Madeline  Reaume,  Quebec,  Canada, 


;  were  married  at  the  post  of  Uiviere  St.  JoHe|)h,  Can- 
ada, Aug.  19,  1751.  Those  were  tho  parents  of  the 
young  lady  married  to  Kiercereau  above. 

Jean  Baptiste  Beei|uet,  tho  blacksmith,  mcnlioinil 
above  as  iiaving  nnirrii'd   Dodier's  daughter,  was  tli,> 

;  first  owm^r  of  the  .soiitheast  (juartor  of  Block  H(!,  upnri 
which  ho  had  limit  a  small  hou.se  of  posts  for  his  n^i- 
denee   and  a  blacksmith-shop,  immeilialely  after  liu 

,  came  over,  in  1701.  In  this  house  he  died  in  17117, 
October,  leaving  three  children, — Margaret  Marianne, 
then  tho  wife  of  Joseph  Alvarez  'lorti/, ;  Marie  wilinl' 
Louis  Barada ;  and  liabriel  |{eci|uot,  his  only  son, 
married  to  Louise  St.  Franei  is.  These  reliiKjuislu'il 
to  their  uncle,  I'iern:  Beiijuet,  brother  of  ihcir 
father,  in  conformity  to  hi',  desire,  the  property  at  ilif 
northwest  corner  of  Miiin  an<l  Myrtle  Str  .its,  .NDv, 
18,  1791).  Pierre  Kee(|uet,  their  uncli',  sold  it  lu 
Joseph  A.  Uortiy,,  Dec.  '28,  1799,  and  llortiz  and 
wife  to  William  Hebert  Lecom]ite,  June  9,  ISO", 
who  bought  it  for  a  gill  to  his  niece,  Rosalie,  wile  uf 
John  B.  1).  Belccmr.  Nov.  11,  1807.  (Of  course 
llortiz  was  not  living  in  this  house  at  the  pcriml  ol' 
death,  in  1808). 

Jo.seph    Alvarez    llortiz  was  tho  son  of  Frann)is 

I  Alvarez  and  Bernarda    llortiz,  born   in  the  town  uf 

j  Lienira,  province  of    Estremadura,  Spain,  in   ll'i.',. 

''  Ho  was  married  to  Marg'iorite  Marianne  Bec(|ui'i, 
born  at  Fort  Chartrtvs,  III.,  daughter  (d' John  B.  Boc- 
(|uet  and  wile,  Marie  Franeoi.se  Uodior,  Jan.  27.  ITSn, 
he  twenty-seven  and  she  seventeen  years  of  age  (wa; 

I  but  fifty-five   when   he  died,  in    1808).     lie  wa.s  a 

I  private  in  the  Spanish  service  when  he  came  up  t'j 
St.  Louis,  after  tho  Spanish  authority  had  been  o 
tablished  here  in  1770.      He  afterwiirds  rose  to  the 

!  rank  of  sergeant  (which  in  subsc(|uont  years  in  sonit! 
of  tho  translations   was  corrupted   into  "surgonii,' 

i  which  ho  never  v/as  nor  claiiucd  to  be).     Having  liaJ 

\  some  education  in  his  youth,  and  been  long  a  luilitarv 
attache  at  the  Government  House,  he  eventually  lie- 

j  came  the  secretary  of  the  two  last  Spanish  (jrovernor-, 

,  Trudeau  and  Delassus,  and  had  charge  of  the  puliliol 
archives  for  a  number  of  years  down  to   the  date  if 
the  transfer  in  1804.     Two  months  after  his  inarriiiif 
he  purchased  from  Jac(|ues  Noise  Labbd  the  lot  at 
the  northwest  corner  of  Main  and  Spruce,  March  liij 

,  1780.  Here  he  lived  for  about  six  years,  and  .sulJiij 
to  Silvestre  Labbadie,  Sr. ,  Jan.  15,  178(5.  lie  iImI 
bought  the  south  half  of  Block  2,  with  an  old  liuusel 
On  this  lot  he  built  a  new  house  of  upright  po-i 
kitchen,  stable,  etc.,  and  lived  here  until  March,  18o; 

;  when  lie  sold  it  to  John  Baptiste  Lebeau,  one  uf  liiil 
sons-in-law,  whose  widow  was  afterwards  the  wife 
Andre  Landreville. 


Joseph 

was  still  I 
lioiiso  in  Hi 
fiii'nisli(>il 

■lllSCflll    Ihs 

Mi.rk.     J„.s 

'ii  St,  lioiii,. 

<|iiei   in  Jni 

Two  years  li 

J'l'iiis  (.'liani 

f'l'uis  with  ' 

17S2.  anil  'i' 

liianehainps, 

w,is  living  iij 

There  are  i 

tlie   first   inh 

Iji'sides  those  ; 

one,  tho  ''.Vrc 

A  third  sonrc 

liiiid   coinmi.ssi 

Archives  are  t: 

luiiiiy   other    c 

Billon,  in  lii.s 

sraroh  ,ii;iyi|,r  > 

o   • 

"Tlie  iliioiiineiK 
•^]»tiu<h  lUiys  of 

•IWlls   k'll^cy,   ,||,,|,j 

aOuiMcv,  hkicimii,., 
lairiiiiK  t"  in.lhicl. 
llie|,ic,<,.i,._.o„|',|n, 
»<■  lii»  (.(liciiil   ,.e|,| 

OV0llti,i|||,  „(■  ,|„,  ii 

'fsMvi-itoilinrniuii 
is"i,li.„,.,,,|  |,y,^„ 

in  III!'  kc'C|li||;r  „/•  ,1 
i"'livillll,ll.S    t„    ,v||„; 

t-«''''Nti(,n  ,.(  eiicli  „ 

it  limn  i„  rcj-isiur  i 

'''»•  flifct.i  «(•  C,,,,!,, 

I'iif|">'t',  ana  lit  III 

Hic  (nniTnor  tlii,. 

'•Ttificl  („  hy  |,i,„8, 

""■"ts  llicniselccs  li. 

■'»i-in(l„  g,n-e.-n,„c 

''■"'  l"'-eJ  into  (he 

l"i"e  alic-ts  woi-ost., 

"'«  l««t  »f  tin.  .sorifs 

■'*''  in    tho   ciipm. 

;'''»ti'.i  until  Sep,.  3,,^ 

'"'<i  ur  not  (iceming 

'""'"'  "J'li-anUi  ill 

"""e  as  his  ,,redei.< 

"  or  these  (i.)cume 

"'  '"liic'h  still  reiniii, 

Praent.lay.     When 

"•  "">■',  these  ,l„eu„ 

"fllio  ..1,1  French  an, 

'"'"'"f  lands  „nd  lot, 

"•'■"ftho  United  Siu 


nd 


TIIK   IIARLIKST  SETTLKKS   [N  SAINT  LOUIS. 


171 


Jusopli  M.  Tityoii,  wiui  cunio  truiii  Caluikiii  in  17(i4, 
was  Htill  living  in  IHOti.  Aiitoiiio  Hubert  liml  u 
liiiuso  ill  St.  LiiiiiH  ill  ITtiO,  tiic  timber  I'nr  which  wun 
I'liriiishc'ii  iiiiil  iii'wud  by  Jiihii  H.  Liiii^eviii  nnd 
■Icisi'iih  Di'.scIk'IU's.  ,Jiic((iU'.s  Denis  liiil  the  cariH'iiti'r'H 
wui'k.  Joseph  Ciiaiiceilifr  was  horn  in  Illinois,  caini; 
to  St.  Ijoiiis  in  17)14,  wa.s  inarrie(l  to  Kli/aheih  Me(^ 
qiu't  in  June,  177iJ,  and  dit'd  in  Decuniber,  1781. 
Two  years  later  liis  wiilow  niurried  Antoiiii'  Oaulhior. 
Ldiiis  (Ihaiieeliier,  J(ise])irs  hroilier,  who  eaiiiii  to  St. 
iiiiiiis  with  '.  n,  iiiiirried  Marie  Limi.se  I)eschaiii]is  in 
ITSli.  and  'i'.  in  178r).  His  widow  married  Jo.seph 
HeaUL'liainps,  one  of  tlie  settiers  oC  171)1,  but  who 
was  living  in  St.  diaries  at  the  date  of  his  marriage. 

Tiicro  arc  several  sources  Croiii  wiiich  the  naine.f  of 
the  first  inhabitimts  of  St.  Ijoiiis  can  bi!  derived 
Lt.'sidi'S  those  already  f;i veil.  The  cathedral  records  is 
one,  the  "Archives"  is  another,  and  the  chief  aource. 
A  third  source  is  the  minute-books  of  the  various  i 
liiiid  commissions  and  the  ref;ister's  office.  The 
Archives  are  the  books  in  which  legal  documents  and 
luaiiy  other  curi()us  matters  were  reji;ist  "_>d.  Mr. 
Biliiiii,  in  bis  jirel'atory  note  to  his  very  extensive 
search  ;i' '.^  these  records,  says  that, — 

•'Tlio  cliiuiiinenln  ili'|)niiit(!il  in  tliu  iireliivcs  ot'tlio  Krcn  h  nnd 
S|iiiiii<li  iliiys  uf    St.   IiOiii,<  cuiiipi'ised  oniiucssi'jiis  ur   );rantK, 
(ieetl>.  k'liHt'.-',  iniirriag'^  fUiitnu'tH,  willr-,  inv('iit()i'ie.«,  [powtrra  uf 
nlluriuy,  nj5iciMiii'iiti,  iiml  miiny  miwclliiiieoii.''  (IdcMinier.ts  |ii!r- 
tiiining  t"  inilividiiali'.     Tlie.«e  |)a|ici»  were  nhvavi  I'.xi'ciik'il  in 
till'  |iic<i'ir,'o  (if  tliu  (iovcrnor,  or,  in  liis  ab.wnct',  in  the  prcscnro 
of  liis  (iflicinl  iL'iirt'suntalive,  and   were  left  for  safety  in  the 
ciiatuily  oftlici  Hovernrnunt  authuritio.s  ;  loid  as  at  luast  niiietccn- 
Iwcntielh."  i)f  the  inhnliitanis  uf  that  day  eonld  not  read,  niuidi 
Icsii  write  llieir  names,  but  made  tlieir  .'*i(^naturc.'<  with  aoross,  as 
is  evideni-'cd  by  an  e.xainiinition  oi'  them,  tlicy  wer*'  deenird  :<af','r 
in  till'  koepin;;  of  tlio  guverntrieni  than  in  the  pui^sesMion  uf  the 
iihliviiliials  tu  whom  they  iiiuBtly  belonged.     At  tliodatooftho 
exei'iitiun  uf  eaeh  uf  these  piipers  no  utlier  reeurd  wa.s  made  of 
ittliiin  to  register  it   alphabetically  under  its  pruper  heail  on  a 
tow  fliects  of  foolscap  paper  loosely  sticking  together  for  the 
|iur|iii!-e,  and  at  the  dose  of  the  administration  of  each  sneces- 
Avv  (invcrnur  this    alphabetical    list  of   his  otiicial    acts  was 
ciTtilieil  to  by  himself  in  person,  and  together  with  the  docu- 
iiieiits  themselves  handed  over  into  the  possession  of  his  succes- 
sor in  the  government :  and  it  was  not  until  after  the  country 
liiid  |ia.v«ed  into  the  possession  of  the  Uniteil  .'States  that  these 
lio.-e  sheets  wore  stilelied    together  in  the  order  of  their  dates, 
llic  last  of  the  series  being  that  of  Capt.  Amos  Stoddard,  who 
iicli'il  in   the   capacity  of  tlio  civil  Governor  fcu'  the    United 
^lall's  until  Sept.  3(1,  ISIM,  and  who,  perhaps,  not  being  authur- 
iii'il  ur  not  deeming  it  advisable   to  make  any  change  in  the 
mti'litt  itpt  rftiuli  in  regard  to  these  matters,  pursued  the  same 
piurse  as  his  predecessors  under  the  former  dominations. 

"Of  these  documents  th.iro  were  over  three  thousand,  i.'iiny 
of  which  still  remain  in  the  recorder's  office  in  St.  Louis  .0  the 
present  day.  When  at  th.  dningo  of  the  government,  March 
10.  l!iO|,  these  documents,  together  with  such  books  and  papers 
of  the  old  French  and  Spanish  authorities  as  related  to  conccs- 
Eions  uf  lands  and  lots,  came  into  the  possession  of  the  author- 
ity of  the  United  States,  they  eonsisted^of  six  small  books  of 


oriliriary  fuulseap  si/e,  euntaiiilng  about  three  ijuires  eaeh, 
calleil  the*  [.ivres  Terriens' I  land  biHiks),  in  which  were  entered 
the  I'uncessioiis  or  grants  uf  lands  and  lots,  and  four  snniller 
books  in  si/.e.  with  leather  I'uvers,  in  which  were  reeurded  aliuut 
line  Imnilreil  and  thirty  uf  the  above  three  thiiusand  diieiimenl.*, 
between  the  years  I7U7  and  ITHil." 

(l'"ruiu  these  it  wuuld  appear  that  during  the  llrst  thirty-live 
years  uf  the  village  it  uas  deemed  unnecessary  tu  reciinl  these 
papers  in  books,  luid  that  the  last  wi  re  so  recorded  at  the  In- 
sliince,  perhaps,  of  the  owners,  who  may  have  luiiked  to  the 
future.) 

"What  lire  ,  .^  .esignated  as  the  '  archives'  comprise  «i.\ 
large  vuhimes,  in  which  are  copied  the  most  impurlant  uf  the 
fureguing  three  thiuisioid  d'leuinents,  partii'iilarly  all  those 
relating  In  real  property,  lands,  liits,  and  huiises,  and  uf  !'.  per- 
suiiiil  nature.  'I'hesc  recor<lliiMiks  were  eummeiu-ed  in  Nuvem- 
ber.  Ism,  twelve  years  alter  the  change  (ti  guvernment,  when 
ttie  country  liegan  to  iiiereast*  in  pupiilaliun  from  abniail.  and  a 
eonseiiuont  increase  in  the  value  of  lands  and  lots  pointed  uit 
tu  iinlividuals  the  safety  uf  having  their  titles  recunled,  and 
fur  siinie  veurs  thereafter  iinly  those  w  re  put  on  record  whosi' 
owners  wei,  .llling  lo  pay  the  reeording  fees  I'uv  recording 
the  same. 

"  'I'lie  tirsi  o:  these  old  deeds  put  un  record  In  vol.  i.  of  the 
so  called  archives  was  by  .Mario  I'  l.cduc,  on  N'ln  .  IS,  Islll." 
{.Mr.  I.  lue  wa«  i  native  of  '  i.ince,  and  had  come  to  the  coun- 
try '  ■'•lit  the  olose  of  tl''-  last  century,  and  was  a  notary  and 
scrivener  by  pinfe-'sion,  and  after  the  aciiuisitiou  by  the 
United  States  iumI  the  organization  of  the  new  Territory,  was 
appointed  ilie  flrstreeonler  of  Si.  I.unis,  and  upeiied  the  record- 
books  in  the  I'.nglisli  language.) 

Tlio  cathedi.ii  records,  and  the  reciu'ds  of  births, 
marriages,  and  deaths,  arc  also  preserved  in  the  Ar- 
chives, and  are  very  interesting.  They  slmw  a  very 
healthy  population,  one  at  the  same  time  very  no- 
madic, and  great  proli6cacity  in  the  inbabit.mts. 
The  baptismal  registry  is  not  precisely  onc^  of  births, 
espeeially  as  regards  Indians  and  negroes;  but  even 
when  due  idlowance  has  been  made  for  that  fact,  the 
figures  are  remarkable.  The  record  from  the  !  lunda- 
tion  to  the  year  1818,  from  the  cathedral  books,  is  as 
follows : 

Whites.    Negroes.      Inilians.      Mixed.     Total, 
liaptisms 1702  j.S2  2;i6  ...         2.-i20 

■-     ■  ;i;i6 

y87 


Marriages 
Interments . 


I 

.102 


4 

Kill 


;ufl 

147'J 


The  first  child  born  in  St.  Louis,  according  to 
Judge  Prinini,  was  John  B.  Guion,  September,  17(55, 
sou  of  Amable  Guion,  Sr.,  and  Margaret  Blondcau, 
who,  after  Amablc's  death,  luarricd  William  Hebert, 
a  native  of  Canada.  The  first  death  in  St.  Louis  is 
not  recorded,  but  the  first  interment  in  the  Cathedral 
Cemetery  of  which  wo  have  a  record  is  that  of  John 
B.  Oliver,  buried  Jan.  7,  1771,  Rene  Kiercereau  of- 
ficiating. The  first  marriage  is  said  to  have  been 
celebrated  on  April  20,  17G6.' 

1  Of  this  we  present  tlie  reader  an  account  from  a  newspaper, 
which  ho  may  take  for  what  it  is  worth.  The  authenticity  of 
the  narrative  is  made  questionablo  by  the  amount  of  detail  : 

"  There  was  as  yet  no  ohuroh  in  the  new  post,  but  there  was 


I 
1 1 


Ulo.:,-! 


It    If 


172 

The 
taken, 

1771 


HISTORY  OF   SAINT  LOUIS. 


complete  list  of  the  internieiits  is  as  follows, 
of  course,  from  Mr.  Billon's  manuscripts  : 

— Jim.  7,  .Ino.  I).  OlivitT;    Hriir  Kii'ivcrenu. 

Mnroli  I4,(!abriel  Uciuftii,  70;   Hi'iii'  Kieri'crcau, 

Miiroh  17,  Clmilos  I'iinin,  ;i^     Ri'iii'  Kiciei'icnu. 

March  17,.Im>.  H.  liriiiilaiiuiiir,  If);  lii'iii''  K iorccroau. 

Scpl.  11^  Jo:*.  Hobiiloii  (No.  I) ;  Rrn<''  Kicrcproau. 

Oct.  iiO,  Jiio.  IJ.  .*^t.  l''ratn'ui,s  ;   Hrni'-  Kiorecrcaii. 

Doc,  lit,  .Ino.  I!.  Pellet iei-;    Uciic  Kicrccreau. 

Dec.  L'.i,  l.ouis  I'ouillntte:   Kciie  Kierceroaii. 
1772.— Juno  (i,  Will.  Hissclle  :    I'cre  Valenliii. 
177^1. — July  211,  .laciiues  l.a  Marclie  :  I*cre  Valentin. 

Nov.  10,  Jno.  li.  Diiraiiil ;   I'cre  Valentin. 

Nov., Larsche;   I*ere  \'alcntin. 

Nov.  15,  Xieh.  Vincent,  sergeant ;   I'erc  Valentin. 

Nov.  li*.  .Jean  Denoyer  Marchetanti ;   Pcrc  Valentin. 

Nov.  22,  Jacques  lion  Variet  :   I'cro  Valentin. 

Nov.  24,  Jean  Vauilry  ;   I'cro  Valentin. 

Nov.  .'10,  Jno.  li.  Unet ;    I'cro  Valentin. 

Dec.  ,i, Tiiigcon  ;   Pore  Valentin. 

1771— "March  20.    young    .■^on    of  (iovernor    I'iernas;    Pcro 
Valentin. 

March  2,'),  JaiMiucs  Lacroi.v  ;   Pere  Valentin. 

(.>et.  II,  .\'ich.  lirie.iliaeh.  Lucerne  :  Pcro  Valentin. 

Nov.  20,  Kranfi>is  l.e  Page  ;   Pcrc  Valentin. 

Dee.  27,  Iiouis  St.  Ange,  capt.  regiment    Louisiana; 
Pcro  Valentin. 
177.'). — Jan.  '.*,  young  girl  of  (iovernor  I'lcriKis  ;   Pcro  Vai')n- 
tin. 

,Iune  7,  Joseph  Iliihrcuil;    Pcrc  Valentin. 

July  ;|0, Laelia|iel!e;    Kiercoreau. 

.Sept.  I.i,  Pierre  Lapointe,  100  years  :    K  icrcereau, 

a  priest.  The  bridegroom.  'I'oussaint  lliiiiant,  was  a  hunter  and 
trapper,  ami  tradition  says  that  he  was  niarriol  in  a  new  buck- 
skin suit,  with  handsumely  I'inbroidi'rod  uioecasins  and  other  lialf- 
Imlian  finery.  Tiio  bride.  .Marie  lie.iugcnou.  was  dcckeil  out  in 
such  trinkets  as  a  frontier  post  would  alVord.  Ilcr  wedding  dress 
WHS  of  homespun  material,  set  olT  by  a  gay-colored  handkerchief 
fastened  uroiind  her  tliruat.  Wliatcver  was  wanting  in  tlic 
toilet  of  the  i)rido  was  made  up  and  eoiupensated  for  in  vig))r- 
oue.  r<d)ust  beauty.  There  was  no  ringing  of  church  bells,  but 
there  was  a  discharge  of  firearms  Unit  served  to  express  the  joy 
of  the  tittle  community  <|iiile  as  well. 

"  After  the  ceremony  was  over,  and  tho  pricsi  bail  ileclnred 
tiieui  man  ami  wife  forever,  another  rtiar  of  firearms  sped  across 
the  broad  river  and  donii  into  the  ileplhs  of  the  forest.  A  mo- 
uient  or  two  later  the  old  monaichs  of  the  torest,  the  watem  of 
the  great  river,  united  with  tho  liillsi<les  on  the  other  hand, 
sent  back  their  echoing  congratulations,  So  tlioro  was  general 
joy  and  satisfuetioii  .jvor  this  first  wedding  of  a  future  groat 
city, 

"There  was  dancing  all  niglit,  with  good  cheer,  and  it  was 
daylight  before  the  tired  fiddlers  found  a  resi.  There  were  no 
cards,  becaiiso  the  nearest  printing-press  wi..s  twelve  hundred 
miles  away;  but  every  inhabitant  of  the  settlement  saw  and 
kissed  the  briile.     What  more  could  they  wish?" 

This  n.urriage,  in  fact  (as  the  contract  in  the  Archives  shows), 
was  between  Toussaint  llunant,  of  Canada,  and  Mario  Josepba 
Bouugenou,  eldest  da'.;;hter  of  Nicholas  Iteaugeuou  (whoso 
name  is  on  ('lioutcau's  list  of  first  comers)  and  liis  wife,  Ma- 
rianno  llenrion.  lioaugenou  bad  seven  or  eight  children.  He 
built  his  house  on  the  north  half  of  Ulock  .Itf,  Second  Street 
and  Alinund,  and  here  tho  first  wedding  in  St,  Louie  was  cele- 
brated. 


Sept.  22,  Fran's  X.  Cru/.at,  son  of  tho  Oovornor;  Kier 
coreau. 

Oct.  l."*,  Pierre  Baron  ;  Kiorccroau. 

Nov.  t!,  Jim.  II.  llervieiix  ;   Klercereau. 

Nov.  15,  Hollet  Liideroute  ;   Kiercoreau. 
1776. — Fob.  1 1,  t'bas.  La  Pierre;   Kioreereaii. 

Fob,  14,  .Antoino  llerard  ;   Kiorcereau. 

Nov.  20,  Auguslo  Conde  ;   Pcro  licrnard. 

Dec.  1(1,  Nicholas  ISarsaloii  ;   Pcre  liernaril. 
1777. — March  10.  Charles  lioutier.  74  :  Pcre  Bernard. 

Dee.  7, .\nge,  huissier  ;    Pcrc  Bernard. 

Dec.  If), St.  Francois,  40  ;   Pero  Bernard. 

1778.— March  2,  .Mr.  Bloiulcaii,  78  ;    Pcre  Bernard. 

March  4,  Pierre  I'arans,  70  ;    Pere  licrnard. 

April  2»,  ■ d'Avignon,  (10  ;   Pcre  Bernanl. 

July  27,  Comparios,  dit  Gascon  ;  Pcro  Bernard. 

Nov    '),  li.  Damvier,  soldier  ;   Pcre  Bernard. 
177a.— iMnrch  20.  .Mine.  Komloaii,  (17  ;  Pcre  Bernard. 

Juno2S,  Benoit  de  .Moru,  soldier ;   Pcre  Bernard. 

July  20,  Domingo  Bargas,  ;iS  ;  Father  Bernard. 

Nov.  15, Marin,  (iO  ;   Father  Bernard. 

1780. — .April  20,  Veuve  Parent,  bb  ;   Father  Bernard. 

May   20,  Chas.  Bissottc,  inurdoreil  by   tho  Indians 
Father  Bernard. 

May   2(1,   .\inable  (juion,  murdered  by  tho   Indians 
Father  Bernard. 

May  2B, Calvet,  Jr.,  munloreil  by  tho  Indians 

Father  Bernard. 

May  26,  t^haneellior's  negro,  murdered  liy  the  Indian* 
Father  Bernard. 

June  28,  Fernando  lie  I.cyba,  (iovernor  ;   Father  licr- 
nard. 

July  21,  Pekard,  or   I'icard  ( I'ierre   Masse);   Fatlur 
Bernard. 

Aug.  0.  Picotc    lielcstres'  two  chililren  ;   Father  l!ci- 
nard. 

Sept.  10,  .Mmo.  Troinblco,  70  ;   Father  Bernard. 

Dec.  10, Dornige,  68  ;    Father  Bernard. 

1781. — Jan.  II,  .Alexis  I'icard,  70  ;   Father  Bernard. 

April;!,  Lalande,  00;    Father  Bernard. 

April  :tO,  Veuve  Blondcaii,  70;   Father  Bernard. 
1783. — April  :I0,  Fug.  Pourc,  cajit.  militia;   Father   llernani. 

May  10,  Louis  Perrauto,  .')8  ;  Father  Bernard. 

Sept..  ('has.  llenrion;   Father  Bernard. 
1784.— Jan.  :i.  .M.  Lanii;  Father  Bernard. 

March  111,  N'ich's  .Saris  (juartier;   Father  Bcrnaid. 

.March  15, Pepin;   Father  Bernard. 

July  0,  Pierre  .Martin  Ladoiicour,  04;    Father  Bciiuirl. 

Sept.  2.),  ,Ino.  B.  Kivct;    Father  Bernard. 

Oct.    12,  Joselte,   daughter  of   Uovcriior   I'ru/.at,  I. 
Father  Bernard. 

Nov,  11, Dtiehoinin,  70;  Father  Bernard. 

Dee.  2, Uiviere;   Father  Bernard. 

Dee.  .5,  Veuve  .Marechal  ;   Father  Bernard. 

Dee.  U,  Fran's  Murniillon,  50;   Father  Bernard. 

Dec.  21,  Josepli  Chancellior;  Father  Bernard. 
1785.— Jan.  Ill,  Joseph  Belilo;  Father  Bernard. 

Feb.  17,  Jno.  II,  Desobamps,  61  ;  Father  Bernard. 

April  0,  Louis  Chanocllier,  lieut.  of  militia  ;  FalliT 
Bernard. 
1786. — Jan.  28,  Joseph  Orepo,  soldier,  68  ;  Father  llcinirl 

Feb.  1, daughter  of  (Iovernor  Cru/.at;  Father  licriiurl 

March  111,  Louis  Vachard,  Ardolse;  Father  Bcrnaii 

April  15,  under  the  first  bench  of  the  main  aisle,  agiiii;-: 
tho  balustrade  alongside  of  tho  evingile,  the  liol; 
uf  Mmo.  Nioainora  llanios,  oonsurt  of  Don  Fmr. 


J 
A 

0, 

M 
M, 

I 
Jai 
No 

1788 Tni 

I7S7.-M„| 
So 


THE   EARLIEST  SETTLERS   IN   SAINT  LOUIS. 


173 


I7S7.— . 


irs8. 

1787. 


178'J.— . 


17',I0.- 
17112.- 
17!»:i.- 
17',il.- 


17'.i:i. 
17S-1. 
17'.t.i. 
Willi. 
17'.I7. 


1711- 


17117 

ITHS 


KT.l 


ISilil 


bUl 


cisen  Cniyat,  lioutennnt-coloncl,  captain   of  grena- 
ilier.",  mid  ooinnmmliint   nf  tho  Illinois,  witli  the 
»icniiiicnts  iif  our  llnly  Mcitlicr  Church. 
April  20,  Iiiiiiis  Hissoniict.  til);  Kiilhcr  liornnnl. 

April  2o, St.  Jc'iin,  7.'! ;  I'litlicr  lierniiril, 

July  17, Dcincrs,  71 ;  Fiitlicr  nerniird. 

Au(;.  II,  P'riiin'uirc  Hiirri",  siiMlor;  Fiither  Bernard. 

Oct.  .I,  Oliver,  (lit  liellpcohe;   Fnther  iiernard. 

Jan.  I.'l,  Frnnei.i  liissunni'l,  lO  ;  Father  Bernard. 

May, ."-t.  I'ierre.  70;  Fatlier  Bernard. 

May  20,  Claude  Mercier,  surneiin,  61  ;    Father  Ber- 
nard. 
Jan.  21,  Pierre  Berger  ;  Father  Bernard. 
Nov.  (i,  I,nui.<  Bide,  Sr. ;  Father  Bernard. 
Jan.  '.',  Liniis  Hiihert.  70;  Fallier  Bernard. 
Mareli  II,  Widow  I'ieanl.  (i(i ;  Fatlier  Bernard. 
Sepleniber,  Claude  Dulloe,  Parisieu,  iiO ;    Father  Ber- 
nard. 
Oct.  S,  Pierre  Sarpy,  Herald,  .'1,'!. 
Doe.  2:!.  Aiuiot.    10. 
■\pril  17,  Joseph  Rivet. 
May  I'.l.  Pedro  Kui/.,  soldier. 
June  27,  Jolin  B.  Chanvin,  SO. 
July  5,  Iiouis  Dut'resne. 
July  ID.  J.  B.  Ilelierl,  I,oconle. 
Oi't.  1.1,  John  1'.  Piiuieelli,  Provencal. 
Nov.  1,  Jo.*eph  Aubuihiin,  70  ;  Ledra  CierC. 
lleo.  21,  Noel  \,.  Anglois,  07;  I.edra  Ciere. 
-Jan.  12,  John  II.  Taidir,  61 :  I.edra  Ciorf". 
-Sept.  22,  J.  B.  Martiijny,  .SO;  I.edra  Cierf. 
-Fell,  y.  Pel  K.  Chonleaii.  26;  I.edra  Ciere. 
—.March  17,  KrauciHco  Ventura,  soldier;  1,edra  CierC'. 
March  2;'i,  .losepli  Fallardo;  Pore  Dodier. 
June  10,  Silvcs.  I.ahliadie;  Pcrc  Dodier. 
John  H.  Cadicn,  Savnie;  Peie  Dodier, 
l.ouis  Duliieiiil,  .18;  Pere  Dodier. 
Aug.  I,  Antoiue  ."^ati.^  .'^ouci.  00  ;  Pcre  Dodier. 
Mine.  Calli.  Bcaugenou  :  Pere  Dodier. 
— Josepli  MaiiiviUe;  Pcre  Dodier. 
—June  10,  liouis  lilaiicliet  ;  Pcre  Dodier. 
—Sept.  28,  P.  Fran's  ilo  Volsay  ;  Pere  Dodier, 
— Thcrese  Chou'iau,  10;  IVre  Dodier. 
— .\lc\i3  .Marie,  60;  Pi^re  Dodier. 
.lohn  B.  Marley,  Sr.,  age  61 ;  POre  Dodier, 
July  .'to.  Veuve  Vaehard,  I'.Xrdoiso;  Pcre  Dodier. 
Daniel  .Appleby,  .soldier;  Pere  Dodier. 
—Oct.  6,  I'ierre  (Juciiel;  Peie  Dodier. 
Joseph  I,alirosse,  Sr. ;  Pere  Doiliir. 
— Joliii  U.  Morin,  60;  Pr>re  Dedicr. 
-.Iiinuary,    Pierre  Piri,  old    Frcncli  .soldier,  80;   Piro 
Dodier. 
liouis  Barois.  00;  Pcre  Dodier. 
Sept.  Ill,  Antoiue  .Morin,  Sr..  60;  Pi^re  Dodlor. 

—  A.  Moiiu,  .Ir. ;  Pcre  Dodier. 

A.  Itous8oll,  Sans  Sonci ;  P<">re  Diidior. 
Ucnc  Brian,  70;  Pcrc  Dodier. 

—  Feb.  20,  Veuve  Koutier.  72;  IVro  Janin. 
July  21,  Ciitli.  (iiard  Cerre,  50;  1'.  Janin. 
Dee.  1,  Veuve  Ijabiospe,  65;  P.  Janin. 

.—Jan.  28,  Jos.  Hehorl,  60  ;  P.  Janin. 

April  12,  Josepli  Neptune,  sailor,  02;  P.  Janin. 
May  24,  Pierre  Picote  ilo  Belestie,  25  :  P.  Janin. 
June,  liouis  Chevnilier,  47  ;  P.  Janin. 
June  25,  Joachim  lU<y,  55;  P.  Janin. 
June  2tt,  Joseph  l.uisel,  80;  P.  Janin. 
July  U,  lionis  Bonipart,  45;  P.  Janin. 


Oct.  24,  wife  of  Bollay,  Ucrinan,  58;  P.  Janin. 
Deo.  ;iO,  Iiouis  Dubois,  soldier,  60;  P.  Janin. 

Bi;niAi,H  FiioM  TDK  Oi.n  Cvthkhiui.  Rkgistkr. 
1S02. — Tun.  8,  John  B.  DuCTau,  vestryman  of  this  church, 
age  45;  F.  .lanin. 

Feb.  14,  Pierre  Coudaire,  Provcnyal,  age  80  ;  F.  .Tanin. 

Feb.  22,  Ijouis  Ainbniisc,  age  70  ;  F.  Janin. 

Feb.  2;t,  II.  Ilebcrl  Martigny,  age  70;  F.  Janin. 

Mar.  3,  .Aiile  Iteithe,  age  67  :  F.  Janin. 

Novetuber,  Fran'co  Lorenzo,  solilat,  age  44  :  F.  Janin. 

Dec.  20,  John  A.  E.  .Motard.  age  SO:  F.  Janin. 
180:i.— Mandi  12,  Jos.  Moquct,  age  78. 

Sept.  24,  Fran's  Barrcre.  soldier,  Bayonne,  France,  ago 
56. 

Nov.  22,  Chas.  Dienvenuc  Dclisle,  ago  80. 
1820.— Oct.  17,  wile  ol'  I.iguest  Chouteau,  age  40. 
1821.— Oct.  12.  Tlionias  Brady. 
1822.— March  8,  T.  A.  Flandrin,  age  71. 

March  22,  Paul  Uuitard.  07. 
182.1.— Sept.  16,  Edward  Knapp.  45. 

Sept.  20,  Jcreuiiali  Connor. 

Some  more  iiirji()rt:iiit  persons  wore  buried  under 
the  floor  of  the  cathedral  it.self',  a.s  tlie  foUowiiijr 
records  attest : 

"  In  the  year  one  thousanil  seven  hu'.iilred  and  seventy-nine, 
the  si.\th  September,  I,  Capuchin,  priest,  apostolic  niis.siouary, 
curate  of  St.  liOiiis,  have  inhumed  in  this  clinreh,  in  front  of 
the  right-hand  halrstrade.  the  body  of  iMadame  Mary  of  the 
Conception  and  Zezar,  consort  of  Don  Fernando  .10  Leyba,  coni- 
niandant  of  this  post,  captain  of  inlanlry,  invested  nith  all  the 
sacraments  of  Penitence  and  Kxtrcme  Unction.  In  testimony 
whert'of  I  have  -igned  this  the  day  and  year  as  above. 

"Fatiiku   IU:itNAIili,  .Wi'»«/<))mr_i/." 

"  In  the  year  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  eighty,  the 
twenty-eighth    of    June,    I,    Capuchin,    iiriesl,   apostolic    mis- 
sionary, curate  of  8t.  l,ouis  of  Illinois,  province  of  Ijouisiann, 
diocese  of  Cuba,  have  inhumed  in  this  eliiirch,  in  front  of  Iho 
balustrade  on  the  rigid,  the  body  ot  Don  Fcinando  <lo   Leyha, 
I   captain  of  infantry  of  'he  battalion  of  I,ouisiiina,  commandant 
j  of  this  post,  witli  all  the  sm*raiiients  of  our  Holy  .Mother  Cliurch 
aduiinisteied  to  him.     In  faith  whereof  1  have  signed  tho  pres- 
ent, tho  day  and  year  aljove  slateii. 
i  "Fatiiku  liKiixAiin,  .1/i'«»/oimr^." 

1       Every  one  who  died  in  St.  Jjouis  made  his  or  her 
j  will,  no  matter  whether  tiiere  wa,s  jirojierty  or  nut  to 
leave.     Tho  will  was  e.veeuted  and  put  away  among 
I  the  Archives.      IT  one  was  .^iek  to  death,  or  lhouo;ht 
[  himself  .so,  or  goinc;  upon  u  distant  or  perilous  jour- 
ney, his  first  iiupulHc  was  to  make  a  will ;  and  some 
;  of  these  testaments,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  chapter  on 
manners  anil  customs,  were  very  curious  and  orio;iMid. 
I  The  witnesses  were  many,  the  beiiuest'S  specific,  and 
\  thus  wo  get  a  great  many  names,  and  sonietiiues  u 
'  good  deal  of  i'amily  history.     Frain'ois  Valle,  of  Sle. 
Genevieve,    ancestor   of    the    present    generation    of 
Valli's  in  St.  Louis  and  Ste.  Genevieve,  and  alwtiys 
;  styled  "the  commandant,"  drew  up  and  executed  five 
j  wills  (^whiuh  are  recorded)  before  lie  could  get  one 
I  to  suit  him.     To  be  sure,  lie  iiad  a  great  deal  of 


I  j 


mm 


174 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


property  to  leave,  and  was  a  person  of  consequence, 
"  captain  of  militia  and  lieutenant  of  the  post."  He 
had  slaves,  silver-ware,  land,  and  money.  When  a 
will  was  executed,  and  also,  as  a  rule,  when  a  widow 
with  children  married  a  second  husband,  an  inven- 
tory was  duly  drawn  up  and  made  part  of  the  record. 
Thus  we  learn  that  Valle  had  seventy-two  slaves, 
several  houses  and  lots,  thirty  head  of  horses, — the 
vamrs  of  which  are  given  in  the  inventory, — thirty- 
two  work-oxen,  eighteen  cows,  twelve  heifers,  nine 
cows,  etc.  Tile  appraised  value  of  Valle's  estate  was 
19iJ,(t(J3  livres,  or  about  838,()(»0,  "a  very  large 
fortune  in  those  primitive  days  of  our  early  settle- 
ments, constituting  him  the  wealthiest  man  in  the 
country." 

It  is  from  an  inventory  accompanying  one  of  these 
wills  that  we  get  one  of  the  most  complete  lists  ex- 
tant of  the  early  inhabitants  of  St.  Louis.  This  is 
the  inventory  of  the  estate  of  the  gentleman  who 
seems  to  have  been  the  earliest  and  the  leading 
physician  of  St.  Louis,  Dr.  Auguste  A.  Condi'',  who 
died  in  November,  1776.  He  was  a  man  of  conse- 
quence in  the  community,  a  witness  to  wills,  etc. 
He  was  married,  and  had  a  daughter  who  married  a 
man  named  Bonaventure  Collett,  from  whom  she  got 
a  divorce  afterwards,  it  being  proved  he  had  a  wife 
already  in  Barcelona,  Spain.  At  one  time  wc  find 
him  subscribing  for  the  building  of  the  new  cathedral, 
at  another  buying  six  packs  of  playing-cards  at  auc- 
tion. When  he  died  his  books  showed  that  nearly 
all  the  people  in  St.  Louis  owed  him  for  professional 
.services,  and  their  names,  consequently,  went  down 
in  the  inventory  of  assets, — bills  receivable  to  the 
amount  of  live  thousand  one  hundred  and  fifty-six 
livres  three  sols  ($1031),  not  a  small  sum  for  a  coun- 
try doctor  to  "book"  in  those  times.  There  are 
two  hundred  and  thirty-three  names, — a  very  good 
directory  of  St.  Louis  at  that  time,  for  the  first 
directory  of  tiie  city,  that  of  1821  by  Paxton,  only 
contains  seven  hundred  and  forty-nine  names.  The 
list  begins  with  the  name  of  St.  Ange  de  Bcllerive, 
who  owes  forty-five  livres, — a  bad  debt,  for  St,  Ange 
had  died  on  Dee.  2ti,  1774,  leaving  a  will  in  wliicli  he 
directed  the  payment  of  wliat  he  owed,  and  Cnnde's 
bill  is  not  included  in  the  schedule.  The  other  names 
are,  in  alphabetical  order :' 


Anson,  of  C'lilio. 
AcL'iiiIii'n. 
Aiinii>to  Ili'Ipi'it. 
Aiiloinc,  iiKTchiint. 
Ali!.\iin(lrc', 
Aoiiot  fpiiiil). 


Aloxis,  Jiiqiio?. 
Ak'i',  Madnrno. 
Amln'',  sohiior. 
Alonzo,  coliliiT. 
Unif',  nephew. 
Hi'Hiiot,  Ijliu'ksrnilli, 


'  'I'lie  ii|)i'lling  of  Iticso  iiimios  is  often  very  iniiw.irate. 


Bequet,  miller. 

Bagette. 

Borger. 

BoAusolict. 

Bonnet. 

Bon  I  to. 

Bellerive. 

Bifsonnet. 

Bor  la. 

Belhonimc. 

Basque,  liandnian. 

Bissonnet,  hunter. 

Buliinil,  Pure. 

Beiiufrerc. 

Blondcnu. 

Bouchard, 

Boulette. 

Bourbunnais. 

Bolve. 

Bollai. 

Bequet,  Jr. 

Bar.'iiiluu  (deadj. 

Berard  (dead). 

Bifsonnct,  Jr. 

Boldy,  soldier. 

Beor. 

Casseneuve. 

Charles,  Roy. 

Cnlvf'. 

Chanoellier,  Jno. 

Couttois,  Lieut, 

Caillun. 

Clerot. 

Chauvln. 

Chausanle. 

Chant'cllier,  Sr. 

Cbartra. 

Chevallier. 

Cruzat. 

Chouteau,  Mine. 

Chauvillc. 

Conard. 

Cote,  soldier. 

Cailet,  .Tean. 

Christot. 

Crespo,  soldier, 

Chevallier,  Sr. 

Coule. 

Cottcnneau. 

Delor. 

Oesnoyers. 

Dorean,  Sr. 

Dennn,  lilacksinith. 

Dufiiii. 

Dorean,  Jr. 

iJuralde  (paid),   . 

Daniel  (paid). 

Durey. 

Desoheno. 

Dubreuil  (paid). 

Delor. 

D'Aniour,  soldier. 

IJeschanips. 

Dulilin,  at  .ravqucs, 

Duehemin. 

Dolpeche. 


Duchenno  (paid). 

Deuhestres,  Intes. 

Dauson,  soldier. 

Pranyois,  at  Pedro, 

Fafi  IScaugcnou. 

Floso,  free  negress. 

Falardeau  (paid). 

Francois. 

Falls,  Mine. 

Fedefau. 

Qascon. 

Oainaclie. 

Oiidobert  (dead). 

Grondin. 

Gingrain. 

(jlrardin,  Jr. 

Granon. 

Gravar,  hunter. 

Uuitard. 

Uaignon. 

Gain  has. 

Gabriel  Dodlor. 

Grand  Pre. 

Guion,  blacksmith. 

George,  Herman. 

Gutie,  .soldier. 

Glenier. 

Hervieu.x. 

Honore. 

Hebert,  Sr. 

Ilortiz,  corporal. 

Jacques,  Fortin. 

Irin. 

■Tnnot. 

Lacroi.x. 

Lafitte,  .servant. 

Legrin. 

Leblane. 

La  Chiipelle. 

Lacouture,  joiner. 

Leeoiiiple,  blacksmith. 

Leduc,  Chus. 

Lederoule,  Paul. 

Lapierrc,  Coudrey. 

Lacosta. 

Lallemande. 

Lalirosse  (paid). 

Labusciere. 

liarrlve  (paid). 

Leconte. 

Laurent. 

Laroehe. 

Lelihine,  sergoanl. 

Tiapoiile,  liniiter, 

Lacroi.v  (paid). 

Iioiiisoii  Desnoyi.M'. 

Lagenais. 

Laclede  (paid). 

Laoroi.Y. 

Lanloisc. 

fjecoinpte,  Sr. 

LadiMiml  (deceu.'iod), 

Libergo  (paid). 

Lapointe, 

Langoiiinois. 

Louvel,  Mine. 


Lapierr 

Lainy. 

Lasoudi 

Louis,  a 

Laviolct 

Led  no,  I\ 

Lafleur  ( 

Lepage, 

Labbadic 

Lacoinbe, 

Laroehe. 

Laeroix,  i 

Lacroix,  1 

Lnsabloni 

Lnferne,  J 

Marie  (pni 

Monlardy, 

Mareohal. 

Michel,  bii 

•Michel,   — 

Mcnnni. 

Motard. 

iVoiiesque. 

MiTcier,  Ca 

.Miireohal,  1 

•Martigny. 

■'^larchaud. 

.Moreau. 

Miir!in(el(di 

•Vi<:holns,  Bo 

'Neptune. 

Nicole  (paid; 

Olivier,  soldi. 

Ortes. 

Pierre  Hecqu 

I'ortier. 

I'ei  niult,  Mm 

I'etil,  Lu  J. 

J'arent,  Mine. 

'•'■(it,  L,.  .Var 

I'lovenche 

I'enon. 

Piciird. 

^t.  Ange,  as 
f^t,  Louis  from 
"i'r.V.  1 766,  a.ssu 
"fiicting  Liente 
''w<'il  as  much 
Libii.seiere,  as  it 
"I"  iiny  coniniiss 
iind  iiccustonied 
'ion  liefl^re  at  Po 
l<"i'w  military  n 
'I'l'   English,  an 
'Iionmghly.     Po, 
>fli"m  he  made 
ft'i't  confidence  in 
(■""iinaiidant,  wh 

i"l7(!S,  (citsafe 
i>lra(.v.  This  St. 
«ii>Mi  i),„i  iViiro 


10 


THE  EARLIEST  SETTLERS   IN  SAINT  LOUIS. 


175 


Lnpicrro  (paid). 

Lainy. 

Lasoiidrny. 

TjUUIk,  at  Guve. 

Ijaviolctte, 

licdiic,  Mme. 

Latleur  (jiaid). 

Lepage,  C. 

liabbadie. 

Lficoinbe. 

Laroche. 

Laeruix,  at  Dechenno. 

l/auioix,  Hapt. 

Lat^ablonierc. 

I.afiTne,  Mme.  (paid). 

Mario  (paid). 

Montardy. 

Mareohal. 

Michel,  balier. 

Mii'hel,   . 

Menaru. 

Motard. 

iMuiiesque. 

M<Tcicr,  Cab". 

Marccbai,  Mine. 

Martigny. 

Marcliand. 

Moreati. 

Maranti'l  (died  insolvent). 

Ni(?liubis,  Boinbas. 

Neptune. 

Nicole  (paid), 

Olivier,  suldier. 

Oi-tes 

I'iene  liecquet. 

I'ortier. 

I'lM-rault,  Mme.  (paid). 

I'etit.  I.e  J. 

Parent,  Mine.  (Iier  note). 

I'elit,  I,e  Marie. 

I'riivcnclu'. 

l*iTron. 

IMoiird. 


I'ratte. 

Querq  Desnoyera  (paid). 

Roy. 

Roultier. 

Roy,  of  Martigny. 

Rouquier,  fiddler. 

Roy,  Jr. 

Renau. 

Renal. 

Kenand,  nt  Caho. 

Ricbard. 

Riddo. 

Roe,  corporal. 

Riganche(paid). 

Rouquier,  at  Caho. 

Kobidou. 

Renaud,  at  Deline. 

Roy,  blaekHmith. 

Hon<leiiu. 

Sarpy. 

Simoneau. 

Sans  Souci. 

Sans  Carti^r. 

St.  Franfois. 

Tinon,  soldier 

Turfeon,  Grand . 

Trudeau  (dead). 
Tardif. 

Triitier,  Cnho. 
Tuyean,  Canddien. 
Tayon. 

Tebean,  servant. 
Thabaut. 
Torri,  soldier. 
Trudel  (dead). 
Tubeau. 

Ta.'i'ey,  corporal. 
Volsay,  Mnie.  de. 
Valli',  .Tr. 
Venau,  carpenter. 
Villedicu  (dead). 
Verdon. 
Vanoourt. 


St.  Aiijre,  as  ha.s  already  been  stated,  came  over  to 
St.  liuuis  i'rora  Fort  Cliiirtrcs  in  17(55,  and  in  Jan- 
uiiry,  176(5,  assumed,  by  f;eneral  consent,  the  po.sition 
(it  UL'tinj;  Lieutenant-Governor.  The  infant  settlement 
owed  as  much  to  him,  probably,  and  to  the  notary 
Liibu.seiere,  as  it  did  to  Laclede  and  Chouteau.  With- 
iiut  any  commission,  he  was  a  nniti  used  to  command 
and  accustomed  to  be  obeyed.  He  had  been  in  posi- 
tion before  at  Fort  Cliartres  and  Post  Vincennes ;  be 
know  military  matters  well,  had  a  liearty  hatred  of 
till'  Kiiiilish,  and  understood  the  Indian  character 
t!inr(jiii;hly.  Pontiac  was  his  friend,  and  Laclede, 
wiioiii  he  made  bis  executor,  seems  to  have  had  per- 
foci  cdiilidence  in  him,  while  Capt.  Rios,  the  Spani.sh 
coiiiniaiidant,  who  established  Fort  Charles  the  Prince, 
in  ITdS,  felt  safe  in  leavino;  St.  Louis  under  his  niaj;- 
i^truiy.  This  St.  An<fo  did  not  surrender  until  1770, 
when  Don  Pedro  Piernas,  Lieutenant-Governor  under 


the  authority  of  Captain-General  O'Reilly,  came  up 
the  river  and  took  command  of  the  post.     St.  Ange 
did  not  leave  St.  Louis  afler  being  superseded.     His 
health  was  probably  already  broken,  and,  as  we  have 
said,  he  died  in  1774.    His  kinsfolk  were  in  St.  Louis 
also.     He  seems  to  have  been  related  to  Labusciere, 
the  notary  (ho  sometimes  signed  his  name  St.  Ange 
Labuxiere,  though  in  the  will  it  is  St.  Ange  de  Belle- 
rive),  and   Madame  de   Volsay  was  his  niece.     He 
boarded  in  St.  Louis  with  Madame  Chouteau,  mother 
of  Auguste,  and  wife  of  Laclede  Ligucst,  and  owed 
her  fifteen  months'  board,  less  three  hundred  livrea 
paid  on  account.     He  owed  Deschene  (an  immi^.'rant 
from  Cahokia  in  1764)  for  twenty-five  loads  of  wood. 
He  owed  Laville,  the  tailor,  the  cost  of  making   a 
riding-coat,  waistcoat,  and  two  pairs  of  breeches,  less 
forty  livres  paid  in  peltry,  an  old  velvet  waistcoat,  and 
a  pair  of   breeches,  paid   on    account.     Francois  de 
Lui  owed  the  testator  seventy  livres,  borrowed  money. 
St.  Ange  left  to  the  church  five  hundred  livres  for 
funeral  service  and  masses ;  three  hundred  livres  to 
Antoine  Bareda  (a  Spanish  cadet  of  the  fort,  who  bad 
sued  Lieut.  Gomez  for  calling  him  "  an  ass,"  but  who 
married  very  well  in  St.  Louis)  "  for  the  good  services 
be  has  received  from  him,"  and  ''  gives  and  be(|ueaths 
to  his  niece,  Madame  de  Volsay,  the  sum   of  three 
hundred  dollars."  '     St.  Ange  owned  throe  slaves, — 

I       >  Madame  de  Volsay  was  by  no  means  an  estimable  person, 
as  the  rolloning  niemnrnndum  of  Mr.  Billon's  proves: 

"  De  Volsay,  Pierre  Francois,  was  a  native  of  France,  born, 
T  think,  in  or  near  Paris,  about  the  year  M'MK  He  was  a 
Knight  of  the  Royal  Order  of  St.  Louis,  and  a  captain  in  the 
French  service,  lie  marrieil  his  wife,  Klizabetb  L'oulon  de  Vil- 
iiei.-.  daugliter  of  Ncyon  ile  Viiliers,  the  last  French  (Jovernor 
in  llio  east  side,  at  Fort  I'bartres,  in  the  year  IT.iS.  and  at  the 
date  of  the  transfer  to  Kugland,  in  ITIi.'i,  was  the  French  com- 
mandant at  Cahokia,  and  crossed  to  this  side  at  the  time  St. 
.'\nge  i-ame  over,  and  for  a  number  of  years  was  captain  of  the 
French  Company  at  .'^t.  Louis. 

"Some  time  in  the  year  177-  his  wife,  under  the  pret(^\t  of 
visiting  her  father,  in  New  Orleans,  went  only  as  fur  as  Ste. 
(iencvievc,  where  she  remained  about  nine  months,  leading  a 
dissolute  life,  which  so  scandalized  the  good  people  of  ,'<te.  Gene- 
vieve, that  Mr.  Carpenticr,  a  prominent  nnin  in  the  place, 
bnuigbt  her  up  to  St.  Louis,  where  De  Volsay  for  a  long  time  rc- 
fuscil  to  receive  her.  Finally,  through  the  persuasion  of  (lovernor 
anil  Madame  Piernas  and  Father  Valentin,  tbe  Catholic  curate, 
a  reconciliation  was  ctTt'Cted.  and  he  consented  to  take  her  back, 
being  a  kind  bear'  d  roan.  For  a  lime  she  conducted  herself 
in  a  proper  uuinner.  In  1774,  De  Volsay  had  a  furluogh,  and 
went  to  France.  He  was  absent  about  two  years  on  business 
uuitlers.  lie  left  bcr  in  his  house  on  Main  Street  (present  Ulook 
■12),  well  prcivided  with  e\erything  in  abunilance  sutlieient  for 
a  number  of  years,  He  hail  been  gone  but  a  short  tiuie  when 
she  broke  out  again  in  her  evil  course,  receiving  at  her  honse 
daily  and  nightly  the  visits  of  one  Rene  Klereereau,  to  the  dis- 
gust and  scandal  of  all  her  near  neighbors,  and  in  a  short  time 
ran  through  all  her  husband  had  left  her  through  her  dissipa- 


1 


176 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Anpelique,  nii  Indian  woman,  Charlotte,  aged  nine  i  De  Voisay's  will,  no  less  than  his  wife's  character, 
years,  and  Antoino,  aged  sixteen  months,  children  of  I  reveals  a  not  very  excellent  state  of  society  in  early 
the  said  Angelique,  whom  he  bequeathed  to  his  niece,  |  St.  Louis.  Ho  leaves  the  best  part  of  his  properly 
Madame  Belestre,  the  mother  for  life,  the  children  till  i  to  Frangoise,  a  mulatto  girl,  his  natural  daughter,  tlie 
the  age  of  twenty  years,  when  they  are  to  be  free.  !  wife  of  Fran5oi8  Dupuy  ;  sets  free  his  colored  man, 
Madame  Belestre  and  Fran(;ois  de  Villiers,  his  niece  |  Jean  Louis,  to  whom  he  leaves  $100 ;  bequeaths  liis 
and  nephew  in  New  Orleans,  are  left  the  entire  estate,  '  cross  of  the  Order  of  St.  Louis  to  Baron  Carondelrt, 
which  he  beseeches  liis  friend,  Pierre  Laclede  Liguest,  i  and  his  sword  also,  for  his  son,  Don  Ilennto  Tudeau, 
as  the  "last  proof  of  his  friendship,"  to  settle  up.  |  and  names  Silvestre  Sarpy  and  Charles  Sunguinot  .;,? 
The  witnesses  to  this  will  were  Labuscit^rc,  Benito  i  his  executors.  Wm.  Hebert,  dit  Lecompte,  left  a  will 
Basquez  (father  of  the  late  Madame  Kulalie  Martin),  i  much  more  pleasant  to  read.     Having  no  children  Ijy 


Joseph  Labrosse  (immigrant  of  1764),  Antoine  Be- 


rard  ("merchant),  and   Jean   B.  Martigny,  captain  of    leaves  her  all   his  estate.     Wheti   they   married,  lie 


militia  (another  immigrant  of  1764). 


his  wife,    Blondeau,   widow  of   Amable   Guion,  he 


records  in  the  will,  she  brought  in   $900,  of  wliidi 


When  Capt.  Rios  came  up  to  the  mouth  of  the  '  her  mother  gave  her  $400,  and  $500  was  the  produtt 
Missouri  in  1768,  he  brought  with  him  as  surgeon,  of  her  own  industry.  He  had  $4000.  Since  tlu'n 
Dr.  Jean  B.  Valleau,  a  Frenchman  by  birth.  Val-  they  had  gained  $600,  and  he  left  the  whole  $5;")llll 
leau  got  a  lot  in  the  village  (a  concession  from  St.  •  to  his  wife;  Auguste  Chouteau  and  Charles Sanguitiet, 
Ange),  and  contracted  with  Peter  Tousignan  to  build  ]  executors.  Still,  Madame  Margaret  Hebert-Lecomptc, 
him  a  house  of  posts  upon  it  eighteen  feet  long  by  i  veiiv('  Guion,  lu'c  Blondeau,  may  not  have  been  a  very 
fourteen  wide,  shingle  roof,  stone  chimney,  partition  i  pleasant  person  to  live  with.  Indeed,  there  is  tostu- 
in  centre,  door  in  partition,  and  door  on  the  outside,  mentary  evidence  that  she  was  not,  for  her  own  father 
two  windows  with  shutters,  well  floored  and  ceiled  and  mother  went  to  die  among  strangers  rather  than 
with  well-jointed  cottonwood   plank,  the   pay  to  be     live  with  her.' 

sixty  silver  dollars,  and  Valleau  to  provide  the  iron  When  Don  Fernando  de  Leyba,  "Captain  of  the 

and  nails.  In  addition  to  this  liou.se,  Valleau  bought  regiment  of  Infantry  of  Louisiana,  Commanderiii- 
an  adjoining  lot  for  six  hundred  livres,  on  which  i  Chief  and  Lieutenant-Governor  of  the  Western  I'ari 
Calve,  an  absconding  debtor,  had  built  a  house  of  of  Illinois,"  was  on  his  death  bed,  June  9,  178(1,  he 
posts  sixteen  by  sixteen  feet.  In  November  Valleau  sent  for  his  lieutenant,  Don  Francisco  Cartabona,  ami 
fell  sick,  and  died  on  the  24th,  having  made  his  will  executed  his  will.  He  named  as  executor  Fraii(,'ois 
the  previous  day.  He  had  not  occupied  either  of  his  Vigo,  merchant,  and  as  his  substitute  Benito  Vas- 
new  houses,  dying  in  that  of  Desnoyers.  He  ap-  (juez,  lieutenant  of  militia.  (Vasquez  had  come  lo 
pointed  Duralde,  a  Spanish  officer,  as  his  executor,  i  St.  Louis  in  1774,  and  married  Julia  Papin,  then  onlv 
and  directed  all  his  property  to  be  made  available  for  j  ten  years  old,  who  bore  him  twelve  children.)^ 
the  benefit  of  Madame  Valleau,  his  wife,  and  children, 
residing  in  La  Ilochclle,  France.  The  witnesses  were 
Francisco  de  Rive  (Rios),  and  Joseph  Papin,  trader. 


tiim  ;iml  ilchauuliurv,  ami  finally.  |iicvions  lo  Do  Vol^ay V  ir'turn 
in  177fi,  tliL'  ;;iiilly  paities  Huil  In  tlio  oilier  ^'i(k•,  the  Uiiilcd 
States,  lakin;;  willi  llieiii  what  liltle  was  lel'l,  of  ttie  larKo  pro- 
vision De  Volsay  hail  left  her,  ami  leaving  nothinj^  bat  the 
vacant  house. 

".'^o  soon  as  De  Volsay  retiirneil  IVoni  France,  he  eoniinenecil 
proeeeilin^s  lietbre  (lovernor  Crazat,  whit  had  Kueoeeded  Do 
I'iernns  as  Governor,  for  a  ilissolntion  of  his  marriage  contract, 
which  was  only  eonolnded  uinler  the  adininistratiun  uf  (lovernor 
De  I.eylia.  Ang.  21,  I77!l. 

"  This  Kiercereau,  ilit  Kennnd,  bad  eoino  over  to  this  eido  from 
Fort  Charlres  in  1  rfi:').  St.  Angc  was  the  uncle  by  nnirriagc  of 
Mrs.  De  Volsay. 

*'  Picnic  de  Helcstre  was  a  lieutenant  in  the  regular  French 
service,  and  a  brother-in-law  of  Do  Volsay,  their  wives  being 
Bisters. 

"  De  Volsay  nnvde  three  wills,  and  in  ii  codicil  to  the  last  one, 
with  a  touch  of  genuine  satire,  he  left  to  his  wife  three  coata, 
an  embroidered  waistcoat,  andyire  jkiiV*  nf  hreechea.'* 


'  The  will  of  Thomas  Blondeau  and  .Mario  Josephode  .'>cnc,  hi. 
wife,  executed  before  Governor  Cruzat,  Oct.  15, 1777,  Lnhascicro 
and  Noel  Lnnglois,  witnesses,  ia  to  the  effect  that  they  were 
living  oomforlftbly  with  l.aniy  and  his  wife,  because  lliiir 
daughter,  Madame  Guion,  "  had  nninil'osted  such  ill  trealna'iil 
towards  them  at  the  time  they  lived  in  her  bouse  that  tiny  ivcrt 
obliged  to  leave  :  and  desiring  to  acknowledge  the  gnn.ine.* 
and  services  the  said  [.amy  has  rendered  them  in  their  nil  asf, 
and  to  reward  him  for  his  assistance,  they  have  said  aii>l  il. 
Glared  Ihat  they  wish  that  there  he  paiil  for  their  hoard,  lo  iIk 
said  l.ainy  ami  wife,  for  every  month,  the  sum  of  sixty  livre* 
(SI  2 1  in  peltry  at  the  current  price  of  this  post,"  to  be  liikcn 
out  of  any  jtroperty  they  may  have  at  their  demise. 

'^  FelicilC,  born  1775,  innrried  to  Antoino  Koy  in  17'.i-,  Jifl 
1811.1;  Julie,  1777,  wife  of  Louis  C'oignard  ;  Uenito,  I7SII.  iiwr- 
ried  Clarissa  Lefebvre  (daughter  of  the  notary  of  I7(i5i  ;  Fnin- 
yois  Xavier,  1781  ;  A.  T.  Baronet,  I7SH,  nnirrieil  Kinilk 
Fauslino  Parent;  .losuph  Pepe,  1780,  marrieil  Marie  b.  Ilf- 
bert  Lecomptu;  Victorie,  1787,  married  Isaac  .■'eplitre': 
Marie  Anne,  1790;  Uypo'yto  Guillory,  I79;i,  luarrii'l  .Macie 
Ijiijeanesse  and  II.  I/.  Tison  ;  Celeste,  1791,  married  Viuwiil 
Bonis;  Euralic,  1795,  married  .lohn  Stolls,  and  allcrinirl' 
Juci^ues  Mnrtin;  Pierre  Louis,  1798. 


Do  Leyi 
till'  rest  of 
iind  Rita. 
officials,  Dii 
Pniisada,  a 
(lier. 

.\nioiig  ( 

from  the  rt 

Alexis  Marii 

M:irie   houg 

winter  of  1 7 

he   r(>sided. 

Streets,  was 

liiiuily  (ho  pi 

ciihiiiet-niakei 

ried  A^'etorie 

ill,!,'  one  child, 

to^'edic'r  for  t 

still  having  fi 

sejiiinife,  Verd 

and  taking  wit 

lii.sguii,  a.\o,  a 

'  Sccrind  niarria 
in  "Id  .'it.  Louis, 
malrli  |„.r  ,l,-ingli( 
time  IutscK;  i„  h 
■■■liar^'cL  got  dninl 
iLe  i-invcrnnient  Ij 
ever,  was  patclicl 
^lavc,  j,'iving  a  he 
'.ivl.a's  ninlalto  se 
in  'lioAivhives,  l„ 

li''™  (who  gave  his 
iiO'l  liis  uile,  (;,,„„ 
l»r  tivenly-cighi  ye; 
''"•ill  ar.d   industry 
.New  Orleans  in    17 
"Willis,     ■riicrc   „a, 
•"It.  Iliirriei ..  and  I, 
I'aillc)  binding  Ihci. 
"'"■'■■■"lorlheconsc 
•ii'liniliis,,a,u.,.  Ill 
'(lit  lore,'  or  coinpiils 
III  "0  future    time 
«n.viillcK„lion  again, 
'li-in«tli  (o  sliengih 
11(11  Ije  carried   into 
'■'"iKlinioe  or  solemn 
"'"'■ill  as  if  wo  hau 
'■'*'  '"If  Lord,  and  by 
"""  »■"  "ill  not  con 
"""''■I  andwedcolar 
rHaiii„ii„„  :,j,,,i,„j  „ 

""'■'■"keihcsamc. 

•I'Arclhat  I  was  ma, 

""'lifillio  Church  to 
!"■'?'■■  Ill  the  time  of  . 
l<li'i'Klilcr,  who  may  be 

'lO'il' personal  nron, 

I:.' 


per 


THE  EARLIEST  SETTLERS  IN  SAINT  LOUIS. 


177 


I.nbui'cii'a' 

l\u'.v  were 
:eiiiise  lluir 
11  Ireiiuncm 
,,t  l\\'-y  ««" 
1,0  i;.m.lnc-' 
lipirnl.iaff. 
iiviil  iiii'l  '''■■ 
bimv'l.  tn*' 
'  sixty  livrf 

to  he  l:ik« 

in  li'.l'^.  Jifl 
I,  J7S0.  uiai- 
I'ld:))  :  Vran- 
r\,.,l  \',iiiil« 
lliiric  1.-  II'- 

rJeiilivrc-:  | 
l„rri."l  M»m 
Irii'ii  ViiK'tiil 
ll    iilH'r«»rl' 


De  Leybn  left  81000  in  hard  money  to  his  mother ; 
tlie  rest  of  his  property  to  liis  two  dau-jhters,  Pepita 
1,11(1  Uita.  The  witnesses  to  his  will  were,  besides 
offiiiiils,  Diego  Blanco,  serj^eant  in  the  garrison,  Jean 
Piiusada,  another  sergeant,  and  Louis  Richard,  sol- 
dier. 

Among  other  names  and  incidents  to  be  gleaned  , 
IVoiii  the  record  of  wills  may  be  mentioned  Pierre 
Akxis  Marie  and  his  wife,  Reine  Gilgaucl  flrst  comers. 
Miirie  bought  and   improved  several    lots.     In    the 
winter  of  17"JIj-97,  when  he  died,  the  house  in  which 
he   n;.->ided,  northeast  corner  of   Main   and   Market  { 
Streets,  was  sold  to   Bernard   Pratte,  Sr.,  in  who.so  i 
ftniiiy  the  property  is  still  held.     Joseph  Verden,  a  , 
cabinet-maker  and  turner,  and  a  first  comer,  bad  mar-  ^ 
ried  Victorie  Richelet,  widow  of  Jean  Soye,  she  hav-  j 
ill!;  one  child,  Henrietta.     Joseph  and  liis  wife  liviid 
toiietlier  for  twelve  years,  quarreling  incessantly,  but 
still  having  five  children.     At  last   they  agreed  to 
seiiarate,  Verden  giving  up  children,  house,  and  all, 
iiiiJ  taking  with  liini  nothing  but  his  bed,  his  clothes, 
his  gun,  axe,  and  the  tools  of  his  trade.' 

'  Sc'CHiiil  iiiiiiriiigcs  do  not  ivlwiiya  soeni  to  Imvc  been  linppy 
ill  ()lil  St.  hoiiis.  Dr.  C'onili''s  wiilow,  not  ileleircil  by  the  Imd 
matcli  licr  ilaiiglitcr  had  iimde  with  Correll,  iiiiirrii'd  ii  si'uond 
time  herself,  to  n  nnin  named  (liisipnril  Ilonbieii,  who,  as  she 
oluiigeil.  got  drunk,  beat  her.  and  forced  her  to  take  refuge  at 
the  (.idvirnmcnl  House,  with  De  Leyba.  Thi"  quarrel,  how- 
cvir.  wa"  |iatcbed  up.  bat  it  led  to  I.urinne,  Uoubieu's  negro 
■lave,  "iving  a  liearty  drubbing  to  Marianne,  wlio  was  De 
lioylia's  uiuhitto  servant.  Tlio  most  eomical  domoslie  quarrel 
in  llic  An'hivcs,  however,  is  tliat  of  tlie  baker,  Fraiifois  liar- 
rirro  (wlio  gave  his  name  to  one  of  the  streets  of  old  St.  Louis), 
ami  his  wife,  (Jenuviove  Cntoise.  Darrii're  lived  in  .'^t.  I.ouis 
lor  Iwenlv-cight  years,  and  ai'eiimnlated  much  property  by  bis 
Ihril'l  iiiiil  industry.  He  and  his  (Jenevievc  were  nmriied  in 
Ni'w  Orleans  in  1775.  eoining  up  to  St.  l.oiiis  direelly  afler- 
wanls.  There  was  an  anie  nuptial  coulraet  of  the  gushing 
virl,  I'lirriei  .•  and  La  Catoise  (who  was  ttie  widow  of  (iuilleriio 
I'aillr)  binding  themselves  up  with  all  sorts  of  "  saered  soleui 
iiiiii's''  fur  the  oonseeration  of  an  "  indissoluble  union."  'I'liey 
^aifl  in  this  |iaper  that  "  we  deelare  of  our  own  free  will,  with- 
ijiit  force  or  eompulsioii,  but  fioin  mutual  good  wishes,  so  that 
at  nil  future  lime  shall  wo  contradict  this  deed,  nor  make 
any  allc(,'i\iicin  against  its  contents,  for  which  purpose  wo  add 
^lrl■nj^lh  to  sircnglh,  euntruct  to  contract,  bo  that  it  shonhl 
mil  1)0  carried  into  sxeeution  for  want  of  any  re(|uisite  eir- 
I  cumJlaiioe  or  solemnity,  for  wo  cmisiiler  everytliing  inserted 
I  llierrin  as  if  we  liad  expressly  declared  it;  and  we  swear  by 
I  11*1 1'lir  Lerd,  and  by  ;lio  sign  of  the  cross,  according  to  law 
I  llial  \vc  will  not  contradict  nor  recall  the  promise  iiiutually 
jmaJc:  iiml  we  ilcolare  tliat  we  have  made  no  proleslalion  nor 
Ircrlainnli"!!  iigaiiist  this  oath  ;  ami  should  it  otherwise  appear, 
jivi' rrvukc  llic  same.  And  I,  the  saiti  Maria  Ucnuveva  (Jatoise, 
Idrelarc  that  I  was  married  according  to  the  rites  of  our  H(dy 
iMiillirr  llio  Church  to  tlio  sniil  Unillormo  I'aille,  of  which  mar- 
lliaj.'!',  at  the  time  uf  his  dentil,  there  remained  ono  ehilil,  onr 
ldaii;;lili}r,  who  may  bo  now  three  years  old,  ami  a  small  quan- 
llity  of  personal  property,  wliieli  was  all  sohl  for  its  just  value 


Tlie  industry  of  Mr.  Billon  enables  us  to  supply  the 
following  eom])lete  and  .satisfactory  index  to  marriage 
contracts  in  the  Archives  : 

■Vlvarez,  Eugene,  to  ,Ioscphino  Crcpeau. 
llarada,  .\ntoinc,  to  Kli/.a 'I'esimn  Ilonore, 
liarada,  Louis,  to  Mario  llec(|nct  liaroche. 
liarrcre,  Fran's,  to  Marie  Gone,  ni'i:  Oatoise.  widow  of  Win. 
Paille. 

liarsalou,  Nidi's,  to  Magdalen  Lo  Page. 

liaudoin,  Iiouis,  to  .Marie  Tes.  lloiiore. 

liecquet.  liabriel  (L'),  to  .Marie  Louise  St.  Franfoise. 

liellnnd,  .Iiio.  II.,  to  Cath.  Lalande,  veuve  Pierre  Petteliar. 

lielliseme,  Alcx'r,  to  Marie  Josepha,  veuve  P.  .Morriseaii. 

and   produced   tlio   sum  of  four   hundred   and   lifly-one   dol- 
lars, which  we  acqnircd  dnring  onr  marriage;  and  as  neither 
'   the  one  nor  the  other  brought  anything  thereto,  being  purely 
I   profits,  I  declare  that  the  two  hundred  ami  twenty-live  dollars 
i    four  reals  i:'  the  prcqierty     f  my  daughter,  and   the   remaining 
two  hundred  and  twenty-live  dollars  four  reals  I  bring  to  this 
\   marriage  as  my  dower.     And  1,  tlin  said  liarrierc.  ncknowledgo 
the  receipt  of  the  four  hundred  and  lifty-ono  dollars,  and  give 
I   a  formal  receipt  therefor,  and  (ho  delivery  not  being  yet  made 
I   I  renonnee  the  law  of  cash  payment,  the  whole  of  which  I  shall 
I   hold,  and  out  of  the  most  available  property,  as  the  dower  of 
'   my  said  future  wife  and  guardian  of  her  said   daugliter,  to   re- 
I  turn  the  same  in  the  case  prescribed  by  laws  ;  and  1  also  declare 
that  t  bring  to  the  marriage  that  1  am  about   to  cnnlract  with 
the  said  Maria  (ieni>veva,  as  my  own  property,  the  sum  of  one 
hundred  and  sixty  dollars,  ut  which  1  fmin  a  capital,  so  tluit  all 
the  lime  the  trust  of  this  may  appear,  and  to  the  validity  of  this 
contract  we  bind  ourselves  with  our  persons  and  gooils,  actual 
and   fntiiro.     We  authorize  His   Majesty's  justices  to  urge  us 
;   thereto  as  with  the  rigor  of  a  final  s-ntencc  eonsenlcd  to  by  us, 
renouncing  all  laws,  rights,  and  privileges  in  our   favor,  with 
the  general  law  prohibiting  the  same."     Fourteen  years  luter 
came  this  ileiioucmciit  :  "  lu  the  year  one  thousand  and  seven 
hundred  ami  eighlynine.  the  Ihirty-lirsI  of  the  month  of  .Inly, 
A.M.,  before  me,  Don  Manuel  Pere/,.  captain  of  the  regiment  of 
linuis  ana,    Lieutenant-tiovernor,  and    commander-in-ehief   of 
llio  western    part  of  Illinois   and    its  districts  ( in  default  of  a 
notary),  personally  appeared  Fraufois  Ihirricre,  a  resident  of  the 
,   post,  and   (icnevieve  t.'atoise.  his  wife,  wlio   by  these   presents 
and  of  common  accord,  ami  of  their  own  free  will,  and  in  virtue 
of  the  proceedings  commenced   on    the   nintli  of  this   present 
month,  have  vidiinlarily  con.-cnted  and  do  consent  to  a  separa- 
liiui  to  the  end  of  their  lives,  and  to  remain  separated,  one  from 
the  other,  being  absolutely  unable  to  reside   together   nor   re- 
main united  on  account  of  the  ditference  of  their  dispositions, 
and  rcciprfu'iilly  desiriuis    of   avoiding  daily  quarrels,  and    to 
spend  the  remainder  of  their  days  in  peace,  and  to  procure  the 
salvalion  of  their  souls,  wlii<di  they  eaniiol  do  peaceably  living 
tiigether,  in  consequence  of  their  continual    disputes    and    no 
longer  being   able  to   bear  tliem ;    and   in   consec^neiice  <d*  the 
deed  of  partition  dated  the  Itutli  inst.,  not  wishing  to  have  any 
recourse   on    each  other's   property,  now    being   individual,  iis 
well  actual  as  future,  regarding  eacli  otlier  as  resil  strangers,  as 
if  no  alliance  bail  ever  taken  place.     The  said   Madame  (Jene- 
vievc f'atoisc  acknowleilgiiigand  confessing  that  she  lias  received 
I   by  the  aftuesaiil  act  her  dower,  and  the  pnqierly  belonging  to 
her  daughter,  as  also  half  the  goods  of  the  eumuaiiiity  with  llio 
said  Fian9ois   itarrii'^re,  which  community  the  parties  declare 
j   broken  and  dissolved;  therefore  the  said  tienevieve  grants  a 
full  and  entire  releasu  and  discharge  to  the  said  liarrierc  with- 
'   out  any  expectation  uf  return." 


178 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Benoit,  Frnn'a  M.,  to  Mnr.  Cntli.  Sangiiinet. 

Borger,  Pierre,  to  Josotte  Miiyor  (Miiillct). 

Borgcr,  llougrau  I'ierro,  to  Thorcso  llelicrt. 

Bienvenu,  Louis  Delisle,  to  Catli.  Nic  Lea  Bois. 

Bisi^cttc,  Louis,  to  Euphrosiiic  Truteau. 

BisECtte,  Cliarlcs,  to  Marie  Pepin. 

Bissoiinet,  Louis,  to  (ienovieve  Houtier. 

Blancliet,  Louis,  to  Angelique  (Indiun). 

Bois.'y,  Louis,  to  Marie  Bissettc. 

Boiiipart,  Louis,  to  Celeete  Duchouquette. 

Bordejiu.  I'ierrc,  to  Thercsc  Petit. 

Bourg,  Pierre,  to  Marie  Dunegaut. 

Bravier,  i/iV  Ciril,  to  Elizabelli  Rico. 

Brieant,  Lninarol)o  .1.  B.,  to  Mar.  Lou.  Courtois. 

Buron,  Aug't,  to  Mine.  M.  Louise  Boudon. 

Cabanne,  .Ino.  Pierre,  to  .lulie  Urntiot. 

Cailliol,  Francis,  to  Magdalen  de  Lor. 

Caillou,  Kustaclie,  to  Felicite  Ilortiz. 

Ccrre,  I'asclial,  to  Tlieresc  Lainy. 

CInilirour,  Pierre,  to  Victoire  Coussot. 

Clianecllier,  .Joseph,  to  Klizabetli  Becquet. 

Cbf  tii-ellior,  Louis,  to  Marie  Louise  Desohnmps. 

Cliarlevillc,  Jac.  Cbauvin,  to  Vieloire  Vcrdon. 

Choret,  Pierre,  to  Marie  Jose  Kiercoreau. 

Chouteau,  Aug'to,  to  Marie  'rherose  Cerrf. 

Chouteau,  Pierre,  to  Pelagic  Kiercereau. 

Chouteau,  Pierre,  widower,  to  Urigitte  .Saucier. 

Coignard,  Louis,  to  Julia  Vasquez. 

Collell,  Bonaventura,  to  Constance  Conde. 

Cotte,  or  Cote,  Alexis,  to  Elizabeth  Dodier. 

Couder  (Couderre),  Jos.,  to  Angoliquc  Koque. 

Courtois,  Louis,  to  Marie  L.  Menard. 

Delor  (l)e  Freget),  Clem.,  to  Angeli(;ue  Martin. 

Desautels,  .Joseph,  to  Thercsc  .Mainville. 

Deshetres,  lljacinlhe,  to  Fran's  Normand  Deslauriers. 

Deslauriers,  llenr.v,  to  Mngd.  Bissonnet. 

Dodge,  Israel,  to  Cath.  Camp,  veuve  Union. 

Dorlac,  Fran's,  to  Aniable  Lalandc. 

Dorsicres,  Fuge.  Dorys,  to  .Marie  Anne  Nicole  Les  Bois. 

Doyon  (Dayon),  Fran's,  to  Pelagic  Laplanto. 

Drouin  (I)eroin),  Fran's,  to  Cath.  Tougard  Laviolotte. 

Duchouquette,  Jno.  B.,  to  Marie  Brazeau. 

Duchouquette.  Ilcn.  Lallenr,  to  Felice  Quior  San  Filip. 

Dubrcuil,  L.  Chauvct,  to  Susanne  Saintous. 

Dubreuil,  Louis,  to  Marianne  Laroche. 

DuTant.  Jno.  Bap.  Bcnoni,  to  Marianne,  widow  of  Louis  6. 
Laroclie. 

Dunncgant,  Francis,  to  Kugenic  Jarret. 

Dunnegant,  Fran's,  to  Cath.  Labbe  Noise,  widow  of  Jno.  B 
Bidet.  Langouniois, 

Durable,  Martin,  to  Marie  Josepha  Porraute. 

Durand,  Jno.  li..  to  Marie  Jos.  .Marclicteau. 

Faustin  (Fortin),  Fran's,  to  Rosalie  Kierscrcau. 

Fayct,  Joscpli,  to  Felieiti'  Marcchal. 

Fine,  Pliilip.  to  Marie  Newby,  veuve  Pliil.  Oagnon. 

Fine,  Phil,  to  Widower  Celeste  Boly. 

Flanilrin,  Ante,  to  Marg't  liaroda,  widow  Jno.  Pourcelly. 

Fournier,  Fran's,  to  Jos.  Renaril,  widow  Jos.  le  May. 

Frenion  (Dolauricr),  Chas.  Aug.,  to  Josepbino  Celeste  Du- 
brcuil. 

Gagnon,  I'hilibert,  to  Marie  Newby,  widow  John  Cleborn. 

Qognon,  Pierre,  to  ilelcn  Mainville  Deschenes. 

Gamaohe,  Jno.  B.,  to  Charlotte  Damours  de  Louvieres. 

Gates,  Juan,  to  Genevieve  Morin. 

Gauthier,  Ante,  to  Isabel  Becquet,  wi-'  w  of  Joseph  Cbancol- 
lier. 


Giard,  Jno.  B,,  to  Mario  Josepha  Rivet. 

Gratiot,  Charles,  to  Victoire  Cliouteau. 

Guiun  (Dion?),  Nich's  Franc's,  to  Thcreso  Hervieux. 

Oulon,  Ainable  (No.  2),  to  Rcine  Felicit6  Robert. 

Hebert,  Franc's,  to  Magdalena  le  Roy. 

Ilcbert,  Wm.,  to  Marie  Blondcau,  veuve  A.  Quion, 

Ileliert,  .Joseph,  to  Vic.  Alvarez  Ilortiz. 

Moi]or^',  Louis,  to  Catlierine  Rivet. 

Ilortiz,  Jos.  A.,  to  Mar.  Marianne  liccquet, 

Hubert,  Michel,  to  Marie  Ursulo  Rapidcux. 

llugf',  Dominique,  to  Marie  Rose  Pourcelly. 

llunaud,  Tonssaint,  to  Marie  J.  Beaugenou. 

Ignacc,  Valentin  Pierre,  to  Mario  Juannotte  (blacks). 

Jounlain  (Labrosse),  Fran's,  to  Sally  Russell. 

Kierscrcau,  Paul,  to  Marie  J.  Michel  Tayon. 

Kiersereau,  Greg'y,  to  .Marie  St.  Francois. 

I^alibadie,  Silveslrc,  to  I'ehigie  (,'houtcau. 

Labhadie,  .Josepli,  to  Thcrese  Damours  do  IjOu,  veuve  Tiouij 
Deshetres. 

Lacroix,  Pierre,  to  llelene  Larohe. 

Lafcrnai,  Joseph,  to  Margaret  Pourcelly. 

Lajcunesse,  Jacijues,  to  llol.  Vachard  I'Ardoise. 

Lapierre,  Joseph,  to  Rosalie  Olivier. 

Laroche,  Ignacc,  to  Marie  Becquet. 

Lasublonierc,  Jacques  liruncl,  to  llelene  Beaugenou, 

Lebeau,  Jean  Jac<{ues,  to  Mario  Lafernai. 
I        Lcbcau,  Jno.  B.,  to  Marie  Alva  Ilortiz. 

Le  Due,  Marie  Philip,  to  Marie  M.  Pa|>in. 

Lee,  Patrick,  to  Constance  Condd. 

Lercbvre.  Augustin,  to  Felicite  Bayancourt. 

Lcl'cbvre.  P.  F.  U.  Jos.  D'Inglebort,  to  Marg.  Laforno. 

Lerigi',  Laplante  Franc's,  to  Mario  Loat. 

Le  Roy,  Charles,  to  .Susanne  Dodier. 

Le  Roy,  Julion,  widower,  to  Heine  tiilgant,  veuvo  Marie. 

Lctourneau  (Lafleur),  Louis,  to  Maria  Bissonnet. 

Lorcns  (Lorin).  Jos.,  to  Marg't,  veuvo  Ante  Barada. 

Mainville  ( l)es,:lienes),  Jos.,  to  Ann  Chancellier, 

Marchcland,  Louis  (I),  to  Marie  Angolique  Metivior,  veim 
Dequirigon  Felix. 

Marchetand,  Louis  (2)  Kiorq  Denoyors,  to  Veroniquo  Panijiet  I 
la  flirotlcc,  veuve  .Fno.  Prunel. 

Marie,  Alexis  M.,  to  Marie  Rose  Delord  Treget. 

Martin  (l.adouceur),  Ante,  to  Maria  E.  Maroclial. 

Martin  (Ladouccur),  Pierre,  to  Angelique  Bissonnet. 

Mercier,  Julien,  to  Marie  llunaud. 

Monier,  Jno.  I!.,  to  Marie  Louise  Lalande. 

Morcau,  Franfois,  to  Catherine  Marechal. 

Noise  (Labbt^),  Jacques,  'riwTesc  Beaugenou. 

Ortes,  Jno.  Bap.,  to  Elizabetli  Itarada. 

Panet,  Pierre,  to  Marie  Anno  Cerr^;. 

Papin  Jos.  M..  to  Marie  Louise  Chouteau. 

Payant  (St.  Onge),  to  Elizabeth  Crely. 

Petlcliar,  Andre,  to  Euplirasine  Gagnd,  veuvo  Fran{oiiB»l 
langer. 

Petit,  Jno.  li.,  to  Therese  Charron. 

Pratte,  Hernard,  to  Eulalio  Sauvour  Lalibndie. 

Prevot,  Jno.  H.,  to  Angelique  (an  Indian). 

Provencliere,  N.  Pierre,  to  Mario  J.  Rutgers. 

Provenchf',  Jno.  B.,  to  Mario  Pepin,  veuve  S.  Bisset. 

Qucnel,   Michel,  to  veuvo  Marie  L.  Jourdain,  veuvo  Fmi 
Lobeau. 

Rocontrc,  Alex.  A.,  to  Marie  J.  Roy. 

Rivet,  Jos.,  widower,  to  Marianne  Olivier. 

Riviere  (Baccann^)  Ante,  to  Charlotte  Rogue. 

Hiviero  (Uaccanne),  Philip,  to  Mario  Liberge,  vourc 
Ouerel  Duinont. 


Robert,  Char 

Riibiilou,  Jos 

RnIcI  (Laden 

Ri>iibicu,  Gnu 

lloii.-seau,  Fn 

H'MKH'II  (San 

Ittms-oll,  Pier 

Salic,  Jean,   t 

Jnoqucs. 

i!Hn:,'iiinet,  Chi 

Aiijiy.  (irogoir 

Sii";;niin,  Ant. 

Siivoic,  .John   li 

loinc  lluny.«. 

Scliiiltz,  George 

ScImiKz,  Christo 

Schnltz,  Peter,  ( 

Siaioncau,  Chan 

Siricerino,  Amab 

Soul.inl,  Ante  P. 

St.  Cyr,  Ilyacint 

?(.  Fnini-ois,  Am 

SI.  Vniin.  Jac.  M 

F.  C.  iJiibrciiil. 

TayiMi,  Kranfois, 

I'iiynn.  .losejih,  to 

'I'liilii'.iN.  Joseph,  ( 

Viiclij id.  Joseph  I, 

11.  Vien. 

Valie,  .Michel,  to  B 

Val.iis.  Francis  X., 

V:is.«.Mi,-,  Itegis,  to  1 

Vioii.  .I.ilin  Uaptist, 

Vitvaicnnc,  John  J: 

Viik'cnncs,  Louis  J. 

V'l-ti,  Kiiiilien,  to  '1' 

Oiici  hundred  and 

I  till' .Archives. 

Tlio  first  unci  ui 
jDiiiiiiij  with  till'  iij 
jgn':ii  iiuuiber  of  in 
|fiiuiiliL'.s  oftlio  oarl^ 
jl'iiiied  .'^tiilos  look 
|l|'pi'r  I  piii.siiina,  tl 
taiciLsivu  that  ut  le 
T'li-iihs  of  onu   an 
tr^iii  Willi  tlie  foil 
ir.iiHiriia  Chouteau 
\{  ilie  jihifo  couhj 
h.    ThLs  veiierahh 
fMi  the  fiiuiidinjr  „ 
I'liii  lof.     She  wai 
•lilt'  Th('i'i'.w  Bourj 
fii^usio  R,-',,,'.  Chout 
Aii.mi.ste  C'liou 
^H  mil]  head  of  tl 
"iIht,  17i-)0-     Mad; 
liiiiiil  idtcv  the  bit 
"iinuiii,  returnirn' 
I'i^'nc  I.aclede'L; 


THE   EARLIEST   SETTLERS   IN   SAINT  LOUIS. 


179 


iiquo 


Vamm  I 


I  Franjois  Bm-I 


IS'.sspt. 
veuve  Fnij 


Igo,  vouvc  Ui 


Itiilicrt,  CliiirlcH,  to  Jeannottc  Courtoii. 
Rulii'loii,  J<»<opli  (2),  to  Cutli.  Hotel  TiUderouto, 
RitU't  (liiideroute),  Mielu?!,  to  Jos6  Morrinrtcau, 
Kiiubiuii,  On)i|ini'(l,  to  Mario  (It-  In  Feme,  veuvo  Cond^, 
Kijiisseiiu,  Frnnfoia  Jos,,  to  Miir);'t  A.  Uortlz. 
liiiii>'ell  (Siini4  Soiiei)  Ante,  to  Fian'so  Vifvaronno. 
Riiii^M'll,  Piorro,  to  Franyoiso  (Jagiif". 

Siille,  Joan,  to  Mario  Roso  Vidnlpano,  veuvo  John  Joseph 
Jiioques. 
Sanitiiiuet,  CharloH,  to  Mario  Anno  L'ond6, 
Sarjiv,  (ii'ogoiro,  to  I'olagio  Labbadio. 
Saii^'niin,  Ant.  F.,  lo  (Jeiievievo  K.  Mi(diiiu. 
Siiviiie,  John   B.  Cadlen,  to  Louise  Lailuiantaie,  veuve  An- 
tuine  K'lnys. 
Scliiilti,  Ueorgc,  to  V'ictoire  Teason  HonorO. 
.■^cliutl/.,  Christoidior,  to  Kliz.  Te.«.<on  Ilonorii. 
Sohiillz,  I'oter,  to  Mario  U.  Cliuuquet. 
Siiii'inoiiu,  Cloi'lo?,  to  iMarie  Piciird. 
Siii<-('tiii«,  Aoiublo,  to  Mario  ItauJoin. 

Joiiliiid,  Auto  P.,  to  Julie  CorrC'. 

!■(.  Cvi-.  Il.viicintbe,  to  llelono  llebert. 

Si.  I"i:iin'"i!',  Ante,  to  Charlotte  Ijivrcbeveque. 

SI.  Vniio.  Jac.  Marcellin  (.'enin  J)ehauto  Delai-sus,  to  Marie 
F.  C.  Diibruuil. 

I'aviin,  I'ranfois,  to  Pelagie  ('liauvin  Cliarloville. 

Tiiviiii.  .loseph,  to  Marie  liergor. 

Tliilieaii.  Josepli,  to  Marie  Looi..io  Vinecnnes. 

Viirliiiiil.  Joseph  Lardoiso,  to  .Mario  Mondion,  widow  of  John 
Il.Vicn. 

Viilli'.  .Micliel,  to  Fran{"isc  .'Jiiejuese  (Indian). 

Viilcpis.  I'liinuis  X.,  to  Julio  lieaugenou. 

Viisjieui-.  Ue^ji",  to  Fran,  (iuitiird  Liigrandeur. 

Vicn,  .lolin  Haptistc,  to  Ku])linpsioe  llunaud. 

Virvaioiine.  Jolin  U.,  to  (ienevieve  Cardinal. 

ViiHTiinw,  Ijouia  J.,  to  Kii/.abeth  Ueves. 

Y'l-ti.  ICiuilien,  to  Tlieotisle  Ourande. 

diif  liuudred  and  sixly-threo  inarriago  uontracts  recorded  in 
lllif  Arohives. 

The  lirst  and  most  strikiiis^  thing  to  notice  in  con- 
lortiitiii  witli  tlui  iiiiirriuf^e  records  of  St.  Louis  is  the 
lgrr;ii  imiiibcr  of  intermarriages  among  a  few  leading 
|faiiiilit'.>^  (if  tiie  early  iniiabitants.  In  180-4,  when  the 
Iriiik'il  States  took  po.s.sessioii  of  the  government  of 
|l'|iiior  1  iiiisiana,  these  marriage  connections  were  so 
esiuiisivc  tliat  at  least  two-thirds  of  the  people  were 
!crti>iiis  (if  one  another.  This  sort  of  connection 
(■2;iii  with  the  founding  of  the  city,  and  when  old 
jraiiihna  Chouteau  died  in  1814,  all  the  first  families 
the  place  could  legitimately  put  on  mourning  for 
Icr,  Tills  venerable  lady  probably  had  more  to  do 
Full  the  I'uiiiidiiig  of  St.  Louis  than  sin  seems  to  get 
■ilii  for.  Slie  was  a  initive  of  New  Orleans,  by 
iiiic  Tlii'vese  Bourgeois,  and  in  1749  had  married 
lu^iisii'  l{(-\]('  Chouteau,  of  that  city,  bearing  him  one 
liki.  .\iiL;iiste  Chouteau,  the  "  colonel,"'  as  he  was 
I,  anil  li(>ad  of  the  house,  who  was  born  in  Sep- 
uiiiir,  1750  Madame  Therese  Chouteau  left  her 
|l>liaii(l  alter  the  birlh  of  her  son,  on  account  of  ill 
[aiiiieiii,  returning  to  her  family.  After  this  she 
ei  PiiTio  Laclede  Ligue.st  and  a.  mutual  attachment 


sprang  up  between  them.     The  rules  of  the  Catholio 
Church  forbade  a  divorce  except  under  such  special 
circumstances  as  could  not  be  established  in  this  case, 
and  ]NLidame  Chouteau,  with  the  advice  and  consent 
of  her  friends,  contracted  a  civil  marriage  with  La- 
clede and  went  to  live  with  him.     By  him  she  had 
four  children, — Jean  Pierre,  Pelagie,  Mario  Louise, 
and  Victoire, — all  of  whom  bore  the  name  of  Chou- 
teau, in  obedience  to  French  law.     In  1763,  when 
Auguste  was  thirteen  years  old  and  Jean  Pierre  six, 
she  went  up  the  river  to  Fort  Chartres,  reaching  St. 
Louis  via  Cahokia  in  the  spring  of  1764.     A  house 
was  built  for  her,  and  she  always  resided  in  the  vil- 
lage, looking  after  the  business  aflfaira  of  her  husband 
and  children,  and  her  own  likewise,  with  masculine 
energy  and  sagacity.    Laclede  was  nearly  all  the  time 
away,  extending  hi.s  trading  operations  in  every  direc- 
tion, and  Auguste  Chouteau  was  frequently  journey- 
ing from  po.st  to  post  in  the  Indian  country,  collect- 
'  ing  furs  and  superititciiding  trappers.     In  one  of  his 
'  trips  to  New   Orleans,  Laclede  died,  in  July,  1778, 
at  the  w  luth  of  the  Arkansas  River,  where  lu^  was 
buried.     Choulciiu  had  at  this  time  become  a  man  of 
■  twenty-eight  years,  grown  up  with  the  village,  known 
I  to  all  the  inhabitants  of  this  upper  country ;  at  the 
head  of   large  business  aftaiis,  was  acquiring  prop- 
erly ;  prominent  in   the  aifairs  of  the  village,  a  man 
of  education,  had  drawn  up  the  first  plat  of  the  vil- 
lage, etc.    All  this  combined  soon  made  him  the  most 
prominent  man   perhaps  in  the  place,  and  in  a  very 
few  years  after  the  death  of  Laclede,  when  the  mem- 
ory of  the  man  was  almost  forgotten,  Chouteau  grew 
to  be  considered  the  founder  of  the  place.     Such  was 
the  general  belief  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  village 
at  the  period  of  Mr,  Billon's  advent  here  in  1818, 
and  it  was  not  until  Mr.  Billon  had  resided  a  number 
of  years  in   the  place  that  the  existence  of  such  an 
individual  as  Laclede  was  gradually  brought  out  by 
researches  into  the  early  history  of  St.  Louis. 

The  old  lady  probably  knew  that  her  eldest  son 
could  take  care  of  his  own  interests  suflSciently  well. 
At  any  rate  she  made  it  her  chief  concern  to  look 
after  her  own  affairs,  add  to  her  own  fortune,  and 
provide  for  and  marry  oif  her  younger  children.  She 
was  a  thorough  business  woman,  and  drove  a  hard 
bargain  now  and  then.  We  have  seen  that  she  took 
St.  Ange  de  Bellerive  to  board  with  her,  and  it  is  on 
record  that,  when  one  of  her  negro  men,  Baptiste, 
was  shot  and  accidentally  killed  in  December,  1785, 
in  an  attempt  to  capture  some  runaway  slaves,  she 
sued  her  son-in-law,  Joseph  M.  Papin,  for  damages, 
and  finidly  compelled  all  the  parties  interested  in  the 
matter  to  pay  pro  rata  an  assessment  of  one  thousand 


^iTT^- ■■■-".  r'.-y:^ 


i 


11    !' 


I 


180 


HISTOUY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


ddllars,  the  full  viiluo  of  llio  sliivo.  She  iie(|uirt'd  a 
great  deal  of  property,  uiid  exiueised  u  great  deal  of 
influence  in  tho  community,  being  herself  u  trader 
in  goods  and  furs  as  well  as  in  real  estate. 

Madame  Tlierese  Chouteau's  children  married  as 
follows:  Augustc  Chouteau,  son  of  Auguste  Itene 
Chouteau  and  Marie  Thcn'se  Bourgeois,  married, 
Sept.  21,  1780,  being  then  thirty-six  years  old.  Marie 
Thercse  Cerre.  daughter  of  Gabriel  Cerre  and  Cath- 
arine Geard.  Gabriel  Cerre  was  the  leading  merchant 
of  Kaskaskia,  and  bitterly  hostile  to  tlu;  American 
cause  in  the  Revolution  until  Gen.  George  Rogers 
Clark  procured  an  interview  with  liim,  and  not  only 
secured  his  friendship  and  sympathy,  but  obtained 
also  tho  aid  of  his  great  influence  witii  the  Indians  of 
Illinois.  Auguste  Chouteau  died  in  St.  Louis,  Feb. 
24,  1829,  leaving  seven  children. 

Jean  Pierre  Chouteau  married  Pelagie  Kiercc-  , 
reau,  daughter  of  Paul  Kiercereau  and  Marie  Tailk)n 
(daughter  of  Jo.seph  M.  Taillon ).  on  July  2li,  1783. 
Pelagie  died  in  1798,  leaving  four  children, — Auguste 
P.,  Pierre,  Jr.,  Paul  Liguest,  and  Pelagie.  This  last, 
in  1811,  married  Bartheleini  Hcrthold,  who  built  the 
first  brick  house  in  St.  Louis,  to  which  to  bring  homo 
his  bride.  Jean  Pierre  Chouteau  married  a  second  time 
on  F(!b.  14,  1794,  to  Brigitte  Saucier,  daughter  of 
Fran(;oi8  Saucier  and  Marguerite  Cardon,  of  St. 
Philippe. 

Pelagie  Chouteau,  July  27,  177(5,  married  Syl- 
vestre  Labbadie,  a  native  of  Tarbes,  in  Beam,  France, 
whose  parents  were  Domingo  Labbadie  and  Anne 
Beclac. 

Marie  Louis  Chouteau,  June  25,  1781.  married 
Joseph  Marie  Papin,  merchant,  of  Canada,  son  of 
Jose[ih  Papin  and  Marguerite  Lafcrne  (or  Laforce). 
Their  children  were  | 

1.  Joiicpli  I'lipin,  1780,  iimiiioil  Vuiive  liradsliiiw,  1S1!0. 

2.  .M»r(,'m.|it..,  irsi,  (o  M.  1'.  l.ndm;  IS02. 

I).  Aloxiinder  ( Liiliircc),  1"S2,  to  .Julie  lirn/.eiui,  IS14. 

4.  .Marii!  Tlicii'so,  I",8I,  to  Antoiae  Clii'nk',  1805  or  ISdti. 

5.  Miirie  Louis,  178j,  to  Auli'  Uoy,  1SI2,  unit  II.  Uoiiiird, 
1818. 

0.  Hviioliti'.  17S7,  JiHO|iliiiie  I,(jii<ul,  1815. 

7.  I'l'lnsjii',  17811. 

8.  Sopliie.  17i»l,  (li(!(l  1808. 

'.I.  P.  .Millecour,  Kit.").  ! 

10.  Silvi.'.-tiL'  v.,  1701,  Cloniciilinc  l.oiscl,  ISI7. 

11.  Kuiilif,  1791),  Frniifiii?  {■Iiinivin.  ISIIi.  | 

12.  rioriii  Di.lipr.  1708;  Ciilliiiriiic  L.  Cciro,  1820.  ' 
in.  'J'lii'oiloio    (Duilinu)    1790;    Maiiii    t'uli'slo  Ducliouquet, 

1S20. 

II.  ,Iose|ili,  iliud  nil  inl'unt  in  1S02.  J 

Joseph  M.  Papin, Sr., died  1811,  the  widow  in  1817. 

Victoire  Chouteau,  Juno  2.5,  1781    (same  day  as 

that  of  her  sister  Pelagie's  marriage),  was  married  to 


Charles  Gratiot,  Sr.,  the  founder  of  that  family  in 
the  United  States,  born  in  17.')I{,  in  Lausanne,  P;iy,s 
do  Vuud,  Switzerland,  his  parents  being  Henry  (ini- 
tiot  and  Marie  Bernard.  They  had  thirteen  children, 
of  whom  nine — four  sons  and  five  daughters — grew 
to  maturity,  all  inai  rying. 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  the  blood  of  Veuve 
Chouteau  and  Pierre  Laclede  Liguest  flows  in  tlio 
Veins  of  the  Labbadies,  Papins,  and  Gratiots,  as  well 
as  Cliouteaus,  and  they  are  related  by  marriage,  in 
the  first  generation,  with  the  Cerri's,  Kicrcere;ius, 
Taillons,  Sauciers,  etc.  In  the  second  and  third  gcMi- 
erations  thc-^e  alliances  were  very  widely  exteiult'il,— 
Leduc,  Bra/.eau,  Chenio,  Roy,  Renard,  Loisel,  DiiJiir. 
Cerre,  Berthold,  Pratte,  Sarpy,  Cabanne,  Dorsieic, 
Lam(|,  Bairois,  l)uehof(Uot,  Marchtand,  Kier(|,  Den- 
oyers,  Sangiiinet,  Marcheteau,  Chancellier,  Ta.'^sicr, 
Gauthier,  Roasillar,  Choret,  Provencher,  Dubreuil, 
etc' 

Paul  L.  Chouteau,  in  18i;5,  married  a  daughter  d' 
Louis  Uuhreuil  and  Susanne  Saintous,  thus  allying' 
himself  with  Ccran  de  St.  Vrain,  and  the  llempstcails. 
I)e  la  i$eauines,  and  Fremoiis  de  Launier  at  oiicf, 
Antoine  Soulard  married  a  Mademoiselle  Julio  Cciri', 
sister  of  August(!  Chouteau's  wife.  Antoine  Roy's 
fii'st  wife  was  a  daugliter  of  Benito  Basquez;  hi* 
second,  a  daughter  of  Pierre  Chouteau.  And  all  the 
otlier  resident  families  in  St.  Lotiis  were  coinii'ttcj 
with  one  another  in  pretty  much  the  same  way. 

The  following  biographical  memoir  of  Charles  ]'. 
Chouteau  and  his  immediate  ancestors  has  been  fur- 
nished us  by  Frederick  L.  Billon  : 

His  "great  grandmother  (tire  Marie  Therese  Hour- 
geois)  was  born  in  New  Orleans,  then  a  village  oflMit 

•  The  following;,  from  the  Aroliivoc,  i.H  ii  fair  c.\aiM|ilo  ul'Hin,,t 
these  old  iiiiirriuges,  iind  the  iircii  of  r>'Iiitioii.'<lii|>  oovencl  liy  ii; 

•'  DiimiPrc,  Kujjeiio  Jorvr*,  Knight  id'  8t.  Ciniitiis  (Socii'ly  if  I 
the    CiiU'innntil,   foruierlj'   im  oflieer  of   the    Uniieil   iSImIcs  .1' 
.Viiieric'ii,  hein;;  iK  w  present  iit  llii»  |io»l  of  .St.  Louis,  nml  ii'ni 
resiiling  iit  it.  son  id'  Ltiinne  Antoine  ■T(oy.'<  Dorsiere,  deccii^il. 
iind  in  his  lifetime  miijor  of  the  troops  of  his  .Miijesly  llii'  Kin; 
id'Sunllniii,  and  of  .Miirie  .losepha  .lorys,  his  father  and  iiinlliir 
born  at  Dorsieres,  in  tlie  eounlv  of  Viilois,  .•^wiss  repuMic,  a.'o 
tivenly-eiuhl  years,  and  Marie  iind  Nieole  Le  Hois.  ihMi;jlili'i.; 
St.  Ktienne  Nicole  Lcs  llids,  deceased,  and  of  .Marie  .Ar];;i'lii|iif 
(li'iird,  deeeaseil,   her  father  ami  mother,  ajjeil   about  tHriiiv-  I 
three,  born  in  the  parish  of  the  '  Holy  Family  des  Cahos.'  in  \\\i 
Illinois,    Northern    America,    with    tho    assistance   of  Uiilirkl 
CcrrC'.  merchant,  residing  in   the  aforesaid  town  of  ."^l.  I,uu<, 
hcu'  imilemnl  uncle  and  guardian,  in  whose  house  she  is  hviii;.  I 
the  come  the  item  of  the  a^'reeinent  in  presence  of  t'harhs  Ii: 
tiot,  merchant,  al  St.  Louis,  formerly  of  Lausanne,  in  .^'ivilflr- 1 
land,  and  of  , lean  Fmanuul  Duuioulin,  of  Vevay.  Swil/.uilaiii, 
friends  and  witnessis  of  said  iJorei^re,  and  (Jahriel  Cimit. 
guardian,  Auguste  ('houieau,  lier  cousin,  and  others,  her  Iriciiii  I 
and  rohitives.     Feb.  2;t,  1789." 


THK   EARLIEST  SETTLERS   IN  SAINT  LOUIS. 


181 


colli 

>■■ 
,l■l..^  r. 

cL'ii  I'ur- 

pse  Hour- 
TO  ()!  lull 


■,i  liy  il ; 
(SiK'ii-iy  'if 
I   Sl;.l.-  "i 

iiiiil  lim 

ly  I  III'  V.\«: 
anil  iiiiiilui 
I'liulilii'.  a;i- 

llilUillli'I"! 

A,ii;dii|i»| 
111  ivvciiiy- 
li\hof,'  i"  ill' 
of  Oiibiiil 
f  Si.  l.uui'i 
\ii>  is  liviiij 
Mmrli'?  ii;J- 

ill    ."■iwil/l'l- 

nil/.i'ilaiil. 

1  ri'ir.'i.lirt 

licr  friuiii! 


lliiiict'ii  ycHr.-<,  in  tlici  yi^ar  1715:1,  iind  wiis  iiiarriud  to 
;\iii;iisie  Roru''  Clioiiteiiu  in  the  yeiir  1740. 

"Tlii-*  liiily  cnnie  over  to  Liioledu's  newly-ostiib- 
li..liii  ■  tnidiiii:-post'  of  St.  Louis  from  Ciiliokia,  on 
till'  Illinois  side,  wiiiTe  she  Imd  sojourned  for  some 
tuoiilli-^,  in  the  nioiith  of  Septoinbor,  17()4,  with  her 
fivu  cliildren, — two  sons  (Amiusfc  and  Pierro)  and 
three  iiauj;hter.s  (IV'lai;ie,  Marie  Louise,  and  AHetoiro),  '■ 
— slie  lieing  the  first  female  that  beciunu  a  resident  of 
this  iicwly-estahlished  post. 

■'  After  a  residence  of  half  a  century  in  our  then  | 
little  villajre,  which  had  slowly  increased  to  the  num-  | 
hir  (if  lifteeii   hundred  souls,  with  the  proud  satis-  ; 
t'litiiin  (if  havinj;  seen  it  and  its  surroundin<;s  cnierj^e  ; 
rrmii  a  wilderness  inhabited   alone  by  Indian  tribes  > 
;iiiil  tlu'  wild  animals  of  the  forest  to  become  a  flour-  ' 
isliiiiir  settlement  around  her,  and  leiivinjj  a  numerous 
iiruucny  of  descendants,  this  old  lady  departed  this 
lilo  ill  lier  stone  residence,  in  which  she  had  resided 
ilnriiig  all  these  long  years,  at  the  southwest  corner  of 
our  present  Chestnut  and  Main  Streets,  on  the  14th  ' 
(lav  of  August,  1814,  haviiif:  attained  the  mature  age  • 
of  ei,L'lity-nne  yi^ars.  universally   esteemed   and    re- 
Hiccted  liy  the   entire  coniniuiiity,  in   the  midst  of 
uluiiii  she  had  passed  far  the  larj:;est  portion  of  her 
[iiiitriictod  life.  ! 

•  Her  remains  were  eonsij^ned  to  the  earth  in  the 
Criiiettry  of  the  Catholic  Church,  then  occupyinj;  the 
llloik  on  which  the  present  cathedral  now  stands." 
Juliii  Pierre  Chouteau,  Sr.,  '•  the  second  son  of 
iii  above  lady,  and  the  paternal  grandfather  of  our 
iiliject,  was  born  in  New  Orleans,  Oct.  10,  1758, 
iiiiiilied  in  St.  Louis,  July  10,  1849,  havini;  attained 
le  \\<ic  of  ninety  years  and  nine  months,  lie  was 
Itice  iiiariied, — first  on  July  2t),  1783,  when  a  young 
nil  (if  twenty-five  years,  to  Pelagic  Kiersereau,  a 
istivo  of  8t.  Louis,  an  orphan  and  an  only  child, 
(isii  parents  had  died  in  St.  Louis,  she  being  raised 
the  fiiiiiily  of  her  maternal  grandparents,  Joseph 
ilKiii,  Sr. 

■This  first  wife  of  John  Pierre  Chouteau,  Sr.died 
r  tell  years  of  married  life,  a  young  woman  of 
iit}-.si.\  years,  on  Feb.  9,  1793,  leaving  three  sons, 
|ii;.'uste  P.,  Pierre,  Jr.,  and  Paul  Liguest,  and  one 
lUihtcr,  Pelagie.  in  after-years  the  wife  of  Bart. 
iriliold,  from  the  Italian  Tyrol,  who  died  here  in 
iril,  1831,  and  his  widow,  Mrs.  Berthold,  who  sur- 
ed  him  a  number  of  years,  dying  but  a  very  few 
irs  since. 

.\fii'r  a  year  of  widowhood,  Jean  Pierre  Chou- 
,Si'.,  married  a  second  wife,  Miss  Brigitte  Sau- 
born  in  the  village  of  St.  Phillippe  (now  extinct), 
he  Uliiiuis  side,  in   the  bouthwest  corner  of  the 


present  Monrot;  County,  daughter  of  a  retired  officer 
formerly  in  the  service  of  France. 

"This  lady  died  May  18,  1829,  leaving  five  sims, 
who,  with  tho.se  by  his  first  wife,  left  Mr.  Chouteau, 
Sr..  with  eight,  all  of  whom  lived-  to  attain  the  age 
of  manhood,  and  most  of  them  leaving  families  of 
children.  Mr.  Pierre  Chouteau,  Sr.,  survived  his 
second  wife  about  twenty  years,  dying,  as  before 
stated,  in  1849.  at  the  residence  of  his  only  daughter, 
Mrs.  Berthold,  northwest  corner  of  Fifth  and  Pine 
Streets. 

''  Pierre  Chouteau,  Sr.,  became  of  age,  under  the 
Spanish  laws  of  that  day,  at  twenty-five  years,  in 
1783,  after  which  wo  find  him  engaged  in  the  Indian 
trade,  almost  the  only  business  then  pursued  in  the 
country,  out-side  of  agricultural  and  mechanical  labor, 
by  those  who  possessed  or  could  obtain  the  little  cap- 
ital or  credit  requisite  to  embark  in  the  business. 

"  His  early  trade  at  first  was  with  the  Osages.  then 
inhabiting  the  country  contiguous  to  where  Fort  Osage 
was  subsequently  built,  on  the  south  bank  of  the  Mis- 
souri River,  in  Jackson  County,  Mo.  VVith  this  tribe 
he  traded  for  a  number  of  years,  under  a  special 
license  granted  him  for  that  purpose,  during  which 
time  he  made  himself  familiar  with  their  language 
and  customs,  and  acquired  very  great  influence  over 
them,  as  also  in  after-years  with  all  the  various  tribe.'? 
inhabiting  the  Upper  Missouri,  the  tribes  of  the 
Platte,  Oniahas,  Sioux.  Arickaretjs,  Mandans,  and 
others  inhabiting  the  upper  regions  of  the  Missouri 
to  the  Groat  Falls,  and  likewise  the  tribes  of  the  ISIis- 
sissippi. 

"  After  being  engaged  in  this  Indian  trade  with 
varied  success  for  some  twenty  years  or  more,  until 
the  transfer  of  the  country  to  the  United  States  in 
1804  and  the  advent  of  the  Americans,  he  gradually 
withdrew  froiu  this  trade,  and  turned  his  attention  to 
real  estate,  purchasing  and  selling  extensively  of  lots 
in  and  near  the  t«wn,  and  large  tracts  of  land  through- 
out the  country,  by  which  transactions  he  realized  a 
hand.somc  estate.  Being  a  man  of  considerable  at- 
tainments for  that  early  period  of  our  history,  and 
withal  a  man  of  liberal  and  expanded  views,  he  soon 
made  himself  popular  with  the  new  owners  of  the 
.soil,  and  served  in  various  capacities,  civil  and  mili- 
tary, in  the  early  Territorial  days. 

"After  the  organization  of  our  State  government 
in  the  year  1820,  and  our  admission  into  the  Union, 
having  arrived  at  the  age  of  sixty-two  years,  and  in 
aflluent  circumstances,  ho  abandoned  active  business 
altogether,  and  spent  the  balance  of  his  days  in  ease 
and  affluence,  alternately  at  his  city  residence  and  at 
his  well-iraproved  country  place  in  our  near  vicinity, 


m 


If] 


I  f 


182 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


dying  at  foursuoi'ii  and  ton,  liiiviiig  nttniiicd  the  great- 
est uge  of  iiny  one  of  tlie  family  bofurc  or  since. 

"  In  the  prime  of  Ills  curly  manhood  Mr.  Chouteau, 
when  actively  engaged  in  the  fur  trade,  was  at  tiini^s 
associated  with  his  elder  brother,  Auguste  Chouteau, 
his  brother-in-law,  Charles  Gratiot,  witii  llobert 
Tliabaud  and  others.  In  the  active  pursuit  of  this 
business  he  was  frequently  called  from  his  home; 
lie  nnide  several  voyages  below  to  New  Orleans  and 
up  the  Mississippi  to  .Mackinac,  for  long  years  the 
northern  central  mart  of  the  fur  trade  of  Canada,  and 
was  much  of  iiis  time  at  his  trading-post  with  the 
O.sagcs  on  the  Missouri. 

'•  Mr.  P.  Chouteau,  Sr.,  for  u  few  years  after  his 
first  marriage,  continued  to  live  at  hi.s  mother's  liouse, 
southwest  corner  of  Main  and  Chestnut.  In  the  year 
1788  he  purchased  tiie  northern  portion  of  a  block 
of  ground  in  the  northern  part  of  the  village,  now 
City  IJiock  No.  28.  with  a  stone  house,  one  of  the 
two  largest  in  tiie  place  (the  other  being  that  of  liis 
brother),  built  by  James  Clamorgan  in  ITSf).  Sub- 
8e(|uently  lie  acquired  the  south  part  of  the  block, 
and  on  this  he  resided  tor  over  sixty  years.  During 
this  period  he  had  inclosed  the  whole  block  with  a 
high  stone  wall  on  all  sides, — his  iiouse  was  near  the 
centre  of  the  east  front  on  Main  Street, — and  had 
added  several  buildings  within  his  inclosure,  for  his 
own  use  and  convenience, — a  warehouse  for  his  fur 
business,  stables,  barn,  quarters  for  his  numerous 
slaves,  etc.  This  house  and  grounds  of  Mr.  C!hou- 
tcau  was  for  many  years  one  of  the  most  noted  in 
the  place.  His  long  intercourse  and  traffic  with  the 
tribes  of  the  lower  Missouri  had  given  him  great  in- 
fluence over  them,  and  tliey  held  him  in  high  respi^l. 
In  their  fretjuent  visits  to  our  village  he  kindly  al- 
lowed them  the  use  of  his  largo  grounds  for  their 
temporary  abiding-place.  Their  visits  to  the  place, 
particularly  of  the  upper  tribes,  the  Mandans,  Arick- 
arees,  and  others,  were  always  in  the  summer  season, 
coming  down  in  their  eaiioes  in  May  and  June,  in 
company  with  the  boats  of  the  traders,  who  had 
spent  the  winter  with  them. 

"The  writer  of  this  has  frequently  .seen  as  many  as 
a  hundred  and  more  in  his  grounds.  They  would  at 
times  promenade  down  our  Main  Street  in  Indian  file 
to  his  brother,  Col.  A.  Chouteau's  residence,  at  Market 
Street,  in  parties  of  ten  or  twelve,  rigged  out  in  all 
their  toggery,  one  or  two  of  the  principal  chiefs  in  a 
United  States  uniform  coat,  with  golden  epaulettes, 
and  military  hat  and  plume,  with  bare  legs,  and  the 
privates  or  braves  following  their  head  men,  each  one 
sweltering  under  his  Mackinaw  blankets  in  a  scorch- 
ing July  suD,  armed  with  a  flaming  scarlet  umbrella, 


their  fancy  color,  in  one  hand,  and  brandishing'  a 
palm-leaf  fan  in  the  other. 

"  Pierre  Chouteau,  Sr.,  was  never  called  by  lii,« 
first  name  of  Jean,  which  after  he  engaged  in  Im.-i- 
ncss  appears  to  have  been  dropped,  and  was  ahvay* 
thercatter  called  only  '  Pierre,  Sr.,'  and  his  second  wm 
'  Pierre,  Jr.' 

"A  few  notices  of  him  from  the  Mmuuri  Guztttt, 
etc. : 

"'.Miiv,  ISI17. — Aa  Iiulian  iiKcril  for  llin  niition,  ho  inM  , 
LMiiiiu'il  Willi  lliL'  Oii^jcs  lit  liis  liiiiisu  in  St.  Limis,  hi-  lar... 
i^roiitxl,  iiu-lDst'il  with  a  hij^li  wall,  bcin^  their  iisuiil  rc'«>r' 
wliiii  in  Si.  Louts  for  iiiiiny  ii  yciir. 

"  '  ISII7,  Sept.  1. — A|i|Hiinteil  ii  ju.itii'0  of  the  iiciice  Imi  >i 
Ivouif'  by  iietinj^  (loveriior  I''ri'<lerii'I<  lhite«,  one  of  llic  lir?; 
oflii'iiil  nets  of  thiit  I'niii'liniiiirv  iil'ter  hi."  iirrivul  here  in  ,lii!i 
IiriH'i'ilini^. 

"•  ISdS.— Eleeleil  one  of  the  lriislce.'<  of  the  town  of  St.  I.uin. 
at  the  lir.st  eleetiun  liehl  in  tln^  |iliiee,  and  a^ain  in 

*'  '  I8ltu. — Uu-eleeteil  lo  the  same  potiilion,  ami  a^iiin  in  I'*!], 
"'  ISO!). — In  organi/.in;;  the  mililia  of  the  Territory  in  ih;. 
jcur  ho  nii.«eil  Iho  lir.<t   troo|i  of  hoi>D  in  St.  T.nnis.  miil  in. 
appoinleil  il.s  <'ii]itiiin  l>y  Governor  M.  Lewis, 

"Mn  tliirt  year   Pierre  Chniileiiti,  Sr..  and  liiM  two  ^nn.^  .In 
\:,\\Av  P.  ami    Pierre,  ,Ir.,  willi  .\.  .\.  Clioiileau,  the  eMot...  I 
uf  his  lirotlier  .\nj;ii.-te,  asceiifleil  tin-  .Mi.^sonri  to  some  n!  i',(  I 
upper  iiiitions  of  Indiiins.      Heturniiij^,  tliey  reiiehed  lioim.  ir,  | 
St.  Loni..-,  .Monilay,  .Nov.  211,  I. SOU. 

"  *  For  a  few  years  after  tiie  transfer  of  tlie  country  lo  i:.. 
United  States  oiir  relalions  with  llie  Indians  of  the  Woi  m 
NcMlli  had  lieen  on  an  amiealde  footin;;,  with  llie  e.\fe|,ii.,i,  ; 
an  oceasional  murder  of  a  wliite  per.son  hy  str<dlin;^  liiiii.ii.. 
hut  as  these  oeeuriences  Iteeume  more  fre({Uent,  it  Iu-imii,.  i 
necessity  to  orgaiii/.e  tiie  male  population  into  mililia  for  !> 
better  protection  of  our  frontier  settlers.  'J'liis  was  iiccipnlin.M 
done,  and  Augnste  Choiiteau,  Sr.,  was  a|>pointed  by  (iiin; 
M.  Lewis,  Nov.  28,  ISOS,  colonel  of  the  St.  Louis  mililia 
about  tlie  same  time  his  brother,  Pierre,  Sr.,  was  eoiiiiiii;.si<,iii,i| 
to  rai.^e  and  conimiind  the  first  St.  Louis  troop  of  lioi>c,  ] .. 
was  the  lirst  of  the  mililary  titles  of  these  two  ^^cntlcuu'ii. 

*'  *  In    ISI2. — .At  tlie  brciiliin^  out  of  the  war  wilh  l!ii.'ui::l 
('apt.  I*ierre  (Chouteau  was  promoted  by  (iovernor  llciij,  II. >< 
to  tile  ranlt  of  major  in  llie  St.  Louis  battalion  of  niililii. 

"  '  In  the  years  1820  and  1821,  .Maj.  Chouteiin  sen  eel  lii-fej 
low-eiii/ens  of  St.  Louis  for  two  years  in  the  office  of  cliainiii 
of  the  board  of  town  trustees,  at  the  expiration  of  HliiliiJ 
declined  further  civic  honors  and  retired  to  private  litutuiDiiT 
bis  well-earned  "  ttthitn  viim  (tiijiiitiitr.'* 

*"  In  person,  Maj.  Ohoutcuu  was  somewliat  under  mthM 
height,  but  of  a  robust  Iraiiiu  and  iron  constitution,  iii'lenil 
by  the  length  of  years  be  attained,  and   withal   an  i'!i»'ll< 
horseman,  the  only  mode  of  locomotion  in  the  coiinliy  atill 
day,  and  which  was  a  i  bief  recommendation  to  liis  :i{r|i 
ment  by  (Jovernor  Lewis  to  the  command  of  the  St.  l.uuisiM 
in  I80S. 

"*  On  the  occasion  of  the  visit  of  Oen.  Lafayelle  in  mirlil 
embryo  city  on  April  2U,  1825,  spending  but  a  siiii;lc  lavil 
uB  (an  important  event  in  our  early  annals),  ho  was  ciileriiiM 
in  a  suitable  manner  at  the  buspitable  mansion  of  tlie  inajrl 
the  northern  part  of  our  city,  whu  had  politely  plauiJ  ilirj 
disposition  of  the  cuinniittee  of  arrangements  for  his  m'tjilil 
of  wboiu  the  major  was  uno  whu  had  the  hunur  of  riJiDj<| 
bim  in  the  carriage. 


,.  t.xi'fi.U'.n  : 

|t,  il  liivaiiM' 
iiililiii  1"!  ' 
lis  -.ii;''"!'!";; 

|l  liy  (l""i: 


|,f  li..r-i'.    1 

IMltll-llU'U. 


|V  iiiilvliii. 

,.!'  oliiliniJ 
111'  wli'tli  -M 
lutclili-lutri 

„l,.r  mC'liil 
111,  r\i'l(»1 

III  nil  t' 

iiiitiy  attl 

|to  liis  »l'l"" 
J  St.  l.uuisl'i 

Ito  looiiii-i 
,iii,,rle^liiv>l 
,vii«  iMilertiitJ 
of  Oil'  >»»i''| 


iliieiilil"''! 
•  liis  rf«fi\ 
ut  riJinj" 


(^ 


t: 


I?.» 


•,'yrfir'v    <•(-•    ..vivi 


iiT'f;; 


"I  J  "<  lor.  ill  iiiii;  liHiiii,  i)uJ  Lruii'li-I 

,  '  "        f  r.iii  ill  fhc>  "till  r. 
•Ji.  •  liiiuro.in,         •' I'icrro  ('hr>utcii:i,  r-^i,,  wr.u  m'vnr  calK'J 
.  w.is  uf  (iM!ci«     ttist  Home  uf  Jcii;  itrr  hu  nu^u^..  J  i. 

■tt'  rii      ;   .,',       :,.'•'   '■'.1.     s   l>   |.  ,'     .litiiM    .'    .Ill  I  v\..'< 

it il  only  •  I'i'iTf,  di 

.    Iii-  Ii""  .i<'i>s  fif  liiiii  IVdii   till.'  M 

■    '  trii  111:.-   iilld      I'U:  . 

!i;r      rlif(<"tl|0 
•  '('hiiikK.  ''id  ^''"'-   '""'"■    ■*'  In<"'"i  .iifulil  l>)f  the  nniiMii, 

iufllint  pt«t,  witli  .... 


1    !   <y   y::r^   after    lii» 
:    1  llOUHU, 

:  '  111   ill'.',     in  ihe  jeiir 

'<:.  !!'     fMlI'dOII   nt'   a    Wlll'K  ,        .     .    , 

'.it  i>f'  th'-  village,  now     ui  tl"- iir»i  oU' 

.    :-((i«ic    liuil!j>t>,  Oil'.'  of    (111:  '""'''■ 

h»>  ii'tiur  liiinsr  tli..!.  •  t*  hin 
Oiti'BorgiiH  in  178.").     Sliib-     „,,,, 
•'  iMiulh  part        ''      '  '  . ' 

•  f   .iV(.f  •.iytv    ■     .  ,    ., 


.    IIIIV      -I 

i>,.l  lii- 
■  1..    ,,i  II'    •-.,11,    • 

'!ia  Irilitia  -il   llin  'Kiri. 


*i .,  itiitl  111-  . 
'  ii'iuccaii,  M  ■ 


I< 


■  *it.i|il(:nt    1  ■ 

.1    a,    il.r     ,. 


:iitt:-.'   «  •>   lii.;,i    i|'. 

■     >iiiiu  Str<'i't,---atiu   ti.ni 
A'liiilii  hi.^  ir.fliisure,  for  riiti 
I  waii.'lioti.w  till"  111.1*  fiji- 
•  i-r"    h''V   h'«"    iiiiuii'"'  i! 

'       lUll 

•  it-'.     I'j     i.ii;:    .!;■  /•!     I*.  .  ..'?i    111 

nvmi'ii"   ami  iratiii.-  ,.ith  the 

ivtu  Itiii,  in'taii.  w- 

:.;  .•■■Ill  ill  hijjh  ri'Spi.-cl. 

,,.■   .  ;;Im_-.'   lie  kiii<ll\  111 

■I..'.S        I'lM-        ft-.. .11 

'  "  111  ill..-   pljl'l.', 

Mil;it)-,  Aiick- 


i...>vi  II 

Li.'m|ii 

prtrll.'tlijiis   iit'llif'  «put'r  nil 

ariic-.  iiiKJ  othei's,  vo.tc.  'Av^y*  Ju  «i«  ^liiiwiK.f  .lUii-Jcii, 
•  iiiiiny-  fjowii  ill  ihi;ir  ..•ttiiiKii'  it!  Mttj-  rtiij  Jui,(\  ill 
Miiipany    will'    (l,i.   |.,.;,f«   111"  >!,.»  .»..i..|,.    (nrho    liiid 


>jit.'ilt  tlit- 
••  Tlwi  v 

liojw 

f.i  t,.  • 


•       •  ■■  'l':^f»i^    ..-III  :tV   :t.:niY  iH 

•  "lUiU.      Tl';  V  woulil  at 

•:.■  it.  wij  our  r-iair.  i^trwt  in  Imtiaii  die 

•    -'    ''        •     '       ■■:iiuiK;(!,n' Murkct 

'•i^Rfii  i^ut  in  idl 

.'  .■ill'  pritinpi.l  phiefis  in  » 

i.i',.u.  irint,iTi!h  uoldcn  epciiilottog, 

■  .:    uid  pluiuti.  with   liiire  leg:*,  and  tlni 

t»ravi!»  f()Utwt'>.<  their  iicuJ  mtu,  each  om; 


iug  July  suD,  ariued  with  a  fiiimiug  scarlet  umbrella, 


■iM-lcr  ivf  till*  .•' 


.1  ft  .Tliiic  |nir"i  11  lij-  :.tri)ii' 
ii'.iiji  i-fiiaiitn  iiiiito  ti(if|iif.ir.> . 
iii*e.--i'- I..  ..r,^''u.  .■  till"  |iu)Milii.ii.ii  jiitu  Ti. 
i.itt'ir  |i. .i'..v'.ii/ii  ul'  'Hir  IVoiiiii'i  .-laili'i.'.  liii.i  n  < 
il"i'  .  mill  .\u){iji.l<.  Chl'iilvHii,  t-r.,  wii^  apimiiiti!-] 
M.  Lnwi*.  Hat.  2li,  IWtt,  .ii'.itu'l  i.f  lliii  Si.  I,,.mi- 
ahTOi  ttm  ".iim-  time  lii«  biutlior.  I'iccro,  .Sr.,  »ii-  • 
-•     '    i-i  I  (Mt  jiiimiiil  lliH  first  Si,  I.imiri  inuij)  n: 

.•lot'  tlidiiiiliUir.Y  litk'iti'i  I'.tHti  txviiK' 
12. —  Vt  lliu  l>ri.jiltlt<i;  iiu>  oC  ilic  Wiir   > 
i- rtiiiiitPiii  Hii»  |)r.iuii.li"l  by 'J.'M'iii''  ' 
t.i  "'i.       ik   •{  major  iti  the  .>?l.  Lutiii'  li:illKl..iii  .ii 
'"In  tb«  Vfiiiri  lS<:'ii  mill  Ifti'l,  Maj.  Clioutenu   ■ 
■j*  .>r.*<e    l.oiiiffl'iir  I'"  :  ^ciiM  iu  iln-  "81.  ■ 
.ij  'if  tiiwn  *iinii..r«,  .  '    lliH     xpir.iliiiii 
iii..,.;j.e')  Inn. ,,11*  Oivic  luiiinrs  ami  lefiri*'!  ti>'].rnd. 
ii;<  u.l.'j.lt&rilcii  **  ulinn.  ruitnil'jvitnu/' 

"'  III  pr.M.'  ,  Muj.  (jK.iiiti'iui  Kiia  minewlmt  ii 
li»i(i;l.t,  t.iit  ..I'  IV  ruiiust  iniinij  ai.d  iiiui  ctiiur.tii. 
hy  tht  i^ii^th  tit  vears  iiu  uttJiiiinJ,  aii.l  uitimi 
bor«<'iii«ii,  ilip  unly  nioile  of  hivonintuiD  in  ttiu  . 
day,  ..|o  i  irlr.i-U  wan  a  I'bitf  ri'iroiiM 'i-nilution  I" 

ft.tir'*    '■■ 

in  i  ^i 


Ll)lvl^  lu  tho  eoininand  ..f  th.  : 


'*  'i- I  'It  the  vi-Ti.  oi  (jifii,  Lafiiy.' 

cwi  '<t)iil  '.'i',  182.'),  SjiiMiiliiig  'uui  :i  «.i 

U3  (an  ;  ii|...l.,Liit  avoiit  iu  mir  viirlv  iiiiuiils).  iio  <    ■ 
ill  .i  siiliali!"  luwi.iii'i  ii!  the  ii.ja|iitiilli!  iiiuiisi.iM  .•' 
thfl  n./rthurn  part  <;f  uui  cMy.  i>hi.  ha. I  p.iliKjIv  |. 
'liJfw.fllint)  'if  Ihi!  rijmiiiiliee  ul'  arran^rciiuintii  Ml  . 
I   "-I.-  ■■.  Ki     'It  ,^        t.:.*  ,)n(.  wh'j  liji'l  li.e  hoii'/i*  'It 
him  in  the  carriage. 


'"i  'h)  A II  liuch" 


^- 


/'/-  tf  £    f^    <-    4  -^-^^ 


'S 


"~>~ 


' 


"'Cbarl 
ftttlicr's  on 
gniiiclfathc 
str'iok  witl] 
gcnilctnnn 
laid  :\»ny,  i 
oncd  again 

"  Pierre 
goiii;;  Pie 
was  the  f 
17S1».  and 
:i  daiiirliter 
cuuiily  froii 

in  1777)  or 
'■  These  \ 
"  The  chi 

'  Ist.  Emili 
Sanlcrcl,  of  iJt 

•■-M.  Julia, 
Jliidill,  (Ieci'as( 
''•ill.  I'ierro 
ISIS. 

"'111.  Charle 
.Aniii',  (laiiglitcr 

".''111.  Heiijiiii 
Charles  1'.  and 
In  (lie  year  ISO' 
ooulil  furnish,   I 
.'■fiirs.  Ii uiio  a  ( 


THE  EARLIEST  SETTLERS  IN  SAINT  LOUIS. 


183 


"■Cbarlea  P.  Chouteau,  then  in  his  sixth  ;enr,  living  at  hia 

fnthor's  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  street,  crossed  over  to  his 
irnindl'nther  to  see  the  reception.  He  tells  ine  that  he  was 
str'iuk  witlt^urprise  to  see.  Tor  the  first  time  in  his  life,  the  old 
gcniieman  in  full  inilitarj'  iirrav,  which  he  had  long  heforo 
laid  iinay,  as  he  supposed,  for  all  time,  but  which  he  had  donned 
once  again  to  do  honor  to  the  nation's  illustrious  guest.' 

•'  Pierre  Chouteau,  Jr..  the  second  son  of  the  fore- 
"oitis:  Pierre,  Sr.,  niitiied  ufier  his  father,  and  who 
wa.-;  the  father  of  Cliarle.s  P.,  wa.s  born  Jan.  19, 
17811.  and  was  married  to  Miss  Einilie  Anne  Gratiot,  I 
;i  daiiiihter  of  Charles  Gratiot,  Sr.  (who  cuiue  to  the 
county  from  his  native  phice,  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  j 
ill  1T77)  on  June  15,  1813.  I 

"  These  were  the  parents  of  our  subject. 

"  The  children  of  Pierre  Chouteau,  Jr.,  were  : 

"  1st.  Emilis,  born  Feb.  1,'i,  1814  j  was  married  to  .John  F.  A. 
Sanlurd,  of  lialtimore,  in  the  year  181)2;  both  now  deceased. 

••2,1.  .lulia,  horu  Feb.  2S,  ]8I«,  widow  of  the  late  Dr.  William 
Mallilt,  deceased. 

'•lid.  I'ierro  Charles,  borii  Deo.  1,  1817,  died  an  infant  in 
1818.  i 

'•  Ith.  Charles  Pierre,  born    Dee.   2,  1S19,  married  to  Julia  i 
Anni',  daughter  of  ticn.  Charles  (Jratiot,  Nov.  27,  1845. 

'•5th.  lienjamiu  Wilson,  burn  Aug.  17,  1822,  died  an  infant; 
Charles  I',  and  sister,  .lulia  .Maflitt,  beiug  the  only  survivors. 
In  the  year  1S04,  after  receiving  the  best  instruction  the  place 
oouM  furnish,  Pierre  Chouteau,  Jr.,  tlien  a  youth  of  fifteen 
yc.irs,  hecanio  a  clerk  of  his  uncle,  Auguste  Chouteau,  Sr. 

■'In  the  year  1800  he  accompanied  Julien  Du- 
bui|ue  up  the  Mississippi  River  to  the  presynt  site  of 
Dubuque,  Iowa,  where  tlie  well-known  Dubuque  Lead- 
Minos  were  located,  in  the  capacity  of  clerk,  with  the 
proiui.se  of  being  made  his  sole  lieir  to  the  same  in 
the  event  of  his  deatli.  He  remained  here  two  years, 
rcturtiinu;  to  St.  Louis  in  1808  at  the  age  of  nineteen 
years.  In  1809,  Pierre  Chouteau  accompanied  his 
llillicr  and  elder  b.  .dlier,  A.ui;usie  P.,  on  a  voyaf^e  to 
.<oiuo  (if  the  Indian  tribes  of  the  upper  Missouri, 
reaeliiiig  home  on  their  return  in  November  of  that 
year. 

"In  1813,  Pierre  Chouteau,  Jr.,  entered  into  a  co- 
partnership with  his  brother-in-law,  Bart.  Borthold, 
under  the  style  of  '  lierthold  &  Choutctu,'  merchants, 
ami  opened  '  their  fresh  stock  of  merchandise  just 
from  Fliiladelphia'  on  May  1st,  in  Berthold's  new 
brick  house  on  Main  Street,  the  first  brick  house 
built  west  of  the  Mississippi  River.  In  the  prosecu- 
tion of  their  business  one  or  the  other  of  tlic  firm 
fflaile occasional  trips  to  Philadelphia  to  replenish  their 
stuck,  'f  iiJH  business  connection  only  ceu.sed  with  the 
Jcatli  (if  Mr.  Berthold  in  April,  1831. 

"In  1820,  Pierre  Chouteau  was  elected  from  the 
(jounty  of  St.  Louis  a  member  of  the  convention  tliat 
framed  the  Constitution  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  and 
I  took  Ills  scat  in  that  body. 


"  About  this  period  '  Berthold  &  Chouteau'  re- 
linquished their  mercantile  business  and  embarked 
extensively  in  the  fur  trade  of  the  Missouri.  Subse- 
quently Messrs.  Bernard  Pratte,  Sr.,  and  John  P. 
Cabannc  became  associated  with  them,  forming  the 
firm  of  '  Berthold,  Chouteau  &  Co.,  fur  merchants,' 
and  for  a  number  of  years  pro.seeuted  an  extensive 
and  profitable  trade  in  that  line. 

"Mr.  Berthold  died  in  April,  1831,  and  the  style 
of  the  firm  was  changed  to  '  Pratte,  Chouteau  &  Co.' 
"In  1837,  Bernard  Prr.tte  departed  this  life,  fol- 
lowed Juno  27,  1841,  by  the  di^eease  of  Mr.  John 
P.  Cabann6,  and  leaving  Pierre  Chouteau,  Jr.,  the 
sole  survivor  of  the  original  company.  In  this  trade 
he  continued  for  many  years  thereafter  witii  new 
associates  until  his  own  death,  Oct.  6,  1865,  having 
successfully  prosecuted  the  business  for  almost  half  a 
century,  and  leaving  a  large  estate  to  his  surviving 
children. 

"  In  the  year  1 838,  P.  Chouteau,  Jr.,  associated  with 
Kenneth  Mackenzie, established  the  wholesale  '  grocery 
commission'  house  of  '  Chouteau  &  Mackenzie,'  his 
interest  in  which  he  disposed  of  to  Mackenzie  in  the 
year  1841,  and  in  the  same  year  established  a  branch 
of  his  fur  house  in  the  city  of  New  York. 

"In  the  year  184"2,  Pierre  Chouteau,  Jr.,  associ- 
ated with  him  in  his  fur  company  in  St.  Louis.  Messrs. 
John  B.  Sarpy,  Joseph  A.  Sire,  and  his  son-in-law, 
John  F.  A.  Sanford,  theretofore  three  of  his  principal 
clerks. 

"  In  this  same  year  (1842)  Mr.  Chouteau  established 
in  the  city  of  New  York  the  commission  house  of 
Chouteau,  Merle  &  Sanford. 

"In  the  year  1849,  Pierre  Chouteau  and  James 
Harrison,  of  St.  Louis,  with  Felix  V-Mv,  of  Ste.  Gene- 
vieve, became  by  purchase  the  sole  owners  of  the 
'  Iron  Mountain'  in  St.  Fram^ois  County,  and  a.ssoci- 
ated  themselves  together  as  the  '  American  Iron 
Mountair.  Company,'  embarked  extensively  in  the 
manufacture  of  iron,  and  from  this  originated  in 
1851-52  the  establishment  by  the  same  parties  of  the 
'  Chouteau,  Harrison  &  Vallti'  rolling-mill  in  North 
St.  Louis,  in  successful  operation  at  the  present  day. 
"In  1853,  T>ierre  Chouteau  establisluul  in  New 
York  the  railroad  iron  house  of  •  Pierre  Chouteau, 
Jr.,  Sanford  &  Co.'  This  was  the  last  enterprise  he 
set  on  foot. 

"  All  the  gentlemen  so  long  associated  with  Pierre 
Chouteau  in  the  prosecution  of  his  fur  trade  were  his 
kinsmen  and  near  relatives  by  blood  or  marriage,  and 
at",  all  now  dead, — Joseph  A.  Sire  died  in  1854  ;  John 
B.  Sarpy,  April  1,  1857;  and  John  F.  A.  Sanford 
in  Vlay,  1857,  but  u  short  month  after  Sarpy, — and  a 


m 


184 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


remarkable  circuuistanoe  in  liis  life  is  the  fact  that  ho 
survived  not  only  his  three  (iri^'iiial  partners  of  tlio 
first  lumse,  but  also  those  junior  partners  he  had 
after  the  death  of  tlie  three  first  assoeiated  with  him 
in  the  continuation  of  the  original  house. 

'■  Pierre  Ciuniteau,  Jr.,  died  on  October  the  Gth, 
18l)5,  in  liis  seventy-sevcntli  year,  now  .some  seven- 
teen years  since,  Jeavinjr  a  lar^L  estate,  the  fruits  of  a 
loti}!  and  very  successful  business  life,  pursued  unre- 
iiiittinjily  limiuj:h  a  period  of  exeeedinii  fifty  years. 
His  wife  had  preceded  him  to  the  j^rave  some  two 
years  previously. 

"Charles  P.  Chouteau,  born  Dec.  2,  1819.  In 
182;"),  at  the  aire  of  six  years,  he  was  placed  at  school 
with  Jlr.  Savare,  in  this  place.  In  1827,  in  his  eighth 
year,  his  parents  j;;ave  hitn  in  cliarue  of  the  Jesuit 
Fathers  at  their  newly-<'Stablished  seminary  at  St. 
Ferdinand. 

"  In  1831}  he  was  sent  to  the  civil  and  military  in- 
stitution of  the  Messrs.  Peugiiet  Hrothers  in  New 
York,  with  whom  he  remained  about  four  years,  com- 
jiletiiij;  his  education  and  graduiitinj;  in  August,  1887, 
then  in  his  eighteenth  year. 

"  In  lS;iS  to  1841  he  assisted  in  tlie  business  house 
of  Chouteau  &  Mackenzie,  representing  his  lather. 

••1841-42  a.ssisted  in  the  business  of  his  father's 
several  houses  in  St.  Louis  and  New  Yi)rk,  then  en- 
gaged largely  in  the  fur  trade  throughout  the  North- 
west, s]iiMiiling  much  of  his  time  in  the  latter  city. 

"  In  the  year  184;{,  bis  father's  business  relations 
with  houses  in  London  requiring  the  presence  of 
some  one  to  attend  to  his  interests  in  that  city, 
(Jharlcs  P.  embarked  for  Europe,  where  he  .xpent 
some  two  or  three  years,  a  largo  poitioii  of  the  titne 
devoted  to  travel  in  the  various  countries  of  the  Con- 
tinent, returning  home  in  1845. 

•'Shortly  after  his  return  from  Kuropc,  Charles  P. 
(Jhimteau  was  married,  on  Nov.  27,  1845,  to  Miss 
Julia  .Vnne  tiratiot,  the  youngest  of  the  two  daughters 
of  Gen.  Charles  Gratiot,  formerly  of  the  United  States 
Engineer  Corps.' 

•'  During  tlie  latter  part  of  the  long  period,  runt  ing 
through  so  many  year.s,  in  which  Mr.   Pierre  Chou- 


^  ''This  Ki'ntlcii..*n.  tlir  oldest  Ron  nf  Charles  Gratiot.  Sr.,  wiis 
b'>rn  ill  St.  Ldiiin.  Aug.  L'7,  I7Sli,  iiimI  in  1SII|,  Ht  the  iigo  (if 
ei)(liti'cn  yeiir^,  I'lilcrt"!  tlic  I'liltpil  Stiiles  Militiiry  Ai'mlcmy 
lit  West  I'nint,  hi'lii;;  tliu  tweiitv-llilrd  uii  the  list  of  iiiliiiis- 
siiins  into  llial  insliliitinn,  then  but  Oiur  vi'iir.'  I'stiibllshcd. 
lilt  ^raili.iitcil  Willi  flislinclion  in  ISOS,  iiiid  wiii}  assif^nod  to 
the  c(ir|m  cit  en>;ineerii,  in  wliieh  aim  of  the  nerviee  ho  served 
for  u.xceeding  thirty  years,  hiivinj;  |m88ed  tliriiii|;h  all  the 
grndes  of  rank  to  the  lil)(hcst  in  tho  serviuo,  that  of  elilef  of 
the  corps." 


teau,  Jr.,  connected  with  others,  was  so  extensively 
engaged  in  the  various  enterprises  already  enumerated, 
requiring  a  large  amount  of  capital  and  unceasing 
personal  attention,  Charles  P.  had  personal  charge  nf 
much  of  the  operations  of  these  multifarious  enter- 
prises, and  since  the  death  of  his  father,  as  the  cxeiu- 
tor  of  the  estate,  he  has  devoted  a  large  portion  nf 
his  time  and  attention  in  bringing  to  a  close  this 
large  estate  and  the  various  enterprises  with  which  lie 
had  been  identified  during  his  long  and  active  business 
life. 

"  Since  the  period  that  Charlet  P.  Chouteau  en- 
tered upon  his  busines.s  life  as  the  representative  uf 
his  father  in  his  declining  years,  his  transactions  in 
that  field  have  been  so  intimately  interwoven  with 
tho.sc  of  the  latter  down  to  the  death  of  that  gentlo- 
nian,  that  but  little  more  need  be  said  of  him  in  that 
connection,  but  .simply  to  add  that 

•'  Charles  P.  Chouteau,  having  just  completed  his 
sixty-third  year,  is  iii  the  enjoyment  of  an  ample  fer- 
tune,  iidierited  in  part  from  the  large  acquisitions  nf  his 
father,  realized  in  his  long  and  jirospcrous  business 
life,  but  largely  augmented  by  his  own  operations  and 
speculations,  in  which  he  has  invested  from  time  to 
time  more  or  less  of  his  surplus  capital  Charles  P, 
and  Mrs.  Chouteau  have  a  family  of  two  sons  and 
three  daughters,  of  whom  the  eldest  son  and  daughter 
are  married." 

The  first  street  commissioners  of  St.  Louis,  so  to 
speak,  were  a  committee  appointed,  after  mass,  on 
Sunday,  Marcli  15,  1778,  to  provide  for  the  draiiiatro 
of  the  back  lots,  where  the  rain-water  .settled.  Tlio 
plan  was  to  dig  a  ditch  down  the  street  or  road  lie- 
tween  the  lots  of  IJi.ssoiiet  and  Conard  to  the  rivo;'. 
The  committee  consisted  of  Lapierre,  Taillon,  iK's 
chenes,  Lachai.se,  and  Haccane.  Those  sanctioniii/ilie 
plan  were  Lachaise,  IJaccane,  Deschenes,  Tailloii, 
Bis.sonet,  Conard,  Dubreuil,  A.  Chouteau,  I/ilms- 
eiere,  Uarada,  Kerrante,  Benito,  Joseph  Labiibse, 
Ortes  (Ilortiz),  Koubieu,  Bargas,  all  good  and  lead- 
ing citizens.  Bargas  died  suddeidy,  so  that  there  was 
a  sort  of  inquest  held,  but  nothing  appeared  to  cause 
a  doubt  of  liis  death  being  from  natural  causes.  |)«- 
chenes,  who  came  over  in  17C4,  appears  to  have  lioeii 
the  first  man  in  St.  Louis  to  burn  lime  for  buililiiij; 
purposes.' 


'  The  cviilenee  is  contained  in  n  incmorandum  in  the  Anliiiei 
in  the  handwriting  of  Aiigusle  Chouteau. 

In  tho  year  177+, (lovernor  I'odro  I'iurnfts  had  a  sniall  |iri*D 
constructed  in  .'^t.  Iiouis,  built  as  an  a|ipunda);a,  with  ii  >M 
roof.  agaiii.<it  a  f^ablo  eml  of  .Miirtigny's  house,  a  part  of  wlil^b 
ho  then  oceupieil  an  tho  Kovorninent  office.  It  was  twenty  li'vl 
long  by  ton  and  a  half  wide,  the  cnil  wall  of  the  house  siiflidn; 


Ihc  Ari'liivei 


LmiiU  1" 


■irt 


itli  11  *!«' 
if  wlii'k 
only  (e<l 
suffii'in! 


4 


:'v;;v.  * 


I' 


so  to 

ass.  nil 

aiiniiii; 

The 

v,i(l  lie- 

0  I'ivov. 
Dof 

nin^ilie 
Tuill.'.i. 
l,;lliUS- 
jiiliroN-f. 

ami  lt':i'l- 
hcvo  \v;i> 

1  to  I'llU^f 
OS.  !>«• 
IllVO  1)0011 

•  buildiii;; 


(III 


T 


l^" 


.   ■)  r  ,  roiinoctwl  will.  -o  (-xtent-) 

••iiviiu'ii!  ill  Uii-  vitriiius  I'liU  rpi  '.•<■■>  ;if'.  jo.y  miuiiicr' 
riM|>uiiiii{  a  laruL'.  ituiiiuiil    of  (Mfiit/l  iind   ui)c-(\. 
;  lUmmol  «i;«ntii.ii,  l'hurl<.A  I',  linil  puiHoiiu!  <jhar. 
iiimIi  of  til,'  ujKirutitiiis  of  l\u>M:  miiltifai  iou  • 
t  lis-   -I'ul  '•v)Oi^  'Vm-  cie;itli  iif  lii,-.  furlief,  a«  lin     \ 
''i;ib  (li'V.)ifiil  n  largt?  jiortii 
11     ir-     iinl   ..UiHiiiui   iu   liriiii»ing  ti>  si  i;l(n-:< 
inr^'i-  i):  i,i(  ■  ;i(id  tliu  vaiioiis  (M'ttrjirisiw  willi  vvlii'   . 
'.;id  hvea  idiiDtiiii'd  iliiritif;  his  Ion;*  aud  Mitivc  ii  i  . 

i!)<    period  tii .  P.  (Jlumi!'. 

■vv'i  "ipin   1)16  business  lifr  iw  the  reprenentaK 
■s  fatK.ir  ill  his  doclitiinn'  years,  his  traiisartu 
''ill  (uAd  hav<i  been  *•»  iiitiiDa'ily   intcrwovfii 
■   <m<  of  thi!  lattfr  down  to  th<?  d»'iub  of  thai 
liiari,  lliat  .'iiit  liltli-  iiiuro  iiPed  \k  wiid  of  him  v 
.'vtiitioiitioii.  but  fciiiiij)!)'  Id  add  t'lat 

"  riuirl-,!;!  F.  Clioutt-au,  bavin;.'  just  ioiiij)! 
\t}--tbiri)  year,  !•  ki  the.  ciijcyiiu-iii  of  an  ati 
•jM."  ir)h''<iti.>i  in  pxi'!  i' '  ill  Jin  |.i'  ."  .itv|uisi()<. 
■     '  '/ftpBrinis  '■ 


■  : 

i;  -  <^>vn  Dperali 

nn'j 

invi'sf-d  J'n.H! 

:  '■     ■•!      wi> 

M/in  niid  ■ 

:  !■  I'lpime-i 
Tho    fii>'     .ill..    vlhi>:..-<S'<ii.i.-   I.,    .•.i,.     Li,.i.i 

•jwttk,  «•»■!•«  a  i:i)iijitiiit>^i!  .iiipnintud,  after  ■  , 
-ii.dav,  March  Ui,  177*'-,  t.;  provido  for  lh« 

thi-  back  liiti!,  where  thi*  rain-wator  sctrli.i. 
;  ifu  was  lo  diK  u  ditch  down  ibo  siroet  m  nvi 
i«-i  ••    li.-  uA*  of  lJis.(>nct  and  Oiiard  in  !' 
r;.     ,:..    i.'Mu-    :-n'->-     ■'  .  •■  ',;.picrrc,  Ti  " 

•}  ■■■■       ;     .'■        •    rl  'I'h.lvs.i  .  , 

list',    HaccainS    Deschenen, 
•  ■  :•',   Diibri'iiil,   A.    Choutoau, 
:     .  ia,    l''rtrratit'»,    lj.»tiitr»,  .]osi>ph    ]■ 
•!»•>.  llf>iibi(. II,  Baryis,  all  gum 
l5argH»:  died  suddi'idv.  .""  ll' 
;.  (ii-st  hold,  but  iiK'hin^  app'-., 
'  uf  hilt  d«a(h  biii'ij;  fnHii  tiHttirai  i.: 
wh'>  tmme  ovx-r  ill  IT'iil,  nppfai'*  : 
.'.  np;!;i  id  St.  I/iui.-;  m  barn  bm-' 


J  ? 


the  corps,' 


fiUj'j!'  AiigurU  rbuotfiin, 
■74,  GmnriHjr  IViIro  I'ii'rnap  'in  I 
-^t.  liOali,  balll  IU  »»  uppen'tan 

■ad  \tt  ,\lAr?tjfny'<'  hoti^R,  ii  |i  ■  t 
I'U  i^titi'ininnnt  i  lBoi>.     [t  wiu  !«> 
long  by  ten  iinil  ii  half  wUlo,  the  end  wall  of  tho  house  niffipinsi 


\  'C' 


''•^'lyASaVt-- 


i 


HIPO  fii 


ffifin!! 


II 


=i 


("^v  .< 


ffi  1771, 
ill  St.  Louis 

.1  IH>0  of  pill 

iiMs  ilirected 
Joseph  Labu, 
rociiid  calls  " 
ill  tli(!  Spaninl 
aide.  "  merchj 
will,  aiithorizi 
aucd'oii    becau 
pricn  paid  for  ( 
ill  deerskins, 
woman  then  in 
Valliero,  iMatar 
Piiiii  Oregoire, 
H"-<'if,  TailJon, 
In  1768  the 
consisted  of  Cupt 
lorBa/uda),  Sur 
.UinuelMartino.i 
Iloaline,  Fran(;oii 
Jlaw/iic,  DoBiinic 
I  Joseph  iVieolas  JS 
«iitl' ;   Guillaunie 
I  Francisco  Poteau, 
I  Aujrustin    Abrion', 
Ua.'<on;  Joseph  So 
talker. 
April  If),  1775_ 
I  Cathedral  at   St. 
JliaviV'then  been  si] 
I'"  build  a  church,  al 
I"!'  "ith  the  properl 
jlaJ  already  been  e.i 
ICipiifliiii  niissionarj 
|Biiiit»  Bas(,uez  wai-(l 
III  the  earlier  da  J 
^'uipi'i.sinjrly  fe^ 
''^'  presence  of  perl 
ij'""'  "'■  Franco  ani 
'iw  are  few  but  FrJ 
h  above  .shows,  cv 


•"I'llMWisti 


"S  in  tho  wol 

,>-':"■•.'<. '\ntoinol 
l.ime  I  ■■  ' 


'   «    "I-   "lortar,   ciJ 
'""""•("[ork'onTho'j^J 


THE  SURLIEST  SP^TTLERS  IN  SAINT  LOUIS. 


185 


111  1771,  Dr.  Valle.iu,  one  of  the  first  physicians 

ill  St.  Louis,  (lied,  and  his  effects  were  sold,  including 

ii  ciise  of  pluyinji-cards,  at  auction.     Governor  I'ier- 

iias  directed  the  vendue,  assisted  by  Louis  Dubreuil, 

Juscph  Labusci^re,  and  Auguste  Chouteau,  whom  the 

record  calls  "all  traders  in  the  vilhifrc  of  St.  Louis, 

ill  the  Spanish  part  of  Illinois,"  Martin  Milon^  Dur- 

nlde.  "merchant  of  St.  Louis,"  executor  of  Valleau's 

will,  authorizing  the  .sale.     The  cards  were  sold  at 

auction    because   damaged   by  water.     The  average 

price  paid  for  them  was  two  packs  for  a  livre,  payable 

ill  deer  skins.     The  bidders  were  "  La  Girofl<''e,"  a 

Wdniiin  then  in  St.  Louis,  Dubreuil,  Cottin,  Vildieu, 

Viiiiii'Tc,  Matard,  Madame  Piernas,  Lapierrc,  Motard, 

Paul  (Iregoire,  Alvarez,  Valdy,  Labusciere,  Conde, 

H(r,  icz,  Taillon,  Jacques  Labbo,  Laville,  and  Vincent. 

In  1768  the  garrison  at  Fort  Charles  the  Prince 

eoiisit^ted  of  Capt.  Rios,  Lieut.  Gomez,  Ensign  Barela 

I  or  Ba/cda),  Surgeon  Valleau,  Corp.  Michel  Piguere, 

Manuel  Martino,and  Benito  Moreau ;  soldiers,  Jean  M. 

Huaiiiie,  Francois  Ticnda,  Jean  Mignon,  Gaspard  de 

Maniuc,  Dominic  Auterre,  Alexandre  Pegnolles,  and 

Joseph  Nicolas  Navarre;    Antonio  Victorine.  black- 

>mith ;   Guillaume  Boyer,  caulker;   Joseph  Maxon, 

Fianci.sco  Poteau,  Frangois   Suspedes,  and    Manuel 

.\u!;ustiii    Abrion,   carpenters ;    Antonio    Tagonais, 

I  mason;  Joseph  Seguin,  stone-cutter;   and  Jourdan, 

bilker. 

April  in,  1775,  "  the  third  festival  of  Easter,"  the 
I  Cathedral  at  St.  Louis  was  begun,  an  agreement 
having  then  been  signed  by  sundry  of  the  inhabitants 
ItiibuilJ  a  church,  and  a  contract  having  been  drawn 
|u|>  with  the  proper  specifications.  St.  Louis  parish 
IbaJ  already  been  established,  with  Father  Valentin, 
Ifapiicliin  missionary,  for  curt',  and  Messrs.  Sarpy  and 
iBiiiito  Bas(|uez  wardens  of  the  parish. 

Ill  tlie  earlier  days  of  St.  Louis,  so  far  as  the  records 
.  surprisingly  few  names  will  be  found  indicating 
tale  presence  of  persons  of  other  nationalities  than 
|li*e  (if  France  and  Spain  and  Indians.  Indeed, 
Jitre  are  few  but  French  names.  As  the  list  quoted 
lli'i  above  .shows,  even  l)alf  or  more  than  half  the 


lie  1)1' its  siilus.     The  Uovernur  furnished  matoriala,  and  the 
|ii|k'ii<.<isling  in  the  worli. 

LIvrcB.     SdIs.        D. 

?iniic-\vorl<,  Antoine  Russell 2B7         II         S 

I'ai iiiiiii'r'snnd  joiner's  wurk  anil  niof, 

FniTHMii."  Itolin 405 

l.iint'  III!'   niortnr,   ci)(htecn    barrels, 

liiwlienes 36 

Iron  uiiil  work  on  the  fivsteningB,  grat- 

iiii;.  niiils,   etc.,   Union    and  Jnc. 

Ubbf' 1.12 

840         11         8 
(About  $165.) 


garri.«on  in  the  Spanish  fort  were  French.  So 
with  tlie  marriage  records  and  the  wills.  English 
and  American  immigration  had  not  set  in  yet,  and 
did  not  begin  at  all,  in  fact,  until  after  the  c),/se  of 
the  Revolutionary  war.  There  were  some  few  En- 
glif^h  and  Americans  at  Kaskaskia,  but  not  many,' — ■ 
Eulalie  Ba.squez  married  a  John  StoUs  (1795); 
Madeline  Peterson  married  Tosson  Ilonore;  J.  B. 
Lacha.'iso  changed  his  name  to  Hunt;  Antoine  Hon- 
ore  married  Margaret  Wells ;  Pierre  Berger  married 
Josette  Mayer  (but  she  was  an  Indian  of  the  Omaha 
tribe)  ;  George  Schultz,  of  Georgia,  married  Victoire 
Tesson  Ilonore ;  J.  B.  Bravicr  married  Elizabeth 
Rice;  Pierre  Payant,  blacksmith,  married  Elizabeth 
Creely  ;  Peter  Schultz  married  Marie  Rose  Chouquet ; 
Christoplier  Schultz  married  Elizabeth  Tcsson  Ilon- 
ore (an  illegitimate  child)  ;  Francis  Doyon  Emmons 
married  Pelagic  Laplante;  Franyois  Jourdaiii,  dit 
Labrosse,  married  Sally  Russell,  daughter  of  John 
Ru.s.sell  and  Polly  Brigg3  ;  Peter  Primm,  of  Stafford 
County, Va.,  married  Marie  Angelique  Salie  (Leroix)  ; 
Edward  Hempstead,  of  New  London,  married  Clarisse 
Dubreuil  ;  Richard  Dillon  married  Marie  Therese 
Bonis;  Israel  Dodge,  of  Connecticut,  married  Made- 
line Camp  ;  Patrick  Lee  married  Constance  Cond('', — 
;  and  that  is  about  all ;  but  Mr.  Billon  ha«  dug  out 
j  from  the  Archives  the  following  formidable  list  of  the 
American,  English,  and  Irish  names  found  there  up 
to  1804 : 


Abbott,  Daniel. 
Ailiuns,  Calvin, 
Allen,  Dcodat. 
Andrew.^,  Alexander. 
Bacon,  Ludwcll. 
Baldi'idge,  James. 
Hall.  John. 
Uartoii,  Job. 
lianye,  John, 
llaugh,  Hugh. 
Hay,  Uoberl. 
Hean,  John. 
Hell,  John. 
Hell,  Mordecai. 
liellew,  William, 
licny,  James. 
Biggs,  John, 
Bishop,  John. 
Bolly,  John. 
Brady,  Thomas. 
Brown,  John. 
Brown,  Joseph. 
Brown,  Perry. 


Bryan,  David. 
Buchanan,  Robert. 
Caldwell,  Kincaid. 
Callaway,  Michael. 
Camp,  Ann. 
Campbell,  William. 
Carpenter,  Chris. 
Carrico,  Vincent, 
Caulk,  Uichurd. 
Caulk,  Thomas. 
ChalTin,  Thomas, 
Clark,  Chris. 
Clark,  Daniel. 
Clark,  William. 
Clarke,  Alexander. 
Clay,  Samuel. 
Cochran,  Juines. 
Cole,  David. 
Colgin,  John. 
Collins,  Patrick. 
Colvin,  Aaron, 
Conner,  Jeremiah, 
Cook,  Jno.  B. 


'  One  of  the  French  companies  of  volunteers  raised  in  Kas- 
kaskia to  aid  Clark  in  his  operations  agains't  the  British  was 
,  commanded  by  a  Capt.  MoCarty;  and  while  Clark  was  on  his 
'  way  to  lake  Kaskaskin  he  was  met  by  a  man  named  Dun,  who 
was  at  the  head  of  a  Jiarty  of  American  scouts  and  trappers. 


186 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


ConriK,  Jno. 
Coons,  Nicholas. 
Cordcll,  John, 
('nipper,  Thomas. 
Crosby,  Ilezekiitb. 
Crow,  G. 
Crow,  Loiii^. 
Crow,  Mii'hncl. 
Crump,  George. 
Davis,  .Tiimcs. 
IJenny,  Boyii. 
Dill.in,  Williftm. 
Dodge,  John. 
Dodson,  Jiishiia. 
Duggetl,  George. 
l)ooting,  .Ies.«e. 
Dowdell,  Alexander. 
Drtinen,  William. 
Dunbar,  .lames. 
Duncan,  .Amos. 
Dunean,  .'^amuel. 
Durst,  D.ivid. 
Kastwood,  .Jacob. 
KIlis,  I'eter. 
Ftillis.  (icorgc. 
I'aroli,  I-eonard. 
Fine,  I'hilip. 

Flannigan, 

iiates,  John, 
(iib.^on,  Thiimaii. 
Gill,  Charles. 
Gorman.  Hill, 
(iordon.  George. 
<traff,  Henry, 
(irahnm,  Alexander, 
(iraham,  Hugh. 
Gralinni,  .lulin. 
Gregor,  .Tolin. 
Grillin,  John, 
tiriflin,  William. 
Grojolin,  Jeremiah, 
lianiilton,  William, 
linnet  jk.  Forest, 
llaneoek,  William. 
Harrington,  Bill. 
Hart,  James. 
Hartley,  William. 
Haun,  John. 
Hays,  William. 
Henry,  Jolin. 
Hildebrand,  Isaac. 
Hodgins,  Francis  Win. 
Hodges,  Kdniund. 

Hduse, -. 

Howell,  Francis. 
Hubbard,  Busobcus. 
Hubbard,  John. 
Hughes,  William. 
James,  Morris. 
Jamison,  Jos,  S. 
James,  John. 
James,  William. 
.Tohnstoii,  Thomas, 
Jones,  John  Uiue, 
Jones,  ThoB. 
Kerr, , 


Kendall,  J. 
Kcync,  Jesse. 
Kiiikoad,  Andrew. 
Kinkaid,  David. 
Kinkaid,  James, 
Tiurd,  .lubn. 
Lnrd,  Hezekiah. 
Lewis,  John  Louis. 
Lindsay,  John. 
Link,  Solomon. 
Long,  John. 
Long,  Gabriel. 
Long,  Lawrence. 
McCorlney,  Alexander. 
MoCortnny,  James. 
MeDaniel,  Alexander. 
M(^Daniel,  James. 
McDonald,  Arch. 
McLnnahan,  Josiah. 
McLaughlin,  Henry. 
McXuir,  Alexander. 
Mnsscy,  William. 
Masterscjn,  Michael. 
Matthews,  David. 
Meek,  William. 
Miller,  Philip. 
Moore,  .James. 
Moorliead.  William. 
Morelauil,  Hugh. 
JIunford,  William. 
Murphy,  John. 
Musick,  Asa. 
Music'k,  Kpbrnim. 
Musick,  William. 
Nash,  Ira. 
Nash,  William. 
Neighbor,  .John. 
Nolan.  Philip. 
Odoui,  Michael. 
O'Hara,  Henry. 
Owen,  Hubert. 
Parke,  Andrew  (Mara- 

mec). 
Powers,  Thomas. 
Pressler,  Peter. 
Pritebard,  James, 
Quick,  Aaron. 
Ramsey,  William. 
Ilankin,  .Tames. 
Iticbardson,  .James. 
]{ichanIson,  ,Jesso, 
Iliehardson,  M. 
Uichardsim,  Sila... 
Robertson,  .John. 
Rogers,  I'^zckiel. 
Rogers,  Thomas. 
Rubrer,  Daviil. 
Rollins,  Seneca. 
Scott,  John. 
Secoy,  Derrick. 
Sipp,  Joseph. 
Smith,  George. 

,  John. 

Stevenson,  Hugh. 
Sullens,  John. 
Sullivan,  William. 


Swain,  Sherrod  G. 
.Sweeney,  James. 
Tardy,  William. 
Tool,  Dennis. 
Taylor,  Robert. 
Taylor,  Richard. 
Tyler,  Thomas. 
Tansy,  .Joshua. 
Todd,  Andrew. 
Todd,  C. 
Vaughan,  Peter. 
Watkins,  .John. 
Watkins,  Samuel. 
Wells,  Gilward. 
Wherry,  Mackey. 


Whitesides,  .John. 
Whitley,  Daniel. 
Wickersham,  James. 
Weiland,  George. 
Wengel,  Kngel  John. 
Williams,  Joseph. 
Withingtun,  Thomas. 
Woodland,  William. 
Woods,  .'^imon. 
Williams,  James. 
Wishart,  Micliael. 
Young,  Robert. 
Young,  Edward. 
Young,  John. 
Zumwalt,  Andrew. 


The  name  of  John  Lewi.s  is  found  in  tlie  iil)i]ve 
list, — a  pioneer  in  the  j^reat  American  immiiiriilion, 
a  native  of  Virginia,  wlio  came  to  Missouri  by  way 
of  Kentucky,  where  ho  sojourned  for  a  period,  rcncli- 
ins:  St.  Loui.s  in  January,  1797,  with  his  wife  and  sis 
children.  He  settled  netir  St,  Louia  on  a  farm.  His 
eldest  daughter  became  the  wife  of  Col.  Danii'l  M. 
Boone,  son  of  the  Kentucky  pioneer ;  his  wconj 
daughter,  Mrs,  Corbiii,  lived  until  18(i8.  At  one 
time  she  owned  the  '•  Stoddard  addition"  to  St.  Lmii.«, 
a  tract  of  land  famous  in  the  legal  annals  of  the  ciu. 

Daniel  Boone's  name  is  not  in  the  above  list.    The 
celebrated  hunter  and  pioneer — the  man  who  really 
opened  the  canebrakes  of  Kentucky   to  civiliziition 
and  expelled  the  Shawanese  and  Mianiis  from  tlieir 
huntinu  grounds — became  very  sore  in  his  old  age  at 
the  iiiju.stice  of  the  law  which  expelled  him  I'niin  the 
land  he  had  settled   and  cultivated,  because  he  had 
not  complied  with  every  technicality  as  regards  title. 
All  his  life  he  had  been  working  to  acquire  land,— s 
liome.stead.     His  wanderings  are  typical  of  the  im- 
pulses  which   have  driven   the   American   people  to  I 
settle  this  continent  in  so  brief  a  space  of  time.    Geurge  I 
Boone,  his  grandfather,  had  emigrated  from  Bnuid- 
■sich,  near  Exeter,  England,  in  1717,  and  settled  Id  I 
Bucks  County,  Pa.,  with  his  wife  and  eleven  cliijdrei]. 
Squire  Boone,  Daniel's  father,  with  wife  and  eloviii 
children,  removed  to   Berks  County,  on  the  frniiiierl 
and  in  the  Indian  paths.     Daniel  was  born  in  1734, 
in  Bucks,  and  got  a  few  weeks'  schooling  in  Berks, 
terminating  his  scholastic  career  abruptly  by  drubliini' 
the  teacher.     In  1752-53,  Squire  Boone  and  I'liniiivl 
went  South  to  North  Carolina  and  settled  on  ilicYaJl 
kin.     Daniel   married,  and  in  time  his  wife  |ji'uii<!lii 
him  nine  children.     In  1709,  Boone  headed  aiHil 
ploring  party  into  Kentucky,  and  from  that  time  uniiil 
1790  his  life  was  u  battle,  wonderful  in  every  dolaill 
He  lost  the  land  he  had  bought  and  suffered  so  mu(i\ 
to  secure,  removed  to  the  Kanawha  Valley,  nciirlhccl 
battle-field  of  Point  Pleasant,  and  in  1795,  irriiaiejl 


THE   EARLIEST  SETTLERS   IN  SAINT  LOUIS. 


187 


like  a  fireat  nmny  Kentuckiniia,  a<;uin8t  the  general  ]  Smith  T.),  the  precursor  of  Rowio  and  the  wholu 
jrovernnient  for  divers  reasons,  and  particularly  angry     race   of  desperadoes   of  the   Soutiiwust,  who    made 

Brackcnridge    liis    guest,    introduced    him    to    his 


at  heiiif!  ousted  from  his  lands,  ho  went  to  Upper  Louts- 
i:ma  and  became  a  Spanish  subject,  forfeiting  his  alle- 
"iance  to  the  United  l^tates.  Ho  did  not  do  this  as  a 
Tory,  but  as  a  Kentuckian  and  a  Daniel  Boone,  used  to 
fdiliiw  his  own  judgment  independent  of  all  consider- 
ations. He  had  been  invited  especially  to  Missouri 
by  Lieutenant-Governor  Zciion  Trudeau,  who  ottered 
liiiii 


armory,  and  told  him  tales  of  his  encounters  with  wild 
beasts  and  brave  men.'     Tliere  was  nothing  in  his  ap- 


*  Ocii.  F.  A.  Ro/.ior,  in  (»no  (if  Iiis  lectures,  hiis  given  SniitliV 

liistorv,  ilcscribinir  liini  i>«  "juJiiC  and  (it'upor.iilo,  ii  native  nf 

Gcurgiii,  unci  uniiKniiit  frcini  Tcnni'Mco.     Tlio  iidditiun  of  tlio 

a  grant  of  one  thousand  arpens  of  land,  and     '«"<"•  T  •"  '''"  '""»>-'  »i'*  '"  indimito  tlmt  ho  came  from  tlmt 

,     !■       ,,  ,        J      ,11     4'»i       i:  >   :  >     _  •..    ,<■     Slatp,  and  to  dijitinijuisli  lilinself  fioni  utliprs  iif  tlmt  nnincrouK 

made  him  "  commandant    ot  tlie  district  or  county  01,.',^.,=,  ,,         ,     .  .  ,  ,„„ 

,"  I   tribe,  thu  SriiitliK.     lie  caiiic  to  lIpiKT  I.oui-iiiina  |irior  to  18(10, 

St.  Charles.   So  he  shouldered  '•  Old  Checlicker,    his  ,  „„,,  ,^,,t,,,,,  ;„  ti.e  sic.  (icMu.viove  district,  his  l.oni..  ludng  at 
rifle,  embarked  Ids  family  and  goods  on  a  flutboat,  i  shibuieth.  Coi.  Smith  was  tall,  siigiit  of  KtRturc,  wirv  in  pumon, 

and    made   his   way    to    Missouri,  settling   in    Femme  ;   rather  luild  and  courtuous  in  his  manners,  hut  terrible  uhen  his 
^  tin         T       '  •  u  *     i"  *u     IT    'i    1       iiassions  were  aroused  bv  some  imagined  insult.     ][e  had  many 

0«ii:e.     When  Louisiana  became  part  ot  the  United     '  „•,  '' .  ,,  ,  ^ 

'  personal  encounters  of  the  most  scrions  and  blooriv  character, 

States,  Boone  s  titles  were  again  found  to  be  defeo-     „,„,  „„,„,  „nHv„icd  for  skill,  unda.n.ted  courage,  and  great 

tivi',  and  lie  had    to  petition  Congress  and    suffer  long  ;   coolness  in  tliosc  terrible  eonllicta  with  his  enemies,     lie  kept 

delays  before  ho  could  be  safe  in  his  second   conquest      »'  '''*  '"'"i"  "»  "nnorj  stocked  willi  arms  and  weapons  of  every 

,,  ..  Tj  _     _     <>     :         1   _       J    .     ..      kind,     lie  was  a  skilled  mechanic,  and  owned  two  slaves  who 

ol  territory.     Boone  was  a  man  ol  singular  and  very  ;  ,  .  ,       „  .'  ,    ,     , 

•^  T       !•  I       1  p         1  '   were  good  gunsmiths.     He    nmnufiiittured   tho    "est  and  truest 

attractive  character.     His  biography  has  often  been     j,,^,,,,,  „„,,  ,.i„^,,  ;„  j,,„  „r„,,^.^„  „„„„j^y     j.,,,  s,„iti,  ,,,ccu- 

Wrilten,  but   the  work  htlS    not   been  well    done.       His      latod   in   lands  cxtcnsivolj',  but  his  principal  occupation  was 
OlIiTgy,  reserved    force,  humor,    integrity,    composure,      that  of  mining.     In  the  early  settlement  of  the  Ste.  Ocneviovo 

11'        :   1.1       „J     ,1,  ..„    .11     1  :,.   .,1.   :.l    „nJ    .„...,       district,  in  its  mining  localities,  it  was  inhabited  by  pioneers, 
anil   loiesiglit,  and,  above  all,  Ins  placid   endurance,  ,  .  ,     ■  , 

.   .                  .     ,.rt.  explorers,   and  miners  of  a  hold  and   adventurous    character. 

tliat  was  neither  stoicism   nor  mdlflereiice,  have  never  ,    j,any  were  the  encounters  and  feu.ls  that  occurred  as  to  mining 

been    brought  out    as    they  should    be.       Boone   led    a  j    rights.    From  the  times  of  l.amolte,  Uenault,  lireton  and  .Moses 

great  many  Kentuckians   into  Missouri  in  person,  his  '   Austin,  a  spirit  of  venture  and  gambling  took  possession  of  its 

,.       .   •    a                 .»..     .:        inhabitants,  which  aroused  passions  tlmt  eaused  serious  dis- 

uidirect  influence  attracting  many  more.  ,  i,     i  ■    ,     n-.       i   n     •  ■ 

111       lurbanees  and  bloodshed,      these  bold  miners  and  explorers  in 

Among  these  was  the  family  of  Col.  Lmn,  who  had  ^  ^^.^  ^^,„^^  „,,,„  ^.j^jj^,,  ,h„  attractive  town  of  Ste.  tJcnovieve, 

often    fought    with    the    Shawaneso  in  defense   of  the      to  participate  in  sports  of  all  kinds,  and  it  was  the  nucleus  lor 
fort  at  Bryan's  Station,  and  whose  grandson.  Dr.  Linn,    ,   f'e  desperate  keel-boat  men  and  voyageuis.     Col.  .lohn  Smith 

became  United  States  senator.     Capt.  Joseph  Con-  i  '''•  *'"'" "''  """  ""'"''"•    ""  «''"'"-"'  '"""  "•="  "^^^""1  "'"' 

;    ,  ;   armeil,  folloiveil  bv   his  abettors,  rifle  in  hand.      When  Aaron 

way  was  another.     A  native  of  Virginia,  a  Kentucky     „,„.^  c.intemph.ied  invading  Mexico  in  iso.-.,  Smith  and  tiov- 

Illilian-fighter  and  pioneer,  a  captive   like    Boone  and  ernor  Jlenry  Dodge  went  to  New  .Madrid  to  join  the  expedition, 

Kenton  among   the   savages,  of  ten    tomahawked,  OUCe  1  which  was  to  dcseeml  the  .Mississippi   Kivor,  under  the  impres- 

left  for  dead  on   the   field,  twice  scalped,  he  came  to  \  *'""  ''  """  "  legitimate  war;  b„t  when  at  New  Madrid  they 

.   .  ,  .       T«      1  1  .  ™'"'    "resident  Jefferson's  proclamation  condemning  it,   they 

Mi.ssouriin    l,9t.,  settling    in    Bonhomme    tOWn.ship,  ;  n,en  returned  to  ste.  (ienevieve  and  were  both  arrested,  but  re- 

St.  fiouis  Co.,  where  he  died  in  1831,  aged  sixty-nine  j  leased  from  custoily  owing  to  their  mistake  in  the  character  of 


jears. 

But  it  is  impossible  to  follow  up  this  immigration, 
so  full  of  striking  characters  and  pronounced  individu- 
ality, filled  with  men  like  Merriwether  Lewis  and 
Tlmtnas  Hart  Benton,  each  worth  a  portrait  by  him- 
self, few  traits  distinguishable  when  we  try  to  take 
tliein  in  the  mass.  Brackenridge,  in  his  "  Recollec- 
tioii.s,"  has  singled  out  two  or  three  types  of  the  peo- 


the  expedition. 

"The  inhabitants  of  Upper  liouisiana  selected  .'^inith  to  at- 
tend to  their  interest  with  Congress.  For  that  purpose  ho  visited 
Washington  City.  Col.  Smith  was  of  a  roving  dispe;!ti;;n.  Jlo 
went  to  Chihuahua  to  ai>l  to  lovolutionize  Mexico,  traversing  a 
vast  wild  country  in  order  to  reach  that  land.  He  thence  re- 
turned to  his  home.  Col.  Smith  in  the  year  ISUti  was  appointed 
one  of  the  Territorial  judges  of  the  Court  of  Ueneral  Quarter 
Sessions.  This  court  was  held  in  the  town  of  Ste.  (ienevieve. 
lie  occupied   this  position  for  some  time,     lie  attempted,  in 


pie  then  pouring  into  Missouri  and  St.  Louis,  and  his  ••"'"■'y  i''"^».  «'"'  •'  company  of  men,  to  take  possession  of  the 
liuiniug  has  the  sharpness  and  distinctness  of  copper-  !  ""''"''"''  "'"'  ""''^'"^  ''-■ad-mines,  which  at  the  time  were  re- 

,  1       11     p    1  11  I   ported  to  bo  ol  a  fabulous  wealth ;  but  he  was  driven  oil  with 

plate.  There  is  the  old  "  cracker  of  the  canebrakes,  ,,;,  ,„„„  ^y  tribes  of  Indians.  In  September.  ISIit),  Smith  camo 
who,  in  1812,  after  feeding  his  guests  on  hog  and  ;  to  Ste.  Oenevievo  and  stopped  at  an  inn  kept  by  William  Mc- 
hoiniliy  and  giving  them  a  bear-skin  to  rest  on,  told  of  i   Arthur.     Whilst  indulging  in  liquor  with  one  .Samuel  Uall  a 

Brtidduck'sdefeatandthePresidencyof  John  Adams,  \  '"'«-="">■  ^I'™"g  up  between  them  which  proved  fatal  to  Ball. 

,  »        „  ,        1      ■     1   I  1'liey  were  at  the  time  the  only  persons  in  the  bar-room.     Mrs. 

who  never  "  fout,  as  the  latest  news  that  ho  had  j  MoAnhur,  hostess,  a  b.,ive  woman,  hearing  the  report  of  the 
heard   of.      There    is    the   famous   Col.   Smith  (John  '  pistols,  came  in,  ami  seeing  Ball  lying  dead  on  the  lloor  repri- 


188 


HISTOKY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


])c«ranoi',  says  Braukonridgo,  t(i  di'iioto  the  fiorco  bel- 
li^'prent.  "  Ho  was  a  small  mail  of  a  delicate  fraino, 
even  souicwiiat  cffcniinnte  in  his  ap]H'araiico,  mild 
liluo  eycH,  fair  hair,  fair  coiuploxion,  hi.s  face  smooth 
and  youihftil.  althuiiirh  he  was  not  less  than  forty 
years  old.  His  maiimrs  in  his  family  were  mild  and 
jiciitle;  kindness  and  benevolenec^  appeared  to  he  the 
natural  growth  of  his  heart."  While  Braekenvidge 
was  with  him,  this  mild-mannered  gentleman  invaded 
a  bear's  den  in  a  cave  in  the  rocks  ;  crawling  in  on  his 
belly,  torch  in  hand,  he  shot  the  beast,  lying  down  so 
that  it  would  rnsli  out  over  his  body,  and  then  coming 
out  coolly  as  if  ho  had  done  nothing  very  extraordi- 
nary. When  Brackenridgo  took  liis  leave  his  kind 
host  forced  liim  to  accept  a  pair  of  pistols,  which  lie 
Could  warrant  would  never  miss  fire,  and  would  stand 
his  friend  in  the  hour  of  need. 

In  St.  Louis  Brackenridge  met  Dr.  Saugrain,  a 
I'ormer  preceptor  of  his  at  Gallipolis,  the  ab(]rtive 
French  .settlement  on  the  Ohio,  and  now  a  prominent 
physician  of  St.  Louis,  and  Herr  Doctor  and  Professor 
Frederick  Shewe,  an  erratic  Pru.ssian  with  a  dozen  di- 
plomas, who  was  keeping  a  corner  grocery-shop,  sell- 
ing .soap  and  onions  over  the  counter  and  talking  high 
philosophy  in  his  sitting-room.  He  al.so  met  the  older 
Chouteau,  of  whom  he  gives  a  pleasing  description, 
Jo.sej)h  Charless,  I'ounder  of  the  Missoini  Giir.<ltf,  the 
elder  Bates.  Gen.  Clark,  companion  of  Merriwether 
Lewis,  and  John    MulJanphy,  "the    St.  Louis  mil- 


iiiiinile<l  C'll.  I'^niitli  iiml  tlt'inunded  of  liitn  his  pistol..'.  Ho  do-  . 
livt'it'il  tliiiii,  iiml  I'liiil.  'TiiUc  tliciii.  my  dinifilitur.'  He  wa.' 
iiiiincdiati'ly  nrro^ted  iitid  ciintiiu'd  in  Jiiil.  Had  liin  trial  at 
I'^tc.  (ii'Hcviove  l)t'lure  Circuit  Conrt.  anU  was  a<M|iiillod,  utter 
an  able  defense  l>y  Hon.  Joloi  ."'eoll.  A  juryman  nameil  Car- 
ron  beini;  aslied  lioiv  lie  could  acquit  ."^uiith.  replied,  '  Did  not 
!*colt  tell  tlieui  tinit  tliey  must   briii);  a  verdict  of  not  guilty  ?' 

"I'ol.  Smith  had  some  diflicully  with  the  I'erry  family,  then 
livinj;  at  .Mine  ii  ISurlon,  about   .some  mininj;  claims.     Whilst 
pamuel    I'erry  wa.>i  on  his  way  to  .Ste.  Ifeueviovo   he  was  over-  | 
taken  by  Smith.     When  Smith  remarked  to   him  that  he  re- 
gretted any  difficulty  with  him,  that  they  were  now  alimo  and 
could  settle  the  matter,  remarking  that  lie  had  a  eoui)leof  friends 
(meaning  liis  pistols).  'There,   take  your  eln)ice;'  Mr.    l*erry   ■ 
politely  thanked  him  and  tleclincd  the  ofier.  as  he  had  business 
<»f  importance  at  Ste.  (Jenevieve  which  could  not  be  transacteil 
by  any  other  person.     Smith   remarked    that  he  regretted  it 
ciHild  not  be  settled  in  this  rational  way.     After  ivhich  they   i 
proceeiled  to  Ste.  liencvicvo  together,  conversing  on  different 
subjects  without  reference  to  their  difficulties.  j 

"Col.  iSmith  fought  several  duels,  and  participateil  in  other  ! 
desperate  encounters,  which  would  be  too  tedious  to  relate  here. 
It  is  said  he  killeil  fourteen  men.  and  was  always  fortunate  in   ' 
these  terrible   struggles.     He  left  Mis,»ouri    owing  to  his  nu-  • 
meroiis  difficulties,  accompanied  by  a  faithful  slave.     He  snb- 
ec(|uently  died  on  the  banks  of  the  ^li.ssissippi,  in  the  State  of 
Tennessee.    Col.  l^mith  left  numerous  descendants,  many  of  thom  j 
among  the  prominent  anil  respected  citizens  of  this  State." 


lionaire."  Of  Mullnnphy  his  account  is  very  graphic. 
Ho  had  speculated  largely  in  cotton  ;  it  was  his  bales 
which  Jack.son  had  taken  for  the  defense  of  New 
Oilcans.  When  bo  went  to  complain  tibout  it,  "  This 
is  your  cotton  ?  "  said  the  general,  "  tlicn  no  one  has 
a  better  right  to  defend  it.  Take  a  mu.sket  and  stand 
in  the  ranks  "  .M'ter  the  ])eaee  Mullanphy  dug  out 
his  cotton,  shipped  it  to  Liverpool,  and  cleared  a 
million  dollars  on  the  venture.  He  made  great  sums 
by  speculating  in  town  lots  and  lands  in  and  arouiiij 
St.  Louis.  "  One  day  he  called  to  see  me  after  my 
arrival."  writes  Braekeiiridgo,  "  and  invited  mo  to  dine 
with  him.  He  was  about  sixty-five  years  of  age,  a 
large,  coarse-looking  man,  witli  a  rougli,  red  face,  a 
carbunclod  no.se,  showing  his  habits  of  life  to  incline 
more  to  th(!  liquiils  than  the  solids.  [  found  him  in 
11  largo  brick  house,  perliaps  the  largest  in  the  town, 
unfurnished  and  untenanted  witli  tho  exception  of  a 
back  room,  of  which  he  was  the  sole  occupant.  Hero 
I  found  him  seated  before  a  wood-fire  (coal  was  not 
in  use  at  that  time),  while  two  catfish  heads  were 
broiling  on  two  chips  of  wood.  '  There,'  said  lio, 
'you  see  your  dinner;  that  head  is  yours  and  this  is 
mine  ;  wo  must  eacli  do  the  cooking.'  It  was  a  Bar- 
mecide feast,  and  I  determined  to  humor  it.  We  liiul 
some  excellent  broad  and  butter,  and  to  make  amemls 
for  tlie  dishes  drank  exquisite  Madeira  out  of  diriy 
tumblers.  .  .  .  The  dessert,  I  must  add,  was  the  nmst 
substantial  part  of  the  entertainment;  going  to  hjs 
safe  he  brought  forth  a  bag  of  dollars  and  ])lacino'  It 
on  the  table,  '  Tiiere,'  said  he,  '  is  a  retaining  foe  if  I 
should  want  your  professional  services.' "  A  society 
in  which  characters  like  these  were  not  rare  exceptions, 
but  commonly  to  be  met.  niu.st  have  been  very  difi'er- 
cnt  and  far  more  stimulating  and  enjoyable  than  I  lie 
impassive,  ert'ete  society  of  to-day. 

Tiio  expedition  of  Lewis  and  Clark  in  1804  securcil 
a  very  important  contribution  of  men,  resources,  aiui 
tributary  territory  to  St.  Louis.  It  was  tho  first  cniii. 
plete  attempt  at  exploration  made  by  our  goveriiinciit. 
and  it  gave  a  great  stimulus  to  such  enterprises.  Not 
that  the  French  traders  of  St.  Louis  and  their  to/- 
agrurs,  rourenrs  des  hols,  trappers,  and  half-breeds 
were  deficient  in  the  qualities  which  are  needed  for 
such  work.  Indeed,  they  were  the  pioneers  in  the 
fur  trade,  and  just  as  the  Hudson's  Bay  and  Nortli- 
western  Fur  Companies  had  to  employ  Canadians  to 
push  their  enterprises,  so  the  American  and  Missouri 
Fur  Companies  and  the  different  undertakings  of  Jnlin 
Jacob  Astor  in  that  line  had  to  secure  the  Choutcaiis. 
Robidous,  and  other  St.  Louis  traders  for  partners 
before  they  could  send  out  their  "  brigades"  with  any 
success.     Augusts  Chouteau  very  early  established  a 


•  lading.j, 

■M<\  ClaiJ 

111  17!>t, 

(ill  1843; 

<fi"in  to  cf 

-Mis.soiiri 

cxploratioi 

li.iiigthes 

I'.icifie  am 

St  ructions,  ; 

given  to  Le 

'i.ois.  IJobit 

!•'  V.   Malth 

''i-',   Blanc 

l<'iTiiciiu,  Ln 

"li'i,  Hoat/iie, 

>'av„ie.  C'hai 

<'}•'■'•.  Vosti,  n 

ihiizcau,    Cri 

Onrnien,  God. 

.Malard,   Matli 

Kcgis,  Tosson, 

^'t'lic,  Denie;;ai 

prcdcccssoi's,  p; 

iis   Mackay,    fj 

Aslilcy.O'Fallo 

i'ilfi'.  Long,  Da\ 

liri'lger,  Crooks 

traders,  and  e.v, 

Jiwdland,  hill, 

'li-  '^'i-  West  fro 

"(■'lie  Mi.ssi.s.sij)j 

^Vo(mIs,  hut  beai 
''"'"•■'"■y,  and  p 
tra;ip,'js  and   hu 
i>iTy  /wrt  of  th, 
'''« 'i'L't  of  any  (,| 

Jnincs  iMackay 

'""<).  aged  .seven 
1'Oaking  »,,,„    „, 

>cl(lc(l  West  of  tl 

liis  Inmio,— u„  «j 

'""'"""■"''ly  empi 

'•^r''"'",!,'  and  sur* 

"'■»  i"  llie  fur  t 

'^'•"*^-     But  it  w, 

I "'"}'  fw  Ainerict.n,. 

j  ''■''  :i  "-cll-born  Vi 

awptaiiii,,  the  am 

Purrection.     Jeffens 

r™'ized  the  imp,,,. 

I""'  'V".tlijvest,  and 

I"' P'ls'^ing,  through 


THK   EARLIEST  SETTLERS   iN   SAINT  LOUIS. 


189 


tinirni;;-po.st  iit  Fort  Osiino,  iuid  at  llio  tliiio  of  Luwis 

jiiiil  Clark  he  was  trajipinj;  ver}'  liiiili  up  the  Missouri. 

Ill  171)  t,  Jo.sc|)h  Robidou,  tho  f'mimlir  of  St.  Joseph's 

(in  184;{!,  was  eiifoura^ed  by  Uovernor  /ofioii  Tru- 

(Icaii  to  eiinsolidato  tho  St.  Louis  fur-tradors  with  tho 

Missouri   Fur  Coni]iiiiiy,  the  objects  of  whieh  were 

exploration  ;is  much  as  trade,  tho  objects  of  quest 

briiiji  the  .sources  of  the  Mis.souri  and  the  route  to  tlio 

i'.ieilie  and  the  Gulf  of  California.     Trudeau's  in- 

>mK'iions,  in  fact,  in  17!*t  were  very  similar  to  those 

.^iven  to  Lewis  and  Clark  ten  years  later.    The  Chou- 

tciiiis.  Robidou.  Cerre,  Sublette,  Loraniier,  Fonteiielle, 

Fpv,  Maltliieu,    Pierre,   Oodin,   Clainorjian,  Manuel 

Lis  I,   RIaiiehette.  St.   Vrian,   La    Ilarpe,   Du(|uotte, 

liiTiieau,   Lattraile,   Cardinal,  Tayon,  Cote,  Heiiuehe- 

iiiiii,  Roaipie,  Audrain,  (luion,  I'ereau,  Sarpie,  Dodier, 

."^iiviiie.  Chauvin,  Gainaehe,  Pallardie,  Reynal,  Corn- 

oycr.  Yiisti,IJenoit,  Berthold,  Bissonet,  Bouch<^  Bouis, 

]!ra/.fuu,    Crevier,    Derouin,    Durochet,    Ducho{|Het, 

Oiuiiieu,  Godair,  Labuclie,  I'Atrisse,  Lo  Gris,  Louis, 

Maliini,  Miithurin,  Morin,  Papin,   Parizien,  IN^ltier, 

Uogis,  Tesson,  Thibcau,  Tholozan,  Vaehard,  Ue  Tcr- 

coite,  Deiuciiaut,  Rocheblave,  Beauvais,  etc.,  wore  the 

jiiLHlecessors,  precursors,  and  instructors  of  such  men 

as   .^Iacka3,    Henry,   Lewis,    tho    Chirks,   Campbell, 

Ashley, O'Fullon,  Catherwood,  Fitzpatriek,tlie  Bakers, 

Pike,  LoUir,  Day,  the  Bents,  Ofjden,  Mackenzie,  Smith, 

IJiiiliicr,  Crooks,  Walker,  Coulter,  and  othcr.s,  trapptjrs, 

tniik-rs,  and  explorers  in  the  far  West.     Scarcely  a 

lio;viiliind,  hill,  mountain,  valley,  creek,  or  river   in 

th.  iiir  West  from  tin;  lakes  to  the  Pacific,  and  west 

(if  the  Mississippi  from  the  Sabine  to  tiie  Lake  of  tho 

WiKiils,  but  bears  a  name  which  testifies  to  the  zeal, 

iuJuniry,  and   perseverance  with   which    the  French 

ini|H)i'is  and   hunters   jiushed   their   explorations  in 

tvtry  [lart  of  the  irreat  western  wilderness  long  before 

ilio  i'eot  of  any  other  white  men  trod  it. 

Jiiines  Mackay,  of  Scotland,  came  to  America  in 
ITTfi.  ai;e(l  seventeen,  supposed  to  be  the  first  Enjjlish- 
-]iOakiiiL'  man  not  of  French  or  Spani.sh  blood  who 
^oitKd  west  of  the  Mississippi.  lie  made  St.  Louis 
liis  Inline, — an  educated  man,  a  skillful  surveyor,  and 
iiiiiiu'diately  employed  by  the  Spanish  authorities  on 
cspliiriiis  and  surveyinji;  expeditions.  He  embarked 
■i\i»  in  the  fur  trade,  and  acquired  a  ^reat  landed 
estate.  But  it  was  Lewis  and  Clark  who  opened  the 
way  fur  Americans  to  Missouri  Merriwether  Lewis 
I  was  a  well-born  Virginian,  a.  kinsman  of  Washington, 
a  wijitaiii  ill  tho  army  at  the  time  of  the  Whiskey  In- 
furrei'tion.  Jeflferson,  during  his  residence  in  Paris, 
I  realized  the  importance  of  a  thorough  exploration  of 
lilie  Noitluvest,  and  employed  John  Ledyard  to  make 
[it.  passing  , through  Siberia  to  Behring's  Straits,  and 


thence  to  Russian  Ainerk'n.  Ledyard,  while  rn  mule, 
and  near  Kanischatka,  was  suddenly  arrested,  hurried 
backward  with  inconceivable  and  cruel  speed,  and 
dismissed  beyond  the  Polish  frontier.  In  1792, 
Jeflferson  made  another  attempt  at  this  i^xjiloration, 
fill  the  IIp])er  Missouri  and  the  Rocky  .Mountains, 
and  engaged  Lewis  and  tiie  botanist  Michaux  to 
undertake  it.  They  hail  got  as  far  as  Kentucky,  when 
Michaux  was  recalled  by  an  order  of  the  French 
government. 

In  1803,  the  act  of  Congress  establishing  trading- 
liou.ses  with  the  Indians  being  about  to  cx|iire.  Presi- 
dent Jetfer.son,  in  a  confidential  message  to  Congress, 
recommended  some  modifications  of  the  law  and  its 
extension  to  the  Indian  tribes  on  the  Mi.s.souri.  The 
message  recommended  that  an  exploring  party  be  sent 
out  to  trace  tho  Missouri  River  to  its  source ;  to  cross 
the  highlands  and  follow  the  best  water  communica- 
tion to  be  found  thence  to  the  Pacific  Ocean.  The 
proposition  met  the  approval  of  Congress,  and  a  sum 
of  money  was  voted  to  put  it  into  execution.  Capt. 
Lewis  had  been  serving  for  two  years  previous  to  the 
passage  of  this  act  as  private  secretary  to  President 
Jefferson,  and  immediately  on  its  passage  be  applied 
to  the  President  for  the  appointment  of  director  to 
the  expedition.  "Knowing  him  frotu  long  and  inti- 
mate association"  (we  (|Uote  tho  language  of  Mr. 
Jefferson)  "  to  have  courage  undaunted,  possessing  a 
firmness  and  perseverance  of  purpose  which  nothing 
but  impo.ssibilities  could  divert  from  its  direction, 
careful  as  a  father  of  those  committed  to  his  charge, 
yet  steady  in  the  maintenance  of  order  and  discipline, 
intimati!  with  tho  Indian  character,  customs,  and 
principles,  ....  I  could  have  no  hesitation  in  con- 
fiding the  enterprise  to  him."  Mr.  Jefferson,  think- 
ing it  necessary  that  Capt.  Lewis  sliould  have  a.s.soei- 
ated  with  him  some  jierson  of  known  competence, 
and  to  whom,  in  the  event  of  any  accident  to  him, 
the  direction  of  the  enterprise  might  be  confided, 
William  Clark,  brother  of  Gen.  George  Rogers 
Clark,  was  appointed,  and  received  the  commission 
of  a  captain. 

The  draught  of  instructions  for  that  expedition 
gave  full  details  of  tho  instruments  to  bo  carried  for 
measurement  and  observation,  etc.  It  recited  that 
the  object  of  tho  mission  had  been  communicated  to 
the  ministers  in  Washington  of  France,  Spain,  and 
Great  Britain  ;  and  that  the  country  of  Louisiana 
having  been  ceded  by  Spain  to  France,  a  passport 
from  the  minister  from  France  had  been  obtained. 
It  further  stated  that  the  object  of  the  mission  was  to 
explore  the  Missouri  River  and  such  principal  streams 
of  it  as,  by  its  course  and  communication  with  the 


190 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


s^SiM^n 

% 

^H|H. 

ml' 

UmUKM': 

V'i 

IHHH 

Vi- 

HI^^H^^Hi 

II ' 

tHi 

H^^B' 

Hj 

^H^^^^H 

^  B  ' 

^^^^^^H 

i  W\ ' 

nlHs 

f  B'ji 

'sBb^^^B^b 

m 

watiTH  of  tlic  Pacific  Ocean,  wlicllier  the  Culuuibiii, 
Ore^ron,  Colonidu,  or  any  nilior  river,  inijrht  offer  the 
uioHt  direct  iiinJ  priieticalile  water  cuiiiinunication 
aoroNH  the  coiilineiit,  fi>r  the  purpose  of  coiniuerce. 
It  was  directed  tiial  opcrulionx  sliould  bo  begun  at  the 
mouth  of  ilie  Missouri  River ;  that  obscrvutiouM  of 
lutitudu  and  longitude  Hhould  be  tniccn  at  all  remark- 
able points  on  the  river ;  that  the  course  of  tlie  river 
between  points  of  observation  should  be  supplied  by 
the  compass,  the  lo};-line,  and  by  time  corrected  by 
the  observations  themselves.  The  intorestin};  points 
of  the  portafre  between  the  heads  of  tlie  Missouri  and 
of  the  water  otlerinfj;  the  best  communication  wi'',  the 
I'aciBc  Ocean  were  directed  to  be  fixed  by  ob-'tva- 
tion.  and  the  course  of  that  water  to  the  ocean,  in  '"^ 
same  manner  as  that  of  the  Mi.ssouri. 

Special  instructions  were  {•ivcn  to  the  director  of 
the  expedition  to  make  liimself  acquainted  with  the 
n.imes  of  the  nations  of  Indians  lie  should  encounter 
and  their  numbers.  He  was  also  to  inquire  and  as- 
certain the  extent  of  tlieir  posHes.sions  ;  f  heir  relations 
with  other  tribes  or  nations;  their  lun<;uaf;e,  traditions, 
monuments  ;  their  ordinary  occupations  in  agricul- 
ture, fi^<hing,  hunting,  war,  arts,  and  the  implements 
fortliese;  their  food,  clothing,  and  domestic  accom- 
modations ;  the  diseases  prevalent  among  them,  and  j 
the  remedies  they  use;  the  moral  and  physical  cir- 
cumstances which  distinguished  them  from  known 
tribes  ;  peculiarities  in  their  laws,  customs,  and  dis- 
positions ;  articles  of  commerce  they  had  or  lacked, 
and  the  state  of  morality  and  religion  among  ihcm. 
Should  any  of  tlie  iniiu('ntial  chiefs  or  any  of  the 
tribes  desire  to  visit  the  United  States,  they  were  to 
be  brought  at  the  public  expense,  and  promised  in- 
struction, if  they  desired  it,  in  such  arts  as  might  be  | 
useful  to  them.  It  was  directed  that  some  matter  of 
the  kine-pox  be  carried,  and  that  the  Indians  be  in- 
formed of  its  use  and  efficacy.  Instruction.s  were 
given  to  gather  information  of  the  character  uud  ex- 
tent of  the  country  watered  by  the  branches  of  i'le 
Missouri,  and  especially  on  its  .southern  side  ;  iw.d 
that  if  the  expedition  succeeded  in  reBo'iijir,  the 
Pacific  Ocean,  information  should  be  suught  as  to 
whether  the  furs  of  those  parts  might  not  be  collected 
as  advantageously  at  the  head  of  the  Missouri  as  at 
Nootka  Sound  or  any  other  point  on  tliat  coast.  It 
was  also  suggested  that  as  far  up  the  Missouri  as  the 
white  settlements  extended  it  would  probably  be  found 
that  some  sort  of  intercourse  existed  between  them 
and  the  Spanish  posts  of  St.  Louis,  opposite  Cahokia, 
or  Ste.  Genevieve,  opposite  Kaskaskia. 

Capt.   Wm.  Clark,  second  in  the  expedition,  was 
born  in  Virginia,  Aug.  1,  1770.     In  1784  his  father 


removed  to  Kentucky,  and  settled  on  tiic  present  sitr 
of  the  city  of  Louisville.  Having  become  aeipiaintcil 
with  the  modes  of  Indian  warfare  at  an  early  age,  he 
was  appointed  when  eighteen  years  old  an  ensign,  ainl 
at  once  entered  on  active  duty.  In  March,  17!>2.  h.' 
was  appointed  a  lieutenant  of  infantry,  and  was  pro 
moted  in  the  following  year  lo  the  place  of  adjiitaiii 
and  (juartennasler,  but  resigned  in  July,  1700,  on 
account  of  his  lu^ulth.  He  soon  afterwards  moved  lu 
St.  Louis,  and  in  IHOI}  was  appointed  by  Presideni 
Jefferson  a  lieutenant  of  artillery,  with  orders  to  join 
('apt.  licwis  in  his  Western  (expedition.  We  in.iy 
iiere  sum  up  briefly  the  remi>i;:Jcr  of  ids  life.  In 
180t)  ho  was  promoted  to  first  lieutenant  of  artillery. 
President  Jefierson  subsequently  appointed  hini  ;i 
lieutenant-colonel,  but  the  appointment  was  negativij 
by  the  Senate.  He  resigned  in  1807,  and  was  ap- 
pointed brigadier-general  of  the  militia  for  the  Terri- 
tory of  Upper  Louisiana.  In  1813  I'resident  Madis(]ti 
appointed  him  Governor  of  Mis.souri  Territory,  wliit'li 
position  he  held  and  filled  with  great  credit  until  lin; 
organization  of  Missouri  us  a  State  in  1821.  He  was 
tlien  nominated  for  Governor  against  liis  consent,  and 
was  defeated  in  tlie  election.  In  May,  1822,  Presi- 
dent Madison  appointed  him  superintendent  of  Iinliau 
affairs,  which  he  held  until  the  time  of  hia  death, 
which  occurred  in  St.  Louis,  Sept.  1,  1838. 

Owing  to  casualties  and  unexpected  delays,  the 
expedition  was  not  ready  to  start  from  its  rende/.vmis 
at  Cahokia  until  the  spring  of  1804.  The  jiaity 
comprised  Lewis,  Clark,  nine  young  men  from  Ken- 
tucky, fourteen  United  States  soldiers,  two  Canadian 
voyagvufs,  and  a  negro  servant.  They  ascended  the 
Missouri  River  to  the  country  of  the  Mandans,  si.t- 
teen  hundred  miles  above  St.  Louis,  where  they  win- 
tered. In  June,  1805,  they  reached  the  Falls  of  tin 
Missouri,  and  in  November  were  at  the  mouth  of  tho 
Columbia  River,  wintering  on  the  south  bunk.  On 
Sept.  23,  1806,  they  arrived  at  St.  Louis  on  ilicir 
return,  having  been  ab.sent  two  years  and  four  months. 
Their  return  caused  a  flutter  of  excitement,  and  tliuir 
narrative  and  journals  were  eagerly  welcomed.  The 
travels  of  Lewis  and  Clark  is  still  ranked  as  a  tlasMc 
among  books  of  that  description. 

Capt.  Lewis  was  appointed  by  Jeffenson  Governur 
of  Missouri  Territory,  Clark,  as  general  of  the 
militia,  acting  as  a  sort  of  Lieutenant-Governor.  There 
was  great  disorder  in  the  city  at  the  time  of  Lowij' 
arrival,  many  feuds  and  factions  and  quarrels,  and 
interminable  litigation  in  connection  with  laud  tides 
in  consequence  of  frauds  of  every  sort.  Lewis  was 
not  in  good  health  ;  he  was  broken  down  with  mala- 
rial fever,  in  the  fit  of  which  it  is  said  he  always  be- j 


lanie  fligl, 
nm-xtitmioi 
'■•died  him 
'liither,  at  i 
"ee,  with  II 
pistol  undei 
111'  was  onlj 
kii'W  him  c.> 

CiMlllcils  of  t, 

"is  cnmpi 
II  n.iine  whid 
vein 'rate.     'J'l 
id'  I  lie  family, 
He  saved  the 
vt'nt('d  Spain  i 
titiiiii  betwt.fd 
.Uli'v'lianies.    / 
lie  t(M)k  Kuski 
ilio  iiritish  frc 
ilie  lakes,      fj^ 
till!  Mis.si.s.sij,j,i 
(iirce   of    the    t 
and  stern  chnrai 
'111'  'ndians  of  i 
ilriiw  from  their 
■'J"-     Li  some  r 
[iriKliiced  during 
the  ii)().st  positive 
and  always  able  t 
niethdd.s  to  novel 
marches  have  nev 
'lie  (Jreat,  NapoJe 
'"•"'  ''ver  had  so 
["liver  due  c):;-*]^ 
«'■  Indian  charact, 
a"'J  eritieal  occasio 
iri'vent  wars  and  i 
•^"'i-   Clark's   re 
'■rutlieis  and  si.ster 
>'(.  i-oiiis,  and  in 
"■'"■"  ■i»J  aspiratio,, 
,  """'".if  'ill  his  long 
'"'O  'I'l;  FronclMi 
"""■'•    Christopher 
!'''■'»  ii^'ent  at  Fort  ( 
Iwiumiishcd.     i,^y„ 
li"  first  husband  Dr 
Mk  and  influence,  „ 
^iiili  Carolina  in  tl„ 
Nifa.s  mixed  up 
JriL'Ues  of  Wilkinso. 
jf"  which   he  rem, 
f^"".v  Clart,  who 


TIIK   EARIilKST  SETTLKUS   IN   SAINT   LOUIS. 


101 


III  of  ilie 
lor.  Tlietc 
lot'  I'CwU' 
■irrols.  anil 

iLewis  ffiv< 

I  always  be- 


(Minn  fli^lity  unci  ileliriiiuH,  nnd  lio  hud  inlioritud  a 
('(iiiMtitutidiial  melaiicliiily  friiin  IiIh  tiitticr.  HiisincMH 
(iilli'd  .liim  U)  VVasliinnton  in  18()lt,  and  iin  IiIh  way 
tliitliiT,  at  n  lono  cabin  in  tho  wilds  of  East  Tciinos- 
nci',  willi  none  by  liiiii,  Murriwcihcr  Ficwis  ]iii(  a 
|il>tnl  undurnt'uth  hiit  chin  and  blew  hiH  brain.s  out. 
lie  waH  only  thirty-throe  yoarn  of  njjo,  and  all  who 
kiii'W  hiiu  expected  hitn  to  boeonie  prominent  in  the 
eiiiiiicila  of  the  nation. 

Ilim  compuiiion,  Clark,  Huvccrdcd  him,     Clark   \h 
u  iiiiine  which  tho  people  of  the  entire  West  should 
veiM'i'iite.     They  call  Oeorjio  Iloj^crs  Clurk,  the  head 
(if  ilie  family,  Hannibal,  but  he  wan  Seipio  likewine.  ■ 
III'  >ave(l  the  West  to  the  United  States,      lie  [ire- 
vciiti'd  Spain  and  Great  Britain  from  making  a  par-  ^ 
titiiiii  between  them  of  all  the  country  west  of  tho 
Aili'u'lii'iii';*'.    He  rescued  Kentucky  from  the  Indiuns. 
He  took  Kaskaskia,  Cahokiii,  nnd  VincenncH,  forciiij; 
the  Ihitish  fronlier  back  to  Mackinac,  Detroit,  and  ' 
the  lakes.      He  planted  the  first  American    fort  on 
tlie  .Mississippi,  founded  Louisville,  and  by  the  sheer 
Hircc  of    the   terror    his   prowess,   military    cfenius,  | 
and  stern  character  inspired  ainoii};  them,  compelled  ' 
the  Indians  of  Ohio,  Indiana,  and  Illinois  to  with-  ^ 
draw  from  their  ullianefl  with  the  English  in  Cnn-  i 
aiiii.     In  some  respects  he  was  the  {jreatest  peiieral 
pr(jiliii;ed  during  the  Revolutionary  war,  uehievinj; 
the  most  positive  results  with  the  slenderest  means,  ' 
and  always  nble  to  invent  and  apply  new  and  original  ' 
nictluids  to  novel  and  unexpected  contingencies.     His 
niarciies  have  never  been  excelled,  either  by  Frederick  ; 
the  (ireat.  Napoleon,  or  "Stonewall"  Jaek.son,  and  no  I 
,  iiiaii  over  had  so  much  power  over  the  Indians, — a 
piiffiT  due  ('(I'^fly  to  personal  presence  and  knowledge 
of  Indian  character,  and  one  which,  on  these  great 
and  eritical  occasions,  enabled  him  to  save  armies  and 
lireveiit  wars  and  massacres. 

Gen.   Clark's   reputation    and   influence   aided   his 

Lrijthers  and  sister  in  securing  high  social  position  in 

Si,  Louis,  and  in  becoming  the  focus  of  American 

aims  and  aspirations  there.     Governor  William  Clark 

luriiii;  all  his  long  life  was  respected  and  looked  up 

1 10 1}}' the  French  habitant  and  the  Indians  of  Mis- 

iniiii.     Christopher  Clark,  the  other  brother,  us  In- 

liaii  aj;ent  at  Fort  Osage,  became  very  prominent  and 

Iwiuuuislied.     Fanny  Cluik,  the  sister,  married  for 

[iieriii-,st  husband  Dr.  O'Fallon,  an  Irish  gentleman  of 

Imik  and  influence,  who.  after  service  us  Burgeon  from 

ISinilh  Carolina  in  the  Revolutionary  army,  went  West 

I  was  mixed   up   in   the  Spanish  and   French  in- 

kti;;iies  of  Wilkinson,  Miro,  Carondelet,  und  others ; 

liter  which    he   removed  to  St.  Louis  and  married 

pnny  Clark,  who  bore  him   two  sons,   Col.  John 


O'Fallon  nnd  Maj.  Hen.  O'Fallon,  leaders  among  the 
early  citizens  of  Missouri.  Afker  Dr.  O'Fallnn's 
death  his  widow  married  Charles  Thurston,  of  Ken- 
tucky. Three  children  were  tho  fruit  of  this  union, 
— Annu  Clark  Tlinrslon,  second  wife  of  Dr.  Heriiard 
G.  Farrur,  iinil  Charles  II.  und  Lucius  Thurston. 
Mrs.  Thurston  married  n  third  time  to  Dennis  Kitji- 
liilgh,  by  whom  shcs  hud  u  daughter,  who  beciiiiie  tho 
wife  of  Henry  S.  (-oxe,  of  Philadelphia.  Dr.  Far- 
rur's  first  wife  wus  a  daughter  of  Maj.  William 
Christy. 

It  was  under  George   Rogers  Clark   that  Charles 
Gratiot  the  elder  first  saw  service  under  the  American 
flag.     His  marriage  with  Victoria  Chouteiiii  ut  once 
allied  that  fuiiiily  with  the  Clarks,  and  introduced  the 
Grntiots  to  the  fur   trude,     Henry  Gratiot,  son  of 
Charles,  died   Indian  agent  to  the  Winnelmuoes ;  his 
brother  (Miarles  was  a  general  in  the   United  States 
army,  ranking  oflicer  of  tho  engineer  corps,  und  the 
man  who  built   Fortress   Monroe.     Judge  Gratiot,  of 
St.   Louis   County,  was  a   third   brother,  while   one 
sister  married  J,  P.  Cabnnnt'',  u  second  Pierre  Chou- 
teau, Jr.,  head  of  the  Rocky  Mountain  Fur  Company, 
and  still  another  became  the  wife  of  Jules  de  Mun. 
Gen.  Charles  Gratiot's  daughter  married  tho  di.stin- 
guished  Marquis  de  Montholou,  French   minister  at 
Washiii'^ton  and  senator  under  the  Second  Empire. 
Thus  a  descendant  of  old    Veuve  Chouteau   and   of 
Laclede   Liguest  became   one  of  the   most   brilliant 
ornaments   of   the  court   of  the    Empress    Eugenie. 
Henry  and  John  P.  B.  Gratiot  were  foremost  in  de- 
veloping the  Galena  lead-mines,  where  old  Dubuijue 
hud  been  content  to  make  his  own  fortune  without 
concerning  himself  about  the  improvement  and  ex- 
tension of  a  great  industry.     The  Graliots,  on   the 
contrary,    erected    large    smelling-works    at    several 
pJHces,  und  gave  employment  to  thousands  of  men. 
The  Gratiot  family  were  Huguenots,  originally  of  La 
Roelielle.  but  fleeing  to  Switzerland  after  the  revoca- 
tion of  the  Edict  of  Nantes. 

At  Post  Vincennes,  Gen.  G.  R.  Clurk,  and  after 

him  Gen.  William  Henry  HarrLson,  received  very  im- 

;  pirtant  and  material  encouragement  and  aid  from 

Francis  Vigo,  a  St.  Louis  merchant  of  Italian  origin. 

Vigo  was  a  patriotic  and  intelligent  supporter  of  the 

American  cause,  and  rendered  ubie  services  us  inter- 

,  preter.     In  St.   Louis  the   firm  wus  Vigo  &  Yosli. 

The  lutter,  Emilien,  wus  Italian  also,  and  Vigo's  kins- 

I  man.      He  was  the  son  of  Pedro  Yosti  and  Magdalena 

■  Riguna,  cume  to  St.  Louis  in  1777.     They  bought  a 
:  lot  (hdf  a  block,  west  side  of  Muin  Street,  in  Block 

■  27),  with  a  house  of  posts  on  it  twenty  by  forty  feet, 
'  and  here  they  had   their  store,  the  property  costing 


ti      1 


192 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


im 


ill 


tlu'ui  Uvo  liuiulred  dollars.  Yosti  married  Thuotlstc 
Duraiid  (daii^liter  of  John  B.  Uuraiid  and  JIarie  Jo- 
seplia  Mari'lictcan,  a  native  of  Fort.  Cliartres,  who 
with  hi.v  husband  had  conic  to  St.  Louis  in  1764). 
Purand'.s  niarri.ijii;  was-  the  tenth  luarriaj^o  ceiobratcd 
biiice  the  founJini:  ol'  the  villanc.  He  and  his  wife 
died  when  their  child  was  but  four  years  old,  and  »he 
pras  brought  up  by  the  Marcheteaus  and  the  Bi.s.son- 
pets,  Louis  Bissonnet,  her  uncle,  heiiii:  lier  fiuardian. 
She  was  married  to  Yo.sti  in  July.  17cSI5,  and  lived 
for  thirty-five  years  in  their  house,  southwest  corner 
of  Locust  and  .Main  Streets,  raisini;  five  children. 
Francis  Yos;i,  one  of  their  sons,  with  his  friend,  Luis 
Basf|uez(son  of  Benito  Bascjuez),  joined  Henry  and 
Ashley's  tri.dini;  expedition  to  the  upper  Mi.>isouri  in 
1S22,  and  were  in  the  tifjlit  with  the  Arlckaree  Indians 
in  1S2;S. 

Of  the  public  officers  of  St.  Louis  imniediat(^ly 
after  the  cession  of  Louisiana,  wd  have  the  followint; 
particulars  by  Mr.  Billon,  cinbodii-d  in  some  memo- 
randa of  St.  Louis  between  1804  and  1821,  from 
some  of  the  first  American  record  bunk.-..  Book  A 
was  commenced  by  ^larie  1'.  Ledue.  th-  first  recorder 
under  the  United  States,  Nov.  2It,  1S04.  This  book 
lasted  until  Feb.  23,  ISOS  (three  years  and  three 
monthsj  • 

"CImrli's  tiiiiliol  >VHs  liiM  |)j'i'.«iclinj<  judge  Oourt  of  L'liiiiiiion 
Picas,  mill  justice  of  the  peiiix' ;  Augu.sliip  rhniili'iiii  iiiiil  Diiviil 
lU'launiiy.  a.-.^nciates,  clc,  18114;  then  .laofiiiort  Claiiinr^an  a»il 
Jiilin  Miillaniiliy  hi  ISO;');  then  .Iaine,«  .Mai-ki'y  I'or  ilistrici  uf 
St.  Aiiilii'W.  re-iiliiiir  at.  ."^t.  Charli.J  (St.  Aii'ln').  which  was  the 
bnttoin  aloii;;  llie  .Mi.^..;miri  iVmri  o|ipo..iitt.  St.  Charles,  extendin;^ 
to  IViiiit  l.aliiiailie,  at  the  iiiniitli  ol'  Labbadif  (.'reck,  now  in 
I'laiikliii  t'i>iiiiiy.  then  St.  liiiuis  l)i-lri<t. 

".Tames  llankin  was  first  treasurer  ami  sheritVnf  ,*5t.  Lniiis, 
aiMifiiiitetl  Nnv.  ^^,  IStil:  A.  t'houteau  ami  A.  Soulard  sceuri- 
tiei<  nil  his  bund. 

"Jeremiah  ('miner  wa.s  sheriff  in  -May,  ISIir. 

".lolin  U.  C.  I.ueas  was  a  judge  •>(  the  (Icneral  Cnnrl  cpI'  the 
Terrii.uy,  March,  IS(I7. 

"  Bernard  Piatte  «  is  n  ju.l';.'  i.l'  ihe  Coinmcin   Pleas,  March 

:tii,  IS117. 

"  Jo:.e|ih  V.  (iarnier  was  :'|i|<'diiled  ilerk  o  '  :li(.  (leneral  ("iiurl 
ol'  the  Terrilory  (li!t.  l.'S,  l.sUli,  by  .I.,se|ih  linpwn,  seirel.iry  of 
the  Territmy,  acting  (Jnvernor.  ' 

"Ottii  Slirailcr  was  one  cd'  the  judges  of  the  Mime,  Sc|it,  2S, 
18(111. 

"  Frederick  llalc.s,  Secretary  of  the  'freasury.  exen-i.-eil  the 
[power  uf  Oovernor.  .Inly,  ISII7. 

"  Pierre  l.cilm>  was  a|p|iointepl  notary  ]puhlie  by  liutes,  .Tuly 
IS,  IS(I7. 

'■Pierre  Chouteau  was  a|p|poiiiteil  justii'C  of  the  police  by 
liates,  Sept.  I,  IS07.  ' 

"  Kplwai'pl  llcmp-teail  was  app'pinte<l  alt  prncy-geni'ral  of  the 
Territpiry  of  l,piuisiana  by  (iipvernor  .Morriw,ther  l/cwif,  March 
24,  1SII8.  i 

"  I'ierre    Pnpveniiheie  w»s  appointed  deputy  recorder  by  M.   1 
P.  Leduo,  recorder,  May  2«,  KSU8." 


Book  B,  frimi    Feb.  23,  1808,  to  Nov.  27,  18ii|). 
inclusive,  Leduc,  recorder: 

''  Silas  Bent  was  iippointcd  by  Frederick  Bates,  secietaiy  pi,i  | 
I  acting  (lovernor  of  the  Territory,  the  pre.siiling  judge  tti'  ih,. 
Court  of  (7omimpii  Pleas  amIQuiirter  Sessions  for  the  Distri  i  .| 
j  St.  Louis,  Aug.  211,  IS117,  for  four  years  from  Scpleniber  Isi. 

"  Same  was  appointed  by  Governor  Lewis  aiolitor  of  pul.ti.. 
1  iiecoiints  fipr  the  district,  Nov.  2li,  ISDS. 

I  "  llpiliert  Frazicr.  Itapiistc  Lepage,  William  Warner.  ..f  \  i. 
'  niont ;  Silas  iJipipilrich,  Thomas  Pro(. tor  Howard,  of  .Mii--ic..!iii. 
'  setts;  .loscph  While.  Fairfax,  Va. ;  .lohn  Collins,  of  Frcilci  i .],, 
;  MpI.  ;  Pierre  Crir/.at,  Hugh  Mc.Ncal,  Peiinsylvunia  :  and  'ip-.i;;,. 
;  Droiiillard,  ten  of  Lewis  and  ('lark'.s  men,  sold  their  claii'i-  |,,r 
i  b'.inntv-liuuls  from  the  Uniteil  ."^tates," 
I 

j  A  short  time  since  there  were  discovered  aiijun'.' 
records  of  St.  Loui.s  some  old  books  in  niiuiuscriiit, 

I  contai'iinc;  »he  tax-lists  of  the  town.     The  nanus  a],. 

,  more  valuable  than  the  amounts  of  property  assessoil, 

I  thoufjh  these  are  sufiiiestive  too.  The  followin<;  is  the 
ancient  tax-list  of  1811  ;  tlio  name  and  total  vahiaiiipu 

I  of  property  are  given  in  each  case,  with  the  oriojiiul 
spelling  : 

"Wiii.O.  Allen,  .S^.');  Kiigene  Alvarez,  l?;i.'!:!  ;  Andrew  \m,1i,. 

t   ville,  SI421;   Horace  Austin.  S2,"i;!:'.  j    L.iuis  B.iissy,  157.1 ;    I 

Hrazeau.  $'.l,")8  ;  AntPiine  V.  Ihpuis,  $I'.IJ8  :  Andrew  Ilouis..<L'iPO: 
llippplite  liolon,  SHui;  N.  Bcaujynenu,  ,Ir.,  SS2J  ;  Louis  li.piin, 
.■?l  K'pfp  ;  X.  Ileaujyneau.  .Fr.,  ..'?S2.'i  ;  Louis  Boiiry,  .^lltji; 
Alexamler  licllisime,  .?llrt;  Charles  liipssornn,  iJI'.UII ;  luii.|i,,i. 
Beanvais,  $11111;  Adam  liarrin.  .•?;'.ll(l ;  Frederick  Bate-,  .*:',i 
Barthulumew  Bert  hold,  .'f'.'ill ;  Tlioiinis  Briiiiy,  $.'illll ;  IMiilip  llu. 
canne,  SI2J;  James  liaii'pl,  $lillS ;  Charles  liuisscpn,  $2li,>*;  Wi, 
liam  Ilriilger,  $|IIU;  Cornelius  Burns,  $7."i ;  Jtpseph  Buissoniip'tt., 
^.Idlt:  Pierre  Hanhraiix,  $2!)() ;  F.  M.  liencpit,  $1 1(10  ;  |.'i,ih.i. 
Brischcnel,  $10;  Briilge, .'?.iO  ;  ,Iose|ili  Charless,  #.'i.'i7  ;  Jcii'iiiii 
Connor, .'*7.'):  ().  .McCpuiiegys,  $2.i  ;  Auguste  ('liuuteau.  ^l.i.i'.iil; 
Pierre  Chouteau,  S!771>."j;  Win.  C.  Carr,  $11)24  j  M.  I'irn. 
Cabanne,  $llrt(i;  William  Clark,  S.iStiti ;  Antoinc  Clicunm. 
S2llti:  Wiplow  Charlcville.  SUS.'l;  Ktienne  (;onhin,  .«7;p ;  Wm. 
Christy,  $IOIS;  Francis  (.'ailleaiix,  $.')0  ;  Louis  Caillcuu. 
$10;');  Joseph  Clnirleville,  .*:iao  ;  Jacque:*  ('laiupirgiin.  .*:;i;i: 
Paschal  CernS  $100;  Wiilow  Chouteau.  $2014;  AIIVcl  (In! 
zingi'r,  $100;  Thomas  CiUtinville,  $7.'p;  Ouerrette  Ihiiii.vi, 
$.'MI;  Antoinc  Hanjeaii,  $1000  ;  Davbl  Delauny,  $1  llli;;  l;;ii 
tiste  Duidiouquelte,  $774;  Pierre  Kidier,  $008;  Frain'.ii*  li. 
chiim|uette,  $21)1  ;  Pierre  Dutchiirute,  $l.')8 ;  Ilaptiste  poiiiim 
$100;  Henry  Ueslomis,  $.').'!;i;  John  l)ube,$3:!;  .\I.  JJcin.iuliii, 
$225;  Framis  Derouin,  .$.Slfi;  John  Ili'i'ouin,  $111;  I.ini- : 
Kelile,  .<.')8.'t;  Wiilow  Dubreuil,  $l2;):i;  liiifus  Faslun,  >!>;' 
Ilyacinlhe  Kgle/,,  $508;  Doniiniquo  Flye,  $18:(;  Kiizalip'li 
(negress),  $75;  Antoine  Flaniun,  .$1158:  Win.  Fiigjitc, ; 
Flora  (iiegress),  $110;  11.  0.  Farrar,  $400;  Ihiptislc  In.iiiiii.l 
$10S;  Alexaiipler  (liniour,  $241  ;  Paul  (ipinlanl,  .*i;,'iS  :  r,i.|,il 
Figiippii,  $0;t:i ;  Cnarles  (iratiot,  $1  S  1 1  ;  Abraham  (J.illatin, 
Paul  (Juitard,  $100;  Vincent  (Initanl,  $i;i:i:  Louis  liuilariJ 
$12.1:  (iell'ry  (mulatto),  $125;  Baptiste  (ierard.  $liMI;  .liimtf 
(iiahain,  $25;  ThoinaH  P.  Howard,  $182;  William  Ibiviy, 
WIpIpiw  Hiprti/.,  $200;  F.  Hempstead  and  W.  0.  Can,  ti:.(| 
Kdward  Hempstead,  $|S8:1;  Hyiicinihe  (mulatto),  $,>»  ;  .IimiI 
iiei>"  (negro),  $208;  Miitthew  Kerr,  .floOO  ;  Baptisic  Lrliiij 
$500;  .laenues  Labbc,  $2482;  M.  P.  Lednc,  $S2,:p  ■  WiJ 
Luhbadie,  $2110;  Francois  Labros.'o.  $:I06  ;  Louis  Lallcar.^Li'l 
Joseph    Liipres,  $l:i;);   Laurent   rjiinoileur,  $100;  J p.c. 


jctincssc,  $10 

Urn;   .$200; 

Ji'si'ph  Leblo 

fl"il.-    Unplii 

Wi.l.pw  Lftvcil 

l.njppyo,  $;i08j 

•f"-i'|'h    Labba 

cipiiiple,  $100; 

Pierre  Ladouc 

h'llpuelie.  .vioo 

Alexander  Me!* 
Jlii/zena,  .$^>()o 

■^'■'":    Wi,;,w 

Mainvil/e,  $75,. 

■■f.'i":  .'v..nnand 

J'p>p|.h  I  apin,  J 

Pr.p  ,  ,   « 1  ;24  ■ 

.■'yin.-pie  Pen'us 

vend.,.,  .5(57;  j,-, 

■'"■I'l'h  lipphbloii, 

f.!.iO;  .Samuel  ,So 

.*iili'piiim.  $25 ;  i\ 

'■liailcsSang,,,-,,,,, 

#.l«li:    Francois  'j 

•"l.'Kc-.  $2000 :  K,.,| 

Wiii.pw  Benito   Va 

"■"ipllonl,  $S41 ;  J, 

.*.";  I'.'inilien  Vosti 


1''"'  total  nui 
■iPl't'iii's  tliat  at 
liouis  but  19  I.,,, 
'Iity  iTO  called  ot 
Cliout.,.;,u,  Pierre 
J'b,  iind  Clement 
•-'  I'einainino'  9 


rii, 


l).imic,  H'iljiam  01 

^l<'a(l.  M.  Leduc, 

lieriiard  Prattj,  at 

There  are   giv,>i 

>'ives  jiijt,  down  5,s 

'":•'  f*-  appear  to 

''"'  voar  named. 

""wt'ci'  was  Augus 

*•    Tl'ose  8  slave.. 

a/'iive.      iMr.  A„, 

"ill  'Man  of  the  t,)« 
""■  •'^'•'.uoo,  ,.„d 

'^■^^^-  No  otiH.,. 
sii'li  a  tremendous 
»*H>,sm,.,u  seems  to 
'i-IL'T,  and  the  total 
',''1'  "^^i'y  an  ounted  t, 
'"  "I'P^'ars  a  postser 
''"'■'■•^  ""W  yellow  ,v 

""''"  "''I'  an  app 
'"ill  the  rule,     'i',,^, 

''•^  'itllows : 
13 


THE  EARLIEST  SETTLERS  IN  SAINT  LOUIS. 


198 


;oi\ 


r  i\i. 

ri.t  "f 

,rvc 

iK'l'fV, 


uics  i\r.' 

iijj  is  {\k 
raluatii'u 
1  ovi'iiiial 


r..w  A  lull  > 

,^lUi^  1'""" 


llli : 


„ry,  JMil': 
lilt;   luirli.u, 

Illlt.-^-.  *■-•' 

;    IMlilil'  HJ' 
21IM   \*i. 

Uii>-.'mi'ii  . 
1\(H1 :  I'l;"'  • 

7  ;  .liTrlllM 
;  M.  I'l.r: 
-7,.;  W„ 

ruiiii.  ?''l-l 
AUie.1  n«i 

Ho    l)mii""l  ] 
$\ir,i;;  11:11 


Mlllll,'" 


\<~. 


Ili,-tc  l>"iiin»- 
\\,   IJfiii"u'ii». 

lul;  I.'""-' 
Iist'ill.  "1 ''■ 

h''iij!iiti'.  S''-'"' 
|ti»tv  ("ni'l'! 
l;il\:iS-.  l'"-l>»] 

li.iUiiiiii.f' 
|,i.uis  l!"il»'- 

$10";  .'""I 

[.    I'ttlT,  tU'«l 

L^  ii;,ii;  .l(J»i 

J,,li*l>'  l'''"'" 
ks.!.'-   W 
ll,,il\.iir.j!1 


I;    J:i'-'l'"' 


jeuncsPC,  $in.S  ;  J.  B.  C.  TiUcas,  $1410  ;   Piiul  boise,  $108  j  Pierre 
V.uH'.   $200;     Miiiiiii'l    Lisa,     ^'ibiO;    Alexis    Liilmide,    $2,13; 
Jii^i'|ili  I.ubloiiil,  $l;i.');  Fruiicis  liiutiiinbe,  $75  ;  Jose|ili  Liieroix, 
$111(1;    Unptiste    liiiiiiaiiile,    $13;!;    .SyUei'tie    Liibbmlie,    $oO ; 
AViliiw  Lavcille,  $99 i  Mario  Labngtie  (negrcss),  $75;  Widow 
I.nj.pyo,  $308;  John  I.atrcsfe,  $IOS;    Clmrlea  I,arcli>ise,  $125; 
JiiM'|ili   I.abbailie,  $125;   Lambert    Lajuie,  $32;   Niebdla.s    Lo- 
ciiuii'le,  $100,  Jus.  Lalrci^iso  (liernai  J  Pratte,  executor),  $75  ; 
Pierre  Iiadoaeeur,  $100;  Miebael   Luderoiite,  .*2fi(i;    K.niiyois  | 
bnl.iiebe,  .'iilflO;    Widow   iMoriii,  $«(!« ;   Uapliste   Motrin,  $25;   i 
Alexiinder  Me\air,  $!<41  ;  Fergus  Moorbend,  .$4858;   Zacburlab 
Mii//.eiia,  .$2000;   Hrady  A  McKiiiKbt,  $8300;  J. dm  Miebael,   ] 
Ji.iii;    Wii.DW   Manly,  $100:    Xoel   McmKrain,  $40S;    diaries  i 
Miiiiiville,  $75  :  ,Tiiines  Merry,  $75  ;   .Maif^arelte  (inulatto  girl), 
$.ill;   N.rniand  MeKeiisie,  $185;  Jobn   Biiptifte  Ortez,  $200  ; 
jMf.i.li  la|iin,  Jr.,  $100;  Widow  Percy  A  Co.,  $3000;  licrnard 
I'l-.i  ,      *';24;     I'etor   Prinim,  $500;    Jaeob  Phillipson,  $75; 
Sylvoiie  Perros,  $75;    (.'lenient   Penrose,  $1241;    J.   li.   Pro- 
\cnclii',  $157  ;  Franfois.  Hobidon,  $775  ;  Widow  llobidon,  fS91 ; 
.I(.s(|.li  liobiilou,  .$50  ;  Antoine  Tenientre,  $108;   lOlijab  .'^inilb, 
$;;,'tO  :  Siiinnel   Solomon,  .$5;13  ;  (ire^oire  ."^arpy,  $fit)0  ;    Pierre 
SiiliHiiuii,  $25  ;  Antoine  Saiif^rain,  .$940;  \Viltiani  .^niitli,  $50 ; 
I'liiiili's  .*;aii};uinette,  $1515  ;  ,Ti>"pl'  Salsir,  .$108  ;  .lolin  Trndeau, 
.*:ifi(i:    Francois  'I'ayon,    $1049;    .!  din  Tayon,  $100 ;    I'nited 
Stalls.  $2000  ;  Fnun'ois  Valois.  $ii   il ;   KeKistre  Vassenr,  $133  ; 
Wiilciw  Denito  Vusquo/.,  $758;  Joseph  Vaeliard,  $124;   Ailaiii 
ffiiuMiiid,  $841 ;  Jo.seph  Williams,  $76  ;  l)r.  Jo.seph  Wilkinson, 
f8;  Kaiilien  Yosti,  $1008." 


The  totiil  number  of  tax-payer-s  is  but  176.  It 
,ip]io;iis  that  at  tbat  date  there  were  owned  in  St. 
Louirt  but  IJ)  c-arri:ii;es, — •'  earriajres  of  ploasu'e,"  aa 
tliey  are  called  on  the  list, — and  of  these  19  Aufiusto 
Cluiuteau,  Pierre  Chouteau,  William  Carr,  Manuel 
Lisa,  and  Clement  B.  I'enro.se  are  credited  with  2  each. 
The  n'lnainiiij;  9  are  distributed  anioni:  I'ierre  Ca- 
kiim'',  William  Olark,  Hufus  Easton,  Edward  llemp- 
sti'inl,  M.  Ledui;,  J.  B.  C.  Lucas,  Alexander  McNair, 
lioriinrd  Pratt .j,  and  Antoine  Sauii;rain. 

There  are  };iven  but  9  stores  in  the  town.  Of 
sl;ives  put  down  as  among  the  items  of  person;il  prop- 
■  riy,  82  appear  to  have  been  owned  in  the  city  in 
ilie  vcar  named.  The  p(T.son  owning  tia;  greatesi 
number  was  Auguste  Chouteau,  who  i.s  cii'ilited  with 
8.  These  8  slaves  are  asses.sed  at  S24(iU,  or  $300 
a|iici'fl.  Mr.  Auguste  Chouteau  was  in  1811  the 
ritli  man  of  the  town,  liis  property  being  assessed  at 
iivi-  Sl.jjOOO,  and  his  total  taxes  auio'inting  to 
iST.42i.  No  other  citizen  of  thai  time  c  luld  inako 
jsiuh  a  tremendous  showing  of  wealth.  The  rote  of 
assiwiniiU  seems  to  have  been  one-lialf  cent  on  the 
iiliilliir.  ;ind  the  total  valuation  of  ail  tlie  property  in 
city  ai(  ounted  to  81 34,51  (i.  At  the  end  of  the 
ifet  itppoars  a  postscript,  neatly  written,  but  with  the 
kiirs  now  yellow  with  age.  Tlie  signatures  were 
hriiicn  with  an  appended  flourish,  as  Wius  once  so 
null  the  rule.  The  postscript,  or  rather  eertifieate, 
I'liilowg : 
13 


•  U 


"The  foreKoinjf  eight  folios  contain   the  whole  amnnnt  of 
property  contained  or  iiicliided  within  the  limits  of  the  town  of 
St.  Louis,  n?  a.ssossed  by  ns  conformably  to  an  ordinance  of  tha 
board  of  truslccs  for  said  town,  passed  the  2d  March,  1811. 
"St.  I-ouib,  June  27,  isil. 

"  Wm.  C.  C'Ann, 
■'  Aug.  Choiitkait, 
**  Anm'iisu>'n  J'or  ihf  town  of  St.  Lovin. 
"  I  certify  the  ab.  vo  and  foregoiii;;  to  be  a  true  list  of  the  real 
And  personal  property  tii.xnble  in  the  limits  of  the  corporation 
of  the  town  of  St.  Louis,  together  with  the  assessment  vahnitioa 
of  the  said  property,  as  taken  by  Wm.  O.  t'arr  and  Augusto 
Chouteau,  Esf|uircs,  by  virtue  of  an  ordinance  of  the  said  eor- 
jioralion,  entitled  an  ordinance  for  laying  and  collecling  a  tax 
in  the  town  of  St.  Louis,  with  the  per  centum  ileclareil  by  the 
board  of  trustees  of  the  said  town,  amounting  together  to  tho 
sum  of  si.\  hundred   and  seventy-two   dollars  and  lifty-oight 
cents. 

"  (liven  under  my  band  at  St.  Louis,  this  twenty-seventh  day 
of  July,  1811. 

"Cll.  CillATlOT." 

For  the  year  1812  tlie  list  of  names  has  a  few 
additions,  but  tlie  Vidue  of  the  property  slinws  rather 
a  depression  than  an  iiKMvase,  possibly  through  a  more 
lenient  a.ssessment.  Tho  total  valuation  is  given  at 
$134,313,  and  the  tax  levied  is  but  one-third  of  one 
per  cent.,  the  total  tax  for  the  year  amounting  to  the 
imposing  figures  of  J447.71.  Tho  assessors  this 
year  are  Charles  Saiiguinct  and  Robert  Simpson,  and 
Charles  Giatiot  still  remains  chairman  of  the  board 
,  of  trustees.  It  should  be  stated  that  the  book  used 
for  taxes  of  these  two  years  is  blank,  and  that  all  the 
lines  necessary  are  drawn  by  pen.  Neater  work  is 
,  not  done,  however,  to-day  by  any  of  the  expert  clerks 
of  tho  a.ssessor's  office.  It  i.s  a  curious  task  to  go 
over  he  names  of  tlie  tax-payers  given  and  note  the 
subsequent  histories  of  the  families.  Some  have 
totally  disappeared,  and  are  remembered  by  few  St. 
Louisians  ;  some  are  but  lately  extinct,  and  others  are 
still  rcpresont^jd  in  their  descendants  among  the 
Wealthiest  and  most  prominent  families  of  the  present 
day. 

It  will  be  noticed  that  Miij.   William  Christy  is 

already  assessed  for  a  consi''-  -able  sum.     He  was  one 

of  the  most  honored  citizi'i,,      ''  the  early  town,  and 

contributed   largely    to    its  gi    .th.       Mnj.  William 

Ciiristy   was  born  in  Carlisle,  Pa.,  Jan,    10,   1704. 

!  His  ancestors  emigrated  i'rom   Dundee,  Scotland,  to 

!  County  Down,  Ireland,  and  he  was  a  descendant  of 

the  well-known  Moyallan  family.    His  father,  Thomas 

C'lrisfy,  was  a  captain  in  the  British  army,  and  was 

j  wounded  at  the  battle  of  the  Monongahcla,  in  1755, 

I  nnder  the  unfortunate    Hraduoek,  but  succeeded  in 

cftecting  his  rctre  it  with  the  remainder  of  tho  army, 

under  the  young  Col.   George   Wasiiington.     Capt. 

Christy  setiKJ  at   Carlisle,   Pa,,   subsetiuetitiy   went 

to  Foit  i  ','t,  und  oventually  hicated  on  a  Itirm   in 


l.V 


!l! 


■ia 


194 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Ki'iituckj".  wliero  he  and  his  wifo  died,  loaviiiii  Wil- 
liam, a  boy  of  but  fiftuoii,  and  two  y""iflfi'"  |^isters 
under  his  care.  The  cliildren  were  amply  provided 
for  by  iiihcritaiu'e. 

Young  Ciirisly  li'lt  the  responsibility  of  hi.s  new 
po.sition,  which  speedily  developed  his  manly  qualities. 
lie  showed  his  couraut:  atul  eiierjiy  by  eseortinj;  his 
two  sisters  from  Kentuiky  to  their  aunt  at  Pitts- 
burgh, performing  most  of  the  journey  by  river,  un- 
aided, and  in  almost  constant  danger  from  the  Indians. 
Tills  ta.sk  .safely  aeeomplished,  he  returned  to  Ken- 
tucky and  became  n  surveyor,  and  pas.sed  several  year.s 
in  the  practice  of  his  profes.sion  in  Kentucky  and 
Iniliana. 

In  1788,  Governor  Kandolph,  of  Virginia,  appointed 
him  lieutenant  of  a  troop  of  cavalry  in  Jefferson 
(^lunty.  Ky.  (not  yet  a  State);  and  in  the  cam-  i 
paign  against  the  Northwestern  Indians,  in  1791, 
Christy  was  an  adjutant  in  St.  ('lair's  iirm\-.  In 
171*2  he  was  adjutant  in  the  l''irst  lleuiment  (^militin  , 
of  Kentucky.  In  1794  ho  served  under  Gen.  Wayne, 
and  wlieti  peace  was  declared,  in  17!)."),  he  returned 
home  with  a  shattered  constiliition.  and  never  alter 
recovered  his  former  health. 

In  1792  he  married  Martlia  Thompson  Taylor, 
daughter  of  Kdward  and  .Sally  Taylor,  of  Jeffer.Min 
C'outity,  Ky.  Miss  Taylor  was  a  native  of  Frederick 
County,  Va.,  and  was  a  ri'lativi'  of  President  Madison 
and  Presiueirt  Taylor.  Tiienccforward  Maj.  Christy 
devoted  himself  to  bis  farm,  with  only  s\ieli  inter- 
rupiions  as  the  border  troubles  necessitated;  ami  in 
1791)  was  a])pointed  major  in  the  Tliirtytbird  llegi- 
ment  of  the  Kentucky  militia. 

In  1804,  aetin.g  on  tiie  advice  of  !\is  physicians,  he 
abandoned  farriing,  .s(dd  liis  l.^ids  in  Kentucky,  and 
moved  to  St.  Iiouis,  then  a  villagi-  in  the  Territory 
of  Loui.-iana,  and  recently  transferred  to  the  Unitiid 
States.  Here  he  \va"  at  once  reeeived  as  became  a 
brave  and  honorable  man,  and  soon  enjoyed  the 
friendship  and  ecmlidenco  of  all.  IJolh  the  Territo- 
rial and  Federal  governments  coni'erred  upon  him 
important  trusts,  which  may  be  in'icfly  enumerated 
a.s  follows:  18()(),  judge  of  the  ('mirt  of  ConinK)n 
Pleas  and  justice  of  the  (Jeneral  Quarter  Sessions 
of  the  I'eace  lor  the  district  of  Si.  iiuuis  ;  l)-!()9, 
trustee  for  the  town  and  oreeincis  .if  St.  liouis,  hon- 
orary aide-de-camp  to  the  Governor,  and.  commander- 
in-chief  of  the  Territory  of  Louisiana,  and  major- 
commandiinl  of  the  Louisiana  liangers  for  tiii^  protec- 
tion of  the  I'rontier  .setilements,  "U  which  occasion 
Governor  Lewis  .said,  ■'  1  know  Maj.  Christy  to  be 
wi.se  in  council  and  ,.,wifi  in  action;"  ?812,  judge  (d' 
the  Court   ol   ('ommon    Pleas  und  Court.s  of  Quar- 


ter Sessions;  in  1814,  auditor  of  public  aeconnis 
for  the  Territory,  and  in  1820,  for  the  State  of  Mis. 
.souri ;  finally,  during  thirteen  years,  under  Presidciiis 
Moinoo,  Adam.s,  and  Jackson,  Maj.  Christy  w:is 
register  of  the  land-office  of  St.  Louis,  and  r,- 
signcd  in  18.'?8,  when  age  and  poor  health  had  im- 
titted  him  for  the  public  .service. 

While  thus  employed  in  the  service  .'f  the  SiiUii 
and   the  country,  Maj.  Christy,  who   iva*  one  of  ih,. 
large  laiivlowning  pioneers,  did  his  lull  .share  towards 
advancing  the  pvogre.is  id'  St.  Louis.     Very  few  cin- 
tributed  more  to  thi-  extension  of  the  city,     lie  laid 
out  upwards  of  fifty  whole  blocks  on  Broadway,  i'luiii 
Broadway  westward,  between  Franklin  Avt>nue,  .^I(l^- 
gan  Street,  and  Green  Street,  with  some  fractional 
blocks  on  the  .south  side  of  Green  Street.     He  al.Mi 
projected  what  is   now  known   as   North   St.  Louis, 
buying  the  land  and  laying  it  out.     He  was  a  man  df 
strong  patriotic  impulsiis,  which   liere  found  very  ap- 
propriate expression   in   his  giving   the  streets  sn.li 
names  as  Jeffenson,  Madison,  Monroe,  Warren.  Miii- 
gdmer\'.  Clay.  Jacksmi,  etc.     Associated  with  liii  i  in 
this  enterprise  were  C(d.  William  Chambers,  of  i\(i|. 
tucky,  and  Maj.  Tboma.s  Wrii;lit   (.Mr.  (Miristy's  >n\\. 
in-law),   who.   with    Maj.    Christy,  gave    to   the   lilv 
three   public   places,  or  "circles,"  for  churches,  par!,, 
and  schools,  and  also  ground   for  a  i>ublic  fironn'Madc 
on  the  river-slion^  in  front  of  the  major's  residenic,— 
the  (dd  ('hristy  mansion, — at   the  corner  of  Secdiil 
ami   Monroe   Streets,  where  he  used   to  dispense  his 
hospitality  in  the  largo  ;'nd  warm  hearted  style  (jfllie 
genuine   Southern   gentleman.      Here   he   pa.-seil  his 
remaining  days,  and   up   to  the  last  year  of  bi>  Hie 
was  atile  to  visit  the  city  frequently  and  mi't;le  wiih 
his  friends.      He -.vas  a  will-l'ormed,  stately  man.  .hs 
feet  in   height,  and   retained   liis  erect   and  snldidlv 
bearing  almost  to  tin;  last.    Finally  a  jtubnonary  a'hc 
tion  prostrated  him.  and  in  April.  18;)7,  he  died.  mA 
was  mourned   by  all   his  fellow-citizens  as  an   Ikmw  -I, 
patrioiic,  and   public-spirite.i   man,  and  by  liis  lainiiv  I 
ami   intimati^   friends  as  a  kind-hearted   and  anji:il<lt' 
Christian  gentleman,      liis  wife,  a  lady  iiboundini;  iii| 
wonninly    graces,   survived   liim    until    1849.      Smi 
years  ago   tiieir  bodies  were  romovt^d  to  ihdlel'iiiiiaiiml 
Cemetery,  where  tln^y  li(^  in  one  grave. 

Maj.  Christy  was  a  Democrat  and  usmilly  vninl 
with  that  party,  yet  be  was  a  warm  personal  liiiill 
id  Henry  ('lay,  and  in  1824  voted  for  him  liir  ili« 
Presidency  in  preference  to  Adams  or  Jackson. 

Maj.  and  Mrs.  Christy  were  parents  of  a  nnnii'iMiH 
family,  only  two  of  whom  now  (1882)  are  liviaL' 
Virginia,   who  nnirried    I)r.    K.    Baihurst    Santli  iij 
18H8,  and   has  "esidoii  in  St,  Louis  almost  cmiiiiiul 


^^■f^  *^' 


4^^ 


■^■^^■■■■d 


I? 


•ill 


lift 


ULSTOUV    ur  i.UM'    iAX 


Tim  cliiWli'i,    v-i.ii.  iiirijly  »ri'vi<i('i' 

ill!'  r 

'  |.tHll)i.siimiilvrjiiaIiiios. 

•  ;:k(  iMKTtry  Ity  cscortinp;  liis 

;  ■■■u:    .V  .11  ky  I'l  th(iir  aunt   at  Pitts- 

■■•nniiiu;  iim!.!   i.f  tlm  juunify  by  river,  uii- 

i  i'l  iiltiKk*;  i.'oii-%(iim  il:tnu'W  fhiiu  the  Imiiuni, 

■■>»■]•.■  a»rC(.'n)pU.'*hed|  !.<•  returiifd  K.i  Km- 

'  ' Hi- «  surveyor,  Willi  pjiJtSfi)  •«<VL-r«i  yoars 

■  jir:u;tico  o!'  liis  prolewimi  i't   K.'iiturky  ami 

■t;t. 
'     1  "K^,  Governor  HaMlnlj.h,  <if  \"ici;i!iia,  aiiijoinlvci 
'"ill    licaU'iisnt   of  .  in   J.'iri.'rs..ii 

('•.iiiiif;..    Ky.     iioi  ,,,..   in    •Ah:  oaiii- 

I'.iiMo    ■liiiiiisi'  tlu-    .\   i  '    '    ,-is,  in    1791. 

<;.i'^>    WHS   ;iu   adj-.itiiiit  in  .'t  .,  jmny.      In 

i ;  i  '  ■,.  u.,^  ailjuinnt  ill  •!  •  !•'■•■  ■    -i-i;;; 

:     .  V,      In  17ill  !•  <•  \      ■ 

M'ld  *■  JiL-liiri'ii,  in    iTlJ.i,  hi'   rctip' 

li- ' .  ■■•     •!  C'iii«tiiiiiioii.  Hiiil  iifVt'c    li' 

1-1  PormiT  li.  .ilth. 
ill    1  i;*U    ho   iHnnif  •.    Manila  TI.<ini(*o>i   TbvIoi-, 
'■"■'•^•'-     '  '"!■•  .    !   an.i  SHJly  T:.--  ■    •'     '  .-ff.M^.iu 
1  lyior  Was  «  1  ii  'i.'iliM'ii-k 

,.  \  :i.,  .Ill  1  H.iHii  f.'I.itivi-  <>f  Hrc'^ui'ni  M;iili.«iii 
■  '^  '•'    V     i...      Tilt  m"<>torward   ^?i.i    Chri" 
.;  •  .'s   f":!nu.   witli  only   -•':.li   in'i 

'  --.sitiiii'd  ;  :ind  in. 


urt  nt'  r 


Gdverncir  Lcwin  said,  -'  1  know  Miij.  (,'linsly  to  lie 
wisu  in  couniil  und  .swift  in  uction;"  1.S12,  jud;:u  of 
the   Court   of  (jiiniuon    I'li-as  und  CourLs  of  Qnar- 


1  "    IS14.  auditor   of  jiiiiilic   accv 

1  ■■':  ihc  i.ni'.Mr;,  and  in   18'if),  for  thi'  State  of  ^ 
somi ;  finally,  during  thirteen  yi-ars.  under  l'i-r.>i.; 
iVIoiiroo,    Aiiiiliis.    and    Jaeksi..ii,    Mnj.    ('l>.ri-<'< 
re(,;i«t<ir   of    tli«    land '.dIJec    of    ,St.   Louis,    an- 
?i<;iwi!  !"    \^'VA.  wI'vTi  ,  .-r  .'iiid   p.. or  hi'aich   In 

'\  I  ill'   iiio     iiiij.o.ri   in    ill.'  i-i'rvic'_' oi'  lii.    ' 
and  ihe  oouniry,  Maj.  ('liri-^ty,  wiiu  was  one 
lar;;o  l.ind  <iwninir  pioneer>,  did  his  full  .-ilifire  t 
iKlvauiMuj,'  I  he  progrete  of  St..  F.oiii;^.     Very  f> 
tribuiwl  ruori!  to  the  eAteiiJiion  of  the  cit.y.      J I 
oul  upward)*  of  lifiy  whole  bloekn  on  Uroadwa, 
Droddwiy  we>;tvvard.  between  JtVankliii  Aveoii 
^:«li   Street.,  and  (Ircen   fireef,  with  .some   i 
l>l<vvkji  ou  ihc  south  side  M'  Grmsn  tltiuot.      H 
projeeted   what  is   now  knoWn    a-s    North   St. 
huyiiij;  il\i!  land  .md  layinjr  if  out.      lie  w.i.s  a  • 
«lnm)<  pairiotic  iiupiilrey,  woicli   here  found  v 
propriate   expre.-!Ki..ii   in   hi     jL'ivitijr   thi-  fiin-f. 
oiiiiies  !H  d<?r?'M-i.r^    \|i,>i;<,...    >r.niiM»,  U'arri'ii 

•  i<;iali!d  witli  ' 
•HI  Cliamher:-. 
.■■;K»    I  Mr.  Chih 
,  gave  to 
1   ..-    ■  for  ehur.-l 
.•o  f>r(uui.}  i(  r  a  puhl'     ]■■ 
I  front  of  •i'le  tnujo; 
iDNion, — III   the  Ooriier 
•   wli'^re  he  used  to  di 
InmpitiiKty  ill  .  nd  vv.irin  htiiiried  .>" 

go,nuiiie  HouKiiin   ^luiieiiiau.     tlerft  he   • 
rcm.iinirn,'  day.s,  and    up   to   the  last  year  • 
w:iv  libliH  to  vi.dt  tho  city  frequ*^<itly  atiil  ii. 
!,.■    i-  -.1,.     Tl<  WU.S  i!  well-fiiruied,  istate' 
,    ItI'I,  uiid   retHiiud   ili.s   >  rm'l   ar 
■  to  the  la.^t.    Finally  n  puiin. 
I  him   and  in  April,  ISHT.  I 
ly  nil  hii  fellow-eitizeiiv    - 
.iiid  putilie-npirifed  man,  ami    :   • 
II..    1.  uuate  fvieiids  a.>t  a  kind  hearten  -i 
v'liri-itiaii  L"t  iiile.iiian.      JJi.^  wifi-,  it  ladv  aV 
wouimily  graei»,  survivod  him   until    ' 

"■■  aco  thtir  hrnlies  were  roniiivwl  to  ii..    .  ■• 

letY    w'lere  they  lie  in  oiie  firave. 

i  '  ■>    was  IV   I)eiuitt!rai   anii 

piny,  Vi't  he  wa>i  a  Wiirin   ; 

■    L'lay.  and  in   1.S24  voi.eil  fi,.: 

.'wuy  in  preference  to  AdatUD  or  .Ittcknon 

^'  '  '1       •"hn-iy  \rci'''  jViii'iiis  of  a  loni" 

t'iniiiy,  (uii)   two  ol    vvliuiu  iiow  (iJi^J)  -.iv:  ':•  , 

Viri:inia,   who  married   Dr.    E.    IJathurNt    Siiiiili  iij 

18118,  anil    has  resided  in  St.  Ijouis  alinos',  i-uiiiinul 


;iM,j..    .. 

> .  and  M 
ill-law), 
mrcc   ,iti.. 
and  .sehil  . 
on  the  ri. 

M    :; 


ims]y  e\ 
•Tallies  f 
C'iirisij  c 

IVl'Stl.ll, 

t'.   Farra 
Tlioriias 
\Valfcer,  a 

'I'l'.  ofKei, 

n.s.A,  ,„ 

t'li^  Suproi 

li/anicd  Ge 

I'rmtt  Misso 

The  J//4J 

that 

"  Oiir  town  I 
|'"ririiit  of  |,„|i 
ii"J':i...:il)l(..  |j_v  , 
"If  ilicrtiiri-iviii 
ff'iM  one  eml  o| 
■""I  iTi'rninal  av 
■■'l>i'.  without  tl, 
I'.v  Congress  for  i 

Kilt  the  pla. 
DuHlii,^'',s  rocc 
llo  sajs,—. 

'■Tliori'  ivero  (I, 

«f''  "I'  ivliiol,    w,„ 

Tln'  icniaindor  of 

"'I'lic  folloiiinj, 

■'■''"o.slory  |„'i, 

>"-ot'(s.       ItMill,,, 

"Tivo-siorv  l>i,i| 

"'"'"' »f.-^(  sij„„f 

''"■'■li  lioii.-c  now  si..| 

"''""■''"i-.v    bail, 

"■"" I  Klni.o,,. 

•'"If. 

"'■'"Nr  tivo^storv 

"■'"'■'■"  -Varkol  „,;,| 

"illi.'ini  Sniiih,  a  I; 

■■■|'""-»lory  buil.li 

'"■">  Cliostnnt  an,l  . 

"^•■"blv  tivo-Morv 

''""■■  '"'i't  i..v  Kni„i;, 

'  '^■''""^^.v-     It  was  the 

'•■'■""-lor^-  hnihii 

'■''';'''i>''.  oHne.1  In 

'"■"■"'"O'  buihiin, 
'"""' ■■"'■' w™(.i«,i  h. 
■■ ''""-Mory   bnihii,, 
|'"'l'^""loeon,,ie,M,v 
■■""-^■■"'0.7   bnihlin,, 
""-'•'.l.uilthvU-illi,.„ 
1 1' an  iiliii.e. 

"'""■  ■l"'-.v    briek, 
l'"fel.',  o.VU|)io,|    hy  ./, 
ymty  ,.|er|(. 

'■l>"-.storj.  buihiin;;. 

I  Ji'"  merehant»  u„j 
''""'"eweroOen.  IW 


THE  EARLIEST  SETTLERS   IN   SAINT   LOUIS. 


195 


ously  ever  since,  and  Harriet,  wlio  married  Capt. 
.liinies  8.  Dean,  US. A.  Of  the  dead,  Edmund 
C'liri.'ity  died  unniarriod;  Howard  married  Mi.ss  Susan  * 
l'iv.>;t(Hi,  of  Kentuclcy ;  Surah  married  Dr.  Bernard 
G.  Farrar,  of  St.  Louls  ;  Mary  Ann  married  Maj. 
'I'liiimas  Wriglit,  U.S.A.;  Matilda  married  Dr. 
Walker,  and  her  siecond  hu.sbaiid  was  Col.  N.  P.  Tay- 
lor, of  Kentucky  ;  France.s  married  ALij.  Taylor  Berry, 
U.S.A.,  and  .subsequently  Judfre  Robert  Wash,  of 
tli(^  Supreme  Court  of- the  State  of  Missouri;  Eliza 
iiiarried  Gen.  William  H.  A.shley,  member  of  Congre.s.s 
frdin  Missouri.  ' 

The  Missouri  Gnzitt)-  of  Feb.  11,  18 IH, complains  I 
that 

"  Our  town  at  this  tiino  pruaonts  ti>  tlic  striingpr  a  ilcpicablo 
iKtrlriiit  of  ])t)lic'e  management.  .Several  i*treet8  are  renilcrcd 
impas.-'able  bv  the  want  of  a  enmmon  footway  or  ilrain.f  tooarry 
off  ilie  rain-water.  Nuiwaneea  are  to  be  met  with  in  every  .*liai)0 
frum  one  cnii  of  tiic  town  to  tlie  other.  A  mu^t  unvvarrantaljle  i 
anil  criminal  aviility  to  acquire  property  lia.s  imlneccl  several  to 
take,  without  the  siiaihiw  of  a  claim,  the  propei'ty  desij^nated 
by  Cungres.s  for  the  Uf^e  ami  benefit  of  the  whole  town." 

But  the  place  had  begun  to  };row,  as  Mr.  Richard 
Dowlinoi's  recolleelions  of  1817  .show  very  plainly. 
He  says, — 

"There  were  then  but  fifteen  briek  houfies  in  the  town,  the 

lirst  of  which   was   bnilt   by   liartholonicw    lierthold,  in    1811.   ' 

The  remainder  of  the  buildings  were  <if  stone  or  logs.  i 

"'flu'  following  is  a  list  of  the  brick  houses  alluded  to:  [ 

"Tno-story  building,  southeast  corner  of  .Main  and  Spruce  • 

stroi'Is.     It  slill  stands,  the  oldest  brick  house  in  the  city. 

"Two-stfiry  building,  erected  in  1.S18,  by  'I'liomas  Kiddick, 
111  tlu'  west  side  of  I'ourth,  near  I'luiu.  It  is  the  second  oldest 
liiii'k  house  now  standing. 

"Two  story  building,  on  the  west  side  of  .Main,  between 
Mullciiiid  Klui.  occupied  by  Drs.  Simpson  and  Quarl  as  adrug- 
■t'ln'. 

"Four  two-story  building-^,  tui  the  east  siile  of  Main  Street,  | 
ii'twocn  Market  and  Chestnut,  occupied  by  (ien.  liernard  Pratte,  | 
Williiiia  Smith,  B.  Herthohl,  and  Manuel  Idsa.  : 

"Two-story  building,  on  the  west  side  of  Main  Street,  be-  '. 
tniTM  Chestnut  and  I'ine,  occupied  by  Papin  A  Brother.  j 

"D"uble  two-story  building,  southwest  corner  of  Main  and  ! 
Piin'.  Iiiiilt  by  Kuighl  Si  Hrady.  atid  in  I'-'IT  kept  as  a  hotel  by  ; 
KiliiR'V,     It  was  the  iargi'st  Ijrick  building  in  the  city. 

"Two-story  building,  southeast  side  ot"  .Main,  between  Pine  : 
mi  Olive,  owned  by  (Jovernor  William  Clark.  i 

"T'wo-story  building,  siuilheast  corner  of  Main  and  Locust,  ^ 
Aiitil  :ind  occupied  by  Christian  Wilt. 

"Twii-story  building,  west  side  of  Third,  south  itt  .Market,  j 
I'lnlt  and  occupied  by  Ividd  Price. 

"Oiie-stiU"y    building,    west  side  of    Broadway,   about   Curr  | 

Mrn't.huilt  by  William  C.  Carr,  and  oceupietl  by  him  tor  a  time  i 

1!  ail  "tiice.  j 

"Oil,.  >tMry    brick,  southwest  corner   of    Kuurth    and    Elm 

I.Mroels,  occupied    by  Judge    Bent  as  an   oflico  when    ho   was 

|t»iiiity  clerk. 

"Twip-slory  building,  northeast  corner  of  Third  and   Vino 
■."Incts,  occupied  by  Gen.  William  Ituotur,  as  surveyor-general. 
"Tliu  uiurehunts  and  traders  uf  St.  Iiuuis  doing  business  at 
iitial  time  were  (Jon.  Bernard  Prutte,  Peter  and  Jesse  Lindell, 


Michel  Tesson  A  Bro.,  Thomas  Ilanley,  Alexander  McXair,  San- 
guinettu  A  Bright,  James  A  Oeoige  Kenuerly,  Matthew  Kerr, 
Sarpy  A  De  .Mun,  Moses  Scolt,  Catlierwood  A  Kaiikin,  Robert 
Collet.  McKnight  ,t  Brady,  William  Smith.  Mr.  IJoUohue, 
James  Clemens,  Jr.,  Christian  Wilt.  Sylvestre  liabbadie.  Henry 
von  I'hiil,  Jidiu  P.  Cabannc,  and  .Andrew  I'.lliut.  Jlerchauts  in 
those  days  were  nid  confined  to  any  particular  branch  of  busi- 
ness, as  at  pn  -ent,  but  carried  on  general  supply  stores.  The 
first  reg'ilar  li.i-dware-sture  in  St.  Louis  was  opened  by  Henry 
Shaw,  about  ISI'.i  or  |s2ll. 

"'The  jirincipal  builders  in  tlie  town  in  those  early  days  wore 
Philip  and  Henry  liocheblave,  .lames  Irwin,  Phineas  Bartlett, 
Uobert  Patt<Mi,  and  Hill  k  Keys. 

*' The  brick-makers  were  Paul  Anderson,  John  Robb,  and 
James  Loper. 

"  Bricklayers,  William  Jones,  James  I.oper,  Jones  ,(;  Baily, 
and  John  Jones, 

"  Iiime-burners,  Paul  Priuieau  ami  Joseph  laicroi.v, 

"  Plasterer,  Peter  Ferguson,  afterwards  and  for  many  years 
judge  of  the  Probate  Court. 

'•  Painters,  John  Latrasse  and  William  II.  Pocock. 

"Stone-cutters,  Joseph  Klunk  aiul  <■harlc^  llotldard. 

"  .Mercluiut  tailors,  Peter  Piimni,  .Michael  polan,  and 

Burns. 

"  Boot  and  shoemakers,  .Michatd  lioberts,  .1,  (.'alieau,  and 
Itollins. 

"  Lumber  and  mills.  The  first  lumber-yard  was  started  by 
Morton  A  Uo  licbliive,  afterwards  .Morton  .t  Laveille:  the  second 
by  Cajit.  .lames  .MctJunnigle. 

"  Til  first  sawmill  was  built  by  Mr.  .■'ylvesire  Labbadie,  in 
ISIH.  I.  was  situated  east  of  .Main  Street,  south  id'  what  is  now 
Ashley  Street.  The  buililers  of  the  mill  were  Stewart,  .McKee, 
and  Mr.  Osboru.  Mr.  MeKee  superintended  the  running  id'  the 
mill  for  several  years.  There  was  a  llonr-mill  attached  to  it. 
Previous  to  the  erection  of  this  mill,  nearly  all  the  lumber  to 
be  obtained  here  hail  tube  cut  by  a  whip-saw.  Mr.  Nichidas 
Jarrot  had  a  water-mill  on  Cahokia  Creek,  111,,  which  yielded 
a  small  supply  id'  lumber.  The  most  important  grist  mill  was 
that  of  Cid.  Auguste  Chouteau,  run  by  water-power  obtained 
from  Cliouteau's  Pond.  It  furnished  most  of  the  inhabitants 
witli  their  supplies  of  Hour  and  meal.  (Hhcr  mills  were  run  by 
Charles  Sanguinette.  Joseph  lira/eaii,  and  others. 

"The  first  brewery  was  owned  by  Joseph  Philip,Min.  It  was 
situated  on  the  west  side  of  .Main  Street,  about  where  Carr 
Street  now  is.  It  was  in  a  two-story  frame  building,  the  last 
house  in  the  nortli  part  of  the  town.  Mr.  Philipson's  brewer 
was  Victor  Hub,  who  died  in  ISjIl,  near  Uoeky  Branch.  The 
first  beer  was  brewed  in  the  tall  of  ISI7,  and  was  cooled  in  a 
pirogue,  or  •dug-out,'  which  lay  outside  on  the  north  side  of  the 
building.  About  two  years  afterwards  Mr.  .lohn  Mullauphy 
took  possession  of  the  brewery,  and  ran  it  for  several  years. 
In  ISo|  it  burned  down,  and  was  rebuilt  by  .Mr.  Mullauphy. 
His  brewer  was  Matthew  .Murphy."' 

'  Ilespeetinft  some  of  the  persons  named  by  .Mr.  Kowling,  we 
have  the  following  details,  in  one  shape  or  another: 

Jean  Pierre  Cabauue  was  a  native  of  the  city  of  Pan,  in  the 
south  of  France.  .Mr.  Cabaune  eame  to  this  country  abouttho 
year  ISOl,  and  first  settled  in  Now  Orleans,  and  while  there  was 
engaged  in  a  duel,  as  was  then  the  prevailing  custom,  and 
which  made  it  e.xpediont  for  him  to  leave  that  ]ilaee.  He  eame 
to  St.  Louis  about  the  year  I80t!.  He  was  a  gentleman  of 
fine  edueation.  lie  early  engaged  in  the  Indian  fur  trade, 
which  was  then  the  great  business  of  this  city;  and  in  this 
branch  of  business  he  continued  for  iminy  years,  the  partner  at 
times  of  the  late    Bernard   Pratte.   Pierre  Chouteiiii,  Jr.,  Mr. 


!l    , 


it. 


196 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


There  is  a  fuller  and  more  cireuuislnntial  uccount  |  At  that  time  tlie  court-houRo  was  a  ono-story  frame 
of  St.  Louis  as  it  was  in  1818  than  can  be  got  from     buildii)<;   on    Third    Street,    between    Almond    and 


Vlt  I 


Mr.  Dowliiig's  recollections,  interesting  as  they  are. 

AntoiiioC'liciiic,  lliirthuloiiiew  Uortbolil,  MhiiuoI  LUii.iiniluthors, 
mill  Hiis  fur  iiiiinv  vlmiis  a  iiicinljur  iif  tl»'  linn  of  I'nitti',  Clioii- 
ti'tiii  &  Co.  During  liiH  onnnci'tidii  witli  tliis  (inn  lie  spent  niost 
(if  his  time  in  the  Imliim  conntry.  In  tliis  business  heaniasseil 
a  fortune,  and  liis  limise  in  this  city  was  tor  many  years  the 
htune  of  broail  and  generous  hospitality,  wliere  strnngt'rs  and 
oflieers  of  tlio  army,  tlien  very  numerous  in  this  tlien  most  west- 
ern outpost,  were  elu^^antly  and  most  j^ontTOUsly  entertained, 
lion.  lieniurd  I'nittc  was  tlie  (irst  American  citizen  horn  in  the 
'I'erritor;'  of  Louisiana.  The  purcinise  ni  the  province  of 
Louisiana  from  France  was  elfeeled  on  the  .'id  of  May,  18011, 
liut  it  was  not  until  aliont  the  l.")tli  of  lJe"eml)er  of  tlint  year 
that  tile  province  and  its  de)>enden(*ies  were  delivered  by  the 
French  commissioner  to  the  eomniissionors  of  the  United  ."^tatcs. 

Bernard  I'rntte  was  born  in.'^t.  Louis  on  the  17th  of  December, 
ISO;,.  1^1.  Louis  at  that  time  occupied  rather  circumscibed 
limits.  Where  the  IMttnters'  House  nttw  stands  was  an  incbised 
euuMuon  or  |ia.sturo:  there  wasnoteven  a  iiost-otTicein  the  town, 
liernard  I'ratle's  father,  (leii.  I'ratte,  and  his  father's  mother 
were  both  born  in  Ste.  (ienevieve,  and  his  j;nindinother  and  her 
uiothcr  were  born  in  .^t.  Louis.  Bernard  Pratte  was  a  pioneer 
in  the  navigation  id'  the  Missouri  Hiver,  he  huviu);.  in  eon- 
iieetion  with  I'iene  Chouteau,  successfully  attcnijited  the  pas- 
sage of  that  .-itreain  as  far  as  the  Yellowstone,  in  18.12,  contrary 
to  the  predictions  of  the  oldest  navigators.  After  a  ]>rofitablc 
business  career,  in  which  he  held  a  prominent  cunnectiou  with 
the  .American  Fur  Comjiany,  he  served  as  nniyor  of  St.  Loui.s 
during  two  terms,  from  IS  11  to  1S40.  He  had  ju'eviously  been 
a  member  of  the  (icneral  Assembly.  He  was  a  faithful  public 
Borvant,  and  liis  views  of  public  matters  always  eonunandcd 
high  respect.  He  was  also  at  one  time  president  of  the  Hank 
of  Missouri.  In  all  positions,  as  well  n.s  in  his  social  intercourse, 
bo  was  universally  esteemed  as  a  genial  and  upright  gentleman, 
realizing  the  forcible  in  execution  with  the  suavity  in  manner. 
As  mayor,  be  was  ]irobably  one  of  the  most  popular  executives 
who  has  ever  administered  our  niuniei|)al  affairs.  Having  tired 
of  the  turmoil  of  political  pursuits,  be  retired  many  years  ago 
to  the  seclusion  of  private  life,  where  he  has  devoted  his  time 
to  literature  and  the  comforts  of  home.  In  1821,  Mr.  Pratto 
married  Louisa  Clienic.  daughter  of  Antoinc  Chenie,  she  being 
a  native  of  St.  Louis  likewise,  and  the  parents  of  the  young 
couple  living  within  a  block  of  one  another. 

Madame  lierthold  was  the  only  daughter  of  Ma).  Pierre 
Chouteau,  deceased,  and  because  she  was  an  only  daughter  the 
Indians  called  her '•  the  lone  woiu'in"  in  their  native  tongue, 
which  being  translated  into  French  was  "  la  femuie  tout  scule," 
and  was  born  in  .-t.  Louis  the  Ttli  day  of  October,  1790.  Her 
mnllier,  whose  imiiden  name  was  Kiercercau,  died  when  she 
was  a  child.  ^la.j.  Chouteau  had  been  the  Indian  agent  under 
the  French  and  Spanish  governments  at  St.  Louis,  and  in  that 
capacity  exercised  more  authority  over  the  numerous  Indian 
tribes  then  west  of  the  Mississippi  Iliver  than  any  man  in  the 
whole  valley  of  the  Mississippi.  Maj.  Chouteau  had,  besides 
this  one  and  only  daughter,  three  sous,  viz. :  Augusto  P.  Chou- 
teau, Pierre  Chouteau,  .Ir.,  and  Liguest  Chouteau,  all  of  whom 
have  died  many  years  ago.  He  married  tt  second  time,  and 
had  children  by  the  second  marriage,  live  sons,  of  wbuiu  only 
three  are  living. 

Pelagic  Choutenu  was  married  to  Bartholomew  Berthold  in 
8t.  Louis,  on  the  12th  of  .lanuury,  1811.  Mr.  Berthidd  was 
a  Tyroleso  by  birth,  and  caii.o  to  the  United  .States  in  17'J8, 


Spruce  Streets,  now  occupied  by  the  Sisters'  Hns. 


and  was  naturalized  in   Philadelphia  in  the  same  year,  aii<l 
afterwards  lived  in  Baltimore  till   1801),  when   he  came  to  St. 
Louis.     Ho  lived  for  a  short  time  in  Sle.  (ieucvieve.     Mr.  lici 
tliold  came  to  the  United  Stittes  in  company  with  (3en.  AVillnt, 
who  had  lied  from  France  in   conseiiuence  of  his  opposition  tn 
Napoleon,  and  who  returned   tj  that  country  after  tho  fall  i,i 
that  great   man.     Young   Berthold,  then  only  eighteen  yciir- 
old,  was  secretary  to  (ien.  Willot.      When   Napoleon   invaili.l 
Italy,  young  Berthold  became  a  soldier,  and  joined   those  win, 
opposed  him.     He  was  in  the  battle  of  Marengo,  where  be  i.' 
ceived  a  cut  from  a  sabre  across  the  forehead,  the  honora)il>- 
and   visible  scar  from    which    he  carried    to    hi.>!    grave.       Jh. 
was,  moreover,  a  fine   scholar,  and    spoke   the    Flench,   It.il 
iun,    .'Spanish,    (iernian,  and    Latin   languages    with   ease  ^iiiil 
fluency.     He  was  the  only  gentleman  at  the  dinner-table,  w  h,  n 

(len.  Lafayette  visited  here,  wl uld  speak  with  ease  and  rli- 

gance  the  language  suited  to  the  different  members  of  (l,ii. 
Lafayette's  suite.  Mr.  Berthold,  it  was  said,  was  the  ino^t  lin 
ished  and  accom]ilished  uicrcliant  of  his  day  in  the  city  of  St. 
Louis.  He  had  formed  a  copartnershii)  with  his  brother  in 
law,  Pierre  Chouteau,  Jr.,  wliieli  was  a  most  successful  aii-i 
nmney-making  concern,  in  the  fur  business. 

Afterwards,  Bartholomew  Berthold,  Pierre  Chouteau.  Jr., 
John  Pierre  Cabannc,  aiul  Bernard  Pialte  becnino  conneilt.l 
with  John  Jacob  .Vstor  as  partners  in  trade,  under  the  naiiic  u! 
the  ■■  American  F'ur  (Company,"  and  made  an  imineiisc  sum  ci 
money.  All  the  members  became  rich  and  wealthy,  Tlic  im- 
inense  and  unbounded  wealth  of  Mr.  .Astor,  wlio  furnished  thr 
larger  (lart  of  the  capital,  gave  double  assurance  to  the  u'nlcr 
taking  and  the  enterprise.  It  was  afterwards  said  tliiit  it  \v;i. 
under  the  eflicieiU  and  successful  training  of  BartholomcH  licr 
thold  that  Pierre  Chouteau,  Jr.,  and  John  B.  Sarpy  bicuik 
the  great,  successful,  prosperous,  and  prominent  business  nien 
that  they  wore,  whereby  millions  were  accumulated.  Baitb'il- 
oiucw  Berthold,  alter  a  life  of  active  business  pursuit.-,  Jic I 
here  in  the  year  18,'51. 

Of  (Jen.  Ashley,  we  have  the  following  notes  by  Mr.  Ilillnu, 
from  bis  personal  recollections; 

•'Of  Uen.  Ashley's  early  life,  I  have  simply  learned  tlint  ht 
was  born  in  Virginia  in  the  year  17Si  :  that  hecainc  toSte.  licni'- 
vieve  in  tho  year  ISO;!,  then  about  eighteen  years  of  age;  ihiii 
he  was  engaged  in  various  ]uirsuits  in  that  vicinity  for  .-iimi 
years,  as  men  hant,  saltpetre  manufacturer,  etc.,  in  Wasliiii:;lin 
County,  and  finally  as  surveyor  abort  lSlfi-17,  having  icici\il 
a  contract  from  Gen.  Wm.  Hector,  'lie  first  United  Stales  siii 
veyor-geneial  of  Missouri. 

"(ien.  .Ashley's  name  is  first  found  of  record  in  tlie  leiMniCT' 
office  of  St.  Louis  County,  in  Book  F,  p.  ;iJO,  in  the  follmvin.' 
entry  : 

'"  Jedathan  Kendal  and  Margaret,  his  wife,  to  Win.  II.  A  ii 
ley,  July  2.'),  ISir,  for  #100,  si.\  hundred  and  forty  acres  Milani 
in  the  Richwoods  settlement,  on  the  waters  of  the  .Miiriiiiir , 
in  Washington  County,  being  tho  land  settled  and  ehiiiiiol  ly 
John  Jones,  as  recorded  in  the  United  States  recorder's  olliie "I 
land  claims  of  MLssouri  Territory  in  the  office  at  St.  l.oiii'.' 

"(!en.  Ashley  fl.xed  his  permanent  residence  in  St.  I.mii'  in 
the  year  1819.  'Thompson  Douglass  sold  to  Wm.  II.  .Asljlry 
and  Lionell  Brown,  April  l.'i,  1819,  a  lot  of  sixty-two  lut  mi 
Second  Street  by  one  hundred  and  thirty-two  feet  cnsl  uii  Ifct 
cross  street  (afterwards  Elm)  (southwest  ipiarter  of  Bloik  ."'■ . 
on  which  was  a  two  and  a  half  story  brick  house  (built  by  I)i« 


pital.      Th 

siilltllWO,St 

Imildinir;  ] 
liiss  in  isie- 

llicn  under  ii 
I'lorii  ivhich  II 
Ashley  and  II 

li oiiey  wl 

lie  could  givet 
tnche  months 
"If.  and  he  ami 
■  Icid  for  the  a  I 
"After  the  a 
various  real  esl 
''••'en.  Ashh- 
Ion's  first  ,«!t.  L( 
in  the  siiniiner  i 
"lien.  Asliliii 
in  the  fall  „f  Ig; 
T..  liis  wife,  gav 
the  Hc-I  side  of 
fri.ni  our  pre.sen 
liNMiircl  and  nin 
"  In  tl,e  year  I 
Willirini  Stokes, 
mo-i  liiliiiliiiis  sui 
l)nVr|icrioiiii|'|er 
I'f  lien.  Ashley  J 
surveying   havinj 
ivlicrc  the   .s,|„„, 
nrcfoind  on  recoi 
"The  first  elect 
'lie  fourth   .Monda 
oOiciiiliy  reeogni/., 
was  elected  our  fi 
Stiiic  Senate,  wliic 
iiiilil  the  second  Si 
"•My  first  |M'rsoi 
fliis  period  of  our 
"I'liring  his  fm 
CTleiisively  eiigagi 
"It"  Missouri,  in 
Millie  of  the   first 
JwH.v  involved  ii 
|HT>evcrance  he  w 
n.iiipel,  ncy  in  his 
"ess  pursuits. 

"•''I'eiicer  Pettis, 
"'""•i"  l^M,  havin 
8''l<llo  in  August, 
"icliiiliiiiccof  llio 
cleclcil  for  the  full  , 
"I"'  feprcsontative 
liii'ii  succeeded  by  .f 
""'■".  Ashley,  uf 
I'lufliiiseil  I,  v,.f^,  ii 

"'"""  "iKlit  acres,  on 
<""-').  lying  between 
"lloro  he  built  for  hi 
'"»"  In'lian  mound 
f'"'  Ki-'iiinds  were  be 
'■'"""''ill  in  front,  the 
"'■I'll.  Ashley  was 
■*"i"l  ivifo,  the  Mis, 


THE  EARLIEST  SETTLERS  IN  SAINT  LOUIS. 


197 


pital.  The  post-office  wns  on  Muiii  Street,  near  the 
sdutliwest  corner  of  Ehii  Street,  a  one  story  stone 
Imiltlinj;;  Ur.  Robert  Simpson,  postni.ister. 


1:1--  ill  ISlH-ir),  fur  the  siiiii  of  $SOIII(.'  Tills  iiin|iorty  bviriK 
llii'ii  nmlt'r  itinrtj^iiift'  Ipy  Unii;^Iji.-.-  tu  the  Hunk  i»t'  .Mirf-ouri, 
tVoin  wliicli  llim^liiss  Imil  olituiiHMl  ii  limii  to  liiiild  this  lumsc, 
Aslilcy  iiu'l  IJrtjwn  j^avc  a  ImiihI  to  pjiy  Doutrln.-s  Iht'  consiiU'ra- 
ti"ii  iiKiiU'y  wliii'h  liu  wmihl  iiavo  |iHiil  otV  the  incirtKii)i;e,  so  that 
lie  coiiM  ^ivu  thciii  a  ^<mi(1  and  MntVu>ii>nt  tith;  for  tlu'  ^anie  within 
IHi'lvi*  tnniiths.  fltiHik  I,  p.  7.)  This  ninrtjxuf^c  Di)iif;!nss  )>iuil 
III),  anil  hi'  ami  wife  iwciMitoil  tii  Ashley  ami  liniwn  a  wanaiiteil 
.U'l.l  for  the  above  Dee.  2,  IS19. 

"  After  the  above,  Gen.  Ashley's  name  is  fouiiil  of  leeoiil  in 
viiriniis  real  estate  tiansaolions. 

'■  lien.  Ashley  occuiiiecl  this  lionse  in  May,  1S21  (date  of  Pax- 
liins  first  St.  lioiiis  directory).  His  wife  was  siek  in  this  hiinso 
ill  the  summer  of  1821,  and,  I  think,  died  therein  shortly  after. 

"lien.  .Vsliton  married  his  second  wife,  I'iliza  II.  i'liristy,  lute  I 
in  the  fall  of  1825.  (In  Dee.  I,  ls2:),  William  riirisly  and  Martha 
1'..  Ids  wife,  ^ave  their  dnii;;hter,  Mrs.  Kli/a  B.  .Vshley,  a  lot  on  i 
the  west  side  of  Kil'lli  Street,  three  liiiiidreil  and  forty  feet  front,  < 
fritiii  our  present  Mori^an  Street  to  Franklin  .Avenue,  by  two  I 
liini'ired  and  ninety  feet  deep.  ■ 

"  111  the  yi'tir  ISI'.I  there  eaiiie  to  St.  Louis  from  England  Mr,  j 
Willirim  Stokes,  brinirin);  with  him  the  then,  in  St.  Louis,  al-  ' 
iiiiisi  fabulous  sum  of  SIOO,llim  in  easli,  nhieh  he  invested,  in  a  i 
brief  period  after  his  arrival,  in  real  estate,  plaeiu);  in  the  hands  j 
(if  lieu.  Ashley  :i'('iO,lM)ll  for  the  above  purpose,  Ashley  in  his  | 
.-iirwyin;;  bavini^  aei|uired  personal  knowIedji;c  of  localities  j 
vvlicie  the  same  iiii);ht  be  judiciously  invested.  These  facts  < 
arc  found  on  record. 

"The  first  election  under  our  State  Constitution  took  place  on 
the  fourth  .Motiday  of  August,  1820,  although  we  wore  not  yet 
ollii'iiilly  recognized  as  a  State.  At  this  election  Gen.  Ashley 
was  elected  our  lirst  Lieutenant-Governor  and  president  of  the 
Stiile  Senate,  which  office  be  filled  for  the  term  of  four  years, 
until  the  second  Slate  election  in  1824, 

"  .\ly  first  personal  aci{uaintanceship  with  Gen.  Ashley  was  at 
lliis  pLiiod  of  our  lirst  election  in  LS20. 

"  I'uring  his  four  years'  term  as  Lieutenant-(!overnor  he  was 
o.\tcii>ively  engaged  in  tbc  fur  trade  with  the  Indians  on  the 
miller  Missouri,  in  which  trade  he  sent  up  several  expeditions, 
•uiuc  of  the  first  resulting  disastrously,  by  wbicli  he  became 
ciii|ily  involved  in  debt;  but  by  bis  indomitable  energy  and 
|HTM'vcrance  he  was  finally  successful,  and  having  acijuircd  a 
ciiiii|icti  ncy  in  his  last  .ulventiire,  ho  retired  from  active  busi- 
ness |iiirsiiits. 

"."'liciicer  Pettis,  who  had  been  elected  to  Congress  u  second 
lime  in  ls,'i(i,  having  lost  his  life  in  the  inetnorable  duel  with 
Biilille  in  August,  18111,  Gon.  Ashley  was  elected  to  serve  out 
the  liiiliince  of  the  term,  at  the  expiration  of  which  ho  was  re- 
cli'clcd  for  the  full  term  in  18H2,  and  again  in  ISIM,  serving  as 
mir  representative  a  period  of  five  eonsecutivo  years;  he  was 
IhiMi  succeeded  by  John  Miller, 
"dm.  Ashley,  after  retiring  from  active  business  pursuits. 


"Of  the  business  plnees  on   Main  Street,  the  first  one  cs- 

I  tablished  was  on  the  south  side  of  that  thoroughfare,  south  of 

I   Washington  Avenue,     The  building  was  owned  by  Peter  Cbou- 

tcnu,  Sr.     It  was  of  stuno,  two  stories  in  height,  and   had  a 

porch  all  around  it.     The  store  was  kept  by  Mr,  Daniels,  n 

furrier, 

*'Tbe  other  business  places  are  given  in  the  order  of  tbeir 
sititiition,  as  follows  ; 

"Ontboea;'.  ide  of  Main  i-^treet,  between  \'ine  and  Locust, 
II  grocery -store,  kept  by  .1,  \'ickers,  who  made  himself  notorious 
by  issuing  sbin-plasters  of  denominations  from  twelve  and  a 
half  cents  upward  to  one  dollar  each,  and  leaving  unexpectedly 
before  he  redeemed  tliein. 

"  Next,  on  the  same  side,  below,  Solomon  .Megreaun,  gun- 
smith. 

"On  the  nortliwest  corner  of  .Main  and  Locust,  ,)iisepb  Douju, 
watchmaker, 

", Southeast  corner  of  .Main  and  Locust,  ('bristiun  Wilt,  mer- 
chant, who  had  a  lead-factory  on  the  river-bank,  in  the  rear  of 
his  store, 

"Same  street,  south  of  \Vilt,  J.  11.  Grant,  jeweler  and  silver- 
smith, 

"  Adjoining,  a  one-story  log  house,  occupied  as  a  school.  The 
same  was  kept  by  Messrs,  Leo  &  Loot,  and  subseqiienlly  by  Mr. 
Uochford, 

"South  of  tile  school,  .Michael  Dohiii,  merchant  luilor. 

".'■'outbwiird  again,  Gabriel  and  Ucnc  Paul,  niercbants, 

"On  the  north  side  of  Main  Street,  just  above  the  corner  of 
t)live,  were  Ors.  Farrar  ami  Walker. 

"On  the  east  si.le  of  .Main  Street,  soiilli  of  Olive,  a  porlcr- 
eelliir,  kept  by  Mr.  Ilrazeau. 

"Sauu^  side  of  Main,  between  Oli\e  and  Pine,  .lames  iind 
Geo.  Kennerly,  mereluinls. 

"  Northwest  corner  of  .Main  and  Pine,  Charles  IJosseroii,  black- 
smith. 

''Southwest  corner  of  .Main  and  Pine,  Kibbey's  hotel. 

"South  of  Kibliey,  Thomas  McGiiire,  merchant, 

"  South,  Thomas  llanley,  niercbiint. 

"South,  Mr.  Gratiot,  merchant. 

"  KiLst  side  of  Main,  south  of  Pine,  Mr.  Donahue,  merchant. 

"South,  .Mr.  Jacoby,  saddle-  and  harness-maker. 

**  South,  Moses  Scott,  niercbtint, 

"  .Vorthcast  corner  of  Main  and  Chestnut,  Sylvestre  Labbudic, 
merchant, 

"Southeast  corner  of  same,  Peter  and  Jesse  G,  Lindell,  iner- 
obants. 

"South,  on  Main,  Henry  Von  Pbul,  inerebant, 

"South,  Slime,  James  Clement,  Jr.,  merobuut. 


bis  third,  the  widow  of  Dr.  Wilco.x,  of  Howard  County,  a  daugh- 
ter of  Dr.  Mass.  He  had  no  children  by  either  wife.  After  his 
death  this  hist  lady  became  the  wife  of  Senator  John  J.  Critten- 
den, of  Kentucky,  and  died  not  very  long  since. 

"Gon.  Ashley's  personal  appeuranee:  A  man  of  medium 
height,  say  about  five  feet  nine  inches,  of  light  frame,  his 
weight  might  have  been  from  one  hundred  and  thirty-fivo  to 
one  hundred  and  forty  pounds;  thin  face,  prominent  nose,  not 
|iurohiised  a  very  hanilsoino  property,  in  the  year  I82fi-27,  of  I  Roman,  but  iii|uiline  or  Grecian,  so  that  a  profile  view  of  bis 
iilwut  eight  acres,  on  what  is  now  liroadway  (then  Federal  Ave-  j  face  presented  a  projecting  nose  and  chin  with  the  mouth  drawn 
mir),  lying  between  what  arc  now  Iliddle  and  Hates  Streets,  i  in.  Had  Gen.  Ashley  been  an  indolent  man,  he  doubtless  would 
wluro  he  built  for  his  residence  a  very  fine  bouse,  on  one  of  the  j  have  been  a  dyspeptic,  but  from  bis  restless  and  active  disposi- 
I'lKcr  Indian  monnda,  which  he  occii]iied  for  a  number  of  years.  tion,  constantly  on  the  move,  and  from  the  various  suits  he  was 
Tlw  (jroands  were  beautifully  laid  out  and  improved,  with  a  fine  engaged  in  from  his  youth  upwards,  he  Ibund  no  time  to  be  siek, 
louiilain  in  front,  the  first  thing  of  the  kind  we  had  in  St,  Louis,  ;  and  his  active  life  tended  to  preserve  his  health,  but  slightly  ini- 
"ileii.  Ashley  was  three  times  married.  After  the  death  of  his  ;  paired  until  his  death  in  1838-HO,  at  the  age  of  about  tlfty- 
fci'iiiiil  wife,  the  Miss  Christy  previously  mentioned,  ho  married  '   three," 


i  (.  >} 


198 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


"!*oiitli  iiKiii'i.  ^y>'>-  Siiiilh,  inirrliiint :  1*.  A,  I'liouteiiu,  J. 
Deiiiiiiiil,  iiikI  John  li.  Siirpy,  iiiorohniil." ;  (Jon,  llcrniird  I'rutt, 
iiiprcliiint,  iiml  Miilllii'W  Cair,  nicriliaiit. 

"0|i|i(i.ili'.  BiiiiH'  strci'l.  IO|iliriiini  Tciwii.  hiiltcr. 

"Then  ciiiin!  tlif  iiiuik«t-li(iiisiMi  uiic-xtMiy  biiUdinit,  runniii|; 
ciist  mill  west,  witli  llii'  );iuiiiiil  iilliiflicd  ;  il  iii;i:ii|ii<'il  ii  wlmle 
■((uarp.  Till'  I'liat  finl  iif  llif  ini'iiiii^cM  ri'>'ti'cl  i>ii  the  liviM-lmnk. 
Thci'O  were  t'iixht  ttr  ti'ii  iMittdu'r-J. 

"  On  the  wost  side  iif  Main  Stri'i't,  i<mith  of  tlic  market,  ulcmd 
tho  innnyion  <d'  Cid.  Aii|;iislus  I'hiiiitt'au.  The  building  anil 
fcrijunds  <iiTU|ii>'il  ii  whidi'  r^(|Uar('.  Tlie  |ini|iei'ty  iva.H  inclo^od 
with  a  Mtiini^  wall.  Tha  Hank  nf  ML'sixiri  was  liwatcd  on  tho 
first  lliior  id'  the  liiiildin;^.  Col.  CIioiiIimim  and  family  rcsidod  on 
the  floor  above. 

"On  the  east  side  id'  Main  Street,  south  of  Walnut,  was  Mr, 
Hull,  the  baker. 

".South,  Mitdniel  Tesson,  nierehaijt;  I*eter  IViinu),  inerehant 
tailor,  and  Messrs.  SanKuinefle  rtnd  HriKlit,  nierehants. 

"Same  street,  o)i|iosite,  Mrs.  I'esky,  merehant. 

"On  the  northeast  eorner  of  Main  and  Kim,  Mr.  V^illois, 
liieksmilh. 

"  ."Southward,  same  street,  Xeal  l)e|;;;ill,  tinsmith  ;  Hiehards 
i  (^uarls,  tnbaeeo  maiiufaeturers ;  l)rs.  Sini|isi>n  and  (juarls, 
drii^j;ist8 :  .1.  Heed,  merehant,  and  .Andrew  KlliotI,  niercluint. 

".Southwest  eorTier  of  Main  and  l)lm,  Mr.  J>an);en,  sllver- 
Kuiith,  and  luanul'aitnrer  of  Indian  liinkets. 

"South,  on  Main,  the  liank  of  St.  I.ouis.  'I'his  bank,  too, 
was  kept  in  the  lower  part  of  the  buildin;;  in  wbieh  it  was 
loi'at(>il,  while  a  family  oeeupieil  the  seeond  tliini'. 

"On  the  west  side  of  Main,  snulh  of  Myrtle,  Hubert  Ciillett, 
jnorchant. 

"Southward,  .Mr.  I-'stes',  and  two  other  establishments. 

"(len.  Bermird  I'ralt  built  the  first  biisines-i  bouse  on  the 
Levee.  It  was  Ineated  on  the  eorner  of  Market  and  Front 
.Streets.  At  this  time  there  were  only  two  warehouses  in  the 
city,  line  built  by  .MeKni^bt  A  Hraily, and  situated  on  tho  river- 
bank,  north  of  Cherry  Street,  and  the  other,  built  by  Manuel 
l,isa.  ini  the  south  side  of  Chestnut  and  the  liuvee.  The  latter 
is  still  stamlinir. 

"  All  the  lumber  used  bad  to  be  eut  with  a  whip-saw.  There 
was  not  one  saw-mill  in  the  eity.  The  first  of  these  eslablish- 
lucnts,  whieb  were  .-iibseiiuently  jnit  up.  was  built  by  Sylvestre 
T.abbailie.  The  millwright  was  .Mr.  Dsborn.  Several  years 
al'terward  the  mill  was  run  by  Stuart  .McKee. 

"There  was  only  one  water-power  llourniill,  wbieh  was 
owned  by  Cid.  Augiisle  Cbouleaii.  The  building  stood  till 
burned  down  west  of  Centre  Market. 

"  There  was  a  borse-mill.  owned  by  Mr.  de  Chouiiuette.  It 
was  situated  just  molh  of  tho  present  silo  of  the  Lami  Kailroad 
.Street  depot. 

"Tboic  were  two  biileis  on  Main  Street,  one  on  the  south- 
west eorner  of  Main  and  tlreen  Streets,  the  other  on  the  south- 
west eorner  of  .Main  and  I'ine  Streets.  Another  hotel,  situated 
on  Seeond  Street,  was  known  as  the  (Jreen  Street  Tavern. 
Opposite  to  it  Ilaniel  Shope  kept  another  publie-bouse.  These 
ooiiipri.'ed  all  of  the  hotels  in  the  eity. 

"The  lirsl  brewery  was  owned  by  Joseph  I'hillipson,  and 
located  on  the  west  side  of  Main  Street,  between  liiddle  and 
Carr  Streets.  Vielor  Ilab  was  tho  brewer,  and  the  first  beer 
was  brewed  iu  the  fall  id'  1817,  and  eooled  in  a  pirogue, 

"On    Market  Street,    west   of    Fourth   Street,    Uev.  .Samuel 
Giddings,  a  Presbyterian,  kept  u  schuul  in   a  two-story  frame  , 
buildini;.      It  was  well  altendod. 

"  Tlio  first  briek-makor  was  John  Lee.     His  bricklayer  was  { 
Williuiu  Jones,  the  father  id'  William  Jones,  Jr,,  who  iti  now 
residing  ut  Choltenliani. 


"John    L.  Sutton,   (ioorge    C'asuor,    I'apin    A    Itrotber,   mil 

Charles    ltoi*iieron  and   Monfangue  were  among  .'he  prineip;,! 

'  bhieksiniths. 

1 

I       "'i'ho    prineipal    boss    earpcnfcrs   were    IMiilip   a.ol    llenrv 

Koehsblave,  Hill  &  Kees,  I'bineas  Itartlett.  Itobert  I'uitoii,  m,  | 

James  Irvin,  The  only  survivor  of  these  is  dipt.  Divid  1;. 
j    Hill. 

"Of  tho  merehanls,  Henry  Von  Phul,,JamesCleinenl  Andn  w 
I  Klliott,  and  Hubert  .Simpson  are  the  only  ones  now  living  {.if 
I   tho  date  of  these  ineinuranda], 

"  Thomas  .M'.-duire  was  the  first  man  wdio  built  a  house  i>ii 
I   the  Mill.     The  building  was  at  about  that  point  where  Ninth 

Street   interseets    Market  Street.     [Hut    J.    H.    C.    Lueas    |i:i,| 

built  there  earlier.] 

"At  the  time  of  tho  date  of  this  article  there  was  only  .Mam 
;  Street,  George  Street,  now  known  as  Second  Street,  and  Harns 
i  Street,  which  is  Third  Street.  The  latter  took  its  name  from 
I   the    barns    wbieh    were    located    on    tho    lino   of    it.      Market 

.Street,  from  Main  to  the  Levee,  was  the  tlrst  thoroughfare 
j   paved. 

"There  were  three  roads  which  were  principal  luies,  namel\, 

the  Ilellefontaine.  St.  Charles,  and  Carondelet,  A  short  di.-. 
■  lance  .«oulb  of  what  is  known  as  Park  Avenue,  the  (iramis 
;   road    forked  to  the  right    of  the   Carondelet  road.       The   St. 

Charles  road    forked  west  id'  Judge    Lucas*    field,  which   waii 

situaled  just  west  of  Lucas  Place.     .\t  that   time  a  branch  of 

Chouteau  Pond  came  up  to  Cheslnul  Street. 

"A   fire  company  was  cslablisbed   about    ISI'.l.     Dvery  iii;iii 

who  had  a  two-story  house  was  rci|iiired  tu  furnish  and  kiep 
^   two   leather  bucket,s :    every    man    who   bad  only  a   oiie-,»iuiy 

bouse   furnished  and  kept  only  one  bucket.     When   ii  fire  or- 

ciirred  a  line  was  formed,  and  the  buekels  were  ]iassed  up  aiiil 

down  the  tine  in  the  milliner  usual  at  that  time, 

"  The  first  police  force  was  organi/.ed  on  the  1st  of  January, 
i  IXIS.  Mr.  Mackey  Wherry  was  captain,  and  was  also  eaptiiin 
'.   of  the  wuteb,  market-master,  and   eity    register.     There  w;!.' 

but  one  constable  in  the  eit,v,  a  one-armed  man,  Gabes  AViiriicr, 
I  who  did  all  the  business.  The  pulieo  foreo  consisted  of  aiiniii 
'   six  men,  including  tho  captain." 

The  mlult,  male  population  of  that  day  (1817-l!ili, 
I  sitys   Mr.   Billon,  in  one  of  lii^  inturcsting  reiuiiiis- 
cenct'fi, — 

"  Was,  in  round  nunibers,  about  7<M),  divided  about  as  follioi.. : 
Of  American  birth,  say  fdlf ;  original  French  and  Spanish.  1  j"; 
and  of  foreign  birth,  l.'iO.  Of  these  last  fully  two-thinl-.  or 
about  IIIO,  were  Irisbincn,  some  I.i  to  20  Furopcaii  Freucliniiii, 
about  the  same  number  of  l^nglifb  and  Scotehiiien,  and  suiiie 
10  or  12  Germans,  etc. 

"Our  Irish  citizens  of  that  day  in  St.  Louis  incluileil  in 
their  number  u  very  liberal  proportion  of  genllemen  of  cdiua- 
tioii  and  acquirement.s,  soino  of  whom  held  important  po.-iiJDii? 
in  our  thiMi  recently  ac(|iiireil  territory.  I  instance  .liiiiii'. 
Rankin,  our  first,  and  .lorcmiab  Coniiiu',  our  seeond  slicri!)', 
Thomas  .Mctiuirc,  .Moses  Scott,  William  Sullivan,  l';iMiik 
Walsh,  .justices  of  the  peace;  Luke  L.  Lawles. ,  allMiuy, 
afterwards  judge;  Joseph  Charless  and  James  C.  Cuiiiriiiii-, 
first  and  second  proprietors  of  the  MinHnnri  (untile  ;  .lutiii 
and  Thonias  McKiiight,  John  and  Thoiiias  Briiily,  Ji'lin 
Mullanphy,  Thomas  llanly,  Patrick  M.  Dillon,  James  .Vr 
nold,  John  Crawford,  Hugh  Hankin,  Andrew  lOlliotI,  llnlR'rl 
H.  Cafherwoud,  James  Tinioii,  Sr.  (father  of  tlie  lale  lli'v, 
liishop  Tiiuon,  of  Hufl'alo),  .Michael  Daly,  etc.,  all  menliaiit-: 
Maj.  Thomas  Forsythe,  United  States  Indian  agent;  .Mij 
Jtimes  McGunnegle,  quurterinaster  United  States  army  ;  .liiiiii" 
Nagle,  Arthur    L,  Magenis,  lawyers;    Patrick   Sullivan,  |ir'- 


fcs-or  at   th 
.Miirpliy,  and 
Win-  here  in 
"  U  that  p 

"I  ^'i nil  Sti 

ii'iillnvest  eor 
<«"  -lory  frai, 
el  lien.  Dani: 
Cliiiieiit  H,  Pi 
•i"iieis,  in  |M|. 
ilii.i-^  an  old  II, 

"ii'l  ' upied  SI 

liaMhi'..  Arend    1 
and  I 'lenient  II. 
liiiH'  of  lliH  blue 
of  ■■^econd  and  ( 
»'"iy  stone  lioiii 
I'roiil  1111,1  r,,„p_ 
lldnl  son  of   Pi, 
llii-i  lot,  near   th 
li"iise.\o.  2I.'(,  til 
Ki'enili  ihivs,  of 
|«iil  of  Ibis  bhifk 
liisl-ilescribed    ho 
•'•■ingasingl,,  ,nui 
(lie  front  room,  an 
"Mr.  Connor  hi 
iiroens  lots  on  the 
Judge  Lucas'  by  t 
and  adjiiining  on  i 
I'hrisfy.     After  fill 
lo  the  town  of  St. 
"illi  his  addition  in 
liiml.  beliveen  these 
"a.<  throe  hundred  iJ 
"leioid  a  half  mile 
em  liiiimdary  of  th 
centre  of  his  p|„t  ' 
'"-'l""i  one  hiindri 
Cliarlis  Street,  ami  , 
'I'risiy  seventy. liv, 
""' l"'"|ile  of  St.  I,„ 
li>'  'I'ini  of  one  „f 
avenue  they  at  prese: 

".Mr.  Conner  died 
'iiiuiner  of  |,s2;i,  „„, 
lii.<  estate."   . 

(^'iiL'  more  conte 
'li«'  past  a.id  wo  li, 

ilH't  Was  i„  IS;.{7 
randa  nf  p.  \\r  g 
""'y  ^'ivc  llio  ske, 
'■"■".^'  I'iipor,  .swkii 
'""•'Il  '"m;  tlinn  to 


"  ""'  boundaries  of 
""I'lii'i;  from  the  r 
"''''  ''Went  in  a  .sc 
""'"''  '(".V,  on  the  ri 
I  ^''''  Oeek,  on  Soconi, 
■■  file  pri„ci,,„i  (,„„,. 
I  *""  .^lieci.      !,„,„ 
"'"•i'ln  l,i,„»,.,^  „„,,  ^ 

"".>'liinKllmlcamo 


d: 


1  we 
the 


TFIK   KAHLTKST  SETTLKRS   IN  SAINT   LOUIS. 


199 


fi r   lit    the   (■iilli'K*!    FninciH    KihIiI'uiiI,   luiirhor;    Matllicw 

Miir|ili.v,  mill  iillii'iv  whiisc  ininics  dii  imt  ri'riir  In  inc. — iillllii'su 
n.  n-  Ihtc  in  tlio  TerritDriiil  diiy"  "f  ^t.  I. •mi''. 

■'  At  tlmt  [n'l-inil  tlliTt'  were  hut  thri'e  liiiuuos  iin  tile  west  !*iiic 
fd'  Si'ciniil  Street  from  I*iiii'  in  Dlivi-.  now  Hhick  li'.*.  At  tho 
iiipithwc't  I'lirnur  oC  I'iiie  iiml  ."^ooiiii'l,  iimv  Nn.  'Jllll,  stmiil  the 
h^"  ^tory  t'l'aine  ilwelliti};  of  <'ii]it.  Ui^'ilou  II,  Price,  yon-in<htw 
(il  lien.  Diinicl  llissel,  Uniteil  .*l|iilc,<  iirmy.  hnill  hy  .IiiiIkc 
Cliiiienl  1).  PciiroMO,  ono  of  thii  Unite. I  ."Jliites  hinil  conitnis- 
>|niii'rs.  in  l.sl.'i,  on  tho  Kpnt  on  which  hiul  ytooil  in  the  early 
iliiy^i  an  old  hoiifu  of  pouts,  hnilt  hy  Friini-iM  Moreau  in  ITtlfl, 
mil  iiccii|iiecl  Kiiccessively  hy  him,  .\iiloino  Heithe,  .John  1'.  Ca- 
Ikiiiih'.  Arend  ltnt){er,  .)ohii  Mullanphy.  .laccjiieH  de  .'<t.  Vrain, 
tiii'l  rlcineiit  It,  Penroso.  This  was  the  only  lionsc  on  the  south 
hiiir  "f  th"  hlock.     On  the  north  half,  at  the  southwest  corner 

III' S Hid  mid  tHive  (.M;';;uire's  druf^-store),  there  was  a  one- 

«t(iiy  stone  house  of  the  old  French  days,  with  a  Kiillery  In 
Iri'iii  and  rear,  and  then  iiccn|iied  by  Paul  h.  Chouteau,  the 
tliiiil  sun  of  I'icrre  Choutemi,  Sr. ;  and  on  the  south  |iart  of 
till'  lul.  near  tho  centre  line  of  tho  hlock,  now  oi5cu|iied  by 
limisc  No.  -I;i,  there  was  another  one-story  stone  house  of  the 
KiTiii'li  days,  of  two  rooms,  with  (iiillery  in  front.  'I'ho  rear 
|iail  of  this  hlock  on  TliinI  ."^trect  was  Price's  orchard.  This 
lii>t-ilc,'crihed  house  was  the  n.'sideneo  of  Mr.  t'onnio'.  who, 
Ijt'iii;;  !i  single  man  {never  niarriedl,  kept  his  business  office  in 
(lie  front  room,  and  oceupied  the  hack  room  ns  his  chainher. 

'*  Mr.  t'onnor  had  become  the  possessor  of  two  of  tho  forty- 
iireoiiii  lots  on  the  '  Hill,'  as  we  then  Icrmeil  it,  separated  from 
Jiiil;;c  Lucas"  by  tho  '  kind's  ."^t,  Charles  road'  on  the  south, 
iiii'l  iiiljuining  on  the  north  the  four  forty-arpcns  lots  of  Miij. 
rhristy.  .^ftcr  Chnuteau  and  Ijucas  liiiil  olf  their  first  addition 
III  llie  town  of  St.  Louis  in  ISIIi, ^followed  hy  .Maj.  Christy 
ivitli  his  addition  in  ISl", — .Mr.  Connor  conclinlcd  to  lay  oH'  his 
liiiiil.  bi'lwecn  these  two,  al.so  into  lots;  his  front  to  the  east 
na*  lliree  hundred  and  eighty  feet,  extending  wostwardly  about 
lino  and  a  half  miles  to  the  present  .Joflerson  Avenue,  the  west- 
ern 1 Hilary  of  these  forty  arpens  lots.     He   laid  oti'  in  the 

centre  of  his  plat  Washinglon  .\venuc,  oighl,v  feet  wide,  leiiv- 
iii^  liiiii  one  hiindred  nnd  fifty  feet  on  each  side  south  to  .St. 
Cliiirles  Street,  and  north  to  the  division  line  between  him  and 
I'tirisly  seventy- live  feet  south  of  tirceii  Street.  Consequently 
lli(>  lieiiple  of  .St.  Liiiiis  are  indebted  to  tho  enterprise  and  piib- 
lii-  spirit  of  one  of  her  earliest  Lri.sh  citizens  for  the  finest 
avenue  they  at  present  possess. 

".Mr.  Conner  died  in  the  house  mentioned  above  late  in  the 
Mimiiior  of  1S2I),  and  Col.  John  O'Fallon  administered  upon 
lii>  cstillc."    . 

One  iiiort'  fonteiiiporary  f.'laiice  at  tlio  St.  Louis  of 
the  past  uiid  wo  have  done.  It  is  a  skctcli  of  tlio  city 
;is  it  Was  ill  18;S7,  from  the  recollections  nnd  incmo- 
r.inJa  nt'  F.  W.  Soutliack,  written  in  1871.  We  can 
(inly  f.'ivii  the  slveleton  and  franiework  of  tiii,s  inter- 
oiiiiiT  paper,  seekin^u;  to  colh.'ct  names  in  this  chapter 
iimcii  iiiiire  than  to  present  facts.  Mr.  Southack  says,— 

■  riie  lioiindaries  of  the  city  at  this  period  were  very  limited, 
tslrmiiiij^  from  the  river  west  to  Seventh  Street,  while  to  the 
lull  it  went  in  a  soinicircuhir  direction  to  a  Spanish  towrr 
naiiicil  Hoy,  on  the  river-bank,  and  to  the  south  it  extendi  .o 
i  iV'\  I'ri'tk,  on  Second  Street. 

"Tlic  principal  business  then  was  transacted  on  the  Levee  ami 
Main  Street.  Here  were  the  large  wholesale  grocery  and  coin- 
iin->iiin  liiiiises,  and  tho  Levee  was  the  grand  landing-plnce  of 
evervtiiing  that  came  in  and  went  out  uf  the  city.     Transporta- 


tion was  chiefly  confined  to  sfeanihoats,  hut  occasionally  a  long 
line  of  wagiins,  commonty  enlled  '  prairie  schooners,*  {•onid  ho 

,  seen  on  Mtiin  and  the  Levee,  loadin;;  up  for  the  great  interior, 
several  hundred  miles  distant. 

"The  following  is  ii  list  id'  sume  of  the  sleamers.  wilh  the 
names  of  their  eoininanders,  which  were  engiiged  in  iia\  igating 

!   the  river  during  the  year; 

"  '  Prairie,'  Capf .  .Sellers  ;  '  [Mihuijue,'  ('apt.  Atchison  ;  •  Ark,* 
Capt.  Dcvvlft;  'Pawnee,'  Capt.  Uunnica:  'Olive  III  mhIi,' 
Capt.   Ilolcoinh;  •  (juiney,'  Capt.  Cameron;   'St.  Louis,    laii. 

j  Swan;    '  Seliiia,' Capt.  lllood  ;  '  lielle,' Capt.  Shalleross  :  '  llur- 

I   lington,' Capt.  Throckniorfon  ;    'Chariton,'    Capt.     Hougherty  ; 

I  '1,'cyliin,'  ('apt.  Kaiiney  ;  '  Vandalia,'  Capt.  Small;  '  I'liiled 
States,'  Capt.  Ilill ;  'Palmyra,'  Cajit.  Kalon;  '  Oceana,' Capt. 
Iteltzhoover ;  '  Iloonslick,'  dipt.  Jones;  'American,'  Capt. 
Liisk  ;  •  Tempest,' Capt.  Carroll;  '  Adventure,' Capt.  Van  llou- 
ten ;  '  IJart,'  Capt.  Cleveland;  'Majestic,'  Capt.  Johnson; 
'Howard,'  Capf.  Newman;  Mjypsy,'  Ciipf.  (Jray  ;  'Pavilion,' 
Capt.  LalTerty. 

"At  the  foot  of  Market  Street  was  the  chief  market  square, 
occupying  the  whole  space  of  ground  between  Main  and  tho 
Levee,  Walnut  anil  .NLirkct  Streets,  wiiere  is  now  located  the 
Exchange  and  other  buildings. 

"On  the  east  side,  fronting  the  river,  stood  the  niarket-hou-e, 
the  butchers'  stalls  being  in  tlie  lower  part  on  a  level  with  the 
square  in  frnnt.  while  the  upper  story  was  used  by  the  city 
otKcers. 

!  "  In  the  basement  of  the  luarket-house  on  the  Levee  were 
several  stores,  and   in  the  centre  a  room  was  used  for  the  city 

\   calaboose. 

"  III  the  centre  and  around  the  side  of  the  market  square 
were  located  the  vegetahle  stands  and  wagons  of  the  farmers 
from  Cahokia  and  Vide-Poehe,  olVering  for  .sale  what  few  vego- 
fablcs  they  were  able  to  raise. 

"A  little  above  .Main  SIreet  on  Market  Street  were  tho 
stands  for  the  wood-carts;  these  were  very  small  and  peculiarly 

,  conslructeil  of  willows,  mid  called  '  charettes,'  the  wheels  being 

!  without  iron  tires.  The  iisuiil  price  for  a  load  was  six  'bits,'  or 
seventy-five  cents;  but  if  sonietiines  the  honest  old  Freiiehmiin 
was  olfercil  a  dollar  for  a  load,  he  would  instantly  reject  the 
temptation   with  scorn,  and  cry   out    louder  than   ever,   '  Scex 

I  beets  !  seex  beets  1  no  more,  no  less  I'  What  a  commentary  is 
this  on  tho  present  degenerate  times. 

"  Around  tho  sides  of  the  market  .siiiiare  were  wholesale  and 
retail  stores,  mostly  for  the  country  trade,  among  which  were 

:  the  old  houses  of  Stanford  A  Davis,  J.  &  W.  McDowell,  Chou- 
teau A  Harlow,  Christy  A  Wiggins,  Sihis  Drake,  and  David 
Coons,  the  forincr  of  which  is  still  in  cxistcnee,  under  the  name 
of  Sniuiiel  C.  Davis  A  Co. 

"Fronting  the  market  on  Main  Street  was  the  venerable 
miinsiun  of  JMadanie  Augiiste  Chouteau,  constructed  in  the 
French  style,  surrounded  by  gardens,  embracing  the  whole 
ground  between  Main  and  Seiond  and  Market  and  Walnut 
Streets,  excepting  a  narrow  strii  •  Market  Street  and  imme- 
diately on  the  corner  of  Mail  ''  e  i,  wliere  was  a  large  brick 
building,  constructed  by  Samiu.   i'crry  in  lS2'.t,  the  lower  |ior- 

.  tion  of  which  was  used  as  a  store  hy  Hunt  A  Paddock.  St. 
Louis  at  this  period  had  a  class  of  mcrclmnts  who  for  character 
and  sound  commercial  integrity  were  not  excelled  by  any  city 
in  tho  Union. 

"  Among  the  business  firms  on  the  Levee  engaged  in  whole- 
sale groceries  and  commission  and  forwarding  business  were 
tho  following:  E.  A  A.  Tracy,  Mcdiinnigle  A  Way,  Hemp- 
stead, Boehe  A  Co.,  J.  A  E.  Walsh,  Von  Phul  A  McGill,  Hunt, 
Kidgloy  A  Co.,  L.  A  A.  0.  Farwell  A  Co..  Cliristopher  Rhodes 
A  Co.,  (ilasgow,  Shttw  A  Tiittum,  George  Collier  A  Co.,  Sanford 


200 


HISTOIIY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


:liW  lili 


m 


A  Mt'ithnlil,  lluci,  ItiiriM'.'t  it  Co., 'I'lit'O'  l/ilx-iuiiiio  \  Cu.,  Spnml 
it  lliirliiiiiiiii,  IVtte^  it  MiirriK  in.  Iti.>li',v  it  Maiiiii,  .laliiiitry 
Slittiiiius  it  llni ,  l'n|M.  it  We-t,  I'.  A.  Ilortliuld  A  t;,,.,  T.  W. 
I.iirkin  .t  ('<<.,  Uuni|nl|ih,   llmklny   it  t'n.,  lU'illy  it  ('IhiiiIcmiii, 

Jiiiiiiiiiiii,  Siimiiol  it  0 Iiiliii   I.oo  it  L'u.,  II.   \.   DiivIh  it  I'n., 

Tuylor  >t  ll»liai'<,  .Miillikun  it  I'mllu,  Slmio,  Kiulil  it  Murk, 
AliicliinK  i(  l.uvvt,  KMci'  it  Jciikiiin,  I'oivi'll.  I.Miiioiif  \  Co., 
Alivx,  lliillaiii  it  Cii. 

"  .Main  StriM't,  Iiovvovor,  wim  (he  chief  hui«ini>Hs  thoroii^^lifaro 
unil  Iho  hi'a(h|uui'>urH  lur  mII  wholi'siili'.  rt'lnil,  iiml  iiiiii'i^lhini'iiiiii 
buHitir^fi,  l>ut  thi^  utrci't  (vas  nor  wliully  title<I  ii|)  with  r'tnrus. 
Thcio  wcrt'  many  citi/.ons  rc-tiiling  on  it.  Uii^iuo.^s  win  i-on- 
lititM)  L'hiotly  In  llio  tiiiiiarrH  lichvutin  .Market  and  \'in<'  StreftH, 
nlthoni^h  tliero  nvrv  a  I'lnv  buth  Miirlh  iinil  •inilh  ol'  tho.^r  »tri'<-tf*. 
Annin);  tha  residenti  mi  .Maiii  Siri'cl  were  tho  I'nllowinK:  N'ortli 
of  .Market  .Street,  Widow  Iterthold,  .Mtiduitie  lto..*.-jeron.  .Alfred 
Traey,  H.  Uajiler,  I.ehert  l'a|>in,  Adolphiis  Meter,  (iaijriel  I'anI, 
iludjje  .Mary  P.  I.edue.  Madiiine  lliiinniit,  Pr.  .N.  H.  Atwuoil, 
Mndiinie  .Soranl,  llypolite  niid  Theodort*  I'lipin,  .lohti  .1.  .Antlor- 
8UI1,  K^^elle  .Jaeeiird,  .MnnAieur  \'ui/,(it,  A.  II.  t'nhen,  .fuhn 
McNeil,  Chark'H  I).  Sullivan,  Kruduriek  Dillon,  Madiuiie  (i. 
Choutoau,  Ale.xander  I'npin.  .lohn  H.  .Sarpy,  Mr.'4,  lti|;ran), 
iMonnieur  l)ou|u,  Itin^'hitw,  Henry  Shiirrd  (eii..i|iier  of  the  Hunk 
of  Missouri,  above  Vine  Street),  I'iurre  Chouleiiu. 

"  South  of  .Market  .Street,  on  Miiin  Street,  wen'  the  renidcnces 
of  the  following  eiti/ens :  .Madame  Au^uste  (  li(uite:in  (before 
menlioned),  Daniid  l>.  Page.  Thoiniison  Doiighi  It.  II.  Halluni. 
J.  11.  Daggett,  .lolin  (i.  Hurry,  .loiie|ih  Uobidoo,  l')lliiitt  I.cc, 
Mr.  Menard,  'riiorna^  t'ohen  (a  noted  ami  fa\orite  tishurinun ), 
Mr.  Ijockwoo.l,  and  other:*. 

•'  .Among  the  inercbantd  iloiiig  business  on  .Muiii  Street  were 
the  following,  extending  from  .Market  Street  north;  A.  A  (i. 
W.  Kerr  it  Co.,  Sublette  it  Campbell,  II.  I,.  Iloll'man  it  Co., 
Warburton  .t  King,  .Andrew  Klliott  ,t  Co.,  .lames  Clemens,  Jr., 
Peter  Powell  .t  Co.,  .1.  S.  Peaso  A  Co.,  Kdwaril  lirooka,  Adol- 
phus  Meier,  N.  E.  .lanney  it  Co.,  .MeKee,  Stewart  A  l.ind,  .1. 
U.  it  -M.  Ciinidcn  ,t  (^l.,  .lobii  J.  Anderson,  .1.  V.  ('oiustoek  .t 
Co.,  Kugene  .laccanl,  .John  .1.  .Martin,  Uid)ert  Kankin,  C.  D. 
Sullivan,  Tayior  it  .Marslmll,  .Meed  it  .Adrianee.  Peter  K.  Blow, 
Joseph  Cliarlesti,  A.  it  L.  Forbes,  Bun!,  Tihlun  it  Co.,  Kilgar  ,t 
For.sytli,  Allen  A  Dougherty,  T.  S.  Kutherford,  Davis  A  T.'ow- 
hridge,  Hood  A  Abbott.  Savage  A  Austin,  .1.  C.  Dinnies  A  Co., 
Crow  ,t  Tcvis,  lUeket.son  A  Holt,  Walker  A  Keniiett,  Henry 
Shaw,  .lohn  Kiggin  A  Co.,  Burrows  A  .Jennings,  Hoggs  A  Stu- 
art, .J.  .Sylvester,  R.  I).  Watson,  .1.  A  W.  Smith,  A.  (1.  Swit/.er 
A  llrolber,  U.  Simpson  A  Son,  Lynch  A  Trask,  Settle  A  Bacon, 
Charles  P.  Billon,  Sweringon  A  lledell,  Charles  R.  Hull,  I.urkin 
Deaver,  George  K.  Budd  A  Co.,  F.  W.  Southack,  0.  D.  Filley. 
Hudson  E.  Bridge,  ,Iames  Bcakey,  Powers  A  Randall,  Salisbury 
A  Collins,  Hugh  Boyle  A  Co..  Nnurse,  Hyde  A  Co.,  ,J.  A  T.  .1. 
Homer,  Edwin  Cbaffin,  .J.  A  W.  Vundevcnter  A  Co.,  ,J.  H.  Bar- 
nard A  Brother,  Jones  .t  Bnoon,  Alonxo  Child,  Ira  Todd  A  Son, 
Isaac  Burnett  A  Co.,  Conn,  Sprigg  A  Oroen,  Wat.son  A  .Austin, 
Grass  A  llobbins,  Smith  A  Young,  W.  W,  Amos,  Hood  A  .Ab- 
bott, Dinnies.  Van  Pelt  A  Co.,  M.  Tesson  A  Son,  Sinclair,  Tay- 
lor A  Co.,  Shipp  A  Woodbridge,  C.  Ulrioi  A  Co.,  Jones  A  Cor- 
thron,  H.  Kortley,  Corse  A  Anderson. 

**  On  .Second  Street  there  were  no  large  stores,  the  street  being 
tilled  up  with  dwelling-houses,  small  shops,  hlacksmith-.shups, 
one  of  which  was  owned  by  the  noted  favorite,  T(un  (jlray. 

*'  Oil  the  corner  of  Chestnut  and  Second  Streets  stood  the  post- 
otlice,  A  very  small  woo<len  building,  which  had  been  previously 
used  for  church  purposes.  On  the  opposite  side,  fronting  Chest- 
nut Street,  was  a  row  of  two-story  brick  buildings,  familiarly 
known  then  oa  '  (Quality  Row,'  and  occupied  by  the  following 
distinguished  foiuilies:  Wilson  P.  Hunt  (who  was  postmaster), 


Henry  \'"ii  Phiil.  Henry  l,.Co.x  (cashier  of  tbu  ohl  United  Sim., 
Hank),  J.  W.  Heel  (of  the  linn  of  Vairin  .t  Keel),  iind  'I'lioriii  ii 
(Iriinsley, 

"  .Next  east,  and  on  the  present  site  rd'  the  /ti/mlilifiin  olli. . , 
was  the  stalely  resideiiev  of  (ieii.  Bernard  Pratte,  now  livim;. 
Opposite  his  mansion  were  two  line  large  houses,  with  si 'iie 
steps  and  iron  railings,  oeeiipied  by  .losepli  Powell  mid  Diiin m 

;    I.anioiit,   built   by   the   late    K.    .Maekennie.     This    imnu'di  iii. 
iieigbhorhiiiid  was  eonsiilered  the  fiisliionalde  part  of  the  eii\. 
"On  the  south  side  of  Chestnnl  Street,  and  npposite  '  (iiniiitv 

j    Ilnw.'  were  several  one-story  wo.iden  buiblings,  one  of  wlii.'li 

1   WHS  used  us  a  tinner  shop  bv  .liimes  Speiieer. 

"(In  Second  Street,  between    .Murket  and  \'ine,  going  iii.iili, 

'    were   (he    residellees   of  .Antoine   Chellie,  ,1      '  '< veille,  .Inliii    ||. 
(lay,  .I'lsiah  Spalding.  S(ephc.n  (lore,  Itol,  t    P.  |i.  I',,, 

pin,  Pascal  Cerre,    M.  K.  Janney,    Williiit  ,   .\sa  Wil:,'ii.. 

lli'iiiy  Hough.  H.  W.  AleMimlei,  l)r.  Ilaidiige  Haiie,  l.iul.in 
Denver.  II.  lleyiiMid.  Mon-ieur  l.iiguerriere.  Robert  .Moore. 

"(Ml  (be  corner  of  X'itie  and  Second  ."^Ireets  stood  a  l;ii:.'i' 
building,  known  as  the  .\rciide  Hiiibs,  whieli  was  the  only  c-i,il,. 
lisliment  of  the  kind  in  (he  city.  To  the  north  of  Vine  .<| m 
there  were  a  few  other  ilwelling  houses,  and  all  beyond  w;i-  im 
improved. 

".South  of  .Marke(  .^treet,  on  Se.-oud  .Street,  more  ei(i/.e;i-  re- 
sided, iiiiong  whom  were  the  following;  Mrs.  Samuel   Pen  v. 

David  Coons,    H.  .Mulliken,   E.  A.  Johnson,  .losepli  Phillip 

Widow  Speck,  .Miiiliime  Dowling,  Wilson  Prinini.  (ieorge  Ma 
giiire,  KlkiiiicH-  Kiiglish,  .Miitthias  Steil/..  .Miidiitue  Proveiifliri,.. 
(leii.  WilkiiiM.n,  .Madame  Saiigiiiin,  and  a  few  odiers. 

"On  (his  sdeet,  lieiow  Mulberry  .Street,  was  ii  bridge  ;iciu.. 
.Mill  Creek,  whieli  was  the  outlet  of  the  water  from  Cli'iiilrnn 

I  Pond  into  the  ri\  er.  .Near  this  bridge  stood  tht*  original  lucn 
cry  of  .Mcliose,  anil  also  the  residence  of  iMr.  Clark.  .Mr.  Stu.j 
ley,  and  Mr.  .Adams. 

•*  Beyond  (his  creek,  to  (lu-  south,  was  (!•  -n  and  roiiicn.-.- 

of  (be  Soiilai'ils,  ami  also  .Mr.  l.iibarge,  .veeii  (his  {miiit 

and  (he  Arseniil  (here  were  no  iiiiproven-  nseipien.-ei'v. 

cepling  the  farm  and  dwelling  of  I.e.  l.,>-.-ii,  ii   little  l<.  ili. 

I   north  mid  west  of  the  Arseiiul. 

"The  father  of  Mr.  Iiyiicb  was  among  the  lirst  pir-.M! 
who  iiiiide  beer  for  sale  in  the  ci(y.  His  brewery  was  ji  ir.im.- 
building  on  Second  Sireet  below  Plum. 

"Third  Strei't  was  almost  exclusively  used  for  dwelliiii;s,-nil 
the  following  persons  resiiled  on  Ibis  street:  To  the  iMMtli-l 
.Alarkcl  Street  were  the  following  :  Cliurle"  Kliiiik,  Jacob  lliiiiin. 
James  l.ane.  Thomas  .Andrews,  .Mrs.  .lobii  .Mulhiiipliy,  .li.lin 
'flinriilon.  Walton  family,  Madame  Bonis.  It.  D.  While,  hr. 
T'rudeaii.  iiiid  W.  .\.  I.yneli  (the  oldest  uiidertiiker  now  liviii:'. 
.North  of  (he  Denver  House  ((hen  known  as  (he  City  Ihii.'l 
welt-  the  tine  residences  iiinl  extensive  grounds  of  (^»l.  Strclh-r 
and  Col.  Benton.     The  former  included  all  (he  groiiiiil  icitli  >;' 

the  hotel  to  Washington  .Avenue,  and  extended  east  di  .-^ iil 

Street,  while  the  latter  occupied   the  south   half  of  the  iirti 

si|Uiire,  and   running  eiisl    to  S >iid   Street.      These  ;,'r.iiiii|. 

were  beautifully  improved,  iind  were  covered  with  iNiiirnitiiMii 
forest-trees. 

"Just  north  of  these  residences  eommenei'il  Itroiohviiy,  \ilii-') 
Wiis  opened  as  astreet  not  much  further  north  thtiii  Carr ."*tr«'('i.  1 
.At  the  head  of  Ijreeii  Street  was  the  North  Market  lloii-c.wliich 
had  Just  been  completi^d,  but  as  the  larger  number  of  iliu 
zeiis  visited  the  Centre  Market  on  Main  Street,  it  wjis  .■^eviril  I 
years  before  this  market  beciimir  iiiucli  pulroiiized. 

''  .All  above  this  inarkel-house  as  fur  north  as  the  niuiiii'l, :iii<l  I 
even  beyond   there  to  what  is  now  called    Bremen  and  Liiffcll  | 

.    was  comparatively  desert  waste,  with  the  exception  of  tlieri'.'i 
dencos  of  (Jen.  Ashley  on  the  east,  and  .Mrs.  Ann  Biildlciinlhil 


wet,  directly 
"lor.iliiidc.d  by 

II den.  A 

"Vcil.ioked   ,)„ 
llic  I. luffs. 

"  'Iciiirning 
rinrd  Street,  , 
liiiiiilics  resiilii 
"ill-.  .lolinSh,, 

ill '"-cpli  Wj 

>■■'••'•■■  Miidiinii 
llciin  Diihi-iiig, 
■■"II  the  iiortli 
.M.idiiine  l,a  I.iin 
Krcii.li  style,  n,,, 
i'  """  standing  i 

el'.i''!  "f  cllrin.,it 

"I'll  l''our(h  S 
»(ciodtlieeoiirt-li„ 
I'liiin  l.rick  huildi 

l» III!  rooms  II 

aii'l  clerks.     The 

on  tllesoutlhu.stei 

"'"  tho  Cireuii 
.^iipriiiie  Court   wi 

■''•■!•-'■  I'<'ek  presi, 
■flic  li:ir,  ivlii^.l,  ,,.„, 

""■Iii'li''l  the  f„||,„ 
"""■■  ".  R.  (lamb 
■'■'■'■  "ill  by.  Ale.x„„ 
lVi!...ii  Priiiim,  p.  n 

llRlkc,    My|.,„|    ,_^„|j 

■  >"iithof  .Markei 
rr-idcii,., ..  ,\n,„ngt 
iiii-'-'-S.  p„,„^,,  j„, 
''■ii'>"'i.  "'.  K.  Hill,., 
••^.  I'ierre.  Below  il 
"III*-"""'  then  in  ,|„ 
I'liiiii  Street.  H,.r,, 
pnleiis  of  J),.,  ji,  i^ 

"l'l"'-ili'sidewas(hat 
''"■•■'■  '»"  estnti.^,  f„i 
■■'Irret  WHS  opened  im 
l"""il  IIS  far  US  tliL. 

'■'i"ii"'i'i'  Avenue,  w 
liinii. 

"The  Lawless  hoiis 

' "■F""dh  Street., 

'iirniunding  it  extend. 

■''"i-'l.  "Mil  afterwards 

■'I"  the  north  „(■  .M, 

''"'■■■'liq.iird.  opp„.«i,„ 

"■li'.nliiiiister  In   |1 

Ti.'l.eand  W.  |.„,.„„,, 

"'•Mcini,  excepting, 

•' '  'li^'  'ilaeksiiiith-, 

'lilvc  .111,1  Fourth  Stre, 

"!'''•''  ''.>•   .Vathan    I 

'"'"•^■"'■J-AK.WaMi 
"'"'""■""iiiuncommo, 

"IU'ril  leet  higl,. 

■■»"""•  ™.»t  side  of 

"""■'i".  ■■"•upper  and  le 

"""'^■'||""vl.er„no„s(, 

P«ii|i.«'.'.id  resided  on  th 

"^'i-i'iinil  bounded  hv   f 


TlIK  KAULIKST  SETTLKUS   IN   SAINT   LOUIS. 


u-i.  i; ■ 

Willi.'.  Ii' 

iu«  In  in: 

Icilv   ll"'« 

Pill.  Slfltl'T 

llll.i  li"rtl'   ' 

i,r  ihi'  ii.v. 

|„.s'    ;(r"illi'l' 
iiiiiniiili"'" 

i.lwiiy."!"'' 
Li  CiirrSlri'i. 
Il\iiu-i'.«l"'''>  I 
Iv  „!'  till'  I'l'i- 
|l  wu-  >>■"'"'  I 

|,>  nKiiiii'l.ii"''  I 
,,11.1  l."«'*| 
liniiftla'"* 

Ima.iie.iii* 


M>   t,  .lii'i'.'tly  o|i}Mi^il(>  t.M  iMK'li  i.lhi.r.     Thi'.*!)  rtMiileiircr.  vreri' 
..iiii'..iiti.l<'.l  h\  Ijruittiliil  Kr.'iiii.lf.,  iiihl  iii|i>riii..l  liv  iiiitivt'  t'.<ri..«t' 

111'.'-.       (Il'll.    AkIiIcv'h  IioIIAI'  Wlln    lillill    III!  II  mimll    lllnllllll   Wllil'll 

i.M  I  l.i..ki')t  till*  ri\'i>r  mill  tin*  llliiini.*  I'nuiitry  hryunil  tin  tar  ui*  ' 

III.  iiiiin-.  I 

"  Ili'liirniiiK  II. iw  t.i  till'  miiitliiii'lv  |i.>rtiiin  nf  tlii'  I'il.v.  i.n  I 
'I'hii'l  .'^li'i'i't,  Koiitli  III'  Miiiki't  SiriM.I,  wii  lliiil  till'  r.ill.iniliK  I 
I'liii.ilir^  ri'si.|iii)(  :  lli'riiiir.riiiii  KLhi'/.  I  jii:<l  ili'i'iiii:.i'.|),  Siiiiiiii'l 
^\  ill-.  .Inlin  .''iliii.li'.  Dini.l  II.  Hill,  Dr.  It.  .'^iiii|i-nii.  Mr.*.  Iliiiii. 
lit. Ml,  .Iti^i'pli  W'lit'rrv.  Siillu  nil  Itl.i.i.l,  .Mii.laiiii'  I'riiiiiii,  .Mii.litiiii' 
I, am.'.  .Mii.liiiiii'  l.iilli'rl,v,  .Mrs.  Ili'iii|>'lriiil,  .Miitllirtv  lti|.|ii',v, 
ji.iiii   l>iilii'iii}X.  I>r.  ,\l(*lii.lii^.  Piiiil  Iti'i'^iT,  Mi.'liii.'l  .^.  t'l'm'', 

"  .  .11  III.'  ii..rlli«i'!<t  .'.inicr  ..I  I'liiiii  iiii.l  'I'liir.l  .'<lri'i'l'<  ri'-i.li'.l 
M;i.hiiiii'  1,11  liiiiiiii^ri',  III  II  lii^  l.iiil.liii;;  I'l.ni'liiii'd'.l  in  llir  .il.l 
frrii' li  ^tyli',  an.)  iiiiii  .it' tin*  tir.'*l  liiilll  in  tlir  .'itv,  vvlii.'li  lidiist; 
i^  iy<\\  >liiii.liiig  ill  II  MM'y  ililapiiliiU'.l  .'..ii.litioii,  iiii.l  i"  i|iiit<'  iin 
ol.j. vl  ..r  .'iirii.^'ity  1.1  till'  aiilii|iiariiiii, 

"I'll  Kdiii'lh  ,^tri'Pt,  lu'twi'i'ii  .Miiik.'t  iiii.l  riit'-tiiiil  Strri't.H, 
■1,1. I.I  ilii'  i'.iiirl-li(iii.<i',  in  till'  I'i'iitri'  ..t'  llic  ?<(|iiiirt'.  It  war.  a  vury 
iiliiiii  l.ri.'k  liiiililinx,  tw.i  iit.irli'rt  in  li('i);lii,  ami  I'lmtaini'.l  only 

Iw ml  riMini.-i  iitnl  hoiiil'  I'tnatt  ,i.lj.iiiiiii|(  riHinis  I'.ir  iliu  jiirii'.'i 

mill  .  I.  rks.     Tim  Klii'iinV  ufl'u'i'  ivan  in  a  miiall  lirii'k  bnil.lini; 
,111  til"'  ^initliwi'.-trrn  riirncr  of  tin*  "qiiiin*. 

"Ill  till!  Oiri'uit  Court  JniiK"  Imnli'iiH  |iri"<iil('il,  unil  in  llio 
.■^iijiniiiu  t'linrl  wi're  Jiiilxc^  .Mi'liirk,  'r.iiii|ikin.i,  ami  Waiili. 
.I.iIl'i'  I'l'i'k  |iri'.siil('il  uvi'r  tliu  fnitr.l  .*»tati'S  District  ("iiurt. 
I'll.'  I.iir.  wliiuli  was  I'i'li'liratt'.l  fur  il.<  talent  anil  ri's|iu.'laliility, 
iiii'tii.U'.l  till'  f'.illdwiii^  wt'll  kn.iwii  iitt.irnry.",  \\7.. :  K.lwar.l 
lliiti'-.  II,  It.  tianilili',  II.  ,'<,  Oi'yi'r,  l„  V,  lli.cy,  Triistcn  I'.ilk, 
.1,  F.  I'liiliv,  ,'VU'Xiimli'r  Ilainilt.in,  ,lii»iali  ,'<|ial.liiiK,  A,  T.  liini, 
\Vi!-.'ii  I'riinni,  l>,  11,  lliir.lsin,  lii'virly  .Mliii,  J.ilin  Ik'Ht,  C.  ]>. 
liniki',  Myi.in  Lo^lii',  ,\,  \\.  .Miiiinin^,  an. I  a  t'riv  i.tlicr!^. 

",'>iiiitli  lit'  .Marki't  Stri'i't  mi  K.nirtli  .•^liri't  tlirri'  wcni  liiit  li'W 
rwi.li'n.'i^.  .'Viniin;;  tliv  .'iti/.rn."  wli.i  livc.l  tlicru  hiti'  tlii'  I'.ill.iw- 
iiiir;  .1. ."'.  I'l'iiM',  Jdlin  Mul'anslaml,  Kilnard  Cliiirli.-ti,  ,Mrs.  ,M.' 
Cinliin,  W.  K.  Hull',  ,1,  .1,  I'lir.ly,  Mr.",  .MiiKimu'V,  ami  Minis, 
>.  I'i.'ii.'.  Ili'luH  till'  li.i>|iital  111'  tliii  Sisti'i'.s  lit'  Cliiirity,  tin' 
(inlv  .1111'  tlu'ii  ill  tile  eity,  there  were  ni>  tlwullin^s  until  near 
Pliiia  .'^treet.  Here  were  t...'titeil  the  beautiful  resilience  ami 
i:ar.li'n9  iif  Dr.  U,  U.  llull'inan,  on  the  east  Hiile,  while  on  the 
.i|i|i..siti' >.iile  was  that  iifJuil^e  Lawle-is.  A  narrow  laiieiliviileil 
iliwe  two  estates,  lor  at  that  time  neither  Fourth  nor  Fifth 
Slri'ft  was  o|ii'ne.l  any  farther  lieyoml,  all  lielow  hein;;  nniiii- 
j.r.ivp.l  as  far  as  the  Convent  of  the  Saereil  Heart,  just  below 
I'li.iiinaii  Avenue,   which    was    then    lonsi.lereil    finite   out    of 

IMIVII. 

"Tile  l.awlesK  house  was  the  first  hriek  house  hnilt  on  what 
i-,i,i«  Foiirlh  ,'"^treet,iinil  owiie.l  liy  Col.  UiiMiek,  The  ),'roiimI.« 
'iirr..uM.liii|;  it  exten.le.l  from  the  present  Fifth  Street  nearly  to 
Tliii.l.  nil. I  aflerwanls  known  a.s  Vau.xhall  (Jiirilen, 

l.illii'  north  of  .Market  Street  resi.luil  the  l'iillowingeiti'/.ens: 
I'.l.  Slii'|.ai<l,  o|i|iosite  the  eourt-hoiise,  who  was  then  the  chief 

t Iiiiiister  in   the  city,     l>n   this  block   also  liveil  William 

Tijlii'iin.l  \V.  Pocook,     The  block  o|i|iosite  the  Planters'  House 
»;.- vni'iiiil,  cKcopting  on  the  corner  uf  Chestnut  Street,  whore 

■1 i  the  liliicksmith-slio|>  of  Mr.  Winior.     On  the  corner  of 

liiivi'iin.l  Fourth  Streets  whs  a  one-story  stone  dwollinn-house, 

.ii'iii|.ii'.l  liy  Xathan   Patterson,  who   was  oonncctcil   with   the 

I  h.iia'.if  J.  .1  K.  Walsh.     His  ganlen  cxten.leil  to  Pine  Street, 

I  mi.l  itwii."  no  uncomninn  thing  to  see  corn  Krowinj;  in  it  to  fully 

I  tilU'i'n  i'ei't  high. 

"  On  the  east  siilc  of  Fourth  Street,  on  the  next  sijuftrc.  Dr. 
I  llimlur. a  ciijipor  ami  leeehor,  hiid  his  shop  ami  dwclling-houso, 
|.in  ill.'  «|ii.t  where  now  stands  the  Kvcrctt  House.  Mr.  William 
I  lleiii|ijii.ii.l  resided  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  street.  The  block 
|"(  ;:r(iiniil  bounded  by  Iiocust  and  St.  Clmrles  und  Fourth  nnil 


Fifth  Streets  was  a  tint  ami  Miianl  lot,  siihje.'l  to  I \r-rHoweil 

after  a  heavy  shower.  This  lot  »a«  owned  by  Judge  J.  II,  C, 
I.UCHS  (tiither  of  our  fellow  ciliwii,  .1.  II,  I.n.'iisi,  nno  b.iI.I  it  to 
(leorge  Collier  f.>r  the  extravitgant  siitii  of  eight  IhoU'.iin.l  d.il- 
lars, 

"On  the  groun.l  where  now  (in  |H7|)  stamls  liie  si. ire  of  Wll- 
limn  llarr  &  Co,  were  two  hi  .I'k  houses,  owned  hy  (ic.irge  Collier, 
in  one  of  which  he  rnai.leil.  Further  north  were  the  dwellings 
of  Charles  ('..lllns  an. I  ,\bcl  II.  Corliin,  Col,  llruiit  hiil  a  large 
re.-iden.'ii  on  Fourth  Street,  fronting  Wiishington  .Vvoniic, 
North  of  this  there  were  very  few  and  intlillVrciit  .Iwclliiig- 
houses. 

"On  Filth  Strut,  south  of  Mark.t  Sfrcei,  the  .livclling- 
lionses  were  fewer  thiiii  ..n  Fifili  Street.  The  first  house  on  the 
west  si.le  was  the  resiilen.'e  of  .Mr,  K.lward  Tracy,  an  cvteiisive 
commission  tncrchant.  On  the  secon.l  s.|nai'ii  below  Itohy 
Kviins  lived,  ami  on  the  next  si|iiiire  farther  south  the  Widow 
Spi'iiccr  lived. 

"  Ilclow  Klin  Street  livc.l  the  f..ll.iwiiig  citi'/.i'iis :  (Jen,  Han- 
ney.  Iiii.icn  Diiinainc.  I'api,  liililcrsleeve,  I>r.  Call,  licorge  Wil- 
son and  mother,  and  llabricl  Cliunteau.  liulow  Spruce  Street 
there  were  no  buildings  of  any  conseiiuencc  as  far  south  us  the 
convent.  The  great  space  of  ground  between  Fifth  and  Seventh 
Streets  wns  n  ilcep  ravine,  through  which  passed  the  waters  nf 
(Mionteau  Pon.l  on  their  wa_\  .o  the  river. 

'•  North  of  .Market  Street,  on  Fifth,  the  houses  vvire  few  ami 
tar  between.  A  few  proininent  citi/.cns  livc.l  on  this  street. 
Among  them   were  Dr.  W.  Carr   I.anc,  ticorgo   A.   I'lelcrhill, 

Mil. la Ilerlhol.l.   Mr.  Ornie,  Capl.  SIiiiII.toss,    .M,    i,.  Clark, 

Capt.  At.hison,  Dr.  .Mcl'iib.'.  II gc  1(.  Clark.  K.lward  lircdell. 

Ii.  W.  Kerr,  .lu.lgc  Fari'ur,  iinil  ,Mtitthe\v  Kerr, 

"SiMli  and  ,*scvcntli  Streets  were  .'..nsidercl  t...i  far  out  for 
dwellings,  an. I  being  on  the  western  limits  of  the  .'ily,  there 
were  lew  I'iti/.cns  rcsi.ling  on  those  streets.  On  Sixth  Street 
stood  the  old  county  jiiil,  iiml  just  east  ot'  it.  fronting  Fifth 
.^treet,  the  foumlations  of  ,i  new  Kpiscopal  ('liiirch  were  lai.l. 
This  was  Christ  Church,  an. I  was  consecrate. I  in  the  year  I.SIO 
by  the  late  venenible  llishop  Kemper,  who  at  that  time  was  the 
lirst  iiiissioii.M'y  bishop,  and  whose  juris.li.'tion  extended  north 
to  Wisconsin  and  west  to  the  Uocky  .Mountains,  Among  the 
citizens  rcsi.ling  on  this  street  were  the  following:  Ma.lison  T. 
Johnson.  James  .Ariiicn,  Jr.,  I.uther  Farwell,  Charles  It.  Hall, 
Julius  de  Mull,  Knoch  Price.  .Mrs.  John  Perry,  Iiiciit.  Kings- 
bury, U.S.A.,  Mrs,  Cabannc,  Dr.  Scud.ier,  and  ,-\lexamlcr  Sel- 
kirk, Seventh  i-'treet  was  still  less  oci'iipied,  it  being  the  outer 
western  limits  of  the  city,  Mr.  .loseph  \'.  tiiirnii'r  resided  ii 
little  south  of  .Market  Street,  and  Mr.  Charles  llohbs  between 
Market  ami  Walnut  Streets.  Whore  the  Polytechnic  nn.l 
Masonic  buildings  now  stun. I  was  formerly  the  resilience  ot 
Judge  J.  I!.  C.  Lucas.  Nearly  all  west  of  his  dwelling  was 
uniin]irove.l. 

"  All  that  vast  extent  of  gronml  lying  west  of  Seventh  Street, 
and  extending  to  the  present  limits  of  the  city  on  I! rand  ,\  venue, 
was  then  nnocciipicd,  excepting  a  very  few  locations.     A  heavy 
growth  of  forest-trees  extonde.l  from  Tenth  to  Twentieth  Street, 
and  from    Market  Street  to  St.  Charles,  und  this  was  culle.l 
Tjiicas  Grove,  in  the  midst  of  which  Ju.lge  TiUcas  had  a  dwell- 
ing houso,  which  fronted  on  ^Vashington  .'V venue,  near  the  site 
!  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  on  Fourteenth  Street,     .\fter 
'  his  death,  his  son,  Jnmes   II.  Iiucas,  residcl   there  until  he 
i   built  the  mansion  on  Olive  near  Ninth  Street. 

"On  ilurket  Street,  west  of  Fourth,  u  few  scuttering  houses 

were  built,  in  which  lived  the  following  citizens :   Wm.  Tighe, 

IIe7..  King,  John   Kerr;  Mrs.  Charless,  corner  of  Fifth  Street; 

Philip   Maure,  opposite  corner  of    Fifth  ."street;    Mr.    McOill, 

.  where  the   Varieties  Theatre  now  stands ;    T.  O.  Unncan,  ,1. 


I 


'i 


m 


i    ! 


'I' 


202 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


m 


ii-^i 


I'nrkcr  Dimn,  Kilwanl  I'moks.  George  K.  M<'Oiiniii);lo,  I'iurrc 
Ciioutcnu,  Jr.,  Isuno  IiCtilier,  Jiiiiie."  S.  Tliiiiiiiif,  Devoriy  Alien, 
Ailiiiii  I/.  Mills,  (ieiir^e  li.  CiilliMnler.  Cul.  Juhuson,  Chri.iloiilier 
Uliuduf.  IJe.vonil  Sevenlli  Street  wu*  (juile  mii  ^'cupieil,  iiiid 
bevotitl  tliis  tlie  ^rvnt  roiul  leaiiinji  westwanlly  cnit  of  the  city 
conitiieiiceil.  There  were  but  few  itiuiii  nmds  Ictulin^  out  of  the 
city  (it  that  time, — Bellefoiitaine  road.  Franklin  Avenue,  Mar- 
ket Street.  .Seventh  Street,  extending;  to  the  Gravois  road,  anil 
Seuoiiil  .Street,  over  the  liridjre  to  Caroinlelet  Avenue,  which  led 
to  the  Artienal  an,l  .Jefferson  Itarraeks. 

"The  hotels  in  .St.  Ltiuis  were  the  foll.iwing: 
'*  1.  City  Hotel  (tuiw  named  Denver  House),  on  the  eorncr 
of  Third  r.nd  Vine  Streets.  «iis  ke|it  by  Mr.  Kin^  in  the  true 
A'irginia  style,  and  was  eiuisidered  a  tirst-'dass  hotist!,  Thiti 
house  Inis  been  subsequently  etilarged,  and  under  the  inantige- 
iiient  of  Messrs.  Ilarnuni  .t  Moreland  it  luaint.ined  its  forir.er 
reputation. 

*• -.  .Missouri  Hotel,  lui  the  eoriier  of  .Main  and  (»ak  (now 
called  Mor;ian),  whi<h  was  alse  considered  a  first-ciass  house, 
and  kept  hy  Mr.  Con^^er.  It  still  slan.is,  ami  any  onu  fonil  of 
the  anti<|ue  can  jsratily  his  taste  by  a  look  at  this  ruined  old 
house. 

".1.  The  Tnion  Hotel,  eorner  of  Main  ami  Oreuii  Streets,  was 
a  Cood  Ikjusc,  well  kept  by  .Mr.  Fari-h,  and  afterwards  by  Mr. 
Sparr.  who  was  subsequently  one  «(  tiie  lessees  of  the  I.indell. 
This  hotel  was  built  in  |S:io  by  Mes.rs.  Stott  .1  Hule,  then 
|iroinineiit  uierihants  of  the  eily. 

''4.  Did  Vir;;inia,  on  the  north  side  of  Vine  Street,  between 
Main  and  Second  .-•iree's;  kipt  by  u  Mr.  King. 

"a.  Jefferson  House,  a  small  and  more  private  hotel,  eorner 
of  .\liiin  and  I'ine  Streets,  kept  by  Mr.  t'urtis. 

"fl  The  National  mow  named  St.  Clair),  eorner  of  Third 
and  Market  Streets.  Tnis  house  was  rebuilt  and  refurnished 
in  l.s;)7.  and  kept  by  Messrs.  Stiekney  ,t  Kni(;hl.  wh"  sub- 
sequently lea.-ed  the  I'l.'niers  House  on  its  eoniplition  in  LSI  I. 
"7.  The  Green-Tree 'i';.vern.  on  "'ei-ontl  Street  between  .Myrtle 
and  Spruce.  This  tavern  was  tiie  IJuH's-Head  of  St.  l,ouis,  a 
noted  resort  lor  tinners  ami  drovers,  coiiducted  by  Warren 
Ayres.  a  great  favorite  both  as  a  bi>uifa<-e  and  municipal  politi- 
cian. Tills  house  was  ileslroycd  by  the  great  lire  of  l.s  111.  but  has 
been  siibsequeiifly  rebuilt,  .nil  still  exists  un.ler  the  siuiie  name. 
The  visitor  of  the  present  day  to  the  public  .ooiii  uf  this  tavern 
no  longer  hears  the  friendly  chat  of  the  cliildpui  of  La  Belle 
Franco,  for  it  is  sucecv.ied  by  th.ise  "f  the  Teuton. 

"The  churcli  buildings  in  St.  I.ouis  were  the  followiuj^; 
"  I.  The   Konian   tJatholic  Cathedral,  -m  W.ilnut    >treet  be- 
tween Second  and  Tl.ird,  the  largest  church  ouilding  in  the  city. 
'•  2.  The  First  i'resbyterian  'hurcli,  on  the  corner  of  Fourth 
and  .St.  Charles,  fronting  the  l.ittcr.  and  occupying  the  site  of 
the  present  I'hirnarhionic  Building. 

*''i.  Christ  Ciiurcli  ( lOpiscopal),  on  Chestnut  Street,  eorner 
>if  Third,  a  small  brick  cdiii,.).  wiih  a  cipola  in  the  centre,  and 
looking  more  like  an  academy  thru  a  ciiui<-h  building.  I 

"  I.  Tlie  F'vst  .^.'cthodi.t.  on  the  corner  of  Fuiiith  Street  and 
Washingt'in  Avimue,  was  a  very  plain  brick  bail  ling,  built  in 
the  style  coinnon  to  that  ilenomination  in  ibeir  earlier  days. 

''.').  African  l',iptist,  on  Almond  Sirvel  between  Fourth  anu 
Fifth  .Streets.  The  present  building  is  the  second  built  on  the 
hume  ground. 

"  Besiilts  the  above,  there  were  several  other  church  coiigre 
gatiiiiiP  worshiping  in  lialli).  whi  had  no  buildings  erected  vi/..: 
Uniti-rian.  or  First  Congregational,  and  lluptis's." 


CHAPTER   IX.' 


I  SPANISH    DOMINION,  AND    'THE    AFFAIR    OF  K*-!.- 

••  In  the  liittor  part  of  1769,  Loui.siaua  was  st.ivtlcd 
by  a  report  that  Spain  was  fittiiio;  out  a  hirge  expiili- 
tioii  for  tlio  forcible  occupation  of  the  province.    'J'lie 
rumor  wsis  well  founded.     Spain,  esa«perat';d  by  the 
insurc;eiit  .spirit  which  had  so  ionj;  prevented  the  e.\cr- 
cise  of  it.s  rights  of  aovereicjnty,  duturniined  to  miji- 
j  press  resistance  by  force  af  anus.     Again  tliVi  inlialij- 
tants  resolved  to  repel  the  cstablis-hment  of  Spanish 
;  power.      But  when    Don    Alexander   O'Reilly,    ilic 
newly-appointed  coinuiandant  of  Louisiana,  apptiuvd 
at  New  Orleans  with  three  I'lousand  troops,  the  tnai.'- 
I  nitude    of  his    force   di.sheartened   opposition.     The 
,  hopelessness  of  the  nt.teir.pt  alone  prevented  a  rucuiirse 
:  to  violence.     SuBiuitting  to  a  forcj  which  they  nmlil 
not  resist,  the  people  cf  Louisiana  saw  with  foiliiij;s 
'  of  unavailing    indignation    the    landing   of  for('ii:n 
troops  and  the  establishment  of  Spanish  suprciiiacy. 
Irritated  by  an  unfriendliness  that  had  so  long  dotViicil 
tlie  as.sertion  of  Spanish  tuscondency,  and  fully  awarc 
of  the  popular  desire  to  subvert  the  nev.'ly-instituicij 
government,  O'Reilly  determined  to  teach  by  an  im- 
pressive  example  the  dangers  of  disobedience  to  im- 
perial authority.     The  foremost  leaders  of  the  u|i|«i- 
sition  were  arrested  and  tried  by  the  nummary  pnaoss 
of  a  court-martial.     Convicted  of  treason,  some  were 
immediately  shot,  and  others  were  condemned  to  a 
lifelong   imprisonment   in    the    dungeons  of  Cuhi. 
This  severity   prodaced    the    expected    result.     The 
rigor  of  the  new  commandant  awed  tlie  people  into 
submission. 

■'  Shortly  after  the  occupation  of  New  Orleati.s,  Don 
Pedro  Pierrias  ivas  dispatched  '.ith  a  body  of  f<|iuiii>h 
troops  to  take  pos.se.ssion  of  F^iper  Louisiana. 

"  The  time  of  his  arrivi'I  in  St.  Louis  is  not  defi- 
nitely known,  but  it  Vvas  probably  early  in  the  siiiiii;: 
of  1770.'  'I'he  colonists,  intimidated  by  the  stem 
discipline  of  O'Reilly,  received  the  Lieutenant-Gtivor- 
nor  without  any  demonstrations  of  resistance.  I'icrnas 
mana^;ed  his  delicate  mi.ssiou  with  rare  tact.  He 
did  not  at  onco  enter  upon  the  discharge  of  his  official 
duties,  but,  living  quietly  in  the  hosjiitable  Iiuiir'hI 
Laclede,  spent  several  months  in  cultivating  Iriciidk 
relations   with  the  peoplj,  and  familiarizing  liiiiwil' 

'  This  chapter  was  pre|uired  by  I'rofossor  ,S.  Watcrlioii-o. 

'  '•  .Mr.  I'hiiutcaii  states  that  I'iernas  eniiie  to  St.  I.iiiiis  > " 
211,  177t)..-//KH/'«  Mimilet,  vol.  i.  |).  11)7.  But  Mr.  Choiitwi 
too  eiinti.'ently  rclyit^g  upon  his  unaided  nieninry,  niii'lc  ii  iiiiin- 
bcr  of  inisstalementfi ;    this  is  one  of  Ihein. 


with  the  res 

his  ohst>rvat 

iiiiigisirate. 

every  bount 

■■sceocry,  rich 

actions  of  coi 

tidiLs  1)1'  rapit 

the  wealth  of 

jirospcrous.    ] 

trading-post  ti 

h.HbiianLs.     A 

his  delay,  Pie 

pos.se.s.sion  of  I 

lions  of  his  mt 


'In 


l;iying 


for  the  .'ipiritua 
.served  a  block  i 
Catholic  Cliuicf 
ffe.st  side   of  S 
Walnut.     It  was 
i'e.s  were  plastere 
rude  edifice  was 
''"tlielMth  of, J 
I)}-  Father  Gibau 
I  j'lyous  solemnity. 
"  The  new  adni 
[m''nt.     Thedisa/f 
nists  had  first  regi 
I  converted  into  fri 
wise  regard  for  th 
I  mm  the  confidence 
jol'the  fortunate 
Iks,  Governor  1* 
jtiiin.s.    The  slight 
Juieihods  of  civi 
jci.lHnists  that  they 
fc'ifer.    The  Gov 
fc«ins  of  coneiliati 
111-  i.'»V('riinient  wit 
f'-  Aiiiie  the  rank 
III  .<ervi(v.     The  F 
"" '»'  illegal  gran 


■|( 


I  the 


til 


n  eo!oni,s(,.j  w 


'^'1  ()e  disji 
lawful  claim. 
'I'ri'liciisioiis  by  a 
'■'''"  «'iicl.  St.  AnjH 
('iiiids  of  retil  pro 
Kllerii 


"ipossosst 
Ii 

1 


iti  or 


loveriiur 


ilioited 


I'f'imptly  0(1 


Fhg  date  of  the  first  ollieial  net  uf  Governor  Piernas.  roi .  M  ^■'"ji 


in  Ino  Archives,  is  May  20,  1770.' 


Hill 


''"'<•  fiibault,  •  \'i 
"'■''"iM  the  ndja,.,, 


^^t 


SPANISH    rOMINION,  AND   "THE   AFFAIR  OF   1780." 


203 


Irleiiiis,  Don 
oi'  r'\iani>!i 

lis  nut  Jiti- 

tlio  sv''"? 

tin-   Mvrii 

tiU't.       11* 
f  liis  (iffinal 

iiiiH  liiiii*'" 

ntcrli'MiM'- 
|Mr.  CliMiit"'. 

,  lllll.l'-'  u  1""" 


with  the  resources  of  hia  departmcn*.     The  result  of 
his  (il'StTvationa  was  hif;hly  gratifyiiii;  to  the  Spanish 
iiiiii.'i^ti'ate.      He   found    his   province   blessed    with  , 
every  bounty  of  nature.     The  8urpassin<r  beauty  of 
fce.iery,  richness  of  .soil,  and  facilities  for  the  trans- 
action.'* of  commerce  awakened  well-frrounded  expneta-  ; 
tinns  iif  rapid  developnienJ..     St.  Louis,  enriched  with  ' 
the  wealth  of  an  pxten.sive  Indian  trade,  was  actively 
prosperous.    It  had  already  grown  from  an  insignificant  , 
tradinfjpost  to  a  village  of  about  seven  hundred  in-  ; 
habitants.     At  length,  having  obtained  the  objects  of  ' 
ills  delay,  Piernas,  on  the  20th  of  May,  1770,  took  ; 
posse.s.sion  of  Upper  Louisiana,  and  assumed  the  func- 
tions of  his  magistracy.  ; 

"  III  laying  out  the  village,  with  a  wise  provision 
for  the  spiritual  needs  of  the  colony,  Liguest  had  re- 
served a  block  fc    religious  use.    On  this  site  the  first 
Ciitliolic  Chuich  was  erected  in  1770.     It  stood  on  the  ' 
west  side   of  Second   Street,   between    Market   and 
Walnut.     It  was  built  of  upright  logs,  and  tiie  crevi- 
w.«  were  plastered  with  clay.     The  completion  of  this 
rude  edifice  was  celebrated  with    popular    rejoicing.  ; 
Oil  the  24th  of  June,  1770,  the  church  was  dedicated  : 
by  Father  Gibault,'  of  Kaskcskia,  with  ceremonies  of 
jiiyous  solemnity. 

"The  new  administration  was  a  happy  diaappoint- 
nii'nt.    The  disaffection  with  which  the  French  colo- 
nists had  first  regarded  the  Spanish  Governor  was  soon 
cuiiverted  into  friendship.      His  kindly  coui'tesy  and 
wise  regard  for  the  interes' :  of  tiie  settlements  ((uickly 
mi  the  confidence  of  the  people.     Availing  himself  | 
lofthe  fortunate   similarity  of  French    and  Spanish 
laws,  Gtivornor  Piernas  instituted  no  radicu'.  iimova-  ' 
jtiuus.    The  slight  changes  in  legal  retiuirements  and  . 
nii'tiiods  of  civil    procedure    scarcely    reminded    the 
Iciiliiiiists  that  they  were  under  the  sway  of  a  foreign  ^ 
IjKiwer.    The  Governor  resorleu  to  every  honorable 
llwns  of  eonc'iliation.     He  filled  the  minor  offices  of 
liii- '.'iiveriiinent  witii  Frenchmen.    He  conferred  upon 
8i.  .^nj-e  the  rank  of  captain  of  infantry  in  the  Span-  i 
liserviee.     The  French  tenwre  of  lauds  was  based 
i]",iii  lui  iilejiul  grant.    The  in  security  of  their  property 
Jill!  the  enionists  with  alarm.     They  feared  that  they  | 
lislit  be  dispossessed  of  grounds  to  which  they  had  ' 
liiwful  elaiin.      But  Governor  I'iernas  allayed  their 
iirehensions  by  a  public  confirmation  of  all  tiie  land 
I'.lis  wiiieli  St.  Ango  had  granted.     To  define  the 
^uiiiis  of  real  property    and    avoid   litigation,   the 
(tien*  Solicited  an  official  survey  of  land  grants.   The  ! 
Dvoriiur  ]iroinptly  coiuplied  with  the  request  of  the 


petitioners,  and  appointed  Martin  M.  Duralde,  a 
Frenchman,  to  the  surveyorship  which  he  had  created. 
The  honors  bestowed  upon  their  countrymen  and  the 
practical  benefits  of  the  government  fully  reconciled 
the  French  settlers  to  their  new  albigianee. 

"  The  Spanish  force  which  then  protected  the  post 
and  upheld  the  majesty  cf  the  law  numbered  six 
officers  and  twenty  men. 

"  On  the  27th  of  December,  1774,  St.  Ange  de 
Bellerive  died  at  the  hou.se  of  Madii'ue  Chouteau. 
St.  Ango  had  been  successful  in  all  the  trusts  confided 
to  his  charge.  His  direction  of  colonial  affairs,  though 
unwarranted  by  the  forius  of  law,  gave  universal  satis- 
faction. The  voice  of  complaint,  which  is  always 
prone  to  cen.sure  an  authority  exercised  without  legal 
right,  never  ventured  to  assail  his  administration  of 
the  public  interests.  His  skill  in  business  enabled  St. 
Ange  to  amass  '\n  ample  fortune.  The  influence  of 
his  genial  character,  passing  beyond  the  bounds  of  his 
own  race,  conciliated  alike  the  taciturn  Indian  and  the 
haughty  P]nglishinan.  A  pleasant  proof  of  his  per- 
ronal  popularity  is  recorded  in  the  early  annals. 

"  When  Capt.  Sterling  died  at  Fort  de  Chartres 
in  January,  17()6,  the  residents  of  the  place  invited 
St.  Ange  to  come  over  and  take  charge  of  the  post 
until  Capt.  Sterling's  sucecs-sor  should  arrive.  In 
compliance  with  a  request  so  fraught  with  confidence, 
St.  Ange  went  to  Fort  de  Cliartres,  and  held  command 
until  relieved  by  the  arrival  of  Maj.  Frazer  fv-'m 
Fort  Pitt.'  In  1775,  St.  Ango  died  at  the  ripe  age 
of  seventy-six  years, "  and  was  buried  with  public 
honors  in  the  graveyard  adjoining  the  Catliolic  Cluiieh. 

"  The  wife  of  Governor  Piernas  was  a  French- 
woman. T'.iis  alliance  greatly  strengthened  the  friend- 
ship which  his  liberal  policy  liad  first  inspired.  His 
dignity  of  tuanncr  was  agreeable  to  the  French,  but 
distasteful  to  th<'  Indians.  An  Osage  chief,  mistaking 
his  reserve,  so  different  froiu  the  affability  of  the 
French,  sis  an  evidence  of  personal  dislike,  resolved  to 
kill  him  in  revenge  for  the  fancied  insult;  but  while 
intoxicated  he  betrayed  his  murderous  seeri;t  to  a 
Shawnee  Indian,  who  prevented  the  assassination  by 
slaying  the  intended  assassin. 

"  It  was  dur.-iL'  the  term  of  Governor  Piernas  that 
some  of  the  traders  of  St.  Louis  began  to  derive  large 
profit.s  from  dishonorable  sources.  The  Floridas  had 
been  ceded  to  England  by  the  treaty  of  l~^"^.  The 
loss  of  its  fair  provinces  filled  Spain  with  liuiniliatioo 
and  resentment.  In  retaliation  for  what  was  deemed 
an  act  of  rapacity,  the  Spanish  guvernt  ent  adipted 


lernni'. TL'" ' '<■'  ^■'"I'lirri-  (iibiuilt,  '  Vicar-Ocnoral  nf  the  lliijliu|i  of  Quebec  j       •  "  Mnncttc's  Hint.   MiMicsipiii  Vttllc.v,  viil.  i.  p.  411.     Hi-yii- 


tlllin'ii!'  mill  Ihi'  niljncpiil  ('oiinlrici<.'  " 


oldii'  My  Own  Times,  p.  M." 


204 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


lil 


a  policy  hostile  to  the  commercial  interests  of  Great 
Britiiin.  The  duties  wliioh  it  levied  on  English  im- 
ports were  almost  prohibitive.  Some  of  the  St.  Louis 
dealers  evaded  the  oppre.^sive  imposts  by  systematic 
smufT^liiij;.  The  transactions  of  this  clandestine  trade 
enriched  many  of  the  colonial  merchants.  In  May, 
177o,  Piernas  was  superseded  by  Lon  Francisco  Cru- 
zat.  The  impulses  of  a  kindly  nature,  !iot  less  than 
the  dictates  of  political  discretion,  induced  Cruzat  to 
follow  the  liberal  policy  of  his  predecessor.  His 
genial  fellowship  endeared  him  to  a  people  fond  of 
8o<-ial  enjoy m<mt.  The  French  could  not  help  liking 
a  mauisf  rate  so  friendly  to  their  pleasures  and  interests. 
At  this  time  the  Atlantic  colonies  were  ajritated  by 
the  commotions  that  attended  the  outbreak  of  the 
American  llevolution.  But  the  turbulence  of  the 
liea-board  did  not  disturb  the  little  villaf!;c  on  the  bank 
of  the  jMississippi.  Careless  of  an<bitious  achieve- 
ment and  happy  in  its  exemption  from  scenes  of  strife, 
the  hamlet  pursued  its  round  of  humble  toil  and  sim- 
ple pleasure.  But  the  revolt  of  the  American  colo- 
nies, while  it  did  not  dis(|uiet  the  tran(|uil  life  of  St. 
Louis,  involved  the  nations  of  Kurope  in  fresh  dis- 
sen^ions.  After  the  outbreak  of  hostilities  it  was 
rumored  that  England,  in  retaliation  for  the  unfriendli- 
ne.ss  of  Spain,  was  st,.etly  instigating  the  Canadian 
Indians  to  an  assault  upon  the  Spanish  settlements  in 
America.  Alarmed  for  the  safety  of  St.  Louis,  which, 
in  the  event  of  an  invasion  from  the  north,  would  be 
the  ""ist  point  of  attack,  Cruzat  began  to  mature  a 
system  of  fortification,  but  before  he  attempted  to 
carry  his  plans  into  effect  he  was  removed  from 
oflBee. 

The  popular  regret  at  the  departure  of  Gover- 
nor Cruzat  waij  deepened  by  the  character  of  his  suc- 
cessor. Don  Fernando  de  Levlta  came  into  power  in 
1778.  He  was  singularly  deficient  in  the  (|ualitie8 
which  command  poliiier!  ^ucce.ss.  Devoid  of  tact  and 
discretion,  reputedly  penurious  and  intemperate,  he 
was  subjected  to  an  ordeal  which  conspicuously  ex- 
posed his  weaknesses.  The  difficulties  which  beset 
his  administration  were  such  as  none  of  his  prede- 
cessors had  ever  encountered.  Doubtless  his  personal 
unpopularity  led  the  peo[ile  to  magnify  his  faults. 
Public  suspicion  seems  to  be  the  oidy  ground  for  muiiy 
of  the  charges  against  De  Leyba.  But,  in  the  ab- 
sence of  proof  the  repetitions  of  tradition  cannot  in- 
vest these  apparent  fictions  with  a  title  to  a  place  in 
authentic  history. 

"  Shortly  i.tler  De  Leyba's  accession  to  office  the 
father  of  the  colony  died. 

"  Pierre  Laclede  Liguest  came  to  New  Orleans 
from  Bioii,  in  Southern  France.    His  personal  appcar- 


'  ance  was  striking.  An  erect  figure,  somewhat  above 
the  ordinary  stature  of  Frenchmen,  a  dark,  olive  cutii- 

;  plexion,  a  broad  forehead,  a  prominent  no.se,  and  [mmio. 

'  trating  black  eyes  were  the  physical  traits  (if  tlic 
founder  of  St.  Louis.  Endowed  with  a  restless  na- 
ture, Laclede  could  not  be  content  with  the  uneventful 
life  jf  an  obscure  French  province.     /   longing  liir  u 

,  career  of  adventure  and  an  ambition  to  found  a  Ficnch 
colony  in  tlic  domain  of  Louisiana  were  the  supreme 
motives  that  impelled  Liguest  to  seek  his  fortunes  in 
the  New  World.  At  his  solicitation,  a  number  ot'lii- 
coun'.ymcn   accompanied   him    to  America  lor  tiio 

I  express  purpose   of   establishing   a    new   settlement, 

'  History  records  few  examples  of  a  more  eoiiiplii.' 
realization  <•'     iibitious  hopes.     From  the  very  iia- 

:  ture  of  the  case,  but  few  men  through  the  ia|psu  cf 
centuries  have  enjoyed  a"  -""lusive  privilege  of  Umiid- 

I  ing  great  cities.  Lack  lUst  have  deriv(^d  an  inci- 
dental advantage  from  the  place  of  his  birth.  KeareJ 
at  the  foot  of  the  Pyrenees,  he  could  scarcely  have 
grown  to  manhood  on  the  very  borders  of  Spain  wiih- 

I  out  acquiring  a  familiarity  with  the  language  of  Cas- 

I  tile.      In   Louisiana,  under   the   Spanish    rule,  tliis 

:  accomplishment  was  doubtless  of  practical  service  tn 
Laclede  in  the  conduct  of  his  business.  Liu'ucst 
occupies  but  little  space  in  the  political  history  of  the 

I  colony  which  he  founded,  for  the  reason  that  he  de- 

t  voted   hiuiself   exclusively    to   commercial   pursuit-. 

.  His  charter  guaranteed  to  him  a  monopoly  of  the  In. 

'  dian  trade  for  eight  years.     The  ample  fortune  whick 

I  Laclede  left  seems  to  warrant  the  inference  that  ii« 

'  exercised  his  exclusive  rights  for  the  full  term  of  tlie 

I  royal  privilege. 

i       "  After  the  death  of  Liguest  it  was  found  that  Lis 

I  estate  was  somewhat  encumbered  with  debt.  Kej 
largest  claims  were  preferred  by  his  partner,  MajentJ 
to  satisfy  the  rights  of  creditors.     The  estiite  was  in 

I  1779  Sold  at  auction.  The  sum  realized  from  iliej 
public  sale  was  far  less  than  the  value  of  the  proponvi 
The  whole  block  which  in  later  years  became  suKts-l 
sively  the  site  of  the  Chouteau  mansion  and  of  Bar- 
num's  Hotel  was  sold  to  Auguste  Chouteau  lor  ilire 
thousand  <lollar,s.  As  the  limited  wealth  of  il  •  c 
ony  did  not  permit  an  active  competition,  the  f;reaif 
pari  of  the  estate  pu.s.sed  into  the  hands  of  Atituii 

I  Max.tnt  for  a  fraction  of  its  real  worth.' 

"kimitten  with  tho  fatal  illness  while  eoiiiini:  ij 
from  New  Orleans,  he  was  carried  tA)  the  military fi< 
near  the  mouth  of   the   Arkansas,   w'  ere  he  (lii< 

'  "Tliis  stiiteiiipnt  i."  eiiiill' liicd  1)V  the  |ier8iiiial  iiiKunin  t 
(lalirii'l  S.  ClioutiMiii.  A  .)(ii8li'  I'IhmiIciiu  ^'^t  llii'  "H 
inillii,'  mill  MiiiliiiiK!   I'liniiU'iii    the    '  faiur  i>(   l.iu'lfJi'.-' 


June  20,  ]? 
mains  were  I 
bank  of  the  2 
vesiig(,'  of  the 
whieli  would  I 
its  /ounder  w 
buri.ii. 

''  There  is  a 

(ii.'Jiluieled  by  r 

Indiiins.     The 

(ioeunu'iifary  c 

It  is  not  likely 

lion  of  the  IJn<i 

a  villiige  with  w 

iirms.     But  tlie 

live  I'lir  an  expei 

the  (lutlireuk  of 

'•"1(1,  I  hey  would 

.sivages  (o  Hf-.suii 

.-lili  believed  to 

."^|iaiii    had  resort 

(K'orge    III.  t„ 

1779.     But  in  tl 

w\tx  could  not  ha 

'III.'  (iir  distant  froi 

Min  (or  the  or"ani; 

close  vi'  1779.     A 

>'|iain  had  arrived, 

'ill'  Indian    tribes 

'ardy  rumor  could  , 

"f  'lie  intended 

"    'it;  depth  of 

lemplated.     Jn   i; 

it'iiily  reiii,iv,.,l  froi 

'II'"  i"  'lie  month 

i;'iiii|-aiit  of  the 

I  "I'll  Ell-land.-     If 

"l'||ii''»  .Miiiiiii.- 
■■'"Hie  earl.v  |mi 
■<■>'■"!  of  Ciihiiliiii.  , 
"■"'"■ '"I'l'iiiio  .111  (.'III 
!<»ili''W..ui„,|,,,,,i,„.,i, 

'■'''i'"ivori.;„^ii,,,  „, 

■'"  '"'•■"lllell  hroilBht  f,„- 
"'''"■  ''"I'liiy  was  |,i 
""'■"■l''l''ii>'ehoC,ire(J, 
"  'i">i  que  loMijoiri- 
r'ii\.  e"i„i,iereeiiiit 
rli.T,h..-n-vre«.  etqi, 
'"■<■>  ii'ln  (111  ,ii„i,. 
"'■'  ''""'■  Y"''  "»,i^  :,ii„ 

'"■i-irc  rh:sii,„jin, ,,, , 

'■^'""'■"l'I.II»e,.||oo.. 
■'■  'I'"'  .i'"V"i»  .•(111(11,, 
""'■'  livier  ,■,,,„,  I,, 
'■'    '''I'v  l:',  I7(j|. 


SPANISH   DOMINION,  AND   "THE  AFFAIR  OF    1780." 


206 


ibuve 
CnlU- 

f  till' 
ss  nil- 
rcntful 
y  I'or  ;i 

iiprt'Uic 
UUL'S  in 
r  of  lib 
tor   ttie 
tloniew, 
I'onipli'i'' 
vi'vy  nil- 
lajisc  iif 

of  lllUUll- 

1  an  inci- 
I.    KouteJ 
ci^ly  li'.ive 
Ipuiii  wiili- 
i^e  (if  Cas- 
rule,  tliis 
service  U' 
Lisiubl 
slory  of  the  ] 
that  lie  de- 
ll  pursuit-, 
(if  the  111- 1 
tuno  wliiA 


WW 


teri'.i 


>  tliiil  lie  I 
of  tliel 


nu! 


I  tlwiliin 
debt,    Tl. 
ler,  Matent 
istiite  WHS  i« 
eil  froui  ike' 
the  propt'itj. 
iciiiiie  suci*' 
iukI  of  «ii- 
euu  fiirtliti 
hof  tV.'f'l 
ilu-  '^ri* 
ks  of  Aiiti" 

|e  eoiuiiii:  'I 

luiliiiiryjt^ 

here  lie  ™ 

L,|  ,ij.ii\r;ili '  1 

Ifut    iIh' 

I'    1.;i.'1p'1i'-" 


June  20,  1778,'  at  the  age  of  fifty-four  His  re- 
mains were  hurled  in  the  wilderness  on  the  south 
bank  of  the  Arkansas  Kiver.  In  a  few  yeare  every 
vesliu'e  of  the  grave  was  obliterated,  and  now  the  city 
which  would  trratefully  erect  a  nionuniciit  in  honor  of 
its  founder  will  search  in  vain  for  the  place  of  his 
burial. 

"There  is  a  tradition   ."lat  in  1779  the  colony  was 
(lisfniieied  by  rumors  o''  a  contemplated  attack  by  the 
Indians.     The  report,  which  is  unsustained  by  any 
documentary  evidence,  contradicts  every  probability. 
It  is  not  likely  that  the  Indians,  without  the  instiga- 
tion of  the  Engli.sh,  would  plan  an  incursion  against 
a  village  with  which  they  iiad  always  been  on  friendly 
terms.     But  the  Canadian   Engli.sh  had  then  no  mo- 
tive for  an  expedition  again.st  St.  Louis.     Ignorant  of 
the  outbreak  of  liostilities  between  Spain  and  Eng- 
land, they  would  never  have  ventured  to  incite  the 
siva^es  to  assail  the  subjects  of  a  power  which  they 
^till  believed  to  be  friendly.     The  intelligence  that 
Siiain    had  resorted  to  arms  was  communicated  by 
(jeiirgc    III.  to    the    British    Parliament,   June   16, 
1779.     But  in  those  days  of  slow  trnnsmissiion  tlie 
news  could  not  have  crossed  the  Atlantic  and  reached 
ilie  far  distant  frontier  posts  of  the  Northwest  in  sea- 
sDii  for  the  organization  of  an  expedition  before  the 
close  of  1779,     After  the   tidings  of  the  war  with 
Spain  had  arrived,  months  must  iiave  elapsed  before 
liw  Indian    tribes    could    have    been    mustered  and 
lardy  rumor  could  carry  to  remote  St.  Louis  the  news 
nf  the  intended  irruption.      Besides,  so  hmga  march 
H    he  depth  of  winter  could   never  have  been  con- 
templated.    In  1781,  Charles  Gratiot,  who  had  re- 
cently removed  from  Cahokia  to  St.  Louis,  testified 
iliat  in  the  month  of  March,  1780,  he  was  absolutely 
ijiuirant  of  the    declaration  of   war   between    iSpain 
ami  England.-     I*'  a  man  of  intelligence  and  inquiry 

'■•  lliiiil'»  Minutes  vol,  i,  \i.  HIT." 

'■•Intlie  early  |mil  "''  .Miiri-li,  l"sn,  CImrlcs  tiialint,  then 

Ltc-iiliiil  "f  Ciihukia,  i-eiit  a  hiirne  limileil  with  (joiiils  ami  pro- 

Id'iniislii  I'laii'io  ilii  Cliicn  I'lii- the  |iiir|ii>Mi' iil'  trailt<;  but  thirtv 

liailc  liL'liiw  it''  ilc^liiuUiiiii  llii'  l.artti'  wa."  ea|iliirwl  aixl  |iillu>;i'd 

l)n  » {r:irly  <>r  l'ai)(lirli  anil  Imliaiis      Inllu'Kuit  ivliii'h  in  I7SI 

hlf  l»«ilincn  liriMight  I'm-  their  whko'',  a  char^jo  of  eiilluKinn  with 

|iiilili.'  I'ui'Uiy   was   iirel'i'i-reil   iigaiiiKt    Mr.  (iralint.     In   his 

»riUiii  ■li'lfiife  lielore  (luvoriicir  t'iu-/.al,  Mr.  (iratiot  says, — 

'■'Aiii'i  i|ae  U;  si'jiiur  siiullVrt  ilaiis  I'e  village  ile  M.  St.  I'aill 

r<ii\,  I'Mtiiuiert-eaiit  de    Mit-liiiiuiakiiuii!.    (jui    y  eti>it  venu 

liir  lie-  vivres,  I't  que  Ic  ijciiiv  eriieui-iil  lui  a  iioriuis  il'em- 

liilpi,  el  ii-la   ail  iiKiis  a|ires  le  dc'iiart  ilu  iiia  lier(i;c;  n   t/iii' 

tliiHr  ijllf  ItOttH    ilJlKH-ilHIH    llhgul lll<ienl  /(I   itfi'Ull'UtinH   itf  lit 

n'h€  r  Etfutijiie  et  I'  A»iihh-.-i-i\ 
I  "Mi.iiliul  il  ,ii9cellc  cxpC'ilitidn  ii'a  etC'  quoile  faire  uti  ouiii- 
r  c|iii'  i'liviiis  eniiluine  ile  fiiiro  tuu>  Ics  iviis,  ,  ,  .  et  nun 
alli'i   livier  A  mis  enneiiiis  (lyiit  fujuoruin  pour  luit)  del 

1.','    ,lalv  12,  ITS  I. 


had  not  heard  of  so  important  an  event,  it  is  fair  to 
assume  that   the  news  of  the  rupture  had  not  then 
reached  the  .settlements  of  Upper  Louisiana.     There- 
fore, the  inhabitants  of  St.  Louis,  ignorant  of  any 
cause  for  hostility,  could  have  entertained  no  appre- 
•  hensions  of  an  inroad  by  a  power  with  which  they 
j  supposed  their  sovereign  was  still  at  peace. 
I       "  Consequently,  the  tradition  which   describes  the 
I  alarm  of  1779  may  be  discarded  as  destitute  of  uu- 
:  thentic  foundation, 

j  "  But  in  the  spring  of  1780  the  people  of  Cahokia 
i  were  startled  by  the  intelligence — seemingly  well 
founded — that  the  '^Inglish  at  the  North  were  fitting 
out  an  Indian  expedition  for  the  recapture  of  their 
j  village.  The  prospect  of  an  incursion  of  savages 
i  excited  profound  alarm.  The  danger  appeared  immi- 
I  nent.'     In  this  instance — unlike  that  of  St.  Louis  in 

"In  17-SI>,  Mr.  (iraliiit,  then  living  in  t'ahiikia,  lirouglit  nn 
;  actiiin  aj^ainst  Mr.  Charles  Sanguinet,  iif  St.  I.miis,  for  the  re- 
i  eiivery  of  some  goods  which  the  |)laiiitiir  had  tein|ioi-arily  gihioed 
I  in  the  hands  of  the  defendant  for  safu-keepiiig.  The  original 
I  (tapers  in  hotli  these  suits  are  now  in  the  possession  ot'  Mr.  F. 
1..  liillon,  of  St.  Louis.  The  kindness  of  Mr.  Dillon  has  per- 
;  niitted  an  unrestrieted  use  of  these  important  documents.  The 
]ire.sent,  version  of  the  affair  of  I  "SO  is  mainly  based  upon  tho 
;  testimony  in  these  eases. 

a  "  The  papers  intlie  lawsuits  that  have  been  mentioned  contain 
frequent  allusions  to  the  troubled  state  of  public  feeling: 

.  .  .  "'(iu'i  I'instigation  des  habitans  des  Cahos  s'etant 
trans])orte  aupres  du  Col.  Clark  pour  solliciter  aupres  de  lui  un 
prompt  secours  oontre  les  incursions  des  siiuvages  dont  on  etoit 
iiiemu-e.' — PhiinUj}'  iit  the  nuit  of  Onitiot  rw.  Sani/nniel^  May 
8,  17S». 

"'  LeSieur  tinissiot  avant  son  depart  pour  alter  trouver  leCol. 
Clark  lui  lit  dire  parson  eoiumis  de  recevoir  ces  iiiarehandises 
che/;  lui  en  cautionneiiienl  de  ce  (ju'll  lui  devoit  ilans  la  erair.to 
lie  quelques  aecidenls — eeipii  le  suppliant  a  iii-ccpte  volunlaire- 
iiieut,  rapport  au  teins  eritii|ueoi)  nous  nous  trouvoiis.' — Oi/cml- 
ttiit  in  thf  suit  It/ Gi-atint  rx.  iSuh^itiiift,  May  HI,  I7SI), 

"  '  D'antant  qu'il  est  demeurant  sur  une  rive  C-trangiire  et  quo 
dans  les  cireonstauees  pr^'sentes  son  eonimeree  pent  se  trouver 
altere  par  revenemeut  de  la  guerre  dont  on  est  ineiiace.' — 
lbi,l..  May  III,  I7SII. 

"  '  yu'il  n'avoit  mis  ces  iiiarehandises  lui  deposant  que  coiumo 
un  depot  dans  la  erainle  qu'elle  ne  fussent  pillfe  au\  Cahos  par 
les  saiivages  pendant  I'libsenee  de  .Sieur  Grassiot.'— '/'e«(imo»y 
"/  Fi-nit>;niii  Diivheimu  in  the  unine  unit,  May  II,  178(1. 

"  '  Kn  ['absence  du  suppliant  qu'au  eas  de  malhour  aiiquel  Ton 
a  etc  tons  les  jours  nienaee  sur  iiotre  rive,  et  par  le  voyage  qu'il 
etoit  oliligi'  de  faire  aupres  du  Col.  Clark,  a  la  r('i|uisition  des 
habitans.' — (Vior/t^  !iriitint,  lltiti,.  May  12,  l7Sn. 

"'Ou  il'aulres  cveneinens  faelieu.x  dans  le  teiiis  eritii|iic  oil 
nous  I'tions  .  .  .  e,  n  I'loit  que  pour  elieielier  les  saiiver  des 
I   ('■vilneiiu'lis  auquel  Ton  s'altemlolt  tous  les  jours.' — Ihiil. 
'        "'  .Mais  dans  la  position  oil  ce  pays  se  trouve,  la  fortune  change 

d'un  jour  ii  laiilre.' — I'hnrlrt  Siinijninft,  Ihiil.,  .May  I'll,  I7.S(I. 
j  "'  De  plus  s'il  fiisse  vrai  que  j'eusseou  qiieli|iies  intelligences 
secr.ttes  avec  les  Anglais,  nos  eiineiuis,  et  que  j'eussu  conspire 
i\  la  pcrte  du  pays  dos  Illinois  tel  qiiu  iiics  aceusateurs  lu 
pri'teiident  par  le  souoiirs  qu'ils  out  eu  dans  ma  bergo.  .  .  . 
nuroisje  saerille  iiies  propres  iuteri'ts  en  laissani   nies  afl'airos 


i  y;:ii 


...•:!. 


200 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


siii 


1779 — there  was  "irouiid  for  hostility  iiiul  a  motive 
for  invasion.  The  American  colonies  wore  now  fijjht- 
in<;  tlie  battles  that  led  to  their  independence.  In 
1778,  C\ii.  Clark  had,  witli  distinguished  gallantry 
and  without  the  effusion  of  a  drop  of  blood,  taken 
possession  of  Kaskaskia  and  Cahokia.  It  was  but 
natural  that  the  British,  humiliated  by  these  di.sasters 
and  fcariiijj  a  permanent  loss  of  their  pos.sessions  in 
the  Mississippi  valley,  should  attempt  to  retrain  the 
captured  posts.  Cahokia,  bcin;;  farther  north  than 
Kaskaskia,  would  be  the  first  point  of  attack.  It  was 
then  defenseless.  Col.  Clark,  who  presumably  would 
be  anxious  to  bold  the  ))lac(!  bo  liad  taken,  was  at  that 
time  absent.  He  was  at  the  •  Iron  Banks,'  on  the 
Mississippi,  below  tlic  mouth  of  the  Ohio  (the  site  of 
Fort  Jeffer.son  i.'  Impelled  liy  a  sen.se  of  public 
danger  and  the  -urgency  of  immediate  preparations 
for  defense,  the  people  of  Caliokia  called  a  mee'Mig  to 
concert  measures  for  the  safety  of  the  village.  It  was 
resolved  to  send  ibr  Col.  Clark,  and  employ  his  skill 
to  provide  the  means  of  security.  Charles  Gratiot, 
an  inleiligent  young  merchant  of  Cahokia,  and  a 
warm  personal  friend  of  Col.  Clark,  was  selected  for 
this  perilous  service.  He  accepted  the  mission,  ven- 
tured down  the  Mis.-issippi.  and  suc<'eeded  in  finding 
Col.  Clark.  This  officer  at  once  returned  to  Cahokia, 
and  took  effective  steps  for  the  defense  of  the  village. 
These  mea.sures,  inspiring  a  confidence  in  the  means 
of  self  ]irotection,  allayed  the  fears  of  the  inhabitants. 

"  No  early  records  give  an  account  of  the  expedi- 
tion of  178(1.  A  mysterious  silence  keeps  the  secrets 
of  history.  In  the  alsence  of  documentary  descrip- 
tion the  narrator  must  trust  mainly  to  the  guidance 
of  circumstantial  evidence. 

"In  1780,  Detroit  was  the  most  important   British 
military  station  in  tlie  Northwest.  This  fact  would  .seem  '• 
to  warrant  the  belief  that  the  invasion  of  the  Illinois 

»  \'i\\mwUin  |i'iiii'  ilmiiuT  lui  si'ciiios  (|ii('.j'ii.si!  iliii- I't  .«i'li)n  I'livin 
<lo  tmil  lo  iiiiinili"  (|iif  sinis  I'l'lii  Ic  vilhi);c  ilf  Ciitiiiii  rlnit  piTilu 
c't  luiroit  proliiiMi'iiii'nl  ciitriiiiii'  la  (icrti'ilc  tout  Ir  piivs  ?' — /)i- 
/'lllilillll  ni  III:  'liil  iij  llie  ll'i'itmmi  (•«.  I'lntricH  ihnlinl,  .July  \'i, 
1781. 

"Cf  ('iir<liiiiil  (lul  a'est  oxpipsr  iiu  |ilus  ilur  ehriliimnt  (li>  In 
iittrt  lie  niis  I'nnemis,  (loar  avoir  vuulii  ili'tniiriii'r  Wf  |iiirli('« 
fiuiviiges  do  venii-  o!i  jsnorri'  ciiiitro  nmii','  etc. — Ihlil, 

"  With  two  cxei!|itioni',  tiicsc  stiitciiu'nlfi  iiro  tiiliun  frmii  legiil 
ilocumciits  tliat  were  iliiiwn  up  beloio  tlio  ntliuk  of  Miiy  'U\, 
KSil.  'I'lii-  oxtrni.'li'  i^lnuly  nvcnl  tlie  fevciifh  iliKqiiiet  oi  *tie 
IHililii'  inind.  Till'  |Misi>iit!iK  elscnliere  cili'il  I'loiii  llie  piipc'iK  in 
the  suit  of  lliu  lioiiliiii'ii  i«.  Uiiitiot  iilsu  ili.i>;lo.''e  llii'  siiiiie  ("Into 
of  popular  approlu'Usioti." 

■ '' AiM'iiif  je  .  .  .  parlv  iaiiin'iliati'inent  .  .  .  pour  la  iniiiu 
lie  liT  111"!  I'toil  alorn  li'  lii'n.  Clark  '!  .  .  .  Auroin  jr  alianiloniH' 
■Mil  ainison,  nies  iilVairc".  exponT  inn  vie  le  long  il»  Minsis- 
."ippv  ?'  et(^ — lli/tii'"  III'  Mr.  O'nitinl  in  ihe  Itnaltiiiii'ii  »iii(,  July 
12,  I7H1. 


settlements  was  planned  at  that  post.     But  the  i^. 
sumption,  however  plausible,  is  scarcely  tenable.     Do- 

'.  troit,  weakened  by  the  withdrawal  of  the  troops  with 
which  Governor  Hamilton  took  Vincenn(\s,  loiiM 
hardly  have  spared  any  of  its  regular  soldiers  fur  u 
remote  expedition.  When,  in  1779,  Col.  Clark  rc- 
eaptured  Vincennes,  the  seventy-nine  men  who  ca|iitu. 
lated    were   sent   as   prisoners   of  war    to    Viit;iiii;i. 

I  Conse(|uently  the  fort  at  Detroit  was  not  strengtiu'iiej 
by  the  return  of  its  former  defenders.  After  the  siir. 
render  of  Fort  Sackville,  Detroit,  guarded  by  unlv 
eighty  men,  many  of  whom  were  disabled  by  woiiml.* 
and  sickness,  was  itself  in  danger.     Col.  Clark  was 

I  then  urgently  soliciting  reinforcements  for  the  express 
purpo.se  of  effecting  its  capture.'      In    this   critical 
condition  of  weakness  and  peril,  a  further  rcduelion 
of  its  garrison  would  have  been  an  act  of  great  iiiili- 
tary  imprudence.    The  probability  that  there  were  no 
regular  soldiers  in  the  invading  force  borders  iipnn 
certainty.     Of  every  expedition  that  was  condiKtoJ 
by  British   commanders  the  official   dispatches  >;ive 
some  account ;  but  no  military  report  contains  a  lirii> 
of  allusion  to  this  incursion.     The  inference,  tliore- 
fore,  that  this  movement  was  not  under  comuianil  of 
British  officers,  but  of  irresponsible  adventurers  ami 
partisans,  seems  to  be  unavoidable.    This  view  is  cur- 
roborated  by  the  declarations  of  the  plaintiffs  in  the 
suit  of  the  boatmen  against  Mr.  Gratiot.     The  tiaiiii- 
ants  state  that  upon  their  arrival  at  Rock  Island  tlioir 
leader  met  a  certain  Calvd,  one  of  the  partisans  who 
levied  the  India, i  forces  for  an  attack  upon  Ht.  Louis.' 
At    Turkey    River,  thirty    miles   below    Frairio  dii 
Chien,  Mr.  Gratiot's  barge  was  seized  and  plunderfl 
by  a  band  of  savages  under  English  leadership.    Tii* 
crew  were  taken  prisoners  and  carried  to  Mackinaw.' 

'■'  "  M.  Uatler'a  Jlistury  of  the  Cuminonwealth  of  Kinliuk  I 
p.  S7  (eilitiou  of  ls:i4)." 

■'  "'  fuisqiie  entrant  ilans  I'ile  ile  la  rivii'ro  a  La  loi'lu'.  It  In  I 
Oarilinal  ...  a  ri'eonlri'  le  noinino  CalvC',  mii  dm  iimli- 
qui  levtiit  lef  nations  pour  venir  frappcr  il  St.  Ijoiiis. '—/'..( 
tiff  ill  Ihv  anil  11/'  llie  Hniitmvii  m,  (Jriiliul,  .luiii'  .s.  I7.'-I.  Ill 
his  reply,  ilaleil  .luly  IL',  1781,  iMr.  (iratiot,  wlilli'  |i:iiIUutI 
iiuoting  thi'!<c  worilH,  iniikex  a  signilleant  ailililion.  lie  imi'l 
lions  Mm  nonuni''  Ciilvi',  unilei"  purtinuns  oii;//'(i«.  ipii  In^iiiiil 
nation.".' " 

*  "  '  Ut  en  f'lnnt  il  ilix  lieues  plus  ba?',  les  suplianis . . .  .'cjuill 
trouvi'n  invei<tr'8  jiar  Tarnii'-e  anglaiites  et  eaiivagi'.-i,  qui  K'>"nil 
pilli's  jucqu'  a  lours  aruiei",  et  leu  ont  tail  prisonnii'i-  it  cimtall 
a  Mii'.lliina'tuina.* — Stiltenit:lit  nf  tite  hmttmni  in  tlnir  'km 
iii/niiint  Mr,  (irntioK 

*'  *  La  Hergo  ii  vtv  fiaii^ie  el  pilleo  et  Ics  engages  (out  I'-trifiii 
pri.sonnier.'i  ile  guerre  a  la  riviere  au  Uiiiile,  ilisliiiicc  lie  Jilj 
lieues  ilc  la  I'rririeilu  Cliieii,  el  ile  la  (ont  elC')  eomluil  a  .Mi  biii| 
innkinive.'-  Uijinir  nj  Mr,  (linlinl,  iluly  12,  17NI. 

" '  >  .  ..ir  fail  noire  voyiige  Jusqu'  il  lu  riviero  an  |iiniie,( 
tuneo  tie  dix  lieues  du  la  I'ruiriu  du  Chiuu,  runs  uuiun  iicciJeil 


"  It  appc 

enuir  Cruzi 

Inili.iiis  wh( 

tl)at  subse((i 

pliiiiiiifls  a.ss 

till'  .s-ivages 

Would  have 

Jiiiiiis.'     If  ( 

reii.>.niiabl(!  do 

the  .smie  Indi 

.<tal.(i  that    a 

in.Miibed  with 

Odnjiiiiin  fiolij.k 

place  any  l\u,\ 

■M   iidiliiioMiil 

tjiori  the  woll- 

of  llic  bargi'  an 

«iilie  hand,   thr 

lilannrd.  luii.st  h 

iimi.«  i|M'iiii,«si(,-,t  nc 

'''""""■■■M""'nnoari 
fiili'  ii^..-  ellets  lie  |,i 
■|i"'  'e  ili(  .'^ifiir  Cii 
'""^'"""■■'~T,  ■,„■„„„ 
"'  '.i'.«(|ne|.y  vivri 
•"""■™'le|-arinee,,„i 
■i|'pr"ii.«ii,„nciii,.,„  ,- 

iililtillu  1,1  I,/"//,,,    li  . 

",'   I'll   I  run, 

'  "  "itli  n  .«i„g|,,  ,, 

'"'  "''-i-<'|iie.«enMtion 
l' I'ntirel.v  Inisiivort] 
"•'■"■'''■"■il,  and  the 
''"■"'•I.   l-'ranei,.  CI,,,) 
""'»'■     'nie  .M.i(„.„s 
'■"''"•    r.nrnareheinij 

"'l'r..i,ir|„i,,.  ,|,„^.|,r 
>"'">«.  pi-ouipted  prohl 
iwmh  reiriieied.  Hi] 
'«t'i  inr«,epre.,enteil  a| 
iWr  mm  inleresLv;  |„ 
"'■  ™""'iereial  (r«„,„J 
iri'-lmce. 

■|liuir>(ateiucntsarL 
■'"'H-limonyiif  ;|„,„(|| 

"'"  liiHiiile';ii..i,i 
''"'■■  l"'-"»-"l.v  that  ,|,J 
,,'"  «"■'■'  "  '-O-  plan 
|""""""i""  Dueliarine.  i 
"■''•"■'''"■■'»■•  "nil  eiirriel 
"■'■"i";.'llieintoi|ielJ 

^«'win^'ht..or.s,,„i„  I 

'■■■•"life  ami  oonllsealil 
■'l""i  >filh  hi.«  lia.. 
;'""■''  »Im,  had  despol 
■"■"-'"""W  and  spc, 
•""•"i"^avaKi.Moho..|i 
'■"•ifi.va.'ipealMoIhe 
''""""■i"s".'ee.,srn|. 

"■'"'Wi'iilor,  the  band! 


SPANISH   DOMINION,  AND  "THE   AFFAIR  OF   1780." 


207 


of  Ki'iiUK*!' 

|,oh\^.'-'''""- 

lie  111*! 
|«,,|,iiln"Ul.i| 


I,-,.*.  M"'  l" 


.  pv  Mil 
vltl 

|i    III   ('"'■'■ 
^8  (.""''■'''' 

J  nil  nil"'*' 
IllUl^ll"  i'«' 


"  It  appears  from  the  docunients  submitted  to  Gov- 
ciiKir  Cruziit  in  the  iibovc-nientioiied  suit  that  the 
Iiiiliaiis  who  eaptured  the  barges  were  the  sumo  baud 
tl.at  sul).se(|U"iitly  iuvaded  the  lUiiinis  country.  Tiie 
pliiiiititt's  assert  tliat  the  piHajre  of  tiie  barj^e  supplied  [ 
till'  .savaj;<'s  witli  the  provisions  witiiout  wliit-h  it 
wiiiilti  luivo  l)een  inipo.«sible  i'ur  tiieni  to  reacii  St. 
Jjciiiis.'  If  tiiis  statement  is  truo,'^  tiiere  can  be  no 
reiisdiiable  doubt  that  the  assailants  of  St.  Louis  were 
tlie  :-anie  Indians  whom  the  partisan  Calve  led.  It  is 
.^tiitiii  that  after  the  attack  of  17S0  a  tiunahawk, 
insiribi'd  with  the  name  of  CalvC',  was  found  in  the 
(.•(iiiniiim  fields  nortliwi'st  of  St.  Louis.  Those  who 
place  any  faith  in  tradition  will  find  in  this  incident 
an  addiliiinal  confirmation  of  the  forcjioing  view. 
I'liiin  the  well-ixrounded  assumption  that  the  captors 
of  llir  bar!.'e  and  the  invaders  of  Si.  L(mis  were  t!ie 
(laiiii'  band,  then  the  expedition  of  ITHO,  wherever 
plaiiiH'd.  must  have  set  out  from  Mackinaw.''     Mack- 

miiis  i|n'iMissili*it  nnirc  iirrivoe  I'li  ci't  emlroit  nous  ."ninines  viis 
tntoun''.-*  I'lir  uno  ariurc  lant  niifflniiteM  ifite  miin-tujrt  qui  nous  ont 
mill'  iis  I'd't'ts  lie  111  illtte  licrgo.  ut  nous  ont  I'liit  priaoiinieis  .  .  . 
.111.'  W  ilit  Siuiir  Ciirdiuiil  u  I'lr  einiij'i''  iiU'C  nous  il  Mii'hili- 
inakiiuif.'— 7V/<fi»i.."//  ■;/'  ./.  .-1.  Millhfni,,  .July  M,  I7SI." 

'  "  ■  l.i'piiuels  vivif!<,  I'tTeti".  ct  iiiuiiitiiins  ont  c'to  la  seule  rc3- 
Siiuroe  ill'  l'iirnu''0  i|ui  fst  venu  IVappur  a  St.  Louis  qui  sans  i-clte 
;i|i|ir.r\  isionncnicnt  I'tiiit  linis  il'i'tat  il'aniver  a  St.  Louis.' — 
Sl>tttiin  III  I'/'  llir  /*runeruli'iii  in  the  llinttmi'ii'x  xiiit,  ,Iiuu'  S,  17SI." 
'"With  ft  single  exception,  whiTO  tliurii  was  a  si'llisli  niotivu 
lui  nii>ic|iiesonliilicin,  tlu'  statements  nl'  the  iiUiintill's  seem  to  j 
W  cniiii'ly  Inisiivnrtliy.  The  eaptiiin  of  the  barge  was  John  . 
11.  Cariliniil,  ami  the  oiiw  consisteil  of  IVter  Lalleur,  Jolin  .M. 
|i»r:iiii|.  Franeis  Chevallier,  Louis  Lainurche.  an^l  .1.  .\.  Mnt- 
ihc»s.  The  suit  was  infltituteil  hy  Lalleur,  Durand,  and  Clie- 
v;il!ier.  Lnmarehe  ami  .Matthews  diil  not  join  in  the  aetion.  A 
liiargc  of  having  hail  treasonable  inlercourse  with  the  enemy 
iu>  l.r(nl^'ht  by  tlio  elaiimmts  against  .Mr.  (iratiot.  This  aueu- 
M'iim,  |iroiiipleil  proliably  by  personal  resentment,  wiis  suhse- 
.|!i™il\  relraeleil.  lii-trayei!  by  vimlielive  feeling,  the  boat-  ; 
iHii  misiepresenti'il  a  business  affair  that  materially  nfl'eeted 
Am  own  interosis:  but  their  nceoiint  of  events,  inilepemlent 

..(  I iiiii'iuial    transftclions,  appears    to    be    fully  entilleil  to 

iTi'lvlioe. 

"Tlieir  statements  are  eonlirincii  iat''.er  than  eoiitroverteil  by 
[ifef  tP'liuiony  of  :he  other  witnesses." 

In  his  litllu'  History  of  Illinois,'  p.  '.Ml,  .lohii  lleynolcis  as- 

ierl<|iusitively  that  the  expedition  was  planned  at  .Mitjkinuw. 

JJIe  fivvf   a   very    plausible   aueount  of  its  origin.     In    17711, 

lliiiiiiiiiiliie  Dueharine,  a  Canadian  triider,  bought  some  goods 

llMii'kiiiaw,  and  uarried  them  tip  the  .Missouri  for  the  purpose 

|l  H'lliii;;  I  hem  to  the  Indians.     This  trespass  upon  the  lOin- 

1  rights  of  Spain  the  authorities  at  .St.  Louis  arrested  by 

tiimine  and  conliseation  of  the  goods.     The  intruder  barely 

:i|nl  »ilh  his  life.     Full  of  vindiitive  indignation  at  the 

l|4niiir<l»  who  hud  despoiled  him  of  his  property,  ho  returned 

ilackiimw  and  spent   (he  winter  in   unremitting  efforts  to 

■■<■  till'  Mivngis  to  hostilities  against  the  Spiinish  settlement. 

irafiy  iippeiils  to  the  eupidily  and  warlike  passions  of  the 

iJiiiiij  were  sueoessful.      Entieed  by  promifes  of  piiy  and  pros- 

(ti"l  |ilundcr,  the  band  aet  forth  on  their  murderous  miision. 


iW 


inaw,  though  fur  inferior  to  Detroit,  in  military  im- 
portance, was  the  only  considerable  post  in  the  extreme 
Northwest.  It  is  clear  that  si  force  starliii},'  from  De- 
troit would  not  come  to  St.  Louis  by  way  of  JIaekinaw, 
and  it  is  e(|ually  evident  that  the  marauders  of  Turkey 
river,  having  barely  time  for  the  direct  march,  would 
not  invade  the  Illinois  settlements  by  the  circuitous 
route  of  Detroit.  The  capturt;  of  Mr.  Gratiot's  barge 
must  iiave  taken  place  in  April,'  and  the  interval 
between  this  event  and  the  attack  on  the  26th  of  Mtiy 
was  not  sufficient  to  permit  a  useless  detour  of  several 
hundred  miles. 

The  guides  were  Canadian  Frenehmen,  who,  through  motives 
of  revenge  or  greed  for  Ilrilish  gold,  were  willing  to  betray 
their  eountrymen  into  the  liamls  of  ruthless  savages. 

"All  the  traditions  of  I7Sh  coneur  in  stating  that  Diieliarme 
was  seen  in  the  neighborhood  at  the  time  of  the  a.taek.  He 
inny  have  been  one  of  the  partisans  who  acted  in  eonjunction 
with  I'alve. 

"  .\s  Duchanne  began  to  recruit  Indian  warriors  in  1779,  ho 
must  bftvo  pretended  that  the  object  of  his  invasion  was  the 
recapture  of  Cahokia,  for  suicly  the  liritish  authorities  nt 
Mackinaw,  not  yet  having  learned  that  the  king  of  Spain  was  a 
public  enem}',  would  nut  have  allowed  him  to  make  war  on  the 
subjects  of  a  government  with  which  they  supposed  that  the 
relations  of  l-!nghind  wore  still  amicable.  Mr.  Ueynolds  does 
not  cite  any  docunients  in  proof  of  his  account,  but  if  his  story 
is  true  it  atlords  a  possible  elucidation  of  some  obscure  points. 
Prior  to  .May  L*(i,  I'Stl,  no  document  refers  to  any  project  of  an 
incursion  against  St.  Louis.  The  repossession  of  (.'ahokia  was 
slated  to  be  the  sole  oliject  of  the  intended  inroad.  It  was  not 
till  I7S1  that  the  records  give  any  intimntior  of  an  original 
purpose  to  atf lick  St.  Louis.  I'l  ;'ly  this  subsequent  announce- 
ment of  a  hostile  design  resen  the  Irish  prophecy,  in  which 
the  event  preceded  the  prediction.  It  seems  strange  that  the 
Indians  should  come  so  far  with  the  avowed  intention  of  cap- 
turing Cahokia,  and  then  not  even  make  a  demonstration  against 
the  place.  Hut  Mr.  Ueynolds'  account  affords  a  simple  expla- 
nation. The  liritish  nt  Mackinaw  would  readily  sanction  an 
expedition  whose  ostensible  aim  was  to  retake  Cahokia  from 
the  .\inerii'an8.  A  ne|>hew  of  Calve  lived  in  St.  Louis,  and  a 
brother  of  Diieharnie  dwelt  in  Cahokia.  The  partisans  had 
often  visited  their  kinsmen.  They  knew  the  way,  and  could 
easily  guide  the  Indians  whom  they  had  raised.  If  revenge 
was  Dui  harme's  real  motive,  the  capture  id'  Cahokia  was  merely 
the  pretext  by  which  he  secured  the  approval  of  the  Knglish 
authorities  and  the  co-operation  of  Ills  savage  allies.  Having 
no  ill-will  against  the  people  of  Cahokia,  many  of  whoai  were 
personal  friends,  ho  would  gindly  avail  himseir  of  the  complete- 
ness of  their  defensive  preparations  as  an  excuse  for  not  attack- 
ing them,  lie  then  proieeded  to  carry  ont  the  secret  object  of 
his  expedition.  Leading  his  dusky  warriors  to  the  we  t  hank 
of  the  .Mississippi,  ho  sated  his  veng  unce  by  the  slaughter  of 
the  unoffending  farmers  and  then  withdrew. 

**  Hut  nircBs  new  documents  are  found,  the  authenticity  of  Mr. 
Reynolds'  story  will  always  remain  n  matter  of  doubt." 

*  "  The  distuooe  hy  rivei"  from  .^t.  Louis  to  Prairie  du  Chicn  is 
file  hundred  and  thirty-six  miles.  Agninst  the  current  a 
heavily-laden  barge  could  hardly  make  n  daily  progress  of  more 
than  lilteen  miles.  At  this  riito  it  look  about  Hve  weeks  to 
make  the  voyage.  The  barge  started  from  St.  Louis  early  iu 
March." 


-s.ai 


D  I. 
I  jj  tl 


!.' 


208 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


-m 


m 


P;if  * 


r  E 

i  ■  !■;  J 


"  After  his  capture  (Cardinal  attempted  to  dissuade 
the  Indians  fioiii  their  conteniphited  inroad  a<;;ainst 
the  Illinois  colonies.  For  this  offense  he  was  severely 
punished.  Sent  in  irons  to  Mackinaw,  and  thence  to 
Montreal,  he  was  treated  during  his  whole  captivity 
with  unrel^ntin};  ri<;or.' 

"  This  severity  reveals  the  embittered  earnestness' 
or  the  itritish  par.isans  and  their  exasperation  at  any 
effort  to  frustrate  their  projected  invasion. 

"  In  his  endeavors  to  divert  the  Indians  from  the 
proposed  hostilities.  Cardinal  would  naturally  address 
his  remonstrances  to  tlieir  principal  sachem.  This 
was  Matchikiwis,'  a. chief  of  the  Chippeway  tribe. 
But  the  Chippeways  lived  in  Upper  Wisconsin. 
From  this  it  is  evident  that  the  Indians  whom  Calve 
summoned  to  the  expedition  of  1780  came  from  their 
northern  haunts  to  Mackinaw,  crossed  over  to  Prairie 
du  Chien,  and  then  marched  directly  down  the  Mis- 
sis.sippi  valley. 

"  The  .statement  of  the  boatmen  that  the  supplies 
derived  from  the  captured  barge  were  the  main  sup- 
port of  the  Indians  on  their  march  from  Turkey  liiver 
to  St.  Louis  has  been  already  quoted.  If  game  was 
abundant,  these  provisions  were  not  necessary ;  if 
game  was  scarce, — as  the  need  of  additional  subsis- 
tence implies, — then  the  band  of  invaders  was  not 
numerous.*  One  small  boat,  lieavily  laden  with  mer- 
chandise, could  not  carry  food  enough   to  maintain 


'  "'N\iy»nt  puiiit  la  libcrl(>  ile  voir  ct  jmrler  iiu  Sioiir  Cnr- 
iliniil,  uotru  LMiiulucti'ur,  j'lipiirie  qii'il  iivoit  tie  fort  uiiiltniito 
I't  mis  t'li  fiT  pour  avoir  parli'  iiii.x  .«aiiv:iges,  et  les  avoir  di'tourni' 
do  vi'iiir  en  gui-rre  aii.\  Illinois — que  le  ilil  Siuur  Cardinal  a  C-ii 
envojf:  avtc  noun  a  Miehiliuuil<inac  et  qua  $on  arriv6o  ainsi 
que  pendant  le  tcins  qu'il  y  a  I'te  diHeiiu,  il  a  repto  dans  lea 
I'ers  jusqu'a  son  di'iiart  pour  MontrC-al  oil  il  a  etc'  cnvoyf-.' — 
Ti-Htiimiuif  iif  J.  A,  Mit/lll'  ten  in  titt  xnit  ft/  the  Itnutttuit  (■».  O'r'ttivtf 
July  :in,  1781." 

'•'  It  appears  that  the  sentiment  of  hostility  to  the  .'Spaniards 
and  Americans  was  ."o  strong  as  to  repress  the  e.\ereise  of  com- 
mon eliarity  toward.-  the  prisoners  of  war.  '  C'royant  que  co 
Monsieur  n'anra  aufC'  ou  ilenuinder  le  payemcDt  uraintu  d'ijtru 
subsonne  d'intelligenee  avue  Messieurs  les  Kspagnols  et  Ameri- 
quiiins,  comme  .^ous  avuns  vu  nombre  de  pursunnes  cl:iiritablo 
qui  auroient  ehereher  a  adoueir  notre  eaptivile,  niiiis  qui 
n'ausoietit  erainte  de  donner  .les  soupyons  (jui  auroient  pu  leur 
I'aire  tort  sous  le  goveruenieut  Britlanique,' — J,  A.  MiittftrtiH 
ill  tlie  Kllil  "/  llmlliiieil  in.  (jrilliul,  .July  ;iO,  17SI." 

'  "  '  Car  s'il  fut  vnii  que  le  dit  .lean  Uaple  Cardinal  out  reyn 
de  ma  part  des  onlres  precises  de  livrer  la  dite  Bergo  pour 
seconder  les  tdVorts  de  nos  ennemis,  auroil-il  publiquement  fait 
des  reproches  a  .Mr.  (iauthicr  et  ses  partisans,  les  eut-il  (Kdlio  uu 
combat,  auroit-il  iletourne  Matehikiwis,  vlief  Ue  la  iiulinn 
.S'tiii(<ii»f  du  party  royaliste.'—  luj'vmduil  in  •ui'(  o/z/ic  Umilmeii 
i».  (Jriiliiil,  .Inly  li;,  ITtil." 

*"  In  the  legal  documents  above  mentioned  this  body  of  In- 
dians is  styled  '  I'armC'e.'  Hut  the  phrase  conveys  no  ilehnito 
inilicalion  of  numbers.  In  those  days  a  force  of  less  than  one 
company  was  sometimes  called  an  army." 


many  warriors  on  so  long  a  march.  The  probability 
that  the  number  of  savages  was  not  large  is  strenj:th. 
ened  by  the  ultimate  events  of  the  expedition. 

"  Cahokia  was  then  a  very  small  village.     In  \'!^'i 
the  number  of  male  householders  was  eighty-one,  nnd 
some  of  these  were  di.s(|ualified  for  military  service. 
Cahokia  was  one  of  the  main  objects  of  the  invasidii. 
Assuredly  a  large  force,  which  had  marched  huiidrds 
of  miles  for  the  express  purpose  of  recapturing  ilie 
place,  would  not  have  been  disheartenrd  by  so  sinull 
an  array  of  defenders.     But  there  is  not  a  single  son- 
tence  in  the  public  records  or  private  eorrespoiident'e 
of  Cahokia  to  show  that  the  main   body  of  Indiiiiis 
ever  came  in  sight  of  the  village.     It  is,  thererore, 
just  to  infer  that  the  small  band  of  warriors,  ini'Driiied 
by  their  spies  of  the  defensive  measures  which  Col, 
Clark  had  taken,  and  distrusting  their  ability  tn  cap. 
ture  a  place  which  they  could  not  surprise,  desisted 
from  their  intended  attack.     The  subseijuent  move- 
ments of  the  savages  are  unknown.     The  lack  of  rec- 
ords leaves  the  historian   chiefly  to  the  guidance  of 
probability.    It  is  likely  that  the  main  body  disbanded 
and  retreated  to  the  North,  for  the  same  reasons  wiiicli 
induced  the  leaders  to  refrain  from  an  attack  upou 
Cahokia  would  also  persuade  them  to  relinquisii  an 
a.ssault  upon  St.  Louis.     They  must  have  presumed 
that  places  so  near  each  other  were  alike  apprised  of 
their  incursion  and  equally  prepared  for  defense.   But 
it  is  certain  that  some  of  the  Indians,  allured  proiiabiv 
by  hopes  of  pillage,  lingered  on  the  eastern  bank  i» 
the  neighborhood  of  St.  Louis. 

"  In  the  mean  time,  the  people  of  St.  Louis,  un- 
suspicious of  peril,  were  indulging  in  careless  f;a)oiv. 
Negligence  supplanted  vigilance.  It  has  been  staiij. 
upon  the  uncertain  authority  of  tradition,  that  on  tlie 
evening  of  the  25th  of  May  the  colonists  were  wanitii 
of  their  danger.  According  to  rumor,  a  Fiencli  jruide. 
named  Quenelle,  informed  his  brother,  who  was  liviii; 
in  St.  Louis,  of  the  intended  attack.  But,  m';:{»l 
in  festive  enjoyments  and  heedless  of  their  ini|ieudiii; 
fate,  both  Governor  De  Leyba  and  the  people  liistreJ 
itcd  the  report  and  took  no  precautions  for  llie  publio 
defense.  Their  want  of  vigilance  expo.sed  llicmtoi 
surprise  which  might  have  proved  fatal  to  tlie  life  of 
the  colony.  It  was  very  fortunate  for  the  village  ilffl 
the  attack  did  not  occur  twenty-four  hours  caiiiir 
The  25th  of  May  was  a  Catholic  holiday.  It  n> 
the  festival  of  Corpus  Christi.  The  day  was  spent  ii 
religious  devotions  and  social  festivities.  In  the  iil'w 
noon  many  of  the  inhabitants  went  out  into  tlie  lieli 
to  pick  strawberries.  Had  the  attack  been  iiiiide  ii| 
this  time,  when  the  people  were  engaged  in  their  luli-l 
day  diversions,  it  might  perhaps  have  resulted  in  ilii 


wjiture  of 

t:iias. 

••  F.i(igu( 

cvrriing,  ti)( 

ninriiiiig  of 

Went  to  wor 

fnilll    till!   {^^.. 

I'Vi'neliiDcii. 

Ik'cm   linkine 

Lmiis,  cro.s.sct 

:inil  landed  n 

Asslllllillir   (||,. 

enpigcd  at  tli 
erojis,  llio  .savii 
fiinners  at  tJi( 
slniirocsf  (Ju/-,,, 
ilie  liiir-grnund 
of  ilioir  victim, 
'iio  Mnarmcd    1 
.'cvcrcK-  Wound, 
ii'id  there  porisli 
woundi'd,  aided 
ilieir  lives  by  f, 
'lie  seizure  of  ;yt 
)»«  to  kill   tlie 
""J  'lien  cajitnrc 
*"i]ij'ed  of  its  lie 
'■vpcc'atioii  of  fin 
'•"iJ''.  and  Well  a\ 
"''  t'leir  approach 
iiisli  Id  arms  in  (h 
■'''•""'"lied  their  ii 
''^^■■•-b'  ••''aiiglitcring 
li'iin  an  encounter 
""  •"'•'ck  was  mad 
(nini  the  fact  that 
"i'i,-'liljuriio.,d.     Tl 
viirvinir  from  one  t. 
t^'i'ii  TiiJiiioii,  witj 
'«■',  lia.s  ventured 
^'■■'"''     This  excml 
'•''"'w  incident   tol 
''""•  "•^■^ault  was  jii 
""■'"■    !'■  (he  [ndiaj 
'"•l^'Jfrs,  their  ranj 
''''''',vs„r  musketry 
»"^'^'l>-^'d   'he  villa  J 
""W  the  loss  of"  J 
pr"l«blc.     .Seeniini;ll 

'"'^'fesailants  saved 


l'i""'s  Minutes,  v< 
"J>ii.  p.  i;i," 


SPANISH   DOMINION,  AND  "THE  AFFAIR  OF   1780." 


209 


pprised  of 
ensc.  But 

pvdluWy 


It  «i'| 

kviis  jiiiciitii 
hn  the  iil'iet' 
1,(0  ilu'  fifli' 
L.|l   llWik'  111 

111  tlicir  lwli-| 
Isulli-'J  ill  il 


c:i]ifuro  of  St.  LuuU  and  the  .shiughtor  of  its  iiiliubi- 
t;iiit.s. 

'•  Fiitipuod  witli  the  late  pleasures  of  the  preceding 
evctiiii^,  tlie  merry  vinap;er.s  did  not  rise  early  on  the 
iiKniiinj;  of  tlie   'JGth,  and   but  few  of  the  fanners 
wont  to  work  in  their  iields.    The  inactivity  rcsultiM>; 
fi'Din  the  il'stival  probably  saved  the  lives  of  many 
riviiehincn.     The  Indians,  who  during  the  25th  had 
been   larking  in  the  woods  of  what  is  now  K.ist  St. 
Li.uis,  cros.sed  the  Mississippi  before  dawn  on  the  liGth, 
;iiid  landed  near  the  site  of  the  present  water-works. 
As.-iiniing  that  most  of  the  able-bodied  wen  would  be 
ciipiged  at  this  sea.son  of  the  year  in  eultivating  their 
cnips,  the  savages  made  a  detour,  so  as  to  surprise  the 
liiriiurs  at  their  work  and  deprive  the  village  of  its 
strongest  defenders.     Stealthily  advaneing  by  way  of 
tlio  lair-grounds,  the  Ini'ians  at  length  came  in  sight 
of  tlioir  viftiius  and  rushed  to  the  attack.     Five  of 
the  iiiiariued    husbandmen   wuio  .Iniii,  and  another, 
,«evi'iciy  wounded,  crept  into  the  adjoining  underwood 
and  tiiere  perished  of  exhaustion  ;  but  the  rest  of  the 
WMinded,  aided  by  their  companions,  managed  to  save 
iliuir  lives  by  flight.     If  the  Indians  eonteni])lated 
the  sei/.itre  of  St.  Louis,  it  must  have  been  their  pur- 
pose to  kill  the  un])rotectod  fanners  in  their  fields 
;imJ  then  capture  the  village,  which  they  had  already 
suipped  of  its  defenders.     But,  disappointed  in  their 
(xpcctation  of  finding  many  laborers  at  work  on  their 
Liiiils.  and  well  aware  that  the  inhabitants,  informed 
111'  ilieir  approach  by  the  fugitive  husbandmen,  would 
rush  to  anus  in  the  defense  of  their  homes,  the  savages 
aliantloiied  their  intended  assault  and  retired.     Merei- 
lo.-.-ly  slaughtering  helpless  husbandmen,  they  shrank 
linin  an  encounter  with  an  alert  and  armed  foe.    That 
110  attack  was  made  upon  the  village  itself  is  evident 
liiiin  the  fact  that  nobody  was  killed  in  its  immediate 
iiii;;hljurhojd.     The  farmers  were  slain  at  distances 
vuniiig  iVom  one  to  five  miles  from  St.  Louis.'     Not 
eviii  tradition,  with   all  its  careless  exaggerations  of 
liict,  has  ventured  to  assert  that  a  single  Indian  was 
kiiloil.     This  exemi)tion  of  the  savages  from  the  fa- 
iiiliiiua   incident   to   battle   conclusively    shows   that 
liiir  assault  was  limited  to  the  massacre  of  unarmed 
mill.    If  the  Indians  had  a])proaclied  the  line  of  the 
(IrlciiJers,  their  ranks  would  have  been   thinned  by 
v.lloys  of  musketry.    That  they  should  actually  have 
jattiiikcJ  the  village  and  yet  have   finally   retreated 
jivitliout  the  lo.ss  of  a  single  warrior  is  supremely  im- 
i|iriiliahlc.     Seemingly  nothing  but  the  self-distrust  of 
[tlio  assailants  saved  St.  Louis  from  capture.     On  the 

■Hum's  Minute.",  vul.  ii.  p.  iO;  Coiuiuissioucis'  Minutes, 

1"!  vii,  |..  i;!." 
14 


2(ith  of  May,  17S0,  there  were  ninety-seven  male 
householders  in  St.  Louis.  Doubtless  there  were  other 
residents  who,  having  no  families  of  their  own,  were 
inmates  of  these  households.  But  usually  many  of 
the  colonists,  engaged  in  hunting,  boating,  or  trading 
with  the  Indians,  were  absent  from  home  in  the  ser- 
vice of  their  callings,  and  others,  in  consequence  of 
siekncss^or  age,  were  incapable  of  bearing  arms.  At 
the  time  of  the  attack  the  number  of  effective  men 
could  not  have  reached  one  hundred,  and  even  this 
small  force  was  scattered  along  an  extended  lino  of 
;  deCenso.  Weakened  by  dispersion,  it  could  not  have 
repelled  a  concentrated  assault.  Therefore,  if  timid- 
\  ity  had  not  prevented  the  on.set,  the  Indians  would  in 

all  probability  have  captured  St.  Louis. 

'       "  For  (lays  after  the  attack  the  inhabitants  stood  in 

momentary  expectation  of  its  renewal.     The  men  did 

I  not  venture  beyond  the  limits  of  the  stockade,  while 

'  the  women  and  children,  deserting  their  defenseless 

'  cabins,  took  refuge  in  the  fortified  inclosures  of  Au- 

'  gusto    and   Pierre   Chouteau.     But   their   immunity 

from  attack  soon  convinced  the  people  of  the  final 

withdrawal  of  the  savages,  and  permitted  tliein  willi- 

j  out    further   apprehension    to    resume   their  wonted 

'  occupations. 

^       "  It  is  .Slid  that  the  Indians  gratified  their  cruel 
I  instincts  by  mutilation  of  the  dead  and  inhumanity  to 
I  the  few  ca]itives  whom  they  took  in  the  neighbor- 
'  hood  of  the  American  and  Ippaiii.^h  settlements.    The 
I  prisoners  were  carried  north,  and  subjected  to  all  the 
horrors  of  an    Indian  captivity.     Half  starved  and 
half  naked  even  during  the  inclemencv  of  a  northern 
winter,  they  wore  scourged  to  the  menial  service  of 
I  their  barbarous  captors;  but  the  peace  of  1TS3  re- 
stored them  to  liberty.     After  their  release  they  re- 
turned in  safety  to  the  homes  which  the  hardships  of 
their  bondage  had  doubly  endeared  to  them. 

'•  In  commemoration  of  the  Indian  attack  the  old 
French  colonists  always  called  171S0  the  year  of  the 
massacre.     It  was  a  date  of  tragic  prominence  in  the 
i  history  of  the  colony. 

"  Governor  l)e  Lc^yba  survived  the  humiliation  of 
i  that  event  ('ill  day  only  one  month,     lie  was  buried  in 
;  the  little  log  church  on  the  2Slh  of  June,  17S().     It 
'  was  thought  that  liis  death  was  hastened  by  dissipa- 
tion and  remorse. 

"  The  memory  of  Governor  De   Leyba  has  been 

covered  with  unmerited  oblunuv.     His  decisions,  ro- 

corded  in  the  Archives,  siiow  that  he  was  a  man  of 

!  clear   intelligence,   business    knowledge,  _  and   sound 

judgment.     His  insight  into  the  principles  of  law, 

I  and  his  impartiality  in  the  administMtion  of  justice, 

I  are  unmistakable  evidences  of  high  (pialiiies.     Pn.ssi- 


»i  VJ 


210 


HISTORY  OF  SAIXT  LOUIS. 


•ii 


bly  soniotliiii;:  of  liis  unpopnlnrity  may  liiivc  been  j 
tluo  to  the  iiitliscn'tions  into  wliiuli  liis  allowed  habits 
of  selMiKluIu'cnce  betrnycd  him.  Thi^  gravest  fault 
of  liis  offieial  career  was  liis  iiegleet  to  fortify  St. 
Louis.  It  appears  from  the  testimony  of  Mr.  (i ratio! ' 
that  Governor  l)e  Leyha  was  aware  of  the  impemling 
danger.  In  view  of  this  fact,  his  remissness  to  pre- 
pare for  defense  was  a  culpable  negligence  of  iluty. 
Hut  at  the  time  of  the  massacre  even  the  people 
Ihem.^elves  believed  that  the  danger  was  past,  [f 
they  were  still  anticipating  an  att;ick,  they  wruld  . 
hardly  have  neglected  every  precaution  for  their  per- 
.•<onal  ."afety  and  have  gone  unarmed  to  their  distant 
fields.  However  censurable  may  have  been  the  Gov-  ^ 
ernor's  failure  to  provide  adequate  means  of  defense, 
it  seems  scarcely  just,  at  this  juncture,  to  reproach 
him  for  entertaining  a  belief  that  was  common  to  all  ' 
the  inhabitants  of  the  village.  K.xasperated  at  the 
loss  of  their  relatives,  the  people,  with  genuine  French 
impulsiven''ss,  not  only  ascribed  the  massacre  to  the 
criminal  misconduct  of  their  Governor,  but  also  im- 
puted to  him  many  offenses  and  indiscretions  of  which 
there  is  not  the  slightest  evidence  that  he  was  guilty.  ' 

This  narrativ'>  .,rt'ers  no  palliaiion  for  the  known  faults 

•  •  i 

of  (Jovernor  ])c  Leyba,  but  simply  seeks  to  perform  an 

act  of  tardy  justice  in  vindicating  his  character  from  j 

undeserved  ojiprobrium. 

■'  The  next  incumbent  of  the  executive  office  was  : 
Silvio  Francisco  Cartabona,  lieutenant  of  the  Spanish  : 
troops.     lie  served  as  acting  Governor  until  the  ar- 
rival of  Cruzat,  who  had  been  reappointed  Lieutenant- 
Governor  of  Upper  Louisiana.    The  tragic  experiences 
of   1780    forcibly  admoni.-hed  the  colonists   of  the 
insecurity  of  their  unfortified  village.     Cruzat  signal- 
ized  his  second  administration  by  the  erection  of  a. 
strong  system  of  defenses.     The  det.iils  of  this  fortifi-  ; 
cation  have  been  given  in  another  place. 

"  The  life  of  the  colony  was  never  again  imperiled 
by  an  attack  of  the  Indians.  Oilier  villages  in  the 
West  were  afterwards  a.'sailcd,  but  St.  Louis  was 
happily  exempt  from  further  molestation.  The  con- 
struction of  fortification.i  probably  obviated  a  neces- 
sity for  their  use.  The  .strength  of  the  works 
discouraged  the  hope  of  a  successful  assault. 


'  ""Aurois-jo  au5si  tcl  que  noii?  avon.=  cii  dcs  nouvelles  ilo 
l'arin»''e  An^liii^o  ct  saiivjigc^  <iui  vciiuit  on  giicrre  omtrc  ntmfl 
party  iinni(''ilijitcini'iit  a  snlifitatinn  ilc  Jl'insieiir  I>i'  I-i'ihn, 
niii^i  qu'  a  colics  ilop  )i;ihitiiiis  <los  Caluis,  |t(iiir  In  mino  ilo  for  ou 
rtoit  iilors  Ic  (ioiiornl  Clark  a  fin  de  lui  e.\|)0!»cr  lo  danger  ou 
/■'(oit  alors  le  pays,  lo  bcsuin  ((u'il  y  avoit  qu'il  vint  a  onvoycr 
do  prompt  secour:?  ot  ooinI>iun  sa  prodcnco  scroll  noscssalrc  pour 
opposer  la  force  a  do  tols  o^^acins.' —  Tciflinioni/  ttf  ihi'  Dr/vntittnt 
I'ri  (Ac  Hiiil  iif  On:  lidiilmcn  i».  O'lalliit,  July  12,  I7iSI. 


"The  peaceful  Frenchmen  never  disturbed  tli,> 
.social  order  of  St.  Louis  by  acts  of  bloodshed,  Inn 
during  the  second  term  of  (.'ruzat  n  Spanish  solilirr, 
in  a  moment  of  passion,  killed  one  of  his  companions, 
The  crime  enjoys  a  uiiii|iie  distinction.  It  w.is  iho 
only  murder  ever  committed  in  St.  I^ouis  during  tln' 
whole  period  of  French  and  Spanish  rule. 

"  In  June,  1785,  a  great  flood  inundated  the  Mis. 
sissippi  valley.-      On   the  alluvial  lands   grain-fiilds 
were   submerged,  cattle  drowned,  and  cabins   omt- 
turned.     In  some  iii.stances  the  inhabitants,  surprisoil 
by  the  sudden  rise  of  the  waters,  were  rescued  thrdii.'li 
the  second-story  window.s  of  their  dwellings.    Cahukia 
and  Kaskaskia  were  islands  in  a  wide  waste  of  waters. 
Opposite  St.  Louis,  the  overflow  extended  to  the  hr. 
distant  highlands.     An  eminence  of  thirty  or  Imtv 
feet   above    the   ordinary  stage  of  water  seemed  to 
guarantee  to  St.  Louis  an  immunity  from  harm  ;  luit 
when  the  flood  ro.se  in  places  above  the  crest  of  lliu 
bluff  and  began  to  invade  their  dwellings  the  terror 
of  the  people    became    c.vtremo.     Apparently   tlioir 
homes  had  escaped  destruction  at  the  hands  of  iho 
Indians  only  to  bo  swept  away  by  a  resistless  rush  d' 
waters.     The  steady  rise  of  the  river  threatened  im. 
miiicnt  ruin.      But  when  the  inhabitants  were  propar 
ing    to   for.<akc    their   cottages    and    remove    their 
household    property  to    the   security   of  the  Iii;;liir 
groutw!  in  the  rear  of  the  village,  the  subsidence  if 
the  Hood  allayed  their  anxiety  for  the  safety  of  their 
divelliiigs.     Tradition    claims    that,  with    the  siiiL'lo 
exception  of  the  high   water  of  1814,  this  was  ilic 
greatest  deluge  that  ever  inundated  the  Mississipjii 
valley.     The  French,  who    were   fond  of  associatiii.' 
important  events  with  the  date  of  their  oecuriviio. 
always  called  1785  the  year  of  the  flood. 

"In  1787  the  band  of  pirates  which  fur  years  lial 
infested  the  Mississippi  Uiver  was  dispersed.  (Irani 
Tower  and  Cottonwood  Creek  were  the  iirlmiiii' 
rendezvous  of  the  robbers.  The  names  of  the  Icadtp 
were  Culbert  and  Magilvray.  The  gang  was  ci)ni|)nv.l 
of  the  most  vicious  elements   .if  every  natioiialiiv 

'•""Tho  Mi8sifsip|il  rofo  twenty  foclabovo  thcliighoftliDiiir, 
water  maiks.  •Tlii.s  iloponont  wcTit  In  a  boat,  lor  tlic  iiur|i 
of  iiro.Mirlng  plank,  I'roni  .'^t.  Louis,  lliroiigli  the  wools  ;,'rj»ii.- 
in  the  American  lioltoni.  to  Kaskaskia.  This  was  in  ,A|in. 
KS.'i.' — Aiiiinnle  Clioiitiiiii.  April  IS,  I8i;,)f  IIiiiiI'h  .U"I»i> 
vol.  i.  page  107. 

"'The  lollowing  year  after  the  comnionecnicnt  of  tlicw 
village  (Sle.  (ionovicve)  was  "  ranni'u  do  grandes  oaux."  It: 
olil  village  was  overllowed  so  as  to  be  on  the  top  of  the  liouSi.'. 
.■\  boat  by  Mr.  Chouteau  arrived  at  thi.s  time,  and  thcvniaJq 
the  boat  fast  lo  the  top  of  one  of  the  chimneys,  and  dincii  »eI 
the  roof  of  the  house  id'  old  Andre.  In  the  big  field  the  iiitt'l 
was  in  many  places  ten  to  fifteen  feet  deep.' — Jiilini  Uln!  ■ 
Uot.  22,  1825:    //«ii('»  Minnies,  vol.  ii.  page  225." 


Outcast  w 
(leiadocs  w 
M>lematic 
'i'lwy  Were 
izi'd.  No  .s 
a  flrcf  of  [„ 
vice  of  riipi 

siiici'  deiiiaii 

g.'inds.     The 

S/i;iiii,sh  gov, 

tliein  had   tli 

Governor- Gei 

life  and  propi 

■'i^-ippi   by  .sii 

pi'Dtectioii    wl, 

.spring  of    17 

.sifoDgly  manni 

I'i'iii.s.     At  Gi 

vaiiced  to  the  i 

oiicduntcr  an   i 

wliich.  if  taker 

.-iiirer,  .saved   (1 

stuied  with  pro 

cliaiHli.se,  was  ca 

cf  .Micecssftil  pii 

OHiicrs.     The  di 

coiimierce  of  flic 

'ions.       Li    FreJ 

ahv.iys  as.sociated 

'■On  the  25 111 

IVtcz  suceeeiled 

r'oiei-ninent.    I(i 

"}■  •■^I'liii  Won   (|„ 

>'0'  ''diviit  in  Iii,s 

■N'i'ii  I'f  ."om,.  o 

Wllolly  frioildly. 

'I"'  ••'elitiides,  his 

li'ii'iiiliood.      IJaiiJ 

:ii':ick,  prowled  in 

>'!•  I'lirriwl   into 

'••iige   Indians   in 

numerous  acts  of 

•',-'a'n.«t  these  pre,; 

''iiiiivivej  (ho  ingei 

buliaiis   between 

Till'  Delaware  and 

"'"'^T  Ihitish   doni 

^■""'•^-    To  (hcso  ti 

J'"riiiiio|.  sub.sc,,„c 

I'"^  at  Sto.  Genevie 

I  ""Jnffeis  of  largely 

•Ulostod  by 


Sl'ANISII   DOMINION,  AND  "THE   AFFAIR  OF   1780."' 


211 


of  tlio 
.?  tiTVor 
y  tlu'ir 
<  (,f  liu> 


yr:!!-:*  llM 
ll.       (ilMlvi 

tL\w  loiulll- 

li  (.'Knil'""'  • 

|l\ie  \'iifl' 

Jus  in  Ap'' 
|„f«   ■"'■""'■■ 

nt  (,f  the  nc 
[  o;vus."  "' 
t)f  tlie  lin»s«' 
„l  tlicyni'* 
1,11.1  ilinf'  ''■ 

'in.  till"'"' 


Oulwist  whites,  luilf breed  Imliana,  nnJ  nejiro  iles- 
iievailoe.s  were  nicinbers  uf  llie  leaj^uo  of  baiulits.  To 
iiv>teiiiatic  piracy  they  ailJed  t'rei(uent  murder. 
Tlii'V  w''"  nuiiii'rous,  well  armed,  and  fully  or^an- 
iioil.  No  sinj;lo  boat  could  repel  their  attack.  Only 
a  fleet  of  boats  could  defeat  such  veterans  in  the  acr- 
vii'c  of  rapine.  Their  murderous  rapacity  had  lon^ 
siiiiT  demanded  the  extinution  of  this  band  of  bri- 
I'Miiils.     Their  very  existence  was  a  reproach  to  the 

Si ish  government.     IJut  every  effort  to  suppress 

tliem  hud  thus  far  been  ineffectual.  At  lenj^th  the 
Governor-General,  alarmed  by  the  frequent  loss  of 
lil'o  and  property,  forbade  the  navigation  of  the  5Iis- 
fii^siiiiii  by  single  boats.  For  the  sake  of  the  mutual 
nniteition  which  this  order  contemplated,  in  the 
i-nriiiu'  of  1787,  ten  keel-boats,  fully  armed  and 
siinniily  manned,  set  out  from  New  Orleans  for  St. 
Lmiis.  At  Grand  Tower  the  crews  landed  and  ad- 
vanird  to  the  attack.  But  the  robbers,  unwilling  to 
oiicMiunter  an  equal  force,  or  to  confront  the  fate 
wliicli,  if  taken  prisoners,  they  would  be  sure  to 
suffer,  saved  themselves  by  flight;  but  tlieir  lair, 
stured  with  provisions,  arms,  ammunition,  and  mer- 
chaiuli.sc,  was  captured.  These  goods,  the  rich  booty 
uf  successful  piracy,  were  restored  to  their  rightful 
owners.  The  dispersion  of  these  robbers  freed  the 
loiniiieree  of  the  Mississippi  from  further  depreda- 
tions. In  French  traditions  the  year  1787  was 
always  associated  with  the  arrival  of  the  ten  boats. 

'On  the  ^'ith  of  November,  1787,'  Don  Manuel 
IV'iez  succeeded  Cruzat  in  the  admini.stratiun  of  the 
^'iivcrnineiit.  His  affable  manneis  and  genial  .sociabil- 
ity .simii  won  the  regard  of  his  subjects.  He  was 
vi  ly  adroit  in  his  management  of  the  Indians.  The 
>liiiil  of  .some  id'  the  neighboring  tribes  was  not 
wiiiilly  friendly.  If  a  white  man  ventured  alone  into 
ilii'  sdlitudcs,  his  life  ol'ten  paid  the  penalty  of  his 
liaidiliood.  Hands  of  savages,  too  cowardly  for  open 
attack,  prowled  in  the  vicinity  of  St.  Louis,  and  killed 
Mt  cunied  into  captivity  unwary  wanderers.  The 
0-auo  Indians  manifested  their  unfriendliness  by 
iiuiiii'ious  acts  of  rapine  and  violence.  To  guard 
aaiiiist  these  predatory  incursions,  Governor  Perez 
I'oiiieivcd  the  ingenious  policy  of  interposing  friendly 
hiJiuns  between  St.  Louis  and  the  liostile  tribes. 
The  Delaware  and  Shawnee  Indians  were  then  living 
uiiJor  Ihitish  dominion  in  the  region  oast  of  St. 
Liiiiis.  To  these  tribes  Governor  Perez  sent  Louis 
Lorimicr,  sub.scquently  the  commander  of  the  military 
hcisi  at  Sle.  Genevieve,  with  overtures  of  an  alliance 
and  offers  of  large  land  grants,  if  they  would  remove 

'  ■'  .\ttostod  hy  hii  signature  in  the  Archivoj." 


to  the  west  siile  of  the  ]Mississippi.     Many  of  these 
brave  warriors  accepted   the   terms,  and,  settling  iu 
the  neighborhood  of  Cape  Girardeau,  became  standi 
allic's  of  the  coloni.-ts,  and  ii  jiowcrful  defense  against 
the  depredations  of  the  Missouri   tribes.'^     For  his 
;  success  in  the  conduct  of  these  negotiations,  M.  Lor- 
imicr was  rewarded  with  a  grant  of  thirty  thousand 
acres  of  land. 
'       "  Daring  the  administration  of  Perez,  Spain  and 
the  United  States   became   involved   in   a    misunder- 
;  standing  that  threatened  a  rupture  of  their  peaceful 
]  relations.     Spain  claimed  that  the  treaty  of  cession 
I  invested   the  Sjcinish   government  with  an  absolute 
jurisdiction  over  the  waters  of  the  Mississippi  Itivcr. 
The  United  States  strenuously  resisted  the  pretension. 
The  adjustment  of  this  question  of  commercitd  rights 
'  involved  momentous  interests.    The  Mississijipi  Itiver 

■  had  already  become  an  important  factor  in  the  raove- 
;  ment  of  commodities.     The  surplus  grain  and  other 

products  of  the  Ohio  valley  were  carried  to  market 
[  by  way  of  the  Blississippi.     The  West,  determined 
I  that  no  foreign  power  should  ever  subject  thiS  grow- 
ing commerce  to  its  vexatious  imposts,  resolved  to 
i  maintain  the  freedom  of  the  riviir  by  force  of  arms. 
Hut   Spain   was  not   idle.     Spanish  emissaries  were 
actively  fomenting  dissensions  throughout  the  West- 
ern   States.      Instigated    by    Spanish    promi.ses    of 
emolument  and  honor,  politicians  and  officers  in  the 
military  service  of  the  United  States  were  engaged 
in  disloyal  intrigues  with  the  court  of  Spain.     It  was 
the  aim  of  these  conspiracies  to  sever  the  Western 
States  from  the  Union,  and   form  a  m^w  conredevacy 
under    the    protectorate    of    Spain.      Cannon    were 

■  planted  on  the  banks  of  the  Mississippi,  and  both 
governments    were    preparing    for    hostilities.      But 

'  finally  the  arts  of  diplomacy  averted  tlie  shock  of 
arms,  and  Spain  amicably  surrendered  its  claim  to 
the  exclusive  navigatiin  of  the  Jlississippi.  The 
treaty  of  1705  settled  the  boundaries  between  the 
United  States  and  Spain,  and  aocured  to  both  nations 
I  the  right  of  free  navigation  upon  the  waters  of  the 
'  Mississippi.  Hut  the  controversy  perceptibly  aft'ected 
the  fortunes  of  Upper  Li  uisiana.  The  population  of 
the  province  increased  slowly.  Governor  Perez  in- 
vited immigration  by  generous  concessions  of  iand. 
But  Americans,  lately  freed  frowi   British  thraldom, 

j  # 

'"'Attlicreciuestof  l1ic.''pani!'lig(ivciiiiiiciit,IioriniiiMliroii);bt 
a  number  uf  ."liiuvnee  iinil  Delinvaru  Indians  to  settle  in  llic  vi- 

I  cinity  of  ('11)10  tiirardomi,  iind  llioy  served  iif  11  giinrd  to  tlio 
country  n«;,un.«l  tlie  doprediitions  ooininitted  bv  the  Osiiges;  llio 
Sliiiwnecs  iind  Deliuvarca  Inid  six  villi^jes  between  Capo  (lirar- 

1   denu  and  Cnpo  St.  Cosine.'— /'(Vnr  Mimirl,    March   16,18.');!: 

i   CumniifHionci'a   Minul(ii,  vol.  vi.  p.  127." 


212 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


h'.,  .^ 


m.i 


woro  niitiirally  disint'lint'd  to  plncc  tliciiisclvos  iiiidiT 
II  inoiiiniliifiil  foriu  of  fiovuriiniciit,  and  the  recent 
diflii'iiltioa  with  Sp:iin  had  duvelopcd  ii  jr.iU'ral  nvcr- 
siiiii  Id  Spaiii.-h  auihdi'ity.  ('i)iisoi|m'iiily.  duritii;  tin; 
adiiiiiiistratii)n  of  (jovenior  Pi'vcz  very  few  Amerieaiis 
joined  llio  colony. 

"  IJiit  duiiiij:;  tlicse  years  St.  Louis,  tlioui;li  it  re- 
ceived but  few  aeecs-^iions  to  iis  iinpuljilioii,  was  .shm- 
uishly  prosperous.  Tiic  survey  of  tiie  publie  doinnin 
was  continued,  the  Indian  trade  extcndid.  and  tin; 
appearance  of  the  village  i^radually  improved  by  tlie 
creelion  of  better  dwellings. 

'•  171'^  was  tlie  date  of  a  novel  arrival.     It  was  tlio 
year  in  which  honey-bees  came  to  St.  Louis.    The  new  - 
colonists  settled  oil  llio  -grounds  of  .Madame  Chouteau.  ; 
The  a])pearanec  of  the  little  friends  who  closely  follow 
the  footsteps  of  pioneers  was  greeted  with  e.\pres.~ions 
of  curious  interest  and  satisfaction.  [ 

"  In  171)3,  Pi'rez  was  recalled,  and  Z  'iion  Tnideau 
succeeded  to  the  vacant  office.  The  aduiinistr.iiion 
of  a  Governor  amicable  in  social  life  and  generous  in 
public  action  was  deservedly  jxipuhir.  Impressed 
with  the  economic  imi>ortance  of  iuimigralion,  Gov- 
ernor Trudeau  bestowed  lavish  grants  of  land  ujmn 
new  settlers.  The  influence  of  this  unslintcd  bounty 
was  soon  felt.  The  policy  which  had  addressed  itself 
to  human  cupidity  did  imt  tail  in  its  appeal.  Immi- 
gration began  to  flow  into  the  province  with  a  fuller 
tide.  .^lerchants  came  to  the  growing  settlruirnt  to 
avail  themselves  of  its  superior  facilities  jiir  trade. 
IJiisiness  became  more  active.  The  new  buildings 
were  more  spacious  and  elegant.  In  every  branch  of 
industry  the  indications  of  increasing  prosperity  were 
distinctly  visible.  This  flow  in  tin.  le  that  was 
bearing  the  colony  on  to  better  fortune  was  partly 
due  to  th(!  attractive  influence  of  Governor  Tru- 
deau. 

"  This  popular  and  prosperous  administration  ter-  ; 
niinated  Aug.  20,  170'.).  | 

"  His  successor  was  riiarli's  Deliault  D.'lasstis  de 
Deluziere.'  Though  a  Frenchman,  Dilassus  had  be- 
come a  Spanish  subject.     He  bad  served  with  dis-  : 


'  "  It  ia  pciiiiif.«iblo  lo  judge  from  tlio  cii'ii  o(  Dulnifas  tliiit  i 
llie  I.i('Ut('i):oit-(ii)\crn()i'.s  roi'uiveil  no  (.■(>]n|>ciisation  for  the  dis-  j 
cliiirj^p  of  tlio  vnritMl  dudes  wIul'Ii  tlie  excutive  otliee  irui)')!ieil. 

" '  Clmrlea  IJeliuult  Oclassus  liiid   no  .'•-.ilnry  as   Lieutenant-   ' 
(lovernor,  but  »i.\ly  dollara  per  inontli  as  his  pay  for  his  ranlc 
in   tlie  army;   ho  iieted  n.'i   eivil  and    military  (iovernor   and 
jud;^i';  his  jurisdiction  cxiendeil  from  .Arkansas  to  the  north-   ' 
cm  extremity  of  the  Spiuii>Ii  possessions  on  the  western  aide  I 
of  the   .Missi-sijipi ;    Ilia  administration  of  the  government  of 
Upper  Louiainna  gave  general  satisfaetion  to  the  people  under  ' 
Ills  eoininand." — Alburl   Timii  1110/  J-'n.-.iiuh   Diltiiirieje,   1S32  :   ' 
Cii:i>iiiiaii'oiU-r9    MinntcH,  vol.  vi.  p.  50, 


tinetion   in   the  armies  of  Spain,  iind    been   honoii'il 
with    positions  of  military  trust.     The  ability  with 
which   lie  liiid  discharged   the  duties  of  post    cmn. 
inalider  at  New  Madrid  caused   his  promotion  to  tin; 
government  ol"  Upper  Louisiana."     His  celibacy  lijj 
111     impair  his  popularity  among  tlic  fair  maidens  of 
S.    Louis.     The  first  executive  iict  of  Delassus  wns 
to  order  an  eniimeiation  of  the  ])opulation.      Aceoiil- 
ing   to  this  census   the   total    number  of  people  in 
Ujiper  Louisiana  in  1700  was  ()(I28.     Of  this  aggre- 
gate-1018  were  whites,  SSIl  slaves,  and  107  freediiien. 
The  population  of  St.  Louis  was  then  !)2.').     Delassiu 
even  surpassed   his  predecissois  in  the  prodigality  of 
bis  concessions.     The  trouble  ol'  asking  for  land  \v;is 
iipparently  a  valid  coiisideralion  for  the  grant.    Tr.icis 
embracing    in    .some   instances  thirty  thousa.id  acres 
were  conferred  fiir  alleged  services  scarcely  more  aniii. 
ous  than  the  drauglit  of  the  petition.     The  ease  wiih 
which  concessions  of  land  were   obtained  stiniiil.ilci 
wild  ho]H's  of  wealth.     A  spirit  of  speculative  exiito- 
in('nt  pervaded  the  community.    Distempered  divntiH 
of  opulence  disturbed  the  wonted  repose  of  society.  Ii 
was  confidcMitly  belii'ved  that  the  rise  of  real  eslatu 
Would  soon  enrich  its  owners.     To  satisfy  the  niuiiir- 
ous  apjilications  for  grants  of  the  royal  domain  it  lir 
came  necessary  to  extend  the  surveys  into  the  leiiini.i 
districts  of  the  province.    These  surveys  were  reganlnl 
by  the  Indians  as  acts  of  aggression.      In  revenue  I'.r 
what  they  deemed  ;in  unwarrantable  iiltemjit  to  di~. 
posse.-is  them  of  their  heritage  the  savages  killed  iii;iiiv 
explorers  who  bad   incautiously  ventured  beynnil  iln. 
protection  of  the  forts.     Some  of  ilie  captives  wciv 
subjected  to  every  nlinement  of  torture  which  Icir- 
baroiis  instincts  could  suggest.      A  French  survi'Vnr 
named  Houvet,  captured  by  \.\w  ()sag(>  Indians  in  iLo 
neighborhood  of  Ste.   (lenevieve,  was  burned  at  l!i; 
slake.      I>ut   not  even  these  unredressed  outrages  l- 
tcrreil  the  daiiiitless  pioneers  from  their  (piest  fir  val- 
uable lands.    Cupidity  was  stronger  than  the  seiisoif 
danger,  tind   brave-  adventurers,  some  of  wlmni  |i:iiil 
the  price  of  life  for  their  leinerity,  explored  the  wii 
derness    in    search    of    mineral    wealth.     Ap|iliiaN!' 
strove  with  eager  coinpetilion  to  secure  grants  of  laiiJ 
ill  the  ricii  ore-bearing  districts  of  Soulheni  .Missmiri. 


''"rielasaus  stated,. "Sept. !),  1S2,'),  that  •he  leftppain  and  .in;- 
to  r.oi;isiana,  A.n.  l7tM>,  and  was  appointe<l  ei\  il  and  itulitrj 
eomiiiandaiit  (d'  the  distriet  of  New  .Madrid,  where  he  rr>lii(^i  I 
until  duly,  17U'.>,nt  which  time,  being  promoteil  to  the  iipiiw.:- 
nitnt    of   eivil    and    tuiiit.iry    I.ieitleiian'  (lovernor  of   I  H'^'l 
Louisiana,  lie  eniiie  to  the  scat  of  governuuuit,  to  wit,  at; 
Louis,  in  llio  aaid   month  of  ,Tuly,  where  shortly  aficr  lict^'kl 
eominaiiil,  and  acted  in  that  capacity  until  the  clelivery  iifJi:!  j 
Upper  Louisiana  to   the  United  Slates  of  America,  to  »il.«ij 
the  'J;li  day  March,  ISOI.'— //ii/if'n  Mhtiilcii,  vol.  ii.  p.  i::'.' 


Ill   while 
valuable,  I 
eiii'e  was  d 
settlers  all( 
ttiili  naluni 
eiiiKie  ineil 
Jiriivinee  to 
IVe.illli.      Bi 
«iili  its  unh 
of  tile  colonj 
—it  made  I 
jwpiilation  ol 
"Tlio  wini 
extreme  sever 
vines  and  frui 
ef  llie  Gulf  J 
It'll  as  low  as  I 
llic  smallpox 
presence.    It  v 
loiitagioM  in  U 
"In   ISO'!,  J 
(if  the  fnlenda 
bidJcn  to  issue 
lical  dLsobedien 
fruitful  cause  of 
"-\t  this  time 
MC'Ks.     Tho  fir, 
!iis  splendid  but 
•">i  military  .skil 
Kuropo  for  the  a^ 
'I'lJ  'lie  opportui 
v^iin.    There    Wii 
%er,  perhap.s,  1, 
Jciiicd  lo  the  A 
"liial  (he  coloni, 
iwapelled  Spai,, 
''■"'  I'll-'  British  n, 
ilii'muvcuient,  wa 
""'"' vigilance  wl 
''"Pe  to  elude. 
'"  I'L'tuin  po,sse.ssio. 
"''  fireat  Uriiain  c, 
''"Ived  to  sell  Louis 

■V.  Talleyrand  com 
iiiiiniatiun  of  ijio 
JP''"  "'itli  Louisiana 
liiiaJeon  the  Jlfh 
'''"■'"  on  hi.s  way  to 
plenary  powers  to  i, 
M'iviiigston,  for  the 

■"Uunf, 


SPANISH   DOMINIOX,  AND  'TIIR  AFFAIR  OF   1780." 


2i;j 


Vil  wliilo  many  iif  tlicso  tracts  ultiinatuly  bccaiiii! 
valiialilt',  tlui  jiopular  I'Xiioctalioii  of  iimiicdiatu  alHii- 
once  was  duomud  to  (lisa])|ioiiilliu'iit,  IJiit  low  of  tlio 
scuKr.-i  attcinpted  to  uiiloek  tlio  vaults  so  I'lLdily  stor  1 
wiili  natural  trcasuros.  A  lack  of  caiiilal  and  oP  sui- 
eiiiilic  method  [iLTmitted  the  mineral  riuiuis  oC  tlio 
jirovinco  to  runiuin  an  uiiduvciopod  sourco  of  public 
wi'iillli.  But  while  this  spceulalivc  fcvor  disturlicd 
wiili  its  unhoaitliy  cxcitciiiL'nt.s  tin;  rctjular  iiidiistrics 
ol'ilie  colony,  it  was  not  wholly  unproductive  of  good, 
—it  made  known  the  resources  and  incrciUied  the 
iiofjiilalion  of  the  province. 

"The  winter  of  179D-1S00  was  remarkable  for  its 
cvlroiiie  severity.  The  intensity  of  the  cold  destroyed 
vines  and  fruit-trees  even  in  the  scuw  tropical  clinnite 
(if  the  Gulf  States.  At  St.  Louis  tho  temperature 
foil  as  low  as  thirty-two  dej;rees  below  zero.'  In  ISDl 
the  smallpox  .startled  St.  Louis  by  its  unweleomu 
[irescneo.  It  was  tho  first  appearance  of  this  dreadful 
coiit:ij;ion  in  I'pper  Louisiana. 

"  In  1808,  Uelassus,  in  eon.scf(ucncc  of  the  death 
(if  the  tntcndant-Gencral  at  New  Orleans,  was  for- 
biJJen  to  issue  any  more  j^raiits  of  land.  The  prac- 
tical disobedience  of  Delassus  to  this  order  was  a 
fruitful  cause  of  litigation. 

"At  this  time  Jvirope  was  the  .scene  of  momentous 
oveiil!*.  The  first  Napoleoti  was  now  in  the  midst  of 
liis  splendid  but  tragic  career.  Witli  matchless  jrcnius 
and  military  skill,  he  was  remodeling  the  kingdoms  of 
Kurope  for  the  aggrandizement  of  France.  Napoleon 
li;iJ  the  opportunity  for  which  Alexander  sighed  in 
vain.  There  was  now  a  now  world  to  eoii(|uer. 
Eager,  perhaps,  to  attain  a  distin"tion  which  had  been 
ilonied  to  the  Macedonian  hero,  and  ambitious  to 
o|ual  the  colonial  greatness  of  England,  Napoleon 
coiapelled  Spain  to  retrocedo  Louisiana  to  France. 
But  the  British  navy,  obviously  intended  to  intercept 
till'  uiuvemcnt,  was  then  watching  the  oast  ol  France 
wiili  a  vigilance  which  the  French  fleet  could  scarcely 
hope  to  elude.  At  length,  despairing  of  his  ability 
to  letaiii  possessions  which  tho  maritime  supremacy 
(Ireat  Britain  constantly  endangered.  Napoleon  re- 
I  solved  to  sell  Louisiana  to  the  United  States.  Acting, 
proHUiaably,  in  conformity  with  official  instructions, 
LM.  Talievrand  couveyec'  to  the  American  minister  an 
[imimaiiuii  of  tho  willing>;ess  of  the  First  Consul  to 
hunt  with  Louisiana.  This  informal  proposition  was 
Imadeoii  the  11th  of  April,  1803.  Mr.  Monroe  was 
jtlan  on  his  way  to  the  French  court,  invested  with 
I J'l> nary  powers  to  treat,  in  conjunction  with  Minister 
ll.ivingston,  for  the  purchase  of  the  Floridas  and  the 

'  "llunfa  Miniilfj,  vol.  i.  p.  107." 


island  of  New  Orleans.  Deeply  impressed  with  the 
paramount  importan>,ij  of  the  French  overture,  the 
An)crican  plcniiiotcntiaries  began  at  once  to  negotiato 
for  the  iici[ui>ition  of  the  whole  province. 

"  Messrs.  Talleyrand  and  JIarbois,-  distinguished 
for  their  astuteness  and  diplomacy,  represented  tho 
interests  of  France.  By  this  transaction,  after  nine 
teen  days  of  negotiation,  the  American  ministers  suc- 
ceeded in  purchasing  the  province  of  Louisiana  for 
fifteen  million  <lollars.  Tho  treaty  of  sale  was  con- 
cluded on  tho  :?Olh  of  April,  ISOIi,  signed  on  the  Hd 
of  May,  and  ratilied  by  the  I'nitcd  States  Senate  on 
the  2Istof  the  following  October.  Tho  purchase  was 
the  most  ilhistrious  act  of  Jefferson's  administration. 
The  sale  was  a  unister-stroke  of  French  policy.  It 
repleni.shed  the  treasury  of  the  First  Consul,  prevented 
Lnni>iana  from  lalling  into  the  bands  of  England,  and 
conciliated  a  growing  republic,  which  will  ultimately 
wrest  froiu  Great  Britain  its  mastery  of  the  seas. 
Napoleon  expressed  his  sense  of  the  importance  of  the 
transaction  iti  a  memorable  prediction  which  time  has 
already  verified. 

"  '  This  accession  of  territory,'  said  the  First  Consul, 
'strengthens  forever  the  power  of  the  United  States, 
and  I  have  given  to  Kiigland  a  maritime  rival  that 
will  sooner  or  later  humble  her  pride.' 

'•  But  even  the  transcendent  genius  of  Napoleon 
failed  to  comprehend  the  extent  or  to  appreciate  the 
value  of  the  bimndless  territory  that  had  been  .severed 
from  the  domain  of  France.  Not  even  his  intuitive 
glance  fully  foresaw  the  stupendous  results  of  the  act; 
which  transferred  Louisiana  to  the  United  States. 

"The  treaty  of  18()o  did  not  meet  tho  approval  of 
Spain.  Tho  Spanish  government  strongly  remon- 
strated against  the  transfer  of  Louisiana  to  tho  United 
Slates.  Tho  ostensible  cause  of  its  opposition  was  tho 
alleged  illegality  of  the  treaty.  It  was  averred  that 
the  articles  which  roannexed  Louisiana  to  France  con- 
tained an  explicit  stipulation  that  the  province  should 
remain  an  indissoluble  portion  of  the  French  domin- 
ions. In  conse(|uenco  of  this  covenant  it  was  urged 
that  tho  treaty  of  1803  was  invalid,  inasmuch  as  it 
authorized  an  act  in  violation  of  existing  obligations, 

"  But  the  protests  of  Spain  did  not  prevent  the 
fulfillment  of  the  treaty.  The  act  of  transfer  was 
consummated  at  New  Orleans,  on  the  20th  of  De- 
cember, 1803.  On  that  day,  M.  Lau.ssat,  the  prefect 
of  tho  French  government,  delivered  to  Governor 
Claiborne  and  Gen.  Wilkinson,  commissioners  of  the 


2  "  On  the  |)fti't  of  France  the  negotiiitions,  wliicli  tciniinut(>(l 
in  tht  eonvcntiun  of  Ajivil  30,  ISUit,  wcru  cunJuctcJ  cbiutly  by 
M.  Barbu  Mnrbois," 


I  r. 


m 


214 


IIISTOllY   OF  SAINT  L0UI3. 


'^  W' 


United  Stnto.s,  full  ond  formal  possession  of  Loui.-i- 
uim.  A  proprii'tiiry  titlo  fo  llio  wlmlc  proviiico  was 
then  vosteil  in  tlit;  llniteil  States.  No  fui'tlicr  action 
■was  nccessury  to  perfeet  its  ri^lit  of  owncrsliip.  Hut 
to  avoid  all  possibility  of  contiover.-y  with  it'j;ard  to 
the  extent  of  the  jiun-hase,  the  jirccaulion  was  taken 
to  liuvo  the  French  title  to  Kjipcr  Louisiana  formally 
rclin(|uishod  to  thf;  United  States.  On  the  !)th  of 
March,  1801,"  (Governor  J)cla^.-iis  transferred  Upper 
Louisiana  to  Capt.  Amos  Stoddard,  of  the  United 
States  army,  who,  by  virtue  of  a  eoniinission  from  the 
First  C'on.>'ul,  took  p^s.^cssion  of  it  in  iIk^  name  of 
France.  On  the  fullowinj;  day  C'a])t.  Stoddard  deliv- 
ered the  province  into  the  hands  of  the  United  States 
authorities.-' 

This  was  the  last  act  of  fcirei;^!!  rule  in  liouisiana. 
For  forty  years  the  province  had  been  under  the  sway 
of  France  and  Spain.  The  Governors  n?  Upper 
Tioui.-.iaiia  were  men  of  ability  atid  of  exceptionally 
srcnial  nature.  Even  Pe  Leyba's  faults  were  jirobably 
attributable  to  insobriety  rather  than  to  a  lack  of  in- 
tellijreuce  or  of  affability.  Without  any  tissuinption 
of  superiority,  they  miii;;led  with  tlie  humblest  vil- 
laiiers  on  terms  of  social  ci(Uality.  They  permitted 
no  prejudices  of  race  to  exclude  Frenchmen  fmin 
olfico.  They  jrranted  favors  with  a  uidformity  that 
sugi^ested  an  amiable  incapacity  of  refusal.  Under 
their  popular  adini-iistralion  the  people  were  content 
and  happy.  But  their  life  was  indolent  and  unpro- 
gressive.  It  sei'nis  as  thouuh  an  Arcadian  sim]ilicity, 
surviving  tlie  chaMj^es  of  time,  bad  been  brought  into 
slartliiiL;  contrast  with  the  restless  activities  of  Aineri- 
ean  civilization,  iinolhcr  race,  instinct  with  the  en- 
ergies of  liberty  and  progress,  now  assumed  control  of 
Louisiana. 

Al'i'KXDi.x  TO  THE  Ai'F.Vili  OF  1780. — '•Occa- 
sional allusions  to  the  affair  of  17S0  are  found  in  the 
early  writers.  A  volume  of  travels  written  by  BI. 
Perrin  Dii  Lac,  and  published  in  1805,  contains  the 
following;  passage : 

"'St.  Iiouis  fill  iittixiiiC'  trrs  vivcmcnt  en  I7S0  piir  iin  num- 
bi'cii.\  (larli  dv  .'^uiivagO!<,  cuiiimanil  it  iiriin'i' |>io'  Ics  Aiigloix. 
II  n'y  iivciit  I'll  jii.«()ii'  iiliira  iiiiciinu  roiiilU'ali"!!,  iii:iis  a  In  suite 
do  I'ct  CnnT'inicnt.  (jiii  cnfltii  In  vie  a  iin  iisscz  t;ninil  iioiiibro 
d'hubitiin.'i,  Ic  giiiivcriii'iiifnt  fit  t-Miistriiirc  iin  fort  en  lioi..^  .lur  lu 
]mi'tio  la  |ilii.s  vlovijo  de  In  villc,  et  .v  ])laL':i  c|iu!l(|ues  pirres  de 
ciimm  do  giurt  oalibio.  An  oomiiioiiiomcnl  Jo  ootio  giiciiu,  sur 
Ii's  ro|in'soiilati(>ns  dii  lioutoiiant  gom  oiiiour,  on  y  a  iijimto 
qnntrc  tour."  en  inm'onneric,  ilnnt  los  batterien  croisoea  seroient 

•  "Hunt's  Minutos.  vol.  ii.  p.  ITU." 

'•*  "  IJiit  tlio  Spanish  aulboritios  did  nut  at  'inco  ivithdrnw  from 
Upper  Louisiana.  It  appears  from  the  staloinont  of  Paul  l)c- 
jarlaia  that  'the  Spani>li  olBoors  bad  not  then  (Juno,  ISOl) 
left  the  country.'— rom)iii'»»riiii?/»'  Mi'iiulm,  181)0,  vcd.  I.  ji.  ,'!Ui." 


suirisiinlo.i  pour  pnili'uor  .  '  illo  I'oiiiro  Ics  .'=uu\a;,'os,  iiiais  mn 
do  pill".  II  osi  probable  ipie  I'uvantago  lo  pluit  roul  ii  Olr  p  lu 
lo  ciJiistriiotoiir.' 

"In  his  'Sketches  of  Louisiana,'  page  71',  M;ij. 
Stoddard  says, — 

"  '  Tlio  ciiiiiuiandnni  of  .'\lii'hllMKiol(iiiao,  in  ITSil,  nssoinlilr,] 
about  l:'ilHI  liiiliaiis  and  1  III  I'ln^lish,  and  atlcniplod  llio  ri' In  ' 
lion  of  St.  I.ouIh.  llio  I'apiliil  ol  I'ppor  l.oiiisiaiui.  During'  i|i< 
short  tiiiio  Iboy  ivoio  biiiuo  llio  town,'  |andwlioii  lliouliiilr 
iiiiinbor  of  iiialo  housolioldors  was  only  ninoly  sovoii,]  'sixiy  <^i 
tliu  iiihabilaiils  noro  Killod  and  lliiily  takon  prisiinoi.' 

'■  [n  his  topographical  report,  page  8;!,  Mr.  Nienllot 
u.scs  this  language : 

"  ■ 'I'lioro  wore  not  inoro  lluin  oiio  biindrod  and  fifty  iniili-  m 
till!  plaoo,  of  wliotii  not  noM'o  tlittn  sovonty  could  bo  roliod  ii|.i>ii 
as  olVu'ioiit  to  ropol  an  ononiy  nuinbcrin;;.  iii-roiding  to  Iin-  Ix-i 
anthorilios  niiio  bundled  I'oiiibalMiil-.  .  .  .  Il  i^  said  lliiil  i\h 
wen*  liillod  mill  lliirloon  inado  prisonois.' 

"  All  of  these  passages  contain  intennd  evidence  nf 
traditional  origin.  If  they  had  been  foiindeil  nii 
records,  the  statements,  however  varying  in  diiiion 
would  express  an  identity  of  facts.  The  want  nl 
unifoimity  is  conclusive  proof  that  the  several  aiitliois 
merely  reduced  to  writing  inexact  verbal  desctiptions. 
It  would  require  strong  testimony  to  overcome  tlic 
inherent  imiirobability  of  such  assertions.  That  luarlv 
all  of  the  male  householders  of  St.  Louis  should  \k 
slain  or  captured  and  no  evidence  of  the  fact  exist  is 

'  simply  incredible,  but  not  a  line  of  record  has  liooii 
cited  in  proof  of  these  accounts.  Hence  it  \voii!l 
seem  that  all  of  these  tales,  diifering  from  each  nilm 
and  irreconcilable  with  reason,  emanated  from  an  un 
trnstwortliy  source.  Doubtless  some  of  these  lepul. 
were  obtained  from  the  common  stock  of  traditions  Iv 
independent  imiuiry,  whi'e  all  the  rest  were  aituiilm 
virtual  transcripts.     IJut  no  mere  freipicncy  of  ropi- 

'  tition  can  verify  an  error,  and  no  array  tif  autJurt 
who  merely  copy  fioiu  each  other  stories  that  Win 
originally  derived  from  tradition  can  authenticate  an 
initial  misstatement. 

"The  earliest  references  to  the  attack  of  17Sl)flre 

j  brief  paragraphs,  but  the  first  detailed  dcscrijition  "1 1 

'  the  event"  was  written  in  1831  by  Wilson  Priiiiiii. 
It  was  printed  in  18^52,  in  the  iMav  nuinber  of  ilii 
lllliwls  Miinlhhj  M'l'jazini     ind  n  lied  wiili  ij 

few  alterations  in  lb     on*  on  which  Judge  rriiiiiul 
delivered  on   tl  '■ai y  of  the  foiindiiig  nf  Si, 

Louis,  on   the  >iay  of  February      - 17.    Tli';| 

repetition  of  tin  iv  In  m    rly  all  of  the  sketclusl 

of  St.  Louis  has  gi\.  n  it  '   .    force  of  acccjitud  liiv 
tory,  but   in   many   import, uit    respccio  the  aciniiiiil 
cannot  possibly  be  true.     It  was  more  than  filiy  \xm 
after  the  event  before  a  full  narrative  of  the  \x:vi: 
was  written.     For  half  a  century  the  busy  toiii,niw 


men  Were  ( 
iiellishmenti, 
CliiMiieau,  ' 
idliiir,'  and  i 
lively  iniagin 
nil  iiiories  wi 
liislory. 

"  Tlie  niot 

all  to  depreei 

J'rinim,  but  s 

ir.iiiiiions  wli 

skitcli  lack  th 

"  It  may  be  j 

iiiaceiwaeies  (1 

ilic  leg.il  paper 

iiglit  were  not 

diieiinionts  woi 

errors. 

'•  'I'iie  sketch 

1%  of  the  attac 

I  lie  iiia.ssacre  oi 

aulluiiily  w  ,j,„ 

aiiii  no  re.t.son  is 

legal  documents 

■il'ly  Jirove  that  i, 

"''  ^^liiy,  and  iae(. 

that  no  Indian  as 

ilsuif  I 

"Tile  followii). 

lion  describes  thi 

were  buili  il,  „„|jj 

'•'Tlic  town  was  u| 
^"Imbilanli  .  .  .  i,„„ 
^|.(vi.s„f  ,v,,||,  r,„,„,,, 

"I'lrr'Mind.lho  inters 
iv,i.«s„iiioliveorsi.v  A 
liiiJuf  fuitin  that  fo 

"  These  .slatemet 

prob:il)ly  incorrect. 

'i'"'"  '')■  Governor 

"(1  dcfcn.ses  are  niei 

"It  is,  therefore, 

t'viJenco,  almost  eei 

"'  ^^-  Louis  until 

''here  .■icemed  to  bo 

ni'i^'hboring  tribes  01 
I'  if  indeed  true  thii 

'"■l'i™Rhthe.soureoi 
"■IS  uf  eiMinse,  derived 
'™MlliM,fs  Minnle.s, 
'■'■■f:illililo  authority  of 
''"Iholie  rhiiivh. 
■"""•*  in  the  Archive. 
""^J'VuflhcumsMu-re 


li^ 


SPANISH   DOMINION,  AND  "TIIK   AFFAIll  OF   ITSO.' 


215 


WOHlU 
■\\    nlllll 
till    1111  III! 

iiclM.il  ": 
,r  vq.-:- 

til  at  Wit'' 
jit'K'iUe  -.111  I 

lorliiliciii "'. 
)ii  rriiiiiii. 
l»:r  of  ili( 
lod  villi  1 
l,_.o  I'riira 
lin-  "I'  >'■ 
IT,    Tb 

JCl'liU'J  li''- 
llui    :ifi'iilW*| 
II  tii'iy  ua« 
lllu-  iniwl] 

tODgUCMl 


iii>  II  were  (liiitur(ii)};  tlio  tiiiDplu  fuetn  with  tlio  viii- 
lii'lli^-liiiii'iitN  uf  fietiuii.  Ill  the  wurJii  oF  Mr.  U.  S. 
CliiiiiU'iiii,  'every  man  hud  lii.s  (iwii  tiile  ubiiiit  the 
iilliiii','  iiixl  ill  llie  I'lmrNe  of  lime  tiie  cxii^'i^eratioiis  of 
livily  iiiiiij;iiialioiis  aiiJ  llie  niissiateiiiiiit.s  uT  liefi.'etive 
nil  iiKiiies  were  reeeived  us  tlie  I'.iels  of  autiieiitie 
lii.-i(iry. 

•  Tlie  inotivo  of  the  followiii;;  slrielures  i.s  not  at 
all  !(>  depreciate  the  aclviiowledi^ed  ability  of  Judj:o 
I'riiiiiii,  but  NJiiiply  to  sliow  tliat  many  uf  the  oral 
tiMiliiioiis  wliit'li  lie  iiUMulioiiKly  eiiibiidied  in  liis 
skilfh  lack  tiie  elenieiits  of  historie  probability. 

"  It  may  bealle;;ed  in  e.xtenualioii  ofJudj^i'  I'rimm'.M 
iiiiiieiiraeie.s  that  at  tlie  lime  lii.s  aceimiit  was  wrillen 
the  it'^al  papers  wliieli  havi'  reeeiilly  been  brought  to 
iij;lii  were  not  liiiown  to  exist,  but  a  study  of  tiiesc 
diiciiiiioiits  would  have  obviated  only  u  part  of  hi.s 
orruis. 

'The  sitetcli  of  1831  ^ives  the  (Jili  of  May  as  the 
Jiiy  of  the  attaik,  but  the  oration  of  1S47  states  tiiat 
llic  ir.a.'^sacre  oceurivd  on  the  liGili  of  May.  No 
autluiiity  in  quoted  in  support  of  either  statement, 
ami  110  reason  is  j^iveii  for  the  ehangc  of  date.'  The 
k'pil  doeumenta  ipioted  in  prcivious  notes  iiieontest- 
alily  ]iriive  that  no  attaek  was  made  prior  to  the  2(ith 
lit'  May,  and  faels  will  be  liereal'ter  adduced  to  show 
that  no  Indian  assault  was  ever  made  upon  St.  Louis 
itself 

'•The  fdllowiiif;  passage  from  Jiid^o  Primm's  ora- 
lioii  describes  the  fortilieations  which,  it  is  alleged, 
wore  built  in  antieipaiion  of  the  Indian  attaek  : 

"•The  town  WI18  iilinost  lU'slitiilL'  ul'  wurks  ol'ilcriiisi',  tint  tlio 
.iihiibilioitd  .  .  .  imiiieiliatoly  prooeoled  to  itu'lose  it  ^vi(]l  ii 
'|iroUs  III'  Willi,  fiii'iiipil  ul'  Ilie  Iriiiili.i  uf  i<iniill  trci'4  platileil  in 
llic- irniiinil,  the  interfliecs  beiii);  lllleil  ii|i\villi  eiiitli.  The  wall 
ms  aoiiie  live  or  six  feot  \i\j(]\.  It  stinted  I'loiii  the  hiilf-iuuon,  u 
kiuJ  III  liirt  ill  Ihut  Turin  tituuted  on  the  river.' 

"These  statements,  derived  solely  from  tradition,  are 
prubiibly  incorrect.  Prior  to  tiio  erection  of  Ibrtiliea- 
tiiiiis  by  Governor  Cruzat,  in  the  latter  part  of  1780, 
no  dulciises  are  mentioned  in  tiio  Archives. 

•'  It  is,  tiierefore,  in  the  utter  absence  of  affirmative 
oviJencc,  almost  certain  that  there  was  no  wall  or  fort 
at  St.  Louis  until  several  months  after  the  attack. 
There  seemed  to  bo  no  need  of  costly  defenses.  The 
noiiiliburiii!^  tribes  of  Indians  had  always  been  friendly. 
It  is  indeed  true  that  lawless  savages  had  occasionally 


''•Tliouuh  tlio.soureoiH  nut  iiel<n(iwleil»ed,  the  date  of  May  (ith 

,  iv;is.  Ill"  niiirse,  derived  I'roiii  tiie  titateiiient  (it  .Aii^ii.sle  (Miuu- 

l  tail  illiim's  .Minutes,  ml.  i.  p.    107);  hiit  lhi»  dale,  giieii  on 

tb' fiillilile  aatliority  of  ineniory,  is  eiinlriidieted  liy  the  records 

I'alhiilie  rtiureh.     The  parish  register  and  several  in- 

■iiis  in  the  Archives  expressly  luentiuu  the  UGlli  of  May  as 

jlLcJay  of  the  massacre. " 


committed  depredations  in  the  country,  liiit  they  liad 
never  dared  to  attack  the  Mi-lilement.  The  number  of 
these  marauders,  whose  acts  of  rapine  wi'ie  not  author- 
i/.i,'il  by  their  sachems,  was  loo  iii>ii;iiiticaiit  lo  cainu 
alarm,  and  no  white  foe  had  ever  before  menaced  tliu 
seciirily  of  the  village.  The  danger  could  not,  then, 
have  been  regaidt;d  as  very  grave,  for  Govi'riior  Do 
Leyba,  though  apprised  of  the  medilaled  incursion, 
took  no  htejis  to  insure  the  safely  oi'St.  Louis.  There 
is  not  a  jpartiele  of  evidence  lo  show  that  the  'walls' 
and  '  halfniocir  were  built  by  Governor  De  Lcyba, 
and  as  .'  is  lortain  that  ihey  were  not  const lucted  by 
any  of  his  [iredcecssois,  it  is  not  at  all  likely  that  they 
then  existed.- 

"  Till!  I'ollowiiig  slatemeiils,  apart  from  their  intriii- 
sie  imjirobability,  are  ineonsisteiit  with  each  other: 

"  •  In  expeetatioii  of  an  ntlaek,  Silvio  I'raneiseo  Cartitbona,  » 
gflvernnieiital  olfieer,  hud  j^ono  to  ."<te.Oonevievo  for  ii  company 
of  militia  to  aid  in  ilet'eiidin}^  the  tiiirn  in  ease  of  iieeessity,  and 
had.  at  the  lie);iiiniii;;  of  the  iiinntli,  retiirni'd  with  sixty  nun, 
who  were  i|iiarlered  on  the  eili/.ens.  As  soon  as  the  atlnek 
eoinnieiieed,  howt'ver,  neither  I'arlaliunii  nor  his  men  eiiuld  be 
seen.  Hither  throii};li  fear  or  treiiehei  \ ,  tlie  greater  part  eon- 
cealed  Iheinsi'lvcs  ill  i  giirrel,  and  there  remained  unlil  the  In- 
dians had  retired.' 

" 'Tl.c  <ii!Ver  of  ((^ol.  Clivrk's)  assistance  was  rejected,  on  the 
gronnd  that  no  danger  was  really  apprehended.' 

"•  t'lider  the  pretext  uf  proving  lo  thein  that  there  was  no 
danger  of  attack,  he  ((iovcrnur  De  I.cylia)  had.  a  few  days 
before  it  occurred,  fluid  to  the  traders  nil  the  ainniiinition  be- 
longing to  the  government.' 

'•  The  first  extract  rcpro.iches  the  Spanish  troops  witli 
euwardiee,  assertinj;  that,  in  the  supreme  moment  of 
danger,  when  every  arm  was  needed  to  ward  otf  the 
impending  blow,  these  .soldiers  igiiominiously  fled  from 
the  post  of  duty  and  sought  .safety  in  a  garret. 

''  Is  it  likely  that  every  individual  of  .so  large  a  force 
would  prove  an  arrant  coward,  or  that  the  mass  of  pol- 
troons would  huddle  in  one  small  room  where  every 
shot  would  be  sure  to  hit'.' 

"  Cartabona  did  not  seek  aid  of  Jiis  own  accord, 
lie  would  not  dare  to  disobey  his  superior  officer.  If 
he  went  to  Ste.  Genevieve  fur  help  he  was  ordered  to 
go  by  Governor  De  Leyba.  If,  then,  no  danger  was 
really  apprehended,  '  why  did  the  Governor  dispatch 
an  officer  for  reinforcements,  and  why  did  he  send  to 
remote  Ste.  Genevieve  for  assistance,  and  yet  decline 
the  co-operation  of  troops  that  were  only  three  miles 
distant?' 

"  But  there  is  proof  that  the  Governor,  instead  of 


•i;    'I, 


■ii  fl'f- 


■'  "  The  words  of  IHi  I.ae  are  nnc((iiivoeal.  .''peaking  of  the 
time  of  the  attack,  he  says,  '  II  n'y  avoit  en  jnsipi'  alors  au- 
cnnc  rortilicalion.'  '  If  reliance  can  bo  placcil  upon  the  author- 
ity of  Du  I.ac,  Ihero  can  be  no  further  duubt  of  the  incorrectness 
of  Judge  I'rimm's  aascrtiun." 


raMHN 


m^ 


K 

•^    ■        ; 

^5     :       M 

^^' 

^  >» 

•■'•o- 

fl;  >■  :  j 

216 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


reject iiii;  a  proffiT  of  succor,  liiinsflf  souiilit  tlm  niil 
of  Col.  Clark,  ('oiisi'ijuoiitly  tlio  ulloi;('d  lefu.sal  of 
Col.  Cl!irk'.s  ovi  rtun^  i-ontlict.s  not  oiily  with  tl;e  theory 
of  relief  fvoui  Sto.  Genevlovc,  but  al^o  with  .'ho  sworn 
tostiinoiiy. 

"  Apiin,  would  the  Gnveriior,  only  a  lew  weeks 
!i''tei'  the  jircteiideJ  ariival  of  the  reiiiforceiMenl.s  from 
Sle.  (Jciittieve,  and  after  a  proven  appeal  to  Col.  Clark 
for  the  services  of  his  troops,  sell  the  means  of  suc- 
eessi'nl  defon.-'O  ?  The  reason  as.siiiiied  for  the  sale  of 
the  powder  is  as  frivolous  as  the  act  aself  is  uiilikely. 
Statoiijents  so  contradiuloiy  and  uiireasonalde  ^^eem 
en'itled  io  little  credit. 

"  fs  it  probable  ih.st  Ste.  Genevieve  sent  si.\ty  men 
to  the  relief  of  St.  Louis?  , 

"A  few  historic  facts,  illustrative  of  iho  size  of  | 
euloniai  forces,  may  aid  the  jud^'incnt  ot  the  reader. 

"  When,  in  1TG4,  De  Neyon  evacuated  the  Illiie'i. 
cjunfry,  he  had  about  one  hundred  men  subject  to 
his  authority.  But  this  aL',mep!le  was  divided  into 
four  jxariisoiis,  which,  oeeupyiiic  wiilely  reinoto  fort:-., 
inotectcd  u  vast  territiMV  from  eneroacimieiit. 

"  In    l"li5,  Capt,   i^terlini;  took   pesM.ssion   of  this 
domain  with  a  body  of  .soldiers  c<|ual  to  one  modern 
company.     I5ui  this  force,  althou;:h  weakened  by  dis-  ' 
tribution   in   di?tant  posts,  was  deemed  siillicient  for  j 
the  defense  of  tiie  country. 

•'  III  17(»7,  Antonio  do  I'lloa  came  to  Nciv  ()i leans  ' 
to  take  pos.sessioii  of  Liini>iaiia  in  the  name  of  the  ■ 
Siianish  jiovernment.     liis  army  of  occupation  con-  | 
.sisted  of  ci;.;hty  mi'i),'  anil  even   this  small   number 
was  .separated   into  fcnir  divisions  and  sent   to   iruard 
the  piincipal  lorts  of  the  countiy. 

'•  111   litis,  Capt.  lUes  came  to  St.  Tjouis  for  the 
purpose  of  estabiishii;;^  Sjianish   authnniy  in  I'pper  | 
Louisiana  ;   the    escnrt   to  which   Sjiain  confided   the 
maintenance    of    its  sovereiL;nty   numbered    perhaps 
twenty  five  men. 

"  It  should  be  burne  in  mind  that  tilthouL'h  in  the 
fore^roinjr  instances  the  troops  were  sent  on  pacific 
errands,  they  wert^  liable  at  any  time  (o  be  assailed 
before  the  possible  arrival  of  reiiiforeemcnt.s.  Their 
member.s  were  adjusted  not  merely  to  the  idle  parades 
of  peace,  but  al.-o  to  the  •,:rave  exigencies  of  war. 
Tlie  force  with  which,  in  1778,  Governor  Hamilton 
retook  l'"ort  ."^ackville  fiein  the  Americans  numbered 
eighty  soldiers  and  '  aliout  fiiur  hundred  Imiians.'- 

"  On  the  occasion  of  the  transfer  in  lS(t|,  Capt. 
Sloddanl,  acliiii,'  in  behalf  (if  the  I'liiled  States,  brought 
to  St.  Louis  one  company  of  artilleiy,  com|prisiiiir  per- 

'  "  (!M.varr/'''ii  Hi>l'iry  "!'  LMUifiiiiin,  vol.  ii  |i.  I.")2." 
'  "  IJutli'i'.'^  Ilisliirj-  iif  Uxitutky,  |i,  SU," 


haps  not  nioru  than  one  liuiidred  u:en.  After  the 
transfer  the  Spanish  troops  wijre  withdrawn  from  the 
'  Fort  on  the  Hill,'  and  stationetl  fur  seven  months  in  a 
loj;  house  at  the  corner  of  Third  and  Klni.  Tlnir 
nuinbor  may  be  conjectured  from  the  size  of  ilie  buiM- 
ini,'  in  which  they  were  (piartered, — their  barnick 
measured  twenty  by  Ibrty  feet. 

"  III  ISllI,  Lcwiti  and  Clark  set  out  with  a  force  ef 
tvventy-ei'^lit  men  to  cro.«s  t)ic  continent.''  This  sni;i!l 
band  was  considered  largo  ciiougli  to  surmount  all  iln> 
obstacles  of  the  pathless  wilderness,  and  to  repel  ;ill 
the  attacks  of  implacable  savages. 

"  Not  a  line  of  record  can  be  cited  to  prove  ih;'  , 
solitary  soldier  was  sent  to  the  relief  of  St.  Louis,  lu 
default  of  confirmation,  is  it  credible  that  Sto.  G.  in- 
vievc  .sent  reinforcements  so  much  larger  than  the  or- 
dinary military  bodies  of  tiiat  period?  Kveiy  faiiiur 
who  could  devise  an  ingenious  excuse  would  seek  tu 
evade  a  service  tliat  re(|uired  him  to  leave  his  lainK 
for  a  nioiuli  or  si.v  week  in  the  busy  season  ul 
planting. 

"These  consideraiions  wi"  enable  tiie  reader  1 1 
decide  wlicthci  the  account  of  the  reinforceniriii- 
froin  Ste.  (jenevieve  is  entirely  fictitious  or  ]iarilv 
true  :  wholly  true  it  can  liardly  be. 

'■Judge  I'riniiii  maintains  that  ('ol.  Clark,  in  vivw 
of  tlie  runmrcd  approach  of  the  Iiulians,  tendered  u\ 
Governor  De  I.eyba  the  si  rvices  of  his  troo[is  in  Ji- 
feiise  of  the  Spani.sh  colony  : 

'"III  ri'liiimrv,  I77'.i,  Cc'l.  Ilriirj»c  INi^i'i's  Clarlt  .  .  ,  k:i- ir 
llio  ni'i^hliiiiliMiiil  lit'  St.  Loiii*,  raisinj;  iiii'ii  .  .  .  for  Ilic  ym 
(iiisu  1)1'  i'i':':i|il>ii'iii;;  s|.  Vini'i'iit'.^,  nciw  oiUlei!  Vinei'iinc^.  .  .  . 

"  '  l'iii|('i>laniliii<;  IVmn  siiiiii!  miin'o  timt  nil  nil  kI<  «;is  nir.h 
Illicit  nil  St.  l.iiiii-*  liy  a  Ini-jri!  Oirco  iinilor  Itrilisii  inllm  n,i>. 
Hint,  t"",  lit  II  liiiK  when  S|i!iiii  iviis  conleiiilin;;  willi  i;ii^'|i!ii 
fcir  llio  |iiis.-«'ssiiin  nf  llu'  I'lnriilu!",  Clii:l<  ...  at  iiiicu  "HVit i 
I'l  llii;  l.ii'iiti'iinnl  (invcriiur,  I.c^ba,  all  tlio  nssii-liinci.'  in  lii. 
p'lwi'r  t'l  r(>]M-l  tilt'  I'l.nti'iiiplnlcil  nttnclt.  T!n'  nlVrr  n!' n.**;'' 
iini'o  ivns  trji'rli'il.  on  llir  j^roiind  llmt  no  tlnni^iT  iv:i-  rr.i!'\ 
npiirclirniloil. 

"  '  In  my  Ioiimim'  kI\|'Ic1i  of  ,S|.  I.oiii.",  1  liuJ  iiliici'^l  llic  liiiic  ' 
lliis  ollur  hy  Clark  in  I7S0.' 

'•This  extract  is  crowded  with  errors.  It  is  as^ir 
ted  that  in  February,  177!'.  Spain  was  ronieinliM.' 
with  Kngland  for  the  jiosscssion  of  the  Floridas.  Tlio 
fact  that  the  king  of  Spain  did  not  declare  war  ■,vsm'\ 
Kngland  until  the  Itith  of  June,  177!),'  snnu'wl;,! 
impairs  the  credibility  of  this  statement,     ilosiiliii" 


'    "  .MIrnV  .loarnal  ol'  Ilic  M.vpi'ililion,  |i.  2." 
•  "  Knixlit'.<  lli.-lory  of  Kn){liinil,  virl.  \  i.  |i.  :'.',l(l.    •  I.i'  lii  .lun  j 
rauilin.''!i.iiliMir  il'l'iyini^iin  a    ljon(li'c..<  jirit  coniir  ilii  t'nlniiit  .li 
t^iiinl  .liiincs  |iiir  iiii   iiiiinirt'..'to  ipio  Hiii\it  iiiiinr  liali'iiii'iil  iii<( 
(Irelaratiun  iId  guoiio.' — Mtiilhi'ii  /lltluire  id-  /■'Miiiir,  mi.  Mi. 
11.  III)." 


SPANISH   DOMINION,  AND  "THE   AFFAIR  OF  1780." 


21Y 


iftcr  tlic 
fvoni  Uu; 

IllllS  ill  A 

1.  Tluir 
il\e  buiM- 
r  baviMik 

j\  forco  "f 
Tl\is  sin;!!! 
lunt  all  '1'^' 
c  reiicl  :iU 

irovc  tl>; '  ■ 
Louis.    1» 

Ste.  O'li.;- 
ihau  till'  ill- 
'.very  faiimr 
oulil  J^t't''^ '" 
;vv(;  lii^  I'll"'' 
sy   soasou  ul' 

luc  rcadi'i'  til 

villfoRVUKIlb 

lous  or  I'aiily 
Claik,  ill  viiK 

lis,  tlMull'l'l'>i  \" 

irooiis  iu  A- 


■larU  .  .  •  w"-  " 
.  for  till'  v"i 
Viiifi'iincJ.  .  ■  ■ 
;ill  H.-U  WHS  mr'l' 
ll'.uli^^li  inllii'iir 
\„.r  Willi   Kii'-'l'"' 
111  "WV  "iK-ni 
,,<<i#tiinLT  ill  !.;■ 
.•I,,-  "llVr  "'.■  :•'•  j; 

|i,„i.^,T  wii-  "' '' :• 

lUiooailH'iimc 


1 1' 

■rs.     It  i-*  •'^"■'' 

Iwas  ooniiinlii'- 

FKu-iaas.    Til'' 

llivo  war  ii'.::""-' 

|J7'.),'  i^iiniowVut 

l.,t.     lIoMiliii"-' 


';.,.1(\.    •l.l'l''"'" 

L.,-.,l.i  i'«i.iii>"i' 

L,„o  lial.'iia'iil  111." 
|,.  K,-,iiur,  V..1.  Ml- 


liotwci'ii  tlicsc  powcM  did  not  bogiii  in  Florida  until 
(lie  liillinvin;;  September.' 

•  Two  dates  nf  the  alleged  offer  of  aid  by  Col. 
Cliiik  are  given,  but  no  records  are  cited  in  vcriGca- 
tiiiii  lit"  eitli'r,  or  in  c.xplanatioi;  of  tlio  eliange;  but 
miilirr  nf  tli'^  dates  is  correct,  for  the  simple  reason 
tliiit  Ceil,  ("lark  never  made  any  ofle:- of  a.ssistanec. 
In  ITS'.,  Mr.  Gratiot  te.'itified  before  Governor  Cruzat, 
tli;it  at  the  solicitation  of  Governor  Do  I.eyba  and  of 
tluMiihahilaiits  of  Cahokia,  lie  had  gone  in  the  spring 
(if  ilic  ]>revious  year  to  the  iron  inines  of  Illinois  to  in- 
fiiiiii  ("ol.  Clark  of  the  public  peril  and  to  secure  his 
lu'Ip. 

"  It  appears  from  this  that  the  courier  who  bore  to 
Ciil.  Clark  his  first  intelligence  of  the  meditated  in- 
viiMiiM  undertook  his  mission  partly  at  the  request  of 
(liivcriMir  De  Leyba.  It  is  obvious  that  Col.  Clark 
ffimld  not  oder  relief  before  he  learned  there  was  any 
Jan^liT,  and  it  is  equally  ch'ar  that  Governor  Dc  Leyba 
wmilil  not  solicit  succor  if  it  had  already  been  tcii- 
uorcil  liiin.  The  testimony  of  the  very  man  who  car- 
lioil  the  message  proves  that  the  Governor  sought  the 
liilp  which  he  had  no  oppertunity  to  reject.  lie 
liiiilil  nut  decline  an  ofl'cr  that  never  had  been  made. 

••t)tlicr  pa.ssages  in  t'lC  oration  are  palpably  incon- 

sislcnt  ;iml  exaggerated  :  ' 

! 

■"  Whin  within  a  iii-()|nr'list;ini'c  tho  Ti\illnnsbci;i>n  an  in-ej;- 
'i!:ir  lirr.  wliic'li  was  nnswoi'L  I  hy  ^hl^wcl■^  nf  i;i-a|'e  shot  fvom 
::.■■  artilliTV.  I'Iip  lirin;;  for  a  wliilii  was  warm.  .  .  .  Il:i<l 
111,. so  nil"  ilisonvcrcil  llio  Iniliaiii"  In  llii"  ]irairios  lloil  to  llic 
;.«or^:ito  tlu'V  wmilil  havo  cst'a|irit :  hut  tlic  j;reator  part  of 
liiciii  tno\i  tilt!  rnail  thai  Iril  to  tlic  ii|>)icr  gate,  tliroiigh  tho  vory  : 
1  riiuks  uf  the  fiu'iiiy,  an  1  were  thus  rxpoiitMl  to  tliu  whoU:  of 
'  ll.t'ir  firr.  .\itout  tw-rnty  pcrsonii,  it  Is  ooiiipntpO,  met  ttu'lr 
irjlirni  iii'loavorins  to  );i>t  witliln  thi' cntrciu'liincnls.  None 
'  iho.H'  within  wiM'O  injureil,  anil  none  of  tho  Indians  were  | 
I  kiili'l.  lit  li'iist  none  of  them  were  fouml.  ] 

'  'Sluihin'.'s  .'-'lu'lclies  of  Louisiana.  |i.  Tfi  ;   llenicmhiaiiecr, 

ri.  is.  ]..  :;.>'.i. 

■■'IiiMiieilialely  after  the  rniitiire  a  ."spani.sli  forec  look  jios- 
Iw-;  II  "f  llainn  l!ou;;e,  anl  tinally  eomiiieieil  the  whole  of 
llV,..i  I'loiiila.' — l,i/iiiiiti'i   l)(j>/tiiiiiiri/  t,/  ilic    i'ii!(V'l  .Sliili-",  \ol. 

|.JI1. 

■  i'iil  MaU'-liae  was  en|>liM'e>l  on  the  Tfli  of  Se|lenilier,  ITT!'. 

il  ll.il'iti  Koiij;e  siirremlerel  on  tho  'Jlst  of  the  same  moiilli. 

i,i-«iis  li.e  he,^liininj!  of  llie  struggle  in  I'Moriila.  — 'I'lii/ni-ii''" 
|/(.i  '.;' /,«.,  vol.  ill.  |i|i    I:;:  ami   r.",l;  MoiicIIi'h  IIIkI.<iJ'  tin 

•.,  r.i//..i/,  vol.  1.  p.  Ills. 

"TLolollowinj;  ]iassii({e  from  Mr.  (iraliot's  leslimoiiy,  (|i!oieJ 
'..ffiiiTi' I'l  cstiililish  a  diflerent   {loiiit,  Is  agiiiii  eiteil  for  eon - 
■tiiit'iii-i* 'if  reference  :    *  .-Vur'US.je  aussi  tel  quo  not. .  avonrt  oil 
p  II  iiiu'lles  do   rarmeo   An^Liise  et  Sitn\a}j;es  qui  venoit  en   , 

i-'Uilie  nous,  |iarly  imiin'iliatemi'iit  it  solieilalion  ile 
l.'ii'ipiir  lie  T.eiha,  ninsi  qu' a  eelleji  iles  liahilaiis  ile«  ('iilios. 
kiirhi  mine  de  for  on  i'toit  alors  lo  (ieiu'riil  t'lark  a  111)  de  Ini 
I|».'fr  lediin^jer  oii  emit  alor.s  le  pays,  lo  liesoln  qii'll  y  iivoit 
pil  viiit  u  rnvoyer  de  prompt  seeour.s  et  eomhien  sa  presenee 
"liii'i'i'ssiiiro  pour  opposor  la  foiee  ii  de  tels  aspaelns,'" 


" '  On  tho  2(lth,  tho  body  of  tho  Indiana,' — elsewhere  .said  to 
numlier  'upwards  of  liafl,' — 'crossed  ("tho  Mississippi,  n 
little  alio\o  S't.  Louis")  and  inarched  directly  towards  the  llelds, 
e.xpeelin;;  to  find  the  t;realer  part  of  the  villagers  there.  .  .  . 
liut  these  perceived  the  approach  of  the  savage  foe,  and  imme- 
diately comiuenced  the  retreat  towards  the  town,  .  .  .  nearly 
through  the  mass  of  the  Indians,  and  followed  hy  a  showor  of 
bullets." 

"  According  to  this  description,  the  Indians  ad- 
vanced by  way  of  the  common  fields.  This  is  sub- 
stantiated by  the  fact  that  tho  body  of  one  of  tho 
victims  was  found  nearly  five  miles  northwest  of  St. 
Louis.-  Other  corpses  discovered  in  the  out.skirts  of 
tho  village,  about  four  miles  from  tho  initial  point  of 
attack,  indicate  the  persistency  and  limit  of  the  pur- 
suit. 

"  Then  fore  this  acoount  invites  us  to  believe  that 
a  small  body  of  Frenchmen  broke  through  tlio  ranks 
of  fourlecn  hundred  Indians,  and,  though  followed 
several  miles  witli  .showers  of  bullets,  finally  escaped 
with  the  le.-is  of  only  twenty  men.  It  also  requires 
us  to  credit  the  absurdity  that  fourteen  hundred  sav- 
ages (-iMild  assault  intrenehinents  warmly  defended 
with  volleys  of  musketry  anil  of  grape-shot,  without 
the  injury  of  a  (-ingle  iiulividual  on  cither  side. 
Surely  such  statements  pass  the  limiu  of  possible 
belief. 

"  From  the  considerations  which  have  been  already 
adduced,  it  is  likely  that  tradition,  with  its  usual  ox- 
travagan.'o  of  statement,  has  grei.tly  magnified  tho 
inviding  force.  It  is  not  prtibahle  that  more  than 
five  iiundred  men  were  engaged  in  this  expedition. 

"  Stoddard  and  Nicollet — tlie  former  partially 
originating,  and  the  latter  substantially  fulltiwing  tho 
popular  ver.-ion — have  placed  tho  number  of  the  slain  at 
si.xty.  If  one-ball',  or  even  ruie-sisth  of  the  adult  mulo 
popidation  of  St.  Jjouis  had  been  killed,  the  registries 
of  burial  would  enroll  the  names  of  the  dead,  the 
Archives  would  contain  the  inventories  of  their  ]>rop- 
erties,  public  documents  would  record  the  occurrence, 
and  private  description  would  relate  tho  incidetits  of 
so  ghastly  a  tragedy.  The  reason  why  none  of  those 
prools  has  been  fnuiid  is  simple :  only  fri.x  men  were 
killed.  On  tho  day  of  the  ma.ssaero  four  bodies  wore 
brought  in  from  the  fields  and  buried  in  the  Catholic 
chiiichyard.  Their '.lamcs  are  recorded  in  the  parish' 
register.    Inventories  preserved  in  the  Archives  attest 


-  "  Commissioners'  .Mintitos,  vol.  vii,  p.  ilJ." 

!>  •' '  [n  thi)  year  I7SI1,  the 'ililli  day  of  May,  I,  Capuchin  priest 
iind  apostle  missiorary,  hiivo  burled  ill  tho  eeiuelery  of  this 
parish  lliu  bodies  of  Charles  Itisselle,  .Miiialile  Duion,  the  lad 
Calve,  and  a  ne^ni  of  Chaneelier,  miismii m/  /o/  (/le  htiliann. 

•"  V.  llKUN.\nn.' 

"  Trnnslatioii  from  tho  register  of  the  Catholic  Church." 


:"§ 


li  i 


ill  i 


the  death  of  two  others.'      The  inhabitants  of  St.  , 
Louis  were  then  all  Catliolic.-i.    The  names  of  all  who 
were  interred  in  eonsecrated  ground  xvero  always  en-  ' 
rolled  in  the  records  of  the  parish.     If  twenty  men 
had  fallen,  surely  some  evidence  of  the  fact  would  be 
found  in  the  lists  of  their  properties.     But  not  the  ; 
slightest  intimation  of  the  death  of  more  than  six'^ 
men  can  be  discovered  in  the  records  of  church  or 
court. 

"  The  names  of  the  half-dozen  who  were  .slain  are 
inscribed  upon  public  documents,  and,  with  the  e.\- 
ccplion  of  young  Calve  and  the  negro,  some  facts  in 
the  personal  history  of  each  are  known  ;  but  of  the 
fourteen  others  alleged  to  have  been  killed  absolutely 
nothing  lias  been  ascertained.  It  has  baffled  research 
to  discover  even  iheir  names,  or  to  find  corresponding 
vacancies  in  the  later  lists  of  householders.  The  fore- 
going facts  lead  to  the  inevitable  conclusion  that  tra-  j 
dition,  with  its  natural  pniiieness  to  exaggeration,  has 
magnified  a  lew  murders  into  a  battle,  ami  attempted 
to  sustain  its  fictions  by  ;;n  array  of  casualties  more 
than  three  times  as  large  as  the  actual  number. 

"  The  iiiaeeuraeies  which  have  been  exposed  excite 
distrust  in  those  statements  that  are  ba.sed  upon  the 
traditions  of  17S0.  The  main  feature  of  the  received 
version  is  the  attack  upon  the  village  itsdi'.  Tiie  in- 
coiiii)atibility  bi-'wcen  the  alleged  assault  and  its  re-  , 
suits  has  already  been  mentioned.  Tlu;  reasons  fur 
the  convicliiiii  that  no  onset  was  ever  made  on  St. 
Louis  will  iKiw  be-  givevi.  . 

••  On  the  i:]th  of  March,  17S0,  Charles  Cratiot,  a 
young  nieichaiil  of  Cahukia,  bought  on  credit  a  stock 
of  goods  of  Charles  S;,ngiiinet,  of  St,  Lnuis.  Mr. 
(iratiot's  inite.  jiayable  in  the  following  July,  was  in- 
dor.Sfd  by  J.  15.  Cardinal. 

"  Some  time  alter  this  traM>ailion  tlie  inhabitants 
of  Cahdkia,  alarmed  by  ruiunis  of  an  impeiiiling  in- 
vasion, reipiestecl  .Mr.  (Jratiot  to  go  in  search  of 
Col.  Clark,  and  secure  his  skilli'ul  service  in  Jcfense 
of  the  village.  liefore  starling  on  his  niis>ion,  Mr. 
Gratiot,  apprehensive  that  dining  his  absence  the  In- 
dians might  capture  Cahokia  and  ]iillage  his  store, 
sent  bis  gnods  and  valuable  papers  to  St.  Ijonis,  iind 
placed  them  for  safekeeping  in  the  custody  ol'  .>Ir. 
Sanguinet.  In  prompt  res])onse  to  tiiis  appeal  for 
Iiclp,  Col.  Cliiik  at  once  returned  to  (\diukia,  and 
made  preparatiuu  to  repel  the  ex|Meti'd  ineuision. 
Then  .^Ir.  (iiatiut,  deeming  the  dai'ger  no  longer  iiu-  ^ 

*  "  'I'lic'ir  iiioiic:*  well-  .I'fliii  .Miiiio  f 'iii.liiiiil  ;iit<l  Fi:oh;"'m 
Ili-licrt," 

'•'A  mini  I'.illc'i  Ili'lliNiiiiiiu  wns  III  llr."!  siipipuscil  d,  l,u  llic 
iciriiili  vicliiii.  Iiiit  it  was  Mili.iiiiiiciilly  ii-rii  tuiiii' I  lliat  llio 
nuinu  trui  u  (iijbrl<|UC't  I'ur  l''rau{,-i<li<  Ikbrrt."  ' 


minont,  sint  for  his  goods,  but  Mr.  Sanguinet  rcfu-iil 
to  deliver  them  on  the  ground  of  an  alleged  insullni- 
cncy  of  security.  Pretending  tlint  the  indorser  of  .^1|■. 
Gratiot's  note  had  become  insolvent,  he  claimed  tlun 
a  protection  of  his  own  interests  justified  his  deien. 
tion  of  the  merchandise  until  a  responsible  guarantee 
of  payment  was  given.  He  averred  that  the  pmh 
were  sale  in  St.  Louis,  but  insecure  in  Cahokia  ;  ami 
that,  if  they  were  carried  back  iind  then  ]iliin(Krul 
by  the  Indians,  he  himscif  would  incur  the  lo.s-,  in 
asiiiueh  as  3Ir.  Gratiot,  having  been  robbed  of  ili.^ 
means  of  payment,  would  be  unable  to  meet  his  obli- 
gations. 

"  Mr.  Gratiot  brought  an  action  to  recover  i,i, 
])ropcrty.  Tiie  following  passages  from  the  cviilcuw 
ill  this  suit  suggest  ifiiporiaiit  deductions: 

"  '  (iu'il  it  a  fail  traiispoilcrc'lic'/.  lu  Jit  Sicur  .'^aiij^uiiut.  uic. 
son  iigrC'incnt  cl  pour  I'ui'i'aranco  ile  son  pa,venicnt  cii  r:r,-i'  i 
innllieiir  an  quel  so'  expose  toua  leu  houinic'i  Ics  sii  iliufi 
ninrolinnillsc."  a  dcfsins  do  rcprcndrc  an  rolour  do  ton  vipv.ijrc 
pour  en  tairc  la  ventc  ct  rciiipiir  i^on  oljjij^atioi) ;  que  te  Sieiir 
."^angiiinet  a  la  deiiiiinde  ([u'il  lui  en  fait,  e'est  al»oltiiiieni  lelu-. 
non  seuleiiieut  de  Ics  lui  r-  iilre,  in.iis  menie  eelles  qui  lui  ,i| 
particmont  en  ]irci]ire  ct  qui  enl  ete  pareilleinent  depcM'.c  j.],, . 
lui.' — /'/itinlljj'  in  tlf  unit  <»/'  linitittt  r«.  Sumjiiiit'  t.  May  s.  i;>ii 

"  •  I.c  supliant  n'a  jainai.<  refuse  de  reiucllre  Ics  inioelniinll.,, 
ct  aiilres  cH'el."  an  .'^ieiir  (ini!.siot   iiiais  11  seioit  en  iliuit  I'li  |i. 
rcniettanl  <lu  deinnnder  un  eaullon  au  Sieur  (ira.sfiot  pnnr  !• 
payer  a  .sun  dcfuud  an  Icriuedesiiii  tiilel.  .  .   .   Loisijuc  Ic    i 
(Ira.s.siol  a  neliele  dit  supliant   i!  a  e<ui.>etit  y  .sun  iilili/'iti 
snciele  avce  le  noniuh''  Cardiiinl  qui  se  trouve  nujnur  il'Inii  m 
solvaldo  »'t   nienie  le.s  afTaires  i\n  dit  .**ieur  llrassint  prut  I'lr^j 
bcaueoup  deiunj^ees.' — Di/niiluitl,  Iliit,,  .May  111,  IT.su. 

"  '  I.c  supliant  a  riiunneur  de  vmisiili.-erver,  monsieur,  quoin. 1 1 
Ilellf  illl  enuralll  en  plt'-.-i-llee  de  Dnelu'slie  \uyalll  ijuc  Ir  .s 
lii:is-i<>t  ne  hii  avoii  pniiit  ileiiiande  tine  ea>^ette  nu  il  y  .'> 
p'ipiei-s  (siiivaiit  ee  quo  liii  ilit  son  eiuninis  en  l;i  liii  riMiii'ii:i 
il  I'll  otVerte  le  dit  .jour  de  liief  a  .son  dit  eoiiinis,  dans  riijiM' 
Iti  >^icur  iirassiot  pouroit  avoir  besoiii  dcs  papicrs  de  la  'litii 
cassette,  et  qu'il  pourroit  loriuer  un  mnuvais  picleMe  ■■  ,iiir. 
supliant  cle  la  lui  avui'-  releniie,  il  ofTre  cneors.  niuu.-iriii  1, 
reiueltie  en  iiieiiic  iialiiie  qu'elle  lui  II  C'tl"!  remise' — /'n./ ,  .\|jj 

III,  i;sii. 

"  '  Que  Ic  Sieur  Oiassiol  I'avoit  cliar^'e  deelicrclicr  iiiii' iii.ii"4 
u  .St.  Louis  jiour  y  deposer  ses  iniiKdiaiidises,  (|uelqiu-s  piliciid 

et  aiitres  ell'els,  que  IH iin.iis  -lit  p<>rsnnne  a  St.  I.imi^. 

iidilresse  all  .s^ieitr  Saiejiiiiiet,  q  li  lui  dil,",si  voiis  \oiiIe/.  iii>i:J 
voM  inareluindises  eliez  lied,  elles  y  seront  en  siirete.  ft  vi.iel 
repreiidre/.  qiiiind  voiis  voudre/."  .  .  . 

"'(jil'il  n'avoil  mis  I'cs  iiiareliandises  lui  ileposmil  ipur' 
III!  depot  dans  la  eiaiiilc  qu'elle  n«  fussent  pilleeaiix  i  ;cli    i* 
les  saiivai^es  peiid.'int  riilisericc  de  Sieur  lirassioi.  .  .  .  t;ii:i| 
■Sieur   Kant;uinet)  lui   dit,  '  .\e  soyci  pus  inqniet ;  ji'  .sii-l 
quo  vous  me  untie/.  Ics  iiiaieliaiidises  de  Sieur  (Inis-inl  n,  !■! 
cl  vims  Ics  repreiidre/.  ipiand  \ous  voihlre/.'       V.{  (pm.M..* 
({uiiicl  oflVit  de  lui  reiidre  .-a   niiireliandises,  ct  qu'il  p"iiini 
vehir  ebereher  f{tian<l  il  \oiidroit,  qu'il  savoil  liirii  qo'ilIciM 
qu'en  depot   elie/.  Iiii.et  non   I'n  eautioniiient.'— /' ■'■ 
f,ii„r:,i,  Ihirhinnii,  Ihiil.,  May   11,  ITSI). 

"'  Dont  il  aise  de  |>rouvur  la  fans.setle  par  la  J' p.- 
cumuiis  du  deinundenr,  qui  proiivcra  par  sciniciit  iiu'-ikiil 


f'lc'i'  ili^|iose  I 
qio'l  Ton  f'tfi 
";."■'(  11 'il  (^toi 
sii'"ii  des  lin 
MM  que  eclle 
l.-i  I'Mte  (t  ri 
/'/■"■'lijr.  11,1,1 
"  '  Qnc  s'il  |( 
c'lierehcr  Ics  sai 
li'sj.iiirs,  que  i, 
II"  I'lus  |ire,Meu 
'|i"'  -e  soil  puis, 

ir.sn. 

'•  The  deeis 
r>e  Leyba  in 
•%-'«,  1780 

I'le    0|(li|,,^,.y   ^ 

I'lt.-sid  in  full 

■'is  •'*Iay,  mil  ,sc 

"  'f  figures  , 

po.«sibiii(j-  of  cl( 

inaeeiiniey  can  i 


Kltll 


"f'Jlleii 


"IS  on  the  L'ol 


SPANISH   DOMINION,  AND  -THE  AFFAIR  OF   1780." 


219 


lliev  mil'  "'•"•• 
,.l,,u.'.  V'""" 

Iri'lr.  it  v"»- 

filllUl"''''"'' 

.»ux<  !i''  -I' 

,.  .  .  •  'I"'' 

.■t ;  j"  ''"■ 

|,.„,.„,lrl.i 

\V.l  nin;  ^' 
|,,u'il  V'"""" 

•/■..I:,.. 

I  In  a.  1-" 
,01.1  H"'"' 


f.|('i' ilC'|ins<' en  I'li'sciU'c  (III  i<ii|ili',iiit  iiii'iin  ens  do  mnlbcur  au 
(iii'l  I'l'n  ''■t'''  tons  lo."  joiif  iiicnai'i'  siir  notro  live,  ct  parlo  voy- 
,ii'i>  (|u'il  f'tiiit  (ibli)j;i''  Jo  I'uiic  nii  |iii"s  ilti  Coliincl  Cliirk,  u  n'qiii- 
i;ii'>,ii  lies  linbitiiiis,  vt  que  Iv  sii|iliiiiit  n'li  jiiiiinii  cu  il'autro 
,  II'  I1III-'  ™"«  J''  leprciiJrc  fra  cITcIs  a  jmn  rctiiiir  a  I'm  ilVn  I'airo 
In  v.iili'  <t   ioiii|ilir  sun   cni;;i;;cihcii'   viivcrs  lo  (li'iToiiileiir.'^ 

/V Ilff,  li'iil.,  May  12,  17S0. 

"  ■  Que  s'il  les  ii  fait  transporter  rlirz  liii,  ee  n'l'toit  que  pour 
clu'iolicr  les  sauvre  iIch  ei  enemens  au  quel  Ton  s'iitk'iiiloit  tous 
Ifs  j.iiirs,  quo  iiieine  il  y'  avois  fait  tiiiii.«porter  tons  scs  papiers 
If-  I'liis  preoieux,  et  qu'il  erois  que  Ic  Sicur  f*aiis;iiinel  iii  qui 
(luu  I'  -oil  pui-s.^c  lui  ell  ilisputcr  la  pinprieti'.'— ///I'l'.,  May  12, 
ITSM. 

'■  The  dofision  in  tins  case  was  given  Ijy  Governor 
De  Loyba  in  the  Government  House  at  St.  Loui.s, 
May  20,  1780.  Ail  tlio  otiier  dates  were  written  in 
tlic  oidiiiary  way,  l)ut  fortunately  tlii.s  date  was  ex- 
|irc>Md  ill  full ;  '  A  S(.  Loui.s  des  Illinois,  le  viiij;t- 
?is  May,  niil  sept  cent  quatre-vino;t.' 

"  If  figures  only  liad  been  used  there  would  bo  a 
pos.'^ibiiily  of  clerical  error  ;  but  no  susjiieion  of  such 
iiiiiecuracy  can  attacli  to  a  date  that  is  written  ut  in 
lull. 

"  Tt  is  a  matter  of  record  that  the  papers  in  another 
iuit  were  filed  on  the  2C'ili  of  May. 

"  It  ajipears  from  the  preceding  extracts  that  no 
,ilt;ick  was  made  on  St.  Louis  before  the  'JGlli.  All 
liii!  tenses  and  turns  of  expression  indicate  the  cxpRo- 
taiioii,  not  the  occurrence,  of  an  attack. 

"It  is  alleged  that  the  a.ssanlt  on  St.  Louis  took 
pLiLi"  on  the  morning  of  the  2(!th,  but  at  this  very 
lime  (iiivcrnor  Do  Lcyba  was  engaged  in  trying  the 
Bsc  of  (ivatiot  f,s.  Sangiiinet.  The  record  shows  no 
iviJciii'c  of  an  interruption  of  the  trial,  or  of  a  post- 
|iiiiii('Mt  of  ihe  d.'cision.  The  entry  of  another  suit 
iiitlic  same  day  proves  that  there  was  no  interference 
»iih  the  ordinary  routine  of  businc.«s.  The  trial  of 
Mr.  (Iratiot's  case  must  at  least  liave  occupied  the 
ulinlf  I'ureiioon.  Now  is  it  at  all  probable  tliktl  the 
Goverimr  and  :  ome  of  the  ]irincipal  men  of  the  place 
<t\\t  the  iiioriiing  in  eoun  while  a  des]icrate  conflict, 
linviilviiig  the  lives  and  property  ol'  the  entire  eoiony, 
'as  nixing  almost  at  the  very  doors  of  the  Govern- 
I  House? 

Till'  assertion  of  such  a  possiliiliiy  is  an  affront 
Icilie  intelligence  of  the  reader. 
Till'  foregoing   facts    in   disproof  of  an   assault 
i;  S'..  Louis  a''e  morally  conclusive,  but  there  is 
iipj^ativo  evidence  tliat  confirms  the  same  view. 
Oil  llie  2(Ilh  of  May,  17S0,  the  following  persons 
lOT rohidciils  of  St.  Louis: 
(Jnvurnor   I)e   Leyba,  Lieut.  Cartnbona,    Father 
■tiiM.J,  .losejili  Labusciere,  •!.  1$.  Trudean  ;  M.  M. 
iitiMe,  the  Spanish  mrveyor  general  (but  absent  in 
t Oilcans  on  liic  2lJih);  I'ierrc  IVry,  the  register; 


Rene  Kierccroau,  the  clmrcli -warden ;  Auguste  Chou- 
teau, Pierre  Chouteau;  Capt.  De  \olsay,  of  the 
Spanish  service ;  Lieut.  P.  BelcBtre,  of  the  Spanish 
service  ;  Eugene  Poure,  captain  of  tlie  militia  ;  J.  L. 
Martigny,  captain  of  the  militia;  Joseph  Conand, 
physician  ;  Antoine  Reynal,  physician  ;  Bernard  Gib- 
kins,  physician ;  J.  P.  Sarpy,  merchant ;  Silvestre 
Labbadio,  merchant;  Gabriel  Cerre,  merchant;  Louis 
Pcrrault,  merchant;  Joseph  Segond,  mcrcliant;  Louis 
Dubreuil,  meichant;  Charles  Sanguinet,  mcrcliant; 
J.  M.  Papin,  merchant;  Joseph  Labrossc,  merchant; 
Auguste  Keilhe,  merchant. 

"  All  of  these  individuals  were  men  of  intelligence, 
and  many  of  them  were  of  European  birth  and  edu- 
cation. There  is  not  a  man  on  the  list  who  was  not 
able  to  write  an  intelligible  account  of  the  attack, 
and  some  of  the  persons  were  specially  fitted  for  the 
task. 

"  It  was  the  oBicial  duty  of  Governor  De  Leyba  to 
write  a  report  of  the  repulse  of  the  assailants. 

"  Cartiibona  was  the  officer  who  is  said  to  have 
brought  reinforcements  from  Ste.  Genevieve. 

"  Father  Bernard  was  the  parish  curate  who  buried 
four  of  the  men  killed  by  the  Indians. 

"  Labu.sciere  was  the  notary  public  who  recorded 
more  than  one  thousand  documents  in  the  Archives, 
and  indited  numberles.s  letters  from  tho.se  who  '".ero 
unable  lo  write. 

"  Trudeau  was  the  village  schoolmaster.  Skillful 
ill  coniposilion,  he  was  fully  (lualificd  to  write  a  nar- 
rative of  the  tragedy.  His  attention  must  have  been 
often  called  to  tlie  massacre,  for  he  married  Madame 
Hcbi  it.  the  widow  of  one  of  its  victims.  Trudeau 
did  iii.leed  write  some  verses  on  the  event,  in  which 
he  freely  used  the  license  of  poetic  art.  But  au 
^fiusion  full  of  fancy,  pas>ion,  and  baseless  a.ssertion 
cannot  soberly  be  cited  in  proof  of  contested  facts. 

'•  Charles  Gratiot  was  in  St.  Louis  on  the  2Cth  of 
May.  His  correspondence  was  extensive.  !Many  of 
his  lelli-rs  have  been  preserved.  Besides  matters  of 
graver  import,  they  contain  even  trivial  details  of 
local  news. 

"  Auguste  Chouteau  kc|it  a  journal,  but  unfortu- 
nately its  destruction  has  deprived'  posterity  of  a 
knowledge  of  its  contents. 

''  Both  Auguste  and  Pierre  Chouteau  lived  to  an 
advanced  age.  Before  their  death  St.  Louis  htid 
already  beeonie  a  large  and  jiros|)erous  city.  Facts 
relative  to  its  '':i|-ly  Jiislory  were  eagerly  sought. 
The  Cliouteaus  were  not  in.sensible  lo  the  impulse 
of  an  honorable  anibitioii.  Conspicuous  among  tho 
founders  of  St.  Louis,  they  would  |iresuniably  avail 
themselves  of  so  memorable  an  opportunity  for  asso- 


i  M\ 


220 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


:• 


i       i, 


'4 


I   ;■ 


by 


elating  tlieir  names  with  tlic  most  momentous  event 
in  its  early  iinnals.  Tlicir  s'llunco,  broken  only  by  a 
few  incidental  allusionn  to  tlio  attack,  is  sujrgostive. 

"  Now  is  it  likely  that  men  aeciistonicd  to  writing, 
and  i.pparenily  desirous  of  facts  to  record,  would 
ignore  an  event  that  threatened  the  extinction  of  the 
whole  colony '.'  A  story  replete  with  incidents  of 
such  tragic  interest  could  not  elude  recital.  And 
yet,  in  all  the  wiitings  of  these  men  wlio  were  on  ] 
the  spot  and  must  have  purticijiated  in  the  battle, 
there  i.s  not  a  solitary  sentence  of  formal  description 
of  tlie  alleged  assault.  , 

"  Nor  did  Col.  Clark,  who  wrote  a  memoir  of  liis 
military  exploits,  leave  any  narrative  of  the  important 
event  in  which  ho  is  reported  to  have  acted  so  con-  | 
spicuous  a  part. 

"The  following  pas.sages,  citt:d  from  depositions  in 
public  documents,  are  the  chief  if  not  the  only  refer- 
ences to  the  affair  of  17S(I  that  the  Archives  contain  : 

(I)  **  *  Some  tiiiit'  prior  to  tlio  ycivr  17*^0  ordors  were  i..<!iucil 
llie  cjiniiianiliint  that  all  ol'  tliu  settlers  at  soiiio  ili.'<laiii'0 
from  till'  \illa;,'o  of  St.  l.ciui.-<  >ImiiI  I  Icavo  tlioir  lioiiscii,  with 
their  rainilic...,  ami  retire  to  llio  siiiil  villaj;c.  the  same  beiiij; 
threalencil  iil'  an  altaeU  from  the  Inlian.',  and  he,  the  said 
coninianduni,  nut  liein<;  alilo  to  nfl'ord  any  ]iroteeti»n  nor 
a.'<sistanee  to  settlers  at  any  di.«tiinv*o  IVoni  Mie  same.  Fran^'ui.i 
Marie  Cardinal  wa.«,  in  the  year  IT.**!!,  liilleil  hy  the  Indians 
within  a  short  distance  of  said  lanil.' — Aii'iiiiile  Chiiiitntii,  .Sept.  i 
.1,  IStlti:  CiHniiihiiunwrg'  MiiiitlfH,  vol.  i.  p.  017.  I 

{'2)  "  'lie  was  sent  out  hy  ihe  I.ieuteimntliovernor  in  17S0 
to  warn  Jihn  lllldebrand  and  other  settlers  on  the  Maramee  to 
nhariiliin  t'lcir  habitalioni  on  aeeonnt  of  the  Indian  depreda- 
tions, whieli  they  did.' — I'irrni  Cliimleiiii,  Sow  'i^,  ISdS:  Cum- 
minm'iiufrti*  Miimti'H,  vol.  iii.  p.  .'177. 

(.'!)  "'In  17SII  lio  (John  liaptisto  (iamachc)  wa.i  ordered 
away  by  the  (jovcrnor  on  aeeount  of  Indian  disturbances.' — 
Aii'/iiiif  I'huutriiit,  Nov.  Ill,  IMI  :  C'lmmimiiiinrni'  Miiiiili i,  \it\. 
V.  p.  l:'». 

(I)  "■  lie  wa.s  born  in  St.  I.ouis.  and  lived  hero  over  since. 
Korty-fiveyears  ago,  at  thetiinetho  Indians  atlaekeil  St.  I.ouis, 
he  was  ab'Mit  seventeen  years  old.  The  line  of  iulrencliuients 
made  by  Ihe  people  or  govcrnno'nt  ran  tliniu).'  i  this  lot.  and  he 
mounted  f;>u>rd  in  this.  At.  the  lime  it  w  <s  owneil  by  .Michael 
Lanii,  who  owned  it  until  ho  died.' — iniimil  Itv.il,  April  II, 
1S2J:    Ihiiit'i  Miiihict,  vol.  i.  p.  01. 

(J)  "'On  the  lltli  of  May,  A.n.  I7SI>,  St.  I'.ouis  was  attacked 
by  oni'  thonsaml  four  hundred  Indians  and  I'anaili:'.n9.'  — 
AnipiHtr  ChimUnii.  .April  IS,  |SL'.) :  IIhuI'h  Mliiiilm,  vid.  i.  p.  107. 

(0)  "  '  He  Is  iMMirly  ei;;bty  years  (da'.;e,  ami  was  burn  at  Kort 
de  Chartres,  and  c.lme  to  lliis  place  al  thi'  time  .Au;;usle  Chon- 
leaii  first  came.  They  were  bulb  yimiii;  al  that  tiuie,  say  about 
ten  or  tweh  e  years  of  a;;c.  lie,  this  depinciLl,  was,  aii<l  lie  sup 
p<i«es  .Mr.  ('hoiitcau  to  have  been,  abmil  sixteen  years  id'  a;;e  at 
that  time.  They  came  in  the  company  "f  l.acle  le  Liguest,  and 
he,  this  deponent,  livinl  in  this  town  until  Cmin^v  itii  rimp. 
Alter  that  he  leinoved  to  Klorisaiil,  ami  hiiD  livud  theieever 
■  inec.  Ilo  waa  taken  a  prisoner  at  the  attack  on  St.  I.oiiis  by  the 
Indians  at  lardinal's  spriiifc,  and  was  liuil  by  the  Indian'  at 
tliosprin;{.  lie  was  ualecp  in  the  lioiise  at  the  spriii);,  whicb 
lioiiHO  was  built  by  anil  belonffed  to.Iidin  .Marie  Cardinal  at  ibis 
time.     At  the  time  thv  attack  coinmeneed  (and  he,  this   de- 


ponent,  was    taken    prisoner   by  tlio    Indians),    Cardiral  w.i^ 
wounded   by  them   in  attemplin};  to  iiiako  his  escape,  and  lu' 
lived  until  ho  ;;ot  to  the  Heaver  Pound,  about  two  or  three  ihi!!' 
when  he,  Cardinal,  died.    The  inhabitants  lost  in  killed  lU'tiil,.  n 
prisoners  lil'ty  einht  or  llftyuiiie  by  this  attack  of  the  Iiiili.,iis, 
whiidi  commenced  in  (irand  Prairii;  about  the  middle  of  the  <I;iv. 
lie,  this  deponent,  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  Indians  to  i  I,; 
ca;;o,  nlicn  bo  made  his  escape  and  returned  to  St.  Louis,  iiliir 
wliieb   he  removed  to  ."^t.  Kerdinand,  where  ho  ha.-  lived  ivit 
since.' — ,hthn   liiijittnte    tiin'tit;   tti't    /litrcttniii',  .Inly  0,   !s:!S 
lltdtt'H  Mi'intiiHf  vol.  ii.  p.  itt\. 

(7)  "  '  Fram  is  Ilebert  was  killed  by  the  Indians  whilst  ciiui. 
vatinj;  bis  laud,  and  his  body  could  never  be  found.' — /'iint 
CfuntteiiHt  Oct.  20,  1^;',  1  ;  t\utiiittnt<itnK  fft'  .Ui'itn/ci,  vol.  vii.  p.  ;il, 

(S).  '"Alter  the  atlaek  of  the  Indians  on  the  settleiiicni  j,, 
17S0,  all  the  settlers  wore  i-alled  in.* — /'im-r  C/mittedii.  Juiy  7, 
1811;'):    t^titinfl§ni"urrti'  }tiitnti:>i,  \ol.  vii.  p.  2ltl. 

"  Some  of  the  statements  in  these  depositions  re- 
qui''c  explanation.     Nos.  1,  2,  and  ii : 

"  The  '  orders'  hero  mentioned  did  not  refer  to  the 
attack  of  17S0,  fur  the  simple  reason  that  the  aiitliuri- 
ties  liad  no  intimation  of  the  contomplati'd  invasion 
before  tlic  spring  of  that  year.  The  public  records 
show  tliat  the  Indians  liiid  been  '  troublesome'  I'm 
many  j-ears.  The  depredations  of  the  .savages  iliiriiiL' 
the  colonial  period  of  St.  Louis  were  numerous  aiul 
annoying.  The  extent  of  their  mitrages  is  ]iaiti:illv 
indicated  by  the  accompanying  references:  lluiiis 
Minutes,  vol.  ii.  p.  IIM;  Cominis.sioners' Minute.",  vol, 
i.  pp.  4S-i:5S,  .-);)-482,  2(i!»-4S.J,  l!70-48S,  27:!-H)?, 
40;t-.517  ;  vol.  iii.  ji.  :577  ;  vol.  iv.  pp.  I4!t,  lUU,  l'7i; 
vol.  v.  p.  2(31  ;  vol.  vi.  pp.  ItIO,  118,  12.5  ;  vol.  vii.].. 
43. 

"  Kvery  one  of  these  references,  which  oxteml  fiuiu 
17(17  to  180(1,  alludes  to  acts  or  fears  of  savage  viu- 
leiice. 

"  Such  orders  ai.d  warnings  as  are  mentii)iieJ  in  tins 
d(>posilions  were  fretjiieiit.  Whenever  ai:  inrnail  dl'il,. 
prowling  intiurauders  was  apprehended,  tlit!  ilisimi 
!ind  (|j;f'ensel('.'^s  settlers  were  ciiutioned  to  witlnlrawk 
a  place  of  safety. 

(4 )  "  An  attack  upon  St.  Louis  dues  not  neccs.sarilv 
imply  an  assault  upmi  the  villager  it.-^elf.     The  allark 
was  made  upon  the  farmers  in  Grand   I'rairie,  fnir-rj 
five  miles  fnmi  St.  Fionis.      Itnt  men  wuuld  iiiit,ii|iiii| 
every  occasion  of  a  reference  to  the  event,  siii|i  ii 
enumerate  all  these  particulars.   Tliey  would  iiiliiiiilii 
use  the  shorter  expression,  and  describe  the  uciiiri'  m 
as  an  attack  upon  .^'^t.  liOiiis, 

"  It  has  aireatly  been  proved  lliat  there  wore 
f irlifications  at  St.  fjouis  prior  io  the  2(llli  id'  M 
1780,   therel'iro,  •  llie   line   of  inlreiiehmiiils' :ii"kcj 
of  ill  tiic  ahovo  passage  must  refer  to  the  ildiii-ii 
works  which  Governor  Cru/.at  erected  after  llu'  iii 
Slim  of  the  savages.      Before  thc!  attack  llic  Icir 
Indians  was  not  sirongenoujrh  to  induce  the  colnii 


(0  /lirlify  (I 

pielieiisiou 

III  !s  were  sf 

i'liiir  years  ; 

'iind  in  the  ( 

diy    alarms 

.1/,'nii/(s,  Vol. 

'•"')  "This 

five  years  af(,.| 

lion  that  (hoi 

HditliJcss,  for 

Wii'*  made,  not 

I'liilo  from  th, 

die  brevity  of 

^'>ii^  of  the  scoi 

of  (lie  Lidianij, 

<o  ascertain  (he 

fiiriiiers,   bewilil, 

>liiii.:;ht  and  flooi 

w  euiint  (heir  as' 

Oh  "Tl.isdej 

■i;!''t  .years  „f(t,,.  , 

■■"}■  »as  (hen  .so  di 

i"  successive  sentc 

I'''"  t'i>nrused  hy  d 

''"■•""'""■irynpon 
•l.itanenlsofthe  „ 
T'li-'  ii'iprobahility 
'■.*■ ''"'  I'ulians  Jias 
■;0;''i'alion  i.s  (oo  p,., 
"^J»i-''ie'sa,..sor,i 
""""•"(•ed  about  ( 
"■""■^•^•f-     The  a,,f,, 
""■•"•'     'n.o  in|„|,i 
'"'■'■-''  «-Jiile  (ho  I, 
"'h'-'^  it  Una  l^.r,t  , 
■''^^^'■"'■•J«-erebn,i,. 
"■''^^  ""'^;  I'cjnir,,,! 
"''-'"'  '"  go  about 
^f ''  ••'"  "ver  Gnin,/ 
"■'""<^^'-  "'cmonO,, 
'"''"'  »•'■'''    the  sup 
"""  '^if'.-  eomjiel 
■•"'^'•'yin.hetm, 
■ ''  "i"  I'o  ob.,erve, 
'  ■""'  'neonelu.sive 
^iiiiifcct  assault  np„ 
"1^  ii'e  roeoncii;,!,!,, 
■'"' '»  Grand  IV 

III'  Vil)i,;,t.. 

'■'^<"»  ail  of  H,,,  f,„, 
'"'''''' '"  muawh-  , 
'"'■^"SO'^tnainly 


loi 


fl, 


I SPANISH  DOMINIO.V,  AND  »THr   Arr,, 

I  .'/'""^.S  vol.  vii.  p.  4a'                •  -'  -"""-'-"'V  ;  number  of  alLeJ   ,  '  ,            T"*^'"'^'""   ««"-?.'»«  a 

I  i-»  "  Thi.s  .tutcncnt,  wbicb  w.s  ,„    1     ,                          "  ^''c  foll„,vi„!  !    ,'    '  ,"  -i'-'-ontcd  oblivion. 

I  fi-'y-rsaf..rnK.ovent;„p;     J,■;r^■'''""^'^"^-^'-'-^  i.s  a         ^.i'/' ■'•,';     ''""'  ''"'^•^«  ^''--^ 

I  .ion  .bat  tbcro  was  an  T't             '•'"'' '^'''^'""'1'-     '"""cc:           '""■^J""'""''  '""stration  of  historic  ro- 

I     ''"^'  '^^•"'"  "'"  very  circum.stan.os  „f  T,  .  '^' '     f  ;"'f""  ""  ''•'•  "'"  '^'^'-^'^''Z  ^a^  "" '  •"■  <^'""  -,s 

I    i;;!..  years  after  tbo  ma~     t,    T'""  "'•'"'  '"'^'•O'-     ""'  •"•  ^'  •'"«".•  '"""'  "^  «"'">  '™H".u  .....t 

■  oryivas  tbon  ,so  dc'rcetivoil.  /■  '^'•'P0"'^"''«  mem-         »  r,,^„  ,. 

I  n..  confuted  by  tbo  inGrmi,  i   ,r      "■"'  ^'"''  '^'""'-  ^  'o"«.  "'"  "''"^■^'  ^'""""'•«»  i«  'abu- 

iil»'an(IiorilyunonwI,  .  "'  '^"'■«'^'"''-- Joa.s,  is         «  v„    I         • 

I ~-  o?,"::,   :;:;•;;-«  '•*;■ «.  ,i,:..  „ '  :~;»^  ;;,^ "««".  ™,o  ,„.  c „ 

|"--c.ct.     Tl,e  approach  of  th    .  ^^   '■^.  '^"•"""'^-  ^  "'-'  "'at  consco  .     tlv  ,    ""'  ''^^  '■•""'^'  ""'  "•^'">-, 

If  -";'o  .1.0  India. :;  i  '  :;::'*"^^:^/'"^  ^  'y — -c  ;  r:  .^'^^'"■-•^-p-od 

I;  K.  .t  has  b..r,.  ,.,,,,j  ,  „.;  ,,  7'"-'  '-'^yy,  tin...  bo  is  represented  t  '^'\^"''"""^-'  "'  "h,  very 
|:^  ^.  lod  were  .u,,ed  on  the'v  y  ^  'o  T  '''i"  '^^^  '•"-''■''^'"  ^  ^  irt  ^^  '"", '"  "  «'^'"^  "^  '"■'/ 
|-''""o   rap.ired   to  ascertain   tlu,  "'"'^-     '^''J  «''--ly  d.^sch  p."  , ',/         ''"V''^'''''''''''^'^  «''bcr  >• 

|.»  "%  i.,  ,1,.  „„„„i„„  '""'  ""■•  »-<"i" ,  iiicrc  „„  ,.„  ,„„„.^     '" "°  "i'»i  "f  s,.  r,„„i,,.  ,r 

I  ■ "  :■" -"^i  .1,:  „,„  „„. .,. ,„ ,,      "«■  I""  .v„,  «i,,,,u  ,::'""' ", »'"■ '^  "«r. 


I  .lit 


■Hi 


222 


HISTORY  OF  SAIXT  LOUIS. 


m 


fii:*'i 


certain  that  Mr.  Gratiot  would  never  have  placed  his 
goods  in  the  custody  of  3Ir.  S.inguiiict  if  ho  had  not 
supposed  that  they  wore  in  j^reatcr  safety  than  they 
were  at  (lalmkia.  It  is  indeed  true  tliat  Governor  Pe 
Leyha  applied  to  Tol.  C'larlc  for  aid.  Tlis  motive  in 
making  this  request  v/as  probably  a  fear  that  lawless 
Indians,  in  their  indiscriminate  ]>ursuit  of  jilunder, 
might  cross  tlie  river  and  commit  depredations  williin 
liis  province.  There  i.s  no  proof  that  Col.  Clark 
promised  the  .solicited  succor. 

"  Kven  if  he  was  not  fully  occupied  with  the  re- 
sponsible duties  of  defending  the  conquests  whicli  lie 
had  made,  he  may  liave  prudently  doelined  to  infringe 
the  law  of  nations.  lie  was  well  aware  that  ho  had 
no  riglit  to  march  his  troops  into  foreign  territory  and 
fight  the  battles  of  Spain.  It  was  his  duty  to  observe 
the  American  policy  of  neutrality.  But  if  Col.  Clark 
did  promise  assistance  he  had  no  opportunity  of  keep- 
ing his  word. 

"  If  there  really  was  an  attack  upon  St.  Louis  it 
was  su(hlcn  and  unexpected.  If  it  had  been  antici- 
pated at  that  time,  Mr.  (^ratiot  wouM  not  liavo  im- 
periled liis  life  by  going  to  St.  Ltuis  on  the  very  day 
of  the  assault.  Governor  Dc  Leyha  would  have  been 
preparing  for  tlic  defense  of  the  village  instead  of  hear- 
ing a  law-case,  and  the  farmers  would  not  have  courted 
death  by  going  unarmed  to  their  remote  fields.  Tlie 
fact  that  Mr.  Gratiot  had  some  time  before  sent  for 
his  goods  .seems  to  imply  that  even  at  Cahokia  the 
danger  of  an  Indian  irruption  was  tli.)ught  to  be  less 
imminent.  But  the  surprise  and  the  brevity  of  the 
contest  would  not  permit  a  .seasonable  arrival  of  ilistant 
reinforcements.  Kven  the  common  version,  with  all 
its  exaggerations,  represents  the  confiiet  as  brief. 
Cahokia  was  three  miles  away.  If  the  struggle  lasteo 
two  or  tliroe  hours,  the  time  was  still  insufficient  for 
a  messenger  to  summon  help.  If  the  fleet  couriers  of 
the  air  had  been  used,  and  ihe  booming  of  cannon 
had  been  the  preconcerted  signal  for  the  relief,  the 
troops  would  Iiave  to  march  three  miles  and  then  cross 
the  Mississippi  swollen  with  spring  floods.  Only  a 
few  boat.s  were  available.  The  transportation  of  '  two 
hundred'  men  by  means  so  inadccjiiate  implied  the 
delay  of  repeated  returns.  Retarded  by  such  impedi- 
ments, Col.  Clark  could  not  possibly  have  reachcil  St. 
Louis  in  season  to  join  in  the  re[)Mlse  of  the  savage?. 
The  Indians  must  have  retreated  from  their  inefli.'ctual 
assault  long  before  the  arrival  of  the  American  troops. 
'•  Col.  Thomas  II.  Henton  explained  the  withdrawal 
of  the  .savages  as  follows  : 

"  '  Oil  Mil'  :i|i|pi"!uli  nfso  fiiriiiMalile  iin  oni'irv,  tlic  iiihiibitniiti', 
(liKpiiiiing  iif  mei'i'sufiil  ix'ji.'luiii'c,  (k'|iute>l  niic  (if  tlirir  iiio^t 
ra«|icctabl<!  citiccni',  the  lute  Diurlca  Urutiit,  tu  tullcit  the  iiid 


nf  (icn.  0.  R.  CInrk.  tlion  onciiiiiiicil  with  his  iiion  in  tlio  Ai i- 

cnn  llotloin,     (icn.  Chirk,  iillhnngh  liavinK  liiit  t'onr  hiOKlicfl 
HRMi,  k'l!  two  hiinttroil  of  them   to  tlio   ferry  opjiosite  (he  town. 

mill  nindc  ii  (U'nionHlnilion  of  crossin;;.  whilu  two  looiilruil  i t 

were  sent  to  crotis  lohler  tiie  Ijentl  of  tlie  river.     Tlie  In(li;iii. 
were  (liseoiu'erted  iiiiil  hastily  retreated.* 

"  This  extract  is  a  fine  example  of  compact  luis- 
statement.  On  this  oeca.sion  a  vague  fear,  railior 
than  positive  knowledge,  was  the  motive  of  ptiliiic 
action.  It  was  rumored  that  an  expedition  of  hostile 
Indians  had  been  organized  at  the  north,  but  noljiin;; 
whatever  was  known  of  the  actual  movements  of  tli 
savages.  The  surprise  was  itself  the  first  erediteil  an- 
nouncement of  their  arriviil.  Therefore  it  was  not  a 
definite  intelligence  of  their  approach  that  led  to  tin 
tippeal  for  aid.  The  message  was  sent  .several  weeks  Lo- 
fore  the  massacre,  for  it  has  already  been  proved  liv 
legal  testimony  that  the  messenger  had  returned  finiii 
his  mission  prior  to  the  8th  of  May. 

"  The  application  for  help  was  made,  not  by  the  in- 
habitants of  St.  Louis,  but  by  the  people  of  Cahoki.i. 

"  As  Mr.  Gratiot  did  not  leave  Cahokia  till  17S1, 
he  was  not  one  of  the  '  citizens'  of  St.  Louis  in  IT^ii 

"  At  the  time  that  his  assistance  was  solitited,  (VI. 
Clark  was  not  encamped  in  the  American  Bottom.  \h 
was  then  two  hundred  miles  down  tlie  Mi.ssissijii 
River. 

"  It  is  stated  that  Col.  Clark  had  a  force  of  four 
hundred  men.  Wln'U,  in  1778,  he  took  jMis<e--inii 
of  Kaskaskia.  be  had,  acecirding  to  Butler,  '  but  l^iir 
companies''  His  recruiting  orders  were  tu  loiiii 
comptiiiies  of  filly  met;  each.  When,  in  17711.  (' ! 
(.'lark  captufeil  A'iiieeiUies  I'roin  the  English,  liu  li;i'i 
just  two  huiiilnd  an  I  sixteen  men,  of  whom  fort}  >is 
arrived  by  boat  too  '.ati!  to  partici|'ate  in  the  teilucii  ii 
of  the  place.  Now,  when  he  had  abandoned  all  fuiilut 
offensive  niovemeiits,  and  Wiis  simply  holding  llie  ]W.i 
he  hail  taken,  how  does  it  happen  that  the  imiiilKn:' 
his  troops  was  iiiore  than  twice  the  available  I' ro: 
with  which  be  rtchieved  his  greatest  conquest?  Tin 
statement  is  a  )ialpable  fiction, 

'•  The  leader  is  informed  that  two  huudicil  iikii. 
starting  from  a  point  ojipositc  St.  Louis,  made  a  Ji- 
tour  of  six  miles,  exclusive  of  an  obstructed  |ra.>-.i:i 
of  the  .Missi.ssijipi,  and  yet  arrived  at  the  .seeiie  oil 
very  brief  conflict  in  time  to  frighten  the  .sav,i;.;c3  into 
retreat.  Such  celerity  of  movement  is  without  [o- 
cedent  in  tlie  iiistory  of  forced  marches. 

"  It  is  said  tiiut  Col.  Clark's  troops  were  eiieaiiif* 
on  the  lowlands  cast  of  St.  Louis.  But  why  .'•liourfi 
such  a  locality  bo  .selected  for  a  camp?  It  coni-l 
manded  no  approtich  and  intercepted  no  retreat.   I: 

'  "  Butlcr'j  Iliitor^  of  Kentucky.' 


:;"iiig  iliroii;.'h 
h  liillon   ,1  men 
i|-''iid  to  tlic  af; 
ilirow  every  possi 
iinii.s  in  llieoari'y 
"■liii'h  tliere  has 
room  for  Mr.  [jj 
as  follows :] 

-\-v  At  rirK.M 
'■'iiii'Av,  May  : 

■NIP}-  of    lIlc    fi,.,,( 

villa-0  or  St.  Lo„ 
•'line  one  hundred 
aJiilt  iiiale.s,  prc5, 
►lieicli  of  the  oeci 
«'<\m  causes  iliat 
"•irrated,  will  difJl-i 
'•li't^iils  IVoin  (I,u 
'''■  'lorived  so/,/,/  fV 
-Wgircratioiis,  as  p: 
"■■"'"ii^  it  will  be 
"J  eoiiiinenee  oiii 
'"rl;  tool;  piis.se.ssi( 
'"  ''^■i>liiiskia,  on  tl 
'^""•^^J  "le  royal  st 


!  Ann  ri. 
luiIlilrM 
111!  t"«li, 
ruil  lii'iu: 
L'  llliliiiu- 

lact  mis- 

r,  Viiilur 
if  jmlilio 
af  hostile 
t  nolliiii;: 

itt!  ol"  ill 

iditcil  ;i"- 
was  nut  ,1 
ktl  to  till- 
wci'kslic- 
provcil  by 
iriicJ  fnmi 

;  by  tlic  in- 
,f  Cali.'ki,!. 
u  till  n>i. 

is  ill  1"^" 
litUed,  IM, 
Jottom.  !!'• 

Jlississipfi 

jrcc  111'  fuiii 
k  pii<se>sii'ii 
r,  '  but  T'lir 
III  I'nrm 
1771),  C'l  I 

-h,  lie  ll:i'!  I 

iiu  I'liri)  -ii  I 

1  nil  futilivi  I 
till'  p" 

10  llUUllli't  lu  I 

ul.lo  i' ro* 


ui-f; 


T'lc 


SPANISH  DOMINION.  AND  "THE  AFFAIR  OF   1T80." 


223 


luiidnil  mill, 
iiiiulo  *  J'- 
•ucti'd  )i;i--»J-« 
lie  .-I'oiii'  t'f  •! 
s;iva;^es  into 
witliuut  \iK- 

:,..,■,■   rlK'allll-i| 

ui  why  >li""'"'! 


up 


ll     L'OI» 


10  ri'lrcat. 


1 


])ois>('sscd  no  advantage  of  position  that  justified  a  ro- 
miival  of  the  soldiers  from  convenient  quarters  and 
tlie  liase  of  supplies.  A  force  stationed  at  that  point 
could  not  shield  St.  Louis,  for  the  Mi.-if.'jsippi,  im- 
pns.'-iihlc  in  the  presence  of  a  foe,  lay  between  it  and 
tlio  Spanish  settlement.  It  could  not  jiuard  Cahokia, 
fur  lliat  place  was  throe  miles  distant.  The  iidiabitants 
of  Cahokia  besought  Col.  Clark  to  jirotcct  the  village 
wliiili  his  anus  liad  won..  Bound  by  no  obligation  to 
u^si>t  the  dejieiidents  of  a  foreign  power,  ho  was  under 
the  constraint  of  a  high  and  imperative  duty  to  defend 
the  subjects  of  his  own  government. 

'■  If  Col.  Cla  k  wa.'  anywhere  in  this  region  on  the 
2Gt'i  of  May,  he  was  at  Caliokia,  and  not  in  the  im- 
nioiliiite  iieigliborhood  of  Sc.  Louis.  Therefore,  even 
ill  the  event  (if  an  attack,  his  forces,  delayed  by  a 
iiKuili  of  severiil  miles,  ai  d  by  a  necessarily  slow 
crossiiig  of  the  Mi.ssissi;.pi,  must  have  arrived  at  St. 
Louis  too  late  to  participate  in  tlic  defeat  of  the 
hidians. 

■The  affair  of  1780  lias  been  discussed  at  length, 
lio(:;iii>e,  even  when  sliorn  of  its  exaggeration,  it  wis 
one  of  the  most  important  events  in  tlio  early  history 
111'  St.  Louis,  and  also  because  the  eomnion  account 
li;is  lioen  so  widely  accepted  that  a  differeiit  version. 
unless  fully  sustained  by  records  and  arguments,  would 
I'ail  to  coiivinca  tlie  jiublic  mind  of  its  autlienticity." 
[N'oTi;. — AVliilo  this  portion  of  tlie  liistory  was 
'.'iiiiig  through  the  press  we  received  from  Fioderiek 
L.  liilloii  a  ineniorandum  einbndyiiig  his  views  in 
ii'i^iud  to  the  affair  of  17S0.  Anxious  as  we  are  to 
iliiow  every  possible  light  upon  an  event  so  eonspie- 
iwiis  ill  the  early  annals  of  St.  Louis,  and  in  regard  to 
nliiili  there  has  been  so  much  controversy,  we  make 
roma  lor  Mr.  liillon'.s  note,  written  in  ISBO.  It  is 
as  follows:] 

.\\  Ai  riiKNTK'  Vkhsion  ok  tiik  Ai'KAtu  of 
I'liiliAV,  Mav  2t),  17H(I. — This  centennial  aiini-\r- 
fary  of  the  first  serious  blow  inflicted  on  the  infant 
village  of  St.  Louis,  then  in  its  teens,  and  nunibeiing 
fi  iiu<  iiiu'  hundred  liouses,  and  less  than  that  many 
ailiilt  males,  presents  a  fitting  occasion  for  a  brief 
(■kiiili  "f  the  occurrences  of  that  day,  and  the  ante- 
ci'duiii  causes  that  led  to  it;  and  as  theaff.iir,  as  liere 
narrated,  will  differ  materially  in  some  of  its  essential 
tli'tail-  iVoiii  the  heretofore  conceived  impressions  of 
it.  ili'rivod  s'llili/  from  oral  tradition  with  its  manifold 
xaj.-cnitioiH,  as  pas.sed  down  through  successive  gen- 
iraiioii>,  it  will  be  iieecs.sary  to  go  back  a  few  years, 
iiJ  conimencc  our  narrative  from  the  period  that 
lark  took  possession  of  the  other  side  bj  the  surprise 
r  Kaskaskia,  on  the  night  of  July  4, 177i^,  and  sup- 
iiitcd  the  royul  standard  of  Great  Britain  with  the 


Stars  and  Stripes,  nnd  from  which  the  present  affair 

had  its  origin. 

After  Clark  had  captured  Kaskaskia,  ho  proceeded 
to  Cahokia  which  place  lie  also  took,  and  leaving 
Maj.  Bowman  in  command,  ho  returned  to  Kaskaskia, 
where  lie  established  liis  headi|ir.irters,  and  sent  Capt. 
Helm  with  a  small  force  to  Viiicennes,  which  place 
he  took  without  any  opposition  from  the  French  in- 
habitants of  the  place. 

The  inhabitants  of  these  several  place;  liaving  gen- 
erally taken  tlie  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  Common- 
wealth of  V^irginia,  the  Legislative  Assembly  of  that 
State  passed  on  the  12th  day  of  December,  1778,  an 
act  organizing  tiic  whole  of  the  iiewly-ac(|uircd  terri- 
tory into  the  county  of  Illinois,  and  establishing  the 
seat  of  governtneiit  at  Kaskaskia.  Col.  John  Todd, 
of  Lafayette  County,  was  appointed  judge  and  civil 
commandant  ;  and  in  a  letter  to  him  from  Governor 
Patrick  Henry,  dated  at  Williamsburg,  Dl'c.  12,  1778, 
ajiprising  him  of  his  appointment,  the  Governor  con- 
cludes his  instructions  to  him  as  follows  : 

'•  That  the  people  of  Illinois  could  not  cspi>ct  peace 
and  safety  so  long  as  their  enemy  the  English  had  a 
fooling  in  the  country,  and  so  long  as  they  hoM  De- 
tToit  they  could  intercept  the  trade  (d'llu"  ,^Ii-^i■isi|l|ri, 
licnci'  the  in-cessiiy  of  the  capture  ui'  tli.it  place  and 
others  still  held  by  the  English;  to  assist  Clark  to 
the  extent  of  his  iiieans  to  rid  the  country  of  the 
English  our  enemies;  that  the  Fieneh  and  Indian 
inhabitants,  ajipearing  at  present  to  be  favorably 
inclined  towards  the  Americans,  to  cultivate!  and 
eoiieIiia;i'  the  affections  of  the  French  and  Indians 
by  giving  them  all  the  aid  in  his  power;  to  iiu- 
jiress  u])on  them  the  I'lessings  and  value  <d'  liberty 
and   of  being  free  citizens,   and  .see  that  justice  be 

.  administered  to  them  in  all  eases,  and  that  they 
receive  no  injury  nor  oppression  from  the  troops,  etc. ; 
for  if  their  present  favorable  foldings  are  once  lo.st,  it 
would  be  difficult  to  regain  it,  etc." 

As  evidence  of  the  .sagacious  views  of  Governor 
Henry,  above  set  forth,  and  somewhat  remarkable  co- 
incident thereto,  the  British  Governor  at  Detroit, 
Col.  Henry  Hamilton,  had  collected  a  force  of  thirty 
British  regulars,  fifty  French  volunteers,  and  four 
hundred  Indians,  had  passed  down  the  Wabash,  and 
retook  po.ssession  of  Vinceniics  on  Dec.  1")  1778, 
only  three  days  after  the  expression  of  the  views  of 
Governor  Henry  as  given  above,  taking  prisoners 
Capt.  Helm  with  his  few  men. 

So  .soon  as  Clark  received  this  news  at  Kaskaskia, 
having  but  a  few  men,  he  ordered  Miij.  Bowman  to 

'  evacuate  Cahokia  and  join  him  at  Kaskaskia,  where  he 

'•  prepared  to  defend  himself,  expecting  an  attack  from 


i:  i 


224 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


•   .11. 


Viiicctiiic's.  On  Jim.  29,  1770,  ho  learned  that  Ham- 
ilton had  but  ci^lity  men  with  iiioi,  having  dispatched 
Ills  Indians  to  blockade  the  Ohio  River  and  prevent 
as.sistaneo  to  Clark,  and  that  tliis  would  bo  an  auspi- 
cious time  for  him  to  recover  possuo.sion. 

He  iniinediatcly  commenced  lii.s  preparations,  and 
left  Ka.skaskiii  on  February  Sth,  with  one  hundred  and 
Bcventy  men.  After  twenty  days'  march,  contend- 
ing with  incredible  difRcultics  from  the  inundated 
condition  of  the  country,  etc.,  he  finally  succeeded 
in  cro.s.sing  the  Wabash,  and  invested  the  place  on 
the  ni<;ht  of  the  23d,  and  on  the  25th,  at  ten  o'clock 
A.M.,  Col.  Ilaniiltoti  and  his  uicn  marched  out  of 
the  fort  as  prisoners  of  war,  and  Clark  received  pos- 
session. Tiius  ended  Clark's  second  capture  of  the 
j)lace,  and  the  American  authority  was  rc-establi.shed 
in  the  country. 

After  this  second  expulsion  by  Clark  of  the  British 
domination  on  the  eastern  side  of  the  river  the  country 
was  traiKjuil  for  a  time,  no  further  attempts  being 
made  by  them  in  this  direction  during  the  balance  of 
the  year  1779. 

During  the  fifteen  years  prior  to  this  that  the 
British  were  possessors  of  the  eastern  side  of  the 
country,  tlu'y  had  naturally  succeeded  in  attaching  to 
themselves  a  number  of  the  old  French  inhabitants 
by  the  various  ties  of  intermarriage,  kindred,  and  in- 
terest; among  these  were  some  very  prominent  in- 
dividuals of  Kaskaskia  and  Cahokia,  some  of  them 
liolding  official  positions  of  trust,  etc.,  and  that  these 
parties  sliould  look  upon  the  "  American  rebellion" 
in  the  same  light  as  did  the  mother-countiy  and 
the  British  authorities  in  Canada,  as  an  event  to  bo 
put  down  at  no  distant  day,  and  the  country  restored 
to  British  rule,  was  but  natural. 

Be  that  as  it  may,  there  is  abundant  evidence  in 
written  documents  of  the  lime  still  extant  to  show 
that  the  British  at  Detroit  had  it  in  contemplation 
and  prepared  another  expedition  in  the  early  part  of 
the  year  1780  to  repossess  themselves  of  the  country 
by  abandoning  the  old  route  by  the  Wabash  Uiver, 
and  taking  a  new  one  through  Illinois,  to  fall  upon 
and  surprise  Cahokia,  the  northernmost  settlement  of 
the  country,  at  a  moment  when,  the  people  of  tho 
place  being  entirely  unappri-sed  of  it  and  unprepared 
for  any  resistance,  it  would  become  an  ea.sy  coni|uest. 

I  must  here  digress  somewhat  from  the  main  point 
in  my  narrative  of  this  alTair  to  introduce  as  an  im- 
portant hu|iport  a  gentleman,  then  but  recently  in  tho 
country,  but  whose  long  subsequent  residence  of 
nearly  forty  years  in  our  place,  and  the  important 
position  he  attained  in  this  community  until  his  death 
iu   1817,  added   to  his  indirect  participation   in  the 


prior  occurrences  which  led  to  it,  is  of  itself  sufficient 
to  establish  the  correctness  of  my  theory. 

Charles  Gratiot,  a  native  of  Lausanne,  Vuud,  Switz. 
erhind,  had  lived  for  some  years  in  London  wIkii 
(juite  young,  previous  to  his  coming  to  America,  :iml 
liad  there  become  proficient  in  the  English  langu;ij;c. 
Crossing  to  America,  he  remained  for  a  time  in  Qiuljco 
and  Montreal,  where  he  became  connected  with  ilic 
Scotch  house  of  David  JlcCrao  &  Co.,  Indian  trailers, 
who  furnished  Jiim  with  an  outfit  of  nierchanili^r. 
with  which  he  came  the  usual  route  at  that  ihiv, 
through  the  lakes  to  Mackinac,  ond  by  the  portage  of 
the  Fox  and  Ouiseonsin  and  the  Mississippi  llivcr  1) 
Cahokia,  where  he  arrived  and  o.itablished  hiuKcir  in 
business  towards  tho  close  of  December,  1777,  aljoiu 
six  months  before  its  capliiro  by  Clark,  with  wlmiii, 
possessing  the  advantages  of  a  knowledge  of  the  Vav:- 
lish  and  French  languages,  he  soon  became  on  imj. 
mate  terms,  rendering  Clark  many  important  seiviics 
on  different  occasions,  and  foi'  these  reasons  he  wm 
selected  subsequently  by  tho  people  of  the  vill.igc  i\> 
the  most  proper  person  for  tho  important  and  senic- 
what  hazardous  mission  he  undertook  and  aeenm 
plishcd. 

In  tho  .spring  of  the  year  1780,  the  pco|ile  nf 
Cahokia,  having  received  an  intimation  that  the  liriii-h 
authorities  at  Detroit  had  in  contemplation,  aiih'il  h 
their  Indian  allies,  to  attempt  the  surprise  of  ili.ii 
place,  with  a  view  to  the  re-establishment  of  the  l)iiii.-!i 
authority  iu  the  country  east  of  the  Mi.isis.>i|i|ii,  lidJ 
a  meeting  and  selected  Charles  Gratiot  as  the  iii >■', 
suitable  per.son,  in  conse((iienee  of  his  intinimv  \vi  I, 
Clark,  tlien  absent  anil  su[)posed  to  be  at  tlie  Ii 
Banks  in  the  south,  to  umlertake  the  periiouN  nii<-i>:i 
of  going  to  seek  him  and  apprise  hiiu  of  the  il.m.vr 
the  village  was  in,  and  the  necessity  for  his  iniiiuili.iii 
return  to  provide  for  its  defense. 

Clark,  who  had  spent  the  winter  of  1779  in  o<m- 
maiid  at  the  Falls  of  the  Ohio,  was  order.'il  liv  ili' 
Govcrn(U' of  Viiginia,  early  in  17S0,  to  repair  In  iL.' 
Iron  Banks,  on  the  east  sid(!  of  the  Missi.s.-ij'i'i,  liil-u 
the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  to  build  a  fort,  wliiili  lie 
named  Fort  Jefferson,  and  then  set  out  on  hi>  retiira 
to  the  Falls  on  foot,  with  onl}'  one  man  as  a  eiiiii|i:ii;- 
ion.  It  was  here  that  Gratiot  sought  Clark  ;  wlidkf  I 
he  found  him  or  not  does  not  ap[iear.  At  all  evon:; 
the  anticipated  expedition  against  Cahnkia,  if  ivj 
contcm)>lated  at  all,  or  ever  set  out,  finding  tlio  ]»'• 
pie  of  tho  place  a|)prised  of  it  and  pn'pjred  fa  i:i 
reception,  and  that  even  if  sueces.iful  it  couM  oiilyk 
so  with  great  loss  to  ihem.selvcs,  was  abaTidoiied,  anJI 
some  straggling  portions  of  the  Indians,  d.iiiliili'>>l 
disappointed  in  their  expectations  of  pillaijo  anJj'laaj 


fully  wrested 

"  l/'i   Anirn'ri 

tile  dominion 

What  reaso 

"P"'!   St.  Lou 

tlicir  fellow  CO 

nnd  with  whnn 

"11  terms  of  frii 

iui'ii(  of  the  pill 

'I'lic  answers 

.<elvrs  almost  si 

"!}■  position,  thi 

"II  Cahokia   the 

iiiiiispired. 

Ihit    we    wil 
jirodls. 

Cliarles  Grat 
Cliiirles  .Sangnin 
I'll  invoice  ofuK 
,^MVo  Sanguiiiet 
July  followinj, 
-i"i'e   in  r„/,„/,-i 

till!  urgent  ref|ue! 
iis  already  stated 
«'li"^i'  skill  am 
oiiifiilonce,  to  a.^ 
attack  of  tho  Br 
iiiliniation  of  wli 
man  ef  prudence 
liis  business  affa 
if'iilKirary  ab.-^cnci 

"II  'III-  jilil,;-  |ni„„ 

"''.i""t  of  the  hn 
l'"iilent  to  .send 
I'lac-  (if  safety. 
''""'  "ver  and  d( 
''f«i"  whom  he 
'''■"'ill's  casket  of 


h 
of 


fp.iri'J  I'll"'' 
iiidoiK'il,  a«lj 


SPANISH   DOMINION,  AND  "THE   AFFAUl  OF    1780." 


(Ut.  tlieir  sol(!  inducement  in  their  predatory  inciir- 
fiiiiis.  crossed  over  to  tlie  St.  Louis  side,  and  vented 
tlicir  spleen  and  malice  in  cruelly  shootin;^  down  the 
Iwll'ilnzcn  jiersons  whose  bodies  were  found  in  difl'cr- 
oii(  parts  of  the  prairie  fields,  at  from  one  to  four  ' 
miles  northwest  of  the  viljaire,  and  that  no  combined 
attack  was  ever  made  on  the  vilIaj;o  itself  will  ho 
made  manifest,  I  think,  to  all  reflecting;  minds  by 
till'  various  eircuinstances  wliieh  will  be  adduced  to 
sulistantiiite  tliis  theory. 

What  were  the  reasons  tliat  led  the  British  author- 
ities at  Detroit  to  conceive  their  project  for  the  sur- 
l)rise  of  Caliokia  ?  Simply  to  endeavor  to  rej^ain 
jiossession  of  territory  they  considered  as  rijihtfully 
beliinpinf!;  to  their  sovereign,  which  had  been  unhiw- 
fiiliy  wrested  from  him  by  his  rebellious  subjects. 
'W//I  Anirrlcaiis,''  and  to  bring  them  again  under 
thi'  dominion  of  iboir  legitimate  sovereign. 

Wiiat  reasons  could  they  have  had  for  an  attack 
upon  St.  Louis,  the  people  of  which  mostly  were 
their  fellow-countrymen  and  kinsmen  from  Canada^ 
aad  with  whom  tliey  and  their  Indian  allies  had  been 
on  terms  of  friendship  ever  since  the  first  cstabli.sh- 
lui'iit  of  the  place?     None  wliat('ver. 

Tlie  answers  to  lliese  two  simple  queries  are  in  them- 
selves almost  sufiieient  to  .sustain  the  correctness  of 
my  position,  that  had  they  succeeded  in  their  design 
nil  Cahokia  the  aff"air  on  this  side  would  never  liave 
transpired. 

liut  we  will  now  proceed  to  more  conclusive 
proofs. 

Charles  Gratiot,  uf  Ciilidh-in,  \iuil  purchased  from 
('iiarlcs  Sanguinet,  of  .SV.  Lnuls,  on  March  IIJ,  1780, 
III!  invoice  of  merchandise  to  rc[ilenish  his  stock,  and 
gave  Sanguinet  his  note  for  the  same,  payable  in 
July  following.  These  goods  he  took  over  to  his 
'tore  in  ('ulinkiii.  Some  little  time  thereafter,  at 
the  urgent  request  of  the  united, people  of  that  village, 
as  already  stated,  ho  wont  in  sciirch  of  Col.  Clark,  in 
whose  skill  anil  bravery  these  people  had  uidiounded 
ciinfiileiice,  to  assist  them  in  repelling  an  expected 
attack  of  the  British  and  Indians  on  //('(/  place,  an 
iiiiiniatioii  of  which  they  had  received.  Gratiot,  a 
man  of  prudence  and  foresight  in  the  management  of 
his  business  aflairs,  being  apprehensive  that  in  liis 
ti'ni|i(irary  absence  on  his  mission  the  expected  attack 
I'M  '/»'  ///((iv  might  occur,  and  knowing  well  the  main 
oljcct  of  the  Indians  was  pillage  solely,  deemed  it 
Iiruilent  to  send  liis  goods,  etc.,  over  to  .SV.  Lmih.  a 
I'lii'  oi'  safety.  Ilis  clerk,  Mr.  Ducheneau,  took 
tl.du  over  and  deposited  them  with  Mr.  Sanguinet, 
i  I'roin  wliuin  he  had  purchiised  a  portion,  with  Mr. 
tliatint'.-,  casket  of  his  valuables. 
1") 


After  Mr.  Gratiot's  return  to  < 'ulioki'n  from  his 
mission,  and  apprehensions  of  an  attack  had  measura- 
bly subsided,  he  sent  his  clerk  oV(t  to  Sf.  Lnnis  for 
his  goods,  etc. ;  but  Mr.  Sanguinet,  still  iqiprchcnsive 
that  an  attack  might  yet  be  made  on  Cahokia,  de- 
clined to  return  them,  unless  Mr.  Gratiot  would  give 
him  an  additional  indorscr  on  his  note  he  had  given 
Sanguinet  for  lliem. 

Mr.  Gratiot  thereupon  commenced  a  suit  for  the  re- 
covery of  his  goods  from  Sanguinet  before  (Jovcrnor  De 
Leyba,  on  May  8.  1780,  and  the  decision  of  the  Gov- 
ernor, after  an  impartial  trial  before  Iiitn,  was  ren- 
dered on  the  iilnittciil  2Gth  day  of  May,  1780, 
in  the  Government  Hall  (the  large  central  room  in 
the  old  Laclede  building),  in  presenec  of  the  parties 
and  some  of  the  principal  personages  of  the  village.' 

Now,  the  questions  naturally  arise, — 

1.  Why  did  Mr.  Gratiot,  a  resident  of  Cahokia, 
send  liis  goods  an<l  valuables  across  the  river  to  St. 
Louis  ? 

Because  he  considered  them  in  danger  in  Cahokia, 
and  perfectly  safe  in  St.  Louis,  where  no  apprehen- 
sions existed. 

2.  Why  did  Mr.  Sanguinet  decline  to  return  them 
to  Gratiot? 

Because,  being  still  apprehensive  that  an  attack 
might  yet  be  made  on  Cahokia,  and  that  Gratiot  might 
bo  plundered  of  his  goods,  and  in  conscqtience,  jier- 
haps,  unable  to  pay  him  for  them,  deemed  it  advisable 
for  his  own  surety  to  still  retain  them  for  a  time. 

I  think  this  makes  the  case  perfectly  clear. 

But  we  will  proceed  to  other  circumstantial  proofs. 

How  does  it  happen  that  Augusfc  Chouteau,  then 
thirty  years  of  age,  and  just  beginning  to  assume  the 
important  position  in  the  affairs  of  the  place  hereto- 
fore exercised  by  Laclede,  and  who  kept  a  journal  of 
events;  Charles  Gratiot,  who  indirectly  lia(i  some  con- 
nection with  the  events  from  which  it  arose,  and  an 
indelatigable  writi'r  ;  Charles  Sanguinet,  G.ibriel  Cerrc, 
Limis  IVrrautc,  and  Louis  C.  Dubrcuil,  merchants; 
5Iilong  Durakle,  survevnr  and  writer;  I'icrre  I'cri, 
register;  Antoine  Uegnal  and  Bernard  Gibkins,  phy- 
I  sicians  ;  John  T.  Slotard,  Joseph  A.  Hortiz,  and,  above 
all,  Joseph  Labuseierc,  the  public  notary  and  facto- 
tum, all  men  of  education,  as  their  private  papers 
clearly  show, — how  is  it,  I  ask,  that  not  a  word  of 
the  affair  is  found  in  the  papers  of  cither  of  these 
gentlemen?  Labuseierc,  '-king's  attorney,"  as  he 
styled  himself,  notary,  scrivener,  factotum,  who  did 
nearly  all  the  writing,  official  and  private,  for  over 

' '  Tlie  jinpcrs  in  unolUfr  cn.se,  Lnbliiiiliu  r«.  liis  cngngecK, 
were  tiled  on  numc  iliiy,  Miiy  2li,  1780, 


i;   !' 


I    ' 


I  ■'■I  fill 


W 


mm 


':\ 


I''.'-  t:\ 


226 


IlISTOllY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


twenty  years,  more  thnii  a  tlionsnnJ  documents  written  'I""  wiilm?  of  rnmoia  IFfliori,  one  of  tho  viciiun ;  fully  «i)iii|i. . 

by  liim  in  tlio  Areliives,  on  every  suiyect  };reat  and  ''"'' 

,,         ...        .          in         1     o  1  •       1       .  .1          tr  ■  "•   Martin  Iliiriililc,  tho  S|iiiiii<li  furvoyor  tfoncral. 

small,  notliin;;  IS  (u  be  lound  ot  his  about  tluit  imair;  .    ...        .,    .  ..       ,, 

'                          ^                                                                                                                                     '  I  .     rilTif    Ten,    tllL'    V  lllil^C    ll';r|:<|(.|-. 

very  .stranjje  tliat  lie,  of  all  olliers,  sliould  not  have  s.  liinr  KiiTsi-mm.  .•linirh-wanUn,  wI.d  ntikiuUul  nt  run  , 

left  sometliiii;^  about  it.     It  is  only  fimnii  mentioned  '  i"  ">  tl'ii  uci'n.-iiui.il  nb'iinis  <•(  ihi'  |.ari:<li  |irii>i. 

in  the  .\rehives,  and  then  but  incidentally  in  tho  few  "■  '''''•  ""  ^'"'*">  ■  "'"'■  '"•  '■''"'•  ''•  ""''""■'••  "''  "'"  "  ' 

J'      I                I    .11      1              1        p       I                           /.       1        I  "'"'•  StTVici'. 

inventories  ol   tlio.>ie  kil  ed,  and  ot   these  we  iind   the  ...         ,    m     .        ,i       .i  •  .           ■   m  i-    i     ., 

'  II.  Aii){U>'lu  Cliiiiili'iiu,  llicn  tlinty;  iinl,  12,  Iii8  linitlicr,  1'. 

interment  of  but  four  persons  in  the  rei^ister  of  the  Clii.uiiaii,  tninty  imc  yiaiM. 

Iiarish  priest  on  the  siame  day  of  the  affair.     AVIiy  are  '      '•'■  l'"iiis  I'uiircuil :  1 1,  .tulin  ii,  .<ur|iy ;  15,  .Imn-iili  Si';;.,ji,i ; 


not  the  otlicis  notired?     All  priivintr.  beyond  contro-  , 
viT-^y,  either  that  it  was  not  considered  ol"  inueli  im- 
portuiico  by  the  authorities,  or  that  there  was  }»ross  ^ 
iiej;leet  on   their  part  in  not  leavini;  a  detailed   his- 
tory of  an  occurrence  which,  however  trivial  it  mi^ht 

have  been   (and  no  doubt  was,  when  cninpared  with  ' 

1  .....  I 

the  niaiunioth   proportions  it  acquired  in  atier-years),  , 

yet  was  at  least  an  event  in  the  hi^tory  of  the  village, 
and  should  have  been  preserved  in  the  public  docu- 
ments of  the  day. 

All  this  is  irrefutable  and  cannot  be  controverted. 

Summed  up  briefly  it  amounts  to  this; 

The  British  authorities  at   Detroit,  beins;  still  bent 


Hi,  I.niii.<  I'cniuilo;   17,  Silvi'iilro  l.iililiaUu' ;    IS,  Aiig'l  Uiillii', 
iiu'iclianl!' ;  all  Kuro|>rnn  Krcncliini'ii. 

lU.  tlii,«r|ili  ('(iiianil,  iiliy.«lriun,  I'laiiee. 

L'll.  Jc>.«i'|j|i  .M.  I>a|iiii,  iiicrcliant. 

'*\ .  .Ti'scpli  lialirii>8i',  inercliutil. 

1I-.  I'ltiirle:*  .'^aiiguiiM't,  iiifi-c)iioit. 

'J'.\,  Jiiliii  r.  .Molard.  jfui'liT,  I'laiioo,  cchieatcd. 

2  I.    I)ii;;('iic  I'diirr.  eaplaiii  iil'  iiiilllia. 

L'.'i,  .1.  I,.  .Maili);iiy,  ('a|ilaiii  iif  iiiililia. 

2li.  .Juliii  Ii.  Tniihl',  l.ri'wr.  IVniu  t'laiiei',  nnil  -unu'  hill 
dozen  olhcrs  from  acrns.i  tin?  river. 

Some  of  tho  above  may  have  been  temporarily 
absent  from  the  village  on  the  day  named,  but  vciy 
few  if  any. 

Charles  Gratiot,  Sr.,  was  a  ma:i  of  ^rcat  system  ainl 
on  rcpossessinj^  the  country  on  the  east  .side  of  the  rc;;ularity  in  his  affairs,  and  wiihal  .cry  earelul  ii, 
!Missis.'-ipj)i,  contemplated  another  attempt  by  abandon-  pn'servinj;  all  his  books  and  papers  relating;  to  Ins 
iiii:  the  old  route  by  the  Wabash  and  N'incci'ijs,  and  affairs,  etc.,  and  after  his  dcatli,  in  181",  and  tli;it  ul' 
taliinj:  a  new  route  through  Illinois  farther  north,  bis  widow,  in  ISl'.'),  and  his  estate  had  been  .seiilnl, 
might  fall  upon  and  surprise  the  villa;;e  of  Cahukia,  the  trunk  eontainiii!;-  the.^o  jtapers  was  for  manyyiMis 
the  northernmost  settlement,  where  the  people,  bein^  in  the  loft  of  the  residence  of  his  yountjest  smi,  ili,' 
i;:noraut  of  their  approach  and  totally  unprepared  tor  late  I'aul  JI.  Gratiot,  my  brother-in-law,  at  ('lirlim. 
them,  they  e.ti)ceted  an  easy  eon(|uest  with  little  or  no  ham,  a  number  of  which  came  into  my  possi>>ii)ii 
lo.ss  to  themselves.      Hut  learning;  subseipiently  that      from  his  children. 

the  people  of  the  vill.iire  had  become  ap[irised  of  their  From  a  close  study  of  some  of  his  letters,  iti'.,  I 

design  and  were  prepared  for  their  reception,  the  at-     arrivi'  at  the  following  conclusions  regarding  the  Jis- 
tempt  was  abandoned  ;  and  a  small  party  of  their  In-     position  and  character  of  the  man  : 
diaii  allies,  wlio.^e  only  iiiduceuiciit  to  engage  in  the  lie  was  a  man  of  great  energy  and  decision  ofL-liur- 

enterprise  was  pillage  and  plunder,  being  di.sappuinted  aeter  and  indomitable  industry,  and  withal  ainljitinii- 
in  their  expectations,  crossed  the  river  above  the  vil  to  aci|uire  a  eomjictcncy  of  this  world's  goods.  II,' 
lage  to  this  side  and  committed  the  murders  on  the  i  kejit  his  own  books,  attended  to  his  own  cornspniii 
persons  of  the  half-dozen  victims  of  their  wrath  whose  ence,  and  was  very  particular  to  niit„'  down  in  wriiin: 
bodies  were  found  at  different  points  at  from  one  to  every  trivial  matter  connected  with  his  aff.iirs.  Nnw. 
four  miles  northwest  of  the  place.  is  it  likely  that  this  man,  .so  particular  to  preserve  in 

The  following  residents  of  the  place  at  that  day  writing  everything,  however  trivial,  relating  to  or  imi- 
were  all  men  of  more  or  less  education,  prominent  in  corning  himself,  and  who  was  here  on  the  very  dav 
the  place,  and  each  competent  to  have  written  a  hi.s-  of  the  occurrence  of  this  affair,  and  who  must  liavo 
toiy  of  tho  affair,  and  yet  we  liave  not  a  line  from  witnessed  all  that  transpired  on  tliat  occasion,  wniilJ 
either:  not  have  made  some  note  of  it,  had  it  been  tlio  iin- 

purtant  affair  represented  in  later  days  to  have  rcsuliol 
in  80  great  a  lo.ss  of  life?     rndoubtedly  he  WduLl. 


1.  Tile  (icivcrnor,  Do  I.pyba  himself. 

2.  IliH  lieutenant,  C.irtabona,  rr(Hii  Ste.  (ienovicvc. 

;!.  Father  Dernanl,  the  |Miri,*h  eurate,  who  ijuric.l  ilic  fmir     And  yet  We  find  Hot  a  solitary  line,  either  from  tlli^ 
lir.iushi  ill ;  eapableur  writing,  and,  one  «oulJsiiii|.o.se,  partly  j  uian  or  any  other  of  the  educated  men  of  thii  (i,iV 

lii^  iluty. 

•1.  Joseph   I.abui'eiere,    long   In   piiblie  ofTiee,  nn  1   a  profes- 
sional writer. 


hero  at  tlic  time,  giving  any  account  of  it,  and  on 
sole  knowled^'e  of  its  extent  is  what  has  come  dowi 


b.  John  1).  TruUvnu,  tbo  nchcol-tcachcr,  n  poet,  who  married  '   to  US  from  the  traditions  of  the  period. 


\ot  CV 
III-  suceei 

.foiwi  n.  T 
firoiioof  t 

fill  <^l.iy,  an 

llirniie   hi.. 

I  Mciit,  hav 

•iolin    ]{ 

years  at  i|, 

ivliii  had  bci 

ill  a  brief  n 

"Cliailes 

At  ten  year.' 

lor  Ills  educi 

coiiiiiifrcial  li 

"f  liiiiiian   iii 

•i''|iiii'e  great 

(iiivernor 
17.SII; 

■■l'"Uilnli|no  1 

'iil''nal..  in(',,||,j 
risi.iin/.  11,,  ||, 
'  |||"'i  .Mi.->i.-.i|,j 
mac.  andii.--eende 
111  llie  .S/iani.«li  d<i 
Mia-  proe...e,|ing 
lalvdi  by  a  l,ar;{e, 
iIut  him  Criiiii  ,^(_ 
'■•™|'e.|  will,  lii,.  J 
■-l.l,"iii.«.  .Mini 
:'i  ilii.;iti,,.i(.    -i-i 

il''"  rc'-uliiLsaini 
I'lU-liMrriio  de.«eeii,| 
i'i-  ii'saiilt  on  ."Si. 
killini,'  as  many 
"arrim-.-  and  abii 
hiic'linrnie  and   hi 
"i-'iT  liirncil  ii, .«,,] 
ilH'Morlh.     |(,va.< 
.>«irof  thisatlaek, 

-Vow  th(!  capt 

I'iMl  and  .roods 

'liffc'i-ence  that  it 

to  the  date  given 

It  (Kcurred  in 

'III!  ■idministralioi 

""'"•■     The  iiflhi 

'••'Ptiiieii  with  the 

ill'' inventory  of  I 

.M,iivli  2:»,  177;j. 

^■'''*;^'s  "f  «t.  Lou 

•Vow  hero  is  a  n 

'  '''i*  "I'l  teaehor, 
•'"""fler  tho  event,  , 

'■'  1.-:'?. 


SPANISH,  FRENCH,  AND  AMEllICAN   INTRIGUES   IN  THE  WEST. 


227 


Not  oven  tlic  Governor  at  tlio  tiuio.  Do  Leybii,  nor 
111-  .sm'(!t'."H(ir  in  oflicc,  nor  tlic  villajjo  stclioolniiistcr, 
J.iImi  U.  'rrudi'im,  \vlii)sulisi'(|uciitly  uinrriod  the  widow 
(li  one  (if  tlie  lialP-dozcn  wlio  full  vietini-s  of  that  cvcnt- 
liil  (lay,  and  wiio  was  fully  eompetont  lo  j;ivo  an  au- 
ilniiiie  history  in  <li'tiiil  of  tiie  occurrenc(!  and  ii.s 
cNiriit.  have  lift  a  solitary  line  on  the  -iuhjeet.' 

Juliii  Reynolds,  wlio  was  a  Inan  cif  twenly-ninc 
years  at  the  date  of  the  deatli  of  Mr.  Gratiot,  and 
will)  had  heeonie  ae(|uaintcil  with  liiiu  and  liis  liistory, 
ill  a  brief  notice  of  him  in  his  book,  says, — 

■  Cliailes  (iratiot  was  burn  in  Lausanne,  Switzerland. 
At  ten  years  of  age  placed  with  u  friend  in  London 
t'cir  liis  eduention,  and  learned  his  business  in  a  lar^re 
cuniiiiereial  house,  where  he  was  tau<:ht  that  the  lieii;lit 
(if  iiuinan  happiness  was  to  keep  books  neatly  and  to 
iiniiiire  ;;reat  wealth." 

(lovernor  John  Reynolds'  version  of  May  2G, 
ITSil; 

■•  |l.iiiiinii|no  Dnc'liarmc,  II  f'anuilian  Iii'liim  Irailor,  livcil  iit 
iiliiviiU  ill  ('iilii)kin.  hIiciu  \w  IiuiIii  lirollu'i-,  lliurlt'.->  iMii'liiiriiK'. 
ri'^itliiif.  lit'  l>*i*l  ^ri'iit  iiillitcnctr  witli  till  tin-  (ribcs  iiillii' 
liiiicr  .Missis:  i|Hii  ic^^ion.  Ill  I""'.'  lio  caiiu' (l»\vi;  fnim  .Miick 
in:ii',:iiiil  ascciiili'il  tlic  .Missouri  I'llnili' Willi  lliu  liijiaii  iialion." 
Ill  llu'  S|>iiniKli  ddUiiiiiiiii.'.  I'niilrary  to  llio  S|iaiii:<li  i'i');iilalii>U!<. 
Allir  |iriM".f  liiiK  ii|i  tli'!  .Misnouri  uniiiu  ili-tanoi',  lio  was  over- 
liilvi  II  !•>'  a  liur;xc,  witli  an  oiliot'i'anil  sitiiicSiiaiiii'li  soliJicTi*,  yciit 
:ilUT  hill)  rritiii  '^t.  lionis,  his  litat  airl  <;ii<mI^  wort'  c'a|ituru<l ;  lie 
(■.cii|n'i|  with  his  j;iiii  anil  lil'c.  Ho  swnru  vrii^jt-'anci'  iii^aiiist 
M.L.iiii?..  All  »  iiilcr  luMvus  in'tive  in  raisiii;^  hissava;ri' t'lii'iids 
;  ir  tlu-att.ifk.  'I'lir  Kritisli  .:;:it'i'isiin  at  .Mackiiiat' riirnislu-il  liini 
ili'vv  ivL'iilai-s.anil  s"im' I'iiniiiliaii.s  juiiii'il  him.  Willi  this  rcprcc 
liii.'li;iriiio  ili'sci'iuh'il   llii'   .Mi««is,-i|i|ii  in  tin' sprin;;,  iiiul  ininlr 

ill-  ii^.-:nilt  nil  Si.  I is  on   Ihc  lllith  iif  .M:i,v,  17S0,  ami  alliT 

hilliiii;  as  niaiiv  as  ii|i|pi'!iscil  his  wrath,  hi'  wilhiliuw  his  ri'il 
\v;irriiii's  an<l  aliamhitu'il  the  niassai-rc.  It  is  sai<l  that  when 
Iiiirli;ii-iiu>  iiiiil  his  Iii<li;iJis  saw  their  ohl  frieiels  <lea<l,  tlieir 
iii.'ir  tuini'il  In  sorrow,  aiel  lliev  witlnliew  lo  lluir  wi^'wains  in 
ilniairlh.     It  was  Kiicharim's  eanipaiKn,  not  the  llrilisli.    'I'he 

iMrof  this  attack,  ITSO,  was  known  al'leittarils  as  ' /'iiiiai'c  itii 

Now  tlie  capture  and  confiscation  of  Ducharmo's 
liM;it  ami  goods  wtis  an  actual  occurrence,  with  the 
iitreieiu'e  that  it  occurred  more  than  six  years  prior 
to  tlie  date  given  by  Reynolds. 

It  iieeurred  in  the  early  part  of  tlio  year  1771?,  in 
ilio  aJiiiiiiistration  of  Piernas,  the  first  Spanish  Gov- 
iiiiur.  The  aRidavit  of  ])ueharnie'8  men,  who  were 
i;i|itiued  with  the  boat,  is  dated  March  15, 1773,  and 
the  inventory  of  the  goods,  etc.,  after  the  confiscation, 
M.irili  2;i,  1773,  These  dates  ara  found  in  tlic  Ai-- 
iliivi'.s  of  St.  Louis. 

.Now  here  is  a  man  (Reynolds)  who  came  to  Illinois 


as  early  as  1800,  tit  the  age  of  twelve  years,  and 
passed  there  the  balance  nf  his  life,  a  man  of  emi- 
nent po.sition,as  Governor  of  the  State,  representative 
in  Congress,  etc.,  known  to  and  ai'i|iiainteil  with  al- 
most every  individual  in  the  cniiiitiy  in  his  day.  who 
got  up  a  history  of  his  times,  with  every  faeiiity  tiiid 
means  within  his  reaeh  to  inform  iiinisclf  on  the  sub- 
ject, if  the  inl'orinaiion  w.is  attaiiiabl  •,  who,  to  pro- 
cure material  sufficient  to  make  up  a  bonk,  was  under 
the  neces.'iity  of  introducing  in  his  work  numerous 
occurrences  and  matters  of  cnniparatively  trivial  nature 
concerning  individuals  alone,  where  events  and  occur- 
rences were  tenfold  more  tibundant  than  on  our  side 
of  the  river.  Surely  it  seems  to  me  that  if  the  afT.iir 
had  been  of  any  historical  liii/iofliiiiri',  Reynolds  was 
the  man  to  have  given  such  an  account  of  it  in  his 
book  as  it  Would  then  have  merited,  [lartieiilarly  as 
the  people  of  the  two  sides  of  the  river  were  as  one, 
having  daily  intercourse  with  each  other,  and  almost 
i.solated  from  the  balance  of  mankind. 

I  have  read,  I  believe,  almost  every  work  that  ever 
came  out  in  regard  to  the  early  history  of  this  Upper 
Mi>sissi])iii  valley  of  the  French  and  Spanish  domi- 
nation, and,  with  the  e.\ee|ition  of  some  half  dozen  or 
le.'is,  nil  mention  is  made  of  this  affair,  and  then  in  so 
brief  a  manner  only  by  the  few  who  have  mentioned 
it  as  proves  eoncliisively  either  that  they  had  leiirned 
so  little  reliable  in  regard  to  it,  or  that  the  affair  in 
ilseli'  was  so  unimportant  as  scarcely  to  need  meiilioii. 
It  is  altogether  froiii  the  mere  chance  of  my  htiving 
come  into  po,ssession,  within  the  l.ist  few  years,  of  the 
Gratiot  inaimseripts  and  other  authenlie  origintil  doc- 
uments of  the  day  that  the  true  histoi y  of  this  affair 
lias,  to  some  extent,  been  brought  to  li-ht  ,  for  had 
I'rimm  ever  seen  or  known  of  these  papers,  a  man  of 
his  judgment  would  never  have  embodied  in  his  ad- 
dress the  statements  he  there  introduced  as  based  on 
tradition  alone.  It  is  thus  that  much  of  what  is  termed 
iiistory  is  produced,  either  by  ignorant  pretenders,  or 
by  those  who  undertake  it  unprovided  with  authentiu 
data  upon  which  to  ground  their  statements. 


'Tliis  «M  tciiehor,  TiuJcau,  kept  school  licrc  for  forty-tlvo 
[  yuij iiitor  tliC  event,  nutil  about  IS^j, on  I'inc  i^trecl.    lie  Jicl 

1  Ij27. 


CHAPTER    X. 

SI'.AXISII,  FllKNCII,   AM)  AMKIllCW    I.NTIIIOIKS   IN 
Till:  \Vi;,<T, 

TilK  immediate  cause  of  the  negotiations  wliieh  re- 
sulted in  the  purchase  and  cession  of  Louisiana,  and 
its  permanent  annexation  to  the  United  States,  was 
the  agitation  in  the  West  and  in  Congress  in  consu- 


li 

b 

|V,  ^ 

i'  ■  ■■ 

I  1- 

Kf 

i 

1 

i^'li 

iii- 

•>■'■ 

li  • 

228 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


<|U('Ticn  of  (111!  ri'I'iisul  (if  "  tlic  ri^lit  of  deposit"  at 
New  OiliMins  to  Aiiioriciin  goods,  mid  tlio  priiclical 
dciiiiil  to  this  country  of  tlm  i\dvatitiif»i's  ai'friiiiij; 
froni  till!  ficc  navi;:iitioii  of  the  Mi.s.si>Mi|i|)i  llivor. 
This,  in  cimnwtion  with  the  kiiowled;:i>  of  the  frraty 
of  San  IliicronHo  hctwi'cn  lh<i  l-'rciu-h  rcpnhlii'  and 
tlie  iiing  of  Spain,  of  tiie  !>lh  Vrnderniaiiv,  nn  Itonio 
(Oct.  1,  180(1),  by  which  Spain  ictrowded  to  France 
all  the  colony  of  liimlxiana,  just  as  it  was  when  Spain 
had  come  in  possession  of  it,  caused  such  a  ferment 
ill  the  country  that  tho  govcrnmorjt  of  Mr.  JelTcrson 
was  forced  to  do  soniethiiiLr  as  an  act  of  self  defense. 
Senator  lloss,  of  IVniisylvania,  inlrodiieed  in  tho 
United  States  Senate,  in  Feliruary,  18(H!,  u  series  of 
very  positive  resolutions,  on  which  there  was  a  famous 
three  days'  debate,  endiriir  in  tiio  adoption  of  a  nion> 
moderate  resolution,  which,  however,  was  still  Nignifi- 
cant.     Mr.  lloss'  resolution  declared  that 

"  Iho  I'nili'il  St;iti's  have  iin  iiiilis|)iitiiblo  ri(;lit  to  tho  free 
niivigiitioii  of  the  river  .Mis^ifsiiiiii,  anil  to  a  iMiiiveiiienI  |)hiet> 
of  ile|Hi-il  till' their  proilui'e  unci  iiieii'liainli.'-i'  in  the  i.-huxl  ul 
New  OrU'iin!'.  (-)  'I'hnt  the  hile  iiifnt'-tini)  nf  r^iieh.  tlieir  nn 
(|nestionci)  ri'^lit,  i"  lOi  ii;;){re'<'^i<tii  hi>.<.tilc  to  their  honor  luiil 
intcreft^.  (-'t)  'i'hiititiloes  noleon.-^i.-t  witli  the  (li;;nit}' or  fiifet y 
of  this  Union  to  hoiil  ii  rif;ht  no  iin|iortant  by  ii  tenure  no  un 
eortiiin.  (I)  That  it  nniteriiilly  coheerns  :<iiehuf  tlie  Aincriran 
eili/.ens  n»  ilnell  on  thi'  W'olorn  nnters,  ami  ii"  e-senlial  to  tho 
nnion.  stronj^th,  anil  |ir(>s|»erity  ot' thc-e  States  that  theyohtnin 
(■orii|i]elo  ^eeurity  for  the  t'uil  atnl  |ieai*ea)>Ie  enjoyment  of  ?<ni'h 
their  ab^iolnto  ri|;ht.  (.i)  That  the  {'resident  be  antln>rize(l  to 
tal<e  iniiiieiliate  [lossession  of  siieh  place  or  |ihiee'  in  lljo  .•iaid 
ishinl  or  the  adjacent  territories  as  he  tnay  deem  fit  and  eoti- 
\enient  for  tlie  |mr|Miso  aforesaid,  auil  to  iidopt  sneli  other 
Mieiisnres  for  oblainin;;  that  coniplele  seenrity  rfs  to  jjiiii  in 
his  wiMluin  thall  seem  meet,  (li)  That  lie  lie  antliori/.ed  ti> 
eali  into  actual  service  any  nainlier  of  tlo  rniliti.i  ol'  the  States 
ot  South  Carolina.  (ieorj;ia.  Ohio,  Kentucky,  'rcunessee.  or  cd'  the 
Missifsippi  'ferritory  wliieh  he  may  think  proper,  not  exceed- 
in;;  lilty  thousand,  and  to  employ  them,  together  with  the  mill 
tary  and  naval  forces  cd'  the  Union,  for  elVeeting  tho  idijeets 
ahovo  menlioncil.  (7)  That  the  i<um  of  live  millions  of  dollars 
he  appropriated  to  tho  earryins  into  cITeet  the  foregoing  reso- 
luli(Uis,  and  that  the  whole  or  any  part  of  that  fiuin  he  paid  or 
applied  on  warrants  ilrawn  in  imrsunnec  of  sueli  dircetions  as 
the  I'le.-ident  may  from  time  to  lime  thinlv  proper  to  give  to  the 
Sieretary  of  tlio  Treasury." 

These  resolutions,  thouj^li  not  adopted,  did  not  con- 
vey an  idle  threat.  They  were  no  wu-vc  ln-nlmn  t'lil- 
iiirii.  The  policy  they  embodied  had  been  vehemently 
urf;ed  upon  the  government  in  many  ((uarters,  and 
was  .seriously  contciuplatcd  by  numbers  of  sa;;aeious 
statesmen  and  .soldiers  as  the  best  and  most  effeclive. 
and  possibly  the  most  pacific,  solution  of  the  difficulty. 
The  idea  contemplated  was  such  a  con/)  ilc  iiniiii  as 
would  aiitiei|iate,  and  probably  forestall,  the  expected 
arrival  of  the  army  of  Gen.  Victor  from  Ilayti,  after 
the  downfall  of  Tous.saint  L'Ouverfurc  and  the  con- 


(|uest  of  that  island.  If  Victor's  troops  came,  tin  n 
would  be  a  war  anyhow  for  the  control  of  tho  iMissi- 
sippi,  and  it  was  easier  to  act  on  the  defensive  th.'in  '•• 
lake  the  offensive  ajjainst  it  i-urfix  ilr  nnin'i'  of  Nii|n 
Icon's  veterans,  The  people  of  New  Orleans,  cxcc|i(. 
ini;  the  ('ii'olcs,  all  yearned  for  such  aelioii  as  lli  -~' 
resolution  difcctc<l.  In  Mississi|)pi  Territory  the  l.c:: 
islattirc  teiiderod  th(1  lives  and  fortunes  of  tho  inhalii- 
tiints  in  support  of  an  eneriret  c  policy.  From  ;il! 
seetions  west  of  tht-  .Mle^haiiics  niemorials  poured  in 
upon  Congress  demanding  instari  action  by  tho  piii 
eral  ^.^overiinicnt,  or  leave  to  tho  ,  "oplo  of  that  ..I'djun 
to  act,  so  as  to  save  themselves  and  their  crops.  Tliese 
memorials  took  hij;h  ;.;round.  \o  jiroteetion,  liny 
said,  no  allci_'iance.  If  the  f,'ovcriiment  did  tiol  i], 
fend  tlicin  it  was  their  duty  to  march  in  their  nwn 
defense, 

15iit,  ill  fact,  the  ]ioliey  of  seizinu  New  Orleans  Ii.hJ 
been    closely   considered   at    Washiiioton    diiriiiLr  llic 
trouble  with  the  l''reneh,  which  terminated  in   isdii 
and  Jictiiiti  was  only  prevented  in    171>.">  and  17II!Mi\ 
the  concession   then   of  the  ri^lit  of  deposit   at   .\civ 
Orleans  for  a  term  of  three  years.     It  was  coniiiiniilv 
siipposeil  that  the    calling;    out  of   the  troops  iinilir 
\\'ashinj,'tnn  and  Hamilton  had  tin   ulterior  oliject  lie- 
sides  resistance  to  tho   French,  and   that  this  iil.jcci, 
even  of  John  .\daiiis'  paeific  adiiiiiiistralion,  was  ih' 
ca])ttiri'  of  New  Orleans.     Wilkinson,    in   his  "Me- 
moirs," .shows  that  Alexand'T   Hamilton,  pracliealh 
eomnianderin-cliief  of  the  army   to    be    levied,   \v:i- 
very  particular  in  his  intpiiiies  as  to  tlit!  offensive  aiil 
defensive  resources  of  the  West  and   the  >latc  of  :if- 
fairs    in    Louisiana,    and    the    first    outbreak  of  tlic 
Spanish  war  then  looked  for  would  have  lieen  sIi'ikiI 
ized   by   an    immediate  descent   upon    Nt^w  Orleans. 
.M'ter  it  became  kiKJWti  that  Spain  had  yielded  pnsso- 
siiin  of  Louisiana  to   France,  statesmen  of  all  parlii- 
united  in  bidieving  that  tho  time  had  come  to  iiii 
Kven   Mr.  .\<ldinj;lon,  tho  IJritisIi  minister  in  Duwi!- 
in;;  Street,  went  out  of  his  way  to  lel   IJuJ'iis  Kin: 
United  States  ambassador  to  the  Court  of  St.  .Jaim- 
know   and   iindeistand   that  (ircat   llritaiii   not  onlv 
would    nut    iilijeet,    but    would   be  very  j;l.id  if  tin 
United  States  .should  seize  upon  the  whole  of  Limi-;. 
ana.     Its  posses.sion  by  France  would  be  sure  to  Ital 
to  a  war  with  lMij:land,  and  tho  mouth  of  the  Mi.s-i- 
sippi  was  not  at  that  time  thoui^ht  to  be  worth  a  w.ir 
til  any  power  except  the  United  States. 

Still  Mr,  Ro.ss  did  not  sueci'cil  in  getting  the  Seiiair 
to  adopt  his  resolutions,  A  substitute  was  offered, in 
the  way  of  an  amendment,  by  Hon.  John  Ihctkiii- 
ridge,  of  Ki'Utucky,  and  carried  by  a  vote  of  yeas  l.'i. 
nnys  11  ;  after  which  the  Senate  voted  uuanimuuslj 


ill  favor  of 
lo  I  lie  cfllt 

"ll"'  I'roslde 

tli'-ii/eil,  wli,. 

Ilic  l.'.vecniivt 

I"  "rgani/.e,  , 

rimliiicss  to  I 

cDctlvo    inilii 

"iii.v,  if  he  juci 

'eioral  ,S|a|e,s 

"ly  rorp,  of  v, 

'iiec,  not  csfei. 

'Ii.ill  he  preseri 

■iiid  for  paying 

"I' net  mil  Bc 

"llor  cvpenscs  n 
i"'<\    deem   noeo 
I  riileil  Slates. 
:i'  sai-h  plaeo  or 
""ly  judg<>  most  I 

Tlie  iiioiiev 
'iili'Hi  was  two 
I'ciided  Cor  mil 

bcloii-iii;;  („  [1, 
'|"'liC  llf  it    ;|.,j  ,, 

"f  wlii.h  lie  woi 
land  III  he  c.vpo,. 
Ill   I  lie    Hoii.s, 
■fi'liii  Jtandoljdr 
Icrable  deleniiin 
'"Jiiiidaries   and 
''ii'"ii,:jli   tlie   Ml 
i^'i".;,'  Ireiilics. 
'•'rW'iil  iiislruclid 
Jaiiiiw  .Monroe  w 
''i>iii:;>(oii,  our  n 
■ipiii  iiuLrooIiu  „ 
was  (he  cession  o( 
Ihit  a  long  (rai 
'i|'  lo  (his  event, 
'ii''st  ill  the  gcnei 
l""''"lt'e  (o  the   hi 
-iciie  of  a  groat 
'^'h'f'i,  perhap.s,  wi 
"""  "f  Lotiisia,,:, 
''!<-■  Union.     The 
'lio  period  immedii 
'''e  "lust  exciting  L 
'•If,  "1  con.sef|uenco 
Venturers  who  cont 
''i<-'  J''Urojiean   govt 
l'"'i'i-i'«  of  the  uai 
,  -"^'n  and  disorganize 
:  ■''■"  almost  at  any 
n'-'"^  of  csciteiuen 


[■tii-.ilU 

\V;l- 
IVC  M'\ 

,f  ill'- 

r  ii.. 

si'.'ii'.ii- 

U  i.iiriir- 

ill  l>"\vii- 
us  Kin: 

it.   .LllMO- 

iiot  "111; 
,ul  it"  lli^' 
jf  l/>ui-.- 
IVO  til  li'.ii 
1,0  Mi^-'- 

)vili  ;>  w" 

lite  Si'ii'.it'' 
lonVrcl.in 
Uroekiii- 
ii  yM>  !■'■ 
Irtiiimoii'ls 


SPANISH,  FUKNCir,  AND  AMKRICAN    INTIIIGIIKS   IN  TIIK  WKST. 


229 


ill  liivor  of  tlio  rcsululiuiis  an  aiiicnJod.  Tliini'  wi'i'u 
In  ilu'  efl'i-L't  that 

'•llic  I'rcslilcnt  iif  llic  riiltcl  Stntrs  lio  nnd  hi'  is  licrrliy  Bii- 
lh<.ri/('(l,  wlii'iH'vrr  liu  hIiiiII  Jui|;{<i  it  i'.xprtlitMit,  di  rt'*|Miro  (if 
ill.'  Kxt'cutii  ei*  t)t"  llio  M(»\t'f«I  Status  In  ttilio  rIVt'ftiml  iiicusiirrii 
til  iir(;iiiii/.i\  lU'iii,  mill  i'(|ui|i,  iic'coiiiin;;  In  law,  iiihI  tiolil  in 
iriiiliiii'i'''  to  ntiiri'li  lit  a  iii'iint'iil'.i  wurniii;:,  t'i;4itly  itintiHiinil 
inVi'tivo  iiiililia,  iiflii'ors  iiii'linli'il.  CM  Tliiit  Ilu-  IVci^iili'iit 
limy,  if  Im  Jml^^o"  it  cx|ir(liciit,  aiitlii>ri/<'  lli«  KxcciitliC!'  (if  llic 
^fvoral  SlatOfi  to  ai'iH'pt,  a«  imrt  of  llu>  iletarliiiicnl  iifori^saiil, 
inv  I  iirpK  iif  viiliiiitocrii,  nlio  shall  iMiiiliiiiit'  ill  sor\  icii  fur  nuuli 

liiiii',  iiiit  cxcci'iliiig iiioiilliH,  iitiil  |ierriinii  mch  turvli'i's  us 

.ji.ill  ho  prcBiTiliiMl  lij-  Inw.    (II)  That ilnllars  hp  n|>|ir(>|>ii 

ill. I  fur  paviii);  ami  Hllil^islin)^  such  part  of  the  lrim|u  nl'nrcHaiil 
rtliii-t'  iii'liial  t*fr\  ii-o  ntiiy  ho  wiuittMl,  and  fnr  tlct'iiiyinj^  siii-h 
illin  i'\|M'ii.i(s  a^,  iluriii);  Iho  ipi'e»H  of  Cun^ri'ss,  tlie  I'rt'siilfiit 
iii:i\    ilcriii  ncirsmry   fur  thi'  M'ciiiily  of  tlio   territory  of   tin' 

I  nilcil  State.".     That  ilollars  he  a|>|>ro|irialeil  for  erei'liii);. 

ill  Mi"li  iilaee  or  |ihieei  on  the  Western  watera  a.s  the  I're.^iUent 
iiiiu  jiul^^e  lllo^l  proiier,  one  or  more  iiisenal..!.'* 

Tiic  money  iictuiilly  iipproiiriuteJ  uiiJcr  this  rcso- 
luiioii  wiis  two  inlirKiii  (lolliif.s,  and,  as  it  was  nut  ex- 
ln'iiiKJ  fur  mililary  reeriiitino,  it  \va.s  looked  iiiion  as 
bcliiiigiiijr  to  llu!  secret  service,  nnd  Napoleon  openly 
>|iiike  of  it  a.s  a  fund  for  eorruption,  to  (he  temptation 
of  wliii-li  lie  Would  not  permit  the  iniinutiilate  Talley- 
laiiJ  to  be  cxposi'd. 

In  the  House  of  IJeprcscntatives  n  resolution  of 
Joliti  liaiidolpli's  was  adopted,  ex|iressinj;  the  unal- 
terable determination  of  the  eounlry  to  niiiintain  the 
boiniihirii'S  and  rij;lit.s  of  navio;atioii  and  coinmeicc 
liiiiiiioli  iho  Mis.si.s.sippi  liivir  as  estalilisliej  by  es- 
istiiig  treaties.  It  was  on  this  basis,  and  fortified  by 
larcful  in.structions  by  Jefferson  and  Madismi,  that 
.iiiiii'.s  Monroe  went  to  Pari.s  to  reinforce  Uobert  U. 
Livino.-itoii,  our  minister  there,  and  settle  the  Mi.ssis- 
-ipjii  imbroglio  upon  a  definitive  plan.  The  result 
was  the  ees.sion  of  Louisiana. 

lUit  a  long  train  of  preliminary  circumstances  led 
iip  tu  this  event,  many  of  them  of  the  j^rcatcst  in- 
tiiv.-t  ill  the  fxeneral  history  of  the  West  and  of  iin- 
jioitiuiL'e  to  the  history  of  St.  Louis,  .since  it  was  the 
ML'iic  of  a  great  many  of  these  transactions,  all  of 
wliieli,  perhaps,  were  necessary  to  secure  the  anne.xa- 
liiiii  (if  Louisiana  and  Missouri  to  the  territory  of 
the  Union.  The  political  intrigues  in  tlio  West  in 
tiic  ]ioriod  immediately  after  the  Ilevolution  were  of 
the  must  exciting  character,  and  they  were  carried  so 
f.ir,  ill  eoiisc(|uonce  of  the  adroit  devices  of  the  ad- 
viiitiiieis  who  conducted  them,  the  keen  desires  of 
ilie  European  governments  interested  to  curb  the 
inigicss  of  the  nascent  republic,  and  the  turbulent 
lueii  and  disorganized  society  of  the  .sections  involved, 
iliiit  aiiuost  at  any  time  between  1781  and  1802  a 
spark  of  excitement  might  have  been  fanned  into 


such  II  tlanie  of  revolution  ns  would  have  disintO' 
grated  the  republic  and  restricted  llui  I'liited  States 
to  the  regions  east  of  ihe  Alleghany  Mountains.  The 
discontent  of  tho  West  in  178!i  was  as  distinetly 
formulated  as  that  of  the  South  in  ISIiO.  The  dif- 
ference wax  this,  that  while  the  South  eluimed  that 
its  rights  under  tliu  Constitution  had  been  violated  tu 
such  an  extent  that  it  would  not  eoii.sent  to  support 
the  Union  any  longer  without  additional  safeguards 
defining  and  nniiiitaining  it.s  hpeeific  interpretation 
of  the  ('(insliliition,  the  West  took  the  more  practical 
view  that,  in  coiise(|iienco  of  insuperable  geographical 
obstacles,  the  Union,  and  the  (,'onstitulion  when  it 
should  be  formed,  were  of  no  value  to  them,  and 
would  beeoino  hurtful.  There  coidd  be  no  aliegiiince 
without  protection,  they  contended,  und  protection 
was  impossibh?  with  the  mountain  barrier  where  it 
was.  Kvery  iiiureaso  of  population,  every  develop- 
ment of  resources  would  .simply  make  tho  condition 
of  tho  people  of  the  West  mure  intolerable.  They 
would  naturally  gravitate  towaids  the  country  which 
might  control  the  Mi.s.sis.si)ij)i.  That  was  the  law  of 
nature,  tho  "  manifest  destiny"  of  a  great  and  grow- 
ing section.  It  was  only  wi.sdoni  to  jirepare  for  it, 
and  it  was  simply  a  vicious  scnlimentalism  which 
clung  to  the  idea  of  Union  and  a  continuance  of  the 
old  Confederacy,  becau.so  a  successful  war  had  been 
waged  by  tho  Eastern  colonies  against  the  waning 
forces  of  Great  Britain.  This  was  the  way  in  which 
the  people  and  their  liiaders  had  come  to  look  at  it 
almost  universally,  uud  it  is  useless  to  deny  the  fact 
that  in  1785  every  section  of  tho  West  that  was 
.settled  at  all  was  settled  by  a  thoroughly  disaffected, 
if  not  disloyal,  people. 

The  true  history  of  this  condition  of  affairs  has 
never  been  fully  set  forth,  for  several  rca.sdiis  :  (Jl )  the 
prime  actors  and  leaders  of  those  days  found  it  expe- 
dient at  a  later  period  to  be  very  silent  in  regard  to 
their  views  and  position,  for  they  wished  to  retain 
their  intiucnco  in  a  community  which  forgot  it  was 
ever  disaffected,  and  would  have  repudiated  the  men 
who  ventured  to  remind  it  of  tho  fact ;  (2)  the  foreigti 
governments  mixed  up  in  the.se  intrigues  were  con- 
strained by  a  variety  of  considerations  to  conceal 
their  methods  and  ignore  their  contrivances,  in  order 
iit  once  to  screen  their  agents  and  pensioners  and  to 
avoid  entangling  and  compromising  revelations  ;  (3) 
the  liisloii/  of  this  country,  as  a  rule,  has  been  written 
by  Northern  people,  and  the  greater  part  of  these  in- 
trigues and  discontents  had  ceased  to  agitate  the  public 
mind  and  were  eoiielusivcly  fjuieted  before  any  author- 
ized and  legitimate  settlements  began  in  the  North- 
western Territory.     Kentucky  and  Tennessee  were  us 


I     Jl 


'ill 


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I 


J  :  f 


I  f> 


i   I '  ;1 


1^ 


rm 


230 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


wide  ;ij)!\rl  riiiin  one  iiiinllior  in  tliosc  pioneer  duy."  sis 
J:i|iaii  is  apart  fnini  Cliina.  The  polilical  liistiiry  ni' 
Ki  iihicky  atiii  Tennessee,  (leoriria  and  the  .^liNsissippi 
Territory  Ims  indeed  been  written,  l)ut  in  a  frafinien- 
tar^  wa^',  ami  it  lias  not  been  niiirieeted  at  all  with 
llie  projier  liistor}'  ol'  the  irreat  Wc-t  as  an  exIeii.-ioM 
of  ilie  tbirteen  eolonies  wliieb  seeiin-il  ibe  inde]K'nd- 
elice  of  ibe  United  States. 

Fiance  and  Spain  were  imt  aetnated  entirely  b^'  ;•. 
ilisinteresfcd  syiiipatby  for  llio  weak  .strnL'.i;ling  aj:ainst 
tli<>  oppresscir  in  ixtendinj;  tbe  lilieral  and  vital  aid 
wliieli  thev  ^'ave  to  tills  cnirilry  dnriii:;  tbe  Kcvuhi 
tionary  war.  Tbere  were  many  purely  s'.'lfi>li  eon- 
sideralions  to  impel  llutii  to  aei  as  tbey  did.  In 
France,  indird, tbere  W!is  a  loree  of  popular  synipal  by 
and  eiilluisiasni  wliidi  a  government  de.sirinir  and 
neeilinir  popnlalily  emild  not  well  resi,l.  I?|||  wbiie 
availing:  tbemselves  of  tlii^  (tilbiisiasni  for  their  own 
pnrpohcs,  the  eotd  beads  of  administration  in  I'r.iiiee 
by  no  means  shared  if.  Manrejias  frcrinniily  told  the 
elder  Si'i' ir  that  public  opinion  had  f.ireed  ihc  L-overn- 
ment.  nj;ain>t  its  own  wisln's.  to  sidi-  with  America.' 
The  Uoutit  do  VerL'eniies  is  said  to  li.ivc  ori^'inally 
opposed  the  American  alliance,  and  to  have  resisted, 
as  far  as  he  s;ifely  eouid.  every  separate  measure  of 
aid.  either  in  money  nt  men.  extended  by  France  to  the 
United  Slates  lie  ilid  all  that  was  in  his  power  to 
narrow  the  boundaries  of  the  \u\\  counlrv  and  reslriil 
and  eonfuse  its  autboriiy. 

The  ohjict    of   Frat in   jjivire.;  sup]iort   at    all    to 

America  was  twofold. —jealoiisv  and  op|i<irtiinity. 
Kn;.:land  was  ber  commercial  ami  marilimc  rival.  To 
injuri>  l'riti>h  ci>mnierec.  ilelcat  Ibilish  armies  and 
navies,  and  di~niemlM'r  the  Mrilisb  enipiii'  woiilil, 
aeeordini:  to  the  notions  which  control  iiilernalinnal 
relations,  coi, tribute  at  one  and  tiie  same  liim^  to  the 
fllnry  and  to  the  welfare  of  France.  .\  l.irf.-e  portion 
of  the  British  territory  in  .Vtneiica  bad  been  l''rench 
territory  until  a  very  recent  [MMiod.  and  aiiotln'r  per 
lion,  cipliilly  lar;.'e.  had  been  ceded  by  l'"rallce  In 
Spain  merely  in  order  hi  pre\enl  tircat  Mrilain  iVmn 
takinj;  posse  .ssion  of  it.  |-"riiici'  inii:lit  easily  expect 
to  recover  at  least  some  porlioi;  of  !lii~  lost  empire 
while  aidiiiu'  to  biiniiliate  her  rival,  and  to  reduce  the 
ma'jniliccnt  proportions  whieli  the  ;.'eniiis  of  I'iii  bad 
oiveii  to  the  Uritish  eolonial  pos.sessions.  Spain's 
motives  for  an  alliance  with  ihi  United  ,^tatts,  and 
for  sbariiif:  the  risks  and  burdens  of  the  war  in 
America,  are  not  so  clcjir,  though  tlu'  ;;eiiius  ^nd  de 
eision  of  ( iilvi'z  I'Pablcd  ber  to  turn  that  war  i  i  ureal 


','c){iir;    •  ,M"iiiiiiri^,' i.  I  1 1 .      FIiKjiiii  :   '■  Ili|i|iiiiialii'  'iiiii 
jiiin'.'  \il.  Kill. 


jirolit    by  thn   reduction   of  llatiin   Roiii^p,  Natchiv, 
Mobile,  and  I'ensaccda,  thus  eompletin;:  tlie  c(nif|Ui'-t 
of  Florida,  and  seeuring  under  lier  absoluto  and  sol, 
contnd  every  jiart  of  the  firm  land  boundaries  of  tli.' 
(iulf  of  SIcxieo,  which   now  beeamo  truly  a  Spani-h 
lake.      Hut   Spain's  eolonial   interests  were  too  en  ,ii 
for  that   country  to  avoid  viewin;,'  with   lively  apjiri  ■ 
hension  a  colonial  revolt  of  such  ]in)porlions  as  tli.it 
of  tbe  Anierican  Revolution,  and   the  rulers  of  lliit 
nioimrehy  were  Mot  easy  in  eontcmplatim.  of  the  en- 
terpri  e.  audacity,  and  growth  of  tlu!  rebellious  Slalrv 
^!aj.  Stoddard,  in   bis  '■  Sketches  of  Louisiana."   ir 
marks    that   "the  era    of  tbe    Anierican    Revolutimi 
was  not  viewed  by  Sjiain  with   inditb'reiice,  and  -li.' 
found  it  no  easy  inaltcr  to  decide  mi  the  ]iolicy  wliirli 
it   became   ber    to    [iiirsue.    .    .    .    N'otbing  disturhcl 
S|iain  more  ibaii   the  contemplateil  estaldisbmciil  n!' 
an  independent  empire  in  .\meriea.      She  was  a;|,iv 
liensive  that  the  sjiirit  of  innovation  would  make  il- 
way    into   her   provinces,  and    eventually   disnicinln  r 
iheni  from   the  ]iareiit  country.      Rut   she  could  ii<i( 
re.-ist  the  lures  held  out  by  France,  and  when  she  en 
gageij   ill  the  war  it  was  merely  as  an  auxiliary,  ainl 
with  a  determination  to  protect  ber  own  interest  anl 
to  remain  (piii'seciit  as  regarded  the  independence  n!' 
the    I'nitcd    Slates.     The    acipiisilion    of   (lilirillai 
.laiiiaiea,    Minorca,  and    the    Floridas   were  splimli  I 
objeils  in   her  view.     She  readily  perceived  lli.il.  in 
ease   the    United   Slates  succeeded   in  breaking  tli'ir 
cotiiieciinii  with   Iviglainl,  the   Moricbis  would   cliaii^' 
masters,  and  she  deemed   it    prudent  to  add  lie  mi  i 
lier  own  dominions  before  we  bad  a  legilimate  eliiin 
to  tlu  111.        Probably  the    ■  fiiiiily  I'ompaet,"  by  wlii  1 
,'*<paiii  bad  originally  acipiired  li'Miisiana  IVi<m  I'l  hii'< 
would  h.ive  eonipe'.li'd  her  under  any  eircuiii-taii  c*  !■ 
uiiile  with  thai  country  and  the  United  Slates  in  llii' 
alliance   against  Creat   Riilaiii.      Rut   the  eliaice  l< 
acipiir'    eiiiitidl  of  ihcdulf  of  Mexii'o.and  with  il  liii' 
Misi--,ippi  I!i»    ;    was  not  to  be  thrown  away  slijliilv 
The  ilaiii^ei  Iroin  revnhilion  was  iiol    su  pininiin  nl  i'l 
177S  as   il    had   beconie  when    Maj.   Slodda.d   wielv 
Il  was  a  real  d.ii'L'cr,  a-  was  proved  by  the  liovcliii'lil- 
I'fden.  .Aiiraiid.i     rthicli  had  the  sympathy  of  .Icirr 
son  and  the  .,id  of  Rurn  immediately  aficr  the  pci r 
of    IT"-'!       liiit  Spain    w,is  iiiiile   a«ari'  that    it   « e 
iii'eessary  for  her  to  lake  possession    if  the  Flnri'l.h  i' 
order   to  prcveiii    the    United    .Slates  frnin  di  iiii' >" 
The  opcralions  of  ('apt.  W.illing  in  tln'  .\lis«is-|i|ii  in 
177ti  proved  thai  i'oiiclii«ively.     This  otTlccr  alieiii|ptr'l 
to  tak«!  Nat.  lie/   and  il  was  well  uiiderstooil  llial  tii'oi- 
gia  .lainied    through  to  the    ^lis>i-.sippi    Uiier  nii  tli' 
parallel  ol  Savannah,  wbilo  Virginia  iind  North  I'ar 
III!  1  hud  begun  already  to  survey  a  bound, ir\  'in    ' 


lliit  river 
limits  of  tl 
"  y  for  S/i 
(■'  'a(diin;5  i 
ill  I  ing  on  I 
mill  right. 
I.iry  Miovem 
(-laMi.^ll  a  f 
I'III   liank   ol 
ilic  iiiouth  ( 
"iiieli,  and  tl 
C.ilii.kia,  and 
in  I  lie  riii.,., 
ri'ilii;'cd   tho 
fiii'gr.iinine. 
Ill  repair  the  ( 
(CM. ling  (1,,,  III 

IICSSCl'    Ril  (>!•_    . 

•'"-'■/'Ii's   ]{ive 
ii;iil  Ill's  Ir.idf,,; 
•"•'[■^li'i  claimed  I 
i';m  ,.f  (II,,   ^11 
LMlimi  of  ilial  I- 
Tlicse   pieioii 
i'l'^islcd  upon  b 
'     Miilir  liciirty  ai 
'"Il  ill  return  foi 
'■"'"|"'i(   with    n 
I"'!'''.  France  n.ss, 
'■'"''■<■  liireign  p„| 
''"'  'ii'ii's  wiihi,, 
'"'"'.i-'ivcn  room 
"""■■'■of  the  ,1,, 
■''Mr    Ifo^s.  ,,„, 
''''"'    l-'lciieli    i„i 
''"llgli  ss  Were  del 
•I'liiiiicd  a  resoliK 
'"■  ^\''s|,.,.„    1„„„ 
'V.in(v      (),„.  ,„j 

r''ll>Cll     to     „|„_y 

'""   'II''   <'oiii,lne, 

)■'""■  'Il  liberations 
"■''|iiil«'  obey  (h,. 
"■'''■■' iii-olenf  in  (I, 
''■i»|'  lii'cii  .'aigg,.,!, 

"'l'">''rislied',  "ind 
'^h  "lake  i,  ,„.„!, 
'■''"■'"■I,  from  theii 
1l''"'i  ill  I7(;;i,  hu< 
''•■'''■«'  Civorable  ,, 
''•")•"'■  San  lldei;, 

"""■''"•■^'■vpedieni 
l'"'^'''''   ''I'-rt   to  ,,, 


SPANISH,  FRENCH,  AND  AMKIIICAN   INTUIGUKS   IN  TIIK  WKST. 


2:!i 


iliiit  river  from  the  Atlantic,  wliieli  wo'ild  inariv  tlic 
limits  of  tlicir  claims  in  llu;  Wi'st.  The  most  offoedial 
w  V  for  Spain  to  prevent  the  United  States  from  en- 
(■'.'acliiii^  upon  eiilicr  licr  western  limits  or  thos('  hor- 
(liiini;  on  the  (lulf  was  to  occupy  new  ;;rouii(l  in  her 
iiwii  rif^ht.  The  provcrhial  slowness  of  Spanish  niili 
l.irv  movements  enahleil  ("Jen.  (leorire  I{o;.;ers  Clark  to 
,-i;ili!i>li  a  fort  in  the  name  of  \'irf;inia  on  the  east- 
iiii  hank  of  tlie  Mis>issippi  ( I'ort  Jefferson),  heluw 
till'  nmntli  of  the  Oliin,  hefore  Spain  cuuld  do  sn 
iiiiiili,  and  tliis  act,  with  the  eapturu  of  Kaskaskia, 
Cilhikia,  ami  X'incetines,  and  the  Anierieaii  vieiories 
in  llie  Cherokee  and  Chickasaw  country,  materially 
rciln  'cd  the  jirospects  of  carryin;;  out  the  Spanish 
|in".'iainme.  (Jalve/.,  however,  d'd  the  lie-^t  he  eonltl 
111  ii  pair  the  conse((iiences  el'  this  dilatoriness  hy  ex- 
uniiiiei  the  limits  of  West  Florida  towards  the  Ten- 
ii,>>i'e  Ki^er,  and  hy  sendiiiLr  an  exiicdilion        ihc  St. 

,1 ph's  Uiver,  to   plant  a   fort  where   La   Salle   had 

liiid  liis  tradinjr  post  in  ItlTM.    Upon  these  movements 
Siiaiii  claimeil  thai  she  was  eiititlecl  (d  a  houndarv  far 
i;i-i  ,f  the   Mississippi  Uiver,  and  also  that  the  navi 
;;;\liiiM  of  that  river  must  he  entirely  in  lier  cnntml. 

These   prcteiision.s   of    Spain   were  suppioted    and 

iiisi.-led  upon  hy  France.     That   country  did   indi'cd 

niiiKr  hearty  and  valualile  aid  (o  the  United   States, 

liiit  in  return  for  it  demanded  ihiiiLTS  wiiieh  it  did  not 

iiiiiipert    with    iiatiiiiial    selfrespect    to  eonei'de.      In 

fart,  France  assumed  llie  rij:ht   to  direct  alnio  t  the 

iili'-e  lorei;^n  jioliey  of  the  I  iiited  Stales,  and  to  select 

ilic  liiiiits  within  which  our  growth  aiut  ainhilion  were 

1.1  lie  L'ivcn  room  tn  pla\'.     (louverneiir  Morris,  in  the 

iipur>e  of  llie  dchale  in  the  Senate  on   the   resolution 

.1"  Mr   llo'<.  (|Uiilcd  aliovc.  lenk  cieea.-inii  to  say  that 

Till'   I'lench   minister.   Mens.  I)e  la  Lucerne,  when 

I'.'iiL'i.  -s  were  deliheratiiij;  .;ii  the  ullimatiim  for  peaci', 

Maiiicd  a  resolutiiin  that  mir  m'.,.!     'I's  -should,  as  to 

iir  Wi'stnn   hmiiclarv.  treat    iiiidcr   .   e  liiclalinn   of 

1  ranee.     Our   miiii>lirs  disdu'ii'd    1  e  eondilion    and 

ril'iix'd  to  ohi  y.     Their  •(  ai  '  •  eonduef  ohtain.d  fur 

.11  llie   ciiunlrii'S   whose    lat'-    is   now   >ii-pendeil   cm 

\'iir  ill  liheiatiiins.  '      In  fail,  however,  Ciiie.:icss  diil 

'  t  i|uite  olicy  the  terms  dictalcil   hy  I'raiire.      These 

iv.p'  iii-iili'iit  in  the  highest  dc'ree.  and  Would    never 

I  IV.' lii'c'ii  MiL';^e-lcil  !iad  not  our  country  hecn  fechle, 

iiipivirislicd,   and   aiuioiis    for   peaei"   at   any    price. 

111.)  make  ii  prohahii'  that  the  policy  of  the  French 

M'aliinct,  from  the  tin f  the  cession  of  Louisiana  to 

Spam  in   ITCi.'.  had  contcniplatcd  its  relroe.»iiin   at 

I'.i' first  fiivorahle  oppominity,  as  occurred  under  the 

liruij' iif  San  lldcfoiiso  in  Isilld,  and  tliat  in  the  mean 

[liiiiiil  vvi.s  e\|)eilieiit  to  aid  the  tenant  at  will  in  every 

■"ilili   rlVi.rt   to  c\lciid  and  improve  his  premises. 


With  a  boundary  line  eoinii!i;  near  the  AUc^haiiics, 
Napoleiui  could  have  made  liouisiana  a  very  uiicoin- 
fortahh-  nciuhhor  of  (ircat  Hritain  in  (^inada,  if  in- 
deeil  he  failed  (o  coiiipier  back  that  country.  When 
John  Jay  arrived  a.s'mini.stcr  of  the  United  States  at. 
Madrid,  in  ITSO,  he  found  that  the  Fremdi  minister 
in  i'hiladcl|ihia  had  already  sii;niticd  to  (.'onjrri'ss  what, 
should  he  his  instructions  and  what  terms  Spain  would 
expect  him  to  he  williii;,'  to  conccd,'  ill  (U'dcr  to  c(Ui 
siimmale  an  allianee.  The  United  S'ates,  Mr.  Jay 
was  ini'ormi'd,  were  to  take  explicit  and  nioderato 
Lirounils  on  the  suhject  of  '' a  precise  and  invariable 
Western  l.oundaiy  to  the  United  Slates,  the  exclu- 
sive navi^'ation  of  the  Mi.<sissippi  lUvcr,  the  posses- 
sion of  the  Fioridas  and  the  territory  in  the  h'ft  or 
eastirr!  bank  of  ;he  ^U>si,ssippi  ISiver; 

••  111  11  .1  till  r,r.-l  article,  il  is  llie  i.le.i  nl  llie  Ciilioiel  of  .Mii.lri.l 
llitil  llie  I'hile.)  .^lull's  exi.'iiil  lo  llu-  westvviLi'il  no  t'liitlier  iIimii 
setllcmenf-  were  iMTini't,  ■!  li\  llie  i-..viil  |itiifIioiiiili.in  lieiiriiii; 
iliile  llio  Till  .lii.v  "t  (1,'tilier,  ITCi.'l.  (Tliiii  limit  was  llie  .Mlc- 
^liaiiy  Miiiintttin-'.  I 

"On  llir  sej.m.!,  Ilmlllie  Inile.l  Sliile<i  (linml  ennsiiler  lliem- 
selve-  IIS  lin\  iiij;  iinv  ri;ilil  In  nii\  i;;iite  the  ii\»'r  ,Mi>-issi|i|ii,  n.t 
0  rril..r.v  Li'lontiing  In  lliem  lein^  siliiiile.l  llienin. 

"On  the  lliir.l,  lliiil  it  ii*  |ir<ih.ilite  ttie  tiinj;  of  .Sjiaiii  will 
e.in.|iier  tlie  Klnriiliin  iliiriii;;  llie  euiirKe  nl'  tlio  jiiesi ...  wiir  :  iiiul 
ill  sm-h  an  event. every  eiiuso  ur<lis|Mitii  relulive  therulu  between 
S|.iiiii  mil  111.'  I  niieil  ,>J|ales  i>n);lit  lo  lie  rennived. 

"  On  till,  fiiiirlli,  tliiit  the  liin.ls  Ijinjr  in  the  eii«l  si.le  ..f  llio 
.Mis«is-i|.|ii.  where. in  the  sellleinenis  were  |iriiliiliilcil  hv  I'.ie 
iiloresai.l  |iroelumiili.in.  nre  jinssessinna  I'f  tt.J  eniwn  cil'  tJroiit 
llritiiin.  Mill  pr.ij.er  ..hjeeU  iiniiinsl  win,  !i  the  iiriiis  nf  Spiiin 
niny  he  eiii|il.iye.|  lor  the  |ii'r|Mise  ..t  ni'ikin^  a  |ierniiineiil  e..ii- 
Hiiest  r.ir  III*'  ,*S|»jini-li  er.iwn.  'rtial  sueli  enni|iiiis|  imiv-  |trnhiihty 
he  niu.le  .liiroi;;  the  present  war.  'riiiit,  Iheref.Me,  it  w'.uiM  he 
ii.lvisiil.!e  1,1  restrain  the  .Soiithurii  ,^late!i  t'laiin  iiiakiiii;  any  sel- 
lleineiils  iir  e.'n.|iiesls  in  thoiie  lerrilorivK,  Tlinl  the  I'liiineil  uf 
.Ma.lri.l  oensiler  li.e  I  ni:e.l  .'Slale-  as  havliif;  n.i  elaitii  t.i  llii-e 
lerritnries.  either  as  nut  hiivin;;  ha. I  |..issessi,ni  nf  iheiii  lii'r..rn 
ill.'  |i;e.ent  war,  or  n*.l   havini;  any  foun.lali.ni  l.ir  ii  elai.ii  in 

Ihe  ri^hl  nf  llio  nivoi.ijjnly  ol'  lOeal  lliilain,  wlm^e  .1 ni..ii 

tlu-v   have  ahjnre.l."  ' 

Tliis  w,»s  a  V.  ry  serious  business,  and  demanded  a 
;.'real  ileal  of  tact  on  llie  part  of  Mr.  Jay.  hi  lad, 
France  did  not  want  the  I'nited  States  to  become 
strong  and  powerful,  nor  to  cxleiid  the  area  of  their 

'  This  'laim,  liowover,  iliil  exlfl,  iinil  was  (lert'eolly  well 
1.. nil. I. '.I,  l.'r  Ihe  mason  that  Ihe  Mi»si»si|i|ii  liiier  wii»  nia.le 
the  h..iiiii|i,iy  lielnei'ii  l-'ran.e  (an.l  ihereloi.'  .S|iaiii|  ami  tireat 
":  ;„iii,  in  an  evjilieu  manner,  in  the  '»ly  of  I'ari"  in  IT'i "'.  In 
I  7S."  a;;ain.  when  lin'iil  llrilain  reeojjni/.e.l  the  in.|e|ien'ienee  ..f 
Ihe  I'liil.'.!  Stales,  ami  si(!iie.|  a  Ireiily  of  (leiiee  Willi  llieiii.  it  wan 
.lelin..|  thai  the  h.iiin.hti  ii'K  sli..iihl  he  the  fiiiiie  as  those  ol  I'tV'', 
I.. ., 'he  Mis-i.-ipi.i  an. I  Iherville  llivers.  tleorijia  an. I  ."soiilh 
I'liiolina,  Ihi'ielore,  us  well  us  TennesH'e  an. I  Virginia,  wliil.' 
..rion  .lis)  iiliiiK  ahont  Iheir  own  rroiilierK,  iiiiileil  iil  nil  liinea 
in  in-i-tlnK  Hint  tno  Missi!iri|i|ii  nut  tliu  true  honmlary  ol'  the 
liilleil  .siiilei.  on  the  wi'sl,  (See  Dr.  Slevens'  "  llinlory  ol  lieor- 
gin,"  vol.  Ii.,  lor  i»  eoin|iliie  ^ln:elllrnl  ot  this  ellitin  of  litleii.) 


lili 


I 


'!    liS 


,.  , 


i32 


IIISTOKV  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


territories.  Vor^vmiai  was  ufraid  of  tlio  uxaiiiplu  of 
tlic  nation  ho  IiuJ  lieliieJ  to  create.  lie  unJ(;r^ituu(l 
tiiat  republicuiiisin  propagates  itself,  niiJ  lie  wisiicd  to 
will  it  in.  lli.s  sueeo.s.sor,  the  Count  Montmoriii,  went 
.stil!  fartlur.  H<'  inst;ucted  the  Kreiifh  envo^'  to  Jiis 
country  that  •  i;  i:<  not  udvi.sahle  for  Franco  to  ^;ive 
America  all  tin  stability  of  whiih  Au'  i.s  susceptihle. 
She  will  acijuire  a  dej;ree  of  power  wliieh  --hi'  will  be 
too  well  disposed  I  i  abu.se."  '  In  faet,  the  ''reneh  aod 
Spanish  ^'uvernnieiils  ihuimht  to  eheci*  the  llev.ilution 
by  liniiliii^  the  territory  ul'  the  I'nitiMl  States  and  para 
lyzili;;  their  ti>itoiioiiiy.  S]iaiii  trusted  neither  Kii;;land 
Dor  the  revolliMl  ivloiiies.  The  tlovcriuir  of  liOiiisianu 
l*Hii  Luis  de  I'tiMj^a,  at  'he  liiue  of  the  first  outbreak 
of  the  Uovulution,  wrote  to  hi.s  jioxcniiiK'nl  that  he 
bad  sent  a  spy  to  I'hiladelphia,  aid  was  walehin^ 
everylliili;;  carefully.  '  I  suspect,"  said  he,  "  that  at 
iiny  moiacnt  the  royalists  and  iii:sur^;ents  inav  tnake 
up  their  <|iiarrel  u'ld  unite  tiivir  forec.M,  in  order  to 
take  fios.ic;  sion  by  surpii.-e  of  one  of  the  doip  tins  of 
mime  Kiiropean  power,  I'lul  thus  to  imleuniiiy  tiiein- 
.selvc!)  lor  llieir  losses  an  1  ex[ienses."  In  1777,  (ial- 
Vi7,  was  iiislruUed  that  le  easi>  the  Anierieaiis,  Capt. 
Walliiij;,  nr  any  one  else,  showi'd  a  di-position  to  cap- 
lure  the  Hrilish  posts  i/ii  the  lower  .^lissi.ssippi,  he 
Was  himself  to  .seize  and  hold  tin  in  ■  in  trust  ur 
deposit"  itntil  they  could  be  otherwise  dispo.secl  of. 
And  t!u  French  and  Sjiaiiish  aiithoritiis  botli  repro- 
bated ('apt.  \\'aliiii;;'s  attack  upon  lt.iti>ii  U<iu^'e  and 
Fort  Manuhuc  in  177>S,  albeit  it  was  inadi;  IVoin  New 
Or'cans.  The  I'leiuh  coiiimis-ioners  wrote  limn  New 
Orle.iiis  about  it,  .s.iyin^, — 

" 'I'lir  .'*p;oii;irtb  hero  xeiMMlli  rpjjiirt  Itti-.c  .- llll|lu•^t•.  lni*iin»c 
it  t-tit-'  oil  lliuir  liu|ic  lit  I'Xr.-iilih;;  tti<-iii  hu  tlinr  i>vui  acr<'.int, 
ni)>l  uf  th*-i4'l>.v  ^<*i-in  oi^  tor  t)irtii-*fl\t'«  tlic  i>\«'hi-ni'  |iut>i>i'<]<i'>ii 
at  till-  Hull'  »r  .Mi'\i.">.  |li-4i.|<.-.  Ilii>y  r<'..|  lliiit  I  li,.  iiiil.|ri.ii« 
iin>l  iiltuM'  ii'lvioiliif;<>!i  -if  III!'  oliiiiiiti*  nf  I.uiii.'iiiii.i  imiy  ^rjiii'r 
llio  Aiiii'iii'iiii.',  mil  iillriii't  tlii'iii  |i>  ii  ri'i(|i>ii  1111111  wliiili  tiu' 
<'  'iriMUiii''Uli"ii  Willi  till'  liiiir  <<l  .Mt'  kicii  li>'j;iii-  In  Iji'  ln'llir  iml 
iii"0'  |ir.n'll,Mlly  kiKinii." 

Inder  such  eireuinslaiiees  day  Wa.s  called  U|ioii  to 
act  with  ixeeedin^  i  ireuuisp  '  Uoii.  His  coiii.se  wa.s 
);reatly  siiiiplilied  by  the  Int  tliii  I'atrick  Henry,  Jef- 
frr.Min,  and  li<'ii.  (Nark  bad  icinoved  two  of  the  con- 
ditioii.s  laid  down  li)  Spain  and  France  Iron*  chereoinu 
of  fact.  Tliu  capture  and  ociuiiation  of  Kaskui-kia, 
the  biiildiiii;  of  I'ort  flellerson,  aid  the  ereclioii  of 
lliinoi.i  inlii  a  county  made  il  no  l./ie.;er  pn»il>le  to 
say  that  the  United  States  bad  no  terii.oiy  on  the 
iNli-si.-..ii|i|.i  Itiser.  So,  likewi.se,  Ti  niii».>ci'  Was  <  .v 
leiidiiif.'  low, lids  the  river,  anil  (»eoij:iu  preparin;;  to 
create   its   new    "  iiouii<oii    ('oiiiii\,     alli  rwaiils    tiic 

'  lliirui'  .Muilioi:-,  "  lli'iur^  nf  l.uiiiniiiiiii,"  |i.  I  >2. 


State  of  .Mis.sissii)|ii.  Tn  the  in.structions  to  Jay  frofn 
(T.iiifjress,  ihat  hod\  had  been  so  anxious  to  plea-e 
liiat  it  had  told  hii'i  ''  r.ot  to  insist"  upun  the  ri<:lit  hi 
iiaviLrate  ilii!  Mississippi.  And  Jay  himself  was  fnial'v 
willing  to  iniiir  that  ri  ;lit  in  exchan;;e  for  other  en 
sideiations  for  a  term  of  years.  Li  this  hu  liad  llie 
support  of  Washie;itoi.  and  a  majority  of  the  Kastirn 
statesniei),  who  lhoui;lil  that  the  rij;ht  to  navigate  ih,. 
Mi.ssissipjii  was  of  no  pre.scnt  importanuc.  Indml, 
there  wiiv  others  not  a  iew  '  Ji'lTerson,  Adams,  ihuii- 
ilton,  and  Washington  atnuiio  the  number  wdio  liii>l,i  J 
with  mistrust  upon  facility  in  naviixatinj^  the  fii.  at 
liver.  Tliey  were  afraid  it  would  be  iiijuiioiis  to  oih/r 
parts  and  especially  to  the  stability  of  the  new  •^u\. 
enimeiit,  by  depopulating  the  older  States  and  pouriiiL; 
the  farm  labor  of  the  coutitry  into  the  West.  Jetli  r- 
.sun,  as  one  of  the  rea.-oiis  he  gives  in  favor  of  liie 
purchase  of  Louisiana  in  18(Ki,  stated  that  the  idiui- 
try  could  not  possibly  be  settled  for  many  years,  m.! 
hence  it  would  do  no  hurt  in  divertin;.;  or  attraeliii" 
]io[)uI.ition 

M.  I>e  la  Lucerne  was  careful  that  the  iiistructinri< 
to  .Mr.  Jay  should  be  forwarded   to  him   ai   oiici\  ;cii(i 
also  that  new  ambassadors  should  be  sent  out  to  lln. 
rope  to  reinforce  Fr.inklin  and  Doane  and  overrule  .Iulm 
Adams.      The  iiisti  iietions  were  to  the  t  Heel  that  .In 
should  not   '■  insist"  upon  the  free  iiavi;;atioii  ol'  iL,. 
Mississippi  below  the  thirty  first  parallel.     This  -|„. 
cilie  '■  iiistnictioir'  ;;rew  out  of  an  ad  of  the  \'ir^iiii;i 
Li'i;islature  in    1  7^1 ,  as.sented  to  by  all   the  Souihun 
Slate   Le;;islatures   I'xccpt    that    of   .North    Carolina. 
Split!  at  this  sta^'e   of  the   procecdilij;s  had  ailvaiavd 
niomy    to   the    I'liitcd  Stales — (^iiij^ress,  in  fad,  hml 
drawn   ujion   her  to  the  extent  of  half  n  million  ,].,' 
Lirs — and  was  ai  war  with  (Jrcat    ISriiain.      lint  >li, 
Would  neither  ackiiowled'{e   American    indepcihliiMi; 
nor  make  a  treaty  with   the    I'niicd   Slates,  so  ikn 
the  situalioii  was  one  of  considerable  enibarras-'iiii  iil. 
Franklin,  when  .la)  went   lo   i'aris,  thought  that  \w 
tthoiild  yield   the   mailer  as  be  was  inslruciid  In  il<i. 
Kilt    Jay    was    reluctant    to    make   such    u   saeriliiv. 
Count  Araiida  and   Count   de   \'crj;einies  pres-ed  it 
upon  ills  attention  a^aiii   in    IViris,  and  this  |ir<.-Mir' 
was  the  moil'  pulint  fioin  the  f.iel  that  ('oiii;rr.>>  li.i  i. 
under   the   manipulation   of    l.ueeriie,    insirucliil  is 
plenipolenliaries  in  I'aris  lo  iiiiderlake   iiiilliiiii.'  in  tli.' 
way  of  ne^olialloiis   for  peace  or   Iriiee    witlimr  iIk' 
kliowledoe  anil  coneiirrenee   of  the    I'lcoi  h  ■  •  iii^lrt-, 
and  ill  their  liiial  aelion  lo  be  ooveriied  by   '   lliiiiinl 
vice   and   opinion."      This,    of  course,    wa-   piTfu'llv 
riolit  in  case  of  such   an   allLiiiee.  the  < unliiiiiaiin:  '■{ 

'  llutl('i'9  lle'lui)  ol   Ki'iiiiii'li^',  I  Hi. 


wliiili  Was  Hi 
ilen.v,  thoiijr: 
KeiKiicky,"  i 
j-'l-.-hiini,'  coni] 
m:i\  he  ai,'aiii 
i"  f  nil  an  11 
r('l.i::i  in  rcalil 
■ire  li..I  to;;()v, 

very  jicculiar  e 

I'l  '\|'ect  ii.siil 

w't  surrender  i 

I"i.<iiion  (o  whi, 

lo  iiitliii'iiee  and 

Sji.iiii,  and  the  1 

■IIJ.poll  „f  Iii,,^  „ 

Joint  /lir  \v|,i,.|,  I 

"■-'if  of  ih,.  Cii 

fiir  iiavio-„(i,,„  ,j 

:.ive  i.iin  oreat  ti 

I  "  epi  11   (ho  \v;iy  ; 

llic  U',  St  (i)  Frail 

''^h'  ''ii;  '•'niied 
-liiioati,„.s  lu  l.'|.,., 
''■-liaiiies  and  >oui 

Ili.I  111  Inn;,'  to  (II,.  I 

'I'liiish  lerriioiy 

''■iiaiii,  lircause  (|, 

"  iiiid  acknoH 

......^  Milled  ill  it, 

■'"•'i  Civeks,  and 
■  re.  a  line  slartin 
I'l'^riila.  on  ihc  ']', 
•  el  lill  h>  Iie,„i  „. 
'  'II'  CiiiiihcrlaiK 
|--'"'' III  is  Iil,,.  „ 

[."'.■  :ifl'.1 ;    West  of  it 

p'I'i'  under  (h,.  j,,., 

'  '  '"  tile  iiord 
|«i,ii  MVnilinint  oiis 
I''"  ''"I'll  of  L„„j, 
["'•'"■"''.served,  ...M 
V'li  llie  Mis.si>.si,,,,i 

•'■'.*  ""uld  not  «.,,, 

''  ■'''^'f :'  tedious  , 
■-beir,o..ij;,„.,|j 

f''l'*'e   not   hoiuf; 

'"'■''a'raiiHcations 

'"'■•'  liasis  f,„.  J 

[''l'Miiiii„.,J,  s,,i,i, 

""'  !'"•  (leo  „;,vi 

'"  ""  M'Ureo   (1,  its 

|''''"'l  •'Elates  ,„„| 

"'"""•'^p.-iiiian.l 


SPANISH,  FRKNCU,  AND  AMERICAN   INTRIGUES  IN  THE  WEST. 


233 


wliiili  was  not  possible  williout  purrect  mutiiitl  coiifi- 

(Iciirr,  though   Mr.  Maiin   IJullor,  in  lii.-i  "Hi.story  of 

KciiMicky,"  in  dis|)().scJ   lo  treat  it  as  -'a  .slop  of  de- 

.Tii'liii'-'  ('otiipliaiu'o,   wiiii-ii,   wiioiii'Vor  this    country 

iii,i\  lie  a^aiii  di.sposoj  to  take,  it  liad  bettor  surrender 

ill  ImHii  an   inile|n!ndenoe  wbieh  she  wimld  no  lon^ier 

n't:i;;i  in  reality.''      Rnt  advice  and  ii|iiniiin  of  allies 

;iro  M't  to  {govern  in  case  of  boundario.-',  e.\eept  under 

vcrv  ]M'(uliar  rireiinistam'os,  for  no  ])oWor  Iia.s  tlio  riijlit 

(J  ,\|.cil  its  ally  to  surrender  teriilDry  wliiili  it  wnuM 

lint  surrender  in  ii  similar  eontiniteni'y.     This  was  the 

inisiiiiiii  lo  whieh  Jay  held  \\hen   Fraiiee  endeavored 

III  iiillui'iieo  and  eohtrol  him  in  his   ni'^nliati'ins  with 

Siiiiii,  and  the  result  finally  was  that  he  seeurod  the 

-MMiTt  of  his  assoeiate  onvojs  and  carried  the  main 

iiiiil  I'nr  whieh  he  liad  been  eoiilendinjr.  — llie  ullimale 

ii.;lit  of  the  rnited  .States  lo  enjoy  tlie  benefits  of  the 

t'lic  iiiivij.'alion  of  the  Mississi|i|ii.     Rut  I)e  \'eri:ennos 

;;ive  liini  ureal  trouble,  his  objeet  undoubtedly  beioL; 

1,1  ii|.rii  the  way  for  the  retroee.ssion   of  some  jiart  of 

ill'  Wisl  to  Fianei",  either  by  Spain,  or  (Jreat  Riitain, 

,ir  liv  the  United  Slates  in   aeknouledj:iiiriit  nf  llnir 

,bli;;alioi.s  to  Franco.     Tln^  country  west  of  the  Al- 

li-liaiiies  and  south  of  the  Ohio,  he  eontended,  could 

iiiil  iKluiiiito  the  Unitid  States  exiept  as  beiiij;  a  part 

f  British  territory.     Rut  it  was  not  territory  of  (Jroat 

''•itaiii.  because  that  country  bad  (  xeluded  the  whiles 

il  and  aiknowled^ed  llie  indepeiiileiiee  cjf  ihe  Iii- 

...;,n  -illli'tl  in  it, — theSliaw.ini>",  Clor.ikeis,  t'lmek- 

•nvs,  Creeks,  and  Cliickasaws.      lie  propuseJ,  ibere- 

:  ;v.  a  line  slartin;i  at  the   i.  jrlb   boundary  of  Wot 

n.'iila.  on  tlie  Tombiiibee  River,  up  that  river  iioilh- 

A  till  il>  head  was  reaelied,  ihenee  aiross  lo  the  bend 

'  ilii   CiiiMlierlalid,  and  di'Wn  that  river  to  the  Ohio. 

1  i;,-i  III'  lliis  liui'  was   lo  be  tenitory   of  the   I'liited 

,ti> ;   west  of  il  free  lliiliall  teirilory,  Imt  the  tribes 

Ik' iiihler  the  protection  nf  Spain.      Tlie  lands  situ. 

1  III  the  north  of  the  Ohio,  Vcrj;cnnes  proposi'd, 

.1  -iiinilieant  obscurity,  were  to  be  •' re;;ulated  by 

|[  '  I'liiiil  of  liuiicbin."     This   proposed  biiindary,  it 

Im!  lie  iili.M-rvcd,  excluded  tln^  United  Slate.«  iniii(ly 

III  III  till'  Missi.'-sippi  River. 

A  Hiiiiid  lint  y.>-enl    lo  any  sucli  lerin-,  however, 

kill  alur  a  tedious  iiCL'otiation,  —  the  preliiiiiiiary  ar- 

•  bi'iiii;  .-iijned  Jan.  "JH,  17^^!,  but  the  linal  treaty 

If  paie    lliit    beili^    eolleilldeil     until    Sepliinber    l!d, 

ilu'  r.itilieatioiiN  were  not  (  \ebanj;ed  until  .^lay, 

■a  basis   for   peace   lulwceii    the   four   pow<  rs 

la<  irirnniiied,  Spain   seeurinj;  East  and  \Ve>l  l''lor- 

ml  llir  free  liavigulion  ol'  the  ,^Ii^si.-■,ip|.i  l!i\ir 

T'lii  iN  -nuno   to  its    iiioiith    biiim    ;;ralil.'d    to  bulb 

I'liiii'd  States  and  (ire.il   Rriiain.     The  dividini; 

'  III  iwmi  Spain  uiid  t''  ■  United  Stales  on  tlie  south 


was  on  the  thirty-first  parallel,  running  due  cast  from 
the  .>lissi.ssippi  to  flic  Chattahooehie,  down  that  to  its 
JMiielion  with  the  Flint,  thence  to  the  head  of  St. 
.^Iary's  River,  and  down  that  river  to  the  ocean. 
Spain,  liowever,  had  no  intention  whatever  of  con- 
eedin^  the  free  navigation  of  the  lower  Missis.->ippi 
to  the  United  Slates.  She  explicitly  wilbheld  and 
denied  tlie  privilege  in  fact,  with  the  sinister  inten- 
tion of  prolltinj;  by  the  aiiiiation  whieh  was  expected 
to  ensue.  A  eorrespoudenee  arose  bef;eeii  Mr.  Ji.y 
and  the  Stale  Dejiartmeiit  authorities  and  the  Spanish 
minister,  |)on  l)ii';;o  (iardoipii,  who  protested  that  the 
.'Spanish  kinj:  would  never  ]ierinil  any  nation  to  use 
that  river,  both  banks  of  wliieh  bclonuod  to  him.  Mr. 
Jay  Was  called  bifore  Coiioress,  the  only  ]>owcr  in  the 
country  under  the  feeble  and  disorj^anized  ri';/iiiie  of 
the  old  Confederacy,  and  he  informed  that  body  that 
Spain  was  ready  t(p  ^rant  the  l'nit(  il  States  some  cx- 
len>ivc  and  valuable  coininercial  |irivileues,  but  also 
that  she  was  capable,  by  f.ivorin^  I'orluj^al  and  Enj;- 
laml,  and  by  spurrin;,'  the  Rarbary  Stales  to  new  acts 
of  piracy,  to  injure  us  seriously  No  treaty  coubl  be 
had  with  Spain,  however,  he  a.ssured  ('ont;rc.ss,  until 
boundary  lines  and  tlii'  Mi.->is>ijipi  River  i|Ucstion  were 
ilelinilily  si>llled.  T'.e  claims  of  the  United  States 
were  ju>t  and  should  prevail,  but,  under  existing  cir- 
eumslanees,  .Air.  .lay  was  inclined  lo  believe  in  the 
expediency  of"  a  trealy  with  Spain,  liiniled  to  twenty 
or  thirty  years,  tlie  United  States  slipulatiii;;  tli:it,  for 
the  1 1  nil  of  the  treaty,  they  woulil  forbear  to  navi;.;ate 
the  Mi.->issippi  liclow  tluir  soulbcru  boundary.  '  Mr. 
Jay's  view  was  that,  •  however  important  the  iiavi;:a- 
lion  inii:lit  uliiniaicly  be,  ii  would  not  probably  bo 
Very  e.-senlial  durini;  the  proposed  tcrni  ;  and  that, 
therefore,  il  mi-ht  be  nuod  jioliiy  to  con.'-eiit  n  t  to 
U'C  fir  a  certain  |"riod  what  they  ilid  not  wan  ,  in 
eoiisideialion  of  valuable  eomiiiereial  privih  ;,'es." 

llanbiipii  rejecied  this  proposition  of  Jay's,  wl.ich 
had  been  adopted  by  Coiifiiess  by  a  vote  of  seen 
Ivisi 'rn  Stales  to  live  Soullurn  oins.  The  Spaii'sli 
iiiiiii^ler  woi'ld  not  make  that  the  subject  td'  a  trea'y 
wbieh  bis  .s,pxerei;;ii  claimed  as  an  absolute  rif;bt,  •inc? 
so  aceordin;.;ly  be  deeliiml  lo  nej;otiale  further.  The 
news,  boW(  ver.  j;ol  to  Kmliieky  of  ibesi'  iii'j^otiatiulis, 
Il  reaihed  tin  re  in  ihe  sliapi'  of  a  ilistone<l  rumor 
that  Jay  bad  proposed  to  the  Spanish  mini-ter  to 
.surrender  tbi'  navioatifin  ol'ilu'  AUssi-sippi  for  twenty 
or  thirty  yeais.  and  ibis  rumor,  i  inulaled  amoii^  a 
di-c|iiii'led,  disi'iinlelited.anil  exeilablr  people.  Was  liko 
liie  lo  liinbr  A  11, line  nf  disuider  aro'»e,  ailroitly 
fanned  liy  desi;;uiii:;  mm,  wbieh  sevei.il  limes  threat- 
ened War  and  the  dissolution  of  ibc  Union. 

Kiiiiuekv   had   nianv  cau>es   for  discoiiUiit  about 


i«l 


!     f'J 


234 


IIISTOIIY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


s\ 


this  timo.  TIutc  wns  a  proiit  rush  of  iiniiii^ralion, 
anil  there  hiiil  hocri  so  many  ilianncs  in  the  land  laws 
that  tillrs  were  in  constant  contlict.  and  many  of  the 
ohl  si'tiliTs  had  lost  tlicir  lands  ciitirrly.  Tiie  •irrxl- 
Hcts  of  till'  ricli  and  tcciniti','  soil  of  Kentucky  coidd 
only  find  llioir  way  to  markil  down  the  Mississippi  to 
New  Orleans,  wliere  tiny  were  lialile  lo  .»::■" re  and 
phmdrr,  and  sulijoct  to  a  liniulred  xactions.  The 
rapidly^rowiniLr  jiojudation  liail  .careily  any  pivern- 
ment  a'  all,  iind  no  pruteciion  except  what  iheir  own 
Klp  Hi;  arms  afTordccl  iheiii.  while  all  the  northern 
fronrier  of  the  country  across  the  Ohio  was  infested 
hy  hoslile  savages,  nrpd  to  murder  and  rapine  hy 
lirilisli  oniissaries  nnd  liiitish  pay.  \'ir;,^inia  had 
taken  hnl  lilllo  care  of  her  strappirii?  hackwoods 
chihl  ;  the  i;reat  and  hi;,' hearted  soldier  who,  under 
Viriiinia's  coniinission,  had  defcnileij  Kentucky,  cap- 
tured Illinois.  ciuii|i:''r('d  peace  and  (juelled  the  sav- 
»\irs,  tiy  the  mere  terror  (d'  (leor^e  !{n'_'ers  Clark's 
name,  into  suljection,  liad  hci'u  ij;noMy  cashiered  ; 
liis  drafts  were  <li-hoiiori'd  ;  the  delits  contracted 
hy  him  in  \'ir'_'inia's  name  were  unpaid  :  he  and 
his  frieinls  were  ruined  as  well  as  humiliated,  and 
warrants  and  writs  were  takiiii:  from  him  even 
the  litll(>  pittance  id'  land  which  had  heeii  the  oidy 
reward  paid  him  for  services  such  as  few  men  iver 
rendered  to  an  infant  State.  Keiilui'ky,  moreover, 
hiid  petitioned  \'ir::inia,  and  Coiczress  likewise,  for 
lilierly  to  lieeome  a  sep.irale  Stale  in  the  I'rdoti  ;  hut 
the  petitions  were  disre;;arded  .iiiii  iL'nored.  'i'he 
spirit  (d'  Self  reliance  and  independence  w.is  very 
strong:  in  lllos'  people;  the  voke  of  alle;:iatu'e  sat 
verv  lit:htl\  upon  ileir  necks,  and  they  wi're  eon- 
vinceil  that  they  cnul'l  ni-ver  he  very  ilosely  iinit.d 
to  Stales  with  wliieh  the  onlv  inleicourse  |iossilili- 
must  he  hail  ovir  a  hariii'r  of  mountains  and  wil- 
derness. 

Spain  look  note  of  this  condition  of  Keniiiekv, 
and  he'_'an  to  eticouraL'e  it.  so  as  to  make  it  the  ha»is 
of  a  series  of  eom|ilieated  ami  -id'llc  inlri::ue>-  almo>l 
imincdiali'ly  after  the  elo»e  nf  the  war  of  the  Kevolu- 
lioii.  Itnt  till'  Held  oi'  the  operalioiis  of  Spain  was 
not  eordiiii  d  to  Kentucky  h^  any  im'ans.  They  were 
extcmled  inio  the  whole  Soiilli  we>i  of  the  Aili'ixhany 
Mountains  Tliev  involved  Stati  s. 'ferrilnrics.  puhlie 
men.  land  companies,  ami  Indian  Irilies.  and  for  ni'arly 
f  weiily  ve.irs  llu'v  made  the  eoiinlry  south  ol'  ihe  Ohiip 
the  focus  of  more  iiilri'.'ues  of  the  ^word  and  cloak 
(rrder  than  our  territory  has  ever  known  hefnre  or 
Hince.  Niir  was  Spain  alone  in  thene  ileNJ^ns  niriiiiisl 
I'le  peace  ami  unity  of  ihc  Iiiiili'tl  Slati's,  (Ireal 
lirilain  Iwi'c  look  part  in  the  inlri.'ues.  the  fir-i  one 
lundin^  to  the  <'.\[iosure,  huiniliaiion.  nnd  expulsion  id' 


a  United  States  senator,  nnd  the  next  to  the  detci  linn 
of  the  niis<'rnbIo   Flenry  conspiracy,  the.  explosio'i  nf 
which  was  the  immediate  cause  of  the  war  of  l~lL'. 
Franeealso  tried  her  hand  in  these  Western  intri   ins 
under  the  irrepres.sihle  Minister  fienct.      1)i)n  (Jiiiiji, 
ipii  sueeocded  in  Ids  part  of  the  inlritrues  so  far  i-  lu 
estahlish  a  plantation  (d'  Anu'i leans  at   New  ^I;i  Iriij 
under  (^d.  (leor^ic  W.  Mor-ran,  and  also  in  oriranizinL' 
the  Mississipjii  land  com|'anies  that  attempted  the  V;i 
zoo"  land  frrah,"  hy  means td'  whi(di  St.  I/oiiis.  at  !.  .i>t 
i»aine<!  the  O' Fallon   family.      Hut,  indeed,  it  wn-  ili,. 
failure  of  all   these  Sjianish  intriirues,  and   the  liml,. 
water  from  them  of  lurhuleiit  and  open  jilottin^  at;:iin>t 
SpaiMsh   authority  on   the   Missi.«sippi,  whi(di  primi 
pally  induced  Spain  to  si^n  the  treaty  of  San  Tldir.n.u 
The    Americans    were    so   stroiij;    ami    so   uninK    i. 
nei'.'hhors  that  Spain  feared  them,  and  especially  li'ari  i 
for  the  safety  of  her  most  valuuhle  possessiiui,  M.  \iiM 
and  the  cession  of  Louisiana  and    Missouri  to  I'raiiiv 
was  hastened  hy  the  desire  lo  have  a  stronj:  |i.;Wir 
like  Napoleon's  {'"ranee  to  t:uard  the  ^L.'xiean  linriti.r 
fn  111   the  Americans.      Thus  these   intriiiues  iiimv  I 
said  111  li.'ive  heen  one  of  the  child'  causes  of  lli.'  ,   ■ 
-ion  of  Louisiana  and   Missouri  lo  the  Unilid  Si  ,i  ■ 
for   it  Wi  old   have   heen    many  years   ]irohaliK    Kiln-. 
we  demanded  those  Territories  from  Spain,  jiisi  n-w, 
have   permitled    that   country  to    retain    pi.-s, -i  n   : 
Culia    iind     I'orto    Hieo    iiiidi-lurhed,   wlierii-   li,  • 
islands  wiiuld  have  hei  n  ours  thirty  years  ai-o  il  Sj:i]i| 
had  ceded  them  to  Ureal    Hiilain  or  I'rance. 

The  |Miliey  of  Spain  was  exceedingly  adrnit.  ]• 
consi-led  in  an  allernalioii  of  annoyini;  resirieli,  ;!■ 
and  L'enerous  conces^ioiis.  The  people  ol'  KeiilmLi 
Tennessee,  and  Mis>i>>ippi  were  made  to  I'nl  il, 
weiiiht  of  Spain's  harhaiily  and  oppression  to  lliiiu 
as  aliens,  hut  the  comforts  and  wealth  altiinlin.'  i' 
fiance  to  .s-paiii  :  inimii:ration  and  coloni/iii  'n  w 
encoura;^ed  liy  every  sort  of  lilieral  coneessiini  I  iil 
who  refused  lo  hecome  Spanish  sutijeels  were  irn'iii 
oft'  and  persecuted  in  every  way.  The  olijeii  »;i-  ii 
convince  the  Western  people  that  their  iiili  r^ -t- « 
hound  up  in  the  Mi^>-issippi  Itiver,  whii  h  1m  lnii:;iili( 
Sjiaiii,  and  iherifore  ihey  mii-t  also  allaeh  iIu'IimIv 
to  Spain  il'  tlnv  wanted  to  secure  the  .iihiiiii: 
inuriii'.'  to  them  from  the  free  navii;alioii  ol'llieiivn 
Tho^e  ailvantat:es.  however  it  was  made  plain.  « 
never  to  he  opened  to  Atlieiican  eili/.eim.  I'',Mill'it:il 
duties  and  fees  wi  le  levied  upon  all  the  proilini- 
.Sinerieati  industiy  which  went  down  the  Mi«-i"ii 
Kiver,  and  these  were  collected  and  iiieri  i-'d  pi 
einpiorilv  liy  the  militarv  power.  There  were  iiii{ 
and  evporl  duties,  port  dues  and  taxes,  nviiiiir ' 
i-ers  and  custom  houses  in  every  (|uarter,  and  sii' 


niul  confi.sc.i 

id'. I  eonipiic; 
iliiiiL's.  while. 
Ill  leil  any  . 
Iialed  her  }„ 
ilieni  of  seen  r 

lll.spl,,.    tliy    I, 

whieli  they  Ij'x 

:i"d  did  not  sa 

I'  wis  then   II 

dii'iii   that   the 

;Mlr.'im,i;.'e.<i    (if 

lii'coiiiiii;,'  Spun 

llii'ir   ,ille;;iaiico 

"•'lilies  -ind  cree 

"iili'l'endcnf  S(;ii 

Tile    o/r|.|.    ,y.,^ 

"iili  ilie  naliiral 
"I""'  ''leir  comii 
'"'III   llielii   seen,, 
-inil'le  act  of  sec 
Allieiie.wi  eoniinei 
'li"-enHW  im/i.is,.,] 
Tliiy  toiik  (II,.  ,s|,,, 
'"  M|'"r(s  of  pn 
''"■  i-iv.r.      '•  |.;,.,,p 
i-iiiKi,  of  whicli  W 
^"rli"ll,  and  all   ki 
»'Ti'  ciiinp,.||,.,|  ,,, 
iiMil.  varyiiiir  at 
!»fl'i'niry  will  of  t|, 
piN'.'.  frmii  ...jv   ((,  , 
If  r  die  eollcctioi, 
iviiilc  ii(fic,.rs   w.i. 
"'"''I"'i'l's  helow, 

'""'  "i»l  siihmif  t 

ll'-'llclimes  when 
'"    'I'doadeil,    i„    , 

"-'"  I'e  salis(i,.,J  of 

''""■'■■'       When 
""■l"d  file    l,o,if   „, 
'""  "I'l  exhihif  the 

*'"-'!  I-'  do  su  ,.v, 
'''"'••'•'es  or  ro|„, 
'  in'liri.sonineiif, 

"■''■'   »■•"'    ■!    Cnori 

'■•'■■  '''r  in   th.ir   ,. 

■"'■'''''■  'lie  spoils  , 
Hi''iids  Wen.  IV,.,,, 
-f' '•''.».  and  w-.Te 


.\|.i,. 


"■■■  "i-'"M    i.f  ,1, 


SPANISH,  FRKXCII,  AND  AMERICAN  INTRIGUES  IN  THE  WEST. 


235 


Miin 

-ri. 

■jUlS 
:ls  t(l 

iii/iii': 

10  Y;i 
t  li'asi 
vas  i\\c 
,.  liiu-t 
a;.::iiiM 

lll'illy  :i- 
\y  Irani 

11  I'raii' 

II  t'rimli'i 
>s  may  !"■ 
f  ill.'  I"  - 

toil  Still.  V 

,  just  «»« 
vjii  il'  Si;in; 


aJv'i'     '■ 

KrlllUiV; 

on  In  til. in 
.niliii'-  "  ■ 
li/iti  .11  «' 
J|,,ll   t'Wl  >'il 
wiTi.  .Irii.nl 

],,,|v>l»« 

\,rl..llUi'l' 
|\l  |\llM\l-'i^>' 

atlv.iiitJ.:! 

ol'tlif  tivi' 

(.laiii.  « 

l',\ullMtJl<j 

,.  ,,v...liii'- 
i,.  Mi--i"" 

„.T. :i-'i  r' 
w.'iv  iiini 

riv. ■11111' 
aii.l  s'i'«l 


mill  cuiifiseation  was  tlie  ponnlty  of  every  infraction 
iifa  |.iini(ilic:iti'(l  and  arbilrsiry  revenue  system.  Tliesc 
lliiM'.;^',  wliilc  they  did  not  teaeli  llio  Western  jiecplo 
10  licl  any  greater  love  for  Spain,  and  indeed  they 
lialt'l  her  lieartily,  made  tliein  .see  tlie  benefits  to 
iliciii  iif  >^eciiriiij;  the  Spanish  ."vsiem,  iiid  made  tliem 
i|,.^piM'  the  heljilessness  of  the  eor.ie(h>ralion  under 
ffliiili  they  lived,  liut  which  <;.\ve  tlieni  no  protection 
iiiid  illil  not  save  llieni  from  every  sort  of  imposition. 
It  \v:i~  then  that  the  .subtle  Spanish  ajrents  |ironii.scd 
ilieiii  that  tliey  woiiM  jjret  free  iiaviirnlion  .mil  all  the 
;i.lvaiita'.'i's  of  an  unlrummelcil  eommereo  without 
ln'cimiiiiL'  Spanish  snhjeets  simply  hy  ihrowini:  off 
ilicir  allei;i'.ince  to  the  trovernment  of  the  United 
Sialis  inil  ereeliiii;  one  of  lliiir  own  as  a  Cree  tind 
iii,li.[,iiiilent  State. 

Till'  offer  was  a  tempting;  one.  and  it  chimed  in 
wiili  ilic  natural  instincts  of  the  ]iciiple.  'f lie  Imrdens 
iipiiii  tlii'ir  coinmeri'i'  were  s'l  heavy  that  iininnnity 
finin  tliem  seemed  like  a  rich  reward  to  receive  fur  a 
-iiii;.lc  act  of  seeessiiin.  The  Spanish  exactions  on 
Viiiciiian  commerce  in  the  Mississippi  were  .similar  to 
lliiw  II.. IV  imposed  on  American  cnnimeree  with  ("iiha. 
Tlii'V  ti.i.k  the  shape  of  Inavy  transit  and  port  duties 
,11  ixi'iits  of  piiidiicc  and  mevchainlise  de.seondinL' 
lliO  river.  '■  Kvery  article  thii;  iiitroduce.l  into  Loii- 
i-iiii:!.  ef  which  Wi'steni  'I'eniM'ssee  was  claimed  as  a 
i.iriiiiii  and  all  kinds  of  traih'  descending'  the  river 
n,ri.  (•iinii.clleil  to  jiay  an  excise  duly  In  the  L-'overn- 
iii.iil,  viirviiiL'  at  ditt'irent  limes,  aecordin'.'  to  the 
]'Ulrar\  will  of  the  inleiidaiit  nr  the  onlers  of  the 
liii.'.  rii.in  six  to  Iwiiitytive  |icr  cciil.  m/  inltin  in. 
jl'  r  till'  colleetiiin  of  this  duly  a  military  force  with 
111, Mill'  iinicers  was  statioiu'd  at  .New  .^Iadlid  and 
iilur  ]'"iiits  licliiw,  liy  whom  every  heat  was  eompelled 
l.inil  and  siitimit  ti.  have  their  carL'ors  ovrrhanh  .1. 
-..iiirtinn -^  when  ilif.'jtinn  was  su^pictcl  to  have 


..ill  iMiloailcd.  in  ordir  that  the  Spanish  offierrs 
►ijit  lie  salislied  of  the  car;_'o  ii|ii.|i  wliiih  to  assrss 
.liilii's.  When  duties  were  thii-  paid  an. I  papers 
kiiii'lii'l  the  lioat  was  rci|iiiri'd  to  lan.l  at  each  port 
.,»  iiii'l  cxhiliit  the  eviilriic..  lit'  havin._'  pai.l  diiti.-.- ; 
^iivil  til  do  so  exposi  il  them  to  In'  fired  into  fr.ini 
hiitli  I'll  «  or  to  he  pni'siieil.  an.l  suhjccted  to  lie.ivy 
iiiiprisonment.  ami  contisiati.ins,  Tli..  lattrr 
inalu  w.is  a  favorite  nii'a^iire  with  the  Spanish 
■i-i>;  fur  in  that  case  tiny  .jcncr.illy  mana;^i'd  to 
fPi.tiatc  the  spoils  l-i  their  own  iim-  "  '  'I'he  Span 
.ffirials  Were  lyramiieal.  and  llo'V  witc  eornipi 
:r.|.tl\ ,  and  Were   easiiv  ahle   to   lehl   severity   to 


l«..,.ii.' 


Ili-I"r\   111'  tin-  Viilli'.v  "I  till'  .Mi.«.«i.-i>i|i(.l,  M.I.  i. 


laws  naturally  oftensivo.  The  new  policy  was  profit- 
able to  them,  wliilo  it  seenn  .1  to  ]iromiito  the  far- 
rcaehin;;  designs  of  their  L'overnmcnt. 

Those,  designs  :it  the  start  had  the  eiicouraj:enieiit 
of  priis]ierity  and  success.  The  Tallapoosa  Indians, 
under  their  chief,  the  shrewd  and  acciin.]ilished  half- 
breed,  I^IeOillivray.  as  early  as  \~'!<\.  ppiiiosid  a 
scheme  of  alliance  and  eoinnieree  with  l''loiiila  anil 
Lonisialia,  one  object  nf  which  w.is  to  pvoinnte  the 
dismemberment  of  the  United  States.  The  chief 
showed  with  preat  aeiiteness  what  he  tboi:..:ht  sboiiid 
be  Spanish  policy  uinler  the  cireumstances  of  the 
limes. 

".^iii.'C  llin  pi.iiliciitiiin  -if  thi'  gi'iu'ral  treaty  iif  i.oiiiM.,"  iio 
nnilr,  ''Ilic  .'Vini'ri.'iiii  Ciin^rri'.'j  \v.\*  linnijflil  t'  li^'i'  "  'ilnali"" 
(if  it'  nfTiiirs  sliiinin;;  the  ilcliln  an.l  ri'n'iiiirs  iif  tln'  Cmil'i'ili'riii'y. 
...  In  orilir  lu  nii-i!  tlie  ncci'usar;.'  fiiml*  tu  iiii'it  llii'.»e  riaiiii!', 
I  III-  ('.>ni;ri"s  lina  iinp.ii'cil  <liitii'.<,  tn.xi'K,  nn.l  ciintiiliutiniii', 
-liikin^  alike  till' tliirlriai  I  nileil  .'^tiitei'.  Thin  e\|ie<lient  has 
|ir..iliii'i'i|  ."11  uefiiviiralilo  iin  iiii|in'iisii.n  lint  a  niiu.l  ninny  of 
tiu'ir  eiti/en',  ill  nr.liT  to  I'scnpi.  I'riiin  tlie  liiirileti  iif  taxiiti-'n, 
liaxealiaiiil.inel  iheirilwilliiij^"  t'nr  llir  niiiiil.'.  nn.l  have  niari'heil 
l..nar.ls  tlie  .Mi!.!'iy^li|>|li.  in  iiriler  t.i  unite  with  a  I'liiain  number 
111'  ili'liaii.le.l  >.  I.lieia  wh.i  aie  aiixiuiis  lii  |ni-.<. -■  llieni..'el\  e.t  uf 
a  ei.i.siilnii'ile  |iiirli.in  .if  the  li'riil'.ry  waleii'il  l.y  llii"  liver, 
ami  thev  |lrllp.•^e  ei'tiilili-liiii;;  what  lliey  .-all  Wi-h-tt  fntit - 
;i.i(i/i  II..,  nn.l  llir.iwiii^  iisiilu  the  uulhority  nl'  the  Ainerieiin 
('<.n^re:i!<.  The  emigrants  tire  sn  niiincr.iii.<  that  in  u  hli.irt  lime 
il  i«  |Ki!...ilile  that  liny  iniiy  liii.l  iheiii.-eln..  .>-loin)!  enuiigli  to 
.■any  iiil.i  e\eeiiti..n  their  >..|ieme  nf  re|.aiali.iii :  aiel  if  they 
..ii.'e  f.irni  w,.ti||.||,|.nl<  mi  the  Mi^'-i.i-i|.|.i,  it  will  reniiiie  much 
lime,  Iroulile,  unit  exiien.«c  to  iliilii.|j{e  llieiii.  I  ean  le^'iire  yon 
'Hlie  .\merieaiiii  of  the  South  eni|iloy  e\eiy  mean"  in  llioir  power 
to  enlist  the  teelin;:*  of  the  Tallapooi'H.s  in  their  liehalf  an.l  t.i 
sei'ure  the  .•npp..rl  of  their  ii;.iion.  Shoulil  they  cueece.l  Ihe 
result  of  Iheir  inlliieiiee  will  ho  that  the   ln.lian«,  iiiHleail  of 

reiiii.iiiiii)»  the  I'rieiiil.'  of  Spain,  will  hi mo  very  ilaii)serou» 

iiiiKlili.ir*,  anil  will  a>.-i-l  Ihe  .\iiierieanH  in  all  the  ili  ni^jns  which 
lliey  may  r..riii  again.'!  I'liifae.ila,  .M..liile,  or  any  part  of  the 
a.lja.eiil  Spani'li  .l.iiiiinioii'  ;  nn.l  ..f  all  tli.'se  tliiiig..'  Ihe  Ainer- 

i.aie.  >| k  ..[iiiily.      \  will   now  eoiiimiini.ale  my  view.i  us  to 

the  l.esl  ...iirse  to  lie  piirMie.l  t..  fric'lrat.   lli.'ir  .le-i);ii»."'' 

The  ].lati  ailvocated  by  McCiilliviay  wa-  to  conciliate 
the  Indians  and  secure  their  alliatne  liv  liberal  enin- 
mercial  favors  and  aih  aiitaLies  'I'lie  Spaniards  ac- 
cordiieily  lalled  a  L'taiid  council  of  llie  Southern 
Iinliaii  ttilns  at  I'eiisacola  and  M..!iile,  at  which  were 
present  .\ilhur  O'N'eil,  commandant  at  rcnsacola  ; 
the  Spanish  intendant  of  l.nnisiana.  Navarro;  and  tiio 
•  l.piitv  or  II')  iiifi  liiii  (iiiveni..r,  Msteoan  Miro, — 
I  lalvcz  bavin::  bi'en  pr.it'iot.d.  The  lielian  eniiL't'ess 
iml  M.iy  !!(•.  ITS  J,  with  liieat  pomp  and  man\  jires- 
cnts,  and  treati.'s  of  alliance  and  eommevi .'  were  duly 
nej:oti.ited.  Mi'CJiilivray  was  peiisinnul  by  bein^ 
placid  oil  the  Spanish  pay  roll  as  eonimi'saiv  _'eiieral 
to  lii-  tribe.      The   Choctaws.   Chick,  saws,   and   Aht- 

''  (iavarre,  lli-torv  of  liouisinna,  li.  l.iD, 


I     =<3 


■'''.♦C^'' 


!    I 


236 


HISTORY  OF  SAIiNT  LOUIS. 


I 


m 


li  •. 


*         i 
I.  » 


bania.s  wcro  iliily  uoiiciliutcil  in  tlie  Manie  iiiaiiiuT.  I( 
i8  tu  the  last  ins;  liuiior  uf  S|i.si!!  iiiut  liur  ic'iirctuiitu- 
tivcs,  as  it  was  e.tpresseil,  "  ni  otinnpiio  <iv  Ik  ha- 
maiiltliitl,  1/  ciiirmpiniilicihlii  li  /".<  i/iiiirimiis  Kiiilinii- 
f7ili/H  ili:  lit  iiiiiiun  Kiijiiiiiii/ii,  '  couipt'lle'l  tlio  liiclian.i 
to  filt'Jgc  tlieniseivcs  spofilifally  in  all  tlu'sc  trearu-.s  to 
•'rcnouneo  loruvcr  llio  iMi.>lnin  kC  raisinu  sialps  ami  of 
making  slaves  of  our  wiiitc  captives,  "  and  al>o  lo 
treat  prisoners  humanely  and  briii}?  tliein  promptly 
forward  for  e.\flian;j;i'.  The  treaties  eonfirmi'il  iIk- 
Indians  in  possession  of  their  lands,  and  provided 
earef-iUy  for  their  trade  on  prinei|iles  of  e<|uily. 

MetJillivray  jiroved  a  iisoful  and  aetive  ally  to  the 
Spaniards,  lie  had  a  share  in  the  protitsof  the  traiie 
of  his  tribe  at  IVnsaeoIa,  and  his  pension  paid  him 
six  hnndred  dollars  a  year.  In  return,  as  the  Inlen 
dant  Navarro  put  it,  ".so  lonj;  as  we  have  this  ehiif 
on  our  tilde,  wo  may  rely  on  having  establi.ihed  be- 
tween the  rioridas  and  (jeorgia  a  hairier  whieh  it  will 
not  be  easy  to  break  ihroujili.  The  Indians  are  now 
fully  convineed  (d' the  anibilion  of  llu' Ameriean.'- ;  the 
reeollection  of  past  injuries  slill  dwe'ls  in  (heir  minds, 
and,  with  it,  the  fear  that  the.se  ;^reedy  neiiilibors  may 
one  day  seize  u|mim  their  lands,  and  strip  theiu  of  a 
property  to  whieh  they  eon-ichr  themselves  as  bavin;; 
a  ri;;ht  derived  IVom  nature  itself.      //  mh/lit  it,  /„  mn 

III' till    I  /lii/'  jliiiiils   III   llii    pnlirl/  11/ t /lis   Jitli  illim  III   III 

/,i  I  ji  l/ii.i  .1' iiiiiiii  ,ii  iilici'  ill  iliiii-  /,!  iiiin.'  Navarro 
added  that  "  if  the  province  <if  J<ouisiaiia  is  inten<led 
111  scrvi'  as  a  barrier  a^aiii.'<t   the  Alilerieans.  it  c-.mnot 


answer  t!ii>  purpose  without 


siderabie  imnase  of 


its  po|iul:ili'iii.  and  It  eaii  ae<|uire  the  iiumnons  pupii- 
lation  (if  wliitli  it  is  >u-ec  ptiiili'  01, ly  lhi<iui;h  aL;rnul- 
ture  and  ei'inineree.  The  one  reipiins  piolcctinn,  the 
other  assistance.  The  latter  cannot  pinspcr  without 
fi'i'cdoni  and  unlimited  expansion  ;  the  former  cannot 
siieeecd  withdiil  l;di"riis."  Navarro  had  a  full  ap- 
preeialioii  of  ihc  ililliiiilties  of' the  siliialiun  of  Loiii<i 
ana  in  respect  to  llic  I'nited  Slates,  and  it  seems  prob 
able  llial  he  was  oiii' of  the  fir.-t  to  ui>,'i' (iovernor  .^lilo 
to  aet  upon  .^|l■<iillivr.ly's  hints  and  su;;;;eslioii>. 
(Jeoriiia  had  sent  its  eoinniissioners  to  New  Orleans  in 

l"."^."!,  elainiiiiL'   a   ^real    teriitnry  on    tl ast  b.ink  of 

the  ■^Iissi^Mppi.  from  Ijofius'  ll(  i;;hts  norlliHaid.  This 
territory  was  settled  by  Spaniards  and  Frenchmen  and 
already  hail  a  lar;.'e  ]iopulalion,  -  ten  ihnii.sand  souls,  it 
is  said.  Mini  and  Navarro  tenipori/.id.  'I'liry  kinw 
that  then'  w.is  a  mm  h  de>'per  troubh*  up  abuvr,  ami 
that  the  people  on  the  Ohio,  if  iheyeould  not  be  coll 
ciliated  or  di\iited  in  suine  way,  would  simii  be  or 
Haiiizinn  expeditions  to  take  New  Orleans.  They  were 
already  petilioiiini,'  ('iin;_'ress  on  the  sulject.  Navarro 
insisted  on  special  pri\  ilexes  and  exeiuptiuiis  to  aid 


and  promote  iinmi<^ratioii,  and  so  successful  wcro  I'le.,,. 
measures  that  a  larj,'c  American  population  soon  b  ;;.iii 
to  pour  into  West  Florida.      It  was  Navarro's  idea  1,1 
use   Americans  and  foreij;ii  inimip;raiits  ;,'enorally  in 
keep  out  Americans.     '•  The  powerful  enemies  we'  Imv. 
to  fear  in  this  province,"  lie  wrote  to  the  iiome  -uv 
erniiieiil,  "are  not   the   I'hi^lisli,  but  the  Aii:eii',iii> 
whom  we  must  ojipose  by  active  atid  suflieieiit  111. a.. 
ures.   ,   .   .  There  is  no  time  to  be  lost.      Mexico  j,  m, 
the  other  side  of  the  Mississippi,  in  the  vicinity  nf  ih, 
already   Ibrmidable  e-tablishnient  of  the  Amerir:Mi. 
The  only  way  to  check   them  is  witli  a  proportimcit. 
population,  and  is  not  by  imposing;  commerci.d  iistiii. 
tiiins  that    this  population   is  to  be  aci|uired,  Inn  j.v 
^raiitiiiu  a  prudent  e.xieiision  and  freedom  ol' ti.iilc." 
And  now  the  Spaiii-h  policy  and  Spanish  iiitii;;ii,., 
biLran  to  1(11  in  vaiious  parts  of  the  eoiintry  snuih^; 
the  Ohio.      What  is  now  the  State'  of  Teimesser  ^m- 
the    lirst    lo   sueeumb   to   the    inireiiious  wiles   uf  tin 
enemy,  supplemented,  as  these  Were,  by  the  aiiiljiliuu 
and  impaiienee  of  resliainl  of  a  self-^overniii;,'  pii|lc 
a   eoinparalive  wilderness,  and  by  the  adroit  cmi 
tnvances  of  popular  leaders,  manv,  if  not  the  miii>i  ..'' 

I  whom  Were  subsidized  by  Spain,  ,iiid  re',;ular  1  r  in  . 
ular  pensioners  of  the  unscruiniloiis   ^overiiineiit  -:' 
that  countiy.     The  S|ianish  pay  rolls  of  ib.ii  day  ari 
not  yet  accessible,  but  when  they  do   eventually  c(,hk. 
lo  the   li^ht  the  woilil  will  lie  surprised  to  sec  lii.« 
many  hirelings  Spain   had  anion'.'  men  proiiiiai m  iti 
American  councils  and  leaders  of  public  oj  Iniiii.  [  ,: 
licularly  at  the  West.      It   is  pretty  eonelii>i\r!i   .. 
tablished  even  now  that  the  list  of  .s^paiiish  prii^in;,  r. 
did   not  end   with    Iniiis,    lirown,  Sebastian,  Wiil, 
.son,  O'Fallon.  etc.      Hlount  was  not  the  onl\  si  iiv  ■ 
who    descrvi'd    expulsion,    nor    Wilkinson    lln'  •'■.:'. 
prominent  oilicir  in  lln'  service  of  the  I'nilel  Si  •• 
who    desiivcd    to    be    huiii;.      (leor;;e    lloi;ii-  (l.i:, 
with  his  usual  insi;;hl  into  all.ilrs  and   \\\>  iisiial  |.> 
lute  promptitude  for  si;;mil  and  decisive  aetinii.  »a- 1: 

.  favor  of  bnakin;;  the  thread  of  ,*s|ianish   iiilii-  1 
force,  and   i  f  prolitin;;  by    Ibitish    eountcn  iim    liji 
.sympathy   to    proMike   actii.d    hostilities   wiili  ,""|  i:a. 
He  did  lint  bclicvi'  in  a  free  Keiituckv  or  in  ,1  S|,i!i!- 
alli.inec,  biii  in  the  prompt  c.x|>iilsion  of  tin  ."^i.! 
lla^  from  the   .Missi,ssi|ipi,  whieh  it  was  atli  iii|  tin 
eliise  to  American  coinnicrec.    ilt^  was  williii-in 
niit  the  overt  aet    himself  which     liould  lead  in  u.ii 
for  he  knew  that  aii\  such  war  must  end  in  iImh 
c|Uest  of  lioiiisiana.    .\eeordin;;ly,  beiiii;  at  \  iiKiiiiu 
he  sei/.ed  the  ;;Miids  of  .*s|ianish  traders  there,  ^iinl  Im 
care    to    publish    the    l',iel,  at   the   same    time  smi 
notice   of  it  lo  the  (Jeoiu'ians   who   w<  re  -eikiii.' 
plant    themselves  in  the  lower   .^Ii,ssi»sippi        T! 


irill  not  lot 
prcvi  lit  tliei 
."lize  and  c 
tlii'irs."  |{, 
nut  evpro.sslv 
liilh  iv(i-aiiie 
"•.■ItcMlil  coiiJ 

iiiviinibie  hai 
.sliticiively  tlii 
mily  s.dc  one. 
(iiivcriior  (d'  \ 
"[liiii'iM  that  fl 
;ii't  f  II-  il.scif  ai 
aiiiJ  H  llii,.  J,,I,, 
■ii»l    iiidepende 
■  Hisi  iiy   of  G 
l'r:llll>iV„  )    j,|    \ 
M.i*  .'iedlilou.sJv  1 
III  kliil    llic   ,),,,. 
I'lLrotlier  in   one 

I'lilll  W.'ls  tl,  ,|,.V| 
|iri'lieiisivi'  s  liei 
ware  to  the  p,. 

I  ;iii'liiivdeilmosf,- 
!  |"'ri,'iiiiiii  /;,!•  Ill, 
I  I'lii.'ils  and  roads  1 
hml  tile  Siiscpieha 
liiiid  loL'ellier  I 

's'lllMl'    lliilld.s     ,,|' 

'■ "'  "f  ''Spaniards 
|.Virlli  („   I,,,.,,   ,1,,, 

laiil|'iililiea|  coliiie, 


;•) 


■"'■"III  ii  iiiii  l„. 
|ei!i"»i.,|„iii  „,|,|  ,,, 

•  »'ll  OVIll.ilC^I,   1! 

I»il.vi.'iir,i((.|_i.  |„j,|  ,|,,,, 
I*'  ''"•I'liiiiili-.v,  III  l()„-i 

►.IMIIII|i,-„(l,    „.j,||    ,,|^ 

'•■  Mi.-lii^nn,  „,„|  „.|, 

•  """"eici    -iii^r, 

■""•■  i.'<'nlli'i„iin    ,.,„ 

fy"  "111.  1111.1  til,.  „„ 

'"  '"'  no  ,il,j,.,.|  „j 
''■liiiii'  all„„,.,|  ,,,  ,, 
■  *"mli,-  S,„t..,  „„,, 

■" liii.     Tl,,., 

"'■i''in'illi,'r  liui 


l.\!l 


i'  same  lime  1 


K^'f'is  (avor.'d,  li 
fill.'  Nlnmcs  for  e 
'"".vtiiirlh  „f  ,|„, 
""'/'■"lies  hein. 
;■'"'"'""■     It  was'e 
IJ  '<'"ipanics  (I,|,(  ,v 


SPANISH,  FRKXCII,  AND  AMERICAN   INTRIGUES   IN  THE  WEST. 


237 


I '.»';«■ 
It'll  lo 

lUy  t.. 
i:  huvi 
11'  piv 
nii'aii>, 

t   \\WA>- 

td  is  Mil 
y  ul'  ill. 

U'liciUl- 
irlinlMtr 

\,  U[  u 

•  uA<-r 

\uu\pw- 

I  Slilllll  '•'. 
U'SM''   ■<.!- 

Ics  "l"  ill' 
u  ;iml)'ni"li 
lillj;  |RnVl< 

,ulr.'ii  ■■..11 
llw'  II,.-'.  : 
lill-  'I-  in'- 
I'liiiiii'iii    '! 

llllll    'll\   .IV. 

|UH«lly  ''"""■' 
to  »'i'  1.  ■« 

VolllUl'll'  •' 

H  iiii'.ii.  1  >: 
liclu-i'.''.} 

\,    ),rll-i..:i' 

lUiii.   ^ViA 

Ulll)    Mll.l' 

,11  ill!'  I'lii; 
'uiU''l  SlilM 
,,,|zi'rs  I'l-'Hl^ 
li,  usil;il  I'M 
Ivrlioll,  war  in 

;i  iiiui;;ii>'^ 
luill.ill^''  ."•* 
wlili  ^I'-ii 
I,.  iir.iSl'aiii-'J 
T  (111-  S\aii.-1 
]i,tl''l">l''i"-1 
iillin-' 
U.ii.l  I"  «.i! 

IkI  III  '' 

I  at  Viiii-iiii" 
lu'iv.i'"'''* 
I  liiiii'  ''»" 

lit' 


jvill  lint  li't  US  truilu  down  tlic  Mississippi, — we  will 

prcvi  lit  tlicin   from  Irailiiij;  up  tlio  Wabasli.     Tlipy 

gi'izc   aiul    confiscate    cur    finods, — let    us    confiscate 

tlicii-.  '      ""*  Vir^iiniii  nnil  Conjircss,  wliiio  tlicy  ilid 

niil  expressly  repudiate  Clark's  vi-jorous  nctinn,  care- 

I'lillv  icfraincd   fnun  fiiUowin^  it   up.      Wasliingtuu's 

wiild'iiil  coiiservatisui  at  tliis  time  ofi'ircd  an  aluinst 

iiiviiK'i'do  barrier  to  vijiorous  action,  for  ho  saw  in- 

siiiiciivi'ly  tliat  llie  passive,  expectant  policy  was  the 

,,iil\  -lie  one.      While  Harry  Tnnis  was  writin<:  to  the 

(iiivi'iiinr  of  Viruinia  that  he  was  "  decidedly  of  the 

„|,iiii.iii  that  tliis  Western  country  will  in   a  lew  years 

iH't  t'l  ii.self  and  erect  an   independent  j.'overnnient," 

iiiiJ  while  John  Sevier  was  actually  ereetin;;  the  free 

inil    independent    "State    of    I'Vanklaiid"    i  Stevens, 

.  lli-i  iiy   of  ficoruia,"    says   the   pro|>cr    name    was 

l.'riink'Vii  I   in   Western  Nortli  Carolina.  Washin;;ton 

n;is  si'iliiliiusiy  pnrsnin'j;  the  means  lie  thmiirlit  fitte>t 

i:i  knit   the  iK'laehcl  ]iorlions  of  the  re|Mililie  close 

iiii'ollur  in   one    eoninioii    indissnluhle    union.      His 

vliiii  tt:i-i  to  di'velop  as  proiiipdy  as  ]io<>ilile  a  com 

|,ri.lii.|i>ive    s  heme    of    iiilernal    itniildVeinent-*.    and 

vui."  Ill   the   pcojile   of  the  West   what  they  dcsircil 

iii,l  I (led  most. — cheap  and  adei(uale  means  nt'  traiis- 

i...rtiitioii  for  their  ]>rodiii'ls  to  Athmtie  seaports. 
rmiil-  and  road-*  to  unite  the  Ohio  with  the  I'olc.niac 
nil!  the  Siisi|iieliaMiia.  he  was  fully  ])ersnailed.  would 
..hind  together  the  l''ast  and  the  West  liy  the  iiidi-- 
. 'iililc  h.iiids  of  interest,  that  n..  iulrimics  Would. 
mil  lit'  Spaniards  in  the  South  or  IJiilish  in  the 
Nirili  to  lure  the  West  away  to  illicit  commercial 
1  |.iililiial  coiineelions. 

■Wiiiilil  il  iiiit  tip,"  111'  wniti'  III  Uii.lmril  Ilmry  I.pc,  •'  wmlliy 

il!ii.  »i<.liiiii  mill  iilliiiliiiii  111'  ('.iii;;ii'-s  111  Imvi- llio  \Vi. -11.111 

.lull  i'X|iliiipl,  till'  iii>\  iiiiliiiii  III'  llii'iii  fully  iinriirtiiiiu-l 

Lr.U't'linili'ly  liii'l  iliinii.iiinl  iii'iiiti|iloli' iiml  jicrl'i'i't  iiiii|i  iiiailn 

III  ilii .riiiMiiiy,  at  laii»t  ii'  I'm  ui.'tcrly  nx  lliii  .MiaiiiiK,  niiiniii^ 

.11  111.  Ohiiian.l  l.iikt'  Kiio.  miil  to  .-I'l'  limv  llii.  wali'ir  iif  llir»i' 

Liiiuiiiii  all'  Willi  iIh'   liivcr  Si.  .Iiiii|.|ili,  wliifli  viiiiilici.  inli. 

I  M..lii.?aii,  mill  "illi  tlio  \Vali.i»li  /  .  .  . 

.  .  "  llnni.vcr  "iiiKiilar  tin    i>|.iniiiii  may  iii,"  lii'  wrili'ii  |.i 

■(  Kiiiir  j^i'Mtlciiian    uh    miiitlii.r    iH.|.aiiiin,   "  I    t'liiinul  iliM.-l 

111  il,  that  till'  lllivinaliiill  if  ihr  .Ml.'fi-»i|i|ii  ii(  (/ii«  lin.e 

Ljlit  1,1  lii.  III!  iiliji'i^t  with  II..!.     111!  till'  I'niilraiy,  iiiilil  »■'  liaio 

llllll' liiai'  alliiKiil  In  iipi'li  aiil  iiiaki.  <a«y  I'li'  way*  lii'lnnii 

(.Olanlii'  Sliili'!!  mill  llii'  Wr-iiin  ti'iiilnry,  iIk'  ..'..d  h.  fn.m 

li'Lii,,  <•  iiiii'ii.     'I'lii'ii'  is  iKiiliiii..;  Iliat  liinils  uiu'  c'liuiilry  iii' 

'  111-  I  .  ail-itluT  lull   illlrrr-l." 

|.\i  till' same  time  that  this  canal  and  national  road 
lliiv  w;is  fivored,  ihe  i;eneral  j^oveiiiinent  was  fos- 
tiii.'  M'liiiiies  for  e.\t''ii»ive  innnii:raiiiin  into  the 
■nlrv  iiiirlli  of  the  Ohio,  three  or  four  very  larL'e 
Miii|iiwiies  licin^  interested  in  it  as  a  matter  of 
k'liliiiiiii.  It  was  characterislie  of  these  Westrn 
'I'lil^pd  ixiiniiiinies  that  while  those  of  tlic  North  were 


usually  larpo  corporntions,  buyin;?  up  enormous  tracts, 
employinji  iij;ents,  and  propn.sing  to  plant  colonies  in 
order  to  enhauee  the  value  of  their  lands,  llio.se  of  the 
South  were  fexccptini;  the   Ya/.no  johheiy)  made   up 
of  bodies  of  settlers,  wlio,  havint:  secured  capital  suf- 
ficient for  their  purposes,  arranijed  to  ;.ro  upon  tlicir 
lands   and  impriive   them  in   person.     The  early  land 
claims  in   Kentucky,  Western   Carolina,  and   (leorfiia 
were    tho.se    of   actual    settlers    and    ]iioiiccrs.       Col. 
Miiri.'an  led  his  own  jmrty  to  New   Madrid,  and  the 
O' Fallon  parly  from  South  (.'arolina  was  also  made  up 
of  inti'iidinir  settlers.      It  was  this  class  which  bcjj;aii 
to    improve   lands    and    take  up   homesteads    in    the 
western  part  of  North  Carolina  as  early  as  1777.    At 
that    time   the  county   of    Washiii'jtou   was    formed, 
eouiprisiii;;  nearly  the  whole  of  the  present   State  of 
Teiiiii'ssce.       Many    of   the    .settlers    were    fniritives, 
driven  out  hy  the  Scotch  Hi^lilindcrs  and  Tories,  who 
were  so  numerous  on  the  ei-tein  slopes  of  the  liliie 
liid'jc.     These   forined  a  setllenuiit  near  the  site  of 
.Nashville,  and  liy  the  end   of  the   licvoliiiionarv  war 
there  was  i|uite  a  population  in  E,i>t  anl  Middle  Ten- 
nessee.    These  people  were  cut   olf  from  the  nnitlnr 
Slate,    tliey    weie    harassed    hy    their    ni'i'.;liliors    the 
('liiTokees.    they   had    no    military   or^ani/.  itii  ii,  and 
Ciin;.:ress  w.is   not   ]irepan'd   to   ;:ivi>  tlieiiia   S:ale  or 
Tciiiiorial   uovernmcni.  lhiiUL:h    North   I'aioliiia    was 
ipiili'  willini:  to  cede  the  entire  territory  for  tli.it  pur- 
jio>i'.     The  people  ihercupon  called  a  convention,  de- 
clared   their    iiidependenee    of   North    Caioliiiii,   and 
crccl.'d   the ''Slate  of  Kraiiklai'd.'  witii  a   full  eor|is 
of  olVicials.      .\  ilelc'/ate  was  eleited  and  sent  to  Con- 
•jri'ss  to  ask  admission  for  the  new  .'state,  hut  Coimre.ss 
refused  to  receive  the  delegate,  while   North  CaroliiiH 
delerininid   to   cnforci'  its  own  jiiii^dii  tioii   and  put 
down   the   Stale  of  Kiaiiklaiid   as  a    ri  li.  1    iiiriinst    its 
authority.      Col.  John   Sevier  was  at  the  head  of  the 
lien'  Slate  ori.'aiii7.:itioii,  and  lor  a  liuie  llure  was  con- 
flict of  aiithoiity  and   many  other  Iroiilil.s,      Finally, 
however,  North   Carolina  -"lu'ceedid   in   ovi  rthrowini^ 
the  si|iialti  r  soverci;_'nly  party,      .""rvier  wa>  attainted 
of  treason,  auinestii'd,  outlawed,   arrested,  Imt   linally 
released.        He   had,   however,   uiiilouhtedly    heeii    eu- 
j;aui  d  ill  inlriirues  with  the  Indian.-  IViendlv  to  Spain 
and  Spauisli  iulcrcsts.  and  now  he  licL'an  lo  ititri;.'iu> 
directly  with  Spain  itself      He  opened   a  correspond 
eiiee  with    I>iin    Dieijo  (iar(|oi|ui,  while   at    the    same 
lime    the    people   of   West    Teuncssee,  lo    show  wlieie 
their  vympalliics  lay,  cliaiii;ed   the  name  of  ihi'ir  dis- 
trict (Vnni  Ciiinlierlanil  to  Miio  l)isiriet.  in  compliment 
to  the  liovernor  of  I/oiiisiaua. 

Scvii'r  wrote  to(ianhii(ui  in  17SS  that  "  the  inhuh- 
iiaiits  of  Frankland  are  unanimous  in  their  vehement 


II!  ' 


m\ 

::tl 

238 


IlISTOllY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


!"  '■ 


(k'.sii'i!  (o  liiriii  nil  ulliiiiico  mid  Ireaty  of  cuiiiiuorcu 
Mritli  Spnin,  mid  to  put  lliciiiiiolvi'.s  under  tier  pruti'c- 
tiuii.'  IIu  iil.'-o  iiskod  fur  a  supply  ut*  iiriii^  iiiid  tiiii- 
iiiuiiiiiiiii  tu  c'liiible  tliL'iii  to  ihi'iiw  off  ilic  yoke  dl' 
Nurlli  C'aruliiiii.  Garduijui,  wlio  wa.s  acting  undcr 
tlio  saimr  jjL'iicral  (U'durs  as  those  wliii-li  governed 
Mii'o,  but  who  sci'iii.s  to  liavo  pn't'i'ircd  to  pKit  iiiia^i- 
bistcd,  tliou;^iit  tliat  Si'viur's  propositions  deserved  at- 
tention. He  ciiiployid  a  deh'nate  in  Coniirc.-.'^,  Dr." 
James  While,  of  It.ividson  County,  a  iiiaii  very  jiroin- 
inont  in  the  early  lje^i>hiiure.s  of  Tenne.ssee,  to  go  to 
Frjiikhind  and  .^Iilo  Distriet.s  and  prepare  tlie  people 
for  the  S]iaiii>li  protectorate.  It  is  said  that  Wiiite's 
pay  was  only  four  liundred  dollars.  He  went  to  Teii- 
lie.ssee,  and  theiuu  proceeded  to  Louisiana  to  consult 
witli  (iovernor  .Aliio.  He  bore  letters  fidiii  tiiiidoi|ni, 
assuring  the  leaders  of  Fiankland  that  they  would  be 
jiniteeted  in  every  way  if  they  gave  liieir  allei;ianee 
to  Spain,  (jovcriior  Miio  received  White  very  coldly. 
lie  tliouglit  that  (.iardoijui  was  invading  liis  own 
province.  ''  Tlie  iiiliabitants  of  Krankland,  "  lie  wrote 
to  the  home  govcriinicnl, '•  had  already  thrown  oil'  (he 
mask  wiieii  White  eaiuc  among  them,  and  would  cer- 
tainly have  had  recourse  to  me,  as  is  proved  by  .lohii 
Sevier's  letters,  without  the  intcTlcienee  of  the  doc- 
tor.'' Still,  he  lolil  White  he  would  deal  generously 
by  Tennessee,  granting  special  tra<lc  iinniunities  to  all 
persons  who  wcie  in  the  interest  of  S|iaiii.  He  would 
not  juiii  tlieiii  ill  plotting  against  the  I'liited  States^ 
but  if  they  secured  their  indcpendenee  by  their  own 
act,  then  S|  aiii  would  accord  llieiii  proteelion  and 
trade  privileges.  He  also  put-  White  in  iii/i/tuil  with 
Gen.  W'.lkinson,  at  that  time  the  chief  Spanish  agent 
in  Kentucky,  and  made  arrangement.!  to  secure  eum- 
plcle  concert  nf  action  between  them.' 

'  'fln>t'  |ico|»Iu  wiTi'  alt  ('rtili.uliot  vitv  M'llNl'Hi^ly  in  trou.-Kii 
iittlu  [tl'tt.-,  vet  tlii-y  <liil  ii"t  i'ui(>i<lcr  tiiiMii^fh  im  t^ililu^^,  imr  ilo 
llii'ir  rilliiH  iili/.i;ii>  ainiciir  tii  liaM'  m>  nu'ioili'il  tliiiii.  I'l'iliii;!." 
IIm'.<«  liitlir  «in'  ?iiit  iiwioT  «(  tlie  liift  lliiil  tliiir  IciiJitm  niri' 
all  ill  .'^i>inii!^li  |iiiy,ljiit  i-tilaiiily  tlicy  li>.«t  no  |H>|iulariiy.  White 
wan  clui'liil  »)('■'"  "■■''  I'Ki'i"  I"  ''"'  lii'iti'lutm'''.  i^iviur,  who 
wit!)  11  MiMliT  hi  :'•••  lli'vsluliiin,  uiiu  dl  llio  Iciiileni  at  lviii;;V 
Moiinliiln.  iiiel  a  diirin;;  aiiil  8uri;i'H>rul  |iiiiti»iii  in  ri'|>('ulv  I 
nttacliN  u|>i>u  till'  liKliiitiH,  whk  oni'  "f  llif  numt  |iii|iul,ir  ini'ii  of 
hih  (lay.  lie  wa^  u  9laii<liii;;  lnu^t  in  (ii-nrifia,  I'ur  which  lu-  hail 
i'ou^ht  alxain^t  tlic  Chcri'Ui.'i'.'*.  lie  na.i  twit'i?  t'li'clcil  (inM-riC'r 
III'  I'l'iini  .-Ft'i',  ami  ht'l<l  many  ntlicr  iui|Mirl.oit  |M>'<itiiin:<.  liliiunl, 
lirjit  (iovi'iniir  111' Trnm'!'-i'<'Tirritiiry  by  W!isliiii;;l'inV  a|i|><iiiil' 
liiiMil,  aiitt  (ii>t  I'niti'il  .""tati-M  r^cnator  Irorn  'I'l'ion  ;*>»'p,  was  p\- 
nelli'il  llic  .<inalc  Inr  liiilicry  ami  Iria-nn.  (liii.  Maiiii'l  ."«niilli 
uml  (ill.  J.oiii  !•  Uiiliiil."nn,alsii  ili>tinKiii.-liiMl  lua.li  r.',  wiMi-  I'.irr 
iiiiiiit  ill  tiyiii;;  Id  1^'  I  I'cniliT  TrniiC'^.'*!'*^  tu  .'^)iani:^li  oitlnriu'c. 
\VilkiiiKiiii  va'  always  a  f.ivurilu  in  KintiuUy,  aml^./ii'i^'c  Si' 
l>a>lian  ilnl  n  "I  I<>m'  liii  |"'|>ulaiity  until,  many  yiai-M  lOli'r  Ihi' 
cvciteuii'lil  "I"  Ihi'sir  liiin'?i  hail  ilii'il  n.vay.  it  wh^  |in)\i'l  \\v  wa.s 
in  rcoi'l|it  ul' u  U'gulai   unnual  utipiiil  Iniiu  ."'inin.     In  lail, 


While  tlieso  intrigues  were  in  progre.s.s  their  ion- 
trivers  were  reinforced  from  anotiier  (piarter.     A  i mil 
company  was  formed  in  Charleston,  S.   C,  in   I7s|), 
which,  in  eonjuiiction  with  other  eoinpaiiies  in  Gci^ju 
and  the  North,  bought  of  the  State  of  Georgia  a  ii;ui 
of  tifiy-two  thousand  nine  hundred  sipiare  miles  m  ih,. 
Yazoo  country  on  the  Mississippi.     This  .sale  was  il'i,!-. 
wards  repudiated  by  (jcorgia,  and  protracted  liti;;aii(iri 
grew  out  of  it.     I'lie  principal  members  of  the  Vaz.i,, 
Land  (Niinpany  were  Alexander  Moultrie,  Col.  \\'.is||. 
iiigton  (his  real  iiaiiiu  Walsh, — hung  afterwards  |.iri;,r 
gery),  ls:iac  linger,  and  William  Snipes.     Wilkiiisnu 
a|iplied  to  thecompany  tobeajipointeil  their  agciii.    ||,. 
did  this, .so  he  wrote  to  Mini,  in  order  to  induce  ilum 
to  sue  for  Spanisli  protection.     The  conipaiiv,  limv. 
ever,  decliiii'd  Wilkinson '.s  overtun-s,  and  .sclciir'l  j. 
their   agent   Dr.   James   O'Falloii.     This  geiitleiuaii 
was   a   resident   of   Charleston.      He   was   of  an  i.|i| 
Irish  family,  had  been  highly  eUucaieii  in  ilic  i;iiiii  ,<i 
his  birth,   and   had   served  with   distinction   in  tli.> 
Ilevolutioiiary  army  of  the  land  of  his  ado|itiiiii.    Ij^ 
was  •■  as  ihnroughly  a  traitor  as  Wilkinson,"  s.ivs  iln. 
edition    of  Albach's   "Annals  of  the   West.       It  i^ 
certain  that  he  at  once  put  himself  in  coniiniiiiir;inn!i 
with  .Mini,  and  expressed  himself  with  what  he  sui.i 
"  characteristic  frankness"  in  regard  to  the  iiii|iuii;iiicc 
of  his  mission  to  the'  .Spanish  empire  in  genual,  ani 
Lonisi.iiia  and  West   Florida  in   particular,     lie  ■,[.-: 
refers,  specilieally,  to  ''my  natural  disposition  imi,. 
tribute  to  the  glory  and  pr.isperily  of  the  crown  wliiili 
you  serve  {ir/m/i  i/isjinsiliuii  is  ijiiif)'  ii'itiiiiiiiis  III  ill/ 
Si>iiiii.-ili   I 'mil I.  //iniiii/li  t/ir   iii/iirmnli'iiit  ii[i''inlnni 
I'/s   iiiiiitsli  r  III    Sih:   Ymh  itiiil  lln     (jui'iiiinr  nf  Si. 
.1  iii/iixlini ,  nliii,  /riiiii  iihiiiiilitiil  cc/n  liiiifC,  i  nn  t'fl'iu 
toil").      ()  Fallon  said   he  had  a  great  scheiiie.  ali  ^I'l 
his  own  contriving,  a  long  time  ago,  and  the  lui'iiiinrj 
of  the  land  eonipany  he  represented  had  I'.illeii  iiiii' i:.l 
being  all  of  them  diss.itislied  with  the  present  u'i>\irii.| 
iiieiit.     Tiny  had  given  him   plenary  jioweis  tn  .5 
cute  till?  plot.     He  had  also,  he  said,  compleielv  li    i-j 
winked  the  iiiusl    inlluciitial   niembers  of  the  I.cm. 


lliiTP  na."  n  gi'iicral  Fpiril  mI'  ili^iiininn  lit  that  tliin'  .il'ii.' is^ 
wliiili' Siinllii'in  hiinliT,  nml  thu  Spani-h  nK<'nt9  liii'l  Un  1 
actiii'  \\%  III  ilihintr;{i'ati'  tliu  in.'.tiiK-l  it^ell'"!'  Iiiyiilly  aii'l  um 
Iii-c'iiti'iil  ami  I'l'll'tvi'i'i'  at  thu  liillniii  nf  il, — Ian. I  );ir'lii 
i'ikIi' ii--i'nlini>nt  nf  |M>tt|>li'  aihl  i<  iI'Iiits  iin|Mivi-ii-li>  I  l.i  .1  :< 
Infill' ami  wi.i tlili';*.-  eiirreney.  A«  hai  liei'ii  s.ii<l  l.y  ii  «;. 
who  has  shniit'ii  thu  ."uhjoet  elosrly,  "  In  all  tin-  miiIiiiui 
ami  till'  ili>trii't)^  ot'lhi'  .SniilhwL'^l,  at  the  t'<H-inali>>ii  "lilu'li^ 
eral  ('nii>titiilitii),  there  wai  a  (general  ho>ti:iry  1 1  lhi>  FilctI 
(joMinimnl,  ami  llie  leailinj"  politii  iau.i  ol' that ''"Uiilry, 
II"  il  well',  by  a  einiiimin  iiiiiuilic,  were  plolliii'^  llie  ili><"iutil 
111'  the  t'nion  an  I  the  siirreiulcr  of  thiir  eounlry  I'iIIicJjI 
nali'iii  111  .^ipaiii." 


luicof  Geor 
ill  till!  Legii 
prcv.iilcd  upi 
fi\fM  the  obi 
h  i"iisrnt  to 
jwiniK'e  of  a 
I'll";  I n  for  tl 

lilWi-liilljr    ,yi, 

ollelJ^ive  and  t 

'I'll is  hcginu 

>M}'  I"  the  sevi 

IIU'llls  Ui'st  of 

ciiluiii-ls,  peojili 
111  mm c  to  the 
ami  III  repu(Ji,|( 
"iilllij  soon  be 
""il^iU  that  they 
I'lablisliiiicnt  wa 
''!•'  n/iei:,.|i  j|,(o  . 

"■'■"li-  ( »'FaIlon,  ' 

(iuiii  tliein  il)  ,^,(1 

iTly  iif  conscieiic 

Ho  Villi! II loors  t|,(, 

rojuiiiiliMg  Willi  g 

I  '"J  i'l'ting  as  the  s 

wwiiHieiit,  and  f 

■ii'iiiig  and  ,,io,i,„,i| 

I 'li-li,  American,  an 
ilRilliin  al.so  ii;f 
[I'-Viv  Oilcini,  il 
!«ii'ail  lime  lu'  „■{)/ 
['■■I'-i'iit  and  ;,j,j,r, 
|i'>''  lliaii  sl•|•^■i„^r  I 
j«lii  lieiei];i:iii|_y. 
I^n  "f  ii'.iitor  who 
'''■   "-lists    fro, 


nil 


iti.i 


III 
fined  („  ,\\s•^^^^^^, 

'''"^•^'      'Mini    iiiisi 
'■"'"".v  so  ne.-.r  (o  \:,| 

'"'  '''ill'  il.   his  coll 
'"'^**aiv  IliJii,,,,,,  „.; 

''M'>'1  by  /i.rec  liny 

■'"' '"  "'i'''p;is.s  on 

-■'"let    O'Kill, 
'""'■•''  >i'l'.iec(s,    b 

'""~  ^'"iild  mount 
""•^'J  lii'S  conieni, 
'*  "''  Iniifors,  bj. 
""'1  ''"rt  on   the  ( 
"^•'"i'^t.,  he  ,,,^,,„^, 

ff"'''.v<'C  pension  in 

'"l"""'"'.\N.eriean 

l'-|.>  H»m  U'ilkin^o 


in  s 

Ul 


i  ii 


^^^ . 


SPANISH,  FUENCII,  AiND  AMERICAN  INTRIGUES   IN  THE  WEST. 


230 


full- 

Tsa, 

iracl 
ill  the 

■.ll'UT- 

pillion 

Y;l7.no 
\V;l>ll. 
Invlor 
Ikinsiiii 

lit.     Uo 

CI'  tlll'lll 

ly,  lii'W- 
Iffti'J  .'.- 
I'lilU'iiaii 
,1'  -,111  M 
ic  lliui  "1 
111    in   tli': 
liiili.     Ill' 
"  says  iW' 
St."      li  i' 
lUllllU'^l'i"" 

it  lii'>iU'i 
imiiun.iii.'. 

k.     ll>'.~. 
liiiu  1"  >■'   • 


III"" 
I II 


i(  III/ 
„■,/.,(  i../ 
„■..(■  .V. 


,.l,l  (■.-■■/« 
l-ll>  111''.  .1'  1 
lUi'  '.ui'Mii';' 

f.llloll  illt"  !•• 
M'lll  ■^"\''"- 

Ivvi'vs  to  ''5' 

H,\,'tcly  li""'l 


lliuii'  al"".' ' 
ll,  \ii..\  1"'  " 
liillv  .ii"' ""'' 

j'.uii'i);'"'" 

|,i.l,M  l'V»" 
1,1,1  l,y  a»i 
111,.-  »lll'i" 
|li„u"liwf' 
I,  uu- V'.l'i 
■.™iiif> ' 

,,v  l.'tWi 


lull'  iif  Gt'di'giu,  "  and,  without  tlicir  huviii};  xuspoctcd 
ill  till'  bo^iiiniii<;  wliat  I  wu.s  aiiniii^  ul,  [  iiisuiiHibly 
prcVMilcd  upon  theiii  to  autiuicsce  in  my  poiilieal  view.s 
liifiii'  tin)  obtaiiiin;'  of  the  concus.'sion),  nnd  Inl  ihini 
1,1  (.  ii\(ii<  III  l>i-  tltr.  .i/iirrs  of  Sfiai'it,  under  tin;  ap- 
iio:ir.iii,'o  of  a  froo  and  independent  Stale,  t'orniiii}^  a 
i',iiii|':>rl  for  the  adjoining  Spanish  territories,  and  es- 
iiilili-liiiin  ^*'''''  tl'i^'"  ""  eternal  reciproeal  alliance, 
oH'cii^ive  and  defen.sive." 

Tliis  be);innin^,  (.)'l''allon  felt  sure,  would  open  the 
\ny  I'l  the  severunee  from  the  I'liion  of  all  the  .scttlo- 
mi'iii.^  west  of  the  mountains.      lie  had  induced  his 
niioiii-t.'<,  people  of  great  influence,  power,  and  talent, 
iiiiiiiAi'  to  the  colony  in  person  with   their  families, 
inil  til  repudiate  the  authority  uf  Coiif;ress.     There 
niiiilJ  Miun  be  ten  thousand  men  in  the  settlement, 
;,iiJ  all  that  they  desired  of  Spain  for  their  projuetud 
i<t;ibli''iinu'nl  was  a  secret  co-operation,  eventually  to 
i,e  ripriied  into  u  close  friendship.     "  I  a.ssure  you," 
iiicilc  O' Fallon,  "  that  S|iain  will  obtain  everything 
I'luiii  llii'in   in  retdrii  except  the  saerilice  of  their  lib- 
erty uf  con.science  and  of  their  civil  government." 
He  viiliiiiteers  the  iiiformatiim  tliat  ho  had  been  cor- 
rL'>iiiMiiiing  with  Spanish  ollieials  for  over  two  years, 
iiid  acting  as  the  secret  agent  and  .spy  of  the  Spanish 
::,ni'riiiiK'nt,  and  that   of   Great    iSritaiu  also,  while 
.iiliiiL' and  promiitiipj;  ai;  iniini^ration  often  tlioiisand 
lii-li,  American,  and  German  families  to  East  Florida. 
(iFalliin  also  informs  Miio  that   be   intends  to  go 
1 1. Now  t(i!ean>  and  confer  with  biin,  and  that  in  the 
mil  lime  he  will  do  nothing  without  that   I'llieial's 
I'li-i'iit  and  approbation,  "because  I  aim  at    nothing 
uo  lliiiii  serving  the   interests  of  Spain,  to   which    I 
III!  Iieietlitarily  attaclied.  '       In   short,  he   was  that 
Ml  "f  iniilor  who  loved   the  treason,  who  betrayed 
Id  iiUi'  trusts    from   an    instinctive   duplicity,   which 
n'lrinl  to  disguise  under  a  decent  cloak  to  his  con- 
ii'iia'.      Miro    mistrusted    him,   did    not  want    his 
iiiy  .SI)  near  to  Natchez  and  New   Orli^ans,  did   not 
lit  I'litli  in   his  colonists,  and  (|iiietly   supplied  the 
.ia.'-aw  Indians  with  powder  and   ball   and  advice 
sinl  by  force  any  Americans  who   might   under- 
lU  to  trespa.s.s  on  their  lands.      lie  was  quite  wil- 
tii  let   O'Fallon's  people  come   in  and  settle  as 
lli^ll  subjects,   but   lie  arranged    it    so    that    tlie 
hjii>  cniild  nnmnt  guard  over  them.     Aft<'rwards 
liiiwoil  bis  contempt    for   and   mistru'^t  of  all  this 
irilc'ii'  traitors,  big  and  small,  by  erecting  a  stiong 
inisli  furt  on  the  ('hielvasaw   Ulufl  at   Memphis. 
likewise,  he  pro]Hised  to  the  home  government  the 
iftii'ly  of  pensioning  Gen.  Wilkinson,  as  a  useful 
uiHiii  the  .\meriean  people,  and  Judge  Sebastian, 
|a-|v  updn  Wilkinson. 


It  has  been  made  evident,  without  coming  to  the 
ease  of  Kentucky,  which  will  jirescntly  be  stated  in 
full,  that  there  was  a  pretty  general  cinispiraey  at  tliLs 
time  lor  the  dismemberment  of  the  United  States. 
The  Unioii,  under  the  old  articles  of  eonl'cderation, 
was,  in  the  word.i  of  Gayarre,  "  weak  in  the  very  bones 
and  marrow  of  its  organization."  Tiie  Western  ]ieo- 
plo  were  utterly  discontented  and  disheartened.  Con- 
gress had  not  only  failed  to  give  them  relief  in  response 
to  their  numerous  petitions,  but  they  had  entirely  lost 
faith  ill  its  capacity  to  relieve  them,  and  they  deter- 
mined to  look  elsewhere.  Judge  Martin,  in  bis 
''  llisloiy  of  Louisiana, '  elassiiies  the  malcontents  into 
five  distinctive  parties: 

"The  lirst  was  fur  lioiii;^  imlopcn  lent  iif  tin-  Inilnl  ."^tnlcii, 
iinil  fur  the  foi-iii;)tiun  uf  u  new  repiiblie,  iineoiiiioeteil  wilh  llio 
iiM  one  iintl  repting  on  a  bi).-.id  ot  it^  own  iin<l  a  elo..'e  ulUiincu 
Willi  Sjiiiin, 

"  Annllier  piirty  wiis  nillin,:;  th:it  the  eininlry  .'^h'Hilil  lieennic 
n  piirt  of  Ihe  proviiiL'e  of  I.oiii.siami,  iiiiil  Mihinil  to  the  ioliiiin- 
sioii  (if  the  liiws  of  ^|iiiiii, 

"  .\  thini  ile^ireil  ii  war  with  .'^|iiiiii  uiiil  the  scb.ure  uf 
New  (lilciiii'. 

"  A  fourth  |iliii)  wn-*  to  prevail  on  t'oni^nss,  l»y  a  >hiiw  uf 
preparation  for  war.  to  extort  from  the  e.iliiliel  of  .MaOiitI  wl.at 
it  per.'i>tei|  in  relii>inj;. 

"'flio  lai't,  us  tinnalural  us  the  .-'eeontl,  wiik  to  solicit  rriineo 
to  procure  II  ri'lruee>>ion  uf  Loui-<iaiia,  unit  to  extenU  her  pro- 

tretion   In   K  i  111  Ih'K  V  .'* 

It  was  the  policy  of  Gardoqui  and  Miro,  while  fos- 
tering discontent  in  every  ipiarter  and  promoting  tlio 
tendency  to  .secession,  to  secure  as  large  an  ininiigra- 
tioii  as  possible  into  Spanish  territory,  and  to  that  end 
there  were  very  liberal  eoneessions  of  ]mblie  lands. 
.\fter  171'."),  when  the  Siianisli  intrigues  were  confess- 
edly a  failure  as  regards  the  aei|uisition  of  new  terri- 
tory, the  inducements  to  individual  settlers  were  made 
still  stronger,  and  Spanish  agents  offered  large  tracts 
to  intlueiitial  pioneers  who  might  be  expected  to 
become  the  foci  of  settlements  and  immigration.  In 
this  way,  in  IT'.'.'),  the  f.iniily  of  l)aniel  lioone,  and 
the  old  pioneer  himself,  were  induced  to  leave  Ken- 
tucky and  .H'tlle  on  lands  given  to  them  by  the  Gov- 
ernor of  St.  Jiiiuis. 

Gardoqui  and  Miio  would  probably  have  been  much 
more  successful  in  their  jilotiings  if  they  had  eo-ojier- 
ated  with  one  another.  Hut,  as  Gayarre  has  noted, 
'•  both  the.se  Sjianish  functionaries  were  partners  in 
the  same  game,  and  yet  they  were  unwilling  to  com- 
municate to  each  other  the  cards  they  had  in  hand. 
Each  one  was  bent  ujion  his  own  plan,  and  taking 
care  to  conceal  it  from  the  other :  each  one  had  bis 
own  .secret  agents,  unknown  to  the  colleague  whom  he 
ought  to  have  called  to  his  a.ssistance.  There  was  a 
want  of  eoncert,  arising  perhaps  from  jealousy,  from 


Mi 


imm^ 


I   ■..: 


240 


IIISTOIIY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


the  lack  of  confidence,  from  ambition,  from  the  desire 
of  onj^rosnirij;  all  the  priiisc  and  reward  in  ease  of  siic- 
ee.sx,  or  from  scime  oilier  cause.  Hi'  it  what  it  may, 
tiie  consequeiiee  was  that  the  schemes  of  iheso  two 
men  frei|Ucnlly  coiinteractfil  each  olher.  and  resulted 
in  a  series  of  measures  wiiifh  were  at  variance  and 
contradictory,  and  which  seemed  inexplicahle  tn  him 
who  had  not  llie  key  to  what  was  goin,^  on  behind  the 
curtain." 

We  have  seen  that  the  first  mutterinf;s  of  discontent 
nriisein  Kentucky,  u]i(in  a  I'iltsburuh  versinn  reaching 
there  of  the  propusiiion  not  to  insisi  on  tlie  iiaviization 
of  the  Mi.ssi.ssippi.  At  that  date  there  was  no  print- 
ing-press in  Kentucky,  ami  the  garbled  I'itt.sburgh 
nporl  is  said  (o  have  iieen  written  out  and  stuck  up 
upon  trees  in  the  court  towns,  like  sherilfs  nntices. 
At  that  time  there  was  hut  one  sture  in  Louisville, 
that  of  I>aniil  Hrodhcad,  who  had  come  frotn  i'hiladel- 
phia,  whence  his  merchandise  was  hauled  by  teams 
over  the  mountains  to  Pittsburgh,  thence  carried  in 
flat-boat,  ark.  and  •' broadli<ir!i"  to  the  place  of  liis 
destination.  In  February.  17>>l,  bowcver.  Hrevet 
I?rig.-(«en.  James  Wilkinson,  late  rnited  States  army, 
arrived  in  L"xington,  sbiirtly  afterwards  going  to 
Louisville  to  represent  sundry  speculative  enterprises, 
land,  trading,  mid  commerce,  which  originati'd  in  I'hila- 
del[ibia,  and  of  which  Wilkinson  was  agi  nt  or  active 
partner.  This  active,  enterprising,  and  ingenious  per- 
siiii  played  so  large  a  ]mrt  in  the  afl'airs  of  the  West 
from  that  lime  forth  that  it  is  pro]>er  to  say  a  word 
or  two  concerning  him.  His  store  in  Lexington  was 
the  first  opi'iieil  there,  his  Inrry  at  h'raiikfort  the  first 
akso.  Wilkinson  was  a  Marylaiidcr.  bmii  in  Prince 
(ieorge's  County.  When  the  lievoliition  broke  out 
he  was  in  (Jeorgelown,  member  of  a  local  military 
company,  lie  at  ome  wetit  on  to  iJostoii  .•md  al- 
taehed  himself  to  a  Pennsylvania  regiment.  lie  liiiiilly 
became  aide  decamp  to  (iatcs,  distinguishecl  hims4'll' 
in  the  Saratoga  lamiiaign,  and  bore  the  disp.itcbes  to 
(Congress  announcing  the  surrender  of  niirgoyne. 
Congress  rewarded  him  with  the  brevi;t  of  brigadier- 
geui'ial,  but  be  was  so  jiompous  about  it  and  so  slow 
that  caustic  old  Or.  Witbersjioon  proposed  to  "  vote 
the  yountr  man  a  jiair  of  spurs,"  Wilkinson  contrived 
to  get  himself  mixed  up  in  the  (iales-Conway  imbro- 
glio,— indeed,  his  indiscreet  disclosures  led  to  that 
trouble.  .M'icr  the  war  he  went  to  Kentucky,  and 
for  several  years  engaged  in  business.  lie  returned 
to  ihe  army  and  served  as  brigadier  under  W^iyne; 
and  when  that  officer  died  he  received  the  vacant 
major-generalsbip.  He  commanded  the  Western  De- 
partment, from  Detroit  to  New  Orleans,  until  the  war 
of  ISlli,  when  be  was  assigned  to  service  on  the  lakes, 


but  showed  sucli  a  geiu'ral  incompelcney  that  he  iva.s 
forcecl  to  withdraw.  Ho  was  three  limes  trie  1  In 
court-martial,  but  eacli  time  acquitted.      He  die  I  j„ 

j  Mexico  in  lH2rt,  just  when  he  had  succeeded  in  -,|, 
ting  a  large  grant  of  land  in  Texas,  Ho  was  a  I  i-y 
conceited,  turbulent,  unscrupulous,  and  untiirhrnl 
person,  given  to  intrigue,  di.shonesi  and  nndieioii- .  Im 
his  abilities  were   really  great,  and  bis  cnerg\  ,iii,| 

activity  ino>l  remarkable.      He  had  a  talent  for  i , 

numd,  organization,  leadership,  and  few  men  li;iv. 
exercised  greater  influence  or  bad  a  wider  a(i|i„iiiit 
ance.  His  knowlidge  of  the  West  was  clo.-e  aiil  in 
timate,  and,  on  the  whole,  ho  was  of  .service  lu  il,, 
country.     He  established  the  first  United  State-  iinui. 

!  in  the  eantonmenls  at   IJellefontaine,  near  Si.  bmii, 

]  and  hi'  liad  a  fine  military  eye,  as  the  places  be  ili.,... 

;  for  camps  and  fu'ts  proved  well  enough.  As  sunn  a- 
Wilkinson  arrived  in  Kenliieky  he  made  hini>rlt' iji, 
leader  of  a  ]iolilieal  parly,  and  was  for  years  llio  m  .i 
conspicuous  man  in  the  West.  He  had  great  aiuLuiiv 
in  coneeiviiiL'  and  initiating  bold  and  broad  iniu 
prises  ;  he  was  full  of  Jiiiissi-,  address,  and  IkhI  r, 
elii(|uence,  inflated  and  meretricious  to  be  miic,  ],<:, 
wbicb  served  his  ends.  He  was  in  all  the  early  Ivn. 
lucky  <'onvcnlions,  and  all  the  addresses  and  |iliii,  i;. 
of  the  day  show  marks  of  bis  [leii.  His  maniiei>  \\v. 
easy  and  winning:  he  was  amiable,  hIkhi  rii;iiii,\\,i 
a  beail  trained  under  Gates  Tit  is  ^aid  that  in  nii 
bis  drinking  bcmts,  mit  of  which  In'  eanie  iinli;tnii  i. 
he  killed  the  S|)anish  Governor,  Don  Guyovi  it 
Lemos)  ;  his  hospitality  was  liberal,  he  liki  il  (ii-|.'ji 
and  fuss  and  feathers,  and  under  cover  of  lliev  t.i|. 
rieil  on  intrigues  of  the  deejiol  and  most  coni|iliiii.j 
sort.  He  plied  up  and  down  the  Ohio  ami  Mi"i"i|;i 
in  the  gayest  td'  oiriaineiilal  barges,  but  never  r.iii.J 
to  do  tile  Work  of  bis  einployer.s  and  carry  cnit  lii-  un 
s(l(i«b  adveiituics.' 

>  Was  .liiiiii'.'i  Will<iii4iiii  II  traitor!''     Tho  (|uc,itiun  it  nfiiJ 
ii.>ki'il ;  llin  iinswer   iiiii:<t   In',   iil'lcr  I'vuiiiiiiliij;  llii'  Irslluhiiij 
lliiit  he  eurliiiiily  was.     Ills  Irca^iiii  iiniy  nut  liiin'  ijnii  iiiJ 
iiijuri'Mi*.     Ill' iiiaiin;{(Ml  to  turn  iiljoiit  at  lliu  rl;;lil  liiin  iiiiij 
S|iniii^li  intrl);iii's,  iiml  ti>  iiliaiiliin  ninl  lictniy  Iliiii  iit  ilir'rJ 
inniiiriit  I'lir  bi^<  own  adviinlani'.      Hut.  thai  !.<  not  i1m'c|ii("'  ■' 
li'nl  he  liclriiy  liii  ^■ivt'riiiiniit  I'T  liii-c,  ami  lalo.'  piiy  fur  l 
in;5  llic  secret.'!  iil'  the  IniU'.l  .'State."  ivliilu  an  eliiccr  In  iJ 
|tay  y      III  hi"  f'lah<ii-ate  anil  ei>[iii>iij  ileleie-ie  \Vilkiii:i'ii  iKnij 
liii".  nii'l  seeks  to  prnvi'  l!i:it  the  money  he  leeeivnl  iVi'iu  NJ 
iirleaiis  wa.s  tlie  |irofiL  of  Ii'i^itiiiitile  lMi>iiie"9  triinsin'iinii^.  Ill 
kinson,  however,  never  lolil  the  trnlh,  exeepl  ivlii  ii  il  »;i 
interest   to   Jo  so,  ninl  nince    hl.i  einirl-iiiarliMi  I'viilimi' 
heen  oht.iineil  which   niake»  it   almost  certain   lli.it  lir  ni 
ri'j^iihir  |M'iisioni'r  of  the  S|ianish  j^overninent  at  -N'l'ff  nrlfl 
from  ITS"  ilown  to  ISIII,  in  aiMilinn  to  Iho  eoinnerriiil  aln 
I   tages  iiccorileil  him, ami  which  were  simply  iin  iieliri'il  full 
briliery.     The  re|iorts  of  .Miro  to  the  .'^|i»iiisli  ^ovenniii'iil^'' 
Ihiit  Wilkinson  liilieve  I  he  hail  piil  both  his  life  iiiiil  L'jiw 


.\s    soot) 

liei;  HI  to  tuli 

lie  was  WfU 

till    lieadijij,,! 

11  delegate    |,i 

ivliieii  (net  HI 
<•'"'"  in  this 
■I'lii-i  men  in 

•Mir..  ■  haiiils.  I 
I.Mliinei-  Keiid,, 
('mm  lelel  took 

'■■'iiiiii'oiii'iilion  w 
III  ■"■•of  his  |„„, 

l-'in'iiii  Ills  marl,. 

■'""I  oly.  :i'lili„n 

'"••^l"'''!  iiiel  host 

ilial  11.'  »oul,|  „|,n, 

I'liii.'  Iliiiii  from  \ 

'"iiiiT  himsolf  wril 

'III.'  luM  Ihoiisanil  1, 

!■•  kiii'iv  III,'  ,s,,|,„j 

».i-  ililormeil   he   h,-, 

""uM  never  have, I,: 

r.inii  in  any  »ii,,|,  „ 

Wilkinson's  trcfun 

I""  •■"  I'liiiisinna,  ni 

I'ri'iu'li  ri/Mililic,  l,v 

"rli'niis,  ami  Uioi-o,',^, 

I'""''"  "'■   l.oiiisian,, 
>l"iiii  to  i„,|m,o  /^,,,| 

■'"''"  'l"'''^|iUllis|,    ^ 

il'i'ifi'iful  inhabitant 
•"■ivilli  his  counirv 
llii'wrvi,.,'sheren.|,.l 
lik'l'  Kiiiiles  in  the  an, 
"'■"''•"  "vver  e,.a»,',| 
"illl'iil  llicame/cal 
""»>"  »i'h  reason  ||,, 
I. 'iii..inn,i  is  „,„r„  ,,  |^ 

''"' '''  l">-eni   ,-t.|,„j„ 
■"l"'il.  "ho.,,  „.,„,„  ,  , 

'""■•  '"'I  "hieh    I  .|„„| 

fvM,  I'aiiie  („  \|.jj. 
pwi.n  (0  eniinierate  W 
f'''l"%ina  foot. not,.. 
I""'"""  »-«"•  mailo  i„ 
l-'i-iaiiii.  ami  i.viTv  ,;, 
[Kill  ll,i„,„.h  his  in'll,,,., 
"■'"'"»"  III  show  (h.,t 
H"i'l'ial  in  ho,-  „„,j,., 

,■""■'"■"""  lie  not  the, 
""""?    Wilkinson,,,! 

^"'•'■""liil  ho  .|„  iiv 
'»•""  liiiiiself  «.«  („ 
''"■I' "'ilkiiison  iiilnii,. 

'""■■  '"'t  If  Wilkin,,,,; 

■•'I'l"'.  who  ima^i, 
"^^I'fi'ysileelareilth,., 
'"""-",  .vliilo  he  mam 
"■"""■"'  'vho,  :a,,,  Ii,,,., 
""''■'''■■'•"'lip  liuilin,. 
""■•""■I  'l-llars  fron,  ,h" 
}'■•'  ili.ll  lirovince. 


■/ 


■Ii 


frl'ANISiT,  FllEN(;iI,  AND   AMKIUCAN    INTIUOUKS   IN   THK   WKST. 


2U 


A-i  soon  lis  WilkiriHiiii  arrived  in  Kciitiieky  lit; 
liiLiiii  tu  tuko  an  nctivo  iiit('rc!<t  in  piiiitifai  iiitrijiUt'. 
Ilr  was  w«ll  trained  for  thlH  from  liis  fxiHTinnco  in 
till'  lii'a(1i|uart(>rH'  (li>partnii'iit  of  ciiinpH.  IIu  huL-anu< 
II  ill  iiLMlc  lo  till!  tirst  rcj^uiar  Kentucky  eonvcnliiin, 
will,  li  iBi't  at  Diinvilii!  on  Dec.  27,  17H4.  His  asso- 
ciiiii^  in  lliis  and  sulis('i|uuiit  convontiims  vtm:  tlio 
;ilili-l  men  in  llio  Statf, — Sanuu'l  McDowell,  George 


,Mii(   ■  hioiils.     Mo  iloi'liirvil  tu  .Miro  lliiil  liiii  aiiilii  nlijool  wii» 

{.mIi  :i^  •'!'  Ki'iitiirky  to  Spain,  mill  tiiu^r  Min'i  hii<)   I'ctii'rii  iiii'l 

Ciiii.n  liilct  tiiiik   loH  pliit't',  liis  tirct  iii-l  wis  lo  put  tiiriisi'll'  In 

,.,,iiiMnniii'iilinn  with  Wilkinson  n^  n  wi'll  knoHii  Spiiiiisli  ii;,'i'iit. 

Inoiu'  III'  liis  Icltrrs  Wilkinson  ri'friK  to  niiini"oin  Knloml  ap- 

ii.iinttHinti^  iiiiiilt!  in  Kenlui^ky  in  onlor  to  litoiik  up  the  m-oi-j*- 

•  11)11  I  iirlj',  Miliiinn,  "  Hut    1    know  tliiit  llariv  InniK  i.'  rrieinlly 

l,,  Siiitiii  anil  lio.-tiUr  to  <'oTi)^r(-i<^,  anil  \  inn  iiuthori/.i'il  to  imy 

iliiit  111'  ivoiilij  mui'li   pivliT  ivrt'iviii);  a  pioiiion   IVoni    Ni'W  llr- 

li'iiii/ limn  from    New  York."     C'oulil  or  wmilil  iin^'  loitiipiMi- 

jiiituT  liiiiii'clt'  write  thus?     'I'll!'  t'lii-t   that   Wilkinson  ri'l'usiol 

ihi:  Icii  Ihuu.sanil  ilollarH  olVtircil  liiui  l>,v  I'owur  in  I7'.l,'>,  wlirii 

1,0  kiii'W  till'  Spiuiiuli  luiiise  was  Impt'li-s,  provi'K   llmt   I'owit 

iv.is  iiit'ornu'd  lin  liaii  Inki-n  Spanish   inoiioy  hrt'iiri;  or  olso  lio 

Kiiiilil  ni'vcr  liavo  ilari'il  npproiiuli  u  man  iir  siii'li  h'lgU  military 

,ink  ill  any  sniili  way.     Hut  tlio  imiKt  fonclnsivo  uvIiIoiu'l'  of 

Wilkinson's  tifii«pn  in  to  bo  I'oiiml  in  thu  siiurut  iiiiiiinii;  a  ic- 

inrl  "11  l.onisiitna,  niailo  to  Napulfon  wlirn  First  Consul  of  tlii< 

I'uin'li  ripiililio,  liy   M.  ili'   I'oi'.lallia.  an  olil   rcniiliMit  of  New 

orlrniis.  anil  thoroiiKlily  vi'rsuil  in  tlii'  history,  statislii'i',  ami 

t>iilitii>s  of    Loniffiana.      In   speaking  of  tho  I'tt'iirts   nitiilo    liy 

siiiiiii  111  miluce  Krntui'ky  aiui  'I'l'mu'ssfu  to  iii'iaiilf,  roiitiitbii 

'.ii'l.  "I'io' Spanish  f;ovt'rnini'nl  wa.H  a.^nisli-il  in  this  polioy  hy 

,  [.uwi'ifiil  inhiibilant  of  Ivi'iitui-ky,  who  pnssi'ssi-s  iiiuch  iiilln- 

,ii,'i  with  his  eiMinlrymrn,  ami  nijoys  ^reat  consiilfration   for 

!:k' s<T\  ill's  hi)  romliTi'il  In  llio  I'aiisuof  lilirrly  wlion  oiii'iipyinu 

M'li  t;i'aili'-'i  in  the  uriny  of  Ihi)  I'niii-il  Stati'i^,  who  from  thiit 

litiiu  tins  nevt'r  coasi'il  to  i^urvc  Spain  in  all  hi'r  vii'ws,  ami  who 

I  (ill  {lUt  llio  saliu'  '/.I'al  nt  Iho  ooninianil  of  Kriim'O.  borausi'  h)3 

I  liiinks  with  rpupon  that    an   intimate  union   between  her  ami 

l.oiiisiiuia  is  liioro  iiilvantaireoufl   to   hi.s   country    (Kentueky) 

'iLin  its  present  rolations  with  tho   I'niteil  Slate:!.     'I'ljiti  imli- 

ilii.il,  whoso  nanio  I  shall  not   mention  in  oriler  not  lo  expose 

:.:tu.  lint  whii-h  !  shall  make  known  when  his  ^orviees  shall  he 

I  r.^.^lo-l.  I'aiiie  lo  New  Orleans   in    I7S7,"  ote.      Here   Poiiiaiha 

I  111  enninenite  Wilkinson'.s  repealeil  sorviees  to  Spain. 

lilJiiiK,  in  a  foot  note.  "  Four  times,  from    IT.'^i''  to   IT'.I-,  prep- 

linitiiiiis  wore  tnaile  in    KentU'-ky  ami    ('iiinherlaml   to  altaek 

lliiiisiiiiiii,  anil  every  timo  this  same  iiiili\  i'linil  i'au«e<l  them 

ll'if.iil  tliriiii;;h  his  inlliienee  over  iiis  eountiymen.    I  make  these 

4<t>  kininii  lo  kIiow  that  franee  miiiit  not  noi;leet  to  uiiliul  this 

■Dlniillllti   in    iloi"  serviee."      I'/w    linn    in    tntthtnif  jititini   r/tt 

'  Iflliis  he  not  the  poiiiail  of  a  traitor  ami  hireling:,  what 

Jtillliiii'/    Wilkinson  ileleeteil  aii't  expuseil  llurr' nspiiMey. 

Hut  huff  iliil  ho  (lu  ii'i'    liy  partakin>;  first   ho  iloep  of   lliirr'ti 

;<«ii  liitiiself  tif  to   divert   riuspiuioii    from    himsolf.     This. 

■  io'i,  Wilkinson  ailniiis,  unil  treats  it  us  a  necossiiry  i-iri*Mni- 

llaiii'i'.  liiit  if  Wilkinson  hail  seen  an  assiiruil  siieeessfiil  issue 

f  liiirr's  pint,  who  iiiia;;iiies  that  ho  wuuhl   havo  bttrayoil  it'/ 

lurnilways  ileeliireil  that  the  sii^i^eslion  of  tho  plot  eaine  from 

liihiiiiiiii,  wliilu  ho  maluruil  it.     That  woiihl  liaxo  been  like 

■i.iiiniii'ti.  who,  after  Hurr'n  trial,  hail  the  iinpuilenee  to  senil 

ii'li' ili'-i'amp   Hurling  to   Mexico  to  ileiiiaml  two  liiinili'eil 

Wii^.iiiil  ilollars  from  the  vieeroy  ati  I'onipen.sittion  for  having 

|i-liliiii  provinue. 

ir, 


Milter,  lieiijainin    Ijii<;an,  Jaines  Speed,  Harry  Iiinis, 
(^lirisloplicr   Irvine,  .James  llojjers,  John  ('rai>.',  Heii- 
jainin    Si^liastian,   Jiinies    Meriwether,    l?<aiie   .Shelhy, 
[luniphrey    Marshall,    Alex.    Uri^ekiiiridue.    William 
Keiineily.ele., — yet  Wilkiii.Hoii, a  coniparalive  stranger, 
was  .selected  to  draw  up  thi!  aildress  and  resohitioim 
in  favor  of  siparalioii   Iroiii  Virjiinia.  and  of  "  sover- 
ei<;nty  unil  independence."      Wilkinsiin  had  just  that 
flnriil  style,  that  tone  of  elevated  ideality  of  buneoinho 
which  .S'Uittid  a  yoiiie.'  and  ardent  comniuniiy  of  hack- 
woiid.sineii,  and   his  ailihess  made  such  an  iniprosion 
as  t.'aV(!  Iiim  a  Grin  and  slron;^  hold  upon  thu  att'oc- 
lioiis  of  the  people.      In  fact,  tlie  adilress  carried  thu 
point  with  V'ii'oinia  also,  anil   in   17.^7->>ll,  Kt'iitucky 
Nceured  its  Hiial  divorcu  from   the  nioihur  of  Status 
and  statesmen.      Meantime  the  coniinercial  operations 
of  Wilkinson  lieeame  more  extensive,  and  he  was  nat- 
urally led  to  take  an  inture.st  in  the  Mississippi  Kiver 
(|Ucstion,  that  river  heiiii;  Kentucky's  only  outlet  for 
trade.      The   report  i:ame  down  iht^  Ohio  fiuiii  I'itts- 
burgh  that  Minister  Jay  had  "  pro|Hi.sed  to  the  Span- 
ish minister  to  surrender  thu  iiaviu'ation  of  th(>  Mis- 
sissippi for  twenty  or  thirty  years."      Wilkinson  im- 
nieiliately   took    up   the  sulijcct    in   a    practical    and 
liusiness-like  way,  whili!  .winter,   Iiiiiis,  John    Itrown 
(afterwards  member  of  C'onj;riss  i,  ami  Sehasiian,  in 
Mai'cli,  17H7,  made  it  tlie  revolviiij:-poiiit  of  a  bitter 
political  a^'itation  by  ealliiii.'  a  public  mcetinj;  on   the 
snliject  at  Danville.     The  circular  callino:  the  meeliii}; 
inipcacheil  and  n'proaehed  tln^  action  of  ('oni;res,s  in 
neolectiui;  tin;  rijibts  uf  the  Western  people  to  freo 
iiavi;iatioii  of  the    Mi.s.sissipjii.      ('iiiiu:re.ss   ami    Vir- 
L;inia,   however,   explained    that    there   had    been    no 
surrender  and  would  be  no  waiver,  and  the    Danvillu 
meetiii};  took   no  action,  thouoli   the  feelings  of  the 
people  were  much  worked  up,  and  it   was  said  that 
"  to  sell    us   and    make    us   va.s.sals   lo   tho   merciless 
Spaniards   was   a   jjrievance   not    to   be  borne."      In 
June,  17S7,  however,  Wilkin.son  dcseended  the  .^li8- 
sissippi  Hivi^r  to  New  Oileaiis  with  m  boat  load  of  to- 
liaeco,  broke  the  bloekiide,  saw  .Njitu.  and  eaine  liack 
triumphant,     lie  had  scenred.  he  said,  special  tradiii); 
privile;_'es  for  himself  ineludiiiL'  annual  sbi])iiients  of 
tobacco  tor  ticcnunt  of  S|panish  government,  and  made 
an  arranj;eineiit  for  coltmizin;;  .several  thou.saml  fami- 
lies in  West  l''lorida.     This  was  the  be^'iniiin;:  ot  thu 
secret  cipher  correspomleiice  between  Wilkinson  and 
Mir«)  and  his  successor,  (!arondclet ;  and  the  tobacco 
arraii^remeiit  j;avu  him   i^rcat    intlut'iice,  for  all   who 
wantetl   to  sell   thu  staple  in  New  (Jrleaiis  to  any  ad- 
vantaoe  must  do  so  ihroii<;h  him.      Mann  Butler,  Id 
'  his  "  History  of  Kentucky,"  believes  that  Wilkin.son 
'  must  be  aui|uitted  of  truasuiiablu  practiceti  in  ret-puct 


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i3  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  873-4503 


242 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


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to  these  transactions.  But  he  had  only  the  record  of 
the  military  court  to  }i;uide  him.  The  official  papera 
leave  no  room  for  doubt  that,  in  the  words  of  Mar- 
shall's "  History  of  Kentucky,'  "the  tobacco  contract 
was  a  mere  cover  for  a  pension,  and  the  clandestine 
and  dishonorable  part  was  carefully  concealed  from 
all  but  coadjutors." 

Wilkinson  .wujiht  but  was  not  able  to  get  himself  ; 
received  as  a  Spanish  subject.     He  f^ot  a  contract,  i 
however,  to  deliver  two  liuudred  thousand  pounds  of 
tobacco  per  annum  at  ten  dollars  a  hundred,  and  he 
be<;an  to  buy  accordinj^ly  on  his  return  to  Kentucky, 
in  February,  1788.     He  also  had  much  to  say  about 
the  indispensable  privilege  of  free  navigation,  and  the 
necessity  of  a  close  commercial  connection  with  Lou-  j 
isiana  and  Spain  in  order  to  secure  it.     In  the  mean 
time  he  was  reporting,  in  fre(|uent  dispatches  to  Mir6, 
all  that  transpired  in  Kentucky,  and  especially  all  the 
fine  performances  of  Wilkinson  in  making  ground  for 
Spain.     In  July,  1788,  immediately  after  Virginia 
had  ratified  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States, 
Kentucky's  Constitutional  Convention  mot,  and  it  was 
discovered  that  there  was  a  deep  feeling  abroad  already. 
In  the  words  of  Marshall,  "  there  was  now  observed 
the  most  deep  felt  vexation,  a  share  of  ill  temper  bor- 
dering on  disaffection,  and  strong  symptoms  of  assum- 
ing independent  government.     The  navigation  of  the 
Mississippi  and  the  trade  to  New  Orleans,  now  just  ' 
tasted  for  the  first  time,  were  :trenuou.sly  pressed  into  '. 
the  argument  in  favor  of  completing  tlie  Constitution  I 
and  or -uiizing  government  without  delay."     Wilkin- 
son's hand  may  be  seen  in  this  ;  that  of  Gardoqui  also,  ; 
who  had  .sent  an  agent  of  his  own  into  Kentucky  in  j 
the  person  of  Pierre  Wower  d'Arges,  now  soliciting  ' 
emigrants  from  Kentucky  and  Cumberland  to  West 
Florida,  liberal  grants  of  land  being  oflFered  them  by 
way  of  jiersuasion.     Slaves,  stock,  utensils,  provisions 
could  bo  introduced  by  them  for  two  years  free  of 
duty,  religion  was  made  free,  and  large  bodies  of  land  j 
conceded.     Col.  George  Morgan,  of  Princeton,  N.  J., 
as  has  already  been  said,  on  this  incentive,  got  con- 
siderable  concession   at  L'Anse  de   la   Graisse,  and 
founded  New  Madrid,  to  which  much  immigration, 
and  trade  also,  was  attracted  in  the  next  few  years.  ; 
Miro  was  afraid  the  operations  of  d' Argils  would  em- 
barrass or  else  jirovokc  Wilkinson,  and  wrote  to  the 
home  government  about  it.     Besides,  d'Arges  offered 
the  Kentuckians  free   trailc,  and   that  did  not  suit  j 
either  Miiu  nr  Wilkinson,  who  sought  to  exasperate 
the  Kentuckians  by  obstructing  trade   as   much  as 
po.ssible.     "  The  Western  people,"  ho  wrote,  "  would  , 
no  longer  have  any  inducement  to  emigrate  if  they  i 
were  put  in  possession  uf  u  free  trade  with  us.     This  ' 


is  the  rcaion  why  this  privilege  should  only  be  granted 
to  a  few  individuals  having  influence  among  tlnm, 
as  is  suggested  in  Wilkinson's  memorial,  becaiis(  dn 
their  seeing  tlie  advantages  bestowed  on  tho.se  llw 
they  might  be  easily  persuaded  to  acquire  the  liki  ],\ 
becoming  Spanish  subjects." 

Wilkinson,  in  fact,  was  now  in  his  glory.     He  was 
going  back  and  forth,  gathering  news,  pulling  wins, 
moving  men,  and  making  money  also.     The  S|i;iiii:i|i 
authorities  deferred  to  him  in  '^very  little  matter,  ami 
received  his  long  cipher  di.spaches  as  if  they  wen'  nia- 
clcs.     He  had  been  east,  and  north  across  the  ijkpuh. 
tains,  and  found  all  his  predictions  were  comiiii;  iruc 
Kentucky  had  separated  from  Virginia:    she  wduld 
soon  go  to  Spain.     "  I  have  collected  much  Eurii]iftaii 
and  American  news,"  he  wrote ;  "  not  a  nieaMiR'  [• 
taken  on  both  sides  of  the  mountains  which  dms  not 
conspire  to  favor  ours."     Mir6  wrote  to  the  govern. 
ment  to  give  Wilkinson  a  chance  to  increase  his  |iri]|'- 
its, — they  must  buy  more  tobacco  of  him.     '•  Tlicru 
is  no  means  more  powerful  to  accomplish  the  piiiui- 
pal  object  we  have  in  view  in  the  memorial  wliitli  lia> 
been  laid  before  his  Majesty  than  the  promise  tliai  tlie 
government  will  take  as  much  as  .six  million  p(ii;iiil,. 
of  their  tobacco,  instead  of  the  two  millions  wliidi 
are  now  bought  from  them."     Six  hundred  tliousami 
dollars  a  year  to   distribute  among   Wilkinsnn  and 
his  little  tobacco  syndicate  !     No  wonder  he  was  aiix 
ious  to  servo  Miro.     He  wrote  of  the  Kentucky  cuii- 
ventinn  to  meet  in  July;  says  he  will  feel  tlicpiilseol 
the  members,  consult  with  two  or  three  who  are  capa- 
ble of  as,sisting  him,  and  then  "  disclose  so  niuili  if 
our  great  scheme  as  may  appear  opportune,  accuiJiii; 
to  circumstances."     lie  had  no  doubt  of  its  lUvuralile 
reception.     He  had  not  been  communicative,  Ijut  h:v\ 
sounded  many  and  found  that  they  were  ready  to  aci, 
and  that  all  could  be  accomplished  by  next  Manli 
He  did  not  fear  Coiigre-s.) ;    all  he    feared  was  tin 
disposition  of  the  Spanish  Court. 

In  fact,  the  Kentucky  convention  passed  an  ordi- 
nance for  the  election  of  another  Assembly  in  No- 
vember, to  continue  in  office  till  January,  ITIIH,  aiiJ 
to  delegate  to  the  members  full  powers  for  si'cMiiii; 
the  admission  of  the  district  into  the  Union  and  jr  • 
vide  for  the  navigation  trouble.  There  was  a  .>omi 
understanding  that  the  only  solution  for  the  tnuiblr 
of  Kentucky  now  was  to  treat  with  Spain,  and  tlw 
was  the  construction  put  upon  the  indefinite  provi.* 
mentioned  above  by  such  men  as  Cliief  Justiuo  .Mum  I 
and  John  Brown,  as  well  as  Oliver  Pollock,  the  hosi 
informed  rid  most  influential  American  niercliaiit 
New  Orleans,  n  man  too  honest  and  honoraiilo  to  I 
made  privy  to  the  secret  intrigues  of  Miio  uiid  Wil-I 


ei 


1" 


SPANISH,  PllENCH,  AND  AMERICAN    INTRIGUES   IN   THE  WEST. 


243 


til. ■111. 

iUSi'  (111 

WVv  l.y 
Ho  \V;b 

m  wii'i's, 
S\i>iiii>li 
itii'V-  ;>iiil 
won-  "Va- 
in; UlnUll- 

iiiu;^  mil', 
ihe  wimU 
Eui"l»'iiii 

.UCIIMIVO  i> 
\\  l\>"'S  Ul'l 
\m    ^'(WUVII- 

se  lii^  I'f'if- 
,.     '•  Then 

the  I'viiK-i- 
,1  wliieli  liii> 
lise  tliiii  ill'- 
Uioii  imuiid.- 
lUoiis  wliidi 
red  tlioiisiiim 
ilkiii.-iiii  iiml 

ho  wii^  aiix 
[eiiiucky  Wil- 
li tlio  pulse  ot 
^vho  are  caii;i- 
sii  mui'li  I'l 

iiie,  iiceiivJiii? 

I'  its  t'aviiraUe 

iitivc.  liut  liii'l 
rciuly  til  net, 
next  >lai<.-li 

iired  Wi^'  '''>' 

kssi'd  111"  I'"''- 
Icuibly  ill  ^*- 
Ly,  17W.il"'' 
Is  for  seciiriii: 
Jjuion  and  ptt"- 
|e  WHS  a  M'crfl 
Ir  till'  triniWi> 
Ipuin,  and  tbi ' 
llefiiiiio  priivt' 
1  Justice  Millet  1 
llock.  the  b«- 
In  niereliiiiii  in  I 
loiuirablo  to  l« ! 
iMho  ttiiil^^'''' 


kiii.'on.     The  latter  wrote,  however,  after  studying  mutual  advantage."     Congress  delayed  in  admitting 

Uie  .situation,  that  separation  from  the  United  States  Kentucky.     The  old  jealousy  of  North   and  South 

must  preclude  alliance  with   Spain,  and  the  people  .  had  began,  and  the  Union  was  imperiled  by  holding 

were  imt  quite  ripe  for  either.     "  I  had  to  work  on  a  Kentucky  back  until  Vermont  was  ready  for  admis- 

i>riiiiiid  not  yet  prepared  for  the  seed  to  be  deposited  sion  along  with  it.     Brown  was  in  favor  of  treating 

ill  it.  aiul  I  felt  that  to  produce  a  favorable  impression  with    Gardoqui.       Wilkinson   was   loudly    repeating 

I  had  to  proceed  with   reserve,  and  avoid  with  the  that  the  only  .safety  for  Kentucky  was  the  free  navi- 

u(iiui.<t  care  any  dcmonstratiuii  which  might  be  calcu-  gatioii  of  the  river,  which  he  was   in  secret  urging 

latcd  to  cause  s.irprise  or  alarm.    ...    I  can  give  Miro  to  close  peremptorily  and  seize  the  property  of 

villi  the  solemn  assurance  that  I  found  all  the  men  all  who  ventured  on  the  Missis,sippi,  as  was  then  being 

bi'liiiigiii"'  to  the  first  cla-ss  in  the  district,  with  the  done.' 

exception  of  Col.   Marshall,  our  surveyor,  and  Col.  Wilkinson's  power  and  influence  culminated  in  the 
Muter,  one  of  our  judges,  decidedly  in  favor  of  sep-  Constitutional    Convention.     He   was  the    leader   to 
araiiiiii   from  the  United  States   and  of  an   alliance  whom  all  looked  up.     He  contemplated  a  revolution, 
with  Spain."     Wilki'i.son  urges  that  Spain  shall  pre-  and  ho  had  the  audacity  to  put  the  machinery  in 
cipitate  matters  by  prohibiting  the  navigation  of  the  operation  to  bring  it  about.     His   party  was  called 
Mi.'^sissippi  to  Kentuekians.     That  will   bring  ruin,  the  Court  party,  and  he  was  easily  their  chief.     He 
The  people  will  not  bo  able  to  pay  the   taxes  which  boldly  sprung  the    Mississippi   question  in  the  con- 
the  novernmeut  must  levy,  and  the  result  will  bo  re-  venlion,  and  frankly  avowed  himself  in  favor  of  sopa- 
sistaiice  and  civil  war.      It  will  be  seen   from  this  ration.     Spain,  he  said,  would  not  grant  the  iiaviga- 
thal  Wilkinson's  devilish  ingenuity  anticipated  ex-  tion  of  the  Mississippi  to  the  United  States, — Congress 
actly  the  result  which  came  from  the  whiskey  exci.se  could  not  obtain  it  for  Kentucky.     There  was  but  one 
tax  ill  Pennsylvania,  and  ho  was  willing  to  expose  way,  only  one,  for  obviating  theso  difficulties ;  that 
Kentucky  to  such  disasters  in  order  to  promote  the  way  was  beset  by  con.stitutlons  and  guarded  by  laws. 
olijeuts  of  his  employers.     He  repeatedly  urged  the  He  need  not  state  it  more  explicitly  ;  every  gentle- 
denial  of  the  right  to  iiiivigate    the  Missi.ssippi    as  man  jiresent  would  connect  it  with  a  declaration  of 
sure  to  disrupt  the  Union  and  pin  all  the  hopes  of  independence,  the  formation  of  a   Constitution,  and 
the  Western  section  to  "  tlio  liberality  of  Spain."  the  organization  of  a  new  State.     Wilkinson  was  fol- 
"  While  this  atl'air  is  pending,"  he  wrote,  "  Spain  lowed  by  Brown,  who  had   no  specific  communica- 
nught  to  consider  the  navigation  of  the  Mississippi  as  tions  to  make   from   Don   Gardoqui,  but  he   would 
one  of  the  most  precious  jewels  of  her  crown,  for  simply  inform  the  convention  that,  "  provided  we  are 
whatever  power  shall  command  that  navigation  will  iiniiiiinKins,  everything  we  could  wish  for  is  within 
control  all  the  country  which  is  watered  by  that  river  our  reach." 

and  hy  those  streams  which  fall  into  it.     This  control  '       But  now  the  golden   opportunity  was  suft'ered  to 

will  he  as  effective  and  complete  as  that  of  the  key  slip  by.     The  matter  was  referred  to  n  committee,  a 

upon  the  lock,  or  tlial  of  the  citadel  over  the  exterior  report  was  postponed,  and  the  convention  took  a  long 

works  which  it  commands.     The  grant  of  this  boon  recess.     When  it  met  again,  Washington  was  Presi- 

OHiiht  to  be  looked  upon  as  the  price  of  our  attach-  dent,  and  the  stable  power  of  the  now  government 

nient  and  gratitude.  ...  I  entreat  you,  sir,  to  be-  i  began  to  be  felt  in  Kentucky.     Spain  had  procrasti- 

licve  that  this  (juestion  of  navigation  is  the  main  one,  nated  too  much,  as  usual,  and  Washington  and  Mar- 

011  which  depends  tlie  union  of  the  W^est  and  East,  shall  set  to  work   to  conciliate  the  Kentuekians  by 

and  that  if  Congress  can  obtain  the  free  use  of  tlio  showing  confidence  in  them.     Political  and  military 

Mi>sissi|ipi,  and  if  Spain  should  code  it  without  con-  appointments    were   bestowed    upon     Brown,    Innis, 

ditiim,  it  would   strengthen  the  .Union,  and   would  Seott,  Sebastian,  Shelby,  and  Logan,  and  even  Wil- 

doprive  Spain  of  all  its  influence  in  this  district."  ^  kinson    himself  was   recommended   by  Marshall   for 

1*011  (iardiKjiii,  meantime,  had  seen  John  Brown,  appointment  as  colonel   in   the  regular  army.     The 

iiHiiilier  of  Congi...ss  in  the  old  Congress  from   Ken-  appointment  was  made  and  Wilkin,son  accepted  it. 

tucky,  and  informed  him  that  if  the  people  of  Ken-  [       He  did  not  on  that  account  discontinue  his  troason- 
tucky  would  erect  theniselvos    into  an    independent     able  practices  nor  cease  his  correspondence  with  Mir6, 

i^tate  and  appoint  a  proper  person  to  negotiate  with  I  but  he  became  mucli  more  circumspect,  and,  for  that 

him.  "  he  had  authority  for  that  purpose,  and  would  ;  - . 

enter  into  an  arrangement  with  them  for  the  exporta-  i      ,  i,„„„,  „f  ^^^„^^^  c^^^  ,„  Wilkinson'.  Meuiolr.,  Appendix 
tiou  of  their  produce  to  New  Orleans  on  terms  of     ii,vol.  ii. 


!    I'' 


h 


HI'"'  ^ 

i" 

'.if  I, 

J! '  m 


244 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


reiiMiii,  prot)iibly,  iiiorc  diiiiiicroiis.     (icii.  St.  Clair,  in 
tukiii<;  cuMiiiiaiid    in    tliu    NDiiiiwust,  hud    so.iioliow 
hoard  of  his  coiuplieity  witli  Spanish  iiitrij.'tio,  and 
wrote  to  Maj.  Dunn,  Wilkinson's  intiiuntc,  to  (lolacli 
him  I'rom  all  such  connections.     Dunn  showed  Wil- 
kinson the  letter,  and  the  latter  wrote  to  Miro  about 
it,  inclosing  a  copy  of  St,  (^lair's  note,  to  sliow  the 
danglers    he    was    exposed   to   in    the   .service  of  His 
Caiholio    ^lajesty.       At    tlie    same    lime    \Vilkii;son 
showed    how  eiinninj^ly   he   h.'id  balked    and    l)iitlle<l 
a    liritish    ajjent.     This  was  the  iioiorioiis    l>r.  Con- 
oily,  who  now  bore  a   eoininissioii   as  colonel  either 
in  the  l']i)^lish  army  or  the  militia  of  Canada.     Con- 
oily,   in    1774,  had    been    in    Kentucky  iind   on    the 
upper  waters  of  the  Ohio  with  Lord    Diininore.      He 
had  bouii'lit  land  there,  the  site  of  Louisville,  in    fact. 
He  met  and  had  much  intercourse  with   the   Indians 
and    Canadian    French   of  the   Northwest,  and   when 
tlie  war  of  the  Hevolution  broke  out  ho  attempted,  by 
correspondence  and  liberal  oilers  of  arms  ami  inoiu'y, 
to  orjranizo  a  <i:eneral  conspiracy  and  Indian  outbreak 
on  the  frontier.      He  was  captured  near   Haficrslown, 
Md..  in  the  midst  of  his  intrii:nes.  and  with   the  evi- 
dences of  his  treasonable  correspondence  on   his  jier- 
8011,  sent  to  Philadelphia,  and  detained  as  a  prisoner 
of  war  until  near  the  close  of  the  war,  when  he  was  ex- 
chaii<;ed  for  Lieut-Col.  Nathaniel   Ham.sey  of  Mary- 
land, the  hero  of  the  battle  of  Monnioiith.     At  the 
tiiiK!  of  Conolly's  secoml  visit   to   Kentucky,  his  old 
partner.  Lord  Dunniore,  was  Governm-  of  the  IJalia- 
iiias.   and   had   taken   in   his  eniploynieiit  a  renouade 
JIarylander,  by  name  William   Aii;;uslus   JJowles,  an 
un[irincipled  adventurer  of  remarkable    talents  and 
nio.st  ver.salile  in  his  accomplishments.' 

•  IJinvIef.  wIm  \vas  |)r(»b;ihly  a  inemliLT  of  ono  of  (lie  'I'orv 
fainilii's  of  f^imthurii  M.o'yliinil,  ili"u;{h  :i  iiativu  of  l'r('J«riik 
CiMuilv.entcrcil  llic  liiilisli  iinnyiiKii  lout-foMiiT  ill  1770,  Ijuiiij^ 
thin  only  fiflix'ii  yi':ir.«  olil,  inul  liiini;  f't'iit  on  foroi;;n  suiviiu, 
ntliiine'l  tlie  r.inU  of  I'lisi^n  in  1777.  At  rcnsnuola,  slnntly 
iil'ltirKanl.",  lio  «ii.i  ili'privdl  of  liis  (;imi1c  iini  riMluci'd  to  the  ' 
rank.'' foi- iiisuiiordination.  lie  stripjictt  olf  iii!<  Itiitii^li  nnifurin,  i 
Mink  it  in  tlie  sen,  uinl  lleil  to  the  Creek  linliitii..',  !u-(|nii'eil  their 
langiiage,  wa-^  natnrali/.e<l  aiiion<i;  tliein,  niarrieil  the  ilaii>;t)tei- 
of  a  eliief.  ami  bei'aine  liiinself  a  chief.  Iicml  wunior.  ami  one 
of  the  niosl  inflnenlial  men  of  the  tribe.  When  (ialvez  liiiil 
i^icne  to  Peiiiiaeiila  in  I7SI,  lioHlet^  iniulu  lii.«  |ieiii'e  with  Col. 
Ciiinpbull.  ami  leil  ii  band  of  Creek."  to  the  ilefen'-e  of  that  post. 
Al'tee  thesiirrenilerof  l'en.«aeohi  he  ilcseiteil  lii.>  Indian  friemls, 
joined  n  troop  of  ."trolliiit;  nelois,  an.l  iiiadu  his  appciininee  on 
the  Riago  ill  Now  York,  where  al.io,  it  is  siiiil,  he  8ii(Tes.'<fiilly 
pnielieetl  tlie  art  uf  porlriiit-paiiKing.  .\fter  thu  evaeiiatioii  of 
New  York,  liortle."  liiriiel  up  in  Nassau,  New  rroviileiiee, 
wliieh  Spain  had  just  n  -loied  to  the  Hrilisli  erowii.  lie  won 
the  eonlidenee  of  Lord  Diinnioie,  ami  was  by  him  appointed 
coinmereinl  agent  of  the  l'!ii;;llsli  in  Florida,  haviiif;  a  store  on 
the  Cliiiltahooehie,  where  it  was  his  object  to  break  up  the  busi- 


Bowles  made  Diinmore  acipiaiiited  with  tlio  S|. m- 
ish  intrioucs  in  the  Southwest,  and  the  wide-spn  ad 
tliscontent  of  tlie  inhabitants  of  tlioso  sections,  anl  It 
was  probably  this  which  led  to  the  new  adventuio  ui' 
Conolly  in  Kentucky,  thoujrh  he  came  in  part  tn  trv 
to  recluiin  his  lauds,  which  had  been  confiscate.  1  jn 
I7rfl.  He  came  froiu  Detroit,  as  the  cniis.-arv  of 
Lord  Dorchester  (formerly  Sir  Guy  Carletoii ).  wh,, 
was  then  Crovernor-(jeneral  of  Canada,  while  Willjain 
Eden,  brother  of  the  la<t  Uritish  Governor  of  .\liiry. 
land,  was  niiiiister  at  Madrid. 

At  every  point,  therefore,  the  United  States  were 
environed  by  individuals  who  added  special  knowlii|._'e 
ol  their  all'airs  to  pensonal  hostility  to  their  cimse. 
Ft  is  elaiined  by  Matthew  L.  Davis  and  by  .^liutin 
Van    Bureti  that  the  war  of  the  Kevolution  was  pro- 

ness  of  I'anlon,  the  great  Spanish  Indian  agent  of  re!!>;ie..hi, 
n.iwb's  underlook  to  disturb  the  Indian  tribes  so  as  to  pi.iiii.iio 
l!rili-h  interest,  ami  also  to  undorinino  M...(}illiviay,  the  oliitf 
of  the  'fiillnpoosas,  and,  as  has  been  alrea.ly  shown,  a  .•^imriisli 
pensioner.  His  condnet  gave  such  trouble  ami  olVeiisc  i,,  ti,,. 
(ieorgia  people  that  they  iiotilie.l  him  they  wouM  eiil  ..IV  lii- 
eais  if  he  .li.l  not  abaii.lon  his  post  in  twenty-four  hours.  ||,. 
Ileil  to  .Nassau,  aiiil  Lord  I.liinmore  sent  hiiii  to  Kn;;laM.I.  ;u  llic 
liea.l  of  a  ileputaiion  of  Creeks,  Sein'noles,  an.l  Cherokee-,  ii 
ask  aiil  in  repelling  .Aineriean  aggression,  li.iwles  leturmM  ii. 
Kloriila,  and  organi/.ed  a  system  ..f  filibustering  in  the  liulfw' 
.Me.\i.'o,  having  taught  bis  Creek  warriors  the  arts  of  pirai'v, 
leinforeing  them  with  select  levies  from  the  rulliaii  ]..ipul,ili..ii 
of  Loiiilon  pris(uis.  Their  cruelly,  debaucheries,  hcjrrid  ..jili.. 
ami  panther  screams  s.ioii  arraye.l  all  the  commerciiil  wurM 
against  liowles'  pirates,  yet  their  leader  is  said  to  ha\.'  Iieoji ,, 

pels f  iroisl  gentle  address  ami  iviniiing  mien, — a  Iriic  l.aia. 

'•  His  was  Ihe  sweetest  of  smiles,"  say  the  historians  ((javarr.', 
"llist.>ry  (d'  Louisiana,"  Pickett,  "llisliuy  of  Alaliiuiia " , 
"  lemiiiiiiely  beautiful,  an.l  apparently  imiieative  of  the  Iml.- 
bling  well  of  human  kindness  within,  with  Ihe  ilark  eyel.r.iu 
that  sbadeil  at  limes  the  glance  id' lire, — '.lemon  in  a.l  laii  ^'..i 
at  least  in  lai'i'.' "  liowles  conspirc.l  againsi  M..(iil|i\  ra,\.  anl 
that  asluie  half'Seotcliman  went  lo  Caroiolelel,  an.l  pi.i.ard 
his  capture  by  IhcSpaiiish  upon  ilie  charged'  r(d)liing  rajii..!,'. 
Ira.liiig-stores,  Howies  was  sent  t.i  Ma.lri.l,  an.l  ollcre.l  htt ,,. 
lease  if  he  woul.l  abaii.lou  the  Knglish  service  ami  use  lii.Mii- 
lUienee  among  the  Creeks  for  ,><pain.  Me  refused,  and  «a..  Iv 
portaled  t.i  .Manilla,  in  the  Philippine  Ishin.ls.  wher.'  Iiewa. 
dctaino.l  pri.suner  until  I7:i7.  Then  he  was  ordere.l  h.i.i  m 
Spain,  still  a  close  prisoner,  hut  escape.!  at  .Vscensi.ui  Islaiil, 
where  tile  ship  put  in  for  water,  made  his  way  to  Sierru  I.enne, 
an.l  thence  t.p  Loinlon,  where  Pitt  and  the  Duke  of  r..iiliiil 
ina.le  much  <d'  hiiu.  Again  he  reliirnoil  to  the  tfulf.  in  eliar;' 
of  a  privateer,  warring  upon  Spanish  coinuicrce,  an.l  l.i.kii.; 
particularly  after  the  bo.xes  of  Scfior  Pan  ton,  whom  lie  seiiii. 
to  have  haled  lis  nuiidi  as  Itobiii  Hood  haled  the  Abli..l  uf  .V.' 
linghiim.  lie  was  shipwreckcl,  but  iiinde  his  way  lo  tlieCmk.v 
and  enlisted  them  in  a  general  war  upon  .\uieriiiiiis  an.l.'^i'ar- 
iards  alike.  At  last  Paiilmi  an.l  the  Ameri.'an  aiithorili.s  c-.m. 
bind  in  .)II'cring  a  large  reward  for  his  capture,  llenasiif- 
Irayeil  by  his  own  f.dlowers,  delivered  to  the  Spanianl.,  aiii 
alter  one  or  two  won.lerful  escapes,  was  finally  securely  iaiiiiiiipl 
in  the  diinge.ins  of  Ihe  .Vloro  Castle,  idivana,  where  lie  mlrl 
a  life  ol   udvenluie  reiuurkablo  even  in  that  ajjo  of  ailveiitiirf. 


iHnu.'d  t 
liNMiliiie: 
.sileli  ;i.s'  C 

ii:illy.  ilir 
I'l'ili.iii  ol 
\\'lii.skey  ■ 
.Massaclius 
'111'  rnion 
Telilie.s.seo 

of  (iv„.   \\ 
Conolly  mu 
pliKler  arrix 
Jesciuded   t 
Catiiplii.||,  SI 
llie  leadinjr 
to  coNijuer  J 
lrii(i|w,"  lie  ,,^ 
ii'id  .support  i 
i"  furtlieranc 
"I'y  w'i's  infbr 
not  ho  di..spo.s 
ii'iy  adventure 
P"WCi'.  in  the 
liii.'isc.ssion  of  1 
frontier  of  thi; 
Coiiollv  to  visit 
ilfiicc,  (iiiind  01 
Ill's  Sjiaiii.sh  em 
I'filic  country  ( 
I'luyeii  a  liuntei 
ill  reveiioe  ."br  t| 
Indians,  and  jjot 
I'lietl  to  ,Je„l   yf 
ilii'.'^o  discourauii 
'"<  more  than  pi 
W'lie.  while   Wil 
li'Viiliy  to  the  Un 
•iifoiitioii  to  tim 
'"■■'"  "'llo  eould  ,so 
%"■".  the  latter 
"me  came,  to  le; 
""''••'■■*•''■      Conolly 
"■■'«  ^L'M'etly   com 
"■'"•nw  lie  secured 
Tliu  Federal   jr 


f»""ll.v  contribute 
"""""St  irnportanr  ef 
'""*"•' I'd  Ilea  I  ion 
^"'^'■""^'""■Virgini, 
'""■•'"'i'^i'.lofhoidsof 

'|"'.°"«"'"l.'ndow„,e„ 
'•'""™M-"fKentuekj 


1.1  MM'  liinn- 

,  :in  I  »-J''l' 

Iwlipiv  liona- 

Viicl  l..i''k  i« 

lllMMIl    Ulillll. 

L  „i'  l'.,rllilil 
lull',  in  <'li"" 
I  .,,1,1  |i)..kiii; 
lliuiii  lu'stMiis 

llutlu'Cwk!. 

I,l,>  l.llil  n«''- 

|tl,ui'ilii'S^-'»- 

He  »ll^'l'>'■ 


iiii.u'.l^a"! 


■iiifly  iiiiini">'l 

lot'   ililVl'lll««' 


SPANISH,  FRENCH,  AND  AMERICAN   INTRIGUES   IN   THE  WEST. 


245 


Imiiii'il  two  or  three  years  liy  tlic  persoiml  excrlioiis, 
li,i-(ililios,  !Uk1  iiiisro|ireseiit!iti(iiis  of  the  Tory  leaders, 
MLi'li  :is  Galldway,  Do  Lanecy,  uikI  others,  whn  eveiit- 
iiiilK.  through  AK'xiuuler  Hamilton,  seeuroil  tlie  di- 
riMiiiiii  of  the  Federalist  Jiarty  and  provoked  the 
Whiskey  war  in  Pennsylvania  tind  Sliay's  reliellion  in 
Mu--achnsett.s,  besides  coininj;  very  near  disriiptiiti; 
till!  rnioii  by  eausintr  tlie  soeession  of  Kentneky  and 
Tiinu'ssec.  In  this  view  of  the  ease,  the  services 
of  (ieii.  Wilkinson  in  t'nistratintt  the  desi<;ns  of  Dr. 
('oniiily  must  not  be  liirhtly  estoeiued.  This  adroit 
plotter  arrived  at  Louisville  in  October,  1788,  having: 
descended  the  Miami  in  a  canoe.  He  vi.sited  Col. 
Ciiiiipliell.  saw  Marshall  and  Wilkinson,  and  sounded 
the  Icailinj:  men  of  Kentucky  in  rejrard  fo  ,■  scheme 
to  eiiii(|uer  Louisiana  from  Spain.  "  Four  thousand 
troops,''  he  said,  "  were  in  Canada,  ready  to  march 
mid  supi)ort  the  Kentuckians  at  a  moment's  waiiiini.'. 
ill  fiirtheraiioe  of  that  desijrn.''  By  Marshall,  (,'oii- 
olly  was  informed  that  the  people  of  the  West  would 
not  lie  disposed  to  make  any  terms  or  co-o])era(o  in 
any  adventure  with  Great  Britain  us  Ion;;  as  that 
]iiiwcr.  ill  the  ttHUh  of  the  treaty  of  178H,  retained 
ixissession  of  the  Western  posts  and  forts  inside  the 
frontier  of  the  United  States.  Wilkinson  invited 
Coiinlly  to  visit  him  at  Lexin<_'ton,  gained  his  eonfi- 
(loiice.  found  out  all  he  knew  (reporting  the  fact  to 
his  Spanish  employers),  and  then  coolly  ran  him  out 
uf  (he  country  by  practicing  upon  his  fears.  He  em- 
ployed a  hunter  to  pretend  to  a.ssassinate  the  doctor 
in  revenj^e  for  the  death  of  his  son,  murdered  by  the 
Indians,  and  got  up  a  mob  in  Louisville,  who  threat- 
iMied  to  deal  with  Conolly  by  lynch  law.  [Inder 
ihi'so  discourasiiiig  circumstances  Conolly  thought  it 
iKi  more  than  prudent  in  him  to  return  whence  he  , 
eiiine.  while  Wilkin.son  gained  a  double  credit  for 
loyalty  to  the  Union  from  the  Marshall  party,  and  for 
attention  to  the  interests  of  Spain  from  Miro.  A 
man  who  could  ,so  ingeniously  frustrate  an  attack  upon 
S|iaiii.  the  latter  thought,  must  be  able,  when  the 
time  came,  to  lead  si  revolt  in  favor  of  Spain  with 
sucfcss.  Cotiolly,  apparently  much  "  demoralized," 
was  secretly  conveyed  to  Limestone  (Maysville), 
whence  he  secured  transportation  to  the  frontier.' 
The   Federal    government   of   the    United   States 


'  Coiiollv  I'ontributed,  agninsl  his  will,  to  the  lirst  unci  one  of 
I  till.' iii'ist  ini|«irtiiiit  elTorls  iimJi'  In-  Ki'ntiK'ky  to  |ir(iiiiiilo  the 
Icaii'i'  ■li'ciluoaliiin  in  that  pioneur  community.  By  mi  act  of  the 
jLcRlsliUaro  III'  Virginia  passed  in  I7.SII,  Iho  first  cinlit  Ihuusaiid 
jlcr(j!<ii/.|.il  III' lauds  of  Diitish  subjiM'ls  oonlisnitiMl  in  Kenliieky 
Itetc  M't  aparl  fur  cdiioiitional  purposes,  and  this  constituted 
lllii' original  vndowmont  of  Transylvania  University,  now  the 
ll'niicrsily  nf  Kentucky,  at  hoxington. 


under  the  new  Constitution  mana.ijed  t'  o  aft'airs  of 
ICentucky  with  great  skill  and  adroitness,  both  \ieibre 
and  after  the  admission  of  the  district  into  the  Union, 
Virginia  had  withdrawn  its  scimts  and  stddiers  because 
the  I^entuckians  refused  to  pay  taxes;  but  Gen.  St. 
Clair,  Governor  of  the  Northwestern  Territory,  at 
once  took  measures  to  protect  the  frontier,  and  to 
secure  the  confidtMicc  and  quiet  the  susceptibilities  of 
the  Kentuckians  it  was  agreed  to  appoint  a  board  of 
war  of  leading  Kentuckians,  to  act  in  every  case 
where  the  people  of  that  State  were  expected  to 
operate  as  militia  tigainst  dw  Indians.  This  board, 
which  had  ample  powers,  consi.strd  of  Gen.  Charles 
Seott,  Harry  Innis  (United  States  district  attorney 
and  afterwards  judge),  Isaac  Shelby  (afterwarils  Gov- 
ernor), Gen.  Logan,  and  John  Brown,  member  of 
Con,L'ress.  The  board  was  constituted,  at  Brown's 
suggestion,  as  a  safeguard  in  case  of  hostile  acts  upon 
the  part  of  St.  Clair,  whom  the  Kentuckians  thought 
to  be  unfriendly  to  their  interests,  and  Wilkinson  was 
commissioned  as  colonel.  He  and  Scott  marched 
against  the  Miami  and  Wea  and  Piankeshaw  Indians, 
destroyed  their  towns,  slew  their  warriors,  and  did 
much  to  reduce  their  strength  and  that  of  the  Kiek- 
apoos  also.  Wilkinson's  expeditiim  to  Eel  River  was 
as  successful  an  operation  as  those  oi"  the  regulars 
under  Harmar  and  St.  Clair  were  unfortunate.  In- 
deed, iill  those  who  know  the  versatility  of  his  talents 
are  convinced  that  Wilkinson  might  have  made  a 
good  soldier  if  he  had  been  less  of  a  politician. 

His  comnii.ssion  made  him  lieutenant-colonel  of  the 
Second  Regiment  of  the  United  States  army,  and  his 
position  gave  him  command  of  Fort  Washington 
(now  Cincinnatij,  then  already  one  of  the  must  im- 
portant points  ujion  the  Ohio  River.  For  several 
years  now  his  chief  services  were  of  a  military  char- 
acter, in  connection  with  Indian  affairs,  and  he  man- 
aged to  make  him.self  conspicuous  in  various  ways, 
and  especially  in  producing  tl\c  impre.«sion  that  he 
had  been  unjustly  and  invidiously  ignored  by  (Jen. 
Wayne  in  his  report  of  the  battle  of  Fallen  Timbers, 
ill  which  Wilkinson  was  brigadier  and  .second  in 
command.  So  industriouily  was  this  intrigue  pushed 
that  when  Wayne  died,  after  being  most  unjustly 
treated,  Wilkin.son  secured  the  major-generulship 
made  vacant  by  his  death. 

Kentucky,  afler  many  years  of  agitation  and  strug- 
gle, became  a  niember  of  the  Federal  Union  on  June  1, 
1702,  with  a  Constitution  elaborated  by  'he  thouglitful 
intelligence  of  George  Nieliolas,  Samuel  McDowell, 
Benjamin  Sebastian,  Alexander  Bullitt.  Robert  Breck- 
cnridge,  Benjamin  Logan,  Isaac  Shelby,  and  others 
like  them.    The  Constitution  of  the  United  States  was 


•H 


4 


.  ilil 

'ill 


^M 


4 


I'.-'l 
II"'"' 


Iliji'l'i 


|!:=: 

f!*?^ 


5  '■:• 


f 


:i 


I 

I' 


if 

If 


1  la 


246 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


the  triMieral  model,  but  many  features  were  borrowed 
from  the  orj;aiiic  law  of  Maryland,  adopted  in  177(5. 
Shelby  became  Governor,  James  Brown  Secretary  of 
Stale,  John  Brown  and  John  Edwards  United  States 
senators,  and  Gcorjje  Nicholas  attorney-general.  The 
first  jud<;es  were  Benjamin  Sebastian,  Caleb  Wallace, 
and  (leorfio  Muter,  the  latter  beinj;  made  chief  justice 
in  the  place  of  Harry  Innis.  who  declined  the  posi- 
tion, acceptiiii;  instead  that  of  United  States  district 
judjre.  Wilkin.son  and  Posey,  Scott  and  Hardin  and 
Anderson  were  in  the  field,  and  it  was  at  this  mo- 
ment that  "Citizen  Genet,"  the  new  minister  of  the 
new  French  reimblic,  undertook  to  oriranize  a  revo- 
lution in  Kentucky  on  his  own  particular  account. 

Wilkinson,  who  regarded  Franco  as  -'the  most 
intrijiuin;;  and  craftiest  of  all  nations,"  and  was  dis- 
posed to  distrust  its  machitiations  and  warn  the  S|)an- 
ish  authorities  ajrainst  them,  would  probably  have 
prevented  Genet  from  carryin<r  forward  his  desiiins, 
but  he  was  now  in  active  .service,  and,  besides  that, 
there  had  been  a  change  in  the  Spanish  administration 
at  New  Orleans.  Miro  bad  retired,  and  Baron  de 
Caronddet  was  his  successor.  The  youni:  men  who 
yielded  themselves  to  French  theories  and  French 
influence  were  too  impulsive  to  be  guided  by  such  a 
veteran  and  nisr  intriguant  as  Wilkin.son.  Besides, 
Miro  had  latterly  not  always  taken  bis  advice,  nor 
advanced  all  the  n;oney  which  be  suggested  it  would 
be  necessary  to  put  up.  He  had  repaid  the  five  thou- 
sand dollars  which  Wilkinson  claimed  be  had  disbursed 
out  of  his  own  pocket,  but  bad  read  without  response 
the  suggestion  of  a  fund  to  corrupt  Thomas  .Marshall 
and  George  Muter.  Probably  Miro  knew,  from  other 
sources,  that  Muter  and  Marshall  were  not  to  be 
bought  with  the  same  coin  tl.it  had  compensated 
Wilkinson  for  his  treason.  V  ilkinson,  besides,  had 
been  pretending  too  much  in  other  respects,  as,  for 
instance,  that  he  and  his  friem's  had  sent  Jolin  Brown 
to  Congress  as  their  hireling  '.nd  to  be  their  spy.  He 
had  attempted  to  frustrate  Col.  5Iorgan'a  project  of  a 
settlement  at  New  Madrid,  in  favor  of  a  land  c(mces- 
sion  at  Natchez  to  himself,  Brown,  Sebastian,  and 
Maj.  Dunn.  He  had  al.so  corresponded  with  Miro's 
rival  and  enemy,  Gardoqui,  which  probably  made  the 
Spanish  government  mistrust  him.  Miro  was  also 
displeased  with  Wilkinson  for  leaving  Kentucky  at 
that  particular  crisis.  He  wanted  him  to  remain  there 
until  the  ((uestion  of  secession  was  settled  iu  one  way 
or  the  other,  and  thought  it  iiis  duty  to  do  so,  "  be- 
cause, according  to  the  answer  received  from  the 
court.  i/oH  are  now  our  agent,  and  I  am  instructed  to 
give  you  to  hope  that  the  king  will  reward  your  ser- 
vices, as  I  havo  already  intimated  to  you."     Still,  be 


paid  the  agnt  a  handsome  contingent  fee  at  the  same 
time,  buying  from  him  two  hundred  and  thirfy-livi' 
thousand  pounds  of  tobacco  in  one  \(it,  ^^  tener  vonti  ,iiu 
III  (li'iho  liri</ii</ier"  (to  keep  the  said  brigadier  in  a 
good  humor).' 

Wilkinson  had,  moreover,  discovered  that  Wa.sliinL'. 
ton's  administration,  wise  and  firm,  was  a  governnicn: 
in  fitct,  and  meant  to  bo  a  government  of  the  wlmli^ 
country.  It  had  already  converted  many  maleonteni- 
into  loyalty,  and  it  was  paying  Wilkinson  him.-cir,, 
.salary  as  one  of  its  officers.  He  knew  that  Wa.-liin.;. 
ton  mistrusted  him,  and  he  was  so  afraid  of  the  IVJ. 
eral  authority  that  he  sought  to  become  a  Siipiiish 
subject,  in  order  to  claim  the  protection  of  tlim 
crown  in  any  emergency.  With  the  end  of  the  year 
17in  Miro's  administration  terminated,  he  retiirmj 
to  Spain,  served  actively  in  the  army,  and  rose  to  tlic 
rank  of  field-mar.slial. 

His  successor,  Francois  Louis  Hector,  Barcrii  J, 
Carondelet,  colonel  in  the  royal  army  of  Spain.  Cm. 
ernor  and  intendant  of  the  provinces  of  West  FluriiLi 
and  Louisiana,  had  not  fairly  warmed  himself  in  tin 
chair  of  office  and  made  himself  ac(juainted  wiiii  tin 
Spanish  intrigues  and  agents  before  he  was  callwl  tn 
combat  the  intrigue  of  Monsieur  Genet.  Wlun 
Louis  XVI.  was  executed,  Jan.  21,  179:!,  the  kin.' 
of  Spain  declared  war  on  the  French  republic.  Tin 
people  A'  Louisiana,  the  majority  of  them  at  Ica-i, 
.sympathized  with  the  new  order  of  things.  Tluv 
did  not,  perhaps,  go  the  length  of  approviii;,'  t\w 
killing  of  "  Citizen  Capet,"  still  they  had  leaiikil  lo 
call  for  tlie  singing  of  the  Marmllithi-  at  the  tliiMir', 
and  to  chant  the  {\i  iru  among  themselves  at  ,liiir 
billiard  saloons  and  places  of  public  resort.  Caroiid  ■ 
let  had  not  much  e.xpcrience  in  dealing  with  what  tin 
French  now  politely  call  inttfi.sme,  but  it  must  I* 
conlessed  his  methods  show  that  those  wliu  linvf 
succeeded  him  have  not  learned  much.  He  (•allcJin 
the  people  to  take  the  oath  und  subscribe  to  an  ad- 
dress of  allegiance  ;  he  forbade  any  seditious  airMdlj* 
played  at  t\n'  theatre,  und  he  arrested  si.\  (if  ilu' 
liberal  leaders,  sending  tliem  to  Havana  and  detainins 


'  \l  ton  <MMits  |n'r  pouti'l  this  ivcmlil  liiivii  viclcleil  tlir  li;!;- 
(lipr  >;2:i..iOII,  iinil  in  gomls.  iiccnnling  tn  the  Spniii.ili  aeeuunt' 
with  him,  liver  $iill, (Kill.  \Vilkin.<uin,  wlicn  i-ourt  iniiitialcil."ii!.' 
|iniiliii'c>l  iiecouiils  lit' tohacfotriinsiu'tidn.s  with  the  Ni'«- Orlo.if 
HiivcriinuMit,  ilurinj;  the  ten  vi'iif  nf  liis  Inlon^dursi'  witli  .Mir 
iiiiil  Curonili'li't,  to  the  extent  iif  $-"S,(l(lll.  JlirM  wmtf  I'l  ki^ 
government,  in  regani  Ut  iinnther  |)Uich«?e  besides  lliiit  iiien- 
tioned  in  the  tu.tt,  that  he  hail  roociveil  $7IMI0  wiirth  ot  I"b»' 
from  Wilkinson,  mill  eent  him  in  return  .<.IS,0(ll)\virlli  "I  iii'* 
Tho  8n|i|ires?iiin  of  figures  of  this  sort  is  the  str"iii.'i'iil  |>".''i''» 
eviilenec  of  tho  illicit  anil  ilisreputableehanieter  of  Wilkin-n^ 
rehitiuns  with  the  SjiBniiih  ndministrntion  in  Netv  Orlimi!. 


SPANISH,  FRENCH,  AND  AMERICAN  INTRIGUES  IN  THE  WEST. 


247 


Tlia 
OVlll'.'  tlv 

L'aniL'il  ti) 
cs  at  .liiir 

ClWOIlJ','- 

what  tlic 

it  iiuist  \'t 

who  liavr 

e  calli'il "" 

to  an  iJ- 

iU9  aii'stofe 

six  of  i1k 

1  (lotaiiiini 


Ic.l  the  iiiii:'- 
nisli  aecuml' 
niun-.ilcil.rtl;  ] 
,.  Ni'wOrloini 

ik'S  llial  i»«»- 
orlli  "t  1"'"""  I 
„,,rtli"l' «»"'■■ 


ihiiii  tliore  for  a  year,  to  pive  time  for  their  opinions 
In  irvstalli/.e.  It  was  not  a  <:ruat  while,  liowevor, 
hctni'i'  tlie  baron  was  soliciting;  his  r;overnnicnt  tiir  ' 
the  iiH'nns  with  which  to  construct  forts,  not  only  to 
1,  ]ii  1  aiitl  keep  out  tlie  foreifin  enemy,  but  likewise  to 
iii'r|.  ill  order  the  domesticated  subject,  already  "  con- 
t;;nniiatod"  with  "  notions  and  maxims  of  equality," 
introduced  by  the  "  Frenchmen  lately  come  anion<^ 
us." 

Ill  I'act,  Carondelet's  trouble  did  not  proceed  from 
imliijciious  Frenchmen  only.     A  society  of  Fhiladel- 
iihia  .laodbins  (tlierewere  such  societies  in  all  our 
chili' cities  at  that  time)  had  issued  a  stirring  address 
to  their  compatriots  in  Ijouisiaiia  at  that  period.     In 
this  aildress  they  were  appealed  to,  in  the  name  of 
lilii  iii  (f  I'l/iilitf',  to  hasten  the  moment  when  despotism 
shonhl  di.sippear  from  the  earth.    France  was  so  happy 
ill  lis  pos.>icssion  of  the  new  interpretation  of  the  rights 
iif  man  that  it  would  never  cease  from  propafratintr 
iht'in  while  a  beniirhtod  people  remained,  and  declared 
to  all  nations  "  that  she  is  ready  to  give  her  powerful 
js?isiance  to  tho.se  that  may  be  disposed  to  follow  her 
viituMiis  example."     In  this  address,  which  did  not 
lack  iic.'cnuity.  the  people  of  Louisiana  were  urged  to 
vise  ai;ainst  their  Ring  and  overthrow  their  other  mas- 
ters.    Tlioy  were  pointed  to  the  example  of  Franco, 
where  "a  perjured  king,  prevaricating  ministers,  vile 
and  insolent  courtiers,  who  fattened  on  the  labors  of 
the  people  whose  blood  they  sucked,  have  suffered  the 
pniii.''linicnt  due  to  their  crimes.  .  .  .  The  Spanish 
(lcs|iiitisin  " — and    here    the   address  struck    home — 
•■  has  surpassed  in  atrocity  and  stupidity  all  the  other 
ilesiiotisins  that   have  ever  been   known.     Has   not 
iiarbavism  always  been  the  companion  of  that  govern- 
ment, which  has  rendered  tiie  Spanish  name  execrable 
ami  horrible   on    the   continent   of    America?  .  .  . 
What  have  been  the  fruits  of  so  many  crimes*?     The 
annihilation,  the  disgrace,  the  impoverishment,  and 
the  besotting  of  the  Spanish  nation  in  Europe,  and  a 
fatal  lethargy,  servitude,  or  death  for  an  infinite  num- 
lier  (if  the  inhabitants  of  America.  .  .  .  Therefore, 
inhabitants  of  Louisiana,  show  who  you  are ;  prove 
:hat  you  have  not  been  stupefied  by  despotism,  and 
that  you  have  retained  in  your  breasts  French  valor 
and  intrepidity ;  demonstrate  that  you  are  worthy  to 
bo  free  and  independent,  because  we  do   not  solicit 
Vim  ti)  unite  yourselves  with  us,  but  to  seek  your  own 
freedom."  The  address  ended  with  the  familiar  "  away 
with  pusillanimity"  and  tlie  p(  im, — "  (i.iidaces /or- 

tllllll  jlllUlf.'' 

This  address,  flowery  though  it  was,  really  meant 
business.  At  that  period  the  people  of  the  United 
States  wore  almost  equally  divided  into  two  political 


parties,  and  both  of  them  wore  parties  of  action. 
The  Roptiblicans  believed  iii  the  catise  of  France  and 
liberty,  and  believed  to  such  an  extent  that  thoy  sin- 
cerely thought  the  sympathy  of  tlie  government 
should  take  some  active  shape.  Lafayette  repre- 
.sontcil  the  average  American  sentiment  of  his  day, 
and  Lafayette  was  a  leader  of  the  insurrection.  He 
had  sent  the  keys  of  the  Hastile  to  Wasliington,  and 
the  immodiate  struggles  of  Franco  entitled  her,  if 
anything,  to  more  rather  than  loss  of  our  hereditary 
.sympathy.  This  was  what  Mr.  Jofforson  thought. — 
our  minister  in  Paris  at  the  time, — and  all  of  Jeffer- 
son's political  followers  thought  so  likewise.  Our 
devotion  to  the  French  monarchy  must  naturally 
grow  to  the  proportions  of  paternal  afl'oction  towards 
the  French  republic.  Tom  Paine  and  several  other 
Americans  were  nieinbcrs  of  the  French  As.scmbly. 
Jefferson  was  cottHMjlor  of  the  loaders  of  the  revolt. 
What  more  natural  than  to  expect  the  heartiest  and 
most  universal  sympathy  in  Continental  America  for 
the  brute  idealogues  of  the  Champs  I'ilyscos  I     Trans- 

i  lated  into  the  flat  English  of  the  period,  and  diluted 
by  ail  ocean  transit  of  thirty-five  hundred  miles,  even 
the  Carmagnoles  did  not  seem  to  bo  very  ineendiary 
to  native-born  llepublieans  contending  against  Tories, 
who  were  unipiestionably  aristocrat.-i.  for  tho.'^e  natural 
rights  of  man  which  the  war  of  the  Revolution  had 
very  largely  hinged  upon,  and  which  the  "  alien  and 
.sedition  laws,"  soon  to  be  enforced,  put  in  actual  peril. 
The  struggle  between  Hamilton  and  Jefferson,  which 
we  at  this  distance  are  inclined  to  regard  as  simply  a 
contest  of  parties,  was,  perhaps,  really  much  more  of 
a  social  war.     Even  so  late  as  the  war  of  1S12  it  is 

j  noticeable  that  persons  of"  family,"  the  "  well  born," 
and  those  of  estate,  no  matter  what  their  Revolu- 

,  tionary  an;  .'cedents,  thought  it  their  duty  to  them- 

j  selves  and  to  "  society"  to  take  a  stand  on  one  side, 
and  the  representatives  of  tlie  iiovi  lioiniiicn  folt  it  to 
be  equally  imperious  on  them  to  take  a  stand  on  the 

I  other  side.     John  Adams,  although  the  leader  and 

',  the  foremost  agent  of  tlie  old  Federal  party,  was 
abandoned  and  deserted  by  them  before  the  expira- 

'  tioii  of  his  first  term  of  office,  because,  while  this 
party  knew  they  could  depend  on  him  for  services, 
his  family  connections  made  him  untrustworthy  in 
case  of  a  final  issue  such  as  Hamilton's  friends  con- 

'  templated  between  Federalists  and  Republicans.' 

I  '  Jiihn  Ailiiini'  wivb  ileliberittely  betrnycd  by  Hamilton  in 
j  parlii'iiliir.  iiml  by  all  whom  Iluiiiilton  ciiuUl  inHuenei',  in  the 
Piosidential  elecliiin  of  ISilll.  li  woulil  have  boon  iiiiimi'siblc 
for  JelVcrson  to  have  thrown  that  eli'i'tion  into  the  lionise  of 
Kciiresenlatives — neither  he  nor  liurr  ilroameil  of  .■"iidi  a  result 
pending  the  contest — had  the  Federalists  been  true  to  Adams. 


■! 


m 


i    ' '! 


V\  J 


248 


IIISTOllY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


''■'r 

r-:|| 

If 

^1 

t'l 

>; 

14 


111,         .-s 


Jefferson's  fault  lay  in  iiis  indiscriuiinatis  suspicions 
anil  liis  i^enural  want  of'bahinco.  To-day  nobody  can 
question  his  magnificent  patriotisu),  any  wore  than 
they  will  feel  disposed  to  cull  into  account  that  of 
John  Adams.  Hut  many  persons  will  still  challenge 
Jefferson's  methods,  and  they  can  do  so  justly.  Ilis 
conception  of  a  national  conspiriiify  against  the  re- 
public was  erroneous  ;  the  conspiracy  may  have  been 
a  fact,  but  it  never  attained  any  such  proportions  as 
entitled  it  to  be  suspected  to  be  the  programme  of  the 
Jederalist  jiarty.  Hamilton  was  too  politic  to  have 
trusted  an  entire  party  with  an  issue  so  momentous, 
even  if  he  had  formulated  to  his  own  mind  the  pro- 
ject of  an  aristocracy  as  the  successor  of  the  old  Con- 
federacy. Still,  there  were  causes  for  susj)icion  and 
mistrust,  and  Jefferson,  through  Philip  Freneau  and 
the  lanital  Sfulci  Ga::('tte,  did  not  let  sleeping  dogs 
lie.  The  universal  effervescence  in  Europe  could  not 
fail  to  froth  over  bodily  into  the  United  States.  Jef- 
ferson'.s  party  had  the  memories  and  the  sense  of 
gratitude  of  the  country  on  its  side,  and  the  furies, 
the  viingeance,  and  the  absurdities  of  the  French 
Revolution  lost  much  of  their  terrible  and  their  gro- 
tesque aspects  when  presented  to  the  people  through 
the  ineiliunis  of  the  weekly  Republican  press. 

Minister  Genet  arrived  in  the  country  just  at  the 
moment  when  the  people  were  mo.st  divided  upon  this 
issue  of  Federalism  and  Republicanism.  The  lOth  of 
August,  1792,  plunged  France  into  anarchy  and  ruin 
according  to  the  conception  of  some  persons,  but,  in 
the  opinion  of  others,  a  new  and  glorious  ri'ylnu'  was 
then  inaugurated.  M.  E.  C.  Genet  came  out  to  the 
country  as  the  exponent  and  interpreter  of  this  new 
regime.  On  April  8,  179.5,  he  arrived  at  Charleston, 
S.  C,  and  hi.s  route  to  Philadelphia  partook  of  the 
character  of  a  triumphal  march.'     Genet  landed  from 

But  llie  liitirr  WHS  licen  ti)  insuio  his  ciwii  le-ulecticiii.  iind — 
ovidt'in,'(.'  ciioiigli — lio  thought  Iio  i-oul»l  lio  so  by  concilijidn^ 
the  real  I'lin'o  iit'  ihi'  Tnry  nrgiiniziiliciii.  liy  ^iviii^  pmcticiil 
valui!  to  thi'  alien  iiml  si'ilitimi  linvs,  iind  |iiiblisliin<;  his  cilition 
of  Davilii.  ilaniillon  ami  his  IVii'inls  litiTally  sold  John  Adams 
out  on  this,  and  witii  tliu  worst  intentions  in  tlie  worlit,  Ham- 
ilton puhlishing  an  anxnynious  |tani|ihlet  wliieh  insured  tUo 
defeat  of  Adams.  Aaron  Hurr  was  a  |it>lili<'ian  whose  nieun)ry 
the  eountry  endures,  and  tlint  is  all:  hut  tlie  deatii  of  Hamilton 
was  not  his  worst  |ierl'ormanci!. 

'  (ienet  was  n  man  of  ability,  although  ho  is  generally  cred-    I 
ited  with  being   dimply    an    absurd    person   by  our  annalifits. 
The  only  mistake  he  nui  Ic  was  tliat  he  did  not  eomprehcnd  our  ' 
institutions  and  the  already  inveterate  iittaehment  of  the  Ameri- 
can citizens  to  "  law," — something  the  ciii/on  himself  had  made, 
and  therefore  to  bo  obeyed  religiously  by  him,  even   though  it 
should  plunge  him  into  absurdity  in  the  process  of  execution.   ■ 
Citizen   (Jonet   was  not  aware  of  tliis  superstition  ;    in  other 
respects  his  course  was  not  only  judicious  but  very  ingenious. 
He  was,  iu  fact,  b  clear  and  cool-headed  man  ;  he  bad  no  very 


a  French  frigate,  and  it  was  at  once  sent  to  sea  with 
a  letter-of marque  to  prey   upon   British  coinnieice, 
soon  bringing  one  of  iter  prizes  into    Pliiladelpliia 
Genet  also  equipped  other  privateers,  and  then  inaji. 
his  state  entry  into  Philadelphia,  amid  the  firiti-  ol' 
cannon  and  the  ringing  of  bells,  citizens  throngiiu  to 
welcome  hi|n,  and  many  deputations  waiting  upon  l.im 
with  addresses.      He  was  invited   to  a  public  diimer 
before  he  had  even  presented  his  credentials  to  I'jos;. 
dent  Washington.     When  he  did  call  upon  the  VwA- 
dent  he  met  with  a  cliilling  reeej)lion. — dignity  (Imt 
intrenched  behind  an  impenetrable  restirve.      But  the 
Republicans  gave  Genet  warmth  enough  to  compen- 
sate him  even  for  the  icy  atmosphere  of  the  Presiikiit's 
house,  and  he  proceeded  forthwith  to  demonstrate  (hat 
he  did  not  believe  in  and  did  not  mean  to  respeit  our 
principles  of  neutrality.     In  this  he  soon  found  out 
his  error.     The  French  privateer's  prize  was  rislorcd 
to   her  owner.s,  and  strict  orders  were  given   to  the 
collectors  of  all  ports  to  prevent  the  sailing  of  all 
privateers  and  the  sale  of  any  prizes.     Genet  pro- 
tested,  and  the  law  was  shown  to  him,  and  he  was  inlj 
that  he  must  respect  the  sovereignty  of  the  llnikJ 
States  by  dismissing  his  privateers   from  Anioiii.'aii 
waters.    Genet  flatly  refused  to  do  this,  and  threat- 
ened   to  appeal  from  the  President   to   the   \wu\\t 
clinching  his  performance  by  beginning  to  fit  out  a 
privateer  in  Philadelphia.     Washington,  as  siiiin  as 
he  learned  this,  requested  the  French  governiniMit  lo 
recall  their  minister.     It  was  done,  but  with  a  had 
grace. 

Genet  had  already   begun   extensive    filibu.-itoiiii: 

intense  sympathies  with  the  party  of  which  he  was  the  >|iiilii-. 
man,  and  when  ho  failed  to  secure  the  objects  for  Hliicli  ht 
bad  been  gent  out  ho  very  wisely  abstained  from  retuniiiij;!'' 
France.  He  married  a  daughter  of  (ieorge  Clinton,  (ioviTiirr 
of  New  York  and  representative  of  the  anti-llamiltun  party, 
and  spent  the  rest  of  his  life  very  peacefully  ainl  happilv  as  ;ii! 
American  farmer  at  Prospect  Hill,  (Jrcenbush,  near  Ailiiiny, 
N.  y.,  where  he  died  in  IS.'U.  Kduiund  Charles  fionct  vms  ;i 
trained  diplomatist,  an  attache,  before  the  Ilevolulioii.  i"  ll.e 
embassies  of  licrlin,  Vienna.  London,  and  St.  I'etersliar;;.  lit 
was  a  nnm  of  tact  ami  culture;  passed  himself  over  t'niiu  the 
old  French  establishment  to  the  new,  and  became  the  t'iivoriio 
of  the  .lacohins  without  losing  the  support  of  the  reariioiii.ii. 
Itobespierre's  faction  made  him  adjutant-general  of  Fiaiiccani 
minister  plenipotentiary  to  Holland  and  Switzerland,  llouai 
successful  in  revolutionizing  the  Netherlands,  and  bv  iniMiisof 
his  intrigues  Geneva  became  republican  and  was  anncxi"!  lo 
France.  Such  a  man  might  bo  expected  to  render  Fruaci' ;.''">i 
service  in  America,  and  he  came  very  near  doing  so.  Wnnhing- 
ton  and  Hamilton  profited  by  his  ignorance  of  and  disrrgird 
for  the  statutes,  but  it  is  doubtful  if  he  <lid  not  suceccil  a««in<l 
thcin  on  the  stump.  In  other  words,  it  seems  proliaMo  Ibl 
Genet's  mission  to  this  country  had  much  to  do  wiili  sC'iirag 
the  election  of  .Jefferson,  or,  rather,  the  defeat  of  Adiiru!,  in 
18U0. 


ojiciiilions  i 

II"  1''  s  that 

(iiiMt  Ijrita 

fioiii  Spain 

ag;iiiisi   hot! 

tiiiii.iliawk    I 

honlcis  of  K 

the  -Mi.ssissip 

theiti  with  tr 

.seiiliiiieiit  of 

I  rend]   araoi 

moved   to  tht 

An(ler.><on,  Cri 

and  liiitght  sh< 

the  .struggle  fij 

craiic  societies 

of  Lexington, 

people  on  the 

fliiliuti  is  undou 

demanded  of  S 

States." 

In  Xovoniber 
—La  Chaise,  ( 
noux— to  Kenti 
enlist  men  for  e 
si's.siuiis,  and  tho 
I'Vaiice.     These 
Wank  commission 
inlLsted  in  the  F 
uiiisions,  as  maj 
Holers  Clark.' 
Elijah    Clarke,  o 
trouble  by  leadin< 
llio  Cicek  Indians 
uiideriiiok  to  inva 
aet'oiiijilisli    niuch 
probably  deterred 
""^ni  by  tile  new 
Kentucky,  inform! 
(''''let's  iiKivemeut 
iiWituitioris  were  n 

I  tTOto  the  United 
oanj,'alioii  of  the 

tft'ilioftbeopposi 
aiiJ  Governor  She 
''ii'ir  preparations, 
•"•raiif-'iiig  to  enlist 
I'iws.     (ieorge  Roji 

'cOTiinaiider-in-chi 
'lie  .Mis.si.s.sippi." 

fonho  reduction  of 

'  '■'■""  of  Minister  ( 


'<  -■  jii 


SPANISH,  KHKNCIl,  AND  AMKKICAN    INTUIOUKS    IN    THli   WKST. 


i49 


til.'.  >i"'kfi- 
»■  whii'li  lit 

rctunii"!.'!' 
l,n,  ('."V.Tiiit 
ln'iltoii  |iarly, 
|,u)iiiilv  "»»'• 
[,,,.,,■   Ml.jiiy, 

(iiMiol  «;i-  ;i 
lUiliiin.  1"'''* 

,ver  fr.iiii  ilif 
L.  lln'  lav.mie 
L,  i-i'ii'-li"iii-i'' 
Lf  riaiiotanl 
Litl.  Ilems 
1)  by  iiioiMi*  «f 
If  iiiinesi"!  w 
J,-,..,,,,.,.  ,..,..1 

„.   \Va«liin?- 
Lnil  Jisf'S"^ 

|,,vc.liiil)lo  lln> 
of  Acliiins.i" 


upcralions  in  the  West.  lie  plumed  for  Iiiiili  stiikos, — 
III)  Ic  s  iluiii  to  involve  till!  United  Stiites  in  war  with 
(ii'ciit  Britiiin,  and  to  cupture  Floridu  iind  Louisiana 
I'ldiii  Spain.  The  West  was  full  of  bitter  feelings 
ii.r:iiiist  both  fountrio.s.  British  gold  paid  for  the 
tiiiii;iiiawk  and  scalping-knife  which  de.^olated  the 
borders  of  Kentui'ky.  Spain  closed  the  navigation  of 
tht'  Mississippi  to  them  and  haraH.sed  and  beggared 
them  with  trade  restrictions.  There  was  also  a  strong 
sentiinent  of  good  feeling  and  gratitude  towards  the 
Ireiich  among  the  Revolutionary  soldiers  who  had 
uiovimI  to  the  West.  Clark,  Shelby,  Scott,  Hardin, 
Anilt'r.son,  Croghan,  and  their  followers  had  marched 
and  timght  shoulder  to  shoulder  with  the  French  in 
till!  struggle  for  American  independence.  The  Demo- 
craiii;  societies  profited  by  this  sort  of  feeling,  that 
(if  Lexington,  Ky.,  resolving  "  that  the  right  of  the 
peo|)le  on  the  waters  of  the  Mississippi  to  the  navi- 
I'iitiuii  is  undoubted,  and  it  ought  to  be  peremptorily 
demanded  of  Spain  by  the  government  of  the  United 
States." 

In  November,  1793,  Genet  sent  four  of  his  agents 
—La  Chaise,  Charles  Delpeau,  Mathurin,  and  Gig- 
noux — to  Kentucky  and  other  parts  of  the  West,  to 
enlist  men  for  expeditions  against  the  Spanish  po.s- 
sessions,  and  those  also  of  other  countries  at  war  with 
France.     These    recruiting   agents   bore    with  them 
Wank  commissions  for  the  use  of  American  oflScers 
enlisted  in  the  French  .service.     One  of  these  com- 
missions, as  major-general,  was  accepted  by  George 
Roirers  Clark.'     Another  was  conferred  upon   Gen. 
Elijah   Clarke,  of   Georgia,  who  had  already  made 
trouble  by  leading  an  expedition  into  the  country  of 
the  Creek  Indians,  and  who  soon  raised  a  force  and 
undertook  to  invade  Florida.     He  did  not,  however, 
aa'oni|iiisli    much,  and  tlie  greater  Gen.  Clark  was 
prebably  deterred  from  attempting  an  extensive  move- 
ment by  the  news  that  followed  Genet's  agents  to 
Kintiicky,  informing  the  Governor  of  the  State  that 
Genet's  movements  wore  extremely  inopportune,  as 
neizutiatiims  were  now  in  progress  which  promised  to  .se- 
cure to  the  United  States  the  absolute  right  to  the  free 
niivij,'ation  of  the  Mis.-iissippi.     Geuet's  agents,  in  the 
1  teeth  of  the  opposition  and  warnings  of  the  President 
I  and  Governor  Shelby,  of  Kentucky,  proceeded  with 
heir  preparations,    buying   cannon    and    arms,  and 
I  arran};ing  to  enlist  two  thousand  men  as  French  sol- 
(lier.s.    George  Rogers  Clark's  commission  made  him 
['comuiandor-in-chief  of  the  revolutionary  legions  on 
[the  Missis.sippi."     As  such,  ho  called  for  volunteers 
jfor  the  reduction  of  the  Spanish  forts  on  the  Missis- 

'  letter  of  Miiiister  (jcnet  to  JofTer80ii,  in  Am.  State  Papers. 


sippi,  for  opening  the  trade  of  that  river  and  giving 
freedom  to  its  inhabitants;  oa<di  person  serving  on 
the  expedition  being  promised  a  thousand  acres  of 
land,  those  serving  a  year  two  thousand  acres,  and 
those  tlirce  years  three  tiiousand  acres,  as  well  us  a 
.share  of  the  plunder.  Those  who  preferred  pay  to 
lands  would  get  one  shilling  a  day. 

Governor  St.  Clair,  of  the  Northwestern  Territory, 
and  Gen.  Wayne,  wrote  to  ap]prise  Governor  Shelby 
of  these  movements,  Wayne  putting  a  corps  of  United 
States  cavalry  at  his  .service,  and  offering  him  any 
more  troops  ho  .should  need.  But  Shelby,  who  was 
not  a  profound  lawyer  and  desired  his  own  pojiular- 
ity,  now  wrote  to  the  Seert'tary  of  State  that  he  had 
grave  doubts  about  detaining  Clark  and  his  French- 
men if  they  attempted  to  put  their  plan  into  execu- 
tion. ''  If  they  manage  their  business  with  prudence, 
he  doubted  whether  there  is  any  legal  authority  to 
restrain  or  punish  them,  at  least  before  they  have 
actually  accomplished  it ;  for  if  it  is  lawful  for  any 
one  citizen  of  the  States  to  leave  it,  it  is  equally  so 
for  any  number  of  them  to  do  it.  It  is  also  lawful 
for  them  to  carry  any  ((uantity  of  provisions,  arms, 
and  ammunition."  The  President  of  the  United 
States  thought  so  difl'erently  from  Governor  Shelby 
that  he  at  once  issued  his  proclamation,  notifying  the 
people  of  the  West  of  the  unlawful  project,  and  warn- 
ing them  to  take  no  part  in  it.  To  make  this  more 
eft'ectual,  Gen.  Wayne  fortified  and  armed  Fort  Mas- 
sac, at  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  .so  as  to  prevent  any 
hostile  armament  from  descending  the  Mississippi. 
These  acts,  the  recall  of  Citizen  Genet,  and  the  gen- 
eral understanding  that  the  Mississippi  question  would 
soon  be  settled,  led  to  the  abandonment  of  the  expe- 
dition, and  the  Georgia  attempt,  as  has  been  shown 
above,  resulted  in  nothing. 

That  is  to  say,  nothing  directly.  Those  move- 
ments and  threatened  movements  undoubtedly  has- 
tened the  settlement  of  the  frontier  disputes  with  Groat 
Britain,  and  enabled  Wayne  to  consummate  his  treaty 
with  the  Miamis,  obstructed  previously  by  Briiish 
agencies.  They  also  disposed  Spain  to  yield  her  pre- 
tensions in  regard  to  the  Mississippi  question,  and 
settle  that  matter  more  speedily  than  it  might  other- 
wise have  been  done.  It  was  in  December,  1791, 
that  Spain  made  her  first  verbal  overtures  for  a  settle- 
ment of  the  navigation  question.  In  March,  1794, 
the  Secretary  of  State  was  compelled  to  confess  that 
the  negotiations  had  not  reached  any  definite  conclu- 
sion. But  the  knowledge  that  these  negotiations 
were  in  actual  bona  fide  progress  had  a  most  quieting 
and  beneficial  effect  on  Kentucky.  It  snapped  the 
last  thread  of  Carondelet's  schemes,  and  made  Wil- 


li, u  1:1 


i>     I 


260 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


1  i  i] 


kiniinn  send  Powor,  the  Spanish  njjent,  nt  a  iloiible- 
f)uiek  puce  thn>iif.'li  liis  line.' 

In  May  of  tlitit  your  Kontuei«y  was  j;rpat.ly  oxcitod 
by  a  ])rocianiati(in  fri)iii  La  Ciiaisc,  announcing  the 
failure  (if  tlie  cxpeditir)n  under  Clnrlt,  and  l)y  a  public 
niectini;  in  Loxin<;tnn,  at  which  John  Jay  was  cen- 
sured for  procrastination  and  weakness,  and  denounced 
lis  the  enemy  of  the  VV'estern  iountry.  Hut  even  at 
this  moment  Jay  was  eonchu"nir  a  treaty  with  Oreat 
Hritain,  which  insured  the  enforcement  of  that  of 
17H8.  and  the  conset|uent  protection  of  the  West 
from  the  Indians,  and  on  Oct.  27.  170"),  Tiioiiias  Pinck- 
ney  secured  from  Spain  the  treaty  which  insured  the 
imviu'ation  of  the  Mississippi  to  the  West.  This 
treaty  acknowledjied  our  .southern  limits  to  he  the 
thirty-first  parallel  of  latitude;  our  western  limits  to 
be  the  middle  of  the  channel  of  the  Mississippi,  the 
naviL'ation  of  which  was  made  free  to  the  United 
State.-,  with  the  concession,  furthermore,  of  a  rijiht  of 
deposit  at  New  Orleans  for  tliree  years  of  American 
produce  descending  the  river.  It  was  nt  this  crisis 
that  Carondelet  attempted  to  play  his  last  card.  He 
had  sent  Power  to  Wilkinson,  but  that  lustute  warrior 
knew  that  the  Mi.«sissi])pi  i(uestioii  would  soon  be 
settled,  when  his  u.sefulness  to  Spain  would  cease; 
so  he  dismis.sed  Power  forthwith  under  custody  of  a 
jiuard. 

Power  now  went  to  Judge  Sebastian  to  make  an 
important  communication  to  him  in  regard  to  Ken- 
tucky. This  was  from  Carondelet,  and  to  the  effect 
that  "  the  king  of  Spain  was  willing  to  open  the 
navigation  of  the  Mississippi  to  the  Western  country, 
and  desirous  to  establish  certain  regulations  recipro- 
cally beneficial  to  the  commerce  of  both  countries." 
Judge  Sebastian  was  ex]iocted  to  procure  delegates 
for  a  conference  at  New  Madrid  with  C  il.  Gayoso, 
the  duly  accredited  agent  of  Spain.  There  was  a 
conference  at  the  house  of  Col.  Nicholas,  of  this  gen- 
tleman, Sebastian,  Harry  Innis,  and  Wm.  Murray,  and 
it  was  agreed  that  Sebastian  should  go  to  meet  Gayo.«o. 
He  did  so,  and  reported  that  he  had  nearly  concluded 
u  commercial  agreement,  the  only  difference  being 
about  a  small  duty  on  imports.  They  went  to  New 
Orleans,  where  Carondelet  readily  yielded  to  Sebas- 
tian's demands,  when  the  news  came,  by  a  courier 
from  Havana,  of  the  sigidng  of  the  treaty  in  Madrid. 
Sebastian  still  urged  Carondelet  to  sign  his  little  pri- 
vate Kentucky  treaty,  on  the  ground  that  the  United 
States  treaty  would  never  be  ratified.   Carondelet,  how- 


'  It  WHS  chiirgwl,  however,  iit  Wilkinson's  oourt-innrtial,  ttittt 
111'  dill  nut  so  curtly  dlRiiiis.s  Power  until  lie  liiiil  first  |>08!ie8.''e(l 
hiui.sell'  of  all  tile  envoy's  papers,  inrluiling  some  which  he 
Hiuilil  not  choose  to  be  seen  at  the  State  Departiiient. 


ever,  .said  that  his  business  with  Sebastian  was  now  at 
an  end. 

Why  was  Sebastian  anxious  to  have  these  p;i|i.|-< 
signed'/  This  negotiation  was  kept  a  dead  >';■{,.[ 
until  18()()  (time  of  Burr's  conspiracy),  when  Juilfrj, 
Harry  Innis  voluntarily  disclosed  tlw  matter  bcrnii.  n 
eommittee  of  the  Kentucky  Legislature.  In  I  TUT, 
just  when  the  right  of  deposit  was  coming  inl!'  uv 
and  the  Florida  boundai-y  line,  under  the  trciiiv  i.f 
17'.'5,  was  being  run  off,  Power  again  came  to  K^i 
tucky  and  gave  him  a  letter  from  Carondelet,  lo  In. 
laid  before  Murray,  Tunis,  and  Nicholas,  as  l  ('ure 
Carondelet  proposed,  bluntly,  that  Kentucky  >li(pii|il 
secede  forthwith,  and  "form  a  government  ulmllv 
unconnected  with  that  of  the  Atlantic  Slates."  Sp.iiii 
was  to  have  her  northern  boundary  in  Louisiana  n. 
tended  to  the  Yazoo,  in  return  for  which  she  wotil) 
furnish  the  conspirators  all  the  artillery,  arm-,  etc. 
needed  for  their  object,  which  included  the  I'lucilil,. 
seizure  of  Fort  Massac;  and  to  supply,  -ilso.  mic  nr 
two  hundred  thousand  dollars,  to  be  sent  (piic'lv  t.. 
any  person's  address. 

Sebastian  laid  this  conspiracy  scheme  befirc  lii. 
co-workers,  who  rejected  it,  but  so  (piietly  atid  'jcnth 
that,  when  Innis  told  his  story  before  the  Logi>latiirv 
nine  yeans  afterwards,  there  was  a  prompt  iiivcstiL'a- 
tion,  and  proof  obtained  that  Judge  Sebastian  li:id  fir 

,  years  been  in  receipt  of  a  .S20()0  pension  from  .'^pain. 
He  re.si'.:ned  to  save  himself  from  impeachmeiii.  Inni- 
and  Nicholas  escaped  conviction,  but  not  ol)l(i(|uv  anii 
censure.  At  the  time  of  this  last  intrigue.  S|i:iin  had 
just  made  an  alliance  with  Prance  which  guaranteed  to 
both  their  territorial  integrity,  and  for  that  reason  the 
treaty  of  17'J5  was  very  obnoxious.     In  fact,  ii.s  snon 

:  as  the  three  years'  term  of  deposit  was  out,  Spain, 
which  now  had  given  up  Louisiana  to  Prance  nr 
rather  to  Napoleon)  by  the  secret  treaty  of  San  Ilde- 
fonso,  gave  notice  of  her  intention  not  to  renew  th 
right  of  commercial  deposit  to  Americans.    The  flame 

.  thus  kindled  led  to  the  purcha.se  and  ce.ssioii  of  Lmi- 
isiana. 

In  1 80(5,  when  Sebastian  was  being  investit;aied  ami 
condemned  by  the  Kentucky  Legislature,  the  judge-  . 
co-conspirator,  Wilkinson,  had  his  headquarters  in 
St.  Louis.  Here  he  wa-  vi.sited  by  Aaron  liiirr.  wii" 
also  visited  him  ot  Fort  .Massac  and  at  Natchez,  ani 
always  said  that  Wilkinson  was  the  original  author  of  I 
his  conspiracy.    Burr's  movements  Iiad  begun  already: 

i  Jo  Daviess  was  bringing  him  to  the  notice  of  eoiirii 

j  and  grand  juries,  and  Spain  was  so  uneasy  and  anxious. 
on  account  of  his  connection  with  the  Bastrop  ao^j 
other  land  claims  near  the  Texas  lines,  that  the  Sf* 
ish  army  crossed  the  Sabine,  invading  United  Staii- 


C'liiipleiing  the  uri 
aiiii  iind  all  the  iik 
wc'^twaiil  enmprel 
iiierii  of  securino- 
empire,  ho  far  a,s 
soii',s  foresight  and 
'liiif  it  was  a  conqu 
■*»  "lueh  as  the  fac 
''  'leml  party  and 


THK  LOUISIANA   CKSSION. 


261 


tiTiiiiiry,  whereupon  Wilkinson  nmrelieJ  down  the 
livr  anil  jiroinptly  drove  them  Imcii.  Utirr  elainied 
i;r.  it  tracts  (iC  land;  he  proposed  eolonieH ;  hut  lie 
wa-  all  unsiTUpulouH  "  opportunist,"  ami  he  was  raisinf; 
an  iirniy  lii^'  criouL'h  to  roll  tlio  Fnited  States  of  ter- 
lilniv,  as  well  as  Spain.  JetVerson  evidently  feared 
liiiM  ;iiid  his  pow(>r  to  (h)  evil,  whieh,  with  the  West 
as  ii  had  heen  and  then  was,  was  eonsiderabje.  That 
cmi'lilioM  ol'  afl'airs  in  tlie  West  was  hroni^ht  ahoul 
1)V  ilie  S|ianish  intrigues  anil  the  Atneriean  traitors 
wliii  siistiiiiied  and  fomented  them,  and  Burr  was 
tlii'ic  to  jjriiflt  by  their  work  and  seek  his  opportunity 
in  iliiise  disorders.  He  could  be  Jaeobin  or  Bonajiarte 
with  ii|ual  facility,  and  he  at  least  owed  his  power  for 
iluiiuir  to  the  seed  sown  by  Wilkinson,  who  finally  be- 
trav'il  and  captured  him,  but  not  before  lu- had  found 
(iiii  I  hat  I'lesident  Jelferson  was  in  dead  earnest. 
Inilci  il,  Jeti'erson,  the  strictest  of  strict  eonstruetion- 
isis  a>  a  rule,  violated  his  principles  boldly  in  order 
til  seal  the  West  to  the  Union.  He  urjicd,  almost 
ciiiiipc'lled,  the  Louisiana  purchase;  lie  subscribed 
ciiriic'sily  to  the  <:reat  national  road  to  the  West;  he 
]iursucd  Burr  until  it  was  in  fact  a  persecution,  and 
ho  made  all  haste  to  send  Lewis  and  Clark  on  tlieir 
ex|iliiriiii.'  expedition  that  the  whole  country  might 
loiirii  the  extent  and  value  of  the  West.  Burr's  is 
the  last  iif  the  early  intrigues  which  in  any  way  bear 
uiiiin  till'  Mi.ssi.ssippi  River  and  its  navigation.  And 
it  amy  he  added  that  Jefferson,  in  connecting  the  At- 
lantic with  the  Ohio,  in  securing  the  Mississippi  to 
till'  irrcat  West,  and  in  exploring  the  wilderness  be- 
yond the  Missouri,  did  more  to  open  up  a  fortune  for 
St.  IjDuis  than  any  other  man  ever  did  for  a  city  that 
was  yet  to  begin  growing. 


CHAPTP]ll  XL 

THK  LOUISIANA  CK.SSION. 

TiinM.vs  Jefferson,  as  was  shown  in  the  last 
iliiiptcr.  consummated  the  fortunes  of  the  W(^st,  and 
jpiuiod  the  prosperity  and  growth  of  St.  Louis,  by 
completing  the  urrangeuients  for  the  cession  of  Louisi- 
ana iiml  all  the  indefinite  extension  of  territory  to  the 
wi'stwuid  comprehended  under  that  title.  But  the 
merit  of  securing  and  promoting  this  transfer  of  an 
empire,  sn  far  as  it  redounds  to  the  credit  of  JefiFer- 
sou'.s  foresight  and  patriotism,  does  not  lie  in  the  fact 
that  it  was  a  conquest  over  the  French  and  Spanish 
so  much  as  the  fact  that  it  was  a  victory  over  the  old 
Feileral  party  and  the  commerciul  and  agricultural 


prejudices,  prepossessions,  and  jealousies  of  the  eoni- 
muiiities  on  the  Atlantic  slope  of  the  Allegha'des, 
who  were  opposed  to  tlie  growth  and  uggrandizement 
of  the  West  and  Southwest.' 


1  Tlii-<  (iniiiiinted  tii  itii  m-tiitil  liii.''lility.  timl  it.  war^  ii  riiliii;^ 
|iulii'y  nf  till'  iKJtnini.^rnitinns  prtM.M'iliiij^  .Irtl'crHon'.^,  witli  tlu*  oni' 
f\i'('|itimi  lliut  ,liilin  Ailiiiii",  lit  tlic  liuu'  iil'  tlio  iiuiiiM'iisiuii  nf 
iiiteriMnir^i-  anil  tlio  innritiiiu'  wiir  willi  Frtuioo,  [.criii'*  to  liiivo 
oonteinplati'il  (he  ..Ji'iznri'  oC  tin-  .'^|iitiiit*ti  imf-tfi  frniii  St.  l,i)uis  In 
till-  lti'ii/,(>,  CO  US  to  jnjfiirt'  tlio  fri-e  Mnvi;;iiliiin  nf  tlio  .MisiJissiiipi. 
lint  .luhii  AiIiiiiih'  |i(ili('y  WM."  nut  lliiit  111'  eilliiT  Wii.vliiimKin  <ir 
Ilaiiiill'iii,  nor  of  any  of  tho  .'^tntis  noitli  nl'  llio  .■'iii<i|iu'liaiina. 
\\'ii.<liiii^lon*s  l'(M>lii));ii  on  Itiis  Hulijeirl,  iiii  luii'  tieen  .••liovvn,  wiTi' 
ciirul'iilly  viin>{ili'i'cil.  nnil  liu  iliil  not  ili.xguiKo  llinn  nor  Mic 
n-ii^iin.s  wliii'li  intliKMKM'il  tlivni.  He  iliil  not  lliinl<  tin*  tree 
niivi^iilion  ol'  the  .Mis.ii!)t<i|)|ii,  nor  tlie  rapiil  o)>(>ninf;ot'  Wo!«ti>rn 
luniln  to  ncllli'in  ilcni ruble,  lici^aiii'c  he  lliou^'lit  it  woulil  Icinl  to 
prevont  tlie  proper  cnloiii/atinn  nl'  Wfctern  New  ^  nrk,  I'enn- 
i^ylvania,  anil  \*irginiii.  lie  wu.-i  linstile  lo  the  whnh'^ah-  opi'ii- 
inn?  of  the  Ya/.no  anil  other  lnnil.<  in  (Ji'nr;;ia.  Trnnessee,  anil 
Cjirnlina:  ainl  he  lonkeil  for  resistance  to  gnveiiiinent  siiniliir 
to  that  encou?itere-i  by  him  in  Western  I'ennsylviinia  if  he 
shnulil  tin  anything  tn  enenniiii;e  iii|iiiitter  snvereii^nty  in  Ken- 
tneky  ami  the  .Norlhwe.st  anil  .■SniithwesI  Territories.  It  in 
nntennrthy  that  all  three  nf  the  fjeneruls — Mannar,  .'St.  Clair, 
anil  Wayne — sent  hy  liiin  to  eoininanil  af^aiiist  the  Imlians  and 
roj^nhite  the  nIVairs  of  the  Northwest  were  I'ennsylvanians, 
anil  it  was  their  inslrnelions,  in  inakin;;  treaties,  lo  draw  ii 
north  ami  south  line,  east  of  whiih  Imlians  should  not  eninc, 
hilt,  equiilly,  west  nf  whieh  tho  whites  should  not  be  allowed  to 
trespass.  The  prejudiee  of  Hamilton  and  other  Federalists, 
however,  was  only  partly  polilicat.  In  some  respeets  it  was 
soeiiil,  as  has  heon  shown  in  another  place;  in  many  particulars 
it  was  ginijraphieal.  The  eonipletion  of  seheines  of  internal 
improvement,  the  eoUeclinn  of  revenue,  iind  the  fisterin^r  of 
mamifaetures  were  ilitlienit  in  new  and  ]ioorenniniuiiities  unless 
the  population  could  be  kept  eouipact  and  solid.  Tho  li-heries 
and  an  e.xtemh'd  enininercn  promised  more  oertain  results  to 
revenue  than  trapping  and  hunting.  A  enmpact  State,  with 
largo  cities  and  a  strong  government,  was  the  idea  of  the 
Federalists;  but  men  like  .lelTerson  and  Patrick  Henry  wore 
tilled  already  with  the  cnnceptinn  nf  "  manifest  destiny,"  of 
oontincnial  proportions,  and  the  (iulf  and  the  lakes  united  one 
way,  as  the  two  great  oceans  should  be  in  the  other  direction, 
Jefferson  appears  to  have  prepared  to  bring  this  about  while 
Minister  to  France,  at  whieh  time  he  engaged  ifohn  liedyiinl, 
the  traveler,  to  Hnd  and  explore  the  Columbia  Hiver  and  truce 
the  connection  between  its  headwaters  and  those  of  the  Mis- 
souri. *' His  mind  was  early  impressed  with  the  belief  that 
where  the  deep  snows  that  clad  the  eastern  slope  of  the  Kocky 
Mountains,  and  shed  its  collected  waters  into  and  formed  such 
a  river  as  the  Missouri,  '  there  must  be  a  corresponding  shed- 
ding and  collection  of  waters  on  tho  other,  and  thus  he  was 
I  perfectly  assured  of  the  existence  of  a  river  where  the  Colum- 
bia River  has  since  been  foiin  1  to  be,  although  no  navigator 
i  had  seen  its  mouth  and  no  explorer  trod  its  banks.'  Impressed 
I  with  this  important  truth,  and  desirous  of  accomiilishing  that 
j  grand  design  of  opening  a  commercial  conimunieation  with 
I  Asia  through  the  heart  of  our  own  continent,  lie  made  the  ae- 
i  quninlance  of  Lcdyard,  who  was  then  about  to  explore  the 
I  Nile,  He  proposed  to  him  to  change  his  theatre  from  tho  Old 
I  to  the  New  World,  and  to  proceed  to  .St.  Petersburg  upon  a  pass- 
j  port  whieh  he  would  obtain  for  him.  He  should  there  obtain 
permission  from  the  Kinprcss  Catherine  to  traverse  her  domains 


H 


2S2 


HISTORY    OK  SAINT   LOUIS. 


In   roRjioct   tn    Frnncp  nnd  Spniii.  tlio  buttle   liiid  oxpirin^'  ctfortH  of  Spiiin  to  prnvont  n  Htrnnfi  ouiiniry 

bi-cM  iili't'iKJy  Hiibstaritiiilly  louirht  out   tii-lorc'  tlic  fiiiiil  f'roiri  lii'iiiL'   pliiiittMl    i'iiiiu'<liali'ly  on   tlit!   fnintii'i-  nf 

ci'NNion  of  Ijoiiiniiinii.     Tlio  inlri^^ucx  uii<i  niiuiiLMivres  ('iii)ii  and  Mexico,  wliieli  Loui^-innu  nnd  Florida  w>  r(^ 

detail('<l   in   tlie  preceding  eliiipter  indicate  simply  the  Hut  the  attcunptu  to  retain   possession  of  the  Mi    i^- 


iii  u  hi^'li  iKirtlifin  liitihiilc  to  ttifir  fiiHtrrii  cxri-iMiiity,  iToi'rt 
tlio  ^('li  IVcmi  KuiM.^itliittkii  nr  iit  lii>hriiif;'H  Sdnil,  nii<),  duHucnd- 
iiii;  till!  nortlnvcxt  i-uii^t  uf  AniiTk'ii,  <;niii(>  ilowii  iijioii  tlit*  rivitr 
wliiuli  iiiiial  liciiil  (i|i|i>i:<il('  tliii  liciiil  ul'  ihi'  Miiir'imri,  iind  iisi'mil 
it  III  itx  Kiiiiivi^  in  tliv  ll(iL'k>  .MiMiiiliiln*.  [.I'dviinl  uinliTlniik 
tliim  iliu'iii^  iinil  Ki'iinil  priijcL'l  III' ilii^i'dvury.  llii  ri'oi'ivoil  (icr- 
inii^Hinii  rruiii  llic  i'in|iri'!«^  anil  pnioreiU'd  ii»  liir  hh  Sihcriii.  whtTr 
liu  wim  uvorliiki'ii  by  a  ravouiitimi  uf  (liu  puriiiiMi'iiiii,  ami  lio  ic 
liirncil  III  Kninia'.  .Mr,  .k'll'tTKuii  wiii  tliiin  ild'oiitril  in  his  Urst 
gii'iit  I'lVnii  to  liiiil  tliii  i'\i-tcrici!  of  llif  I'dluiiiliiu  l(i\>'r,  liut 
conliiiut'il  ti'iiu  to  hin  f^ri-ul  pnrposo  of  ()|iL>iiin)j;  our  iiilioiil  run)  ■ 
nu'rrial  coiniiuniifMlion  with  Aniii;  bo  that  wlu'ii  lio  ln'i^niiii' 
I'liiiiik'iit  of  llu!  InitiMJ  ,stali!<,  lie  |irojuct<Ml  tliii  I'Xpeilitioii 
uf  l,i'ivi!i  luiil  riaik,  and  "vnt  llieiii  fmlli  to  ilincovur  tlio  lieiid 
and  siiiiri'i!  of  that  river  which  In'  wan  uonviniTd  exi'tid, 
though  it  liad  nut  yet  biTii  di!*i'o\  rroil,  Tim  dxistrnro  of  tluj 
rivor  >vii!<  diyi'ovcri'd  and  I'ytabli.ilicd  liy  l.l•wi^  and  Clark,  uk 
well  as  by  tiif  o-\plori'r,  Capt.  liniy  ;  and  by  tlio  pnrrlinse  of 
l.oni.iiniia  wc  have  luruini'  thr  Iniiin  jiilr  and  aliMolnti^  ownrrn  of 
the  riviT  and  miuiv  (bri-u  hiindroil  inili'i*  of  tho  I'liidlii'  ctiatit 
farther  nurlh,  until  \\v  ri'aidi  Vani'ouvi'rV  Island  at  parallul  of 
411°." 

Whi'n  .klfeifun  rclurufd  fruni  Kuropt<  hi'  f"und  the  Northern 
Kederiiiist.i  arrayed  in  hitler  and  uneunipruniif .  in  hoi<tillly  lo 
the  seltlt'iiienl  and  develupnicnt  uf  the  Northweat.  When  Mr. 
Itoss*  propuhiliun  to  eiunpel  Spain  to  open  Ihu  Mifsi.  'ippi  wiiK 
laid  helure  the  Senate,  il  was  billcrly  uppu!<c>l  by  Ih.n  parly.  In 
the  secret  ses.iiiin  to  wliiuh  the  Iroaly  fi  r  eoding  l.nuisiana  was 
iieiit,  the  Noi'thern  l'"li'raiist.s  resisted  its  nitilioalion  in  vehe- 
ment hinjiuajje.  dnadim;  the  prepuiuleranee  llio  West  and 
Suuthwe,-t  iiiighl  ai'ipiire  by  it.  llarrisun  llray  Otis,  of  iMassa- 
ehtiHetls,  ruse  in  his  place  in  tlie  .'^enate  and  said,  *'  1  would 
rallier  the  .Mississippi  was  a  running;  stream  uf  liiirning  lavD, 
over  wiiieh  no  human  being  could  pass,  than  that  tlie  treaty 
should  be  ratified." 

After  they  failed  in  defeating  the  purchase  uf  l.uuisiana,  wo 
Iind  tlioui  ill  ISIs  giving  away  a  large  purtiun  uf  that  territory 
by  ceding  Texas  tu  Spain.  We  Iind  the  eumbined  opposition 
of  the  North  marshaled  in  strung  arra.v  against  the  Suuthwest 
in  ISL'O,  upon  the  Missuuri  Cumproniise,  threatening  a disniein- 
beriiient  and  dissuliiliun  of  the  Union  rather  than  the  interests 
of  the  Southwest  .-bun Id  he  proiuuted.  One  ttl'  the  must  gurgciiiis 
displays  of  American  olixjuence  (except^  perhaps,  tle^  mighty 
struggle  between  the  giant  mind  uf  Mr.  Webster  and  ''"gu- 

inentative  and  majestic  brilliancy  uf  .Mr.  Ilaync,  uf  .Suuth  Caru- 
lina,  in  the  United  .States  Senate,  in  the  sessiun  uf  IS;iiJ,  npun 
the  r.'sulufion  uf  Mr.  Foute,  of  Connectieiit,  to  suspend  the  sales 
of  public  lands  in  the  ^\'est,  in  which  diseussiun  was  intrudiieed 
tlic  great  euiistitiitional  i^uestiun  uf  nullilicatiun  and  the  ellort 
tu  cripple  and  retard  the  settlement  of  tlie  West)  wa.s  exhibited 
in  that  nioinorable  debate  in  the  United  Slates  Senate  between 
Mr.  Kufus  King,  of  the  .North,  and  Mr.  William  I'inkuey,  of 
Maryland,  for  the  Southwest. 

If  the  reader  wilt  examine  the  vutes  un  that  important  <|ues- 
tion,  he  will  see  that  all  votes  east  against  that  measure  were 
from  the  .North,  and  it  was  ultimately  carried  by  the  friends  uf 
the  Southwest.  We  find,  also,  their  opposition  exhibited  in  the 
war  uf  1812.  when  a  foreign  enemy  penetrated  into  the  North- 
western Territory,  and  some  of  the  Southern  States  had  been 
drained  uf  almost  all  of  her  noble  young  men  for  the  defense  of 


their  cuunlry  and  to  profeenle  the  war  t"  an   b rabi 

They  even  met  in  seerel  euuneil  and  projected  the  diss.,1'  ■,..[, 
of  the  I'nion. 

II  will  be  r"-.    .ilierid  that   ill   llieyear   1  S 1 S,  under  tin    ,,  |. 
minislraliun  uf  ,Mr.  .Munrne,  a  prupnsilinn  was  made  lo  exchiii^.. 
fur  I''luri<bi  that  purlion  uf  this  territory  embraced  in  what  «[> 
called  Texas,     ,lohii  t^uincy  Adams  was  Secretary  of  State,  uui; 
of  Mr.  .Muni'ue's  cabinet,  and  was  the  aiilhur  and  negutiiii'.r  <ii 
this  treaty.     When  the  treaty  was  made  known  thmu^'li  tin 
papers  of  Wiishingtun  City,  a  eili/.eii  of  llie  "  ''       llory  "I  Mi  . 
snurl,"ayouiig  lawyer  and  a  iieinher  uf  the  >St.  Ijoiiis  bar,  n  r.iii 
a  series  uf  articles  iivcr  the  signature  uf  "  Amcricaiiu-,  "    I. 
nuiineiiig  the  treaty  and  attiicking  its  aiithurs,  **  imprcc  iiiii_-  , 
wue  upon  Ihe  beads  of  th.isj  who  shuiild  favur  il,  usserlin.'  Min 
the  miignilicent   valley  :,{  the   Mississippi   is  ours,  with  nil  ii. 
fuunlaiiis,  springs,  aiul  lloiids.  and  woe  lo  II      slalesiiiiiii  \\\,„ 
-lioiild  undertake  to  surrender  one  drop  uf  its  waters,  i>ii>  inli 
uf  its  soil  to  any  I'ureign  power."     The  treaty  was  seiil  in  in,. 
Senate  un  the    1th  day  uf  .Tiily,  ISt',1,  and  by  the  Soiinic  riiti 
lied.     Mr.  Monroe,  in  atlempting  lo  justify  himself  and  i';i   ii.,! 
foi  this,  holds  the  fulluwiiig  language  in  a  letter  tu  lien.  .I.i  >k 
sun,  dated  at  Washington.  May  21.',  IS2II,  some  twelve  iii"iiili. 
after  the  date  uf  tlic  lieiily.      lie  says,  "  Having  lung   Kiiuwu 
the  repugnance  with  which  the  eastern  portion  uf  uiir  I'lii  >n. 
or  rather  some  uf  thuse  wliu  have  enjoyed  lis  eoiitldenei'  '  t'"i  I 
110  nut  think  that  the  people  Ihemsolvcs  liiive  any  inlcn-lr 
wisli  of  that  kind),  have  seen  its  aggrandi/.eiuent  to  lie  \V,'.| 
and  .Sonlli,  1  have  been  decidedly  of  opinion  that  wc  oiiL'lin , 
be  eiinteiit  with  Klurida  fur  the  present,  and  until  puMi.'    j. 
iuii  in  thai  i|uarti'r  shall  be  reconciled  to  any  further  <-li  iii.'i'. 
I  tiiention  these  eircuiiislances  to  sliuw  that  our  diiriciilli.'.  ;iri' 
mil  with  Spain  alone,  but  are  likewise  inlerniil,  |iroceeiliii„'  tViiii 
various  causes,  which  certain  iiieii  are  prompt  to  sei/c  nn  1  iniii 
to  Ihe  uecounl  uf  their  uwn  ambiliuus  views.*'     .\11  tliis  slmiv. 
the  conslaiil   ellorts  to  injure  the  elforts  and  cripple  tin'  ii'l 
Vance  of  Ihe  Southwest,     (iitii.  .lackson  reluctantly  .\  icl'li''i  t" 
it  as  a  leniponiry  meiisure.      Mr.  .lefl'erson,  lo  wliuiii  a  -iiiiiiiir 
letter  had  been  urilleii,  wuuld  yield  tu  nothing  thai  wouM  ti'ii>l 
to  ilisnieuilier  ur  mulilatu  that   graiitl  valley  fur  which  lie  hai 
bcstuwedso  much  labor  and  pains.     "  .Not  one  inch  of  thewaliT' 
of  the  Mississippi  to  any  foreign  nation,"  was  his  langUiii!i.  .\- 
before  slated,  the  treaty  was  promptly  latiHed  by  Ihe  Anieri  in 
.Senate;  but  Spain,  upuii  her  pari,  licsitatcd  and  dclaycl.  ail 
linally  perniilleil  Ihe  lime  limited  for  the  exchange  uf  raiilli-i 
tiuiis  toexpire.     Neguliations,  however,  were  souii  rciiewcil,iii;l 
in   October,   1H2II,  Spain  ratilieil  the  treaty.     It  is  worllij"! 
remark  here  that  Ibis  ampulaled  part  of  I.uuisiana — ihc  wli.li 
uf  Texas  was  to  bo  uttached  to   .Mexico — ceased  tu  be  a  pan  if 
.Spain,  for  the  revolution  uf  Mexico  had  resulted  in  her  lali'- 
pendence,  which  superseded  the  .Spanish  treaty  in  re<_^arii  lu  itie 
boundaries.    So  we  had  to  re-treat  with  Me.xicu,  which  iiiislii!'. 
nnd  all   will  remember  that  in  a  few  years  after  a  pnliticil 
tempest  swept  over  the  land,  overturning  everything  thiit  caiiij 
in  its  way,  tu  get  back  this  country  whi'^h  had  been  given  aniy. 
which  brought  on  our  government  a  war  with  Mexico,  and  ri'i 
millions  uf  dollars  more  than  the  original  oost  of  all  tlic  buu- 
isiana  territory. 

In  the  same  way,  at  the  treaty  of  Ghent,  Great  lirilain'.' 
lapsed  right  to  navigate  the  Mississippi,  secured  under  llictrl- 
partite  treaty  of  1783,  but  not  mentioned  in  that  of  Pari*  'f 


l»]f\  Were  ai 
aiel  Ji'fealed 
el' I  li'tory.  ' 
till'  Mi.ssi.ssip 
•'^paiii.  Ifnii 
sti-nrii.'  and  II 
"f  I  lie   Hrilisl 

iiml  llie  Sdiill 

'|iiii.  d  ihrotij! 
LTi  H  ^d'onj;  ill 
■**piiiii  and  Fi 
iiiiiii  d  ao-ainHt 

liulll  )il|l''  'I'.s  \i 
lust    Ici.,         .\u,y 

flliiiiiis  ,•111(1  Li, 

V'lvc  lip  Fliiriii 

I'Vaiicr  ill,.  ||„„ 

iciiii  ciiipiri!  Ill 

.Mississippi    jv,m 

liuuiiilaiy  line  „ 

eli.iiiiicj  111'  the  .\ 

I'ar.illil  iil'latitiii 

"  peiiit  helow  iVi 

wiih  III,'  I'liited  I 

t'Jiiiclly  tlii.s  .suiii,. 

"I'lirliiri'id,,,,  tiij 

lillllLll. 

'i'lu'st'  matters 

ilii'.vwri-,.  under  ei 
cuinis  ill  coiiiiecij, 

i"  "iliiuet  and  ai 
"i'li  III''  .Vshhurtii 
tiaiiiis.     Kncrlund, 
i'laiiiii'il  jMirtions 
.t'liiuiiil  ,,(■  orip'nal 
was  mail,.  (0  .settl,. 
I'lii'  p.iities  could 
''"II''  until    I()70, 
railed  ".AiiH'riL'aii  ti 
"  »'"■" -lipiilated   tl 
WWII,  lis  tlioy  (1„.| 
Miliniieil  to  "  llio  I, 
""''■■plenary  ri-ht 
I  ^i"ii.  iiiiil  pro|iriefy. 
tract  li;i|,[i,'|,i,,)  ,,,  (,y 

I  ""•'  ■-''•foiul  charters 
I  •'I'  Claifiidon  and  ot 


H-"'.",isresl„re,l|o  hci 
f"'il''Sc»  upon  the  coas, 
i  ""'•■^'•"'ii'tothelisheii 
.»■»■"  "nr  liiisiilKv   and 


J'rt.v  iiiH 
(linnl. 


ii'i'ice  of  this  .„ 


TIIK   LOUISIANA   CKSSION. 


2A8 


f^vM''.  A- 

[.ii.'vvvl.arl 
,v„llliy  '■: 

ll).-  :i  V'"'  •'■ 
In  liiTiiil'- 

.j;tliiit<.'ai«* 
givvn:inK. 

liit  ISriliiin'* 
of  Pari*  "t  I 


^JM  i  wi'i't'  iiH  irriilionnl  hm  tlio  xtni^filut*  nf  a  proHtriitn 

aiiil  .|i  fcati'd  o|)|ii)ii('iit  ti)  iivdid  (Miru'cdiii^  tlic  f'niit.'* 

Ill  \ntiiiy.    Tlu!  ()ii;;iiiiil  cdiiti'Mts  liir  llio  iiosscsNion  nf 

ilii'  Mississippi  valley  wero  lisul  lictwot'ii   KniriL-i!  mid 

Hill  II.     rmil  tlic  IJritisli  ('(iloiiics  in  Aniorica  waxed 

i,lni!r_'  and  atijiri'ssivc,  tlicso  countries  took  no  notiet! 

of  ilie   lirili)*!)  pretensions  to  own  to  tlic  Mississippi 

mill  ilii'  Soulli  Sea  by  lli<^  diseovi^rer's  prior  rii;lit,  ae- 

iiiiii'il   lliroiiL'li  John  Caliot.      liiitcr,  when    Kii'^laiid 

iirrw  -tniiij;  and  pressed  vi<;<irously  upon  their  flunks, 

Spiiiii   and    Fraiiee   settled    tlioir   own    disputes   and 

uiiiii'l  airainst  (iieat  IJiiiaiii.      In  17ti(t-(>.i,  however. 

Iniili  |.o<'- 'i-a  wero  defeated  and  foreed  to  iiinko  the 

lii-i  III  1       hey  could.      France  jravo  up  Canada,  and 

liliniiis  and  Ijouisialia  oast  of  the  Mis.«i.s.-ippi  ;  Spain 

sriivc  up  Florida.     To  pniteet   Mexioo,  and  to  spare 

I'niiiic  the  humiliation  of  surrenderini;  all  her  Aiiie?'- 

iinii  iiiipire  to  (Jreat    Britain,  iioui.'^iaiia  west  of  the 

Mi^^is-ipp'   was   Hoeretly  conveyed  to    Spain.      Tlu; 

Imunilarv  line  of  (Jreat    Britain   thus   fell  aloii^  the 

(liaiiiiil  of  the  Mississippi  Kivcr  from  the  fiu'ty-ninlli 

piiriilli'l  of  latitude, — from  the  Lake  of  tlie  Woods  to 

a  jiiiint  helow  Natchez.      When  iJreat  Britain  sii;ned 

witli  the  United  States,  in  ITS!!,  she  co'ieodi^d  to  them 

exuilly  this  same  line,  and   in  any  international  eourf 

III' mill  r.' ion   this  ooiioossioii  could   have  been  niain- 

laiiiiU. 

Tlicso  matter.s  have  been  closely  iiivcstij;atcd,  for 
lliey  Were  under  earnest  discussion  in  Statt;  and  Federal 
dnirls  ill  connection  with  the  Yazoo  land  claims,  and 
ill  caliiiiet  and  ainha.ssadorial  council,  in  connection 
with  tlio  .Vshhurtoii  treaty  and  the  San  Juan  del  Fuca 
daiins  Kiiixhind,  France,  and  Spain  have  all  three 
tlaniii'il  portions  of  tho  Mississi|ipi  valley  upon  the 
'.•niuml  of  ori<;inal  discovery.  In  lt)t)4  the  attempt 
was  iniiili^  to  settle  the  variou.s  pretensions  by  a  treaty. 
Till'  iiaities  could  not  Ui;ree.  Notliin;;  further  was 
iliiiK!  until  l(i70,  when,  by  Article  Vil.  of  tlio  so- 
Killi'd"  American  treaty"  between  l'inu;land  and  Spain, 
it  was  stipulated  that  tin;  po.ssessioiis  of  the  Kimlish 
iTowii,  as  they  then  existed  in  America,  were  to  bu 
ciiiiliraied  to  "  the  most  serene  kinj:  of  Great  Britain," 
wiili  "  |iloiiary  right  of  sovereignty,  dominion,  pos.ses- 
siuii,  ami  propriety."  The  southern  boundary  of  this 
,  irad  lia|ipi'iiod  to  bo  definitely  determined  by  the  first 
and  sicuikI  charters  of  Kinji;  Charles  II.  to  tho  Karl 
«f  I'laivudun  and  otliens  {liHi'ii  and   IGGoj,  grantinj.i: 


Ib'i:'.,  was  restiirfil  to  liiir  u|miii  iMiiiilitii>n  nf  w.xtciiilinK  (isliiii'^ 
t|invile;;>'s  u|iiin  tlie  conai:  ''  Newt'ounilliiml  iiiid  I^iibnidui'  ami 
I Xiv a ,<ii)tia  to  the  tislioiiiiuri  ui  Ulouei'stor  iiiul  C'ii|io  ".  i.  It 
'.r  ijn'i  liiisiilit.v  unit  jealousy  ami  intrigue,  over  loetiuunl 
|]i»ru  iiilhieme  of  tliin  «ort  lliat  JelTersun'B  chief  victory  waa 

||:lini'J. 


them  the  province  of  Carolina  botwoen  'M'^  niul  2!)' 
north  laiitudr.  The  crown  fell  heir  to  this  in  17'i!t, 
under  <ieiir<;e  1 1.,  ami  in  17'!-  the  <:rant  was  made  to 
Ojjlethorjie,  wiili  bounds  of  Savannah  lliver  nortli, 
Altamaha  south,  and  '' Smith  Seas"  west,  lliuler  the 
treaty  of  17ti.'i  tlu'  Mississippi  was  conceded  to  be  the 
boundary,  and  in  \~!<'  lieorgia,  to  imive  the  claim, 
created  a  new  county.  "  Buiirbon,"  in  the  Va/.no 
country. 

Au'ain,  in  tho  peiico  ne<.'o(lalions  at  Utrecht  in  1704, 
the  houndaries  of  (Canada  were  l(>ft  to  be  di'lerminod 
by  CI  III!  •;•,.>•  I  .icr.s,  who  fixed  the  parallel  of  I!)  a.i 
the  common  boundary  from  tho  Lake  of  the  Wiaida 
indefinitely  to  the  west.  By  this  treaty  and  the  fix- 
iiii!  ol'  this  boundary  France  came  into  possession  of 
all  of  Louisiana  south  uf  latitude  4i)^.  In  this  the 
British  fioveriiment  ae(|uic.sced  for  nearly  a  century. 
I'revious  to  the  ceh^hrated  treaty  of  Paris  ol'  Feb. 
It),  17d;!,  disputed  boundaries  had  led  to  calamitous 
Indi  i'  "  irs,  and  hence,  as  has  been  said  already, 
there  \  ii  very  careful  dcfininii  of  lines  in  ihat 
treaty. 

Iho  r.u.Mi  arlicl.-  :i  ■.-  »ti|iiilatr(l  that  •'  Hi*  .Mo^l  (^hri.<- 
II  Maji'sty  reno"!  I'H  all  iiri'ti'iislMiis  wliii'h  he  has  liiMiliil'iiro 
forineil,  or  niitj;lit  form,  to  Nova  Scotia,  or  .Airailia.  in  all  it.s 
|iiul..<,  ami  jMiarnntiies  llic  whol>M>f  it,  ami  uilh  all  its  ilcpen- 
ilencii  ,  to  the  Kini,'  of  (Jreat  Mrilain;  inorcovor,  His  .Mo^t 
("  ri,«tiaii  .Maicsty  ii'.les  anil  Kaanwitecs  to  his  saiil  Itritainiio 
iMiijesly,  ill  full  rii^hl,  Caiiaitn,  with  all  its  ilu|i('nileiicios,  a»  well 
us  tho  Ishinit  of  (Jajic  Itreton,  and  all  tho  other  islumU  and 
coasts  in  tlio  Gulf  and  lliver  of  ."^t.  r.iiwri'iice,  and,  in  grneral, 
I'lurything  that  de|ii'nd8  on  the  ."aid  oountrir-,  lands,  islands, 
and  coasts,  with  tho  .sovereii;nty,  |iros|M!rity.  iiosscssion,  and 
all  ri|;iits  acijiiired  tiy  treaty  or  ottierwise,  which  tho  most 
t.Miristian  Kinu  and  Crown  of  France  havo  had  till  in  w  over 
the  said  countries,  lands,  islands.  |jlnecs,  coasts,  and  tiieir  in- 
habitants; so  that  ihti  .Most  Cliri^tiiin  Kini;  cedes  and  makes 
over  tho  whole  to  the  said  King  and  to  theCiown  ofllreal  Ilrit- 
aiii,  and  tlial  in  the  most  ample  manner  and  form  without  re- 
atrietion  and  without  any  liherty  to  depart  from  the  said  cession 
and  guar  ..tee  under  any  pretense,  or  to  disliirli  (Ireat  Itritain 
in  the  piis:ie^sions  ab'ive  tuentioiied.'*  I'pon  the  part  of  his 
Itritannie -Majesty,  the  king  of  (ireat  liritain  agrees  in  Article 
"th  as  follows : 

*'  In  order  to  establish  peace  on  solid  and  durable  foundations, 
and  to  remove  forever  nil  subjects  of  ilispute  with  regard  to  the 
limits  of  the  British  anil  French  territories  on  the  Contineni  id' 
.■Uneriea,  it  is  agreed  that  for  the  future  the  conlines  between 
the  dominions  of  His  lirilannic  .Majesty  and  those  of  His  Most 
Christian  Majesty  in  that  part  ol  the  world  shall  be  ti.ved  irre- 
vocably by  a  line  drawn  along  the  middle  of  the  lliver  .Missis- 
sippi, from  its  source  to  the  River  Iberville,  and  from  thence  by 
a  line  drawn  along  the  middle  of  this  river  ard  tlie  Lakes 
Maurepas  and  I'ontehartrain  to  the  sen,  and  for  this  purpote 
the  Most  Christian  King  cedes,  in  full  right,  and  guarantees  to 
His  llritannic  .Majesty,  the  rivor  and  port  of  the  Mobile,  and 
everything  which  he  possesses  or  ought  to  possess  on  t!io  ."t 
side  of  the  lliver  .Mississippi,  with  the  e.vception  of  the  town  of 
Now  Orleans,  and  of  the  island  in  which  it  is  situated,  which 
shall  remain  to  France,  it  being  well  understood  that  tho  navi- 


't 


I' t 


254 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


■  W 


!■   '      i'h'  ' 


11  -    n  t 


giition  of  the  Kivur  Mi!(!*isRi|>)>i  ahnW  l)c  equally  I'roe,  as  well  to 
the  8ul).jcl■t^^  i>f  (i roiit  Itritiiiii  ns  to  those  of  Frunco,  in  its  whole 
hreiulth  iiiid  length,  from  its  source  to  the  .-on,  iind  expressly 
tliiit  purl  which  is  between  thf  aniil  islimrt  of  New  Orleans  nnd 
the  right  l)ttnk  of  Ihiit  river,  s  well  ns  the  passage  both  in  and 
out  (f  its  mouth.  It  is  further  stipulated  that  the  vessels  be- 
longing to  the  subjeuts  <if  either  nations  shall  not  be  stopped, 
visited,  or  subjected  to  the  payment  of  any  duly  whatever," 

By  flic  iiliiivo  oxtrticts  from  the  treaty  of  Paris,  it 
will  be  seen  thitt  the  two  goveriiiuonl.s  fixed  definitely 
and  irrevocably  the  boundaries  of  their  re.spective 
dominions  in  North  America,  the  boundary  boiiig 
the  middle  of  the  iMi.ssissippi  from  ita  source,  the 
Lake  of  the  Woods,  latitude  49°,  to  the  river  Iber- 
ville. By  this  treaty  France  became  possessed  in  fee- 
simple  of  all  the  territory  west  of  the  Missis.sippi 
Hiver  as  Ijouisiana,  includinjr  the  town  of  New  Or- 
leans. It  will  be  remembered  that  a  secret  treaty  was 
entered  into  on  the  3d  of  November,  17t)2,  between 
the  French  and  Spanish  p;overnnients,  by  which  the 
former  ceded  to  the  latter  the  province  of  Louisiana, 
which  lay  on  the  western  side  of  tlie  Mississippi  Jliver, 
but  it  was  not  until  the  21st  of  April,  171)4,  that 
JiOuis  XV.  proclaimed  this  eliano;e  to  the  colony. 

Spain  succeeded,  then,  to  all  the  rights  and  duties 
of  Franco  towards  (Jreat  Britain  under  the  treaty  of 
176;{;  but  by  the  treaty  of  1783  the  United  States 
succeeded  to  all  therijihts  and  duties  of  (ireat  iiritain 
under  that  treaty  of  1763,  (/iioa(f  American  territory, 
and  Spain  could  not  deny  us  the  navijiation  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi or  refuse  to  recoirnize  our  boundaries,  without 
an  infraction  of  the  treaty.  But  Spain  did  deny 
these  thiiif^s,  and  was  backed  up  in  it  by  France.  The 
specious  pretext  was  tiiat  the  king  of  Great  Britain, 
by  proclamation  in  17()9,  had  excluded  his  subjects 
from  settling;  west  of  certain  lines.  This  was  done,  to 
be  sure,  but  to  prevent  trouble  with  the  Indians,  and 
by  no  means  to  vacate  his  own  sovereignty  over  the 
territories  reserved.  Still,  it  became  evident  that  in 
Spain  we  would  have  a  neighbor  ever  harassing. 
When  Spain  ceded  Louisiana  to  France,  at  the  .same 
moment  that  her  intendant  Mtu-aK^s  refused  the  right 
of  deposit  at  New  Orleans,  the  situation  became  intoler- 
able, and  the  various  measures  and  negotiations  were 
at  once  instituted  which  presently  resulted  in  the 
cession  of  Louisiana. 

The  volume  of  M.  Uarlie  Marbois  ami  tiie  various 
reports  and  dispatdn^s  of  iiivitigston  anil  Monroe  leave 
us  full  uf  information  on  this  subject.  Our  pleni- 
potentiaries W(!re  fortunate  in  having  to  deal  with 
Napiileoii,  who  could  titid  did  despise  the  remon- 
straiiees  of  Spain,  who  wanted  money  in  order  to  go 
to  war  with  Kngland,  and  who  knew  that  the  first  step 
in  that  war  uu  England's  part  would  bu  to  take  Louis- 


iana and  hold  it.  He  knew  that  this  would  occur  finiu 
his  false  step  in  .sending  Le  Clerc  and  Victor  witli  un 
army  to  San  Domingo,  with  instructions  to  gn  to 
Louisiana  after  they  had  recovered  the  island.  Tliu 
only  way  to  repair  the  cft'ects  of  this  false  ste])  wmilii 
be  to  take  a  prompt  one  in  the  right  direction.  S|i;iiii 
ceded  Louisiana  to  him  to  prevent  the  United  Si;i'i\< 
from  getting  it.  Ho  would  cede  it  to  the  L'nituil 
States  to  prevent  Great  Britain  from  getting  it.  Tims 
he  would  prevent  his  chief  enemy  from  acquiring  iumv 
territory,  and  he  would  make  SI 5,00(1, 000  on  a  imto- 
of  real  estate  which  had  never  cost  him  a  peniiv  ui.il 
of  which  he  had  not  even  taken  possession. 

Jefferson  thought  at  first  that  it  would  not  !»■  |ius- 
sible  to  secure  more  than  a  place  of  deposit,  and  wlicn 
Robert  R.  Livingston  was  sent  out  as  minister  to  the 
Court  of  St.  Cloud  on  Jan.  11,  1803,  his  instriK  limis 
were  restricted  to  a  vigorous  insistance  upon  an  iininidi- 
.ate  possession  of  "  the  island  of  Orleans"  or  .sunio 
equivalent  place  of  deposit.  But  thing.s  were  iiime 
ripe  on  both  sides  of  the  ocean  than  Jeffenson  had  con- 
ccivcd.  The  progress  of  excitement  in  Congress  ainl 
the  country  required  Mr.  Monroe  to  be  sent  mil  wiih 
fuller  powers  and  more  extensive  demands,  and  Iji'I'oiv 
Monroe  arrived  out,  Living-ston  Wiis  only  waiiiiii;i(i 
see  him  to  conclude  terms  with  Harbe  Marbois  miJ 
Najioleon  for  the  purchase  of  the  whole  of  Lower  and 
Upper  Louisiana  at  a  ctish  price  so  low  as  to  be  i|iiiir 
within  the  reach  of  our  treasury  and  not  extravuwiii 
even  in  the  eyes  of  parsimonious  Republicans. 

Mr.  Jefferson  wrote  a  manly  letter  to  Mr.  .^lonino. 
in  which  he  made  occasion  to  pay  that  esiliiiaUi' 
statesman  a  rare  and  noteworthy  complimi^nt.  Tlit 
agitation  in  the  public  mind,  he  said,  was  i'.\treiiii', 
and  remonstrances,  memorials,  etc.,  were  eviMVwikri' 
being  signed  by  the  whole  body  of  the  people. 

*'Tho  measures  which  we  have  been  pursuing.  Ikmii::  iii 
visible,  do  not  satisfy  their  minds:  something  si'unibl.',  tlmv 
fore,  has  become  necessary,  iind  indeed  our  object  of  piiri'liihiii,' 
New  Orleuns  and  the  l''luritlas  is  a  measure  likely  to  a><unu'-> 
many  shapes  that  no  instructions  could  be  squareil  t"  lit  iImu. 
It  was  essential,  then,  to  seiiil  a  minister  e.Mraordiiiaiy,  1 1  !( 
joined  with  the  ordinary  one.  with  discretionary  power.— lir-i. 
however,  well  iinprcsseil  with  all  our  views,  iind  :licr<'r<)ri>i|iiali- 
fiod  to  meet  and  tnodify  to  those  every  lorm  of  pni|i.i-iiin  | 
which  could  come  frotn  the  opposite  party.  This  coijl>l  uiilyli 
done  in  frequent  ami  full  oral  communication.  Ilaviiu;  IrlT 
tnined  on  this,  there  could  not  bo  two  opiniims  as  to  Ilic  pii'* 
Ycm  possessed  the  unlimited  I'oniidcnce  of  the  adiiiiiii>tr!ili  ii  | 
iMiil  of  the  Western  people,  anil  were  you  to  refuse  t(i  ii'i  D' 
other  man  can  bi>  found  who  does  this.  All  eyes  are  (low  tivt^il 
on  you,  and  were  you  to  decline  the  chagrin  would  lie  ijrot, 
an<l  would  shake  under  your  feet  the  high  groutiit  mi  wlii'!il 
you  stand  with  the  public.  Indeed,  [  know  iiothiiiL'  wjii'til 
would  proiluee  such  a  shock,  for  on  tho  event  of  ilii*  iiii"m| 
depend  the  future  destinies  of  this  republic.  If  weiniiiiolJ 
a  puruhaso  uf  tho  uouutry,  insure  to  uursolves  a  eour^i'  »l  r'-l 


''"iii-'iv.ss  had  v(,t,, 

''I'liilio. 

■^Ii'imtimo   Nap, 
"'"It!  Jiroinptly. 
I""fiT.  and  tlie  Fin 
!  "'"■  witli  Great  B 
''■"'''I  li>  leave  Etigj 
'""  'm..  libiirty  of 
''"I'piiioss  for  the 
|'""'lli«  e,mqut.,st 
r'lll  not  iicliiovcl. 
r"'  "fifisli,  and  N 
[•""W'u.s  li|,ei.s  p„|,| 

''''''  Nl"'i>:.       Both 


THE  LOUISIANA  CKSSION. 


255 


;«! 


iioliiiil  puiivo  iinil  frioniliiliip  with  nil  iinlions,  Ihon,  nn  wiir  can- 
nut  1"'  "iistunt,  it  ln'luiKvc.-^  iii«  iiiiinc<lii)tt'ly  Ui  be  jiri'parin^  for 
jliiit  .•'Mir^i',  witliont,  liowtntT,  luu^tciiitij;  it.  ami  it  iii»y  be 
iK'.-(->:iry  Ut  cr<f>s  the  clDinnel.  Wo  sliall  s*'*  entangled  in 
i;iM<'|>i'an  imlilii's,  anil,  filming  more,  l)e  iniieh  less  happy  ami 
iirii'in'ritus.  This  enn  only  be  preventeti  by  a  siiecessfnl  issue 
1,1  v"ui'  present  mission.  I  am  sensible,  al'ler  the  measuii  ..(Mi 
Imvi'  (liken  for  gettinj^  into  a  ilitTereiit  line  of  business,  that  it 
will  be  a  great  saerifieo  on  your  part,  anil  presents,  from  the 
sciisjii  and  other  eirenmstauees,  serious  ililfu'iilties.  I!ut  some 
men  are  horn  for  the  public.  Nature,  by  littinjj  them  for  the 
fiTviee  of  the  hunnin  raec  on  a  broad  seale.  has  stamped  them 
with  the  eviilenees  of  her  destination  and  their  duty." 

Jctl'orsoii  was  supposed  to  be  a  faiintical  friend  of 
Fiiiiii'i'.  but  he  was  very  decided  at  this  time,  and 
nuitc  ready  to  have  war  with  Napoleon,  which  indeed 
ho  Idolied  upon  as  probable,  lie  wrote  to  11.  11. 
Liviiiuston  that 

'•  Tlie  day  that  I'runee  takes  possession  of  New  Orleans  fi.\es 
ihe -riiti'iiee  whieh  is  to  restrain  her  forever  within  her  low- 
ivator  mark.  It  seals  the  union  of  two  nations  who  in  eonjune- 
liiiii  ran  maintain  e.veUisivc  possession  of  the  oeean.  From 
ihiit  laoinent  wc  must  Minrry  ourselves  to  the  British  lleet  and 
ii;iti"ii.  We  must  turn  all  our  attention  to  a  niiiritiine  foree, 
f.,r  iiliii'b  our  resourees  plaee  us  on  very  high  ground,  and, 
liaviiis  formed  and  conncetcd  together  a  power  which  may 
iviiik'i-  reinforeement  of  her  settlements  hero  impossible  to 
fiiiiue.  make  the  first  cannon  which  shall  bo  fired  in  Kurope 
till'  .-iiiial  for  tearing  up  any  settlement  she  may  have  made, 
anil  fur  holding  the  two  continents  of  .America  in  sequestration 
l.r  tlic  cipininon  piir|ioses  of  the  united  llritish  and  .American 
iiiitioiis.  This  is  not  a  state  of  things  we  seek  or  desire.  It  i.s 
dill'  which  this  measure,  if  adii|iled  by  France,  forces  on  us 
iiMi'ssarily.  as  any  olhor  cause,  by  the  la\v.s  of  niilure,  brings 
"11  its  necessary  elfeet." 

Tlicse  two  letters  embrace  the  sum  and  sub.stance 
(if  the  instructions  fiiven  by  the  President  and  by 
Socretuiy  of  State  Madison  to  the  Ministers  Livino;- 
>tiiii  iiiid  Munvoe.  Tiie  latter  sailed  from  New  York 
(111  Maivli  8,  18(K1,  arrivinj^  in  Paris  on  April  I'itli. 
Till'  very  next  day  ho  began  his  conferences  with 
Mavbois,  who  was  .selected  to  conduct  the  ne}j;otiation 
iiisiciul  (if  Tiilleyrand  us  soon  as  Napolfon  heard  that 
t'iiiii;i'c.<s  had  voted  a  larire  secret-.service  fund  for  u.xe 
ill  iirotiiutinj;  the  settlement  of  the  Louisiana  im- 
liiiii;liii. 

Meantime    Napoleon's    situation    disposed    iiim   to 

settle  promptly.      The    Fox    ministry   was   out   of 

jiiiwur.  mid  the  Fir.st  Consul  was  preparing  to  resume 

itar  with  Great  Uritain.     lie  wanted  a  navy.      He 

i  liatal  to  leave  Engluiid  mistress  of  the  ocean.  "  With- 

init  the  liiiorty  of  the    seas,"   he  said,  "  there   is  no 

I  liaiiiiiicss  for  the  world."      Gen.   Leclerc  was  dead, 

iiml  ihu  eiini|uest  of  the  slave  insurrection  in   Ilayii 

^'M  not  iieliieved.     Malta  had  not  l,een  evacuated  by 

Hrilisli,  and  Napoleon  could  get  no  redress  for 

^attwiiMi.s  liliels  published  concerning  liim  in  the  Kng- 

Mi  piiiiciK.      Both    countries   were   already   busily 


arming,  and  Napoleon  had  gone  the  length  of  at- 
tempting to  bully  Lord  Whitworth,  English  ambas- 
sador, as  he  had  often  bullied  his  officers  and  courtiers. 
On  Easier  Sunday,  April  10th,  he  told  Talleyrand 
that  he  expected  to  sell  Louisiana.  He  knew  its  full 
value,  but  he  could  not  retain  it,  and  the  English 
should  not  get  it.  "  I  think  of  ceding  it  to  the 
United  States,"  he  said.  "  1  can  scarcely  say  that  I 
cede  it  to  them,  for  it  is  not  yet  in  our  pos.session. 
If,  however,  1  leave  the  least  time  to  our  enemies,  I 
shall  only  transmit  an  empty  title  to  those  republicans 
whose  friendship  I  seek.  They  only  ask  of  me  one 
town  in  Louisiana,  but  I  tdready  consider  the  colony 
as  entirely  lost ;  and  it  appears  to  me  that  in  the 
hands  of  this  growing  power  it  ./ill  be  more  useful  to 
the  policy  and  even  to  the  commerce  of  France  than 
if  I  should  attempt  to  keep  it."  Marbois  strongly 
advised  the  adoption  of  this  policy. 

On  the  other  hand,  Mr.  Livingston  had  learned 
through  Mr.  Kufus  King,  United  Siutes  minister  to 
London,  that  it  would  be  entirely  agreeable  to  the 
British  government  if  the  United  States  cnulJ  pro- 
cure the  cession  of  Louisiana,  This  government  had 
first  proposid  to  Mr.  King  a  joint  conquest  of  the 
colony,  to  be  retroceded  to  the  United  States  after 
peace;  but  this  was  not  admissible,  and  it  was  theu 
made  known  that  England  wished  the  United  States 
to  secure  control  of  Louisiana  by  any  means  found  de- 
sirable. Spain  was  repugnant  and  hostile,  but  Napo- 
leon had  metms  to  compel  her  assent. 

When  Monroe  arrived,  Marbois  straightway  asked 
of  him  and  his  colleague  to  name  a  sum  they  would 
pay  for  Louiv-ana.  Napoleon  said  he  wanted  fifty 
million  francs,  and  would  not  treat  for  a  less  sum. 
Livingston  named  thirty  million  francs.  Marbois 
asked  for  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  million.  The 
sum  agreed  upon  was  eighty  million  francs,  of  which 
a  part  was  to  be  employed  in  paying  the  French 
spoliation  claims  of  American  citizens.  Napoleon 
urged  an  instant  closing  of  negotiations.  Rlarbois 
demanded  that  some  consideration  should  be  had  for 
the  people  of  liouisiana,  whom  they  were  thus  id)out 
to  trade  ofi".  The  First  Consul  replied,  in  his  brutal 
waj,— 

"  You  are  giving  me  in  all  its  perfeutiun  the  ideology  of  the 
law  of  nature  and  nations.  Hut  I  re<|uiiu  money  to  make  war 
on  the  richest  nation  of  the  world.  Send  your  inuxiins  to  L  in- 
don ;  I  utn  8uro  that  they  will  lie  greatly  idinired  thoro.  and 
yet  no  great  attention  is  paid  to  tliein  who'i  the  i|ucslion  i.s  the 
■-ccnpation  of  tho  finest  regions  of  .Asia  I'orliaps  il  will  also 
be  objected  to  me  that  tho  .Americans  may  bo  found  too  power- 
ful lor  Europe  in  two  or  thrie  centuries  ;  but  my  foresight  does 
not  embrace  such  remote  fears.  Uesidos,  we  may  '.lereafter  ex- 
pect rivalries  among  tho  members  of  the  Union.  The  confed- 
erations that  arc  called  perpetual  only  last  till  uno  of  the  cuu- 


hi. 


1 


1% 

H 


r 


256 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


tranting  pttrticn  finds  it  to  it?  interest  to  break  them,  and  it  is 
to  pri'vcnt  tile  dnnjjer  to  wliioh  the  oolossal  power  of  Knglund 
exposes  ns  tlint  I  would  provide  a  remedy." 

The  conferences  proceeded  rapidly  as  soon  as  ii, 
was  understood  that  bu.sitiess  was  meant.  The  sura 
once  ajrreed  on,  terras  and  boundaries  and  conditions 
were  speedily  adjusted.  The  treaty  and  the  two 
definitive  conventions  accompanying  it  were  engrossed 
in  French,  and  signed,  the  date  being  April  SO,  1803, 
the  actual  signing  being  done  four  days  later.  Mr. 
Monroe  was  not  two  months  out  from  New  York. 
"  The  authors  of  these  .«olenin  instruments  that  regu- 
late the  lot  of  nations,"  says  M.  de  Marbois  in  his  his- 
tory, with  a  touch  of  sentiment  which  is  graceful  and 
appropriate,  "cannot  be  insensible  to  the  honor  of 
having  done  acts  useful  to  their  country.  A  senti- 
ment superior  even  to  glory  seemed  to  animate  the 
three  ministers,  and  never,  perhaps,  did  negotiations 
taste  a  purer  joy.  As  .soon  as  they  had  signed  the 
treaties  they  rose  and  shook  hands,  and  Livingston, 
expressing  the  general  satisfaction,"  made  forthwith, 
move  Anuiirinio.  a  neat  and  clever  speech.' 


'  The  following  is  the  text — Knglish  official  version — of  the 
treaty  iuid  eonvcntions  e<p|ioliided  and  ratitiinl  April  oit.  ISO:i, 
hy  the  United  .States  of  Auieriea  aiul  the  Freiieh  repuhlie  rela- 
tive to  the  eos.-ion  of  Louisiana: 

tui:atv  i!i:TWEE>f  thk  unitkd  .states  of  a.vekica  and 

THK   FHEXCII    UEl'UUl.KJ. 

'•The  President  of  the  United  .States  of  Anieriea  and  the  First 
Consul  of  the  Kreiicli  l<e)>uhlie.  in  the  name  of  the  Frencli 
people,  always  animated  with  the  desire  to  remove  all  misun- 
derstandings in  relation  tt)lhe  suhjects  of  discussion  mentioned 
in  the  second  and  lilteenlh  articles  of  the  convention  of  the 
Sth  Vendemiaire,  yi'ar  nine  (Sept.  I!0,  I  SOU),  in  relation  to  the 
claims  of  the  I'nited  States,  in  virtue  of  the  treaty  eonoluded 
at  .Madrid  the  27th  of  October,  17115,  between  Ilia  t'alholic 
Majesty  and  the  said  llnite.l  State.',  wishing  to  maintain  the 
union  and  frieiiilship  wlii(di  at  the  period  of  the  aforesuiil  con- 
vention was  happily  re-established  between  the  two  nations, 
have  named  respectively  their  plenipotentiaries  as  follows: 

"The  I'ri'sident  of  the  Uniteil  Stales  of  America,  with  the 
ndvieo  an. I  <'onscnt  of  tin'  Senate  of  said  States,  names  as  Ida 
Minister  I'leiiipotenliary  Hohcrt  It.  l.iviin^stoii,  and  .Tames 
Monroe  .Minister  IMeiiipotentiary  and  Ktiv(ty  Kxtraordinary  of 
(he  Uniteil  States  to  the  jiovernment  of  the  Freindi  Kcpuhlie; 
and  the  First  Uonsul.  in  tlo'  name  of  the  French  people,  names 
the  citi/cn  Francis  Itaibe  .Marbois  minister  of  the  public  treas- 
ury, who  after  ha\  in;;  e\clian;;ed  their  respci'ti\e  powers  have 
iigreed  upmi  the  fcillowinjj;  articles  : 

"Anilci.K  1st.  In  virtneof  ArticI"  lid  of  the  treaty  coocluiled 
lit  San  lldefonso  the  I'th  \'eiiil»''niiaire,  year  nine  (Oct.  I.  IS(M)), 
between  the  First  Consul  of  the  Freiic.li  liopnblican.l  His  t'alholie 
Majesty,  it  was  stipulateil  as  follows;  Mis  Uatholie  .Majesty 
promises  and  binds  himself  on  his  part  to  cede  to  the  Freneh 
Itepublii',  six  mouths  after  the  full  and  eonipletc  execution  of 
the  conditions  and  agreements  of  the  said  article  in  relation 
to  Ills  Koyal  Highness  the  Duke  of  I'.irnia  the  eohuiy  and 
province  (d'  Uouisiaua,  in  all  its  extent  as  now  actually  pos- 
!<e-sed  by  Spain,  and  as  formerly  possessed  by  France,  and  as 


Napoleon,  when  he  heard  of  the  signing  of  the 
treaty,  said,  ''This  accession  of  territory  strengtlHus 
forever  the  power  of  the  United  States,  and  I  l,:ivc 
just  given    to    England  a   maritime    rival    that   will 


also  stipulated  in  all  treaties  that  might  have  been  m;i<i<  !,(.. 
tween  Spain  ami  other  States.  In  consequence  of  suid  tiintv. 
and  partiiMilarly  of  the  third  article,  tin;  French  Kepublli', .  ',)i,v- 
ing  the  incontestable  rights  of  doiiiain  and  possession  of  Ih-' -;ii(| 
territory,  and  the  First  Consul  desirous  of  giving  to  the  I  oiii.l 
States  incontestable  proofs  of  his  friendship,  cedes  to  Ihcm  l,v 
these  presents,  in  the  name  of  the  French  liepublie,  forever  ;iii.| 
in  full  sovereignty  the  said  territory,  with  all  its  rights  aa<l  i|o 
pendoneies,  aa  fully  and  in  the  same  manner  us  she  acijuirc.l  it 
in  virtue  (  f  the  above  cited  treaty  concluded  with  His  C:itiii.li,' 
Majesty. 

"  AiiTici.K  L'd.  Ill  the  COS.  ion  made  by  the  prcecdin..'  artiili' 
tbero  is  included  all  the  islands  ailjacent  and  beloiiL'iu;,'  |.i 
Louisiana,  all  the  iuls  :ind  public  places,  the  vacant  lc\cc-.  ih,. 
buildings,  toitificatioiis.  barracks,  and  other  buildings  tiiat  lime 
no  owners:  the  archives,  jiapers,  :iiid  instructions  lelatiiii.' i., 
the  domains  aii<l  sovereignty  of  Louisiana  will  be  plaicl  iiitn 
tho  possession  of  the  commissioners  id'  the  United  Staler,  iui, I 
copies  of  tlie  same  in  good  and  due  form  will  hi-  furni-licl  ii 

the  iiiagistr:ites  and  municipal  ollicers  that  may  be  iici irv 

to  them. 

"AuTici.K  lid.  The  inliabitants  of  the  ecdoil  territory  itill 
be  incorporated  into  the  Union  id'  the  States,  and  adniittcil  ,i. 
soon  as  possible,  conformably  to  the  rcfiuiremcnts  of  the  Feiiiral 
Constilulion,  to  enjoy  all  the  rights,  advantages,  and  iiiinimiilie. 
of  the  citizens  of  tho  United  Slates,  and  during  this  liiiic  llnv 
will  be  upheld  and  protected  in  the  enjoyment  of  their  lilmly. 
property,  and  religion  they  profess. 

"AiiTIii.i;  Ith.  The  French  government  will  send  a  omi. 
niissiiincr  to  Louisiana,  who  will  ]ire)iare  all  that  is  necessary, 
lis  niiicli  to  receive  from  tlie  otliccrs  of  His  Catholic  .Majc>tyihp 
said  territory  with  its  dependencies  in  behalf  of  the  l-'iiiii-Ii 
Hepiiblic,  if  that  bas  not  already  been  done,  as  to  tiau-iuilit 
in  the  name  of  the  French  liepublie  to  the  comllli-^iolll■^  ir 
agent  of  the  United  .*^t!ites. 

"AiiTiii.K  5th.  Immediately  after  the  ratification  "f  tin' 
present  treaty  on  the  part  of  the  I'rcsideiit  of  the  Uniteil  Stile-, 
and  of  that  of  the  First  Consul,  if  it  has  been  done,  Ihiom- 
missioner  of  the  French  Ucpiiblio  will  deliver  up  all  llic  mili- 
tary posts  of  New  Orleans,  as  of  other  jtarts  of  the  said  ti-rri- 
tory,  to  tho  cominissicner  appointed  by  the  I'resident  to  rrcme 
possession;  all  the  Freneh  and  Spanish  troops  that  iiiu)  ii 
there  will  cease  to  occupy  the  said  posts  from  the  iiionieiitiil  liic 
delivery  of  possession,  and  will  be  embarked,  if  )iiissililc,  iiiilit 
course  of  three  iiionths  after  the  ralilication  of  this  treaty. 

"AiiTin.K  titli.  The  United  .States  engages  and  pri)nii<i-i" 
exeeiile  all  the  treaties  and  articles  that  might  have  been  rfrni 
on  between  the  Indian  tribes  and  Spain  until  siicli  liiiiea-t.i 
niiitual  consent  between  the  United  .States  and  said  tiilu'.  "i 
people  other  suitable  articles  are  agreed  on. 

".\iiTh'i.K  7lh.    As  it    is  equally  advantageous  to  llic  i 
nierce  of  France  and  the  United  States  to  foslor  the  ialeiriiiiw  | 
of  the  two  nations  for  a  limited  period  in  the  country  eeili.diij  I 
the  present  treaty,  until  arrangetnents  are  made  relative  totti* 
commerce  of  tho   two    nations,  tho   oonlracling   parties  ln« 
agreed  that  all  tho  French  vessels  coming  directly  fniai  Fraiw  I 
or  her  colonies,  loaded  exclusively  with  her  prodiielimis, aiii 
also,  that  those  eomiiig  directly  I'roni  Spain  or  her  eoliuiicsiiiiJ 
loaded  in  like  manner  with  lior  productions,  will  be  ailiiiilipl  I 
for  the  period  of  twelve  yours  into  t.ho  ports  of  .New  OiU'iin^i-'  I 


sonncr  or  lat 
olluT  Iiand, 
llie  mission. 
Kciducky,  til 

well  as  in  all  th 

IIS  I  lie  ve.<scls  of 

er.'l'iiii.or  tliei 

(in  llicir  cargoes 

wiis  of  the   Un 

f(icei(icil;   no  iitl, 

saiil  territory,  th 

thecxcliange  of  i 

Slides,  well    iindi 

furor  llic  iiianulii 

Kriinoc  and  .Spair 

niiticiis  Miiiy  ninli 

ivilliiiut  I'etriinen 

.Slates  may  adopt 

cliniiilisc  of  their  ; 

"  .Aiiriii.K  Sill. 
French  vessels  wil 
fiivuieil  nations  in 
"AiiTii  i.K  yth.    ' 
llie  respcclivc  niin 
tlieilcljts  due  to  ci 
Ui'liiiblic  jirior  to 
niiaire,  year  nine)  is 
■■tipulalcil  in  the  pi-i 
lime,  mill  in  the  sii 
ffiiliijiit  the  other. 

■'.UiDthcr  .-jiccial 
lireseiil  treaty,  relali 
iractiiig  parlies,  luidl 


Hill  also  I; 


(■•conlirnie 


All 


aiiil 


fieii:  loth.    'jI 
pri)|per  form,  nr 
mils  alter  tlio  dal 


Miliary,  or  sooner 
|ileiii|mlciitiary  h:,\ 
Fnglisli.  rcuiarliiii^ 
li«lv  in  the   Fien 


'I'.voeiitc.l  at    Par 

'■■raiehUcpiiblicdl,, 

(•'^igiii 


'■IIN'VE.VTIO.V   IlET 


'The  r 


I'ir-t  V, 


\V|.| 
A.N  I) 

resident  of  I 
"Sill  of  the  Fi 


1 1'le.  in  e 

"liii'li  lias  li 
mailers 


'onsei|iiciic| 

"'CM    sigllcif 


I'llilnl 
['iiiil.'^lales,  li, 
1. 


I'l'itaining  lo 

'"■'I  llic  piciiipj 

■lilies,  with  IhJ 


i"ii;.'-'l"n.  .Mini-i, 


iippoiil 


III'  llie 


r  11 


'iii.l 


ml  the  !■' 


'tales  to 


Frelleli 


ii'sl  Consul  ( 


fi'l'iihlic  the 


l"'"ple.  h 


till 


irl'iill 


ins  iipl 
eilizen  fI 


'""ini'.ulielci 

17 


leavers,  ihi.^  ,|| 


THE  LOUISIANA   CESSION. 


257 


sontier  or  hitcr  humble  her  pride."  Jufforson,  on  the  ;  occiirronce  which  so  luucli  advances  tlio  good  of  hia 
ollu'i'  hand,  was  startled  at  the  complete  succces  of  |  country,  lutx  tlnnr  an  net  linjnnd  tin;  Cimsliiiition." 
tlie  mission,  lie  wrote  to  Senator  I5reekonndi.ro,  of  It  was  his  wisli  to  incorporate  a  now  article  in  the 
Kciitucl<y,  that  "  tlie  Executive,  in  seizing  the  f'ugilivo  [  Federal  Constitution  ratifying  tlic  act,  but  the  people 


I,  i„  tilt  I" 

]|\„.  iul.'VL'"«M 

liiKiy  ccWii  ] 
]  rcl  ii  I  i  >■<■'''"" 

|lv  Irmii  i'""" 

lill  |,|.  iviliiiiUri 
u,vv  Oilniiw," 


well  IIS  ill  n"  those  of  tlic  ceded  territory,  in  tlio  same  manner 
:is  llic  ve.-'i'els  of  tlic  United  tState-*  coming  directly  from  I'riinco  i 
or  Shiiii.  or  tliclr  colonic^;,  witlioiit  bcini;  f-iibject  ti»  other  duties 
on  tlicir  cargoes  or  other  imposts  than  tho:^e  paid  ijy  the  citi-   i 
/ens  of  tlie   United  States   during   tlio  period   of   time  above   I 
^nci'llird;  no  other  nation  shall  partake  of  this  privilege  in  the 
siiid  territory,  the  twelve  years  to  commence  three  months  after  i 
tlie  I'M-liaiigc  of  ratifications,  whether  at  l*uris  or  in  the  United   ' 
Sli^tc.-,  well   iimlerstood  that  this  article  has  for  its  iihjoct  to 
fiivor  llie  luanufacturcs,  commerce,  charges,  and  navigation  of 
France  and  Spain  alone,  as  to  the  importations  which  these  two 
iiiitit'ii^  may  lualie  in  the  above  said  ports  of  the  United  States, 
without   ''etrimcnt  to  the   regulations  which  the  said   United 
Sliitcs  may  adopt  for  the  exportation  of  the  pnulucts  or  nicr- 
cliiiiiilisc  of  their  States,  nor  to  their  right  to  establish  others. 

•  Aiuii  l.i:  Sih.  After  the  expiration  of  the  twelve  years  all 
French  vessels  will  be  trcateil  on  the  same  fooling  as  the  most 
favored  nations  in  the  ubove-iiientioned  [lorts, 

"AuTlci.B  Uth.  The  es]iecial  convention  signed  this  day  by 
llic  ref|ieclive  minister?,  having  for  its  object  the  payment  of 
tla>  ileljtj  due  to  citizens  of  the  United  States  by  Iho  French 
Rciialplic  jnior  to  the  ilUtli  of  September,  ISOO  (Sth  Vcnile- 
niiiiire.  year  nine)  is  approved  ;  and  to  be  put  in  lull  execution,  as 
ftimiliitcd  in  the  prcent  Irealy,  it  will  bo  ratilled  at  that  same 
lime,  luid  in  the  same  manner,  so  that  the  one  will  not  bo 
wiiliout  the  other. 

■'.Uiiither  special  convention,  signed  the  same  date  as  the 
orc^ent  treatv,  relative  to  the  dcfinlliM!  law  b-twcen  the  eon- 
Inktiii!;  parties,  and  which  has  been  in  like  manner  approved, 
vtiU  also  he  conlirined  at  the  same  time. 

".ViiTici.i:  Kith.  The  present  treaty  will  be  ratified  in  good 
jnJ  proper  form,  and  the  ratifications  cxchangid  within  si.x 
months  after  the  date  of  signatures  of  the  ministers  plciiipo- 
tintiary,  or  sooner  if  possible,  in  faith  of  which  the  ministers 
|i!cni|iolcntiary  have  signed  these  articles  in  French  ""d  in 
Knglisli,  reuiarking,  however,  that  the  |irescnt  treaty  is  primi- 
tinly  ill  the   French    idiom,  and   have   thereto  affixed    their 

"Fsocutel  at  Paris  the  10th  Florcal,  eleventh  year  of  tlio 
Irtnch  Kcpublic  (the  ;!llth  April,  l.SOIl). 

(Signed)  '•  UiMiKitr  1!.  IjI viscsToN. 

''.l.vMKs  .Moxmii:. 
'•  F.  liAMln':  M  Aiuiois." 

lUNVEXTIOX  lUnWKI'.N  Till'.  IXITKI>  .STATK.S  (IK  AMKIIICA 
AND  TIIK  KltKXlll  IlKI't'llLli: 
"The  President  id'  the  United  States  of  Ani«'i<'a  and  the 
lift  Consul  id'  the  French  llepublie,  in  the  name  of  the  French 
|iio|ile.  in  eonseiiiieiiee  of  thu  treaty  of  ei'ssion  id'  liouisiana, 
wliii'li  has  hccn  signed  this  day,  desiring  to  settle  definitely  all 
m;iltiM«  perlaining  to  the  said  cession,  have  for  that  purpose 
;itillioii/,e.|  the  pleuipolenliaries.  to  wit.,  the  Presiilcnt  id'  the 
liiili'l  .S|iih'-,  with  the  advici'  and  consent  of  the  Semiti'  of  the 
t  .'iiiil  Sliili's,  has  appoiulcil  for  their  pleiiipotenliary  Itobcrl  It. 
j  l,i>iii.':lHn.  Minister  Plenipotentiary  and  lliivoy  Kxlraordinary 
I  n|' llie  Slid  .siatis  to  the  gnvernincnl  of  the  French  Itepiiblie. 
I  nii'l  the  Fir?l  Consul  id' the  French  Itepiiblic.  in  the  name  of  the 
iFnmli  )ii'ii|ile,  has  appointi'il  for  plenipotentiary  of  the  raid 
lti|iulilic  the  citizen  Francis  llarbe  Marbois,  who,  in  virtue  of 
|tlinrliill|iii\vers,  this  day  exeliuiiged,  have  agreed  upon  the  I'ol- 
lluvting  iirtioles : 


"  AuTin.K  1st.  The  government  of  the  United  States  obligalis 
itself  to  pay  to  the  French  goveriinieni,  in  the  miinner  specified 
in  the  next  article,  the  sum  of  sixty  millions  of  livres,  independ- 
ent of  that  which  will  be  fixed  upon  by  another  coiuenlloii  to 
pay  the  debts  which  Fraiii'c  has  contracted  towards  the  citizens 
of  the  United  States. 

'•  AiiTlci.K  LM.   For  the  payment  of  the  sixty  niiilions  of  livres 
stipulated  in  the  preceding  article  the  United  States  will  create 
a  stock  of  eleven  millions  two  hnnlrcd  and  I'lUy  thwusand  dol- 
lars, bearing  inlerest  at  six  ]ier  cent,  per  annum,  payable  half- 
yearly  at   London,  .'Vmsterdain,  or  at   I'aris,  being  the  sum  of 
three  hundred  and  thirty-seven  thousand  five  hundred  dollars 
for  six  months,  in  the  proportions  that  the  French  government, 
will  detenninc  on  for  these  places.     The  principal  of  this  fund 
reimbursed  at  the  treasury  of  the  United  Slates  in  annual  Itay- 
:    ments  of  not  less  than  three  millions  each,  the  first  of  which 
will  cninmence  lifteen  years  after  the  date  id'  the  exchange  of 
;   ratifications.     This  fund  will  be  remitted  to  the  French  govern- 
ment, or  to  any  other  person  who  will  be  empowered  to  receivo 
it,  in  three  months,  at  the  furlhcst,  after  the  exchange  nr  ratifi- 
cations of  the  treaty  and  of  the  possession  of  Louisiana  on  the 
part  of  the  I'niled  States.     It  is  also  agreed  that  if  the  French 
giivernnient  desires  to  earlier  realize  the  capital  of  this  slock  by 
,   disposing  of  it  in  Europe,  they  will  take  the  proper  steps,  as 
well  to  augmeiil  the  credit  of  the  I.'niled  States  as  to  give  greater 
value  to  said  stock. 
;        "  AiiTIci.K  l!d.   It  is  also  agreed  that  the  dollar  of  the  United 
I   Stales  specified  in  the  present  convention  shall  be  fixed  at  fivo 
;   livres  aii'l  eight  sous  toitrnois;  thu  present  convention  sliall  bo 
ratified  in  good  and  due  form,  and  the  ratifications  exchanged 
in  the  period  of  six  months   from  this  day's  dale,  or  sooner  if 
possible. 
I        "In   faith   of   whi'di   the  respecli\o  plenipotentiaries   have 
signed  the  said  articles  in  botli  French  and   Kngli^b,  declaring 
also  that  the  present  treaty  was  made  and  primitively  written 
ill  the  French  iirooii,  to  which  tlicy  have  alliclu  1  Iheir  seals. 
"Done  at  I'aris  the   lOlh   Florcal,  the  eleventh  year  of  the 
'■    French  republic,  April  .!0,  ISIIO  (  ISIlif/). 
j  (Signed)  "  Uoi>i:iir  It.  Livixfisrox. 

".I  AMDS  Mux  mil:. 
"  Fuan's   llAiinr;  Mauiuiis." 

lliNVKNTION    ItKTWKKS   TIIK    KUIINCII    ItlvI'Llll.IC   AND   TIIK 
fMTKll  STAflOS  (IK  AMKUUA. 

I  "The  President  of  the  United  Slates  of  America  and  the 
First  I'onsul  of  the  French  liepnblii',  in  the  name  of  the  French 

'  people,  alter  having,  by  a  treaty  of  this  date,  terminated  all 
ditlicnlties  relating  to  Louisiana,  always  desiring  to  establish 
on  a  solid  basis  tlio  friendship  ubicli  unites  the  two  nations, 

I  more  and  more  animated  with  the  desire  to  acconiptish  the  sec- 
ond and  flfecnth  articles  of  the  convention  of  the  Sili  Ven- 
deiniaire,  year  nine  of  llic  French  llepublie  (llDlh  September, 
ISO(I),  and  to  assure  the  payiiieiit  of  the  amount  due  by  France 
to  citizens  of  the  United  Slates,  have  respectively  appointed  for 
their  plenipotentiaries,  namely,  the  I're-ideiit  of  the  United 
States  of  .\iiiericii,  with  the  aih  ice  and  consent  of  their  Sen- 
ate, has  appointed  liol  erl  1(.  Livingston  Minister  Plenipoleii 
tiaiy,  and  James  .Monroe  also  .Minister  I'lenipntentiary  and 
F.nvoy  Kxlraordinary  of  tho  said  United  States  near  tlio  gov- 
ernment of  the  French  Uepubllo;  and  the  First  Consul,  in  I 


.    i     1 


258 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


'f  ^:jj^ 


lur  ij 


of  tlu:  United  States  of  iili  parties  and  in  all  sections  '       Lord  Ilawkesbury,  the  British  Secretary  of  State 
indorsed  tlie  act,  and  passed  si/A  ni'/i  iitio  over  liis  eon-  ;  for  Foreign  Affairs,  on  being  notified  of  the  coniplc- 

lion  of  the  treaty  of  session,  replied  to  Mr.  Kini:,  '•  [ 
liave  received  His  Majesty's  coniniands  to  cxpros  to 
you  the  pleasure  willi  which  His  Majesty  lias  received 
tliis  intelligence."  Tims  everybody  was  j)leased,  ox. 
erpt  the  Spani.sh  king  and  ministers.  Tlic  trciitic.s, 
forwarded  at  once  to  Washington,  were  received  tliore 
July  14lh,  and  M.  Pichon,  the  French  c/i(in/<.  was 
eoninmnicafed  with,  to  enable  him  to  transmii  tlio 
necessary  documents  to  Louisiana,  to  JL  Laussat,  tlie 
French  int'cndant  and  locum  Icnciis  tliere,  who  liml 
been  in  New  Orleans  since  the  ratification  of  the  tnatv 

I  of  San  Ildefon.so,  observing  events  but  not  a.ssuiuiii:; 

I  any  official   position,   though   his    powers  were  woll 
known  to  and  recognized  by  the  Spanish  iiutliDiJiits. 

j  The  interdict  had  been  taken  off  froui  the  New  Orleans 

I       "Atitki.k  S(1i.  Tlio  Frtino  iij^i'iit.i  will  ivl?(i  examine  llicelainii 

Jliiiislois  I'lciiipotcntiiirv  on  llieir  trciisnry  ;   tliesu  orilcrs  will   j  whivli  may  not  have    been  incstnlecl  for  licpiidalion,  anil  ui!| 

ho  payahle  sixty  (hiv«  alter  the  e\tthaiii;e  of  (lie  ratitiealiou  ol'    I  eeitil'.v  that  tlicy  dociile  them  admia^ihlc  for  lii|iii(lali"n. 
the    treaty   and  eonvinlion.<    tliis   day   .-i'jned,   and  alter  the  ,        "  Aiiriii.i:  Hth.   Ai'conling  an   the  dilils  de-'i^jnattil   in  Ihc-c 

I'reneh  eoniniissioner.s  shiill   |)lai:e  tho>e  of  the  United  .■^l;iles  in  artielea  will  he    adniilteil,  lliey  will  he  paid  with    intoii.l  „i 


stitutional  objections. 

name  of  the  Krcnch  people,  Ini.s  np|)ointed  the  eili/.en  Francia 
Varhe  Marhoi.",  mini.-'ter  of  the  piihlie  treasnry,  who,  nflcr 
cxchnnKin^  their  (nil  powers,  n;;reed  npon  the  lollowing  ar- 
tieles  : 

•'Auriri.K  1st.  The  dehts  duo  by  Franco  to  citizens  of  the 
United  .-lates,  contracted  jirior  to  ihe  .''th  Vendeiniiiire, 
year  nine  of  the  Frencdi  r.e|iublic  (."^rpt.  ."•II,  ISIKI),  will  be 
paid  in  the  lollowin;;  manner,  with  interest  at  six  ]ier  cent, 
from  the  date  of  the  presentation  ol'lhoir  claims  by  the  ]mrtlca 
interested  to  tho  French  government. 

"  Aiiriil.i;  2d.  Tho  claims  to  ho  (laid  by  the  preccdlni;  arti- 
cle are  llioso  <le.si;;nato  1  In  the  note  anrexed  to  llio  present 
convention,  which  with  interest  must  not  exeeeil  the  sum  of 
twenty  millions  of  livres;  the  claims  included  in  said  note 
which  will  he  found  rejected  in  the  articles  fidlowin^  cannot  be 
admitted  to  the  benelit.s  of  thi.s  provision. 

'•  AUTU  i.K  ;id.  The  principal  ami  interest  of  said  debts  will 
he  paid  by  tho  United  .*^lates.  thr(mj;h  onlers  drawn  by  their 


])ossossion  of  Louisiana. 

'•  Airrii'i.t;  1th.  It  is  especially  agreed  that  the  forc;;oing  ar- 
ticles are  conlined  exclusi\cly  to  the  debts  contracti-d  to  the 
citi'/cns  collectively  who  have  been,  or  may  yet  be,  creditors  iit 
France  for  provision  embargoed  and  taken  on  the  hijjii  .«eas 
and  for  which  tlic  claim  was  duly  madi'  within  the  linio  speci- 
Jied  in  said  convention  on  Sth  N'cndcmiairc,  year  nine 
(Sept.  :;ii,   ISIIO). 

"  Aiirici.i;  ith.  The  iircccd'.nj;  articles  will  be  only  applicable 
1st  to  prizes  which  the  I'rizo  Court  have  or  lore  1  l.p  be  re-tored, 
well  understood  that  tile  claimant  can  have  no  relief  from  the 
United  States  <ilhorwise  than  he  coulil  have  had  from  the 
French  Kovernmenl. 

'•  2'\.  The  claims  spciiified  in  the  above  nientioiicd  s.'i'imd 
urticlo  of  the  convention,  coiUractcd  ]irior  to  Ihe  SIh   Vendc- 


I   six  per  cent,  by  the  treasury  id'  Ihe  Unitcil  States. 

'■  AnTicl.K  Kith.  To  remove  all  doubt  on  the  abovciiicali. 111-1 

conditions,  and  to   reject  all    unjust  and  exorbitant  dciiLinil-, 

the  C(Mnmcr<dal   aj^cnt   of  the   United   Stati'S  at    Paris,  in  Li; 

j   capacity  as  Minister  I'lcnipoteutiary  of  tho  Unitcil , Stales, «i!l 

'  appoint,  if  he  thinks  proper,  an  at;ent  to  ils^ist  in  theopcialii.ni 

I   of  the  olliccs  and  examine  the  claims  preferred.     If  lie  tliiiij,; 

I   the  debt  is  not  sntlicicntly  proven,  or  that   it  i^  perhaps  I'oin 

prised  in  tho  rules  td' the  tiftceuth  article  ab  ive  nicntiMiU'd,  ;inl 

if.  notwithstandinj;  his  opinion,  the  olliccs  cstublisiicd  liy  llif 

French  government  should  decide  that  tho  debt  should  lie  sit- 

tied,  ho  will  pass  his  observations  thereon  to  the  judicial  eoiiil< 

'   of  the  United  .-'tatc?,  which  will  at  onco  examine  into  it,  mil 

j  give  the  result  to  the  minister  of  tho   United  folates,  ivlui  will 

I   transmit  his  obscr\'ations  in  like  manner  to  the  iniuistcrul'  il;.- 


mi. lire,  year  nine  (Sept.  I'll, 


ISIHIl 


.the  payment  of  which  has      treasury  of  Ihe   French  Kepublic.  and  the  French  go 


lierct(doro  been  demanded  from  the  actual  goveruinent  of 
F'rance,  and  lor  which  the  creditois  have  the  right  to  demand 
the  proleetion  of  tho  llnilcd  St  ites. 

"  .ViiTii'iK  llth.   For  the  purpose  of  amicably  clearing  up  Ihe 
various  i|Uestions  that  mayioin'  from    the  ]ireecdiiig  article. 


will  then  decide  definitely  on  the  case. 

"  Airrin.K  llth.  All  decisions  innst  bo  made  within  lie: 
period  of  ono  year  from  the  cxchiingc  of  tho  ratilieati'jii-, 
after  which  period  no  claim  will  be  considered. 

"AiiTiil.K  I'-'lh.   In   eases  where   the  claims  for  ilebis  c 


(he  .Ministers  I'lenipolentiaiy  of  the  United  States  will  appoint   ;    traeted  by  the  French  govcrnmoiit  with  citizens  of  the  liiit.J 


three  persons,  who  will  act    pi 


lly  at   this   titiie,  having   !   States  since  the  Stli   Vendcmiaire,  year  nine  (Sept.  lill,  ISi'H;, 


full  power  to  examine  wiibont  delay  all   tho  slatcinents  of  the      arc  not  incluile  I  in  this  convention,  the  payment  of  the 


various  claims  already  liiiiiidatcl  by  the  olliccs  ostabli-hed  for 

that  purpose  by  the  French  llepuhlic,  and  to  salisfy  themselves 

if  they  are  admissible  into  tho  classes  of  claims  designated  in 

tho  present  convention,  ami  based   upon   the  regulations  tliero 

found,  or  if  they  arc  included  in  some  ono  of  the  exceptions; 

■III  I  declarin.;  by    their    eertillcatcs   that  tho  debt   is  duo  to 

American  citizens  or  their  representatives,  and  existing  befuro   |    I'leni|  otcntiaries  respective  have  signed  the 

the  8ili   Vcndemiiiire.  year  nine  (Sept.  I'll,    IS(lii),  (he  ilchtor 

(criditor?)  will  receive  an  <n-der  on  the  treasury  of  the  United 

States  in  the  manner  prescribed  in  tlio  third  ailiclc. 

"  Ainiii.i;  7th.  The  same  agents  will  also  possess  theautlior- 
ilv  to  examine  the  claims  prcseiilcd  bir  examination,  and  to  cer- 
tify those  that  should  bo  allowed, — in  marking  them  to  show  (hat 
they  arc  not  (o  be  shut  out  w  ith  those  excluded  by  the  present 
oonvcntiun. 


can  be  claimed  and   prosecuted  as  if  no  convention  luel  Iji;:. 
agreed  on. 

"  Akticik  llith,  This  convention  will  bo  ratified  in  gouhiii!  I 
dnu  form,  ami  tho  ratitieations  exchanged   within  six  un'iitlii 
from  the  date  of  the  signatures   of  tho  .MinistiMS  lMeai|i<itcii- 
tiaries,  or  sooner  if  possible.     In  faith  of  wdiieli  the  .Miiii?to:J  j 

;oiii:;iirIir'i'i  I 
in  French  and  in  Knglish,  declaring  that  the  present  IiiMir  I 
was  first  made  and  written  in  tho  French  idiimi,  to  ivliieh  tin;  | 
liine  alVixed  their  seats. 

"  Done  at  Paris,  the  lllth  Florcal,  year  eleventh  of  the  I'nnii  I 
Uepublic  (April  110,  I8(i:i). 

(Signed)  "Romkiit  K.  I.ivt.vasrin. 

"Jamdh  Momioi:. 
"  F".  llAiiuii  M.iiitJiin" 


enlirpijt  and 

Jc/ri'r.son   ca 

Oclober  in  I 

nut  tiniil  aft 

officer  ofllie 

li't.il  to  New! 

He  tirrived  oi 

luoiitli  the  cei 

iiig  lonnal  pij. 

.«at  triinsferiei 

riiitod  States, 

nur  U'illiani  C 

son,  C.S.A.     ( 

wore  at  (hat  ti 

tvas  iiciiiig  iiite 

Fianne  in  the  c 

Tlic  news  of 

liiitted  to  St.  L 

ilio  (iiriiiiil  trans 

fi't.  Jiuuis. 

"'file  little  Villii^r 

f"ity  years  old,  and 
it  then  ooiitaincd.  i 
cti'.,  bat  one  hiiinlro 

|"'piilalion  n berii 

'li'ildiiy  the  inliiihi, 
l-irjiest  jiortion  of  th 
laaisiiin.     These  peo 
iitnler  the  mild  swaJ 
>ii'- exception  iilon. 
ilay  should  have  CI 
tlioniselves  and  In, 
ik<eCMded  tVnin    (h, 
llii'V  had  looked  ui 
llie  Ian  1  from  u-lieii 
'"itidllnit  they  iver, 

""•I'T^'panishdomi 
"'Uiilry,  outside  of  1 1, 

I'l'ti  Carlos  D( 

i-li  (governors  of 

'"!'!',  a  wise,  mil,j, 

I  (I'liic  many  tlijnos 

I"  hurt  it.     J  J  is, 

I  aft-'  How  bcfbro  us 

I  f-i.    Just  before 

lireimo  known,    D 

I  lather  utiti.sua!    in 

|lVrli,n|,s  tlu,  agiiat 

fii'iiee  of  fntciidt 

j«iihli(il(iiiig  ihi,  rj, 

h|i'Veti]iin|iat  it  wi 

''i^iiitns  a  little  and 

|'l''il  mjojit  suddenl 

|«'|J  wotit  furti,  j,t ' 

j'"  -^'i-w  .Madrid.     'I 

(•f'^nvards,  at  the  i 


THE   LOUISIANA  CESSION. 


250 


.nnl,:uil 
.,1   \,\  lip; 

Ul.l   111'    M'- 

I'ial  c"Uil< 
nlo  il,  ;"'l 
^,  nlio  «i.i 
^lL•l■"f  i';.- 

;,l\  I'tlliml't 

witllhl  I'te: 

,lcljl-  t  '- 
till'  l'i"t"l 

;  „f    lllO   !:ia.>' 

■,i>H  liail  l)"" 

in  fix  1"""''" 
ll„.  Mini*-! 

nu'Srlll  llf.'l; 

luwliicliitt; 

1,  „r  llio  l'r<»  i" 

siiiii;. 
ImaiiU'"*  " 


ciiiirjiot  iind  (lie  ri^ilit  of  dcpos-it  restored  forthwitli. 
Ji'lTcrsoii  called  a  special  session  of  Congress  for 
Octdlicr  17th,  and  tlic  treaty  was  finally  rat'.fiou,  but 
nut  until  after  serious  opposition.  M.  Landais,  an 
offitvi'  of  tlio  French  embassy,  was  forthwitli  sent  ovor- 
Iri.tl  to  New  Orleans  to  coninuinieate  with  M.  Laussat. 
He  aiiived  on  November  2'jd,  and  on  the  I50th  of  the 
luoiith  the  ceremony  was  perfornied  by  France  of  tak- 
iin;  liiinial  possession,  while  on  Dccembi'r  20th,  Laus- 
snt  transferred  Uiiper  and  Lower  Louisiana  to  the 
United  States,  represented  by  iis  commissioners,  (Jovcr- 
nor  William  Claiborne  and  Maj.-Gen.  James  Wilkin- 
son, r.S.A.  Casa  Calvo  and  Juan  Manuel  Salecdo 
wore  at  that  time  Governors  of  Louisiana.  Laussat 
was  aciiiijr  iiitendant  and  provisional  representative  of 
Fniiiee  in  the  ceded  province.  ^ 

The  news  of  the  cession  Iiad  been  at  once  trans- 
mitted to  St.  Louis,  and  on  Friday,  March  [),  LS04, 
iho  lunnal  transfer  of  Upper  Louisiana  was  made,  in 
Sft.  Louis. 

■■Till'  little  villii;,'<'."snys  Frcclorli'k  L.  liillnn,  "  wii.s  tlion  jii^^t 
fi.rtv  vi'iirs  (till,  mill  .-^o  t-luwly  liiul  it  j^ruwii  in  that  |K'i'iiKl  that 
;[  tla-n  c'nntaiin.'fl.  incliiiliiii;  all  ilfscriptidnr*.  ilvvclliiiir^.  >^torc>', 
tk'.,  but  lino  liuiiili'fil  anil  oii^lity  liousu.i  ^ll'^^tllne  aiij  loj,  ami  ii 
lniiMilaliiin  nuinlji'i'ins  ""t  t'.xon'iliii)^  (inc  tluiiisaiul  .■^iiiil,-'.  On 
thiitiliiv  tlic  inlialiilant.-i  witnt'sscil  a  Sfcne  wliioli,  to  much  tlie 
Inffft  |iiiiliipn  of  thi'ni,  was  IVaught  with  nailness  anil  a|i]ii'c- 
liiiiMiin.  Tlit'so  iK'ciplL'  hail  liccn  so  liiiif;  uontenlcil  ami  liappy 
imlor  tliii  niilJ  sway  "f  all  thiiir  .'^pani.'ih  cnininanilaiit.s,  with 
111''  I'Scfiiliiin  alunu  I  l>o  I.oylia),  that  it  was  mit  siir|iri.<in.;;  that 
liifv  sliuulil  have  cnlcrlaini'il  thiisc  I'l'eliiigs  at  lii'ini;  traiisl'fircil, 
ttioiiifflvfs  anil  lionu's,  to  a  nation  whoso  people  were  mainly 
iK-<ccnclcil  from  the  Kn;;li«li,  a  nation  that  tor  ;;eiicriilioiis  baek 
ll.fv  liii'l  loolieil  upon  as  the  nalural  an  1  liercdilaiy  enemy  of 
liii' lull  1  from  wheiieo  they  sprun,;;.  For  it  must  he  borne  in 
iiiiiiil  tliiit  tliey  wore  nearly  all  of  Troneli  ori;^in,  ami  although 
uii'liT  Spunish  iloniination,  there  were  hut  few  Spanianls  in  the 
i-iiiitrv.  oiitsiilo  of  tlie  otVu-ials  anil  soliliory." 

Dell  Carlos  Deliault  Delassus,  the  last  of  the  Span- 
i-li  (Jovornors  of  the  place,  had  been  in  power  since 
IT'JO,  a  wise,  mild,  and  j^etitle  administrator,  who  had 
ilmio  inaiiy  things  to  benefit  the  province  and  none 
10  hurt  it.  His  official  papers  relating  to  the  transfer 
areiniw  before  us,  and  they  po.ssess  a  fine  local  inter- 
M.  Just  bel'ore  the  news  of  the  transfer  to  France 
bmiino  known,  Delassus  had  a  spasm  of  activity 
lailicr  unusual  in  a  man  of  his  pacific  counsels. 
I'li'liaps  the  agitation  beyond  the  border  in  coiise- 
i|;r'iicc  of  [ntendant  Morales'  precipitate  action  in 
witliliiililiiig  the  right  of  deposit  had  eonviiieed  the 
t'lLivi'i'iioi'  that  it  would  be  best  for  him  to  furbish  up 
lliisnrms  a  little  and  drill  his  troops  for  any  emergency 
[tliat  mi^lit  suddenly  arise.  At  any  rate,  he  eijuippod 
and  wont  forth  at  the  liead  of  a  military  expedition 
[to  Now  Madrid,  The  occasion  of  this  he  explained 
iftorwurds,  at  the  time  of  the  cession,  in  a  letter  to 


5Iaj.  Amos  Stoddard,  his  successor,  who  received  the 
surrender  and  coiiimanded  the  post  in  the  name  of 
the  United  States.  It  is  written  from  St.  Louis  of 
the  Illinois,  under  date  of  Slarcli  30,  1804,  and  is  as 
follows  : 

"Mil.    .-Xmiw   SronnAiin.  Ciijtlahi  n/  AiliUinj.  nnd  Fimt  Cleil 
Cotnintnninut  of  I'jifitf  LoniiiiinKt  : 

"."'ill, —  I  think  it  ossonlial  for  the  measures  you  ii'ay  proba- 
bly lake  for  the  safety  ami  trampiillity  of  the^^c  iiilialiilants  tii 
inform  yon  that  there  exists  in  these  parts  sineo  nearly  ton 
years  a  party  of  va<;aboniI  rohlicrs  of  the  Mashooux  nation,  or 
self-styled  Tahipoiisa  Creek^',  expclleil  from  their  Iribo  anil  not 
daring  to  return  on  account  of  tlie  oriines  they  there  eoininitted, 
and  who  sinec  that  tiino  liavc  been  wandering  about  on  both 
the  oast  and  west  hanks  of  the  river,  senttcred  alon;?  tliis  sido 
from  Xcw  Madrid  to  the  upper  waters  of  the  Maramec,  anil 
constantly  eoinmitting  barbarities,  in  stealin',',  killi.ig,  violat- 
ing, or  burning  lioi..4es. 

"  In  the  year  IS02  they  carried  their  audacity  to  the  extent 
of  killing  an  inhabitant  of  Xcw  .Madrid  named  David  Trotter, 
and  afterwards  burnt  his  house  ;  some  time  thereafter  this  samo 
parly,  to  th  ■  number  of  tlve,  we're  eapturc^d  through  the  watcli- 
fiilne's  and  vigilaiiec  of  .Mr.  I.ouis  I.orimier,  eommandant  of 
Cape  (lirardeau,  who  went  with  a  detaehiueiit  of  the  militia  of 
his  post  and  t'lok  them  in  onslody,  sim'C  whioh  time  I  had 
them  taken  to  New  Madrid,  where  they  were  detained  as  pris- 
oners, guarded  by  the  militia  of  that  post,  until  the  decision 
of  the  (jovernor-lieucral,  who  siilisef|uen!ly  sent  ine  liis  orders 
to  execute  by  shouting  the  principal  culprit,  named  Tewanayf', 
with  all  the  necessary  care  nnl  preparation,  as  nn  exnniide, 
usual  in  similar  cases,  and  which  orders  I  cxecntcd  in  .laniiary 
of  the  past  year,  ISO,'!,  in  presence  of  the  four  other  culprits 
and  one  of  their  chiels  named  Aypulelcliy,  and  one  of  considera- 
tion called  Kaskaloua  ;  this  scnienec,  after  some  repres  ■ntations 
of  these  two  ctiiofs,  without  bitterness,  was  finally  joit  in  exe- 
cution with  their  own  consent,  and  after  they  had  a'.:ain  ad- 
initled  in  full  council  that  it  was  but  an  act  of  wcll-nicrilod 
justice,  ami  that  their  principal  cliicf  would  he  salislieil  with 
it,  as  it  is  stated  in  the  copy  of  the  sentence  of  exeeuti'in  which 
1  transmit  you  lieiewilli,  and  which  is  verifii'd  by  a  party  of 
their  nation  who  came  to  iiccionpany  the  chiefs  of  said  nation 
to  colled  the  balance  of  this  gang  of  vagabomls,  as  you  will 
see  by  llic  otlicial  statement  appeu  ied  hereto  of  llic  connc.l  licid 
by  the  cominandant  of  .Now  Sladrid.  Mr.  John  I,avalle,  in 
whicli  the  chief  very  clearly  says,  to  '  i-iiii  n/trr  ami  fhnnUic 
them  mill  Clil  <iff  llirir  ctirn,  iiiiil  If  lliri/ miiiiul  hr  luni/lil  to  Jim 
(HI  them  im  "»  deer.* 

"  Ijut  the  above-cited  execution  an  1  nrrangemint  with  their 
nation  lias  not  put  an  end  to  their  barbarities  ;  for  last  autumn 
I  rocoivod  notice  that  one  (jiahriel  Union  and  his  two  nephews 
were  beaten  and  Killed  by  a  parly  of  Osages  on  the  tirand 
(ilaisc  Hivcr,  It  was  a  Deliiware  w  imin  who  was  with  them, 
and  who  escaped,  that  came  and  rcportc.l  lliis  tome.  Hut  a  few 
days  afterwards,  I  learned  that  a  party  of  seven  or  eight  Ma-li- 
coiix  came  into  the  village  of  .'Ste.  (lincvieve,  tinging  the  war- 
song  and  danced  Iho  scalp-dance,  and  when  queslinned  as  to 
whose  .scalp  Ihey  had,  they  denied  it,  and  said  that  they  had 
met  with  the  Osages,  that  they  had  tired  on  them,  lint  Ihey  had 
one  man  wonuded,  *  ir/i«  iviin  vf  thr  iiiud.*  Shortly  after  their 
falsehood  was  discovered,  in  that  lliey  were  in  |iiissession  of  the 
spoils  of  the  unfortunate  persons  they  had  murdered,  that  is, 
Iho  blanket-coal  of  one  of  the  nephews  of  Ilyppolito  Uoloii,  his 
ritlo  and  liis  horse;  they  also  had  the  insolence  some  days  after- 
wards to  come  to  the   post  of  8l.    I.ouis  with   the  said   lille,      I 


mmmm 


BHl 


260 


HISTORY   OF  SALNT  LOUIS. 


t?-.  I 


wiii"  iiboiit  to  linvc  ihcin  anc.-ilcil  lo  iisccrliiin  lliofiict,  but  in  ll;c 
interval  mine  ini|irn(li'nl  iicrsoiis  wlio  wont  to  ?cc  wiintcil  to 
tiiko  this  riHe  from  tliem  ;  tlicv  rc^i-tecl  nnd  inaile  tlieii'  eiicniir. 
Sinee  then  lIy|)|iolile  lloloTi  came  aiitl  brouKlit  uie  tliese  twr) 
jjnn  biinels,  wliicli  I  Menil  yon.  witli  this  war  toinabank,  anj 
which  bo  told  nie  wero  foninl  near  the  coiiixos  of  liis  brother 
anil  his  two  ebililien,  ami  whiili.  he  fays,  wero  arms  of  ther^e 
iMiisheonx,  and  the  tomahawk  left  as  a  signal  of  Mar,  and  added 
that  the  man  who  found  them  would  eoiiie  liero  tliis  .«|MinK.  I 
anaitcil  this  period  to  proceed  and  deniiind  reparation  IVoiii  tlie 
eliiors  of  that  nation,  in  the  event  of  not  hein;;  enabled  to  take 
the  Ruilty  jiarties.  and  on  tho  I'd  of  January  I  was  informed 
thattbei^e  same  barbarians  were  in  this  village,  that  they  went 
drunk  from  house  to  bouse.  I  found  it  impossible  to  discover 
Iheiii  by  a  very  heavy  rain  ami  one  of  tho  darkest  of  nights. 
I  eould  only  warn  the  various  houses  for  the  inmates  to  remain 
(iiiiet  and  to  keep  their  doors  t'asteneil.  and  in  ease  of  insult  or 
attack  from  thcni  to  di  lend  themselves  if  they  had  not  the  time 
to  appriso  mo.  The  next  day.  January  ;id,  I  was  informed 
early  that  there  was  a  dead  Indian  in  tbo  street  o|iposite  llie 
house  of  one  Thibault,  and  that  ho  was  sii]iposcd  to  be  a  .Masli- 
eou.x,  because  two  or  three  of  that  nation  had  passed  tho  body, 
which  they  had  looked  at.  one  weeping,  anolhor  singing  the 
war  song,  and  that  they  had  started  olV  immediately. 

"  After  a  proper  examination  of  the  body,  it  was  taken  up 
and  interred,  as  is  verified  and  slated  in  a  document  now  on  file 
in  tho  archives,  wbieb  I  have  delivered  over  to  you.  I  imme- 
diately nolilied  the  cominanilanta  nnd  syndics  of  the  lower 
posts,  including  .\ew  Madrid,  to  be  on  the  alert,  and  to  bear 
with  nothing  from  those  brigands,  ami  to  be  ready  to  proti'ct 
themselves  if  insulted  by  them.  I'ivc  In.lians  of  tliiit  nation 
eamo  to  talk  with  me,  and  broiiglit  to  inc  the  subjoined  letter. 
I  bold  n  talk  with  tliein  ;  tliey  said  they  liad  no  head  man,  and 
they  would  go  and  seek  him.  They  left,  ami  I  did  not  see 
them  again.  The  ninelcentli  day  of  the  monlli  of  I'ebriiaiy. 
(be  syndic  of  Maraniec  came  to  bring  me  his  report  that  there 
wero  the  of  that  band  that  were  killcil  by  the  inhabitants  of 
tho  two  banks  of  tlie  river,  who  gave  chase  to  them  to  recover 
a  canoe  or  pirogue  that  they  had  stolen  from  the  salt-works  on 
the  Marainec,  ami  which  was  afterwards  conllrmeil  by  a  para- 
graph, siilyoined  from  ft  letter  of  tho  dowai-el  Don  I'rancis 
ValK',  coinmandant  of  Pte.  (Jenevieve. 

'•  I  iilso  made  known  this  alTair  to  all  the  commnndants  and 
syndics,  including  -New  JIadrid,  in  reiterating  to  lliein  tu  be  on 
the  lookout. 

••  All  this  I  communioate  for  your  information,  so  that  it 
may  bo  of  use  to  you  in   tho  steps  you   may  judge  proper  to 

take. 

•'  1  have  the  honur  to  be,  with  the  highest  consideration. 
"  Sir,  yours,  etc., 

"ClIAS.   I)KII,M  IT   l)i:i,Assi  s."  ' 

1  The  other  letter,  cmboilying  trivial  details,  it  is  not  ncecs 
to  give.  DclassHS  went  about  his  military  work  with  the 
gr.ivc  importance  <d'  a  general  of  forty  battalions,  nnd  bis 
order-book  is  an  exei  >plar  of  how  little  things  may  be  made  to 
seem  great  by  environing  them  with  noise  and  enveloping  them 
in  words.  Fiist  comes  a  sheaf  of  notes  fiom  Francisco  Valle. 
of  Ste.  (Sencvieve,  and  otin'r  local  comiuanders,  asking  or  an- 
swering <iuostion3  about  <|iiotas,  savaj.-es,  etc.  V.M-h  is  stilV  as 
;,  raniri"!.  punctilious  as  n  hidalgo's  beard,  and  each  is  sub- 
scribed, "  Uoil  ''I'*"!  -^'""  '"  '''"  ''"'J'  l"''^l''"S-"  ''''"^"  f""""-^ 
the  series  of  military  orders  from  Delassus.  '  The  assembled 
inhabitants"  are  directed  to  reeog-ize  ('apt.  Don  Francis  Valle 
a«  second  in  coimnand  of  the  o.\  editojn,  while  other  companies 
nnd  dcliichments  ore  ussigneil  to   Licuts.  Don  Joseph   I'rattc, 


Tlio  expedition  against  tlie  Indians  returned  heme 
in  January,  1803,  and  on  Jan.  12,  1804,  Coluniiil 
Prefect  IV'dro  Clciueiit  Laussat  wrote  to  Jiicutiiiiiit- 
Governor  Dolassus,  inclosing  an  order  and  instriiriii.n 

Don  I'rancis  Valle,  Jr.,  and  Don  Camillo  Dolassns,  the  bitlor 
being  al.-o  aide-de-camp  and  adjutant.  ICacli  company  niiisi 
furnish  a  mipunted  orderly  ns  a  body-guard  for  the  l.ieiiti  ii:iiit. 
tiovernor  and  cominaniler  in  chief,  aii'l  lirst  corporals  are  to  re- 
place sergeants  when  the  latter  nro  otherwise  engaged,  fhe 
following  are  some  of  the 

•■Ol!l)i;ilS  FOIt  THE  M.\ni'!l  OF  THE  EXPEDITION 

"  I.  Seven  men  will  be  taken  from  each  company  t  >  niriii 
the  advancc-giiartl,  which  will  be  commanded  by  each  scr^'cn-i 
allornatively. 

"2.  This  guard  will  have  twelve  axes,  nnd  will  start  evcrv 
morning  two  hours  before  tho  main  body  of  the  militia:  nlmi 
towards  noon  they  will  have  rcacbod  a  suitable  place  I'm  li,,. 
noonday  biilt,  they  will  stop  there  and  kindle  two  tins  ;ii  ,; 
distance  of  an  arpent  npnrt. 

".1.  t)n  the  arrival  of  the  main  body  at  the  balting-placr, 
the  vanguard  will  remount  and  proceed  on  to  select  tlic  ciiiii|i 
ing-ground  for  tho  night,  where  they  will  kindle  live  fncs.al  the 
distance  of  half  an  ar|ient  apart,  taking  care  to  select  the  sail 
camp-ground  early  enough  to  enable  the  ....tin  body  to  lencli  i- 
a  half  hour  before  sunset. 

■•4.  The  vanguard  will  be  relicveil  every  morning,  anil  ivi;i 
then  form  the  rear-guard  for  the  day. 

",').  The  sergeant  commanding  the  vanguard   will  proc.ii 

at  a  slow  trot  in  good  ri>ad3  and  at  a  walk  in  bad  jibiccs. 

j       **  fi.  Should  there  bo  met  ill   the   route  which  will  be  itrii- 

I  cated  to  him  any  serious  impediment,  such   ns   rivers,  crnkv 

bad  crossings,  etc.,  he  will  await  the  arrival  of  the  main  Ij-i. 

'  of  tho  militia. 

'       "7.  Should    be    meet    with    any    gathering    of    Indian--,   ■: 
I   other  armed   men,  bo   will  at   once  eoinmunicate  the  .s;nni'  ;-' 
the  chief  commandant  by  mounted  messenger. 

"  S.  In  such  bad  places  ns  may  not  require  his  waiiin;' 1 -r 
the  main  body,  as  )ier  article  0,  he  will  ex]icilitc  the  p:is-a;' 
of  the  said  body  as  much  as  possible  by  cutting  tljc  ice  if  n  '^ 
strong  enough  to  bear  the  horses,  or  bridging  it  with  branrlit- 
of  trees  or  saplings  to  make  the  crossing  practicable. 

**'.'.  The  main  boily  of  the  detachment  will  start  two  liimn 

after  the  vanguard,  going  on  a  trot  in  good  places  aiil  at  a 

walk  in  bail,  nnd  will  nniintain.  ns  far  as  possible,  thcenloi-: 

innndi  which  will  be  given  them  at  starting. 

(       "111.   In   all  cases  where  .Messrs.  the  olliccrs  may  commiiii 

silence,  or  other  orders,  we  doubt  ngt  that  all  who  eoni|iUM  i  .: 

detachment  will  be  eager  to  obey. 

'       "11.    rminediately   on    arriving    at   a    cninping-gronnl.  i 

'  gunrd  will  be  formed  of  seven  men  from  each  company,  iii;;- 

inanded    by  an    otlteer,  n  sergeant,  and   a  corporal,  who  Hili 

place  the  sentinels   that  the   location    may  rc(iuire,  tu  iriiarl 

against  sur;)rises  nnd  jirevent  the  escnp"  of  any  of  the  litiiso-. 

'J'hc  officer  eoninianding  the  guard  will   report  every  ninrnii::. 

nnd  bis  sergeant  will   immediately  take  tho  comiaaati  of  t':i 

ndvancc-guanl. 

"12.  The  otlicers  will   carefully  watch   over  their  rospcli". 
I  companies,  a:id  have  the  roll  called  every  morning ;  llicv":^^ 
sec  that  no  arms  are  loaded  without  orders,  and  laakc  the':  I 
report  on  each  ihiy  before  resuming  the  iiiareh. 

"  111.  If,  while  marching,  the  officer  or  sergeant  nt  tlir^erl 
perceives  that  they  go  loo  fast,  he  will  imimdiatcly  nutil'r  ite  I 
eoinmnndnnt  at  tho  front  by  passing  tho  word  to  halt.     . 


from  Salccdi 
folliiw.s  (it  w 
ciscs  (ho  Fl 
wroniily  the 

"M.  All  tho 

nil!  be  placed 

all'iaing  ncne  t( 

roar  of  the  said 

"  1.''.  The  roa 

"f  the  dctacllinc 

"i:iy  have   been 

fioilt  of  lii.s  |i„r.<i 

at  once  notify  (h 

"  Hi.  They    wi 

tlicir  phice  on  tl 

tlic  guard.     .Shou 

"ill  call  a  halt  an 

funic  their  inarch 

This  Older  will  be 

s|iective  command 

second  in  comman 

■'.VkH    lioillDOX 

"olinKK  OK  THE  1 
"Don  I.oiiis  Lor 
he  recognized  as  ci 
IVilliain  Loriinlcr 
Ijc  obeyed  in  nil  tli 
e.V|icilition  for  the  s 
■'.Aflenvards  Doi; 
"ill  designate  the  si 

"'■"r today  nil 

rom|iiiny  of  the  (.'a|] 
an  iiilvairce  guard 
«"i|iiiig].lacc  they 
■'"  iopcnt   IVoni   e; 
C'lMid  the   fires  so 
■""iloilably.     The  , 
fira:iin  attached   to 
"aire  of  the  detach 
'■"iiijoiny,  who  will 
llioin. 

"On  arriving  nt  ci 

I'on  Caniille  Delass 

»f  Iho  d.laelinient,  i 

:ki'coniiniinder-in-cl 

"The  eight  axc-iiK 

»"i-ch  at  the  head  of 

■'ri'fiit  ill  advance. 

"iilreof  theilelachi. 

llifinimncr  there  ind 

"The  companies  w 

'io"  company  „„  (,„ 

''™  lliat  of  Cape  (Ji 
aworJing  to  tho  sciii, 

"GE.VEK. 

"The  ailvance-guai 
""t'l  Jrcs.srs.  ,|„,  „„i^ 
"•^'  "■''  "Md  proin|,li 
""'"four  dcpartur 
■■"■'  ""It  -M  the  wor 
JflMhnient  be  made 
'"■•.»ml  that  the  prov 
'-"■•Hi  be  fairly  ji,,,. 


■■'•'ti  I 


THE  LOUISIANA  CESSION. 


261 


i  •;■!' 


fioiii  SalccJo  and  Casa  Calvo.      The  Ictturs  arc   as  i 
fdlliiws  (it  will  bo  observed  tliat  tlie  iiitendant  exer-  ! 
ciscs   the    l''i'eiicliinan's    usual    privilrjic    of   spelling 
wrnndy  the  name  of  his  t'orrcspondcnt) :  i 

"  1 1.  All  tliu   liorsof,  pnekod   iir   loose,  with  tliuii'   dihcr.",  ■ 
^\itt  I'O  |ilac-<'(l   between    the  (Ictueliiiient  niid   the   retir-gmird, 
;illinviiij;  iicno  to  |)as»  the  I'loiit  by  the  flunks  nor  remain  in 
rcnr  <il'  the  said  );imrd, 

"Ifi.  The  roar-^uard  will  keep  at  nbi)iit  two  arpcns  in  rear 
iif  till'  delaeliinent,  and  will  take  care  to  piek  up  anvlliin^  thai 
iiijiv  have  been  dropped.  Should  any  one,  from  sieknesj  or 
f:iiilt  i>r  liis  hor.-e,  be  eonipelled  to  drop  behind,  the  guard  will 
atoiMe  notify  the  coaimamler  hy  a  messenger. 

"111.  They  will  see  th:it  no  hor.so-driier  remain  bohiml, 
tlieir  place  on  the  march  being  between  the  detaehnient  and 
the  guard.  Should  anything  f.ill  or  become  disarranged,  they 
will  call  a  halt  and  lend  as.si.staneo  to  remedy  if,  and  then  re- 
sume llieir  march  at  the  proper  di.'^tan(^e  from  the  <lelachment. 
Tills  order  will  be  read  to  each  company  under  arms  by  its  re- 
Fiicotive  commanding  officer,  nt  the  hour  to  be  named  by  the 
second  in  command,  Don  Francis  Valle. 

■'  Xkh  1!oi,iuion,  Dee.  1 1,  1SII2."  j 

"OlinKK  OF  TIIK  ITth  DKCKJinKlt,  1S02,  AT  CAI'K  OIUAIlDKAr. 
"Don  Louis  Lorimier,  comnnuidant  at  Capo  (lirnrdeau,  will 
he  recogni/,cd  aa  captain  of  the  militia  of  said  giost,  and   Don   ■ 
William  Lorimier  as  lieutenant  of  .said  militia,  and  they  will  i 
he  ubi'ved  in  all  their  orders,  either  verbal  or  written,  in  this  | 
fspcilition  for  the  service  of  his  Catholic  JIajcsty.  j 

"  Aflcnvards  Don  Louis  Lorimier,  at  the  head  of  bis  militia, 
iiill  designate  the  .sergeants  and  corporals  of  his  company.  | 

''Fniiii  to-tlay  an  otlicer,  a  sergeant,  and  a  cio'poral  of  the 
I'liuipiiiiy  of  the  (^apo,  with  twenty  of  her  men,  will  set  out  as 
;in  luivaiice-guaril  before  the  detachment  ;  on  arriving  at  the 
eaiiil'iiig-place  they  will  kindle  ten  lircs,  at  the  distance  of  half 
all  arpent  from  each  other;  they  will  clear  the  snow  from 
auiind  the  fires  so  that  the  niililiamen  may  encamp  there 
■i.mlurlably.  The  colors  of  the  Cape  (iirurdeau  company  will 
ri-main  attached  to  its  company,  but  it  will  be  placed  in  the 
(.iiilre  of  the  delaebmcnt,  with  a  guard  of  two  men  from  each 
riiiii|iaiiy.  who  will  surrouml  it  in  the  order  in  which  we  jiost 
Ibeni. 

"Onariiving  at  each  caniping-placc  or  settlement,  the  officer 
Iiuu  Caaiille  Delassus  will  repair  to  the  lire  of  the  vanguard 
of  the  ddiichmcnt,  and,  if  in  a  settlement,  to  the  (|uarters  of 
;hecomniander-in-ehief,  where  the  guard  will  repair. 

•Tiie  eight  a.\c-inen  of  the  company  of  the  Cape  will  always 
march  at  the  head  of  the  main  body  of  the  det.'climent,  a  lialf- 
arpcnt  in  iidvanee,  and,  when  in  line,  they  will  rojiair  to  tho 
autre  of  the  detaclinieni,  where  they  will  form  themselves  in 
liie  manner  there  indicate. i. 

"The  cninpanies  will  be  formed  as  follows:  the  Ste.  Oenc- 
lievcciiuipaiiy  on  the  right,  nc\t  in  line  that  of  Xcw  liourbon, 
then  that  of  Cape  (iirardeau,  and  i  hen  the  I'latin  eaiup, — all 
accuriliag  to  the  seniority  of  the  settlements." 

"GENEKAI,  oni)i:it,  DKv'UMIlKU  Mlh. 

"The  iidvnnee-gnard  is  to  march  at  S  a.m.,  weather  permit- 
ling;  Messrs.  the  olficers  of  the  various  posts,  in  addition  to  i 
il.e  Heal  and  promptitude  they  have  displayed  from  the  mo- 
ment of  our  departure,  will   watch  over  with  diligent  care  to  ; 
■10  that  all   the    worthy    and    reputable    inhabitants    of    our  [ 
Jclaehiiient  be  maile  as  ei<  iifortablo  as  possible  in  their  quar- 
ters, ami  that  the  provisions  for  tbemseUes  and  forage  for  their 

irMjj  he  fairly  distributed,  reciuirirg  also  the  sergeants  and 


I.— I.AU.SSAT  TO  llKLASSfS. 

"  Nkh  Oni.KASs,  21  .Nivose,  year  12 
(Jan.  IL',  1804.) 
"  T/ic   I'lifunifil    /'I'f/tictf    com.   iij    the     Frviich    tiut'enimeiitf   to 
Mr,  lU-Jmnlt  dv  Laattze^  Litittcn,tnl-h'tii-t'nt(ti-  of  Ulinoia  tit 
St.  Lou  in : 
"I    have  this  day    forwarded    to   .Mr.  Stoddard,  captain  id' 
artillery  in  the  Inited   Slates  army,  iind  who  is  aulhorized  to 
lake  possession  of  the  territioy  and  the  eslablishmenls  wliero 

corporals  to  have  nn  eye  to  tho  same.  They  will  infurm  ine  of 
the  least  innovation,  etc. 

'*.'».  Commandant  Peyroux,  of  the  di'taehment  from  above, 
aide-de-camp  and  adjutanl,  will  receive  the  word  of  order  eaeli 
day,  which  he  will  give  in  writing  to  each  coiiimandiinl  of  tho 
giiaril  id'  their  eompanies ;  for  wliiidi  piirp(ise  the  said  otliuurs 
will  send  an  armed  corporal  at  live  o'clock  I'.M.  to  the  said  prin- 
cipal, who  will  carry  it  scaled  to  his  officer. 

"  li.  The  signal  of  alarm  is  to  be  boating  a  drum,  u  red  flag 
and  a  blue  flame  at  the  fort,  assured  by  three  cannon-shots  in 
the  daytime  and  Ave  cannon  shots  at  night." 

"DK.CKMUEIl   22d,  OllDKK. 

".\sit  is  absolutely  necessary  to  itbservc  the  greatest  order 
for  the  tran({uillity  of  the  public,  Messrs.  the  officers  will  sei 
to  it  this  evening,  at  the  rcdl-eall  of  their  respective  companies, 
that  all  the  Are  arms  are  discharged,  and  that  tiring  in  the  vil 
lage  is  prohibited  without  orders,  under  any  pretext  whatever. 

" 'J'hose  persons  at  whose  bouses  the  recently-arrived  militia 
are  ipiartered  will  take  good  care  of  the  horses  of  those  on 
duty  with  the  forage  which  will  be  distributed  lo  them  for  this 
purpose." 

"OltUKll   KKOM  THE  '.id  TO  3d  JANUAUV,  180:!. 

"The  oflieers  of  the  companies  of  cavalry  will  assemble  their 
respective  companies  to-morrow  at  nine  o'clock  A.M.  near  their 
(luarters.  They  will  order  arms  ti*  be  loaded,  and  take  the  neces- 
sary precautions  to  strictly  charge  every  man  to  exercise  the 
greatest  possible  care  that  his  ]iieec  is  not  disidiargod  involun 
tarily  without  orders;  and  as  soon  as  the  couipanies  are  formed, 
each  will  advise  me  u(  it  by  un  orderly  he  will  dispatch  to  me. 

"  l-'.aeh  commandant  of  said  companies  will  await  the  cannon- 
shot  which  will  he  fired  from  the  fort  as  the  signal  of  assembling, 
and  will  march  bis  company,  according  to  orders  previously 
given  him,  lo  form  the  line,  and  the  oflieers,  sergeants,  uud  cor- 
porals will  lake  their  positions  as  previously  ordered. 

"The  adjutant.  Don  Camille  Delassus,  will  detail  a  guard  of 
a  sergeant,  a  corporal,  and  one  man  from  each  company  to  go 
for  the  .standard  with  drums  beating,  which  having  brought 
they  will  place  it  opposite  the  cavalry  in  tho  centre.  When  ho 
will  bo  commanded  lo  carry  tho  order  to  the  oflicer  of  the  priB- 
oners'  guard  lo  deliver  uji  the  criminal  Tewanaye  to  tho  com- 
mandant of  the  detachment  of  tbo  Louisiana  regiment,  he 
will  repair  there  anil  cause  his  shackles  to  be  taken  olT  by  tho 
blacksmith  he  will  find  there  for  the  purpose,  and  will  give  tho 
order  lo  the  officer  of  the  guard  to  immediately  place  tho  four 
other  prisoners  on  the  gallery,  to  enable  them  to  witness  the 
oxoenlion  of  Tewanaye. 

"  lie  will  place  himself  at  tbo  head  of  the  regiment  of  Louis- 
iana, which  ho  will  march  to  opposite  the  standard,  where  tho 
sentence  of  Tewanaye  will  be  read  by  Don  Antoine  I'ierre  Lu- 
I'orge,  of  the  militia  of  this  ]iosl.  public  writer,  and  apjioinlcd 
in  llial  capacity  for  the  iiistriu-tion  of  the  said  prisoners,  which 
sentence  will  be  interpreted  lo  them  by  the  interpreter. 

"Immediately  after,  tho  criminal  will  be  conducted  in  tho 
same  manner  to  tho  place  appointed,  and  thero  shot  to  dualb, 
according  to  tho  orders  to  the  detail  of  the  garrison.     Iniinc- 


262 


IlISTORi'  OP  SAIiNT  LOUIS. 


tf 


n 


you  cniiimiiml  for  Ilis  Cntliolic  Miijoatjr,  tlic  following  doeu 
iiicntH,  vi/.. : 

"  t'iiHt. — A  Ic'ltiT,  iinscaird,  from  M.  i\v  fiilccilo  iind  iMaiiiiiis 
of  Ciisii  Ciilvo,  I'Oimnisi-ioncrs  of  liis  ('.  JI.,  ilatiMl  Ihc  Dlst  of 
Dect'iulicr  Iii^t,  wliicli  nutliori/i-^  you  to  jj^'wii  pos.^cssitin  of  the 
|)ost  wliiMC  you  now  I'oinn' mil  to  tlu'  oilicef  or  nj^ciit  tliiit  iiiiiy 

tliiitcly  lifter,  tlio  corpse  will  lie  plnrcd  in  the  eoflin  iinil  ciirricil 
hy  the  Koldiers  of  Hie  ftiirri'ion  to  tlie  )ilaee  of  inleinient.  The 
deliic'linieni  of  envaliy  will  lluii  form  by  fours  on  the  ri){ht.  at 
the  coiniiiand  of  the  adjulniit,  and  will  then  pass  opposite  the 
(frave.  drunis  Ijealiii;;,  iind  will  (hen  form  in  il9  first  position. 
The  standard  will  Ihi'ii  he  returned  in  the  tnanner  it  was  lironj^ht 
to  its  plnee  of  keepin;;.  The  senior  oflicer,  having;  hron;;ht  hack 
the  dctaehnunl.  will  give  an  order  for  oieli  eoinpnny  to  relurn 
to  its  plaee  id'  meeting  near  their  i|uartcrs,  where  they  may  dis- 
mount for  a  hrief  period,  leaving  their  horses  saddled  ready  to 
remount  at  the  lirsl  order,  under  the  eommand  of  the  sergeants 
and  eorporals  (d'  the  respeetive  eompiinies,  the  ollieers  h:n  ing  to 
iisfeinblu  at  my  (pcarters  to  be  present  and  witness  the  release  of 
llio  (dher  fmr  prisimcrs.  to  whieli  end  tlie  senior  (dlieer  will  eai-ry 
the  onler  to  tlie  (dlieer  id'  the  guard  to  take  olV  their  shaidiles  and 
send  them,  with  one  half  of  his  guard,  to  my  quartei's,  to  bo  re- 
f'.orcd  to  the  eliief  .Aypouseltliy,  of  the  .Maslikoii  nation. 

"The  guard  and  the  orderlies  will  be  relieved  after  the  elosc 
of  the  eouneil.  according  to  orders  whicdi  eireumstanccs  may 
fuggest. 

"Ciiuii.is  Dkiiaii.t  r)i:i.\ssi:s." 

The  above  is  the  sole  result  of  the  "  expedition,"-- the  e.\e- 
i^ution  of  one  Indian  who  had  lieen  a  prisoner  for  six  months. 
The  expedition  returned  home,  after  the  commiind.int  had  taken 
severe  measures  for  the  reform  of  the  New  .Madrid  niilitiii,  who 
were  found  to  he  '*  without  the  slightest  order  or  organization, 
for  want  nt"  tlctpntiHtn.''  One  thing  more,  however,  t'ommnnder- 
in-ehicf  lielussus  aceomplisiied.  whieli  should  cover  his  memory 
with  honor.  He  took  severe  and  ert'eetive  nieasures  (exeriased 
bis  despotism,  in  other  words)  "  to  entirely  eradicate  the  prime 
cause  of  all  the  disorders,  occasioned  hy  liquor  sold  hy  tavern- 
keepers,  dramslio|i-kee|ier.«,  traders,  and  other  inhabitants  to 
the  Indians,  in  spitu  of  the  reiterated  prohibitions  of  our  pre- 
dceossors  and  ourselves,  and  without  the  fines  which  have  been 
paid  hy  the  delinrinents  serving  us  an  example  to  prevent  it, 
being  generally  proven  that  the  said  Indians  eouimit  no  excesses 
but  when  drunk.  This  is  ]iroven  by  the  assassiinition  of  -Mr. 
Trotter  by  the  Indians  to  whom  he  had  traded  liquor.  .Ml  this 
compels  us  to  use  the  most  rigorous  measures  for  the  public 
tranquillity. 

"I.  At  each  po.-t  there  shall  be  but  a  certain  number  of 
tavern  and  dramshop-koepers  that  wo  will  appoint,  and  who 
chiill  be  persons  of  good  conduct  and  devoted  to  the  govern 
inenl;  these,  under  no  pretext,  can  either  sell  or  give  liipior  to 
Indians  or  to  slaves.  They  will  give  immediate  notice  of  the 
Iciist  disturbance  at  their  boiis.)  which  may  leail  to  disorder,  to 
the  eoniinandant  or  nearest  syndic  of  its  occurrence,  to  the  end 
that  bo  may  apply  the  most  prompt  remeily.  And  all  other 
persons  than  those  who  slnill  be  nulhori/.ed  to  keep  ta\'ern  or 
dram-shop  who  shall  he  found  to  have  sold  liquor  will  undergo 
for  the  first  otfense  three  days*  imprisonment  and  two  dollars 
fine,  the  second  olfense  fifty  dollars  fine  and  lilteen  d.iys'  im- 
prisonment, and  for  a  third  rela|ise  they  shall  he  sent  to  New 
t*rlonns,  under  safe  conduct,  at  their  own  cost  and  expense. 

"  2.  Every  person  whomsoever,  either  keeper  of  tavern  or 
dram-shop,  or  any  other  who  shall  be  found  to  have  given  or 
sold  liquor  to  Indians,  will  be  at  once  am  sled,  put  in  irons, 
and  sent  under  escort  of  a  detachment  of  luilitia,  at  his  cost 


be  sent  hy  mo  to  roccivo  it,  In  virtue  of  the  treaty  of  San.  lido- 
fonso,  by  which  TiOuisinna  was  retrocedcd  to  the  Freinli  ri'. 
public. 

**Srfnn(f, — \  letter  written  hy  iiie  to  ^Ir.  Stoddard,  wliirii  un^ 
approved  by  the  commissioners  of  the  United  Slates  who  u,.,i 
sent  here  for  the  execution  of  the  treaty  of  Paris,  by  wlii,!, 
I'nince  has  ceded  Louisiana  to  the  I'nited  States.  I!y  said  In. 
ter,  healing  date  this  day,  1  transferred  to  siiid  oITicim  mv 
power  to  receive  from  you,  in  the  name  of  the  French  rcpnlili,., 
the  military  and  civil  po.ssession  of  that  jiart  of  t,ouisi»nii  nvii 
which  you  eomiiinnd,  and  I  niilhoriy.o  liiiu  at  the  s.tme  time  i,, 
keep  possession  for  the  I'nited  States. 

"  7'/ii'/i/.--Also  another  letter  written  by  me  this  day  li  .Mi. 
Pierre  Chouteau,  hy  which  I  give  him  all  the  necessary  pimcr 
to  make,  in  concert  with  you,  and  for  the  republic  of  I'mncc, 
an  inventory  and  appraisement  of  the  buildings  and  liniMi 
(except,  however,  the  fortifications  and  works  of  d(d'ense)  wliiil. 
belong  to  his  ('.  M.  in  the  country  under  your  commanl,  im  | 
possession  of  which  must  also  he  given  to  us. 

'*  I'uttrlh. — Letters  from  the  coinmissioners  of  his  C.  M.,  iliucl 
-1st  December,  also  unsealed,  and  addressed  to 

'■  Don  Pedro  Dehault  Delassus,  eommanibint  at  New  liuur. 
bnn. 

"  Don  Krnnrisco  Valle,  commandant  nt  Ste.  (lencvicvc. 

*'  Don  Louis  Lorimier,  commandant  iit  Cape  (Jirardcait. 

"Don  .Juiin  Lavallee,  eomimindnnl  at  .'I'cw  Madrid. 

"  These  loiters  aro  nearly  similar  to  the  letter  that  Wii-  tm 
to  you  by  the  same  eonimissioner. 

"  I  am  ignorant  whether  your  authority  over  these  cnuiiiiiiiil 
ants  is  such  that  it  would  have  been  suflicient  if  I  hiid  traii- 
milted  you  alone  my  disposition.",  and  that  they  would  Imi.' 
conformed  to  these,  but  the  distances  aro  so  great,  and  iiii. 

and  expense,  to  New  Orleans,  and  his  effects  will  be  seized  iiii.i 
sequestered  until  the  decision  ul  llis  Lordship  the  (iovmiui. 
(jcncral, 

".'1.  All  commanders  id'  every  post  will  bo  hold  respim-iijli' 
to  the  government  for  the  least  neglect  of  tho  articles  iilimo. 
and  of  tlio  least  negligence  in  listening  to  the  coiii|iliiinl' 
which  may  bo  made  him  on  the  subject,  and  to  imilic  tin 
strictest  inquiry  and  investigation  to  aseertiiin  the  trutli. 

"  I.  For  this  post  of  New  Madrid,  one  single  Invcra  Ijiiii,' 
siillicicnt,  Mr.  .Jno,  11.  Olive  will  be  the  only  one  who  will  liait 
the  privilege  of  selling  and  putting  oli'liqiiors  in  eonl'oiiiiin;  I-, 
present  regulations;  and  for  the  eonvenience  of  travelers  i,ii  the 
road  to  Illinois  in  this  district.  Mr.  I')d.  Itoberlson  will  liaiillio 
right  to  sell  and  put  olV  liquor  In  conforming  strictly  to  |iii'sin; 
regulations,  and  at  the  Little  Prairie,  .Mr.  Charles  liiiiliaull, 
etc, 

"j.  The  two  tavern-keepers  i>bovc  named  will  pay  in: 
annum  siiidi  sum  as  a  la.x  that  the  (Jovernor-ticiicral  ma; 
deem  just,  to  be  applied  to  the  construction  of  a  iiiis-oa  at  lli  ■ 
post. 

"  This  order  will  he  translated  into  llnglish  hy  the  iiitcr|iicM 
of  the  king.  Mr.  .1.  Charpcntier,  published  and  posted  ii|i  in 
the  public  places  of  this  post,  and  at  the  doors  of  tlie  tiiven> 
keepers  above  named,  and  n  copy  will  be  sent  to  cio-li  ili.-ii : 
dependent  on  this  post." 

This  law  is  plain  and  practical,  and  Lieiitenniit  lli'viinr 
Dehissus  is  entitled  to  the  credit  of  having  proiniiI;,'atiil  tin 
first  efl'eclive  regulation  for  tho  rcstriclion  and  coiitiul  iiliiiJi!- 
criminate  dram  selling  in  St.  Louis  and  Missouri. 

Vic  have  thought  it  necessary  to  present  pretty  I'lilij'  llit 
particulars  of  this  expedition,  the  most  important  iiinl  llii' l.i.'l 
military  operation  conducted  during  the  Spanish  iftjimt  ic 
Upper  Louisiana, 


liikcs  wouhl    I 
tlu'iti  also. 

"  fi/l/i.—I , 
ciilar  for  each  < 
"  I  |o  ly  yoii 
larei.t  the  dilTe 
fir  lis  they  com 
will  graciously  i 
"  I  have  the  1 

n-SAI,( 

"The  king,  oi 

tin's  piovinec  of 

theaaiiiiiincemei 

I.Hh  of  October, 

sinned  iis  to  ciirrt 

(irdcr  dated  at  .Mi 

jail  in  execution  I 

ii|i  llic  liovernori 

|irnviiice  to  the  Cu 

iiiissiniicr  of  the  1 

licr  of  the  present 

iipf"  the  agent  or 

i;cil  liy  him  to  roci 

h*  ill  |icndencies,  n 

njan  as  he  shall  pri 

ilics  iif  an  inventor 

-OIK  in  that  post,  ii| 

liaildiiigs  which  bef 

ami  other  munition 

Id  lliis  place. 

■'  Indcr  tho  .same 
"illithe  papers  and 
ilaiils  of  the  dislrii 
'•iking  fi.r  tho  whide 
W  evidence  of  wha 
Krciich  repiiblio,  an 
iral  inventory. 

"»e  particularly 

evciaitiim  of  the  fo 

avail  yiiiirself  ,if  ,,11 

Iridnnilcryoiir  cha 

"-Vk"   Oui.ka.vs, 


"Fur  Don  C.ini.os 
III-FI!05I    CAPT.  ST 


">"!.— I  have  jus 

['•liiilyofdispatclics 

'I'liiiscaddrcsscil  to 

JM'l.>inishc..mmi.ss, 
[•Wi;iaiii„|„,||.  ,,|.|„^, 

"In  a  few  days  the 
|Jli-*si|.,,i  in  p„|,ii,. 

['""'■'■"I  ''oiiccrt  with 
flWrarrival  at  St.  L„„ 

|l»'aiM  thank  y„„  tod 
"1'Ikisc  accept  tho  as 


"filAiii.Ks  Dkiiai: 


THE  LOUISIANA   CKSSION. 


2C3 


tiikc  woiilil  bo  lou  vcxiitiuuH,  tlint  I  ounoludoil  tu  writo  to 
tliorii  nli"i. 

"  I'lflh. — I  >cnt  tlicii,  iilco,  to  Cii|it.Sto(lcliiiil  ii  >cpnrato  cir- 
ciiliir  for  cndi  of  the  hc  ooiniiiiiniliintH, 

"  I  piny  joii,  At,  in  all  these  cliiingoB  of  govcrmiienl.i,  to 
jii-i-oiil  rlic  (llfTorent  powurn  wliidi  I  have  an  noun  cud  to  yon,  «(> 
fill- MH  llii'y  iMjnuorn  'liu  Frcneli  ie|inlillc,  anil  I  liopc  tlial  you 
will  :;i;iriou«ly  roci'ivc  tlit;  ]H'rs()nst  who  will  present  them  to  you. 

"  I  have  the  honor  to  .-ululc  yon. 

"  IiAISSAT." 

n-S.\I-CKDO  AND  C'ASA  CALVO  TO  l)KIiAS,SUS. 

"Tlic  king,  our  sovereign.  Inning  (lettrmincil  to  rctroeeilo 
tliis  province  of  Ijonisiann  tu  the  French  repui>lic,  according  to 
the  minnuncenient  in  tlio  royal  order  issued  at  Itarccloiui  on  tile 
1,'itli  111' IKtobcr,  IS02,  tothat  olTcct,  and  having  also  couunis- 
siiincil  us  to  carry  the  same  into  elTect  liy  his  snbsci|nent  royal 
iinlcr  dated  at  .Madrid  on  the  ISth  of  January.  IHDIl,  wo  havo 
mil  in  cvi'i'ution  the  intentions  of  the  sovereign  by  delivering 
nil  llic  liovcrnorsliip  of  this  place  and  the  coniuiand  of  the 
iiiovince  to  the  (^oliinial  Prefect  Pedro  (Meincnt  l.anssat,  eoin- 
iiiij-sii'iicr  of  the  French  rcpnblie,  on  the  .'50th  day  of  Novem- 
tior  iif  the  present  yeai",  and  yon  are  liorcby  requested  to  deliver 
till  to  the  agent  or  oflieerof  the  said  prefect  who  may  be  anthor- 
ijcil  by  him  to  receive  from  you  the  command  of  the  post  and 
itMlipcndencies,  now  under  the  orders  of  Your  Kxccllcney,  as 
scum  lis  he  shall  iiresent  himself  before  yon,  under  the  formiil- 
ilics  iif  nn  inventory  and  valuation  to  bo  made  by  skillful  per- 
>on<  in  that  post,  upon  oath  to  act  with  due  inipartialily,  of  the 
liiililiiij;s  which  belong  to  the  king,  nut  including  the  artillery 
mill  other  munitions  of  war,  which  must  lie  remitted  entiro 
10  tills  plai'O. 

•'Under  the  same  rormalitics  of  an  inventory  the  archives, 
itilk  the  piipers  and  documents  (vhich  concern  only  the  inliab- 
ilaiits  of  the  district  and  their  property,  shall  lie  delivered, 
liikini;  lor  the  whole  a  receipt,  in  order  that  there  always  may 
i  Wcviilcnce  of  what  has  been  delivered  upon  our  part  to  the 
Fri'iK'li  republic,  and  cause  the  same  to  appear  on  the  gen- 
ital invcnlory. 

"We  piirtieularly  enjoin  U))on  Your  Kxcellency  the  |iunetunl 
(xcciitiiin  of  the  foregoing,  for  which  you  aro  authori/.ed  to 
aviiil  j'ouiself  of  all  the  means  that  may  be  found  in  the  dis- 
Iriit  uniler  your  charge. 

"Xku  Ohlkaxs,  ;lOtli  December,  1803. 

"Manik.i,  iik  SAi.cKno.' 

"TiiK  Mauqiis  of  Casa  Cai.vo. 

"For  Don  CAni.os  dk  Lassis,  Cummmidrr  nf  lUiuuls." 

III-FUOM    CAPT.  STODDAItn    TO  (iOVEKNOR  DELASSUS,  ST. 
LOUIS. 

"  Kaskaskia,  ISth  Feb.,  1804. 
"Sill.— I  have  just  received  by  express  from  New  Orleans  ii 
t  v.uiiiy  iitdispiitches  rcl!iti\'e  to  the  late  retrocession  of  Louisiana. 
'  Tliiiseiiililiessed  loyou  and  intrusted  to  my  care  by  the  French 
I  M'IS|i;iiiisli  ciiiiimissioners  1  do  myself  the  lioiiiir  to  forward  by 
[  !i>i'ri;e:iiit  of  inir  army,  who  is  bound  on  business  to  ('apt,  Lewis. 
"Ill  11  few  days  the  troops  under  my  ciiinmaiid  will  ascend  the 
JSIivi->ippi  in  public  boats.  I  shall  proceed  before  them  liy 
jlni'l mill  eiinecrt  with  you  the  necessary  arrangeiiients  before 
llliiinirriviil  at  ."^1.  Louis.  'J'hc  inclosed  letter  to  -Mr.  Chouteau 
Jliviiiilil  ihiiuk  you  to  deliver  him. 

"I'kiifc  accept  the  assurances  of  my  respectful  consideration. 

"  ,\mos  SToniiAKh, 
"  Ciiplai'ii  v.  S.  Arlil/en'eln,  Aijeiit  niiil 
CtmmiHiiiimer fur  the  I'leiich  Jiejmbllc. 

"CllAlll.PS    DkIIAHI.T    llliLASSUS, 

" LUutinuiit-Ouvcruur  Vjiper  LouUiana." 


IV.-OOVKBNOK  UKLASSl  S'  HEIM.Y  TO  TIIK  FOnEddlXO. 
"St.  Louis,  ^'OiIi  February,  1804. 

"Sin, — I  received  yesterday  your  letter  of  the  ISth  of  this 
month,  with  those  intrusted  to  your  care,  and  which  you  had 
the  kindness  to  send  to  me,  and  which  contained  the  orders  of  tlio 
brigadiers  mid  ciimiiiissiiiner.4  of  his  C.  M.  for  the  retrocession 
of  this  colony  In  the  French  republic,  and  the  disposition  of  the 
French  prrfeel.  wdiicli  authori/c  you  to  receive  possession  of  tlii.-* 
purl  of  Louisiana. 

"  I  ha-'ten  to  reply  to  you  by  the  same  sergeant  of  the  I'.  S. 
army  liy  wlniiu  ynu  had  fonvarded  to  me  your  dispatches,  and 
notify  yon  that  Mr,  Louis  Lorimier,  .Ir.,  is  hearer  of  the  neces- 
sary orders  for  each  one  of  the  couimandants  of  tlii^  posts  of  lliis 
province,  and  wliieb,  jnined  with  those  delivered  to  lliciu  by  the 
said  commissioiiers,  will  sulliciciilly  aiithoii/.e  them  to  receive 
the  ciiniuiissiiincrs  that  ynu  may  deem  proper  to  send  to  rei-eivo 
from  them  possessiun  of  the  said  posts,  and  as  Mr,  Liiusat,  pre- 
fect, advises  me  that  hv  has  written  to  tliern  also  upon  the  sanio 
subject,  and  if  those  letters  are  addressed  to  you,  and  if  yon  wish 
to  a  vail  yourself  of  the  opportunity  of  Mr.  Louis  Lorimier  to  send 
said  letters  to  them,  ynu  can  hand  tlicin  over  to  bini  with  con- 
lldcnce.  and  he  is  hereby  directed  to  present  himself  to  you  for 
that  object. 

"  I  am  also  infornieil  by  your  letter  that  troops  under  your  or- 
ders are  abiuit  to  march  for  this  post,  and  that  you  come  ahead 
of  them  so  that  we  nniy  understiind  ourselves  before  their  arrival. 
I  shall  have  the  honor  to  receive  you,  offering  to  you  in  adviinco 
the  most  gracious  reception  ivliich  will  lie  |iossible  to  bestow 
upon  you  ill  the  name  of  the  king,  my  sovereign. 

"  1  liavehandcd  to  .Mr,  Pierre  Chouteau  the  letter  that  you  had 
reconimeiiilcd  to  me,  I  shall  be  obliged  to  you  if  you  iiiiiko 
known  to  me  in  advance  the  day  of  your  arrival,  and  if  you 
are  coming  by  land  or  water. 

"  I  write  you  in  French,  being  informed  that  tlie  Spanish  lan- 
guage is  not  understood  by  you. 

'■  I  have  the  honor,  etc.,  CiiAS.  Deiiai'i.t  Dki.assi  s. 

"  .\mo,s  SToniiAiM),  C<ij)l<iiii,  r.S.A,,  mid 

Afjetit  uiui  Comminaitnier  fur  the  Frciivli  Uepnhlit'." 

v.— ounKR  Fon  tiik  tuooi's  at  tiik  post  to  iik  in  iikadi- 

NESS  Fun  TIIK  TltANSFKK  UKliniKNT  OF  INFAXTllV   OF 
LOUISIANA. 

"  IlnClMKNT  IIF  IsrANTIIY  01'  LoilSIANA, 

"  Station  of  ,St.  Loims, 
"OiinKU  OF  Tni;  2:!d  FKnittiAiiv,  ISOS. 

"From  tills  day  forth  all  of  this  delaehinent,  in 'luding  tho 
guard,  will  keep  themselves  in  full  uniform,  and  with  strict  re- 
gard to  cleanliness,  etc.,  so  that  all  the  garrison  will  be  in  readi- 
ness to  take  arms  at  the  first  verbal  order,  through  Sergeant 
Juan  Uobayna.  to  evacuate  the  fort,  with  arms  at  a  shoulder 
and  knapsacks  on  the  back. 

•'  Pursuant  tu  this  order,  no  one  will  absent  himself  fi-oin  quar- 
ters, either  by  day  or  night,  except  those  necessarily  so,  such  as 
water-ciirricrs,  hostlers,  etc.,  until  the  day  of  tho  delivery  of 
these  fortilicatiiins  to  the  United  States. 

"  As  all  this  detaehmcnl  is  composed  of  individuals,  the  major 
part  of  whom  have  been  long  in  the  service  and  know  how  to 
comport  themselves  in  a  priiiseworlhy  manner,  the  commandant 
expects  that  from  the  day  of  the  transfer,  and  afterwards  until 
wo  take  up  tho  line  of  march  to  embody  ourselves  with  our 
countrymen,  each  man  will  so  conduct  himself  as  to  uphold  the 
repitation  of  the  Spanish  troops,  so  justly  acquired,  and  ex- 
tolled for  ages  past,  and  I  llattor  myself  that  during  the  time 
they  remain  at  this  pust  their  conduct  will  bo  such  as  to  earu 
for  themselves  the  respect  and  esteem  of  the  American  troops 

"  .\t  the  inouient  when  tho  United  Slates  cummandaul  will 
outer  this  (juvcrnuicnt  House  tu  receive  possession,  he  will  bo 


'W| 


\. 


264 


UISTOUY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


(.'' 


i    '' 


M 


'    il 


■ 


I 


i       It 


(iiliitcd  ri'oiii  lliu  roi't  by  a  Hiilvn  finm  all  tlio  ninnoii  Hint  iiro 
iiiduntfil  iintl  in  iMitlcry.  This  uill  he  (■itrrii-'il  intu  cMM-iilinii  liy 
11  signal  I'i'iiiii  II  stililitM'  Kt.iitiniicd  I'or  lliu  )iiii  |m).>-l<  iit  (lie  curiu-r 
of  llu'  (^mIIciv  oI'  llu)  liDiis  ',  Ipv  wu\  iiij;  hi"  liiil  In  (iif  feiiliiifl  at 
thr  I'lirl,  whi-ii  tint  tiiin;;  will  c<iininciK-o,  (iiKiiig  ^uml  nirt:  that 
there  will  he  ii  regular  interval  iil"  time  between  eaeh  fiiieec.''?i\  c 
disehurge. 

"Caimiis  Dkihii.t  I)Ki.,\ssrs." 

Upon  the  urrivul  of  the  boats  from  Kaskiiskia  witli 
Ciipt.  Stoddard's  troops,  tlicy  landed  at  Caliokia,  on 
the  Ainericaii  side,  wlicre  tliey  wrrc  cantoned  for 
some  days  u\vaitin<;  tlio  final  arrun^ciuent!)  Fur  (he 
transfer. 

Meantime  Capt.  Stoddard  arrived  in  St.  Louis,  and 
the  following  correspondcnee  ensued  : 

VI,— STODDARD   TO    DKI.ASSIS. 

"St.  I.ipi  ts,  L'Mh  Febrnan-,  ISO!. 

**  .'^iit,— The  colonial  prefeet,  .Mr.  I.aiisj'iit,  ii;;ent  and  roninii.s- 
Dinner  on  the  |iHrt  oT  the  Kreiiili  lte|>ublic',  by  an  in.^trnnieiit 
under  his  band,  direelcd  to  ine.  bearing  date  nt  New  Orleans, 
the  12tli  day  of  .laniiary,  181)1,  has  been  pleased,  in  *'onpp(iiienec 
of  the  nutliorily  with  wliiidi  lie  is  invested,  to  appoint  mo  solo 
agent  and  eoinmissioner  on  the  part  of  the  said  repiiblie,  with 
plenary  powers  to  deninnd  and  receive  in  the  nniiie  of  his  na- 
tion the  iiuiet  and  peaceable  possession  of  I'pper  Louisiana, 
together  with  all  the  military  posts  at  .*t.  bonis  and  it"  depend- 
encies, from  his  Catholic  Majesty's  liientciiant  (jo\'ernor  and 
cfiinmanilants,  agreeably  to  the  late  treaty  of  retrocession  ;  iind 
I  do  by  these  presents  demand  the  (piiet  and  peaceable  delivery, 
in  due  form,  of  the  snid  territory,  posts,  nml  dependencies  ac- 
cordingly. 

'■  Accept  the  assurances  of  respectful  corsideriition. 

".\sios  Stodhaiiii. 

*'  C't^)lllill    C'n-ft»  n/  I'llited    Shllfx    Ailillf  IhIh^    inid    A'jrnt    nml 

('inltinintiiiiwr  i>f  //if  t'lctirli  liijuthlif. 
"  C'oi..  Cii.viii.i.s  Dkiimi.t  Dkt.assi  s, 

*■  Litiiteiittitl-O'overnttr  nf  Viiimi'  LttHininuu,^* 

VII.— DKI.ASSI  S  TO   STODDAKI). 

''.Sr.  l.ori.s  oK   IiiiMiis  Kcb.  L'.'i,  IMM. 

''Silt, — .\s  the  terms  of  the  loiter  which  I  have  the  honor  to 
roceiv'O  from  you  accord  entirely  with  those  of  the  brigadiers  of 
Ills  ('.  M.  dated  .New  Orleans,  Dec.  HI,  ISO.'i,  and  arc  also  in 
accordance  with  the  requisition  of  .Mr.  Pierre  f'leiiK  nt  I.aussat, 
dated  New  Orleans,  Jan.  12,  I.SIU,  and  which  conlaliicil  the 
dociiincnts  that  had  been  sent  to  you,  and  which  you  had  the 
kindness  to  forward  to  iiic  from  Kiiskaskia  on  the  l!<tli,  and 
which  I  receiveil  on  the  l'.)|li  of  the  present  month. 

"In  virtue  of  their  contents.  1  have  made  the  necessary  ar- 
rangements to  give  you  possessions  of  Upper  Louisiana. 

"  J  am  ready  to  give  you  possession  of  this  province  on  the 
day  and  hour  you  may  name,  in  the  most  authentic  form,  as 
the  circumstances  ami   nature  of  the  country  will  permit. 

"  I  have  the  honor  to  be,  etc  , 

"CiiAui.Ks  Dr.liAii.T  Dii.A.ssi  a. 
"Mil.  Amos  Stoiidaiid,  .S'(.  Likuh." 

When  the  eventful  day  at  length  arrived, — to  wit, 
Friday,  March  I),  180-1, — the  Amcrieim  troops  were 
brouj;ht  over  to  this  side  under  the  coiuniaiid  of  Jiicut. 
Worrali,  of  the  United  States  army,  actiiif^  as  adju- 
tant to  Capt.  Stoddard,  who,  aecoiupanicd  by  Capt. 
M.  Lewis,  of  the  United  States  infantry  (then  in  St. 


Louis  on  his  expedition  to  the  Pacific),  and  otluTK, 
repaired  to  the  GovernincTit  Iloii.>ie,  at  tiio  soiiiliriisi 
corner  of  our  present  Main  and  Walnut  Streets,  where 
lie  was  formally  received  by  Governor  Dda.s.'sii^,  Jn 
presence  of  liis  ofiicials  and  some  of  the  most  pnitiij. 
nent  citizens  of  the  place,  the  larj;est  portion  ul'  tin. 
inhabitants  of  the  village  being  assembled  in  the  siixti 
in  front. 

Governor  Delassus  then  addressed  to  the  people  the 
following  brief 

"  PROCLAMATION. 

•'  .MAItclI  '.P,   I  sill 
"  IxilAniTASTS  oh'  I'ri'Kii  Loi  ISIASA  : 

"  Uy  the  king's  commanil,  I  am  about  ^li  deliver  up  tin.  |,.,.f 
and  its  dependencies! 

"The  flag  under  wbicb  yon  have  been  protected  I'or  a  |ieri'ii 
of  nearly  thirty  si.\  yiNirs  is  to  be  withdrawn,     l-'roin  llnsni' 
luent  you  are  released  from  tlieoiith  of  fidelity  yon  tooli  toMir 
port  it. 

"The  fidelity  and  courngowith  which  you  have  guanlcil  mil 
defended  it  will  never  bo  forgotten;  and  in  my  charu'tcr  m 
representative  I  entertain  the  most  sincere  wishes  I'm'  your  iht 
feet  prosperity." 

Governor  Delassns  then  in  a  brief  address  to  ('a],i 
Stoddiird  placed  him  in  possession  of  the  goveiiinieir.il 
residence,  to  which  Capt.  Stoddard  made  an  appiopii- 
ate  reply,  at  the  conclusion  of  which,  the  jiroarratiLViI 
sigiiiil  being  given  by  the  soldier  placed  at  the  iiorili- 
west  corner  of  the  gallery  for  that  purpose,  the  S|iaii. 
ish  troops  at  the  fort  on  the  hill  commenceil  to  lire 
the  salute  ordered  by  Governor  Dela.ssiis,  and  wliiili 
was  eoiitiiiucd  at  intervals  until  comiileted. 

Pending  these  proceedings  the  official  ducuniiiit 
tcstilying  to  the  transfer,  which  had  been  pic'vioii>lv 
prepared  for  the  purpo.se,  was  duly  executed  iti  tii|ii. 
cate  by  the  re]ire.sentatives  of  the  two  govcriniiuiilsiii 
the  following  terms  : 

"In  consequence  of  a  letter  sent  from  New  Orlean.s  of  .list 
December  of  last  year  (ISli:;)  by  the  .Marquis  de  Cjsa  Cain 
and   Don  .Juan    Manuel  de  Salccdo,   brigadicr-gciu'riil  (if  \V 
royal  armies  and  coinmissaries  for  bis  Catholic  .Majesty,  firt;.*.* 
transfer  of  the  colony  and  province  of  Louisiana  to  tliu  I'riiiii 
republic,  addressed  to  I>on  (.'lias.  D.  Delassns,  colnnej  in  t!.e  j 
same  armies,   Liciitcnaiit-tiovcinor  of  t'ppcr    Loiii*iiiii;i.  ;iii!  i 
eoinmissioner,  appoinlotl  by  the  said  Casii  C'alvo  aiiil  SuIit'I.. 
I'or  its   transfer,  according  to  the  contents  of  saiti  letter,  lo. 
(piiriiig  him  to  give  full  and  entire  possession  of  siiiil  Ipp'r  j 
Louisiana,  including   Iho   military   posts  of  St.  Louis  iiii>l  \\- 
depeiideneies,  to  wit;  Clement  Laiissat,  appointcil  by  tlic  £:uJ  1 
French    republic   to    take  possession   of    the  said  colony  and  j 
province  of  Louisiana,  or   any  other  jierson  wnicli  iiiayliarej 
been  named  to  that  elTect,  according  to  the  treaty  of  ec.*.* 
and  as  by  letter  also  sent  from   New  Orleans,  dalcJ  l.ili  «fl 
.Jatuiary    of  the    current  year,    the    said    commissary  ut  llnf 
French    republic  appoints,  constitutes,  and   nuniinalos  lo  «''i| 
agent  and    commissary  in    behalf  of  his    nation  Aiaiis  iV'\-\ 
dard,  captain    of  artillery  of   Iho  llnilcd  States  of  Ainfnr».| 
for  the   purpose  of  demanding  and  receiving  the  said  l|t"| 
Louisiana,  comprehending  the  al'uresuid  military  puslsuf'tr 


b'HiH  and  its 
whi'  Ii  are  e.vpl 
"  .Vow,  be  it 
fnrlns  D.  Dola 
Siiiio  ,  at  the  ri 
Si"'l  l.ird,  agcn 
■Ic^i'Ti'd  the  fi 
tlie  •■;ii,l  Uppt,. 

iiii'l  I'lrlifiealion 

I,  AiJios  Stoddai 

received  the  saji 

tiipiie  I,  of  which 

"I' "11  this  day.    1 

liiivernor  and  m. 

'laled  with   Iho  i 

iiesses  signed  beli 

made  coil,  to  wit, 

ilie  l.'iiglish  langi 

"tiiven  in  the  I 


"  In  presen 
".ni:iiiHf:Tiii:ii 

llifiuihli, 

"AvrocvK  Soil.. 

"ClllllI.K.S    (JliAl 

rponllic  cont 
criiiiiLMt  House  t 
li)  tlie  fort  on  tin 
ilie  Spanish  trooj 
.*i»"   and    qiiarti- 
Ij^'ing  di.spliiycd  o 
Tiie  Sjianish  ti 
wore  niaiclicd  doi 
po.'l.s,  built;  by 
corner  of  our  pre 
properly  of  "Sl-^ 
ronted  by  Govern 
"'I"*  of  tile  Spani.s 
-Vcw  Orleans. 

Tlie  late  3Iada 
MS  an  eye-witness 
'!'«  older  inliabitii 
lieart." 

On  tlic  followin 
Wassus,  at  (he  ret 
'0  certain  Indian  ti 
in  ilie  jircscnce  of 
1^'orrall  and  others, 
to  them  the  change 

"''"AiiMiiKS,  Ai.i.:.v,,,, 
"I'oar  old  fa|ln.„, 
I  8"'P  l)y  the  hand  y 

l'»i'^J  Slates,  \,y  „„  , 
r''i"^'«t'leaty,  I|,„,,,B 

P'".'"illl<iepandder 
["J'liii-Milio  live  the 
Spaniard  was  still  !,„,.„. 
"""lie  informed  yui 


THK   LOUISIANA   CESSION. 


265 


liii'umi'iit 

Vl'vilill-lv 

ill  tiii'ii- 

VllllKUl-ill 


I •(  anii  itH  ilo|ionileiic'(!!i,  in  virtiU'  of  tho  rcHpcotivn  jtowois 

ivhi'  li  arc  ('.\|ilnini'il  iilicivi'. 

'•  Nnw,  !)(•  it  liniiwii  liy  llicno  priiHCMil'i,  Unit  f,  tlit'  iiljnvo  Umi 
Cnrli'S  1'.  Ilelus:<ii«,  in  quality  ol'  I.ii'iitcnniil  (iu\  I'rinir  of  tliu 
(nliii .  at  tliu  r('<|nirc'inuijl  iliily  innilo  to  in<^  l>y  the  saiil  Aiiiiis 
Stcil  iard,  agent  and  commissary  of  the  I'rciii'h  rcimlilii',  have 
iIcIImkmI  tile  full  im^.-cssion,  sovoiH'igiity,  and  goveinuirnt  of 
the  -:iid  Up|icr  Louisiana,  with  all  the  military  post",  (|uartc'r», 
lui'l  t'Hrtini.'ations  thereto  heton;^'n;;  or  <K'|i(ndent  tlicreof,  and 
I,  Amios  i?todclard,  commisdary  a»  siah,  do  ai'l(no\vU'd;;o  lu  ha\  e 
rtvfi\  rd  the  paifl  posse.'-t'iou  on  the  same  terms  already  nieii- 
lii.iH  i.  of  nliioh  1  aelmowledgo  myself  satisfied  anil  iioj.iriireil 
111' Mil  I lii.s  day.  In  testimony  whereof  the  aforesaid  Kieiitenant- 
lli.vi'inor  and  myself  have  res|iroliMly  sijjned  these  presents, 
Miili'l  »'ilh  the  f>eal  of  our  nim«,  bein;;  iissi.-teil  with  the  wit- 
iiiv^scs  sij^ned  l;elow,  of  which  proeeeiliii;;s  six  eopies  have  bei'ii 
inii'le  oiil,  to  wit,  three  in  the  .Spanish  and  the  olher  three  in 
iIr.  Kii^'iish  languages. 

"liivcn  in  the  town  of  St.  I.ouis  of  llliiiuis,  'Jlh  JIarch,  ISO  I. 
"Amos  SioiiiMnn.  [Seal.] 

'Taklos  lJi:n.M  i.t  Dimassis.  [.-^eal.] 
''In  prescnec  of 

"  Mi;iti\VKTni:ii   Lkwis,   Cti/tt.  I'irtt    rnitrtt  Sutttn    liitjimmt 
liifiiiiliii, 

".AsroisE  Soi'i.Aitli,  Siirrvi/'iy-fjcucrnf,  etc. 

"(.'M  Ull.KS   OlIATloT." 

Upon  till!  conclusion  of  the  pi'ocoetiiii|:s  at  tho  Gov- 
eniiiR'iit  House  the  American  (roii]is  were  niarehotl  up 
10  tlio  foit  on  the  hill,  where  the}'  were  received  by 
tlie  Siiaiiish  troops  under  ariii.s,  and  placed  in  posses- 
sion and  quartered  therein,  the  Stars  and  Stripes 
biiiif,'  displayed  on  the  staff  in  lieu  of  that  of  Sjiain. 

Tiie  SpaiiLsh  troops  after  the  evacuation  of  the  ftirt 
were  Hunched  down  to  the  lariio  old  French  hou.<e  of 
fo.st.s,  built  by  Montardy  in  170"),  at  the  southwest 
corner  of  our  present  Third  and  Elm  Streets,  then  the 
j!ro|ierty  of  Manuel  Lisa,  fnnii  whom  it  had  been 
lonted  by  Governor  Dela.ssus  for  tlu^  temporary  f|uar- 
tm  of  the  Spanish  troops  until  their  departure  for 
New  Orleans. 

Tiio  late  Madame  Aspasia  Desilatc,  of  Flori.s.sant, 
was  an  eye-witness  of  these  ceremonies.      "  Some  of 

the  older  inhabitants,"  she  said,  "  took  it  sadly   to 

lioart." 
On  the  following  Jlonday,  March  12,  1804,  Col. 

Di'lassus,  at  the  retjuest  of  Capt.  Stoddard,  delivered 

to  certain  Indian  tribes  then  in  and  about  St.  Louis, 

in  llio  presence  of  Capts.  Stoddard  and  Lewis,  Jiicut. 

Worrall  and  others,  the  following  speech,  announcing 
;  totliem  the  change  of  government: 

1  "I'tLAttAiiKS,  Abuxakis,  Sa(Ji:is,  ANII  Otiikiis  : 

"Your  old  fathers,  the  Spaniard  and  tho  Frenehman,  Avho 
graqi  by  the  hand  your  new  father,  tho  head  chief  of  the 
1  I'liiU'l  .'^t;ites,  hy  an  act  of  their  good  will,  and  in  virtue  of 
I  liiiirl;isl  treaty,  I  have  delivered  up  to  them  all  these  lands. 
I  Ihw  iiill  litep  and  defend  them,  and  protect  nil  the  while  and 
|it(lslviiis  nhu  live  thcrcou.  Vuu  will  live  as  happily  as  if  tho 
JSinniarcl  was  still  here. 

"Iliii\e  informed  your  new  father,  who  hero  takes  my  place, 


that  since  I  have  been  hero  the  Delawarci.  .^hawnees,  and  Sakii 
have  always  condinted  themselves  well ;  that  1  have  always  re- 
ceived them  Kindly;  that  Ihcchiefs  have  always  restrained  their 
young  men  as  much  as  it  was  possible.  I  have  recon'inended 
thee,  Takinonsa,  ns  chief  of  the  nation,  that  thou  liast  always 
labored  much  and  well  to  maintain  n  sincere  friendship  with 
the  whites,  and  that  in  cons(i|iienee  of  thy  good  ser\  iei-s  1  ro- 
eently  presented  thee  u  nioilal  with  the  poitrait  of  thy  great 
falhcr,  the  .Spaniard,  and  letters  patent  reeiling  thy  good  and 
loyal  services. 

"  For  several  days  past  we  have  lircd  olT  ennnonshots  to  an- 
nounce to  all  the  nations  that  your  father,  the  Spaniard,  U 
going,  his  heart  happy  to  know  that  you  will  bo  prolectcd  and 
sustained  by  your  new  I'lillier,  and  that  the  smoke  of  tho  powder 
may  ascend  to  the  Master  of  life,  praying  him  to  shower  on  you 
all  II  happy  destiny  iiikI  prospeiily  in  altvays  living,  in  good 
union  with  the  whiles." 

Col.  Delns.'^us  nlso  on  the  same  day  addressed  tho 
following  oflicial  circular  to  the  several  commandants 
in  his  jurisdiction,  apprising  them  of  the  change: 

"To  M.  Ilaptistc  Vallc,  Stc.  Oenevicvo. 

"To  iM.  I)(du/.iere,  New  Uourbon. 

'•To  M.  I.ouis  I.orimier.  Cupe  (ilirardeau. 

"To  M.  ,lean  Ijavalicc,  New  iMiidrid. 

"To  M.  Pierre  dc  Treget,  Carondelet. 

"'I'll  M.  •Tames  Mackay,  St.  .Andrew. 

"To  M.  Francis  I>unegant,St.  Ferdinand, 

"  To  M.  Charles  Tayon,  St.  Charles. 

"  To  M.  Francis  Saucier.  I'orlage  des  Sioux. 

"To  JI.  I'ierro  l.iijoic,  Syndic  at  Maramec,  and 

"  To  JI. Hodges,  at  the  I'ost  of  the  Missouri : 

"On  the  'Jlh  day  of  the  present  month  I  relinquished  tho 
command  of  this  phieo  and  of  nil  I'pper  I.oiii.sian.i  to  Jlr. 
.\mos  Stoddard,  captain  of  artillery  of  the  United  Stales  and 
commissioner  for  the  French  republic,  who  since  has  retained  it 
in  the  name  of  the  said  Slates. 

"  1  apprise  you  id'  lliis  for  your  guidance,  ncconling  to  orders 
I  issued  to  yoii  of  date  February  -Otii  last  past,  notifying  you 
to  cominunicate  the  same  to  Ihe  syndics  of  your  dependency. 

"  Ood  have  you  in  His  holy  keeping. 

"CiiAiii.KS  Dkiiailt  Dki.assijs. 

"St.  I,oris  of  Illinois,  March  I'.*,  1804." 

After  the  transfer  Col.  Delassus  remained  in  St. 
Louis  until  the  month  of  October  of  the  same  year, 
closing  up  the  affairs  of  the  Spanish  government,  aiid 
awaiting  further  orders,  and  finally  left  witli  his  sol- 
diers and  the  munitions  of  war,  which  were  not  in- 
cluded in  the  sale,  for  New  Orleans,  and  on  his 
arrival  there  was  ordered  to  Pensaeola,  Fla.,the  head- 
quarters of  Ills  regiment. 

While  he  continued  in  St.  Louis,  Delassus,  like  the 

good  officer  that  he  was,  did  all  that  he  could  to  aid 

;  and  instruct  the  United  States  officers  in  the  easy  dis- 

;  charge  of  their  duties,  and  to  prevent  irritation  and 

promnto  good  and  kindly  feelings.     An  assistant  sur- 

I  veyor  had  gut  into  difficulties  with  the  inhabitants  of 

;  Mine  a  Burton,  and  Delassus,  looking  into  the  matter, 

'  presented   the  facts  to  Capt.  Stoddard,  who  at  oneo 

ordered  a  temporary  suspension  of  all   surveys   on 


( 
I  t 


266 


inSTOllY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


i 


^'; 


I        "  '  Kl 


t^paniuli  firants.  Ilu  was  also  nuvfiil  to  sco  tliat  all 
public  property  was  invoiitorioii  and  conveyed  over  to 
the  riiitcd  SlatoH,  liis  lii^'li  nciiso  of  ruNpoiisibility 
cunstraitiin^  liiin  tu  <;iv<'  pursoiial  alleiitioii  to  lliu 
matter.  Tliiis,  as  lafo  as  .\uj.'iist,  lOlli,  wo  find  liiiii 
rcprovini.'  .1.  H.  Valir.at  Sto.  (leni'vicvo,  for  n'nii.s.siicss, 
and  r(,'(|iiiiiii;;  the  dclivrry  to  liiiii  of  the  archives,  and 
the  surrenderor  four  or  live  eanimn  in  the  fort. 

When  hi'hissu.s  entered  uiion  his  aduiinistriition  of 
(ho  }:ovcrnnient  of  this  upper  country  in  1T!M>,  in  his 
nppointnienis  to  office  lie  retained  in  their  po.sitions 
all  those  he  found  competent  and  iicitejilahlo  to  the 
people  of  their  respective  localities. 

Spanish,  lieinj;  the  official  lanjiua^o  of  the  country, 
was  used  in  all  matters  and  documents  pertainiiiij:  to 
the  ijiovernmciit  of  u  public  nature,  but  inasmuch  as 
far  the  larf^cst  porli(;n  of  the  inhabitants  wore  of 
French  orij^in  this  wiis  the  almost  universal  laniiua^e 
of  the  people.  As  a  sudden  clian<;e  from  tlie  8|)anish 
to  the  Kn^'lish  lan;zua<;e,  and  the  introduction  of 
American  customs  and  usa;;es  would  havi!  occa'iioned 
the  people  no  little  embarrassment,  and  to  ^ive  them 
gome  little  time  to  necustom  theiuselves  tu  the  new 
order  of  thinirs,  Stoddard  liad  been  instructed  to  make 
but  little,  if  any,  chanj^u  in  the  inii</ii.t  npirdin/l  of  ad- 
ministering the  government  under  the  old  nyinir 
until  Coni;re.«s  at  its  tlien  ne.\t  .session  nii;;ht  provide 
therefor.  With  tliis  purpose,  at  the  rc(jue8t  of  Stod- 
dard, Dclassus  furnished  ii  list  of  all  those  who  had 
office  under  him,  with  such  observations  in  refjard  to 
their  jiirsniiiii/  as  he  supposed  might  be  useful  to 
the  new  coniniandanl.' 

'  ,\s  II  niiiltcrot'  n*(M)nl  iuiil  sumcthin;;  wliicli  iMiijccnis  snriM' 
of  tlie  leading  iiihaljitant.'S  of  ."^t.  Louis  at  tliis  [HMiod.  wi*  i;i\(' 
till"  re|iort  of 

"DEl..\SSfS  TO  STOUDAUD  OV  THE  I'EI1.S0NXKL  OF  TIIK 
OKFICKKS,  Ktc. 

"  1.  Antoint'SouIartl.  .^t.  l.oni..!.  is  a  l'oi-iiuToni»'pri)rtln.'  Frciicli 
navy,  oini^raltMl  ><in('(>  tlio  Itrvoliilioii.  Sinco  lii.n  arrival  in  tlie 
country  lie  has  liccn  in  the  iMiiploy  of  tlio  ^nverniiioiit,  an<l  lias 
(lischar^tMl  liis  duty  willi  /.cal  and  accuracy.  Utr  would  lia\'e 
received  a  salary  as  assistant  to  the  [,iciitenant-(io\'criior,  who 
desi;;ned  to  raise  his  rank,  had  it  imt  hecn  lor  the  c!ian;^e  of 
government,  so  that  fur  over  two  years  In,'  has  done  nthin;;  of 
this  kind  for  the  ."^iianisli  service,  lie  was  rcc.onniicrdeil  to  the 
kin;;  to  he  a|i|>olnted  a  ea|itain  with  the  |i'ay  of  lieutenant,  and 
lately  withdrew  his  apgilicalion,  which  I  have  favored  anew. 
In  liLs  eliaraeter  of  surveyor  of  this  Upper  Louisiana,  he  can 
furni.-li  you  the  most  reliable  inl'orination  in  regard  to  all  tlio 
titles  of  grants,  including  those  in  New  .Madrid,  tlic  last  post 
in  Upper  Louisiana  where  grants  of  land  have  been  made.  In 
my  opinion  he  is  an  oflicer  of  much  merit. 

"2.  l>oii  lienito  Itasque/.  a  former  oflieer,  father  of  a  minier- 
0U8  family,  jioor,  who  does  not  succeeil  in  husiin'ss,  and  whose 
ftge  makes  him  at  present  of  but  little  force  for  the  service. 

"  3.  Jiiciiues  de  i-l.  Vniin,  oflicer  of  the  French  navy,  emigrated 


Carlos  l>i'hiiult  !)eliissus  earned  the  respect  anil  is. 
teem  of  the  American  officers  with  whom  lie  was 
thrown  in  association,  as  the  following'  letters  Hiii|iK 
les'ify.     The  slii;ht   touch  of  punctilio  is  ii  jreiiMiin 

to  the  eoniitry  with  his  family  •Inee  I'll'.  He  eonitiiand-  |||. 
.Majesty's  galliol  the  ■  I'hulie  ;'  he  serves  with  /.ejil  andi'\,i,i 
ness  ;  he  lian  made  several  voyages  or  eiimpaigiis  with  his  gilln  i. 
in  ivhich  he  always  eiirrieil  out  Ills  Instructions  with  sa^^iini, 
and  prudence.  In  his  lust  campaign  to  I'ralrle  dii  Cliiiii  1,^ 
oblaiiied  a  little  paraclete  (coiiifoii  or  eonsolalloii)  of  foily  i|.,| 
lar-  pay,  forty  live  ilullais  id  bounty,  anil  one  and  one  hull  h^il. 
a  day  rations,  together  ninety  dollarM  the  iiionih.  lie  i-  m, 
brolher.  and  I  eoiiUne  myself  In  e\pressing  his  de-iie  to  I,,  i,,, 
fill  to  I  he  new  go\eitiiiieiil  under  which  he  is  to  li\e. 

"I.   .Mr.  .\iiloiiie  Itiibrenil,  a  young  olllccr,  very  /eiiloiH  n, 

all  he  is  coiniioinded  t  i  execute;   he  was  employed  in  ll \|,i 

(lit  inns  of  I  be  galliot  iiinler  l)e  ."^t.  N'riiiii,  who  was  satisticil  imi, 
his  condiiet. 

*' .'i.   Mr,  Joseph  UohidouN.  an  inlirni  ohl  man,  aliiio-i  l.iiinl. 

"Ii.  .Mr.  I'ierre  I'hoiilean.a  teiy /.eahnis  olliccr ;   be  \va>  i.,ii] 

niandani  of  rmt  Caroiilelel  at   tile  Osage  milioii,  wli ii;i'l 

il  pleased  His  Majesty's  lioveiiior  Laclede  to  grant  e.\elii>iiil\ 
to  Mi'ssr*.  .Manuel  Lisa,  .■^angiiiiiet,  tireg.  .'^arpy,  mid  lliiii.ii 
."^o  long  a.s  tbisoHieer  had  the  trade  of  Ibid  nation  he  so  umii 
aged  them  and  his  authority  was  such  us  t.i  Induce  Ihciii  alim 
e\i'r  ihey  killed  any  one  to  bring  in  the  ringleadi-is.  Ih- i. 
respeelcd  and  feared  and,  I  believe,  loved  by  thin  nalioii.  On 
one  ouciision  I  saw  liiin  here  with  a  party  of  tnn  liiiiiilii.l 
Indians  make  himself  les peeled  and  obeyed,  and  managol  thiih 
with  lirniness  and  mildness.  1  Ihink  he  is  the  niosi  .-iiIihIm 
olVicer  of  Ibis  post  to  bi' employed  in  thai  nation  ami  uih,,.  ; 
the  .Missouri. 

"7.  Mr.  Vincent  lloiiy.  I  am  uiiai'i|iiainled  with  hi?  .n. 
vices.  Ho  is  an  lionist  man  in  business  all'airs,  but  ciiliiiii 
gisen  to  drink  since  I  have  been  here. 

''  S.  Mr.  I'a-cal  Ceiie,  S.  L.,  it  very  zealous  oflicer,  speak:  mil 
writes  Knglish. 

''II.  .Mr.  Ilenito  \'asi|ucz.  .Ir.  I  belii'vo  him  very  zciilui:-. 
nit  hough  I  have  not  had  occasion  to  employ  him, 

"In.  M.  Fraueis  I>unegant,  eoiiiinandant  at  ."^t.  I'criliiMnI 
.\  pcrfeelty  honest  man,  brave  oflicer,  who  has  tilled  pojls,  anl 
who  was  made  eomnnindant  at  Iheuoiumencemcnlof  llici'ltli 
iiicnt,  but  his  capacity  ia  such  that  he  is  now  often  enibinra-Ml 
in  view  of  the  growth  of  his  district,  ami  that  he  can  ncillicr 
read  nor  \vrite. 

"II,  M.  Francis  Dtlorier,  of  the  same  genii.i  as  Diiuogaiii, 
preeeding. 

"  12.  SI.  Charles  Tayon,  eominandant  at  St,  Charles,  a  liravo 
oflicer,  and  zealous  in  idieying  orders  be  receives  wlieii  he  c.in 
comprehend  Ibem;  he  reeei  veil  a  brevet  from  the  king  nfjec-rl 
lieutenant  and  jiay  of  eleven  or  twelve  dollars  a  lauiilh  t'r 
having  distinguished  biiuself  in  an  action,  I  think.  «il!i  tbc 
'English  :  for  some  time  past  be  gives  himself  to  drink ;  lie  if- 
eently  conimitted  an  injustice  towarils  the  inhahitaiiLs  ot'  b> 
post,  which  is  already  too  important  for  his  eapacily  to  iiialAf 
him  to  regulate  as  it  should  be;   he  neither  reads  nor  »nli>, 

"  Li.  M.  .Antoinu  llautliler,  a  good  man,  wilhuut  knunkJgt', 
but  zealous  in  the  service. 

"  14.  SI,  I'ierre  Troye,  about  the  same  stump  as  the  piccciliiig  | 
one. 

"  1;>.  M.  .laiiics  Maekay,  an  oflicer  of  kimwlelge,  zoiiloii- iinJ | 
punctual;  he  formed  the  sctllenient  of  St.  Andrew;  lie  c;iu!i'l  j 
roads  and  bridges  to  bo  coiistrnetej  by  the  inhabiliiiils  In  iMii-| 
luunicato  with  this  chief  place ;  ho  is  not  nuarielbuuic,  aiil  In! I 


Spanish  (niit 
till'   -eiicral   1 

.villiT  of  hi.i 

ndjii..|ej  dissensii 
liis  poller,  nml  hi 
lliliik  liiiii  It  reci 
l.c  icMi|.  iiihl  wiii 
•■»■■  M.  Kdiiioi 
"Mioiided  him   I 

11 1  I"  Hie  piil,l|< 

"  ir.   Mr.  .Aiiiiis 

|iiililic  loisjness,  III 

ImiiisiH  earnesilv  j 

"  I-    Mr.  Ilooiip, 

llcli.i-;illeudy,  sii 

"iiiii;'  I"  Ills  inilMi 

iii'lace.l  hini  ll,  |-,.||, 

l'"l''ic  good,     iThi,, 

"I".  Mr.  Mat.  ,M 

ijiolliii,'  personally, 

I  laar  of  hi,  condiie; 

"  •'■  'Mr.  Francis 

a  f'iniicr  riencli  ofl 

liiiiiily,  an  honest  i,,,, 

"-I-    '   ■    "ieriedi 
nidi  110    ■■  i„.],y.  ,1,, 

n|iliiiii  coMiiiiiiidiini 
III'"  llic  least  alhiir  i 
•■!i"iiM  liaie  lis  archiv 
"-'-'•  I'ierre  Liipj,., 
Ilicrc,  niidasyndio  (ir 
'■">'  »licn  I  appoinlci 
iti.in. 

"■■'■  .M.   Frnncois  \ 
!'«'»>■  of  Ih.so  ofli,.,., 
'•"')  l'"und  Ihemscli 
■'"■''  '""I'liiploynieni, 
'III"'.  Iliat  he  so  jusi 
S'tlli'l  '0  useful  ll  ,„, 
jlmiil  to  depart  this  lift 
J ''"■'."  I"'cn  zealous  In 
j«fitiiii.lcrallcirciiins| 
"-'I.  .M.  .John  Ii,  V,„ 
'»! officer.     He  has  beer 
llcilivays  eoiidiicled   1 
jl'ai|"'r.uily  lliepi^t  of 

Bt'llllT. 

•  .V.John  Pralte 

lE'ijIi.di. 

"•''■  ■'*'•  ^"l■allcis  Valli 

'IfrOTiahles  his  father  i 

^«Jnl  last  ye„r,  eonip, 

I*'""'!  "•  'Vciv  Mai'rid,  I 

|"w  in  llic  service. 

"■■■  >'■  Jidin  I).  ,l.,,„i 

"■'•  -V.  Ciiuijlle  Dehi, 

f'^C"ll„|„.b„„^„,,^^,, 

'"K",?li.'^Ii  language. 
r''"icc.     He  comma. 

P'fll'OOfliisf,,,),^.       ^, 

r''*"'l">i"itIeondnel 

I  "11=  is  iiiy  brother. 
|*"'i"n  under  the  new 
»'W*N.y  saying  „„^.„,i, 


11 
an 
II 
ct 
Th 


TIIK   LOUISIANA   CKSSION. 


207 


ml  ciiliu'lv 
zciiltji;-. 

an  lU'ilkr 


L'lll 


s  Diiucsnnt, 

rlllMl   lie  c» 

;l  in.iutli  V' 
l,li,  Willi  ll-t 
ihiU ;  lie  re- 
Uaiils  u(  li* 
ijly  111  tn:""' 
inf  ttiius. 
kiiuwkJgi' 

Lo  IHCOCilillg 

,  icalrt"*  «nl 
|v ;  he  caun-l 
ll,iiit>l"W'"" 


Sii:iiiiMli  trilit  that  addn  to  riitlit'r  tliaii  dotrai'ts  rniiii 
ill,'  -vticnil  iiiiiial)ility  of  cliaractcr  (if  lliis  veteran 
suliliii"  (if  liis  Most  Catlwliu  Maje«ly  : 

mljiifli'l  ilii'i'i'tnion"  lii'lwccn  llin  liiliiiliiliiiiln  n»  miicli  iin  Iny  in 
|i{4  |M\\t'i',  mill  111!  k('('|is  (hciii  ill  ^mihI  nrik'r  w  itii  jiMl;{iiiriil.  I 
tliiiil,  liiiii  u  riv'iiiniiii  iiiliililu  iiDii'er  nilli  inaiiy  gmiA  i|militii'.i : 
|,c  Mill-  lui'l  writ!'."  FiciU'li. 

"III.  M.  IMiMiiii  lliii|«rii,  syiidii'  Cnliiniliiii  Ilciltiiiii.  Since  t 
iui|iiMtilr<l  liiiii  1  liavr  iiiwiiyH  f'nunil  liiiii  \\-ry  iMiriect  iiikI  do- 
Mi'cl  I"  llii'  |iiiliMc  ni'i'vici'. 

'•IT.  Mr.  Aiiiiw  ltii'lii':''">n.  I  ItiiiiU  liiiii  >i  |ini|ii-r  iiimii  Tiir 
iiiililii'  liui'iiMi!'.'')  lUiil  ^iiK'i'  lii!i  iititii'inliMcnl  111'  liii!4  iiliviiyK  boi  lie 
liiiiiKiir  i'iitiu'»lly  in  tliii  iiiiitli'i's  ivliii'li  ri.'i|iiii'i'il  li!^  iilttiilinn. 
"  b.  Mr.  Iliiiiiip,  a  rcuiu'i'liilile  nlil  iiiiin,  jii-t  iiiiil  liii|iivrliiil. 
IK' li.i-  iiliii:i<l,v,  Kilii'v  I  ii|>|iuinli]il  liiiii,  iilTi'it'il  liiii  rc'-i;;ii:ilii>ii, 
(.win;;  I'l  liiii  Inllnnilic!! ;  licliiviiij^  I  kniiiv  lii»  |iri>liily,  I  liiivu 
iiii|ii('i"l  liliii  III  ri'iiiiiin,  ill  vli'iv  i>l'  iii,v  i:i>nllili'iu'ii  in  liiiii  I'm'  llii' 
inililii' d"'"!.     i.'l'lii"  i."  I'liiiii'l  lliii'iic,  iif  Ki'iiliii'lij'.) 

"1(1.  Mr.  .Milt.  MiiKini't  I  liiivi!  mil  liml  tln' n|i|i(n!iiMily  nf 
l.ii'iniii,'  |ii'i>oiiiilly,  lull  >inii'  I  liiivu  ii|i|Miinl(''l  liiin  llif  i('|ioils 
I  liriir  "!'  Iii'  c'liniliii'l,  if  kii,  iiii'  nut  iiil\iinliih'i"iiii'  lur  tln'  |>iilili>'. 
"■'.I,  .Mr.  Kriineif  SiinciiT,  L'uiiiiniiiiiliinl  lit  l*intii;;u  tli's  .Si"U.\, 
;i  f'lniii'r  I'l'i'iii'li  olVii'iir  In  tlio  I'lilmiy,  I'iiIIiit  of  ii  iiiinH'rtniH 
I'liiiiil.v,  :iii  liiinrst  iniin,  /.t'liliiii.",  inul  ii  fiiriid  nf  ^ixul  order. 

"21,  y  ■   I'icrri'  do  Tri'^i'l.  t-ymliL'  of  Ciironili'U'l,  ii  k 1  imm 

niih  nil  "  iii'ily  ;  Im  nrlilii'r  rend"  nor  writi's ;  lio  wiii  ii|i|ioinliMl 
c:i|itjiin  i'"Miiiiiiidiiiit  for  wiiiit  of  otiii'r.'i :  the  \ntr'l  i,i  no  near  here 
llial  111"  leiial  alVair  of  Unit  |iii.'il  i<  done  licre,  novertlielei-s  it 
>!>'iiilil  have  ilH  ni'chivcii,  wliieli  aro  not  iin|ioi  laiit. 

"'.'2.  I'ierro  Laiiii",  a  bad  fellow,  hut  the  bi.st  I  eonld  finl 
Ihcri',  and  a  syiidie  ( lrii>lee)  at  Mariiiiice  was  ab'ioliitely  neeen- 
Mrynlien  I  a|ipoiiitcd  liiin  ;  he  .x|ieak!i  Kii^ll.^h  ;  ii  determined 
[ii.in. 

"ill.  .M.  I''ran\'iiii' \'iille. '''te.  (ieiievicve.  The  fldclily  of  llic 
fjiull)'  of  Ih'so  uflleera  under  all  iho  adniiiiislralionii  where 
lilt'}'  finiii'l  theni.'ielve.i,  the  inneh  j;ooil  perviees  of  thin  one 
iin'c  III.'  eiiiployinent,  the  tiniveri'iil  esteem  of  all  the  iiihab- 
iuiii,'.  that  he  no  juslly  merited,  eniinot  lint  eniise  to  hu  re- 
HhUhI  'u  useful  a  man  at  the  nioiiieiit  when  pei'lijips  be  is 
iImiuI  t"di'pait  this  life;  and  reeommend  his  f.tinily,  which  has 
a:'v:iy^  lieeii  zealous  in  the  public  ser\  ice,  and  hiivegi\en  prools 
-f  II  iimler  all  eii'i'iinistani'i'S. 

'.'I.  .V.  .lohn  I!.  Valle,  brother  of  Don  Franiris,  a  very  zeal- 
'lij'iffii't'r.  He  has  been  empbiyed  under  several  eireuinstanees. 
lie  alwavs  eoiidiicted  hiiiistdf  well,  aiol  eomntaiids  at  present 
kiiijiiTarily  the  post  of  Sto,  Genevieve,  sinee  the  illiiets  of  his 

It.'llllT. 

.M.  .lohn  Prattc,  a  zealous  olliecr  when  employel ;  fpeaks 
,Eii;li.di. 

26.  iM.  Francis  Valle,  .Ir.,  son  of  the  dying  cnmninndant. 

Utrcomblcs  his  father  in  disposition  ;  in  an  expedition  I  eom- 

jirjii'lc'l  last  year,  composed  of  a  detaehment  of  militia  I  eiin- 

Idii'liil  to  Xew  Madrid,  I  notieed  his  zeal,  alaeiity,  and  eorreet- 

[te'.'iii  the  service.  • 

"1'.  M,  John  II.  .lanis,  iv  zealous  odicer.     Sic.  flenevievc. 

"!!<.  M.  Cainilk'  Delassus.    Tbisoflicer  is  at  present  on  duty 

11  N'civ  Itiiiirbnn,  where  lie  nets  as  interpreter,  without  pay.  for 

IWKii;;lisli  language.     He  has  been  employed  several  limes  in 

lic'pnioc.     lie  eoinmandcil  the  po.sl  of  New  I!oiirlion  in  tho 

ioti'i'iif  his  father.     Ho  discharged  tho  duty  of  adjutant  of 

)  il'-tniliment  I  conducted  last  year  to  Xew  Madri'l. 

"lie  is  my  brother.    The  desire  I  entertain  to  see  him  obtain 

Itmuiiiin  miller  tho  new  government,  wbero  ho  is  to  remain, 

iiliiilsiuy  siiying  anything  further  of  him,  hut  I  think  I  may 


"  Mv  iiK.Mt  ."in, —  I  had  Iho  honor  this  mnnient  to  rcccivo 
your  note  of  the  present  day,  together  with  your  very  neeeplablo 
present  for  Mrs.  Harrison  and  niysilf. 

"  Iteliove  me,  my  dear  sir,  that  I  c'leein  my  visit  to  .'<t.  I.ouiH 
M  an  event  the  most  fortun.it.'  — it  has  proilneed  an  intimaey 

Id  without  I'oiuproiiiising  niysi'lf  that  he  » ill  always  be  highly 
lliiltered  at  being  I'lnployid. 

"  -!'.  I'iene  Ilebis^iis  Ilelii/icre,  N'cw  Itonrbmi.  I'!ntirely  de- 
voted to  |iiililic  iilVairs,  gained  him  the  apprnbution  of  the  (iov 
ernor  (■•neral  of  Louisiana.  He  is  my  t'uther:  1  can  only  rcc- 
oniniend  him  as  a  zealous  servant. 

"  ;10.  M.  I.oiiis  I.oriniii  r,  eommanilaiit  at  C.ipe  (lirai'deau. 
'fills  otiicer  can  neither  read  nor  write,  but  be  has  mitunil  griiiiis  ; 
siiiiM'  he  has  had  the  command  at  the  Cape  bo  has  alwaya  had 
the  judgnicnl  to  have  sonic  one  near  him  ablo  to  assist  him. 
In  regard  to  his  eorrespondince,  he  signs  nothing  without  hav- 
ing it  read  to  him  two  or  three  times  iiiiHI  he  conipieheiuls  it, 
or  it  must  be  read  again.  He  has  iniiinliiined  order  in  his  post 
with  incredible  lirinio  ss  against  some  inhabitants  who  designed 
to  milt  iiy  against  liim  wilhoiit  cause.  He  is  extremely  zealous 
when  einploycd.  Altlinogh  supposed  to  he  iiiteresled,  I  have 
kiinwn  liiiii  to  ne;;li'i't  all  his  business  to  exi'cnto  a  commission 
which  would  produce  him  instead  of  profit  but  e.vpcnse.  IIo 
is  much  exjicrienci'd  in  regard  to  Indians,  particularly  tho 
.Sbawnees  niol  Ijoiips.  It  was  throngh  bis  intlnencc  with  thin 
latler  tribe  that  Iho  Delaware  Indian  who  li.id  killed  a  citizen 
of  the  rnited  .^tiites  on  ibeioid  to  Post  Vinceiines  was  taken 
by  his  nation  to  KasUaskia.  \  had  an  in^'onlcslable  proof  of 
his  talent  with  the  Indians  last  yi'iir  at  New  IMmli  id,  whore, 
without  his  mediation,  I  would  bm  e  been  obliged  t.i  employ 
force  to  execute  the  Maseoux  liitlian.  It  was  be  who  eventually 
persuaded  them  to  attend  the  council.  Tlio  iter  of  tho  (iuv- 
ernor-tlencral  is  a  testimonial  of  his  services.  ]|u  is  brave  anil 
extremely  well  posted  in  tho  Indian  method  of  wiir,  feared  and 
respected  by  the  siiMiges.  I  think  I  sboiild  recommend  him 
cs| ially  for  these  matters,  which  he  knows  tboroiigbly. 

"  '.W  .  Mr.  .lohn  Lavallcc,  a  zealous  tiiid  skillful  ollicer,  I'ceom- 
mended  for  a  lon.g  time  for  captain.  I  appointed  liim  command- 
ant ml  iiilii-im  of  New  Madrid.  He  was  recognized  by  thegov- 
ernmenf,  and  I  think  would  have  been  retained  but  for  tho 
change;  every  time  I  einplnyid  him  bo  gave  me  great  satisfac- 
tion in  tho  manner  bo  aci)iiitted  hiiiisclf  of  his  eoinmissions  of 
service.  He  speaks  aii'l  writes  ,'<|ianish,  French,  and  I'lnglisb, 
and  is  a  firm,  brave,  and  prudent  man.  I  recoiumend  him  as 
an  ollicer  to  bo  employed. 

" .'»-.  M.  Itichard  .1.  Waters,  ze;iIous  oflii-cr  of  extensive 
knowledge,  but  of  a  somewhat  extravagant  disjtosition,  and  very 
quarrefsome. 

'■ .'!.'!.  M.  Francis  Itiche  Dupin,  n  zealons  odicer. 

*'lil.  M.  Robert  McKay,  a  braie  olVii'er.  extremely  y.ealoiiP. 
Ho  was  a  long  time  in  comniand  of  a  galley  of  His  Majesty 
gtaliooed  at  New  Madrid.  He  always  served  well.  He  was 
'Wounled  by  the  Maseoux  brigand  while  bringing  him  up  from 
New  Orleans  to  Natchez.      He  is  eilppled  for  life. 

"I!;i.  M.  I'eter  Anthony  T-aforge.  New  Madrid,  a  very  zeal- 
ous otiicer,  performing  tho  duties  of  adjutant  of  the  militia. 
He  is  also  justice  of  the  peace  and  notary  public.  He  performs 
these  various  duties  with  correctness  and  precision.  He  record.s 
all  that  is  done,  either  for  unusual  services,  orders,  depositions, 
etc,  I  can  do  no  less  than  reci'inmend  bim  as  a  man  very  ac- 
tive, correct,  ami  useful  for  the  public  scrvii^e;  but  lio  dues  not 
write  English. 

**  ilti.  M.  Francis  Lcsenr,  a  zealous  oflicer,  settled  at  tho  Littlo 
Prairie,  where,  although  without  a]ipointment  of  .syndic,  it  is 
him  in  his  olliclul  ehaiaeter  to  whom  they  ajiply  concerning  tho 


i] 


1 1 


268 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


1:1 


Sit 


m 


Mia 


IM 


nith  a  fainily  wliicli  I  slinll  continue  to  lovo  and  honor  as  long  | 
as  I  have  life. 

**  Incloscil  yon  Imvc  a  c»py  of  my  notilicntion  rcsitectiii;;  (lie 
wouil.    T  JKivu  tiikcn  caro  t<i  have  it  nta<lu  ns  piibliL'  as  possililc. 
"  lie  pli'asi'il  to  pri'St  lit  nio  iu  terms  ol'  tlic  narniest  respeut  Ici 
Mr.  anil  .Mrs.  He  Louissiirc. 

"  I  have  tlio  luiiiur  tu  be,  witli  siiiecro  rcspeot  anil  attai-liiiient, 
"  My  ilear  sir, 

"Yuiir  iiuist  huiiiblc  serv't, 

"Wm.  IIkniiv  IIaiiiusun. 
"Caiuikia,  fithNov.,  IS02. 
"TllK  IIon'bi.k  CiiAiiLKs  Ur.iiAfi.r  Di'i.vssis,"  ete. 

'•Sr.  Liii  IS,  2Htli  .'September.  1801. 
"Dkaii  Sill, — In  eiinscquenoe  of  your  letter  of  Ibis  ilale,  I 
am  leil  to  suspect  tliat  I  liave  been  guilty  of  a  bre.ieb  of  rtitfiiilfr, 

necessary  allHirs  of  tliis  new  settlement,  lie  iloes  not  read  nor 
write. 

"  .'17.  There  is  also  at  New  .Madrid  .M.  Cbar[ienticr,  interpreter 
of  the  Kn);lisli  laii^iia;;e,  appoiiili.d  by  the  government,  who 
rccoive.s  at  present  twenty  dolUrs  a  niontli. 

"JkS.  .Siinuul  Uorsey,  surgeon  of  the  post,  receives  tliirly 
dollars  a  month. 

"There  are  in  Ibe  districts  of  .'^te.  (Icnevicve.  New  Bourbon. 
Capo  liirardeau.  New  Madrid  symlics,  of  whom  each  eoiii- 
maiiihint  of  tliosi>  posts  may  obtain  information. 

*'  All  the  syndics  1  mention  were  appointed  l)y  me  the  year  we 
were  threatened  with  an  iitlack  by  the  Indians  from  the  I'-ng- 
lisli  side,  tor  the  purpose  of  placing  ibcmselves  at  the  head  of 
the  inhabitant-  of  their  dislricl.lo  he  in  readiness  to  lead  thcni 
to  the  place  where  they  wMuld  have  been  ordered,  ."^incc  then 
1  have  retained  them,  wilii  the  approial  of  the  government,  to 
settle  small  inisun'ierstaiidii.gs  between  the  iiibabitanls  with  a 
view  to  ilo  juslicc. 

"  All  the  coinmaiidants  named  and  appoiiitv'd  by  the  gnverii- 
nient,  anil  who  receive  no  pay  proi'ecding  from  their  military 
capacity,  receive  a  gratuity  of  one  hundred  dolbirs  per  annum, 
and  receive  their  post  expenses  according  to  the  time. 

"St.  I.oiisok  Ii.i.inois,  .March  li,  l.><OI.  C.  II.  If. 

"  To  Cait.  .\mos  ,"^T(iiiiiAliIi,  etc. 

".'I'.l.  Illppolile  liolon  speaks  scleral  languages  of  the  Mis- 
sissippi tribe.  I  have  always  been  satisfied  with  him,  and  know 
no  other  here  to  interpret  for  those  iialiuiis.  Jn  that  capacity 
he  receives  two  hundred  iloUars  a  year  and  his  firewood. 

"■111.  Le  Coiite,  !^t.  I.ouis,  gunsmith  b»r  the  Indians,  receiies 
one  hundred  aii<l  Inrty  didlars  a  year.  This  ollice  is  indispens- 
able for  the  nations  iiceustoined  to  have  their  lire  arms  rcpaiied. 
AVlu'ii  tlicy  eoine  to  the  place  they  make  the  trip  expresslv  to 
bring  them. 

"-1I.   .Mr.  .curate  of   this   parish,  reeci\'es  a   salary    of 


if  not  of  duty.  It  never  before  ocourred  to  ine  that  ii 
necessary  and  proper  on  my  part  to  acquaint  you  of  the  ai 
of  Maj.  IlriilT,  and  of  the  consequent  military  eoninian 
I'pper  l.oiiisiana,  which  has  devolved  on  liim. 

"I  now  do  myself  the  honor  to  inclose  you  an  extraci 
letter  from  the  Secretary  of  War  to  iiie  on  the  subject,  an. I 
mil  me  to  add  thai  Maj.  Ilrulf  quarters  in  the  same  li 
with  iiie,  and  that  he  assumed  the  military  uominand  of  I 
Louisiana  on  the  lirst  day  of  July  last. 
"  With  sentiments  of  respect, 

"  I  am,  sir.  your  Iiuin'e  serv't, 

"  Amos  SroiniAiiit,  ('apt.  Ari'if  dn-j, 

"Clll..  ClIAS.  llDllAll.r   IlKI.ASSlS.'' 


"12.  .Mr.  ,  euiate  of  St.  t'harles  and  St.  I'crdinand,  re- 
ceives   . 

"I.'i.  Dr.  Saugrain,  surgeon  of  the  hospital,  receives  thirty 
dollars  per  month." 

A'o/c  tt/  tfir  pfiHt  ittH  wiulc  to  Oil'  ImlittHH, — These  presents 
cost  the  Spanish  government  for  Upper  l.oiiisiana,  including 
provisions,  liquors,  etc.,  for  St.  I.onis,  Sle.  (iencvieve,  and  New 
Madrid,  about  from  twelve  to  thirteen  thousand  doIlar.s,  more 
ur  less. 

Nothing  can  do  more  credit  to  the  charaelerof  fielassiis  than 
this  report.  The  care  and  di-crimination  of  his  judgment, 
and  the  modesty  and  reticence  id"  his  reference  to  hi''  own  rela- 
tions an<t  contiections,  must  earn  hliii  the  iipplaiise  of  every  one, 
The  last  Spanish  (iovcrnor  of  St.  I.ouis  eerlailily  had  every 
quality  of  a  gentleman. 


I    ct 

"!'  .1 
per 

|.|icr 


CIIAPTEU   XII. 

M AN NK us    AM)    CI  STOMS. 

J.\MKS  II ALL,  who  lias  iichiovuti  a  rcputaiimi  wdl 
dc.'^crvctl  by  his  ploasin::  and  accurate  studies  of  Woi 
eni  life  and  luaiiiii'rs,  relates  in  one  oC  Iii.s  volunicsiiii 
anecdote  illu.-tiatin^  in  a  strikinj;  way  one  of  tlio  dil'- 
ferences  in  race  which  f;ive  variety,  contra.st,  ami  pic. 
turc.siiucne.ss  to  the  early  manners  of  St.  Louis: 

"  When  Gen.  tleorge  Rogers  Clark,"  ho  says,  "  the  Ihiimilul 
of  the  West,  eiiptured  Ka-kiiskia.  he  made  his  headqiwrl'TS  ai 
the  house  of  a  .Mr.  Michael  A  ,  one  id'  Ihe  weallliic^l  inlial,; 
tanls.  Michael  liicd  in  a  capit.ii  I'lcn -h  house,  cm  ctnpcii  iviiji 
pianzas  and  siirroundeil  by  girdcns.  all  in  the  mo-t  :i|i|imii  I 
style,  lie  was  a  merry,  coiiienfcd,  happv  man,  aboatiiliii;!  in 
good  living  and  g"od  stories,  and  as  hu-pit.ible  as  any  i;i'iillc 
man  whatever.  The  general  remained  his  ^oest  sonic  liiin', 
treated  with  Ihe  i.'rciile>t  liiiidne»s  and  altcuibm,  and  tcmk  liaie 

iif  .Mr.  A.  niih  a  high  res] t   for  his  ch:ir:c  ler  and  a  griitifol 

sense  of  hi-^  warm  lieai  led  ho.'piiali'y.  \  ears  roUeil  aiviiv; 
(len.  Clark  bad  retired  from  (oibli.'  life  an  1  »a-i  dwcllini;  in  an 
humble  log  hoti^c  in  Indiniia,  a  disappointed  iiiiiti.  His  bill- 
liant  services  li-o!  wM  been  app.-'.ialcd  by  his  ciinlry;  liis  |iu- 
litical  prospects  had  been  bli;,'hie  1 ;  he  wa.i  niienipliiyril  .ini 
unhippy, — n  proud  man,  eoiiseiom  of  merit,  pining  amy  li:.< 
life  in  ..b.«curity.  One  day  ii,i  he  stmllel  along  llic  b:iiili<  ,■.' 
the  Ohio  lie  espied  a  circle  of  French  boatincn,  the  crcivnfa 
barge,  who  were  seated  round  a  lire  on  the  bench  siiuikin:;  llioir 
pipes  and  si iigiie^  their  iiiern'  I'leiich  songs.     One  voicearrcMiii 

'  lien.  Harrison,  from  his  post  at  Cahokia,  orgiinizeil  tlK'iiiii  I 
government  of  St.  Louis  and  established  the  first  I'liiteil  .''liilf* 
court  there.     Capt.  (afterwards    Maj.)  Stoddard  accompiiiiiiii 
him  to    other  fields   of  duty   and    service.     Ills  "Skcttlii!  »f  j 
Louisiana"  was  published  In   LSIO,     In  May,  LSI.",,  iliiriii:ilie 
attack   upon    Tort   .Meigs  by  the  Ilrilish   lien.   I'reclcr,  .'^lul- 
dard,  who  had  been  iieling  eouimander  of  the  fort  iiiilil  lUr- 
rison  arrived,   was  struck  by   a   piece   of  shell    and  sc  lui'liyj 
woiin.lcd  that  he  died  of  lockjaw  ten  days  aflerivards.  l<lo.lAiiJ  J 
was  a  native  of  .Massacbu-etts,  an  old  soldier,  and  liail  .•orii'il 
in  the  Ilevoliilion.     His  coinmisslon  as  captain  of  urti!li'ryi!l 
dated  I7!»S,  and  be  became  major  in  ISII7.     Charles  lirali"i,»f| 
St.  Louis,  who  was  captain  of  engineers,  and  chief  ciiKiin'irnjl 
Ilarrison's  stall',  ivas  also  in  the  fort  at  this  lime,  aO'l,  llii>:i,'k| 
very  ill,  look  charge  of  the  heaviest  battery,  and  scrvnl  llii-'  'j'i| 
iu  two  very  critical  oinergentiios. 


liis  e:ir.  it  was  I 
lake  Ihe  blithe  i 
lle.ipproaelied, 
ivilli  .1  red  cap 
iTeii„'Mi,!ed  eacli 
llic  general,  and 
iiiiii  Kith  as  iiiui 
been  ill  his  spae 
lie  had  Middeiilv 

■'    |'l''"|'eiO||S     ^rl,| 

li  a  l.";itiiian,~| 
lli'iiU'li  a  man  of 
iin-a.-pecling.  '|' 
laws,  new  custoii 
I'i'cneli  had  been 
"iine.1.  liut  ho 
Sc'iieral.  who.se  eh: 
er  cciiiplcle.  Was 
'liviT-ily  of  nation 

.V(i  lietter  te.\ 

llll.'   Jll'l'SOIIt    cllll 

oiimnciitai'y  npo 
niriite  aceiuint  ol 
^^Vsli'i'ii  life  of 
|ii'i'iii(ls,  was  (ho 
a  lu'cttire  tlio  c.i 
'i'''«':il  and  froo^  ; 
■i"i'  I'it'li  ciilor.*, 
M^l;  is  a  very  difJi 

lIlO  .'^lli.jlM/t.   hut,  ( 

rii'liiicss,  vaiicly  o 
iii's^of  cdiKrast. 

(■"llll'.'ISt    of    i||,|ivi( 

•iihI  coiilnisf  iiCiiji 
'«i«'tvii  I7,S()  ami 
'ili-'-vicweil   rroii, 
^  ifill  cni'iiuiiirr  at  i 

i  lioiiio  dlirill^r  tliy  ( 

'  %•    The  Anier 

wiin-'liiiics  ill  all 

I  *'  I'limiiiaiids  ;,(( 

I  .'"noil  .sjiiikon    of 

I  iiibcs,  sum,.  „('(|„ 

|re?uliir  vi.sit„rs  j,,, 

'"■'Wwl  8ioii.v,  the  ( 

Ife'iii  llie   Gi'.-at    S 

[•^'^iiiiliin  from  the  I 

[il)cXcHVrce  habit 

Y  '''"•■i'<  and  Taoi 

jWiiiJ  Sound;  (ho  fi 

l'i'ii|«i»'licrof(ho 

P'.  anil  (Ik.  sensu  _ 

™i  'lie  frayly-cla, 

P*  aiul  Creek,  (I 

^'Wiii,  Hie  Chickasa 

pi'icrn,  suM-worsii 


MANNERS  AND  CUSTOxMS. 


260 


,i,.,.,imv.i"i>^ 

1  •■  suotait!  .f 

|l'i-,„'t.>r.  fl"l- 

la'  oiiKin"'"' 
1,1.,  uipl.  Il'"'-'' 


liij  ifir,  if  was  Ihiit  of  his  old  friend  Miclmcl ;  lie  eimld  n(it  mi»- 
liiki'  llie  blithe  tones  iiml  ever  hiinyiint  humor  of  his  former  ho^t. 
lli'ii|i|>roiu'licd,  and  there  sat  Michael  in  the  garb  of  a  boatman, 
ividi  ii  red  en|)  on  his  held,  the  nierrio.-t  of  the  eirele.  'I'hev 
rcvD'iiized  eaeh  other  instantly.  Miehael  was  as  glad  to  seo 
(he  ;;i'neral,  and  invited  him  to  take  a  seat  on  the  lo^  beside 
liiai  with  as  mueh  iiitembarrassed  hos|iitality  as  if  ho  had  still 
bi'cn  in  \ni  s|uieious  house  surri>niideil  by  his  train  of  servants, 
lie  li:id  fuddenly  been  reduecd  from  alUuenee  to  ipoverty,  from 
II  iiro-|H'rous  gentleman  who  li>ed    comfortably  on  his  estate 

I,  111 tinan, — the  cook,  if  we  mistaUe  no!,  of  a  barge.     .M- 

llioauli  a  man  of  vivacity  and  strong  mind,  he  was  illiterate  and 
iin^as|iecling.  The  change  of  government  bad  brought  in  new 
l;iffs.  new  customs,  and  keener  speenlators  than  the  honest 
[iTncli  had  been  accustomed  to  deal  with,  and  Michael  naa 
iiiiiRvl.  Hut  he  was  as  happy  as  ever,  while  his  friend,  the 
.'.'iieral.  whose  change  of  circninstanees  had  not  been  so  sudden 
(ir  t'liinplcte,  was  a  moody,  discontented  nmn.  .^mdi  is  the 
ilivcrMly  of  national  character." 

Nil  lii'ttcr  toxt  tliati  the  above  could  be  .selectoJ  for 
ilio  jiii'soiit  cliiiptor,  for  any  full  o.\])osilion  of  and 
iiiimiu'iitary  upon  it  must  include  a  cotiiiilcto  and  ac- 
fiinito  account  of  tlic  manners  and  cu.sioms  of  that 
Wostern   lii'e  of  which   St.   Louis,   in    it.s   primitive 
iiorioils.  was  the  focus  and  centre.     To  prc-Jcnt  siicii 
a  iiicture   the   canvas   must   bo   lar^re,   the   hamllini; 
lihonil  and  free,  iind  the  palette  must  contain  many 
iiiiil  rich  colors,   carofuUy  blended.     After   all,   the 
task  is  a  very  difficult  one,  not  from  the  poverty  of 
llie  suliject.  but,  (ui  the  cuntrary.  from  its  e.\cociliii|.j 
rii'lincss,  variety  of  movement,  and  rapidity  and  vivid- 
mps  of  contrast.     There  w;:s  not  simply  variety  and 
i.onlr;ist  of  individual   lif(!  and  character,  but  variety 
mill  contrast  of  national  types.     In  this  frontier  town, 
ln'iWLvn  ITSlI  and   182(1,  you  mioht  meet  more  of 
lil'o— viewed  from  the  point  of  contrast — than  you 
will  ciu'iuintcr  at  the  i:reat  festival  of  Benares,  or  in 
Homo  ihiriii'j;  the  Carnival,  or  at  the  Oaks  on  a  Derby 
Pjv.    The  American  Indian  comes  to  Washington 
simcliiiies  in  all  bis  picturesque  bravery  and  paint, 
aiiJ  eoiiiinands  altcniinii.      15iit  in  St.  Louis,  in  the 
Kiiod  spoken    of,   delejiates   from   all   the  scattered 
iiibos,  some  of  them  now  no  longer  in  existence,  were 
ri>;;ul;ir  visitors  and  guests.     The  wild,  naked,  low- 
liiiwcil  Sioux,  the  tall,  iordiy  Osaj^e,  the   Knistoncuu 
from  llie   Great    Slave    Lake,    the    fair   and    ornate 
Maiiilali  from  the  Upper  Missouri,  the  Shoshone  and 
llic  Ncz  I'erce  haliitually  encountered  the  descendants 
of  I'nciis  and  Taniineh  from  the  Delaware  and  Long 
land  Somid;  the  fierce  Loipiois  and  bravo  Wyandot, 
jtlijt  panther  of  the  canebrakos,  the  wandering  Siiawa- 
[11050,  unil  the  sensual  and  volatile  Illinois  meeting,  in 
[timi,  the  gayly-clad,  dark-skinned,  handsome  I'cmi- 
jiiijli;  and  Creek,  the   Ciicrokee,  the  Tallapoosa,  the 
|Yii7,ii(),  the  Chickasaw,  and  the  last  remnants  of  tho^n 
Jiillierii,  .sun -worshiping  tribes  who  arc  supposed  I  d 


be  descendants  of  the  .semi-civilized  IMound-builders. 
This  is  but  one,  the  savage  type,  yet  it  is  more  diver- 
sified than  nil  the  portraits  in  Catlin'.s  gallery.  If  we 
turn  now»  to  tlio  whites, — leaving  out  the  negroes  en 
tirely,  .some  of  them  .just  swe|)t  from  every  kraal  upon 
the  Guinea  and  Congo  coast,  some  long  enough  in 
the  French  or  Spanish  Antilles  to  chatter  a  French 
or  Spanish  jxi/m's, — we  encounter  the  Louisiana 
Creole,  the  Creole  of  Mexico,  Cuba,  Pensacola,  the 
('reole  of  Illinois  ami  Canada,  alongside  of  tlie  blue- 
blooded  Spaniard  of  every  province  from  Biscay  and 
Asturia  to  Catalonia,  Frenchmen  of  Normandy,  and 
of  I'icardy,  and  cd'  ProveiK.e,  as  well  as  Paris,  French 
half  breeds,  (■(lumir.i  and  mi/iii/i  nrs,  wild  as  Pawnees, 
gaunt  Saxon  hunters  from  Kentucky,  or  from  the 
Wind  River  Mountain.?,  pioneers  "  b;uind  west"  from 
every  State  in  the  Cnion,  singing  and  dancing  boat- 
men of  /y"  /l<//f  I'in'i ir  ai'.d  their  counterparts,  the 
swaggering,  unkempt,  red-necked  "American'  boat- 
men from  Pilt.sburgh  and  Redsloiu',  whose  fathers 
may  have  fuught  in  the  Revolution,  and  whose  grand- 
sires  were  probably  '•  redcmptioners''  in  Maryland 
and  X'irgini.i;  witli  these,  the  Puritan,  the  (Quaker, 
the  blackleg,  the  cavalier,  the  high-bred  gontlcman 
and  lady  from  ]']uro;ie,  the  cultivated  army  iiflicer, 
the  pliant  and  pu>biiig  politician, — a  throng  endlessly 
vaiious  to  study,  but  almost  impossible  to  group. 
Who  trii's  to  group  the  ligtires  in  one  of  Uaiis 
Makari's  nightmare  canvases? 

As  to  contrasts  of  individual  character,  take  one 
instance  only,  the  people  Henry  Brackenridge  re- 
members meeting  in  and  around  St.  Louis,  in  his 
lively  study  called  '■  Recollections  of  the  West." 
There  is  M.  Bcauvais,  of  Ste.  (lenevicve,  the  "tall, 
dry  old  Canadian,  dressed  in  the  costume  of  the 
place,"  courtly,  precise,  with  snulf-box  in  one  hand 
ami  ])ipe  in  the  other;  Madame  Bcauvais,  Hit,  pious, 
warm-heart  cd.etfusive,  best  of  motherly  French  dames ; 
Dr.  Saugrain,  weazened  nnl'jiv  and  man  of  science, 
chemist,  ])hilosophcr,  and  Sangrado ;  good  Father  St. 
I'ierre,  teaching  tiu;  boy  his  catechism,  ami  xoi'ijmiiit 
madame  and  her  daughters  with  alternate  penances 
and  benedictions;  Vanbibber,  the  retired  Indian- 
fighter,  with  his  blind  eyes  and  long,  venerable  white 
beard  ;  'apt.  Smith  and-  (ien.  Wilkinson,  in  their 
bluc-and-gilt  uniforms,  with  the  gay,  thirty-oared 
barge,  the  general's  pleasant  Chiistian  wife,  band  of 
music,  and  imposing,  smooth  presence;  Graves,  the 
sedate  and  proper  (Quaker  youth,  going  West  to  enter 
business,  whom  the  mosquitoes  turned  into  the  simu- 
lacrum of  a  small]iox  patient ;  the  brutal  captain  of 
the  keel-boat,  in  lenthern  doublet,  blue  trousers,  and 
Suwarrow  boots,  who  first  bullied  his  pa.sscnj;er8  with 


i  II 


m 


2'«d 


HISTORY    OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


ih 


'4 


pistols,  and  tlicn  cliallcnj?cd  them  to  fij;ht  liini  with 
butcliers'  knives;  Kaljili  HiL'szinbotham,  tbc"s(iuire'»" 
son  from  up  tlic  Muiionj;ahela,  niakiiijr  his  first  trip 
from  home  in  a  misfitting  suit  of  homemade  homc- 
8pun,  with  fourteen  dollars  and  a  silver  watch  in  liis 
pocket;  Bill  Ilulings,  "  noitlier  the  first  nor  the  last 
of  the  boatmen,"  in  tow  shirt  and  trousers,  witii  hand- 
kerchief on  his  licad ;  the  Connecticut "  squatter,"  with 
his  pleasant  wife  and  b..ker's  dozen  of  flaxen-haired  chil- 
dren ;  Col.  Smith,  the  Southern  duelist  and  planter, 
who,  like  "  Xtstor"  Jlacon,  of  North  Carolina,  "  never 
wished  to  live  so  near  anotlicr  as  to  be  within  bearing 
of  his  dog,"  and  who  felt  hipped  and  out  of  sorts  un- 
less he  shot  a  man  every  month  or  two ;  the  dapper 
ferryman  of  the  JIaranioe.  who  dwelt  in  a  cabin  alone 
with  dog  and  cat,  and  only  came  across  to  travelers 
shrewd  enough  to  find  and  blow  the  horn  hung  up  in 
a  tree  ;  the  religious  procession  of  all  the  good  people 
in  town,  like  a  scene  out  of  the  Middle  Ages,  which 
Brackcnridgo  encountered  in  riding  into  St.  Louis; 
Ilerr  Sliewe,  licentiate  of  lialf  the  learned  institutions 
of  Europe,  with  b.is  penny  shop,  bis  paiiitbru.'^hcs, 
and  bis  madness;  Graham,  the  refined  young  lawyer, 
graduate  of  an  Eastern  college,  murdered  in  a  duel  as 
he  was  upon  tl-.o  tbresbold  of  prominence  in  bis  pro- 
fession ;  the  .solitary  Indian  in  the  fort-prison,  be- 
guiling bis  weariness  by  inviting  pa.s.sersby  to  play 
draughts  with  him;  Mulhinpby,  the  mulberry- faced 
millionaire,  eccentric,  besotted,  yet  original  and  cum- 
prcbensive  in  his  business  views  and  grasp, — these 
are  but  the  chance  recollections  of  a  skctclier,  put 
down  after  forty  years'  absence  from  the  .scene. 

In  view  of  this  multifariousness,  therefore,  there 
does  not  seem  any  way  to  do  full  justice  to  the  sub- 
ject, and  treat  it  accurately  and  comprehensively,  ex- 
cept by  working  in  upon  a  clean  canvas  what  consti- 
tutes the  real  and  substantial  groundwork  of  St.  Jjouis 
sccicty,  adding  the  accessories  afterwards.  Undoubt- 
edly the  substratum  of  the  society  is  French  and 
Creole  ;  and  when  wo  have  dilfercntiatcd  further  and 
eliminated  every  unessential,  wo  are  entitled  to  con- 
clude that  the  foundations  of  St.  Louis  society  are 
best  to  be  ascertained  by  analyzing  tl.e  society  of 
that  group  of  French  towns  around  it  in  a  circle,  of 
which  it  was  by  no  moans  the  oldest,  yet  was  early 
the  centre,  and  has  long  been  the  chief.  ThesT  towns 
and  settlements  comprised,  among  others.  Fort  Cinu-- 
trcs,  Kaskaskia,  Prairie  du  Rocber,  and  Cabokia,  on 
the  east  side,  and  Cape  Girardeau,  Little  I'rairie,  Sle. 
Genevieve,  ^Liramec,  Carondclet,  St,  Louis,  Floris- 
sant (St.  Fernando),  St.  Charles,  I'ortage  dcs  Sioux, 
St.  Andre,  Village  ii  Robert,  Marie  des  Liards,  Nou- 
vcllo  IJourbon,  and  Femmc  Osage,  on  the  west  side  of 


the  Mississippi  River.  Originally  these  towns  and 
the  intermediate  and  circumjacent  lands  composcj  ns 
distinctively  a  French  settlement  as  the  Cliiiiuse 
quarter  in  San  Francisco  is  a  Cbincso  settlement. 

We  have  already,  in  writing  of  the  beginnings  and 
early  history  of  Lower  and  Upper  Louisiana,  smIJ  a 
good  deal  in  regard  to  these  old  French  towns,  Low 
they  originated  and  how  their  people  lived,  and  ilieie 
is  no  occasion  to  repeat  any  of  that.     Nor  is  iliore 
any  occasion  to  go  further  into  the  history  or  fniiinKs 
of  any  of  these  places  thuu  will  serve  to  supply  us 
with  materials  for  elucidating  the  manners  and  lmis- 
toms  of  old  St.  Louis.    So  far  as  Fort  Cbartrcs,  Ivh- 
kaskia,  Ste.  Genevieve,  and  Cabokia  arc  conccrni'd.iii 
which  these  old  manners  were  most  firndy  roottdimj 
were   best  preserved,  it  is  to  be  observed  that  ilnv 
origiTiated  and  grew  up  under  somewhat  difTcrciit  aii-- 
pices  from  those  which  presided  at  the  birth  and  di- 
rected the  destinies  of  St.  Louis,  and,  for  that  nnittir, 
of  all  the  French  towns  in  Louisiana  and  nidsi  if 
those    of    Canada.      In    Louisiana   the    towns  ww 
founded  by  French  planters  and  peopled  by  tluin  iim] 
the  factors,  merchants,  tradesmen,  etc.,  who  Miipplinl 
their  wants  and  carried  their  products  to  markit.    In 
Illinois  and    Missouri    and   Canada    the  towns  wiic 
settled  by  trappers,  hunters,  and  boatmen,  and  ilnir 
traders  and  factors.     But  in  Canada,  except  ]i(rli:i|s 
Detroit,  Micbilimackinac,  and  one  or  two  otiicr  |il;nis, 
the  towns  began  with  a  fort  or  trading-post  ut  t-u- 
lion,  to  which   the  Indians  and  other  nomads  e.niii! 
afterwards,  drawn  by  the  attractions  of  excliuiiL'i' .mJ 
the  desire  for  barter.     In  Illinois,  on  the  ollu  r  Imihl, 
whether  we  consider  A"ineetnies,  IVoria,  Kii>kii-kij, 
or  Cabokia,  there  was  first  an  Indian  town  id' snin; 
importance  and  as  much  stability  as  a  nomadic  pnpii- 
lation  can  give  to  such  a  place,  to  which  the  wliiis 
nomad.s — the    missionaries,    traders,    trappirs,   Imii 
ters,  and  boatmen — were   attracted,  and   whore  liicy 
afterwards  settled  down,  slowly  and  graduiillv  i'.\|iiil- 
ing  the  Indians.     The  distinction  is  mure  iiniimiaii! 
to  observe  than  wo\dd  at  first  blush   seem  tu  be  ilic 
case,  since  it  resulted  in  essential  dillercnccs  in  ilie  j 
character   of   the   population.     Now  St.   I, mils  wis  | 
Buttled  as  the  Canadian   towns  were,  by  an  (iibiiul 
plantation   of  whites,  but  then,  on  the  utlur  liaiiJ, 
these  whiles   were   in   the   first  instance  piiiKi|i;illyj 
drafted  from  the  populations  of  the  distinctive  lliiiiuiij 
towns,  afterwards   reinforced  by  traders  and  iihiiiiirjl 
from  the  Jjouisiana  populations,  and  dciiviuL' "'/tj 
its  government  and  legal  institutions  from  ihusu  ul'ilid 
later  Louisiana.    It  is  eviilcnt,  therefore,  ihii*  *>i.  bmi^ 
represents  a  compromise  series  of  manners  iiiid  iw 
toius.     It  partakes  of  those  of  Canada,  llliiiui,-,  ;ii«l 


Louisiana,  I 
the  three. 

St.  Louis, 

vioiis  to  the 

kiiskia  had,  i 

suliitient,  ho 

laiid  .system. 

aristocratic  I 

iiupiiiied  into 

land  (0  any  b 

itself  miglit  h 

purposes,  but 

own  and  liold 

arpcni  of  it,  i 

imd  other  ''  has 

lis  population. 

oratic,   however 

strained  by  his  i 

'')  the  eomniuna 

l)iikians  and   K: 

iliL'ir  ability,   wi 

lliaii  they  liaj  tli 

(.oiunions,  the  cs 

not  euiuc  from  tli 

,'a'lcing  great  "coi 

and  obtaining  the, 

vory  ca.sy  terms,  c 

liiiinvii'dgnient  of) 

'"lall  fee,  and  a  su 

i>  evident  that,  if 

»loi'py  element  of  i 

>iiioii  at  the  start. 

j;ii-al,(,-ad  element 

[  funibiiiaiiun.     Thi, 

[  ewes  in  the  fundaii 

"'''«■  iii-stancc  of  (I 

jil'i-'samu  cau.se,--J 

MM'omparod  with  t| 

'  'nJccd,  IIS  n-..  liav, 
l*'|to-,ono.,ftlie.-s,,.,L 

!»"*»ii.",  uliiil,vc.r„,ll 
p^'^H  «ImI  ,vc.,-o  (J 
[tort  dioficn. 

■■'  -'liikiiii,'  iiLslaneo 
[""'^■•*N){.i,-loniu,it..„uJ 

f""" ''f"''i"g  a  liistill 
■"■  -Mlic,.tlH.,-.,i,lo„J 
'"liuii,blv,,.,,i,i„,„.„^,J 

',"";:•;•■""'"■""«.■....»  til 
»''i'i-'i.".i....,.„,,k.. 

""'*"»•  -"I'l-nt  luiil  || 
■J^nWiinaVincfunJ 


MANNERS  AND   CUSTOMS. 


271 


Louisiana,  but  witliout  absolutely  representing  any  of 
the  three. 

St.  Louis,  for  example,  had  no  early  existence  pre- 
vious to  the  Spanish  rvgunc,  as  Culiokia  and  Kas- 
kiiskia  had,  and  this  affeeted  it  in  many  xVays.     It  is 
sufficient,  however,  to  note  one, — the  difference  in  the 
iauii  system.     It  was  highly  repugnant  to  tlie  very 
ari-stocratic  Frcneh  frame  of  government,  as  it  was 
imported  into  Canada  and  Louisiana,  to  give  or  lease 
laud  to  any  but  the  gentry  and  nobility.     The  tuicn 
itsfll' might  hold  and  own  land  enough  for  its  own 
purposes,  but  it  must  do  so  as  a  commuiu:, — it  must 
owu  and  hold  it  in  eomnion,  and  not  part  with  an 
arpcnt  of  it,  in  fee,  to  the  burghers,  trades-people, 
and  utlicr  ''  base  mechanicals"  wlio  helped  to  make  up 
its  population.     The  Spanish  .sy.stem  was  more  demo- 
cratic,  however.      The'  commandant    was    not   con- 
strained by  his  regulations  and  instructions  to  adhere 
to  the  communal  system;'  and  hence,  while  the  Ca- 
jiukiaus  and   Kaskaskians  were    never  dreaming  of 
ilieir  ability,  while    townspeople,  to  get  more  land 
iliaii  they  had  the  use  of  in  the  common  fields  and 
tomiuons,  the  early  settlers  of  St.   Louis,   who  did 
not  cuiue  from  these  towns,  like  the  Chouteaus,  were 
aekiug  great ''  concessions'"  of  land  in  every  direction, 
and  obtaining  them  from  thuSpani.sh  Governors  upon 
vory  easy  terms,  chiefly  an  oath  of  allegiance  and  ac- 
liiiiiwledgrncnt  of  .sovereignly  in  the  king  of  Spain,  a 
.-mall  fee,  and  a  survey  and  indefinite  record.-     So  it 
is  evident  that,  if  St.  Louis  had  a  good  deal  of  the 
sleepy  element  of  the  old  French  towns  in  its  coiupo- 
-iiion  at  the  start,  it  had  still  something  also  of  the 
:ijidiead  clement  which  leads  to  entei prise  and  to 
luinbiiialion.     This  was  the  effect  of  original  differ- 
ences in  the  fundamental  political  constitution.     Aii- 
uilicr  instance  of  this  difference,  to  bo  traced  up  tc 
Itlicsanie  cause, — delects  in  the  old  French  system, 
t  jj  compared  with  that  of  Spain, — may  be  found  in 


hriiicil«i 


llhiioiil 
1  iil;iMMi| 


elive 


tliosl'  lit 


nl  ^t. 


Illinois 


'  InJcetl,  119  wo  liave  inciiU'iitally  showed  in  a  prccciliiij; 
|cb:i|itcr,  one 'jf  thu  Spaniiili  Liuutciiant-tiovernors  uf  St.  I.uuis 
IliJtu  liiivc  explained  tu  him,  in  a  tu\vn-nieetin<{,  wiml  a  oum- 
liuiii' n II!',  wiuit  were  tlie  prineiplca  nnil  riile.s  hy  whieh  it  was 
Itt.'ukitcJ,  wliat  woro  the  I'unctiun.s  oT  ltd  ulViucis,  and  huw  they 
|fcn  clioccn. 

A  sinking  in.ilanco  of  this  is  to  ho  found  in  tlie  fact  tliat 
itkik' .Viiguslu  Cliiiuteau,  on  one  side  of  the  river,  wasdcniand- 
In^ ii  fOTirlrcn  hundred  arpcns  tract  as  a  reward  for  his  I'nter- 
'cin  cmlinj5  a  distiilerv  wliich  would  ho  prolitahlc  to  hiui 
Ijiv,  iin  the  other  side  of  the  rivor,  at  Cahiikia,  Father  tiihault 
iiiliumljiv  pi'liliuning  (lovernor  Harrison,  iif  the  Northwest 
tiiiiioiv.  nuilCungress  throU|;h  liiui,  for  a  small  hlock  on  whieh 
phild  Ills  hnuHe  ami  keep  his  cow,  in  e<ini|ieiisalion  for  all  his 
iulefjrtaiic  spent  and  his  two  slaves  sold  to  enahic  him  to 
lu'iw  miiiioy  to  Hen.  Clark  at  the  time  of  Ihc  meniurnb'c  e.\- 
iJiliaii  ngaih.-t  Vinccnnca. 


the  fact  tiiat,  while  St.  liOtiis,  Kaskaskia,  and  Culio- 
kia all  three  sent  out  hunters,  trappers,  and  boatmen 
in  numbers,  only  St.  Louis  had  fur  companies  and 
transportation  and  mining  coinpaiiies.^ 

Having  shown  something  of  what  these  early 
French  towns  of  the  Illinois  (including  both  banks 
of  the  Mi.>isissippi  in  the  term)  wevo  not,  let  us  now 
attempt  to  show  what  they  were : 

NiimcK.  When  Foumlod. 

Kaskaskia   ("  Kas.") bolwcen  IIJUU  md  1700 

Ciihukia  (Caos) '*  "       "       " 

Fort  Chartres  (St.  riilll|>|>e) 17IS 

Ste.  tienevleve  ( l.e  \*ieu.\  N'illage) 17;!;") 

I.a  I'rairie  ilu  lloeher 17;;.') 

Nouvellc  Hour  lion 170;! 

.'^i.  l.onis 17111 

.'^t.  Charles I7liU 

I'oitnge  desSionx 1770 

L'An.se  <lc  la  tirai.-se  (\ew  .Madrid) 17li'J 

Carondelet,  Florissant,  JIarius  des  Liard,  Maramec, 
La  IVtitc  Prairie,  St.  Andre,  and  many  more  small 
towns,  chiefly  on  the  west  b;iiii  ,  and  of  various  dates  of 
limnding,  are  embraced  wilhisi  this  area.  The  settlers 
of  till  of  them  were  Frenchmen  or  their  descendants, 
coming  there  either  by  the  way  of  Louisiana  or  of 
Canada,  chiefly  the  latter.  After  1718,  when  Hi- 
bault  tuok  up  many  men  and  began  mining  in  this 
section,  the  governinont  of  Louisiana  gave  considera- 
ble attention  to  it,  while  the  hierarchy  of  Canada  pro- 
vided for  the  spiritual  wants  of  the  inhabitants.  Fort 
Chartres  was  built  in  1718-20,  and  the  fort  at  Kas- 
kaskia was  apparently  coiistructcd  about  the  same 
time.  In  1750  Fort  Chartres  was  rebuilt,  strongly 
iind  elaborately.  At  this  time  the  fort  at  Kas- 
kaskia appears  to  have  been  rebuilt ;  another  fort 
was  built  on  the  Ohio  IJiver  (Fort  jMassac),  and, 
as  a  matter  of  defense,  a  strong  and  solid  military 
road  was  constructed  from  Fort  Massac  to  Kaskas- 
kia, this  city  being  already  connected  by  a  road 
with    Fort    Chartres,   and    one    also    to   Cahokia.* 

3  This  is  obviously  the  cITeet  of  French  law,  or  rather  regula- 
tion. Frontenac  and  his  predceessors  in  Canada,  in  order  to 
kee|i  the  lur  trade  a  monopoly,  drew  a  right  lino  of  circumvalla- 
tion  around  it,  forbade  any  one  to  trap  ur  hunt  without  a  license, 
or  to  sell  furs  e.\cept  to  designated  persons  at  designated  places, 
Tho  traders,  rftifiirjt'iii-H,  and  vmirvufM  dvn  Inn's  easily  and  natu- 
rally broke  through  these  absurd  rules,  but  in  so  doing  they 
made  thonisehes  outlaws,  and  were  forced  to  bccoiuu  deni/.ena 
of  tho  wilderness.  Combination  and  eo-uperalion,  except  for 
self  defense,  becauio  impossible  under  such  eircumslauces.  Tho 
free  trapper  and  trader  must  become  rich  hefoie  he  can  dream 
of  seeking — in  order  to  nnike  better  use  of  his  capital  — to  mako 
peace  with  tho  'law  and  got  leave  to  form  ii  company.  So  tho 
pressure  of  the  law  intensilled  the  |iropi'nsily  to  individual 
action  in  these  outlaws,  an  I  these  outlaws  forineil  a  great  part 
of  the  original  population  of  C.ihokia  and  Kaskaskia,  as  they 
did  also  of  Peoria,  .Michilimackinae,  Vineennes,  anu    Detroit. 

<  U.  Collins'  Hist.  Keutucky,  ii.  &!)j,  where  he  say,",  "OIJ 
Fort  Massao  .  .  .  was  established  by  the  French  about  1711. 


■■^%-, 


272 


HISTORY    OP  SAINT   LOUIS. 


These  facts  arc  important,  since  no  government 
makes  roaJs  tlirouj;li  the  wiiJcrncss,  or  in  a  country 
which  is  of  no  value  to  it.  The  country  was,  in 
fact,  valuable.  Thougli  not  populous — it  contained 
less  than  a  thousand  souls  in  17(J3 — it  was  very  pro- 
ductive, and  all  its  surplus  went  to  New  Orleans. 
This  included  not  only  peltries  and  lead,  but  much 
grai:'.  b'.cf,  pork,  butter,  honey,  tobacco,  etc.  Stoddard 
says  that  one  hundred  hojrshcads  of  wine  per  annum 
were  produced  in  the  Illinois  country  at  the  period 
when  the  Knglish  took  possession  of  it.  After  that 
the  population  rapidly  fell  off  by  the  return  of  people 
to  Louisiana,  or  their  removal  to  the  west  side  of  the 
river.  There  is  reason  to  believe,  however,  that  the 
extent  of  this  depopulation  has  been  e.xaj:i;oratud. 
Cahokia  is  said  to  have  suffered  much  more  than  Kas- 
kaskia,  of  which  it  never  h:id  more  than  one-fifth  the 
numbers.  Wq  have  before  us,  however,  a  certified 
copy  of  a  list  of  heads  of  families  residing  in  Cahokia 
and  its  environs  in  the  year  ITSU,  tnken  from  the 
files  of  the  county  clerk's  office  at  IJelleville,  111. 
The  list  was  made  in  1797,  upon  the  sworn  statement 
of  Jean  Haptiste  Dubu({ue,  .ican  Baplinto  Saucier, 
and  Charles  Ducharmc,  taken  by  order  of  the  Gov- 
ernor. It  cont-.iins  the  names  of  ninety-five  persons, 
twelve  of  whom  arc  widows,  and  very  few  of  iJiese 
persons  have  any  but  French  names.'  These  figures 
should  give  a  population  of  oOO  to  Cakokia  alone,  and 
for  the  district  JiJOO  to  -lOOl).  Tiie  ordinance  of 
1787  drove  all  the  slave-holding  Fiench  out  of  the 
country,  but  in  IHDi),  when  Illinois  Territory  was  or- 
ganized, the  population,  almost  entirely  in  the  Ameri- 
can Bottom,  -.itid  thence  to  Alton  on  the  north,  and 
Fort  Massac  on  the  south,  was  DOIH),  In  17!)!),  by 
a  census  taken   by  Dclassus,  the   population  of  the 


It  W!\s  a  iiiis.-iminry  fl:i(iiiii  milil  '7.'i('>,  Hlicn  it  was  greatly  cii- 
Im-gi'il  iiticl  Micn^lliciu'cl.  .  .  .  I'iiiljalily  Iiiloro  1720  [lliis  is 
conjcctiiiT]  a  military  rnad  was  (i|i('n<^(l  liy  tlio  Fri'iieh,  when 
tlicy  liaJ  iloiniiiiiin  iivn;  tlic  I'Diintry  I'ruiii  .Mas>ac;  to  Kiiskaskia. 
Tlie  miiniji'rs  nl'  tli«  luili'S  wore  cut  in  cipliors  mi  Irecs  nitii 
nil  iron  and  |i;iin!cil  rcil,  and  wi;ru  .'till  plainly  vi.-ililu  in 
18(11).  The  rii;id  niadu  a  great  curve  to  tli(>  ninth  ti)  iivuid  the 
sivain|>!<  and  rnugh  country  on  the  s^ourccs  of  Cash  River,  and 
iiNo  to  nttnin  the  prairie  country  as  snon  a.s  possible.  Another 
road  extindi'd  from  l''ort  .Mas.iac  to  (;apc  (lirardcau."  I'ollins 
gives  the  "  Life  and  Times  of  governor  .Folin  Itcynolds"  us  his 
authority  for  this.  Aininig  the  papers  of  the  Louisiana  llist'ui- 
ciil  .Soeii'ty  arc  several  memoirs,  between  IT.'l.i  and  1741,  hy  .M. 
Uuverge,  civil  engineer,  relating  to  a,  roivd  discovered,  sur- 
veyed, and  uiappeo  out  by  him  "through  the  Chiekasaw 
country  to  the  Illinois." 

'  The  only  exceptions  are  Thomas,  llrady.  Philip  Kngel, 
William  llig),'s,  Mary  draw,  Alary  Moony,  ami  .Joseph  An- 
drews. Tho  rest  are  all  of  them  intensely  French,  while  lingel 
if  (Icrnuin,  and  Moony,  Graw,  and  llrady  arc  unmistakably 
Iritsh. 


west  side,  including  New  Madrid  and  Cape  Girardeau. 
was  0028,  of  whom  883  were  slaves. 

The  transfer  to  Kngland  was  the  greatest  and  wnrst 
shock  these  people  had  to  encounter.     It  alarmed  tiioir 
fears  and  6ffcnded  their  sensibilities  and  their  pride, 
and  they  recovered  from  it  .slowly.     In  1778,  (ion. 
George  Rogers  Clark,  acting  under  the  orders  of  the 
Governor  of  Virginia,  descended  upon  Kaskaskia  [ind 
Cahokia  like  a  thunderbolt  from  they  knew  notxvlioie, 
and  for  a  few  days  tho  peaceful  Imhihins  were  in  iJio 
utmost  panic,  for  he  came  among  them  as  the  buc- 
caneer Morgan  came  upon  Panama,  and  they  had  been 
taught  to  look  upon   the  American  rebels  as  jjttlo 
better  than  pirates  and  outlaws.     But  Clark  specilily 
allayed  their  fears,  estabiished  tho  best  possible  un- 
derstanding with  them,  and  secured  their  cordial  and 
active  services  in  the  cause  for  which  he  fought,    [i 
is  not  believed  that  any  of  the  population  fled  nn  ac- 
count of  this  invasion,  and  it  is  probable  that  s-  ::  of 
the  enterprising  youth  of  St.  Louis  and  vicinity  ennie 
acioss  the  river  to  do  service  in  Clark's  militia,     lint 
it  is  nevertheless  tho  fact  that  the  linhltun^  iiover 
caught  the  spirit  of  enterprise  and  tho  instinct  of  inmo- 
ment  that  possessed  their  restless  neighbors  and  fellow- 
citizens.     Their  peace  became  a  calm;  their  calm  \ms 
stagnation.     The  French  settlements  of  the  Illiniis 
had  run  tlioir  little  race,  and  have  been  content  lo 
stand  still  ever  since. 

What  bus  transformed  the  vot/njiiir  and  the  Linn- 
less  riinridr  </<  s  iKiis  of  Canada  into  this  paeilie  :iii.l 
home  haunting  li'i'iilmit  of  the  Illinois?  It  lias  Iicm 
aeeomplished  by  ;i  [uMecss  of  evolution  inneli  niort 
curious  and  more  roundabout  than  that  which  luaile 
those  nomads  of  the  wilderness  out  of  ijuiet  NoriiMn 
and  15ieton  pitt/n'ing.  The  Creole  of  Mi'xieo  anJ 
South  America,  degenerate  though  he  bo,  retains  some 
traits  of  the  fierce,  fiery,  and  magnificent  CoiKjuistador. 
his  ancestor,  who  during  two  centuiies  of  darin:.' en- 
terprise lansucked  a  continent  in  pursuit  of  gold,  llo 
may  loll  all  day  in  his  hammock,  wooing  his  ilnU-f  ui- 
uiiii/c  between  the  puffs  of  his  cigartitto  and  llic 
draughts  of  his  chocolate,  but  you  still  know  lliatln'i 
carries  a  dirk  in  his  stocking  or  his  sleeve  lor  overvi 
foe:  that  be  is  a  master  of  the  horse,  the  lasso,  iiiiJj 
the  /jiild,  and  never  shirks  from  the  call  to  arms.  Tlii 
descendants  of  Raleigh  and  Frobisber  are  not  pre-j 
vented  from  enterprise  on  sea  and  shore,  from  feats  oJ 
daring  and  endurance,  by  becoming  the /cii;i(.wi/'/n( 
of  the  clubs,  the  I'li/aii.t  i/nli'n  of  a  civilization  li] 
steam.  But  the  descendants  of  the  men  who  caiu^ 
over  with  Cartier  and  Champlain,  with  l)'Il)trvillcai;( 
St.  Denys,  how  can  we  recognize  them  in  tlicsnu: 
juti/mnii   of  tlic   American   Bottom,  wearing  collol 


per 


'^^'i'mioh  niorohant 
"/•.""rCan«da,„-u.sal 
■'"''^'l-il'iind  easyf,,, 

;"^"l'-i'"l"l«cncean 
'"■"■'""«■""•".  an,|  re,„ 
"l«™.«  of  porfoot  so. 


MANNEKS  AND  CUSTOMS. 


27a 


nii'litcaps  and  singiug  chansons  in  a  hundred-year-old 


lUfliilt  .- 


bavin? 


A  sinooth-fticed  youth,  with  liffht  hair,  round  shoul- 
ders, wooden  sabots,  and  Niiuple  air,  lands  at  Quebec 
in  riMiitenac's  time,  to  earn  his  living  in  the  Xouvclle 
Priuicc  he  has  heard  the  sailors  talk  so  much  about, 
while  loitering  by  the  wharves  of  Caen  or  Fecaiup,  or 
beliinil  the  tavern-doors  (as  Father  Hennepin  deseribes 
hinisi'lt'  doing)  of  Havre  and  Dieppe.  Uo  has  a 
trade  and  can  ply  it  prosperously,  or  get  good  wages  as 
a  soklior  going  to  flglit  the  Iroquois.  But  a  party  of 
iruppi'is  or  vdi/agenis  or  traders  just  in  from  the  wil- 
Jeriit'ss,  all  their  feathers  ruffling,  and  every  pocket 
bursting  with  crown-pieces,  decides  liis  destiny  at 
unto.  Up,  too,  will  become  a  voi/agmr  and  trapper, 
and  hi'  goes  off  to  Montreal  o"  to  La  Chine  to  enlist 
iiiuong  the  adventurers  in  the  fur  trade.  He  has  no 
wpital  to  go  out  as  a  trader  m  vnyayfiu-,  no  influence 
t«  m'ociire  a  license,  so  he  must  take  service  under  a 
licensed  trader,  and  accept  that  trader's  terms.  Hard 
i>nuu!.'li  those  terms  are,  to  be  sure,  but  lie  does  not 
know  tluit,  and  probably  would  not  care  if  he  did, 
His  concern  is  chiefly  now  to  see  and  learn  .something 
for  liiiiiself  about  those  adventures  of  which  he  has 
heard  so  much.  The  trader  or  factor  under  whom  he 
liires  lias  bought  a  license  to  fit  out  several  parties  of 
iwn  ciinnes  each.  These  canoes,  forty  feet  long,  four 
1  t'tt'i  wide  at  the  middle  and  widest  part,  accommodate 
j  1  cariio  of  two  or  three  tons  of  arms,  supplies,  pro- 
[  visions,  Indian  goods,  ammunition,  traps,  etc.,  for  the 
uses  of  the  party, — all  the  goods  done  up  in  eighty- 
found  packages  for  convenience  in  making  the  por- 
lijj;t',  Tlie  yuUK"  man's  share  in  the  venture  is  only 
liis  per  cent.,  from  which  his  (jwn  expen.ses  mu.-^t  be 
Idtductcd,  tlie  merchant's  share  being  fifty-two  per 
Icent..  besides  insurance  Irmu  all  risks,  and  goods 
|(hari:cd  at  an  advance  of  fifteen  per  cent,  above  ready 
teiicy  rates  in  the  colony.  Having  joined  the  party 
■oil  put  himself  under  the  charge  of  an  experienced 
y,i;'yiii/- and  trapper  for  instruction,  the  iieophyfe  is 
eadv  to  start.  Hut  not  so  the  veterans  of  the  party. 
tere  must  be  a  final  carouse  and  debauch  first,  of 
kWh  the  harpies  of  the  town  reap  tlie  chief  profit 
Bier  the  patriarchal  trader  fitting  out  the  parly,  who 
jiillini,'  to  advance  any  reasonable  sum  for  such  ex- 
BMsances,  since  he  is  sure  to  get  his  money  liauk 
Dili,  with  a  liberal  interest  added.' 

■'"Tbe  French  iiiorclinnt  iil  hin  triiiling  post,  in  tbose  |ii'iiiii- 

lidaiisof  I'linailii,  wuh  a  kind  of  uoiumcieiul  piitriarch.    With 

^la\  lialjit.s  unit  eatiy  fiiiiiiliitrity  of  \\\i  niec,  ho  Imd  a  little 

kUufftflt'lndtilgcnue  iiiul  misrule  tiround  hiui.     lie  had  hiu 

tkf, ,aniic-men,  uud  t-utiiinurs  of  all  kindt>,  who  lived  with 

COttO^^k >ii terms  of  purfoot  suuiubility,  alwiiya  ciillini;  hini  b;  his 

1» 


Wlien  the  debauch  was  over,  the  voyagenrs  under 
a  commander  or  foreman,  who,  if  the  i)arty  was  large 
enough,  was  called  eitlier  "  brigadier"  or  ''  parti.san," 
set  out  upon  their  long  and  tiresome  and  perilous 
voyage,  partly  to  trade  for  the  peltries  of  others,  es- 
pecially the  Indians,  partly  to  hunt  and  trap  ihcm- 
solves.  The  vni/agiiirs  have  been  compared  to  the 
carriers,  muleteers  (arn'eros)  of  Spain;  they  wfcre  a 
faithful,  toiling  confraternity,  balf-civilizcd  only  in 
manners  and  in  dress;  timid  in  their  ways,  yet  daring 
tbe  most  arduous  and  perilous  adventures,  and  never 
afraid  '  ?  labor.  It  came  natural  to  them,  from  their 
French  descent,  to  be  fotid  of  song  and  dance,  to  be 
gay  and  light-hearted,  cheerful  always,  though  some- 
tiiu(!s  bewildered  when  without  leaileiship  or  brought 
to  the  encounter  of  unexpected  difliculties.  They 
were  docile  and  respectful  to  their  .superiors,  helpful 
and  kindly  to  their  equals,  civil  and  complaisant  to 
idl.  Tliey  liked  to  call  one  another  "  brother"  or 
•'  cousin,"  and  to  be  mutually  obliging,  accommodat- 
ing, and  giving  good  office  for  good  office.  Commu- 
nity of  suffering  and  danger  in  an  uncertain  life  in  the 
wilderness,  far  from  hardening  and  brutalizing  them, 
inspired  them  with  feelings  of  genuine  good  will  towards 
each  other,  and  made  them  good-humcued  under  all 
sorts  of  privations.  Their  philosophy  was  the  em- 
bodiment of  "  Tapleyism,"  and  they  got  a  real  zest 
out  of  the  wild  and  .savage  life  tbey  led,  enjoying 
tbe  gossip  of  the  bivouac  and  lightening  the  heavy 
burden  of  the  portage  or  the  pull  against  tbe  rapids 
and  the  chute  with  quip  and  rhiiiixtin.  They  had 
great  .skill  with  oar  and  paddle,  and  unflagging  power 
of  bending  down  to  the  task.  In  truth  they  needed 
it,  for  their  expeditions  were  inconceivably  nuigb  and 
fatiguing.  Their  bateaux  and  canoes  were  paddled, 
rowed,  and  carried  from  Montreal  up  the  Ottawa,  and 
thence  by  river,  lake,  and  portage  to  Lake  Nipissing, 
Lakes  Huron,  Superior,  and  Michigan,  and  the  Lake 
of  tbe  Woods,  and  through  all  the  Wtisterti  waters 
until  they  came  to  tbe  headwaters  of  the  lied,  the 
Arkansas,  the  St.  Francis,  and  the  Missouri  llivers  in 
one  direction,  and  to  the  Athabasca  and  Great  Slave 
Lake  in  the  other.  At  night  they  slept  in  their  boats 
or  in  a  bark  bivouac  under  the  drooping  firs.  They 
endured  hunger,  cold,  rain,  and  deep  snows ;  they  set 
their  traps  by  beaver  dams  and  lake  and  streaai, 
hunted  and  traded  and  toiled,  until,  in  one,  two,  or 


Christiiin  iiaiiie;  he  h:iil  his  harriii  of  Indiiin  liuiiuties,  iiiid  bi^< 
troop  of  half-breed  children  :  nor  was  there  ever  vvantin;;  a  tout- 
ing tniin  uf  Indiiin.t,  banging  nhout  the  i'stiibli.<'lnnent,  eating 
and  drinking  at  hia  expense  in  the  intervals  uf  their  hunting 
expeditions." — Irtiiiy  :  Anlniiii,  With  sueb  estahlishnients  the 
traders'  profits  needed  to  be  large. 


)-:  t 


I  m 


■'  il 


274 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


tliree  years,  they  were  ready  to  come  home,  with 
full  cargoes  for  their  employers  and  very  scant  wages 
for  themselves. 

But,  no  matter  wlietlicr  rich  or  poor,  that  coming 
home  with  laden  canoes  was  bound  to  be  made  a  sea- 
son of  revelry  and  frolic,  of  riot,  self-indulgence,  and 
extravagant  debauchery.  ''  You  would  be  amazed," 
wrote  La  Hontan,  "  if  you  saw  how  lewd  these  ped- 
dlers are  when  they  return,  how  they  feast  and  game, 
and  how  prodigal  they  are,  not  only  in  their  clothes, 
but  upon  their  sweethearts.  Such  of  them  as  are 
married  have  the  wisdom  to  retire  to  their  own  houses, 
but  the  bachelors  act  just  as  our  East  Indiamen  and 
pirates  are  wont  to  do,  for  they  lavish,  eat,  drink,  and 
play  all  away  as  long  as  the  goods  hold  out.  and 
when  these  are  gone  they  even  sell  their  embroidery, 
tlieir  lace,  and  their  clothes.  This  done,  they  are 
forced  upon  a  new  voyage  for  subsistence." 

Tt  is  this  wliieh  turns  into  a  coiirciir  lies  hois  our 
fine  Norman  lad,  a  youth  of  spirit,  who  has  come  liome 
from  his  first  expedition,  bronzed  and  weather-beaten, 
an  experienced  vi>j/(((/riir.  For  he  finds  there  is  no 
independence  for  him  under  the  strict  rules  of  the  gov- 
ernment and  the  excessive  exactions  of  the  licensed 
traders.  He  has  learned  the  business  now,  and  he 
I'nows  where — in  the  wilderness,  beyond  the  reach  of 
the  intendaiit,  out  of  the  range  of  the  forts  and  pa- 
trols— he  can  trade  his  peltries  off  for  a  good  price  in 
spite  of  tJie  Governor's  veto.  He  knows  some  lads 
who  think  as  he  does  about  this,  and  so,  tiic  frolic 
over,  he  and  tliey  take  to  the  woods  once  more,  and 
turn  their  backs  upon  the  rigid  rigime  of  civilization. 
Any  of  them  can  make  a  birch-bark  canoe,  a  trap- 
per's outfit  does  not  cost  much,  and,  once  in  the 
woods  and  among  the  Indians,  plenty  of  illicit  traders 
can  be  found  who  will  advance  them  goods  and  sup- 
plies for  the  refusal  of  their  peltries.'  Once  in  the 
woods  the  couirur  made  himself  a  smaller  canoe  and 
trapped  along  the  small  streams.  lie  and  his  com- 
rades built  themselves  a  hut,  where  they  used  to  dre.ss 
their  peltries.  Often  the  Indian  hunters  joined  them, 
or,  when  they  wanted  a  change  of  diet,  they  would 


'  A  tnipiiei's  outfit  iiu'liidcs  a  gun, — tlio  Amcriunii  triippor 
anil  huiitur  rc'.<tiicteii  him.^uir  ti>  ihc  rifle,  but  tho  Frenchinnn 
alwnvs  c'liirioit  the  fusil, — iiiiituunition  (not  inueli,  sinee  the 
triips  arc  e.v|icrteil  to  supply  fooil  as  well  as  furs,  anil  the  beaver 
was  esteemed  (?ood  eating),  fix  or  seven  traps,  hatirhet,  knifo 
ami  awl,  blankets,  camp  kettle,  anil  tobaeeo.  All  the  rest  euuM 
be  found  in  the  wooils,  e.\eept  flour,  and  that  tho  trapper  eould 
dispense  with.  If  snow  shoes  were  needed  or  elothes  gave  out, 
tho  woods  and  the  gnn  proviilod  tho  means  to  supply  these 
things.  The  trapper  wanted  no  better  food  than  the  beaver, 
when  it  was  plenty,  and  if  it  was  nut  plenty  in  one  spot,  the  rule 
was  to  u|i  traps  ami  go  elsewhere.   The  beaver's  tail  was  n  tidbit. 


go  to  some  neighboring  Indian  camp  and  arran-e  to 
hunt  the  deer  or  the  bison. 

The  trader  with  whom  they  were  dealing  nnj 
working  would  appoint  them  a  time  or  place  to  inecl 
him,  usually  late  in  the  spring,  when  the  piltri 
season  was  past,  and  this  rendezvous  would  iimwHv 
be  at  some  large  Indian  village,  to  which  the  trader 
Would  bring  his  stores,  and  thither  tlie  tra])pers  and 
hunters  would  congregate  with  their  pelts  and  fms.' 

Our  French   youth,  once  vnyayenr,  now  <;,,irr,ir, 
finds  his  trader  at  some  town  of  the  Illinois  liiilians, 
Peoria,  or  Tamaroa,  or  Kasksi.skia  the  elder,  or  sniiit 
one  of  the  large  cantonments  of  this  tribe  upmi  tin 
Illinois  River.     He  has  been  in  tho  woods  long.    |[,. 
enjoys  the  perfect  freedom  of  the  wild  life  ho  Im^ 
been  leading;  lie  has  lost  his  relish  for  civilizaiiiii; 
church  bells  and  the  pale  faces  of  the  Montreal  iiiaij. 
ens  have  no  longer  any  charms  for  liim.     But  tho. 
dark  beauties  of  the  Illinois  have, — and  the  girls  i,|' 
the  tribe  are  said  to  have  been  remarkably  hainl.soiiii, 
— he   is   young,  he   lias   unlimited   credit  with  ili... 
trader,  he  can  make  his  favorite  girl  the  envied  of 
all  the  females  of  the  tribe,  as  far  as  toilet  goes,  ani 
it  is  no  wonder  that  he  finds  his  wooing  easy.    He 
takes  an  Indian  wife,  buys  her  with  appropriate  pres- 
ents, and  thus  erects  another  barrier  between  liiiiis.!t' 
and  civilization. 

Then,  after  an  indolent  and  prolonged  honoymoon, 
the  coureur  goes  into  the  woods  again,  either  takin: 
his  wife  with  him  or  leaving  her  behind.      Wlu'ii  lie 
returns  he  finds  that  the  Iroquois  have  boon  there 
since  he  left;  the  village  is  burned,  the  tribe  fld,anj 
it  is  only  from  wandering  hunters  that  he  Iciirns  of 
the  new  home  on  the  banks  of  the  Mi.ssissippi,  tlie 
camping-grounds  of  old  time,  to  which  the  tribes  and 
bands  have  fled  for  defense  and  refuge.     Wlioii  ihei 
coureur  has  made  up  his  mind  to  follow  his  IiiiJiiD 
wife  and  her  kinsman  to  the  new  plantations  and  ne»l 
villages  of  the  Illinois,  he  has  determined  likewise  i 
cast  the  world  of  civilization  beiiind  him  once  anJt 
all.     With  more  voyages,  further  excursions  intc  iki 
woods,  trapping  and  hunting,  middle  age  is  read 


''  This  independent  trading  business  was  alw^iys  very  hid 
espeeially  in  tho  teeth  of  attcu'pted    mnnopoliis.     Tliih  iJ 
late  Col.  (jeorge  Davenport,  founuer  of  llouk  Islaml  mil  liifl 
enport,  Iowa,  would  sometimes  twice  a  year  seu'l  an  iaii<;li| 
one  hundred  llionsaiid  dollars'  worth  of  goods  up  Rvcrll: 
lialf  of  which  was  sold  to  tho  Indians  uu  vrrdit,  to  be  rt'|i.iiil 
furs  alt':r  tho  ne.vt  annual  hunt.     Tho  earlier  tnukis  l>v;'ii 
to  the  woods  to  meet  the  cnuretii's  drn  bnis^  were  always  able| 
get  the  pick  of  furs  and  pelts;  besides,  in  this  oni<e  (In 
pay  fur  tboni  in  spirits;  and  Indians  and  cimiemi  bidi. il 
their  necessary  wants  were  supplied,  were  content  to  \\\\ti 
the  rest  of  the  products  of  their  bunts  in  drink. 


iiifiitnities 

ti.'iiii  and  h 

ot  yiidih, 

about  the  I 

tuki'  the  fiit 

tile  (laps. 

and  lie  mus 

is  not  a  savfi 

aiiiiiiig  .savatr 

wliitli  swell  1 

littli.'  chapel, 

tlic  Hoods,  by 

tilt'   (tHiians 

mid  I'foiia,  in 

ages   (o  the   V 

knows  it  by  hi 

neigh  hor  to  hii 

biuuflit  a  whit 

Montccaj,  or  u 

must  ho  baptize 

cehisin  (o  take  i 

(he  chnrch  requ 

his  wiiiulc'rings, 

the  /hid.     n",^_ 

••'biirch  ;  but  in  < 

'luiies  him  to  be 

rites  and  corenio 

the  coureur  settlel 

the  liiiurgcois,  n 

of  his   tilth  or 

I'ieardy.     H,, 

»  village  of  tl: 

Indiiin  wigwam 

have  ihfir  JittJo  _ 

tliw  little  comin 

astiiras  o,in  be 

tlie  ohi  country  • 

iWlfup. 

■Voaiitiine,  tho 
riir.sues  his  father 

'•<llau(horiti,.sooni 

'""'  "-tliat  in  er,.n 

'l'"t(™,al,e  Indian" 

jh'H'n(,u„res,ric,„j 

;"""■-■"»..  eo,„p,,;« 

'""■'""■•"i  in   nearly. 
|*'''"li:inu-a.s,u„     ;, 

|*»«""l..'irm„(hor'« 
I'';™.  Recuse,  unJe, 

,;";''"'- ••'"'i.lesoent 
J  ";"-' •■""lie  triba, 
f'>":  ba(  uith  tho  ,,„ 

'■"'"fpesate  themsel 
^':«i,iiiiins. 


iieir 


MANNERS  AND  CUSTOMS. 


276 


Jio  triljt'S  aiil] 

his  luilinl 

lions  ami  IK"*! 

|jj  likewise '«| 

(int'O  -anil  ^''■ 

Is'ions  into  AJ 

W.  is  roaoii* 


Iw.iv"  very  1.1! 
Vlii'S.  'I'li"^ 
\u\aw\  iiii'l  '"1 


I  scll'i  : 


lip 


Kuvft  lii> 


I,,  10  U  rit»ii| 
Itrii.lcM?,  ijy  S'l 
Ic  iil«a.vs  nblel 

lis  ciifc  Ovy  ci 
,.,„■«  b.illi.«lj 

litoiil  10  l«l"  < 

Ilk. 


ii)6riuities  from  exposure  be<;iii  to  be  felt,  consorva- 
tisiii  and  household  cares  tcinpur  the  wild  heedlessness 
of  yiiutli.     A  family  of  linlf-brecds  is  j^rowing  up 
about  the  lowly  cabin ;   the  oldest  boys  are  able  to 
take  tlio  father's  place  at  the  paddle  and  oar  and  with 
the  tnips.     The  wood  ranger  finds  himself  anchored, 
and  liu  must  make  all  he  can  of  liis  own  home.     Ho  i 
is  not  a  savage,  though  he  has  spent  so  many  years  | 
aniline  savages.     He   knows  that  by  the  recollections 
wliiiii  swell  within  him  as  he  hears  the  bell  of  the  | 
liitli!  chapel,  planted  near  his  lot,  since  lie  wont  into 
tlie  woods,  by  the  devoted  Jesuits,  who  have  followed 
the  Indians   down    from  Green  Bay  and   Mackinac  ; 
and  I't'oria,  intent  only  on  converting  the  rude  sav- 
a"es  to  the   knowledge   of  the  one  true  God.     He  , 
knows  it  by  his  jileasure  at  finding  a.  white  man  a  I 
neighbor  to  him,  a  coiireur  like  himself,  but  wlio  has 
bi(iu!.'!a  a  white  wife  somehow  down  from  Detroit  or 
Montreal,  or  up  from    New  Orleans.     His  children 
iimsl  1)0  baptized,  they  must  learn  enough  of  tlie  cat- 
eclii>in  to  take  the  first  communion,  for  that  is  what 
the  eliurch  requires  of  all  her  children,  and,  with  all 
his  wandtirings,  he  has  never  strayed  far  away  from 
the  fold.     Now,  he  must  make  his  peace  with  the 
church  ;  but  in  order  to  do  that  the  good  father  re- 
quires him  to  be  formally  united  to  his  wife,  with  all 
rites  and  ceremonies.     This  is  done,  and  now  again 
the  coimur  settles  down  and  back  into  the  poysan  or 
the  lioinycois,  not  materially  changed   from  the  state 
of  his   lather   and   grandfather   in    Normandy    and 
Picardy.     Ho  and  his  French  neighbors  have  houses, 
a  village  of  their  own  ;   they  do   not  dwell   in   the 
InJiiUi  wigwam,  nor  in  the  Indian  village.'     They 
have  their  little  patches  of  common  land  under  tillage, 
their  little  communal  laws  and  regulations,  imitated, 
as  tar  as  can  be  remembered,  from  similar  things  in 
ilie  old  country  ;  and  thus  the  village  begins  to  build 
ilself  up. 

Meantime,  the  retired  coiirciir  and  voyageurs  son 
1  fuiMies  his  father's  avocation  in  the  wilderness,  but 

'  All  mithorities  oonoiir — and  the  nin|i3  uf  I'ittninn  anil  others 
II'  It— lliiit  in  ovory  casu  the  French  villiige  stood  ii  little 
j  >i  in  IniiLi  the  Iniliiui  villiige,  while  ndjaoeni  to  it.  There  was 
Ifreijm'iit,  iiiiresfricled,and  most  friemily  iissociiition  at  all  tiine.*i, 
Ibnt  lu'viT  any  coiii|ilete  or  clo-se  a.''^iiiiilutiun  ol'  manners.  The 
iFrt'iitliiiiioi  in  nearly  all  cases  remained  a  Frenchunin  still, 
llkliiiliiin  WHS  alw  lys  an  Indian.  The  liiilf-breeds  very  often 
Itliinsio  ihi'ir  niolher's  kin.  and  went  completely  over  to  bar- 
|Wi.|ii.  liwiiuse,  under  the  Indiana'  |>('culiar  social  system,  all 
|iii!i«iiiiiicc  unit  descent  wiis  thron;j;h  the  female,  and  the  hnlf- 
Ibiitilliiul  nil  the  trilial  rights,  and  bore  the  "  tolcm,"  of  his 
loii'liir;  bill  with  the  pure  born  whites  the  tendency  wasalway.-! 
IwbiUir  llicinselvos  more  rapidly  than  the  Indians  could  do, 
liti(li<i>c>^rt'i;iite  themselves  inuro  completely  from  their  savage 

iKivoiillinns. 


with  a  difference  which  tends  to  make  him  a  still 
freer  and  wilder  personage.  The  trader  now  comes 
to  the  home  village  for  his  peltries,  or  el.se  the  eldera 
pack  and  take  them  with  other  produce  down  the 
river  to  New  Orleans.  As  the  beaver  is  pursued 
farther  away  from  the  interlacing  streams  and  lakes 
which  could  be  joined  together  in  long  links  by  short 
portages,  the  portage  becomes  more  difficult  if  not 
impossible,  and  the  canoe  is  less  serviceable.  It  ceases 
to  be  used  except  on  the  immediate  field  of  action ; 
the  bateau  and  the  birch  canoe  are  laid  aside  for  the 
horse,  and  the  voyageur-trapper  becomes  the  hunter- 
trapper,  the  conrenr  is  tran.sformed  into  the  free 
trapper,  a  change  which  is  almost  revolutionary  in  its 
character.  The  rifle  supplants  the  fusil,  and  the  wild 
half-breed  imitates  the  Pawnee  of  the  plains,  instead 
of  taking  the  Ottawa  trapper  or  the  stealthy  Delaware 
hunter,  stepping  with  noiseless  ibot  from  tree  to  tree, 
as  his  model.  "  Wanderers  of  the  wilderness,"  says 
Washington  Irving,  describing  Regis  Brugiere,  one  of 
this  class,  "  according  to  the  vicissitudes  of  the  seasons, 
the  migration  of  animals,  and  the  plenty  or  scarcity 
of  game,  they  lead  a  precarious  and  unsettled  esi.st- 
ence,  expo.sed  to  sun  and  storm  and  all  kinds  of 
hardships,  until  they  resemble  the  Indians  in  com- 
plexion as  well  as  in  tastes  and  habits.  From  time  to 
time  they  bring  the  peltries  they  have  collected  up  to  the 
trading-houses  of  the  company  in  whose  employ  they 
have  been  brouglit  up.  Here  they  traffic  them  away 
for  such  articles  of  merchandise  and  ammunition  as 
they  may  stand  in  need  of  At  the  time  when  Mon- 
treal was  the  great  emporium  of  the  fur-trader,  one 
of  these  freemen  of  the  wilderness  would  .suddenly 
return  after  an  absence  of  many  years  among  his  old 
friends  and  comrades.  He  would  be  greeted  us  one 
risen  from  the  dead ;  and  with  the  greater  welcome  as 
he  returned  fl'ish  of  money.  A  short  time,  however, 
spent  in  revelry  would  be  sufficient  to  drain  his  purse 
and  sate  him  with  civilized  life,  and  he  would  return 
with  new  relish  to  the  unshackled  freedom  of  the 
forest." 

A  band  of  such  hardy  adventurers,  in  the  freedom 
of  the  Western  wilderness,  at  bivouac  or  rendezvous, 
was  a  sight  to  soe.  Their  equipment  and  looks  made 
you  half  doubt  whether  they  were  civ.iized  or  savage 
by  nature.  Their  garbs  and  accoutrements  and  the 
gay  and  gaudy  trappings  of  their  horses  made  them 
resemble  the  Indians,  whom  indeed  they  imitated, 
sometimes  to  the  extent  of  painting  their  faces.  They 
wore  their  hair  long  and  flowing,  und  their  leggings 
and  moccasins  were  quilled  and  beaded.  They  copied 
the  ways  of  the  savages  also,  yelping,  shouting,  talk- 
ing loudly,  practicing  all  sorts  of  boisterous  jokes,  and 


27(i 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


ex|il(Klin^  in  wild  lauL'litur.  Tlieir  lives  were  liard, 
but  it  brightened  tbeir  faculties  iii.stuud  of  ronderiiif; 
them  more  stolid,  and  the  free  trapper  was  always  a 
lively  and  jocund  mortal,  hardy,  active,  brave,  a  braj^- 
gart  capabli^  of  makin<r  his  cxtravaf^ttiice  f^ood,  careless 
of  the  future  and  mukinntiic  present  fly, — ifaiiu'-cocks 
of  the  wilderness.  They  necclod  to  Ik!  so,  for  their 
only  bed  was  their  blanket,  and  the  trap  and  the  rifle 
their  only  resource.  They  provided  I'or  themselves 
always,  and  a<M|uir(!d  a  singular  independence  of  all 
adventitious  aid.  Chesler  Harding,  the  artist  who 
wetit  to  Mis.souri  expressly  to  paint  Daniel  Boone's 
portrait,  relates  that  when  he  reached  the  house  of 
the  old  ])ioneer.  tlu^n  over  eighty,  and  bedridden,  he 
found  him  lying  by  ihe  fire,  cooking  his  own  venison, 
wrapjied  upon  the  handle  of  his  ramrod. 

In  this  respect,  however,  the  French  trapper  and 
hunter  was  less  bold  and  self-reliant  than  the  Ameri- 
can who  superseded  him  in  thi,'  farther  West.  The 
Creole  wanted  his  hut  or  cabin,  if  he  could  get  it,  and 
his  Indian  wife  to  cook  for  him.  He  was  lighter, 
milder,  softer,  luore  self-indulgent  than  the  stark  and 
stalwart  man  from  "  Kaintuck,"  tiie  peerless  back- 
woodsman of  tlie  worl'V  The  (,'reolc  was  sometimes 
tlioughtless  and  did  not  heed  landmarks,  but.  the 
American  knew  even  more  of  "  sign"  and  its  inter- 
pretation than  tli(!  Indian,  and  likewise  lie  had  greater 
endurance.  "  I  consider  one  American,"  said  an  ex- 
perienced forester  and  fur  trader,  "  C((ual  to  three 
Canadians  in  point  of  sagacity,  aptness  at  resources, 
self-dependence,  and  fearlessness  of  spirit.  In  fact,  no 
one  can  cope  with  him  as  a  tramper  of  the  wilder- 
ness." ' 

It  is  fur  this  reason  that,  after  a  season,  the  French 
Creole  was  gradually  supplanted  as  a  tra])per  and 
hunter  in  the  far  West  by  the  more  stanch  Ameri- 
can, and  forced  to  return  more  or  less  to  his  original 
trade  as  rui/tiiiviii-  and  carrier  and  packman,  or  el.se  to 
adopt  the  duller  but  certainly  not  less  laborious  occu- 
pation of  boatman  on  the  rivers.  The  latter,  finally, 
until  th('  steamboats  nionoiiolized  transportation,  be- 
came the  chief  pursuit  of  the  Creoles  about  the 
American  Bottom  who  cared  to  vent  »  from  home 
at  all,  and  there  were  no  boatmen  .so  good  for  rowing 
or  paddling  or  handling  the  pole  or  tin;  idiihllc  as  the 
long-haired,  dark-skinned  lithe  lads  of  "  Kas"  and  of 
Prairie  du  Chien,  who  thought  nothing  of  keel-boat 
voyages  from  "  Redstone"  and  Pittsburgh  and  from 
Prairie  du  Chien  down  to  New  Orleans  and  back 
again,  taking  heavy  cargoes  both  ways.  Boatmen 
and  i-nyatji'in-  and  conmtr,  there  was  but  one  costume 


'  L'ii|>tiiiii  nixinuvillu'H  Ailvcntiircs. 


of  the  whole  class,  except  when  the  man  had  grown 
so  wild  as  to  copy  the  dress  of  the  savages  as  well  as 
their  ways,  and  this  was  the  dress  too  of  the  linlnhmi 
of  Kaskaskia  and  Cahokia,   of  St.   Louis   and  Sic, 
Genevieve    in   some  sort,  modified   more  or  le>,s  hy 
circumstances,  the  "national  costume"  of  th('  male 
Creole  of  Upper  Jiouisiana.     The  head  was  left  bare 
or  wrapped  about  with  a  gay  handkerchief,  excipt  in 
age,  when  a  skiiU-eap  or  a  cotton  nightcap,  like  the 
liberty-caji  on  old  coins,  took  the  place  and  sn|i|.lit'J 
the  absence  of  the  long,  unkempt,  and  flowing  lucks. 
But  the  iiijKit,  our  surcoat,  invariably  had  a  huud 
and  this  could  be  drawn  over  the  head  in  bad  wcatlior. 
The  nipiit  was  made  of  a  blanket;  it  was,  indccil.  the 
counterpart  of  the  Indian's  match-coat,  except  that  ii.s 
long  skirts  were  suffered   to  flow  loose.     The  shirt 
was  of  tow,  or  blue  or  striped  cotton,  colored  alwavs. 
The  legs  were  clad  either  in  trousers  of  tow  or  else  in 
leather  leggings,  and  there  was  a  belt  about  the  waist 
of  leather  or  variegated  worsted,  which  suppuricil  the 
trousers,  and  from   it  were  suspended  the  kiiilc.  i.,. 
baeco-pouch,  and  other  implements  and   artichs  in 
regular    use.     The    feet    were    clothed    in    dccr-.^kin 
moccasins.     The    women    wore  moccasins   or  sIkjcs, 
cither,   .sometimes,    perhaps,   sabots;    often,  weather 
permitting,    went    barefooted.     Their    frock    was  of 
cotton    or    calimanco.     They  wore  a  mantlet   ami  a 
Madras   handkerchief    about    their   shoulders,   anil. 
when  grown  older,  a  handkerchief  about  their  liciij>, 
wrapped  turban -fashion.^ 

But  we  are  not  content  to  pass  over  the  subject »{ 
dre.ss  in  this  easy  manner.  We  have  before  us '  tin- 
transcript  of  an  invoice  of  goods  received  and  int  saio 
by  Charles  Gratiot,  merchant  in  Cahokia.  in  I7»0, 

''  llrnckenridgo,  "Views  of   Ijouisinno,"  Biiys,  ''Tlieir  ilrw 
was  loiiiieily  e.vtremely  siiiiiile.    The  men  wore  a  bliiiiktlo.iii 
of  eoarse  elolli  or  eoating,  willi  a,  eape  behiiiJ,  which  euiiM  lie  j 
drawn  over  tlio  heail,  from  wliieh  eirciim."lanee  it  wa.^  eailcJi  j 
citpiile.     lioth  se.\e.s  wore  lilue   liaiull<ei'eliiefa  on  their  hraij., 
but   nu  hats  or  shoe.'-  or  stoekin};.^;    inoeea.siii!<,  or  the  Inilian  j 
saudals,  were  also  iiseil.     Tlio  ilrcss  of  tlio  females  was  gi 
ally  simple,  and  the  varieties  of  funliion  few,  lhoii','li  Ihev  itfri  I 
dressed  in  a  mueli  better  taste  tliiui  the  otiier  sex  .  .  .  We  si  II  | 
Pee  a  few  of  both  sexes  in  their  aneient  habiliment',— i"/<n 
nioeeasins,  blue   handkcrehiefs  on   their  heads,  a  pipe  in  ll.el 
mouth,  anil  the  hair  tied  up  in  a  lung  cue.''     'I  liis  was  »ril. I 
ten  in  181 1,  and  published  on  tlie  spot.     Again,  in  his  "Itte  ij 
lections  of  tlie  West,"  lie  describes  iM.  Kcauvais  us  'Mrc^siJiDj 
the  costume  of  the  place  (.'Ste.  Genevieve), — that  is,  with  aUuil 
cotton  hnndkcrehicf  on  his  head,  one  eornei-  thereof  ile.'ci'niliiijj 
beliind  ami   partly  covering  the  eel-skin  which  bniind  Lis  liiir,! 
n  check  shin,  coarse  linen  pantaloons  on  his  hips,  ami  llic  ItJ 
dian  sandal,  or  moccasin,  the  only  covering  to  the  feet  Hern  btr 
by  both  sexes.'*     .And  Monsieur  lieauvuis  was  a  persun  of  oiz\ 
sequence  in  the  little  town. 

a  Thanks  to  Mr.  liillon. 


'I'lie  ■■point"  „aa  (• 
h«'.i"iliea,ingit,  J 
I"W.|,„ncstieu8c,  thosT 


:!i'!'« 


MANNERS  AND  CUSTOMS. 


277 


I'ldiiit'e  lie  grand  coup,  with  the  retail  price  niariccd 
aiiiiiiist  eiich  article  in  livrus.  The  livre  of  the  tiny 
(livii!  tournois)  was  a  coin  worth  eif^hteon  and  a  half 
ci'iit.-*;  but  we  are  not  informed  whether  the  values  in 
Mr.  (iratiot's  invoice  are  meant  for  coin  or  (he  cur- 
riMU'V  of  the  country,  which  was  almost  exclu.-'ively 


pel 


•  TlH'ir  .lri-> 
L  l.liiuK'l-o.jl 
\\A\  oo\iM  Ik 

thi'iv  Iim'In 
.  111,.  Iii'lwn 
Its  was  ?'■«"• 

Iciits— '")'"'■•' 
I'l'liis  WHS  «nt. 
,|,s..,lro<!iJiii 


.  i^(  w 


illiiiWui 


j,erfoii  of «' 


Itrii'.s.     Probably  the  invoice  values  were  coin,  rc- 
(luecil  to  peltry  values  at  an  agreed  rate,  so  much  per 
|ii)iiiiil  of  pelts,  accordin}^  to  quality,  there  beinj^  three 
i.Tados,  twenty,  thirty,  iitid  forty  cents  or  sous  per 
11(11111(1  respectively.     Tiiis  understood,  we  find  that 
Mr.  (iratiot  had  for  sale:  Blankets  at  ten  livrcs  the 
••  point,"  the  best  sort  ranginj;  from  two  and  a  half  to 
thnw  "points,"'  which  would  he  about  six  dollars  for 
a  first  quality  double  bhnket,  not  so  hiuh.     Blue  and 
rod  cloth  was  furnished  at  thirty  livres  per  yard,  and 
cotton  buckram  was  the  same,  but  this  was  as  com- 
pnct  and  durable  as  corduroy.     Kersey  jackets,  thirty 
livrcs  i  for  negroes).    Blanket  capots,  thirty  livres  each, 
—the  capot   blanket  cloth  was  invariably  white  and 
fint',  durable  stuff.     Under  capots  of  melton,  seven  to 
ten  livres  per   yard.     Calimanco  cloaks,  double,  six 
livres.     The  original  says  Irs  mnnfelets  ih  rahmnide, 
and  the  mantelet  exactly  corresponds  to  the  mantilla, 
or  cape  ealinande,  or  calamanco,  being  a  sort  of  grogram 
or  luohair  stuff,  with  a  fine  gloss,  light  but  warm,  and 
very  generally  worn  at  that  period  and  later.     Double 
fluniiL'l  for  cloaks,  si.x  livres  per  yard ;  small  flannel 
drcs.scs  lor  children,  ton  livres  each.     Goods  of  this 
i|uaiity  cannot  be  bought  any  cheaper  in  Cahokia  to- 
dav.    .Shirts,  cotton  and  linen,  large,  twenty  livres, 
jiiiali,  ten  livres ;  melton,  ten  livres  a  yard,  and  ker- 
hv  the  .sune, — cheap  enough  if  double-width.     Scar- 
let clotli  I  for  the  Indian  trade),  forty  livres  per  yard  ; 
■cutty."  a  coarse  India  muslin,  white  and  gray,  fif- 
waw  livres,  striped  the  .same,  used  for  shirts,     lied 
wttou  handkerchiefs,  ten  livres  (but  these  were  gen- 
uine •'  Turkey  red"  Madras  iiaudkerchiefs)  ;  knit  caps, 
sis  livres  each  ;  striped  caps,  four  livres,  and  white 
cotton  ones  five  livres.     Blue  ronial  ("  cbappa  rouial" 
fas  a  Canton  silk)  handkerchiefs  (for  head-gear),  six 
livrc.'i. 

It  is  evident  from  the  above  that  the  Cahokians 

!iires,«eil  in  good  stuff,  if  plainly,  and  that  their  clotnes 

i«ere  warm  and  comfortable.     They  did  wear  stock- 

iDis  and  shoes,  too,  sometimes,  for  Mr.  Gratiot's  in- 

oit'C  mentions  black  stockings  at  ten  livres  per  pair, 

nd purple  stockings,  fifteen  livres;  for  men,  on  State 

ions,  when  they  also  wore  small-clothes  and  pol- 


ished up  their  buckles  and  shoes,  ten  livres  the  pair. 
Thread  was  ton  livres  the  "  hank,"  and  lace  edging, 
seven  tind  one-half  livres  per  yard.  Hats  were  fifteen 
livres  apiece ;  black  silk  handkorchiofs,  fifteen  livres; 
collar-buttons,  one  and  a  half  livres  each  (think  of 
twenty-eight  cents  for  a  pearl  button  !)  ;  ribbon,  four 
livres  per  yard  ;  silk  ferret  (galloon),  fifteen  livres  per 
piece;  white  thread,  the  same  price  per  hank  ;  sleeve- 
buttons,  thirty  livres  per  pair;  Holland  laee,  fifteen 
livres  a  piecn.'^  Obviously,  the  regular  costume  which 
all  contemporary  writers  have  described  so  particularly 
and  identically,  while  it  was  ordinarily  worn,  and  by 
all  classes,  was  varied  on  .special  occasions  by  tlie  sub- 
stitution or  addition  of  something  finer  and  better. 
We  have,  indeed,  the  evidence  of  this  in  more  than 
one  .shape.  In  1788  the  family  of  a  man  named  Kerr 
was  murdered  by  Indians  on  a  farm  of  Jacques  Gla- 
morgan's, on  the  Bellofontaiue  road,  six  miles  north 
of  St.  Louis.  Lieutenant-Governor  Perez  went  to  the 
place  and  had  an  inventory  made  of  the  effects  by 
Benito  Basquez,  Beiitura  Colleli,  and  Santiago  Cliau- 
vin,  who  appraised  each  article.  Ammtg  them  were 
nine  women's  dresses  (Kerr  had  a  wife  and  two  daugh- 
ters), valued  at  one  hundred  and  fifty  livres;  two 
gowns,  fifty  livres  ;  eight  jackets  (what  are  now  called 
"joseys"),  twenty  livres;  one  pellerine,  thirty  livres; 
five  yards  black  silk,  seventy-five  livres;  .seven  hand- 
kerchiefs, thirty-five  livres;  five  caps,  one  livre  ;  five 
chemises,  forty  livres;  one  piece  of  cloth,  ten  and  one- 
half  livres ;  two  pair  of  stockings,  seven  livres ;  one 
apron,  seven  and  one-half  livres ;  two  pillow-ca.se.s, 
three  livres  ;  one  looking-glass,  five  livres  ;  four  leather 
gloves,  five  livres  ;  two  pair  silver  buckles,  thirty-five 
livres  ;  three  snuff-boxes,  five  livres  ;  two  pair  shoes, 


I 'The  "point"  was  t'.e  utamp  or  "rose"  in  tlie  corner  of  a 
lintet,  liidii'iitiiig  its  size,  tlioso  with  a  worcteil  "  ro»o"  being 
het'ir.l'iiiicstie  uiic,  those  with  a  blitok  8taiO|i  for  camp  service. 


'  Other  prices  in  this  inventory  are  ufcful  as  guides.  Wo 
iniist  ronieniber  Mr.  (iratiot  tciuleil  to  St.  Louis,  luiil  l)y  bodt  up 
the  river  to  l*niirio  (hi  Cliiun.  t>i>  that  lie  8iij>|itii!<l  botli  trajipers, 
Indiiiii  traders,  and  tlio  Indians  tlicinst'lve.«.  Fire-stecIy,  for 
getting  siiarks  from  tliiitf.  were  tliree  livres  jier  dozen  ;  i»cissors, 
each  i<ix  livres;  ferulo  knives,  six  livres  each;  canoe  iiwls 
(punches  used  in  stitching  bircli-bark  canoes  togctlier),  four 
livrcs  perdo7.en  ;  grass  awls,  twenty-four  livrcs  per  dozen  ;  grass 
wad-screws,  twenty-four  livres;  vermilion,  twenty  livres  per 
pound;  gun-Hints,  ten  livres  per  hundred;  small  knives,  live 
livrcs  per  dozen  ;  cartridge-knives,  three  livres  each;  butcher- 
knives,  twelve  livres  per  dozen  ;  line  buck-horn  handle  butcher- 
knives,  five  livres  each  ;  tobacco  boxes,  three  livrcs  each  ;  box- 
wood combs,  ten  livres  jicr  pair ;  hooked  knives,  two  livrcs  each ; 
guns,  forty  livrcs;  and  gunpowder,  twenty  livres  per  pound, 
Uhiss  beads  (;/niin«  d'niijc)  for  the  Indian  trade,  two  livres  per 
pound  in  bulk,  and  three  livres  when  strung.  Only  a  few 
articles  in  this  list — gunpowder  for  example — would  be  con- 
sidered high  by  purchasers  for  tlio  Indian  trade  to-day.  Some 
are  so  cheap — butcher's  knives  for  example — as  to  create  the 
suspicion  that  they  were  "  Brummagen  ware,"  got  up  expressly 
fur  the  Indian  trade. 


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278 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


fi(\eon  Ijvres.'  Monette,  in  liis  "  History  oftlio  Val- 
ley of  tlie  MissisHippi,"  describes  the  winter  ilross  of 
the  men  aa 

"(li'iiornlly  11  noiirso  blanket  cii|)ote,  ilrawn  over  tlioirHliirt 
and  long  vpsl.  (Hut  other  wrltorn  oltlior  doiiv  or  ignoro  the 
vest.]  The  eHpotc  ^orvcil  the  double  purpose  of  clonk  iind  bat ; 
for  the  hood,iiltaeheil  to  the  uollar  holiind,  hung  upon  the  baek 
and  >-houlderH  as  a  eapts  and,  when  deriircd,  it  served  to  eover 
the  whole  head  friun  intense  eold.  .Moyt  enniinonly,  in  xninnier, 
Rtid  especially  among  the  hoiitnien,  i-oydf/*  (/;•*,  and  t  niinitt-n  ilet 
Joi'c,  the  head  was  enveloped  In  a  hluo  hanilkcrchief.  tnrban- 
like,  as  a  protection  from  solar  heat  and  noxious  insects.  'I'lio 
fame  material,  of  lighter  (pialitv  and  iMncy  colors,  wreathcil 
with  bright-colored  ribbons,  imil  sometimes  Mowers.  I'ormeil  the 
fancy  head-<Iress  cd'  the  femnles  on  festive  occasions  :  at  other 
times  they  also  used  the  handkerchief  in  the  more  patriarchal 
style.  The  dress  of  the  matrons  was  simple  and  plain;  the 
old-fashioned  short-jacket  and  petticoat,  varied  to  suit  the  di-  ' 
vorsilles  of  taste,  was  the  most  common  over-dross  of  the 
women.  The  feet  in  winter  were  protected  liy  Indian  moc- 
casins, or  the  mur<'  unwieldy  clog-shoe;  but  in  sutumei-,  and  in 
dry  weather,  the  foot  was  left  uncovered  and  free,  except  on 
festive  occasions  and  holidays,  when  it  was  adttrned  with  the 
light  moccasin,  gorgeously  ornamented  with  brilliants  of  jier- 
eupine  (luills.  shells,  beads,  or  lace,  ingeniously  wrought  over 
the  front  instead  of  buckles,  and  on  the  side  Haps." 

Till'  primitive  )pe()ple  dres.sing  thus  spoke  rather  an 
idiom  (if  the  French  toiigae  thtin  a  pure  FrtMieh,  as 
mijiht  have  naturally  been  inl'erred  from  their  isolated 
situations  in  a  remote  and  unfivtjueiited  lociiiity.  It 
lacked  the  nervousnesis,  the  vfrve  and  "  .Miap"  of  the 
animated  and  brilliant  dialect  of  Ptiris.  There  was  a 
drawl  and  a  iaiiirnnr  about  it  noticeable  to-day  in  the 
French  of  the  Louisiana  Creoles,  but  it  was  not  cor- 
rupted, like  that,  with  itnpcrted  nef^ro  words  and  the 
vices  of  a  defective  negro  pronunciation,  and  the  oc- 
casional Eiiirlish  words  in  it  were  not  naturalized,  but 
duly  recoonizcd  as  foreigners.  These  jieople  are  de- 
scribed by  Stoddard,  a  good  and  trustworthy  observer,  i 
as  rather  small  in  stature  tind  .>ilender  in  their  luiike, 
"  though  their  bodies  and  limbs  are  remarkably  well  , 
proportioned,  supple,  and  active.  Their  complexions," 
he  says,  "are  somewhat  sallow,  and  exhibit  a  sickly 
aspect,  though  they  experience  a  good  degree  of 
health,  which  results  in  a  great  measure  from  the  na- 

*The  other  eflfects  of  this  family,  which,  however,  was  I'^tig- 
liah  or  Amerioon — they  came  ''from  the  other  side" — were  a 
horse  (worth  one  hundred  livres),  two  eons  and  calf  (three 
hundred  livres),  one  large  hog  and  two  sows,  an  old  tile,  a  box 
of  pewter  spoons,  a  pewter  dish,  eleven  cups  ami  saucers  and 
bIx  plates,  "ware"  (Kdgowood),  six  tin  measures,  a  tin  coffee- 
|)ot,  a  tin  tea-pot,  two  iron  candlesticks,  a  side-eaddle,  four 
iron  ovens,  one  hundred  and  fifty  livres  (bake-ovens),  a  frying- 
pan,  seven  wooden  buckets,  a  pump,  a  lot  of  kegs,  a  water- 
bucket,  three  spades,  two  axes,  a  feather  bed,  three  blankets, 
two  smoothing-irons,  one  trunk,  four  chairs,  one  beaver  hat, 
one  bedstead  frame,  one  plow,  one  spinning-wheel,  one  gun,  a 
cock,  six  hens,  and  fifteen  chickens. 


turu  of  their  food  (mostly  of  the  vcgeluble  kind)  :iiii| 
their  iiinrncr  of  drcisinj;  it,"  They  usually  po>M  -s  a 
keen,  piercing  eye,  imd  retain  their  sight  liniiicr 
than  most  other  people.  They  are  almost  stniiiL.'ers 
to  the  gout,  consumption,  the  gravel  anil  sloiio  in  the 
bladder,  ancl  iti  general  to  all  chronic  coniplainis. 
'I'ho  hair  of  the  people  in  the  Delta  and  neighb(iilio(](J 
of  it  retains  a  dark  brown  color,  while  that  cil'  ilie 
old  people  in  Upper  liouisiana  commonly  lll'c^lln,^s 
gray.  The  young  men  at  this  time  niiinifest  tio  '^iciit 
passion  for  long  hair ;  not  many  years  ago  they  were 
seen  with  cues  dangling  iibotit  their  legs.  M(jst  of 
the  hiboring  class  disregard  dress,  and  appear  no  jjcitir 
lit  home  than  on  a  trading  voyage  among  the  Inili:iiis.'' 
The  people  of  '•  the  Illinois  country"  were  in  lio 
envied  in  all  their  external  relations.  Therein  tlicy 
were  blest  enough  to  entitle  them  to  La  Salle's  iuhIm.. 
that  the  land  they  dwelt  in  was  truly  a  "  terrestrial 
paradise."  Government,  both  under  Freticli  aiil 
Spanish  rule,  was  a  paternal,  piitriarehial  desputisiin,! 
the  miliiest  sort.  The  commandant  was  every iliin.-, 
because  content  to  be  almost  nobody.  He  sildnm  in. 
terfered  unless  apjiealed  to.  and  then  he  was  jndcc, 
jury,  atid  executive  all  in  one.  Ltjctd  affairs,  i  lie  Utile 
concerns  of  the  commune,  the  fences,  read.s.  imj 
ditches,  were  eared  for  by  the  people  themselves,  ainJ 


'  Hut  ."'toddard    shows  in   other  |daccs  that  they  livcl  will 
enough  at  times.     Ilesays,  They  "are  tcinperatoj  they  iiio^ilv 
limit  their  rlesires  to  vegetables,  soups,  and  colTee.     Tlioy  :iry 
great  smokers  of  tobacco,  and  no  doubt  this  gives  a  yelJMW  liii.-,. 
to  their  skins.     Ardent  spirits  are  stddoni  used,  except  liy  ibc 
most   laborious  (dasses  of  society.     'I'hey    even    dislike  wli  te 
wines   Ijecausc  they  possess  too  much  spirit.  .  .  .  Cliiiel' nnl 
other  light  red  wines  are  common  among  them;  and  these  »ho 
can  iin'onl  it  are  not  sparing  of  this  beverage.     Ureal  ceun'mii 
is  dis])layeil  in  their  family  lueals.     This  is  nid  the  etl'cct  .i|  :i 
parsimonious  disposititm,  nor  always  of  the  want  ot'  ailef|iiai'' 
meiins ;  it  results  from  a  cotivietion  of  what  their  coej^titatji'ii? 
refjuire  ;  they  readily  sacrifieo  what  nniy  be  (('rmed  lii\iirv  U 
the  preservation  of  heallh,  and  it  is  seldom  they  ontnirt  d.' 
eases   fi-om  intemperate   excesses.     Nnturally  volatile  in  tlnir  j 
ilispositions.  thi'y  sometimes   precipitate  themselves  fn'ru  i>i.(  i 
extreme  to  another.    Hence  it  is  that,  in  making  entertiiiniiicnl 
for  their   friends,  especially   for  strangers  of  dislincliipri,  llicv  1 
stuily  to  render  them  sum|>tuiuis  :  their  tables  are  covered  ttili 
a  great  variety  of  dishes;  almost  every  sort  of  food  drcswil in  j 
all  manner  of  ways,  is  exhibited  in   priifusion.     The  niii5tfr«f| 
the  house,  out  of  respect   for   his  guests,   frciiueidly  vviiitJ  on  [ 
them   himself.     Itn   such   occasions   no  trouble  or  expeiisf  i 
spared  in  procuring  the  best  wines  and  other  liipmrs  llie  o«ii!- 
try  affords.     Their  desserts  are  no  less  plentiful,  niel  llierfi" 
no  want  of  delicacy  in  their  (junlity  or  variety.     .Mim.v 'il'ili«l 
entertainments  cost  from  two  hundreil  ami  fifty  to  lour  hiinlrfil 
dollars,  especially  in    Upper    l,t>uisiana,  where  the  IiiMirit-M'fl 
the  table  arc  much  nnire  expensive  than  in  the  Di'itii.'"    ^tO'i- 
dard.  however,  writing  in  ISlll,  is  referring  to  the  l.iinullu'f! 
of  St.  lionis,  rich  by  the  fur  trade,  and  not  to  the  friig.il  i'«m| 
and  Columellas  of  the  American  Hottoin. 


MANNERS   AND  CIIHTOMH. 


279 


till 


tlicrr  win  practically  no  taxation.    The  Illinois  French 
wiTi'  :ilwuys  on  the  best  possible  terms  with  thuir  Iii- 
(liuii  iun<;hbora,  with   all   the    Indian   race,   in   fact. 
Then*  was  unity  and  harmony,  p)()d  will  and  I'rieiid- 
Hliip  licaween   the  two  races,  joined  to  an  unlimited  ' 
rtcipr  ical  confidence.    Tlicy  interchanjied  good  offices 
fre(|Uriiily,  and  the  Indian  never  attempted  to  rob  the 
I'lviirlinian,  who,  as  he  felt  as.nured,  wonld  never  seek 
to(|i'>|ii>ii  him  of  his  land,  nor  to  defraud  him  in  the 
t'xeli;iii;_'e  of   goods.      "  Providence,"   says   Monette, 
•'sniili'd  upon  the  happy  union  of  the  white  man  of 
Kuni|ii'  with  the  rod  man  of  the  American  wilder- 
ness."    In  other  words,  the  Frenchman  treated  the 
[ndiaii  justly  and  kindly,  and  in  return  the  Indian 
actwl  ill  his  natural  character  towards  the  Frenchman, 
iieitlk'i'  sutt'ering  his  instincts  to  be  warped  by  passion 
nor  ilislorted  by  fear.     The  French  who  settled  in 
Illiniiis  had  habits  at  once  vagrant  and  gregarious, 
;iii(l  liny  assimilated  themselves  to  and  amalgamated 
tlienist'lvcs   with   the   Indians  in  a  remarkable  way. 
They  understood  Indian  habits,  and  respected  Indian 
custiinis  with  unvarying  courtesy  and  pullhuse.    They 
dill  niitliing  by  violence,  made  no  attempt  to  take  alien 
ami  ri'imgnant  natures    by  storm,   as  the   Puritans, 
indeeil,  the  Englishman  of  any  degree,  would  have 
iJone  uiiiler  similar  circumstances.     On  the  contrary, 
iliey  were  not  only  conciliatory,  but  they  paid  the  In- 
Jiiiii  the  compliment — and  none  higher  can  be  paid 
to  a  savage — of  adjusting,  in   some   measure,   their 
habits  and  customs  to  his  own.     This  policy,  if  .such 
a  cold  term  can  be  applied  to  what  was  the  natural, 
spontaneous  impulse  of  gentle   and   kindly  natures, 
had  its  reward  in  a  contented,  happy,  and  prosperous 
esisieiice. 

Tlie  li(ililfiint,  voi/iiffeur,   and  coiircw,  vagrant  of 
iiiiii'ly  lake  and  stream  and  forest  solitudes  as  he  had 
been,  was  by  nature   gregarious  and  sociable.     lie 
and  his  kind  and  kin   planted  their  villages  in  the 
rildorncss  alongside  of  another  village  of  Indians, 
roiiiutc  enough  to  avoid  actual  contact  with  its  dirt 
and  squalor,  near  enough   to  interchange  visits  and 
courtesy,  to    co-operate   for   mutual  defense,  and  to 
luvu  the  use  of  one  common  chapel.     The  French 
'  villa<;e  was  compact.     Its  site  was  well  chosen, — the 
;  mariiin  of  a  prairie,  the  bank  of  some  gentle  stream, 
with  room  for  common   and  common  field,  and  re- 
sources whence   firewood   uiight   easily   be   derived. 
I  Here  it  was  placed  in  long,  narrow  streets,  upon  which 
jllic  houses  fronted  close  and  in  such  contiguity  that 
jiMrritucnt  and  sociability  uiight  be  common  to  all, 
land  conversation  might  promote  the  consciousness  of 
ikaving  neighbors.    Here  the  old  men  sat  on  the  porches 
jin  front  of  their  houses,   tapping  their   tabad'crh, 


III. 11   IIOISK 
Mnii'i-nf  Si-iMiiil  luiil  Sprucf. 


smoking  their  long  pipes,  and  recounting  adventures 
of  days  gone  by  to  their  dames  beside  them,  while 
the  youths,  just  home  with  stores  of  peltries  gained 
at  the  headwaters  of  distant  streams,  related  more 
thrilling  adventures  still  to  the  ears  of  maidens  ready 
to  hearken  forever.     The  villages  were  patriarchal  in 
every  sngL'Cstion  of  their  aspects.     The  whole  assem- 
iilage  of  hou.scs  resembled  each  homestead;  all  about 
it   spoke  of  the  I'aniily  unit.     There  was  a  striking 
simplicity  and  unifurmity  about   the  hou.ses.      Kaeh 
homestead   had    its 
own  .separate  lot.  its 
own  separate  iuclo- 
sure  of  picket-feneo 
dividing     it     from 
the  neighbors.    The 
house    most     com- 
monly  Was  a    one- 
story         structure, 
rai.sed     above     the 
ground     and     sur- 
rounded usually  by 
u  gallery,  which  the 
owner  roofed  if  he 
could  afford  it.     The  walls  were  generally  made  of 
logs  of  wood,  planted  erect  in  the  ground  or  erect 
upon  the  comb  of  a  wall.     Sometimes,  instead  of  the 
posts,     there      was 
simply  a  framework, 
with    corner    posts 
and  studs  horizon- 
tally connected    by 
cross-ties,  and  filled 
in    with   "  cat    and 
elay,"    a    paste    of 
mud    finely    mixed 
with  cut   straw    or 
with  Spanish  moss. 
When   this  surface 
had    dried,    it    was 
whitewashed    until 

it  had  a  dazzling  whiteness.  The  chimney,  filled  in 
with  the  like  material,  was  made  of  four  long  corner- 
posts,  converging  towards  the  top,  so  that  the  interior 
diameter  of  the  chimney  at  the  top  was  not  more  than 
half  as  great  as  at  the  hearth.  The  primitive  houses 
usually  had  the  dimensions  of  twenty  by  twenty  feet, 
or  twenty  by  forty  feet.  They  were  low  in  the  ceil- 
'  ing,  and  the  roof,  which  had  but  little  slope,  was 
covered  witii  large  shingles  or  clapboards  laid  oil 
poles,  with  a  lap  of  three  in  four.  When  they  had 
been  carefully  laid  they  were  held  in  place  by  battens 
of  poles  stretched  across  them,  the  ends  pinned  down 


a3fe>*i5%v- 


or.D  iioi;sK. 

Northwpgt  coriiiT  of  TliinI  iiml  I'luni. 


,    ',   I' 


f\\ 


M 


1'  ■» 


si 


14   Ml  h 


ii 


380 


IIISTOIIY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


with  woddiMi  ]w<iH  t(i  till'  corners  mid  tlie  friiiiK!.  In- 
tcriiirs  were  nl'  two  ur  live  nioiiiN,  or  more,  with  grii- 
criilly  a  K^aii-to  or  (Iclaclicd  kitchen.  Tiiero  was 
Hcldoiii  uiore  tliaii  one  window  to  a  room;  tiie  frames, 
sot  with  eii;iii  by  ten  inch  jilass,  were  hin};ed  and 
swunj;  lik(!  doors.  Wlien  tlie  chimney  was  erected 
in  the  middh^  of  the  house,  it  was  huilt  of  Nliine 
tliroughout.  Ill  the  ruder  cabins  liie  fliiors  were 
Hindu  of  h1uI8  or  puncheons,  but  in  better  built  houses 
tliere  was  a  floor  of  nicely-juioed  plunk,  and  this  wus 
kept  well  waxed.' 

There  was  u  primitive  .simplieity  about  the  patri- 
archal liotuesteads  which  all  unite  in  ptonouncing 
very  ehnrmin}^.  The  inclosure  of  the  "  lot'  was  a 
comnioii  yard,  part  for  culture,  part  for  general  use, 
and  in  the  towns  was  often  an  acre  or  so  in  extent. 
The  father  of  the  family  had  here  planted  his  resi- 
dence ;  us  his  children  grew  up,  married,  and  hud 
children  of  their  own,  a  cottuge  or  uddition  to  the 
main  building  was  put  up  fur  them  hard  by,  until  the 
original  building  was  like  un  Indian  bunyun-tree,  u 
dozen  slenderer  stems  growing  vigorously  around  the 
venerable  central  trunk.  Thi-s  same  idea  was  carried 
out  in   the  "  commons"  and  ''  common  fields"  which 

'  "The  hoii.io  (if  .M.  Rt'iiuviiis  wns  ii  long,  liiw  biiililing,  with 
n  porch  or  nhe'l  in  froiil.  iiiut  iinollu'r  in  thi'  ri^iir;  thi)  cliiiiMiov 
oreiipicil  tlic  i-ciitro,  ilivi<liii}^  (lio  liout^c  into  two  purls,  witli 
eueli  a  lirepluco.  One  ul'  tlifso  aiTved  for  iliniiii^'ronin.  parlor, 
unil  principal  bvdruuiii ;  tliu  other  was  tliu  kitchun,  iinil  I'uuh 
hail  ;i  small  nioni  tnkvn  oil'  at  the  end  for  private  chainbeiH  or 
caliinets.  Then)  was  no  loft  or  garret,  a  pair  of  flairs  being  a 
rare  thing  in  the  village.  The  furniture,  excepting  the  beds 
and  the  louking-g1as8,  was  of  the  most  eoinnioii  kind,  consisting 
of  an  annoire,  a  rough  table  or  two,  and  some  course  chairs. 
The  yard  wa.s  inoloscd  with  cedar  pickets,  eight  or  ten  inches 
in  diameter,  and  seven  feet  high,  placed  upright,  sliarpened  ut 
the  top,  in  the  manner  of  a  stockade  fort.  In  front  the  yaril 
was  narrow,  but  in  the  roar  qiiilo  spacious,  ami  containing  the 
barn  and  stables,  the  negro  ((uarters,  and  all  the  necessary 
olKces  of  a  farm-yard.  Ileyoiiil  this  there  was  u  spacious  gar- 
den, iiii'losed  with  pickets  in  the  same  manner  with  the  yard. 
It  was  indeed  a  garden,  in  which  the  greatest  variety  and  the 
finest  vegetal)l"  were  cultivated,  intoriiiiii,-,.eJ  with  Uowers  and 
shrubs  ;  on  one  side  (d"  it  there  was  a  siuiflj  u:-c  .xrd  containing 
ft  variety  of  the  choicest  fiuits.  Ttio  Siihilani  r^.l  and  perma- 
nent character  of  these  inulosures  is  in  '.n'r.i.vr  contrast  with 
the  slight  and  lempnrary  fences  and  p  :Iin>--'  of  the  Americans. 
The  houso  was  a  ponderous  wooden  frame,  which,  instead  of 
being  weather-boarded,  was  tilled  in  with  clay,  and  then  white- 
washed. As  to  the  living,  the  tuble  was  provided  in  a  very 
different  manner  from  that  of  the  generality  of  Americans. 
With  the  poorest  French  peasant  cookery  is  an  art  well  under- 
Itood.  They  make  great  use  of  vegetables,  and  prepared  in  a 
manner  to  be  whole..,omc  and  palatable.  Instead  of  roast  and 
fried  they  hail  soups  and  fricassees  and  gumbo  (a  dish  sup- 
pused  to  be  derived  from  the  Africans),  and  a  variety  of  other 
dishes." — //.  U'.  /Jntrk-cnriili/e :  Jiecittlectiaim  of  the  Went, 
The  houso  of  which  liraokenridge  is  writing  was  situated  in 
Ste.  (ienevieve,  and  the  time  of  his  first  visit  1802. 


every  eominanduni,  in  making  a  grant  of  land  ('  r  ^i 
village,  wus  careful  to  desi^inalo  uiid  reserve.  I  In. 
greater  part  of  the  ugriuultural  work  of  the  Ff  iieh 
liiililtiiiit  was  done  in  his  garden  nnd  his  common  lliij 
lot,  the  hitler  being  always  one  urpent  wide  and  I'lriy 
arpens  long,  containing  about  thirty-four  acres.  \  cry 
few  villagers  owned  or  rcjuiri'd  for  their  simple  :ii.Ti. 
culture  more  land  than  the  coniinon  lots  nll'Miili'i] 
them.  As  population  increased,  and  new  fiitiiiljes 
were  formed,  more  common  lots  wereuddcd  foreueli  ii\k^ 
tuken  from  the  commons.  The  "commoii  Held,"  ii>  it 
has  already  been  described,  was  a  large  contigimtis 
truet  of  urable  land,  inclosed  in  a  .single  fence,  intli 
family  having  its  ow::  li<t  for  farm  and  gunleii,  ilu- 
entire  product  of  which  it  enjoyed  in  feo-sinipli',  Ijiu 
liable,  however,  to  forfeiture  from  such  neglect  ol  tin; 
inclosure  as  endangered  the  safety  of  the  whole.  The 
syndic  and  the  "  viewers"  regulated  the  fence,  and  tln' 
elders  of  the  village  idso  determined  the  seasotis  Inr 
conducting  the  various  agri  mitural  operations  of  tin. 
field,  so  as  to  prevent  trespass,  plundering,  and  iii';.'l«'t. 
The  inclosures  of  the  "  common  field"  were  so  stiotii; 
as  to  serve  in  some  cases  us  a  protection  against  lioj. 
tile  irruptions.  The  "  commons"  was  simply  a  mm- 
mon  pa.'.ture-field,  free  for  the  use  of  idl,  and  .■^iipplyiii:; 
fuel  also  if  it  contained  timber.  Many  htul  larw 
flocks  and  herds,  but  few  villagers  pursuing  any  iruJo 
for  a  livelihood,  and  each  being  his  own  meeliaiiic. 

In  the  "  comiuon  field"  the  villagers  utteiidd  lo 
their  plowing  and  reaping  in  a  regular  and  |iiiiiii. 
live  way.  The  soil  was  rich  and  kindly,  prndufii]:; 
bounteously  a  great  variety  of  plants.  The  Aiiii'iiiaii 
Bottom  is  peculiarly  rich  in  fruits  and  in  trees  pro- 
ducing nuts,  in  berries  and  in  almost  eveiy  utliiT 
product  of  the  temperate  zone.  It  yielded  fieiaiis 
and  chestnuts,  strawberries  and  melons,  indi^'ll,  riw'. 
and  Cotton,  alongside  of  grapes  and  peaches,  wheat 
and  corn,  and  the  hahltmis  were  thrifty  and  eaiclul 
husbandmen,  reasonably  industrious,  "  The  jmr.'iuii! 
of  the  inhabitants  were  chiefly  agricultural,"  writis 
Brackenridgo  of  his  iufunt  days  at  Ste.  Genevieve. 
"  Their  farming  was  corried  on  in  a  field  of  .several 
thousand  acres  in  the  fertile  river-bottom  of  the  .Mis- 
sissippi, inclosed  at  the  common  expense  and  divided 
into  lots  separated  by  some  natural  or  peniiiiiieiit 
boundary.  Horses  or  cattle,  depastured,  were  tetl 
ered  with  long  ropes,  or  the  grass  was  cut  and  carried  i 
to  them  in  their  stalls.  It  was  a  pleasing  »v^\\  to 
mark  the  rural  population  going  and  returllin^',  mum- 
ing  and  evening,  to  and  from  the  field,  with  their  I 
working  cattle,  carts,  old-fashioned  plows,  and  uther 
implements  of  husbandry."  These  plows  were  pecu- 1 
liar.     Geo.  de  Rozier,  iu  his  lecture  on  Ste.  Gene- 


vieve (the  « 

"  Fiviich  Illi 

of  Miiiid,  wit 

htiil  only  the 

the  Mpfiropriii 

jKiitii  .Mliarjieii 

wliiili,  from  r 

frialile.     The 

W!I,H    (lie  woodi 

Hindi'  light  an 
ahle  ,iiid  convi 
roads  uH  v.x\su 
wliieli  ,1  horso  ' 
lead,  ,iiid  it  co 
lur.H,  lc;id,  men 
liiiier  was  fivc-c 
Cirondtlet  mad 
wood  to  St.  Lou 
li;ip,s  .snine  oJ'  t 
elianged.'  The 
soucd  nnv-hide,  w 
ill  Wiiiin  weather. 
IN  .size,  rcseniblin 
durance,  and  easy 
aib  iu  breed,  but 
Spani,sli  horse  of  i 
iit's,  mid  Couiun 
traders  in  consider 
Freiicli  .settlement 
luuiis  and  adjacen 
li^rJ.'i  of  douiesti 
slieep— wandering 
general  store- hou.si 
fill)  Kline  along,  m 

-V  hii/ipy  race. 

'I"^^"";  the  climate 

iiiisiipl]i,sticated  ant 

divtlliiiu's  and  guid 

llifonly  luoiiiirch  e 

[""•■•verycotintenam 

'■  ""'I.'  and  soil,  and 

!««ue  ill  effect  grea 

j»aiit,sffere,sorewa; 

jilere  have  been  ic\ 

|»tK  these  Creoles 

l«o  polities  save  loyi 

['li«  the  king  of 

'  Ttc  pattern  of  the 

«il.v  were  seated  whe 

P»"™»  lo  Cahukia,  La 

r'W'loyetunplante 

p'iM-Cnpt.  U.S.  u™ 

"""■"I'l'iooi:,  Curondel, 


MANNKRS   AND   CUSTOMS. 


281 


;h;uiic:. 

omk'd  to 
,ml  iiviiui- 
iivii(lui;iuL' 

Aiiu'ricau 

tri'es  I'm- 

■<.i-y  citliur 

ll     JII'IMllS 

lino,  riw. 

IC'S.  wlii'it 
iiul  cari'lul 
u'  (lursuiia 
•111, "  writp 
Uoiieviove. 
nt'  several 
,t'  the  Miv 
iiid  iliviJcd 
jioniiiuicnt 
wove  tetli- 
Hiid  earned 

si;^l\t  W 

■niiii;,  uiorn- 
with  their 

I,  and  otiiet 
were  pectt- 
Ste.  Gene- 


iiti 


vii'Vi'  (tho  Nnme  plow  wun  UMcd  every wlioro  uIho  in 
"  I'lriitJi  IlliiioiH"),  MiiyH  that  tlicy  won)  niuili:  i-iitiri'ly 
(if  woiid,  without  iron  iii!itt'iiin;{H.     Tlio  mi  >rli' l">iir(l 
liad  niily  tiiB  ourvo  that  could  bo  ♦bund  in  a  root  of  | 
tiie  :i|i|iro|)riiitu  Hhapc,  but  the  bcuni  was  Ntronir.  tlio 
iiiiiiit  .sharpciiud.     It  could  canily  |iunL'tratf  thi^  noil, 
whirh,  from  repeated  uaruCul  working,  wuh  !i<;ht  and 
friiil.li'.     The  only  vuhiclp,  says  ihc  satue  aiithoiity, 
w:i»  tlio  wooden   Freneh  carl,  without   tires.      It  was 
iiiadi'  light  and  Htron^,  lun^;  and  narrow,  very  .suit- 
able and  convenient  lc>r  travel  or  hauling;  over  such 
rimd.'i  as  existed.     It  had    Mtri>n<;,   heavy   shafts,   to 
which  a  horse  was  ntlnched,  with  two  horses  in   the 
loud,  and  it  eould  easily   convey  a  larf?o  (|iiunlity  of 
lurs.  lead,  merchandise,  ur  wood.     The  load  ol'  tlie 
liiter  wa.t  tive-eijihths  of  a  cord,  and   tlie  people  of 
Cariiiiililet  luadc  a  business  of  fctchinji  tiiat  load  of 
wood  to  St.  Jjouis  for  a  great  number  of  years.     Per- 
haps Miiuie  of  them  do  it  yet.     The  cart  has   not 
tliitnj;e(l.'     The  traces  used  were  made  of  stronfr  rea- 
soned raw-liide,  well  twisted,  but  still  apt  to  '•  pull  out" 
in  warm  weather.  The  horses  of  tho  period  were  ponies 
ill  size,  rcsembliiii;  mustan<;s,  but  stronj;,  of  j;reat  en- 
Juranec,  and  easy  in  their  keep.     They  .,ere  Canadi- 
ans ill  breed,  but  crosised  with  the  blood  of  the  wild 
S[iaiiish  horse  of  the  plaiim,  which  the  Usages,  I'aw- 
Di'08,  and   Comanches  captured  and  sold   to   Indian 
traders  in  considerable  numbers.    In  stock  indeed  the 
French  settlements  of  Illinois  were  rich.     The  com- 
uiuMS  und  adjacent  forests  and  prairies  teemed  with 
herds  of   domestic    animals — swine,    cattle,    horses,  , 
sheep — wandering  at  will,  almost  a  common  stock  and 
i;eiieral  store-house,  from  which  all  who  needed,  all 
who  came  along,  might  supply  themselves. 

A  happy  race.  Competence  and  peace  smiled  upon 
them;  tilt!  climate  was  benign;  nature  in  her  most 
unsophisticated  and  genial  form  brooded  over  their 
liweliiiigs  and  guided  their  ways.  Contentment  was 
the  only  monarch  enthroned  there ;  joy  and  mirth  sat 
I  every  countenance.  The  affluence  natural  to  cli- 
I  male  and  soil,  and  common  to  all  the  hablUiiis,  be- 
came in  effect  great  riches  where  the  community's 
Uaiiis  were  so  few  and  their  tastes  so  simple, — iu  fact, 
[iliere  have  been  lew  people  on  earth  ever  so  rich  as 
Jiete  the.se  Creoles  of  Upper  Louisiana.  They  had 
ho  polities  save  loyalty  to  France  and  a  dim  belief 

[that  the  king   of  France  was    monarch   of  all  the  ! 

i 

'Ilio  |>aiurn  of  tile  cart  iu  which  Miulame  Chouteau  iind 
Wiuilj  «ere  seated  when  old  Uivi^re  drove  thoiii  from  Fort 
Kbrlres  to  Caliokia,  Lnolede  riding  nlongside,  to  uiiil<e  thair 
Imvi-it  to  jet  unpliiiiled  !St.  Louis,  i.s  identical  with  that  in   i 
pith  ei-Caiit.  U.  S.  Urant  used  to  drive  his  load  of  wood  from  , 
P'nl'f  [liuci!  in  Carondelet  to  St.  Louis  not  a  generation  ago. 


earth,  or,  if  ho  was  not,  ought  to  bo.  They  were 
out  of  the  world,  and  t<io  ignorant  of  aixl  inditrcri'iit 
to  its  atfairs  to  be  purpli^xed  or  anxious  about  tlieni. 
Care  was,  indeed,  a  stranger  in  tho  village;  and  if  it 
over  came  at  all,  did  not  venture  to  tarry  where 
everything  was  so  alien  to  its  haggard,  htdlow  aspect. 
Learning  none  had,  unless  it  was  the  cure,  and  ho, 
their  oracle  in  matters  of  faith,  could  be  taken  like- 
wise as  their  voucher  in  matters  of  science.  They 
wanted  neither  culture  nor  learning,  so  they  had 
virtue  and  content,  could  speak  the  truth,  and  were 
bound  by  bargains.  This  they  were,  so  much  so 
that  after  land  values  had  advanced  a  hundredfold, 
sons  and  grandsons  thought  it  the  simplest,  most  mat- 
ter of  course  duty  for  them  to  ratify,  contirni,  and 
complete  tho  verbal  contracts  made  by  their  parents. 
The  records  of  St.  Louis  .show  this  to  have  been 
done  in  hundreds  of  cases,  and  in  spite  of  the  vicious 
example  sot  by  ravenous  "  land-sharks"  of  another 
race. 

In  fact,  their  good  name,  and  their  unaffected  re- 
spect and  reverence  for  it,  was  no  small  part  of  this 
people's  riches,  to  whom  truth  was  the  largest  jewel 
in  their  carcanet,  and  mere  sordid  wealth  gave  no 
privileges  that  weighed  a  feather  in  the  .scale  with 
actual  merit.  The  calm,  tjuiet  tenor  of  their  lives, 
the  same  from  day  to  day  and  year  to  year,  and  the 
example  of  their  Indian  neighbors,  perhaps,  gave  a 
sort  of  serious  gravity,  almost  saturnine,  to  the  ordi- 
nary deportment  of  the  common  people.  There  was 
a  languid  softness,  an  indifferent  equipoise  in  their 
manners  that  might  erroneously  be  mistaken  for  a 
gentle  sadness  till  you  knew  and  understood  tlicm 
better.  But  you  had  only  to  become  their  guest  to 
understand  their  faculty  to  be  amused  and  their  zest 
in  aiuusement,  such  zest  that  fi'li'n  became  a  duty 
and  enjoyment  a  business.  Hospitality  was  not  a 
virtue,  for  the  neglect  of  it  was  a  crime  and  u  sin. 
There  were  no  taverns  in  the  Illinois,  for  every  latch- 
string  hung  out,  and  every  man's  house  was  the 
stranger's. 

But  they  had  virtues  of  a  positive  sort,  to  exercise 
which  was  a  duty,  to  neglect  them  a  disgrace.  Punc- 
tuality and  honesty  in  oil  dealing  were  among  tlie.se, 
politeness  and  courtesy  to  strangers,  friendship  and 
cordiality  and  Inenseance  among  neighbors,  gentle 
kindness  and  affection  in  the  domestic  relations,  rev- 
erence and  respect  to  elder.9,  justice  to  all.  Women 
were  blest  in  those  simple  communities,  for  they 
had,  in  addition  to  kindness  and  affection,  all  the 
consideration  which  belongs  to  equals  and  some  of 
the  deference  which  is  yielded  to  a  superior  faculty 
of  judgment.     In  a  matter  of  business  the  husband 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


!i 


alwuys  consulted  his  wife,  and,  aa  she  seldom  judged 
wrona;,  her  opinions  usually  prevailed.  It  seems  as 
if  all  this  could  only  be  said  of  Utopia  ;  it  is  written, 
how.!ver,  about  "  the  country  of  the  Illinois," — but 
that,  us  L..  Salle  declared  it  to  be,  was  "  the  terrestrial 
paradise." 

Ainu.scments,  festivals,  and  holidays  wore  natural 
ampiij;  such  a  people.  They  were  too  devout  not  to 
keep  every  fili'  \\\  the  calendar,  and  too  fond  of  en- 
joyment not  to  wish  there  were  twice  as  many  more. 
The  dance,  the  music  of  the  violin,  cards,  billiards, — 
every  everiinf;  had  somethini;  of  the  sort;  every  fes- 
tival, every  Sunday  was  rounded  up  with  the  inno- 
cent recreations  which  these  words  imply,  when  the 
young  ])eople  gave  them.selves  to  amusement  as  to 
acts  of  (li'votion,  and  priest  and  patrinrch,  when  their 
joints  were  too  stiff"  to  permit  participation,  looked 
on  and  smiled  and  cheered  the  scone.  It  was  part  of 
their  religion  to  be  cheerful  on  file  days,  and  to  cele- 
brati'  all  festivals  with  the  jocund  .sacrament  of  mirth. 
Neither  sex  nor  condition  were  kept  fioiii  lhe.so  fes- 
tive I'lijoyments;  pleasure  was  like  the  church  floor, 
free  to  all  without  distinction  of  quality.  The  black 
slave  daiieecl  to  the  same  fiddle  that  .sent  his  mistress 
and  master  tripping,  and  the  stolid  Indian  sat  by  on 
his  liaunehes,  wrapped  in  his  blanket,  watching  and 
wondering.  It  has  become  a  proverb,  the  contentment 
and  happiness  of  the  negro  slaves  in  French  Illinois. 
Ail  were  Catholics,  and  all  kept  the  festivals  of  the 
great  mother  church  in  the  same  identical  spirit.  The 
New  I'lnglander,  ('apt,  Stoddard,  saw  the.<e  things,  so 
contrary  to  what  he  had  been  u.sed  to  behold  at  home, 
hut  he  could  not  bring  himself  to  condemn  or  believe 
them  wrong. 

"  l'iMhii|is  the  li'vilii'."  ilispliiyi'il  ami  the  iiriiiisi'mcnts  |Miisncil 
by  till'  French  pyople  on  ."-uiiilay,"  lio  siiys,  '' niuy  l)e  LM)nsi(Iercil 
l)y  siiiiic  to  biirdiT  npon  licenliiiiiiinnsa.  Tlicy  Httcint  iniiss  in  (lio 
iniii'tiin);  with  giciit  devntion;  but  iifti^r  Ibi'  u.xiTcises  of  Iho 
church  arc  uver,  thcv  U!<u:illy  collect  in  parlies  an<i  pa.«s  away 
their  time  in  siic'.il  anJ  morry  intcnourse.  They  play  at  bil- 
lianls  nnil  othc  games,  and  tu  ball^<nnd  a.t^oinblies  tho  .'^undaya 
are  |iarticula;ly  ilcvuted.  To  i,nose  oduonted  in  regular  and 
pious  I'rolestant  habits  such  parlies  and  niuuseincnts  appear 
unseasonable,  strange,  and  odiou.«.  if  not  prophetic  of  some  sig- 
nal curse  on  the  workers  of  inii|uily.  It  must,  liowevor.  bo 
oonfe-si'd  that  the  French  peopie,  in  Ihes3  days,  avoid  all  in- 
temperate and  immoral  excesses,  and  conihict  them.iehes  with 
apparent  decorurn.  They  an,  of  opinion  that  there  is  true 
nnd  nndelilcil  religion  i.i  their  amusements,  mtich  more,  in- 
deed, than  liiey  can  see  in  certain  night  i-onferen<7usand  obsenve 
meetings  in  various  parts  auKuig  the  tombs.  When  <piestioned 
relative  to  tinur  gayety  on  .'Sundays,  they  will  answer  that  men 
were  made  for  Inippiness,  and  that  the  mure  they  are  able  to 
enjoy  Iheuiselves  the  more  acceptable  they  are  to  their  reatur. 
They  are  of  opinion  that  a  sullen  ouintenam'e,  attention  to 
gloomy  subjects,  a  set  form  of  speech,  and  a  slitf  behavior  are 
mori'  indicative  of  hypocrisy  than  of  religion;  and  they  say 


they  have  often  remarked  that  those  who  practiced  thc-i  -in. 
gularities  on  Sunday  will  most  itssnredly  cheat  and  defi:!,),! 
their  neighbors  during  the  remainder  of  the  week,  i^uili  jire 
the  religious  sentiments  of  a  people  void  of  superstition;  ni;, 
people  prone  to  hos|>ilality,  urbanity  of  manners,  and  iniiioerit 
recreation,  and  who  present  their  daily  orison.s  at  the  tlir.niMif 
Grace  with  as  much  confidence  of  success  as  the  most  drvuut 
I'uritan  in  (Christendom."  ' 

The  festivals  and  joy-days  of  French  Illinois  were 
numerous.     It  was  Corpus  Christi  Sunday,  the  ilay 
before  the  famous  affair  of  May  2(5,  178(1,  aiii|  the 
people  of  St.  Louis  were  afield  picking  wild  striiwhe; 
ries.      There  were  harvest-homes  and  vintage  leasts 
and  feasts  of  corn-planting.  Kaster  and  Whit.-iiintido, 
and  midsummer  and   Michaelmas;    but  we  have  no 
space  to  consider  all  of  these.    Let  us  see  how  Clirist 
niu..  and  New  Year's  and  Twelfth-night  were  kept  in 
Upper  Louisiana,  turi/ing  to  and  confining  oiii.-i'lvos 
to  these y'(V('.s'  the  more  readily  because  in  speaking' uf 
them  wo  can  put  ourselves  under  the  guidance  nf  tlmt 
appreciative  and  accurate  jiilot,  the  late  Judge  Wilsun 
I'riium.     Let  us   imagine  ourselves  in   ancient  arij 
venerable  Cahokia  upon  a  Christmas-eve,  alnitist  aiiv 
time  between  17(J()  and  18(10.     The  little  villiiL'o.  \m 
as  distant  from  the  river  then  as  now,  is  in  a  stir  4 
preparation  and  a  bustle  and  a  hubbub  of  joy  and 
celebration ;    for    the    long-absent    ones    have  eonie 
home  for   the   holidays,  the  last  keel-boat,  with  iis 
load  of  good  things,  in  charge  of  the  patriarchs  of  tlio 
village,  has  I'rrived  on  time,  as  it  was  bound  inJeoil  tu 
do  with  two  such  stout  lads  as  Franyois  Jicli'lire  anJ 
Jean  Baptisto  vSaulcier  tugging  at  the  conlilk,  piisli- 
iug  with  the  poles,  and  plying  the  short  nervous  oars. 
They  had  Christmas  presents  for  Maiion  I'elotiur  aiij 
Therese  Bi.>isonnet,  and  it  would  have  been  an  endloss 
pity  if  they  had   failed  to  arrive  in  time  to  dolivir 
them.     And   this  very  morning,  could  anytliiiij;  h 
more  opportune  !  the  long-absent  fleet  canie  into  ilie 
creek  from  distant  I'rairie  du  Chien.     A  bateau  aiil 
three    long   canoes   they   went  out   ('tis  now  liftooii 
months  long  gone),  and  they  have  come  back  with  two 
bateaux  and  five  canoes,  lailen  down  to  the  iiunwale 
with  robes,  furs,  and  peltries, — a  fortune  for  the  vnuiii; 
men  iind  their  parents.    Besides  the  Indians  and  niu- 
lattoes,  there  was  Regis  Caba.-sier,  the  widow'  li; 
some  son,  and    Laurei:t    Saulcier,  and  Jeau  .Mariiil 
Amalin,  Gabriel  Duniain, — what  a  tall  iw/i/yi iic  lirj 
grown   to  be,  to  bo  sure! — and  Tonish   L.Aiiii.xiire. »| 
perfect  Nadowissioux,  with  his  long  black  liiiir,  fli'li' 
ing  eyes,  brown  skin,  and  beaded  leggings  uiid  uiurrti 
sins,— fine  doings  in  tho  wilderness,  to  be  sure,  'il 
such  costumes  can  be  found  hanging  on  the  iiusli<>i 

'  8ketohes  of  Louisiana,  310-17. 


Pierre  Man 

viMvc'll  liavi 

wt'dilings  to 

idle  t(iiigiie  o 

tlieif  eaigocs 

ones  made  w 

llie  iiiiineinor 

deiiiciisidies  p 

lime  : 

"  Tc 

Ta 

To 

Ch 

■faina 

Qunni 

"Ton 
Cha 

Qu-ils 
I'oiir  1 


Or  (d>o  that 
licar  the  canoo- 
tliiiiit  alino.'t  any 

"Dan 
Troi 

AoH, 

"Trois 
I/un 

[ii  the  iiou.sos  o| 
irc|)aniiiun,--l,„s 
"siiiilly  nndi.sdirbei 
i'l'iTiu'diis  and  eJ 
"nJ  't  liou.ses,  arij 

'""■■t  (i'lei-y  tdo.       'll 

*'  kitelien,  f(ir  t| 
luaiiv  neighborly  i| 
fr'ii.'ilN  ai.d  eherr 
'«  ilie  store-room, 
"""'  from   last  yeij 

'm-,,||,yhl)H',  if   „ 

'from  New  Or!-.! ns  ij 
'"iii^e  aliuiist,  there 
'"'"■^'«'i''-'  witiiout 
pndinntl.cr's  recip 

K'Jotighnut  or  cr 

piiia.stie  n|,„p^,^, 

«l»  <|f  cordial  or 
"'■r.v  visitor  on  eve| 
I'""'  '»  Kive  a  sort 

1"'«lia  w„  ft  ,„,„il 


MANNERS  AND  CUSTOMS. 


283 


.r;iwt)ev- 

;e  I'l'iists 

suiiliile, 

have  no 

A'  Clirist- 

e  ki'jit  ill 

oui  selves 

enkiii'i  of 

CO  uf  tli;U 

ire  Wilson 

ii-iciil  luiJ 

ihiui>t  uiiy 

nll-.iiio.  ii"i 

ill  IV  stir  of 

of  joy  anJ 

luivi"  oonie 

at,  witli  in 

archs  of  lb'' 

,d  iiuloe.l  10 
A\'\'K  :\ml 
/. //s  Viisli- 
rvous  oar;. 
\'lotier  aii'l 

nil  ^'lltllo^* 

to  ilolivit 

rtnytliinu  '* 

aiiif  into  the 

IjiUcuu  aii'l 

HOW  tiftw" 

iiok  with  t\ui 

the  i;iinwale 

iir  tlie  youiii 

laiis  :iiiil  ml' 

■  iilnw'   liaii'l- 

.lean   Man' 

■nyiK/Hlf  111'*! 

lisimxiiTCJ 
.•k  Ir.iir,  flis'i' 
rs  mill  I"'"''* 


ni» 


llu'  liusli'o 


I'lcne  Martin,  too,  and  Louis  Pancrassc!  Warrant  i 
vewi'll  have  itin^sa  plenty  hx  jour  des  rois,  and  some 
weililin;j;8  to  come  oflF  at  PaquoH !     So  runs  the  busy,  ! 
idle  tongue  of  village  gossip,  as  the  boats  are  unpacked, 
tlieii'  caigoes  carried  up  to  the  village,  and  the  absent 
ones  made  wclconio  home,  singing,  as  they  draw  near, 
the  ininiemorial  rkunson  of  tlie  vayngeurs,  which  the  ' 
deiiioi-i'lles  pretend  not  to  hear,  but  listen  to  all  the 
tiiuo :  I 

"  TouB  lus  printeinpff  1 

Tun'  lie  nouvL'llcs,  ■ 
Toils  los  amiintx 

Chiingi'iit  ilo  iniiitrcssea ;  I 

Jiiinitis  le  bnn  vin  no  m'cnilort,  | 

(Jimnil  Tumour  mo  ri'veiUe.  I 

"  Tons  lea  ninnnt!! 

CliiinKont  ilu  nmitresses  ;  | 

Qu'iU  oliiingt'iii  i|ui  voiuliont,  I 

IVuir  moi  jc  giirilo  la  inieniio,*'  etc.  I 

Or  I'lso  that  other  rondeau,  which  you  may  still  . 
hear  the  canoe-men  sing  or  the  Pembina  cart-drivers 
chant  almost  any  time  up  in  far-away  Manitoba  ; 

"  DanB  mem  eheniin  j"iii  rencontn'  j 

Troi^  raviiliors  t)ien  montos.  1 

LoHf  loH,  Utfiiltni  ilaine,  \ 

Lntt,  litu,  turitlini  (/<',  I 

I 

"Trois  cavaliers  liien  monies.  | 

li'iin  il  chovii!  et  I'autre  il  |iied.  I 

Lnitf  hin,  lan'ilon  i/in'nc,  ! 
Lull,  lim,  htrittini  i/e." 

In  the  hou.scs  of  the  village  there  is  a  busy  stir  of 
jTt'paratioii, — busy,  that  is,  for  people  so  (|uiet  and  i 
usually  undisturbed.  Floors  are  scnibbed  and  waxed, 
dccom.ions  and  evergreens  prepared  for  the  church 
aiul  :'ir  houses,  and  the  young  ladies  get  ready  their 
orii  tiiii'iy  too.     Thi-re  is  much  cooking  going  on  in 

lie  kitchen,  for  tliis    is  a  time  of  feasting  and  of 
iiKiiiy  neighborly  interchanges  of  rival  dishes.     The 

vniials  ai.d  cherry  bounce  and  honey  are  hunted  up 
iinilie  store-room,  with  the  ImJiles  of  lumje-made 
Uiiie  t'riiin  last  year's  vintage,- -currant  atid  guose- 

lerry,  anyhow,  if  not  grapi', — ami  the  ratafia  brought 
|froiiiNewOrl?-.'.ns  is  strained  and  decanted.'  In  every 
iliiiiiM'  almost  there  was  game  Iir  the  pusty,  and  every 
iiMi-i'wif'o  without  exception  wn:;  making,  after  her 
ItraiHliiiotlier's  recipe,  .;  store  of  <  nujueciffnnllps,  a  sort 
lot' Jouiihnut  or  cruller,  fashioned  and  fried  in  odd 
|fiimii.tiii  shapes.  These,  with  pies,  cakes,  and  the 
Ipliss  of  cordial  or  bounce  or  ratafia,  were  harded  to  • 
Ifviry  visiicir  on  every  occasion,  and  each  hour-ewifo 
Ittini  to  give  a  sort  of  individuality  to  her  croqiieciff- 

Itatalia  WIS  n  eoini-ilistilled  rum,  mudo  tVom  moU«8es  or 
lijir,  ilciilicilie,  but  sweet  ami  cloying. 


nolles.  .so  as  to  make  them,  as  it  were,  t.lic  trade-mark 
of  her  culinary  superiority. 

When  night  fell  on  Christmas  Eve,  and  the  deco- 
rations were  all  arranged  and  the  cooking  done,  none 
went  to  bed,  but,  on  the  contrary,  all  arri'vcd  them- 
selves ill  their  best,  and  turned  their  thoughts  with 
expectancy  to  holy  things.  At  last  the  clock  struck, 
and  tlie  church-bell  echoed,  twelve  o'clock  midnight, 
— the  hour  of  JJethlcheni, — and  all  the  htthllans  made 
their  way  to  the  church,  to  attend  the  midnight  ma.ss. 
No  scene  could  be  more  impressive  in  its  (|uict  .solem- 
nity. The  old  log  church  was  filled,  and  outside 
a  dusky  cloud  of  Indians  and  negroes,  each  decked 
forth  in  his  best.  The  altar  was  decorated  gorgeou.sly, 
and  illuminated  with  a  proCusion  of  wax  candles, 
while  the  vt^nerable  priest  bent  under  the  weight  of 
his  sacred  vestniiMits,  and  tnanblcd  with  the  solemn 
impression  of  the  holy  occa.sion.  A  still  hush  iier- 
vaded  the  scene,  broken  at  'ast  by  the  swelling  iniisio 
of  the  (Jregorian  chant,  chorded  by  trained  and  tune- 
ful voices,  and  by  the  solemn  words  of  the  appropriate 
oflSces  which  the  holy  man  intoned.  Then  the  host 
was  consecrated,  and  all  the  congregation,  equals  in 
the  eye  of  God,  and,  just  now,  of  man,  pressed  throng- 
ing to  the  balustrade  to  partake  the  sacrament.  Then 
the  words  of  tiie  benediction  trembled  upon  the  cjle- 
brant's  lips,  and  the  concoursi^  withdrew  from  the 
sacred  building,  and  made  their  silent  way  homeward. 
The  man  is  not  to  be  envied  ujion  whoso  imagination 
such  scenes  I'ail  to  leave  a  powerful  and  enduring  im- 
pression,'' It  seems  certain  that  to  their  honest  reli- 
gious convictions,  and  the  candor  with  which  they 
obeyed  them,  the  luiliitnim  of  Upper  Ijouisiana  owed 
much  of  that  sterling  business  integrity  and  that 
rigid  adherence  lO  truth  in  all  its  forms  which  always 
excited  the  surprise  and  admiration  of  strangers. 

On  leaving  the  church  all  the  different  members  of 
each  family  turned  homeward,  proceeding  in  a  body, 
when  once  they  had  assembled,  to  the  domicile  of  the 
head  or  oldest  member  or  patriarch  of  the  family,  to 
partake   of   the    ri'viilloii.      This    was    a    Christmas 

'  1',  M.  Briicker  L  .  writing  in  1S.")1  of  suoli  ii  scene  wit- 
ne'iseil  in  l,Sfl2,  8ii\j,  ''  Cliiii!tmu.''-evo  it  wiis  the  cu.  tom  to 
keep  the  church  open  nil  night,  iimi  at  .niilnight  to  Jiiy  nn:  n. 
On  this  occasion  I  fount!  myHcIf  alone  for  nearly  an  liour  l>eforo 
the  tii.ic,  seated  on  a  high  stool  or  ohnir,  with  a  cross  in  my 
hand,  in  front  of  the  altar,  which  was  splendidly  decorated, 
and  lighted  with  the  largest  wax  camlles  the  village  could 
afford.  My  inuiginntion  was  at  lirst  tilled  with  an  indescrib- 
able awe  at  Uie  situation  in  which  I  was  placed,  and  I  "nzed 
upon  the  saored  images  about  the  iiltai  as  if  they  were  in  re- 
ality w'la'  they  rejireieiited :  but  after  Itio  first  impression  had 
paised  i.iray,  I  beg;in  to  reflect  upon  what  I  was  doing,  and 
askcii  inysolf  many  .luestions,  to  which  t  could  find  no  satiH- 
fi.'jti  ry  answer." — IteiulltrliuHii  of  llie   W'rii, 


1  s '- ;. 


i  -ir . 


1 

ll  1 


J'H 


i 


284 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Mii 


breakfast,  ample  and  abundant  for  all,  the  eating  of 
which  was  made  an  occasion  for  expressing  and  ac- 
Ivnowledging  the  reciprocal  sentiments  and  obligations 
which  should  ever  exist  in  families,  and  remain  the 
backbone  of  social  well-being.  It  was  a  family  re- 
union, a  thanksgiving  feast  k(uis  gCne. 

The  rest  of  the  day  was  given  to  religious  exercises 
at  the  church,  and  when  evening  began  to  full  the 
neighbors  were  apt  to  gatlier  in  some  house  where 
there  was  the  most  room  and  the  best  waxed  floor ; 
the  violin  found  its  way  thither  alfo,  and  there  was  sure 
to  be  dancing,  to  last  as  long  as  nature  did  not  fail, 
and  they  were  tough,  these  people  of  French  Illinois. 

On  New  Year's  Eve,  soon  after  nightfall,  the  young 
men  of  the  villages  would  assemble  at  some  rendez- 
vous, decked  forth  in  fantastic  costumes  and  masked. 
Each  was  provided  with  a  bucket,  basket,  sack,  or 
other  recoptaole  in  which  solids  and  li(|uids  could  be 
carried.  Thus  equipped,  they  proceeded  in  a  band 
from  house  to  house,  excepting  none,  and  ii  each  place 
they  sang  in  full  ciiorus,  "  L<i  (}iiiijnuli'\    ' 

"  La  GnH/iiolvt"  was  a  quaint  song  set  to  (juaint 
music,  and  the  words  ran  thus: 

"  linnoir,  li'S  iimitro  ct  l:i  miiitiTsse, 

Kt  Imll   1(!  mnllill'  clll   \nf,\a  ! 

I'uiir  le  |iiTiiiier  jniir  ilu  ruiinC'O 

La  giiigiioIi'L'  vims  nous  .levoz. 
Si  vmis  n'avi'/.  lien  a  nuns  ilnnnur, 

Dites-iiDUS  lo; 
None  voiu  den. iin. Ions  pas  j|i;ran*rcln)se, 

I'nt  ooliinee. — 

'  "  What  tlie  meaning  of  this  word  is."  .sayn  Judge  I'riiiiin, 
"  I  do  not  know,  and  no  one  of  tlio  inlialiilants  lias  betn  aldo 
lo  e.vplnin  it  to  nic.  The  (lauls,  at  tlie  eanimonei'inent  of  tlio 
new  year,  wore  ne(!Ui«toine(l  to  present  to  caidi  ntlier  fniail 
braiii'liesof  '  ijiii'  l mistletoe),  wliiuli  had  heen  previously  lilessed 
by  tlio  Druids,  sin^^'.ng  at  the  same  time  a  kind  of  hymn,  the 
burden  of  which  was  *«(/  tjtil  I'mt  muf  ('to  the  mistletoe  tlio 
new  year').  An  </'ii  Vnn  nviij  \\\\\y  hav^bi'en  transt'ormed  into 
ttii  tjiti  hi  nnm-tfle  tinner,  and  this  may  have  been  still  further 
corrupted  intj/((  <jin'tjn,ift'' ,"  This  is  sulhi-iently  far-fetehed  to 
suit  antii|uariaiis,  l,;it  philologists  will  still  wish  to  bo  informed 
liow  the  second  7  gut  into  the  word,  which  Judge  I'riniin  does 
not  explain.  Hut,  in  fact,  he  hioks  too  far.  The  iiii!;inn!''r  is  a 
C'hristiiiiis-bo.x,  but  not  the  "  aguilaneuf "  of  the  Uoinan  and 
Druidic  fea.st  of  fools.  On  the  contrary,  it  is  a  Christiani/.cd 
remnant  <d' the  old  Pagan  tradition.  The  churoh  used  to  sny 
nouses  at  this  season  for  the  absent  and  those  at  sea,  etc.;  and 
»»  they  could  not  pay  for  those  massed  theinselres.  the  char- 
itable and  compassionate  were  soliidted  to  contribute  to  prevent 
the  dire  eonse(|iicncos  which  might  otherwise  ensue,  "(iiiig- 
nolo,'*  in  French,  is  the  lioani  of  the  steel-yard, — the  balance, — 
and  the  bunion  of  the  song  was,  "(iive  us  money,  good  people, 
UN  the  mass-box,  so  that  if  any  of  thi  so  poor  absent  souls  shall 
have  |>orisheil.  they  may  not  turn  out  to  he  weighed  in  the 
balance  and  found  wanting  for  lack  of  a  few  masses."  When 
throe  I'ourtlis  of  the  mnlo  population  were  away  in  the  wildor- 
nes>  two-thirds  of  the  year,  such  appeals  would  naturally  have 
force.     At  any  rate,  Ln  (linijiiulfe  is  "the  balanced," 


line  ^'chince  n'est  pas  bien  longue — 

T)e  quatre-viiigt-iii.x  pieds  do  longue — 
Kncoro  nous  demaiidons  pas  graiKl'choso ! 

La  lille  ainee  do  la  niaison 
Xons  lui  feroiis  faire  bonne  chcre, 

iVoiis  Ini  fcrons  chiiufTer  Ics  pitds. 
N<nis  saluons  la  eainpagnio, 

Et  la  prions  nous  excuscr; 
Si  Ton  a  fait  qiulque  folio, 

C'clait  pour  ncms  dcscnni.ye.-; 
line  autre  fois  iic}us  pre»'.d  ens  garde, 

Qnand  sera  temps  d'y  revenir. 
Daiisons  la  gi.eni'.le — 
Daiis"!!'  1,1  t;  .or.ille — 
D'.nsons  la  guenille ! 

"ChiiiiiD ;  lionsoir,  Ic  maitre  et  la  inaitressc, 
Va  Unit  le  moiidc  du  logis  !"  2 

In  its  present  form  the  song  is  evidently  of  iic.'rn 
origin  :  slave  is  written  in  every  line.  There  was  of 
course  an  accompaniment  of  action,  and  rude  or  ;;n).<s 
enough  to  demand  the  apologetic  latter  part.  Jii(]:;e 
Primm  says  that  when  the  young  men  came  tn  i!iai 

I  part  of  the  song  where  the  young  lady  is  to  bo  f'msi  ij 
and  have  her  feet  warmed,  some  swain  would  liroaK  in 
with  a  ditty  about  doves  and  cuckoo-,  nightiii;;.i!i  >  ;,uil 
green  bowers,  "  closing  with  a  pritotation  il.  h  lie  was 
dying  for  the  soft  eyes  of  his  mistress." 

All   this   prolituituiry   performance   conchult'd,  tliij 
baskets,  etc..  were  produced  and  donations  wlmv  li>. 

i  stowed,  tlie  masquers  capering  in  the  raL'-darnv 
which,  by  the  way,  was  a  true  Saturnalian  ]ii'it',iini. 
ance,  and  akin  to  the  sword-dance  of  the  hw^u  „ 
Chri.stniiis  mummers,  in  which  the  h.ibbylidvsi. 
Robin  Hood,  Maid  Marian,  etc.,  bore  Cdiisjiieuniis 
parts.  In  departing,  the  chorus  bore  the  nia.sijiicis 
on  to  the  next  house,  where  the  same  perfonuiiiirt 
was  renewed,  and  so  on  until  all  Hie  village  had  liai) 
traversed  or  the  night  was  well  spent.  At  tlic  dil'- 
ferent  houses  contributions  of  various  sorts  weri'  re 
eeived,  but  generally  such  as  would  be  ol'  sorvirc 
towards  a  coming  festival,  as  sugar,  maple  sugar,  r.i 
fee,  lard,  flour,  candles,  .syrup,  eggs,  meat,  poii:  - 

2  Judge   rriinm's  prose  translation  of  this  song— he  righl:; 
says   it   cannot    be    reduced    to   Knglish   vorse — is  as   fi'lton..; 
"liood-night,    master    and    mistress,    ami    everybody  in  the  I 
house!     For  the  Hist  day  of  the  year  yim  owe  us  tlic  guiii- I 
noleo.     If  you  have  nothing  to  give  us,  .say  so.    We  Ju  imla-k  ( 
you  to  give  ns  miicli, — a  eliino  ;  a  chine  of  pork  is  not  very  loii;.  I 
ninety  feet  long,  that  is  all  we  ask.     We  do  not  ask  iiiihli. 
more,  only  the  eldest  daughter  of  the  house.     We  will  (.'iiclur 
good  oheer  and  have  her  feet  kept  warm.     We  ealiitr  iliioi 
pany,  beg  tbeiii  to  e.xeuse  us  if  we  have  perpetrated  ;ui>  1  ! 
it  was  otily  for  fun  and  to  make  fun.     Another  tiiiu  \  <•  -.MieJ 
more  careful, — when  it  is  time  for  us  to  come  agiiii:         1 
dauce  the  rag-dance — let  us  dance  the  rag-dance— h     ,.-  '■ 
the  rag-danco  I    llood-night,  master  and  lulstrois,  uiiu  |>><  | 
the  house !" 


ratalia,  etc. 

WOIV  put  u\] 

.\r  (laybri 

tiiiii  attendo 

llii.s  iliily  W! 

the  ji.itcrnal 

chililivii,  the 

dri'ii.  cacii  in 

ble.ssiiii;   /'roiii 

lili'ssiiig  Was 

juayif  that  G 

licaviM,  and  st 

and  >ri|-ni\v,vij  | 

till-Ill  fir  anoili 

inj.'  C'l  rciiKiriy^' 

llllVc  llri'li  ((U„t 
III'  ca  di  year,  "■ 
tllutll;!lt.>s    1111(1    J 

>(;ii.    Till!  yuu. 
niiiMi.il    allianeef 

IIS.H'III   llr.t  (inly  I 

il;.'  ivl.itive.s ;   Jill 
•iMrcidy    ever    ei 
''iinriMci  wirJKHtt 
■iiiii  iii'vcv.  even  \ 
t"li'.<  .ulvarifage, 
ilif  aii.-i  (,(■   liis   , 
Jdiviits  liail  'jce 
)':iir  »-oiild    tdj;  til 
'-Vwf.v  SI  luiiifn  c-r/\ 
if'lfi   )iiiirn,iijr.' 
w.iy,  si,,,,,  it  „j.„j| 

P'"'^  "ill  „(•  th,. 

.U'lif  tlie  ble.vsiiJ 
'l"-«t'i-ai/aini|,vj 
■■i>ii.''.  and  pay  oikI 
•""'1'  "iili  that   ,j 

!'  Clllll,d|i,s|!,.s     ,|„, 
''     '   ^''   "./'■     VI.- IS    ,S7,| 

■■■''■'-  ("  Ihc  (|,.J 
''••"■■       "-'^»-.V- Will 
h"*   (Ml  (if  .,i„i.,,,.[ 
|<|ii»rcl.s  ,„a,ic  up, 
[bet  U.VO  tlion  iind  il,^ 
P  Ji'lics  „(•  ,s„eia|    il 
;'''""'.v  'lie  ki.w  ll 
pi'-i-''  rati  round  inf 
P'nok  advantage 
^'*  'lii'ir  ijiiarrelis 
*'''!  'ip-'*  ".vre  at  all  1 
■  '"lilr  line  („t\ 


(Happy 


MANNERS   AND   CUSTOMS. 


285 


bby-li»'.>i', 

jlicUi'llS 
lli;lSi|UiT5 

lionuaii''- 

■  lia.l  \'nM 

ol'   sorvioo 

i;— he  rii'ii'; 

.lio.ly  in  m  | 
iiM  ilic  pii;-  I 
We.lMn"t»-' 
1101  very  Km;. 
.1;  llllU'll,  "V  I 
L.  KillniM!'"'! 
lllllU'  till'  ''"' 
liua  iiiis''"!''] 

liUH'  V"    ■''•''"I 

,-1. 

,  "1"'  I 


nitiiliii.  Cite.     These  provisions  being  all  gathered  up 
va'ic'  I'lit  iiway  for  the  future. 

At  ilajbrealv  the  next  morning  the  whole  popula- 

tidii  ;iitt'iidod  tlie  eelubration  of  tiio  mass,  and  when 

tlii>  ilu'.y  was  performed  the  next  thing  wa.s  to  asiv 

t!ic  iiatt'vnal  blessing,  "  and  then  could  be  seen  the 

cliililii'ii,  tlit^  grandehildren,  and  the  great-grandehil- 

(lien.  laeli  in  their  turn,  on  bended  knee,  imploring  a 

bles.^ing  from  the  authors  of  their  b(  ing ;   and  that 

lilissiiig  was  given,  ever  coupled  with  the  heartfelt 

iiiavi  r  that  God,  the  father  of  all,  wouid  ratify  it  in 

liL'iivin,  and  so  guide  and  protect  tlieru  Mnid  the  joys 

anil  siirrows,  the  snares  and  perils  of  life  as  to  fit 

tliiMii  I'lr  another  and  better  existence.     This  toucli- 

ini;  ciivmony,"  adds  Judge  Prinini,  from  whom  we 

liave  licen  (juoting,  "  repeated  at  tiie  coiumenceiuent 

(if  la-Ii  year,  g'ave  tone  to  the  whole  current  of  their 

tlinui;Iits   and  acts.      Filial   piety  was   their   guiding 

jtai.    The  you.ig  never  dreamed  of  forming  matri- 

niiiuial    alliances    without    the    full    and    uiic]ualifiod 

assent  nut  only  of  the  innnediate  parents,  but  of  fam- 

ilv  relatives ;  and   oven   grown    men,  settled  in  life, 

fcarci'ly   ever   entered   into    any   important  busine.ss 

ouiilrai't  without  the  assent  or  advice  of  their  parents; 

ami  never,  even  where  it   might  otherwise  have  been 

tnliis  advantage,  lias  a  child  been  known  to  repudiate 

llio  ails  of   liis  parents.      When   the   assent  of  the 

Mionts  had  bee    obtained  to  ;>  ni.arriage,  the  atfianced 

jiair  wiiuld   tog  ther   visit   the   relatives,  cx|)laining, 

■  X.iitK  HI  ninii'n  I'fiins  drmmulir  rnlvf  coiiKdiliinciit  a 

imli-i  wiirniiijvy' — a  pretty  enough  custom,  by  the 

lav.  .-iiK'c  it  made  a  direct  bid  in  advance  for  the 

,; 1  will  of  tlu>  whole  circle  of  relatives  on  both 

Al'irr  the  blessitigs — and  the  breakfast,  of  course — 
till' several  families  of  the  village  liegan  to  inter;diange 
.i>li,<.  ami  pay  om^  another  the  eonipliineiits  of  the 
-  ;.  .'.iili  that  exquisite  grace  of  courtesy  which 
>i  iPilullishes  ihe  Fieiieh  character.  The  regular 
'.  " jr  r<:rs  xoiilicilc.''  or  ''Jc  le  siiii/i(iite"  (ac- 
'■1  to  lh("  degree  of  intimacy),  "  koc  Ihiiihc  it 
",'(«'•■,"  was  i'ull  of  feeling  and  meaning,  be- 
leans  tell  iif  sincerity.  Old  I'eiids  were  healed,  old 
(|ii;i  rols  made  up,  old  animosities  ceased  to  rankle, 
Ikr  uso  then  and  there  forgiven  and  forgotten.  All 
Ibr  jclu's  of  social  intercour.se  and  family  ties  were 
lh>;ili"lliy  the  kiss  of  peace  and  amity,  anil,  indeed, 
Ifcis  ran  round  in  volleys.  Naturally  the  young 
Kitii  liKik  advantage  of  this  custom  to  kiss  and  coin- 
fiw  tlieir  quarrels  with  all  the  young  girls  who.se 
ii|'S  were  at  all  accessible,  saying,  "  Miiiii'xM\jf 
■uillc  line  hrlli'  it  /ii'iiiuiiki  ,  it  nil  yros  iiiiiri  d 
'/"'■       (^llappy  New  Year,  and  a  big  husband  at 


Easter  I)  To  which  mademoiselle  probably  replied 
with  a  glance  only,  as  she  handed  the  gla-ss  of  cordial 
or  ratafia  and  the  plate  of  croqwcir/nol/es.  Always, 
before  the  day  passed,  children  went  to  visit  their 
godfathers  and  godmothers,  and  to  receive  from  them 
tlieir "(V;y»;(p.s,"  or  New  Year's  presents,  and  even  the 
poorest  contrived  to  give  something.  The  New  Year's 
night  generally  wound  up  with  a  ball. 

Twelfth-night,  however,  was  the  occasion  which 
the  young  people  looked  upon  as  most  exclusively 
theirs.  This,  the  feast  of  the  Epiphany,  commemora- 
tive of  the  adoration  of  the  Magi,  of  the  recognition 
and  worship  of  the  infant  Jesus  by  the  wise  men  of 
ihe  East,  has  always  been  a  festival  of  peculiar 
legendary  interest  in  the  Catholic  Church.  It  has 
just  the  flavor  of  mysticism  about  it  which  touches 
the  po]iular  imagination,  and  from  the  earliest  inediiw- 
val  periods  fejmir  des  rois  has  been  a  season  of  essen- 
tially popular  festivals.  On  Twelfth-night,  some 
fitting  house  being  dedicated  to  the  frle,  the  articles 
collected  by  the  young  men  who  "  ran  /'(  gni'i/noli'e" 
were  brought  to  the  spot,  and  converted  by  the  young 
girls  and  matrons  into  as  sumptuous  a  feast  and  sup- 
per as  the  materials  justified.  There  were  pasties  and 
pies,  stews  and  ragouts,  and  the  rnif/nrrii/nul/ia  were 
piled  as  high  as  they  would  go.  An  especial  Twelfth 
cake  was  always  baked  by  the  girls,  but  before  the 
dough  was  put  in  the  pan  four  beans  were  kneaded 
into  it.  The  table  was  spread,  the  feast  served,  it  disap- 
])eared,  th-j  fiddles  began  to  be  tuned  up  for  the  dancing, 
and  now  the  Twelfth  cake  was  cut, — d  tout  aiviilier 
toiite  liihiHi  ur.  Each  lady  whose  slice  contained  a  beau 
became  a  ijueen  of  the  revels,  and  she  in  turn  chose 
.some  swain  to  be  her  king,  signifying  her  preference 
by  presenting  to  him  a  boucpiet.  Before  the  corona- 
lion,  however,  the  ball  must  be  in  full  swing.  The 
violins  respond  to  the  uiniblc  bow,  there  is  neither 
waltz  nor  mazourka  nor  German,  but  the  ball  is 
opened  by  the  elder  and  married  pi'ojile  with  a 
stately  regulation  "  meunct  ilu  lit  ciir,"  in  a  style 
that  would  have  won  dignified  recognition  and  quali- 
fied approval  even  from  the  haughty  chin  of  Jjouis 
Quatorze.  Alter  that  the  floor  is  the  young  people's 
by  prerogative  right,  but  is  often  disputed  by  some 
venerable  grands're  and  his  spou.se,  who  hobble  forth 
and  cxiiibit  fancy  step.s  learned  by  them  during  the 
lifinix  Jonrs  ile  jriinessi — the  days  of  Frontenac  or 
D'lberville.  or  perhaps  those  days  before  the  hoar  At- 
lantic rolled  between  them  and  La  Belle  France.  Such 
iiitis  (If  pi'i/iiin,  such  chiinsis  and  butlns,  and  such 
applause  welcoi:ie.s  the  rheumutic  caperings  of  the 
roguish  exiles  from  the  ehimney-corner ! 

Shortly  before  midnight,  the  (|ueeiia  having  selected 


f 


»< 


286 


HISTORY   OF   SAINT   LOUIS. 


:■')] 


¥■':!)  I 


'.'jy. 


and  proclainiiid  their  kings, — the  court-cards  of  the  ' 
pack, — 11  night  and  place  arc  chosen  for  the  first  of  tho 
"  kings'  balls,"  at  which  all  present  are  expected  to 
attend  without  further  bidding.  The  expenses  of 
this  ball  are  borne  by  the  four  kings  jast  chosen  and 
entiironed.  They  are  not  heavy.  The  room  and  fuel 
cost  nothing.  The  music  can  be  hired  generally  for 
a  livre  or  two,  with  a  good  supper  and  an  allowance 
of  rataBa,  which  sometimes  disturbs  the  tr.mpi>  of  the 
violins  towards  daylight.  The  lights  are  but  tallow 
candles  mounted  in  sconces  hung  against  the  walls, 
and  the  "refreshments"  do  not  go  much  beyond  cof- 
fee, cakes,  pies,  a  little  Itoia'llon  of  game,  and  a  glass 
or  two  of  cordial  or  ratafia, — not  near  enough  to  make 
a  liolc  in  the  treasury  of  the  four  kings.  At  the  • 
clo.se  of  the  first  kings'  ball,  the  (|ueens  select  other  | 
four  kings,  who  i'l  turn  select  new  queens  for  the 
next  kings'  ball,  a'.  .")  a  series  of  festivities  is  begun 
wliicli  lasts  until  S;    j      "     ^day  and  the  carnival. 

We  have  tried  to  p  i  raithl'ul  picture  of  life 

as  it  was  in  the  old  Frenoli  w.is  of  .Upper  'louisiana. 
It  is  such  a  picture  as  will  tempt  the  modern  poet  of 
"  the  Earthly  Paradise"  to  burn  his  b'lok  and  buy  a 
limited  express  ticket  for  the  America'^  Bottom.  Yet 
there  are  .said  to  hiive  been  Cahokians,  even  in  those 
jirimitive  days,  who  climbed  upon  the  top  of  Monk's 
Mound,  and,  looking  across  the  river,  yeai  n.'il  to  get 
away,  as  I'rince  Rassela.s  yearned  to  be  set  free  from 
the  Happy  Valley  in  Abyssinia.  We  do  not  believe 
the  story.  We  would  far  rather  credit  that  other 
legend  of  the  Yankee  from  St.  Louis  wlio  found  him- 
self in  Cahokia  one  day  and  tried  to  persuade  an  old  | 
citizen  of  the  town  to  go  West  (to  St.  Louis)  and 
grow  up  with  the  place.  "  Look  at  the  stacks  of  fur- 
naces and  forges,"  said  he,  "  look  at  the  industries, 
and  the  manufactures, — man  alive,  you'll  get  rich 
there  ;  here  you'll  rust !"  But  the  Cahokian,  sitting 
on  the  top  rail  of  his  common-field  fence  and  resting 
his  elbows  on  his  knees,  without  taking  the  pipe  from 
liis  mouth,  gently  and  mildly  -epiied,  "  The  town  is 
young,  dear  sir,  and  can't  lielp  these  things.  Alter 
a  while,  when  it  has  grown  older,  it  will  learn  better. 
I  truly  hope  so,  for  I  wish  it  well.  It  has  a  noble  ex- 
ample before  it,"  and  he  waved  his  hand  in  tlic  direc- 
tion of  the  hamlet  of  his  alTections.  "  It  has  a  noble 
exam])lt'.  sir,  and  must  pmfit  by  it  in  tin;  end." 

St.  Louis  was  one  of  the  old  towns  of  the  Illinois, 
but  it  was  so  much  more,  and  so  very  different  from 
them  in  a  hundred  respects,  that  we  only  get  the  broad 
and  general  features  of  the  place,  and  very  few  of  the 
distinctive  particular  ones,  from  tlieir  description. 
That  lays,  as  we  said  before,  simply  the  groundwork 
of  the  picture, — the  features  of  the  landscape  which  i 


identify  the  spot  must  still  bo  painted  in.  It  is  t,i  |i^. 
said  that  the  rough  and  hardy  American  pioneer.-,  wlm 
invaded  the  French  settlements  during  and  iTiiiiicdi- 
ately  after  the  war  of  the  Revolution  had  no  u'loai 
opinion  of  the  primitive  French  settlers.  Neithn  liad 
the  Americans  who  began  to  come  into  St.  Louis  iVmn 
that  date,  until,  between  1816  and  1820,  tlieri'  wasa 
flood  of  these  rough,  pushing,  enterprising,  and  ritliur 
unscrupulous  immigrants,  changing,  in  the  course  (,f 
a  few  years,  the  entire  i'ace  of  the  country  ami  tiio 
manners  of  the  people.  These  Goths  and  VaiidiiLs  nf 
the  border  called  Kaskaskia  '•  Ku.sky,"  and  took  jidivpr 
and  progress  away  from  the  old  Illinois  towns  wiihom 
so  much  as  saying  "by  your  leave."  They  eunioj 
off  the  capital,  and  actually  tried  to  teach  the  siniTili. 
Iiabilaiis  the  mysteries  of  "  shin-plasters"  and  •■  wilj. 
cat''  banking.  The  common  opinion  conceniin^  ilu. 
French  settlers  is  exactly  reflected  in  the  late  ( JiiviMiK.r 
Ford's  "  History  of  Illinois,"  a  book  full  of  tlie 
frankest  solecisms  and  the  most  meritorious  faults  aiij 
defects : 

'•These  |ic>opIe,"  lie  unya,  spoaking  of  the  (io.seoniliint'i  n|  ii,.. 
old  Kieiioh  aeltlors  of  Kaskuskiii,  1'riiirie  ilu  Hoehor,  I'lnint  Ji 
I'ont,  mill  Oiihokin,  "  Imd  lielJs  in  coiiiiiioii  loi  I'iirinii: -,  anl 
furmeil,  built  hoiisos,  and  lived  in  the  style  of  the  peii.<iiiiiiv  ..f 
old  Friiiiee  iin  liiiiidied  and  tifty  yours  ago.     Tliey  lia.l  Mialino 
iinpriiveiuenta  in  uiiything,  nor  hud  they  udopti'd  unv  uf  ihe 
iiuproveinenis  made  by  others.     Tliey  were  the  de.'^wiiilanti  ■,; 
those  Kreiich  people  who  had  lirst  settled  the  country  .  .  ,  an] 
such  us  sub.sequenlly  joined  them  from  New  ()rlean.<  uni]  CiUi;i  ii, 
and  they  now  formed  all  that  remained  of  the  ouce  prou'l  raii n 
which  liouis  XIV.,  king  of  Frunee.  nnd  the  Uegent,  Duke  "I  "r- 
Icans,  hud  intended  to  plant  in  the  Illinois  country.    Tliei.ri;!iiii; 
sdttlers  had,  many  of  them,  intermarried  with  the  natiio  In- 
dians, anil  some  of  the  deseendunts  of  these  partook  cif  il]c\iiij, 
roving  di.^position  of  the  savage,  united  to  the  puliteufss  iiiii 
courtesy  of  the  Krencbmun.     In   Ihe  year   ISIS,  auil  f.i  mm 
yeurs  before,  the  crows  of  keel-boats  on  the  Dliio  uiid  .\Ii.jis..i|.|,i 
Rivers  wore  furnisheil  from  the  Frenchmen  of  Ihi.s  Mwk.    \Ua 
of  them  spent  u  great  part  of  their  time,  in  the  spriii';  aiil  fall 
season,  in  padilling  their  cuniies  up  and  down  the  rin-rs  ani 
lakes  of  the  rivcr-botloma,  on  hunting  excursions,  in  |iur.'uii-; 
deer,  fur  anil  wild-fowl,  anil  generally  returnel  home  wi'll  Ink 
with  skins,  fur,  and  leathers,  which  were  with  Iheui  (lie  grra 
Btiiples  of  trade.     Those  who  stayed  at  home  conlcnicil  llum- 
reives  with  cultivating  a  few  acres  of  Indian  corn  In  tluirrBl 
nion  llelds  for  bread,  and  |)roviiling  a  supply  of  praiiii'  li:u  f.r 
their  cattle  and  liorsos.     No  genuine  Frenehuian  in  llm'i'lii' 

over  wore  a  hat,  cap,  or  coat.    The  heads  of  both  men  iiml  » i>\ 

were  covered   with    Madras  cotton   handkerclili'l's,  wlii.'li  «Tri| 
tied  around  in  the  fashion  of  night-cups,      l-'or  an  iip|ieri-ju 
ing  of  the  body  the  men  wore  u  blanket  garment  calli'ilH'raf. 
(pronounced  '  cuppo'),  with  a  cap  to  it  at  the  back  orilicnivki..! 
drawn  over  the  head  for  protection  in  cold  wi'Ulher.  uriaitari 
weuthcr  ti.  be  thrown  back  upon  Ihe  shoulders  in  Iho  I'luiii 
a  cape.     Notwithstunding  this  people  had  been  so  luni;  fifi 
rated  by  an  immense  wilderne^s  from  civilized  society,  llii'.v>lil 
retained  all  the  suavity  and  politeness  of  their  race     Anlitl 
ft  remurkablo  fact  that  the  roughest  hunter  and  bmi  aiiiii  iiiii 
them  could  at  any  time  appear  in  a  ball-room  lu  i>llu'r|"<li| 
and  gay  usscnibly  with  the  carriajy  and  behavior  I'l .  Hl-bn 


gentli'Mian. 

line--  of  the 

luaiiiicrs.     A 

tiiil.  I  Icasurc 

"  '  licir  hoi 

inaiiv  ^'cnera 

iiiMiiinrial  vi. 

(iicv.  il,  thr  SI 

to  .ii.MV,  soni 

liilriii'.i  licfiiri 

i.f  \vni„|.  ilie  1, 

the  K,.ily  of  Ii 

yiik,-l  l,y  ilie 

niailc  III  draw  I 

used  ill  driving 

l"o  fill  long,  a 

Imrscas  ell'eclu; 

"  The  French 

ill  tile  ground, 

Iclirein  the  upi 

Scarcely  any  of 

|i"rch  im  one  or 

roiifs,  e.vleiiding 

ill  the  centre  to 

ni'ie  generally  p, 

"Itlcs,  pears,  olie 

im-li'sure   for   ,i    | 

"'  'ijuaic,  „r  ijio 

I'llliiilic  fhiirch  II 

'■'  .^ay  rcsiirt  on  .•<, 

"■hisi'iaiiddirecto 

'""'""'  "l>  lo  him 

lliciii  aiih  ciiiu,,„.,j 

•.>la|iatllii;e  ivith    tl 

j".v«.  and  counsel  t| 

I'riiteslani  miiiisieJ 

I'l  lie  the  cinis.sariej 

ilii'irsiinplc-hearlei 

I"  St.  Louis, 
most  eiiierpri.sinj 

il"J  fill'    tv,_yr,y,.,l 

f'Wed  by  men  o 
i'llclliVoiice  froni 
iii)|irossi„„  a„j   i 

f'«'lt'ilt'.  th,.  (Ji, 
I.M,  (ho  (Vnvs, 

•'li'l'ecillllllillllify 

['as  TO  s:n,l  "eve: 
"id/s  dug."  Tl, 
-*l  lioui.s  were  hu 


of  Olll 


''I'  "eciipaiiol 


'^■'^^■t.  Ste.  GoneJ 
'iral.  tliiit  of  St.  j] 
»'*iduiius|v  cMoughl 
'«'rs  ilcrisivrly  ,.„||[ 
'"'"')■  .Vi •Mrs  in  tlio 

If""' III...  towns  ju.sl 
''"'  ''iiliivaii,,,,  ;,/• 

"'^'  "■■'-}■  ''i>t,  undeil 
'««<i  wide  areas  i  J 


MANiNERS   AND  CUSTOMS. 


287 


iliint?  "I  ili'^ 
(V,  i'niil'iL'  il:\ 
fiirinii;;.  Ml 
peiis;uilry  "i 
r  li;ii\iii:iliivi 
Bil  uuy  of  ill! 
iB.JUCiulanti  ui 
itry  .  .  •  anl 
IS  iiiul  Ciui;iii, 

,t.!liiUc"f"r- 

TluM.riiiiiV, 
lie  nulin'  1«- 
^okul'ilit"'''- 

;,ii(l  f.r  iMiiy 

L.l  Mi-is-W 

',,il.»'k.   Mm; 

i|ivini!  iiii'lKi  1 

tlic  riviTS  anil 

L,  in  iiursuit"!] 

(imnewi'll  l*l'i| 

lluni  llie  ?'"l| 

iiiilcnlfil  \\m\\ 

|,n  in  t\H'irf"i»'| 

|,r;iini'l'»y'"'| 

liii  inlli'>#''te'l 

niiMi  iinil  ""iMnl 

i.|V,  «ln''li  '"'•1 

i,n  uvi'ei-  ■■■""J 

|tnilli''l:''''»l"'| 

ofllu'iK-'kloli 

\n  the  fii^l"'""' 
L,  ,,.  loiiB  «I* 
iHu'loly,'!"';-'"! 

ll.M   Mill"  ■!"' 

ior  ''1  • 


irenlli'inan.  Tlic  Krcnclnvoineii  wero  remiirkiible  for  tliespriglit- 
liiu--  "'  'liL'ii"  oonvorfiiticin  luid  the  graeo  iind  elegance  of  their 
iiiatiiMM*^.  And  the  whole  pupuhitiun  lived  lives  of  alternate 
ti.il,  I'lt-asiire,  inno(^ent  ainii^eiiient,  and  gayety. 

■•  I  licir  horses  and  ciittio  for  want  of  proper  I'are  and  food  for 
ai:inv  Liencrations  had  degenerated  in  size,  but  had  ae(|nired 
iiiliiinanal  vigor  and  tonghness  ;  so  that  a  French  pony  was  a 
i,ii.\,iit  for  strength  and  endnraneo.  These  ponies  were  inailo 
10  .l;,iW,  sometimes  one  alone,  soniotirnes  two  together,  one 
liili-l.i'l  before  the  other,  to  tile  plow  or  to  eiirts  nnide  entirely 

,,f  ,v I,  the  bodies  it(  whifh  held  abont  donble  the  contents  of 

tiie  I  Illy  of  a  eonimon  large  wheelbarrow.  The  oxen  were 
yiikr  I  iiy  the  horns  instead  of  the  neck,  anil  in  this  way  wore 
iiiailc  to  draw  the  plow  and  cart.  Nothing  like  reins  were  ever 
used  ill  driving;  the  whip  of  the  driver,  with  a  handle  about 
tvvii  flit  long,  and  a  lash  two  yurds  long,  stopped  or  guided  the 
horse  iis  elVectnally  lis  the  strongest  reins. 

"'flu'  French  houses  were  mostly  of  hewn  timber  set  upright 
ill  til)'  ground,  or  upon  plates  laid  upon  a  wall,  the  intervals 
hetwi'cn  the  upright  pieces  being  tilled  with  stone  and  mortar, 
S'»ii'i'lv  any  of  them  were  moio  than  olio  story  high,  with  a 
iiiircli  on  one  or  two  sides,  and  sonietiiiies  all  iirnuiiil,  with  low 
riiof".  i'.\leiiiling  with  slopes  of  ditlerent  steepness  from  the  comb 
ill  tlie  leiitro  to  the  lowest  part  of  the  porch.  These  house'-' 
ivere  I'eiuTally  placed  in  gardens  surroiiiided  by  fruit -trees  of 
jiiihU's.  peiirs,  cherries,  and  penches ;  and  in  the  villages  ein'b 
iiH'losure  for  a  house  and  garden  occupied  a  whole  block 
„r  sciuine,  or  the  greater  part  of  one.  F.ach  villiige  had  its 
Cilholic  Church  and  priest.  The  church  was  the  great  place 
i.f  guy  resort  on  .'Sundays  and  holiilivys,  and  the  priest  niis  the 
ii'lviseran'tdirector  and  companion  of  all  bis  Hock.  The  people 
Icpokcil  up  to  hiin  with  nIVeotioii  and  ri'vercnce,  and  ho  npon 
tlieni  with  compassion  and  tenderness,  lie  was  ever  ready  to 
•yiii|iiithi2e  with  them  in  all  their  sorrows,  enter  into  all  their 
j..ys,  mid  counsel  them  in  all  their  perplexities.  Many  good 
I'riilestant  ministers,  who  stoutly  believed  these  Catholic,  priests 
tilie  the  emissaries  of  .*ntan,  would  have  done  well  to  imitate 
iln'irsiiiiplc-hi'arled  goodness  to  the  members  of  their  Hocks." 

Ill  St.  Louis,  fVoiu  tlio  vory  fir>it,  coiiiirogated  the 
most  enier]iri.sin^'  and  advoiiturous  of  the  conrciirs 
and  tho  Vdi/iujciii-s  of  the  Frciicli  .settluniuiitii,  reiii- 
i'oR'wi  bv  men  of  active  and  enerjjotic  purpo.ss  and 
iiik'lli^'oiR'o  from  abroad.  There  is  no  computiiio;  the 
illl|)re.'s:^i(ln  and  iiiiliieiK'e  of  a  htmdfiil  of  men  liite 
Laclede,  tlie  Chouleaiis,  Charles  Gratiot,  Manuel 
I.isn,  the  Cerres,  the  Viillt'',>i,  Franeois  Vi<;o,  etc.,  upon 
Utile  couiuiunity  of  some  hundreds  of  persons,  where, 
I'  M  WHS  said,  "  everybody  knew  everybody  and  every- 
liiidy's  dug."  Three-fourths  the  larly  population  of 
!ft,  Iiouis  were  hunters  and  boatmen,  to  the  exclusion 
of  otlicr  occupations.  While  the  population  of  Kas- 
kj'-kiii,  Ste.  Genevieve,  and  Caroiidelot  was  asiricul- 
tural.  lliiit  of  St.  Louis  did  not  till  the  eonimon  tields 
assiduously  enoujrh  to  raise  its  own  bread.  Its  neis^h- 
liors  ilcrisivi'ly  called  it  "  Pain  Court,"  and  it  was  for 
luanv  jciirs  in  the  regular  habit  of  buyin;i  provision.s 
fruiii  tilt' towns  just  named,  which  iiave  attention  to 
|ilii' ciiliivation  of  the  soil.  Its  early  traders,  from 
le  vei'v  liist,  undertook  extensive  operations  and  em- 
ll'rai'cd  wide  areas  in  tlieir  transactions,  employing;  not 


only  capitiil,  but  tho  best  men  who  could  be  found. 
Laclede  had  his  partners  in  New  Orleans,  and  the 
most  of  his  time  was  spent  in  establishing  tratliiig- 
posts  up  the  Arkansas,  the  St.  Franci.s,  and  the  Hed 
Rivers.  The  Chotiteaus  spent  years  among  the  In- 
dians, acquiring  such  a  familiarity  with  tlieir  language 
and  manners  and  custom.s  that  they  wero  sought  after 
by  the  government  as  Indian  agents  and  interpreters. 
In  iiddition  to  the  posts  which  Laclede  established, 
they  liad  stations  on  the  Osage,  the  Upper  Missouri, 
the  Des  Moins,  and  on  Lake  Michigan.  Vigo  traded 
from  St.  Louis  to  Vineennes,  thence  to  Montreal  and 
Detroit,  and  back  again  to  New  Orleans.  Gratiot 
traded  to  Prairie  du  Chien  and  New  Orleans,  and 
went  to  England  in  tho  regular  routine  of  business 
for  his  partners.  Manuel  Lisa  was  an  explorer  as 
much  as  a  fur-trader,  and  he  was  us  ready  to  fight  his 
ri"iils  and  the  Indians  as  to  buy  their  peltries. 

Charles  Gratiot  and  Auguste  and  Pierre  Chouteau, 
indeed,  were  merchants  such  as  .sometimes  do  not  ap- 
pear more  than  once  in  a  century.     The  former,  for 
all  he  did  business  in  Cahokia,  and  had  lawsuits  with 
Sanguinet  of  St.  Louis,  was  better  known   in   New 
York  and  Philadelphia  than  in  the  latter  town,  and 
better  known  in  Paris,  London,  and  Geneva  than  on 
this  contint^nt.     A  man  of  the  firmest  convictions,  he 
was  an  American  and  a  republican  from  the  first,  and 
never  ceastid  to  exert  himself  to  procure  the  iinncxa- 
I  tion  of  Upper  Louisiana  to  the  Union.     The.se  eon- 
;  victions  guided  his  conduct  and  that  of  iiis  family  on 
all   occasions,  and   it  is  well   known  that  the   latter 
finally  left  St.  Louis  on  account  of  their  intolerance 
of  slavery.     As  a  business  man,  Pierrt!  Chouteau  is 
said  to  have  had  no  rival  in  the  valley  of  the  Missis- 
\  sippi  for  forty  years,     Tiie  very  genius  of  commerce 
inspired  I  'in,  and  the  plans  of  this  Indian  trader,  who 
got  his  earliest  training  among  the  Osages,  on  the 
borders  of  Kansas,  reached  out  wide  like  tlie  arms  of 
the  Mississippi  River.      His  spirit  was  bold,  his  sa- 
gacity unerring,  his  business  reputation  never  sullied 
by  a  breath.     He  was  a  man  who  looked  what  was  in 
him, — tall,  erect,  splendidly  proportioned,  his  black 
hair,  dark,  penetrating  eyes,  and  plea.sant  but  com- 
manding features,  all  indicated  the  leader,  while  his 
sympathetic  but  strong,  vibrating,  accentuated  voice, 
and  the  French  vivacity  and  courtly  frankness  of  his 
manners  gave  him  the  stamp  of  the  diplomatist. 

Men  of  this  sort  ought  to  have  been  able  to  build 
up  their  own  town,  since  they  built  up  others 
whenever  it  suited  their  business.  Note  this  of  the 
i  founding  of  New  Madrid  by  Ccrre,  from  the  narra- 
tive of  Godfrey  Lcsieur,  whose  father,  Frant/ois,  with 
Jo.soph,  a  brother,  started  away  in  youth  from  Trois 


i^ 


1  !t 


'    i: 


=  5;>:.'>"-''^ 


w 


[I  l< 

11-'  s 


I M  ■ 


I. J    »: 


V'-.l 


288 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Rivieres,  Cuiiada,  and  found  tliemselves,  two  penni- 
less advcnturiMs.   in    St.    Louis.     They  sought    and 
found  einploviiiL'Mt  witli  Gabriel  Cerrc',  a  fur-trader, 
and  the  fatiier-in-law  of  Au;j;uste  Chouteau.     He  was 
a  Kaslcaiikian,   but    lii.s    busine,s.s    tool;    him    to    St. 
Louis,  as  it  did  all  tlie  entcrprisinj;  people  of  liiat 
section.     Cerre  set  tlie  two  youtlis  to  cla.^sifyin};  and 
balinij  furs  and  peltries  for  market,  and  this  one  fact 
gives  an  idea  of  the  extensive  .scale  on  which  the 
business  was  then  carried.     "  After  remaining  about 
a  year  witli    Mr.  Cerre,  they   were   both   sent  in  a 
canoe  down  the  Mississippi  River,  and  instructed  to 
find  tlu!  most  suitable  phice  for  the  establishment  of 
a  trading-liou.se  among  the  .several  tribes  of  Indians 
then  inhabiting  the  country.     The  first  place   they 
found  which  afforded  the  greatest  advantages  and  in- 
ducements was  a  large  Delaware  Indian  town,  where 
New   Madrid  now  .stands.     There  were  ahso,  on  the 
margin  of  the  Louis  Frairie  and  Big  Prairie,  several 
other  large  Indian  villages.     They  (|uiekly  returned 
to  St.  Louis,  and   reported   to   Mr.  Cerre  all  they  had 
seen,  portno'ii^   to   him   the   results   that   would,   in 
their  opinion,  be  derived  from  .starting  a  house  at  the 
place  mentioned.     The  year  following  they  were  sent 
by  Mr.  Cerr.   t^'  buil  '  a  hou.se,  and  taking  with  them 
u  lot  of  goods  .suitable  to  the  Indian   trade,  were  suc- 
cessful beyond  their  expectations,  making  larger  eol- 
lecions  of  fur.s  and  peltries."      In  a  few  years  com- 
petition  reduced   the   profits,  whereupon  Cerre  sent 
them  to  build  a  house  a;  some  other  point.     This  is 
the  way  to  build  up   business.     Francois   Lesieur's 
!<on,  some  years  alter,  reports  that  his  own  collections 
of  f-.irs  in  this  country,  as  agent  for  Pierre  Chouteau, 
averaged  sixty  or  seventy  thou.sand  dollars  a  year. 

This  business  it  was  which  established  St.  Louis  at 
once,  gave  the  town  stability,  and  the  leading  inhab- 
itants incentives  to  enterpri.se  and  control  of  wealth. 
Hunters  found  regular  employment  and  good  ]iay  in 
the  little  trading-post  town,  ami  they  profited  by  it. 
The  spot,  indeed,  had  l)een  a  hunter's  paradi.se  from 
the  first,  as  well  as  u  fur-trader's  goal.  (laine 
abounded  in  the  adjoining  prairie,  and  the  liunters 
in  primitive;  times  had  no  difficulty,  wIumi  starting  out 
at  daybreak,  in  getting  a  fat  buck  for  breakfast.  The 
deer  lingered  long  around  grounds  so  familiar  to  their 
feet  as  if  loth  to  leave.  Daniel  Webster  killed  one 
in  the  American  liuttom  opposite  Jefferson  Harracks 
about  18155,  and  in  18:57  Judges  Wash  and  Krum 
both  killed  deer  one  morning  while  hunting  near  the 
residence  of  the  late  Hon,  Kilward  Bates.  The  hun- 
ters went  forth  from  St.  Louis  to  gather  furs  and  pel- 
tries for  the  traders  of  St.  Louis,  and  from  Laclede's  , 
dav  up  to  1830  tlie  town  was  the  general  rendezvous  ' 


of  hunters  and  fur-traders,  the  Montreal  of  the  Mis- 
sissi|>pi,  and  the  depot  of  all  the  basin  of  the  giiMt 
rivers  emptying  into  that  river  between  the  Minnc'-dia 
and  the  Rio  del  Norte.  AVashington  Irving'  iia- 
graphically  described  the  appearance  of  the  town  in 
1810,  when  John  Jacob  A.stor's  '•partisans'"  lir>t 
came  there  to  provoke  the  rivalries  of  the  Mis.- luri 
Fur  Company.     It  was  at  that  time,  he  says, 

"a  fi-imtier  settlemt'iit,  nud  the  laft  littine;-out  pliice  I'm-  the 
Inilian  tnule  of  the  Southwest.  It  possossoil  a  inotloy  p*r|iiila. 
linn,  cdinjiosod  nf  llio  f'rciilc  closi'i'iiiliint."  "I'  tlio  nrijriiial  I'lt'iioh 
,  colonist?,  t ho  keen  traders  from  the  Athnitie  State:*,  tlie  i>itck 
I  wooilsmcn  of  Kenlueky  and  Tennessee,  the  [ndians  an<l  liali. 
breeils  of  the  prairies,  together  with  a  xinguhir  a<iuatic'  nic, 
tliat  liail  grown  up  from  the  navigation  of  tlio  riviM>,  ilm 
'boatmen  of  the  .Mississipj>i,'  wlio  pnssefi?ed  habits,  in:uiiicr.. 
and  almost  a  liinguagt^  peeuliarly  their  own,  and  stroitglv  t,-t'li. 
nieal.  They  at  that  time  wuro  extremely  numerous,  aii'l  ooti 
dueted  the  eliief  navigation  and  euinmeree  of  tho  Ohio  .iml  il,. 
Mississippi,  ns  the  mi/ni/nirH  did  of  tho  Canadian  waters;  Ijui, 
like  them,  their  consequence  and  characteristics  are  rapidly 
vanishing  before  the  nil-pervading  intrusion  of  stcanilMiMts. 

"The  old  Krencdi  hnuscs  engaged  in   tho    Indian   tr:i  Ic  lui 
gathered  around  them  a  train  of  ilcpendcnts,  Tuongrcl  liiliu:. 
and  mongrel  Krenchiuen,  who  hud  intermarried  with    Kreiitl 
men.     These  they  employed    in   their  various  expedition!  Iv 
hind  and  water.     Various  iiidividiial.s  id'  other  countries  hailof 
late  years   pushed  the  trade  farther  into  the  interior,  t"  lli- 
upper  waters  of  the   Missouri,  and  bud  swelled  the  nuiiilicni' 
these  hangers-on.     .s,.y(,|.„i  ,,f  these  traders  had  two  or  t!ir.r 
years  previously  formed  themselves  into  a  company,  coiii|in.i"| 
of  twelve  ]ii(rtners,  with  a  capital  of  about  forty  thoiisauil  J.l- 
lars,  called  the  .Missouri  Fur  Company,  the  object  of  wliiuli  w;h 
to  establish  posts  along  tho  upper  part  of  that  river  and  in  n 
opoli'/.e   the   trade.     This   company   had    in   its  einpluv  iibnit 
two   hundred   and   fifty   men,  jiaitly   .Xinerican   hunters,  imj 
partly   Creoles  and   l.'anadian   /■"//•i./chi".      .Ml    these  cimiiii 
stances  combined  to  produce  a  population  ut  St.  I.ouis  ii.u 
still   more  motley   than   that  at  .Mackinaw,     lleic  Here  In  in 
seen,  about  the  river-banks,  the  hectoring,  e.\lravag,iiit.  lira.' 
ging    boatmen   of   the    .Mississippi,    with    the  gay,  griiiia.in;. 
singing,  good-buinored  Canadian  ini/niiiiirs.     Vagraui  liiilin' 
of  various  tribes  loitered  about  the  streiits.     Now  and  tli'Ua 
stark   Kentucky  hunter,  in  leathern  hunting-dress,  wiili  rifle 
on  shoulder  and  knife  in  belt,  strode  along.     Here  an.l  llim 
were   new    brick    houses   and   shops,'  just  set  up  by   Imi-iIidj. 
driving,   and   eager   men  of  trallic    frmn    the   Allanli.'  .-laii": 
while,  on  the  other  hand,  tho  old  Krcnch  nuoisions,  niili  "|mi 
casements,  still   retained   the  easy,  indolent  air  of  tlie  urijiiiial 
Colonists;  and  now  uud  then  tho  scraping  of  a  fiddle,  a  -train 
of  an  ancient  French  song,  or  the  sound  of  billiard-balls  shuinii 
that  tho   happy    (Jallic   turn   for  gayety  and  auiiiseiiiriit  >lill 
lingered  about  the  place." 

But  the  Missouri  Fur  Company  was  nut  ilie  lirsi 
of  the.se  co-operative  establishments  in  St.  Lniiis  U 
more  than   a  dozen  years.     The    Mi.ssimri   Tnnliii;.' | 
Company  was  formed  in   1794,  at  the  suggcslioii  of 

'  Astoria,  i.  III. 

»  No  brick  houses  yet,  Mr.  Irving;  it  will  he  a  \carl«'fortj 
tho  llrst  one  is  begun,  and  a  dozen  more  years  before  tlicrcare  I 
a  dozen  brick  boiiiies. 


MANNERS   AND  CUSTOMS. 


289 


'  \\Wk\i  «3* 

iiii'l  ir.-n 
,l,l.._v  :ilnll 
iliili-r-,  invl 

M'     I'lln.ll! 

mil.  I'";- 
jfr*uii;ii'in:. 

alil    llM  ■'■■• 

«^.  with  v;'.!' 
V(!  ;ui.l  tli«' 
In-   l.ii-ilio;. 

Il>,  Willi  "I"" 
ll riiiinl 

.liiiUs  ^liuivfj 
oiiii'iil  'lili 


Ot   tllr  tim 
It.   1-i'Ui*  ''J 

Ivi  Tnuliii!: 
i^'ifstion  »l 


Liciifonant-Governor  Zoiion  Trudenu,  and  comprispd 

•all  till'  traders  of  St.  Louis"  who  wcru  as.scmblcd  to 

"uiiiti'  in  copiirtnenslii]),  consolidate  their  respective 

eiiiiit:il'*.   and  control   the  trade  in  peltries,"  of  the 

rpiiimi.-i  of  the  Upper  Missouri.     A  petition  addre.s.sed 

III  (invornor  Don  Gayoso  do  Lenu)s,  in  regard  to  tiiia 

ooiii|':iiiy,  by  Joseph   Kobidou,  declares  that  only  two 

1,1' ill!'  St.  Louis  traders  drew  out  after  the  or<;uniza- 

linii  was  fornieii.     Kubidou  complained  of  Jacques 

Ciaiiiiirpin  to  De  Leuio.s,  and  probably  the  orniiniza-  ' 

liiiii  iliil  not  work  well.     It  was,  anyhow,  abandoned. 

The  I'm-  trade,  however,  increa.sed  steadily  in  valui;, 

ami  Siiiddard  shows  that  in   his  day  it  was  wovth 

S2UO.(l(lO  a  year,  of  which  nearly  817(t,0()()  wa.s  in 

ilie  pelts  and  .skins  of  beaver,  deer,  and  others.     The 

Mi.sMimi  Fur  Company  was  orjianizod  in   1808,  tlic 

ihii'F  spirits  of  it  beinfr  Pierre  Chouteau  and  Manuel 

Lisii,  witli    Governor  William  Clark  as  one  of  the 

iiii'iiiliors.      Manuel  Lisa   was  the   most  active  and 

onui!,'eiic  member,  goinj:  out  at  the  iiead  of  all  the 

iinjKirtant  expeditions,  and  iiisuriiii;  a  trood  return  for 

ihe  "outfit."     Li.sa  was  president  of  the  company  as 

l:\tciis  1820.     At  that  time,  however,  the  old  com-  ' 

[Biny  had   practically  disbanded,   and  the   name  was 

simply  a  decorous  di.sjtuise  for  Pierre  Chouteau  and 

company.     In  1812,  the  amended  articles  of  as.socia-  j 

lion  at'  the  Mi.ssouri  Fur  Company  befiari  as  follows: 

■The  undersigned  do  hereby   form   a  company  of 

limited  partnership,  and  do  associate  and  ajrree  with 

oaili  ether,  to  the  end  of  cxplorin<i;  in  a  commercial 

\t;iv.  and    huiitin<!;  within    that    portion  of  country 

within  the  claim  of  the  United  States,  and  westwardly 

1)1' II  point  which  shall  be  five  hundred  miles  from  the 

Uiiili'd  Slates  present  factories,  and   to  conduct  bu.si-  , 

iii.«s  within    the    said    boundary,   and   at   the  town  i 

"I'Si.  bonis,  under  the  name  and  title  of  the  president 

;iiul  directors  of  the   Missouri  Fur  (\)mpany."     The 

iJliiial  .■stock  is  limited  to  ^oO,0(Mt,  in  ;")()  shares,  of 

?1(IIIU  each,  half  paid  on  subscription,  the  remainder 

ill  iiistallnients,  not  exceedinf^  $^lo^)  per  share,  after 

: iliirty  days'  notice  by  the  board.     The  stock  of  the 

i.iil  .MisMinri  Fur  Company,  with  its  "  plant,"  is  to  be 

taki'ii  in  lieu  of  $27,000,  and  the  rest  is  to  be  cash. 

[Tliise  directors  were  to  be  elected  each  year,  and  to 

ttviivo  an  annual  salary  at  the   rate  of  SlOO   per 

Imimiii. 

.\ltir  the  demise  of  this  company,  the  Cliouteaus, 

Lisa,  mill  .\stiir  formed  an  alliance   under   the    name 

tinil  style  of  the  American   Fur  Company,  the  sue-  ; 

"r  oi'  the    Missouri  and  the   Rocky   Mountain 

luiniiiinies ;  and  when  Astor  withdrew,  Pierre  Ciiou- 

pii. , I r.,  became  himself  the  American  Fur  Company. 

eiiuipaiiy  continued  the  work  of  the  two  com- 

10 


panics  which  it  had  succeeded,  opened  up  and  explored 
the  Rocky  Mountains  and  Western  waters,  and  for 
thirty  years  held  a  monopoly  of  the  fur  trade  .south 
of  the  vast  resjions  ran<:cd  over  by  the  Hudson's  Bay 
Company.  The  firm  did  business  on  a  very  laro:e 
scale,  and  at  one  time  owned  and  maintained  five  forts, 
all  built  by  themselves  in  the  heart  of  the  Indian 
country, — Forts  Sarpy,  Renton,  Union,  Pierre,  and 
Beit/.old.  It  was  not  until  1858,  after  repeated  ef- 
forts persisted  in  for  a  number  of  years,  that  the  firm 
was  able  to  jiet  a  steamboat  up  to  Fort  Benton,  but 
finally  the  trip  was  made. 

This  trade  was  very  valuable.  The  average  returns 
on  (roods  sent  out  was  100  per  cent,  in  peltries,  and 
this  by  no  means  represented  the  actual  profits,  for 
the  piods  were  valued  at  their  selling  price  in  St. 
Louis,  not  their  cost,  and  the  peltries  at  their  cur- 
rency value  in  St.  Louis.  But  red  cloth  that  might 
retail  at  5.s.  a  yard  in  St.  Louis  probably  did  not  cost 
the  companies  more  than  lis.,  including  freight,  inter- 
est, and  insurance ;  and  on  the  other  hand,  beaver 
worth  $2.00  a  pound  in  St.  Louis  might  fetch  tv  ice 
as  much  in  London,  and  five  times  as  much  in  Can- 
ton. With  capital  enough,  therefore,  to  buy  wholesale 
for  cash,  and  to  carry  the  furs  and  deliver  them  in  the 
best  markets,  those  embarkvid  in  the  St.  Louis  fur 
trade  might  easily  make  from  250  to  500  per  cent, 
and  turn  their  capital  over  once  a  year.  Bracken- 
ridge,  in  his  •' Views  of  Louisiana,"  notes  the  fact  that 
in  1810  the  Indian  trade  of  St.  Louis  with  the  Usages 
alone  was  worth  $iiO,000,  or  nearly  JH  per  capita, 
the  outlay  in  goods  being  820,000, — a  profit  of  50 
per  cent,  measured  in  furs.  With  the  Cheycnnes 
the  trade  was  expected  to  yield  a  profit  of  100  per 
cent., and  so  also  with  the  Poncasand  Arickarees.  The 
trade  with  the  Crows  was  counted  on  to  return  three 
for  one,  and  that  with  the  Pastanouiias  fifteen  for 
four.  The  trade  at  Arksmsas  Post  with  the  Cliick- 
asaws  and  Cherokees  yielded  five  for  two,  and  that 
with  the  various  bands  of  Sioux  four  for  one.  The 
Spani.sh  Governors  of  Louisiana,  said  Rrackcnridge, 
by  a  mercenary  policy,  had  done  great  injury  to  the 
Indian  fur  trade,  and  threatened  to  throw  it  all  into 
the  hands  of  the  Rritish,  their  heavy  charges  for 
conce.ssions  forcing  traders  to  chiirge  high  prices  for 
their  goods  to  the  Indians  ;  whereas  it  was  the  pol- 
icy of  the  traders  of  the  Hudson's  .lay  and  Northwest 
Companies  to  supply  goods  and  stores  at  low  figures, 
charging  exorbitant  figures  for  their  spirits.  The 
Indians  ro(|uircd  to  have  stores  and  supplies  to  enabli! 
them  to  hunt  at  all ;  but  to  obtain  the  coveted  whis- 
key, at  no  matter  what  price,  they  were  sure  to  hunt 
assiduously.     The   same   idea   of  cheap  goods    and 


f 


290 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


dear  spirits  is  the  kcy-notc  of  the  British  fiscal  policy 
to-day,  and,  while  it  will  not  do  to  say  that  Mr. 
Gladstone's  plan  is  t<i  cheapen  ciotliin<r  and  t'oud,  so 
tliat  the  British  workman  luay  have  the  more  to  spend 
at  the  publican's,  that  is  the  outeonie  of  it.' 

St.  Louis  was  founded  in  the  pursuit  of  the  fur 
trade,  and  it  was  the  iiniuensc  network  of  beaver- 
huntin<;  streams  made  tributary  to  it  which  gave  the 
fur  trade  uf  the  town  its  immediate  <;reat  value. 
The  beaver  recedes  before  civilization  more  rapidly 
than  the  honey-bee  advances  in  its  front.  A  timid, 
shy,  and  sagacious  animal,  hunted  by  many  enemies, 
and  procuring  his  subsistence  by  great  labor,  the 
beaver  never  attempts  to  restore  his  settlement  when 
it  has  once  been  invaded  by  the  white  man.  He 
abandons  it  at  once,  seeking  refuge  in  the  recesses  of 
some  deeper  wildernes.s.  The  otter  and  the  musk  rat, 
with  not  a  little  of  the  beaver's  intelligence,  show  a 
Diucii  greater  tenacity  in  tlieir  resistance  of  the  en- 
croachments of  man.  The  .spoor  of  the  former  may 
still  be  seen  along  the  edge  of  rouky  forest  streams ; 
and  the  latter  refuses  to  be  expelled  from  the  banks 
of  tuill-dams  and  the  meeting-places  of  tide  and  fresh 
water,  where  his  long  and  intricate  covered  ways  may 
to-day  be  traced  in  every  direction.  But  tiie  beaver 
disappears  as  soon  as  the  lonely  trapper  .sets  foot  in 
the  glen  where  he  has  hid  liis  hou.se,  and  tlie  con.se- 
C|uence  is  that  his  pelts  need  to  be  carried  a  long  dis- 
tance before  they  reach  market.  The  cost  of  trans- 
portation of  furs  from  tiie  trapping  regions  of  the 
Northwest,  by  lake,  river,  and  portage,  to  Montreal, 
and  thence  to  Europe  was  enormous.  It  consumed 
half  the  value  of  a  pack  of  furs — deer-skins — to  bea'' 
it  from  the  Minnesota  lakes,  by  Lake  Superior  and 
Mackinaw,  Lake  Nipi.ssing  and  the  Ottawa,  to  Mon- 
treal. But  from  St.  Louis  there  was  ea.sy  water  trans- 
portation   on    the  otie   hand   to   the  vicinity  of  the 

'  It  liiis  been  iisuiil  to  iimlcrestiiunti;  llii'  viiluc  of  this  fur 
trade  of  .St.  i.onis,  through  defcetivc  ao(|iuiintunec  with  nil  its 
bciiiiiigs.  Thu.^,  Miirtiu,  in  liis  "  History  of  I.oui.'iimu,"  vol.  ii. 
171!,  ostiuiule."  the  vahio  of  tlio  fur  tniile  of  tipper  liOuLsiuna, 
in  IT'.I'J,  lit  only  .*"U,(10II,  upon  tlici  following  return.s  :  IT.'it  bun- 
dles (nvcriige  111(1  pounds  each)  of  deer-skinn,  at  $l()=!'7ll,niO  ; 
8  bundles  lienr-skin.'^,  ut  SliL'  ~$l!j(ii  IS  hundk'ri  buffalo  robes, 
nt  !?;)(li -$.ilO.  Total,  ?i7ll,!).i(i.  iMarlin  does  not  foem  to  biivo 
known  that  at  that  time  the  most  valuable  part  of  the  furs 
never  went  to  New  Orleans  at  all,  but  were  sent  to  Canuihi  iii'u 
Vinocnnes  and  Detroit,  or  rid  I'rairie  du  Chien,  only  the  course 
and  bulky  pelts  being  sent  down  the  river.  Stoddard  shows 
that  :«i,'.IIIU  pounds  of  beaver.  8IIIIII  pounds  of  otter,  l.'illU 
pounds  of  marten,  ami  .'(Oil  pounds  of  lynx  were  ihe  average 
return  for  liftein  years,  none  of  these  going  down  the  river. 
A  bundle  of  castor  O'eaver)  was  worth  $ISU  on  Ihe  spot;  a 
bundle  of  lyii.x  was  worth  #5(10;  of  otter  $4.')0,  and  of  marten 
$;fU(l:  and  the  yearly  value  of  these  furs  averaged  $1111,(101). 
A  bufialo  robe  was  worth  about  $6,  and  a  boar-skin  $'i. 


trapping  regions,  and  ou  the  other  to  New  Orleans 
and  a  market.  This  gave  the  traders  and  hunters 
of  that  place  a  great  initial  advantage  over  tluir 
rivals  in  tiie  Northwest,  and  it  was  proilted  l>y  tu 
the  utmost  by  the  energetic  men  we  have  deseiiiieil 
and  their  a.ssociates  and  succes.sors,  such  as  llenfv. 
Gen.  Ashley,  etc.  Under  their  fostering  caic  tliu 
fur  trade  of  St.  Louis  rose  to  a  value  of  si.x  huiHlrod 
thousand  dollars  a  year. 

One  thing  caused  St.  Louis  to  cling  to  the  fur 
trade  the  more  tenaciously,  and  that  was  tli;it,  luitil 
steamboats  began  to  ascend  the  Mississippi  on  le-iilur 
trips,  the  growing  town  was  prevc-nted  by  the  ditii. 
culties  of  navigation  from  getting  its  share  of  tlic 
large  and  increasing  commerce   of  the  Ohio  Hivtr. 
From  the  peace  of  17H3,  and  particularly  fnnii  the 
opening  of  navigation  on  the  Mississippi  by  .S|iaiii, 
a  great  influ.x    of  population  was    received   liy  the 
counties  of  Virginia,  Penn.sylvania,  Kentucky.  Ohio, 
Inditina,  and    Illinois   binding  on  the  Oliio  and  ii, 
chief  tributaries ;   and    these    new-comers  vii.silv  in- 
creased  the    merchantable  surplus  of  produces  frem 
these  rich  and  teeming  soils.     The  transport:ition  of 
these  products,  of  the  host  of  incoming  settlers  anj 
their   supplies,  made    an    immense    business.      Bm 
when   the   mouth   of  the   Ohio  Iliver  was    leaelicii 
the  current   turned  down,  not  up,  and  goDil.s  iVoiii 
Bedstone,     Pittsburgh,     Cincinnati,    and    Louisville 
either  were    carried    direct   to    Now    Orleans,  or,  il 
they  broke  bulk  at  ail  on  the  Mi.ssi.ssippi,  Jjil  so  at 
New  Madrid.     So  much   so  was  this  the  cu.se  that 
pas.senger8  from  up  the  Ohio  to  St.  Louis  wore  ix- 
pected  to  leave  the  boat  at  New  Madrid  ami  [irumJ 
by  horse  to  St.  Louis.     In  the  rare  cases  when  <^ouii 
were  taken  up  the  river  for  a  market,  they  S(  Mniu 
went  higher  than  Cape  Girardeau  or  Ste.  Genevieve. 
The  earliest  hunters  in  the  Missouri  country,  those  of 
Cerre,  started  from  Kaskaskia,  crossed  the  Mississipfi  ■ 
ft  Ste.  Genevieve,  and  thence  made  a  portage  aenis 
to  the  Bonne  Homm-j,  Ga.sconade,  and  O.sage  Kivei^. 
This  was  due  entirely  to  the  diflSculty  of  navij:;iiiii; 
heavily-laden  boats  against  a  rapid  stream,  iind  ilit' 
produce-laden  craft  of  the  Ohio  was  never  meant  t" 
return  against  the  current,  either  with   nr  witlmiii 
cargo,  for,  as  soon  as  their  freight  was  (lisposeil  ul. 
the  boats  were  sold  too,  a.s  lumber,  and  the  boatnieii  j 
returned  overland. 

St.  Louis,  in  retaining  control  of  the  .Mi.s.souri  aiiJl 
Arkansas  Rivers  fur  trade,  not  only  actjuired  coiiirolj 
of  the  large  barter  and  exchange  trade  thus  iiiaile  lucal  1 
in  that  town,  but  it  controlled  also  the  cliierci'miKyj 
of  those  sections,  and  hnd  the  advantage  of  iio.s.si'\s|iijJ 
large  supplies  of  a  circulating  medium  of  fixed  amll 


certain  value 
nnd;iIJko.  I< 
diiy.s  (if  LacI 
Stale  ;in(l  tlto 
were  taken  in 
jiotasli,  mapit 
veniMiii,  tish,  I 
st;in(Jaiil  rif  vi 
lent  In  tho  liv) 
fiiiail  coin  cot 
chisel  into  fou 
shaved  deerski 
nvi'ce  tile  value 
"Her,  ;ind  ermiii 
.«liin.  A  "pucJ 
tliii-^  tiiide  ;itid  e 
and  notes  were 
made  uf  I'urs  an 
'titiited  a  niucli 
than  (lie  staple 
Hilly  eiix'uljiting  i 
■  Buna"  wore  a  .sj 
ilivtiiable  in  p(,|ti 
iiiiiue  III'  ;iny  resp 
iiirreiiev  in  local  a 
were  eeiliiicatus  c 
iliiinL'eable  into  anj 
iraile  and  barter.  I 
reL'iilar  currency  at 
.Miieliiiiaw,  Detroit 
i'M'A  settlements 
tlie  IJelize,  the  best 
"f  limited  circuliiti 
Tills  aiiicle  is  still 

'»"'""  iiiiiiiuCitcturer.' 
ji'P'' may  still  be  s 

f-a  solid  ndl  of  the 
|i:iiisa.:e.  Tlie.se  roll 
fiwiiiWance  t.,  the 
[in  f'liiinion  use  and  t 
h»'l  U/iper  Louisiaii 
p'  ,:.'i-oivn  populuti,, 
kA  carried  liis  or  h. 
ffW'i  his  snuff  an 
J'"'  ■  "I'f  was  not  grt 
P"""  llie  end  of  one 
T'Tiii  and  s(diiliiy  was 

'TkiMnoioof  prop,.,,-, 

'^'••"•"S  of  this   eentu 

"■''»l"«l(.ilb.,t,Stu,., 

«*Woimaki„gapo, 

"'"*'' ^'llHs  house  on 
l"'lt.  aii.J  euueluilej  ,„  , 


MANNERS  AND  CUSTOMS. 


291 


(ir.  if 

dill  s»  A 

CISC  tlwi 

wore  tx- 

111  jirotoi'ii 

OS  si'M'im 

LMlCVitVO. 

Missis<ipi'i 

vjje  Kivl■r^■ 
iiuvi;:;niii? 
Ill,  iiii'l  '1'' 
|r  im';nit  t" 
I  III-  will"'"' 
isltllSl'il  "'■ 


llissiiuri  aiiJ 
luvd  etiultt'l 
■s  iiii\ile  li>eil 
[id'  ciiri-nif;/ 

1,1'  bxoJ  ani 


certiiiii  value,  receivable  by  Indians  and  whites  equally 
anil  :ilikc.     Fur  was  the  currency  oFSt.  Louis  from  the 
davs  of  Laclede  very  nearly  until  Missouri  became  a 
Stiilo  iind  the  town  an  incorporated  city.    Other  things  j 
were  taken  in  exchan<rc  and  barter, — beeswax,  whiskey, 
iintiisli,  maple-sugar,  .salt,  wood,  feathers,  bear's  oil, 
venison,  (i.sli,  lead,  but  fur  was  tlie  currency  and  the  : 
stimilird  of  value,  the  representative  of  and  or|uiva- 
Icnt  to  the  fi'vns  toiiriinta  of  hard  metal.     The  only  | 
Piiiiill  iMiin  consisted  of  Mexican  dollars,  cut  with  a 
chisi'l  into  four  or  five  piec«<, — "  bits."     A  pound  of 
shuvuil  deerskin  of  good  ([ualiiy  represented   ab<iut 
twik'  '111!  value  of  the  livre,  and  a  pound  of  beaver,  ' 
iiitor,  and  eruiiiie  represented  so  many  pounds  of  deer- 
skin.    A  ■'  pack"  of  skins  had  a  definite  weight,  and 
ihus  trade  and  computation  were  both  easy.     Checks  I 
and  noti's  were  drawn  against  them,  deposits  were 
niadi!  of  furs  and   packs,  and  on  the  whole  they  eon- 
ftiiuti'd  a  much  better  and  more  uniform  currency 
tlian  tlii^  .staple  tobacco  which  was  at  one  time  the  ' 
only  (irculaling  medium  of  Virginia  and  Maryland. 
■  Huns"  were  a  species  of  order  or  note  for  goods,  re- 
ilwniablc  in   peltries,  which,  when  signed  with   the 
name  el'  any  responsible  merchant  or  trader,  had  full 
currency  in  local  and  general  trade.      Practically,  they  ' 
wre  euriifieates  of  deposit,  but  convertible   or   ex-  i 
i-liinmeable  into  any  other  eijuivalents  in  the  course  of  \ 
irado  and  barter.     Next  to  the  peltry,  which  bad  a  j 
Millar  currency  and  pretty  near  a  uniform  value  from 
Miidiiiaw,  Detroit,  and   Prairie  du  Chien  among  the 
Fnncli  settlements  all  the  way  to  New  Orleans  and 
ilii'ltclizc,  the  best  medium  of  certain  value,  but  only 
rf  limited  circulation,  was  (he  "  carot"  of  tobacco.  ; 
This  article  is  still  prepared  in  Louisiaiui  by  the  plan- 
laiimi  inanufacturers  of  tobacco,  and  "  carols"  of"  Per-  ' 
iiiiL'"  may  still  be  seen  in  all  the  tobacconists'  shops,  ; 
-;i  solid  roll  of  the  shape  and  appearance  of  a  bologna 
aibi'.'e.    These  rolls  were  called  "  carots,"  from  their 
I'Miiililaiice  t.,  the  root  of  that  name,  and  they  were 
in  iiiramiin  use  and  demand  in  the  early  days  in  Lower 
ml  Upper  Louisiana  from   their  convenience.     All 
ijniwM  population,  male  and  female,  took  snuff; 
a;ii  carried  his  or  her  snuff-box  habitually,  and  each 
r  jiiicd  Ids  snuff  and  tilled  his  box  in  the  morning. 
Ii  ■  -niitl'  was  not  ground  as  now,  but  rasped  or  grated 
Jill  the  I'lnl  of  one  of  these  rolls,  and  hence  their 
iitiii  ami  solidity  was  a  desideratum.'     The  carots  had 


'  TliiMuo  lo  lit'  iirepiu'inf;  snulT  wiis  still  nut  unusual  at  the 
^,:iiiiiiiig  of  lliU   century.     An   nncctluto   U   still  going  the 

Bnlialiuul  (iilbcrt  Stuiirt,  tlio  portniit  painter, — he  who  iilono 
•ifteleliu  making  a  |iorti-iiit  of  Ueorge  Wiishinglon, — that  a 
Itutialle.tut  his  house  one  morning  while  the  iirtist  tviis  taking 
I'llk. mil  coiK'luiled  to  wait  Tor  hiui.     I'rcaeDtly  ijtuart  caiuo 


a  definite  weight,  like  the  packs  of  furs,  and  their  usual 
value  was  about  two  livres.  They  were  stmietimes 
prepared  by  boring  a  half-inch  or  inch  hole  in  a  log 
of  tough  wood ;  the  tobacco,  damp  and  cured,  was 
wedged  into  this  hole  tightly  with  mallet  and  peg,  and 
when  the  jdug  was  as  tight  and  hard  as  was  desired 
the  los:  was  split  and  the  tobacco  taken  out.' 

The  fidiowing  copy  of  a  St.  Louis  bill  of  lading,  in 
1801),  will  illustrate  how  completely  the  people  were 
saturated  with  the  conception  of  a  peltry  currency: 
"  Shipped  by  Peter  Provcnchere,  of  the  town  of  St. 
Louis,  uierchaut,  on  board  the  boat  '  J.  Maddison,' 
whereof  Charles  Quirey  is  master,  now  lying  at  the 
landing  before  the  town  of  St.  Louis,  and  ready  im- 
mediately to  depart  for  Louisville,  Ky.,  six  packs  of 
deer-skin,  marked  and  numbered  as  per  nnirgin  (F.  T. 
9(j,  5)9,  lOU,  111,  112,  113),  and  a  barrel  of  bear's  oil 
containing  about  thirty-two  gallons,  all  in  good  order 
and  Well  conditioned,  which  I  promise  to  deliver  in 
like  good  order  and  condition  (unavoidable  acciilentj 
excepied)  unto  Mr.  Francis  Tarascon,  merchant.  liOuLs- 
villo,  or  to  his  assigns.  And,  moreover,  I  acknowledge 
to  have  of  the  said  Peter  Provenchere  a  note  of  I'eter 


in,  nervous  and  agitated,  and,  without  notieing  his  visitor,  hur- 
ried to  a  eu|ihotird,  took  his  tobacco  and  grater  and  grated  him- 
self a  handful  of  snutf.  Not  till  tiis  eu|>aoiou.-^  nur^trils  wore 
well  su|i|ilied  did  he  turn  to  speak.  Then,  in  his  courtly  way, 
not  without  a  rellection  upon  the  .slavery  of  hiibit,  he  explained 
that  he  had  ncoidentally  gone  to  walk  without  his  snutT-liox. 

'^  Wo  have  before  us  the  inventory  of  lui  auction  sale — a 
reiuliie — had  Dee.  2'.i,  li-SO,  "  liy  Don  Fruneiseo  t'ruzat,  lieu- 
tenant-colonel of  tile  Louisiana  regiment  of  infantry,  and  com- 
mandant of  this  western  portion  of  the  Illinois  country,"  ti  sale 
made  by  order  of  Charles  Sanguinet  of  certain  etTects  of  Louis 
Dubrcuil,  of  Now  Orleans,  the  goods  to  be  paid  for  in  deer-akins 
or  beaver  at  the  current  value  or  in  money,  us  they  may  choose, 
five  months  credit,  gocid  security  required.  The  sale  is  nunle 
by  Constable  Deniers,  wlio  doubtless  officiated  as  auctioneer,  and 
tlie  minutes  of  the  sale  are  subscribed  by  Sanguinet,  r>iego 
Blanco,  and  notary  Labusciere.  At  this  sale  one  hnnitred  iind 
six  liinilH  of  luhiuvi,  were  sold  for  one  hundred  and  ninety-one 
livres.  A  yoke  of  .steers  was  sold  for  three  hiindrod  and  ninety- 
nine  livres  ten  sols,  showing  close  hidiling.  A  boltle  of 
gravy-sauce  and  some  vinegar  sold  for  twenty  livres,  while  "a 
lot  of  several  historical  books"  only  fetched  twelve  livres  ten 
sols.  .-^  hundred  empty  bottles  sold  for  thirty-nine  livres.  The 
fondness  of  the  French  liiihitiiiin  for  the  auction  form  of  sale 
was  very  marked.  In  many  of  our  rural  districts  throughout 
the  e<uintry  all  auciions  borrow  the  French  name  and  are  called 
"vendues," — or,  rather,  in  the  current  pronunciation,  uiiii(/«», 
and  the  oustoui  was  probalily  borrowed  also.  In  St.  Louis  the 
etfeeta  of  all  deceased  persons  untler  all  eircumstances  were 
cried  at  auction,  the  comnumdant  authorizing  and  ordering  the 
sale,  and  the  notary  authenticating  the  account.  The  Archives 
of  Kt.  Louis  contain  as  nuiny  recor<ls  of  such  sales  as  they  do 
of  any  other  class  of  transaction.  The  sociable  habits  of  the 
people  nnide  the^^e  sales  go  otV  well ;  they  were  nuule  the  occa- 
sion for  little  reunions,  iind  the  women  always  attendeil  them 
and  helped  to  give  spirit  to  the  bidding. 


f;,-!i 


t^ 


l<  l''     4>1 


t 

.is. 


292 


IlISTOllY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


Menard  on   Louis  Lorimier,  inlitibitant  of  Cnpe  Oi;-- 
ardciiu, yij;'  oiw  tlmnxdnil  />iiiiiii/n  of  rvvclfituhlv  iliir- 
sklnn,  the  Haid  note  transferred  to  my  order,  and  I 
bind   and  entra;:e  niysolC  to  ask  of  the  said   Louis 
Loriinier  the  payment  of  tlie  said  note,  and  iC  I  re- 
claim it  to  deliver  to  the  said  Fruneis  Taraseon  or  us- 
simis  the  thousand  pounds  of  deerskins,  tdirctlier  with 
the  said  six   packs  and   the  barrel   now  received,  and 
in    case  of  no  payment  to   return  the  note  to  Mr. 
Taraseon,   he  or   ihcy   payiii;:    freij;lit.      In    wiine.ss 
wliereof  I  liave  set  my  hand  to  ilie.se  bills  of  laditij:, 
all  of  the  sani(<  tenor  :in<l  date,  one  beiii);  aceoni|>lishod, 
the  otliors  null  atui  void."     The  jtaek  of  de(!r  skins 
was  thus  about  one  hundred  pounds  in  weijrht, — in 
this   ease   tlie  averaf;e  was  witiiiii  a  fraction  of  one 
hundred   and  seven  pounds, — and  notes  were  f:iven, 
not  for  the  value  of  .so  many  deer-skins,  but  made  pay- 
able in  reeeiptable  skins  tlioniselves.  just  as  a  ware- 
house bill  to-day  is  payable  in  so  many  bales  of  cotton 
or  bojrsheads  of  tobacco,  or  an  elevator   receipt  is 
"  bon"  for  so  many  bushels  of  wheat  or  enrn.     The 
fixed  price  was  forty  cents  per  pound  fdr  finest  deer- 
skins, tliirty  cents  for  medium,  and  twenty  cents  for 
inferior,  and  all  contracts,  unless  there  was  an  express 
stipulation  to  tlie  contrary,  weri^  made  in  this  nu'dium. 
Spanish  coin  never  affected  the  fur  currency.     The 
Spanish  jiovernment  paid  oft'  its  othci'rs  and  troops  in 
hard  dollars,  but  this  was  a  mere  (lro|)  in  the  bucket, 
— less   than    twelve   thousand   dollars  a  year   for  St. 
Louis.      Even  after  the  transfer  to  the  United  States, 
peltry  continued  the  controlling:  currency  for  a  number 
of  years.     Judjre  J.  B.  V.  Lucas  made  his  first  pur- 
chase of  a  hou.se  for  his  residenei;  in  St.  linuis  in  this 
currency,  buyinj;  of   Pii>rro  |)uchou(|uette  and  wife 
their  domicile,  for  the  price  of  .six  hundred  dollars  in 
peltries.     This  was  Dee.  14,  1SI)7. 

One  circumstance,  however',  materially  influenced 
the  value  and  tiie  stability  of  the  peltry  currency, 
and  this  was  the  fact  that  it  was  only  redeemable  in 
money  at  New  Orleans.  IVrrin  du  Lac,  in  his  jour- 
nal of  travels  in  Louisiana,  lSOI-3,  calls  attention  , 
to  this  cause  of  depreciation  in  the  eirculatinj;  medium, 
and  its  tendency  to  enhance  prices  of  commodities  at 
St.  Louis.  To  bo  sure,  he  was  a  chronic  fault  finder, 
and  determined  to  see  no  possibility  of  <;ood  in  the 
Spanish  trovernment.  Yet  it  is  true  what  he  says, 
that  "  all  coramereial  transactions,  unless  otherwise 
specially  agreed  to,  are  made  conformably  to  this 
standard  of  value,  and  are  taken  in  barter  at  the 
rate  of  forty  cents  per  pound ;  but,  as  they  have  to 
be  taken  to  New  Orleans  to  realize  that  jjricc,  there  is 
much  risk  and  loss ;  so,  coii.sequently,  the  merchant 
selLs  his  ^ouds  at  a  cliarf,'e  proportionate  to  the  venture 


he  assumes.  Kverytliing  s  'lis  at  an  enormous  |.ri(v^ 
the  result  of  which  is  that  vlie  commonest  Wdikrimn 
receives  pay  for  labor  at  the  rate  of  ten  to  nvihi. 
francs  jier  day." 

In  spite,  however,  of  its  control  of  the  fur  ti-,,!,, 
and  of  a  currency,  it  was  not  until  the  city  li.ni  idm. 
plitcly  niastired  the  transporta!  .>n  pmblem   ili.ii  ,<t, 
Louis  fairly  bcfian  to  frmw.      From  the  day  wlun  il^. 
arrival  of  the  ten  barges  was  thouglit  to  be  woriliva 
fi'lf,  and  to  be  clirnriicled  among  the  momoralpilia  nf 
the  j)lace,  to  the  day  when  a  Levee  eiiiht  miles  Idii'.'is 
piled  with  freight,  and  cannot  find  room  for  iln'  iriiilo 
tiers  of  stcaniers  ranged  along  its  front;  f'ldin  lln'ilnv 
(d'  an  occasional  eaiioe-lerry  and  cow-paths  acin.-s  ih,. 
c(unnions  for  the  only  roads  to  the  jiresent.  wIkiu 
ddzen  trunk  line  railroads  fetch  in  every  day  tlic  prmj. 
ucts  of  every  eliuie,  is  a  long  step  apparently  ;  but  St. 
Liuiis  look  it  when  the  first  steamboat  ei|Uali/.i  il  id  lup 
the  currents  of  the  Mississippi  and  the  Mi.vstnii  i.  \s\\v\\ 
imports  from  Furope  came  frum  the  .\tlantic  cnast  in. 

sl(M(l  nf  thc>  (iiill  lor  distriliuti and  llu^  Iciul  nl'ilni 

.^ii.ss(luri  I'otosi  was  piled  ii]iiiii  tin;  Levee  aloiig>iili'il!o 
pigs  of  Ualena  and  Diibuipie.      Hut  before  that  tlim' 
was  a  long  wrestle  with  the  difficulties  of  traiis|iiiriii. 
tiiiii.    Tlu^  c/idinlli',  <jr  cart,  which  has  been  dcsriilinl, 
could  do  Utile  oB"  the  farms,  and  the  heavy  waL'iinnl' 
Pennsylvania  was  not  in  use  anywhere  to  the  wc-t  nf 
Fiitsburgli,  — the  "  ])rairie  scliooiuu',"  as  it  came  to  W 
called,   was,   with   reason,  suppo.sed   to  be  unlit  Ik  a 
eiiuntry   which   pii.ssc.s.sed    no  roads.     Off   the  wai.r. 
courses,  all  the  transportation  was  done  by  iinim-  nf 
pack-hnr.ses  and  pack-mules,  and  Capt.  Bonneville  |i;i< 
recorded  the  fact  that  he  was  the  first  furl  lailcr  ami 
adventurer  at  the   head  of  a  brigade  of  trap|n'rs  wIih 
ever  attempted  to  go  west  of  the  Kansas  ]{iviT  wi;li 
a  wagon.    Twenty  years  later  than  thai,  great  wajnii*. 
drawn  by  long  spans  of  oxen  or  by  rediiplicalcii  Uaiiis 
of  inult^s,  f'liiind  it  easy  to  cross  the  South  I'ass  toCili- 
fornia,  or  go  over  the  forks  of  the  Canadian,  fH  nmh  tn 
Santa  Fe.     Hut  all  the  transportation  of  the  .Mi.vdiiri 
Fur  Company  overland  was  done   with  packiiiulo>, 
and    in   the   early  days  of   the    fur  trade,   vvliuiv  llie 
canoe  would   not  go,  the  goods  must  be  luadcd  ii|«iii 
the  shoulders  of  the  voijajciirn  tliem.sclvcs. 

The  first  goods  received  by  the  Ficiicli  .scltli'iiuiili 
in  the  American  Bottom,  and  the  first  pell rics  scni  lo 
market  by  them,  were  f)y  the  way  of  Mniiiiciil  anJ 
the  Si.  Lawieiici'  Uivcr.  Caliokia  and  Foil  Cliailr.f. 
belore  regular  intercourse  was  established  with  .Nii 
Orleans,  traded  through  the  lakes  by  way  of  "lu'  lii 
nois  and  Wi.sconsin  llivers,  but  Kaska.-kia  iiniJnuil- 
ediy  received  and  sent  many  goods  by  tlic  Waba-li., 
When  the  water  was  hi^h,  it  was  not  a  long  iioiiiii' 


cult   |M)l'tl|g( 

In  I  he  l)('d 

mill  ivllrll    t 

Oil  ill  lo  For 

/■'/A    and   pii 

after  St.   Lo 

.Vi'H-  Orleans 

('.•iliiilii;i  acti 

1111(1  piiilialily 

iVii.s  recognizi^ 

hi'tweeri  New 

service,  a  long 

lay  a.'.ide  the  ] 

tlio  barge  sup 

Tlif  laller  was 

iviiicrs  and  sini 

far  us  the  .Mis 

ii-iil  HM  the  Mi 

"alcr  transit  w 

kiffiilii  hides  sli 

MTicd  III,  iind   f 

liali'aii. 

'flic  barge   wi 

imirc  ciiiniiKidioij 

ra)iacily  lorfreigl 

Imal  Were  contriv 

anil  Muck, —rude 

lad,  Willi  two  or 

ait'ii.  li'ss  to  propJ 

ifliii'li,  iiiilci  d,  waj 

'"'ll"'  I'iver,  ;ind, 

>'■!•*  a  lafi,  broken  I 

lii.'^iiniiliiin  Was  rej 

liivn  sll';ll|j|,o;ils  (I 

'<<  ii|"iii  flat-boatsi 

I'as.-i'ii^,.|-s  biiiji   aa 

'"'■"■"it  was  ill  (!,(.  f 

'"I'i  .MiVsLssippi  li|,.| 

'■"i-iiT(iiis  cl.-i.ss,  hul 

liii:.'iocii(liiivpi.ri„|[ 

•U'lviit  respoii,si),j)jj 

wrnVd  ti,  \inv  (),.| 

*'i''irs.  the  proeiiedJ 

'"'""■'  "'i'li  tlieni  an] 

■""'"''II  'i'"'!!  HedstJ 
afior  .sclliiij;  1,;,^  ,,„| 

N'^aa'  riMind  the 

"i™",!-' fn.m  thetiul 

'"iiilii'iiiuuiitaiiis. 

*"iiil  or  third  Chif 
'■'I't'iiiic'i.si.,.  (rayy^o 

N%and  throuj 


MANNMKS    AND   CUSTOMS. 


cull  |:(irtiij;i'  friiiii  ihv  upper  waters  (if  llio  Kaskiiskia, 
liv  ilie  1)0(1  of  flic  Knibarras  River,  tu  the  Waliasli, 
iiml  wlieii  the  water  was  low,  iitKuls  eaiiie  ihiwii  tlic 
Oliio  Id  Fort  Masaae,aii(l  tlieiiee  were  carried  hy  (/((/c- 
riiii  ami  paek-niuljs  to  Kaskaskia.  Hut  very  soon 
jit'icr  St.  Louis  was  t'oiiiidcil  all  su|)|ilics  caiiu!  from 
Niw  Orleans,  and  we  find  Laclede's  tradin^'post  and 
Ciilmkia  actually  seiulinn  fioods  to  Prairie  dii  Cliien 
:iii(l  iiii>l>alily  to  Miuliiliinackinau  also,  while  Vincenncs 
w;is  ric(if.'nized  to  ho  a  station  on  the  water  highway 
liciwicn  New  Orleans  and  Detroit.  In  this  arduoii.s 
soivlce.  a  lon^and  difficult  route,  the  vni/dgciirs  had  to 
liiy  a.'-ide  the  paddle  tor  the  oar,  and  the  bateau  and 
the  liari^'c  superseded  entirely  the  liirch-hnrk  canoe. 
Till'  latter  was  still  u.sed  to  some  extent  in  the  upper 
waiiis  and  smaller  streams,  but  it  was  abandoned  so 
I'ar  iis  the  Mi.>isi.<sippi  was  concerned.  It  never  was 
iiM'tl  III!  the  Missouri,  whi're,  if  any  Icrriaiic  or  short 
waiir  transit  was  recjuircd,  the  roufjli  boat  made  of 
liuffiilii  hides  stretched  over  a  wooden  frami;  was  rc- 
.-urtcil  to,  and   for  regular  navijiation  the  barge  and 

Till'  liarj,'e  was  but  a  bateau  enliir^ed  and  made 
mure  iiniimodious  for  passeiifiiTs,  and  of  a  <;icater 
al'iicily  I'orlVcifiht.  On  the  Ohio,  the  ark  and  the  flat- 
liuat  were  contrived,  to  move  down  produce,  families, 
aiiil>liick, — rude  structures  of  fircat  capacity,  rafts,  in 
fact,  with  two  or  three  izreat  oars  worked  by  a  dozen 
men,  less  to  propel  than  to  jiiiide  the  unwieldy  craft, 
wliiih,  iiidei  d,  was  exjieeted  to  move  with  the  current 
iiitW'  river,  and,  to  all  practical  purpo.sts  and  intents, 
\tas  a  rafi,  broken  up  and  .sold  for  old  lumber  when  its 
lirsliiialioii  was  reached.  The  Ohio  and  Mi.ssi.s.sijipi 
IliviT  .'itcaiiilioats  of  the  prc.><eiit  day  ari'siin[>ly  eii,i;iiies 
■ii  ii|iiiii  llat-boats,  and  with  houses  tiir  freijrht  and 
],is>i'1il;('1s  built  above  them.  These  arks  and  flat- 
In  at.'^  i  I  was  in  the  service  of  which  the  race  of  Ohio 
ami  Mi>.>issippi  hoatnu'ii  was  trained, — a  rough  and 
l«ii>iiiiiiis  cla.ss,  bnt  trustworthy  and  capable,  and  wil- 
liii'.' Id  I'lidiire  periods  of  extreme  fatigue  and  expo.'^ure. 
kwA  ii"<poiisibility  rested  upon  them,  for  often  they 
cirricd  111  New  Orleans  cargoes  worth  thousands  of 
'  lii'llars,  the  proeiieds  of  which  they  had  to  fetch  safely 
Imiiie  with  them  and  deliver  to  ihe  owners.  Often  a 
Iji'iliiiaii  fnim  Uedstonc  or  Pittsburgh  or  the  Kanawha, 
[  afuT  srlliii','  his  good.s  in  New  Orleans,  wo\id  seek 
[|'a>sa;.'(i  nmiid  the  Florida  Capes  in  .fome  vessel  rc- 
j luruiiii;  I'lnni  thetiulf  to  Baltimore,  and  thence  home 

I'Vtr  tlie  mountains.  But  the  usual  routr  of  the  re- 
|tuniiii}>  boatmen  was  up  the  Mississippi  aiver  to  the 
IsiMind  or  third  Chickasaw  Blufl^,  aiiu'  thence  by  the 
]•■  Toiinessce  trace,"  a  well-beaten  path,  to  Cumber- 
llaiid  Gap,  and  through  that  to  the  Ohio.     It  was  a 


route  through  a  wild  country,  and  bes(?t  with  perils 
beyond  those  proceeding  from  the  Indians,  through  a 
part  of  whose  territory  it  lay,  for  outlaws  and  iles- 
jieradoes  were  to  be  encountered  at  almost  (!very 
portion  of  this  line  of  transportation  and  travel,  tempted 
by  the  rapid  succession  of  rich  prizes,  and  the  unset- 
tled stall!  of  a  country  almost  without  the  protection 
of  law,  and  tilled  with  adventurers  of  every  stripe. 
There  were  caves  in  the   river's  bank  li  on  the 

Ohio  and  the  .Alississippi,  where  bands  id  highwaymen 
had  their  rendezvous,  and  whence  they  would  sally 
forth  to  plunder  the  boatmen  and  eapturi'  their  boats 
and  cargoes,  if  they  could  not  defend  themselves.  In 
many  a  bayou  and  lagoon  along  the  cour.se  of  the  great 
river  gangs  of  land-pirates  lurked,  ripe  for  rapine  and 
murder  too,  and  scarcely  less  dangerous  were  the 
gamblers  who  loitered  in  New  Orleans  or  made  their 
hideous  homes  in  "  Natchezuiider-the-Ilill."  If  tho 
boatmen  escaped  these  perils,  others  awaited  them  oq 
the  line  of  the  "  Tennessee  trace,"  where  there  were 
regularly  organized  gangs  of  mounted  highwaymen, 
attracted  by  the  large  quantities  of  specie  the  return- 
ing navigators  brought  home  with  thetii.  So  daring 
and  numerous  were  tho.se  gangs  that  the  boatmen,  for 
safety,  were  forced  to  travel  in  wellariuou  parties  and 
convoys,  sometimes  two  or  three  hundred  strong,  and 
even  then  were  frequently  not  able  to  get  through 
without  a  battle.  Such  a  training  as  this  made  tho 
Ohio  hotitiucn  a  class  almost  .«»/ '/c/ici'/.s-,  hardy,  self- 
reliant,  bold,  reckless,  careless  of  their  lives,  and  rude 
in  their  speech,  yet  faithful  to  their  trusts  in  a  re- 
markable degree,  and  idways  ready  to  defend  the  prop- 
erty of  their  employers  with  skill  and  courage.  Had 
this  not  been  the  case  the  transportation  business 
must  have  perished,  because  its  profits  would  have 
been  destroyed. 

But  between  New  Orleans  and  Louisville  and  St. 
Louis  transportation  up  the  river  was  demanded 
as  well  as  down,  and  to  supply  this  on  a  scale  com- 
mensurate with  the  demands  of  commerce  the  knl. 
hunt  was  contrived,  a  vessel  capable  of  eflicient  service 
and  heavy  burdens  in  waters  not  too  shallow.  Tho 
keel-boat  was  capible  of  carrying  from  ten  or  twenty 
to  sixty  or  seveiit  v  t«ns ;  it  was  built  with  a  view  to 
offering  as  little  ."iig  surface  to  rapid  currents  as 
was  compatible  witii  good  freighting  capacity,  and  it 
was  propelled  by  a  composite  enginery,  including 
oars,  poles,  and  the  cunlcllv.  With  the  latter,  while 
one  hand  steered,  the  rest  of  the  crew  towed  tho  boat, 
carrying  the  tow-rope  over  their  shoulders  as  they 
walked  along  the  river-bank.  With  the  pole,  the 
boatmen,  in  gangs,  planted  u  heavy  beam  upon  t''j 
bottom  of  the  stream,  and  pushing  against  it,  movcv" 


h 


294 


IIISTOllY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


■  I  1 


iiii: 


S; 


.,;  •:  «    ;■ 


m  H 

■'■is    :«- 


k;-  i> 


rapidly  towiirdf^  tlu;  stem  or'  tlict  hoiit.  'I'lmt  reached, 
they  lifted  tiicir  iniain.x  mid  ran  to  tlic  bow,  to  ediitiinio 
tlio  iirduouH  and  luoiiotoiiou.s  taiik.  Tiiu  oarM  were 
great  HweepH,  soiiietiiues  with  a  broad  .square  end  and 
a  loii^  li'VcraL'e,  which  ^^ev('^d  iikmi  woikeil  in  huj^e 
clumsy  uur-lock.u.  Thi.s  ditBcuit  and  I'atiiiuinu  boat- 
inunV  service  wa.s  ainio.st  altogether  undertaken  liy  the 
Preiieli  Creole.-*,  the  di>>iceiidantH  of  tin;  voi/di/mrD,  or 
by  ne;.:roe8  and  Innlaltoe^l.  These  boatmen  worked 
with  uncovered  hea<l.s  in  tlie  lioltesf  weather,  or  at 
mo.»t  a  handkcrihiel'  about  their  foreheads  and  hanj;- 
iii};  down  to  cover  their  necks.  They  lived  upon  a 
pour  and  nica^;re  fare,  and  were  remarkable  fur  their 
fidelity,  honesty,  and  peaceful  ways,  I5ut  they  were 
not  capable  of  defendin<r  their  charp'S  with  the  fierce  , 
coiiibativeness  and  bull-doj:  tenacity  that  character- 
ized th(>  American  boatmen. 

The  best  ideas  of  the  difficulties  of  the  tran.-'poita- 
tion  service  in  early  St.  Louis  are  to  be  fiathered  IVom 
the  narratives  of  the  primitive  travelers  and  first  im- 
niifirants  to  that  point.  In  18(19,  Charles  Hempstead 
and  his  brother  went  to  St.  Louis  from  Connecticut. 
There  were  at  this  time,  be  u.sed  to  relate,  but  two 
practi(\able  routes  from  the  Atlantic  States  to  the 
Missis.sippi.  One  of  these  was  n'a  I'hiladelphia,  ; 
across  the  mountains  by  wayoii  to  Uedstone,  thence 
by  flat-boat  and  keel-boat  down  the  Ohio  and  up  the 
Mississippi.  The  other  route  was  by  sea  to  Alexan- 
dria, Va.,  thence  by  Conestofia  wauon  or  horseback 
to  Wlieelinij:,  or  nia  Winchester  and  lloinney  to 
Clarksburir.  and  thence  to  Marietta.  From  this 
place,  if  thiuc  were  no  lioats,  it  was  common  for  the 
traveler  to  buy  a  canoe  and  paddle  himself  down  the 
Ohio  to  Sliawneetown,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Wabash, 
whence  there  was  a  road,  or  "  trace,"  across  country 
to  Kaskaskia.  The  latter,  beinu'  the  most  populous 
settlement  in  that  part  of  the  West  at  the  time,  was 
naturally  a  centre  of  attraction  to  travelers.  Mr. 
Hempstead  and  his  brother,  Hndinjr  no  vehicle  or 
other  mode  of  transportation  at  Sliuwneelown,  shoul- 
dered their  packs  and  walked  to  Ka.ska.-^kia,  a  matter 
of  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles'  distance.  The  country 
was  settled  thickly  enouj^h  for  the  lads  to  find  a  bed 
and  supper  every  nijrht  at  .some  sort  of  a  stojipinf^- 
place.  At  Kaskaskia  it  was  easy  to  find  horses  for 
transport  to  St.  Louis.  Philip  Fine,  who  came  from 
Tennessee,  a  lad,  in  1801,  recollected  bow  ho  tumbled  \ 
from  a  keel-boat  into  the  Tennessee  lliver.  At  Cape 
Girardeau  tiic  boat  was  sold,  and  pack-horses  hired 
to  transport  their  j^oods  to  the  Maramec  lliver,  where 
Fine  had  an  uncle  liviuji,  an  old  .settler.  J.  G. 
Euston  remembered  when  all  the  transportation  of 
St.  Louis  and  vicinity  was  done  in  the  French  cart, 


or  ell II 11) III',  on  land  and  keel-boats  by  river.  Tin' 
motive-poW(tr  of  the  rlmniili  was  the  French  |.iiiiv, 
or  .scrub  oxen  yoked  by  tli<^  horns.  A  cart  wiili  im,. 
horse  carried  about  five  hundred  pounds ;  with  twd 
added  in  tlu-  lead  its  capacity  was  doubled.  It  iii,,|, 
a  full  day,  and  often  lonjjer,  to  carry  a  load  ii  .><i, 
Charles  and  back.  Tliese  carts  were  nntih^  eiiiiivlv 
of  Wood,  without  a  pin  or  a  bund  of  iron  about  i|||.|j| 
Sometimes  liie  wheels  were  a  solid  block,  Imi  old 
UeL'is,  a  wheelwrij^ht  distin^rui.slicd  in  St.  ]jnui>  in 
his  day,  and  a  sort  of  jack-at-aH-trades,  conlrivcd  t(, 
turn  out  respectable  iiii  "'  spokes  by  mc,iii>  df  n 

lathe  rif.'<;ed  by  himsel  ply  a  sprinfi-polc,  «  tui; 

(d"  rawhide,  and  a  s]mitile, — and  with  this  hiili.  ih,. 
old  Workman  ii.-ed  to  maiiufaclure  capital  pci:  ti|. 
for  the  boys,  ebarjiim;  from  two  to  four  tallow  iinnlin 
ajiiece  for  tln^n,  the  hij;best- priced  ones  iM^ini:  nia'!.' 
ol'  sea.soned  hickory,  with  steel  point. 

Mrs.  Anne  \i.  Hunt,  the  dauiihter  of  Hon.  Cliiuli. 
J.  1?.  Lucas,  came  to  St.  Louis  with  her  ralljcr  in 
180."),  when  he  was  sent  out  by  JefTer.son  as  (jin'  ,i 
the  commissioiu'rs  of  land  titles  and  judj;e  dl'  ih,. 
district  court.  Judjre  Lucas  purchased  a  flullnat  i'l 
I'ittsbuijih,  and  .be  p)vcrnment  provided  hini  wiili  i 
corporal's  };uard, — one  man  to  steer  and  liiiir  hkmi  i. 
row.  The  boat  had  a  little  caboose  aft  fui-  llif  |iiii. 
tection  and  shelter  of  Mrs.  Lucas  and  her  cliiMini, 
all  the  rest  was  open  i  d  e.xpo.^ed  to  the  Wfatli.r. 
The  cari;o  was  made  'he  judjje's  fnrnilinv  iiiiil 

the  stores  and  provisi  ri  voyaj:;e  of  two  njinilli-. 

The  jiarty  started  June  <>,  inOi"),  without  any  ciiiii]i;iiiv, 
but  Mrs.  Hunt  notes  that  tliey  occasionally  ]ki>-iJ 
boats  and  rafts  on  the  way.  At  Shawneelinvii  .luiLe 
Lucas  took  his  mattress  a.-hore  to  sleeji  on  tlio  bunt. 
and  the  women  wen-  terribly  alarmed  in  tlic  iil:lii 
by  the  yells  of  Indians,  but  it  was  only  a  |iiiwHnw 
of  some  kind,  not  a  scalpinji-party.  .\l  Limisvillc 
the  travelers  went  ashore  and  tarried  with  i'liiiiil-. 
while  the  .soldiers  rowed  the  boat  over  tin;  fails. 
When  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio  was  reached  the  travil- 
ers  boujiht  or  hired  bor.ses,  and  procei'dod  mi  tlimi 
towards  St.  jjoiiis.  Gen.  Wilkinson  liavinu'  failcJ  lu 
send  them  a  promi.sed  kcelboat.  This  beat  tli  v 
cau^dil  and  went  aboard  at  Cape  (jirardeaii  •■  ll  «ii!  | 
shaped  somewhat  like  a  barge,  and  was  woikcJ  wiili 
oars,  with  a  luidillc  or  rope,  which  tin'  iihii  pulliJ 
when  the  banks  permitted,  and  with  sjiiked  |i"iA 
which  were  used  to  keep  it  off  tht!  bank.''  ''Iilmiij 
recollect  exactly  when  wo  reached  St.  liouis,"  wniiel 
Mrs.  Hunt,  "  but  it  was  somewhere  in  the  fijicprt'll 
September,  which  would  make  the  entire  tiiiiabuml 
three  montha,  and  that  was  considered  a  fast  tri|'  inl 
those  days.     Such   a  thinj;  as  a  hotel  or  boarJiuJ-j 


liiiii^c  was 

wli"  had  be 

mIi.iI  ileliiye 

wliiF  icsidei 

mil   In  be  pi 

wlicM  ilio  tri 

fliii-lio.it,  Iiii 

rem  a  house 

end.     To  be 

would  .s,dl  fbi 

ka.-ki.i  pony  c 

mid  ,1  house  tl 

lars  ivoiild  .sei 

diill.-ii's  u   veai 

luiisl  iicce.s.s/ii'i 

I'l       Jiol/LTt 

Louis,  whoso 
previous  chaptt 
Co.,  .Md.,  and 
l/iuisin  180[), 
in  the  (Iiiited  S 
port  at  Fort  Mi 
Wi  I'ili.shurgh  i 
(or  IV hose  trans 
prefiared.     1'hej 
The  ice  was  rui 
li'rih  in  soows,  a 
I'r.  .'^iinp.son  left 
nailed  several  dii 
liisi  11  kivl-boat 
ireiv  (if  three  m( 
p.is.sa;.'e,"  says  th, 
'lie  .Mi,s.sissippi  I, 
'ails.    Our   colli 
.^iil.<  of  fiMir  bian 
siiplinj;  cut  from  I 
"liii'h  abounds  in 
Joctor  sav,s 

"Mi'l  lint  rviioh 
I'l".  I  I'aiiii'io  St.  \,i, 
fibnmi-.v,  l,S|l.,.,„„j, 
"»  l-t  of  l'el,„,„r_v, 
i»-'t"ii,  in  eoiii),..oiy  w 
n-inaj  V.  liUUirk.  . 
H-»l  llin,i,^r|,  j,,,^! 
,  ''«>.''lali.,ii,.„„e|,„ 
(  '"■!  'like  llic  slaRP. 

•    H'-k'"l"ll..h,j;e.)„„.s^ 

.  '»?'"".  "Iiei-o  HO  nrriv 
•*'■  '■■■•li'-.-sl,,,,.  „„,|  , 

I*vi  I'ettibone  i 
'lie  Indian  archajolj 
nVe.st.    They  desc, 
''»"  to  Pittsburg! 


MANNEUS  AND  CUSTOMS 


295 


"T- 


inivi'  iiii'l 

iiiiini!i>. 

(•umi«iiiy. 

lly  iu>-ui 
wii  .iii'i^f 
1k'  bank. 
llu'  iil-li' 

L.ini>Vl':'' 

till'  lra\'l- 
oil  uii  lli'iu 

lldUt  ill')' 

uuii  \A^ 
^likoil  1«'1*[ 
liiiiii't] 
"  «Mte 


lioii^i'  wftH  or  nnnrsn  iinknowii  here,  htif  my  fnthnr,  '  nrk, — tho  firnt  mif  of  llif  HcaNiiii     T'  wax  liuilt  of  Htimf 

wliii  liad  Ix'cn  ii|i  to  St.  IiouIn  iilicail  of  us  to  Ktxl  out  pliiiikM,  witli    thi'   lower  hchiuk  calked,  forming  a  ]it<r- 

wliiii  ilc'lay<!<l  tho  knvl-lxmt,  Imil  requcHtcd  Mr.  Soulard,  fcutly  flat  Imttoiu.       It  v/a»  about  thirty  ft><-t  wide  and 

wliii  rci-idod  hurt',  to  rent  a  lioiisc  fir  hiiu  "      It   is  sixty   fi'et    Ion;;     with    triiiiwalcs    of  iilmut    oii-hteoii 

iidl   111  1)0  prL'suniod  that  tlicro  niii  lie  much  traveling'  iiiciics  in  iicii;lit       Iljion   tiii-*  were   raised  posts  and 

will  II  ilu!  trnvolprs  must  buy  and  jirovisioii  ilwir  own  boards  oiijht  feet  hij;b,  forniini;  an   interior,  divided 

Hal  liiiiit,  buy  their  horses  if  they  wish  to  ride,  and  into  rooms  for  cookini;  and  .sleepinir.  Tlie  whole  was 
ri'iii  :i  house  if  they  wish  to  stop  at  tluiir  journey's 
oiiil-  T(i  he  sure  ii  flat-bout  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio 
wiiiiM  sell  for  more  than  it  eost  at  l'ittshur<;h,  a  Kas- 
kii.-ki;i  pony  enuld  he  bouuht  for  one  hundred  livres, 
1111(1  ;i  house  that  could  be  houijht  for  five  hundred  dol- 


Ire  ini 


I  -M^l 


|i  fast  inv  '"• 
1  or  boariliii?-| 


eiivered    witli   a  flat    roof,   and    near   the   front    wore 

two  Ion;;  sweeps,  or  jripintio  oars,  oeeosionally  resorted 

to  to  keej)  the  unwieldy  Vessel   from   running  ajjainst 

islands   or  danjiorous  shores.      I'jvery  night  the  iirk 

was  tied  up  to  a  tree,  and  a  fire  built  on  shore.     The 

lur."  wmild  .scareely  rent  for  more  than  fifty  or  sixty     crew  and  pas.seniiers  lainled  at  everything  like  a  town, 

(i(ill!M>  a  year,  still  travel  under  such  circumstances     and  bought  inilk,  butter,  and   eg'js.     TIk;   bands  on 

must  neces.sarily  have  very  narrow  limitations.  these  boats,  and  on  flat-  and  keelboals,  we  learn  from 

Dr.   Kobcrt  Simpson,  an  early  postmaster  of  St.     a   meiuoranduin    furni.shed    the    Mis.souri    Historical 

Louis,  whose  mirrative  has  been   partly  quoted   in   a     Society   by    Capt.  Joseph    Barclay,    were   content   to 

pruvieiis  chapter,  was  a  native  of  Port  Tobacco,  Charles     work  for  twenty-fivo  dollars  a  trip  and  found,  though 

(V.,  Md.,  and  came  from  \Va.sbington,   I).  C,  to  St.     a  trip  often  consumed  thri'C  months. 

l/iuisin  1 8()!t,  having  been  appointed  assistant  surgeon  Timothy  Flint's  "  llecoUectioiis"  urn  dry  and  pro.sy, 

in  lln'  United  States  army,  and  received  orders  to  re-     but  they  embody  the  actual  observations  and  experi- 

piirt  iit  Kort  Madison,  on  the  Upper  Mississippi.     He     onces  of  a  conscientious  traveler.      Fie  went  West  in 

kt'i  !'itt.>liurgh  in  January  with  a  detachment  ol' troops,      1S1,5,  and  has  described   the  transjioriation   system 

lor  wiiiiso  transportation  a  number  of  flat-boais  were     the  more  minutely  in  that  it  often   occasioned   biin 

prqiMred.     They    were    intended    for    Now    Orlcan.s.      great    incommodity.       He  started   from    I'hiladeljibia 

The  ice  was  running  badly  when   this  army  sal'    il      to  Pittsburgh,  and  noted  pretty  much  all  that  he  :saw 

forlli  ill  scows,  and  a  boat  was  lost  at  Point  Pleasant,     eit  route.     The  people   he   mot   were   styled   "  back- 

Dr.  Siiupson  left  the  flotilla  at  Fort  Mas.sac,  and  there     woodsmen,"  their  baggage  was  calleil  "  ])lun''er,''  and 

waitcil  .several  days  for  a  passage  up  to  St.  Louis.    At     the  common  tavern  signs  in  the  mountains  were  the 

last  11  keel-boat  came  along  with  merchandise  and  a     wolf,  the  bear,  an<l  the  eagle.     The  travelers   passed 

crew  (if  three  men  and  a  steersman.     "  I  |iroeured  a     "  hundreds    of    Pittsburgh    wagons,'    the    team.sters 

[iassii}.'e,"  says  the  doctor,  "  and  we  made  our  way  up     fit  eoin[)anions  for  the  Ohio  boatmen, — rude,  profane, 

tlie  Mississippi  by  means  of  poles,  oars,  cordi;llf,  and     selfish,  and  drunken.     At  Pittsburgh,  Flint  was  struck 

•ails.    Our    curdilles  were    made   of  bed-cords,  our     with  the  multitudeandvarietyof  river-craft, thestately 

siils  of  four  blankets  sewed  together,  and  our  mast  a     barge,  big  as  an  Atlantic  schooner,  "  with  its  raised 

sa]iliiiu' cut  from  the  bank."    Continuing  his  narrative,     and  outlandish  deck,"  rc(|uiring  twenty-five  hands  to 

siiitli  abounds  in  happy  and  vivid  reminiscences,  the     work  it  up  stream  ;   keel-boats,  long,  slender,  elegant, 

ijdclor  says, —  i  carrying  from  twenty  to  thirty  tons;   Kentucky  flats, 

or   "  broad-horns,"  resembling  a  New  England   pig- 
"I.liil  lint  r(,'iich  Fort  .Miiili.'xiM  until  Mnv,  IS(I9,     In  .Tunc,  •     ..  i  •  /..  i     »  i<r      -i     i.     .  " 

,,    ,  ..  T     ■   •  ...■,,  .  Stye,  and  carrying  often  seventy  tons;  "family  boats 

W".  li'iiiiR'to  .'^t.  LiiUis  HI  iioancie.    I  visitcil  the  tiiwn  agiiin  in  •'      o  j  i  j 

Fibrimi V,  isi  I,  cMuniii^  luirt  way  by  lan.l  and  |i«it  by  water "*"  '''^  Ai't-boat  species,  large,  roouiy,  with  comfortable 

On  1ft  oi' I'ebruary,  I  SI :;.  I  left  on  an  iivcrlftnil  trip  t'(ir  Wa.sh-  i  apartments,  stovcs,  and  other  coinfru'ts;  "covered 
'"?' in  cimpaiiy  witli  .T.ibn  Hice  .Imies,  Clement  II.  I'enmse,  i  gluds,"  "ferry  flats,"    "Alleghany  skirt's,"   piroguas, 

Tbiiinii.s  I'.  Kiililick,  anil  Reuben  Lewis.     Mr.  Kiddick  ami   I  \  -cr  i  u  i  ..    ii      rni  i' .i. 

,    ,        ,    ,     ,  „  „    .  ,„  ,  common  skiB^s,  and  "  dug-outs.       The  manners  of  the 

psiM  thriiiii;li    Ijexingtiin,    Kv.,   to    hast    lennessee,  and    at  in 

Beans  Sh.iion  eoncludcd  to  .send  our  horses  i.aek  ti.  I-ii(.isviiio  ■  boatmeii  Flint  Ibund  to  be  as  Strange  as  their  language  : 

ml  lake  llie  stage.  Itctween  broken-down  staiies  ami  beini;  "  Their  peculiar  Way  of  life  has  given  origin  not 
paikcl  111!  slage-horscs  we  had  a  hard  time  in  getting  to  Wash-  „„ly  ^^.^  .,„  appropriate  dialect,  but  to  Ilew  modes  of 
ingtmi.  where  wo  arrived  in  something  less  than  forty  days  from  .  ^       ■    ^  ici.-  *i  ,.  u.. 

i,  ,    .       ,  ,         ,  .       ,  ,        ,       ;.     ■  enioynient,  not,   and   fitrhting.     Almost  every   boat, 

SI.  1,1111111.— sliiw  and  rough  trayelnig  in  those  days.  ...  .  n  j 

while  it  lies  in  harbor,  has  one  or  more  fiddles  serap- 
liiivi  IVitibone  accompanied  Henry  R.  Schoolcraft,     ing  continually  aboard,  to  which  you  often  see  boat- 
the  Indian  archtcologist,  on  his  first  excursion  to  the  i  men  dancing.''     Our  author  descended  the  Ohio  in 
[West.    They  descended  the  Alleghany  River  from  ;  two  or  three  difl'erent  crafts.    Here  is  his  description 
I  Clean  to  Pittsburgh,  and  thence  down  the  Ohio  in  an     of  "  poling :"  "  We  found  a  new  source  of  amusement 


M- 


y  *fk 


f    f 


''ti 


llith 


si 


i     t 


I 


■l'y«/ 


296 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


ill  contomplutiiig  a  set  of  twelve  or  fourteen  liundM, 
walkinfr  slowly  forward,  and  half  bent,  with  the 
shoulder  firmly  fixed  ai!;ainst  the  knob  of  a  long  pole, 
whose  iron  point  was  set  in  the  bottom,  and  thus 
apparently  with  great  labor  propelling  the  boat  against 
the  stream.  As  soon  as  they  have  walked  the  lengih 
of  the  boat,  they  raise  their  poles,  walk  forward  in 
Indian  file,  and  renew  their  '  set,'  us  tha  phrase  is, 
again." 

From  Cinoirniati  to  St.  Louis,  Plinl  traveled  in  a 
keel-boat  he  had  bought.  For  a  twenty-ton  boat 
nine  hands  was  the  c  )niploment  to  stem  the  current 
of  the  Mississippi,  and  French  boatmen  were  the  best, 
said  our  author.  At  one  place  they  would  cordcUe, 
at  another  pole,  at  another  "  bush-whack"  (pull  the 
boat  along  by  the  bushes  hanging  down  from  the 
bank),  at  a  fourth  row.  When  the  current  was  too 
strong  on  one  side  they  would  cross  to  the  other,  find 
all  the  way  it  was  a  laborious  and  exciting  struggle. 

"Let  no  d«lu(leil  citn^riint  iiimgino,"  siivs  riint.  "that  \\v. 
Clin  work  ;t  l)'mt  up  this  river  ivitlmiit  gri'iit  |iiiti('iico,  i'.v|icnso, 
and  laliiir,  iiml,  nt'ter  nil,  willioul  iliui);<'r.  The  dangur  and 
faticiio  in  thiy  kind  .)f  bontii.g  are  <inil<iulitpdly  groiiter  than 
lliot^e  of  sea  navigation.  Let  tlie  eiuigrant,  then.  wh.>  iiscend:^ 
this  river  make  Ihe  j'roper  estimates  of  tronhle,  expense,  and 
danger  in  advanee,  and  arm  hii;. self  with  the  reijiiisite  patienee 
and  resiMirees.  .-^liove  all.  let  him  Inive  a  full  eijrn|p|eiMen(  cd' 
laithfcil  and  experieneed  hands.  I  do  not  reiiieiiiber  to  have 
traversed  this  river  i.i  any  considerable  trip  withuiil  having 
heard  of  smut!  fatal  disaster  to  a  boat.  (»r  ha\  ing  seen  a  dead 
body  of  some  boatman,  reotignized  by  tlie  red  llantiel  shirt  whieh 
they  gCiUerally  wear.  The  multitudes  of  eareasse,*  of  b.>ats 
lying  at  the  |ioinls,  or  thrown  up  higl  and  dry  iii  the  wri'ek- 
heeps.  ticinonstrnte  most  palpably  iuiw  nuiny  boats  are  lost  in 
this  wild  and.  as  the  boatman  always  dennmiiuite  it,  *  wicked 
river.' " 

Travel  wiis  high  in  proportion  to  its  diftictillit's  and 
diingers.  In  18 10  Mr.  lilllon  paid  3.')0  to  have  his 
trunks  trjiiisporlcd  tVom  Shawnoetowii  to  Kaskaskia. 
The  actual  expense.";  of  keel-boating  from  New  OrliMins 
to  St.  Iiouis,  on  the  basis  of  a  boat  of  40  tons,  was 
•ibout  8215  a  ton,  so  that  freight  co-tld  not  be  traiis- 
poited  tliat  distance  foi'  less  than  about  $1,25  per  300 
lbs.  For  passenger.-:,  the  f.ires  from  New  Orleans  to 
LouisvillL'  and  St.  Louis,  even  after  steainboa's  began 
to  run,  w<ie  from  8125  to  81 50  taeli.  'I'liis  was  in 
a  iew  years]  rt, linked  to  8)!?  from  Pittsburgh  to  New 
Orleans,  iiikI  810  or  81-  only  for  deck  passengers. 
From  IJosion  to  ('"iitral  Illinois,  in  18IJ2,  the  fare  wa.'i 
about  8100,  Fiotn  Ualtiiaorc  to  Wheeling,  by  mail- 
stage,  the  charge  used  u)  he  8i2.  From  Louisville 
to  St.  Louis,  by  W!;y  of  Viiicennes,  825 ;  by  steam- 
boat. 5'il2.  Freight  f:'om  Laltimore  to  Wheeling  w.is 
81.50  pei  100  lbs.;  Wheeling  to  St.  Louis  02  per 
100;  New   Orleans  to   S;.  Louis,   by   Hieumboat,  ti5 


cents  per  100.  The  average  reduction  in  cost  of 
transportation  from  keel-boa:  rates  t(i  early  steaiiiii(iHt 
rates  was  in  the  ratio  of  5  to  1.  UememberiiiL'  liijs 
standard,  we  find  that  keel-boat  rates,  just  prim'  to 
the  introduction  of  steam  navigation  at  St.  iiouij 
wtm'id  have  ranged  about  as  follows :  St.  Luiis  to 
New  Orleans,  going  8100,  returning  8125;  .TcnnJ 
cla.ss,  8;J0  to  885.  Fieight,  descending  81.5(1  |ier 
100  lbs.,  ascending  83.  St.  Louis  to  LoiiLsvillo, 
850;  second  class  820;  freight  81  per  100  lbs. 
St.  Louis  to  Fever  River,  850  up,  830  down ;  to 
Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  875 ;  to  Franklin,  in  tli,'  Mi.s. 
souri,  82  per  100  lbs.;  to  Fort  Leavenworlli.  8,"); 
descending  rates,  one-third  of  the  above.  Tiiese 
figures  might  be  extended  further,  but  there  i.s  no 
need  to  use  them  except  for  illustration.' 

The  diffieitlties,  dangers,  and  expenses  of  travel  and 
transportation,  however,  could  not  arrest  li.i;  lideul' 
immigration  when  it  hiid  once  fairly  set  in.     It  ex- 
erted such  pressure,  it  rose  in  such  a  volume,  that  it 
overcame  every  obstacle.     A  St.  Louis  journal  uiidei 
date  of  Oct.  2H,  1810,  has  the  following  sigTiiticani 
paragraph :  "  Missouri  and  Illinois  exhibit  an  inter- 
esting spectacle  at  this  lime.     A  stranger  to  witmw 
this  s-;cne  would  imagine  that  Virginia,  Keiitiickv, 
Timnessee,  and  the  Carolinsis  had  made  an  agreeiDoni 
to  introduce  us  as  soon  a.s  po.ssible  to  the  bosoiii  ul'tlit 
American  family.     Every  ferry  on  the  river  i,s  daily 
occupied  in  passing  families,  carriages,  wagmi.s,  ne- 
groes, ear..i,  etc., — respectable  people,  appaiently  aWe 
to    jiurcha.se    large  tracts   of    land.      Come  on.  wt 
have  millions  of  iicrei-  to  occupy  ;  provisions  aiVL-luMi 
iind  in  abundance."      'lint  saw  and  mixed  iiiiith  wiih 
this  great  body  of  ne  v  settlers,  whieh  pervaii.'d  even 
part  of  Illinois  and   Kastern  and   Northern   .^li^-Hllri, 
besides  contributiiig  a   large  (juota  to  eiiliancL'  ilic 

■  .'*>o.i!>  after  Ihe  general  lirlc  of  iuiuiigratiou  rolhd  into  Mis. 
sciuri  anil  llilie  '■^,  the  following  was  the  scale  of  prices  l.nlikr 
and  artiides  of  eominon  iiso; 

WinftH. — Meehaniep,  ."ril  per  day  and  boar<l;  uuister-uii'i'l.:uiii\ 
milUvrights,  sioentilie  workmen.  )?'.'  and  $11  per  dieai :  rdiiiiiiun 
hands,  :f<lll  pel  mouth;  hands  using  broad-a.\e,  sm..  "i  |il.iiii 
(unskilh.'d  mechanies),  7.'i  cents  per  day. 

MiiIi-iIiiIh. —  lirieks,  .•?:!., 'ill  to  .?l  per  thoiisanili  sca.^ininl  I 
pine  boards,  .*2ll  to  S^:!!!  per  thousaml ;  unseasouid  i  rail  Jiuir,  I 
81'.'. oil  to  .'?l.i;  ll.;.iriug,  at  saw-mill.  SI.;!.'!  per  huinlrelil 
weather-boarding,  Sll  ei  nts  to  $1  per  hundred  !  wilm:  Ijuanl.-! 
for  ceiling,  f  I  to  ?i|..MI  per  hundred  ,  n.oling,  ~-i  ""iils  |"'i  lira- 
dred:  nails.  III  ccntB  by  the  keg;  glass, $11  per  haiidreil  ''{»■"': 
feet;  eil,  75  cents  por  gallon  iiy  the  barrel;  while  le:ul,  fl  I'trj 
keg  of  twenty-eight  pounds. 

Jiiiniiiif  Work,  etc. —  Kriuning,  $1  per  hundred  sipinre  lnl;| 
roofing,  if  I.. ''ill ;  laying  floors,  $1;  doors,  .'lU  cents  per  |i«iu'l,| 
window-sash,  II  cents  per  light;  laying  brick,  !?:.'  l"'r  iliJ-l 
sand;  plastering,  threo  coats,  IL'i  cents  pur  sipnirc  .viir'l.anJI 
board, 


population 
niisciies  of 
hardships  at 
smote  them 
rife  iiiiiong  t 

"Tliof  were 

nnil  Ihe  coinfor 

seemed  to  have 

arrivi'  iit  the  lai 

come  "f  course. 

ciiiigian Is  hail  e, 

ilifs  irci-e  erowdc 

able  apartment. 

cbarity.     ,\umcr 

most  e.vijuisite  de 

oioarred.    'J'hopa 

infant.--   widows,  i 

!i>  iiiii;'     So  e.vpcr 

nf-:ircringhnd  b( 

ilieir  natural  tendi 

Till"  lir.«t  house  wh 

rnoiu  of  which  wiii 

The  hu.-band  and 

llifre.     The  wife  w, 

Irfror  or  e.vhaustir 

■ene.     Three  ehildi 

tlipywere  i.n  the  hoi 

■'"'lar,  you  can  (III  „, 

'"  ellect  that  the  eh 

w.l  Territories  arc 

Piiiiiicnis  of  wretehi 

But  this  pictuJ 
Hint  saw  n)an<- 
■*'.  Charles,  where 
lui'ky  and  Virgini, 
«U|iy  the  rich 
'S'nieliiu,..s  as  inanj 
ill  a  single  day  for  , 
MMiLs  would  be  w 
""'i  il«  team  of  fi 
'««1«1  by  a  dozen  s 
li.*i  of  cattle,  hoi 
''«*.V,  hti-iliiig  sight 
!i'«i'atlle,  each  Jang 
ifwslilcd  heavily  wi" 

I''"''''-"'— a  {deasinj 
hw'ii.ui,"  ,sa_y,s  pii' 

Poland,  i;,ki„j,  ,i„.j 

hm  in  tiieir  jou 

p'  "iglilfall  they  ^ 

^'"■'  i'^  water  an,l  wt 

"'"'wAil  harking,  tl 

^['m,  i.s  nnharnet 

»»  'li'if  the  roo, 

'""^'"'■r!  Uten.sil.,  , 

'fa  siijipcr  which  t 
*aild  they  talk 


MANNERS   AND  CUSTOMS. 


297 


1)  Hiiuue  l"'i] 
liinro  VI"'' 


population  of  St.  Louis.  They  did  not  escape  the 
niiseiies  of  strangers  in  a  new  land,  unused  to  its 
hanl^liips  and  privations.  The  influenza  and  the  ajrue 
smoti'  them  severely,  and  colds  and  pneumonias  were 
rite  iiiiiong  them. 

"Tliey  were  but  toi)  often  wrctoliodly  furnished  with  uiuney 
nnil  ilic  unniforts  alinoat  in(lis|>on!>able  to  ii  long  journey.  Tt 
(eeriu'il  to  havn  boen  their  impression  that  if  once  tlioy  ooiilil 
arrivi'  Mt  tlio  land  flowing  witli  niillt  and  honey,  supplies  would 
come  "f  course.  Tlio  autumn  had  been  unusually  sickly.  The 
ciiiigrtmls  hud  endured  great  exposure  iii  arriving  here.  Faiii- 
ilifs  wire  crowded  into  a  single,  and  often  a  small,  uncomfort- 
able iiiiurlinont.  Many  suffered,  died,  ami  were  buried  by 
I'hnrity.  Numerous  instances  of  unrecorded  suffering  of  the 
most  cxipiisite  degree,  and  with  every  agonizing  oi-oumstance, 
ocourrcd.  The  parties  often  were  fric.idlcss,  moneyless,  orphans, 
infnnt.'^  tvldowa,  in  a  strange  liiml,  in  a  large  town,  as  humane 
as  iiii'.''  ''0  expected,  but  to  which,  unfortunately,  such  scenes 
Iff'  'ITiTiiLg  had  bc-ouie  so  frequent  and  familiar  as  to  have  loiit 
llieir  natural  tendency  to  produce  syu^puthy  antl  commiseration. 
The  lir>t  bouse  which  I  entered  in  this  town  was  one  into  onu 
ruoui  of  wliich  was  crowded  a  numerous  family  from  Mali-.?. 
The  husband  and  father  was  dying,  and  expired  while  I  was 
ilierc.  The  wife  was  sick  in  the  same  bed,  and,  either  from 
ttrrur  or  exhaustion,  i'l'ercd  not  a  word  during  the  whole  ■ 
.-ene.  Three  children  were  sick  with  fevers.  If  you  nild  thjit 
ihey  were  in  the  house  if  a  poor  nian,  and  had  spent  their  last 
Jullar,  you  can  fill  out  tin  picture  of  iheir  misery.  It  is  gloomy 
lii'Ik'Ct  that  the  cheery  results  of  the  settlement  of  our  .States 
;inl  Territories  are  not  ubtaineil  without  numberless  accoui- 
|i;iniiiicnis  of  wretchedness  like  this."  i 

I 

But  this  picture  is  one  of  exceptioniil  gloom,  and 

Flint  saw  man"'  brighter  ones  which   redeemed   it. 

!>1.  Cliarlo.'*,  where  he  lived,  was  a  centre  of  the  Kon- 

tuAy  and  Virginia  immigration  pouring  through  to 

occupy  the  rich    farm-hinds  of   !'orthern   Missouri. 

8(imetiui(\s  as  many  as  a  hundred  would  i)ass  through 

;  in  11  siui.'le  day  for  days  together.     Sometimes  a  dozen 

I  Jiijoiis  would  bu  waiting  at  the  Mameiles  ferry,  each 

fiih  it.s  team  of  four  or  six  horses,  each  wagon  ot- 

ttnJod  l>y  a  dozen  sltives,  and  followed  by  a  liundred 

IkKi'l  ul'  cattle,  horses,   sheep,  and  iiogs.     It  was  a  , 

I'wsy,  l)U>tling  sight, — the  cheery,  laughing  negroes; 

ItU  cattle,  each  jangling  a  difTereiit  bell ;  the  wagons, 

|ttei;;ht«l  heavily  with  house'iold  stuff,  and  women  and 

Itliiliireii. — a  ]ileasiiig  and  patriarchal  spectacle.     "  [ 

fUMioii,"  says  Flint,   "  'f   the   rich   iiihal)itani.s  of 

lEndand,  taking  their  su.nmcr  excursion  to  Tiath,  are 

Ikippicr  in  their  journey  than   these  people.      Just 

|iUi  ni^'litl'all  they  come  to  a  spring  or  branch  where 

er.'  is  wnter  and  wood.     The  pack  of  dogs  sets  \ip 

|ieliwrful  barking,  the  cattle  lie  down  and  ruminate, 

Ike  leaui  i.s  unharnes.xed,  the  huge  wagons  are  cov-  , 

pill  so  iliut  the  roof  completely  excludes  li'     rain, 

iiwkiiig  utensils  are  brouglit  out,  thj  blacks  pre- 

|ite  a  supper  which  the  toils  of  the  day  render  deli- 

U\  and  they  talk  over  the  adventures  of  the  j.aft' 


day  and  the  prospects  of  the  next.  Meantime,  they 
are  going  where  there  is  nothing  but  buiFaloes  and 
deer  to  limit  their  range  even  to  the  Western  sea. 
Their  imaginations  arc  highly  excited.  Said  some  of 
them  to  me  as  they  pa.«sed  over  the  Mameiles  prairie, 
the  richest  spot  I  have  ever  seen,  '  If  this  is  so  rich, 
what  must  Boon's  Lick  be?'  " 

Flint  found  the  rough  backwood.smen  who  made 
up  the  body  of  these  iuimig'-">ts  to  be  a  class  full  of 
homely  virtues,  and  he  was  not  sparing  in  their  de- 
fense and  praise.  The  backwoodsman  had  his  vices 
and  barbarisms,  to  be  sure,  but  underneath  there  were 
truth,  honesty,  hospitality.  Ilis  manners  were  rough, 
like  his  beard,  his  bearskins,  his  buffalo  robe,  and 
the  walls  of  his  csibin.  He  said  little,  his  courte.sy 
was  scant,  but  his  latch-string  hung  out  always,  and 
he  had  meat  and  bread  to  lay  before  every  stranger, 
"  I  reck'n  you  kin  stay,"  or,  "  I  s'pose  we  must  let 
you  .stay,''  was  the  best  welcome  the  casuid  visitor 
might  expect ;  but  the  ungracious  speech  veiled  many 
kind  deeds.  Everything  the  cabin  afforded  was  at  the 
new-comer's  service ;  good  fare,  good  cooking,  a  pro- 
fusely-spread board,  and  a  churlish  resentment  of  every 
offer  to  pay  for  what  was  received.  "  A  hardy,  ad- 
venturous, hospitable,  rough,  but  sincere  and  upright 
race  of  people,"  says  the  conscientious  Flint,  who 
still  cannot  (piite  forgive  them  for  not  likiuj.^  Yankees, 
.•ind  for  caring  little  tibnut  ministers,  and  thiiikiii;';  less 
about  paying  them.  "  They  are  averse  to  all,  evoo 
the  most  necessary  restraints.  They  are  destitute  of 
the  forms  and  observances  of  society  and  religion  ;  but 
they  aro  sincere  and  kind  without  professions,  jiiid 
ba''e  a  coarse  but  substantial  morality,  which  is  often 
rendered  more  striking  by  the  immediate  contrast  of 
the  graceful  bows,  civility,  and  professions  of  their 
French  Catholic  neighbors,  who  have  the  observances 
of  society  and  the  forms  of  worship,  with  often  but  a 
scanty  modicum  of  the  blunt  truth  and  uprightness  of 
their  unpolished  neighbors." 

Governor  Ford's  "  History  of  Illinois"  does  similar 
justice  to  the  i|ualities  of  these  .\merican  pioneers  who 
came  in  such  numbers  into  Missouri  and  Illiiiois,  in- 
stantly, taking  the  control  of  affairs  out  of  the  bauds 
of  the  French  settlers,  and  giving  a  new  impulse  to 
agriculture  and  every  other  industry.  They  wero 
mostly  illiterate,  with  few  schools  and  no  time  to  edu- 
cate their  children.  It  was  cbciiper  to  import  their 
educated  and  prof'c:-siomd  people  than  to  grow  t'lem 
at  home.  As  for  their  preach,  rs,  they  did  not  con- 
sider it  necessary  that  a  teacher  of  religion  should  be 
a  scholar.  They  did  good,  and,  so  tlie  matter  was 
right,  the  manner  was  not  worth  much  concern. 
These  people  were  nearly  all  farmers.     A  few  traders 


t'Vi 


m 


vr 


298 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


supplied  the  goods  whicli  they  did  not  produce  or  ' 
nianufucture  at  hoiue,  and  tliese  were  few.  The  farm 
yielded  nearly  all  that  the  frujial  life  of  toil  whieli  they 
spent  demanded.  They  rarely  used  ten  and  coffee ; 
the  shcep-ahoaring  produced  wool  sufficient  for  winter 
clothing  ;  the  cotton  and  linen  that  was  worn  was  raised, 
and  .spun,  and  woven,  and  made  up  at  home.  Cop- 
peras, indigo,  or  butternut  were  all  the  dye-stuffs  re- 
quired. A  coon's  skin  furnished  hat  or  cap,  a  deer- 
skin, tanned  in  a  donie.stic  vat,  or  dressed,  Indian 
fashion,  at  home,  supplied  shoes  or  moccasins.  A  hol- 
lowed log  with  a  pestle  was  all  th„  hominy  mill  that 
was  needed.  The  family  dwelt  in  a  log  cabin,  made 
out  and  out  of  wood,  cliinked  with  mud  or  mortar, 
without  glass,  nails,  hinges,  or  locks.  Kach  farmer 
was  liis  own  mechanic,  built  his  own  house,  made  Iiis 
own  harness,  implements,  and  utensils,  and  furniture. 
doc'oreJ  his  own  stock  and  his  children,  and  was  able 
to  take  c-ire  of  himself  in  the  heart  of  a  prairie  .sea, 
without  one  of  the  resources  which  Itobinsun  Crusoe 
found  ready  to  his  hand  on  Juan  Fernandez.  His 
carts  and  wagons  were  made  without  iron  and  run 
without  tar,  and  their  musical  creakings  were  of  a 
quality  to  have  silenced  an  orchestra  of  steam-calliopes. 
The  horse-collars  were  made  of  jilaited  straw  or  corn- 
husks,  and  GoNcrnor  Ford  tells  of  a  farmer  who,  when 
his  mischievous  son  had  hid  the  collars,  took  oft'  his 
own  leather  breeches,  stuffed  the  legs  with  straw,  and, 
using  them  for  collars,  turned  over  as  many  furrows 
as  usual. 

It  was  a  virgin  land,  full  of  beauty,  full  also  of 
riches,  into  which  these  pioneer  Anieriean.s  came. 
The  grass  on  the  prairie  ranges  grew  higher  than  a 
man's  head,  and  the  cattle  could  not  keep  it  down. 
There  were  wild  fruits,  berries,  plums,  pawpaws, 
herbs  for  sauce  or  phy'c,  flowers  ex(|uisite  as  hot-house 
exotics.  The  vines  hung  heavy  with  grapes;  the 
brooks,  the  rivuitu<,  the  spring-heads  were  umbrageous 
with  lofty  trees.  Everywhere  there  was  game  in 
C(ip.se  and  vale  and  open  prairie ;  the  bison  had  gone 
West,  but  the  dec])  paths  cut  by  his  feet  and  the  wal- 
lows where  he  had  rolled  and  plastered  his  huge 
flanks  with  mud  were  still  visible.  Few  rifles  crweked 
that  did  not  bring  down  a  deer  or  a  wild  turkey. 
Snakes  were  only  too  numerous  until  the  droves  of 
hogs  exlerminateil  them.  The  rural  settlers  wht 
came  in,  with  some  New  Knglanders  and  P'-finsylva- 
iiiaiis,  were  chiefly  of  the  yeoman  class  of  the  Caro- 
linas,  Virginia,  'J'ennessee,  Kentucky,  and  Maryland. 
Thev  established  themselves  on  the  margins  of  the 
little  prairies,  on  the  banks  of  streams,  and  near  large 
springs  of  water.  Their  cabins  were  built  of  round,  un- 
Isewn  logs,  and  the  floor,  where  there  was  one,  was  at 


most  of  puncheons.  The  wolves  serenaded  them  at 
night,  but  the  cypress  vine  and  tlie  woodbine  and 
morning  glory  festooned  their  fronts  by  day.  The  men 
hunted  and  tilled  their  fields  by  turns.  They  led  a  iiujet 
and  peaceful  life,  their  homes  too  remote  and  d('i|i  em. 
bowercd  in  seclusion  for  sociability,  but  not  for  IVioiid. 
ship  and  neighborly  deeds.  IT  a  man  was  sick,  the 
neighbors  plowed  his  field,  planted  his  corn,  cultivated 
and  secured  his  crop  for  him.  If  a  woman  were  sick 
or  in  travail,  the  neighbors'  wives  took  turn  atidut  in 
caring  foi  her  family  and  discharging  her  v.iiious 
hou.sehold  functions.  These  women  may  havr  Leon 
border  beauties  in  their  youth,  but  they  aged  <|iiiekh-, 
— there  was  so  much  hard  work  for  them  in  do, 
The'  d  few  graces  and  adornments  at  the  liest  nf 
times,  and  the  life  they  led  was  rather  honiclv,  like 
their  dre.ss.  Th  ■  lit  wood,  carried  water,  went  to 
milking ;  and  .empt  hair,  large,  coarse  hands, 
freckled  faces,  sunhurnt  necks  were  inevitable.  Thev 
were  often  alone,  and  sometimes  had  occasion  t(j  ]iru|]t 
by  their  knowledge  of  the  use  of  the  rifle  in  eIlc•ountf^ 
with  bears  and  wolves. 

They  spun  and  wove  the  stuff  their  garments  were 
made  of,  and  small   blame  to  them  if  they  did  \u 
encourage  a  fashion  of  flowing  patterns.     Six  yarrl> 
was  thought  to  be  almost  an  extravagant  alhiwaiicv 
for  a  dress.     There  were  but  two  widths  in  the  skin, 
the  front  one  cut  gored ;  the  waist  approached  tlio 
armpits,  and  the  fastening  behind  was  a  draw-.striii; 
across  the  shoulders  and  a  buttoneil  belt  at  ilio  waist; 
sleeves  "sheepshank"  pattern;  sun-bonnets  nf  low, 
with  pasteboard  sn'its;  for  Sunday  luxury  perhi,,. a 
Leghorn  monstrosity,  tied  with  a  great  broad  bow  of  I 
ribbon  apeak,  and   another  corresponding  one  umk 
the  counter.     The  tow  linen  dress  gave  way  to  caliw  j 
or  gingham  in  eoiii.^e  of  time,  since  the  prairie  man- 
ufacture could  not  compass  prints ;    but  the  iinsfj  j 
petticoats,  jackets,  and  bed-gowns  held  their  nwii.aiiii 
so  did  the  check  and  "  domestic"  aprons.     Madaiiii'l 
and  mademoiselle  e<|ually  went  barefoot  in  suii'.ner; 
in  winter  wore  yarn  stockings,  knit  of  c(ip])erus-dyeilj 
wiiol,   and  moccasins  or   coarse   brogaiis,  nr  "sliiit'-| 
packs,"  most    conirnonly    the    latter.       .\    woinaiul 
wardrobe  hung  on   pegs  around   the  eaiiin-wall,  ihJ 
man  s  clothes  on  pegs  beside  it  when  he  <lid  nut  liavjl 
all  that  he  po.ssessed  upon   his  back.     If  iiewcrei 
hunter  ho  always  wore  the  hunting-shirt,  of  liiisevo 
butternut,  with  the  bosom  bulging  out  witli  stori'Sii 
all  kinds, — it  was  his  only  poeki.t.     This  lildu,' '  iiuii| 
to  the  knee,  belted  light  about  the  wpist,  and  ii 
often   fringed,  if  a  teamster's   a'.-.vays.    Tlie  liuiiia 
wore  a  vest  of  skin  or  woolen  clotii,  a  pair  nfl,').':;!!!^ 
or  kersey  trowsers,  deer-skin  moccasins,  and  a  o:i|i( 


MANNERS   AND  CUSTOMS. 


299 


coon- 


or  doer-skin.    The  farmer,  in  place  of  the  hunt-  '  in  a  few  months.     Bce-huntera  were  numerous,  and 


iioiils  wcve 
ley  iliil  iw 

Six  yanl* 
t  ullowimo 
in  Uie  skitl, 
roacliod  tin- 

ilniw-strini; 
ii  I  lie  wnisi; 

llH'tS    of  t'W. 

ry  \H>rliL,. a 
riiiul  bow  of 
one  umitr 
rt'iiy  to  eaViw 
iirairie  w:in- 
it  tlie  liiiMl 
lieir  iiwii,  and 
[,<).  Miulaiui' 
ill  suii'iif 
i[H>enis-il\C'l 

is.  Ill'  "*'l"''- 
\    wimijni 

;,|,iii.\viillih« 
aiil  iHiili«' 
11'  lie  wiTf 

It,  of  liusfV' 

iwilli  stovi'^ 
lslll<m^'l»"1 
i>t,  aii'l  * 
'Hie  limiii 

,;,ir"f'.-'i:'-'" 
mid  a  f»F 


iiic  sliirt,  wore  a  frock-coat  of  kersey  or  linsey,  with  wax  was  an  article   of  export ;  so  was  bear's  grease. 
moi;il  or  horn  buttons,  buckskin  trowsers,  woven  straw  But  the  hunters  and  farmers  had  tlieir  sports,  their 
hilt.     His  shirt  was  coarse,   unbleached,  unstarched  ,  recreations,  their  hours  of  relaxation,  though  they  did 
stuff,  iind  he  {generally  had  a  bandana  neckcloth  in  not  take  holiday  like  their  French  neij^hbors.      Horse- 
miiiui'ous  folds  about  his  neck,  like  a  Belcher  hand-  races,  especially  scrub-matches  and  quarter  races,  were 
kenliiof.  unless  he  preferred  to  have  his  throat  and  ,  fretjuent.    There  were  gander-pulliiigs,  too,  and  shoot- 
liaiiy  breast  !....•<.  to  sun  and  wind.  ing-iiiatchcs  for  turkeys,  all  of  which  amusements,  as 
Tliose  i)ionf.jr.s,  coming  in  their  jolting  wagons  over  the  women  kept  away  from  them,  were  boisterous  and 
a  iiu'ie  preter.se  of  roads,  could  not  bring  much  furni-  disorderly,   much   whiskey   con.sunied,  and    free  and 
ture  witli  them,  and  that  in  the  cabins  (there  was  not  rough-and- tumble    fights    very    common.     In    these 
room   for    much)    was    homemade,   rude,  and  plain,  fights   gouging   was  as   frequent  an    it    ever  was   in 
'fiuhedstead  wasabunk, — a  fork  driven  in  the  ground,  ,  Georgia,  and  river  boatmen  ashore  made  the  rioting 
poles  laid  across  to  the  wall,  boaids  on  them,  and  on  !  and  disorder  worse  than  it  would  otherwise  have  been. 
these  a  bag  of  sacking  tilled  with  straw,  or  a  pile  of  Dancing  was  common    at  hou,se-raisings,   and   every 
bear-  and  deer-skins.     Tiio  table  was  made  of  boards  j  other  entertainment  in  which  women  participated,  such 
pegL'ed  on  to  a  frame,  with   four  legs  crossing  each  ;  as  weddings  and  iiuskings.     The  pioneer  people  mar- 
otlier  ill  the  centre  like  a  saw-buck.     On  this  a  few  ried  young,  and  with  none  of  the  Creole  ceremonial 
pewter  dishes,  plates,  and  spoons,  some  wooden  bowls,  and  consultations  dcs  ixiniils.    The  couple  made  their 
uo^^'iiis,  and  gourds.      A  few  had  coarse  china  and  own  bargains,  announced  their  intention,  got  a  license, 
Jellt  wave,  but  it  was  not  esteemed.     It  broke  easily  a  squire  or  preacher;  then  there  was  a  dinner,  which 
auJ  euiild  not  be  replaced,  and  it  dulled  the  scalping-  the  wedding  ceremony  preceded,  and  an  infariiig,  tiic 
and  elasp  knives  used  for  trencher-work.    There  wore  '  neighbors  coming  together  to  build  the  young  folks  a 
iiuii  pots,  a  gridiron,  a  frying-pan,  a  Dutch  oven,  but  j  cabin.     There  was  much  co-operation  in  the  pioneer 
no  tinware,  unless  a  coffee-pot.     Every  house  had  its  |  society. — it   was  "help  mo  and   I   will  help  you"  at 
loom,  however,  and  its  big  or  little  spinning-wheel,  or  j  log-rolling,  iiouse-raising,  wood-choppings,  corn-.shuck- 
botli.     The  dietary  was  abundant,  but  lacked  refine-  iiigs,  and   rail-.spliitings.     All    turned  out  if  a  ehi'd 
meiit  and  variety.     When   the  mill   might   be   fifty  was  lost,  and  every  one  went  to  a  funeral,  to  a  camp- 
miles  off,  it  was  cheaper  to  be  content  witii   hominy,  meeting,  to  county  court,  to  a  political  barbecue,  and 
'I'liat  eiiuld  be  beaten  at  home,  and  it  went  well  with  to  a  public  sale  or  vendue. 

pork,  and  .still  better  witii  game.  The  elegant  mod-  The  Spanish  laws  required  every  settler  and  tenant 
era  euisiiie  i>f  cities  has  been  able  to  discover  no  sub-  of  the  royal  domain  in  Upper  Ijouisiana  to  be  ii  good 
stiniie  fur  hominy  as  the  accompaniment  of  venison  Catholic.  Hut  when  Cruzat  and  Trudeau  and  De- 
and  eanvas-back  duck.  Some  meal  was  pounded  up  ,  lassus  invited  over  the  American  colonists,  and  made 
at  home,  enough  to  make  johnny-cake  and  pone,  liberal  conces.sions  of  land  to  them,  they  winked  at 
aiui  mu.'ili  for  eating  at  supper  with  milk,  or,  in  warm  this  ordinance  with  both  eyes.  "  Of  course  you  are  a 
wiaiher,  a  pan  of  clabber.  The  farmer's  wife  made  .  good  Catholic,  or  else  you  would  not  come,"  said 
f.iv  sweetmeats,  but  she  did  her  best  in  the  spring  to  I  Trudeuu  to  a  Presbyterian  minister.  And  when  the 
liiil  down  a  supply  of  maple-sugar  and  raaple-.syrup,  latter  asked  permission  to  hold  meetings,  the  Lieu- 
ami,  if  there  was  an  orcliard,  there  was  sure  to  be  tenant-CJovernor  said  he  had  nothing  to  do  with  any 
■:ultr,  piiivided  tub*'  or  barrels  could  be  liad.  The  public  assemblies,  so  they  were  not  disorderly.  All 
;ardeii  .^atici!  was  not  abundant ;  but  wild  greens  were  this  conveys  a  very  good  idea  of  the  quality  of  the 
much  siiuglit  after  in  the  spring, — sorrel,  lamb's  quar-  Spanish  rhjlmi .  It  was  the  shell  of  despotism,  but 
ttr.doek,  ]ioke-sprouts,  purslane.  The  fields  supplied  without  tiie  kernel.  It  was  patriarchal,  but  not  pater- 
toasiiii;;-eais  and  pumpkins  ;  the  "  patch"  gave  beans,  nal.  It  was  a  potentiality,  but  not  a  power.  The 
<|iia.shes,  potatoes,  cabbage.  If  compa.iy  came,  a  Lieutenant-Governor  was  absolute  in  authority,  but 
itlieop  or  ealf  or  half  a  dozen  chickens  were  killed  ;  if  he  left  every  one  to  pursue  his  own  coun.sels  in  nearly 
litri'Wiisa  log-rolling  or  a  house-raising,  pot-pie  must  every  case,  and  confined  his  drill  and  his  di.seipline  to 
Wjiropared,  and  such  pasties  as  were  got  up  for  such  the  little  handful  of  regular  soldiers  under  his  own 
|oica>ioii8  Friar  Tuck  never  conceived  of,  immediate  care  who  made  up  the  garrison.  In  all 
Hunting  was  business,  not  sport.  When  wolf-  ordinary  matters  lioiue  rule  was  the  only  rule  in  St. 
were  a  dollar  apiece  and  land  two  dollars  an  Louis,  The  syndic,  the  eommiltees  and  trustees, 
KTt'.  f«\\K  hunters  could  make  enough  to  buy  a  farm  and  tiie  notary  and  priest  hud  control  of  the  public 


H 


iH 


^  in 


300 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


im 


A   . 


n  -i 


mn    't 


■  lit  i  ': 


business  and  of  local  affairs.  The  Governor  was  use- 
ful for  oraanient,  for  defense  against  external  ene- 
mies, and  as  arbitrator  iu  cases  of  appeal.  But  the 
people  transacted  their  own  business.  The  law  under 
which  they  fiovcrned  themselves  was  the  coulitnie  de 
I'aris,  which  all  were  familiar  with,  as  children  in  a 
city  are  familiar  with  the  main  rescripts  of  the  police 
code. 

Spain  governed  Upper  Louisiana  under  the  general 
regulations  of  the  Spanish  colonial  code,  a  very  elabor- 
ate system  of  rules,  conceived  and  matured  in  wisdom, 
and  tried  and  proved  by  experience.  But  the  unlet- 
tered inhabitants  of  Jiouisiana  knew  about  as  much 
of  this  code,  and  came  about  as  much  under  its  opera- 
tions, as  the  rude  sailor  on  the  ocean  knows  or  is  af- 
fected by  the  consular  code  of  his  government.  They 
saw  the  flag,  they  heard  the  drums  beat,  they  met 
the  Governor  on  the  street  and  in  the  church,  and 
when  they  or  their  neighbors  quarreled  they  went 
before  him  to  settle  the  dispute.  He  signed  their 
marriage  contraet.s,  and  gave  them  deeds  for  land 
when  they  bought  it,  and  if  they  died  he  authorized 
and  regulated  the  sale  of  their  personal  effects  at  auc- 
tion. That  was  all.  In  other  respects  the  govern- 
ment was  outside  and  aloof  from  the  people,  only 
touching  them  in  matters  of  real  estate  and  of  written 
contract.  The  code  of  the  Indies  and  the  laws  of  the 
Paitidas,  wise  and  beneficent  institutions,  were  in 
nothing  more  wise  and  more  beneficent  than  in  leav- 
ing this  simple  people  entirely  alone.  Meddlesome 
Governors  or  a  restless,  uneasy,  mistrustful  people 
could  have  Ciisily  made  mischief  Put  this  code  and 
these  laws  over  colonial  Boston,  with  Kdmund  Ran- 
dolph to  administer  them,  and  there  would  have  been 
a  rebellion  in  six  weeks.  But  the  people  of  St. 
Louis  were  easily  contented ;  they  did  not  care  under 
what  tenure  they  held  their  lands  so  they  remained 
in  undisturbed  possession.  They  did  not  object  to 
have  the  law  regulate  the  rates  of  interest,  since  they 
seldom  borrowed  at  all.  and  never  except  at  the  es- 
tablished rates.  They  made  all  their  contracts  in 
compliance  with  the  anitmnr  dc.  J'dti's, — second  na- 
ture with  them, — and  so  were  not  in  danger  of  hav- 
ing them  revoked.  They  gave  themselves  no  concern 
about  the  formalities  and  intricate  regulations  con- 
cerning wills  and  testaments,  nuticupatives,  donation" 
intcrfiros,  disjiositions  viorh'ii  cudhh,  revov.iiions  ex- 
press and  revocations  implied,  for  the  notary  at- 
tended to  all  that,  as  it  was  his  business  to  do.  They 
seldom  left  property  out  of  their  family,  and  so  never 
came  in  collision  with  the  Governor's  power  to  nullify 
their  wills  and  set  their  death-bed  bequests  aside 
But  a  system  like  this  would  not  have  worked  ut  all 


in  New  England  ;  a  system  which  required  wills  tu  be 
executed  in  the  presence  of  a  notary  in  order  to  sus- 
tain their  validity,  and  for  some  classes  of  be(|iir!<t8 
exacted  the  signatures  of  seven  witnesses,  and  whieli 
required  to  know  all  a  testator's  circum,stanccs  In  Pure 
conceding  his  competency  to  make  a  will,  would  Iwve 
disturbed  Mas,sachu.setts  and  Vermont  more  thau  tiic 
severest  earthquake  that  was  ever  experienced  tlH'rc. 
So  also  the  paternal  and  domiciliary  interventiun  uf 
the  Spanish  law  in  every  other  matter  of  succession  ■ 
its  recognition  of  illegitimates,  its   care  of  widnws, 
dowries,  and  marriage  contracts,  and  its  guardiaiisliii) 
of  minors,  would  all  have  been  looked  upon  as  liij;lilv 
iu^pertinent  in  any  English-peopled  State.     This  in. 
trusive  law  further  compelled  children  to  mairiiiiiu 
their  parents,  and  directed  kinsfolk  to  take   r,\n  uf 
minor  orphans  ;  it  compelled  witnesses  to  tell  all  ijiey 
knew  about  things  deemed  material  to  the  dis|iiMija- 
tion  of  justice, — in  short,  it  was  an  offensively  ]iat(>iiial 
system,  the  weight  of  which  the  people  of  St.  Louis 
never  felt,  any  more  than  they  felt  the  weight  uf  the 
atmosphere,  for  the  simple  reason  that  they  wuiu  h\- 
nature,  tradition,  education,  and  disposition  imliinj 
to  do  exactly  what  the  law  prescribed,  and  to  avuij 
all  that  the  law  forbade. 

Louisiana  only  had  one  Governor,  O'Ucilly,  win, 
let  the  weight  of  his  hand  be  felt,  and  seareuly  the 
windage  of  that  blow  reached  St.  Louis.  In  Wm, 
St.  Louis — Upper  Louisiana — was  a  distinct  |iriiviiiee 
from  the  lower  one,  though  dependent  on  it.  Tlic 
Lieutenant-Governor  was  under  the  orders  uf  tiu'  (inv- 
ernor  at  New  Orleans,  but  he  was  appointcil  liy  ih,' 
crown.  The  intendant  at  New  Orleans  was  scarwlv 
heard  of  in  St.  Louis,  and  the  Lieutenant-Governor  on 
the  spot  had  almost  unarrested  jurisdiction  as  tu  li- 
nances,  Indians,  commerce,  the  collection  of  ivvcime. 
and  the  sale  of  lands.  These  grave  and  mighty  I'uiif- 
tions  were  easily  discharged  in  St.  Louis  ;  the  finan- 
cial department  was  limited  to  paying  salaries :  ilie 
Indians  were  kept  quiet  with  presents,  and  iinw  ami 
then  a  hanging  or  an  imprisonment;  commerce  nmsilv 
took  care  of  itself;  no  taxes  were  eolleeteil.  so  ilio 
revenue  caused  no  sleepless  nights;  and  tlio  laml  iliv 
positions  were  chiefly  the  concession  of  |iaris  dl'  ilie 
royal  domain  to  friends  and  favorites.  Tlie  JiieiiUn- 
ant-Governor  was  himself  intendant-general,  com- 
mander-in-chief, jf/r  jxililiro  judge  of  adiiiiraliy.  as- 
ses.sor,  alcalde-general,  auditor,  prociiniir  ilv  ni 
nyki'if  tU'  Qilii/iloH,  contractor,  and  trousuror.  .\11 
the  (ffices  and  powers  of  the  State  were  a.ssi'nilili'J  in 
his  person,  ex(!ept  those  of  syndic  and  priest,  ami  iliej 
latter  no  longer  had  the  functions  of  in(jiiisitiir,  andJ 
hence  hia  authority  was  simply  advisory. 


'TluTi'  i.Siiqi,|||,n 
hJ  liino.*  in  ,s-t.  iMuh, 
»»i'.v.M,-.  ij,„|fre^.  ,1 
■W  .Ma.lri.l  Co.     ••  I  || 
'"ii.Mi.  l.cMKMir.    "ir 
''•nliiocl  iindep-  d,,,.  ].■ 

'"''"'  "'«<'•"  Kovei„„l 
"Icr  lln.  lifii,.     j(  „|, 

'""'  ' 'liall  nriMver  ll 
"'g'oerniiiciits  of  fJ 
"""""lun)  kind  „ei-e^ 
%«li"naino„jj  Ilie  oil 
™lm  ''f  .■onlrovori.y  \ 
"'O'lm  «(  each  ,,oM. 
■•#'■■  I'fivile^,.,,  „„,! 

"""I'.>  the  treaty  of  J 
l"'l'iM.S|atcR(hepJ 


MANNERS   AND  CUSTOMS. 


301 


When  power  was  so  unlimited  there  would  be  a 
iiiitiii'iil  tendency  to  administer  laws  humanely  and  in 
aeeordancc  with  public  opinion.     This  was  the  case 
with  li'ijal  process  i)articularly  ;  execution  on  judgment 
iniu'lit  be  had  in  four  days,  yet  the  indulgence  of  the 
Governor  always  secured  ample  time  for  the  debtor  to 
i)iiv  without   distress   to  himself  or  sacrifice  of  his 
priiinity.     Fees,  costs,  and  legal  charges  were  kept 
down  10  a  very  low  minimum,  and  no  extortion  was 
ever  permitted,  yet  the  payment  of  debts  in  St.  Louis 
under  the  Spanish  n'glmv  is  said  to  have  been  unusually 
piomiit  and  punctual, — a  necessary  condition  to  a  busi- 
iic;:?  which  rested  on  credit,  and  whose  only  circulating 
nieiliiini  was  also  the  chief  article  of  trade.    Stoddard 
observes  that  "  the  change  produced  by  the  operation 
iif  the  laws  of  the  United  States  (after  the  cession), 
the  dilatory  proceedings  of  our  courts,  the  introduc- 
tion ol'  the  trial  by  jury,  and  the  expenses  of  legal 
contracts  gave  a  temporary  check  to  trade  and  to  the 
irodit  of  merchants,  particularly  in  Upper  Louisiana. 
Kxnerience  led  them  to  believe  that  the  Spanish  mode 
of  decision,  grounded  on  equitable  laws,  wa.s  much  the 
most  wise  and  salutary  ;  and  they  murmured  at  a  sys- 
tem eak'ulatcd  to  produce  delays,  and  in   many  in- 
stunees  to  create  expenses  equal  in  amount  to  the  sums 
(ieiuaiicled.    They  preferred  the  judgment  of  one  man 
to  that  of  twelve ;  and  it    is  but  justice  to  observe 
that  their  judicial  officers  were  in  most  instances  up- 
ri:hi  and  impartial  in  their  decisions."' 

Stoililard  calls  attention  to  one  gratifying  fact, 
which  is  a  jiractical  testimony  to  the  good  effects  of  the 
Niani.-li  system,  and  that  was  the  almost  total  absence 
(if  aiiijravated  crime,  a  circumstance  .scarcely  to  be 
li.i|ii:il  lor  in  such  a  mixed  population,  leading  lives  of 
Hkh  c.\citenicnt  and  adventure  in  settlements  .so  new. 
ruuiiiliments  were  not  too  rigorous,  but  they  were 
ciTiain  to  be  meted  out  to  the  offender,  and  the  dread 
uf  ilio  .Mexican  mines  and  the  dungeons  of  the  Moro 


Itsurer. 
iLssenililfJ  iu  I 
liest,  iHnltlwl 
nuisitiir,  ainil 


HCOOII 


lilt  of  tile 


'TliiTi'  i.«  a  iinnint  cunnriniition  of  this  in  (in  iie 
■iiiliiiius  in  St.  l.uuis,  fnriiishiiil  to  a  iiewsiiaiier  soini^  ten  yours 


tiiltlllius  in  M.  l.onis,  lornisiiuu  lu  u  iifw^iiujiur  piuiir  len  yi-jir! 

I  »;  in  Ml,  (iiiclfrey  I.ofuour,  nn  old  c-iti/.i'n  of  Point  I'leiisnnt 

1  Nfit  Miilii'l  Co,    "  I  linvo  lived  here  under  live  ({overnnu'iils,' 

I  nil  Ml.  l.csueiir.    "  1  wiis  burn  niuler  the  .'^|mnish  governnicnt, 

;t'nlivvil  under  the  I'reneh  governincnl  tcinporurily,  then  the 

Vniiiil  Sillies  govcrnineiit,  then  thiit  of  the  Ciiiil'eiloracy,  niiw 

unlir  llie  fifth.     It  may  be  iisked  whieli  government  was  the 

j  tisi'    1  -liiill  aniiwer  briefly, — that  under  the  two  tlriit  named, 

I  ibtgovcrnnieuts  of  Franco  and  .'Spain.     Nn  ta.xe»  or  eontribu- 

I iMi ul  any  kind  were  uxavled  from  the  people.    There  was  no 

I 'jligaliciii  iiniiiii);  ihe  eiti/eiis,  and  no  lawyers'  fees  to  pay.     All 

liMllors  .if  iiintroversy  were  neted  upon  promptly  by  the  enni- 

IniiiiJaiil  nt  each  post.     The  people  were  protected  in  all  their 

Irjkl.-,  |irivil<ges,  and  immunities  which   were  guaranteed    to 

litMii  liy  llic  treaty  of  cession.    When  the  country  was  ceded  to 

|iUlnilcil  .States  the  people  were  happy." 


Ca.stle  in  Havana  quelled  the  turbulent  immigrants 
from  tlie  United  States.  As  to  the  Creoles,  they  were 
naturally  of  a  peaceful  disposition,  educated  to  obey, 
kept  in  hand  by  the  church,  .and  acutely  .sensitive  to 
the  disgrace  of  punishment. 

In  St.  Louis,  under  the  Spani.h  government,  law- 
yers were  not  encouraged,  forensic  disputations  were 
not  allowed,  and  the  laws  tliemselves  were  not  pub- 
lished to  the  people.  It  was  thought  ennugh  that 
they  were  known  by  the  government.  Political  in- 
quiry was  discountenanced.  The  governmetit  made  the 
laws  ;  it  was  enough  for  the  people  to  do  to  oliey  them. 
The  publication  of  ordinances  and  decrees  was  iuilhor- 
ized  where  not  incoiupatible  with  the  public  interest 
and  common  welfare,  but  this  authorization  amounted 
to  nothing,  Stoddard  notes  that  only  two  decrees 
were  ever  promulgated, — one  an  ordinance  relativf*  to 
dowry  and  the  inheritance  of  intestate  estates,  the 
other  respecting  grants  and  concessions  of  laud,  pre- 
scribing the  quantities  allowed  to  settlers  and  the 
forms  to  go  through  in  order  to  {lerfeet  titles. 

Practically,  neither  Upper  nor  Lower  Louisia-  , 
had  any  revenue.  There  was  no  direct  tax.  Collat- 
eral inheritances  paid  two  per  cent,,  legacies  to  stran- 
gers four  per  cent.,  transferred  shipping  six  per  cent,, 
and  there  was  an  income  tax  on  salaries  and  ''venal" 
oflBces,  All  vessels  paid  a  pilotage  at  New  Orleans 
of  twenty  dollars,  and  the  license  for  .selling  ardent 
spirits  in  St.  Louis  and  Upper  Louisiana  was  thirty 
dollars.  There  was  also  a  duty  of  six  per  cent,  on  all 
goods  cxportei'  imported,  and  that  was  all.  The 
receipts  of  the  (Jpper  and  Lower  Louisiana  treasury 
from  all  these  sources  was  $12G,(I00  ;  the  expenditures 
were  S6r)0,000 ;  annual  deficit  $.'i24,00().  To  liqui- 
date this  Mexico  contributed  8400,000  annually,  the 
balance  of  §124,000  was  met  by  the  i,ssue  of  treasury 
certificates  or  exche(|uer  bills,  which  circulated  as  a 
sort  of  currency  and  were  bought  up  by  officials  of  the 
finance  department  on  speculation  at  a  discount  of 
twenty-five  to  thirty  per  cent.  At  the  time  of  the 
cession  of  Louisiana  the  debt  accruing  from  these  de- 
ficits was  about  $450,000,  showing  that  unpaid  certifi- 
cates were  outstanding  to  cover  nearly  four  years. 

The  French  in  America  were  certainly  wedded  to 
their  system  of  government,  their  ruiihime  dv  I'urlit, 
and  their  commune  home  rule,  l^xcepting  St,  Louis, 
all  the  towns  in  French  Illinois  retain  to-day  their 
ancient  commons  and  common  fields,  just  as  they  ex- 
isted between  a  hundred  and  a  hundred  and  fifty 
years  ago,  Louisiana  is  still  governed  under  the  old 
Roman  civil  law,  not  greatly  modified.  In  Canada, 
afler  the  British  conquest,  the  laws  of  Kngland  were 
introduced  in  17G4,  including  trial  by  jury  and  legis- 


\  IS 


302 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


,    ! 


>11 


\>: 


'IS ; 


■U.I 


lative  assemblies  elected  by  tlie  freeholders.  The 
Canadians  did  not  like  the  chan<;e.  Innovation  was 
disajrrecable  to  them,  and  they  lonji;ed  to  have  their 
ciiutiime  do  Furix  restored  to  them.  Tliey  petitioned 
to  have  their  aneient  laws  and  customs  reinstated  and 
the  unluniiliur  Enj;lish  statutes  set  aside.  This  was 
in  17(55.  They  petitioned  aji;aiii  in  1770  and  1773, 
and  tinally  Parliament  passed  the  "Quebec  Act,"  abol- 
ishinf;  all  former  laws  and  ordinances  of  the  Enj^lish, 
and  re-cstablishin<;  "  the  laws  and  custoni.s  of  Canada." 
Why  this  tenacious  clin<;in<;  to  old  forms?  Because 
the  administration  of  the  law  under  them  was  admi- 
rably simple,  clear,  inexpensive,  and  equitable.  A 
few  cases  from  the  records  and  archives  of  St.  Louis 
under  the  Sjianish  ri[t/iiiie  will  illustrate  this. 

In  1780,  Charles  Gratiot,  as  has  been  detailed  in  the 
chapter  on  the  "  affair"  of  that  year,  brouj;ht  suit  against 
Charles  Sanguinet,  under  a  writ  of  replevin,  to  recover 
his  goods,  deposited  with  the  latter  for  safe-keeping. 
The  ca.se  was  tried  before  De  Leyba.  Gratiot  filed  his 
"  nar"  May  8th  ;  Sanguinet  rt plied  May  10th.  The 
next  day  the  deposition  of  Gratiot's  clerk  was  taken, 
and  the  same  day  Sanguinet  was  ordered  to  restore 
his  private  papers  to  Gratiot.  On  the  12th,  Gratiot 
offered  to  let  Sanguinet  keep  the  goods  at  his  (Gra- 
tiot's) appraisement.  Sanguinet  provisionally  accepted 
this  (Kith),  but  proposed  valuation  by  arbitrators, 
which,  May  IGth,  Gratiot  declined,  whereupon,  May 
20th,  Sanguinet  decided  not  to  take  the  goods  at 
Gratiot's  valuation.  May  26th  the  Governor  ren- 
dered his  decision : 

■'All  the  evliloncc  in  the  rase  hiiving  hcc:i  attentively  cx- 
aniincil  and  ilulv  can."iilcreil.  we  deciile  that  Mr.  .'^nngninct  is 
n'>t  ,sin<lnineil  in  his  defense;  thut  he  nnjiistiliubly  retiiined 
the  goods  of  Mr.  (Jriitiot,  wliiih  hinl  lieen  merely  inlrusteil  to 
his  care  for  safe-kei'iiing.  as  is  proven  hy  nil  the  eviileni'u  in 
the  ease.  In  conseqiienue  we  eondenin  the  said  Mr.  .■^anguinct 
in  all  the  costs,  expenses,  and  damages  of  this  puit,  and  direct 
him  to  restore  to  .Mr.  (irntiot  all  the  merchandise  deposited 
with  him  by  said  Oratiot  for  safe-keeping,  under  penally  of 
imprisonment. 

"Given  at  .St.  I.ouis,  in  the  government  room,  by  us,  Don 
Forn.indo  de  Loyba,  eomnnimler-in-uhief  and  Lieutenant-Uuv- 
ernnr  of  the  western  part  of  Louisiana." 

That  was  all, — case  heard  without  expense  or  ex- 
traneous matter,  judge<l  upon  its  merits,  decided 
without  appeal,  imprisonment  if  the  decree  be  not 
obeyed.  Say  what  we  will,  this  is  Jus/ice,  in  the 
original  and  effective  sense  of  the  word.  To-day 
the  case  would  have  had  two  or  three  lawyer,  on  a 
side,  two  or  three  jury  trials,  with  one  or  two  issues 
taken  up  ''  on  appeal"  to  the  higher  courts  ;  finally, 
after  eighteen  months'  or  two  years'  litigation,  costing 
each  party  more  than  the  goods  were  worth,  a  jury 
would  bring  in  '•  a  compromise  verdict,"  stultifying 


to  themselves,  and  satisfactory  to  nobody  else.  An- 
other case :  Domingo  Bargas,  Spanish  merchant,  dies 
suddenly  in  the  night.  Father  Bernard,  the  p;irisli 
cure,  is  uncertain  about  giving  the  body  buriul  in 
consecrated  ground, — Bargas  may  have  died  of  in- 
toxication or  some  other  unnatural  cause. "  The 
Governor  orders  Dr.  Gibkins  to  make  a  post-inuiiem 
examination,  and  himself  questions  u  few  wilii<'sse.s. 
Verdict,  apoplexy  from  heat,  and  the  dead  man  re- 
ceives proper  burial. 

In  the  case  of  the  killing  of  Madame  Choutiaii's 
negry,  before  referred  to,  in  which  damages  were 
claimed.  Governor  Cruzat,  in  doubt  himself,  rd'orreil 
the  evidence  to  "  the  chief  tribunal  at  New  Orleaii.s," 
and  to  Governor  Mir6.  Had  it  been  still  more  enin- 
plicated,  it  might  have  gone  to  Spain  for  the  liiia! 
decision.  When  Mir6's  decision  was  receivoJ,  the 
parties  were  called  together  and  made  to  sign  a  jiaper 
assenting  to  it,  appraisers  and  umpire  were  foitlnvith 
appointed,  the  value  of  the  negro  determincil,  ihe 
sums  assessed,  the  money  paid,  and  a  receipt  given. 

A  Governor  has  retired;  his  successor,  takin;,'  nl' 
fice,  calls  the  inhabitants  together,  and  at  once  they 
take  the  following  action  : 

"  We,  the  undersigned,  inluihitiints,  merchants,  tra.ksmin. 
hunters,  and  traders  of  the  post  of  St.  Louis,  iissomhicd  in  ihe 
government  chamber,  by  direction  of  Governor  Don  I'nukijco 
Cruzat,  of  the  Illinois,  certify  to  all  whom  it  may  (■oncciii  ibi 
we  have  no  subject  of  complaint  to  allege  against  ihc  aiiinner 
in  which  we  were  governed  by  His  Kxccllency  the  lalo  tiovmi  r 
Don  I'edro  Piernas ;  that  he  rendered  ua  all  thejustice  to  nliiiliite 
were  entitled  ;  that  neilher  himself  nor  the  company  of  soMiers 
he  eomuninded  in  the  post  ever  committed  any  e.\ces-es  urex. 
tortiona,  or  were  guilty  of  any  wrong  ou  any  of  llio  iulubi- 
tanis;  that  said  cuinpauy  occasioned  no  trouble,  nor  gave  nny 
scandal  nor  bad  example  ;  that  no  one  receiveil  any  vinknceor 
bad  treatment  without  cause;  that  wo  are  not  aware  thai  lie 
had  any  pecuniary  agreement  or  understanding  wiih  anyunr 
whomsoever  on  this  or  the  other  side  reg.^rd  lo  Iju-iiK-*.  k 
was  never  experienced  by  any  one  that  he  had  iniuri"!  tLe 
p  .blic  in  restricting  trade:  that  he  nevei  exacieu  aiivililN;;. 
either  from  traders,  hunters,  or  merchants,  for  licenses  or  |i;i.v- 
ports  necessary  for  their  atl'airs,  neither  in  setting  ""t  iiur  «t 
their  return;  that  he  never  excluded  any  one  from  llic  Unilili 
of  this  trade,  which  he  distributed  alternately  each  year  ti  llie 
best  of  his  judgment  for  the  public  interest  and  the  naiulnr 'f 
traders;  that  no  one  received  any  ill  treatment  frnin  llii' liili.in 
tribes  for  having  been  bailly  received  by  him  at  this  pusl ;  lliil 
they  never  heard  from  said  Indians  any  complainis  of  liiui,  lii! 
behavior,  nor  of  the  .Spanish  government,  and  that  llier  art 
pcjiceahlo  and  contented,  as  well  as  wo  ourselves.  In  sliurl.  m 
can  only  speak  well  of  him,  and  with  respect  and  gratituli'. 
"  In  presence  of 

"  Fkaxcisco  t'liiz.ir.' 

It  was  the  policy  and  practice  of  the  Govormirs.in  j 
every  case  where  the  thing  could  be  done,  (n  eiii'iiur-j 
age  disputants  to  submit  their  issues  to  inljiirntiinj 
and  avoid  litigation.     Tliis  was  very  successful  lyre- 1 


MANNERS  AND  CUSTOMS. 


303 


sortPil  to,  and  without  being  looked  upon  as  any  very  to  reply  in  three  days.  Tinon  does  so.  He  did  sell 
extniiirdiiiary  performance.  Thu.s,  Diurt  and  Dutehu-  the  lot  to  Denoyer  for  a  heifer  and  a  pair  of  cart- 
rut  liiive  a  dispute  about  a  carsro ;  the  case  has  two  wheels ;  be  got  the  heifer,  but  never  received  the 
sides  It)  it ;  losses  have  been  incurred,  but  Pierna.s  1  wheels.  Denoyer  received  the  lot,  and  Tinon  several 
wrsiiiides  them,  in  order  that  they  may  '•  end  and  put  times  offered  to  give  him  a  deed  for  it,  "  but,  being 
„  ^t(i|i  to  a  suit  which  might  be  ruinous  to  both,  and  too  stingy  to  pay  the  costs,  bus  always  deferred  it 
iivuiil  :ill  prosecution,"  to  refer  the  matter  to  three  ex-  and  allowed  the  fence  and  ground  to  go  to  ruin,"  so 
pelt  arbitrators,  one  of  whom,  the  umpire,  should  be  that  the  Governor  reclaimed  the  land  and  annexed  it 
anpoiiiied  by  the  Governor.  Diart  named  merchant  to  the  public  domain.  A  copy  of  this  reply  is  ordered 
Teriarlt,  and  Datcburut  named  merchant  Laclede  to  be  sent  to  Denoyer,  with  directions  to  rejoin  in  three 
bii'm'.-^t,  while  Picrnas  named  Lambert  Lafleur,  lieu-  days,  at  the  same  time  Tinon's  counter-claim  against 
teniinl  of  militia  and  merchant.  Perrault  and  La-  Denoyer  for  work  he  promised  to  do,  but  neglected. 
tlede,  not  to  be  outdone,  agree  upon  a  basi.-;  of  settle-  The  judgment  is  that  Denoyer  carry  out  his  contract 
nient  without  calling  in  the  umpire,  and  so    be  whole  for  work  with  Tinon  ;  cow  and  calf  awarded  to  Tinon, 


matter  is  settled  at  once. 

Tlie-se  Governors  did  not  decide  on  the  side  of  the 
cupitulist  and  apainst  the  laborer.  Picart  (Pierre 
Masw''  was  his  right  name)  and  J.  B.  Labastille,  lead- 


and  Denoyer  ordered  to  deliver  the  cart-wheels   be- 
sides, and  pay  all  the  costs  of  the  suits. 

One  must  be  careful  how  he  talks  at  the  church 
door  in  this  loyal  town,  as  witness  this  decree  of  Gov- 

niincrs  at  Mine  Lamothe,  took  out  twenty  thousand  \  ernor  Piernas: 

pounds  of  lead  from  land  they  thought  to  be  part  of  •      .<  „.„  ,j„„  j,„,,,,„  ,.i^^„,,^_  „^l,j„i„  „f  i„f^„j^y  „„j  Mentenant- 

llie  royal  domain,  free  to  squatting  miners.  Then  ;  IJovcrnor  of  llm  Illinoi.<i  settlements  of  His  C'utliolio.Mnjewt.v:  in 
Liiroze  came  along, — it  was  his  land,  bought  of  Datch-  j   viewof  the  ooinpluintof  .Mr.  l.vui.-  i.mnbert.of  the  Ijlh  August, 

di  ■     J    *i    •     1     J         J     j„  „„  *u«.«  „-flr    '  aiiiiinst  .Aiiuible  Letounieiiu,  a  Cuninliun,  accused  of  usinir  iui- 

he  seized  their  lead  and  drove  them  on.  i    *■  ,      ,.  .       ,  '         ■  ,    .  .       ,  , 

'   proper  unil  seditious  liin^uago  in  conteinpt  and  dcrisiuii  of  the 

Pierims,  appealed  to,  investigated  and  confirmed  La-     „r,iinances  of  the  king,  pubiisiicd  by  ns  at  the  door  of  the 

rozc's  title,  ordered  him  to  survey  his  land,  and  com-  |  ehurcli  on  the  day  of  the  feast  of  the  Assumption,  and  also 
iiellc'd  iliin  to  restore  their  lead  to  Picart  and  Laba-  '  that  of  .Mr.  .Joseph  Labugoiere,  of  the  same  date  to  the  same 
jtille,  who,  however,   were   to   work   there   no   more 


mthout  permission  of  Laroze.     Masse  had  another  i 


_■  liny 

[iwiuo  llial  '"■ 
wiih  uiiy  "!«■ 
liusiiH-*.    It 
^d  injuri'l  lie 
ijieii  iiuvlMiii. 
Ii'i'ii.-o*  or  {<"■■ 
t  ,.\it  lu.r  lit  ! 
1  till'  l"-'"''''" 
lu'ii  yciiv  to  tke 
till'  uiun'ji''"' 
,  till'  lii'V 
Itliisp-.tiiU 
linisoflii"'''"'  I 
tliin  ll-ej'  "'  ' 
l„fli.,rl.«e  I 

l.'iu  '-"■" 

|Govevniir>.i»j 

■lie,  toou'-'""-] 

Ito  arbitrati""] 

,ccesalully'«-j 


ell'ect,  we  dcchire  the  said  Amable  Letourneau  duly  attainted 

and  convicted   of  seditious   language  and  a  disturber  of  tlie 

public  pence,  and  sentence  him  to  ten  years'  banishment  from 

oad  dispute  with  Fram.-ois  Vallt;  about  a  rate  of  wages,   i   ]li<i  Majesty's  settlements,  with  still  heavier  punishment  should 

He  ludiied  a  complaint  with  Piernas,  who  investigated   ;  ''«  disregard  this  sentence  and  reappear;  as  also  to  pay  all  the 

,         '  J  .1  1, „  ,1     .  i,:„  ,,„  . ^„^„_   f(_„        costs  anil  expenses  of  this  prosecution. 

ilio  matter,  and  the  result  was  that  his  successor,  Lru-  '  ,   , .    , 

I      L-       '       "bcntcnco  e.\eonted  this  day.  Cottin,  .i/yii'iji/. 

zii.  exonerated  Valle,  and  ordered  Picart  to  make  him 

aiiuUic  apology,  and  retract  his  injurious  imputations.  '       In  the  way  of  personal  diflSculties,  there  seem  to 

I'kavt  asked  leave  to  lay  the  case  before  the  Governor-  [  have  been  more  suits  for  slander  than  anything  else 


(iiiK'iai  below.     It  was  granted,  and  the  sentence  con- 
i  Stiiiod.    Ciuzat  appointed  Laclede,  Carpentier,  and 


in  the  little  village, — natural  enough  in  a  small  com- 
munity given  greatly  to  talk,  and  where  everybody 
Duralde  to  receive  the  apology,  and  Diego  Blanco,  1  knew  all  about  every  one  else,  where,  moreover,  there 
sneant,  and  Juan  Olivier,  soldier,  to  act  as  witnesses.  ;  was  a  strong  dislike  to  everything  calculated  to  disturb 
Hard-headed  Miiss(5  declined  to  rnakt;  the  apology,  but  ;  kindly  and  neighborly  relations.  To  decide  in  such 
»fw  holding  out  for  a  fortnight  submitted.  This,  cases  taxed  both  the  patience  and  the  judgment  of  the 
loo,  was  jiLstice,  and  of  a  very  fine  (|uality  and  pure  Governors;  but  they  met  the  difficulties  bravely. 
stniin.  Parents  deal  so  with  their  children  ;  why  Uobidous  match  with  Becquot's  daughter  had  been 
CJimut  judges  deal  so  likewise  with  unjust  suitors  who  broken  off  by  tiiles  about  llobidou's  undesirable  rela- 
iMuie  beliiie  them  ?  Are  they  not  j)ut  upon  the  bench  tives  in  Canada,  some  of  whom  had  sold  their  souls 
lio  do  justice  between  man  and  man?  [  to  the  devil, — one  had  killed  his  wife,  one  had  com- 

.\  cniss-snit  comes  before  De  Leyba, — one  of  the     mitted  sticrilege,  etc.,  and  as  "  there  were  no  wicked 
Mt  ihat  iittorneys  nowadays  grow  fat  on.     Jo.seph     ones  in    Becquet's    family,  he  would    not    introduce 
iMarchctaiid   Denoyer   petitions    De   Leyba :    Claude     any."     llobidou  petitioned  the  Governor  for  redress, 
lliiiiin  fM  liim  a  lot  for  a  heifer;    the   heifer   was  [  and  wished   him  lo  compel    Becquet  to  disclose   the 
lilivrrod  to  Tinon,  but  Denoyer  claims  the  lot  was     name  of  his  informant.     The  Governor  said  the  cvi- 
LiJ  nut  to  belong  to  Tinon.     lie  therefore  wants     dence  pro  and  con  was  pretty  evenly  balanced,  so  he 
liihtil'cr  (now  a  cow  with  a  calf)  restored  to  him.     threw  the  case  out  of  court,  enjoining  on   all   parties 
(Leyba  orders  Tinon  to  bo  furnished  a  copy,  and  '  to  curb  their  tongues  in  future,  and  particularly  rec- 


304 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


■it  ? 


'  «M  ri 


N' 


oiiiiuendin<;  KobiJou  to  "  procure  the  requisite  docu- 
ments from   Canadii  in  support  of  the  respectability 
of  his  branch  of  the  Robidous."     It  wan  a  reflection 
upon   a  man,  n  disgrace  to  him   in   the  eyes  of  this 
simplo-licartod  conimunily,  to  liave  ''  wicked  ones  in 
his  family."     Another  suit  was  thrown  out  of  court 
bcoause  the  action  proeeeih'd  "  from  u  spirit  of  chica- 
nery and  obstinacy  subversive  of  the  harmony  that 
should  exist  between  neij^hbors."     In  another  ease, 
where  an  oftender  had  impeaciied  a  lady's  honor  and 
conl'cssed  he  lied,  the  judfjmeiit  was  that,  "  considering 
the  petition  of  the  .said  Menard,  and  the  <;ravity  of 
the  offense,  and   that  the  written   recantation  is  not 
ade(|uate    to    the    injury  done   the    lady,  we    order  ■ 
that  the  said  Menard  be  conducted  on  the  next  Sun-  ' 
day  to  the  door  of  the  parish  church,  at  the  close  of 
the  mass,  where  he  will  publicly  make  the  necessary  ' 
reparation  as  stated  in   his  written   recantation,  and  i 
will  suffer  an  imprisonment  of  fifteen  days,  as  an  ex- 
ample to  others."     In  another  slander  case,  between 
women,  the  matter  is  thrown  out  of  court,  there  being 
no  grounds  for  suit  but  "  the  idle  scandal  of  babbling 
women,  which  took  place  long  since,  and  is  now  re- 
vived by  dissensions  and  broils  among  tliem."     The 
Governor  imposed  absolute  silence  on  the  subject  on 
all  implicated  in  it,  forbidding  tiiem  to  reflect  on  each 
other  in  any  way,  "  under  penalty  of  the  utmost  rigor 
of  the  law  to  be  impo.sed  upon  the  first  transgresso:." 
Michael  ('alas  was  proved  to  have  defamed  tli'j  rep- 
utation of  Madame  Montardy.    Governor  Piernas  de- 
cided that  Calas  was  a  caluuiniator,  and  should  make 
reparation  by  publicly  apologizing  to  the   lady  and 
asking  her  pardon  ;  by  paying  a  tine  of  twelve  hun- 
dred niaravedis,  half  to  the  lady,  half  to  the  Church,  ' 
"  and  to  be  banished  and  chased  away  from  this  part  ; 
of  the  Illinois  for  ten  years,  as  a  pernicious  ealuniD'-  j 
ator  and  disturber  of  the  public  repose,  as  much  for 
tlie  present  offense  as  for  otiier  violences  committed  ! 
heretofore.     To  this  effect  he  will  be  conducted  by  a 
detail  of   men   beyond   the  lands  of   this   province, 
where  this  sentence  will  be  read  to  him  by  the  con- 
stable of  this  post,  enjoining  on  him  to  resp(!ct  his 
banishment,  and  not  to  rea]ipear  under  penalty  of  cor-  , 
porai  chastisement  if  found  on  the  possessions  of  his 
Calholic  Majesty."     Jcannot,  convicted  of  being  "a 
disturber  of    the   public   peace,  prejudicial    to  good 
morals  and  public  traTi(]uillity,  having  been  heretofore 
driven  from  the  place,"  ten  years'  banishment,  costs 
and  exjienses.     In  fact,  St.  Louis  justice  was  as  eager 
to  get  rid  of  all  its  "  de.sartle.ss  rogues"  as  Dogberry  j 
could  have  been.  i 

One  of  the  most  fatiguing  duties  of  the  Governor  j 
grew  out  of  the  fact  that  his  notarial  functions  were  ' 


very  extensive.     The    law   called    for  a  groat  luanv 
written  instruments,  deeds,  contracts,  inventories,  etc., 
and  the  Governor's  a.s80ciation  with  a  large  propniiion 
of  these  was  essential  to  their  authentication.     \Vil|,«, 
marriage  contracts,  land  sales,  sales  at  auction  of  jut. 
sonal  effects,  inventories,  manumissions,  deeds  "(  n\(t, 
deeds  of  donation  inlervivus,^  and  many  other  f'nriiial 
documents  received  the  executive  signature  ainl  n. 
quired  his  approval.     It  seems  that  there  were  a  ;;(ioil 
many  slaves  manumitted  in  old  St.  Louis,  e.-<|i(M,.ia||v 
females.     The  consideration  specified  was  usually  valu. 
able  and  faithful  service.     Thus,  Jo.seph  Dnbe,  belure 
Labusciere,  "acting  as  judge  and  substitute  of  the 
king's  attorney-general  in  the  Illinois,"  declared  iliai 
he  had  "  received  valuable  services  from  his  Indian 
slave,  Marie  Marguerite,  for  which  reason,  as  lie  had 
always  found  her  a  faithful  and  attached  servant,  he 
now  gives  her  her  freedom,  as  also  to  her  feinahu'liill 
Victoire,  aged  about  two  years,  declaring  said  .slaws 
now  free,  to  enjoy  all  the  rights  and  franciiises  ul't'm' 
persons,"  etc. 

There  were  a  good  many  Indian  slaves  in  U[i[iir 
Louisiana  under  the  Spanish  iri/imc,  and  it  is  m 
quite  clear  where  they  came  from,  but  it  seems  [iroli- 
able  that  there  was  a  system  of  buying  and  enslavini; 
captives  made  by  the  Indians  from  tribes  wiili  which 
they  were  at  war,  and  probably  an  exchange  (jf  such 
slaves  from  one  part  of  the  Territory  to  anotlnr. 
Indian  slaves,  it  is  obvious,  were  treated  and  rcBirded 
precisely  as  negro  slaves  were,  with  the  differcnw, 
however,  that  more  Indians  than  negroes  appear  tn 
have  been  manumitted.     Many  of  the  enslaved  In- 

1  This  was  an  odd  form  of  deed,  of  which  several  .ire  m 
record.     Thus,  Zonon  Tnideiiu,  cx-riieuteniint-(ioveriior,  wi-his 
to  do  ^^oiiiething  for, I.  B.  Trutenu.  schoohiuister;  he  iiri'iinliiijlv 
makes  him  a  present,  for  liis  cliildren,  of  a  debt  of  fniir  liiiinln  J 
dolhirs  in  tlie  followin);  form  :  "  He  it  Itnown  by  tliis  iiilintiirf  , 
lliat  T,  Don  Zeiion  Triideaii,  lieiitenitnt-coloucl  and  i':i|itaiji  <! 
groiiadiers  of  the  regiment  of  LoiiiHiana,  declare  tliiil  1  am  iiiilir 
grateful    aclfnovvledgnienis    to    Don    .Juan    Haptjste  'fnUiaii. 
schoolmaster  of  tliis  town,  he  liaving  for  si>ine  years  oihii'iilii 
my  numerous  family  w!h  particular  care,  and  havitii;  rcoeiv. 
many  favors  at  his  hands,  and  being  my  relative,  and  lav  oMr.t  J 
son,  Don  Henato,  being  godfather  to  his  eldest  son,  Kcno  I.<'ui>. 
with  my  free  consent,  without  any  inilucemeut  or  per? aasji.n.  iii  I 
the  best  form  of  law,  and  well  knowing  my  rights  in  such  caie', 
I  acknowleilge  and  ileclarc  that  I  make  a  pure  and  prrfici  gif',] 
which  the  laws  call  iiileiviro",  and  irrevocable,  to  the  aialc 
dren  born  and  to  bo  born,  with  the  e.velnsiim  of  llir  li'malfS.'jfl 
the  said  .luan   liaptiste  Trutoau  nf  the  four  him'Iri'il  iliilUnj 
which  he  owes  me,  which   1  odvanced  for  tht;  jMirclia^'e  <>t' t 
house,  and  now  henceforth  and  forever  I  roliniini.-baridaiian'l'.'ij 
all  right,  title,  actions,  and  resource  to  the  said  ("wr  liuiilreil 
dollars,"  etc.     Truteau  accepts  the  gift  and  thetrusi<T.-lii|i«iiM 
similar  formalities,  while  the  Oovernitr,  for  his  part  <if  liie<l<^ 
bears  witness  that  ho  knows  the  contracting  parties,  an  I  iliij 
they  had  executed  the  paper  before  him. 


diaii  wonie 

iiiiisicrs,  an( 

idiildreii.     J 

"till'  rcgisfi 

lii'linv  Labu 

l.iK.'  .V.  Hem 

iiniiiiMl  Marie 

aisiavcof  .said 

would  take  ct 

that  .sjiu  shou 

lint  have   b(;e 

mis  now  in   t 

and.  as  he  Jiai 

liy  deed  of  gif 

to  protect  her  i 

or  (iny  one  else. 

'  Among  other  ( 

Viliiirs  -citing  f|.„ 

Haiie  fici.ing  Indi, 

»ife,  llicir  mulatto 

■'"."'I'll  I'apin,  his  n 

md  lind  just   niadi 

nefn)  slave  I.ouison 

naiiifil  Alexis,  f„„r  j 

mil  one  I.nuis  J,ire(| 

■itlo-irl  .Mariana. 

»iie  llargos,  wlio  had 

'iHM'liiid  himself,  up,, 

lafiiKcnliuii  of  liiii-g, 

-■•iithern  .•<iates  the 

"lerc.inpleled  inch, 

i"'f<!"sniulnito  won, 

•'f'ni'n.vniontbyhori 

'Hir  liiindred  dollar.", 

JO'lmriivo  children! 
■'■.'I'""'.  I''ather  Tor 
•i>"'<:  slaves  I.elongin. 
»m,,  acred  ,«i,,y^  ,, 

■'""-'f-t  fliilil.  .Ansel, 

""'"itiKn.in,  his  miilatf 

» mesnzo  slave  of  Af.  [„1 

'■mmi  at  .Vcv  Orlean.J 

'"'««>  Ester,  aged  for,, 

■rlier;  the  same  gentlj 

."■"'»M,  name,!  Kdwal 

"•■h'in'lr,'d,|„||„,.,  ,,„jl 

l"'"l  f'lllier  of  the    bo| 

I't"  liis  ne-res,  |{ei,.|n, 

;""l"i«l'ep„i,|   f„,  ,,I 

|"*»  of  ,;„!,„  M.  Ma,.,if 

['"■"»oon,liii„„  that  Bhl 

f""'  ™,ni,„it.s  i,i„  „  r 

If""'.  '!'»  l-rice  (ixed  ll 
,'■'■'"'■"'""  y""'"-.w„r,|f„  J 
H».l,alfli„„,|,„,f„     J 

H«<lv.lollars,  frees  his] 
'""flii'iai,la((oslaveAft, 
'""'''•"".V  (almost  ,1,0  I 
■^■»"i'"'  "f  slaves  a.,  ,1 

'""■'"'"'■'"Cforfonrhl 
'"'''"'■''"tifK„y,„.    I 


MANNERS   AND  CUSTOMS. 


806 


(liiiii  women  were  probably  the  concubines  of  their 
iiiiislcrs,  and  set  free  because  they  had  borne  theiu 
eliililreti.  Louis  Meiivier,  for  example,  appears  at 
"  till'  ri'fjistry  of  tlie  royal  jurisdiction  of  Illinois," 
liel'dic  IjabuHciere,  and  declares  that  he  has  at  the 
l;il(i  N.  Henrion's  a  little  ^irl  ajjed  about  five  years, 
iwnii'il  Marie,  the  child  of  said  Henrion  and  Af;nes, 
a  slave  of  said  Metivier,  on  condition  that'said  Henrion 
would  take  care  of  and  raise  her  us  a  good  father,  and 
that  slio  should  be  free,  otherwise  the  said  gift  would 
not  liiive  been  made.  But  Henrion  said  the  child 
was  now  in  the  possession  of  Madame  Beaugonou, 
and.  lis  he  had  never  convoyed  the  child  to  Henrion 
liv  (iecil  of  gift  or  otherwise,  so  now  he  set  her  free, 
•n  protect  her  from  being  en.slaved  by  Henrion's  heirs 
(,r  iiiiy  one  else.' 


I  Ainnni;  other  ili'ods  of  innniimission,  wo  flnil   Meiit.  Iioiiis 

\  illiir.'  >L'tting  free   hi.i  ncgrcss  Julio,  ngiul   thirty  ;   Kraiifoi.f 

luiie  fiei'inB  Imliaii  mail  Pierrot,  agod  forty;  Do  Volsay  anil 

uifi',  llK'ir  mulatto  girl  Kranfoise  (who  was  Do  Volsay's  ehilil) ; 

,lo?i|ili  I'apin,  hiu  negress  Flora  aiiJ  hor  eliilrt  (l'a|>in  was  siek, 

:,nJ  bad  ju.«t   iiiailo  his  will);  Josejih  Oalvct  anil  wife,  tlieir 

negro  slave  Louison  Salbiixe;  Nic.  F.  Oiiion,  "a  mongrel  boy 

naiiiod  Alexis,  four  years  olil,  son  of  his  Inilian  slave  Mnilelcino 

mil  line  I.oiiis  I.irclte,  of  this  plaec;"  Charles  Henrion,  his  mu- 

.illo  "iri  Mariana,     In  the  ease  of  a  mulatto  infant,  ohilii  of 

jnc  Itargcis,  who  hail  ilieil  suililonly,  the  Ooveriior  manumitleil 

\\w  fliilil  himself,  upon  the  report  of  arbitrators  that  it  hail  been 

thf  iatentiiiii  of  Hargos  to  Jo  so,     (Under  the  slave  eoile  of  our 

Siiulherii  Slates  the  eourls  often  set  asiile  manumissions,  but 

never  t'iiin|pleteil  inchoate  ilcoils  of  that  kinil.)      I.ouia  Perrault 

iriT*  li'!!  mulatto  woman  Marie,  long  his  faithful  house  servant, 

lii.ia |pii.viiient  by  her  of  five  humlrvil  ilollnrs ;  Kuiilien  Yosti,  for 

iiiir  liamlreil  dollars,  emancipates  his  negro  woman  (ienevieve 

anl  her  two  chililren,  iMagilalcna  and  .\ugustina  ;  the  mission- 

i.j  iTii'st.  l'"athcr  Torgct,  viear-gcncral   of  the   Illinois,  frees 

ihree  slaves  belonging  to  the  mission,  vi/..,  Appollon,  negro 

nun.  iigcil  sixty,  .loannette,  his  wife,  thirty-eight,  ami  their 

v.jiiniest  child,  .\nselino,  three  and  a  half  years  old:  Aliehel 

Boiirgiijnon,  his  mulatto  man,  Itatislo  Indio  Sambo;   I.ouison, 

:  s mestizo  slave  of  M,  Lorain's,  is  freed  by  order  of  the  tiovernor- 

i.dieral  at  New  Orleans;  Jaoi(ues  Clauiorgan  frees  his  mulatto 

«'imaa  Kster,  aged  forty,  for  the  live  hundred  dollars  he  paid 

irlier;  llie  same  gentleman  also  sets  free  a  mulatto  boy,  three 

jMrs old,  named  Kd ward,  son  of  his  slave  woman  Silly,  "for 

nthaadred  dollars  paid  him  by  l.oiil  Kdward  K.  Howard,  re- 

||oleil  fatlicr  of  the   boy;"  Father  Lodru,  missionary  curate, 

Ifreends  nei,'ress  Kciehellc  (Hachel),  aged  about  twenty-six,  for 

I  the  ].rii'e  lie  paid  for  her  to  .M.  Ueillii';   Mmo.  Miirie  Ilebert, 

liilnvt  of  .lulin  II.  .Martigny,  frees  her  mongrel  slave  .Murguer- 

lile.'jn  condition  that  she  serve  her  until  bur  death;   (ijbrici 

ICerri'' laaaiiniits  liis  "  grille*'  slave  Vietoiro  for  eight  biihdred 

Itiollflr*.  ilic  price  fixed  by  arbitrators  ("gritfe"  was  and  is  the 

iL.'ui.iuiiii /"ifoiii  word  for  mulatto,  half-and-hiilf,  in  allusion  to 

||riiii,ladf  lion,  half  eagle) ;   I'icrre  Chouteau,  for  one  hundred 

liii'llifly  dollars,  frees  his  slave  Polagie,  aged  three  years,  daugh- 

lltnifliiMaalalto  slave  Agatha  and  her  free  mulatto  husband  An- 

Nio  lie  May  (almost  the  only  instance  found  here  of  an  oflici.il 

i^'nili'in  of  slaves  a.s  married  people);   Antoiue  Hoy,  negro 

Itiie  I'litlinrinc,  for  four  hundred  dollars,  to  bo  free  twelve  years 

I'n  late,  bat  if  Uuy  mBrries,  to  be  free  from  time  of  marriage. 

•J) 


The  first  grant  of  lands  recorded  in  St.  Louis,  the 
earliest  mortgage,  the  first  marriage,  and  the  first 
baptism  all  bear  date  the  same  year,  ITfiti.  The  first 
mortgage  was  given  by  a  St.  Louis  trader  to  one  in 
Canada,  to  cover  advances,  and  was  to  bo  redeemed  by 
the  payment  of  a  certain  number  of  deer-skins  within 
a  specified  time.  It  was  duly  paid  at  maturity.  The 
first  marriage  took  place — the  contract  was  signed, 
that  is  to  .say — April  2(1,  ITOti,  and  llie  wedding  cere- 
mony, so  far  as  the  church  rites  went,  was  certainly 
performed  at  Easter,  or  "  Pafjiies."  Marriage  was 
very  much  of  a  business  arrangement  with  the  French 
hnliitiiiis  of  St.  Louis.  All  unions  were  not  neces- 
sarily murnujex  ilr.  cnnviinnce,  but  witliout  the  con- 
vciiinicnn  there  was  no  marriage.  Tlie  consent  of 
the  parents  and  the  head  of  the  family  was  necessary 
in  order  to  get  the  sanction  of  the  authorities,  and  no 
matter  how  much  any  one  "  sighed  as  a  lover,"  lie 
was  sure  to  "  obey  as  a  son."  Kvery  tnarriage  rested 
upon  a  written  and  recorded  contract,  which  secured 
both  parties,  protected  property  and  the  rights  of 
prospective  heirs,  and  insured  to  the  women  especially 
a  very  desirable  freedom  and  independence  of  action. 
Each  party  was  protected,  in  his  or  her  estate,  from 
responsibility  of  the  debts  of  the  other  contracted 
before  marriiige.  The  laws  and  customs  relating  to 
marriage  were  founded  upon  the  coKtumrs  de  Puriit, 
with  some  modifications  derived  from  the  laws  of 
Castile.  There  was  a  community  of  interest  ;  unless 
otherwise  specified  in  the  contract,  whatever  property 
either  party  po8,sessed  before  marriage  constituted  a 
common  fund  to  be  enjoyed  by  both.  When  either 
l)arty  died  intestate,  the  survivor  was  entitled  to  one- 
lialf  the  estate,  and  the  children  of  tlie  marriage,  if 
any,  to  the  other  half;  if  no  children,  then  the  legal 
iieirs  of  the  deceived,  such  as  paronts,  bnit hers,  and 
sisters,  etc.  Hence  it  was  customary  on  the  death  of 
a  married  person  to  proceed  at  once  and  take  an  in- 
ventory of  his  or  her  effects.  If  so  specified  in  the 
contract,  the  .survivor  could  elect  to  "  renounce" 
the  community  of  interest,  and  withdraw  whatever 
amount  he  or  she  may  have  put  in.  This  did  not 
prevent  either  piTty  from  leaving  by  will  to  the  sur- 
vivor tlie  wholj  of  the  property,  where  there  were  no 
children,  and  this  was  commcnly  done.  All  papers 
of  this  .sort,  marriage  contracts,  wills,  inventories,  etc., 
had  to  bo  executed  in  the  presence  of  the  Governor 
to  give  them  validity. 

Marriage  contracts  were  very  specific.  They  were 
drawn  upon  the  principle  that  by  avoiding  mistakes 
now,  differences  in  the  future,  quarrels  and  separations, 
may  be  escaped  from.  The  pieces  of  property  held 
by  the  parlies  are  enumerated,  and  sometimes  even 


li 


•I 


u 


'IJiir 


r 


3    'i 


• 


lU 


306 


HlSTOllY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


the  wudiliii;;  prcHunts.  Tliu  civil  niarriu^'u  was  ho 
iiiuuli  (if  a  buNiiiu!<8  ai'i'uii<;uiiu'iit  that  tsdiiiotiiiies  tliu 
parties  exi^cuti-il  tlioir  wilLs,  drawn  in  one  unothur's 
favor,  immediately  after  si^iiin).';  the  marriage  cotitraet. 
But  when  the  n'lij;i(/us  sacrament  was  perfurmed 
cver^'tiiinf;  became  a  festival.  The  two  Jiddh'rs  of 
the  town  were  called  in, — there  were  but  two  \  ufes- 
sionals,  who  sat  beside  each  other  like  L'Allefiro  and 
II  I'enseroso,  for  one  was  lean,  lank,  and  melaneholic, 
and  the  other  was  plump,  jovial,  and  smiling;, — and 
the  fun  did  not  cease  until  daylijiht  came.  In  ca.ses 
of  odd  matches,  of  marriu<.'es  in  which  there  was  dis- 
parity of  aue  or  condition,  or  which  the  censorsiiip 
of  a  small  j.'ossipy  community  did  not  approvi',  the 
weddinfi-niiiht  was  sure  to  be  (he  occasion  of  a 
''  charivari,'  and  an  elderly  j;room  who  had  married 
u  younj;  jiirl  was  generally  forced  to  pay  pretty  heav- 
ily for  peace  and  (juiet  on  such  occasions.' 

A  bigamist  fared  badly  in  St.  Louis ;  the  marriage 
tie,  being  p'\ctically  indis.soluble,  was  lield  to  be  very 
sacred.  When  it  was  discovered  that  Bonaventnra 
Collell,  wlio  married  Dr.  Conde's  daughter,  had  an- 
other wife  in  Spain,  the  marriage  was  forthwith  an- 
nulled, Collell  ini|irisoned,  and  all  bis  property  seized 
and  confiscated.  When  Dr.  Saugrain,  Braekenridge's 
old  I'riend  and  tutor,  removed  to  St.  Louis  from  (ial- 
lipolis,  one  of  his  first  acts  was  to  present  to  the 
Archives  a  certified  copy  of  the  evidence  of  his  mar- 
riage in  Virginia.  The  regular  form  of  entry  of  a 
marriage  was  as  follows:  "  Kugeno  Alvarez,  son  oi" 
Augustin  Alvarez  and  Maria  Brabo,  born  in  Madrid, 
to  Josepha  Crepaud,  daughter  of  Louis  Crepaud  and 
Marie  Louise  Pertuy,  of  Post  Vinceniies  ;  married 
Dec.  29,  1782,  by  Governor  Cruzat,  Diego  Bianco,  , 
Ferd.  Lisora,  and  others  ..  .ng  present."  Now  and 
then  there  was  a  regular  marriage  between  a  white 
man  and  an  Lidiaii  woman,  with  one  or  two  instances 
of  wliite  Women  marrying  leading  Indian  chicis  or 
Wttiriors.  Louis  Blaiiehet,  of  I'eiits  Cotes,  was  in 
17U0  married  by  Goverimr  Perez  to  Angcli(|no,  "  In- 
dian of  the  Spotted  Pawnee  tribe  ;"  John  B.  Pre- 
vot  married  another  Angeli(iue,  lialf-breed  daughter 
of  Valdy,  and  the  civil  ceremony  was  performed  by 
this  same  Louis  Blanchet,  then  comnnindaiit  at  St. 
Charles  ;  Pierre  Berger,  son  of  P.  B.  and  Thi'r^se 
Hebert,  deceased,  married  in  1797  by  Governor  Tru- 
deau  to  Josette  Mayer,  natural  daughter  of  J.  IJ. 
Mayer  and  Jo.setto,  of  the  Indian  tribe  of  the  Uniahas  ; 
Michel  Valle,  son  of  Louis  Valle  and  Louisa  Mayote,  ; 
thirty-five  years  old,  born  in  Montreal,  to  Frangoisc 


'  Col,  O'Fallim,  on  liis  i<oconil  iiiiirriaKC  wiis  given  uiiu  of 
tbeao  oalithuuipiau  serenades,  anil  Imd  to  treat  tlie  whole  town. 


Sueyeuse,  sixteen  years  old,  daughter  of  Fran,  njs 
Sueycuse,  deceased,  und  an  Indian  woman  of  the  lii.> 
OsageH. 

In  the  simple  and  pious  community  of  old  St.  I.niii. 
it  was  as  much  a  religious  duty  as  a  civil  preciiutidi, 
tor  a  man  to  make  his  will  as  soon  as  he  fancic'l  tli;it 
ileath  was  approaching  him.  A  man  who  die<l  with. 
out  a  fimil  testament  was  lik(!  one  who  neglect.  (|  t.. 
make  the  last  confi^ssion  and  procure  absoluti..ii  ,,; 
sins, — he  was  in  danger  of  not  being  able  to  pruiur. 
burial  in  eon.secratcd  ground  with  full  ceremoniiil.  ji 
did  not  matter  whether  he  had  much  to  leave,  or  iiiil,.. 
or  nothing  at  all;  there  were  his  parents  and  riiinij. 
to  reiniauber  in  .some  shape  or  form,  and  his  smil  i.> 
eoinmenil  to  his  Maker.  The  wills  were  very  pictis.. 
and  forimil.  Labuscifre,  the  notary  who  drew  ilu'iu, 
was  a  jireeisian  and  formalist  himself,  and  [irdlinLlv 
was  res]ionsible  tor  a  good  deal  of  the  technicaluv  nli- 
servable  in  early  St.  Louis  documents.  The  ^.]rlu^ 
were  nearly  always  the  same  : 

"  lii'f.ire  tlie  roviil  iL.tary  in  the  Illinois,  province  ..I'  l..,iii-i 
iinii,  in  presence  of  the  hereiniifter-iuiine.l  witne.s.«e-S  w.i?  iitr- 
.''.iniilly  pie.<iiit  .Ml-.  John  1!.  Vnlleaii,  u  .-^enioi-  surj;ciMi  ol  ,'1. 
Catholii:  .Miijcsty  in  the  Illinois,  bring  now  at  the  post  i.r  S|. 
l,mii»,  in  the  French  part  of  the  Illinois,  lying  sick  in  li..,|,  ii, 
the  h.iuse  of  Desnoyers,  hat  soun.I  of  niiml,  inein.iry,  :iii<l  uii 
ilersliinding,  us  appears  to  the  uiiilersigneil  notary  mil  »ii 
ncsses,  who,  eonsidering  that  there  is  nothing  more  licrtaiii  llim 
.I.Mith,  ami  nothing  so  nneertain  as  its  hour,  fearing  to  l.o  uv.r. 
taken  by  it  without  having  dispose. 1  of  the  few  g.i.nU  which 
11. 1.1  has  given  him,  the  said  John  1).  Vallean  has  ijuiilij  iinl 
dicliiteil  to  the  n.itary,  in  the  |iresenco  of  the  unilersi!;iM'i|  ivii. 
nis.-es,  his  lust  will  and  tustauient,  in  the  following  iniiiiucr: 

"  Kirst,  as  a  Christian  and  a  Oathulie,  he  coininen.ls  his  s„U] 
to  (jo.l  the  Fiillier,  Son  anil  Holy  (ihost,  beseeching  llis.livin, 
boiiiily,  by  the  merits  of  ills  passion,  and  by  the  intiT.'i's.i.ii 
of  the  Holy  Virgin,  of  holy  ,St.  John,  his  guardian,  iiinl  of 
all  the  spirits  of  the  celestial  court,  to  receive  it  among  llie 
blessed. 

"The  said  te«tator  wishes  and  ordains  that  his  .lebt.s  sliouli 
b"  paid,  and  the  injuries  occasioned  by  llim,  if  there  be  aiij, 
shall  be  relieved  by  his  e.veciitor  hereinafter  named. 

"  He  declarrs,  wishes,  ami  ordains  that  UuraUle,  eiii|iliivi"l  in 
the  Spanish  service,  residing  in  this  post  of  .St.  L.iui.s,  wImh 
ho  appoints  his  e.xeeutor,  shall  take  possession  of  all  his  elTcrt^ 
situated  in  this  colony  of  the  Illinois  and  at  New  Orlcaii', 
ciihir  personal  or  real  property,  goods,  oH'ects,  m..ni'y,  ur  au. 
thing  belonging  to  the  said  testator  at  the  day  of  his  .lenili,  in 
whatever  part  of  this  colony  they  may  be  sitiinti'.l,  ivitlijui 
any  reservation,  app.iinting  the  said  Duraldo  a.s  the  cxocul"; 
of  lliis  will,  and  praying  him  to  undertake  the  charge  as  a  iM 
proof  of  frii'iidship. 

"The  said  Durable  shall  make  a  good  and  e.viiet  invcnlor. 
of  the  propel  ly  belonging  to  said  testator,  shall  inako  the  sale 
thereof,  and  the  money  arising  therefrom  shall  be  sent  to  .Mini- 
aine  Vallean,  or  to  her  children,  residing  at  La  Kuclielli*.  in  I 
the  house  of  .Madame  ("hotel,  Main  St'"ct,  revokiiii.'  all  utlitr  J 
wills  and  codicils  which  1  might  have  made  before  this  present 
will,  to  which  I  adhere  as  being  my  last  will. 

"Thus  made,  dictate. I,  and  declared  by  the  sai.l  lestat'ir,  kv  I 
the  said  notary  and  witnesses,  and  to  him  read,  ami  ii'-ri'»<l,be  | 


(In'hiring  to  I 

will  f.)  be  exe 

"  li'.ne  in  t 

III.'  year  one  t 

of  .V'.ii'iiilier. 

Hill',  'ivil  an. 

• 

at  pi.'-.'iit  in  t 

of  llii-  place, 

lia>.',  uiili  the 

nfl.'r  III.'  same 

"  l-'i^  wcisco 
".J..si:i'ii   !'.< 

Till'  above, 
ill  .'^1.  Louis, 
MiHii'  lime  afti 
.'^i.-iics.     The  1 
slow,  .stately   i 
collect  ;   it  pro' 
iiiiil  execution 
a  rcli-inus  act 
lIlc  eeeeiilrieit' 
A  lii.iij's  oddity 
cni)i  (lilt  sonieli. 
men  thought  tt 
lJ);idi'   tile   crazi 
llieiusclves  that 
tlirt'iid  .soiuewliei 
fur  instance,  wa 
pairs  of  brecchftsl 
Ili'licrt.  ,/,V  J,cc. 
liiisiiioss  like  ci, 
''  Micsiitt  ninidtj/ 
II"  cliildren,  so 
s['tfi/Ving  it. 
liroiight  into  tJ,o 
'"iir  liiindred    I 

llllllllriMi    .slu;    1|„ 

fi'iiiiibiition    t 

i'"ll'ii'.'<,  making  t 

'"iii'iiviJ  dollars. 

"'I'  «'i.s  tive  thou 

'"^iiv,  diii'i,u_,  tl 

lii"l  'aid  uj)  .sixty 

"illd  to  t!i,.  wido 

l'i<||iert/  did  n 

liiit'vciy  rijiidly 

if  JiJ  accu'nulate 

f'rivarii,   ijior,.   we 

f«ic:iuns.     Kvrry 

:  ^'"}-  luilding  pu 

: "'  iir»t  Was  not  tak 

'■"■'  •'^"nio  time  to 

,  •'  ''"'"'"niid  yrpens 

•"'"iiiit  or  sold  for 


MANNERS   AND  CUSTOMS. 


307 


aiuuni;  i» 

,l,-lil^-!i'>u!i 
111;  1)1-  ;ii.;.. 

cini'Kjyi.«liii 
,.iui?,  "Iiwn 
11  Ilia  efforts 
cw  iitUaii'. 
iiii'V,  oral.)- 
hi-  .Icalli.in 
ati'.l,  willwM 
llie  e\rt»l"' 
jiri^e  a?  a  l;*^t 

net  invciiion 
nuiketlie^ale  ' 
„.,il  to  M»l- 
n  H.icliellt.  i"  1 
kiiii;  nil  »*' 
re  llii*  l""*™'  1 


lid  tfslat'if. 


kv 


L(l  rc-ri*l,k« 


(lc'i'l;ii  i»(!  to  hnvB  well  unrtorntood  i(,  nnd  wishing  lliu  fulil  lust 
„il|  Ki  hi'  oxi'i'IiIlmI  iicisirdiiif;  to  ilx  tenor. 

"  liMiie  ill  thi'  room  in  whiidi  the  siiiil  lestiitor  kepps  hin  beil, 
Ihr  vi'iir  Olio  tlioiij'iiihl  seven  hiimlreil  anil  sixty  oi^lit,  the  'I'M 
iif  Ni.veiiilicr,  iihout  nix  oVlock  p.m.,  in  the  pruwenee  of  Ite 
Itive. ''ivil  mill  niilitiiry  (iovernor  ol'  llie  iMi«M..  iri  poi"!,  being 
1,1  pii-viit  in  tbi"  piL-tol'St,  l.iiiii..',  iiikI  Ol' .I'lHeph  I'lipin,  trailer, 
iifllii-  pliii'e,  «iliie.''.ie»  miiiiiiiuneil  fir  tlio  |  •iipuse.  iuhI  wIiu 
liaM'.  "iih  tlie  notary  ■  .iil  llie  te<tator,  sijjne.l  these  presenls, 
iifliT  till'  same  waf  leail  oonformalilo  lo  tlie  onliniinee. 

"  V.w.i.K.vr. 

"  I'l;  vscisio  Itivi;. 

'■.Iiisrl'll     I'AI'IN.  '■   I.AIll'SI'IKIIi:.   .Vi.Mrl/." 

Till'  iibove,  oiiu  (if  the  carliost  wills  ever  cxeeuted 

in  St.  Louis,  is  the  type  of  till  thiit  siicceediiil  it  until 

jiiini'  tiiiio  after  the  cession  of  Missouri  to  the  United 

Siiitis.     The  iiitrodu  'ory  part  has  somethiii;;  of  the 

slow,  stately  iiioveiueut  and  solemn  sufijiestion   of  u 

ciill('i.'t ;  it  (iroves  what  wiw  said  above,  that  the  draft 

ami  fXi'eution  of  a  will  was  looked  upon  as  essentially 

a  rt'liuiiius  net.     In  the  body  of  the  wills,  however, 

llie  (ifciiirieity  of  individuals  often  finds  full  play. 

A  iiiiin's  oddity  of  character  is  nearly  always  apt  to 

crop  out  somehow  in  his  last  will  and  testament,  and 

men  thought  to  be  sane  tu  the  core  have  sumctimca 

iiiaJe  the  craziest  of  wills, — wills  which    prove   of 

llii'Uisolves  that  the  testator  mu.st  have  had  a  cranky 

tiircail  somewhere  in  the  texture  of  liis  being.    Such, 

t'ov  insliiiico,  was   Capt.   De  Volsay's  legacy  of  live 

iiaiis  of  breeches  to  his  faithless  wife.     In  the  will  of 

Hiliert.  (lit  Locoiiipte,  we  have  an  illustration  of  the 

liiisincss  like  character  of  a   marriage  contract, — the 

<1  :ia'siic  iin'itagc  becomes  a  partnership.     Ilebert  has 

1111  eliililren,  so  he  leaves   his  property  to  his  wife, 

s]iiriiyi'ig  it.     At  the  date  of  their  marriage  "  she 

lirmiLilit  into  the  community  nine  hundred  dollars, — 

fmir  luiiidred   her  mother  had  given  her,  and  five 

liuiiilriMl  she  had  earned  by  her  own  industry.     His 

cniiiiibiitioii   to   the  community   was  four  thousand 

tlnllars.  making  their  joint  wealth  four  thousand  nine 

liiimlu'd  dollars."     Their  property  at  the  date  of  the 

will  was  live  thousand  five  hundred  dollars, — that  is 

In  -iiy.  during  the  ten  years  of  their  married  life  they 

liail  laid  uj)  sixty  dollars  a  year,  and  idl   this  was 

willi'd  to  l!u!  widow. 

I'liipert./  did  not,  as  will  be  seen  by  this,  accumu- 

liiUMciy  npidly.     Yet  the  people  were  thrifty,  and 

iiJiJ  atTU'iiulate.     If  there  were  no  sudden  starts 

fi'tward,  thero   were  ef|ually   no  collapses  and  fatal 

rratiiiiiis.     Kvi  ry  gain  made  was  a  permanent  one. 

Eviiy  luililiiig  put  up  was  built  to  last.     Real  estate 

i  ai  lirjt  was  not  taken  in  great  quantities.     The  titles 

">t  .<iinie  time  to  get  theiu  confirmed,     A  tract  of 

I  iliiiiisand  arpens    near  St.  Louis,  which  could  be 

I  l«iiii;lit  or  .sold  for  twenty-five  barrels  of  whiskey  (a 


gallon  an  acre),  would  probably  not  pay  the  expense 
and  loss  of  time  of  a  trader  who  had  to  go  to  New 
Orleans  to  get  his  concession  confirmed  and  his  title 
made  complete.  Thus  it  happeneil  that  the  early  in- 
habitants of  St.  Louis  were,  as  a  rule,  content  lo  cul- 
tivate and  enjoy  their  forty-arpent  lots,  the  title  to 
which  eame  to  them  through  the  commune,  and  their 
town  lots,  which  they  owned  through  concessions  to 
Laclede  Liguest  and  the  Governor,  without  seeking 
to  a(!f|nire  estates  outside.  The  exceptions  lo  this 
were  the  large  capitalists  and  wholesale  trtidcrs  and 
planters,  like  ('houteiiu  and  Valle,  men  who  regularly 
went  to  New  Orleans  on  other  business  of  their  own, 
and  the  capitalists  and  speculative  miners,  who  bought 
land  with  the  hope  of  finding  minerals  upon  it,  de- 
posits of  lead,  and  salines  which  would  pay  to  work. 
Still,  from  ITTili  to  1788,  no  more  than  (J4()()  arpens 
of  land  all  told  had  been  surveyed  in  tlie  district  of 
St.  Louis.  In  1804,  at  the  time  of  the  cession,  there 
were  808,771  arpens  of  recorded  surveys,  and  ^Wl.1'1'1 
arpens  of  legi.'^tercd  but  unsurveyed  eonces.siotis, — a 
total  of  1,721,49IJ  arpens  of  land  claimed  under 
French  and  Spanish  titles,  all  granted  in  the  last 
fourteen  years  of  the  Spanish  righnv,  and  nearlv  all 
of  it  in  the  last  four  years.  The  number  of  specula- 
tive and  uncomplete  grants  among  tiiese  created  a 
reasonable  and  justifiable  suspicion  of  fraud,  while 
the  determination  of  the  United  States  courts  to  sift 
and  investigate  titles  led  to  great  uneasiness  and  mis- 
trust, and  for  many  years  the  tenure  of  land  in  and 
around  St.  Louis  was  a  source  of  trouble,  perplexity, 
and  much  discontent. 

This,  however,  did  not  prevent  people  from  im- 
proving their  properties.  The  conditions  under  which 
both  land  and  town  lots  were  held  re((uired  buildings  to 
be  erected  within  a  liiuited  time,  and  there  are  nuiuer- 
oiis  instances  of  the  Governor  resuming  possession  of 
lots  in  St.  Louis  and  giving  them  out  to  third  parties 
because  the  original  holder  of  the  concessipn  had 
failed  to  improve  them  within  the  period  assigned  by 
law.  Still,  in  proportion  to  the  slow  growth  of  popu- 
lation, building  was  pretty  active.  The  structures 
erected,  however,  were  not  of  an  imposing  character. 
It  was  not  until  seven  years  after  the  American  occu- 
pation that  the  first  brick  house  was  put  up  in  St. 
Louis,  and  of  those  built  of  stone  before  that  none 
were  large  or  formidable  in  appearance.  The  famous 
old  Chouteau  ruansion,  the  first  and  largest  house  in 
town,  at  various  times  Government  House,  bank,  resi- 
dence, trading-post,  and  practically  fort  also,  was 
essentially  only  a  double  two-room  hou.se,  with  a 
basement  and  porticoes  and  a  garret.  It  had  l)ut 
two   chimneys;    originally,  therefore,  but  four  tire- 


I   I 


I 


uTvm  ' 


'    11 


i     i, 


f    } 


J 


308 


IIISTOHY    OF   SMNT   LOUIS. 


pliii'cH.  Ariiiiiul  llii'Hi!  eviMiiiially  a  iiiii(!li  liirficr 
building  ^n^w,  but  thu  <;r(iiiii(l  pliiii  wuh  iidt  allured, 
and  iliu  Olnmtciiu  lidiise  whh  tlu^  padcrii  of  overy 
lidiisi'  built  ill  St.  Ijoiiis  lu'liiro  tlit;  S|miiiili  rii/iinr 
ffia.xcd  to  fidviTii.  This  pliiii  was  tlio  one  room  und 
cliiiiiiiey,  the  fliiiiiiicy  between  two  iddins,  ami  llic  hail 
between  tWd  eliiiiiiie^^.  eaeh  Hanked  by  two  rddiiis. 
This  last  was  the  [ilaii  iif  the  (Midiiteaii  hniise.  a  liieru 
i'.\|iansidn  dt'  tho  (iiuM'doiii.  diie-stdiy  hdiise  dl'  pdsts. 
The  .\iiieric;iii  lo^  ealiiii,  dii  (he  ediitniiv.  no  matter 
how  iiiiiiible,  always  provided  for  the  Idl'i-rdoin  over 
the  livinjr-rddiii,  and  the  eliiinney  lieiiiir  dutside,  the 
eabin  idiild  always  lie  Imilt  in  it.  it'  needed. 

.\s  tho  ])dpulatidii  of  the  town  uikIcm'  tlu;  Spanish 
rnjiiitf  jriew  in  wealth  IVdin  the  increase  (pf  the  t'ur 
trade  and  tlu!  trade  in  lead,  both  dt'  whieh  yit^lded 
lar^c  protitH,  and  seldom  lu.-'s  than  ucnt.  per  ucnt.  on 
tbe  eaj)ital  invested,'  the  inhabitant.s  df  St.  Louis 
built  thfin.Holves  heller  and  lar;ier  hdiises,  ofteii  of 
Btoiiu,  but  always  prcservinj;  the  saino  plan, — the  one- 
story  eottajxe  with  veranda,  built  about  a  eeiitral 
ehimiiey-stack,  and  inelosed  in  a  stpiaro  of  ;;rdnnd, 
with  a  fenco  of  durable  piukots  or  a  wall  ol'  stone. 
The  Delaware  and  Shawunese  Indians  at  Cape  Girar- 
deau hud  b(!;iun  to  erect  their  own  lo<;  cabins,  two 
stories  bi^ili,  bcroro  there  was  a  house  of  that  dcscriji- 
tion  in  St.  Lnuis.  This  was  due  to  tho  influence  of 
the  indomitable  cdiiservatism  of  the  Kreiieh  inhaliit- 
untd  uf  the  towns,  a  popuialidii  which  still  ritmained 
almost  exclusively  French  for  many  years.  Stoddard, 
who  was  a  careful  observer,  and  had  taken  a  census  of 
Mi.ssouri.  notes  the  fact  that  there  was  a  very  larfje 
accession  of  population  to  the  three  districts  of  St. 
Louis,  St.  Charles,  and  St(!.  Genevieve  between  1788 
und  18114,  due  to  the  profusely  liberal  policy  of  tho 
Spanish  ^dvernuient  in  frrantiiii;  free  concessions  of 
land,  and  cxempliiif,'  .settlers  from  all  taxes,  and  ii  still 
larmier  accession  from  1804  onward.  But  these  rein- 
ibrcenionts  were  nearly  all  •'  En;;lish- Americans,"  and 
all  look  farmlands.  Three-fifths  of  the  rural  popu- 
lation in  1804,  he  says,  was  of  tlie.se  classes,  while  in 
tbe  towns  and  the  "compact  villajres,"  as  he  styles 
them,  four-lifths  were  French  and  Canadians,  and  this 


'  Wii^es  iiro  n  proof  of  tlio  protllB  of  a  Iriiile,  anil  wrijjps  in 
St.  \muU  wcri'  liif!''  fioiu  tin-  first.  We  liiiil  in  tliu  Aniiives 
ttiiit  tliiTi!  1VII8  btter  j;ruinliiiiii(  ii^iun.«t  wiij^fK  of  Iw.i  livru.f 
a  ility — iilrven  iIuIIivik  iiml  twi'nlv  livi' ounts  piT  iiiuntli — nml 
founl,  when  six  ilnlliirs  ii  mnntli  wiis  lii;,'li  >vii);cs  in  tin:  KasliTii 
Sillies :  iind  in  llie  fur  tniilo  iii'iirly  all  tlic  tnippuis  wito  paid  ii 
sliiiro  in  llie  vintuiT.  In  IIm'  Icail-iiiini's,  iiroonliiig  In  .Sloil- 
dard,  nun  W'irkin)<  for  IhonisiilMS  often  look  out  Ihirtj-  ilolliirs 
prr  day  for  weeks  lojri  ther.  The  iiOMtnicn  were  not  paid  so 
well,  but  their  wa);e.s  were  never  less  tlinn  eijjlit  dollars  ii 
Iiiunth  in  the  earliest  tiaics  of  the  Fieneli. 


proportion  wa.    miintaiiicd  for  Hoveral  yours  titter  tlm 
cession. 

The  I'^rench  population,  however,  of  St.  Louis,  im. 
proved  und    refined    itself  very   rapidly   atler    ITss. 
There  had  always  been  u  certain  leaven  of  genii  lily 
and  hiL'h   breedini;  in    the   old   French   popul.ilioii  nf 
Illinois.      The  inissiomiries  und  priests,  both  Ji'Miit 
and  Itecollect,  contained  a  priiportiun  uf  men  not  mily 
thoroiiL'hIy  and   highly  educated,  but  of  jicntle  biiih 
and  ancient  descent.      Men   like   Mari|uette  and  lin.. 
beuf  Were  as  well  born  us  any  of  tlie  proud  nobles  of 
the  ]jea<;ue  and  the   Fronde,  and  amon<;  the  wilili'.st 
adventurers    in    the  fur   trade,  hatlcss  and    baieloot 
riiiiiriira  and  voi/iiffeim,  inii^ht  ofU'n  be  found  some 
cadet  of  French  patrician  stock,  whom  poverty  and 
the  love  of  sport  and  the  keen  desire  to  be  free  iVmu 
all  social  restrnints  had  eonibiiied  to  banish  into  the 
wilderness.      Frontenac,  Governor-General  of  Camilla, 
was  a  ruined  noble  of  the  most  ancient  1{asi|Ut^  lilnod; 
his  wife,  Anno  de  la  (Jraiifie-Trianon,  was  the  favmiie 
companion  of  Mademoiselle  de  Montpensier,  the  ^riiinl- 
dau'/hler  of  Henry  IV.  and  daui;hter  of  Oastdii,  lliike 
df  Orleans.      Fenelon's  brother.  Abbe  SaliL'iies.  wa.s  a 
]iriest   in   St.  Sulpieo  at   Mdiitreal.     La  Ildiitan.  liiu 
trav(4(!r  and  explorer,  was  u  baron  ;   Denonvillo  was  ;i 
marquis;  there  were  many  chevaliers  of  the  noble  nnlors 
of  France  aiuoni;  the  emiorants  to  Kaskaskia  and  ('alio- 
kia  ;  in  Ijoiiisiana,  and  many  of  them  umoiiit  the  ;.'ar- 
ri.sons  at  Fort  ('hartres,  were  Idunil  such  iianies  a.s  Di' 
la  Chai.se,  the  Baron  ('.e  Chesnay,  Chevalier  de  liiiiiliois. 
Chevalier  de  Noyan,  Chevaliers  de  St.  Julieii,  ll'Areus- 
bdui'i:,  D'llerneuville,  D'Artaf;uette,  De   Beauiliaiii|i, 
De  Be.ssan,  De  St.  Denis,  De  Gauvrit,  De  I'lailel.  lie 
Courcelles,  D'llauterive,  Do  ]jus.ser,  Fatit  de  I.,i(iillii'rs, 
Simaie  de   Beileisle,  Marin  do  lu  Tour,  De  Giandprr, 
De  rAiifildserie,  Dt;  St.  Ansie,  Do  Labruissonierc.  De 
Salverte,  Do  Lt'^ry,  De   Bombelles.  De  St.   Pierre.  iV 
Valles,  Des  Marets,  De  Bouille,  etc.,  of  whom  Gayarri' 
says.  '■  They  were,  all  of  them,  aristocratic  .>'ciiin.s  nl 
noble  houses,  who  had  come  to  better  tht^ir  fortunes  in 
Jjouisiana,  and  with  the  hope  of  more  rapid  advance- 
meiit  in  their  military  career,  on  account  of  the  danjiirs 
of  the  colonial  .service,  in  which,  for  that  rcasuii,  ytar-i 
Cdunted  diiuble  for  ihu  an        ■  ither  for  promotion  nr 
in  suppoi'      '  Ml      pplieatidii  tur  a  retiring  peii.sioii." 
More  h.so  people  of  bijjb   birth  ami  ciilli- 

vateil  iiile  luaniuTs  wi       moviiiL' about  in  the 

Illiiidi:  iiitryand  I'a.ssini;  li-nm  ('anada  to  Louisiana 
and  back  iil  liii  al'  ilie  time.  They  were  part  of  iln' 
{garrison  at  Fort  (  aartres;  they  .sojourned  at  Kaskas- 
kia and  Cahokia.  After  the  settlement  of  St  Louis 
and  the  war  of  the  American  llevolution.a  v  iniil- 
Vmcnt  and  curious  class  of  French  travelers  came  to  the 


tiiiihtry,  uti 

settlements, 

Liliiyelte,  'I 

eielir.  ,\det, 

Koilieliiueai 

•iM"'  Hobin 

It'll  iiiemorii 

aiiii'iiily  of  I 

piiriii  with  tl: 

When  the 

niiiiiliers  of 

and   their   fo 

.•inieiiea,  and 

alile  accession 

Hoilleii  of  (he 

cull  lire,  who, 

|iriatinns  and 

meanest   oiBce 

store-keepers,  L 

their  difiiiity  ai 

I't'  ill!  around  t 

eiliiiT  .settled   ] 

temporary  sojoi 

siiinii  of  prose 

mliiny  of  I'Vcnc 

"flii'ii  it  Was  abi 

'""t.  bonis  sdciet 

I'livsiciaMsof  th( 

I'lie  Due  d'Orle 

liis  brothers,  thi 

lie  Heaiijdiais,  w 

'i'i'ed  St.  Ldui.« 

Marquis  de   Ma 

»wi  Jiicqiies  ten 

J'"iii>iiiiia,  the  fii 

'""li"  its  last  an 

'uiveriiiir. 

T.im,K  OF  TiiK  ro 


Xum™  (,f  p„g, 


St.I«,ii|, 

'»' Itli't. 

'I ''i'"iii'ii....r.'.'." 

^^  KlTIIKIl.I.,. 

'[«riii«d»Liania.'.'. 

^lAll'Iri^. ..'.'.'.'.'.'.'.".'.' 
;.l".  Il-neii,.n,.'.'," 

^.••""■»-  I rhoi,.; 

l.iilfUiinrdBuii, 
:y""II..Mmlri,|.  ." 
'i-lilel'riUil,. 


MANNKllS    AM)   CUSTOMS. 


ano 


idUiiiry,  and  nil  tliesn  were  uiijier  to  visit  ttio  Fiviicli 
sctili'iiieiits.  Brissot  (it!  Wnrville,  VoliKiy,  Lauziiii, 
Liil'ayt'tte,  Tiillcyraiiil,  IIiuiHscniville,  St.  Joliri  (!ivvn- 
cn'ur,  .\dot,  Do  Ueaiiviiis,  Scyliert,  Lniiciiii,  Diicdelii  , 
UiM'iicliiiK'aulil-liiuiicourt,  Mnnjiiis  de  (.'liastullux. 
.\l)lii'  Holiiii,  etc.,  weri!  aiiioiii;  those  vLsitOM  wlioliavo 
lol't  iiirinoi'ial.s  of  tliuir  inipres.sioim,  mid  all  note  the  ; 
;iiiu'iiiiy  of  iiiainiers  of  the  Freiieli  liiilillans  a.s  com- 
jKiri'il  witli  the  roii;;li  and  rude  Anieriearis  around  ihcui.  \ 

When  the  Freiieli  Uevolutioii  befran  to  rai;e,  ^reat 
iiuiulicrs  of  the  haute  iinli/mKr  of  the   French  eiiurt  [ 
iiiiJ  tlioir   foilowcr.s   and   Hyniiiathizcir.-*  emigrated   'o 
Anici'ii'a,  and  St.  Loui.s  irainod  a  lnr<;e  and  nio.st  valu- 
abli'  a('i'('.'<.><ion  of  population  from  this  Hoiirce,  men  and 
women  of  the  ino.st  di.slin^ui.><hed  nianiiers  and  retined 
(uitiirc,  wlio,  in  often  the  most  extreme  poverty  and  | 
ririk'iiiions  and  eonipelled  to  earn  tlunr  livinjr  by  the  ' 
meanest   offiee.s, — nurses,   tjovcrne.sses,    housekoep('r.s, 
sturi'-keepers,  barbers,  fiddlers,  teachers, — yet  preserved  , 
thuir  diiinity  and  self-respect  and  extorted  the  respect  i 
iif  ill!  around  tliem.      Many  of  these  noble  pcrsonaj,'es 
eitiier  .settled   permanently   in  St.    l.iouis  or  made  a  j 
tiiupurary  sojourn  there  until  the  rude.st  blasts  of  the  i 
storm  of   proscriptii)n    had   blown    itself   out.      The 
nilony  of  Freneh  i'iiii(/ii'.i  at  Gallipolis,  oii  the  Ohio,  ; 
\5lien  it  was  abandoned,  al.so  contributed  to  reinforce  ■ 
fit.  Lduis  .society.      Dr.  Sau^'rain,  one  of  the  leadiiif^ 
|.|iysieiuns  of  the  old  town,  eanie  from  this  settlement. 
The  Due  d'Orleans,  afterwards  Louis   Philippe,  with 
his  brothers,  the  Due  de  Montpensier  and  the  (finite 
lie  Beaujolais,  were  ainonj.'  I  lie    i'Vencli  i'iiii<jr<'x  who 
vwted  .St.  Louis;  so  also  did  Uen.  Collot,  while  the 
.Mai(|uis  de   Maisoii-Kouf;e,  the    Baron  do   Bastrop, 
and  Jaitpics  Ceraii  de  Ijassus  de  St.  Vrain  settled  in  , 
Lmiisiana,  the  family  of  the  latter  furnishini;  to  St. 
Lniiis  its  hist  and  in  many  respects  its  best  Spanish 
iluViTiiur. 


Another  reinforcement  in  population  and  niannera 
was  derived  from  iIk?  servile  ouibrcak  in  San  Domiiifjo, 
which  expelled  the  wealthy  planters.  Som(!  of  these 
W(Mit  to  Missouri  and  St.  lioiiis  anil  settled  there. 
The  ordinanee  of  17H7  forbiddiiii;  slavery  in  tho 
Northwestern  Territory  of  the  United  States  drove 
trom  Illinois  all  the  lari;e  and  enterprising  planters 
who  were  slaveholders,  and  many  of  lliesi*  ideniihed 
themselves  with  St.  Jiouis.  The  efjct  of  this  ordi- 
nance must  have  been  considerable,  more  so  than 
writers  have  usually  been  willing;  to  admit ;  for  it  is 
the  wealthiest  and  leadin;;  people  in  any  community 
alwiiys  who  own  slaves  and  profit  by  slave  labor. 
None  others  can  afford  it,  and  tlicsi?,  exempted  from 
daily  labor  and  jiiveti  leisure  to  cultivate  their  mind» 
at  the  same  time  that  they  improve  and  increase  their 
estates,  must  necessarily  become  the  dominant  class 
in  every  slavelioldini;  community.  In  Upper  liouis- 
iana  before  it  had  ceased  to  be  called  indiscriminately 
"  the  country  of  the  Illinois,"  that  is  to  say,  about 
175(l-<;0.  there  were  two  slaves  for  every  white  per- 
son ill  a  po|)ulation  all  told  of  about  one  thou.sand. 
In   17!*!l,  by  the  census  of  Governor   Delassus.'  in  a 

'  This  ccnRus  tabic  ol'  1)cIi1!<8uh  in  woilh  proiluoing  in  lull. 
It  will  bu  seen  on  ('.xniiiining  it  that  there  was  one  slave  to  a 
Huiall  fiaelion  less  than  six  white  peiwns,  or,  inolucling  free 
ne(;rois  ami  inulatloe.'",  mio  eoloreil  servant,  on  the  nverage,  to 
each  i'ainily.  Ttifrt;  was  one  niari'iuge  per  annum  to  177  por- 
soiiK  (whii'li  i.t  about  .'10  per  cent,  un'ler  the  normal  rate  for  the 
Uniti'il  .''tales) ;  births,  one  to  lilt  persons,  also  a  low  average; 
(leatlis.  one  in  llli,  a  small  ileath-rate.  There  was  a  horse  to 
eai'h  II.  t  persons,  CO' all  average  of  two  lioisea  ton  family,  ami  1.15 
horneil  rattle  to  a  person,  orbeiweeii  seven  anil  eight  to  a  family. 
Theproiluefion  of  wheat  Wiis  1  l.li  biisbelspereapita,  whieh  w(miIi1 
lea\e  a  surplus  of  si.xty  Ibousanii  bushels  for  sale  after  the  homo 
eonsuinptioii  for  food  ami  seiil  was  salislicil.  Theeorn  proiliiet 
was  17.7  liiishels  per  capiia,  probably  leaving  no  surplus;  and 
the  tobaeeo  crop  was  \.\\  poutuls  per  capita,  nut  leaving  iiiii''h 
above  the  local  ilemaml  anil  the  supply  of  "  earots"  lor  tho 
Imlian  triule.     The  table  is  as  follows  ; 


(I 


T.UILE  OK   TIIK    I'OrUI.ATION  OK  TIIK    COSTS  OF  Ul'I'KU    UiUtsI,\N.\,  CoMPKISING   TIIK    UIllTIIS,  MAUUI.VGES,   DEATHS, 

I'llonUtTION,  ETt-'.,  FOR  TIIK  YHAIl  1709. 


NaljlPM  of  Pouts. 


I 

>i.i„.iii» r^i! 

Unin.lili.t ISl 

-1, 1'liailM KtO 

*l.  Kcnitiri'lo '.i."iO 

Matiiisili'  Liunis :i;t7 

MiHrttnt'C ll.'t 

Si  An.lr6 lilil 

Ml'.  Geitevipve IHii) 

N'miVfUf  Itonrlfoli i  445 

laiieUiiiirdeaii 416 

SoiitMI.' Miulilil 711 

IVlite  Pniiiii- j  40 

Totals :  4048 

I 


la 

T 

c 

JJ 

y. 

V 

3 

? 

>0 

0 

2li8 

;', 
,'■>,'•) 

17 
42 

n 

27 

lus 


am  I 
114  i 


% 


B        =  X 


lt2o ) 

1S4) 

S'.l.i 

2711) 

1)79  f 

ll.-i 

;«i:i 
1140  I 
ftiiiij 
S21 
7S'2 
4U 


f>     G4     14 


121.-. 

(  ■'•'i 
241 

f    ■'■7 

\  l.M 
12"i 
122 

I  2liS 

(  s;i 

200 
24J 


Ifil      30     SS.)       n028        .14     I!'l     52      17.5;\ 


1140 

ms 

1 21 12 
2:10 
1)20 
220 
,'i74 

12.1:1 
.195 
7117 

1188 

aa 


Proiilictioim. 


Whiuit, 
laisliels. 


Corn,     I  Tobacco, 
luishels.     |)uiiiuls. 


Salt,       Lh-.I, 
liiish.    ])ouuila. 


4:11x1 
:t:!iio 
(11145 
fiSIHI 

1010 

21HI 
7-10 

lll,4lHi 
11180 
.111) 

47,7115 


7980 


ll>,.10ll  !  IIWO 

27110  :  4.100 

12.170  '  40.1:1 

21.10  7,10 

1004  flSOd 

ii;l7o  lil.io 

111.0.10  .140.5 

21,4.10  1009 

l4,:iiK,  ;ioo 

10,2IK)  

ir>76  !!!!!! 


1,10,01111 
'20,IM10 


88,340      107,129        28,nil7 


ons 


.j 1 

'    170,000 


:i  \ 


310 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


if.   i 


l>tu!  population  of  602H  in  Upp^r  Louisiana  (Lou- 
isiana west  of  the  MiHfissippi  and  north  of  the 
boundary  line  of  Arkansas)  there  were  4948  whites, 
efjuai  to  82  pe*"  wnt.  of  tlie  wliol'-.  and  HSH  slaves, 
14. G  per  eent.,  tlie  rest  boinj;  free  .leproes  suid  niu- 
laitop.".  It  was  a  serious  injury  to  the  Illinois 
country  and  a  proporiioniite  fiain  to  St.  Louis  and  its 
environs  to  have  this  body  of  slavcdioldors  and  capi- 
talists transferred  in  this  i.brupt  way  fron;  one  side  of 
tlie  river  to  the  other.  The  effect  upon  the  Illinois 
country  niav  be  gathered  from  the  ol>servations  of 
Gen.  Victor  Collot,  made  almost  iinniediai.'ly  after  the 
exodus  look  place.' 

'•On  tho  .Aiiicri'':!!!  siilc,"  li"  wri'i  ^.  "  tliori'  lire  Mill  tci  \w 
foiinil  some  K'-i-nuinic!!,  to  wit.  ;it  Kai'kiiskin,  iit  Itiii'!;'s 
Prairie,  nt  I'iorius  on  Kwl  River,  lit  ll.ig's  I'm  le  iiciii  Wis- 
consin, ete.  Jlost  ot'  tlie.-L'  pe.  iilo  iiro  a  o.'in|i  nind  of  tracier.". 
ailvcninrers.  wootl-rnni^or!*,  rowt.-rs  iirnl  warritprs,  ignorant,  sti 
porstitiony.  ii-nl  obstinate,  i^lunn  tin  t'ati^ni's,  no  privations,  no 
dnnncrs  can  .«top  in  llieir  enter|ni..es,  whieh  tiny  always  earry 
iliroHj;li.  (If  the  4iiulilie»  wliii:li  ilistin:;uiFli  llin  KreniOinion 
they  have  letnineil  nothing;  except  C(jura);e.  Wlien  at  Inine,  in 
tho  privacies  of  their  oritinary  'ile,  tlieir  diameter  is  very  much 
likotluit  of  iheah<iri;;ines  with  whom  they  live.  They  are,  there- 
fore, indolent,  lazy,  ami  aililietcil  to  ilruiikennes:!,  eultivatinj; 
the  earth  hut  little  or  not  at  all;  the  French  which  they  speak 
hat  become  so  corrupt  that  it  has  degenerated  into  n  .ort  ol 
jargon,  and   they  have  even   l'or);otten    the   regular  diviiiou  of 

till nths,  and  of  time  itself,  according  to  the  ealcnlations  of 

civili/.atiou.  If  you  ask  lliein  when  a  particular  event  hap 
pencil,  they  will  answer  that  it  was  when  tho  waters  were  high, 
when  tho  strawberries  were  ripe,  or  in  tiio  corn  a!ul  potato 
■eiison.  Should  it  he  suggested  to  them  to  change  anything 
fur  the  better,  even  in  matters  which  are  ackiniwledgid  by 
theiii  as  being  defective,  or  slioald  any  improvenieni  be  recoin- 
uiendcil  'o  them  in  .igricultnre,  or  in  some  of  the  branches  of 
ooinmercc,  their  ipuly  answer  is.  It  is  the  custom;  so  it  was 
with  onr  fethers.  1  get  along  with  it,  so,  of  eimrso,  will  my 
childrp'ii.'     They  love  I'rancc,  and  speak  of  it  with  pride." 

After  the  cession  of  Louisiana  to  the  United  States, 
for  forty  years  St.  Louis  was  the  centre  of  United 
Sttitcs  reuular  officers  atid  soldiers.  So  stroiif;  a  force 
was  maintained  at  the  Bellcfontaine  caiitonipents  and 
afterwards  at  Jeffersoti  Harracks  that  the  military 
became  an  important  and  formative  element  in  the 
society  of  St.  Jjoui-*.  It  will  ])resenlly  be  shown  how 
great  and  iin]ji)rtant  an  influence  this  was;  it  is  suf 
ficient  just  now  to  note  the  fact  of  .•<iu'h  a  cotitribution 
to  tiie  mouldiii';  and  ameli<iraii()ii  of  the  society  of  the 
fri,iwiii<x  town. 

Under  all  these  influences,  and  stiniulalial  by  tho 
growth  of  wealth,  which  in  the  town  far  outran  the 
growth  of  po{iulation,  St.  Louis  acijuired,  in  the  eour.'<e 
of  the  yi^ars  between  178(1  and  182(1,  a  social  reputa- 
tion and  a  social  character  peculiarly  its  own.     There 

>  Ilia  book  wni  published  in  ITllll, 


was  less  dissipation,  as  there  was  also  less  wealth,  In 
St.  Louis  than  in  New  Orleans,  where  the  planters 
enriched  by  sugar  and  cotton  and  regiments  of  slaves, 
grew  suddenly  rich,  and  were  prodigid  in  tlieir  cxni'ii. 
diture.     But  there  was  more  social  grace,  to  C(iiii|icii 
sate  for  this,  in  St.  Louis.     Society  was  IoikmI  iiml 
sobered  there  by  tho  restraints  put  by  the  Anicriian 
element  upon   the  natural   ahmidon   of  the  Ciinlc. 
Hut  this  American  element  was  a  hearty  and  cciiliil 
Southern  elenient  it.self,  free  from  </<'ii<\  fond  of  social 
enjoyments,  and   bred   in  all  the  petllx  Koiiix  of  cnlij. 
Viited  sociiii  intercourse.      It  reslnined  from  <'Xc(>ses, 
but  left   the  way  open  lo  the  utmost  of  wholcsom,. 
])leiisures.     The  St.  Louis  Creoles  understood  and  likul 
it,  and  the  two  elements  shook  hands,  made  lii'iids 
and  formed  an  indissoluble  alliance  forthwith,     'fluv 
piMiple,  Stoddard  has  remarked,  had  a  native  ainl  in. 
herited  vivacity  '  '.lidi  made  it  iinpo.ssible  for  voii  m 
guess  that  ihey  were  a  century  behind  Ktiropc  in  il,,. 
arts  and  rciences  and   in  education,  tliat  a  iiiiijnr  |i:iri 
of  the  men,  and  nearly  ail  of  the  women,  could  licillur 
read  nor  write.     Tlicy  could  conver.se  ititelliucnilv.  I.pi- 
they  had  ijuick  and  ready  minds,  but  their  kiiowlcilj.' 
had  no  dcjith, — it  was  a  superlicial  stock,  i;aili.riil 
for  eonversutional  |)urpo.ses  only.     If  it  hcipcd  tjuiii 
out   then;,  it  did   till   they  demanded  of  it,  llir  lli.v 
had,  ill  Stoddard's  woids,  a  passion   for  .sociiil  inui 
course,  stud   neglected   no  opportunity  to  gratil'v  it. 
They  carried  parties,  and  d;inciiig  at  parties,  to  'vii.ii 
the  staid  but  liberal  son  of  New  Kngliiml  repirilcil  ;i> 
"  an   increuible  excess.      Neither  the  severity  of  \]iv 
cold  nor   the   oppression    of  th<'   heat   ever  ivslrains 
them  from  this  amusement,  which  usually  cotriiiicii'i- 
early  in  the  evening,  and  is  seldom  suspended  till  Lit. 
the  next  inorniiig.     They  even   attend  the  halls  ikpi 
iiifrc((Uently  for  two  or  three  days  in  sueccs.simi,  ;iiiii 
without  the  least  apparent,  fatigue.     At  this  cxcrci.!' 
the  fi'iiiales,  in   particular,  are  oxtreiinly  active,  an! 
tho.se  of  the  United  States  must  submit  to  be  calli  I 
their  inferitn-s." 

It  is  worth  our  while  to  jilancc  iit  the  ]iictiiiv.>i|iii' 
old  town  of  St.  Louis  lis  it  was  at  this  time,  rioiii  iln' 
date  of  the  cession  until  it  began  to  grow  and  e.\|iiiiiil 
its  [iroportioiis  and  seek  lo  lu'comc  a  city.  .\s  vri  r 
steamboat  has  )irofaned  tl'.e  landing  wlicii'  llic  Imi'- 
inoor,  Hotnetimes  a  doteeii  or  two  of  thciii  ai  a  lim  . 
with  the  boaimeii  on  their  ilccks,  guarding  their  car- 
goes, singing  and  liildling.  Sonictiiii;'s  ,i  straii;ir.  I 
come  for  a  cargo,  will  draw  his  bout  upon  tlic  Kiiiin 
beach  of  the  islan.l  ihert-  and  camp  out  by  it  wliiliWl 
is  selling  his  caigo  and  getting  his  goods  I'drllicn'l 
(urn,  but,  as  a  rule,  the  boatmen  lio  not  tarry  at  iliJ 
landing  longer  tliuii  their  necessiiry  duties  i'ci|uiri'  "f| 


thcni,     Tl 

CtlltlllOUg 

Tlicre  iiro  I 
•lie  (T.rnon 
not  so  nine 
;is  ni/iiirefi 
ffi'iii'-'.  and 
and  visitoif 

IlCllsi'  of  .so 

liiciii,  or,  if 

a  iioii.se  for 

one  ly  Yohi 

were  general 

just  ill  iron 

IJi'dstdiic,  to 

to  -Vatchez  a 

trajipcr's  trim 

"f  'lie  Si't'd-s- 


'  ilicr<p  was  b 
''|''>I»-II.  .Mr, 
■'•  li.  <'■  l.ucas,  ii; 
HiK  In. use  Was  of 
"lie  lioiii  t'orre.  I 
I'll  Tliird  .'•''reef 
"iic-sli.ry  house, 

iar;,'c  nmi.i   :„  (1|„ 

■'■    'flic  root  .vas 
'•'II  "crc  hung  10 
"■ii.«a  iiion.-troiis  i| 
•"lii«li  that  none 
«.'iiri  |i„t,.|  „.,,,  ,1, 

Hli'l'iii'^^t.  I.oiii 
>™'  liil.'i-,  the  pr 
"'■"l.v.  and  t|„,  e, 
''am  Kcese.    i:,|,|, 
I'l  till' storage  nn,! 
"■"■  "'M  hy  llraily 
"li"-e  posse.«.«i„„ 
>l.eiiccr  I'ettid,     || 
"^"V.    The  liotel 
'"•'I'liig  time  the 
'''"'■"f.Mi.-..,,,,,.!. 

""Ko'vrrnorand 
ll'tr.  iii|,|  ln,,.^,  ,||^,  I 

'""'■'  Ii'" Ion  and   , 
'"'IK'lllilialiiin  by  I 

I'"-"'||'I  enemy. "  i 
"'"■  '''""■'""  l."iicas,| 
""■'"■live,  and  mii. 
""'"  ''  ll'O  penile, 
"'■'■■  Mciietlvil,,, 
"I'iiiin.  inSf. '|^„„i 

*'""1I,.X„„    |,,.||i| 

■'"»'i"ilin  lirstca 
"'"iH'i-c  «■„..„„„  I,, 
"'  ■"ii"|""n  as  ,1  |„ 

"•'"''.>""n..ulliugtl 
'"••""■lilic  lists  o 
'''"""■fi' several  „r 
'""'•"■'•  «"rolhos. 


!]; 


MANNERS  AND  CUSTOIMS. 


311 


tlii'iii.  They  climb  up  one  of  these  steep  roiidways  ' 
cut  ilin)uj.;h  the  rock  and  make  thoii*  way  to  a  tavern. 
TliiTO  are  but  two  of  them,  opposite  one  aiiotlier,  upon 
•lio  ci'.rners  of  Main  and  Locust  Srrerts,  and  they  are 
nut  Ml  much  inns  for  tlie  nceoininodation  of  travelers 
as  iiihiirvls  for  the  entertainment  of  boatmen,  viii/a- 
gi'iii!'.  and  coiirrur.t  </fs  /mix.  Reputable  stranjiers 
mid  visitors  wouhl  have  no  need  of  a  tavern.  The 
hcii-r  iif  .some  acquaintance  would  surely  be  open  to 
llicm.  or,  if  they  came  to  slay,  tlioy  would  hire  or  buy 
u  liiiiise  for  fhein.selves.'  The  two  taverns  wore  kept, 
one  I  y  Yosti,  and  tlie  otlier  by  Landnville,  an<l  they 
were  ireiierally  crowded  with  reckless  and  daring  men, 
just  in  from  loni;  voyasres  to  Pitisburjih,  Oleaii,  or 
Redstone,  to  Prairie  du  Chien  j'nd  Michilimackinae, 
to  N'litchcz  and  New  Orleans,  or  else  from  some  li.nir 
trapper's  tramp  to  the  headwaters  of  the  Yellowstone, 
or  liie  Soeds-ke- dee-ajrie,  or  the  Popoagie.  or  the  Sal- 


1  'riii'iT  wns  lint  (lUf  inn  at  tliii  tiiiiu  (if  lir;ii'ktMir'uI;;c'?  visit, 

in  l^lll-l  i.     .Mri".  Hunt,  wlio  ivi'iit  tii  .>«l.  l.duis  with  lici-  iiilli  m. 

,1.  II.  ('.  l.ui'ui',  ill  JSI|,>,  Mij!<,  "."'ui'li  It  thill);  ns  ii  liulul  nr  iioiivii- 

inU  liciiisu  was  iif  wmisu  iinldiowii  liciu;"  mid  lier  liillior  ronlci'l 

"III'  IViiui  t'orri'',  the  tailu'r-in-liiw  of  ,\ii;;n.'it«  Cinmtoati.     It  wa.-* 

I'll  Tliinl  Si.rect,  about  two  squares  liflnw  .Matkrt.     *'  It  waa  a 

oni'  !'ii<i')   liciiiae,  built  of  lo);!<,  rerlioal,  like  |ki^<|s,  ami  bail   ii 

large  I'wii.i  in  tbo  eeiilre.  willi  two  or  throe  smaller  ones  arGuml 

I.    The  riiul  'vas  of  sliin;?li'S,  ami  ihe  .-hiUKlrs  were  not  nailril, 

liiit  wiTo  hiiiif;  lo  the  I'Jil'tiTs  with  wniHlen  |te(;s.     The  chimney 

wai' 11  iii(iii>triius  atliiir,  ami  the  blai-k-walniit  iiiantol-piece  was 

■I)  lii;;li  that  mini'  o!  the  ehihiren  roiilil  reach  it."    The  old  .Mis- 

,*ijiiri  Hotel  w.is  the  lir.-t  bo.Jiclry  worthy  llie  name  that  was  ever 

jiiit  u|'  III  ."^t.  Iioiiis.      It  was  begun  in  IsIT,  and  iroinpletiMl  two 

yi':u>  liit.'r,  tile  projirielors  beiiii;  .rohn  MeKiii^^hl  ami  Thoiniis 

lliii'lv,  and  the  eMrpciiters  and  bniblers  David  Hill  and  Aliiii' 

it;iiii  Kcese.    I'ndei-  the  hotel  were  eonsirm'ted  very  line  vault-. 

lot  tlio  storage  I'lid  presei'valion  of  furs  aiul  peltries.    The  hotel 

»u.>  .-"Id  by  Itrady'a  adniini>tralor  to  .Maj.  'riioiiias    llidtlle.  in 

"li"-e  possession   it  remained  until  be   fell   in    the  duel   with 

>|iei«Tr  I'ettiri,     lliddle's  wiilow  sold  tbo  properly  to  .lobn  !■'. 

Iiaiby.     Tbo  hotel  boro  tbo  sign  of  a  lil'o-si/.cd  hiin'alo.      It  was 

lorn  long  lime  I  be  eeuire  of  Ihe  poliliial  life  of  Ibe  Just-created 

■•late  nf  Miiiionri.    The  tirsi  Legislature  eouvenid  here,  and  ibn 

lir<l  ildvernor  and  I.ieiilemint-liovernor  took   tbo  oath  of  ollb'e 

liTv.  mill  here  the  first  two  I'nited  ."stales  seniilors  were  eleeteil, 

haviil  llarlon  ami  Thomas  11,  Henloii,  Ibe  hitter  only  seeiiriiig 

hi>  iiiiiiiiiiiihnii  hy  the  vote  of  a  dying  man  and  that  of  a  bitter 

|'ir-'iii:d  enemy,     llenton's  opponenl  was  -Im!;^e  I.iieiis,  wbo-o 

>"ii,  I'liartes  Ijiieas,  bad  died  by  nenton's  band  in  a  ruthless, 

viiilulive,  and  niurderoiis  iliiel,  smdi  as  to-ilay  woubl  send  a 

man  Ir  the  penitentiary  instead  of  '  i  the  Senate,      It  is,  how- 

fitr.  nut  I'xaelly  the  fact  to  say  lliat  theso  were  the  only  iiiverns 

ml  iun<  in  ."^l.  Louis,    Tbeio  is  easiml  mention  of  several  more, 

swlni>  Alexan  Hellisseiue's,  ele,     ,losepli  Cbiirlesn  kept  a  tav 

ninlieiilie  lirst  eniiio  to  St,  Louis;   .Maj,  I'lirisly  kept  tavern, 

Jnl  there  wii,«  one  kept  by  a  man  named  Webster,  doseribeil  by 

111  Siiii|i:oiii  as  a  long,  low  building,     llesldes  Ibiii,  an  will  be 

iwi  liy  eonsulting  tbo  noleii  of  Mr,  liillon  in  pieeeding  ihap- 

1'",  aiil  the  listK  "f  licenses  given  in  a  siieeieding  chapter 

lli»rf  were  ►everal  ordinarieii  in  Ibe  town.      Hut  the  two  named 

inilielexl  wre  those  tbo  boatmen  resorted  to. 


nion  River,  or  the  Wind  River  Mountains,  and  where 
they  had  encountered  plenty  of  hair-breadth  escapes 
and  marvelous  adventures,  of  which  they  liked  to 
brao:,  particularly  when  they  loKi  of  battles  with  the 
Ulackfeet  Indians  and  with  the  grizzly  bears  of  the 
Mis.souri  valleys.  In  the.sc  talks  tlie  liquor  cans  moved 
rapidly,  thick  clouds  of  tobacco-smoke  were  blown,  not 
always  out  of  peaci>-pipes,  and  cards  were  incessantly 
])layed,  often  for  liioh  stakes.  There  were  (|U!:rrels 
and  fights,  too,  but  not  with  deadly  weapons,  and 
there  was  no  end  of  ijood-naturcd  chaft'  and  banter. 
Ilow  it  u.sed  to  deliglif  the  boatmen,  in  tlie  time  of 
Governors  Lewis  and  ('lark,  to  get  the  hitter's  hody- 
servant,  York,  into  the  taverns,  ply  him  with  liipior 
lill  the  Mi'/rs  ijhivlnniis  ro.<e  within  him  to  the  Mun- 
chausen jiitch,  and  then  "  draw  him  out,''  in  order  to 
make  him  out-brag  tin-  trappers  and  cap  their  mar- 
velous stories  with  tales  more  nitirvelnus  still.  They 
could  not  gain,'<ay  him  neither,  for  he  had  been  farther 
!  than  they.  He  had  followed  liis  master  across  the 
great  divide  and  down  the  ('olumbia  lUver,  until  the 
camp  was  pitched  within  sight  tind  sound  of  the  long, 
nnirmurous  rollers  of  the  great  Pacific  Ocean. 

St.  Ijouis  at  the  time  of  which  we  write  had  nearly 
•wo  hundred  houses,  and  fifty  of  tliese  were  built  of 
stone.  It  had  four  or  five  mills,  usually  worked  by 
horses,  but  one  of  tliem  was  a  wiiul-niill ;  and  its  stone 
,  t  iwer,  demilunes,  and  bastions  pive  it  ,i  quaint 
meuiieval  look.  The  h.iuses  were  not  thick  anywhere, 
but  thoy  were  all  white,  very  white, — lime  was  plenty 
and  whitewash  clieap, — and  they  gieamed  out  among 
the  trees  and  orchards  in  which  they  were  embowered 
in  a  very  captivating  way.  They  rose  above  one 
anotl'.er  up  the  side  of  the  blutV,  with  the  tower  and 
the  common-field  picket-fence  crowning  the  crest.  Of 
the  streets  it  will  be  wise  to  say  as  little  as  possible, 
1  That  was  before  the  days  of  city  commissioners  and 
also  of  heavy  bauliiis;.  These  thoroughfares  were 
not  of  a  very  iidmirable  grade ;  they  were  not  very 
'  wide  and  not  very  straight.  Still,  you  could  find  your 
way  along  them,  and  if  you  sought  some  particular 
place,  all  you  had  to  do  was  to  a^k  the  first  lidln'ldni 
'  lounging  on  his  veranda, — you  would  bi'  sure  to  find 
one  if  the  weather  perinittt'd, — and  he  would  cour- 
teously give  you  the  information  sought,  and,  further- 
more, escort  you  to  the  spot  in  person,  in  sjiite  of  your 
protestations.  Did  you  want  to  find  the  I'/nii  ,/'  Ainim 
and  the  ''  (ioveniment  House."  Main  Street  and  VVal- 
nut'/  Or  Madame  Chouteau's,  Main,  Second,  Mar- 
ket, and  Chestnut ;  Auguste  Ciioufeau's,  where  La- 
clede turned  the  first  earth  in  the  building  of  St 
Louis,  Main  and  Second,  Market  and  Wulniit ;  or 
the  Fort  St.  Charles,  Fourth  and  Fifth,  Walnut  and 


III',  i. 


■'1 


ni' 


I 


312 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Elm, — streets  barely  laid  off  as  yet  ?     If  you  wanted 
the  doctor,  M.  Sauj^rain  was  to  be  found  on  Second 
Street,  where  the  People's  Garden  used  to  be ;  baker 
Le  Clerc  had  his  shop  on  Main  Street,  between  Elm 
and  Walnut ;  and  there  were  three  blacksmiths,  ready 
to  shoe  you  a  horse,  make  you  a  gun,  or  forjje  you  a 
rudder-hook  for  your  keel-boat  in  a  trice.     You  could 
take  your  choice  of  Delosier,  on   Main  Street  near 
Morgan,  Rencontre,  on  Main   near  Carr,  or  Valois, 
Main  Street  near  Elm.     There  was  but  ono  school- 
master (besides  a  dame  who  taught  infant  classes), 
however,  and  if  you  wanted  any  teaching  done  you 
must  send  your  boy  to  J.  B.  Truteau,  whose  dwelling 
and  school  were  in  the  same  building.     If  you  had 
goods  to  buy,  there  was  Pierre  Chouteau's,  Chouteau 
&  Berthold,  Manuel  Lisa's,  Second   Street,  corner   of 
Spruce,  the  king  of  fur-traders  and  trappers,  wliose 
delight  it  was  to  live  and  fight  in  the  Indian  country, 
and  to  come  back  to  St.  Louis  with  forty  chiefs  and 
their  retainers  fur  liis  guo.^ts  ;  Labbadio  k  Sarpy's, 
Main  Street,  between  Pine  and  Chestnut ;  Roubidou, 
Elm  and  Main  ;  Jacques  Claniorgan,  Green  and  Main 
Strcet-s,  or  the  Debreuils,  Second  Street,  between  Pine 
and  Chestnut.     There  wore,  as  we  have  already  said, 
two   fiddlers,    "  Monsieur    Tardif "    and    "  Monsieur 
Chevr'^uil,"  for  so   the  young    men   had  nicknamed 
them,  aid  there  were  five  or  six  |)ublic  billiard  tal)le.« 
in  town,  but  only  one  church,  a  wooden  ono,  (Ui  Second 
Street,  back  of  Auguste  Chouteau's,  and  a  very  inter- 
mittent post-oftiee  and  mail  ostablishuient ;  no  print- 
ing-ofl[ice  and  no  new.spaper.     For  that  matter,  not 
much   news  neiilier, — not   more    ilian  a  ijiiii/  iiiiiic 
could  carry  round  from   one   ball  to  another  and  dis- 
seniiuate  between   the  dances.     There  was  no  ferry 
yet  a(.'ro.-<s  the  Mi.ssi.'isippi,  and  Mrs.  Hunt  says  there 
were  but  two  .•^tores  that  had  signs  over  theii'  fronts, — 
"  Falconer  i*t  (]omegys"  and  "  Hunt  &   Hankinson's 
New  Cash  Store," — both  on   Main  Street.      Iti  ISll, 
say.s  tlii."  lady,  her  father  moved  into  his  new  liou.>*c, 
corner  of  Seventh  and   Market  Streets,  and   people 
remoiist'atod  with  him  on  his  want  of  prudence,  tak- 
ing a  foiirt(!on-year-olil  girl  so  far  out  of  town,  where 
the  Indians  might  carry  her  oft"  any  day  when  he  was 
down  town  attending  to  his  business.      In    lH()(i,  so 
simple   wi  le  the   habits  of  llie   people,  so  few  their 
luxuries,  that   this  girl,  daughter  of  a  judge  and  one 
of  the   most    ciiiisideruble  men   in   town,  a  man,  too, 
who  was  making  money  rapidly,  record.'^  it  as  '"one  of 
the  rarest  treats  I  over  had  in  my  young  days"  when 
u  siiop-koeper  presented  iier  with  some  almonds  and 
raisins.     There  was   but  one  butcher  in  the  town  in 
those  days,  and  ho  never  killed  his  ox  until  every  cut 
of  the  beef  was  bespoke  in  iidvanco.     Game,  however, 


was  plenty,  and  tiiere  was  no  need  to  go  far  for  it,— 
prairie  hens  could  be  shot  anywliere  between  the  tdwn 
and  Chouteau's  mill-pond.  James  Lucas  set  lii() 
rabbit  traps  in  what  is  now  the  Four  Courts,  and  mie 
day  captured  a  skunk  there.  Skunks  could  prulnililv 
still  be  caught  around  that  vicinity — if  the  tiaps 
were  big  enougli. 

In  1808  there  was  a  ferry  established,  a  postoffiee 
was  at  work,  with  Rufus  Easton  postmaster,'  the  first 
newspaper  wi>.s  published,  and  the  first  murders,  anir- 
dcr  trials,  and  execution  were  had.  Shortly  after  liiis 
an  English  school  was  founded,  and  the  people  bi';:;in 
to  build  brick  houses  and  advertise  in  the  newspa]ici\ 
When  this  happened  old  St.  Louis  knew  itsell'  tn  be 
doomed.  The  next  thing  was  a  fire  company,  a  ,s\vw>p- 
master,  and  a  nnirket-liouse,  followed  not  many  years 
afterwards  by  a  bank.  No  old  French  settleiiiMit 
could  sur-'^^e  such  innovations  as  these.' 

*  Ho  wi)8  'DioiiiH.K  .leHer^on':^  appointee,  iinil  suppot^od  tn  li;ive 
for  his  erniiut  nut  only  tlic  care  of  the  iiiail»,  but  also  to  n.tch 
Aaron  Uurr  an  i  Gon.  Wilkinson.  Ho  was  Terriloriiil  jml;,. 
after  ."orvin^  as  pciliiiastor.  His  daughter.  Mary  K.  Sil.U'v, 
who  was  tniirrioil  in  the  year  of  the  hattio  of  Waterloo  iiml  sin. 
viveil  until  IS7S,  was  the  wife  of  Maj.  Oeorgo  (J.  .'^iblcy.  .Mi.< 
Gnston  was  a  leading  hello  nnil  heaulv.  with  scar™  a  rival  in 
the  town.  She  nn<l  her  hushaud  were  both  well  e(luca("<l,  ;ii|.| 
having  no  ehililren.  thou);h  well  off.  iletennineil  t  levolc  llnir 
lives  to  the  prrinotion  of  feiuiilo  education.  hey  r.iuiiclnl 
I.indenwood  Female  Heininary,  and  Mrs.  .''ililey  alsoesiiiMisljc.l 
the  lirst  .^i-nday-sehool  ever  known  in  .St.  t'harles.  ,!ud{;e  K;i<- 
ton's  successor  in  the  post-otVice  was  L>r.  Kobert  .Sirupsnn. 

''  To  show  the  rapid  progress  of  the  community,  we  ;l{i{ii'ii'I 
some  of  the  result?  of  the  census  of  l.MO,  beginning  with  |hi|iii. 
hilion  taken  from  a  contemporary  journal ; 

Districts.  N(f.  of  ^u\iW. 

.St.  Charles :i,,.ii.i 

St.   l.ouis i.iiii; 

.Ste  (icnevieve l.ii'JI) 

Tape  (iirardeau ;i,,s>.S 

New  Madrid 2,lii:; 

Hopctield  and  St.  Francis  SettlemenI Is:' 

.■Vrkansas .S7I 

Total 20,.>itil 

There  are  in  the  district  of  St.  l.ouis  M  water-IMill;'.  t)  wot. 
mills,  l.'»  horse-mills  12  distilleries,  2  breweries,  2  cM'-iisiio 
shol-towers  ;'nr  man.  I'aeturing  patent  shot,  1  sull»"rl,f.  :'i.*ii 
looms,  and  about  12IMI  spinning-wheels,  etc. 

The  actual  p  ipulation  of  Louisiana  exceeds  the  nicinlms  if 
the  above  census  by  more  than  six  per  cent.  That  di  iiiil  nicv 
be  accounted  for  in  the  following  nninner,  vi/.. : 

1st.  The  law  of  the  I'nitcd  Stales  ilirecis  that  ll iiiiiiu'rf- 

tion  should  be  madeof  lliose  persons  only  that  wcr^.  re.<i'h'iit  in 
the  Territory  on  the  lirst  Moinlay  of  August,  IHIII;  siiiw  Ihal 
perio'l  wo  liave  rteeived  a  handsome  increase  by  euii^rfllii>u, 
which  may  be  set  di>wn  at  one  hundred  fiinilies  id'  scsvoii  ytt- 
sons  each. 

2d.  \Ve  have  many  of  our  eiti/ens  absent  on  hiitits  i>r 'l-'wii 
the  river,  etc.  i  for  instance,  there  is  with  .Mr.  Ilcnrv,  mi  llie 
west  sitio  of  the  Koeky  ridge,  one  liundre<l  antl  forty  iiii'ii;  li-r 
this  item  we  may  sot  down  two  hundred  and  lifty  per^oll>. 

.'Id.  Thelroopsslntionod  in  our  Territory  were  not  ciiuiii.jrrie'l, 


Tlieestab 

Gen.  Wiikiii 

the  hii.'iiiiess  < 

ulcd  ill  a  mu 

improvement 

nieiit  of  troop 

were  already 

Tliere  ivas  an  i 

with  iii.iny  bu 

i-sh  fort,  ••  Old 

biirnicks  were 

slant  intercoui 

people,  and  th 

meiits,  the  lad 

Wilkiiison  him 

lie  sludie,  for  li 

linn  and  liked 

amiable,  aceom 

ffcre  ii.'iiially  fro 

ill  the  Ciiiitonme 

a  respec'tahio  col 

voiit  any  ball-roc 

earliest  coniniand 

who  v!i\s  succeet 

many  iiitiiiiale  n 

trade,  and  some  i 

■I',  for  instance,  ( 

it'l  lliey  amount  to 
fr-'iutliescallcred  sti 
■Vij-ij.'^i|ipi  to  three 
iiiMiiall  sections  or  c 
I  iH'ilriind  recent  that 
t  rlin.  ;•  up  each  gr 

p"iii;i]|'  fr t|„,  , 

winirv.  f„,l,  ,„.  ),„,., 

|>"|rini-aud  lilack  Uiv 

ifJii  liislriet.    The  fn 

I  I' i' lire  actual  popula 

■"•''.'•iiv..  thousand  I 

''•">  I'l'ilcniM.aJn.' 

j'i«.M'lt,MU,>llip.   iva; 

I ''""I'  llc/vkiuh  I,ai 
J«»'  ili.'M.'iind  arpens, 
'■alarm  of  it,  i.nij 
l'1'..in  lr:iii.  the  land 
|"'i  "ic  tmll  at  five  h 
|l"''  ■■"  iOftion,  by  on, 

••"il'iMndonehundi 
►'"'lilralioii  and  sale 
r '"'"ll  tract,  William 

l«'^">t'.  Kill,    Jiv,,    ,„., 

"•""'Ireland  lifiy  ,| 

"'■     *'  I'll'  "aiiie  lim 

•'"»'l  fniiri  .Massey  (fl 

I" li"i"lrod  dollars."     1, 

f""  llif -"im.  iriictfo, 

P- ''«"!>'>  the  P,ince.^ 
l'f"""fHio.„„„j„„ 


MANNEUS   AND   CUSTOMS. 


318 


Iv  t.iiii^;rnli.m, 
1,1'  Mv.i'ii  V"- 

ilciiiy.ur.  tlK 
irl  V  i">'"  ■  '"' 

ln'iuiciiw"''' 


Tlu>  cstablii^hment  of  tlic  barracks  at  Bcllurontaineby 
Gen.  Wilkinson  added  sixty  thousand  dollars  a  year  to 
the  business  of  the  town,  and,  as  we  have  seen,  contrib- 
uted in  a  marked  manner  to  its  social  enjoyment  and 
iuipnivcmcnt.    The  selection  of  tliis  spot  for  a  canton- 
ment iif  troops  was  probablj-  due  to  the  fact  that  there 
were  ah-eady  buildings    there    suitable  for  barracks. 
Tliuru  was  an  old  factory  there,  u.'^ed  in  the  Indian  trade, 
with  many  buiUlinj^s,  which  had  belonjied  to  the  Span- 
isli  fuit,  •■  Old  Fort  St.  Charles  the  Prince." '     These 
barracks  were  near  enough  to  the  town  to  allow  con- 
stant intercourse  between  the  troops  and  the  town- 
people,  and  there  was  much  reciprocity  in  entertain- 
ments, the  ladies  oilcn  going  out  to  the  barracks. 
Wilkinson  himself  was  very  fond  of  society,  in  which 
he  slione,  for  he  had  fascinating  powers  of  conversa- 
tion and  liked  to  exercise  them.     His  wife  was  an 
aniiablf,  accomplished,  and    charming   lady.     There 
were  usually  from  six  hundred  to  a  thou.sand  troops 
ill  the  cantunnients,  the  ofiicers  of  w  ich  made  quite 
a  respectable  coterie  in  themselves, — enough  to  pre- 
voiit  any  ball-room  from  sciming  empty.     Among  the 
earliest  commandants  of  the  garrison  was  Capt.  Howe, 
who  was  .succeeded  by  Col.  BLssell.     The  army  had 
many  iniiinate  relations  with  the  leaders  in  the  fur 
trade,  and  some  of  the  prominent  men  c'  the  place, 
a?,  for  instance,  Charles  Gratiot,  had  placed  members 

inl  tlii'v  :iiiiiMint  tu  more  lliun  tlirei'  liiindroil  men;  ami,  4tl], 
I'-.iii  llie  milluml  Jlute  iif  mir  |iu|iulution,  uxleiuliiiK  fniiu  tlip 
Mi<-i!.-i|i|ii  to  (hrci!  liiiinlnMl  iiiilos  wusl  of  tlint  river,  (liviilinl 
iiiMiiall  ^f<*tinns  or  co)ti'eti<ins  oT  t'iimili(.-}<.  in  ttumu  c-ji8cs  ^o  re- 
Di'itt' iinil  ri-^'ciit  tlittt  the  civil  ofiicers  Inivc  f'oniiit  it  iin|iosiiible 
;  I'iiii.  '  up  cat;!!  ^roii|i  of  frontiorijiiion  tliat  are  eoiisti)  itly 
|,i"iii;'  oiy  fiuiii  tile  more  Bettleil  to  the  extreme  frontier"  of  ur 
:  nitn.  jiiifli  !is  Imve  roeeiilly  tormed  tlie  new  settlement!*  of 
■1  in;  anil  lilaelt  Uivers,  which  are  on  llie  west  of  Ciipe  (iiiar- 
it  III  l>i«iriol.  The  fore^^oin);  consiileration-"  irulacc  tlic  opinion 
i  lilt  lU  iieluni  piipulntion  of  l.ouisiann  is,  on  tliis  ilay,  at  least 
meiilv-lffii  th<iu,«<anil  persons. 

Iiliij  Prllelontnine  tract,  on  tlie  Missouri  Itiver,  in  ."^t.  Ker- 
[  dnaii'l  tuwii^liip,  was  ^rHnt<>il  by  (iovornor  Zeilon  Truilean  in 
ll'"?li  llc/ikiah  I, aril  (or  Lonll,  the  concession  comprising 
lODi  ih<ir,>iinti  arpcns,  trnvorsed  by  Colil  ^V«tor  Creek.  Lard 
|iii;.it'ii  ftirin  III'  it,  and  l)uilt  a  ^rist-  and  saw-mill.  Wlien  lie 
tit,. in  IT'.i'.'.  Ilie  hind  was  uppruised  at  s>  ten  liunilred  ilidhir.^, 
Iiin!  Ilie  mill  III  five  luindred  ,loIliirs.  Tlic  property  sold  in 
ll'i 'i  111  luii'li'iii.  by  order  of  urliitratnrs  to  dose  the  estate,  for 
I'Ml'iiisiinil  nao  hnnilrci!  and  ninety  dollars.  (The  total  costs 
f  itlilniliiin  mill  sale  were  only  $7.'>.7.'i.)  The  purclia>cr  of 
Ik' iiMiii  tiai'l,  William  Massey,  in  18(11)  soil  the  factory  iind 
■ail liii|i",  Willi  live  acres  of  ground,  to  the  United  Stales  for 
|«<iniiniln'il  and  lll'ly  dollars,  with  use  of  the  grounds  for  live 
|ui>  At  the  same  time  Wilkinson  bought  the  rest  of  the  land 
iMTO'l  friiai  .Massey  (live  hundred  arpens)  for  two  thousand 
I'fbiaiilml  iliillars.  In  ISIIll,  Wilkinson  resold  to  the  I'nited 
jtU'Mlio  iiiiiae  iract  for  what  he  had  paid  for  it.  The  naino, 
yt. Chiirk'^  the  Prince,  seems  to  have  berii  by  smne  applied  to 
Itliriiir  Itiii'is  nnd  the  fort  also  on  the  hill  above  ,^t.  Iiouis, 


of  their  own  family  in  the  regular  service.  Meri- 
wether Lewis,  William  Clnrk,  and  Gen.  Howard 
kept  up  and  consolidatiJ  the  intercourse  established 
by  Geor<;e  Rogers  Clark,  and  afterwards  renewed  by 
Gens.  Harrison  and  Wilkinson  and  Maj.  Stoddard  and 
their  staffs.  The  protection  of  the  frontier  Irom  the 
Indians  on  the  one  hand,  and  from  invasions  on  the 
other  hand  by  the  Spaniards  on  the  south  and  the 
British  on  the  north,  made  St.  Louis  a  very  impor- 
tant military  post,  as  well  as  the  distributing  centre 
for  the  arms  and  supplies  of  a  very  wide  tirea  of  ter- 
ritory. For  more  than  thirty  years  St.  Louis  was 
much  more  than  what  Fort  Leavenworth  afterwards 
became. 

To  an  educated  and  accomplished,  well-born,  well- 
bred,  and  intensely  pleasure-loving  cla.ss  such  as  the 
officers  of  the  army,  the  society  they  found  in  St. 
Louis  was  a  perpetual  source  of  delight  and  cause  for 
thank.sgiving.  None  were  better  capable  of  appreci- 
ating and  enjoying  the  company  of  people  like  the 
Gratiots,  Soulards,  Chouteaus,  (-hristys,  O'Falloiis, 
Lucases,  Labadies,  (/abannes,  Chenies,  Sarpys,  Uo- 
ziers,  Macklots,  Bertholds,  Te.ssons,  Vallt's,  Prattes, 
and  so  many  more  like  them,  gentle,  easy,  bright  men, 
lively,  charming,  beautiful,  and  iiceoniplisbed  women. 
There  was  good  blood,  good  breeding,  careful  training 
in  that  charming  French  grace  of  pure  courtesy,  and 
a  love  of  pleasure  which  went  hand  it.  hand  with  a 
determination  to  see  that  all  were  pleased  and  none 
offended.  It  was  a  society  of  great  polish  and  true 
refinement,  captivating  every  stranger  at  once  and 
letting  none  escape  the  glamour  of  its  fascinations. 
The  foremost  people  in  their  circles,  now  that  tiny 
had  secured  wealth  and  were  able  to  live  at  ea.se,  main- 
tained (|uitc  intimate  commercial  and  social  relations 
with  France  and  Paris,  and  that  France  and  Paris, 
moreover,  which  had  escaped  being  submerged  by  the 
tidal  wave  of  revolution,  the  people  of  the  old  cha- 
teaux of  the  Faubourg  St.  Germain,  who  still  re- 
fused and  persisted  in  their  refusal  to  recognize  the 
usurper  Bonaparte.  They  wore  for  their  better 
clothes  goods  of  French  importation,  and  followed 
French  fa.shion  at  a  much  shorter  interval  than  that 
which  separated  the  modes  on  the  Atlantic  seaboard 
from  tho.se  p.cross  the  ocean.  Their  .«f(/o/i.s  were  lienu- 
tifully  and  tastefully  decorated  in  the  Frciich  style,  and 

'  French  works  of  art  were  to  be  tbund  in  the  cathe- 
dral as  wi>ll  as  in  private  houses. 

There  was  not  any  groat  display  of  wealth  in  furni- 
ture, upholstery,  silver-  and  china-ware,  even  after 

I  luxury   had   stalked   boldly  in ;  but   these   neat  and 
tasteful  French  housekeepers  made  a  little  go  a  great 

'  way.     There  were  no  carpets  (none  says  Mr.  Darby 


11 


314 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


."  ■■' 


■,  I 


-S,'": 


1 1!. 


unii!  181C),  but  the  walnut  floors,  nicely  laid  and 
smootli,  were  carefully  and  elaborately  waxed  every 
mornin;;.  Tli(>re  were  no  pianos,  liut  papa  was  apt 
to  play  the  violin  with  exquisite  old-fiisliioned  j^raee, 
and  nianiina  very  likely  had  a  guitar,  handed  down  to 
her  from  the  urandinothor  who  had  lived  in  Lit  lirllf 
FriiiiiT.  On  this  the  demoiselle  could  play  well 
euouLrh  to  ncfonipany  her  liulit  and  airy  chansons. 
Aninsenicnis  were  not  very  numerous  nor  oxeitiiifiin 
tliis  simple  and  sinsrle-Iiearted  coninmnity,  but  the 
<:rea(  charm  of  tlicm  was  that  they  were  nearly  all 
enjoyi'd  in  the  liosom  of  the  domestic  circle.  The 
careless  srayety  of  the  people  was  of  that  infectious 
sort  which  made  a  litllo  enjoyment  a  complete  ecpiip- 
luent  of  deli^'ht.  If  (^ll.  Kiii/cne  Leitendorfei'  did 
hut  cdUie  up  from  Carondelet  and  exhihit  a  few  of  his 
tricks  (if  hand,  embellished  by  florid  oratory  and  the 
vaporiuir  hoastl'ulncss  of  an  Indian  brave  (Leiten- 
dorfcr  was  a  harmless,  j;ood-natured  humbuL',  who 
had  been  witli  i'laton  in  Barbary,  doubtless  as  draf;o- 
man  and  courier,  tbouirh  he  s[pokt'  as  if  he  were 
chief  of  statt).  everylaidy  attended  and  had  soine- 
thinir  to  talk  about  for  a  jiood  week  afterwards. 
Amnnjr  outdoor  sports  there  were  siiootiiiLr-matches 
and  ]ionv  races,  for  the  multitude  chiefly,  however, 
and  the  betting  was  ennflned  to  the  bdatmen  an<I 
v/ood-rangers.  The  L.Jian  jiony  was  flec't,  but  he 
had  not  the  snstaineil  speed  for  iiKiro  than  a  .scrub 
or  quarter  race.  These  ponies  were  natural  pacers  and 
untirini;  at  a  "  lope"  on  the  marcii,  but  they  eouli! 
not  run  like  the  Virgiina  and  Kentucky  thorou'.;li- 
breds.  Mile  heats  were  unknown,  and  indeed  there 
was  no  race-<'ourse,  except  sucli  as  the  prairie  above 
the  town  aft'orded. 

There  were  two  billiard-rooms  in  St.  Iiouis  as  early 
as  17ti7,  three  years  after  the  jilanting  of  the  town, 
and  a  third  was  opened  ;  little  later.  This  amuse- 
ment suited  a  people  used  to  lounge  in  tlii'  shade  of 
ve'andas  iluring  the  warm  nuinths  and  indifferent  to 
any  exerci.so  violent  enoutrh  to  arrest  the  steady  hum 
of  animated  talk.  As  for  daneinf;,  the  weather  never 
interfered  with  that  or  with  card-playing,  in  which  all 
ages  and  .sexes  indulged,  as  if  it  were  a  vocation  in 
life.  Sometimes,  when  there  was  a  dance  of  more 
than  usual  state,  a  kitig's  ball  <ir  tin;  like,  the  fiddles 
of  .^lessieurs  Tanlilf  and  Clievreuil  were  sup|ileniented 
with  a  triangle  and  a  tambourine,  and  a  minstrel 
might  perhaps  be  found  to  pijie  a  flageolet.  Hut  the 
music  got  better  when  the  band  at  Bcliefontaini^ 
spoiled  the  people.  (Jen.  Wilkin.son  used  this  hand 
very  liberally  for  his  own  purposes  and  lent  it  oOen  to 
his  friends.  The  dances  were  commoidy  (|uadrilleH, 
o| il  with  tlin  stutelier  minuet.     The  walii!  was  not 


known  until  M.  R6n<^  Paul  imported  it  (with  :i  ouu- 
signment  of  dry-goods)  from  Philadclpoia.  Smidav 
afternoon  was  the  stated  ball-day.  Then,  ton,  the 
children  always  had  their  halls,  superintended  Ky  th^ 
grown  people, — a  school  of  manners  and  grace,  where 
lessons  were  taught  not  only  in  the  art  of  bowiiii:  :ind 
scraping,  but  in  that  genuine  courtesy  of  the  iuari 
which  is  founded  upon  self  repression  and  res]ii'ct  iur 
the  feelings  of  others. 

It  would  be  a  charming  and  delightful  (hini;  it'  wo 
could  but  restore  one  of  these  ancient  mansions  nl'.'^t, 
liouis,  bring  back  the  old  life  and  the  old  pcnpli'  miil 
the  old  hospitality  to  its  venerable  floors  ainl  walls, 
and  visit  it,  thus  awakemd  and  rejuvenated,  Km 
alas!  when  such  things  an!  people  crumble  inio  iju.t 
anil  mould,  the  du.st  and  mould  gather  likcwi'^i'  uimii 
the  .Sound  of  the  stilled  voice  and  the  touch  df  the 
vanished  hand ;  there  is  no  subtile  perfiiinc  tlnatin.' 
off  from  the  glove  and  slipper  of  our  grarid-ilaiuc; 
balls, — the  association,  the  powi^r  of  invokinu'  suili 
scenes  peri.shes  with  their  surroundings  .uid  amwo- 
ries.  We  may  not  liope  to  live  over  again  the  iloail 
past ;  we  ( annot  reproduce  it  any  more  than  wc  can 
recall  iMozart's  divine  touch  by  jangling  tho  orazv 
keys  of  Mozart's  harpsichord.  AVere  it  (ithiT«i>«, 
what  a  past  we  inighv.  revel  in  by  simply  hunting' uf 
a  few  of  those  old  St.  Louis  mansions! — if  tlio  auda- 
cious and  irreverent  hand  of  innovation  have  .^jiarei 
any.  In  one  single  neighborhood  and  alnid^t  one 
single  block  there  stood  tlie  Hammond  niaiisinn,— tlif 
fi-st  hou.se  in  St.  Louis  built  on  the  AmcrlLMii  |)laii.- 
thc  old  French  stone  dwelling  of  L'ol.  Ilnl'us  Easion,  ; 
the  French  house  of  posts  in  which  Dr.  Kohert  Simf- 
son  (Kaston's  brother-in  la'.")  lived,  and  the  tavern  aiiJ 
wagon-yard  of  Alexander  Hellissi^me, — "  Old  Alesau,' 
as  he  was  commonly  called.  Col.  Ilaiuinoiul,  .Maj.  I 
Stoddard's  successor  as  civil  and  military  ciiiiiiuaii'k  I 
of  St.  Louis,  was  a  Virgiinan  by  birth,  apiminled  I'j 
the  army  of  the  Revolution  from  South  ('aiMliial 
where  he  resided  when  the  war  broke  out.  Ilej 
served  in  Congress,  and  on  the  expiration  of  liist.raj 
Jefl'erson  sent  him  to  St.  Louis,  lie  was  riih ;  lii'l 
had  the  profusest  Virginia  notions  of  ihc  iluti'j  "fl 
hospitality,  and  when  he  came  West  with  his  iviinnel 
of  servants,  he  felt  that  ho  was  represent iiig 'lit' «'li 
lliiited  States  in  a  h:\lfforeign  country.  He  hiiilti 
hou.se, — a  largo  Virginia  frame, — with  cl;iaiiiev<  ai 
stairways  outside  the  building,  and  luatlr  hi."  Ii'ii-^ 
headquarters  for  the  town.  Umv.  th"  nflieers  nl'tM 
army  met  St.  Louis  and  scaled  ;'<at  (lili.'hilul  loj 
(juaiiitance  wliich  riiiened  into  a  very  extensive  rcli 
tioii  'hip  by  marriage,  so  that  the  nuniln  r  nf  nlfni'ij 
ill  A.?,  old  army  who  are  in  one  way  or  aiioiliiTP* 


nectci!  with 
Officers  of 

clliin.«illi;    W( 

wImhii  iiidcei 
Dieiit  to  the 
have  W(>il(lc(i 
relali(,iis  and 
the  iinny  an 
lieecs.s.ary  to  i 

"The  !.<(  of  . 
armv  at  .Ii'lleMu 
of  the  Iciiilini;  I 
Ir  ini,«  ileleiinim 
five  ,"  c'oinjiliiiii 
ermr  riark  was  | 
'il  the  Stii  of  Ji 

'  'I'Ih'  list,  ia  1)^ 

Mil.  [.icMit.  .Jolrri 

.Mi"  \im-uiil ;  Co 

fi"Mi;  aiiMtlicr  da 

a  tliir.l  I  IS  I  7)  to 

U     l.fe;  isl.',,  ChrUti 

Mil.  (iidiaii  Anv 

t'ai'l.  Ifriirht  to  A 

■iaiii'litei-  „(  .loliii 

■I.Hiirlii,.r  c,r  I'airicI 

iiel  I'tiTv  :  I  sL>5,  C'l 

Ii'-Miss.Airi,.|ittClia 
*I-M,ij.  Ch,-i..tj-;  I 
li'rnanl   I'raltc;  Ci 
1. 1'.  Ilniivii  lo  .Miss 
Fi.-lor:  I.iciil.  I'lai- 
•Mr.-.  H.Tlor:  Mtj 
'■•'■«  I"  .Vi-s  llai 
'•I'll.  I'liilip  ,<( 
'•■  Mi'<  llaniri  (• 
'"■"■  '■■  I',  liaincs 
lil'"i.-,  ,|:,iij,||(pr  of 
■"'^'"■"..  ;  .Iiilia 
'•■''■'  ifx-j'ri'.-iiilcn 
•''■■'■'Il  aihl  till'  ,- 
"■■I  I'liiiil  and  ,li.« 
'i'i'i  ■i.«liriif  (ien 
'•i.U'raiiil.laiijrlil 
''■"i-'M'T„f  r,i|,|. 
'""""I-  II.  ll,.|iloii 
f'»t  iiiairi,d  II  ,1,1 

'""<>■•>    >l    'lai|;r|,t,.,- 

"'I  i'liiiii.'hl,.rof( 
ll.irriiijr,  ni||  („,  ,•„, 

!"'•«'■  Ilii.' I nh,l„o 
'■^''•■''l'irk'.-rt.,id 
l"-'mrn,T„r  Vino 

n-l  10  11,0  Imik  of 
I ''"  »•    Tilt.  I.  ,,,,,0  „.„ 

''•''''i"if«  in  .S|,  r,ouls 
{".''"'I 'iiod.iy.     A 
["■'""■i'llt  iboiit  on 

''  ilii'  'K'liiirhnont  t 
,*i-"'iii",wl„.re„||„i„ 
i>>f<'l.i|i,, 


iiti 


I'll 


nt 


\t 


P"''".l".H,„ndarr«, 


MANNERS   AND  CUSTOMS. 


315 


iii'^  it'  we 
i)iis  »it'  Si. 
GOiile  anil 
iiinl  walls, 

(■a.  isut. 

;  intu  (lii>t 
)\vi-ir  ui"iii 
viuh  lit'  tilt 
lie  tliialiii; 
■iiiul-ilaiiK''i 
okini:  such 

illll    llOCCJSO- 

ill  tlio  ik-Jil 

tliaii  Wf  ran 

ji  tlie  irazy 

it  (illuTwiw. 

y  liuiitiii':  Uf 

-if  till'  auiia- 
have  siiati"! 

I   iilniii-l  line 

iiiuisiiin— tlie 
riiMii  jilan.— 
Uil'us  Easlon, 
Ui.bort  Simf- 
111'  tavern  aiiJ  1 
OKI  kVm'  I 
Lmiiiciiiil.  Maj. 
jry  I'lmimanilci 
i.  ain"'iiii>''l  "  I 
mill  ("avoliiiij 
,k<'  imt.    11*1 

was  riflr,  li'j 

,hi'  iliiii''!'  "f| 

lii),  liisfiiiwfl 

i,liii..'  tlii'wMt| 

lie  litti'i' 

illllll.yr  .lliJi 

iiailr  Ills  \^M 

nllil'W  III' itlj 

,,xi,'ii-ivi'  fi'li 

IiIiIm'V  III'  "M 
nr  ullKll"''' ''"'! 


(lectri!  with  St.  Louis  people  is  nimost  phenomenal. 
Olfiiiif'  of  the  army  liavc  a  piovorbial  aptitude  for 
cliiiii>iii^  well  atnon<;  the  ornaments  of  society,  of 
vrlioiii  iiideotl  thoy  liavc  the  pick,  and  it  is  a  compli- 
nu'iit  111  tiie  lailit's  nf  St.  Louis  that  .so  many  of  thoni 
liiivo  wedded  our  officers.'  To  illustrate  the  intimate 
rclaiiiii"  and  social  reciprocity  between  the  officers  of 
till'  army  aiul   the   citizens  of  St.   Louis  it   is  only  ' 

nei'o.-sarv  to  read  the  following :  \ 

I 

"Till'  Is!  "f  .fiiiiiiiirv,,  iS27,  llio  oHicci?  i.f  the  I'nih'd  .'States 
armv  at  .lelVcrsoii  Itarnvoki'  gave  a  graml  Imll,  to  whinli  many  ■ 
of  till'  leailing  families  were  iiiviteil.  It  was  a  grami  alTair. 
It  \vii!<  lieleruiined  at  lhi.-<  time  t>y  tlie  inliabitaiits  of  the  city  tu 
give  !'  eiiiiipliiiieiitary  ball  in  return,  'i'lio  residence  of  Qov- 
crn  ir  Plark  was  proonred  for  the  oceasion,  and  the  bull  came  off 

I,  llie  Mil  of  January.'     It  answered  a  double  purpose,  to  ro- 

1  Tlic  li?t  is  by  no  mean"  eomiileti'  of  tiieae  inarriaKes.     In 

l-lll.  I.ii'iil   .lolin  ramiilicll  to  .Mi.'is  Nii'lioils;   I, lent,  lienito  to 

Mi"  Viaieiit  J  L'ol.   liisM'H's  dau};liler  (ISI.'J)  to  William  Mor- 

ri*iui;  nnnlher  daughter  of  Col.  Hisscll  0**'')  to  Capt.  IViee ; 

a  tliird  I  ISI7)  lo  .Maj.  Douglass;   IsKi,  Col.  Thompson  to  Miss 

l.eci  I'-li,  Christian  Wilt  to  daughter  of  .Maj.  (ieorge  Wil.son  ; 

1>I'.I.  Indian  Agent   Uuland  to  daughter  of  Col.  WelUi   tsl'.l, 

Cniit.  liriiht  to  .Mis.s  Tesson ;    1S23,   .Maj.  Thomas   Diddle  to 

<liai;liter  of  .lohii   .Miitlanphy ;    ISL':l,    Maj.    lien    (l'i''allon  to 

.jaUL'liler  of  Patrick  I.ee  ;  ISL'4,  Cid.  Karris  to  daughter  of  .'^am- 

iiel  I'trry  ;  I^L'.i,  Capt.  Hates  to  Mrs.  I'oteet;  Capt.  T.  F.  Smith 

tu  Miss  .\iiielia  Chouteau  ;  (len.  William  11.  .\shley  to  daugliter 

ol  Maj.  Christy;  lsJ4,  Col.  W.   li.  .Mexandor  to  daughter  of 

llirrar.l  I'ralle  ;  Capt.    I>.  K.  Hill  to  .Miss  Walter:   IS:;;.  C^ol. 

1. 1'.  Hniwa  to  Miss  Stepbensnn  ;   IS'.'ll,  I.ieiit   Orosman  to  .Miss 

Vii-liir:  I.ieat.  Clary  to  Miss  I'hilipson  ;  Capt.  Z.  ('.  Palmer  to 

Mrr.  Hin'liir:   Maj.  Kearney  In  .Miss  P.ailfonl ;  (!apt.  T.  .1.  Har- 

f.'iii  t"  .Mi-s  llamtrainek  ;  Capt.  .1.  )!.  (^lark  lo   Miss  Sanfurd ; 

l.iiiit.  I'liilip  SI.  (leorgc  to  .Miss  llorlzog;  Capt.  .lames  Dean 

ti  Mil*  Harriet  t^hristy  ;   I.ieiit.  Hniisseau  to  Miss  Kmily  I.ee; 

Dill.  K.  I',  liaines  to  Miss   .Myra  Clark  Wliiliioy  (I8:!il) ;   Anne 

I.u'as.  ilaughter  of  J.  H.  I'.  I.ueas,  in  ISU,  nmrried  Capt.  Hiiut, 

Mliiaav,  ;  .Iiilia  Oabanin''  married  I.ieiit.  Kingsbury;  Capt, 

line..  lux-President)  married  u  Carondelet  lady;  Charles  CJra- 

'..olV  snii  and  the  son  also  of  J,  U.  C.  Lucas  were  graduates  of 

IVi'i  I'liiiit  and  distinguished  in  the  army  ;  Col.  O'Kallon  nmr- 

rl''l  a  >i.Ur  nf  tien.  tieorge  Kogers  Clark  ;  his  son  .Fames  inar- 

ri"i  a  irraiiiidaiighter  of  lien,  /.aehary  'i'aylnr:  .lol.n  T.  Darby 

>  Imnliler  nf  Capt.  Wilkinson;  Col.  lirant  married  a  niece  of 

Til1Jlll;l^  II.  lleutitn  :   .Miss  Kasttui  married   .Maj.  .''^ibloy  ;  (Jen. 

h''t  uiarrii'd  a  daughter  of  Maj.  liralmm;  .lames  It.  Soiilard 

iiiirrit'.!  II  ilinighter  of  (.'ol.  Thoinas  Hunt;   Maj.  Turner  mar- 

tii'l  a  liiaiihterof  Capt.  Tbeo.lnre  Hunt.     Others  of  these  iiiter- 

iii.irri;i)j{s  i\it!  be  found  recorded  or  spoken  of  in  various  other 

fiin-uf  this  volume. 

■  Mr. 'Murk's  residence  in  ."^t.  I.oiiis  was  situated  on  thesoiilb- 
l(M  ciirnir  of  Vine  and  Main  Streets.  His  ground  o.'.teuded 
|M'I  la  tlio  liai  k  of  the  river,  and  down  Main  Street  half  the 
W'«'*.  The '■  lU'C  was  of  brii  U,  and  in  1S2II  was  one  of  the  best 
biiil.|iiii(»  in  St  l.ouis,  two  stories  high,  ami  linished  in  the  best 
mil' 111  'lie  d.iy.  Attached  to  the  soulli  eml  of  this  building 
»»!  r  w'tnf  ibout  one  hundred  feet  long  and  thirty  '"et  wide. 
Ii  ilii'  <liiiiirluient  was  kept  what  v»as  then  called  the  Indian 
.  ^i'.'i'iiiii,v.  here  all  manner  of  Indian  curiosities  wore  to  be  seen, — 
km  'lh-..|'<  cnniposeil  of  feathers,  war-clubs,  battle  a.xcs,  toma- 
[.aiks.ljuHsaad  arrows,  smoke-pipos,  breast-plates,  and  a  Inrgo 


turn  the  coinpliinent  and  tu  celebrate  the  anniversary  of  the 
battle  of  Now  Orleans.  The  large  room  that  contained  the 
inuseum  was  eniiitied  of  its  contents,  ivas  brilliantly  illuiiiinated 
by  (.'hanileliers  hung  to  the  ceiling,  the  walls  were  decorated 
with  national  Hags,  interspersed  with  life  si/o  portraits  of 
Washington,  Lafayette,  .lackson,  and  other  distinguished  men. 
The  bjst  wines  and  other  liquors,  cigars,  and  everything  else  to 
cons:itiite  good  cheer  were  procured  in  the  greatest  ahuiidance, 
and  ihe  very  best  musicians  that  the  city  afl'nrded  were  obtained 
for  this  occasion.  The  time  for  coniiuenciiii^  arrived,  and  with 
it  came  the  gentlemen  and  ladies  from  .leHcrson  Barracks, 
bringing  with  them  a  full  band  of  choice  musicians.  The 
invited  guests  of  the  city  all  arrived  at  the  time  and  place  ap- 
pointed. The  musicians  were  placed  in  the  middle  of  this 
largo  ball,  and  the  dancing  coninienced.  The  band  from  the 
burrauks  played  alternately  with  the  musicians  from  the  city, 
and  the  enjoyment  was  genuine  and  general. 

**  The  dancing  ceased  at  one  o'clock,  .ind  the  company  repaired 

biri'b-bark  canoe,— fossil  remains,  a  birge  collcrtion  of  minerals 
of  ditlerent  sorts,  skins  nf  large  animals,  among  them  the  white 
bulliiln  robe,  a  great  variety  of  birds,  and  tli«  buiics  of  rare  ani 
mals,  said  to  be  the  mammoth  or  the  mastodnn;  a  variety  of 
the  remains  nf  serpents  and  reptiles,  nne  a  rattlesnake  nine  feet 
Img.  and  the  skin  of  a  crocodile  twelve  feet  in  length,  together 
with  a  eulleclinn  of  other  articles  which  tilled  this  large  room  in 
every  part. 

In  rurthcr  proof  of  the  intimate  relations  of  the  citizens  with 
ollicers  of  the  army  and  their  families,  we  append  here  from  the 
unpublished  papers  of  l'ol.  .Tolin  O'Falloii  a  unique  list  of  the 
persons  invited,  and  tho.se  who  went,  to  a  (larly  given  by  Col. 
O'Fallon  in  l!i2S.  The  memorandum  is  in  that  gentleman's 
own  handwriting,  and  these  same  guest-  were  very  likely  at 
(iovernor  Clark's  ball  in  1S27: 


.No.  in    Dill 
family,  nut  go. 

JiiiIrc  WhsIi '.i 

Miij.  f'liristv 4  2 

(Jen.  Ashl.v :i 

Miij.  Itiilille 4 

lien.  Claik :l 

Mai.  O'Fiilton 2 


No.  in    Did 
fiiliiily.  nut  go. 


;t 


itiiil|;e  I'lirr. 

Dr.  Kiirrar '.i 

Miittbew  Ki'ii - 

lii'ii.  .\lkiiisi>n 4 

I.  .k  (1.  Ki'uniTlv 4 

Col.  Woiilley. ....'. 4 

Miij.  Piillncr 2 

Dr.  Lane 4 

Ca|it.  Hunt -.! 

Mr.  Dent i 

Mr.  Slliltll ;! 

Mr.  Tiacy 2 

Mr.  Wurcmlortl •! 

Mr.  Cliaileas,  Sr 'i 

Mr.  Cliai  less,  .Ir '1 

Mis    ll.C'lH' 1 

Mis.  MaiMid i 

Mr.  Hull 4 

Mr.   Iluir -i 

Mr.  Haiiilnilnrk 2 

Mr.  Keyle ;l 

Mr...  Kssi'X 1 

Mr.  Holmes I 

Mr.  WliielriKht 1 

Col.  Mcl'iea 1 

Mr   Mcliraw 1 

Mr.  Nate t 

('apt.  Clark 1 

(•ill.  Mi-Nell 1 

l.tfiit.  Vaiihiirn 1 

Ciipt.  llrant 1 

Ml.  Siiiinioas 1 

Sir.  Mei:liiiits 1 

Mr.  Ciiuller 1 

Mr.  Hass I 

('apt.   Mhhoii 1 

Capl,  Itarnev 1 

Jli.  Wnrlailiii 1 

Mr.  Sklnlii-r t 

Col.  Chouteau i 

Mr.  ClKMitemi 2 


1 


Mr.  Paul  

Mrs    Spalilin;; 

,Mr.  Iliilao.l  

Mr.  K.'hiierlv 

Mr.  .\ii(;   ,V  \V.  li.rr.. 

Mr.  (tialila 

Mr.  Itnle 

Mr.  I.iliili'll 

.Mr.  Miilliinphy 

.Mr.  .bines  ami  Sniitb. 
Mr  ."Stiaw 


:i 
I 

Dr.  llaKtiti I 

Mr.  Hays 1 

Mr.  Collin 2  2 

Mr.  Powell 2 

BD-.  banc 2  t 

Mr.  TliunuiK 1 

Mr.  Cli'Ilieiis 2  I 

Mr.  Von  I'iml 2         2 

('apt.  Noel 2 

Mr.  Mcl'iislin 2  1 

Mr.  t>aiil>i'rii:iu) t 

.Ml.  llill.'a 2 

('apt   llil'V 1 

Dr.  (Jale 1  I 

Maj.  (iiei'ii 2  2 

Mr.  Allen 2 

Mr.  Hunt 1 

Mr.  Tracy I 

Mr.  Mi'iimnilcle i 

Mr.  Ki'VIe t 

Ml.  He. .1-11 t  1 

Mr.  Korii 1 

Mr.  Malsh 1  I 

l.ieiir.  Itapey 1 

('apt.  Wiikflire t 

blent.  lllchaiilHon 1 

l.leul    .Mi ■ 1  1 

;   ('ai'(.  Spencer I  1 

bletll.  (iwyiine.  1 

I    I.ieat.  KlitgMliiiry 1 

l.ient.  Willlains 1 

Toluls 1 ITO        60 

80 

Atteiiilwl 110  ppnions. 


316 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


I;    i-l 


'SB''.  41       ''  ■ 


m 


into  the  main  biiildin"'  and  partook  of  a  repast  con^islir.g  ufall 
tliiit  the  ooiintry  noiiM  iifl'oril,  itiid  served  up  in  the  best  postiilile 
•tyle.  After  supper  the  Inncing  wiis  reeouiuieiiecd,  anil  wiis 
kept  up  until  fix  o'clock  ii.  the  morning,  when  tlie  conipiiny 
dispersed,  pleased  and  sutistied,  fur  not  outi  uilverse  occurrenee 
took  plaeo  to  iniir  the  pleasure  of  the  (iccasion. 

"  In  those  days  it  was  custouiarv  to  have  two  grand  national 
balls  during  the  winter,  one  on  the  M\i  of  January  to  celebrate 
the  battle  of  New  Orleans,  the  other  the  22d  ol  Kehruary,  Wash- 
ington's l)irth(hiy.  But  none  of  the  festivities  of  t'urnier  times 
had  equalcil  this  one,  and  it  Is  doubtful  if  any  festival  sineo 
then  has  surpasseil  it  in  pleasure  and  enjoyment," 

Such  iissoiiililies,  uiid  tliose  of  an  Mvr  dsiy,  Itold  lit 
tlic  IJaiiiiiioiKl  liouse,  or  Clioutoau'.x,  or  Soiilaid's,  or 
O'Fallon'.s,  or  Cliristy's,  or  Koetor's.  or  Cahamiii's,  or 
Ltifas's,  or  SaiiL'tiiiiL't's,  or  the  old  lliddick  iiiaiiHion, 
JuilfrtJ  Luku  Lawless'  hospitable  home,  are  easier  to 
iniajiiiie  than  doseribo.  The  jiuest.s  wore  people  dis- 
tiii<:iii.shed  then,  or  iil'terwards  to  be  distiii>;uiHhed. 
Jeffei'sr.n  Davis  courted  his  first  wife,  Miss  Knox 
Taylor,  si-dor  of  Gen.  Dick  Taylor,  in  the  old  Christy 
mansion.  Hero  you  ini<;ht  liave  met,  at  one  and  the 
same  kind's  ball,  (lens.  Scott  and  Gaines  and  At- 
kinson. Henry  Clay  and  Tom  Benton,  tiie  two  Chou- 
teaus,  Manuel  Lisa,  Wilson  1'.  Hunt,  and  Henry, 
tlie  fur-traders,  and  H.  .M.  IJrackenridfje,  Lord  Mor- 
peth, the  lilarl  of  Dunnioie,  and  Charles  St.  Vrain  ; 
John  Scott,  Riifus  Kaston,  and  Charles  Delassus. 
John  Scott,  a  u'loat  lawyer,  would  have  been  notice- 
able anywiiere,  with  his  loiif;  wliite  cue  of  hair 
han<;in<;  |j:raeefully  down  up"ii  liis  shoulders,  or  else 
clubbed  and  tucked  u])  with  a  comb.  A  man  whose 
conversatiim  would  interest  you  oven  in  :i  fit  of  the 
toothache, — a  suave,  courteous,  peppery  ^rentlcinan  of 
the  old  .sciiool,  who  bowed  and  coinjilimcntcd  and 
swore,  as  mijiht  bo  expected  from  the  son  of  ii  planter 
of"  the  slashes  of  Hanover, '"  who  always  carried  dirk 
and  pistol  in  his  pockets,  and  wsis  always  ready  to 
give  and  receive  a  challeiii:e.  As  for  the  Indies,  they 
were  worthy  to  receive  the  attentions  of  such  men  as 
we  have  nainod, — many  more  of  whom  mijiht  be 
named.  Channinjr,  witty,  ixracious,  no  men  wearied 
of  them  and  flew  to  tlio  card-table  for  rest  and  relief. 
On  the  ciuilrary,  their  charm  had  an  element  of  fasci- 
inUion  in  it,  .so  that  it  never  coa.sod  to  attract.  Octo- 
■fonarian  dames,  who  were  youii;j;  then,  and  of  whom 
to-day.  or  a  few  years  btick.  but  the  feeble  shadow, 
the  pipiiij;  Irelile  of  a  voice  and  the  snulf-box  re- 
innined.  could  still  draw  younjr  men  to  their  side,  to 
listen  with  plea.sed  attention  to  their  animated  cackle 
about  the  jrood  old  times.  What  p'acc,  animation, 
vivacity  was  theirs  as  they  j;lided  to  and  fro  acn^s 
the  waxed  floors,  in  the  flaring;  ii>.'ht  of  candles,  or 
paced  up  and  down  the  piazzas,  with  a  soldier  or  a 
Klatcsman  at  tht'ir  elbow,  chattering  English  with  the 


least  delightful  suspicion  of  an  accent.  How  IVcsli 
and  strong  they  seemed  next  day,  after  danciuL'  all 
night  long,  and  ready,  if  you  called  upon  tluin,  ii, 
take  a  breezy  gallop  to  Florissant  or  Bellefontaiiu'.  ,,r 
walk  through  gardens  and  pleached  alley- ways  ul'  or- 
chni'ds,  till  they  brought  you  to  the  romantic  cuvens 
and  dells  and  ])lcasing  shades  along  the  mai;.aiii  ni 
(/'houteau's  Pond. 

That  was  it  society  of  the  best  elements,  buili  solid 
as  the  walls  of  those  old  mansions  which  they  aduiiicij. 
— walls  of  plaster  and  rubble,  or  squared  blocks  nf 
limestone,   three   feet  thick.     We   do   not   see  such 
walls  nowadays,  nor  such    piazzas,  doors,    wiiidiiws. 
cupboards,  and  wood-work  as  those  houses  contiiiiieJ. 
— tall   mantels,  deep   cornices  and   wash-boaiils,  anj 
chair-boards    and    panels,    all    cut   and    grooveii    l,v 
hand.    Tho.se  good  old  times  have  quite  pa.s.seil  awav: 
those  charming  home-circles  arc  broken  up,  iicvor  in 
be    restored  in  their  primitive  shape,    in  wliidi  £ 
were  neighbors  and  friends,  and  every  domicile  L'avf 
you  open  access  and  friendly  welcome.     DcKii'lucks 
and  safes  for  plates  were  not ;    even  the  thievjnj;  ji,. 
dian  and  prowling  negro  never  went  beyond  ilie  i-i.'. 
pen  and  the  hen-roost  to  plunder.     But  tlicie  i<  i 
common  con.sent  that  they  were   ''good  old  tiiui- 
indeed.     As  a  writer  has  .said, — writing,  too,  froiii  lii, 
h(!art, — "  Wo  have  never  seen  the  man  yet.  conic  i'luiii 
what  part  of  the  world  he  may,  who  knew  St.  I,nuis 
sixty  or  .seventy  years  ago,  and  was  welcomed  ami  f 
etiived  by  the  kind-hearted,  generous,  and  iihIpIc  |«ii- 
ple.  honest.  n|iright,  and  unsuspecting  tis  tliey  wwe. 
but  what  Wis  touched   by   the  friendly  greeliiiL's  i.| 
cordial  welcome.     Talk  to  one  of  the.se  anciiMit  visiinni 
now.  who  Knew  St.  Louis  in  tlio.sc  primitive  ilaysnf 
purity  ill  d  happiness,  and  his  heart  swells  and  lii> 
eyes  fill  A'ith   emotion  at  the  recollection  of  iliewii- 
erous  kindness  and  unselfish  hospitality  e.KttM:JeJ  ii> 
him  by  its  people." 


CHAI'TEU    XIII. 

ST.   LOUI.x   I..\N1>  TITMv-i.i 

TiiK  professional  examiner  of  land  titles  isiniiitiit  I 
to  go  back,  in  bis  researohes,  to  the  grants  iiiade  btj 
the  three  governments  which  have  respeclivoly,  at  I 
difl'crent   periods  of  the  past,  had  doininioii  overaiiilj 

'  This  clear,  complete,  knd  satisfactory  chapter  nu  St.  I'ui'l 
land  titles  was  written  expressly  for  this  work  liv  llcnrv  ffl 
Williams,  Esii.,  attorney-at-l»w  and  examiner  ol  litlw  in  liml 
city.  No  person  in  the  city  is  more  thoroughly  iiic|iiaiiii»ll 
with  the  history  and  the  law  of  the  subject  here  trcoted,  uriioit 


I'laiiiied   the 
ciiy  I'f  St.  L 
Friini  a  uti 

to  jre  lieliind 
the  iiiiyin  or 
be  interesting 
Sduie  referencf 
iiiiiiidii  iicquir 
t'xaiiiiiio  its  to 
Hut  little  in 
tin's  coniiiient- 
I'.v  il:"  .Aztecs 
iiidivi 'uiil  o.v'ic 
uiiiiioti  or  sovet 
uvei'  (■■(1  much  of 
lime  boiiio;  to  oe 
The  iis(>  of  )a 
)iij<i'.s  Wiis  as  fre 
ilic  I.iL's  iuid  rii 
liraiits  and   patei 
and  linaiidiiries  w 
The  natives   j 
liahiiiitions  '•  v>\\e 
ilif  land.     Tliey 
-irainis   that    are 
name  laws"  proh 
ifiih  whicli  the  fon 
II-'  oiiptiire  by  seiri 
[sifariiii'd  in   the  1 
ilifwiened   them 
|iv;ir.  the  oionse  an 
jiriJ.' prairies;  no  (e 
'""  ill  dania<-os  ai 
j»iiiiiiTinj.'.s  at  will 
jmi'iit  iiLirred  their 
I'iifir  wiijwiitiis. 

-\li  ihis,  however 
jTlii'  r.\isi..riee  of  tl 
J0''"iid  Irv  ii.iventm 
lr»'i-  "f  Kiiropo- 
P"'  iiiliers  of  lessor 
''"•  d.in)ini(,n 


p|Hi™t     |„.|{ 


'euss  III, 
"•'■gret  thai 


'■I,ii|i|,.r,  rclaiing 

»liiiir|,r„|,er  order  in, 
k'Mlmv;  ivesi,,,,,!,, 

I''"ii:'»ii'l,i,onralo  wr 
}"i"MM  from  , host, 
•"»«'"'■    .As  it  is,  the 

P'-iil-jedMi-ourlan 
•'*'"'"'l"«;ioal  and   hist, 

"'"■"'"lii'-li  ten,l  to 
P""*'lij.|,|„.aratcnce 


!il  ;iiul  ri'- 
ihi'V  wrtc. 

ivo  iiiiy<"f 

oils  and  I'i- 

III'  lliL":ffl- 

e\ti'i:JcJ  til 


SAINT  LOUIS  LAND  TITLKS. 


317 


dainitHi  tlie  ownership  oF  the  soil  upon  which  the 
eity  of  St.  Louis  now  stunds. 

From  a  utilitarian  point  of  view,  it  i»  not  necessary 
to  no  liciiind  those  uriints,  the  law  rejrardinsr  them  as 
the  oii.^iii  or  source  of  the  title,  neverllieless  it  luay 
be  interesting — to  the  historian  at  least — to  make 
sdUie  I'ci'orences  to  the  period  which  antedates  the  do- 
iniiiioii  ac'()uired  by  those  {jovernnients,  and  briefly 
oxuiiiiiie  as  to  the  methods  of  acquiNition. 

Hut  little  more  than  three  centuries  a<:o  the  soil  of 
liiis  coiiiiiieiit — save  perhaps  those  portions  occupied 
liv  il:'>  Aztecs  and  the  Zuiiis — was  wholly  without 
iiuiivi  'ual  u.vnershijt.  There  was  not  a  claim  to  do- 
iiiiiiioii  or  sovertifjiity,  save  tiiat  of  the  native  tribes 
overfill  much  of  tiie  territory  as  they  chanced  for  the 
liiuc  biMiif;  to  occupy. 

The  use  of  land  for  cultiva'aon  and  all  other  pur- 
iiijscs  wa.s  as  fcee  to  the  individual  as  the  waters  of 
tlio  liihi'.'*  and  rivers,  or  the  air  which  they  breathed. 
Grants  and  patents,  deeds  and  niortiiages,  inclosures 
and  lioundaries  were  unknown. 

The  natives   roamed    at  will,  locatinj;  their  frail 
haliiiaiioiis  '■  wheresoe'er  their  fancy  led"  throu<thout 
ilie  lainl.     They  were  wholly  unfettered  by  the  re- 
-iruints  that   are    attendant    upon    civilization.     No 
■i-MK  laws"  prohibited  their  slaujihter  of  the  animals 
j  mill  which  the  forests  abounded  ;  no  edicts  prohibited 
tW  capture  by  seine  or  net  of  the  finny  tribes  which 
jffariiii'd  in   the  lakes  and   rivers;   no   prosecutions 
tlirciiiencJ  them    for  killing,  at  any  season   of  the 
l\i;ir,  the  iirousc  and  quail  which  abounded  in  all  the 
\ni>'  piairies  ;  no  fears  of  warrants  for  trespass,  result- 
in  dama'-cs  and    incarceration,  restrained  their 
|iiuJiiiii.i.'s  at  will ;  no  prospective  actions  in  eject- 
Iniiiit  marred  their  enjoyment  of  the  land  occupied  by 
Itiicir  wigwams. 

.Vll  this,  liowever,  was  destined  to  a  mighty  change. 

iTIi-  cxi>tiMii:e  of  the  New   World  having  been  dis- 

loi'iid  liy  adventurers  from  the  Old,  the  three  great 

|j<air>  of  l''uro]ie — Franco,  Spain,  Great  Britain — 

pltiiliers  of  lesser  note,  in  their  lust  for  power  and 

lor  ilomiiiit/ii  over  the  entire  surface   of  the 


,1,,,  is  nllUfll'  I 

lilts  niado  ky  j 
eelive'.y.  st  1 


spei 

lion  oVftai 


iiiiil 


l,r  (111  ■■^t-  1'""'' j 
Jof't!tl«  ii"!'''! 


;.|iioiil  III  .lisouss  them  in  nil  olti'ctivc  lunl  eoiniiroliiTsivo 
MoiiT.  \Vc  rogift  that  the  intniduotorv  |mrli()n9  of  Mr.  Wjl- 
ia|iliT,  rclniinf;  to  nmtlors  inure  fully  troiiteil  alrently 
ktlmr  |ini|ier  cinlur  in  other  piirts  of  this  work,  requireil  to  be 
iillfl  licrr ;  we  shiMiM  have  been  (jIikI  to  show  how  well  tlilK 
lu'ii.:  mill  .iruurate  writer  oiin  enlivon  nn  olhorwisu  iliill  iiiul 
rl)  Milijeil  fnmi  the  .store-hoiipo  of  hl.itory  nnd  poetry  iil  hia 
■mill.  .\h  it  is,  the  roniler  will  llnd  tbiit  the  entire  uoin- 
Inti  I  Mibjcot  uf  our  liinil  titles  if  cle.  i-ly  unfoliieil  before  him 
|ilirijni'liii,'{ciil  mill  histurii'iil  order,  so  I'lat  all  the  ii|>piirviit 
i  liiii"  wliii'h  tend  to  repel  the  liiyinan  from  slinlying  such 
iiitr!  iliii||ipe»r  lit  once  under  the  akillful  trontiiient. 


globe,  were  each  and  all  eager  to  appropriate  to  them- 
selves as  much  of  the  new  territory  as  they  could 
po.ssibly  manage  to  ac(|uire.  Acting  upon  the  theory 
that  the  savages  were  heathens  and  had  no  rights 
which  Christian  people  were  bound  to  respect, — or, 
at  least,  that  it  would  confer  upon  them  a  great  bless- 
ing to  introduce  Christianity  and  eivili/.ation  among 
them. — they  proceeded,  in  order  to  avoid  conflicts 
among  themselves,  to  establish  a  rule  which  should  be 
recognized  by  all  in  their  strife  for  the  aei|uisition  of 
the  iiewly-di.scovered  domain.  It  was,  therefore,  mutu- 
ally agreed  that  "  discovery"  gave  title  or  .sovereignty 
and  dominion  to  the  government  by  whoso  subjects  or 
by  whose  authority  it  was  made,  its  against  all  other 
Kuropean  governments,  a  doctrine  which  was  happily 
satirized,  or  at  least  ridiculed,  by  a  poet  of  the  llevo- 
lutionary  period  who  wrote, — 

"  For  the  timo  onee  wiis  here  (to  the  world  be  it  known) 
When  all  a  man  trailed  by,  or  .siiw,  wiis  his  own." 

KltKXKAi;. 

Under  this  rule  the  nation  whose  subjects  made  a 
"  di.seovery"  claimed  not  only  the  exclusion  of  all 
other  Europeans,  but  the  sole  right  of  establishing 
settlements  upon  it,  and  of  acquiring  the  soil  from 
the  natives.  As  they  were  all  interested  in  asserting 
that  right,  each  wanting  a  share  of  the  immense 
spoil,  they  were  of  course  unanimous  in  ttssenting  to 
it ;  lieiiee  the  spoliation  of  the  heathen  by  means  of 
discovery  and  con<|uest  became  legilimate,  and  was 
dignified  as  a  principle  embodied  in  the  "  Law  of 
Nations." 

This  having  been  established,  the  nations  whose 
sntijects  bad  made  discoveries  proceeded  to  a.ssert  their 
claims  to  sovereignty  and  dominion  by  making  grants 
and  charters  to  individuals  and  companies  in  lavish 

I  profusion.  The  result  was  the  occupation  and  .settle- 
ment of  America  by  the  rival  powers,  and  a  succession 
of  wars  and  conquests  which  covered  the  continent 
with  blood,  and  caused  the  expenditure  of  an  enormous 
treasure.  All  these  wars,  the  march  of  discovery,  the 
movements  of  eon(|uerors  and  adventurers,  the  iiKiking 
and  breaking  of  treaties,  the  strange  perils  of  the 
wilderness,  have  been  suflfieiently  detailed  in  various 
portions  of  this  work.  We  have  traced  the  course  of 
adventure  and  occupation  down  to  the  actual  settle- 
ment of  St.  Louis  and  its  final  transfei  to  the  United 
States.  It  remains  to  trace  as  distinctly  the  history 
of  land  titles  in  individuals,  how  they  originated, 
what  causes  tended  to  make  them  doubtful  and  di.s- 
|)Uted,  and  bow  they  have  finally  attained  their  pres- 
ent firm  and  satisfactory  ba?iis  in  St.  Louis. 

Tlij  cession  of  Louisiaini  gave  to  the  United  States 

'  its  sovereignty  and  dominion  over  ail  that  territory,  and 


318 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


,.'! 


wo  huve  been  at  some  pains  to  hIidw  at  lcn<;t)i  by  what 
a  clear  and  iiiiiisputnblo  cliain  of  titles  we  hold  these 
possessions.  But  there  was  still  outstanding  the  In- 
dian title. 

On  pnpe  144  of  vol.  i.  of  Monette's  "  History  of 
the  Valley  of  the  ML'sissippi,"  the  prncis  vcrhal  by 
whioli  Cavelier  de  la  Salle  formally  took  po.sse8sion  of 
the  vast  territory  which  he  called  Louisiana  is  set 
out  at  length,  and  it  contains  a  statement  that  such 
possession  was  taken  with  the  eoiLsent  of  sundry 
Indian  tribes. 

That  the  unsuspecting  natives  gave  his  party  a 
friendly  welcome,  as  visitors,  there  can  be  no  doubt; 
but  that  they  had  the  faintest  idea  that  they  were 
making  a  formal  surrender  of  their  forest  homes  and 
hunting-grounds  to  the  strangers  is  beyond  belief, 
even  though  recited  with  all  the  formality  of  a  well- 
attested  pi-oiis  rcrliiil.  The  colonists  I'rum  the  Old 
World  met  with  but  very  little  opposition  in  obtaining 
their  footholds  either  in  North  or  South  America,  and 
once  established  the  work  of  aeijuisition  was  easy. 
By  treaties,  when  a  few  trinkets  would  secure  the 
surrender  of  the  large  bodies  of  land  which  they 
coveted,  and  by  exterminating  war  when  peaceful 
modes  of  accomplishing  their  purposes  failed,  they  and 
their  descendants  have  very  nearly  I'ultilled  to  the  let- 
ter the  prophetic  wail  which  one  of  the  most  distin- 
guished of  Ameriuan  poets  attributes  to  the  despairing 
native : 

"'I'lii'}-  wiisic  us;  ny,  liko  Ajiril  snuw 
III  llio  waiiu  noun,  «o  melt  nwuj  ; 
Anil  last  they  fullnw  iis  wu  go 

Towiiril  tlic  Kctting  ilny, 
Till  they  slinll  (ill  the  liiml,  and  wc 
Are  driven  into  the  Western  soa!" 

—  BllYAST. 

For  years  they  bravely  struggled  for  the  retention 
of  the  right  which  they  held  by  patent  from  the  God 
of  nature  to  roam  their  hunting-grounds  at  will. 
They  had  no  historian  of  their  own  to  chronicle  the 
incidents  of  their  unavailing  resistance ;  but  the  nar- 
ratives of  their  enemies,  the  con(|uerors,  are  of  a 
character  to  arouse  strong  sympathy  with  the  natives, 
and  too  often  to  excite  indignation  against  their  for- 
eign enemies.  The  pages  of  the  Spanish  historian 
De  Solis,  and  ol'  English  and  American  histories, 
prove  that  the  struggle  i'or  the  retention  of  the  land 
of  their  nativity  was,  in  early  days,  heroic,  long,  and 
bloody.  Nor  has  it  yet  ended;  they  are  not  yet 
"  driven  into  the  Western  sea,"  but  "  civilization"  and 
•  manifest  destiny"  are  both  on  their  trail.  There 
soon  will  be  '•  no  one  left  to  mourn  tor  Logan  !" 

To  the  honor  of  the  French  pioneers  it  must  be 
repealed  (hat  their  relations  with  the  savage  tribes 


were  more  peaceful,  friendly,  and  just  than  tlm.,.  ,,|' 
other  natiiins.  They  sought  and  gained  the  idiiij. 
dence  and  I'riendship  of  the  natives,  and,  with  oiim. 
paratively  few  exceptions,  their  intercourse  w:i>  nf  ^ 
peaceful  and  mutually  beneficial  character.  Tin' 
French  padre,  or  "  black  gown,"  was  usually  wilidincil 
and  respected.  The  French  trader  was,  as  a  ruli', 
kindly  rec(Uved.     This  was  especially  the  cnsr  with 

r  the  honored  jtioneers  who  founded  and  carried  un  i||,. 
"  Indian  trade"  at  St.  Louis,  and  at  the  tradini;  |),„t, 
which  they  established  among  all  the  tribes. 

It  is  traditional  to  this  day  that  the  nanu^  ot'Clmu. 
teau  was  u  passport  to  protection  and  favor  aindii;,' ail 
the  Western  tribes. 

When  the  United  States  government  aci|uiiv(l  d,,. 
minion  it  wisely  adopted  the  peaceful  aiul  proptr 
methods  of  acquisition  of  the  Indian  tilK;  by  laair. 
In  two  of  these  treaties  reference  is  made  to  i>ieviiiu.s 
cessions  made  to  the  English,  French,  and  .'<|iaiii..li 
governments,  but  those  former  treaties,  if  niade,  ari 
not  now  accessible.      Nearly  all  the  tribes  have  in  Jn,. 

,  form  ceded  their  rights  to  the  United  States— in 
some  in.stances,  however,  as  a  sequel  to  a  tierce  an  I 
bloody,  but  of  course  an  uiisuecessful  war,— auj 
usually  for  a  ridiculously  small  eompeiisation,  in  cm- 
parison  with  the  extent  of  territory  ceded.  Treaiit* 
have  been  made  with  the  Osages,  the  Sacs  and  F,i.\r<, 
the  Sioux,  the  Weas,  the  Piankeshaws,  the  Kiika- 

I  poos,, the  Winnebagoes,  the  Menoinonies,  the  .'>liawa 

I  ucse,  the  Kanzas,  the  lowas,  and  the  Iiiiiii>i.<,  wliiili 
it  is  believed  cover  nearly  all  of  the  nortliern  pari  of 

I  Louisiana,  as  it  was  acquired  by  the  United  Siatos. 
It  follows  therefore — althougii  thert    n:  .vimo  ii,i 
cate  ethical  questions   involved,  although  the  tiilr- 

'  papers  in  some  cases  arc  fearfully  stained  witii  hi j, 

\  in  many  cases  are  tainted  with  fraud  and  .sadly  ia.k- 
iug  ade(|uatc  consideration — that  under  llie  luliii.s 

,  of  Vattel,  and  especially  of  that  "  higher  law"  kiiitn  j 
as    "manifest     destiny,"    the    title   anjuirwl   Iniu  | 
France  and  eontirined  by  the  Indian   tribe's  iiinsi  I 
pronounced  good  in  "  Uncle  Sam," 

We  now  return  to  the  year  17(i4  to  a.-iccrtuiii  wlml 
grants  of  "legal"  or  "e(|uitable"  titles  were  iiiadoM 
the  French  or  Spsinish  governments  duriiiL'  ikl 
period  of  their  dominion. 

French  Grant*. — It  has  been  said  Laeleilc  rcai'lifJl 
St.  liouis  on  the  loth  of  February,  17ti4.  wjili  ikej 
men  for  his  colony,  and  proceeded  to  lay  mu  a  i"»n.r 
In  the  following  year  <|uile  a  large  addition  i"  ili<| 
colony  was  made  by  French  people  from  llliihi-. wliJ 
warned  by  the  fate  of  the  unfortunate  cxilr- 
Acadia,  had  no  desire  to  become  subjects  of  (Irni 
Britain,  that  power  having  commenced  to  laki'  |» 


abi 


1 


SAINT   LOUIS   LAND      iTLES. 


319 


stvsiiiii  of  the  country  oust  of  the  Mississippi.  Amoiij; 
ilic  iicw-cHiiners  wiis  M.  Louis  St.  An};e  de  Bcliinivu, 
fflio  was  tiio  tii'st  person  to  cxurciso  civil  and  military 
L'uiiiiiiMiid  in  St.  Louis,  and  tliu  first  person  wlio  made 
t;nuii>  of  land  in  that  city. 

Ills  life   and   his  excellent  character  are  fully  set 
lortli  elsewhere  in  this  volume. 

Three  months  after  taking  command  of  Fort  C'har- 
iri's  ('apt.  Sterliiij;  died,  leavin<!  the  office  of  eom- 
maiulaiit  of  that  post  vacant.  In  this  statu  of  affairs 
— doulitle.xs  ut  the  request  of  the  garrison — St.  Ango 
ri'lurneil  to  Fort  Chartrcs  and  resumed  the  command, 
liuKliiif,'  the  po.sition  until  the  arrival  of  Maj.  Fraziir 
Inim  Fort  Pitt,  to  whom  he  resigned  his  charge  and 
niuriK'tl  to  St.  Louis.  It  is  stated  in  Peek's  "  An- 
nals of  the  We.>!t"  that  "  prior  to  his  departure  (^f'roin 
Flirt  Cliartres),  with  a  fatherly  care  and  benevolent 
intent,  St.  Ange  instituted  for  those  he  left  behind  in 
llliiiuis  some  wise  and  salutary  regulations  regarding 
lilies  to  their  lands."  I 

It  liii.s  been  generally  .supposed — and  has  been  so 
•i:iin\  ill  some  of  the  more  recent  histories  of  that 
peridd — that  St.  Ange  assumed  ctmimand  at  St.  Louis, 
iiu|iKiii}.'  that  he  did  so  without  authority;  but  a 
itimiiarisdii  of  dates  and  a  rea.sonable  degree  of  infer- 
inee  would  seem  to  indicate  that  he  was  duly  com- 
luisMoiK'd  to  act  as  commandant  of  the  post,  with  all 
ilie  {lowers  incident  thereto  under  French  laws  and 
(irJiiiaiK'es. 

Tlie  ijraiit  to  Laeledc,  Maxent  &  Co.  was  made  in 
lTii'2.  Laclede  selected  the  site  of  his  principal 
ir:iilin<>-p(i8t  in  17))3,  and  began  to  build  St.  Louis  on 
liii-  tatli  of  February,  17(54.  It  was  probably  known 
10  llie  eiiuiinandant  at  New  Orleans  that  St.  Louis 
li:i>i  been  selected  as  u  trading-post,  and  that  it  would 
U'  a  favorable  location  for  a  military  establishment 
cli;iri:i'il,  as  usuid,  with  control  of  civil  affairs.  I;:  the 
^llmlller  of  1764,  as  elsewhere  stated,  M.  N'eyon  de 
I  Villiers  left  Fort  Chartres,  followed  by  many  of  the 
[  inli.iliiiaiits,  rather  tiian  dwell  under  the  detested  flag 
'  liiiii  nation.  It  is  stated  that  be  had  known  smne 
liiiiie  iireviously  the  cession  of  the  country  to  Great 
llirilain.  Ho  left  Fort  Chartres  in  command  of  M. 
'  >i.  .\nge.  to  be  delivered  up  to  the  Knglish  on 
Iddiiaiiil. 

.\s  it  is  not  probable  that  De  Villiers  deserted  liis 

isi  wiiiiiiiit  orders,  it  is  a  reasonable  inference  that 

f  was  duly  authorized   to  leave  and  to  transfer  his 

li'iiiniiiiij  to  St.  Ange.     It  is  also  reasonable  to  sup- 

.'ihat  8i.  Ange  was  at  the  same  time  authorized, 

k  WiuL'  relieved  by  an  Knglisb  officer,  to  proceed  to 

pi  I'liiiis,  and  establish  and  take  command  of  a  post 

Ij  Hi  |;ilio  i»jt^^ili«  place,  it  not  being  known  even  at  New  Or- 


lii^iM'rtain 


«lal  I 


Wi'Vi'  inaJ 

c  U 

;   iluriui: 

the 

,,K-li'ile  reatM] 

TC.4.  wii 

1  lie 

iiy  Hill  '-^ 

t,.ISll. 

iliUlii'ii 

0  ilie 

,  lUiiiHi- 

,  v\\\ 

tc    'All' 

;  31 

liei'ts  "1 

tird 

leans  until  Oetobitr,  17(i4.  that  the  west  bank  of  the 
river  had  been  ceded  to  Sjiaiii.  If  such  orders  were 
given, — and  of  this  se.ireely  a  doubt  can  o.\isf, — St. 
Ange  was  fully  authorized  to  take  eommand  at  St. 
Louis,  and  he  of  course  had  the  right  to  hold  that 
jiositiiii!  until  tlu-  Spanish  oflieial  came  tit  relieve  bim, 
precisely  as  he  held  Fort  Cb;:rtres  lung  after  the 
cession  and  until  he  was  relieved. 

This  view  of  the  case  is  eoiilirined  by  the  fact  that 
there  are  documents  among  the  ■•archives"  of  the 
post  which  prove  that  the  (!iiverniir-(jreneral  at 
New  Orleans  recognized  hiai  as  eoininanilant  of  the 
,]H)st,  by  virtue  of  whiih  ofViee  he  was  a  "  sub-delegate," 
and  in  that  eajiaeily  had  authority  to  make  grants 
of  land,  subject  to  the  ap|)roval  of  the  (Juveiiior- 
(jieneral. 

As  St.  Ange  delivered  up  Fort  Chartres  on  the 
Kith  of  October,  17ti5,  to  (.'apt.  Sterling,  and 
resumed  the  eoinmand  after  that  tiflieer's  death,  re- 
maining until  relieved  by  Maj.  Fraz 'r  IVimi  Fort 
Pitt,  it  is  manifest  that  he  did  not  finally  take  com- 
mand at  St.  Louis  until  the  spring  of  17(iU. 

The  records  siiow  that  he  proeoeded  without  delay 
to  discharge  the  duties  devolving  u]ion  him,  as  on 
the  -Ttb  of  April,  17(i(J,  he  made  the  first  land  grant 
that  ever  was  made  aftecting  property  at  St.  Louis. 
That  grant  was  made  to  Joseph  Labuxiere  { Labus- 
ciere)  (  Livre  Terrien,  No.  l,page  1),  being  for  a 
lot  in  St.  Louis,  having  a  front  of  three  hundred  feet 
on  Hue  Iloyale  (  now  Main  Street ),  by  one  liundred 
and  fifty  feet  deep  to  the  river,  said  lot  being  now 
known  as  Block  11^  of  the  city.  (The  time  has  been, 
if  not  now,  when  the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  that 
block  of  its  ground  and  twenty-nine  similar  blocks 
that  might  be  selected  in  its  vicinity  would  amount 
to  i;iore  than  the  sum  jiaid  by  the  United  States  for 
the  aeijuisition  of  the  whole  of  the  Louisiana  Territory 
as  it  existed  in  ISIfi}. ) 

St.  Ange  remained  in  command  until  May  20, 
17711,  when  he  was  relieved  by  the  Spanish  Lieuten- 
ant-Governor, Don  i'edro  Pieriias.  His  administra- 
tion had  given  entire  satisfaction.  He  was  not  only 
a  brave  soldier  and  a  wise  and  skillful  commander, 
but  possessed  sterling  (jualities  as  a  civilian.  During 
the  four  years  of  bis  service  in  St.  liouis  he  won  tiie 
confidence,  esteem,  and  affection  of  the  entire  people, 
and  laid  the  foundations  of  and  steadfastly  main- 
tained an  excellent  system  of  civil  governineiit.  lie 
died  at  St.  Louis,  and  was  buried,  aeeouiing  to  the 
church  register,  on  the  'J7tli  of  December,  1774,  in 
the  cemetery  of  the  church.  The  entry  gives  bis 
name  and  title  as  ''  Louis  St.  Ange  de  Bellerive, 
captain  of  the  Swiss  Battalion  of  Louisiami,"  from 


■;: 


II 


U-1 


r  I  1   i| 


it   ii 


i 


I  idi 

f 


f " 


320 


HI8T0RY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


wliicli  it  would  appeiir  thnt  ho  ret  lined  under  Spain 
the  same  military  runic  whicii  lie  had  acquired  as  a 
soldier  of  the  French  kin}i. 

The  Hjsteui  of  making;  and  recordin^r  grants  of 
land  adopted  hy  St.  Anp;c  wax  in  no  wi.se  compli- 
cated. All  concessions  are  short  and  simple  in  form, 
uierely  .■'tatini;  that  on  the  day  named,  on  the  applica- 
tion of ,  ■'  wo  have  conceded,  and  we  do  con- 
cede to  him  ( desci'ihinir  the  land  ),  under  the  conditions 
of  settling  it  within  one  year  and  a  day,  and  that 
the  same  shall  remain  liable  to  the  jjublie  ehargea. 

"  Done  the  same  day  and  year. 

(Sifined^  "St.  Anok. 

"  LABlIXlfcllK,  Xo/iiri/." 

SpiiiiiK/i  Til/is. — The  Spanisli  successors  in  office 
of  St.  Anjie  (with  the  dates  when  tiie  "  archives" 
of  the  post  were  turned  over  to  them)  were  a.s  fol- 
lows ; 

Don  IVilro  I'ierniis.  .May  2(1.  17711. 

Dull  Fnim'isi')!  Cruziit,  .Miiy  1!',  I7".i. 

Dun  I'lTimnilci  Do  hi'vlia,  .Iuni>  14,  i~'X. 

Don  Kninciscii  Criiziit,  ."eiit.  24.  17S(I  isfcoml  toriii). 

Dun  Mniiiii'l  I'oif/,,  Nov.  2.'>,  17.S7. 

Don  ZcMoii   I'l'ii'lt'iiii.  .Inly  21.  I7'.I2. 

Don  (';irlo8  Dchault  Deliupu^  Awg.  2'.l,  I7'.ni. 

All  fif  lh('.>*e  officers,  except  Delassus,  pursued  the 
St.  Anue  method  of  making:  and  recoiditif?  frrants  or 
concessiDiis  of  land,  except  that  they  were  somewhat 
more  formal  in  recitinj;  the  official  titles  of  the  iirant- 
ini;  officer.  The  records  of  all  the  <;rant.s  made  are 
contained  in  six  small  hooks  of  cap-pajicr  with  leather 
covers,  and  constitute  what  is  commonly  known  a.s  the 
"  Livre  Terrien,"  sometimes  called  the  "  Provincial 
Jjand  Hook."  It  does  not  appear  (hat  any  surveys 
of  the  grants  were  made  until  1""((,  when,  at  re(iuest 
of  a  number  of  the  inhabitants,  Ijieutenant-Governor 
Piernas  appointed  Martin  Duralde  .surveyor  of  the 
colony  of  Illinois. 

He  surveyed  a  larfje  number  of  common-field  lots, 
as  they  were  called,  beinfi  lonj;  narrow  strips  of  land 
lyinj;  side  by  side,  havinjr  a  common  front  line,  called 
the  "  traite  (|uarri'',"  on  which  they  had  a  front  of 
from  one  to  four  arpens  ( the  arpent  beinji  equal  to 
one  hundred  and  ninety-two  feet  six  inches,  Knglish 
measure)  by  a  depth  of  forty  arpens;  each  tract  be- 
infi  described  by  the  dcsijination  of  the  common  field 
in  which  it  was  located,  the  number  of  arpens  front 
and  depth,  and  the  names  of  the  adjoining  pro- 
prietors. 

It  is  traditional  that  the  reason  for  making  the 
grants  in  that  manner  was  that  the  owners  of  the 
fields  might,  when  cultivating  their  re.tpective  tracts, 


be  near  to  each  other  for  nuitual   protc(!tion  aunius; 
attacks  by  the  Indians.' 

There  wen!  several  common-Held  inclosures,  i|,.«i,r. 
nated   as  follows :    The  "  St.    liOllis    Prairie,"  wliidi 
adjoined  the  city  on  the  west;  the  "Grand   Pr.iiri,.; 
west  of  the  "  St.  Loui.s  Prairie;"  ttie  "  Prairie  Di.j,. 
noyers,"  southwest  of  the  town  and  friim  two  ici  iliri.|. 
miles  distant,  surveyed  at  a  later  date  by  Pierre  Choii 
teau  ;  the  "  Cul  de  Sac"  or  ■'  Cul  do  Sac  of  the  (ir.uKl 
Prairie,"  lying  between  the  "Grand  Prairie"  lui.l  i||,. 
"  Prairie  Desnoycrs,"  the  three  ut  one  tinii-.  acinnliii:; 
to  the  testimony  of  Mr.  Pierre  Chouteau,  Imviii'.r  im,, 
,  common  inclosurc  ;  the  "  Ijittle  Prairie,"  souili  (if  ih, 
old   town,  and  the  "  White  Ox    Prairie,"  some  tour 
miles  north.     Each  of  these  common  fielils  was  in. 
closed  and  the  fences  kept  up  at  the  expiMisf  df  ih,. 
owners  of  the  several  field  lots,  each  owner  buijiliii; 
and  maintaining  the  fence  at  the  front  and  roarcuiN 
of  his  lot,  and  each  ontributing  his  quota  of  ilieos- 
pen.so  of  building  and  maintaining  the  fencos  Mni; 
[  the  outer  line  of  the  two  side  boundaries. 

No  plats  of  said  surveys  wen;  made,  at  loast  11011,1 
appear  of  record.  The  certificates  of  survey  1  liv  |iu. 
raldc)  were  ri!corded  in  Livre  Terrien  No.  L',  and  ili.i 
surveys  were  nuule  in  the  years  177(t-72. 

The  town  lots  were  not  separately  surveyed.  Tlirt 
are  represented  upon  a  plat  made  in  17.S(I,  Imt  ihe 
lines  of  that  plat  were  not  strictly  followed  in  all  m-i* 
by  the  United  States  government  surveys;  the  varia- 
tions, however,  did  not  materially  aft'eet  the  ii;'hi-i,| 
claimants. 

There  were  also  grants  made  known  as  "  ouilois,"— 
that  is  to  say,  lots  which  were  not  in  the  town  a.-  lai'l 
out,  nor  in  the  common  fields,  but  occupying'  iiii.r- 
voning  spaces  between  the  same,  or  located  aiijoinin; 
them  on  the  outer  lin)its. 

A  large  tract  of  land  southwest  of  the  imvii,  mi- 
taining  4510.4S  arjiens,  equal  to  ;{8;{7.0.'!  acns. at- 
cording  to  the  Uniteil  States  snrvi-ys,  was  lu'lil  iivihc 

inhabitants  as  a  common  for  pasturage,  ciittinLMV i 

etc. 

Outside  of  all    these  there  were  grants  (if  lar.'ir  1 
bodies  of  land  for  plantations  or  farms,  one  of  iliiin 
being  for  a  league  square,  equal  to  705()  arpens. 

It  does  not  appear  that  the  governiiient  ijcrivaj 
any   revenue  from   sales   of   land.     All  tlie  smallfrj 

grants  were  gratuitous.     Larger  grants  wen   ? Ic| 

som(!  of  them  in  consideration  of  services  rcmitriA 

'  Hut  tlio  oiiHtoiii  is  i>l(l  Fient'li ;  the  shaiie  ilielnlod  lit  [itl 
Ka\  iiiK  in  ti-nein);.  Kui-li  lot  tioMer  got  11  lot  lorty  ur|>i'ii!  I  M,! 
lull  liHil  only  ti)  fenee  two  iirjienK,  oiiii  lit  cauli  inl.  anl  oi-j 
triljule  his  jiroportioii  iif  two  furly-iirpens  long  IVmi's. 

.1.  T.  .■!. 


21 


SAINT  LOUIS   LAND  TITLKS. 


:!21 


littv  iiH""^ '■"!'! 

frill'.':'. 

.l.T  ,^ 


anil  siiuic  of  thuni  to  aid  in  the  eHtablishiiicnt  of  eii- 
torini-'i'^  wliiuli   were   iilK'i^i'd    to  be  for    the   publie 

pdoil.  ^ 

All  llie  firaiits  iimdo  by  coiiiiiiatiiluiits  or  Linutcn- 
anldiiveriiors  (us  .sub-dcli'^rates i  were  inclioate  or  iii- 
coiiipli'ie  titles,  ri';;arded  as  pniprrty,  and  as  sueli 
were  ln'ld  and  transferred  ;  iuit  by  .Spanisli  laws  and 
n'i.'iil:iiioiis  tiiey  re(|iiired  ii  survey,  and  tbe  sanetion 
or  iii'proval  of  the  (iovernor-liemnal  of  the  province 
at  Xrw  Orleans,  to  make  tiiuin  eompiete  lofjal  titles. 

Of  the  larf^e  number  of  <.'runts  so  made  in  Upper 
Loui>iiiiia  oidy  thirteen  wen!  completed  in  the  luaniier 
prcsi'iibi'd  by  those  laws  so  as  to  vest  an  absolute  le<,'al 
tide  ill  the  grantee.  A  translation  of  a  eoinplete 
nriiit  under  the  Spanish  laws  is  given  in  8  Howard, 
3U. 

It  \v:is  issued  on  the  29lli  of  May,  1802,  by  Juan 
Ventura  Morales,  intendant  <itl  inliriiii.  and  not  by 
tlic  Giivernor-General. 

In  this  connection,  therefore,  it  should  be  noted 
that  I'oii  Antonio  de  Ulloa  was  eonimissiniied  on  tin; 
2J  (il  .May,  1705,  to  take  possession  of  Louisiana,  b\it 
«a,s  prevented  by  the  rebellion  of  the  iidiabitanis 
a-aiiist  .'submission  to  his  authority.  On  the  2'Jth  of 
OctubiT,  1708,  Bon  Ah^xander  O'lleilly,  lieutenant- 
gcuerul  of  the  army,  was  commissioned  •'  to  proceed 
to  New  Orleans,  take  possession,  and  chastise  the 
ri;i};ii'iiilcrs  of  the  rebellion." 

On  the  hiih  of  April,  1761),  he  was  commissioned 
as  (ji)vernor  and  t'aptain-General  of  Louisiana,  and 
■iwiiillv  vested  •'  with  power  to  estid)lish,  in  respect 
of  military  force,  police,  administration  of  justice, 
ami  (iiiaiiees,  such  a  form  of  government  as  would 
I'ffcetiially  .secure  its  dependence  and  subordination, 
anil  |irui»ote  the  king's  service  and  the  happiness  of 
lii<  sulijcil.s."  He  arrived  at  New  Orleans  with  a 
larf;t;  niilitaiy  force,  and  took  po.ssession  without  op- 
pMjiiiiin.  On  the  18tli  of  February,  1770,  he  issued 
liis" regulations,"  among  which  (^No.  12)  lie  directs 
lliat  all  L'rants  of  land  shall  be  made  or  approved  by 
the  Ijiiveriior-Gencral. 

(Ill  tlif  2lth  of  August,  1770,  the  Maripiis  de 
Oriiiialili  iiil'onucd  Don  Jjouis  de  Unzaga,  who  .suc- 
citJwI  O'Reilly,  that  the  king  had  approved  and  con- 
liruu'd  llie  regulations  and  instructions  of  Governor 
(iKiilly  On  the  22d  October,  1708,  a  communica- 
liuii  ivas  forwarded  to  De  Lemos,  tlieu  Governor  of 
Liiiii.-iai.a,  and  to  .Morales,  then  intemlant  ad  inlrriiii, 
iiiliiiiiiiiig  tlieiu  that  "  the  king  has  resolved,  for  the 
isakodf  the  better  and  more  exact  observanue  of  tlie 
ici;:lii_v  lii>i  article  of  the  royal  ordinance  for  intendants 
iut'  Niw  8piiiii,  that  tlie  exclusive  faculty  of  granting 
IsoJ  ilistributiug  {^concede r  y  rtpartir)  lands  of  every 
•Jl 


class   shall   bo   restored   to    the   intcndancy  of  that 
province. 

From  this  it  will  be  ])ereeived  that  the  power  to 
nnikc  lU'  to  approve  grants  of  land  was  vested  in  the 
Governor-General  from  Feb,  18,  17711,  to  Oct,  22, 
1708,  and  in  the  Intendunt-General  from  and  after 
the  last-mentioned  date.  That  jiowcr,  as  W(!  have 
seen,  was  not  cxercLscd  in  Upper  Louisiana  save  in 
thirteen  cases;  hence,  as  to  all  the  other  grants  or 
conccssi(jns,  the  titles  held  by  the  inhabitants  had  not 
been  perfected. 

In  the  treaty  of  San  Ildefonso,  Oct.  1,  180(1,  by 
which  Spain  ceded  the  province  of  Louisiana  to  tlio 
French  republic,  there  was  uo  stipulation  made  as  to 
the  protection  of  tlie  rights  of  the  inhabitants  to 
jiropi'i'iy,  but  the  king  in  his  royal  proclamation  given 
at  Itarceloiia,  Oct.  15,  1802,  announcing  the  retro- 
cession, e.\pr(!sscd  the  hope  that  the  government  of 
the  French  republic  "  would  protect  the  iniiabitanta 
in  the  peaceful  possession  of  their  property,"  and 
"  that  all  grants  of  property  I'i'  whatever  denomination 
made  by  my  (Jovcrnors  may  be  confirmed,  though 
not  confirmed  by  my.self " 

The  treaty  of  April  :!(l,  ISOU,  by  which  France 
ceded  the  province  (o  the  United  States,  contained  the 
fillowing  clau.se,  written  (M.  Murboig  states)  by  Na- 
poleon himself: 

"  Article  H.  The  inhabitants  of  the  ceded  territory 
shall  be  incorporated  in  the  Union  of  the  United 
States,  nod  admitted  as  soon  as  possible,  according  to 
the  principles  of  the  Federal  Constitution,  to  the  en- 
joyment of  all  the  rights,  advantages,  and  immunities 
of  citizens  of  tin!  United  States,  and  in  the  mean 
time  they  shall  be  maintained  and  protected  in  the 
free  enjoyment  of  their  liberty,  property,  and  the  re- 
ligion which  they  profess." 

All  the  rights  of  individuals  claiming  lands  in  Up- 
per Louisiaini,  excepting  only  the  thirteen  complete 
titles  above  referred  to.  were  inchoate,  re(|uiring  survey 
and  jiatent  from  the  former  governments  to  nnikc 
them  perfect,  and  it  was  optional  with  those  govern- 
ments to  make  them  complete  or  not. 

The  Uongress  of  tin?  United  States,  fully  recognizing 
the  principle  that  an  inchoate  title  to  land  is  property, 
and  should  be  held  sacred  ( even  independently  of 
treaty  stipulations),  proceeded  to  make  provision  for 
ascertaining  and  confirming  all  claims  which  could  be 
properly  substantiated  as  lawfully  emanating  from  the 
former  governments. 
I  The  first  act  of  Congress  after  taking  possession  of 
the  province  of  Louisiami,  approved  March  2(i,  1804, 
'  divided  the  same  by  the  thirty-third  degree  of  north 
latitude,  all  south  of  that  line  constituting  the  ''  Or- 


'■  ii 


•.i2> 


ni8T()HY   OF   SAINT   L0UI8. 


it! 


■•() 


-iiMi 


=';,i 


Inuiis  Torrilory,"  iiiid  iill  iniiili  of  it  tlio  "  DiHtiict  of 
LDuisiiiiiii."  Hy  an  nut  npprovi'il  Feb.  -8.  lH(t6,  tlm 
"  Dixtrict  nf  Jiouisianii"  licoami'  the  "  'JVrritoiy  of 
LouiHiiiim."  In  tli)>  act  <il'  Junu  4,  1<S12,  it  is  called 
the  "Territory  of  Micsonri,"  and  by  proclaination  of 
AiiLT.  10,  1.S21.  it  liecanie  the  '•  Stalo  of  Missouri." 

Tbu  aet  of  ]H(I4  ileelurcd  all  ;:raiiiN  of  lam]  and 
every  aet  and  proccedi!i'.»  towards  obtaiiiiiiL'  any  i:nint 
or  title  to  lands  snlisei|U(>nt  to  tiic  treaty  of  San  llde- 
fonso  (Oct.  1,  IHOtti  to  be  null  and  void;  provided 
that  nulhinii  in  tlii.K  seclion  shall  be  eoiistrued  "  to 
make  null  and  void  any  liniiu  fnh  •.rant  made,  a|;ree- 
ably  to  the  laws.  usa<;es,  and  ciistonis  of  the  Spanisli 
government,  to  an  actual  settler  on  the  lands  so  i:ranted 
for  himself  and  for  his  wife  and  family  ;  or  to  make 
null  and  void  any  lioiui  ihli'  act  or  proceedin}^  done  by 
an  actual  settler,  ajrreealily  to  tlu!  laws,  usajres,  and 
customs  of  the  Sjjanish  <;overnuient,  to  obtain  a  ixrant 
for  lands  acuially  settled  on  by  the  person  or  persons 
claimini;  title  thereto,  if  such  .settienii'nt  iti  either  ease 
was  actually  made  ]irior  to  tlii!  iJOlli  day  (d'  December. 
180S."  Further  ]irovides  lliat  such  ;;rant  shall  not 
secure  to  the  ijrantee  more  tlnin  one  mile  scpiare.  and 
.such  further  (piantity  as  the  Spanish  laws  and  usa}:es 
allowed  for  the  wife  and  family." 

The  subse(|Uent  leL'islation  irreatly  modified  this  ; 
t;rants  made  prior  to  Kith  of  March,  18(t-l,  the  day 
wlien  St.  Jjouis  was  delivered  to  the  United  States, 
beinf;  recoiinized  a.s  valid. 

180."),  March  2d. — "  An  Act  for  ascertaining;  and 
adjusting;  the  titles  and  elaim.s  to  lands  in  the  Terri- 
tory of  Orleans  and  District  of  Louisiana"  provides 
that  persons  who  were  resi<lents  on  1st  (d'  October, 
1800,  and  bad  obtained  from  French  and  Spanish 
fioverntuents.  durinir  the  time  eitlier  of  .said  fjovern- 
meiit.s  were  in  |io.sscssion.  any  duly  registered  warrant 
or  order  of  survey  for  lands  to  which  the  Indian  title 
bad  been  e.xtingui^lied,  and  wliieh  were  on  that  day 
actually  inhabited  and  cultivated  by  such  per.sons.or  iiu- 
his  or  her  use,  shall  be  contirmed,  etc. 

Also  that  to  every  pensoii  beiin;  the  iu'ad  of  a  fam- 
ily, or  twenty-one  years  of  age,  who  had  prior  to  2otb 
of  December,  180H,  with  permi.ssion  of  Spanish 
officer,  made  actual  settlement  on  a  tract  during  \\w 
time  the  goverument  making  such  grant  bad  actual 
possession,  and  who,  on  20tli  ol'  December,  18(i;{, 
did  actually  iidiabit  and  cultivate  said  tract,  the  same 
shall  be  granted  to  him. 

Provides  also  for  the  appointment  by  the  President 
of  a  recorder  of  land  titles,  and  that  notice  of  all 
cluiius  to  land  shall  on  or  belbre  the  tjth  of  March, 
1801),  be  tiled  with  hitii,  togutlier  with  title  papers,  a 
plat  of  the  land  claimed,  etc.,  wliich  title  papers  shall 


be   recorded.      If  claimant    net'lects  to  comply   witli 
these  ])r()visions,  all  his  right  to  bo  forever  barri'l. 

Provides  also  for  the  ap|  >intment  by  the  Pre^il|l'||| 
of  two  persons,  who,  with  said  recorder  <d' land  liilis, 
shall  be  constituted  a  board  of  coniinissioners.  with 
power  "  to  hear  and  dei;i(h!  in  a  summary  mainn  r  .ill 
matters  respecting  claims,  etc.,  and  to  decide  in  a 
sumnniry  way,  according  to  justice  and  e(|uity,  on  nil 
claims  filed  with  iho  recorder  in  conformity  with  ili,. 
provisions  of  tliis  act,  which  decisions  shall  be  lajil 
before  Congress,  and  be  sidiject  to  their  determiii.diiui 
thereon.  "  Provided,  however,  that  nothing  eonl.iiiicd 
in  this  act  shall  be  construed  so  as  to  recognlitc  uiiv 
grant  or  incomplete  title  bearing  date  subse(|ueni  in 
the  1st  day  of  October,  1800,  or  to  authorize  th,. 
comini.ssioners  to  make  any  decision  thereon.' 

Ke<|uires  tile  commi.ssioners  to  make  a  full  ri'|<urt 
to  the  Secretary  of  the  Treasury,  to  be  laid  lietlirc 
Congress. 

18tMi,  .\pril  21st. — An  act  su]i]ilenientary  tn  an 
act  entitled  ••  An  Act  for  ascertaining  and  adjiwin:' 
tlie  titl(!s  and  claims  to  laml  within  the  terrildiy  i.f 
Orleans  and  the  District  of  Louisiana"  provides  that 
actual  settlement  shall  be  considered  as  haviiiL:  liem 
made  by  permission  of  the  proper  Spanisli  oflieer. 

That  the  persons  claiming  a  tract  not  e.xcei'ilin:' 
six  buiulred  and  forty  acres,  if  otherwise  euiliraa'il  in 
the  provisions  of  the  amended  act,  shall  be  eoiiliiiiKil. 
although  not  twenty-one  years  old  when  claim  nriv'- 
inated. 

Fxtcnds  the  time  for  tiling  notice  of  claim  niili 
recorder  of  land  titles  to  the  1st  of  January.  \>»' 
etc. 

1807,  March  iid. — '■  An  Act  respecting  cliiiiiu  ii 
land  in  tlie  territories  of  (Jrleans  and  Louisiana '  h'- 
peals  that  part  of  the  act  of  March  2,  18o.j,  whiili 
provides  that  im  incomplete  title  shall  be  conliiun'l 
unless  the  person  to  winun  the  warrant  or  (inlcr  "t' 
survey  bad  been  granted  was,  at  the  time  of  il>  dale. 
either  the  head  of  a  family  or  above  the  age  ol'twemv- 
one  years. 

I'rovides  tliat  persons  wlio,  on  tiie  20th  of  Ikwiii- 
her,  1803,  bad  for  two  consecutive  years  prior  to  lliiit 
day  been  in  po.s8ession  of  a  tract  of  not  inuro  tlmi 
two  thoiLsand  acres,  and  who  were  on  that  day  roi- 
dent  in  the  territory  of  Orleans  or  Louisiana,  ami 
had  still  possession  of  the  tract,  should  be  coniinui'ii 
ill  their  titles  to  said  tract  of  land. 

Section  4  provides  that  tlie  commissioners  "  sliall 
have  full  powers  to  decide,  according  to  the  hnvsuml 
established  u.sages  and  castoms  of  the  Fruiicli  ami 
Spanisli  governments,  upon  all  claims  to  laiiJ^  w\m\ 
tiieir  respective  districts,  where  the  claim  is  iiiaJe  bj 


any  persr 

any  perso 
(.vmljcr,  I 
iract  not  ( 
a  li>at;iie  si 
lead-iuiiie 
iiii.>siiiners 
aiiiimst  tilt 
idnlr.iry  m 

."Section 
I'laiiiis  and 
July.  IS08, 
Section   ( 
iraii.Hiiiit  lu 
•iirvcyi,r-g(;,i 
innde  in   lay 
fi>  tile  jiarty 
till'  Oii.ve.  and 
"I'  land  tliere: 
UliJ  Willi  the 
iiii'iillis  after  ( 
''"■r('ii|Pon  (a 
iialcd  being  j,, 
("liim  by  the  I 
"""•ner  liereiii 
'«nr  of  lliu  pa 
I"  the  Secreta 
I'""}'  '"  a  pat, 
i-  Jirnvided   bi 
lul'lic  lands 

>l.'ll('.S." 

■Viiijii  7  „, 
■'^fi'iioii  8  d 
!"'"  tlicjr  o|iiii 
'■"'ilrm.  and  h 

.\'t:„n    „/  ,1, 

•'"■'"regoinglc, 
^  *'■  LlK.'as  an 
:f''"l'nek  Hal 
I  "Iill  is  iiiiw  fc 
Ji"iiiiiii.s,<ioners" 
[TIkt  eduiiiieiict 
|'<fliiilialej  iii,;i,. 

'"""ii:  Issued  one 
'""  '■"N(iriii;iii„i, 
'''"  '-'l^iiniant  ur 
p'i'l'  ivnuld  vest 


bfa„ 


'M"^|per  her 
''"iiii.<si(iiier.s 
P""  ''Wlifieates   w 
J"""'«>«tes,,,nd 
^'™'«'>allbei.<«u 


SAINT  LOUIS  LAND  TITLES. 


•Ai:\ 


^  willi 
rrf'l. 

i\  lilies, 
rs,  willi 
III'T  nil 

ill'  in  i\ 
f,  oil  nil 
iviili  till' 

111'  luiil 
uiiiiatiim 
i-ontaiiii'il 
:nizi'  iiiiy 

•UlU'llI     iM 

nori/.i'  iW' 
1." 

|lll\    Vl'l'lltt 

laid  liel'orc 

itiiry  1"  '111 

I  ailjusiiii': 
ti-rriliiiy  I'f 
'oviili's  lliat 
lav'iii!;  been 
\  iiflii'tT. 
_)t  ('Xei'i''liii:; 

emV>i'«>.'cil  ill 
)(■  I'liiilinni'il, 

II  ciaiiii  "ii:- 

f  I'lailil  wiih 
iiiuiivy.  1^"^ 

Lit    I'luilllS  1" 

[iouisiiiiiii   "■ 

1805.  wliiA 

1 1,0  L'oiiliruii'il 

jit  111'  ol'*'^''' "' 
L.  „f  ib  il;ilo. 

1,1.,'  ui'iwoiiiy- 

|,1,  „t'  nt'ioiu- 
L  jiviiiV  U)  ili'J' 
i„l  mtuv  '!"" 
I  dial  liny  f>'^'- 
l.i.uisiiiiia-  aii'l 
1,0  m\\'m\(i 

«sioiu'rs"sli»" 
(o  llie  laws  nii'l 
lo  ritfiieli  ;inil 
\o  1«ikU  wiil'i" 
liui  is  iii!"le  I'J 


iiiiv  inTsnii  or  piTsnns,  m-  tlio  IolmI  ro]iroNi'ntiifivo  of 
any  I"  r-'on  or  persoiiH,  wlm  wero  on  ilio  2(tlli  ol'  Do- 
I'l'iiilii'i'.  ISOIt,  iiiliiiliituiits  of  LoiiJMiaMn,  and  tor  a 
iracl  not  cxrct'iliii^  tlio  (|UiiMtity  ol' hiti'H  coiitaiiii'il  in 
a  li'a;:iii.'  wjuaro,  and  wliioli  doox  mil  iiioludc  oitlii'r  a 
leuJ-iiiiiiu  or  ii  milt  tiprin^,  wliiuli  deoiHion  of  tliu  uum- 
niis''i>iiii'rM  wlit'ii  in  favor  of  (lie  claimant  hIiiiI!  ho  linal 
ieiiiii>i  tho  I'nitoil  States,  any  not  of  (\in;rr('Ms  to  tliu 
iiiiiiiMry  notwitlistandiiii;. 

Soil  ion  .">  oxtonds  tlio  tiino  liir  filini;  nolicos  of 
iluiiiis  and  title  papors  with  tho  rooordor  to  tho  l.st  of 
July,  ISIIH. 

Si'i'tion   li   jirovidos  that    tho  ooniinisKionors  .shall 

traiisiiiil  to  tlu'  Socrotary  of  tho  Treasury  ami  to  tho 

<urvi'yor^^Mioral   traiiseript.s  of   thoir    tinal  dcciHionH 

iiiaili'  ill   I'avhr  of  olaiinanlH,  "  and   ihoy  shall  deliver 

til  till'  |iarty  a  eertifieato  statinji  tho  oireiiin.staiieoH  of 

the  easo.  and  that  he  is  entitled  to  a  patent  for  a  tract 

.f  hind  tlu'iein  dosi^natod,  whioh  oortitieate  shall  be 

tiliil  with  the  proper  refiister  or  rooordor  within  twelve 

uiiiiiilis  alter  date,  and  tho  roL'istor  or  recorder  shall 

iliiri'iiiKin  (a  Jilat  of  the  tract  of  land  therein  dosi<;- 

naicil  liiiiij;  previou,sly  filed  with   him  or  transmitted 

til  hini  by  the  oflBeer  actinj;  as  surveyor-jieneral,  in  the 

iiiiiiiiii:v  lieioinaUer  provided)   i.ssue   a   certificate   in 

I'avnr  of  the  party,  which  certificate  heins;  transmitted 

|M  the  Secretary  of   the  Treasury,  shall  entitle  the 

party  to  a  jiutent.  to  be  issued    in   like   manner   as 

is  ]iriividi'd  by  law  for  the  issuinj:  of    patents    for 

luhlic  lands  lyinn  in  other  Territories  of  tlie  United 

SliiU'S." 

Seetiiiii  7  makes  provision  for  surveyiti};  the  cImniR. 
Si'ctiuii  8  directs  that  the  coiuniissioners  shall  re- 
in tlioir  opinions  on  all  claims  which   thoy  do  not 
liulirin,  and  how  they  arc  to  bo  classified,  etc. 
Aiiiiiii  iij  the  lioartl  nf  Comiiii'mioiiers. — Under 
;!irt"n'L'oin};lei;islatiim,  tho  President  appointed  John 
B  ('.  Lucas  and  (Moment  H.  IVnioso,  and  they,  with 
i  Fri'ihriuk  Bales,   recorder  of  land  titles,  constituted 
|itli;ii  is  now  known   as   the  "old  (or  first)  hoard  of 
■imiii.'v'iiiiiM'rs"   fur   the   adjustment   of  land   claims. 
lT!ny  Miininonced  on  the  8th  of  December,  1808,  and 
Ikniiiiiati'J  thoir  labors  on  tho  lath  of  January,  1812, 
luviu'j  issued  one  thousand  three  hundred  ami  forty- 
Itiii  I'onlirinaliun  certificates,  each  of  which  entitled 
Itli"  ehiiiiiiiiit  or  his  loj^al  roprosentativos  to  a  patent 
Iviikh  wiiiild  vest  in   him  or  them  a  comploio  le^al 
Ititli'. 

It  is  proper  here  to  not'i  that,  although  the  board 

fcf  oiiiimi.ssiiiiiors  were  eniporered   to  issue  confiriua- 

jiijii  certiticatos  which    ahoulu   be  final    again.st   the 

pniinl  States,  and  although  the  act  doe.s  not  say  that 

[ateiii  shall  bo  issued,  it  has  repeatedly  been  decided 


by  tho  State  am)  Federal  courts  that  tho  "legal  title" 
did  not  pa,ss  until  the  itisuo  of  a  patent.' 

The  commissioncrH  rejected  u  largo  nnmbor  of 
claims,  many  of  which  would  have  boon  oonfirmod 
by  thoin  but  for  the  stringent  rules  and  restriolious 
proscribed  by  Congress 

There  were  idso  hundreds  of  claim.s  for  town  lots, 
ontlots.  cominon-fiold  lots,  etc,  which  were  not  acted 
upon  by  tho  board  because  they  did  not  come  within 
tho  scope  of  the  legislation  which  dofinod  and  limited 
thoir  powers. 

Satisfied  that  those  claims  wero  meritorious  and 
ought  to  bo  confirmed,  Cloinont  M.  Penrose,  one  of 
the  oominissioners,  and  Thmuas  V.  lliddiek,  clerk  of 
the  board,  prepared  communications,  one  to  the  Soero- 
tary  of  tho  Treasury,  tho  other  to  tho  chairman  of  tho 
('ominittoo  on  I'ublie  Lands,  .stating  the  general  facts 
in  regard  to  such  claims,  recommending  them  for  con- 
firmation, and  imiicttting  the  character  of  the  further 
legislation  that  was  rci|nisite.  Thoir  suggi'stions  were 
accepted,  and  tho  following  act  was  passed  to  carry 
them  into  ett'oct.  Its  iin|iortanco  demands  that  the 
first,  second,  and  eighth  ,si;ctions  be  given  n  iljiilim  : 

ISIL',  .lane  11!.^"  An  Ait  mid-in;/  fnrllur  fir,ir'nin»  i'„r  itl- 
tiiii'J  ihe  rfitiillH  la  titnil  in  the   Tt'i-i-itin-ij  n/'  MinMmtii, 

" ."*F.o.  I.  He  il  niiKlril,  lir..  That  tliu  lights,  litli'.i, iiii'l  I'laims 
to  town  orvillii^ii  lntu,  nut-liits.('(ininii)n-tii>)<l  luts,  iiiiil  cotninunii 
ill.  aiijiiiiiiii};,  and  lii'lniii^iiig  tu  tlii'  si-vltiiI  tinvns  or  villiigi's  uf 
I'oiiiimt  ilt'.i  .s'iuiix,  ."Si.  t'liiirles.  .-^t.  I.oiii.",  .■•I.  Kcnlliniii'l,  Ville 
a  UoliiTt,  I'lii'i'iidi'lt't.  .Stt'.  (Ji'iiuvii'vp,  Xt'W  .Mu'lriil,  Ni-iv  lioar- 
1)1111,  liiltlc  I'riiirio,  iiiiil  Aikunsna,  in  tliu  Turritury  of  MiSMUiii, 
wliii'li  liils  liiivi'  liocii  iiilmliitpd.  I'lJliviili'd.  or  [iiissi'.-sril  |iiiiir 
tiitiii'  2lltli  111'  Di'i'uiiilii'r,  ISIi;i,  sliiill  III',  ami  tlii'  i<iiiiiu  aio  licri'liy, 
coiitiniH'il  til  till'  inliubitaiits  uf  itii'  r6.s|iu<'ti\  u  towns  and  villages 
nforusiiid,  accut'diiig  to  their  several  rij;lits  or  rights  in  coiniiion 
thereto;  /Vori'i/ii/,  Tliiit  nothing  herein  ooi.iiiinud  ahull  he  con- 
Htriied  to  iilVuct  the  right.s  of  any  person  elainiing  the  siiinu  hinds, 
or  any  part  thereof,  whose  elaiins  liave  lieun  oontinned  by  tlie 
hoard  of  coiiiiiiis.iioners  for  adjusling  and  nettling  claims  to 
hind  in  the  said  Territory.  And  it  slinll  he  tliu  duly  of  the 
|>rinei|i:il  de|iiily  surveyor  for  tho  said  Territory,  as  soon  as 
may  he.  to  .iiirvey,  or  eaiise  to  he  I'lirveyetl  and  marked  fwhere 
the  ."aiiio  lias  not  already  been  done  aoeording  to  law),  tlie  out 
boiindiiry  line>of  the  said  !ie\eral  towns  or  villages,  so  iia  to  in- 
elude  the  out-lots,  I'oiuiiion-liehl  lotn,  and  euiiinions  thereto  re- 
speetively  belonging.  And  ho  shall  make  oat  plats  of  the  sur- 
veys, whieli  he  shall  transmit  to  t'uu  surveyor  general,  who  shall 
forward  copies  of  tho  said  plats  to  tliu  eoiiimissioiU'r  of  tho  gen- 
eral land  otfiee  and  to  tho  recorder  of  land  titles.  .  .  . 

"8ko.  2.  ^lii(/  III  ii/iirihcr  cniirliil,  That  all  town  or  village 
lots,  out-lots,  or  coininon-field  lots  included  in  sueh  surveys 
which  arc  not  rightfully  owned  or  claiinod  by  any  private  inili- 
vidual,  or  hold  as  cuniinons  belonging  to  such  towns  or  villages, 

*  Itargess  m.  tiray,  15  Mo.,  220  ;  Aubiichoii  m.  Ames,  27  Mo., 
9;i;  I.e  lleau  in.  Aruiitage,  17  Mo.,  l:iS;  Smith  i'«,  Madison, 
ti7  Mo,,  till,');  Landers  e».  Hrant,  10  How.,  ,(74;  liurges  i», 
liray,  Hi  How,,  18;  Maguiru  i».  Tylor,  8  Wal',  l).)7.  These 
decisions  havo  had  an  impurtnnt  bearing  upon  ({uestiuug  of 
'   title. 


;l 


324 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


or  thnl  the  I'rcHiilent  of  the  ITnilol  .-tatcii  iniiy  not  think  proper 
to  rt'Hcrve  fitr  lutlittirv  imrpi».-cc,  phiiil  bo  nnd  the  piinio  ivro 
hurrliy  rcficrviMl  for  the  yiipjiurt  of  srhuoKi  in  tlie  respective 
toWDB  or  villiij^es  i)foref>iiiil ;  f'rtniifr>f,  'I'liiit  tloMvliolc  ((luiiitity 
of  land  oiiiit.'>iiieti  in  llie  lots  rt'sorved  for  tlie  fu|i|)orl  of  8ciioolB 
ill  any  one  town  or  vil''i^o  simil  not  excci'ii  one  twentietli  part 
if  I  lie  wlioli'  liimls  ini^liiileii  in  tlie  general  suney  of  fueli  town 
or  villiige." 

Ski'.  .'I  proviiiex  tliat  tile  I'liiiinH  to  ilonationn  of  lanils  In  virtue 
of  Hettlenient  un<l  eiiltivatioii  einbraeeil  in  t!ie  report  of  the 
i'onirni!*-"ion')r.-',  vvhieh  were  not  eonlinncd  lieeaUKO  po^t^eMfion  to 
settle  hy  tSpanl.'<h  onieers  hail  not  been  proven,  or  beeaiise  the 
laiol  ulainieil,  tlioni;li  iiibabiteil.  wax  not  ciiltivateil  on  -tith  lie- 
ceinbor,  ISO',.  ~|:all  be  ennlirnii'ii.  in  ease  it  .-hull  appear  that  if 
wiiH  eiiltiv  ii.i'il  prior  to  2lltli  Iteeeinlier.  ISO.'t.  aiel  enl'ivateil  in 
eight  iitoiitl)!*  thereafter.  \Un,  that  when  it  shall  iippe-ir  li.v 
the  repnrt  or  re^'onls  of  the  b'>ar<l  that  elairns  have  not  lieen 
conftrnieit  merely  on  the  ^rioiiel  that  tlir  elaitn  was  for  more 
than  eijihl  li.;n'lre<l  arpen.-,  every  such  elaiin  to  the  extent  of 
eight  liiiiiih'i'il  arpen-*  shall  lie  ei>nlirmi'<l. 

Srr.  -l  ilireets  reeoriler  of  laiol  tith'S  tc  tnake  evtraets  from 
the  hooks  of  the  coiiiMiissioners  nf  all  elaiins  ilirei-teil  by  the 
preeeiliii;;  seetion  to  ho  eonlirmeil,  anil  I.MHanl  same  tn  (jeneral 
hiiiil  oI!iee,  Also  to  furnish  surveyor  with  ileseription,  ete.,  ami 
when  snrvoyi'il  to  issue  eertifieato  of  eonlirmation,  whieh  shall 
be  trnnKinilteil  to  the  eominissionei  of  the  general  laml  ofliei', 
and  if  he  shall  be  sntislied  that  it  has  been  fairly  obtained, 
patent  shall  be  granted  in  like  miiniier  as  is  priMided  by  law 
for  oiher  lands  of  the  rnited  .^tates. 

,'^Kr.  ,'»  direots  certain  pulilie  lands  to  be  siirveyeil,  and  also 
such  lands  as  have  been  enntirined  by  the  '.loaid  of  eomniissiun- 
crs.  when  the  same  have  not  already  b.jen  surveyed  under  the 
aitthiirity  of  the  I'liited  .'slates,  etc. 

Ski'.  ()  provides  that  the  recorder  of  land  titles  shall  furnish 
to  the  suneyor  descriptions  of  lands  cmilirmed,  etc. 

Si:i'.  7  allows  to  persons  who  arc  iictiial  settlers  and  have 
not  tlleil  notice  id  their  I'lai  ins  with  the  rcMirdemf  land  titles  until 
the  first  of  Itecemlier,  Isl'J:  if  lod  then  lih'd.  elainis  to  be  ever 
after  barred. 

Skc.  S.  "  \nil  be  it  further  enacted  that  the  said  recorder  of 
land  titles  shall  have  the  same  powers  and  perform  the  same 
duties,  in  relation  lo  the  claims  thus  tiled  before  the  lirst  day 
of  l>ei'eml)er  next,  and  the  claims  which  haie  lieen  heretnlore 
filed  but  not  deeided  on  by  the  commissioners,  as  the  board  of 
commissioners  had  by  former  laws,  respii-tiii;;  claims  HI  ,1  prior 
to  the  tirst  day  of  .luly,  ISOS,  except  that  Ins  decisions  -hall  bo 
tiubjei't  to  the  revision  of  Congress.  And  it  shall  be  the  duty 
of  said  recorder  to  make  to  the  comiiussioiicr  of  the  generiil 
land  otiice  a  report  of  all  the  claitns  \vhi<-li  sli.tll  be  thii-  tili'd 
before  the  lirst  day  of  Iti'i'ember  next,  mid  of  the  I'liiiin-  winch 
have  been  already  filed  hut  not  deeided  on  by  the  said  coiumis- 
*ioners,  together  with  the  sub-tiince  of  the  evi-lence  in  supnort 
thereor  with  his  ipinion,  and  such  remarks  as  he  may  iliink 
proper,  whicli  report,  together  with  a  li-t  of  the  claim-  win   !. 

in  the  opin''in  of  said  recorder  oin'ht  to  In iitirmi  d,  shall  bo 

laid  by  the  commissioiier  of  the  general  land  oilo-o  before 
Congress  at  their  next  ses-ioii  I'o"  their  di'ti'iiiiinaiioii  thereon." 

'I'lu'  ]i;iM-aoo  III'  till-  liiiil'"  liliir.ii  iicl  nf  Oiilliircss 
I'lialiloil  tlic  villiit;<>  I  liiiiiiiiiil.-'  iit'  titwii  liils.  otil  lols, 
I'liiiitiidii-Hi'lil  Inl.x,  1111(1  ciiiiiiiiiiiis  III  prcHciit  tlicir 
cl.'iitii.x,  wiiicli  llii'V  in'omMMlnl  to  ilo,  ami  us  hy  liir 
tlio  laru't'i'  ))iirtioii  tit'saiil  olaiiii.s  wi-ro  liam!il  u|inii  t||i> 
grunts  iniiilc  liy  St.  An^'o  unii  tlio  Hpiiiii'-li  Lii'tiioii- 
iiiit  (invcriHir.s    v.'lii)   siK'cci'diMi   liitii.  tlic   iiilmhitaiitH 


of  St.  IjQuis  a|ipuintod  ii  ('(iniiiiittco  ti)  rcini  scin 
tlic'in.  will)  iidtlro.sitetl  lo  tlio  reoordur  iif  liiiid  litli  -  iho 
t'ullowiii<{  cimiiiiuiiiuutidii : 

"Nov.  28,  |s|j. 
"To  KuKiiKiiirK  II  iTt:s.  Ksij.,  /trrnnler  <i/  /.tiiitl  Villi  a  ,„  ,,,1,; 
/o#'  thr  Tt  nilnri/  (</*  MtHHuHvl :  .^IK, —  Kor  the  beio  tit  i.f 
all  parties  interested,  please  to  record  the  registered  vun- 
cessions  of  l.ivres  Terrien  .\o9.  I,  2,  ;i,  I,  .'>,  and  Ii,  on  m^ 
in  your  olVice. 

"  i'liiiinas  !•'.  liiddick.  (■le.  ."arpy. 

I'ierre  Chouteau.  Julius  de  Miin. 

Alex.  Me.Nair.  Ilernaid  I'raiie, 

Win.  ('.  Cnrr.  II.  il.  Karnii. 

('has.  ttratiot.  .lohii  .Mi-I\  iii;;lii. 

Aiigt.  I'lioiiteau.  Cabanui  .  ' 

•M.  I'.  1-cduc. 


Till!  ri'ciirdfr  iiC  land  litKw  I'littTcd  at  niici'  ii|iiiii 
t''c  discharf;!?  oi'  \\\»  a.duuiis  ta.-ik.  In  llio  |'nii;ii.>> 
ol  lii.i  wnrk  it  was  dlscovurud  that  fiirthcr  K'i;i-l;iiioii 
hy  t)iitif;ro.S!i  was  i'tM|iiircd,  and  I'le  riilliiwiii;.;  ail  wa.- 
[lUMsed  : 

l^l.'i,  .March  i'l, — Si:.'.  I  provides  that  persons  wli..  lia-i  tii.i 
a  noCii'c  of  their  cliiiiiis  s'-all  have  until  .h.ii.  I,  I  s|  |.  (,,  [.mi.Iii,^ 
evidence  in  support  thereof. 

."-Kc.  1.'.  Kei'order  to  have  same  powers  and  piTtonti  \\\e 
same  duties  in  every  respect,  in  relation  to  the  claiiiis  wIh'k-i.i' 
notice  lias  been  tiled  us  aforesaid,  as  the  board  of  coliiiiii-tituDc.'' 
Would  have  hud  or  should  have  perfornied,  etc.,  except  ilint!) 
decision  shall  bo  suhjiel  lo  the  revision  of  Congress. 

Ski  .  ,'!  makes  it  the  duty  of  the  recorder  to  rvpoii  u  li.r 
coiiiinissioner  of  the  general  land  othce,  whieh  report  slull  bt 
laid  before  Coiigrcs,  etc. 

Sk''.  (  provides  (hat  certain  cliiinis  that  liiivc  brm  tctii  <^i 
in  ipiaiitity  by  (hi:  board  of  i-omitiissiuiicrs  shall  l>e  <'<iiili:iijt^ 
to  the  e.\tent  of  tlic  full  i|uiititit.v  >.'iainied,  not  toexcei-d -i.v  litiii- 
dred  and  boty  acres. 

Si;i'.  .'i  rei|iiiri  s  survey  to  be  luadi'  ol  -ucli  i  liiiin-  .nil  tin  [.:.ii. 
of  survey  ictiiined  to  tin-  recorder  of  land  titles,  wlii'ieu|.<'ii  i:,-- 
rei-ordi'i  shall  issue  a  certiticate,  vvliich  shall  he  triiii-tiiiiN<l  i 
the  general  land  otiicc,  and  II  the  coiiinns-ioner  is  -.I'l-i.nt 
that  it  WHS  laii'lv  •ilitailied.  patent  shall  he  gianted,  lu  lilo- 111..11. 
ner  as  is  providi'd  by  law  lor  oilier  lands  ol  ilu^  Inn. 
Sillies.    .    .    . 

Slili  rui'tlii'f  li'jiislaliiiii  tt'a.-*  dt'iuiKM]  ni't'e^surv,  ;inj , 
tli(!  tollowiiij;  act  was  juixM'd  : 

ISII.  April  I'-'.^.^Ki'.  I  provides  that  persons  cliiiiiiinj  i 
ti'iiic  of  incomplete  Kreiieh  ir  ."Spanish  gi-iinl«  01  I'limi-ii 
or  any  warrant  or  order  of  iiirvey  which  was  gniMInl  (in  r' 
2iitliof  llecember.  |sii;t,  for  iand  in  Orleans  Territory,  .ir  iirtel 
lilth  of  .March,  11*111.  for  h  iidsin  .Missouri  Territory. lain; ihnl 
reshli  lit  in  the  provime  of  Louisiana,  oral  the  tiiiie  ilir  .'r>n:i| 
well-  inade,  and  whos.-  ehiiir  '  have  been  llliiil  vviili  tlie  o" -si 
of  liiiid  titles,  and  are  einbr.iced  in  the  report  d' tlu' imiii:i,i 
sioiiers  or  ri'gi-ter  or  recorder  fi  r  the  district  in  wliii'lt  ibil 
land"  I'laiined  are  situated,  ill  every  case  wlieie  it  -liiill  ^i|'1'it| 

thst    il meession   contains  a  special    loeution  or  lial  t»«l 

l"»-i  ted    pilor    lo    the    date-    inciitioncd    "by   :i   -iindiir 'ittllf 
aiithori/ed  I      the  governtneiil  iiinking  such  grant,  -te-li  [ef-"* 
•  hall  W«  an, I  'liey  are  iien  by  eonlirmeil  in  lloii  claoii"  " 

.sIki     '-  provides  that  every  person  or  per-mis  rlaiaiiri  luiil 
hy  right  of  doiiiition   under  former  laws,  whose  rliiinin  me 


lained  in  (lie 

"f  till'  .  .  . 

iiiailc.  which 

lllrli  ly  liceail 

:'i>lli  of  !),,,.(, 

liiTiliyconliri 

■-H    .■;  prov 

on  ilic  return 

a  rirlilifale  o 

till'  jri'ncral    h 

"(■at  Ills  shal 

Ian  lor  the  olli 

>"  .   I  Iilnkei 

mini'V  the   liini 

survey  from  tin 

Sii .  .1  v'l'ants 

.ii'iiiilly  iiiliabii 

R'jiinl   11/ 
niMI'.V.    I  SIC,  I 

liiiii.  Ki'i'iii'dor 
I'l'  till'  ai'l  (,r  , 

t'llllllllis>ill||(,.|'  , 
HM.S.silli|||i|(,,,l 

"Ih'f.ort  of  „,, 
Tcriliory  of  .\|i...„ 
''line,  l.'<ll.',  and  p 
"f-M  .March,  -SI. -I 
Ji«tricl„r  Arkans 
I'lTlllitled  lo  he  c. 
I'rioiii  until  ihu  I, 
"fTiiiiitity  proviil 
l-l".  nnd  .'onlirnia 

It   !*llll»'.S    \\\;i{ 

Hve  fiaiiii.s  hij',. 
tiiiiiiliffi'i-lii  Inn 
'""ii'ri'il  iinl  C.ifj 

loiiiliiiiinally. 

■wiii  ri'jH.rted  nuil 

'■  "  ''"lljirmmi.,,.,    ,, 
'■•"./r„,  „y'  ,/„ 

•   'liruins  of  (hr  i 

""■  fourth  ,0, 
Miin-.i  :;,  i-j-j 

"'"tillrni'iioins 
rants  01     .,.     ., 
Kri'ssof  I'.'i;,  [\t 
''•■iin>iils„|',.i,„',„J 
''••"leveral  nrtA 

"'I"  of  l.:ih  oil 

"11"  "f   l-'th  off 

*•  "''immsoi'  U-i,(,,,| 

"'■*  I'hiiniiint   lilj 
"j«'t«|. , 

''""■■■"""' n/„' 

:" '•'  »■  1  lor  tlio  col 
""""■ilhslijoiufiij 

"f  .yiniii  .i. 

"■■''■■■■    dm//,,.. 
'"  "'"  "T'lrts  or  ,|„.l 
•"""■"i'r,„r,,.,.„„„i| 

'"'"'"ii'lerrdorv 


.1. 


SAINT   LOUIS    LAND   TITLKS. 


325 


lit  1"  ii.t 


(ttiiic'l  ill  tlio  r('|port  nf  liny  Ixianl  of  ooiiiinii^.-'ionor.'i  or  tlie  report 
,,f  111!'  .  .  .  ri'i-cirilcr  of  Imul   tillcs,  iiuido  or    licronl'lor  to    bo 
mail',  nliii'li  c'liiiiiin  kIiiiII  h|>|ii'iii'  iml   to  have  litiMi  uonflriiicci, 
iiifi'riy  hrciiiiiii;  the  trni'ls  cliiiiiicil  wi're  not  inhiibitoil  on  the  i 
jmli  >  r  I)t3>!enibor,    ISli:!,  such   personK  uliiill    bo  nnil  thov  nro  I 
lii.riliyi'onllrnuMl  in  their  ri'K|iretiv"fliiiiii!<;  p.'oviilcil,  etc.  .  .  . 

Sir.  •'•  provitU'f  for  survey  of  the  IiiimU  eontirim-tl  by  thi?*  uet. 
on  ilie  return  of  whieh  leeorder  sbnll  on  iipplieiilion  niiilfc  o  it 
;i  ciTlit'ii'iite  of  eonlirniiidon.  illreetuil  to  the  eoiiinii>isiniier  of 
II, I-  ^'.iieriil  liinil  ofliee,  lui'l  if  lie  is  siilisfieil  therewith  then 
•■  iiiit' iits  t>hnll  be  ifratileil  in  tike  ninnner  »•*  is  prnvioeil  l>y 
lii\v  liii-  the  other  laml.i  o!'  the  I'niteil  State!.." 

>M'.  I  niftke.s  it  tlie  iliily  of  (lie  pritleipill  tlepiity  surveyor  to 
*iir\ev  the  liiiitU  I'oiitirinecl  by  thi.'»  net,  on  rei'ei  iiij;  order  of 
•uriey  iVoni  the  reeonler  of  hind  titles,  etc. 

>i:i .  .»  irriMits  pro  emptioii  ri^jhl  to  eertiiin  piirtie,s  who  Imvo 
a.'lirillv  iiihiibiied  nnd  eiilliviiled,  ete. 


I  I  line  I 

11  li  ll.i-" 

,,|  |tii"'wa-.' 
Ll   ill  ulii'li  ihl 
[.  ,1  .I1..II  ^Ml-"! 
|„ii   ..r  lial  '"'I 

L  ,1111  CM" ' 

1,1,1,  ■le-M'"'* 
v\rn'-  ' 
.liliiiiii  i  '»•'* 

rlllllll>»"    *1 


1,  .■liiiini 

li  ; 

1 

,  ..1  oeliri 

..p.t.1 

■ 

;i;inleil|' 

ri.ir'" 

■ 

rll'TV."' 

UUn 

■ 

(..ly,!"'!" 

lu 

:  iliii 

I 

!i\jiu,t  'if  R, CI, nil,-  liiilm. — On  llii'  iM  oC  Fob- 
ru;irv.  ISK'i,  liiiviiii;  ciiiiipli'ti'd  llic  wiirk  assio;i'- 1  to 
him.  Ilcconlor  H.ih'.s,  us  rcijiiirtHl  l)y  'lie  I'ijrliil.  :  1 1  iimi 
of  till'  ;ift  III'  .liliiu  K!,  1H12,  1  iilc  liis  ic|mit  In  llit; 
iniiinii.ssioiior  iil'  llit!  jrciirial  laml  iiflifi',  by  wliuiii  it 
«;!.•<  stiliiiiittoil  to  CViii^ri'ss.     It  is  Ik'hiUhI  as  follows: 

■  llip'Tl  of  opiniona  of  the  reeonlor  of  land  lillen  for  (be 
ToriiliHy  of  .Mi.s.soini  on  ebiinis  entered  ninler  the  ni't  of  l.dh 
June,  I"!'-',  and  proven  before  Jan.  I,  l>l  I,  a.s  provided  by  net 
of  -M  .Mareh,  'Kill:  eoinpiehendint;  al.so  the  ebiinin  in  the  lute 
liiilnct  of  .Arkansas,  whiuh  by  aet  of  2i|  .August,  IXI.'I,  wore 
ncrniilted  lo  be  cnlercil  until  Ihu  Isl  of  .laniiary,  ISI  I,  and 
|iri>viii  iinlii  thu  Irt  of  .l.ily,  ISI  I,  to)(ellier  with  the  o.vlein'ioiis 
u(i|jaiilii\  provitled  by  the  luiirlh  .-eelioii  of  i;,  1  of  ;id  .Manb, 
l>i:i,  and  .'onlirnialions  under  Ihe  aet  of  12th  .April,  ISI  I." 

it  shows  ilial  two  tliiiiisanj  ii'ix'  liiiii(li'<'<l  ami  lil'ly- 
live  ilaiiiis  WITH  pii'sciitcd  and  acted  ii|,iiti,  of  wliicli 
iMiinber  I'iirlii  liuiidrt'd  and  niic  wi-n^  rcjcctcil,  sfVcnti'di 
liiiinlriMl  and  forty-six  ciinlii'inctl,  and  ('i<;lit  ciiiifiriiied 
oiiiiliiiiiiially.  Tile  ciiniirtiicd  tiaiins  Wfii;  cl.issilifd, 
mill  ri'|iiirtud  iiiiilur  thu  followini;  lii'ads  : 

1.  •■('.. ii/i/mci(i.<.-i    ./   vil/iiyr   riiiriit   iinidr   o.  (   •,/' 

('„„./,•.•».../ (A,   l.liA  ./iiiir,  ls|o" jSilebiiiiis. 

.'  '  liriiiils  of  the  '»le  i.i.  rd.  enlendoil  by  virtue  of 
the  fourth  tdvlion  ol     lie  not  of  ('on){ress  of 

Man-.i  .",  l-lll' L';io  ehiiuis. 

-V  "I  .iiitlriieiti.itis  o.  .oneeBjiious,  orders,  or  war- 
nuits  01      r     y,  prineipiilly  under  mt  "f  •'■11- 

Urt'M  cd'  I'.'lli  .April,  ISII" :)S7  ehiinis. 

t.  "DrnniK  of  elainin  foundeil  on  aetlleiuent.s  umter 
ihu  several  nets  of  t'onjiress,  eoiMiiieneii):  with 
tlial  of  l.'ilh  of  .liino,  I'^IL',  iind  ending  with 

lli.it  of  l.'th  of  April,  |S!(" iil  1  elaiii< 

■I'mimsof  Widiain  ilu.sseU" LM  ela<iii)<. 

I  I*  I'laiiiiiint  filed  llll'.l  elaiins,  all  of  ivhieli  «.,<—  ..,  wore 
rfjftoil.i 

l'««lirm„li ./Ilir  niiiHl  nf  Urr;:;l,r  /liilo,   ISIIl,     l/jri7  J',1. 

-".\a.\rl  bir  llie  I'onliriiialion  (d'eerlaiii  ehiii  IS  lo  land  in  iho 
W'kIitii  lintiict  of  tho  .Stale  of  boiii-iaiia  an  I  in  the  Territory 

nf  .MillMti  ,-i. 

"Sre.  '.•.  dill/  /.r  ii  t'lirihfr  <  nii>  tril,  Thai  all  cdiiiiiiB  einbni'  ed 
ill  I'lr  n'|.orls  of  Ihe  reeorde,  of  land  lilies,  iieliiiK  as  eoin. 
niiiMoiicr  |.ir  aseortttininn  and  iiil.iii»lin({  the  lilies  iind  ebiinis  lo 
itnl  111  llie  lorritoiy  of  iVijsouri,  dated  iNoveinber  I,  ISIJ,  and 


February  '2,  ISli,,  where  tho  deeision  of  the  said  eotiiniissioner 
is  in  favor  of  tho  ehiiniaiits,  shall  ho  and  Iho  same  are  hereby 
uonflrined,  to  wit,  eontirinalions  of  villnKe  niaiiiis  uniler  tho  aet 
of  Congress  of  Ihe  Ihirleonth  of  .lime,  oi);lileen  hundreil  and 
twelve;  grants  <d'  Ihe  late  board  of  eoinniissioners,  appointed 
for  aseertaining  and  ailjiistin};  tho  titles  and  oleiins  to  land  in 
the  Territory  of  Missouri,  e.xtemlcd  by  virtue  of  the  fourth 
si'idion  of  Ihe  act  of  the  third  of  Mandi,  one  thotisatiil  eight 
bundrvd  and  thirteen  ;  grants  and  eontirnialiiuis  under  Ihe  sev- 
eral nets  of  t'oiigress,  eoiiiiiieneiiig  with  the  lo'l  of  the  thirteenth 
day  of  , I  line,  eighteen  hundred  and  twelve. 

"Si:r,  ;i.  Ati'l  tin  n/iiitfiir  ^tiiiriril.  Thai  in  all  eases  not  pro- 
vided by  law  lor  patent  eertitieales  to  issue,  every  person  and 
the  legal  representative  of  every  person  whose  ulaiin  lo  a  tract 
of  land  it  finifniin  'I  1)1/  it'ii  III-  11111/ /iiiiin  r  ttrt,  and  who  has  not 
already  obtained  a  patent  eerlilieato  bir  the  same,  sliiill,  when- 
ever his  olaini  shall  have  been  I ited  and  surveyeil  aeeonling 

to  law,  be  entitled  lo  reeeive  from  the  .  .  .  reeorder  of  land 
lilies  in  the  Territory  of  Missouri  .  .  .  o  I'lUjifnii  -l<iii,n/  ilinl 

III'    •  lilillKllll     (»    inlllliil    III    O    liillinl     I'ni-    KiliU    lliirl    i:l     lililil  III) 

liiiiif  nf  ihii  iiei :  for  whieli  eertifoale  the  olViecr  issuing  the 
same  shall  reeeive  one  dollar:  lunt  lit,-  '-iriiiii-nii-  ahnU  niiittr 
till-  /nirii/  \n  V  IMTKNT  for  tliu  trael  of  land,  w  iin  11  >ii  \i.i.  ism  k 

in  III,'!'  iiniiiiii  r  OS  in  /irnviii'  it  ttif  lilir  I'nr  fnih  iiIh  tn  ixiiii!  t'nf  tiin'ln 
inii'-hituvii  nf  the  Vnitfit  StittvM,** 

On  the  satiu'  day  '.viii'ii  tin:  fiiri'irniiiir  act  was  ap- 
provt'd,  to  wit,  April  'I'd,  181(5,  anotlicr  act  was  also 
approved  wliicli  provides  tliiit  '-a  surveyor  of  the  lands 
of  the  United  Stales  in  the 'I  crritories  of  Illinois  ;iiid 
Missouri  shiill  be  appointed,  whose  duty  it  shall  bo 
...  to  cause  lo  be  surveyed  the  lands  in  said  Terri- 
tories, the  ilaiins  to  whieh  have  been  or  may  be  con- 
firmed  by  any  iict  of  ('oiii;ress,  which  have  not 
already  been  siirveyi  .1  ticcordiiiL' to  law,  :inil  L'eiier:iliy 
to  Jo  and  ]ierl'uriii  .ill  aiitl  siii'.'idiir  the  duties  icijuircd 
by  law  to  be  performed  by  tht(  principal  deputy  sur- 
veyor for  the  Territory  ol'  Missouri.'' 

IhiislniiS  III  llir  ('nulls  its  In  llii- ilYeil  nf  llir  .l(•^« 
11/  ISlli  iiiiil  iSlCi. — -l''riim  ihe  ciirliest  decisions  of 
tho  Supreme  Court  of  .Mi.ssouri  dov.n  to  the  latest,  it 
has  unifiirmly  been  held  that  the  act  of  l.'^lli  was  a 
coi'tirmatioii  jimiirin  vii/'irr,  in  "  words  of  present 
^iraiit,"  "  ri'i|uirinL.'  no  patent  to  vest  the  lej.'al  title" 
ill  the  oonlirmee.  The  Supreme  Court  nf  the  I'nitcd 
Suites  has  eoneurrej  therein  in  several  decisions. 

In  view  of  the  decisions  us  to  tho  elVect  of  the  con- 
lirmalioiis  by  :'ie  old  board  of  commissioners  under 
the  acts  of  l.SO'),  ISiir.,  and  18117,  heroinbofore  re- 
foried  lo,  it  is  dilliciill  to  eoinprehem)  upon  what 
tiimry  tho  wide  ditVerent  deeisimis  relali'iiij  to  tho 
iicis  ol  1812  and  IHK!  uro  based  The  act  of  18(17 
|iroviilcs  for  the  issuing  of  a  p;iteni,  bonce  it  is  clear 
that  Con<;ress  intended  to  ptiss  ihe  Ic^mI  lillc  in  lli;it 
maniior.  As  ihc  act  of  ISlii,  which  is  simply  a 
supplement  to  ihe  cii:hth  section  of  the  acl  of  ISI'J, 
also  rcijiiiros  that  a  pateta  shall  issue,  wlieuco  tho 
distinction '.' 


} 


n 


.''>.*: 


i  ir 

ill 


!! 


m. 


it 


^  li  11 


326 


HISTORY  OF  SALNT  LOUIS. 


Reference  to  one  of  tlic  most  prominon*  of  the  de- 
cisions as  to  the  effect  of  the  acta  of  1812  iind  181G, 
for  they  inuift  be  consi<lore(l  tojjetlier,  may  throw 
some  li!j;ht  upon  the  8ul>ject. 

(n  Guitard  .'.«.  Stoddard,  10  Howard,  510,  it  is  said 
ws  follows, 

*' Tlic  laxify  of  ilu'  li';;isl:itinii  in  IIm;  iii*t  <»!  I>»12  i«  puiiirully 
cvitlcnt  wlien  tlic  I'lirt  i-*  <)ec>liire<'  tliiit  tlic  lftr;^o  iiiitl  ^rnwinj!; 
t'itios  of  tho  S;nti;  oi'  Mij""onri  lijive  their  site  upon  fin-  lnn<' 
ccnprriit'ii'lnti  in  thirJ  i-ontirinarion.  .  .  .  Conijrf'?."  afTordc'l  no 
uienPH  of  ;intli<Mitieiilin^  tin-  ri);lit^,  litlos,  iitnl  clriinB  of  thu 
s?v<'riil  t-'unfirniuoi).  \o  hiKird  win  appointc-il  in  tin*  (lot  to  ru- 
'  C'vo  the  uvi.ionoc.  nor  Ion  IjiKl  I'ontrailirtory  prcli'nyionK.  No 
(iffii'or  WHS  nppointi'il  to  snrvey  or  to  lui-.trt-  nny  in'liviiltia! 
ri^ht.  Ail  tln3  frtots  rfiiuifito  to  sustain  Ihi?  contiriniition  — 
wtiat  %veru  viltii;;i>  or  toAii  lots,  oul-lot!i,  coininon-rici'l  lot^,  ur 
iM.intiion-'.  wliiit  wrri'  tli"  I'oihlition.t  of  inliiiiiitation,  t''ilti\a- 
tion,  or  po8S(?i>ion  to  liriofy  tlu'  olaitnant  wifliin  tho  act --were 
rcfcrrc'l  to  the  jiK'ii'lal  triloinalj'," 

Turtiiiii.'  to  the  ei^ilith  section  of  I  lit'  act  thus 
aevcri'ly  criticised,  it  will  he  seen  that  the  recorder 
of  land  titles  was  appointed  wJi  all  the  powers  (ex- 
cept cif  I'diitirinatiiiii '  of  the  old  board  of  cmnuiia- 
sioners  fi  r  tlie  express  purpose  of  investiuatiiiii  the 
itlenticiil  '  village  claims"  dcscrii)rd  lit  the  first  section 
of  thai  act.  I'lider  that  appoiiiimciit  the  recurder 
had  full  power  to  authenticate  tli(>  riulits,  ti'les,  and 
claims  of  the  ,sevir;d  cinifirinecs,  to  "  receive  the  evi- 
dence," and  "  til  adjust  coiiiradictory  pretensions,  to 
determine  whtit  were  villa^ri!  or  town  lots,  uut-luts, 
commonfiild  lots,  nr  enniinons,"  and  "  what  wi're  the 
conditions  nf  inhal.italion.  "iillivatinii,  or  ]>ossession 
to  liiiiiL'  the  claimant  within  tlie  act. 

The  report  of  the  recorder  of  land  titles  shows  that 
he  perrornicd  all  those  duties  in  respect  to  those 
identical  villa<:e  claims,  Ids  report  thereon  bein^' 
licaded  ''(Confirmation  of  Villa^e  Claims  under  the 
Act  ol'  Ciiiiiircss  of  June  13,  IHl'J,"  and  embraces 
five  hundred  and  eiohty-six  of  those  claims.  Con- 
jjress,  by  the  act  of  iSlti,  confirmed  the  same  claims 
by  pteci.scly  the  .same  di'scriplion,  iind  providoil  that 
when  .siirveved  a  patent  certificate  and  patent  should 
issue  to  the  claiinalil.'^.  Anollier  act  was  passed  al 
the  siiine  time,  or  was  approved  on  the  sann;  day,  ap 
piiintiiiL'  an  olhcer  ''  to  survey  I'lid  to  locate  every  in- 
dividual ri'_'ht,  thus  siipplyin;,'  every  retpiisite  of 
proper  le;:islalion  for  tin;  sup|io.xetl  lack  of  wliieii 
Coni:re.ss  is  censured.  Tin  ooiieliiHion,  therefore,  must 
necosarily  lie  that  only  the  first  section  of  the  act  of 
iSlL'  was  iinilcr  consideration,  and  that  if  the  pro 
visions  of  the  eiu'hth  section  and  the  act  of  ISIti  Inul 
also  been  eonsii'ered  the  dccisiici  in  tiiiiiard  r.<. 
Stoddurd  Would  have  been  in  liarinony  with  the  de- 
cisiims  as  to  the  iintK  of  IHl)."),  ISIMi,  and  I  HOT. 

Nearly   all    the   claim-*.    Iiowrver,    have   been   duly 


!  located  and  surveyed,  and  all  such  claims  arc  iinw  tu 
all  intents  unci  purposes  patented  by  the  followin.'  ;ict 
of  Congress ; 

]  lSi4,  .l.uioii. — "An  .\ct  obviating  tin-  nccoasity  of  i- lim; 
patt'iit.'  for  CL'rtiun  private  land  ulaiins  in  the  .State  of  .Mi  .  ,„,; 
anil  foi  othor  juirpo.-'es. 

'*  /U  it  eimi-lfil  hxf  the  Sefiulf  iinil  Iloutf  o/*  Jit'jirtjufiittitii ,  „  „f 
ttw  Cilttrit  S/ttlttt  ti/  Amrrictt  in  L\ni'irenH  itaHtmliUil,  'l"li;tt  all 
of  tlu'  ri);lil,  tilli',  ami  interest  of  llie  I'niteil  Stutuj.  in  aiili, 
'ill  liinii.s  in  the  ."'tate  of  Mi.sgouri  which  have  ut  am  time 
horoioforo  lieen  I'onlirineil  to  any  person  or  pcmonii  h.-  any  iwt 
of  CoiiKross.  or  by  an  oflieer  "r  odii-ors,  or  lioanl  or  biuirils  nf 
coiiuni.s.siti.iers  iietiii^  iiniler  iinii  by  authority  of  any  net  of  ran 
)fri  «s.  ;^ljall  be  and  the  same  are  liereliy  granted,  releimed.  :iii.|  n. 
linijuixhed  by  the  United  ."^lates,  in  fee-isiinple.  to  tlie  ri-|.irtiic 
lovner.s  of  the  e'|iiitalilu  titles  thereto,  and  to  their  res|.('<'tive 
heirs  and  ».ssi|;iis  forever,  as  fully  and  lis  completely,  in  r\(rv 
respect  whatever,  as  could  be  done  by  patentii  ismieil  ttu-rci  .r 
aceordillj^  to  liivv." 

ll'iiit's  ('iiii/irmiilidiiK — It  havin<r  been  asccrlaitieil 
that  piirtics  were  in  po.'ssession  of  lands  which,  alllioui.r|| 
possessed  under  the  former  oroveriiment,  had  never  Ijecii 
confirmcil  or  surveyed,  C'onf(re,ss  passed  the  tiillowiiii:: 

IS'JI.  .May  I'll. — "An  Act  supplementary  to  an  act  passed  ..n 
the  i:t|h  of  .lime,  ISlL',  entitled  'An  Act   making  fiirtlor  p' 
visions  for  settling  the  claims  to  bind  in  the  Territory  ni'  \l]j. 
souri,' 

.>*Ki  .  I  provides  thai  il  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  indiiidiia! 
owners  of  town  or  village  lots.  oiit-lot.s,nnd  eniuinon-lieM  lol<  in. 
adjoining,  or  helonijinjf  to  the  several  towns  of  P-r'n^edesSi'-iii, 
.St,  ('buries,  St.  I,oiiis.  etir.,  whose  lol.s  were  col*  roo- ;  ■  tlu*  ;i' 
of  llithdune,  ISl'J,  to  proceed  within  eighteen  i' 'if!  ■  to  ic- „•. 
nale  said  lots  by  proving  before  the  recorder  of  bind  tilli-  f.^r 

said  Slate  of  .Missouri  the  fact  of  iidiabilalion Itiviitioii.  ir 

possession  prior  to  L'liih  of  Heccinber.  ISd.l.  and  the  boiin.|:irit! 
and  extent  <d'  each  claim,  so  as  to  enable  the  surveyor  tn  .Ij.. 
tin^^uish  the  private  from  the  vacant  lots  appertaining  ti>  ..i:j 
ton  lis  and  \  ilbiges. 

Sir.  ■_'  pro\  i.les  for  survey  »(  the  vacant  tiin<l  for  sc||...il.  ,; 
the  expiraliou  ,d'  the  time  allowed  for  |.roviiij;  eliiims 

Sji.  .'t  provides  that  the  re<*order  -hall   issue  a  ccreticatf  if 
conlii  million  for  each  cbiini  conllrnicd,  and  fiirnisb  a  li-l  •■<  v. 
-nine  to  the  surveyor. 

Tlicoilore   1 1  lint   was  then   recorder  of  latnl  liii- 

He  proi lied  to  cxtiininc  the   elainis.  took   tesiiiiiniH 

;i>  III  occupation,  ctllliviitioii,  etc.,  and  niailc  ti{>  the 
HnI  reipiireil  liy  llie  act,  which  cinbraeed  chiitus  lo  tin 
iiitinber  of   nine  Imndrcil  tiiid  fiiiirtceii. 

('ifiijiriiiiilinint  iifJidi/A,  ls;iri. — Il  appciniiiL' lliiil 
a  lai'^e  iiiinilier  of  ci.iini.'^  had  iml  bceti  eiiiiliniu'd  uii'li-r 
the  previous  Icfii.Hlatioii,  Coniiress  pu.s.>ied  aiinilicr  aii  i- 
follows : 

ls;i:>,  .Inly  It.— "An   Act  for  t-   ■  final  adjiisliiu  lit  d  |ri 
land  eliiims  in  .Misamiri." 

Ski  .  I  provides  "that  it  aliall  lie  the  duty  of  the  nvuriici  uf 
land  titles  in  the  Stale  of  .Missouri,  iiiid  two  eoiiiiiiisMutirr*!'' 
be  iippoinled  by  the  President,  by  and  with  the  iidi  ice  »ii>l  '''ii- 
sent  of  the  Senate,  tn  examine  all  I  he  iinconti  rilled  chiiiiistcbiil 
in  Ihiit  Slate  liereiolore  llled  in  the  ollice  ol  »ai,|  reeotder H-Tifl- 
iiij;  to  law,  loiinded  upon  any  incoiiiplele  irrant,  coiicpssii.ii,  wir. 


rant,  or  onle 
S|Biui  prior  d 
so  a.,  to  show, 
hiivc  l.ccn  con 
"!  tic  ■'panisi 
tllcritic-  uiiilc 
Hiiicli  -iicdl  t\ii 
siciuiilJy,  what 
etc. 

Si.i .  I'  pnivbl 

fer  tlic  piirpost 

ilalc  cf  (lie  urg, 

l'":inl  'ball  mai 

IuimI  ..Dice.  "  to 

iipiin  the  claims 

I*."-:,  Mar.di  o 

'.An  .Act  fur  n,,. 

>rf.  I  extend, 

•ii|i|rlemcnlary  si 

l".i  d'ination  of  | 

MltlciMcnt  an<l  eu 

'^1'.  -  extends 

icars  IVoiM  the  da 

.^Ic.s.slS.    Lew 

r  Ji.  i'oiiwav 
ilic  iiiiai'il.  Th 
licri'ii  frniii  ,,|j,. 
flii.<ivi'.  ii.s  lielo 
■iilitiiiitcd  to  Coi 
ilic  Coiiiiiiiiie,.  „ 

•Mcvl'S.     J.'llll,., 

itere  ii|ipoiiii,.il 
l.iiin  :illil    Harris 
I'lllliniCiMJ     el.'iiiii.s 

loriyihive  !o    II,' 
■i>"l'thetit'.'.|  ela- 
"!»■  Illlllilreil  ,111,1 
All  till'  fepM|-(.s 
'^■'•"'  :inii  an  aei 
'  lif"  cks..,  as  f„li,„ 

",  .Inly    I..-.. 

•'I  .illssoiiri  II >i 

■ '  |iroildes  ■'  I 

[•'I'  lllll'lo  b,  t|„.  ,.,. 

'■""and  the  two  ,,,,,1 

J'-l  maot  inliiled  '  A 

|l'">l  cliiinis  In   .Misso 

|l«|'|iU'|,„.|||,„_,.   ,1,,,,,,.,, 
|li"Mll-,ip|„f,|,,,,i,j 

l'"'""»'»i"iier«  to  i|„. 
P'  ''.>■  'lim  liiid  bcfo, 
,  '""•'"■and  the,,, 
^'•■•"iK,  h.Mteier.  lo  all 
f"Mi'.V"ril,eir,.|„i„„ 
"''•'"'"'•vir,  that  n. 
'"'■'■  i"'"oilii'm„ii,,; 
'■•'■•' I'"  «  Iriici  „|  |„„ 
"»' ii'iliiiitf  in  tb|s,„,,| 
1"""'""  "I  llie  foil,,,, 
P™?-'i.'litclalm„n,.. 
■  ,'"Vide,   ,h,„' 


SAINT   LOUIS    LAND   TITLES. 


327 


nini,  "f  orik'r  of  survey  issued  by  the  iiutliority  of  Friinon  or 


S|.am  I 


riiM-  til  the  lOtli  "f  March,  I  sill,  innl  to  oliisn  the  siiiuo 


liniiii-i"""'''' 
||  ,-|ii\m<t"'^"' 


.,>:(>  i'>  ;<l)ow,  fir^t,  wtiiit  cliiiniii  in  tlteir  oiiinidii  would  in  fiiet 
biivr  li-'i-n  rontirnieij.  ni-fr»rdiii^  to  the  luw?,  usiij^cc,  and  I'li-itonn 
,,f  III,  S|ianisli  (iiivornnu'nl  anil  the  pmctico  of  ilio  S|iaiii:<h  nii- 
lliiiritio  under  tlioni  at  New  Hrloiun,  if  tlie  >;tivcrnnionl  iiniliT 
nliii'li 'iK'h  I'lnims  orij^inali'd  liad  omilinucd  in  Mi-Knnri:  and, 
,1'iMii'l^,  wIiHt  oluiuis  in  tlu>ir  ii|iiniiin  are  destitute  nf  merit/' 
ft.'. 

Sii .  -  provides  that  the  offieo  of  the  recorder  sluill  be  ii|ien 
fur  till'  |iur|io8es  of  sueli  examination  for  two  yiar>  frnm  tlio 
ilatc  111'  tlie  orj^ani/ation  of  tlie  Imard,  itnd  no  longer:  tl'-tt  tic? 
liaril  ^liall  make  report-  tn  the  enmmissloner  of  the  ^'eneral 
liiml  illiie,  "  to  111'  laiil  before  Conirrcss  for  their  linal  deei^inn 
iMiiin  llu'  elaimn  eontiiined  in  »neh  first  eliiss." 

I,**;!;;,  .Mareh  -. — "  An  Aft  supplemental  to  the  ae'  entitled 
■An  All  for  the  linal  adjust nii>nt  of  land  eluinis  in  Ai^-souri.'  " 

Srr.  I  extends  the  pi-ovisions  of  tlie  act  to  whieh  lliis  is 
.uiilileiarntiiry  so  as  to  "cmbniee  in  it-  operations  e\ery  ejaini 
t.,;i  ilimation  of  hind  in  the  Stale  of  .Mis-ouri  held  hy  virtue  of 
•iltli'im'nt  and  eullivtttion,"  ete. 

Str.  L'  extends  the  time  for  taking  the  testimony  to  two 
viars  liiini  ttie  date  of  this  act. 

Me.ssis.  Lewis  I',  Liiiii,  Allicrt  (^r.  Tlarrisoii,  iiiid 
1'.  U.  I'liiiwiiy  (  reiHirdiT  nf  hiiui  titles^  euiistitiitcd 
ill,'  liiiiinl.  Tlicy  made  it  i-t']i(irt  upon  (.-Itiiiu.'t  iiuiii- 
liireil  li'iiin  "IK'  to  uik;  Imiidrcd  and  lorty-two.  iii- 
i'lii.«iv(',  11.1  lii'loiifiiiii:  I"  till'  liist  cla.s.s,  wliidi  \vas 
Milmiiiii'd  to  ("(iiio;ress  Jan.  l.*^,  1S;{4,  and  refcrrod  to 

(lie  Ciillllllitli'U  nil   Plllilii'   liailils. 

Mes-rs.  Janii'."  S.  Mavlii'ltl  ami  .rallies  H,  Hello 
Ki'ie  ii|i|iiiiiiied  I'liiniiiissioners  in  place  nl'  Me.ssis, 
l.iiiii  mill  llarrisiiii.  'riiey  niadi'  llieir  repiiit,  wliieli 
t'liilinici'il  elainis  iiiiiiilierud  iVoin  mio  liiiiiilied  and 
I'lrtv  lliiie  til  lure  Iniinhvil  aad  liirlytive,  ineliisive, 
j>  "I' till'  lirst  class,  and  elaiins  ininiliered  iVnin  (iiic  to 
■  111' luiiiili'eil  and  tiliy-lwii  ;is  of  llie  seennd  el.i.ss. 

Ml  till' ie)iiiils  were  ."iibinilted  111  ('iiiiL'ii'ss  Dec.  Ill, 
]\'i',  mill  an  act  was  passed  cunliiiniii'.'  llmsc  nl'  (lie 
first  eliiss,  as  Inllnws: 

Is;.!',  .Inly  1.— ".\il  All  I'liiiliriiiing  •'laiiiis  to  himl  in  the 
,'tiliil'  .Miisouri  mid  for  oilier  purposes," 

■II.  I  |irmidcs  "that   the  deeisjons  in   l:iviir  of  land  eliiiio 
I  ,et-  iiiii'lp  111  till'  reeorder  nl   land  titles  in  the  stale  uf  Mis 
iin  nml  llie  two  emnmissioners  n-.«oi'iated  with    hiin  hy  virtue 
III  in  11(1  iiililled  'An  Act  lor  the  linal  adjuslnient  of  priwile 
llaiil  I'liiiiiis  ill   .Xlissntiri,' appi lived  ,liily  t'.    Is;',:',  and  the  ael 
|i>i||i.riiii'iiliiry  thereto,  approved   March  '.',  I  s;];;,  us  enter  "i  in 
III'  irmi-iTlpt  of 'leoisioiiK  trnnsniitted  hy  the  said  recorder  and 
iMiiiiii'jiiiiirrs  to  the  eoinmissioner  of  the  ^onerill  l»nd  olliei', 
pi  liy  liiiii  laid  hefore  Conuress  nt  the  two  last  nnd  present 
I'ln,  111' nnd  ihe  same  are  lieieby  conllrnieil,  saving  and  re 
l»MiiK,  hiinever,  to  all  adverse  claimant-  the  right  to  nssurl  tlie 
liity  I'f  llii'ir  i-hiini-  in  a  court  or  enurts  of  justice,"      I'm- 
kiii'l.  Iiunivi  r,  thai  nothing  in  tlii-  net  eonlained  shnll  apply 

«  ir  I'l' ill  ciiiiliinialiiin  iif  II laini  of  lion   I'arlns   Ii.    Vlllo 

lilt  I 'I  11 1 1  net  of  hind   nt    I'oinI    I'liii'ut:  and   piuVMled   als.i 
lb.ii  ii'iliiin;  III  this  net  I'ontained  shall  apply  in  or  i>u  in  con 
pi.ii  ill  ol  the  lolliiniiii;  I'laiiin:   .Here  fnlliiw  the  nuiiies  "f 
iiiiui'ii.'lil  I'lainiaiits,  with  tlii'  i|ii»ntity  elainnd  hy  eaeli,i 

"lilies  thai   oilier    Ian  Is   mav  he  liii-iilid  in    lieu  ol 


any  pnrt  of  the  land  cunf\rmod  that  may  have  been  sold  or 
otherwise  disposed  of  by  the  I'nited  .Slates. 

,Ski',  .",  provides  that  such  liii'.itiiin.s  shall  lie  entered  witli 
the  register  of  the  proper  hind  ollice,  who  shnll  issue  his  cerlili- 
eate,  and  on  triinsiiiissinn  to  the  commissioner  of  the  general 
land  iillice  patents  shall  be  issued,  etc. 

Xiir  Mtuliiil  /jr)C(ili'iii.<. —  For  tlic  relief  of  tlinso 
who  .siitfercd  l>y  the  earthipiakes  hi  Now  Madrid  in 
18r2,  (."iiin;ro.s.s  passed  iin  act,  approved  l<Vb.  17,  1815, 
authorizinir  persons  own:..^  lands  in  the  county  of 
New  Madrid,  as  it  existed  on  the  lOth  of  Novoinhor, 
liS12,  in  cases  where  said  lands  had  been  tnatoriaily 
injured  hy  said  earthijuakes,  to  locate  the  like  ipian- 
tity  of  land  on  any  of  the  piihlie  lands  of  the  Terri- 
tory of  Missouri  the  ,sale  of  which  was  authorized  hy 
law. 

Upon  ])roof  of  siieli  injury,  the  recorder  of  land 
titles  was  rei(uired  to  issue  a  eevtitieiitc  to  the  claim- 
ant, aiithorizinsr  him  to  locate  th(>  ijiiantily  of  land 
th(?rein  specified,  and  the  surveyor  for  said  Tcrriliiry 
WHS  i'ei|uired  to  survey  the  .same  and  to  rettirn  ti  ]ihit 
of  said  lociition  to  the  reeorder,  tofiether  with  n  notice 
ill  writins.'  dcsii^natini;  the  tract  claimed  and  located 
and  the  name  of  the  claimant,  which  notice  and  plat 
was  rei  Jired  to  be  recorded  in  said  recorder's  office. 

It  was  made  the  duty  of  the  recorder  tn  transmit  « 
report  of  the  location  mi  made  to  the  commissioner  of 
the  land  office,  and  to  deliver  to  the  claimant  a  certifi- 
cate statiiiir  the  circumstances  of  the  case  atid  that  ho 
was  entitled  to  a  patent  for  ihe  tract  therein  desi^- 
mited.  Upon  that  certificate  patent  was  rei|iiired  to 
he  issueii.  in  like  niaiiner  as  provided  by  law  lor  other 
pnlilie  lands  ol'  the  I'nited  States. 

The  act  further  provided  that  the  title  to  the  in- 
jured lands  .shiiuld  revert  tu  a'ld  lieeome  absolutely 
vested  in  the  Uiiiied  States. 

'I'he  sympathy  and  fjenerosity  uf  ('inifrress  iinini- 
I'esled  by  this  act  was  almost  entirely  lost  or  thrown 
away  so  far  as  the  sutlerers  were  loncerned,  and  was 
perverted  almost  entirely  to  the  profit  of  "peculators. 

There  Were  .")!(!  cwtilieaies  iss  led,  only  'Jn  of 
which  were  located  by  the  siitlerers  or  oriixinal  elaim- 
iinl.s.  Three  hundred  and  eiizhtyliiur  of  those  certifi- 
cates were  purcba."ei|  or  obtainid  in  some  manner  by 
land  s)ieeulatoi's  residing'  in  .S|.  Louis.  One  of  them 
elaitned  111  of  them,  another  I '.I,  another  \',\,  anntber 
'.I.  another  111.  anotiier  L'l ,  aiintlier  lli.  aiinther  'J(l, 
another  Ul,  another  lii,  another  111,  another  L'ii.  an- 
other 'A'A.  iiiiiuiier  'Ul,  and  others  from  1  to  ">  each, 

'{"lie  prices  paiil  lor  those  claims  by  the  spi'i'ulalors, 
as  disclosed  hy  the  records,  does  not  exceed  Sltl.ddO, 
thoujih  they  cover  nearly  2(10,(10(1  aeren  of  land,  the 
ininiiiiuni    price    if  public    land  at    that    time   bcin:; 


t'l 


t 


328 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


I  If 


$1.2.")  per  aero.  Om^  of  tlioso  cliiiins  for  100  ni'res 
wan  81)1(1  by  the  New  Madrid  sufferer  for  92!} ;  iin- 
otlier,  same  number  of  aeres,  for  SliO ;  one  for  (i4() 
acres  for  87.') ;  another,  for  same  number  of  acres, 
lor  SI 00. 

Very  few  of  tlie  claims  were  cold  for  better  prices 
than  the.-'e,  and  the  greater  part  of  them  at  inncli  less 
rates.  Thus  the  charily  of  Conirress  almost  entirely 
failed  to  benefit  the  siitVcrers,  but  this  was  not  the 
worst  of  the  evils  resultinjr  from  the  pa.ssajio  of  that 
act.  It  LTave  rise  to  fraud,  perjury,  ami  fori:ery  to  an 
ainrmiiii;  extent.  There  were  no  less  than  one  hun- 
dred and  forty-two  claims  set  up  by  persons  falsely 
and  frauduliMitly  representini;  themselves  to  he  the 
a.ssiunees  or  lei;al  reprtssenlativcs  of  the  sutlVrors, 
havini;  nothin«r  whatever  of  record  to  support  their 
claims,  vet  they  were  permitted  to  prove  up  the  in- 
jury to  the  New  Madrid  land,  relin(|uish  the  title  to 
the  .same  to  the  United  States,  and  to  receive  their 
certificates  of  lueatioii. 

A  letter  written  by  the  clerk  of  the  county  court 
and  ',r.,,[firi'i,  recorder  of  New  .^Iadrid  County  to  the 
recorder  of  land  titles,  dated  .\uir.  1(1,  IS'J.")  (''Amer- 
ican State  I'apcrs,"  lille  i'ublic  Lands,  vol.  iv.  (!(Mt), 
presents  a  ca.sc  which  may  be  reuarded  as  a  "sample 
brick."  It  slidws  that  a  claim  fur  a  cerlilicate  of  lo- 
cation was  made  bclore  the  recorder  of  land  titles  by 
one  George  Tenello  (who  had  eijihteen  other  New 
Madrid  claims  i  for  two  humlrcd  and  forty  acres, 
which  be  claimed  as  a.Msi;,'nee  of  Klislia  Jackson,  pro- 
ducing doeunu'nts  to  that  etTect.and  also  proof,  under 
oath,  lliat  the  land  had  been  materially  injured  by 
earlb(|uakcs.  lie  obtained  bis  cerlilicate,  and  reliii- 
quishiMl  the  injured  land  lo  the  Unili'd  Stales.  It 
was  iben  I'Uti'red  "U  the  bonks  ni'  the  land  dfliee  as 
public  land  subject  to  entry.  Fn  1S2")  it  was  entered 
by  one  Kvuns  or  Ofrden,  who  proceeded  to  take  pos- 
session. It  thi'ti  transpired  that  .laiksmi  bad  .nild  the 
land  in  17!Hi,  that  the  purcha.ser  had  constantly  lived 
on  ii  until  he  died  in  IHl'J,  that  one  of  his  heirs 
had  lived  on  it  until  it  was  claimed  under  the  entry 
at  the  land  oflice,  and,  I'urlber,  that  it  was  a  valuable 
farm,  which  had  never  been  injured  by  ibe  carth- 
ijuaki's  ' 

Till'  St,  Louis  speculators  proceeded  hi  Ineale  their 
certificates,  nlinost  without  restraint,  upon  ihe  lands 
in  and  adjacent  lo  the  city  re^'arilless  of  the  claims 
of  the  holilers  of  L'rants  untier  ibe  former  goviTii- 
mcnt.  Mven  the  land  now  known  as  the  "Stoddard 
a<idilion,"  a  ch(iii<'  residem-e  pnrlion  of  the  city,  i-ni- 
bracing  sixty-six  of  tin-  present  city  blocks,  wMch 
Was  orii:iually  granted  to  one  Mordeeai  liell,  sold  by 
liiiu  to  Maj.  .\mos  Stoddard  ilhe  first  Aineiican  com- 


mandant), and  duly  confirmed  to  him,  was  cniinlv 
covered  by  New  Madrid  locations.  A  long  and  li'limi, 
litigation  ensued,  resulting  in  the  cstablishiucnt  o|  ilit 
Sloildard  title. 

It  Would  retpiire  a  huge  voUinie  instead  of  a  <li;ipi,.r 
to  detail  the  litigation  caused  by  these  New  .NladriJ 
certificates.  Toe  courts,  both  Federal  ami  Slate,  liavc 
declared  them  void  as  against  the  early  gnuii>  ainl 
confirmations,  and  the  shadow  of  their  clonij  imw 
hangs  over  oidy  u  few  localities. 

Sriiiiii/  I.anils. — As  heretofore  staled,  the  ,iel  i,|' 
lltih  of  June,  1H12,  provided  that  all  lands  not  rii,:lii. 
full)  owned  or  claimed  by  private  individuals  or  hcM 
as  commons  incliideil  within  tlie  out-bouniiaiv  nf  ;, 
survey,  which  said  act  required  to  be  run  ".mi  a- 1,. 
include  the  out-lots,  common  fiehl  lots,  and  coiiiiiinii. 
belonging  lo  the  town."  should  he  reserved  for  ilir 
supjiort  of  .schools;  jirnrii/n/,  ••  that  the  wholi'  .jUiUi- 
lily  of  land  contained  in  the  lots  so  re.siirved  in  miv' 
one  town  or  village  shall  not  exceed  one  Iwciuiiili 
jiart  of  the  whole  lands  included  in  the  general  .ir- 
vey  of  such  town  or  village." 

By  the  act  of  .Ian.  27,  If^'-U,  the  lands  so  nwrvoi 
were  reliiKpiisluMl  by  the  I'liiled  States,  "to  be  .<iilj 
or  disposed  of  or  reguli>ted  fiir  the  said  purpcws  in 
such  manner  as  may  be  directed  by  the  l.cLii.-Linin 
of  Ihe  .^tate." 

Here  again  is  jierceived  the  curse  iiiHiclcd  npHii  i|, 
city  by  ihe  New  Madrid  ^peeiilaliiis.  They  hail  Mil 
licienl  influence  lo  procure  the  approval  of  a  «iirv.v 
made  in  KSIO  of  said  out-boundary  in  siieli  iiianijii 
as  to  leave  out  the  "(irand  I'rairic,'  "  Cnl  ilc  ."•,!. 
and  "I'rairic  Dcs  Noyer"  common  fiel(l>,  umIbi 
stamli.ig  the  law  rcipiired  them  lo  be  inchnleii  in  mi  i 
survey,  and  a  survey  had  lueu  made  in  1  sll.s  In  li,, 
same  surveyor  which  eorreclly  ineludcd  said  ((iiniii  i 
fields. 

The  tir.-l -mentioned  survey  i  of  ISKli  coiilaiii' i 
7701. (!G  acres,  which  i  milled  the  schools  lulls.Vi" 
aeres  (oiie-twciitielh  of  the  whole  i,  |iioviil>'il  il.i  I 
ijiianiily  not  riglillnlJN  claimed  by  in<livlilual>  idii.i  | 
be  found.  (  bily  2110. 0.">  ,icres  of  vacant  I  iimI  inii'j 
be  lound  wiibiii  ihe  out  boundary  as  surve\eil  in  hi" 
and  thai  ipiantiiy  was  surveyed  an<l  alloiied  w  iIkI 
public  schools,  being  made  up  of  xailcnd.  ilclac'lii'l j 
parcels  wherever  a  vae.mi  loi  or  port  ion  nt  a  let  riiiJI 
be  founil.  Ilail  llii  survey  id  lS,'i,s  i  wliiili  w;e  ml 
strict  accordance  wilh  the  law  reipiirne_'  -in  li  -iiiiil 
to  be  made)  been  approved,  ils  area  wmilil  liav  il 
cceded  tillceii  iliou.-and  acre.'-,  the  school-,  tt.niiil  luul 
been  entilletl  lo  si^veii  hundred  and  liltv  ain-vuiil 
VHcunt  hinds  would  liuvu  been  louml  nioiv  il:aii  r:ii-\ 
licic  it  ill  have  given  lb  ■  ^chools  ils  lull  ipielii. 


Ktl'orts  w 
great  wroni; 
iiilciv.-tcd  H 
tiiiiati  ly  the 
applii-ilion  t 
cliaritalile  dc 
srhixiis,  as  w 
sufi'iTers. 

T'"'ii.slii'j, 
ait  111'  .March 
luilteil  into  t 
liiivn»hip  (or 
M  tlie  State  f; 
I  lii>  lieeain 
Slate  jnlii  (he 
Tiiwii  -l;')  noril 

III'  llle   eity   nn 

liiMiilii'il  and   f 

:■r,•ult.^  and  conl 

N'll,'  iif  which,  i 

"I'miiHieiing  ni 

ilu'  ^inw  to  m 

(ilii.sgew,  Jr.,  ai 

ili'i'caseil)_i-,.„l 

la  IS.V;  ami 

>aiil  ciiinnii.ssion 

'Jiaiils  aiiii  confii 

'•'■'•iileii  in  llii^ 

liii-eaM'  cvei'iH 

iiMlll.  Iieeii  ■' 

^li>eiiviTv  of  ern 

'  "iijlnililtinli. 

ini'  llial  Congn 
all  liciMins  to  |„ 
lariie  nundjcr  of 
■iiil.v  ■■iiiillrnieil 

l'''»i"J  a>  (oiiow.s 

''>''lil.   Jiin, 
meiilary  ev.dene 
"»"ir.snf,.,,,,i,i„ 


I.. 


r'fi'li'  •■Ihal   111,. 

'.'   IT'tlT  .l.vriT    ,|, 

'■■""Vol  liv  Ihe  (  „ 
'".'■'illll.iTi^hl,  ,i 
"".'■  I''l.  Iriict.  |,|,, 
'III".  Ill  llic  Stall-  ,1 
'•"■ '"•'I  ■■l.iiin  ,„-,|„| 

'  ml'r  lliis  at-il 
' II  l."llr,i. 

^  "riiiiis  other  I 
^"■"■'1  I'.v  Congrl 

"'"''''MIMli'lformej 

''■  '"I'ii'-licnlar  i| 


TKRIIITORIAL  GOVKIINMKNT. 


329 


li;iil  Mil- 
a  «urv.\ 
li  iiiaiiii>r 

,!.■  S... 

■.i    ill  ■'. 

Illlt    lUlllll.    ■: 

I    ,      fllllLlill"! 

,„\|,lr.i    II..1I 
l.lll.lU  l'"ll"l| 

1 ,11.1  I''*-! 

i.yiiiiilM" 
liilU'il  1"  III' I 
1,(1.  (ii'UiW'lj 
1. 1  a  liil  I'l'i"^ 
whirll  W!i.>» 
ii.li  -ii'^'M 
■„M  tiii^'"'-| 

iiiuiv  ilii>"  '"'■! 
1  ,|»pi;i. 


Ktl'nrts  were  niaue  by  the  school  board  to  have  this 
L'rciit  wi'oiij;  reiiK'died.  The  only  perHons  adversely 
iniiTi'teii  were  New  Madrid  speculators,  and  iiiiCor- 
tiiiiiiii  Iv  they  had  sufficient  "  influence"  to  dcfoat  the 
;ipiilii:iliiin  Cor  a  ccirrect  survey,  thus  thwarting  the 
ciiarii:ililc  dcsijrns  of  (!•  iprcss  in  lavor  of  our  public 
scIkihIs,  as  well  as  those  in  favor  of  the  New  Madrid 
sufferers. 

'/'..Niixlii'ii  Stlidiil  Liuiih. —  It  was  provided  in  the 
ait  (iT  March  (I,  1S20,  uticlcr  which  Missouri  was  ad- 
luiiti'il  into  the  Union,  that  section  sixteen  in  every  ' 
iiiwii-liip  I  or  if  sold,  other  lands  i  siioiild  !;,■  irranted 
111  ilie  State  for  the  use  of  schools. 

Tlii.>  tiecame  operative  upon  the  ndini.ssion  of  the 
,<lale  iniii  the  I'liion.  'i'he  section  thus  donated  in 
Tinvii  15  niiitli.  Hanire  7  cast,  is  very  near  the  centre 
111'  tile  eity  as  now  incorporated.  The  orii;inal  si.\ 
iiuiidinl  and  forty  acres  were  reduced  by  conflictiiii; 
iTHiit.^aiid  coiillnnalions  to  aliiiiit  sixty  acres,  from  the 
-al,' iif  which,  and  from  compromises  with  the  owners 
iit'coiiHieiiiijj:  claims,  the  cummissioners  appoitited  by 
ilie  .''lalf  to  mana^'i-  the  property — M<'ssrs.  William 
lila."'.'"*.  ,lr..  and  William  <'.  Taylor  (the  latter  now 
(leee!i>eil) — realized  the  ntit  amount  of  S"'>l"5,7<ll .11. 
Ill  ls,'i:>  and  IS54  several  .»uits  were  liroui;ht  by 
>;iiil  ciitiiniissioners  apiiiist  persons  holding  under  old 
'jiaiits  mid  confirmations,  all  of  which,  save  one,  were 
ij.'ciil.d  ill  the  hiu'lier  courts  against  the  school  claim. 
Tliiea>e  excepted  has  recently,  in  the  lanjruaiie  of  the 
luiiil,  been  ■' launched  ujion  its  third  voya<;e  tiir  the 
tli.«C(ivery  of  error. 

'  iiniiimiidont  inulvr  Ad  ';/  IStlll. — Notwillistand- 
ini:  that  ("onfjre.ss  had  afforded  every  oppdi-tunity  I'or 
all  |ieiMiiis  to  pc'ilt'cl  their  titles,  there  were  i|iiite  a 
lur^'e  iiiiinber  of  lotH  in  iSl,  Louis  which  had  not  been 
iluly  eiiiilirined  and  surveyed,  liciu'e  another  act  was 
|*sed  as  follows  : 

l.itiil,  June  12.^ — "An  .\ct  authori/iiii.'  docii- 
mciitary  evidence  of  titles  to  lii>  fiiriiislied  to  the 
"Wiifr!!  iii'eertuiii  lands  in  the  eity  of  St.  IiOui^ 

jiMfi.lif  •■lliiii  tlic  IHi'lrii'l  Cmiii  of  till'  Viiili'il  .''liile-  may 
1.1  |ir'i[ii'r  itii*ri'i»  tieelare  relnisi'it.  ^'iiintiMl,  ri-Iiiu)uii|ii'i),  iiiel 
I'-'Hiruil  liy  lilt*  t'nid'tl  Siitii-!*  in  t'etr-^iiiijili'  iiii'l  ill  full  |iri'|p- 
t!\\  all  til'  riirlil,  litli',  mill  iiilui('i<t  nl  tin'  I'liili'ii  Stale-  in  iiinl 
'.liny  1m1.  triii't.  |iieii',  nr  [mret'l  of  liiml  williiii  Ilie  I'ily  of  SI. 
i.'iiii'.  Ill  till'  Stiiti'  III  .Miii»oiii'i,  to  ilie  |n'i!ioii  or  |ii'i>oii.«  lia\  wig 
ihf  W)i|  .'liiiiii  ortltiitiu*  to  iliu  ctiiiii',"  I'll'. 

I'liili  T  litis  act  one  hundred  and  nine  decrees  have 

lin'll  i?Mli'ii. 

\  arioiH  iither  acts  have  froui  time  to  time  lieen 
[iwiij  |i_v  Cuiijire.ss,  ratifying  or  cniifirmitig  claims 
lumlf  iiiiiier  former  ac!t«,  and  ul.so  t  he  claims  of  individu • 


to  them,  all  that  Ih  of  general  interest  being  embodied 
in  the  foregoing  summary  of  the  legislation. 

As  a  matter  of  course,  a  very  large  amount  of  liti- 
gation has  heretofore  resulted  from  so  much  legisla- 
tion and  the  conflicting  claims  brought  into  cxistenuo 
thereby. 

Nevertheless,  at  the  present  time  the  legal  princi- 
ples involved  have  been  so  thoroughly  .settled  by  our 
courts,  and  the  conflicting  claims  so  far  settled  by 
uomjiromist!  or  court  decisions,  thai  only  a  very  lew 
localities  art;  now  in  dispute. 

The  facilities  fur  examining  titles  with  accuracy 
and  dispatch  arc  equal  to  if  not  snjierior  to  '  .m.-te  of 
any  other  city  in  the  Union,  and  persons  desiring  to 
purchase  pro[icrty  can  readily  satisfy  themsclvtw  that 
their  investments  in  that  direction  will  be  perfectly 
sale. 


CIlArTKK    XIV. 

■ri:ilKITii|llM.   iloVi;i!NMi:.NT. 

Ski.ihi.m  has  govcrnn.'eiit  cliaii'.'cd  bands  so  easily 
and  <|uietly  as  when  Upper  liouisiaiia  ceased  to  be  a 
Spanish  or  a  Freiieb  pnsse.ssiiiti  and  liccaine  a  part  nf 
the  territiiry  of  the  I'liiled  States.  The  inhaliitaiii.i 
of  St.  Louis  made  no  deinonstration.  Tliev  were 
apatlielie,  indilieient,  ignorant.  possibK.  of  what  was 
liappeniiig,  or  had  the  art  to  eniieeal  their  feeling.'^, 
riiarles  liiatiot  wius  almost  the  oidy  man  in  St.  Louis 
of  Kretieh  liliiud  who  took  all  interest  in  the  proceed. 
iiigs,  and  he  was  a  man  ol  exceptiotiiil  intelligence 
and  information,  a  llepublii'ali  and  a  I'rntcslant.  lie 
had  besides  taken  a  lar'.^e  and  liberal  interest  in  .\mer 
ican  aflairs  from  the  period  of  the  lievolution.  and 
wa.s,  from  hiti  residence  in  Cahokia  at  the  lime  of  the 
war,  a  citi/.en  of  \'irginia.  Tradilinii  relates  that  the 
news  of  the  cession  ol  L<iiii>iaiia  leached  St.  Louis 
on  "a  bright,  sunshiny  day  in  .\iigust."  When 
the  cei-cnioiiy  of  transfer  took  jilace,  March  lO,  ISI14. 
Charles  (iratiot  -  |ioriico  was  the  scene  of  the  pro- 
ceedings, anil  it  is  said  that  as  one  flag  descended  and 
the  Other  was  run  up  the  llagslatr.  the  gentle  helassns 
wept,  while  Cliailes  (Iratiot  eallinl  for  three  cliei.'rs  in 
liiiiior  of  the  >iaiidard  of  his  adopted  country. 

('apt.  Stoddard,  in  taking  pos'»essiiiii  of  the  govern 
nietii  for  llie  liiited  States,  obeyed  tlu^  ilintriieiions 
.Hciit  hint  froin>  Washington,  and  made  few  or  no 
changes,  lie  wished  ibe  people  to  feel  that  lliere  was 
till  dynastic  revolution,  bin  -im)ily  oiit^  (lovernor  had 
succeeded  uiiollier  in  ilue  course;  lliiii,  us  the  uiiuieiit 


M-1 


i 


i 


■lis  ll 


|iiiriieiilar  tracu,  but  it  is  uniiecc.'iiiary  to  refer      l'"feticli  foriiiulu  had  it,  '• /< 


11  If!   Illnrt,   I  ill    Iv 


m 


,sc 


:^:jo 


HISTORY   OV  SAINT   LOUIS. 


A; 


Mh 


-'. . 


Ho  rutiiincd  pructical'ly  nil  the  ufficcra  who  were  in 
si'i  vice  undur  Dclii8»<u8,  nnd  one  of  these,  Mario  I'. 
he  Due,  secretary  to  the  province,  was  kept  in  niTice 
for  several  years,  and  in  (act  until  Missouri  becunie  a 
State.  He  was  finally  appointed  judge  of  the  county 
court,  and  held  that  position  for  w«'llni,i;li  tvfenly 
years.'  One  reason  for  tin;  instructions  of  President 
Jcftcrson  to  ('apt.  Stoddard  to  make  no  clianj;es  in 
the  conduct  of  affairs  was  that  icfrislaiioii  hy  Conirre.ss 
was  expected  for  the  rc^'ulalion  of  the  'IVrritory,  and 
until  that  was  had  and  peaceable  and  undisturbed 
pos.session  was  assured,  it  was  thoUL'ht  best  to  have  a 
merely  luiiita-y  occupation.  In  Louisiana  it  had  been 
a  Miliject  of  scrir)us  complaint  that  (Jovernor  (.'iaiborne, 
ijiiiorant  as  he  was  of  the  laws.  lan;.'ua;_'e,  and  manners 
and  custcmis  of  the  people  over  whom  he  had  been 
placed,  should  be  suddenly  invested  with  all  tin;  pow- 
ers at  once  of  tiovcnior-(Jciieral  and  intendant,  thus 
making  an  irresponsible  and  despotic  ]iroconsul  out  of 
a  rcpublie.'ui  magistrate.  He  did  not,  in  fact  could 
not,  exercise  any  such  unlimited  power  will'  'liscre- 
tion,  and  the  mistake  made  in  the  case  of  t'lailiorne 
Wiis  avoided  in  the  case  of  Stoddard,  who  was  chariied 
practically  with  no  duties  at  all,  save  those  of  pre- 
serving; order.  ■' 

On  the  2llth  of  .NIareli.  ISdl,  Oorijiress  pa.s.sed  an 
act  to  orj^anii!!'  the  newly-aci|uireil  Territory,  dividin<; 
it  into  two  parts,  one  to  be  called  the  "  Ti-rritovy  of 
Oilcans.  '  iIk;  other  •'  the  District  of  jjouisiana.'  This, 
a  Very  unpopular  measure  at  the  time,  completed  the 
final  sev(>ranee  of  .Nlissouri  from  iiouisiaiia.  The  act 
forbade  the  cimtinuanee  of  the  slave-trade,  and  sub- 
mitted the  character  and  <|Ualily  of  French  and  Span- 
ish land  grants  to  the  United  Stat.-s  courts,  bcsicles 
introducing  the  riiitcd  States  land  dfiiye  .system  of 
the  day.  "The  District  cd"  l<ouisiaiia"  was  not  otlu'r- 
wise  interfered  with,  except  that,  as  regards  its  civil 
needs,  it  was  annexed  temporarily  to  the  Territory  of 

'  >!Miii!  I'.  I.r  Dill'  Mii.1  Ixirn  ;il  Ihc  lnwn  til' Si.  llciiis,  Krion'i', 
in  1770,  loiil  Clinic  lo  .>>|.  I.niiis  dnriiiK  the  uilniiiili>lr;ili'iii  cif 
Ciirlus  l)t)lai<.'u-.  III!*  iilillilio  uvru  iinirkcil,  iiimI  iilriin-l  iiiniiu- 
'liiitclv  l>r'>u);lil  him  iiilu  |>riMiMiicncc.  lie  mix  ii  iiiciiilict  nf 
Ihc  l'ir»t  I'liii-liliili'iiial  I'nnvciili'iii  nf  .Mir.'oiiri,  ion!  iluriii;; 
iiImiii>i  all  111-'  rc.M.iciiet'  in  llic  Stale  was  lilliii^'  senile  ulli.'iiil 
-lalioii. 

'  There  was  ><i   iiiiicli  ilissatiiraclinii   in    I.iiuisiaiia  tliat  llic 
.'^panisli  e\  aiiljioiitivs  seerclly   iiiixle  il    the  liafis  "I   new   in 
lri){iie-.  ami    l.iin-sal.  tlic   Kri'iicli   picfccl,   wrcilc  Icmiic   In   liis 

Kovt'ininciil  that  tlic  | plo  of  Iciiiisiami  were  only  waitiiii;  Ini 

ltiintt|iiiiie'ii  triunijili  tn  ictiini  tii  tlicir  nneiciil  nMei;iaiice. 
(Mail^iinie  wiis  >iirriHih<leil  liy  had  ailviscrs,  lio  saiil,  and  Wil- 
kinson, "nlin  liii'<  lon^  hecn  known  heii>  in  tlio  most  tinl'avor- 
iihle  manner,  is  a  r.illle-pHiol  lellim,  liill  of  iid>l  I'antasic^.  lie 
ii  l'roi|ueiitly  drunk,  and  lion  eumniiltud  a  llmn'-and  iiiconsisienl 
and  iiii|>ci tiiicnl  acts." 


Indiana  (or  the  Indian  Tcrritor^),  of  which  lien. 
William    Henry  Harrison  was  at  tlie  time  Gov.  iimr, 
with  his  hei>d(]uartera  alternately  at  Vincenncs,  K;,,, 
'  kaskia,  and  Cahokia,  and   he  and  the  thiee  judjis  i,| 
that  Territory  were  authorized  to  act  as  a  eoiiii' H.  ,ir 
legiijlative  body,  to  enact  such  needful  laws  as  iii'_iit 
be  required  Ly  the  exigencies  of  the  time,  while  ilie.v 
judges  were  further  directed  to  liold  two  eouri.-  e;uli 
year  in  St.  Louis.     The  further  legislation  of  ('ni). 
gre.ss  in  regard  to  Missouri,  previous  to  the  pawiire 
of  the  enabling  act  providing  for  a  {'onstitutjnji  im,! 
the  admission  of  the  Slate  into  the  Union,  had  lieii,>r 
be  surveyed  in  this  place  and  in  one  single  groii|i.     [t 
does  not  occupy  much  space  upon  the  records.     Marih 
;{,  180;"),  an  act  ehunging  the  name  of  the  '•  l)i.stjiii 
of   Louisiana"  to  "  Louisiana  Territory,"  the  lluvtr- 
nor  to  be  appointed  for  three  years  and  the  seiiciiirv 
for  four  years,  the  legislative  jiower  to  be  invoieij  in 
the  (Jovernor  and  three  judges.     This  act  went  iui,, 
force  on  July  4,  1.S0,').      It  grew  out  of  the  reniin. 
mendations  of  President  Jefferson  in  l>is  nic'^sa;;!'  in 
Congress  in  December,  1804,  and  led  to  a  very  carnesi 
debate  in  Congress,  in   the  course  of  which  it  wi, 
vehemently  urged  that  Louisiana,  both   the  Tciriiorv 
and  the  District  of  New  (Orleans,  wen;  without  the  v,- 
tige  of  a  republican  form  of  government,  and  iliiit  ih.. 
guarantees  of  the  treaty  of  cession,  as  regarded  ilif 
rights  and  liberties  of  the  iidiabitants,  had  imi  liecn 
complied  with.'' 

'  In  the  course  of  this  ilehatc — tlic  hill  licinc  in  i'liiir;r  '.f 
.lolin  ltandol|di— it  was  ni');ed  that  the  I'rencli  sultlcrs  di'l  n.t  | 
tindersland  the  principlos  of  a  free  j^ovcruinent,  and  wen*  ii'-[ 
oa|iaiilc  of  iidininistcrin^  tlieir  own  ulVuir?.  .Sin^nhiriy  eiii>ui'!i, 
lliis  |iosili()n  wiiH  niiiintaincd  hy  the  per-ions  of  I-Vcnoli  ilc.i'int 
wlio  liiippcned  to  ho  ill  (^on;;rcss,  notahly  Mr.  Iliij^cr.  >•!  S.,uiii 
Carolina,  who  ileeply  olVcndcd  the  people  of  |,oiiisiMiiii  bi  iisiiii: 
lan;rua;^e  al'terward.s  miseonslrncd  to  si^rnify  that  tliey  wrr.' ri" 
iHlter  Ihiiii  >la\es  ami  negroes,  ami  hy  .Mr.. I.  II.  C.  I.uia-,  «liu 
i\a«  in  Congress  for  his  tir.Ht  term  as  the  reprc^enlativf  ..i"  Wp.:- 
c>rn  I'ciMisylvaniii,  This  ;reiitleiiiaii  supported  llic  fcrntMiiil 
policy  :  his  position  «a<  that  of  ilicix-prcfiel  I,aus.>al.— Iliai  llie 

I pie  of  the  new  TiTritories  were  without  experience;  tiH'S)i.iii- 

isli  ^  ivei  nnieiil  ImkI  "  made  it  its  poli<*y  to  keep  thi'iii  I'liliicly  ili  ■ 
connected  with  puhlic  atfairs,  which  it  has  iHicusloiiicd  tlii'tnt'i 
con-^idor  with  iiiditVcretice  and  even  with  a  sort  ot' alini'^iiilii'ii." 
.Mr.  I.ucas  hehl  that  tlie  treaty  of  cession  only  hound  iIm-  Iniltl 
.^latos  to  Kecure  to  I.onisianii  nf  largo  a  portion  of  hherlv  iiiri 
ns  full  an  enjoyment  of  their  rightn  a  iSey  would  I:iivp  I'tfii 
perinilted  to  possess  under  the  f^overnmetil  of  France  .ir  .S|>:iiti. 
.More  than  this  had  heen  i  'iie.  Air  the  privilege  of  tlieA-('>ef' 
eoiyiin  had  lieen  extended  I'  llieiii.  Mr.  liUeas  did  ii"l  lulifif 
in  theondical  lei;islation,  ami.  without  rollecliii);  or  ni.liini;  '' 
rcllcct  on  the  people  of  l.oiiisiiina,  "  he  wouhl  say  tliiil  lli'i 
were  not  prepared  for  a  i^overiinient  like  tliat  of  the  I  iiii*''l 
Stales."  They  hint  not  iicen  consulted  ahoul  the  i-essioiiil 
v\as  a  liarKain  niiidc  over  their  hciits,  and,  '*  as  a  proof  (lull  tliif 
act  had  not  hecn  received  vvilh  appndiation  hy  tlieiii.  il  iimcI  I''' 
home  in   mind  that  vvlion  they  saw  the  Amciiciin  lit;,'  liui.'fl 


Tile  ne.xt  ai 
time  '•  the  D'lt 
,'Mte  iif  Lo'ii.s 

"Tile  Territory 

tiv  oiilied  '  Afissoii 

I'ri'nidciil  fir  thrc 

'i-creliiiy  for  four 

lii'iicral  Anenihly 

(■niiiifil,  and  lliiui 

Ite  elected  by  the  \ 

hnbilnntn  to  be  enl 

l*rli«enly-llvc,  tli 

Ajsciiilily.     For  Ih 

for  ivhich  piirpono 

iliirlcen  precincts, 

rr|ir('.-entiitive.<  will 

li.cfiiil.cr,  ISIL',     'i 

IWiflciil  of  the  Ui 

,1*  iiioinliers  of  tho 

.'iiill  convene  the  iii 

:c  may  lie  coiiveniei 

Cuiii'il.     Aflerwari, 

i  Oiii'li  year  at  St.  I 

I'lfiriiic  lo  Coii'^rosn 

•■"fi. 

"  rilisaci  lo  ;;o  ill 

i-i:'. 

"  IIk 
"  \\% 

■  Approved)     "J.u 

Tlii'ie  is  liut  on 
■"■K  l.sld,  which 
"  LeL'ishitivo  Coun 
Ufo  veai-s.  and  tin 
ill  iivii  years,  „u  th 
Tile  law  I  if  .Man 
tfi'cl  Ocicihcr  Isi  , 
I  ''  ■    'liree     riidiali, 

l.'iiiy  \'iindeiibur 
"'"'"'"  mid    ado|)t( 
I  ii'^'cssiiry  111  carry 
llic  iiiiiiiediale   go 
"'iii'i."  (Hie  dividiii; 
|»liicli   was  to   hav 
(iwvcrnor,    These  d 
J>!".  Ili'iievieve,  Cm 
(('wis  (if  (^liiarii.,- 
U-'rwl.  and  each  wi 
h||'"iiileil  iiy  III,,  (i, 

lil'llllTlSMllof  ||„,   |.'|.,,|, 

I"'"  'li'7  "ere  not  no  fr 

pi'lJ  illMtfined  -.'      Til,, 

P>l«"'iHTd  the  hies.ii 
""I"  »'  llieir  having 
f'Hin  ilie  (irst  i„,i„ 
^"■'li'e  piisitiiii,  „(•  _\ 
piiWi  diaraclc.r  ,i„d  |, 
P  '"  liil  ..nc  of  ,|,„  j 
'"""''""Il  Ili-  I'ortunes' 


d 


TEKKITORIAL  GOVERNMENT. 


331 


cliiirci'  "f 

Wrlv   \   ' 

\i\  U'ln; 

V  Wrrt  ri ' 


nut 


I.U.M.,   «ll' 

,,..,|\V.-- 

IViTil'ill'i 

.-tlia'li:. 

-  11H--H'. 

,.„.-:.:;.  I 
mini  tli'ii'' 

lll.n.'L'.ill"': 

mIiIm'I  "■''! 

lil.nli  mi 

1,1  l-ivo  1"«; 

I r  S|'Hli. 

.1  tlic  *■■' 

1,1  U..I  l.e;,(>t 

„r  wi-liin;  '■' 
iiy  tluil  tli'V 
,f  111,.  1  iiif'l 
n.  •fusiwi  il 
ir,..if  llinlllin 
'III.  it  iiiii-l'" 


Till'  iiLXt  act  was  that  of  June  4,  1812,  at  which 
tliiio  ••  iho  District  of  OrleniiM"  was  erected  into  the 
<uw  <>(  Lo'ii.siatia.     It  enacted  that 

■  Til'    rt'''''itory  herolofiiro  enllort  '  Iiouiiiianii' eliiill  lieroaftor  i 
i>t' L>iillt'<l  *  Mifiiouri.'     Tlic  iiovornor  hIiiiII  lie  n|i|)uintcil  by  the 
I'n'si'liiil  fir  three  jeari',  uml  imislrosi.lo  in  tile  Territory  ;  the  I 
;,.crel!irv  fur  four  years,  alno  to  rosiile  in  tiio  Territory.     The  j 
iliiicr^il  An'iniilily  Hhall  eonsiKt  of  the  (lovornor,   TiUgiiilative 
(\,iiii'-il,  aiiil  UouHo  of  K('|iretietitutivea,  tiie  repreiioiiiative.s  tu 
t,,.  dfi'tril  l)y  tlio  voter."  for  two  years,  every  tivo  hiinilrcil  in-   \ 
luliitiini*  to  be  cntitleil  to  one  ru|ire8entutive,  until  tlioy  nuni-   ' 
tiiT  twi'iitV'tive,  tiien  the  i-atio  to  lie  rej;iilii(eil   by  tlio  (lenernl 
,\«'Ciiil'ly.     For  the  tir.^t  election  there  uliall  be  thirteen  eiecteil, 
for  wlili'li  |,iirpogo  the  <iovernor  shiill  tliviile  the  Territory  into 
iliirtron  iireoiiu'ts,  |irevious  to  October   1st   next.     These  limt 
rt'iirt'.-ciiliitives  will  meet  in   St.  I.oiiiit  on   tlie   first  Moinlay  of 
liiouiiiliir,  ISIL'.     They  shall  nominate  eighteen  |ien<iin9  to  the 
Ir.jiliiil  of  the  Unite'l  ."'tates,  who  will  njipoint  nine  of  them 
^4  nioailiers  of  the   Legislative  Conncii.      Anil    the  (iovernor 
■lull  convene  the  first   lieneral   A«.^l•nlbly  at  .'<l.  Louis,  us  soon   | 
:i.  iiinv  lie  convenient  iiftor  tin;  a|i)iointinent  of  the  Lef^lslative 
C.iiMicil.     Afterwarils,  the  (General   Assembly  shall   meet   once  ! 
i  eaili  year  at  .^t.  Louis,  on  the  tir.«t  .Moinlay  of  lleeomher.    .\   ; 
.HfiiUe  to  Coii'^TUss  shall  be  eleetcil  by  the  people  at  the  elec- 
'I'lii. 

"This  act  In  tfo  int.)  etTec't  on   the  first    Monilay  in  October, 

1-12.  ! 

"  Hkniiv  Cl.vv,  Spraker  //ohub  o/  /trji't. 

"  \Vm.  II.  lIliAWKonn.  I'ren'l  Smulf  jim  Irm. 

■  A|i|ir"vi..li     "J.4MKS  iM.\nisof<, /VMii/f«(." 

Till  ic  is  l)ut  one  more  act  to  record,  that  of  April 
t\\  Ihltl,  wiiich  provides  for  one  member  of  tiie 
"  Iie'.'islative  Council"  from  each  county,  to  servo  for 
nvH  veiirs.  and  the  ''  (iciioral  .\(S'^einbly,"  to  sit  once 
ill  iwo  years,  on  the  first  Monday  in  December. 
Till'  law  of  .March  20,  1.S(I4,  wiw  enacted  to  f{o  into 

llict  OiiobtT  Isl  of  that  year.  Gen.  Ilarri.son  and 
|i  .  three  Indiana  jiidjjcs,  Thonias  Terry  Davis, 
Liiry  Viindcnburnh,  and  John  Griffin,  met  in  V^in- 
I  iiiiiic's  and  adopted  the  laws  wliich  ihey  thnii^ht 
I  ii'Vfjsiirv  to  carry  out  the  •(•(  of  Congress  and  for 
I  ill.,  iiniiii'diate   novcrninont  of   tlit;  district;  aiming 

iiiliiTs  (ino  dividing;  it  into  live  sub-districts,  each  of 
I  (liii'li  was  to  have  a  coininandant   or    Licutenant- 

Iwvt'rnor,    These  di.stricts  were  St.  Tinui.<<,  St.  Charles, 

>••.  flenevievis  Cape  (jlir.irdean,  and    N(!W    Madrid. 

l('.iiiil>iir  (^liiarler  Sessions  were  eslahlished  for  caeli 

■iri.i.  .'ind  eaeli  was  to  have  its  sheriff  and  recorder, 

ja]|."iiii.il  liy  the  Governor.     This  action   siiperseth-d 

!  rii'iiii  of  llie  French  thoy  shej  teirii.  Was  it  not  a  proof 
Iliii  ilii.y  were  nut  »o  frionilly  to  our  novernment  as  some  j,'en- 
Hmi'Ii  iiu.i)!ini.i|!'  There  is  nu  doubt  but  that  after  they  have 
»\|*ri,mei|  the  lilcKsihj^s  of  a  free  government  they  will 
p.iiilcrul  tlieir  having  slioil  tears  on  this  occasion  :  but  they 
►n'l.  in  the  tir^t  instance,  feel  these  blessinj^s."  This  eon- 
krvativi;  )tii...ition  of  .Mr.  Lucas,  an<l  his  knowleil);e  ol'  the 
pii.li  oluiriicter  an.l  lan^'uat;i'.  leil  .Mr.  .IcIVerson  to  appoint 
)iiii  I'l  till  oii(.  of  the  jiiilKc^hips  erealeil  umler  the  act,  ami 
Mi''i'l'irtli  111-  I'oituiies  became  iillieil  with  tho.se  .if  Si.  Louis. 


Capt.  .Stoddard,  whcso  term  of  office  ended  with  Sept. 
30,  1804.  The  next  day,  October  Ist,  Gen.  Harri- 
son and  the  Indiana  judges  came  to  St.  Louis,  opened 
court,  and  installed  a  new  Governor  or  conimandanl 
for  the  sub-district.  This  was  Col.  Samuel  Hammond, 
of  Virginia,  who  built  a  house  in  the  American  style, 
and  entertained  royally  until  July  4,  LSI  15,  when  the 
act  of  March  ;!d  of  that  yetir  supersoiled  him  by 
making'  Gen.  James  Wilkin.son  Governor  of  the  whole 
Territory.  Hammond  was  simply  Deputy  (iovernor, 
under  Governor  Harrison,  of  the  District  of  St. 
Louis. 

"  The  Court  of  Quarter  Sessions"  was  to  hold  four 
terms  every  year  in  St.  Louis,  meeting  on  the  (bird  Tues- 
diiy  in  March,  June,  September,  and  December.  The 
first  session  in  St.  Louis  was  an  Oyer  and  Terminer, 
held  Dec.  18,  1804,  the  place  of  meeting  beiiiij  the 
tavern  of  Emilien  Yosti.  The  sheriff  was  James 
Rankin,  and  the  ju.itices  present  were  Aujiuste  Chou- 
teau, Jactpies  (Mainorgan,  David  Delaiinay,  ami  •lames 
Mackay.  ('harles  Gratiot  was  pre.sidiiio;  justice  of 
this  court,  (d'  which  Kdward  Hempstead  was  actinj; 
deputy  attorney-<ieneral  jim  Irm} 

•  Kilwuril  llempsteaii  was  the  first  ilolegato  In  I'ontjress  from 
Missouri  Territory,  ami  a  man  whose  services  to  thecommnnity 
can  never  be  for;;otlen  while  the  p,iwer  of  j^rateful  recollectioti 
survives,  lie  anil  Thouias  K.  Uiiblick  procure<l  from  t'oni^ress 
Iho  le);ishilioii   upon   which   the  e.\istin;;  school  .sjsicm  of  Si. 

Louis  rests,  ami  fr wlii,h    so    much  of  its  income  has  been 

(leriveil.  Hon.  l-!lihii  It.  \Va.siiburne,  once  member  of  l'oiii;ress 
from  the  (ialena  ilislrb-l  ol'  Illinois,  nnil  lute  .Minister  tu 
France,  who  is  closely  connccteil  with  Si.  Louis  people  by  iniir- 
ria^i',  an.l  by  sympatb,.  also,  bus  i;t\en  such  u  complete  ami 
faultless  sketch  of  .Mr.  lli-mpsieairs  life,  in  an  elabortiti.  a<l- 
ilross  upon  the  Hub,|tM.|  betiiri.  the  .Missouri  Lei^isltiliire,  that 
be  has  left  no  more  to  be  said.  A  lew  eviracts  tV,ini  that  ail- 
ilress  are  all  that  will  bo  neoleil  here  ; 

"Kilwunl  lleiupsieail,  born  at  .New  Loiuloii.  t'onn.,  June  I',, 
1780,  was  tho  son  of  Stephen  llempsteaii,  who  serveil  most  gal- 
lantly in  the  Itevolntion  from  the  battle  of  Lexington  onwanl. 
lie  was  sergeant  in  .\athan  Hale's  ooiiipany  when  the  llritish 
execiiliil  that  martyr  as  a  spy.  lie  camu  lo  Si.  Louis  i;i  1  ■- 1 1 
an.l  .lid  Ibere.  e-teemeil  by  all. 

**Mr  I'Mwaril  llempsteaii  recei\e.l  a  classical  e.lui'aliou  itn.ler 
the  tuition  ot'  the  Kev.  .Vin.is  Itassetl.  in  the  town  ol  Hebron, 
t'onn.  lie  t.iirly  liegaii  the  stiely  of  biw  in  bis  native  Slate,  lirst 
un.ler  Sylvester  Oilbert,  Lm|.,  anl  liiiishiil  umler  liiioeh  Hun- 
tington, Iv-ii.  lie  was  licuiiM'ilin  |sii|,  loi.l  commeni.|..l  praili,.e 
in  Conne.-ticiit.  From  there  he  reiuoveil  to  Newport,  It  I., 
where  he  became  a  partner  of  the  lion,  .\sber  Itobl.ins,  aller- 
waril  a  .li-tiiiguishe.|  member  of  the  Senate  of  the  rnile,!  .'■'talos 
from  that  Stiile,  .\fter  remiiiiiing  two  yearsal  .\ewporl,  tbiiiigli 
he  bad  gaiiie.l  a  good  reputation  at  the  bar  and  the  avenue  to  a 
complete  success  seomed  open  to  him,  he  i|el(.rmine,l  to  seek  a 
home  west  of  the  .Mississippi.  Lonisiami  had  then  been  pur 
chased  from  FraU'je,  and  with  prophetic  vision  he  saw  thai 
"  '  Wi'slMitl'il  till,  slur  of  eiuiiire  tilke*  Us  waj .' 

"  For  a  young  man  with  no  resouiees  but  his  own  chaiacicr 
and  abilities  to  leavo  staid  .New  Liigliin.l  to  .settle  in  a  (.ouiiii,v 


■xv> 


IIISTOIIY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


:]i 


tit  ,( 


Williiiin  Sullivan  wuh  n|ipiiiiiti>(l  cuiihtuble  for  Si.  for  r(>|miriii<;  uiiil  tilling  it  up.     Tlit!  HhiTifl' siiiiiiikukiI 

liOiiix,  mill  a  liiiU8«  wng  reiitt^d  from  •lacijuuH  ('luiiinr-  a  ^raiid  jury,  tlio  first  niu-  St.   LniiiH  ever  li;><|  atil 

trail  for  a  jail;   nuit.  firiini  iliillaiH  »  niiiiilli.  anil  miR  llir  fiiilDwiii;;  an-  the  ini'iiilii'rH  of  tliix  l>i)ily  :   Aninini. 

IiiiiiiIi'cmI  and  tliirty-tlin-i'  ilollarN  ami  lorty  cviitM  i<])«iit  Soiiianl,  lioriiarii  I'ralii-,  TliotiiaM  V.  lliddicii.  WiL^.n 


liiilf  ««)•  iiiTo.-ii  till'  uoiiiiiii'iit,  iiiiil  jii"l  iu'(|iiirri|  I'riini  ii  fiiri'i){ii 
ii:ili>>ii,  nil!*  the  <-oiii'f|)linii  iif  II  Ht'iiit  hi'lirt  iMiJ  in^|iire<l  \ty  ii 
);M>iit  iiiiiliitMiii, 

•■  He  li'ft  N'('iir|Mrii.  IS.  I.,  ill  .Iiiiu',  I'^IU.  iiikI  Iiiivi'IciI  uii 
IiMmrliir'k  <nl  lliiit  (liiv  iiliiMi^t  till'  only  I'liiivcyiinrL*  wv^i  i>l'  ttio 
.Mli'i^liiinv  M  (Mill  I II  ill!)  I  tti  \'iih*fniii'f,  in  I  lie  'rcrriloi-^  nf  Iinliiina, 
wlit'Mi  lie  itriivfij  in  ilnu  liini'.  Fiiiiliii};  ilial  tlic  civil  Ihwii  mT 
iMir  j^oviTiiitiriit  hinl  iini  vi'l  ln'fii  (>\ti'iMli>i|  (i\i'r  rpprr  l4<nii>i- 
iinii,  he  ri'iiijiini'il  iii  ViniM'iiiU''- niinl  ilii' liill  of  lliiit  vuiir  (  HOI ;, 
wlii-t)  lie  ii(M>>iii>|iiiiiii'i|  thu  lio\n-M>>r  iif  liKiiiiiiii  TiTiiturv.  lii'n. 
\\'tlltiiiii  H.  HurriHfii),  lo  St.  Loiiii*,  who  vi!«iU'il  lliiit  ■li.'^trict  or 
portion  ot  r|i|iL>r  Loiiiniaim  to  orKuiiiKu  lliti  ••i\il  );ovri  ninriit. 
''oiirl'*,  I'ti;.  Tlit'4  |iro\  inc'i*  hinl  jii^l  liol'orr  thai  tiiin*  ht'i'ii  at- 
tai-lii'il  hy  aft  of  (*oiit(rri<!<  to  tin-  Tcrriloiy  of  Iihliiinii  for  ;;fn 
«riiiiirntiil  iiiol  jiitlii-iiil  |Mir|io«oH.  Mr.  lliMii|ir*ti'a<rK  arrival  at 
•St.  I. Dili!*  wa.4  hill  a  fi'W  iiionlliH  iit'U-r  Iho  toriiiai  iraii-lt<  •.!'  ilo- 
(■u\ fri-i>;i)ty  of  I  [ipttr  l.oiiii«iuna  fniiii  Kraiu'u  to  tin-  I  niU'<l 
Stiiti'^i  ha<l  lakfii  )ihii't', 

"  Mr.  Ili'ni|i«hacl  lir-l  milhil  at  Si.  i  harlcH.  on  llii'  .Mi.soiiri 
Kiv(>r,  ulwr-:-  lit*  itjiuiKxl  iin  ollin;  ami   |ira<*tir('il  hi<  prolV^^ion 

for  at t  oni'  yi'iir.      Ili'ri^  In-  iluvoUil  himsrlf  to  ihr  iii'i|ui''ilioii 

of  till'  l-'ri-iii'li  lanKiiairr,  ainl  to  thi)  rtiiily  ot'  tin-  KrciM-h  ami 
Spahi^lt  lnv»«.  'rhoii^li  hif  rflii'li'iiL'i' at  .St.  Cl.arti'M  wai*  only  u 
brii'l  one,  \vi  ilinin;;  that  linio  In*  wa-*  :t|i|i>>int(>.|  lo  hoM  .*rviMal 
otliiTn  til  h\)iiU  ini'<t  ami  iiii|iortani'u  fonnn'li'il  with  tin;  ronrt.". 
In  Ihi'  fall  of  l.><|i.>  hi-  ri'inovi'il  t.i  an>t  i'Htal<li>hi'<l  liiiiiM'lf  at  Si. 
Litiii*,  tho  "rat   of  I'lipi't   Louisiana,     'riirrt-  lie*  at  om-i'  I'lilvreil 

into  a  inofl  i-\lt>inii\r   ali>l    l-iltorioi|i   ali<l   >ti h.sIiiI  praclii'i*  of 

\i\*  (irofcoMion,  Mot  only  in  ihoi'onrlH  uf  law,  hut  hi-forr  Iliti  Iriliii 
nnl  i>-tiihtifflii-il  for  tin*  |iiir|iuiiu  of  iiiljii.<tiiij;  laiiit  I'lainiK  anil 
tiilvi'   ilirivnl   from    tliu  Spanirli   ami    Kreni'h  (CX^maiuHt*  in 
rppiT   l.oniaiana.     Thoriitulily    sliKlii'il   in   thi«  liriiiu'li  of  liin 
prot'i'N^ion.   Ill'  wan  ruvvarlnl   with  •■orro»p"ioliii^  nio-ceM-'.      Ilu 

not  only  piai'lii'fil  in  llii iirtK  of  Si.  I.oiii«,  htil  in  tlii'  n  Ijafvnt 

ilii>lrii-l!<  on  till)  WL'til  iiilc,  ami  tho.-i*  in  thu  *  Illinois  i-oiinlry.' 
n<  It  »a«  Ihi'ii  ii»lli"l,  on  llo:  lam  .<iiii<  of  ihr  MiI><i•^ippi  Itiii'r. 
In  iMM'i  111- »an  appointrrl  ill  pnly  allonny  Ki'nrr.il  lor  ihr  ili*. 
Irii'ln  of  St.  I.oiiiii  aii'l  St.  I'harli-.  in  Ilir  I'orrilory  of  IppiT 
l.oiii-iana.  In  .Mar'-li.  isii'.i,  h«  ri-cfiivi'tl  fioin  iJovniior  Mi-ri 
wrtlo-r  l.rwi-  the  appointiniMit  of  attorni-y-jfcniTuI  tor  that 
'I'l-rrilioy.  wliiili  hi'  mcipiicl  ani  hi'M  until  ["•I'.',  ami  thr  ■lutiiH 
of  whioli  liii^iily  iinporlant  oHi>  r  hi-  pi-rfoiim-<l  with  i-niiiirnt 
ahilily,  lirniiii'ioi.  ami  r(li<-ii-m-_\ . 

*  I  i|Uoti.  Iroiii  a  niumoir  ot  Mi.  lli-iiip.-li-ii>l,  writti-n  hy  hii 
frivtol,  I'ot.  Iii'iit'oi,  in  l'*l.'<:  '^.jon  after  liii*  Mtltk'iniMit  in  .St. 
iiool  .  Mr.  llenipntuail  inarriiMl  into  onu  of  llii>  nio-i|  renpi'i'tahlc 
fainilif!!  iif  thu  platM>,  hut  Ivft  no  8iir\iviit^  ihi<iH'.  Iti?'  pri\uto 
lift*  wii- an  o\Ainpli' of  lilt  tlitit  i<.  ili-firahlt'  in  tin*  I'liarufliT  of 
l|ii>han>l.  falliir,  iiii'l  nci^'hlior.      In  that  of  run  anil  hrulhurhu 


ha-  hiiil  hut  ftiw  parallel.-.      Ni 


>lol  hi'  liii'l  hiniM'lf  intah- 


liiihi-il  in  hi8  ni'W  ri'fi<li-m'r  in  ,Mi'>-oiiiJ  than  hi-  filial  atli-i'linn.^ 
went  in  .-raiuh  of  hi-  parriitH  iin<l  ii'lativi-ii,  whom  In*  hail  Ifft 
in  I'onmrliriit  whioi  «i'iniit(  out  to  lut  tin-  founilation  of  hi-  own 
foriiitu*«  in  li  i-ouiitry  mo  ri'inoir  iiml  ho  liiili*  known.  Ilu 
liriii|i;lil  Ihuin  to  .Mi--ouri,  i'-tahliahi'i|  IiIm  a^nl  parinli  in  ii 
uoit..oitahli!  home,  ami  r\ti-nileil  Ihua^ni^tuni'i'  of  a  lathur  to  hia 
htoihion  uml  .-ititir-  'I'rail"  .it  thia  kiiiil  ili^pla\  thu  hrarl  : 
lhi'>  ^how  tho  inaliirial  of  who-li  it  i-  imnlr,  anil  >pi-ak  a  higliur 
I'ulo^y  than  till*  lomfiii'  or  pen  iif  triumlihip  i*aii  ooiifrr.' 

•■  Ihu  ai'i  of  ('iiii);ri--  i.r.luiir  I,  ISIJ,  pri.viili'il  lor  thi'  rrpru 


lu'nintion  of  thin  new  Territory  of  MinKoiiri  in  rongre-- In  „,„ 
ili'li'ifate.  liovurnor  Ilowanl  onlureil  an  i-lei'tion  for  <lt'ji-[»;irf 
on  thoM'i'oml  .Moiiilay  of  Noveinher.  1*12. 

"  At  thi-  rlri'tion  Kilwaril  l|i-lllp-teai|  wa-  elei-tnl  i|i-!i  ,oiI(.  t , 
t'oni;reii.H.  On  Ihr  Ith  ot  .lanitary.  I.SIo,  he  look  hi-  -cat,  .1} 
-howii  hy  the  following  entry  iu  the  journal ;  *  .Momla_\ .  .hni.  |, 
|s|:i.  I'Mwaril  lleiiip-teail,  relnineil  to  nerve  an  the  ihlipu,.  1 , 
this  hioi-e  Iroui  the  Territory  of  Mi-Honii.  appeare.l,  prittln,., } 
hi-  ereileittial-.  W.I-  iinalitieil,  ami  look  hii  feat.'  .\  i|MrMi(<n 
alo-e  whether  the  ilele^ale  Ihu-  eleeteil  eoulil  lenniili  11  .i|.Ii. 
Kate  after  the  expiraiioii  of  the  Twelfth  I'onijref-  mi  ihi.  411, 
of  .\lareh,  HI.!. 

'•Till-  flr^t  oflleial  act  of  .Mr.  Ileiiip:'tea<l  wa-  a  niiii;.,|ii, 
raiiie  n  eoniniitlee  of  the  hon«e  lo  ini|iiire  into  the  iiiMtlir.  fif 
that  einninittoe  .Mr.  lleinpHteail  wan  ehtiirnian.  The  iirnolicr 
i.r  ill.  !I  :•.!?••  of  UojiTi  (■tntalive-  of  that  .late  wa'  iliflen  nl  fr.it 
that  of  tlie  preneiil  time.  I'lnler  the  present  riiluii  atol  |iin-!i  .. 
of  the  llonne  of  Repre-eiilativen  the  Territorial  i|«li|.'atin  cji, 
mil  -it  on  the  eomiiiitlee-  of  llie  honve.  On  the  l.iili.liv  f 
.lunnary,  .Mr.  Ilemp'teal  inlroiUieuil  intntlie  lliuiierertaiiutfu 
Intioiu'.  in-tnii'liiif;  the  roniinittee  on  I'lihlie  Lainli  in  iieiuin 
into  the  e.\pe.|ielii'y  of  le^inlation  in  rejjar.l  lo  the  ailjijil,  alu. 
of  lanil  i-laiin-,  i-te.,  in  the  Territory  of  I.oiii>iaiia  tliiii  .M:.. 
noiiri  I.  ami  alioi  ill^•rul<tiIll;  the  .«anie  eonimiltee  lo  llii{iure  in!. 
the  e.\peilleney  of  Kfnntini;  'he  riirlit  of  preeniptinn  tu  aitm! 
nettlerH  on  publie  liinili*  in  the  Territory  of  .MM-ouri. 

"On  Ihn  'JUtli  of  Janimry,  HI.;,  Mr.  MeKee.  Iniin  tlu' ■..Oi 
initleu  uppoinleil  on  the  inoiion  of  .Mr.  Ilemp-leail  tu  inqmn 
into  the  i|iie-lion  of  lurther  lu;;i.ihilion  in  rejjBnl  to  clcoliun  (  | 
ileluKiite  from  the  Territory  of  .Mi.'i>oiiri,  reporleil  iliat  im  IfKi. 
lalion  wan  neeonnary,  for  the  reanon  that  the  ilele;;iili'  h,iii.if 
been  eleeteil  for  two  ye»r«  iimler  tlio  provision  of  the  lun  • 

f;Ani/in>(  ihu  Territory,  hi uhl   holil   bin  nuiit  for  llint  km 

that  in  to  "ay,  from  the  seioml  .Monilnji  in  .NmembiT,  l.«L'. !,:, 
the    mioml    .Mmnlay    in    November,    HM;    that    ilie  dulf,i:i  I 
eleeteil  in  pnr.-nanee  of  law  anil  for  the  term  of  two  yi-ar.*  cnj.i 
not  heilepiiveil  lit    lioi  neat  hy  any  !<nhtiei|nent  law. 

"  .Mr    llempniia.l  appear.i  to  have  been  on  other  I'luiiiiiittit* 
than  the  one    I    ha\e   rel'erreil   to.      lie  wan  on  a  I'liiiiiiiiitif ' 
whoin  wan  referred  the  petition  of   llaniel  lloone  aiil  tlitro 
liitiotin  of  the  lie^tphilure  of  Kentueky  in  lii>  lieh.iif.  :triil  ii..;:i  I 
a  report  thereon. 

"The  leeolpl  ne-nion  of  the  Thirteenth  ('oli;jri"i.-  I'liioetdj 
on  the  llih  of  l>eeember.  Hlit.  aiitl  .Mr.  Ilempnii  >i  wa^jirfituj 
an  ilele^ate  from  the  Territory  of  Minnniiri.  lie  h.iil  icivenlil 
Attention  lo  n  nuhjvct  of  vani  iinporlanue  lo  the  I  erriturt  lisill 
he  reprenenteil.  It  wnn  the  ipiention  of  the  limil  ai|jiMtiuiD:(rl 
liiiiil  litlen  upon  Ihe  bill  whieli  hail  been  prcnenteil  ill  tliclI'Ml 
in  iieeoriianee  with  renolntionn  therefore  introiiiieeil  iiy  liiiti.  I'l 
wai  on  thin  bill  that  he  imnle  what  appeiirn  to  be  b;*  <'b.i| 
■  peeeh  iliirinj;  bin  term  of  nerviee.  .\n  reporleil  in  tlie  '  iiifl'^l 
111  l'on).'re-n,'  It  in  all  able  one.  lie  treats  of  the  ipii'-iii  ti"  f*l 
nenteil  » ith  >;ieat  eleariie.--,  eviiieinjc  a  iboroiiu'li  kiiHwlel^i  1 
bin  nuhjei't  ami  of  the  i|ne-tioii'*  of  internaiiuniil  Iaw  iii.,ci| 
were  iiivolve.|.  lie  eonlemleil  that  the  title  to  lanl-  m  Lwi-f 
laiia  Territory,  before  Spain  eeileil  it  to  Fraiiee  in  Imiii. -h". 
be  ri'iiiKiii/ei|  uni|  eonllrmeil  by  the  Inileit  Siaief:  lliil : 
aeln  111  iheSpani-h  ijovernmenl  in  (rrantiiiK  tiilei  In  l«iiiiiil 
l.iininiana  TiMritory  troin  the  time  ot  thu  i'e.*Miiii  in  Kranwil 
IftUtl,  ami  up  111  the  limu  Kranee  eeiloil  il  to  the  I  iiilel  .>l«i'< 


illllil.  Jariili 
Hilvi^n-i'  l,al 
TriidiMii.  I'V 
Diili.'    Ciilvii 

ill  hii:.  mIioiiIiI 

.•idlle-.      Frilllee 
cfileil  by  Spain 
full  e.\i'rei«e  of  i 
Ihs  I'llileil  Slate 

iiir  nil  of  Ih f 

luting,  a.-  be  eon 
llie  Hell  known 
■tnail  eliaraeteriit 
lilo  either  of  law 
Ir/pilly  iMiiiirnenee 
mill:  it  imiilu  vi 
jilll  e.xeriMnu  uf  il 
nlllne  what  liuil  I 
bevll  niiiierioiteil 
|ii'nilei|  oh  Ihe  pi 
I'lent.-  hail  niiiile 
linfiil  iii'l  he  mail 
"iliiiiul  .iiiy  faiili  , 
Jivi'iitiil ;  nllt-li  ti  I 
*»*  tlierefore  mlji 
.>|iilliii>ll  K'oletliriiel 
■'iSi'iTu'  If  no.  Ill, 
•'•Irmii  .-iipulaliom 
»'|||M  ilaoale  nui'h 
■  in-liliienii..  '  |,ihi 
liiu  liave  iiunle  a  pa 
uirnt.s  while  u  iiiiir 
•ili.'faelioii,  nnil  the 
niitiiiiml  brnelil  cmiii 
III  the  I  iiiieilSliuen 

iinl)  lany me  ili-n 

i'.i"i.r  liin-uaije  an 
fwliiiii-  luinbi   not 
Ihiiii  «ill  >ei.|,r,.  ihe 

"Mr.   II p.-leail 

"IHI'II  hail   heen   pi 

■iiiienJp.l  anij  allv 

■iillie.<liii.|  been  inei 

111  'liiiir.l  that  Ihe 

'li'li  ill  lllal  renpi 

•|iraker,  |,i  .•onniile, 

i'liill  mill  eonipl,  le 

.'Ml-  iif  neniiiny 

iMni'.    Manyfamil 

'■liiiiiii.  mill  lireil  of 

I'op  iihmnloneil  a  ei 

'"»iiTia<  iiiil  of  III,. 

'uMliil  il,  1,11  ,.„,,..    I 

i'lii'iliiiiiiliif  II,  ,,111 

Ti'-  liriwni  bill  will 

"■1M11.II1|.«,  ,,,|,|  „||)|,, 

""•.>Hil»ill  re-ioie 
(•li'ol.  mill  mil  ,|„ 
Ili'.i.iiifi.inKri— 
"' ''•ly.ihil  ,ireiiui.i|. 
'»>  ■•>  »|iril.  |s|  I. 
'"  111!'  I'l'iijile  of  Ihe 

'""" 'll|.leteSp,,„ 

"'""liT.il  ..11,,, 'v  (or 


■  I" 


TKUUITOIUAL  OOVEUNM  KNT. 


833 


lliini  •l!"'iil>  lliirry,  .loM('|ph  HniHiiii,  Aiitoiiii!  Vincent,  uintlic)  St.  (,'ur,   Amlrcw  Aiidrovillo,   Heiiiio  ItiiHkcs 

Silvi'>ir<'   liiililiiidii!,  JoHcpli   M.  I'lipiii.  Ji'uii  Kaptislc  ( ViiN(|iirz),  (icrniiif    HuliiTi,    Patrick    Lcc.    Yiieiiile 

Truil'';iii-    KninuiH    M.    Hcnciit,    iJnyd    Ut'iiiiy,    I'icrro  Kj;li«.  Jurii'iili  ( h'ti'.s,  l,(iiiis  Uni/.i'uii,  mid  Joscjili  Pcr- 

Diilic:   Calvin  Adiiiim,  Kiiiilii-n  Yonti,  Viinoicnt  ( llyu-  kin.-t,  twcnty-foiir.  wiiioh   bcin^'  Hcvernily  rallod.  tlitTO 


\n  hiii.  oliiiiiM  bo  r«('ii|{ni7.oil  nml  I'oiitlriiu'il  by  thu  I'niliMl 
Siiilt'i*.  KruiK'u  lunl  iH'vrr  takrii  |ni!»it)?f*?>inn  (if  llic  oniiiilry 
,,.,|,i|  l.v  S|iiiiii  in  I^IMI,  lull  hii'l  li'fl  Ibi'  billrr  cciiinttj  in  tbi' 
full  t'\t  r.i-c  f)!"  il«  m'M*ri'ij;iitv  up  In  thi'  liiiic  (»f  iUv  fv*Atin  lu 
llic  I'liit'''  Sliili'K  in  lMii:l,  Kurmi'i'  iii'l*  nf  ('iin){ri'i'»  bii'l  (Mil 
i,ll  nil  "I  ihrHi'  xniiil"  iiiuili'  by  Ibi'  ^|llllli^ll  niiMTiiiiiinl,  vi(i 

Ulini,'.  ""  '"'  ' I'liib'il,  Mill   "Illy   111!'  Iicaty  wiili  l''riiiiut>,  but 

ilit  Mill  kiHiwii  |iiinii|ilrii  III  inli'niiiiiuiijil  luw.  .Mr.  lli'iii|i- 
tii'iiil  iliuriii'li'rizi'il  llii"  bnv  in  '  Ibi'  viiiliilinn  iil  imiy  |irim'i 
|,li.  I'illiir  III'  l"iw  iir  i'i|iiity  :   it   dci'liitiil   Ibiil    wliii'b  bii<l   bcin 

U-iTiil'v  •■MtiiiiK-n 1   iinibT  iiiiolbt-r  ]{iiVfrntiH-nl   In  lit;  null  unit 

11, ill:  it  iiiiiilu  viiiil  IIh'  biwl'iil  iii"i:i'wliii„'«  nl'  a  |ii)wer  iii  llu' 
juil  fXiTirinc  lit  ill*  fliiVfri-i^iiity.      liifliiiici'-  biivc  iilti'ii  (ici'iirretl 

•  lure  nliat  hail  bi'vn  liiwrnlly  bi'Kiin,  but  nut  ditniilulvil,  liii<i 
tH.'('ii  miiM'liiiiii'il  anil  iickniiwli<ili;iMl.  i'>|ii'('ially  wbcn  it  ili'- 
miiili'l  <i»  Ibi'  |icrrnrnniiii'i'«  nl'  cnmlilinn!!  nbii'h  mibAiiiiiunt 
I'loni-  ii'i'l  inailu  it  iin|inKi>iblt'  tu  |ii^i'lurin,  but  ni'vur  vniilil  a 
Imful  ail   l)u  iiiaili!  unbuvlul.      A  ri((lit   nmc  ii'itril  I'niibl  mil, 

•  iilioiil  .iiiy  fault  III' till'  I'laiinanI,  be  imiIht  at  law  nr  in  <'i|iilty 
lid'liil ;  nuib  a  |irini'l|ilo  lOian^^iil  tbi'  nature  nf  lliiii).'!',  aiil 
nit  tliiiirnrc  iiilinun.  WniiM,'  a:<ki'il  .Mr.  lliiiiii.ili'iiil,  Mbc 
^l«llli^b  ^.iviTiiiiu'nt  ban'  sHiicticiniil  tlii'  graiiH  inailc  by  il^ 
..Ilii'iTi' !'  If  I'll,  tlii'y  nugbl  iiiiH  tn  bi'  faiiL'liiiiii-il  :  williniii  ibi- 
.(ilfiiiii  ni|iiilatinii!i  nf  till'  tri'aly  tn  .-njiiinrl  it,  |inlii'y  alniii! 
■  iiiM  ilu'lalc  nui'h  11  ciiurnf.'  lit-  a|i|ii'al('il  in  ln'ball  nf  lii.i 
.  .n-tiliii'nti-.  '  liibi'ralily  will  i-ei'iini  tbe  aHWliiinn  nf  tlin''« 
till  linvi' iiiaili' a  |iart  of  yniir  family;  it  will  riinl  nbl  allacb 
iiKDl-.  wliib'  a  iiinrc  riKiil  |>bui  will  nrra-inii  .|i.-lru»l  ami  ilii' 
.iliffai'liiiii,  ami  Ibii  i-liaiim'  will  lii'  ri't;iiri|i'il  a»  iiijiiri"ii».  So 
nuliiiiiiil  biiulil  I'aii  ri'inilt  Irniii  ibis  ricnr:   a  fen  acri'i  nf  liinil 

lollii!  1  iiiU'il  ."'laii'i"  »ri Ibiiix,  but  tukiii  away  fmiii  imliviil- 

iiili  limy  ouini'  illKlrodn  ami  ruin.  Many  nf  tlioiii  are  .«tr«ii({i'iii 
1.  viiur  lanjJiiaKO  iinil  unaL'i|Uaiiili'il  witb  ynur  law.-;  tbi'ir  af- 
livliiiii"  iiU)!bi  not  to  bi!  i'»lran){iil  when  i'.\li'iii|in){  juslii'c  In 
ihiin  \iiil  ji'i'iiri'  Ihi'ir  cniilliliinci'.' 

■'Ml.  Iliiii|ii'tcail  thtn  i.bn«i'il  thn  iiijn  tire  nl  nllii'r  lawii 
*liuli  liuj  Im n  piKsuil  nil  Ihi.s  subji'cl  :  '  Thiy  bad  bi-iin  -i 
iiiii'ii'b'il  and  alliMod  by  irn  imiiiy  dilViTi'tit  •tatuti"  Ibal  dilfi 
,  alin'<  li;il  iii'i'ii  incri'a^i-d  iin-li'ad  nf  diiiiini-lu-d.  Il  omild  n'd 
U  liiiii'd  llial  ihi'  |ii'u|il«  III  tliin  luriiliiry  wuru  in  a  wiimi'  »itii 
jli'ii  ill  that  n'!i|ii'i'l  timn  ullu'ru.  Il  iinw  rciiiaiiK  Inr  inc.  .Mr. 
>|jrak«'r.  tn  I'liiiiiidiT  very  briclly  wIu'IIut  Ibo   [iri'^i'nl   bill  will 

liliill  and npl'  II-  jii'lii'c  tn  lliv  I'laiiiianli..      Jiiiriii);  Ibc  tun 

;eu- ..IH'iiiiiny  and  invi'sliiiulinii,  li'W  liavr  iiia,li>  ini|irinc 
menli'.  Many  l»iiiilio.i,  ili's|iiiiiiiii;  nf  iililainini;  llicir  ii|iiilabb' 
Hjuik,  iMid  tirid  nf  Ihi-  uin'i'rtaintifi"  nlli'iidui);  tlu'ir  lillfM. 
iiiu' iiKimliini'd  11  cuiinlry  whiih  caiinni  iii'iii-iior  willmut  the 
!  liDtrnim'  niil  of  Ibu  xnvornini'nt,  and  if  the  dula\  nl  juxtiiu 
Ut  mil  III  all  I'liKVH  been  (>i|nal  in  its  i'iinHei|tii'm'CK  to  an  absn 
iiti'ili'iiiiil  nf  il,  iilill  it  ban  uaiiTil  inui'li  dittrt'iiii  and  injury. 
Tm  |iri>>vnt  liill  will  quii'l  the  a|i|iii'lii-nKiiiiiii  nf  iimrt  nf  the 
iiiuLinl.',  and  nllhniiKli  it  will  neilbor  >ali-ly  nni  dn  jiittii'e  In 
111.  u't  il  will  ri'«tnro  Ibal  oniiiidviii'i'  wliii'b  ban  lii'eii  iiini  b  iiii- 
I'luiil.  mill  »ill  diiwlial  till' naliniial  lailb  is  |ili'd;:i"l  In  dn.' 
}  Ilicii'l  .it  I  niiKri-.i  wliii'b  .Mr.  lliniiiiili'ad  had  inlnidiu'od.  and 
,  I'liil'U mid  vlri'iiiinuKly  advneale.l,  beeiiuie  a  law  on  the  iL'lli 
'U;  if  .A|iril.  Isll.  It  was  a  law  nf  tian.ii'i'iiiU'iit  iin|inrlani'<' 
I  III  llir  |>i>ii|ili)  id  llii'  'I'l'rrilnry  nl  Mi-mniri,  Inr  il  innllrnii'd 
'liii' iiU'i,iii|.li.|ii  S|,:iiii!ib  uniniii  nr  enni'ii|iiiiinii.  nr  any  warrant 
I'linicml  ^iini'V  bir  land.i  lyiiiu  nitbin  tbi'  'ri'rrilnry  nf  Mi- 


Miuri  |irinr  tn  .Vlaroh  III,  IXUl,'  which  wan  tlio  dali' when  the 
MiiveiriKnly  nf  Kriini'i' nx  er  r|i|ier  l*iiuii*iana  |iii-neil  tn  ibi-niiv- 
fninnly  nf  tbi'  I'liilid  .-'lali--  Tbi'  ail  al»n  prnvidi'd  Inr  iiivlni; 
tn  ihr  -otilur-  nf  .Mtn>nuii  Ti-rritiiry  the  riirht  nf  |iri'-i'tn|itiiin  to 
|inblii'  laliiln.  It  bcnrlii'i'llt  art  wbit'li  oxtt'iidrd  ibc  |iniii'i)ilo 
which  bad  bci'ii  a|i|ilii'd  In  nlhcr  Ti-rrilnrii-n. 

"  .Mr.  Ili<iii|ii<luad'i>  name  diiun  imt  lurlber  u|i|iriir  in  lliii  |irn 

'■ linx-  nf  Ihi"  ."vn^inii  nf  t,'nn);ri'Mi.  wbii'li  adJMiirni'd  mi   iho 

IKili  .liiy  id  A|,ril,  LSI  I,  III  iiiui't  nn  llii'  la>l  .Mmiday  nf  tbc  fn|. 
Inwin^!  Oiinbcr.  .Mr.  .Madinmi,  hnwi'ver,  eallid  an  i.vtra  nei. 
ninii  nf  rniiijri'iin  lo  iiii'it  nil  Iho  I'.Mh  nf  .'";i<|,tenibi'T,  l>l  I.  Mr. 
lleui|i.-ti*ad  iireiiii<  lint  In  have  taki-n  hi-  neat  at  tliin  e.xirii  fv^- 
nion  nf  rnnt^iern,  and  |iriibably  Inr  the  reanmi  that  the  term  nf 
two  yearn  Inr  whii'h  be  wan  eleiied  wnuld  expire  in  almiii  nix 
weokn  utter  tlii!  meeting  nf  the  naid  extra  nenninn. 

'*iMr.  Ileiii|inteai|,  liaviii)^  nueeennfully  aecniii|ilinlied  the  nb- 
jeeln  fiir  wbiell  he  was  nellt  tn  t'nnirrenn,  ileelined  a  re.elei'llnn, 
and  relumed  tn  the  praetiee  of  bin  prufenninn,  and  In  the  per- 
I'nrnianee  nf  all  the  dnlieii  of  a  ({nnd  eill/.en.  In  ijiin  latter 
eapaeity  be  nbnwed  bin  dinpnnilinn  tn  be  iineful  tn  bin  enuntry 
by  iK'(M'pliii){  inferinr  ntalinnn  ufler  liaviii);  retired  Irnin  the 
bit;be>l  which  tbe  vote  nf  bin  feltnw-citi^enn  cmild  eniifer  nn 
him.  tie  wi-lil  on  ne\eral  expedilinnn  tn  prntect  the  fimiliern 
frniii  the  Imliann  dnriiii;  the  war  wliicli  fnl|.,vved.  and  afierward 
norveil  in  the  lieiieral  Annenibly  nf  the  'rcrritnry,  nf  wbirb  he 
wan  elected  Speaker  ill  tbe  popular  branch." 

Tbi",  bnwc\er,  in  by  nn  lueann  the  nuiii  nf  .Mr.  Ilcinpnteud'* 
nervicen,  imr  the  jjrcalcnl  nf  tbein.  The  public  ncbmiln  nf  ."^i. 
I.niiin  hidd  prnperty  Worth  a  inillinii  and  u  half  of  dnllais  ami 
yielding;  all  annual  incnnie  nf  nver  fifty  ihnuaand  dnllarn.  Thin 
indue  In  ,Mr.  liuinpntcad  ami  .Mr.  Tlionian  F.  Itiddiik.  The 
latter  be;j;Bn  tn  uri;e  Hie  matter  upnn  ('iin){iesn  belnre  the  act 
urganitinit  the  Terntnry  wan  panned,  and  Mr.  Ileinpnteail  ne- 
eiired  the  favnrnble  aclinn  nf  that  bndy  by  bin  pernntial  iiillu- 
enee  and  ur)(cnt  uppoaln.  'I'be  act  nf  the  Twelfib  rnnKion. 
Chapter  .\l'l.\.,  Ity  which  thin  valuable  interont  wan  nicurcl  and 
perpeliiateil,  roeiten  that  "tbe  ri>{bln,  titles,  and  elaiuin  tn  town 
and  villap'  Inin,  nut-lntn,  iiiiniiinii  held  Intn,  and  cniiiiiK.nn  in, 
adjoinin;;,  and  liebinKiiii:  tn  Ihe  veveral  Inwnn  and  tilhiKen  ,,f 
rnrliiire  den  ,'<iiiux.  ."^1.  I  harlen.  Si.  I.niiin.  .<t.  h'erdinaiid,  \  il- 
lai;e  a  llnbert.  Little  I'rairie,  and  Arkaii-a-,  in  the  Territnry  nf 
.Mi-nniiri.  nbii'li   hdn  have   been    inhaliited,  eiiltivateil,  nr   pna- 

ncni-ed  prior  to  the  '."_'d  nf  1 1 mber,  lsii:l,  ^||nll  be  and  the  name 

are  hereby  cnnlirined  In  tlie  inbnbiiantn  nl  the  renpective  Inwnn 
and  vilbi);en  alnrenaid  aconrdinj!  In  their  neveral  rights  in  coin- 

uiontheiel All  town  or  villa;;e  loin,  nut-lntn  nr  cnmiunn- 

lield  Intn  included  in  niich  niirvev.  which  are  iini  ri)(btfullv  nwned 
nr  nblained  by  any  private  in.  .idunln,  or  held  nn  uoniinnnn  bv- 
loii|;ini:  In  niich  Inwna  or  villa);en,  or  that  the  I'reniilint  nf  the 
Inilvd  ,'<laten  may  not  think  proper  In  rencrve  lor  militarv 
pnrpnnen,  shall  and  tbe  name  are  hereby  reserved  fur  the 
support  nf  ncbnols  in  the  renpectiv  e  townn  or  \  ill.ijje,.-  afurenaid.'* 
Thin  IS  the  nriKiii  nf  the  cndnninent  nl  Ibu  .<t.  I.nuin  public 
ni'linnln. 

lii-mpnlead  decliniii);  re  elcctlnn.  liiiln-  Kiinlun  niicceedid 
bun  in  I'mi^re*-.  and  .Inliii  .'-cntt  niicceedeil  Kit^tnn. 

"  .Mr.  llcmpMcad  wa-  the  Irieiid  and  niippnrler  nf  Mr.  .'<ic,ii, 

anil  entered  warmly  intn  the  caiivann  in  bin  behalf.      In  rcinrn- 

inj?  frniii  .'^t.  I'hailcn  tn  St.  I.miin.  ,\  day  nr  twn  befnre  the  elec- 

'   linn,  wbii-li  w.in  nn  .Monday,  .\ii>;-   I,  IM7.  be  wan  ihrnwn  finiii 


\\    I' 


[;  t  :S 


'^^M 


IIISTOUY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


m 


II 


wero  iibMuiit  four, — Jiwqili  ItniztMiu,  iIdIiii  H.  Trutlfau, 
¥.  M.  Honoit,  Mild  I'litriuk  Ia'o.  TIio  abm-iit  junirs 
wcro  fiiii'ii  tivu  ilolliirs  nicli,  Tlu!  cniirt  licoiiscd  John 
Holy  to  keep  ii  Ccrry  iit-ross  tlic  Mhniiiiec  for  tlirws 
yciirs,  1111(1  laid  down  tlio  following  riites  lor  furry  focn 
iind  ('(instiihli'.s'  Iocs ; 

"  Kriry  riilis  :  Pur  ii  iiiiiii,  2.'i  wntu  i  lione,  2.')  eenU  :  curt  unci 
tortiii,  M  ciiiiln;  viiki'  <<(  oxen,  '-'.'>  oenli":  odw  uml  culf.  '2:<  <'('iit»|; 
and  tilt'  tVilliiwin^  riitt'K  over  thi*  .Mi>?'i!>)<l|i|)i  iiiKt  Ml-smiri  ;  Miin, 
H.'i  cent'' ;  iiimi  iin<l  liorcc.  (V_M  I'rntH  ;  \viij;oni«,  ^1  rai'li ;  hnrff,  .'>0 
vL-nt"  :  fart  iumI  nx(Mi,  $l,:'il) ;  tirft  cow  ur  ox,  ■'iH  <>fntH  ,  aiMilional 
ont's,  'J.')  fpnt),  oiii'li :  ho^f  aiiil  (•lic*'|i,  I'JJ  cpiits  each  ;  iiicrclniii- 
tliKf,  \'2\  t-enlM  loo  |Hiuntlii:  niiirkclin;;,  (i|  I'viitii;  tMiiiHtalilofl' 
fi'i'H,  -i-rviiii;  a  uri(,  ."174  fdil** ;  a  stiiiiniiin^.  '2'*  cenljt;  an  t'Xe- 
t'lilioii,  L'.i  ii'iits. 

(SiKncdi     " (.'iiaiii.ks  (Ihatiot. 

"HlKIS    IIasToN,  I'riillinniitiirif." 

Tliuru  wiiH  nl  firHt  no  pnst-officc  nt  St.  Loiii.s,  hut 
one  was  e.'^lahli.slicd  .soino  tiiiiu  hcforc  llie  rejjuliir  friiiuc 
of  A  <;ov('rnnu'iit  wa.s  lixi'd  on  ;  Kufiis  Kastoii,  tlu! 
clerk  of  the  Court  of   Se-^.^ions.  a.s  above.  Nurviiif;  as 


hill  !)ur.<ii)  anil  rucfivcil  wliat  wa."  Mn)>pi).He<l  to  be  u  KJi^lit  injury 
on  hix  h»a(l.  No  wad  alilc.  liowuvftr,  to  onntiiiut*  liin  ji>uriii-y 
tiotiie,  and  al'turwurds  to  alti'nd  lo  liii<  iiiiiial  ItiifliiicHH.  'riit'  in- 
Jury  Ixt  rt't'L'ived  waji,  however,  tar  inoro  <i'riotir'  than  wa.n  at  llrnt 
eiippoi'i'd.  Ihari^iiin^a  cuuxc  in  iioiirt  on  tlio\ltli  or.Aui^o^t  lo* 
wa!«  ftlrii-ki'ii  dinvti  with  (>on^c!.(  iii  of  Ihu  hraiii,  tho  undoiihti-d 
ri'.'iiiU  of  hi^  liciti);  thrown  tVotn  iii.^  hortto ;  tailing  ■Hpie-fli'rt..'.  lie 
lin^ired  until  half  iia!-!  'wclve  o'cloik  .'»iinday  niorniiiK.  when 
ho  ex|iiri'd.  I  copy  a  nioiirntui  entry  made  hy  liix  venerahle 
father,  .<le|dieii  llenipuleinl,  in  hi"  diary,  dalsil  Aiij;.  '■'.  1^17: 
■  Went  into  -t.  Loiii."  thin  aflerno.ni  and  foio'd  my  son  Kdwaril 
in  a  til  of  apoplexy  ami  not  aide  to  xpcak.  Kiery  medical  aiil 
wii"  ii^eit  to  restore  hit*  r^yi'tem  atrain.  loit  to  no  piirpo]*e.  He 
continued  until  I2.:UI  fi'cloek.  ami  ex|iireil  in  the  Idooni  of  life, 
at  the  a^c  of  thirty ->eveii  vearN  ami  three  month".'  11  i.H  funeral 
took  place  on  .Monday,  the  llth  of  \ui;u>t.  on  the  furin  of  lii« 
father,  live  miles  from  town,  which  now  con.ititutcH  the  Itelle- 
foiitAiiiv  Cemetery.  I  copy  another  entry  inndu  in  the  Hiknie 
diary,  tinted  .VIoiitlay,  AuKunt  llth.  in  relalitin  (ti  the  funeral: 
•The  funeral  wa.«  uttentlcti  hy  a  very  numerouK  eollnetion  of 
people  itf  every  tleHcriptitin,  whtiite  faecit  »fre  iinilormly  wet 
with  tile  learH  of  sorrow  for  their  tleparteil  friend.     The  iiei^h- 

liorit  in  tilt unlry  W(*rc  generally  cidlt-ctcti  at   iny  hoiiKtt  for 

the  funeral.  .Mr.  (ihldin^fs  inii'le  a  prayer  and  comiiiittetl  to  the 
^ra\t'  the  rcmain.t  td'  a  htdtivcd  .ton.  cut  tlown  Midilcnly  in  tho 
prime  td'  lite  ami  iixetulnetrt,  a  great  Iuhm  to  iny  family,  hut 
much  «realer  to  the   Territory  and  pilldic  in  nenorul.'    " 

The  Itdlowinn  ohituary  notice  apptaruil  in  the  ,lfi«»"iii  i  II, i 
ziiir  of  .Aui;.  Ill,  I"!?:  "Died  on  ."unday  nii;lil  lit<t.  alter  a 
nhtirt  illncn-',  Kdward  llump^tcail.  I']ji|.,  ctmnseior  and  altorney- 
at-hiw,  ami  formerly  a  ilt'le^iite  from  ihic  Territory  to  (.'oiiL're.HK. 
In  the  tiear  relation  of  hiiKliunil.  aoii,  and  lirother,  the  tieceaiteil 
U  helievetl  to  have  full.>  acte.l  up  to  his  .luty.  The  sorrow  of 
IiIk  willow  iinti  relations  tilVereil  tho  ino.sl  elot|iient  expression  id' 
his  w.irth.     I'll  .Miintlay  tliu  corpse  of  thu  ileireaaeil  was  .ittentleil 

lo  the  phii t  inter nt  (at  the  plantation  of  his  lather,  Ste 

phun  llempsleiiil,  K-i|.l  hy  a  greater  numher  of  respe.dablo 
cili/.ens  than  we   have  ever  witnessed  here  on  a  similar  occa- 


poMlniaNtcr.'  Tlu;  mail  waM  Hent  to  (7nhokia  fi<  m  Si. 
Loui.s  onee  a  week.  It  was  during;  tliis  yiMi  ilj;,, 
Lewis  and  Clark  started  on  llieir  e.x[ieili(ioii  ii|.  il,,, 
Missouri  Iliver,  from  whieh  they  did  not  retiiin  imtjl 
ISOti.  They  had  perrornied  a  hrilliaiil  ixpli.ii,  ;iii(| 
they  wero  not  only  /'Vk/,  hut  rewjirded  when  llii\  ^■■,^\^^^. 
back.  Until  ("lark  and  Lewis,  as  will  bt'  seen,  weie 
appointed  to  prominont  positions  in  Missouri,  ami  ih,. 
men  likewim^  were  eompeiisated  with  liberal  l:iii,| 
(,'ranls  by  a  s]ieeial  act  of  Coiii.'re.ss  to  thai  etiil 

III  the  priiniiive  villa;;e  of  thai  day  there  Wirciio 
paviid  stieel.o.  aiitl  Itieomolioii  was  sontetinies  ililliiuli 
The  only  mad   from  tho  river  in    Isill  was  .NIailvi 

1  /.i-Hei-M  /mm  (iiiitmi  Onin>fff,  I'tt^ttitnntfr.firiteritf  ilinlrt-  I'm,, 
ih  lit  Jrjf'ei-Muii,  In  Jitit'/r   h'tl/llM  A'r(«/oM,  »*/'  ,S'/.   /.too*  ; 

"  WAsnt.viiToN  CiTv,  March  li;,  hii.i. 
".Mv  iiKAii  FlilK.Nii,  — I  havojust  received  yours  of  i|o'  |;i|| 
of  .Tanuary,  tojjelher  with  sundry  conimiinications  in  ngiii  It, 
the  'Territory  >>f  Louisiana,  whiuli  I  havo  forward' .1  in  i||„ 
I'resitleiit  id  the  I'nited  Slates  at  his  seat.  l'on){ress  liii"  .ffat.  I 
your  Territory  into  u  new  ^-ovcrnmenl  of  the  lirst  Kiii.lc.  |t 
({lies  into  operation  un  the  llh  of  .Inly  next.  The  l'ii...|.|ii,i 
has   appointed   .lames  U'llkioson.   coiiiniantlerin-cliitf  „l  i|„. 

rnitcil  Stales,  lioveriior  of  the  'Territory,      lie  is  <>i f  ||„ 

most  ajjrceaiile,  lic.-t  infnrmctl,  most  ^cntctd,  luodtratt',  mil 
sensihie  liepiililicaiis  in  the  iiaiiuii.  Dr.  Ilninne,  of  .Nin  V.irk, 
is  appointed  secretary,  upon  the  special  ami  single  rcrtuiiiiifn 
dation   of  Aaron    lliirr ;    ,1,    11.    l.io'as,  of  l'ciin-yUaiii;i.  rlii,.| 

justice;  tin/  fi-irint  Uii/hh  Htlnltm  t.ne  t>f  lltt-  iln^i^linit  jtrij>,, 
tfii:  ntfirr  Jit'l'Jf  /  kiitur  itiil."   ,    ,    . 

April  I.  ISii.'i.  ••  Sill.— Yours  of  the  I'.^th  is  received:  Jim  ,M 
not  be  alloweil  anytliiii);  fur  letters  sent,  or  olllce  rent:  i  .r  , 
dusk  you  will  he  allonid  In  cliar)(e  this  idVieu  ten  diiliai-, 

"  Vours  alTectitiiMiii  ly. 

"(llllKo.>i  lilllM.ri; 

"  Hon.  Urns  Kastov. 
"  ,S'/.   /."Ki'ti,   TetfiU'fJf  uf  /.oliMi'oitd.'* 
'These  loiters  are  t|Uiitel  frini  "'The  Hentdi  and   Mir    .1  M 
souri." 

■■'The  folltiwiiiK  is  tho  reeonl  of  one  td'  Ihese  uarrnniMn 
favor  of  I'alrii^k  Uass,  an  tilil  stdtlicr  tif  several  wiii",  rt'M'lt'M 
I'f  West  Viiyinia.  anti  who  wrote  a  very  interesliii(!.  Iniiinh 
hook  tif  his  own  personal  atlveiiluies  antl  reiuiiii«cfii<-ev  li:- 
cludini;  his  aectuint  of  the  Lewis  and  I'lark  expidiiiMii 

"  .No.  11.   I'ursuanI  to  an  ad  of  ('on;;ress,  piissed  tin  ;;<l  In 
of  iMaruh,  IMI7.  entitled  '  An  Act  innMnK  ciiuipeiisiilinn  '"  >!■ 
sieiirs  Lewis  and  I'lark  ami  their  couipaiiion'.,'   ratiii-k  toe-  • 
entitled   to  three  hundred  iiud  twenty  acres  of  land,  lo  b>' 
calcd,  a){iceahly  to  ^aid  net,  at  tht*  option  of  the  linldcr  m  [>>• 
sessor.   with  any  rc;(isler  or  reieivcr  of  the  lan.l  iillicii.  "iiint 
t|ueiit   lo  the   piiblic   salt's  in  such  oHicc,  on  any  of  tlic  |>iililr 
lands  of  I  lie  I'nited  States  lyiii^  west  of  the  .Missi^sippi,tlii'ii:uil 
there  olVered  for   sale,  or  may  lu^  receiveil  at   llic  niiciiw 
huiidi'cd  dollars  per  at^ri'  in  payment  of  any  such  land. 

"  liiveii  III  tho  War  (Mlice  this  lith  ilay  of  .Mar  li.  iii  tlajrai 
one  thousand  (UkIiI  hundred  ami  seven. 

'•  IIkmiy    Hi:  Minoii>, 

"  SerrrUini  „f   IT.|i 

"  Kegistered,  il.  li.  HiiOKHS. 

••Ueeordi!.!  .Nov.  I.'..  Isos,  M.  I'.  Lkm  i .  l:....,,i. -.■ 


»'■>■•  ■■i.o„i  III,.  mi„  , 


\v;t 

,,;.  1. 

l<  ' 

III 

oiil-'t 

*.  I 

.III 
•.I 

lull 

til.-; 

1    I 

iiili"ll  1' 

M 

III 

ri.-k  1 

t;i' 

111 

I.I" 

!!•■ 

1 

.lli.'f. 

•Ill 

It 

, 

f  llli' 

,.,, 

ill" 

'i 

r.'i 

I'll 

ml 

II 

riili 

"( 

l«ii 

I 

liiii'l. 

•1 

.  Ill 

lu- 

••y. 

1 

ll" 

TKUUITOllIAL  (JOVKUNMKNT. 


885 


Sill' I  i|uarri»'(l  mit  rudely  thnmyli  tlu-  liincMldiK! 
r,„'k.  'I'liix  wiiN  riillicr  ii  roolway  ttiuii  h  iniiti,  iind 
,vii-  III'  iiKir*'  fiiTvifo  til  till'  inliiiliiliiiits  in  ciiiililin); 
tlii'iii  I'l  :-'''t  wiitcr  tliaii  in  any  oiIut  ri's|H'ct.  Tin; 
riviT  WHS  reliod  ujioii  prini-iimliy  tor  water,  and  llicrc 
Hirr  liut  f"W  |iuni|is  and  wells,  iiwin^'  to  tlio  diffinil- 
ijis  im-riilrd  by  llio  bedrock  underlyinji  l)ie  city. 
Willi',  iliere  were  no  sjirinjrs  and  spring  liiiinuiu's, 
(III'  livrr  was  ainio.  tlie  sole  soiiree  ofsMjiply,  llmii^th 
lluri'  Wire  sonio  |n  i|is,  and  a  lew  years  later  St. 
|,iniis  Mipliorted  a  immp-inakcr.'  It  was  tliis  lieneral 
ii„.  iil'llie  river  water  wliieli  induced  the  inlialiilants 
III  iiiiilil  Ml  close  to  I  lie  lianks. 

"I'll.'  imliT  win  liiiiili'il  ii|i  I'liiiii  tliii  riviir  in  ii  liiirri'l  liiiil 
,111..  ivi'i  i<ii|iling  |i"Io".  nliii'li  lii'rveil  fur  sIiiiHi".  nilli'il  ii  ilniK- 
VlliT  ;i  tiiiii'  II  f«w  ivi'11.1  WITH  funk.  Imrk  on  llif  i*i'Onnil  un.l 
iliinl  "Mill',  'ii't  «■  ll'i'y  111"'  til  Imri'  tliriiuKli  It"'  liiiii'^tnnL' 
b..|  rmk  III'  111!'  lilliiKi'  in  tln'ir  (ixi'iiviitinii  lliry  I'Ufl  iiiii.li 
m.'ni'V,  iiii'l  liiit  foiv  iinilorliiiik  lliuiii.  ('..1.  ('limiti'iiu,  who  livril 
,ii  liin  l.li.ik  iiliiiiist  ii\ly  llvi'  vciiri.  Iiiiil  iiiiiili)  two  iilloiniilA  at 
lilTm'iil  I'lirl-  lit  llii'  muiui ;  nnu  i.l'  llipiii  wu'-  iin.''ii.'i'o-iifiil,  llin 
,1,,.,  iiflir  i.'iiiii({  111  till'  iloplli  iif  iinii   liuiiiiri'il  fei'l.  at  cniil 

^.,i,l    jir reij  a   liltio  niitiT,  liut   ii  \<r\    ina.lri|iuili'  i<ii|i|il.v. 

llfiilf.  il  wii"  'inly  in  till'  luninii'i'  liiiii'  thai  ii  liltli'  i.ilil  walor 
»:i!i  iiei'iloil  r.ir  ilrinkinu'  |iiir|iii>n'.',  tlnii'  lieiiiK  linn  no  ii'i'  |iiit 
uii,  liiil  llii'  riviir  wiitiT  »'a.<  iinivcrfiilly  iiri'l'irrtil,  .is  nioro 
nliiilwMiii'  nil. I  iHilalalilo." 

The  I'lii'l  of  the  tiiwnsiieojilc  wa.s  eiliicr  siieli  as 
I'l.uM  be  u'lit  I'roni  tlie  dillercnt  jirairie  edi;es  and 
niinimilis.  or  else  dril't-wood  broi|i:lil  down  tlie  Mis- 
«.iiri  iiml  iiid'.'cil  auainsi  tbu  dill'ereiit  bars  and  islands 
Ml  the  river  near  the  town.  In  every  case  it  was 
.liiul  I'lill  wood.  The  people  UHed  no  urceu  wood  at 
tliat  (iliic;  and  later,  when  they  bejian  to  look  to  {\i- 
riiili'lfl  tiir  their  supplie.s,  they  pit  all  seasoned 
«,i..|,  Tlio  nutherinj!  of  drilt-wood  from  the  river 
K;i.<  iiuiti'  an  industry  ainonji  the  poorer  inhabitants. 
ii  ..'as  lilt  and  split  into  oord-wood,  dried  and  sca.soncd. 
:iii(l  llii'ii  retailed  in  .small  lots  ihrou^'h  the  town. 
I'.ial  ttii>  lint  used  as  fuel  until  alter  the  ineorpora- 
ii'ii  III  Si.  Louis,  and  then  none  was  dii^'  either  in 
Mi>M.tiii  iir  Illinois.  It  wi».s  brought  on  raf^s  froiii  a  dis- 
1  iiinr,  iiliiii  Iroin  as  tlir  as  I'itislmr^li,  and  in  1H25 
villi,  by  llif  roni,  lor  IVoin  one  dollar  and 
llwi'iitytive  eiiils  to  one  dollar  and  til'ty  cents.  The 
I'r.iii'li  liiiiiilii's  jirelerred  charcoal,  as  they  do  in 
lima'  lii-iliiy,  and  the  smiths  used  no  other  I'uel. 
ICIuiri'iiHl-burnin}:  was  u  rejiular  industry  auion^  the 
iFriii'li  niriil  ela.sses  around  St.  Louis. 

Till'  uui  111'  Muruh  3,  1805,  reorfjunizing  the  gov- 


IliMiiiiiic  was  Vii'lor  llnl).     Jiilin  Mnllanpliy  ri'l'iiimil  lii|iiiy 
■111.  l.ill  ..t' si'vi'ii  .liilliir...  I'.ir  liiiring  a  |iiiiii)i-!iliii'k,  anil  llali  niii'il 
lliin.    Mr,  li.iiliv,  who  tullK  till'  Kliirv,  was  .Mulliiii|iliy'.'-  i'iiiin"i'l. 
IT,  M[illiiii|.liy  invni'il  a  lirrwi-ry,  iinil  tlii.-  |iiini|i  was  I'nr 
.  uUiiit  ilii>  tubii  anil  vntu  iiml  nut  tn  brini;  up  nnti'r. 


ernmetit  and  Territory,  did  not  ^n  intoeffeet  until  July 
4tli,  and  up  to  that  day  llarri.son  was  still  (tovornor 
and  llaininond  his  deputy  and  actin<;  eominandatit. 
Wilkinson,  however,  knew  that  Jctt'irsnii  meant  to 
coniiuisNion  him  as  liovernor  ol'  the  newly-ini^anized 
Territory,  and  he  was  on  the  spot  in  St.  LoiiiH  (piite 
early  in  the  year,  lie  had  a  house  in  the  villai;e.  and 
kept  jjreat  state  as  eummander-in'cbier.  In  the  sprin;; 
he  received  a  visit  from  Aaron  Hurr,  then  his  eonli- 
denlial  friend  and  intimate  Burr  wished  to  <.'o  to 
Louisiana  In  eonsull  with  !>aniel  Clarke  and  ('a.'U 
Calvo  about  bis  mysterious  plans  and  prujecis,  and 
Wilkinson  not  only  i^ave  him  letters  to  them,  but,  to 
ex|)eiiile  the  voyai;e,  lilted  out  his  ten-oar  barjre  and 
sent  him  down  the  river  ^'iiyly  with  a  sergeant  and 
ten  men  for  eseort  and  oarsmen.  Kiirr  reached  New 
Orleans  dune  •Jll,  ISO.').  'IVn  days  later  Wilkinson 
was  (iovernor  of  Missouri,  or  "  Louisiana  I>istiiet.'' 

llndiT  this  act  (the  effects  of  which  are  fully  dis- 
cussed elsewhere;  the  district  ol  I'pper  Louisiana  was 
separated  from  Indiana,  with  Wilkinson  Uovernor,  A 
Superior  (!ourt  was  created  for  the  district,  the  jud(.'es 
bcini;  John  H,  ('.  Lucas,  John  Coburn,  and  Kiilils 
Kaston.  This  court  sat  in  St.  Louis,  ami  these  judf.'es. 
with  the  Uovermir,  nil  of  them  appointed  by  the  Presi- 
dent, constituted  the  Lcuislature  of  the  Tcrrilory  or 
district.  Hefiire  the  i^overnmciil  under  Wilkinson 
was  orfianized.  however,  the  Court  of  Common  I'leas 
had  had  another  session,  its  March  term.  At  this 
there  wi're  eijiht  justices  |iresent,  Charles  tiraliol  pre- 
siding. The  judp-.s  additional  to  those  already  named 
Were  Alexander  MeNair  from  St.  Louis,  and  Uicbard 
Caulk,  James  liichardsnii.  and  John  Allen  from  the 
eounlry.  Kufus  Kastoii  had  been  commissioned  at- 
rornev-ireneral  for  the  district.  Juliii  B.  Belan  was 
licensed  to  kee]i  a  ferry  acmss  the  Missouri  at  St, 
Charles;  same  ferry  ratcsallowed  him  as  had  been  estab- 
lished before  by  the  eniirt.  There  was  a  special  sessimi 
of  this  ciiurl  on  April  l.">,  1S05,  to  reiznlaie  licenses,  its 
fiinetions  indeed  beinji;  tliosc  of  it  levy  court  or  board 
of  enmity  comniissiiiiiers,  in  addition  to  its  jurisdie- 
lion  in  jail  dcliver\  ,iiid  the  commission  of  the  peace. 
Il  was  determined  that  oiieh  ferry  acro.ss  the  Missis- 
sippi sbimid  pay  ten  dollars  a  year  license;  that  at 
St.  Charles,  ten  dollars;  that  at  Ilensley,  across  ihc 
Mis.souri,  six  miles  above  St.  Jjouis,  Kve  dollars.  The 
license  fur  billiard-tables  was  put  at  one  hundred  dol- 
lars each  (the  French  citizens  must  have  rebelled  at 
this\  and  taverns  five  dollars.  It  was  proviiled  that 
shaved  deer-skins  were  a  le^al  temler  for  taxes  at  the 
rate  of  three  pounds  to  the  dollar  in  the  winter 
niiiiiths  (October  to  April  i,  but  in  the  other  months 
the  payments  must  bo  made  in  cash.     On  April  'J'.ltli 


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336 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


V    '' 


there  was  another  special  session,  at  which  Calvin 
Adams,  Andre  Andreville,  and  William  Sullivan,  of 
St.  Luuis,  were  licensed  to  keep  tavern.  At  this 
session  Sheriff  Uankin  was  fined  six  dollars  for  "  in- 
solence and  contempt  of  court."  He  appears  also  to 
have  been  removed,  for  when  the  June  term  arrived 
Joaiah  McLanahan  presented  his  commission  as  sheriff, 
and  Edward  IIemp.stead  was  deputy  attorney-fieneral. 
It  was  also  announced  in  court  that  the  now  Governor 
and  judfres  for  the  Territory  of  Louisiana  were  ex- 
pected to  "  arrive"  on  July  4th.  Lucas  and  his  as- 
sociates did  not  in  fact  arrive  until  September. 

Joseph  Browne,  who  had  served  w'th  Wilkinson 
and  Claiborne  in  New  Orleans,  was  appointed  Sec- 
retary of  the  Territory.  There  was  not  much  done 
by  the  Governor  and  his  jud<;e-legislature  durinjr 
that  year.  Lucas  had  other  work  to  do  besides  his 
work  on  the  bench  and  in  the  Lejji.slature.  Here 
his  first  associate  was  Return  Jonathan  Mei<rs,  one  of 
tiie  Indiana  judires,  and  prominent  in  Territorial  or- 
ganization with  Harrison  and  others  in  the  Northwest. 
Afterwards  his  associate  was  Otho  Strader.  He  was 
also  a  commissioner  of  land  titles,  in  association  with 
Clement  B.  Penrose  and  James  L.  Donaldson,  the 
board  transacting  much  important  business  in  1806. 
In  the  mean  time,  acting  in  their  legislative  function, 
the  Governor  and  the  judges  provided  for  an  attorney- 
general  for  the  Territory,  to  be  appointed  by  the  Gov- 
ernor. Tliey  separated  the  "Arkansas  District"  from 
New  Madrid  in  180G,  June  27th,  and  provided  for  a 
"General  Court"  to  V.!  holdeu  in  St.  Louis  twice  a 
year.  May  and  October  terms.  After  that  date  Wil- 
kinson went  South,  to  look  after  Burr  and  find  a 
convenient  opportunity  to  betray  him,  and  in  his 
absence  Secretary  Browne  acted  as  Governor, — in  fact, 
Wilkinson  never  resumed  the  Governorship,  though 
appointed  for  three  years  (under  the  act  of  Congress), 
and  the  secretary  for  four  years.  Wilkinson  did  one 
good  thing  before  he  left.  Jefferson  was  anxious  to 
conciliate  the  Frencli  people  of  Louisiana  and  St. 
Louis  in  every  way,  aid  it  was  in  pursuance  of  his 
wishes  in  this  respect  that  Wilkinson  recommended 
and  the  President  appointed  some  of  the  sons  of  tlie 
leading  French  inhabitants  to  po.sitions  in  West  Point 
and  tlie  United  States  army.  Charles  Gratiot's  son, 
afterwards  Gen.  Charles  Gratiot,  of  the  engineer 
corps,  was  one  of  these  appointees,  and  a  son  of 
Augustc  Chouteau  was  another.  A  son  of  Louis 
Lorimier,  commandant  and  Indian  agent  at  Cape 
Girardeau,  was  likewi.se  appointed.  In  connection 
with  the  judges,  provision  was  made  for  a  clerk  of 
the  General  Court, — a  sort  of  Supreme  Uench,  or 
Court  of  Appeals,  meeting  twice  a  year.     In   1807, 


when  Frederick  Bates  had  become  sccrctarv  and 
acting  Governor,  the  Legislature,  consisting  of  IrMw. 
Lucas,  and  Strader,  adopted  an  important  Mcuin\ 
judiciary  act,  reconstructing  the  courts  and  conl.  rrin;; 
new  powers  upon  them.  This  act,  bearing  daii'  July 
3d,  provided  that  the  Governor  should  ap]Miiiii  |',|f 
each  district  of  the  Territory  five  judges  nl'  thi- 
Court  of  Cotumon  Pleas  and  Quarter  Ses.siuns.  tn 
hold  office  for  four  years.  Two  judges  were  tu  con- 
stitute a  ((uorum  capable  of  holding  court,  auJ  thtre 
were  to  be  three  terms  per  year  in  each  di.>^trirt,~ 
in  St.  Louis,  the  first  Monday  in  March,  July,  anj 
November.  A  Court  of  Oyer  and  Terniincr  mn] 
general  jail  delivery  was  also  established,  eimsistii]^. 
of  one  of  the  judges  of  the  General  Court  (of  Ap. 
peals)  and  a  justice  of  the  Common  Pleas  fur  caih 
district.  The  Quarter  Sessions  was  given  juri.-iJi'tiMii 
in  all  criminal  cases  save  those  which  involved  tin 
penalty  of  death.  These  could  only  be  tried  in  a  Gen- 
eral Oyer  and  Terminer,  presided  over  by  oni-  o|'  t|ie 
General  Court  judges.  There  was  to  be  one  clerk  for 
each  district,  appointed  by  the  Governor.  The  (ien- 
erul  Court,  or  Supreme  Court  of  Record,  sat  twice  a 
year  at  St.  Louis,  meeting  on  the  first  Monday  of 
May  and  October. 

On  July  4,  1807,  the  court-legislature  timk  >tp|is 
to  have  the  districts  divided  into  townships,  aud  ciini- 
missioners  were   appointed    for    that  i)urpiiso.    The 
next  year,  Meriwether  Lewis  being  G''Verrior,  anJ 
Judge  John  Coburn  sometimes  acting  as  a  le^'islaior 
in  conjunction  with  his  colleagues  Strader  and  Lucas, 
an  "  act  concerning  towns"  was  passed,  under  wliich 
St.  Itouis  was  first  incorporated.     Under  the  provis- 
ions of  this  act,  two-thirds  of  the  voters  in  any  (ifilie 
villages  applying  therefor  could  be  incorpuratci  liv 
the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  the  court  reservin"  lo 
itself  the  right  to  appoint  two  commissioner-  to  su- 
perintend the  election  of  five  trustees  to  serve  fdrniif  i 
year.     At  this  same  session  of  the  Lcgisl.iturc  an  art  | 
was  passed  to  lay  out  a  road  from  St.  Louis  1 1  ,>*ii> 
Genevieve,  tiience  to  Cape  Girardeau,  and  tlionec  lo  I 
New   Madrid.      Auting   Governor    Browne  liiid  ap- 
pointed  Joseph  W.   Gamier    clerk    of   the  (Jcncnij 
Court  Oct.  28,  1800. 

While  tlio  Legislature  was  shaping  the  cimrt^ml 
this  way,  the  Common  Pleas  had  not  been  inaciivo. 
At  December  term,  1805,  James  L.  Doiialdsim,  ij 
Baltimorean,  was  commissioned  attoriiey-gcncriil  ofl 
the  Territory.  The  court  agreed  with  Kniilien  Vosiil 
to  rent  from  him,  tor  the  next  year,  three  rodUiMsj 
his  tavern  for  a  rent  of  one  iiundred  and  seveiilv  il«ll 
lars.  At  the  Murcli  term,  180G,  we  find  ,h»m 
Browne  presiding  justice,  with  Chouteau,  DelauMyJ 


TERRITORIAL  GOVERNMENT. 


337 


ry  ami 
Bates, 

iilrrriiii; 
lie  July 
)oiiit  for 

ul'    till! 

sums,  to 

e  ti)  con- 

luJ  tlierc 

li.-lvict- 

.1  \ily,  and 

iiiiiei'  a\iil 

cousistiiij; 

rt  (of  Ap- 

s  I'll!'  nA 

iuvi.-(li"ti"p 

ivolveil  ik 

>d  ill  a  (i en- 
due of  tlic 

me  clerk  fov 
Tlio  ticn- 

,  sat  twico  a 
Mdiiilay  of 

■e  tutik  jtoj'S 

ips,  auil  f"™- 

arjiiiw.    ilie 

ifiVei'iior,  aii'i 

lis  a  lei:isl;iti)t 

ler  ami  Liiw?. 
uiiJev  wliiA 

U-  tlie  pi'Dvi!- 
in  any  "f  tin' 
iovji'irati'l  l>y 

It    VCSl'VvillL'  w 

Lsioner-  to  >«■ 
L)  servo  f'lv  "K  I 
Irisliiture  mi  ad 
Louis  ti  Sic. 
1  und  tlu'iifc  10 1 
iowiie   liaJ  ap- 1 
the  tleiicnil 

ilio  cimrt-in 
been  iuactiM.! 
l)(iniil(ls»ii.  •[ 
|.„ey-s:.'ucral  o(| 
Kuiilieii  Vo« 
three  roiiiii*i«j 
mid  seventy  J* 
ive   find  J'«'I 
Iteavi,  D^l^xwyf 


and  Mackay  assO'Jates.  Browne  liad  been  commis- 
sioned presiding  justice  by  Wilkinson.  This  Gover- 
por  had  also  commissioned  Andrew  Steel  as  prothono- 
tary  "f  t''"  court.  The  court  had  asked  and  obtained 
leave  uf  the  Governor  to  make  use  of  (he  military 
(Tuard-house  (the  old  stone  Martello  tower)  in  the  fort 
on  the  hill  as  a  jail  until  a  better  one  could  be  pro- 
vided. Jaiues  Smirl  was,  in  1806,  'icensed  to  keep  a 
ferry  across  the  Maramec  at  the  mouth  of  Defend 
Creek,  for  ten  dollars  a  year,  and  a  road  was  ordered 
to  be  Imilt  from  Carondelet  to  that  point.  There  was 
a  special  terra  of  the  Quarter  Sessions  Oct.  8,  1806, 
at  which  Jacques  Glamorgan,  Bernard  Pratte,  and 
William  Christy  attended.  Jeremiah  Conner  was  now 
sheriff,  and  he  protested  to  the  court 

"tlmt  tlio  jail  of  siiiil  district  in  its  present  ."tato  is  insuffi- 
cient to  si'Oiirc  prisoners,  cither  those  committed  on  criminal 
i.riicws  or  tlioso  committed  on  civil,  as  hii."  been  proved  hy  the 
brcaliing  of  the  prison  twice  within  a  short  period  baol<.  lie 
tlureforu  prays  this  honorable  court  to  tiikosueli  measure  in  the 
iinraises  as  the  necessity  of  tlie  case  and  the  t^afety  of  the  dis- 
trict requires. 

•■'flic  euurt  having  considered  the  same,  and  being  convinced 
iliat  the  safety  of  the  district  requires  that  a  guard  be  called  of 
Ilic  militia  of  this  district,  for  the  purpose  of  securing  che  pris- 
oners cunlined  iu  the  jail,  do  order  that  the  commanding  oflicer 

t  tlic  militia  of  this  district  bo  required  to  furnish  a  guard 
■alliiicnt  fcir  the  purpo.^e  above  specified,  until  the  jail  be  made 
MitVicient  to  secure  the  prisoners,  iind  tliat  a  copy  of  this  order 
be  sent  to  the  commanding  cjfflcer  aforesaid  without  delay. 
•t'oart  then  adjourned  nine  (lie," 

At  the  December  term  of  the  court   this  year 

William  Christy  was  licensed  to  keep  tavern,  and 

paid  twenty-five  dollars  fees, — perhaps  he  paid  for  five 

years  in  a  lump.     The  court,  tired  of  inadequate  ac- 

comuiodations,  "  ordered  the  houses  in  the  garrison 

to  be  repaired  for  the  use  of  the  courts,  and  that  a 

stove  and  wood  should  be  furnished  the  jail."    At  the 

March  term,  1807,  secretary  and   acting  Governor 

Browne  made  William  Christy  clerk  of  the  Quarter 

:  Sessions,  and  the  court  granted  u  license  to  Nathaniel 

I  Carpenter  to  keep  a  ferry  across  the  Mississippi  oppo- 

[site  St.  Louis,  at  twenty  dollars  pci-  annum.      At 

June  term,  Silas   Bent  produced  a  coramis.sion 

[fmiu  Frederick  Hates  (new  secretary  and  acting  Gov- 

[tniiir  uf  the  Territory),  appointing   him    presiding 

|ju.stiee  of  the  Common    Pleas.     This  was  the  first 

ipublic  act  of  Bates.     Bent  was  also  licensed  to  keep 

[llie'old  ferry"  to  Cahokia,  below  the  town,  at  twenty- 

Ifive  dollars.     On  July  1,  1807,  the  courts  were  re- 

tanizcd,  with  Bent,  chief  justice  ;  Chouteau,  Pratte, 

bd  Labeauine,  associates ;  Thomas  F.  Uiddick,  clerk; 

H  Jereniiali  Conner,  siieriff.     Bernard  Pratte  and 

piildiek  were  the  commissioners  a.>(signed   to  divide 

lk>  several  districts  into  townships,  and  the  taxable 


inhabitants  of  St.  Louis  township  were  returned  at 
257;  St.  Ferdinand,  205;  Bonhomme,  126;  and 
Joachim,  141. 

The  Court  of  Common  Pleas  now  did  not  do  much 
outside  of  regular  business  of  the  bench,  equity,  and 
the  like,  but  its  justices  were  associated   with   the 

judges  of  the  General  Court  in  several  important 
cases  in  Oyer  and  Terminer.  At  the  March  term, 
1809,  Judge  Bent  presiding,  the  Secretary  of  the 
Territory  returned  into  court  a  survey  and  plat  of  that 
part  of  the  St.  Louis  and  Genevieve  road  which  lay 
in  St.  Louis  County,  and  it  was  approved,  and  the 
road  ordered  to  be  "cut  out."  (Appropriate  term 
for  a  road  surveyed  in  great  part  through  the  primeval 
forest.)     The  licenses  granted  were,  for   taverns,  at 

'  eighteen  dollars  each,  to  Rezin  Webster,  Joseph  Le- 
blanc,  Charles  Busro  (Bosseron),  Batiste  Lebeau, 
Elijah  Smith,  Andre  Andreville,  and  Emilien  Yosti ; 
Samuel  Solomon  to  keep  his  ferry  across  the  Missis- 
sippi at  St.  Louis  for  fifteen  dollars,  and  Batiste  Belan 
at  St.  Charles,  twenty  dollars. 

On  Aug.  14,  1809,  there  was  a  special  term  of 
Oyer  and  Terminer.  A  year  before  there  had  been  a 
trial  of  two  Indians  for  murder,  but  the  court  had 
acquitted  them  upon  the  ground  of  want  of  jurisdic- 
tion. They  were  now  to  try  a  white  man  for  the 
same  capital  crime.  On  Monday,  June  26th,  at 
Lang's  Mill,  in  Bonhomme  township,  St.  Louis  Co., 

■  John  Long,  the  younger,  shot  and  killed  with  a  rifle 
George  Gordon,  his  stepfather.  The  crime  was  a 
premeditated  one,  the  assassin  lying  in  wait.  The 
court  met  on  3Ionday,  August  14th,  J.  B.  C.  Lucas 
presiding ;  Silas  Bent  and  Auguste  Chouteau,  asso- 

[  ciates ;  Edward  Hempstead,  bearing  the  commission 
^f  attorney-general    from   Capt.    Meriwether    Lewis, 

:  now  Governor  of  the  Territory.  The  grand  jury  at 
once  brought  in  ati  indictment  against  Long,  and  he 
was  tried  on  the  following  Monday.  The  jury  which 
tried  him  consisted  of  John  Brown  (of  Ctddwater), 
ibreman  ;  Daniel  Hodges,  Alexis  Lalandc,  Antoine 
Bartida,  Jacques  Clamorgan,  Michael  Honore,  Benja- 
min Jllkinson,  Tiiomas  R.  Music,  Joseph  Moore, 
Henry  H.  Shreeve,  Peter  Primm,  and  Joseph  Phil- 
ipson.  They  brought  in  a  verdict  of  guilty  of  murder 
in  the  first  degree,  and  the  fact  Lalande  afterwards 
admitted  on  oath  that  he  could  neither  speak  nor 
understand  a  word  of  English  did  not  prevent  Long 

[  from  being  .sentenced  to  be  hung,  and  the  sentence 
from  being  duly  executed  on  Saturday,  Sept.  16, 1809, 
— the  first  man  ever  hung  in  St.  Louis,  althougii  the 
town  had  been  in  existence  forty-five  years.  In  1811 
there  was  another  Indian  tried  for  murdering  his 
wife,  but  Henry  Brackenridge  successfully  defended 


L  (  :'i 


M 


U'":t| 


H38 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


him  upon  the  ground  of  no  jurisdiction,  the  Indians, 
in  offenses  a<;<iinst  one  another,  being  firse  natant  in 
the  contemplation  of  the  law. 

At  the  November  term  of  the  Court  of  the  Com- 
mon Pleas,  1809,  under  the  rule  of  law  granted  this 
court  by  the  Governor  and  judges  of  the  general  term 
acting  as  a  legislature,  a  petition  of  sundry  inhabitants 
of  the  town  of  St.  Louis,  asking  that  said  town 
within  certain  specified  limits  should  be  incorporated, 
was  received  and  examined.  The  court  finding  the 
petition  to  be  signed  by  two-thirds  of  the  taxable  in- 
habitants residing  in  the  said  town,  ordered  tlie  same 
to  be  incorporated,  and  the  metes  and  bounds  to  be 
surveyed  and  marked,  and  a  plot  filed  for  record  in 
the  clerk's  office.  Under  the  charter  so  granted  the 
town  was  to  have  five  tru.stoes.  who  were  to  act  as 
commissioners  in  municipal  concerns,  and  the  court 
appointed  David  Delaunay  and  William  C.  Carr  to 


be  commissioners  to  supervise  tlie  election  of  the  first 
five  trustees. 

This  petition  must  have  borne  the  names  of  ahimt 
two  hundred  persons,  for  the  a.s.sessors,  more  iliaiia 
year  before,  had  returned  two  hundred  and  fifty-sevtn 
taxables  in  St.  Louis,  the  total  number  in  the  cnuntv 
being  seven  hundred  and  twenty-nine.  Tlir«o  n^. 
sessors  were  Bernard  Pratte  and  Thomas  F.  Itiddick. 
officially  styled  '■  Commissioners  of  Rates  and  Li'vics." 
The  rates  aiid  levins  are  curious  in  themselvo.«.  WV- 
have  already,  in  a  previous  chapter,  given  an  a.«si.>j. 
raent  return  of  taxables  and  their  estates  for  tlio  year 
1811.  We  present  herewith  a  return  of  rcceijit.s  uiij 
disbursements  for  the  years  1807,  1808,  and  lSiiy^_ 
a  complete  account  of  revenue  and  expenditinoi,.  a> 
exhibited  in  the  audited  report  of  Jeremiah  ConiiHr, 
sheriff,  collector,  and  treasurer  of  the  district  of  i«t, 
Louis : 


^*  JeremUiU  t'oiiMor,  CoUedor  and  Treagiirer  of  the  Ijutrict  of  ,S(.  Loui*^  in  (tccou/U  currrnt  with  said  ditlrict. 


I 


*1 


I)n. 

To  ainonnt  of  tux-ll6t  for  ISO's  rt'si-rving  to  myseir  tho 

right  of  roceiviiiR  crt'<iit  for  taxes  of  iiisolventB  iiiiJ  de- 

fiiulters  wlu'ii  tliesuiiip  ciiti  lie  lu-curatcly  lujcertaiiipcl... 

To  aiiiouiit  of  tax-list  for  lf^07  witlt  tlioabovo  re8i>rvatioii. 

Tu  aniount  of  tax-litit  for  IsnS  with  thuatnive  retiervation. 

18U6,  July  8,  to  amount  of   lii-ense   nioiiey  for  merdmnditie, 

taverim^iiml  ferrit'H  from  l«th  October,  lHo5,to  ??th  July, 

1800 

1808|Juiie  23,  to  ainuuut   of  licerma  money  for  merchandise, 

taverns,  and  ferries  from  July,  IHOC,  to  date 

1800,  Feh.  1,  to  easli  received  from  Bernard  I'ratte,  Kiii|.,  treas- 
urer  


18117, 

\-,>'2.VA 
1060.71 

1808, 

it 

7:il.-.;5 

1160.00 

2;i(l.'J4 

1807, 

1808, 

C'B. 

.June  1,  l)y  ftliiDiint  of  difibiir-icliKMits  for  ilistrift,  ns  \»'r 
H(-cuillit  lilid  voiurhord  furiiiBlietl,  piii«e<l  iHiard  i-unniiis- 
8iuiHrr8  iiikI  ]iMi«i>iMnrB  this  tliiy 

June  -2,  liy  'JO  per  cent.  forTeiTitnry  on  $1100,  on  unnmiit 
nf  licences  for  merchant..*,  tuverns,  and  ferries  from  Jiilv, 
1806,  to  tills  date '.. 

June  22,  20  |ier  cent,  from  Territory  on  S2UII.28,  taxes  c.il- 
lecteJ  for  1807  and  1808 

June  22,  10  per  cent,  to  citlloctur  itn  $12S6.;i7,  tuxes  c.il- 
lected  for  180(1 

June  22,  8  per  cent,  tu  collectur  on  S1719.42,  on  district 
taxes,  1807  and  1808 

June  1,  10  per  cent,  to  same  on  $13rj8,  amount  of  licenses 
for  merchandise,  taverns,  and  ferries  from  l.Kih  Oclo- 
her,  180.'),  (opiate 

June  22,  8  per  cent,  to  same  on  Sol8,  for  licenses  on  nier* 
chandise,  taverns,  ami  ferries  from  1st  June,  1807.  to 
date.. 


1807, 
1809, 


July  .'),  cast)  paid  Bernard  Pratte,  Ksq.,  treiufurer,  as  per 
account  passed 

July  ti,  caaii  pnU\  IJernard  I'ratte,  Esq.,  treasurer,  as  (ler 
account  passed 

Mov.  9,  cash  paid  ISeruard  i'ratte,  Ksij.,  treasurer,  as  per 
account  passed 

Nov.  10,  casli  paid  Hernard  I'ratte,  Esq.,  treasurer,  as  per 
account  passed 

Sept.  1,  compensation  as  slieritf  in  lieu  of  sucli  fees  as  are 
cliargeahle  to  tlie  clistrict  from  18th  Octohor,  ^:<^^n,  tu 
Sept.  1, 1807,  at  S.iO  per  annum 

July  1,  hy  halauce  ot  taxes  remaining  uncollected  for 
1806,  l.S07,anil  1808,  Including  delin>iuencics  hy  insol- 
vents and  defaulters 

July  1,  amount  of  auditor's  certificate  accompanying  this 
and  redeenu'd  hy  said  collector  aiul  treasurer 

July  1,  balance  in  collector's  hanils,  to  he  accounted  for 
when  required 


S6266.45  , 


1809,  July  1,  to  amount  on  creditor  side  for  taxes  uncollected 

for  the  years  1806, 1807,  ami  1808  of  date  this  day $708.61 

'•     July  1,  to  amount  of  certilicate  of  auditor  on  creditor  side 

of  this  day 351.00  I 

"     July  1,  to  amount  uf  cash  on  hami  on  ci'edltor  side  of  this  | 

day 55.n2  ; 

»1114.9J  ' 


ii'lt: 
liv65 
13:„« 

IK.W 

4104 

i;H2.5: 

I'.'.'T.'" 

;(i-.oi 
35i.i; 

8«iii«.« 


"  I  hnvc  o.taniincil  the  above  account, and  find  that  .Tercmiah  Connor,  Esq.,  is  chargeable  witli  eleven  humlicd  and  foiirli< 
dollars  unci  ninety-three  cents,  by  and  in  favor  of  the  district  of  St.  Louis,  on  the  accounts  existing  between  liini  and  ilieH^I 
triet  prior  to  tho  1st  of  .January,  1.8U9,  and  it  appears  tliut  sum  was  due  to  the  eaiil  district  at  that  date. 

"Sii.AS  IJkvt, 
"  Amillor  for  the  Dinin'cl .;/'  .SV.  Lmi: 
"Nov.  I,  1800." 


"Kiiou-  all  ivl|„ 


I  ""'Won.  iind  TherJ 
'•""■'  l-et.inrneau,  ,/| 

!  '"  'ke  other  |,art,  h  J 
'""■S  f.vohangcE 

I '""''•■  I'lmt  „e,  Oil 
**■.  make  over  to 

i ''■•'"' «ri,l  claim  upo| 


TERRITORIAL  GOVERNMENT. 


339 


hii  first 

f  iiInhU 
tlimi  a 
ty-SL'WMi 
■  (•uuiuy 
lu'se  as- 
IliilJick. 
Lrvifs." 
•cs.    \S, 

mi  U:'SC>S. 

•  tilt;  yi'iu 
jeiiits  iiiiJ 
1  1SII9,- 
diiuri'>.  a- 
\\  Ciimira'. 
[rift  uf  St. 


nil  licr 
miniis- 

i\iM» 

lUU'init 
11  July, 

xes  c"l- 
«■■ 

1*63 

districl 

WTJi 

licc-M>'!i 

11,  (Klo- 

(111  iin'r- 
18il7.  t'> 

41''t 

r,  iir"  yo' 

.....   UiiS 

\r,  us  V" 

......     39T.IXI 

Ir,  lis  l«r 

r,  iv  liff 

........     IS^'^' 

■8  lis  uro 

1      IMI^,  to 


|lre.l  iiml  f""rt«» 

I  liilll  iHl'l  till'  *■ 


Ik.st. 


Tlio  figures  arc  not  formidable, — less  than  82000  a 
veiir  collected  as  revenue.     The  tax-li.sts  for  the  three 
ycius  iij-'grcgated  only  $4084,  of  which  §708.71  was  > 
uniiiiiil.  net  83376.     The  receipts  from  licenses  for 
mciihaiidise,  ferries,  and  taverns  were  81891   for  two 
Yeiii>.  so  that  nearly  as  much  revenue  came  from  li- 
censes as  from  direct  taxation.       The  economies  of 
aJniiiiistration,  in  the  lijrht  of  the  modern  scale  of 
cxtunditures,  are  simply  bewildering.     The  idea  of  a 
slieritf.  tax  collector,  and  treasurer  serving  so  cheaply 
as  Mr.  Connor  did,  and  a  court  hiring  throe  rooms  in 
a  tavoni  for  8180,  when  it  made  a  single  billiard-table 
pay  8100  for  its  license!      This,  however,  was  the 
rule  in  everything  in  the  affairs  of  this  still  primitive 
people,  who  did  not  tax  themselves  severely  because 
the  public  expenses  were  small.     Appropriation  bills 
wore  not  too  small,  however,  to  be  clo.soly  .scrutinized 
and  carefully  audited,  and   we  find  the    Territorial 
Lei'islature  of  1815-10,  sitting  in  St.  Louis  (William 
Clark,  Governor ;    James  Caldwell,  Speaker  of   the 
House,  and  John  Rice  Jones,  president  of  the  Sen- 
ate), tacking  to  their  appropriation  bill    the  proviso 
that  "  No  moneys  shall  hereafter  be  drawn  out  of  the 
Territorial  treasury  except  by  the  order  or  warrant  of 
the  Territorial  auditor  and  for  which  appropriation 
is  made.''     At  this  time  the  pay  of  the  entire  Terri- 
torial judiciary  (Circuit  Court  judges)  only  amounted 
toS2400  a  year.     Joseph  Charless  did  all  the  puolie 
printing,  including  the  laws,  for  8300.      ( In  1808  he 
had  printed  the  first  edition  of  the  laws  of  the  Terri- 
tory of  liiiuisiana,  the  first  book  ever  printed  in  St. 
Louis,  a  volume  of  three  hundred  and  seventy-two 
pages.)      That   session    the    Legislature  rented    two 
rooms  from    Madame  Susannah   Dubreuil  to  sit  in, 
payinjr  her  $105    rent,  and    Peter   Chouteau,   Jr., 
rented  it  a  furnished  room  for  its  .sessions  for  nine 
(lays,  only  charging  827, — 83  a  day.     John  S.  llusssell 
furnished   the   Territory  with  two  dozen  chairs  for 
8iili,_§2,87J  each. 

Property,  however,  was  not  very  high  yet,  and  peo- 
ple could  not  have  stood  up  against  any  very  heavy 
taxation.  An  old  deed,  a  curiosity  in  itself,  as  illus- 
trating the  obsolete  forms  of  ancient  conveyancing, 
[mves  this.  It  is  given  to  secure  title  in  a  sale  of  a 
l"t  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Pine  and  Main  Streets, 
aiid  is  translated  from  the  original  French,  as  follows  : 

"Know  III!  whii  these  presunis  ."liiill  see,   that  we,  Charles 

P"Ji'riin,  ami  Tlu'rr'se  Uriijoiiu,  my  wife,  im  the  one  |iait,  anJ 

I.'ui!  Letouriieau,  illl  Lnfleur,  anil  Mario  Hissonettc,  uiy  wife, 

j  Ml  the  other  part,  have  stipulateil  and  do  rest  agreed  upon  the 

"iiliti.ins,  1  xchange,  and  trade  as  it  is  hereafter  mentioned, 

|l««it:  That  we,  Charles  Uosaeron,  and  Theri'su  Itrazeaii,  my 

I'ife,  make  over  to  the  said   Letourncau, '/i'(   I,alleur,  all  our 

lights  ami  claim  upon  a  certain  lot  of  ground  aoiiuired  by  us 


of  Master  Jcinien  Ileauvais  at  the  dute  of  the  ,30th  of  March, 
in  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  .icvcn,  such  as  it  ii^, 
together  with  the  houi^o  thereon,  and  in  the  same  manner  as  we 
ac<|uired  it  of  the  said  Jemier.  Beauvais,  reserving  nothing 
thereof;  and  we  promise  to  warrant  the  said  lot  unto  liOuis 
Lctourneau,  ilii  lialleiir,  iigainst  any  disturbance  in  general 
wliatsoever,  intending  that  the  said  Louis  [etourneau,  ilit  La- 
lleiir,  his  heirs  and  legal  representatives,  shall  enjoy  the  same 
a.s  a  property  with  full  title.  And  we.  l.nuis  Ijctourncau.  ''/( 
r.afleur,  and  .Marie  liissonetlo,  in  consideration  of  the  trade 
hcreinatiovc  tiicntionod,  do  make  over  to  the  .«i»id  Uosst^run,  his 
heirs  and  legal  representatives,  all  our  rights  of  properly  on  a 
certain  lot  of  ground  .situated  in  the  town  and  di^-trict  of  St. 
IjOiiis,  Territory  of  Louisiana,  si.xty  feet  front  by  tme  hiuuh'od 
and  lifty  feet  in  depth,  which  lot  is  bounded  on  the  south  by  a 
c  "OSS  street,  on  the  north  by  Pierre  Ladoucer,  on  the  east  by 
the  great  street,  and  on  the  west  by  Tjouis  Provcnchc,  upon  which 
is  located  an  old  post-and-imid  house,  and  which  lot  wo  sell  and 
make  over  to  the  said  liosi^crou,  reserving  to  ourselves  nulhing 
tliceof.  and  intending  that  he  shall  enjoy  the  same  as  a  prop- 
erty to  him,  his  heirs  and  legal  representatives,  belonging,  and 
so  that  neither  we,  nor  our  heirs,  may  ever  act  contrary  thore- 
imco  ;  and  we  warrant  unto  the  said  Ho.iseron,  his  heirs  and 
legal  representatives,  the  said  lot  and  house,  against  every 
debt,  hypothecation,  and  other  incumbrance  generally  whatso- 
ever, and  the  said  lot  to  retinipiish  in  consideration  of  the  trade 
hereinabove  mentioned;  and  in  consideration  further  of  the 
sum  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  in  deer-skins,  at  the  rate 
of  two  and  a  half  poumls  ti,  the  dollar,  which  we  acknow'edgo 
to  have  received  to  our  satisfaction,  and  for  which  sum  wo 
acquit  the  said  lio.sseron,  and  give  him  full  and  lotuplete  dis- 
charge. In  faith  of  which  we  have  signed  and  fixed  our  usual 
marks  to  this  contract,  in  jireseuce  of  two  witnesses. 
"(Signed)       his 

"I.OirS  X    LETOIKXEAU   hit  I.AFLEUR. 
mark 
her 

"MAItlE  y.    IJISONKTTE. 
mark 

"THKliESl-:  BHAZEAU  [Seal]. 

"CHAHLES  IWS,<EI{ON  [Seal]. 
"Done  in  duplicate,  an.    signed  and  sealed 
in  presence  of 

"  .\ntoixk  Danmkx, 

"  PlKIUlK  L.AiiorrKii." 

The  acknowledgment  was  befi;re  Bernard  Pratte, 
and  is  similar  in  diction  to  the  acknowledgments  of 
the  present  day. 

It  is  said  that  old  Madame  Laflcur  (Marie  Bis- 
sonette)  would  not  sign  this  deed  and  abandon  her 
dower-rights  in  her  old  homestead  until  Charles  Bos- 
seron  had  agreed  to  give  her  and  had  made  actual 
delivery  to  her  of  eighty  pounds  of  coffee, — fragrant 
and  mild  coffee  of  Santo  Domingo,  such  as  the  French 
hdlii'diis  delighted  in,  but  which  now,  alas!  is  no 
longer  more  than  a  tradition  upon  the  most  fertile 
and  the  most  neglected  of  islands. 

On  Oct.  11,  1809,  Governor  Meriwether  Lewis 
killed  himself,  in  the  Chickasaw  country,  whil"  fol- 
lowing the  "  Tenne.s.see  trace"  on  his  way  to  Washing- 
ton. He  was  subject  to  melancholy,  was  suffering  at 
the  time  from  malarial  fever,  and  appears  to  have  had 


't  !3 


340 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


a  prosentiiiieiit  of  \m  death  before  leavins;  St.  Louis. 
At  any  rate,  before  starting  upon  his  journey,  he  exe- 
cuted the  followin};  very  full  power  of  attorney, — a 
deed  of  trust,  in  fact,  which  made  it  unnecessary  for 
him  to  leave  a  will : 

"  Know  all  iiieii  by  these  presents,  tlmt  I,  Muriwetlicr  I.owis. 
of  the  town  of  ."'t.  Louis  iiml  Territory  of  liOiiisiunn,  have  nonii- 
nate<l,  cunstiluted,  unit  ap|iointG(l,  and  <lo  nominiiti',  constitute, 
anil  ii|j|>oint  Willinni  (^hiik,  Alcxaiiiler  Stuart,  ami  William  C. 
Carr.  all  of  the  same  plaee.  niy  true  anil  lawful  attorneys,  for 
me,  and  in  my  name  to  satisfy,  pay,  and  diseharge  all  debts 
anil  deuiands  which  I  may  owe  or  which  nmy  bo  presented  to 
them  against  me,  of  the  accuracy  and  justness  of  which  they 
or  a  majority  of  *hem  shall  be  satistied  ;  and  generally  to  ar- 
range, adjust,  and  li<|uidate  all  denianils,  both  I'or  aiul  against 
tue,  during  my  absence  from  the  said  Territory,  and  the  same 
when  so  arranged,  ascertained,  or  liquidated,  to  receive  and 
grant  rooeipts  and  acquittances  therefor  in  my  name,  or  to  pay 
and  discharge  and  to  accept  and  take  receipts  and  discharge 
therefor  in  my  name.  To  effect  which  purpose  more  fully  and 
completely,  I  do  hereby  authorize  and  empower  my  said  attor- 
neys or  a  nuijority  of  them  to  sell  and  convey  by  legal  deed  all 
or  any  part  or  parts  of  my  property,  real  or  personal,  within 
the  said  Territory  of  Lcmisiann,  and  therefor  to  execute  a  deed 
or  deeds  to  the  ]>urchaser  or  purchasers,  either  at  ]iublie  or  pri- 
vate sales,  as  my  said  attorneys  or  a  majority  of  tbein  may 
think  most  conducive  to  my  interest,  hereby  ratifying  and  con- 
tirming  whatever  my  said  attorneys  or  a  majority  of  them  shall 
do  or  cause  to  be  done  for  me  in  the  premises. 

"  In  testimony  whereof  E  have  hereunto  set  my  hand  and 
affixed  my  seal,  at  the  towM  of  ,<t.  l.ouis,  this  nineteenth  day 
of  August,  eighteen  hundred  and  nine.  ' 

"  (8igiicd,  sealed,  and  ilelivercdl,  ! 

"  Mkuiwktiiku  Lkwis  [Seal]. 

"  JkIIKMIAII    I'oNNKIi,  I 

"  Sami-ki.  S0I.OMOS.  i 

"  Hecordcd  this  ISth  day  of  December,  18(19. 

"M.   V.   Lkdii-,   ILrunh,:' 

Lowis  was  the  successor  of  Wilkin.son  (with  the 
interiejciium  durin<;  Wilkinson's  absences,  when  tlie 
affairs  of  the  executive  were  administered  by  the  Ter- 
ritorial secretaries,  Joseph  Browne  and  afterwards 
Frederick  Bates).  lie  was  succeeded  by  Benjamin 
Howard,  who  came  to  St.  jiouis  in  1810.'     William 

'  Henjamin  Howard  was  a  num  of  prominence  in  a  day  of 
giants.  He  was  born  in  Lexington,  Ky.,  the  son  of  a  ])ioneer, 
John  Howard,  who  had  moved  to  Iloi.neshorough,  the  second 
settlement  in  that  Plate,  as  early  as  1771.  .Ldin  Howard  was  a 
Virginian,  possessed  an  estate  in  Bedford  I'ounty,  and  was 
himself  a  man  of  education,  having  hrcn  a  ]iupil  under  the 
teaching  of  the  famous  IJr.  Samuel  Uavies,  afterwards  presiilent 
of  Princeton  College.  Howard  took  nn  active  part  in  the  war 
of  the  llevolution,  fought  at  Uuilford  Court  Hou.'c,  and  was 
charged  and  left  for  dead  on  the  field  by  Tarleton's  troopers, 
who  succeeded  in  giving  him  live  wounds  without  killing  him. 
He  liveil  to  be  one  hundred  and  four  years  old.  His  son  Hen- 
jamin entered  public  life  early,  serving  in  the  Kentucky  Legis- 
lature in  I81IO,  an  almost  immediate  preilecessor  of  Henry  Clay. 
He  was  (iovernor  of  Indiana  Territory,  member  of  (Congress 
from  Clay's  district  in  Kentucky,  (Iovernor  uf  .Missouri  Terri- 
tory, ami  general  in  the  I'nited  Slates  army,  dying  suddenly 
in  St,  Louis  in  IHU  while  still  in  the  service. 


Clark  was  Governor  after  Howard  received  liis  i  in,. 
niand  in  the  army,  and  he  continued  in  office  until 
'  Missouri  was  admitted  as  a  State  in  tlie  Union  and 
elected  its  own  Governor. 

As  soon  as  the  Territorial  Lejiialature  had  jiussid 
the  law  .oncerninj:  towns,  in  1808,  July  23d,  an  elec- 
tion had  been  held  for  trustees  for  St.  Louis,  uiid 
Auguste  Chouteau,  Bernard  Pratte,  Edward  Hemp- 
stead, and  Pierre  Chouteau  and  Alexander  McNair 
were  elected.  This  was  decidedly  premature,  as  the 
court  did  not  grant  a  charter  to  the  town  until  niore 
than  a  year  afterwards,  and  the  trustees  did  not  1:0 
into  office  in  fact  until  January,  1810. 

It  is  unfortunate  that  the  little  of  these  old  court 
records  which  has  come  down  to  us  is  fragmentary 
and  defective.     The  record  appears  sometime-  to  be 
toucliing  upon  the  edge  of  a  romance,  or  abmit  to 
disclose  a  series  of  facts  and  figures  of  value  in  ]iiilit- 
ico-economical    respects,    when,  pr&sto !    the   curtnin 
drops,  and  the  subject  is  dropped  with  it.     'I'd  seek 
to  supply  the  lacking  record  by  an  exercise  of  the 
imagination  is  as  useless  as  the  task  of  the  poet  who 
tried  to  call  up  "  him  wlio  left  h.ilf  told  the  story  of 
Cambuscan  bold,"     We  know  that  the  courts,  Gen- 
eral  and  Superior  and  Circuit,  as  well  as  Cmiimon 
Pleas,  sat   in    St,   Louis    from    1804   to   December. 
180(),  in  the  house  of  Emilien  Yosti,  southwest  cor- 
ner of  Main  and  Locust  Streets,  and  that  after  that, 
for  at  least  ten  years,  they  occupied  different  rooms  in 
the   old   stone    house    in    the   "  garrLson"    "011  the 
Hill."     The  jail  was  just  in  front  of  this,  in  the  old 
stone  martello   tower   in   the  fort,  which  had  bifore 
that  been  used  as  a  guard-house  for  the  contiiieinent 
of  both   Spanish   and   United  States  soldiers.    The 
first  jail  was  in  an  old  stone  house  belonging  to  Jae- 
qiies  Glamorgan,  at  the  upper  end  of  Main  Street, 
but  this  was  so  insecure,  and  so  many  prisoners  es- 
caped from  it,  that  a  part  of  the  militia  had  to  he 
called  out  to  aid   the  sheriff  in  doing  guaiil  duty. 
Then  it  was   that  Wilkin.son,  always  genoioiis,  h-iii 
the  old  guard-house  tower  to  the  town  for  a  jail.    He 
could  do  this  the  more  easily  because  he  was  already 
removing   his   garrison   to  his  newly-bought  eaiiloii- 
nicnts   at    Bcllcfontaine.      When   that  rcmnval  was 
coni]dcted,  the  officers'  quarters,  the  old  .stone  liou>e 
in    tile    fort,  became   vacant,  and    the   cmnts  a.sknl 
and  received   permission  to  convert  it  into  a  eouii- 
house. 

We  know  that  these  courts  contained  many  ecceniric 
clif  iacters,  for  example,  Judge  Beverly  Tiulver.  uf 
the  St.  Louis  Circuit  Court,  resident  of  Florissant. 
who  established  his  law-office  in  tlie  hollow  of  a  .syea- 
more-tree,  with  a  knot-hole  for  u  window,  and  with 


hi."  book 
in.sidc'  an 
odiiiiy  di 
^V'l'   kiioi 

p('(l|il('  of 

and   liravi 

could  expt 

he  liappeti 

litil  vi'i-y  I 

The  IK 'tires 

i.«  in  t  he  fu 

peeti'd  and 

«oiili  while 


r»'''""(  guilty  b^., 

'■"^'''"f.v  "est  was' 
"•""-'iK'ilid  not  g„l 


TERRITORIAL  GOVERNMENT. 


341 


iiiitil 
11  and 

|v;i>S(;d 
11  t'k'C- 
is,  mid 
lh'Ui|i- 
SleN;iir 
,  as  tlie 
til  move 
.  lint  i:u 

lid  (-'outt 
;niciitary 
lies  to  be 
abciui  to 
1  in  imlit- 
>   curtuin 
To  i'oek 
se  (if  tlie 

poet  wlio 
e  st(iry  "f 
lurts,  Gen- 
s  Common 
Doceniber, 
thwoHt  eor- 

after  tliat, 

It  rooms  ill 

"  on  tlie 

in  tlie  old 

li;id  bi'fnre 

^•oiitinemiiit 

Jier?.    Tlie 

rill.^   to  3m- 

lain  Street, 
visoners  e>- 

\vaA  to  l»' 
Miard  duty, 
lerons,  lout 
•  a  jail.    He 

was  already 
Hj;\il  canton- 

eiuoval  \v;b 

stone  lion-e 
[courts  ask.d 

iito  a  L'ourt- 

[any  eecenirio 
Tneker,  of 
If  V'lorissaitt. 
low  of  11  *.V* 
Iw.  and  wWi 


liis  iiooks  arranged  honeycomb  fashion  on  shelves  i 
insidi'  and  around  the  stump.  But,  how  little  of  this 
oddity  do  we  get  from  the  rceord  of  proceedings ! 
We  know  the  quick,  impulsive  character  of  theso- 
pooiile  of  the  West,  and  how  some  of  their  brightest 
and  iiravest  men  went  upon  the  bench.  No  one 
could  e-xpect  John  Smith  T.  to  efface  himself  because 
ho  liiippeiied  to  be  a  judge,  as  he  indeed  beearae.  , 
But  very  little  of  all  this  appears  upon  the  records. 
The  nearest  approach  to  facetiousness  we  have  found 
is  in  the  fully-reported  examinations  of  a  witness  sus- 
pected and  brought  up  for  contempt,  and  tliis  it  is 
worth  wiiile  to  give  in  full : 

"  isoll,  .liinc  1st,  Court  of  Oyer  nnil  Terminer,  held  by  .Judge 
John  II.  C.  Lucus  and  Siliis  Bent. 

•  \  ease  nguinst  one  Siiniuel  Nugent,  for  aseiiult,  ciimo  on  for 
irinl,  I'lit  owing  to  the  absence  of  one  X.ancy  We,st.  nn  impor- 
laiit  wilncfs.  the  triiil  wns  deferred  until  the  following  day,  nnd 
the  slii'iili  ordered  to  bring  in  the  witness  on  an  attachment. 
on  tlic  next  day  the  sherilV  had  his  witness  in  court  to  purge 
herself  "f  the  eontcmpt.  when  the  following  colloquy  took  place 
bclivecn  tlic  court  and  the  witness  : 

'■  (/,  What  was  your  reason  for  disobeying  the  summons 
served  on  you  to  appear  yesterday  ? 

".1,  I  thought  that  having  appeared  once  before  the  grand 
jury,  and  given  in  my  testimony,  th:-  i  needn't  appear  any 
iiKire, 

■  y.  Dill  you  know  or  did  you  not  know  the  contents  of 
lh;it  suniinons '! 

"A.  1  did  not  know  the  contents,  and  thought  once  appear- 
ing was  enougli. 

"(,/.  Hid   tlie   sherifT   inform   you    of  the   wmtcnts   of    the 
'iiiuiiinns  ? 
".1.  The  shoriB'servj  a  summons  on  me. 
"  (^,  Did  any  per-  jn  advise  you  not  to  appear  ? 
".I.  N"  perso. I  advised  me,     When   I  went  away  froiii   Mr. 
Kinney's,  -Ms.  Kinney  asked  me  where  I  was  goin^.     I  said  I 
ii-  g'ling  to  Mr.  Webster's  lint   1  didn't  go  to  Mr.  Webster's, 
iiiil  went  away   to  some  (jther  place,  and  diiln't  return  until 
tvi-ninir. 

"(,1,  Hid  you  or  did  you    not  hoar  that  .'^amucl  Nugent  was 
t"  be  tried  on   yesterday  for  a   capital   crime,  and  that  your 
U'^tiinony  would  be  wanted  ? 
".I.  1  tlid  hear  that  Samuel  Nugent  was  to  be  tried. 
"  (.'.  t)n  what  day  did  you  hear  that  sai<l  Nugent  was  to  be 

M,  1  don't  know. 

'  Q.  Did  you  or  did  you  not  know  that  your  testimony  would 
beHiuiteil  when  said  Nugent  sluiiild  bo  tried? 

'I,  1  had  given  in  my  testimony  once,  and   I  thought  that 
t;;:ii  WHS  enough. 

V.  Did  you  or  dil  you  not  go  away  from  Mr.  Kinney's 
I  vtsitt'lny  morning  with  an  intention  of  avoiding  the  process  of 
I  l»e  court  ? 

I.  If  I  had  had  an  intention  of  keeping  out  of  the  way,  I 
[«  u!.i  not  have  ciune  back  in  the  evening. 

The  oourt  for  the  present  postponed  further  examination, 
land  iinleied  that  Nancy  West  remiiin  in  the  custody  of  the 
liktrill.  The  trial  of  .Nugent  then  proceeded,  and  he  being 
lliinl'iiiit  guilty'  by  the. jury,  was  discharged. 

"Xaiicy  West  wns  then  called  up  a  secoiiil  time,  and  then 
hi,iin); «ho  did  not  go  away  from   .Mr.  Kinney's  to  avoid  the 


process  of  the  court,  'hat  she  intended  to  return  this  day  if  her 
testimony  should  be  wanted,  that  she  had  never  been  a  witnesa 
before  in  a  court  of  justice,  and  therefore  felt  an  cmbarraaa- 
inent, 
"  Therefore  the  court  discharged  her  from  the  attachment. 

'•  Jonx  1!.  C.  LiT,\s, 

'■  Prptiitiituj  tliiHtlre," 

But  Judge  Lucas  appears  to  much  greater  advan- 
tage in  the  lively  pages  of  Mr.  Darby,  as,  for  instance, 
in  Judge  Peek's  court,  where,  when  he  came  forward 
at  the  judge's  own  suggestion,  as  niiiicnK  ciiriit,  to 
give  an  outline  of  proceedings  such  as  held  in  the 
courts  in  St.  Louis,  matters  of  which  Judge  Peek, 
had  no  knowledge,  Mr.  Lawless  challenged  his  right 
to  speak  in  the  court  at  all,  as  he  was  not  a  licensed 
attorney  at  the  St.  Louis  bar.  Judge  Lucas  turned 
upon  him  (he  himself  had  admitted  Lawless  to  prac- 
tice, not  because  of  his  acquaintance  with  tlie  liiw,  but 
as  a  friendless  Irish  e\\\e)  and  said,  "  If  the  court 
please,  I  mn  licensed.  I  am  licensed  by  the  God  of 
heaven.  He  has  given  me  a  head  to  judge  and  de- 
termine, and  a  tongue  to  speak  and  explain."  Then 
this  excellent  scholar  and  gentleman  did  speak  and 
explain  his  various  qutdifications  and  numerous  public 
services,  as  well  as  his  o]iponont's  deficiencies  and  the 
mistaken  cause  of  his  animosity  against  him,  con- 
cluding with,  "  May  it  plea.se  the  court,  I  did  not 
come  to  this  country  as  a  fugitive  and  an  outcast  from 
my  native  land.  I  came  its  a  scholar  and  a  gentleman 
upon  the  invitation  of  Dr.  Franklin."' 

On  the  18th  of  June,  1812,  war  was  declared  by 
tlie  United  States  against  Great  Britain,  and  the  re- 
ception of  the  news  in  St.  Louis  was  naturally  the 
occasion  of  great  excitement,  A  number  of  military 
companies  were  formed  for  the  defense  of  the  town, 
and  .some  of  them,  it  is  grid,  fought  against  the  In- 
dian,'- as  part  of  the  expedition  i;nder  Gen.  Harrison. 
Being  so  distant  from  the  theatre  of  war,  however, 
St.  Louis  was  not  seriously  threatened  by  the  British 
military  operations,  except  from  the  disaffection  among 

'  I.ucns  and  Lawless  haled  one  another,  and  they  hail  reason 
to  do  so.  for  Lawless  had  been  second  to  Thomas  Hart  licnton 
in  the  malignant  thiol  in  which  the  judge's  son,  Charles  Lucas, 
was  slain.  Th's  was  nn  act  which  the  Lucases  never  forgave, 
nor  could  they  be  expecteil  to  ilo  so,  for  the  manner  in  which 
Benton  pursued  t'harles  Lucas  was  malevolent  in  the  extienio. 
.Mrs.  Hunt,  Charles  Lucas'  sister,  relates  that  she  miule  bor 
father  change  her  place  of  residence  alter  this  iluel  for  fear  she 
might  chance  to  encounter  t'ol.  Benton  in  some  of  her  walks, 
and  it  is  reported  that  among  the  last  acts  of  the  veternn  sen- 
ator's busy  life  wa»  that  of  destroying  all  papers  in  his  posses- 
sion relnting  to  theduel.  The  encounter  made  such  a  profound 
anil  painful  itiijiression  upon  the  elder  Lucas  that  he  prepared 
a  statement  concerning  the  affair,  as  if  he  thought  it  incumbent 
upon  him  to  vimlicate  his  son's  memory.  Tliis  statement 
will  be  found  elsewhere  under  the  head  of  "  Duels." 


I*  M 


m 


i 


342 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


tlio  IiiiHiins  roiiieiited  by  Knglisli  a^eiitH.  In  Missouri 
thoi'c  were  a  nuuiber  of  isolated  murders  by  hostile 
Indians,  but  no  regular  invasion,  owinj;  to  the  Failure 
of  the  English  emi.ssaries  to  excite  the  Missouri  tribes. 
Their  want  of  sueeess  was  due  in  large  measure  to  the 
close  relations  wliieli  had  long  existed  between  tlie  St. 
Louis  merchants  and  the  tribes  of  the  Missouri  River, 
and  oidy  the  more  desperate  savages  could  be  in<luce(l 
to  commit  depredations  on  the  whites.  Near  Florissant 
and  Cote  sans  Dessein  a  number  of  murders  were  com- 
mitted, and  siniilii.'  outrages  occurred  in  other  ])ortions 
of  the  Territory;  but  neitlier  at  St.  Louis  nor  in  the 
immediate  vicinity  was  any  organized  attempt  made  to 
murder  or  to  pillage.' 

Con.siderable  loss,  howe'.er,  was  inflicted  on  the 
merchants  of  St.  Louis  by  the  interruption  of  their 
trade  of  the  Mi.s.sissippi,  caused  by  the  Indian  out- 
breaks, the  value  of  tlie  traffic  of  the  Mississippi 
valley  above  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri  in  lead,  furs, 
and  peltry  having  amounted  in  iSllJ  to  one  hundred 
thousand  dollars. 

The  following  announcement  ajipeared  in  the  St. 
Lnids  Ri jxilillran  of  July  lit),  ISOS: 

"  Ft  is  witli  heartfelt  pleasure  we  announce  tlie  ])!(triotisrn 
clis|ilayeil  by  the  St.  Clmrlo?  troop  of  horse,  a  few  Jiiys  ago. 
Tliey  oRereil  their  services  to  nccoiripany  (ien.  ('lurk  up  the 
Missouri,  in  order  to  protect  iinil  iissist  in  the  Ijuilding  of  the 
intended  fort  \\i  or  near  the  Osajje  Uiver.'' 

On  the  13th  of  July,  1S12,  Capt.  William  (). 
Allen,  United  States  infantry,  opened  a  recruiting 
rendezvous  in  Ste.  Genevieve. 


•  .  .  .  "  In  Missouri  so  well  was  the  Indian  ehioaeler  under- 
stood thiit  there  would  have  been  very  little  trouble  had  not  the 
Kn^^li-^li.  on  the  tleclariition  of  war  in  ISI'J,  nccordlng  to  their 
custniri,  sent  their  emissiiries  into  the  country  of  the  savages 
and  used  every  artful  ami  nu'reenary  motive  to  incite  them 
ag:iinst  the  Anieriean.s.  Vet  oii  the  .Missouri  their  eflorts  were 
nearly  fruitless,  only  soiiu'  of  the  reckless  belonging  t()  some  of 
the  tribes  consenting  to  take  jiart  in  the  l-luglish  cause.  This 
was  owing  in  a  great  measure  t()  the  t'aet  that  the  whole  traile 
of  the  Missouri  was  under  the  control  of  merchants  in  St.  Louis, 
iiiul  the  supplies  furnished  by  them,  which  served  lit  lirat  as  a 
qualitication  of  luxury,  by  habitual  eoiitinuanee  became  a  ne- 
oessily.  The  Indians  could  no  longer  do  without  their  powder, 
ball,  guns,  blankets,  vermilion,  etc.,  since  they  had  been  fur- 
nished so  long  with  these  articles  that  their  natures  appeared  to 
have  undergone  a  change,  hail  adapted  tli'cmsclves  to  their  uses 
and  demanded  a  continuanee.  They  were  careful,  then,  not  to 
eoiinuit  themselves  by  any  a|)pro\ed  act  of  hostility  towanls 
the  .\merican  govcrnnient,  ami  were  not  to  be  moved  by  the 
artful  persuasions  and  presents  ()f  tiio  Jlritish  emissaries.  Wben- 
e\'er  it  was  known  that  any  of  the  tribe  tiiiil  committed  inurder 
among  the  whites,  they  were  immediately  given  up  to  the  ruling 
chiefs,  and  this  summary  mode  of  expressing  their  ilisapproba- 
tinn  intimidated  the  young  warriors,  who  were  anxious  on  every 
pretext  to  sound  the  war-whoop  and  enter  on  the  war-piitli," — 
Edwtiitli'  Great  Weit,  p.  3(17.  , 


The  Prcsident'.s  proclamation  declaring  war  aj.iiii,! 
Great  Britain  was  received  in  St,  Louis  early  in  .lulv, 
and  on  the  11th  u  town-meeting  was  held,  at  wliiili 
Charles  Gratiot  presided,  and  James  IJ,  Hull  aciiil  us 
secretary.  At  this  meeting,  "  convened  pursuant  Im 
adjournment  and  by  public  notice  at  tlie  court-hmise." 
the  following  preamble,  with  the  iiecompatiying  reso- 
lutions, were  unanimously  adopted  : 

"With  sensations  of  profound  siitisfiietion  in  the  con  iuci  .; 
the  constituted  authorities  of  our  country,  with  feelings  id 
perfect  linisiui  with  those  of  our  brethren  throughout  the  I  njipi 
States,  wo,  the  citizens  of  the  town  ami  ilistrict  of  ,s:|.  I,,,,,], 
hail  the  tidings  announced  from  the  seat  of  the  general  ;;'tv«rn. 
iiient  on  the  l',lth  of  the  last  month.  The  grand,  the  all  iiin.ur. 
lant  crisis  has  at  length  arrived, — a  crisis  invoked  by  the  :ir|,.„| 
expectation,  the  longing  wishes  of  an  irtjurcil  people,  liiillo\vi>(| 
by  the  Video  of  patriolism  and  the  pledges  of  honor.  ^Ve  ;irt' 
at  war  with  the  most  powerful  nation  on  earth,  yet  we  icjuin'' 
Posterity  will  consider  as  fabulous,  contemporary  po\MTs  will 
call  it  infatuation  and  insanity  that  a  people  should  hail  Hiih 
acclamation  and  joy  that  event  which  is  in  general  cmisiilfiel 
as  the  scourge  of  nations  and  the  curse  of  (iod.  In  the  hislnrv 
of  our  intercoursi'  with  1-ingland.  however,  we  find  the  sulutiun 
of  this  inoi-al  enigma,  the  analysis  of  this  strange  seiis;ui.,r]. 
From  British  mitragc  and  wnuig.  deep,  damning,  and  ili^crciji'. 
ing,  we  derive  motives  for  our  ac'iuiescence,  reasons  for  oar  ex- 
ultation. The  protfered  cup  of  reconciliation  has  been  iuili^ 
nantly  dashed  to  the  earth,  Tlin  voice  of  honest  expustiilatiim. 
nay,  that  of  whining  entreaty  has  been  contemptuously  ,.i'iirin-.i, 
ruder  circumstances  of  continued  oHeuse  and  degradiitiiti:,  :i.'- 
gravated  by  every  retincment  of  I'ruelty  and  trciicliery,  Iumi 
by  artifice  which  it  was  impossible  to  evade,  charged  witlijn 
ambition  that  was  never  indulged, and  with  practices  Ihativiiv 
never  countenanced,  having  our  institutions  belitlleJ  by  Jm-- 
ion  and  menaced  by  destruction,  the  guuiillct  of  warfare  ha- 
been  tliroivn  down,  and  we  rejoice  that  our  govermainl  liii- 
taken  it  up.  The  sacred  citadel  of  our  nation's  honor  lias  bwii 
violated,  the  unwarrantable  breach  must  be  repaired,  the  1.11; 
stain  must  be  wiped  away  ere  ipur  indignation  ceases  or  m: 
vengeance  slumbers.  The  past  wrongs  of  Knglaiid  fnnii  tlii- 
day  cease  to  reeounl.  Against  her  future  we  hurl  liiiiiglilv  il. 
tiance  ! 

•'In  the  spirit  of  this  deelaration,  wc  consider  that  wo  out 
to  our  beloved  country  to  meet  the  dangers  which  iiifiiaci'  ii? 
existence:  that  we  owe  it  to  the  government  of  our  choii'r  aiii 
approbation  to  furnish  our  pruporliim  of  that  siippoil  vilii-i, 
may  enable  it  to  meet  every  emergency  and  cluislisc  eicrviii 
suit;  tliat  we  owe  it  to  the  shades  of  our  murdered,  and  luiirt 
sufferings  of  our  imprisoned  fellow-citizens  to  iiveiij;c  tlit-ir 
deaths  and  their  wrcmgs:  that  wc  owe  it  to  ourselves  iin<l  mir 
children  to  preserve  inviolate  the  charter  of  our  lilicrties,  luiii 
tc  transmit  it  as  unsullied  as  unimpaired  to  posterity. 

"  li'iHoliid,  Iherr/ori ,  iimiiiimiinili/.  That  we  warmly  |i{irIioi- 
pate  in  the  feelings,  and  highly  approve  of  the  prijcei'iliii«s'l' 
our  government  on  this  awful  and  important  occiisii'ii,  TlinI 
we  repose  entire  confidence  in  the  Mxecutive  .Magistrnto'if  Ilii? 
I'nion,  That,  elevated  as  he  is  to  the  most  enviable  stiili.iii  -f  | 
the  world,  enjoying  and  supported  by  the  voice  of  a  f'rcf  anl 
high-ininiled  people,  we  entertain  no  doubt  that  lie  will  leniii- 
nate  that  gloriously  which  be  has  coinmeiieeil  so  aas|ii.'i'iiish, 

"  ItfMiilrctI,  iiiiiiiiliiiiiiisli/.  That  since  the  appeal  hns  lioon  iiialf 
to  war,  we  do  hereby  offer  whatever  siieriflce  imiy  lie  nquini  | 
of  us  of  blood  and  treasure  to  heal  the  wounded  honor  iind  re- 
gain the  ravished  rights  of  our  injured  country. 


iiiri'tiii:.'  and 
(■lie.  ;iiid  jus 
ws  gl;idly  rci 

lo  CM  riltc  hi 

cit'iis  L-iteums 
"Mr  >■  I  iiiiiy  1 
tii'is.     Tliato 

ilcfl'II-'-   is    ('01 

as  ivc  I  nisi  it 
•■/.'....'.■«/, 

ivns  In  dei-ise  ! 

mliuas  uf  war 

stimd  Ironi  th 
aliTl  lliief  .'\la 
si^Icniiiiui,  and 
llipr  nilenlion 
iro  liiild  oiirseli 
joct,  to  ipcrforni 

'■ /lim./feil,    I, 

OMiiipiinics  of  \ 
have  genenuisf 
|prolrcli.)n  of  th 
III  the  said  colli 
alleiiatcil  by  th 
htarls  to  feel  fo, 
tlieiii. 

■•  II. <../,;,/.  „„ 

ing  he  palilished 

ga/cltis  of  Lexii 

Diilliil  by  the  ohi 

'•( 


Oiiring  the 
"usiy  alarmed 
Iiitliaiis,  luid 
annouiieeinent 

"  III  ear   last 

mi.vcuieiits  of  the 
I'laianls  of  fnur 
>i|'|ji  abiiat  tweni 
crM...-(.,l  tiip  ri,.p|, 

'I"  .''ioux,  and  sli 

i'i;'lit  or  ten   lior.s 

llic  iiiferiiM  (Mir 

"n  the  east  side,  ai 

"I'lireriior  Iln 

I'osifiens  as  to  be 

l*iiig. stationed  ne 

I'i.iht  iiicn,  who  hi 

' i''er  of  111,!  enc 

(«irlv  relumed  am 

I'rioo  ascended  thu 

in  (.neof  al,ic|,  „., 

"iir  side  of  Hie 

llif  Illinois. 

"■*iiice  the  above 
from  I),-,  y„„^^^  „. 

■  »"'!  "iMier,  as  fol 
<>Uh,}  river  swarn 
<"■"  "ithin  a  few  1 
"'■1  "M>„1  „„„(!,„ 

l''IW:si.vtyu,ena 


TERRITORIAL  GOVERNMKNT. 


343 


t*  i;,  ^iilrrif, /nrthi'r,  iiiiauiiiii'iiHtt/,  Tlmt  the  t)iniik:<  '»f  thia 
iiipi'liiii;  ivml  ol'  this  TcTritorv  niu  iliie  t"  mir  cnli);lit(-nc(l,  |mtri- 
utii'.  '>i"l  jx^'^'y  iioimlai*  inagUlnile,  (iovtinior  Howard.  That 
wc  jilii'My  ri'uogiii/o  in  him  tiio  i,'ii|ui('ity  to  tliccern  anil  the  /cal 
to  cxi'i'iitu  his  ilut;,* ;  ami  tinii  wo  consitlcr  tliat  it  is  to  \u»  juili- 
cimii'  oircunis»po(!tion  and  vigihint  forecast  wc  aro  indt'itted  for 
iiiir  >"  "lity  from  llic  mcrcili'ss  savages  hovering  on  onr  fion- 
iioi>.  That  onr  conlidenee  in  his  liiturc  plans  of  protection  and 
.lifin-''  is  coinplelo,  ami  that  "ur  co-operation  will  ho  prompt, 
n:j  rtr  Iriist  it  will  he  suceessfni. 

"  l!i>in'retl,  iiiittnimoiiH/t/,  That  as  one  olijet.'t  of  ttiis  meeting 
ffaa  to  devise  some  plan  of  prorection,  and  to  procure  some  mu- 
niliiins  "f  war  for  the  defense  of  the  town,  and  having  iindor- 
ftuixl  trnm  tlie  hrigade  quarternnister  that  our  faithful  and 
iilurt  Chief  .Magistrate  had  himsidf  taken  the  suhject  into  eon- 
gideralii'U.  and  was  nuituriug  a  plan  for  that  purpose,  our  fur- 
ther nllention  to  this  suhject  is  at  present  unnecessary,  and  that 
»o  liiild  ourselves  in  readiness  to  exccule  whatever  he  nuiy  pru- 
iopt,  t<t  perfoi'in  whatever  he  nuiy  reconiinend. 

"  Iltxnfreil,  U)tttnhtii,n>ilii,  That  having  learned  that  several 
ciiini>iiiiies  of  volunteers  helonging  to  the  .'^tale  of  Kentucky 
have  generously  offered  their  services  to  the  (Jovernor  for  the 
iirulecliou  of  this  territory,  the  thanks  of  this  meeting  be  ofl'eroU 
to  the  said  volunteers.  The  evils  of  our  oxposcfl  situation  aro 
i\ll«ialcd  hy  the  assurance  that  we  have  in  onr  neighborhood 
hearts  to  feel  for  our  possiblo  suO'orings,  and  hands  to  reliovo 
tlieni. 

"  tli-^nlr"t,  iniatn'tiiiniHfi/,  That  the  pr()cecdings  of  this  meet- 
ing he  |iu>disheil  in  the  paper  of  this  plnc:e,  and  in  one  of  the 
i;i\/ettcs  of  Lexington,  Ky.,  and  that  a  copy  of  them  bo  trans- 
mitted l>y  the  ehairunm  to  the  President  of  the  United  States. 
'•CnAUi.Ks  UuATIor,  (Hininiinii. 
".IamUS  F.    llll.l.,  Sefi-cliiri/  to  the  Meetiiuj." 

Itiinnjr  tlic  suinniur  of  1812  St.  Louis  was  seri- 
ously alamicd  tit  tlie  pi'osjioct  of  an  attack  by  the 
Indians,  ami  on  tlie  2()th  of  Sejitomber  tlie  following 
anmmiiceiuent  appeared  in  the  Gazette: 

•In  our  la.it  wo  announced  information  received  of  tho 
in.iteMunts  of  the  Illinois  Indians,  coinmunientod  hy  our  spies 
Ipiviirds  of  four  hundred  moved  to  the  borders  of  the  .Missis- 
^i|||li  idiiiut  twenty  miles  from  this  place,  and  a  party  (d'  them 
c^ll^*ed  the  river  to  the  neighborhood  of  the  village  of  I'ortago 
ilw  Siou.-i,  and  shot  and  wouiulod  a  man  ami  his  wife,  stole 
(i.'ht  or  ten  horses,  killed  a.  co>v,  and  took  olT  the  Iiecf,  In 
the  interim  (Uir  spies  fell  in  with  the  trails  of  tho  main  body 
'ill  the  east  side,  and  shot  two  Indians. 

"  tiiiveruor  Howard  having  placed  tho  vidunteers  in  such 
|io-itions  as  to  be  able  to  act  at  any  point,  nnd  Capt.  MoNair 
I'eing  stationed  near,  he  crossed  over  to  reconnoitre  with  forty- 
ei|:ht  men,  who  having  some  spies  in  advance,  discovered  tho 
iiiniiher  of  the  enemy  too  great  to  justify  the  pursuit,  and  tho 
party  returned  and  kept  a  good  lookout.  Capts.  Musick  and 
I'riee  aseeiided  the  Illinois,  and  captured  a  number  of  canoes, 
in  one  of  which  was  some  of  the  hoof  the  Indians  stole  from 
mir  siile  of  the  river.  Upwards  of  seventy  canoes  escaped  up 
the  Illinois. 

"Since  the  above  was  put  in  type  wo  have  received  a  letter 
from  Dr.  Kurrar,  who  acts  in  tho  double  capacity  of  surgeon 
.mJ  sohlier,  as  follows:  'The  country  on  the  opposite  side 
6f  the  river  swarms  with  savages ;  a  party  of  them  cro.ssod 
over  within  a  few  miles  of  thia  place,  and  burned  one  houae 
lU'l  nilibed  another.  Fortunately  none  of  the  inhabitants  were 
killed ;  sixty  men  aro  gone  in  pursuit.' " 


On  the  10th  of  Oetober  the  following  was  pub- 
lished : 

"  ."'omc  days  ago  a  boily  of  Indians,  supposed  to  bo  about  four 
hundred,  and  believed  to  have  had  an  English  chief  at  their 
head,  descended  tho  Illinois  in  canoei  within  twenty-five  miles 
of  tho  mouth,  left  tlicin  an<l  crossed  over  to  tho  .Mississippi, 
but  a  few  miles  ilislant,  but  fortunately  tho  most  of  our  troops 
in  actual  service  had  been  dr.iwn  to  tho  settlements  which  those 
savages  inten<led  to  attack,  i^pies  were  kcjit  out  east  of  tho 
.Mississigipi  in  Illinois  Territory.  They  met  the  spies  of  the 
Indians,  killed  and  scalped  one,  nnd  woiiniled  another.  Our 
spies  iTosscd  to  camp,  and  a  party  iiursued,  Ijut  found  that  the 
Indians  had  cro.'scd  the  Illinois  Hiver.  The  armed  boat  at  tho 
luouth,  commanded  by  Capt.  Price,  ran  up  tho  Illinois,  and 
found  that  tho  Indians  had  embarkeil  in  cnnoes.  The  captain 
followed  them  so  closely  that  they  abandiuied  eight  of  them, 
and  left  some  jirovisions.  The  river  being  too  low  he  returned. 
The  (lovornor  upon  the  receipt  of  this  news  went  'mmediately 
up,  in  the  expe<;tation  of  the  Indians  being  near  our  frontier, 
and  that  our  troops  would  bo  brought  to  hear  upon  them  at 
once,  but  llmling  that  they  had  gone  he  dispatched  two  hun- 
dred line  men  under  the  command  of  -Mnj.  Dodge,  to  cross  tho 
Mississippi  high  up,  and  endeavor  to  intercept  those  who  re- 
treated by  water." 

A  dinner  was  given  by  a  large  number  of  citizens 
on  the  21st  of  November,  1812,  to  Governor  Howard, 
as  a  mark  of  their  appreciation  of  his  efficacy  in  the 
measures  taken  by  him  for  the  defense  of  the  Terri- 
tory. Mitj.  C.  P.  Penrose  presided,  and  Maj.  George 
Wilson  was  vice-president. 

Many  citizens  of  St.  Louis  besides  Gen.  Howard 
entered  the  army  at  this  time.  Conspicuous  among 
them  was  John  O'Ftdlon. 

St.  Louis  has  been  fortunate  in  many  respects ;  in 
none,  perhaps,  more  fortuntite  than  in  her  leading 
citizens,  the  men  who,  with  hiyalty,  enterprise,  and 
skilled  judgment  all  efjually  unsurpassed,  nay,  uii- 
e(|ualod,  have  united  to  direct  the  city  s  undertakings 
as  if  they  were  their  own  persontU  ventures.  In  such 
men,  brief  as  is  the  chronicle  of  tlie  city's  life,  St. 
Louis  has  been  particularly  rich, — so  rich  that  when 
we  come  to  select  the  one  who  should  be  crowned 
without  cavil  as  the  first  citizen,  doubt  and  embar- 
rassment inevitably  arise.  St.  Louis  has  had  so  many 
leading  citizens  that  none  can  be  declared  conspicu- 
ously and  in  every  particular  the  first,  yet  it  seems 
likely  that  if  a  ballot  were  to  be  taken  to-day,  or 
could  have  been  taken  in  1860,  in  ISSO,  or  in  1840", 
or  in  1830  even;  a  majority  of  suffrages,  indicative 
of  the  public  esteem  and  the  popular  affections,  would 
have  fallen  into  the  box  bearing  the  name  of  Col. 
John  O'Fallon.  Nor  would  such  a  result  from  such 
a  ballot  have  implied  any  injustice  either  to  the 
Chouteaus  or  to  Jolin  B.  C.  Lucas,  or  to  the  Gra- 
tiots,  to  Hempstead  or  Asliley,  or  Darby  or  Benton. 
The  worth  of  all  these  citizens,  their  benefits  to  tho 
community,  the  remarkable  advantages  it  derived  from 


I 


344 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


tlmir  gcnornus,  unselfiNli,  iiiid  intelli;;fnt  uo-opGratiuii 
ill  tliu  ])roiiiuti(iii  (if  what  wus  ^{ood  for  tlio  city,  and 
ill  the  Nii|i)iro8Kioii  of  what  might  have  buun  iii- 
juridus,  we  believe  to  he  well  uiidcretood,  and  fully 
and  hennily  appreciated.  Aw  reH)ieets  civic  (|ualilies 
simply,  that  rare  co-ordination  of  intelligent  purpose, 
strong  will,  and  generous  control  of  large  means  to  a 
single  end  of  the  advancement  of  liome  interests  upon 
straight  and  prudent  lines,  we  su«pcct  that  ti.„  ma- 
jority of  j)crsons  who  read  and  reflect  will  agree  with 
us  tliat  John  B.  C  Lucas  was  the  first  citizen  of  St. 
Louis.  But  where  Lucas  compelled  a  general  appre- 
ciation and  a  universal  respect  and  esteem,  0' Fallon 
went  further  and  gained  love  and  affection.  The 
]ieople  were  anxious  to  have  him  lead  them  becau.se 
they  trusted  him  ;  they  were  glad  to  see  him  lead  be- 
cause they  loved  him.  The  matter  and  substance  of 
John  O'Fallon's  gifts  to  and  work  for  St.  Louis  had 
n  positive  magnitude  of  their  own  not  surpassed  ex- 
cept by  one  thing,  but  that  was  the  manner,  the 
grace,  the  single-hearted  purpose  of  the  donation  in 
every  instance.  He  not  only  gave  to  but  for  St. 
Louis,  and  in  no  instance  can  it  be  justly  said  that  in 
these  bi'neficent  acts  was  there  a  single  recurrence  of 
the  afterthought,  "  I  am  giving  back  to  John  O'Fal- 
loii."  On  the  contrary,  no  matter  how  full  the  pocket 
might  be,  the  heart  was  always  fuller. 

John  O'Fallon  was  born  near  Louisville,  Ky.,  Nov. 
17,  1791.  His  mother  was  Frances  (''Fanny,"  as 
she  was  commonly  known)  Clark,  youngest  sister  of 
Gens.  George  Rogers  and  William  Clark.  His  fatlier 
was  an  educated  Irish  gentleman  of  ancient  lineage 
and  high  social  standing  in  his  own  country  and 
prominent  official  rank  in  that  of  his  adoption, — a 
surgeon  in  the  Continental  army  during  the  llcvolu- 
tir^nary  war  and  under  Gen.  Washington.  From 
some  rucniorunda  made  by  Col.  O'Fallon  in  1836  and 
fouiid  among  his  papers  after  his  death  we  extract 
the  following;  '•  My  father.  Dr.  James  O'Fallon,  died 
in  Louisville  in  1793.  .  .  .  Previous  to  liis  death  he 
prepared  for  his  children  the  genealogy  of  his  family. 
He  was  the  .son  of  William  and  Anne  Eagan  O'Fal- 
lon, of  Ballyna  House,  and  had  two  elder  brothers, 
Malaehi  and  Redmond.  James  O'Fallon  was  de- 
scended from  Malaehi  O'Fallon,  prince  of  the  Desies, 
who,  with  O'Ryan  of  Idrone,  commanded  the  Irish 
in  the  year  1170,  the  time  of  the  Anglo-Norman  in- 
vasion, and  made  the  attack  u])on  Karl  Strongbow  on 
his  arrival  at  Wuterfbrd.'     The  O'Fallons  afterwards 

'  Col.  (I'Fallcin  relurs  to  Siuith'8  "  History  of  Ireland."  But,  in 
fiiot,  O'Donoviin,  in  Ills  curious  iinil  valuable  researches  into 
Irish  genealogy,  traces  the  O'Fallons  buck  to  the  memorable 
buttle  uf  Clonturt',  in  1014  a.d,,  ut  wbioh  Brian  lioru  (ancestor 


moved  to  Roscommon,  and  were  chiefs  of  an  amicnt 
territory  culled  '  O'Fallon's  Country.'  My  fatln  r  hm, 
born  near  Athlone.  ...  In  the  year  1790  he  Wii,> 
married  to  Frances  Clark."  He  lefl  two  sons.  .Iulm 
and  B(!njamin,  dying,  as  we  have  seen,  in  1793,  wlun 
his  elder  son  \vas  but  two  years  old. 

John  O'Fallon  was  born  at  Mulberry  Grove,  nwir 
Louisville.  The  .second  son  appears  to  have  Ikih 
born  at  Lciington,  Ky.  Not  longafler  Dr.  O'Fallon- 
death  his  widow  married  Charles  M.  Tlirustmi,  iunl 
upon  his  death  took  for  her  third  husbund  her  ((nisn!, 
Dennis  Fitzhugh,  of  the  well-known  Virginia  raiiiilv 
of  that  name.  She  survived  all  three  of  her  hus- 
bands. As  soon  as  John  was  old  enough  he  was  scut 
away  to  school  at  Danville,  to  an  academy  there  wlilcli 
later  became  the  nucleus  of  Centre  College.  Tlic 
orphan  boy  was  much  and  carefully  looked  after  bv 
his  uncles,  William  Clark  and  Maj.  Croghan.  A  soikiI' 
the  latter,  who  entered  the  army  with  O'Fallon  :ini| 
distinguislu'd  liimself  greatly  by  the  defense  uf  tlir 
fort  at  Sandusky  against  Proctor  and  Tccuuiseli,  was 
at  .school  with  John  O'Fallon.'- 


of  the  O'Hricns  of  Thoiiiond,  and  king  of  Ireland)  was  sl.iin. 
Among  the  chieftains  who  fought  under  llrian's  slaniiiirl 
against  the  Danes  in  that  contest  was  Motlila,  son  of  Faoluii. 
chief  of  the  Iieaii  of  Alunster.  Mothla  led  his  father's  .'Iun  in 
the  light,  and  afterwards  they  wore  calleil  the  (I'l'ailans  r 
Pholans,  later  0'i''allous. 

'  There  are  some  jdcasing  evidences  in  Col.  O'Fallon's  iwrc- 
spondenco  uf  the  estccui  and  concern  uf  these  uncles  for  the  Iw.i 
boys.  Wo  append  a  letter  from  each  of  these  gentlciaoii  i-i 
.I(d.n  wliile  they  wore  at  school : 

WHIiam  riuik  In  ./aim  O'Fiili;,.. 

"  Iioi'isvii.i.i':,  Aug.  2.1,  |sii7. 

"Mv  Boy. — I  received  your  two  letters,  the  first  us  I  iii. 
about  .sc  ting  out  from  St.  Louis,  nn<l  the  last  ou  tin*  r.'ilj  4 
July,  by  yestenlay's  mail  from  the  westward.  I  am  rmicli  plejise'l 
to  receive  a  letter  from  you,  particularly  when  I  ohscr\  c  in  thtiiii 
the  progression  you  arc  making  in  your  education  :  you  inform 
ino  that  you  are  left  ((uitc  alone,  deprived  of  your  reliuioris 
.fohn,  and  George  Croghan  ;  this  change  was  no  tlouhl  ilisajinv- 
able  to  you  at  tirst,  but  by  this  time  you  most  proiiiil.ly  liavf 
found  young  gentlemen  in  whom  you  can  confidently  n\\.  \x 
cautious  in  the  choice  of  your  frieu<ls;  let  them  l>c  rliiinider- 
suited  to  do  you  both  justice  and  honor.  You  are  now  nf  :ige, 
and  look  forward  to  a  future  day,  and  ostiuuite  the  value  of 
your  respectable  friouils  and  a  good  education.  Vou  iuforra  rae 
tlnit  your  studies  are  Latin,  (ireek,  and  geograpliy.  I  fluU 
leave  your  education  to  Mr.  Priestly.  My  wish  l.ir  you  ti 
prepare  yourself  for  some  jirofession,  which  caiiunt  lie  loter- 
mined  on  at  your  present  age.  I  shall  send  up  the  money  duo 
for  your  board  and  schooling  by  the  first  .safe  liaml.  Vour 
Uncle  tieorge  will  send  Kitt  up  for  you  in  .Scptcinlier,  lit  whitli 
time  I  shall  see  you  and  have  some  conversation  on  the  .-uliJKl 
of  your  education. 

"  Your  brother  Benjamin,  ami  Charles,  William  ami  Owige 
Clark,  and  a  boy  I  brought  with  me  from  the  Illinois  will  g' 
shortly  to  Mr.  Fay's  school. 

"  Y'our  relations  in  this  (quarter  are  well ;  your  sister  .\iiii  li»' 


'^"'   f^'- 


'■*' 


!^# 


^"im^ 


■'r%>; 


w. 


■^ 


,  \^i<:. 


rapl 


I  flwll 


l„i„..t  lie  'Ici"- 
I,  t\ii'  iii'iney '''"' 
Ifo  lum.l.    Vo"' 


leiiilii'i'.  "' 


jliifli 


Liun  llu'-'i'r' 

lliam  ill"!  *''''"'»' 
I  lilin'iis  will  g" 

iir  ^i?tl•l■  Anil  I*' 


.yk^i^--^''^    -— 


a  !^1! 


lit 

• 

344 

HFMTOHV    nv   HA  INT    lOIIFS 

lluili 

in  (! 

•    Mi-llpi'littl-  •»        III!   ■ 

1  (i»<nr  AlhlAi 

1    ,      r|,         ., 

■    1  .  • 

■    ■  '  ■!     •    .       .       .  •      •<:   '.■(■iilinl     ,i    I:--  Da 

'»,  \»fl  suspi-cf  Ui8t   the 
■  an  1>   ('.  J,iii;ii..  v»n-!  rdf  tii*!  tiU. 


.11.  Alaloi.'iii  > 

'■  •  i      .    il     .IHIJCHIl    111 

NtM  long  uA  11  ; 
'oi^    ..i-.n-'H  C  ■ir!"i*  1\I.  T' 
liiii'iK  lor  ii-'i- 'til  I'll  Jinli;ii'l 


;t  whon-  LuniM  (.•.Huji'-lliKi  n  fttmwu)  «)ipro-     l/uiinw  Fiizlnwli.  i^f  th"  wnll-kfMirn  ^    ■ 
'"'••  ;  ,  ,    ..    o'R<||ini     ..•■'!.  <],(,  «,;rvi<-'.tl  nil  il(i<i(> 


f  hh 


f!     : 


I!  ■'     '   I 


.     '.■  .;  -Ill  ill  -I.  ■  iilill  1'  :.•;!  liC 

'I  hi'  (11.11 'or  am  J  milisiiun'o  of 
iii'l  ttirk  f.jT  ?t   Li/.iih  liud 
iwn    iio(    r,ur;.ust*'jJ   rx 
■V1--    >]]•■    •iriiiiii"    il- 


IiDi'W    .11  I  i»i  in.  ill.-'   ■ 
i.!t;nt  ml.'-    ■ 

■  ■  • '  '       ■  '  -  'I  I'.'i  'I  y  I'ui- 

!■  ^«hV«    !"l('', 

I-  ■■•:  LoUi.-'.  il!'  .  ir  .       .(I. 

•'•'•':    "  .trll,  Votir 

'  ••  iji'iin  (''lark,    (ji«i  i::i|!t  ;■ 

.  .  ;ttii  iiiai)  «r  Hiii'iout  iiiifiii^TO 

'i'lij^  ill   'lis  own  urntnirj   a«i>1 

•      ■■     ■  ;:.ik    in  that   of  hit.  u(!ii}.lii'i), — > 

:!:- <Nv>r!ii-\-ful  iirtiiv  iiunn(;-  (ho  Ituvolii 

W.VBiiiijjrtoii.      Fiiiin 

.  O'l-'ni'iin  i.)  ISr^i;  nli'i 

■    '■■'   dealli  V  .  cstrnct, 

ll'<-  if  .  .     ...lo^O'K;\!i^m,  .iii'il 

ill  ijijui~i  I';.    HI  ii.i.j  ,    villus  t(i  his  (iKafh  lit 

)0\;fi;irc-i1  Put  iiiht-iin,;  .     ...  :.!,■.-••  ,.t'!ii"  t:iii;ilv. 

lU:  wa»  Old  viij  .if  Willi:  :  iVi'.i!. 

iiiu,  of  Utiilyi).!   Houso.  ;  .  •     ....  •'>!  ..^..,1    '.itoibcrs, 

Maliiohi   Mifl    Kftdin.ind.     ,ii  tr-   ')'l'V!:.t.    'vt.  ■   .Ji». 

^••.iiidcd  frum  >!«la«iht  «»"F»II;.... 

■till),  with    O'Rva/i    i-l'  Mroue,  v...i;j.iii  i.  ■;   ., 

in  itie  year  1170,  ihv  ncn.^  -if  th.-  .'.:.?;.  ;    :!• 

vasinn,  jiii'I  uiiid'  the  attautt  i;..oii  Ear!  rftrr,tiir'  • 


■      ■  ■  I'.iM'.ii  •■;         .-.uiui ;  •  H- 

••hiv.ii).  in    liH  ,'.i>iou«   unil 

..  ,  Ir-Acos  the  I'rFiiilviiii'  1 i   '.■/   iiic   :i    .». ,    1    ... 

*•■  'If.  ill  IP'*  .*.!'.,  Ill  wjijuh  ij!;!ii.  Luro  {*itc«aiw 


l:ii    1    ..i.r-itU"    '.tio    un.ijij     111'  Cum !i' 
oi'ph  i:.   ih»y  vFHS  niiiph  aiiil  etii>.t'ii!l> 
his  iiipJtH.  Wiliiiiiii  Clarlc  iind  M:.i 


:ii  t»'aiii)ii^!t_v  a^uitiKi.  Proctor  anil  ''' 


":  ■  killer  of 

•M    mill.- 
.1*1; 

I'll!'  ■     ■    ■ 

''■■•■  ■  •'■lit  tlinv     ■ 


f  It'    M   !i   J       1"     ".        I!.'   «    *ll,'  '  I 

uoy*      Wc  H|i;ii.iiit  .' 

.Iiildi  ■\!;i-  iht.v  were  'i    .iVi-'Ol : 

U'  ■.■■•„,  r'.,  .'.  i„  .j..',i,  II 


'■'  riMBJi  no  !'i|irtr  f.MU  villi,  piiriioiiliirl.v  win  • 
ll|.    j.;-  .;ri.'**i»n  v;-.i  Ar.5  inukirig  in  jyour.  I.* 

IIM.    llM.i     vn.,    ari;    left    tjUltr    Ulull*.  llcj'.! 

■•.lig<i  Ciiit'lian  1  this ':lKnii5i' ' 
..  Rt  lirst,  fciii  liy  thin  Hun."  v 

f«..»l,  I    ,  ^  gQnttoOlun  tit  ff*10lll  «-.)ii  ;•. 

auUouii  III  thii -hnicc  lit  .your  InemW:  !.: 
fmitH'l  t'   «(()  j-.>u  hotii  jusrici'  una  Uuii'ii, 
m'i  JKii't   forward  Ui  a  ii  tiirc  ilii.f,  .i:.  ' 
.vi'Ur  re«i|icctAi.'!e!"iinuil«  iukI  a  jjooil  td' 
I'iii!    vijiij   ;,l't(ilef  a»i\   l.miii,  (iitok,  H. 

.   ^our  (.'(tuciitioD  II'  .Mr,  I'rinsllv , 
|..|>riiu  imuself  for  anmn  [mifpssiuii 
inln..J  ..n  at  \iiiir  [uui'i'iit  iigr.     I  xlnili 
i'.r  y.iur  lioarl   ainl  Kirlioiiiiiig  liy  tin    • 
'  iiclc  lieiT^t  ivill  sfliiii  kitt  up  for  yon    • 
Uin..  I  -^iiill  s>)u  yuu  ntiil  liui  e  Ximo  I'linVvisiU 

.   ?Mtir  I'llui-atfun,  , 

■*  V(.w'i-   bpjtjji.r  lloiii  '       .:  '! 

l/I^ffc,    M*'l^    T.    '.l-'V    f     ^■• 
'  'll"l  .!.  .    i     ._    ,  aCllOOI. 

"  Vour  relation?  in  this  quarter  are  well ;  yuur  ^i.'ti'r  .Ann  hi^ 


^ 


^.'  x^-^-^' 


t  f 


iiiir 


vmm 


Wh 


[j^j^mH|^Bl|t 

tttii  4<J||ll|IH^Hr 

:      .          ti 

tBH 

Ir  fi^H'i- 


Aim '"- 


SB 


After 
brothiT  1 
guardian 
went  to  I 

iind  .-ori'  cy 
UK  IVcqucn 
!ituali(iii,  a) 


"Dicui  J, 

annlier  Ilor 

liopi'  the  thi 

;inil  I'liny  Dc 

nof  lie  tirc:;(((] 

"(ii'iirge  h 

l('-iniirrn\v  Kv 

on  t'litiirdiiy  } 

f'oiifins,  (icor) 

S|>|ioint  us, 

"I  iim  wii 


'■Mr.  FitzliM 

filh  Ilk'  iriiJiH'v 

Mnj.  Ci()j,'li,ii 

read  liis  WUi'if 

.'iilte.1  tin-  ymitl 

aflfrthc  lirilliiii 

»lioii|ij)piirs  t(j  h 

itroic  no  word  » 

man.     I'lic  latti, 

'•iTing  tliiit  111'  l( 

■'ilcncp.  siii]ii.||ii,i 

wanted  (.,  Ivii.in- 

C"l.  t'nighiin   hisl 

•li«baltli'.;im|e,J 

llii''1'riill,iii  mail 

"'^kn'  IIaiiius 
tliatlliceoiiiliineil 
l«r",t  about  „  jhJ 
"land  of  lien'  I>i 
«»fly  un  Suiuliiy  J 
made  such  a  i|is,f 
IW(,  should  I  bJ 
a>'coii]|>anic.||  by  aI 

"O'ifti.f  Ihc   |.'„|-J 

''''«*1.  wbi.h  hu  ..J 

■■li"uM  lip  b|.  re<lir 

»■■'«'■    My  uuMvJ 

'"  'l*nd  il„,  p|„f 

li"'"v,.r  iar^-,.,  ,|,„ 

"^'iso(uias  (ho  M 

'"fr..mthe(iunbo| 

^  ""  'hoi-i'.  which  wu| 

S  "'>••  nijflii,    ,(t 

Mikh  l„„|  |„.^,„  |,|| 

''i''k«ts)  began  to  f 

I  "*'™trak.,|  againi 

['"'■Wfo.nlidoutill 

'"'"'I'l  to  storm  thl 


TERRITORIAL  GOVERNMENT. 


345 


After  John  O'Fallon  left  school  at  Danville,  his 
brotlnT  Benjamin  went  loSt.  Louis  to  school,  under  the 
ffuanliiinship  of  his  uncle,  William  Clark,  while  John 
went  to  Lexington  (in  1810),  probably  to  "  finish  off" 

linil  -'111'  eyes:  thoy  lire  nearly  reeoi'ercil.  Do  not  full  to  write 
nil'  IVcfimntly,  nnil  inform  me  every  purticulivr  icspectini;  your 
pitimti"!',  iin<i  believe  mo  to  bo  ymir  affc<'tionate  uncle, 

"WlI.I.IAM  C'r.AiiK." 

}yillittm  Vrotjhnn  to  ,/ohu  0'.F(it/oii, 

"Locust  Grovk,  March  31,  1808. 
"Dk^ii  .Tohn, — I  am  sorry  it  is  not  in  my  power  to  send 
iimilier  Horse  for  yon  and  your  cousins  to  Uiilo  home,  but  I 
lioiie  (lio  ihrt'C  I  send  will  Carry  you  homo;  th'^y  are  Strong 
unil  I'arry  Boublc,  anil  by  Chaufjing  places  ami  Horses  it  houIiI 
mil  Iji'  lin'sciine  to  any  of  yim. 

"(loiirge  Informs  me  the  Vacntiiin  will  take  place  tii-morrow  ; 
Ic.-iiiiirp'W  Kvening  .lames  will  be  with  you,  that  you  may  Start 
nil  Siiliinluy  iMorning.  Wo  Shall  expect  to  see  j  ou  and  your 
(oiifins.  (Juorge  and  William,  on  Sunday  Evening.  Don't  dis- 
&|i|ioini  u<. 

"  [  Mill  with  great  esteem, 

*•  Dear  John,  your  nlTectionato  uncle, 

'•  W.  ClliHiHAN. 

"iMr.  Fitzluigh  Sends  you  Ton  Dollars  by  James,  which  is 
itilh  the  money  I  send  to  Goorgo." 

Maj.  Ciojrhan  had  the  greatest  esteem  for  John  O'Fallon; 
rea'l  liis  li'ttcrs  during  the  war  with  close  iittention.  and  con- 
•ulli'il  the  yimth  even  about  the  most  delicate  matters.  Thus, 
»flrr  the  lirilliiint  defense  of  Lower  Sandusky,  his  son  (ieorgc, 
wtioai'iiears  to  have  been  not  more  of  a  peniuan  than  his  father, 
itrotc  nil  wold  about  the  proud  ttchicvement  to  the  old  gentle- 
man. The  hitter,  greatly  worried,  wrote  to  O'Fallon  about  it, 
faying  that  he  feared  there  might  be  some  reason  for  his  son's 
.silence,  sntnething  discreditable  to  him  in  the  action.  If  so,  ho  ■ 
wanted  t-i  know  the  truth.  O'Fallon,  to  settle  the  matter,  sent 
C"l.  Cioglian  his  son's  first  official  report  to  (Jen.  Harrison  of 
llie  battle,  and  consef|uently  that  precious  paper  appears  among 
the  O'Fallon  manuscripts.     It  is  as  follows : 

"LowF.n  SANiii:.<Ky,  August,  ISI.'l. 
■ilKyi  IIaiiimson  :  D'  Sir, — I  have  the  honour  to  inform  you 
ilial  llie  cimihined  force  of  the  Enemy,  aiiiounting  to  lilll)  Itegu- 
lar.  \  uliout  a  1(1(10  or  l.'>00  Indians,  under  the  immeiiiate  coin- 
luaiiil  of  lien'  Froctor,  made  its  appearance  before  this  jilaeo 
early  >>ii  Sunday  evening  last;  and  so  soon  as  the  General  had 
innile  siieh  a  disposition  of  his  troops  as  could  cut  olV  my  Re- 
Ireat,  should  1  he  disposed  to  make  one,  he  sent  t'ol"  Elliott, 
aiOijui|ranied  by  .\Iiij.  Chambers,  with  a  Hag  to  demand  the  sur- 
niii|eri)f  the  Fort,  as  he  was  an.xious  to  spare  the  elfusion  of 
liluiiil,  wliifli  he  should  jirobiihly  not  liiivo  it  in  his  power  to  do 
shiiiilil  he  lie  roducod  to  the  necessity  of  taking  the  place  by  ' 
itinu.  My  answer  to  the  summons  was  that  1  was  determined 
tu  liel'cnj  the  plaee  to  the  last  e.\tri  luily,  and  that  no  force, 
hi'ffever  larjic,  should  induce  me  to  ^urrentlor  it. 

"Siisoon  as  the  Ihig  had  returned  ii  brisk  fire  was  opened  upon   ' 
U'lriiin  the  liiinhuats  in  the  Kiier  A  from  a  oi  Inch  llowit/.er 
I'll  fliore,  which  was  kept  up  with  little  intermission  throughout 
[  llie  night.    At  an   early  hour  the  .le-xt  L..orning  lliree  sixes 
(»liichhail  been  placed  during  the  night  within  'IM  y'"  of  the 
I  riekelts)  heguii  to  play  upon  us,  but  with   little  efl'ect      About 
4  ii'eloek  I'. M.,  discovering  that  the  fire  from  all  his  guns  was  j 
Niirtiitrated  iinainat  the  North  Wesler.i  angle  of  the  I'ort,  I 
bevauieeunlideiit  that  his  object  was  to  make  a  breach,  and  an 
liitfm|ittii!t,iriu  the  work  at  that  point.     1  therefore  ordered  ' 


in  the  nascent  college  there.  The  letters  of  his  brother 
to  him  hero  show  a  great  affection  between  the  two 
lads.'  In  the  fall  of  1811,  John  O'Fallon  marched 
with  the  moui'ted  volunteers  from  Lexington  and 
Louisville  under  Joseph  Hamilton  Daviess  to  join  in 
the  c...npaign  again-st  the  Indians.  It  was  at  this 
time  that  O'Fallon  met  Gen.  Harrison,  and  made  an 
acquaintance  which  probably  shaped  his  destinies 
through  life.  In  the  desperate  battle  of  Tippecanoe, 
in  which  Tecumseh  was  defeated  und  Col.  Daviess  and 
many  another  valuable  officer  killed,  O'Fallon  was  se- 
verely wounded.  He  probably  went  from  the  battle- 
field to  St.  Louis,  at  least  he  was  there  in  the  early 
part  of  1812.     For  some  reason  or  other  O'Fallon 


out  as  many  men  as  could  be  employed  for  the  purpose  of 
strengthening  that  part,  which  was  so  effectually  secured  by 
moans  of  bags  of  flour,  sand,  etc.,  that  the  pieketting  suffered 
little  or  no  injury.  Notwithstanding  which  the  enemy,  about 
h  o'clock,  having  formed  in  close  column,  advanced  to  the  as- 
sault of  our  works  at  the  ox)iected  point,  at  the  same  time 
making  two  feints  on  the  front  of  Capt.  Hunter's  linos.  The 
column  which  advanced  against  the  N.  Wes"  angle,  consisting 
of  about  •1,')0  men,  was  so  completely  enveloped  in  smoke  as  not 
to  be  discovered  until  it  had  approaehed  within  15  or  20  paces 
of  the  lines  :  but  the  men  being  all  at  their  |iosts  and  ready  to 
receive  it  commenced  so  heavy  \  galling  a  fire  as  to  throw  the 
oolninn  a  little  into  confusion  ;  being  ipiickly  rallied,  it  advanced 
to  the  outer  works  ,t  began  to  leap  into  the  ditch:  just  at  that 
moment  a  fire  of  grape  was  oiienod  from  our  six-pounder  (which 
had  been  jireviously  nrninged  so  as  to  rake  in  that  direction), 
which,  together  with  the  inusi|uctry,  threw  them  into  such  con- 
fusion that  they  wore  compelled  to  retire  precipitately  to  the 
woods. 

'■  During  the  assault,  which  lasted  about  half  iin  hour,  an  in- 
cessant fire  was  kept  up  by  the  enemy's  artillery  (which  con- 
sisted of  five  sixes  and  a  howitzer),  but  without  effect.  My 
wtiolc  loss  during  the  siege  auu  assault  was  one  killed  and  seven 
slightly  wounded.  The  loss  of  tho  enemy  in  killed,  wounded, 
and  prisoners  must  exceed  two  hundred  and  fifty  ;  one  lieu- 
tenaht-colonol,  a  lioutenant,  and  fifty  rank  iind  file  were  found 
in  a'ld  about  the  ditch;  those  of  tho  remainder  who  were  not 
able  to  escape  ;iero  taken  off  during  the  night  by  the  Indians. 
Seventy  stand  of  arms  and  several  brace  of  pistols  have  been 
eolleeted  near  the  works.  About  threu  in  the  morning  tho 
eneiiiy  sailed  down  the  river,  leaving  behind  them  a  boat  con- 
taining cluthing  and  a  con-i  ierablo  ((uantity  of  military  stores. 
Too  niui'h  ju-aise  cannot  be  bestowed  on  the  officers,  non-com- 
missioned ofticers.  und  privates  under  my  eoiniuand  for  their 
gallaiiiiy  and  good  conduct  during  the  siege. 
"  Yours,  with  respect, 

"  U.  Ckooiiav, 
",W../'o.-17(*  /"/..  r.wi'.l  A.  .S"." 

'  Wo  are  in  the  debt  of  Mr.  I!onjiimin  O'FaHon,  of  i>t.  Louis, 
Col.  O'Fallon's  son,  for  the  opportunity  of  e.vaiuining  a  part  of 
Col.  O'Fallon's  corrospondonce,  from  1807  down  to  a  short  time 
before  his  death.  This  includes  all  his  letters  to  hi .  mother 
and  Mr.  Fitzhiigh  while  he  was  in  tho  army,  togeth':r  with  his 
intimate  correspondence  with  Fresident  Harrison  and  other 
public  men,  and  this  fund  of  original  matter  has  enabled  us  to 
enrich  the  present  sketch  in  a  way  which  readers  will  appre- 
ciate. 


i   " 


r    i 


346 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


was  deeply  hurt  at  some  harsh  treatment  received  by 
him  at  the  hands  of  Col.  Daviess, — an  injury  which 
somehow  he  could  not  Ibrget,  and  for  which  he  seems 
to  have  been  accorded  the  warm  sympathy  of  his 
friends. 

O'Fallort  was  now  n.ssociated  with  his  uncle,  Gen. 
William  Clark,  the  Indian  agent  for  Missouri.  He 
was  sent  on  various  errands  of  importance, — up  the 
Illinois  River  to  escort  a  band  of  Indians  whom 
Clark  was  goiiijr  to  take  on  to  \Va.shington  with  him, 
and  to  Louisville  and  Pittsburgh  by  water  to  convey 
twenty  thousand  dollars'  worth  of  deer-skins  belong- 
ing to  the  United  States.  At  this  time  already  he 
had  the  army  in  view,  and  he  writes  (April  26,  1812) 
to  his  mother  to  say  that  ■'  Governors  Howard  and  Kd- 
warils  have  such  confidence  in  my  military  turn  of 
mind  and  other  requisite  properties  thereto  that  they 
have  forced  me  to  permit  them  to  apply  for  a  cap- 
taincy for  me  in  the  new-rai.sed  army,  assuring  mo 
that  the  present  late  period  will  not  be  out  of  .season 
for  me."  The  application  was  made,  the  war  broke 
out,  but  O'Fallon's  captaincy  dwindled  to  an  cnsign'.s 
appointment  (as  from  Kentucky)  in  the  First  United 
States  Infantry.  This  was  received  Sept.  12,  1812.' 
The  young  man  was  greatly  chagrined  at  being  coin- 
missioned  in  so  low  a  grade,  the  more  so  from  the 
fact  that  his  cousin  Croghan  received  a  cajitaiti's  rank. 
He  was  compensated,  however,  by  the  confidence  in  [ 
him  shown  by  his  fclluw-oflScers,  and  by  being  re- 
ceived into  Gen.  Harrison's  military  family.  O'Fal- 
lon  had  a  large  share  in  very  iniportant  military  events.  ', 
Just  as  he  went  into  active  service  the  surrender  of 
Hull  had  been  supplemented  with  the  disaster  of  . 
Winchester  at  the  river  Raisin  ;  the  enemy  and  his 
Indian  allies  were  aero.ss  the  frontier  in  every  direc- 
tion, and  Harrison  had  a  heavy  task  before  him. 
O'Fallon  went  through  the  siege  of  Fort  Meigs,  and 
accompanied  Harrison  to  Detroit,  and  to  the  battle  of 
the  Thames.  After  an  interval  at  Newport  Barracks 
and  Lexington  he  returned  to  the  frontier,  and  was 
in  command  at  Maiden  (Amherstsburg)  until  the  end 
of  the  war.  Then  he  was  sent  tii  Mackinaw,  and 
sent  in  his  resignation  from  this  fort." 

'  III  .Fiiiiuiuy.  ISlli,  KnsigTi  .lulin  O'l'iillon  wiis  mlviini^cd  to 
till'  j^riuli'  of  .-(M'ond  lioiit<'iitint,  but  in  Muy,  (*iiiiif  yuiir,  lie  was 
lioiinrud  liy  tjt>ii)g  iii:tile  aiile-(lf.i'itti)|>  iind  iirting  iL.'sistiint  ttd- 
jiitant-;^cncral  durin;;  llu' sic^c  iif  Kurt  .Mi'i);s:  .Au^rust,  ISI.'l, 
Ijroinoli'il  (0  firi'l  licuti'iiaiil  'i'wciit.v-lditrlh  I'liiled  ."^Uili's  Iii- 
I'lUitrv  ;  cnplaiii  ."'ui'iind  I'niteil  Slnti'H  Itilk'  |{c|;iiiR'iit,  .Maroli, 
LSI  I  ;  (fivi'ii  ciiiiimard  in  Uillisiii  .May,  LSI,'),  allcr  llit>  war;  mid 
rceigni'd  .Iiily  ill,  ISIS. 

'  O'FallonV  li'tttrs  g'wv  a  gmiA  inside  lilstory  nf  llic  ivar  nf 
1.HI2,  m  far  as  liurritcin's  <i|iorutiiin8  iiru  oi>n('i'rni.'i|.  He  wiii< 
iiUmyi  n  imrtlsan  of  this  olIiciT,  wlm  made  liiiu  his  most  i'(in- 


After  the  victory  of  the  Thames.  O'Fallon  wnsvcrv 
ill.  However,  he  accompanied  Harrison  to  \V,i.>||. 
ington  in  December,  and  fancied  that  his  genn.il  w;,, 
going   to   be  the  coming   mtm   in   the   war.     ••  Tlio 


fiik'iitial  friend,  Ijut  he  undoubtedly  shows  that  llniii.  .n  n,, 
very  badly  treated.  In  IS.ST.and  aKaiii  in  IS40,  the  l>i;iii(icr;it, 
irritated  the  old  general  very  much  by  iin|ie.ii'hing  lii-  ,  ro,|ii 
and  eiiurage,  anil  eircniating  re|iorts  that  he  was  nut  iven  ,,|, 
the  field  in  the  battles  whieh  bad  given  him  distineliou.  Jlam 
letter.s  jiassed  between  Harrison  and  O'l'ttllon  on  this  miIiji,!. 
and  the  latter  camo  out  in  a  public  letter  in  1840,  of  wliid,  „,. 
here  give  the  secret  history. 

I, — fifju.  /Inrrffoii  In  Jnfin  0*FitIlii)i — {f'rh-nii^, 

"  XouTU   ISkni),  Feb.  II,  isin, 

''  ,Mv  nKAii  SiH, — r  think  that  Dr.  Thornton  will  -Mun  ;;,,,„ 
to  ."^t.  Louis  again,  to  endeavor  to  secure  the  laml  mi  ilie  J|i> 
sissi|)|>i. 

"The  object  of  Ibis  is  of  a  different  character.  Tliefiimji 
of  the  administration,  believing  that  their  cause  is  iK-siu'rate. 
are  resorting  to  every  and  brtsost  means  to  prop  it  up.  A  onn- 
tinned  stream  of  abuse  is  poured  upon  me  in  their  iiifjuiioiis 
jiapers  ;  but  it  is  not  confined  to  them.  What  do  you  think '>f 
assertions  made  in  our  House  of  Uopresentatives  that  I  itn- nil 
in  the  battle  of  the  Thames,  but  having  skulked  si.nu'iiliprr, 
and  nut  to  be  found.  Col.  .Tohnsnn  made  all  the  iirraiiioiiifiiis 
for  the  fight,  won  the  liattle,  and  then  had  niagnaniniiiy  iiMuili 
to  let  me  have  the  credit  of  it,  and  that  thus  it  eoiiies  tliat  tb( 
histories  make  me  the  commander,  when  it  was  iii  fjn-i  C"'. 
.Johnson,  I  having  not  actually  been  in  the  battle?  Kiiilin; 
that  the  more  authentic  documents  are  rejected,  my  frienij  in 
the  Legislature  have  written  to  me  for  testimony  trmii  nme 
living  witnesses.  I  have  named  to  them  yourself.  Col.  TihIJ, 
Mnj.  Chambers,  and  .John  !*pear  ."^mith.  A  letter  iicionlinnlv 
will  be  addressed  to  you  from  Moses  11.  Corwin,  Esq..  .1!  the 
House  of  Hepresentatives  of  Ohio,  asking  you  qui'stiniis  oalcu. 
lated  to  show  by  your  evidence  what  I  did  in  relation  M  ihc 
arrangements  for   the   battle  and   drawing   up  the  aniiv.  ai;l 

what  Col.  .lohnsun   did,  what   was  the  position  of  lliv  ii |., 

the  order  of  liattle,  and  where  I  was  with  my  slafl'  duiin:'  i:;o 
eonllict.  As  you  were  with  mo  at  Tippecanoe  ami  I'nrt  Mfij. 
also,  you  may  insert  some  remarks  upon  my  couduel  "ii  tli-i' 
occasions.  If  rank  cowardice  is  not  attributed  to  me  at  kiib 
places  it  comes  as  near  it  as  po.ssible.  The  Speaker  uf  liu 
House  doubted  whether  I  had  ever  been  in  any  daiiu'cr  in  aiv 
battle  in  my  life.  As  Mr.  (.'orwin's  letter  cannot  irncli  vii  in 
at  least  si.\  days  as  soon  as  this,  I  wish  you  to  iircpiirc  viair 
answer  immediately,  and  send  it  to  him  without  w:iitiiiirtorii:< 
letter.  Vou  can  begin  by  saying  that,  agreeably  t"  hi-  h"|NH, 
etc,  and  in  a  note  inclosed  to  him  inform  him  that  tin- re<{a<'> 
was  made  through  me.  Time  is  of  great  impoitance,  a^  it :.'  j 
necessary  that  the  answers  to  these  vile  slanders  -liuitM  Itimalf  | 
in  the  House  where  they  wore  uttered,  and  the  l.egi-lalure  «i^ 
not  long  continue  its  session. 

"Hitter  and   huniiliiiting  as  it   is  to  be  oliliircil  tori'.'rt: 
such   means  (procuring   teslimoiiy  )  to  show  tluil   F  ivaj  ii"i  1  I 
very  recreant,  the  evil  times  in  which  we  have  lajicii  iiialii''  il  j 
necessary.     You  may  give  your  letter  to  Mr.  Coriviii  llie-bii| 
of  a  ilcposilion  at  the  eonnlusion  or  not,  as  you  plea^'o. 

'*  I  I'ei'eive  evei'y  day  information  from  all  parts  of  tilt'  I  I'i'H  I 
stating  the  triuinjihant  progress  of  our  cause.  .M r.  t'lni  ki." I 
that  so  great  a  change  of  public  sentiment  in  so  sliuit  n  |«ri'i| 
was  never  known.      Letters  received  from    .Mr.  Welislw  anlj 


TERRITORIAL  GOVERNMENT. 


347 


Was  very 
0  Wiisl'i- 
nrnil  w;i- 
f.     -Tlie 


3  Domucriiis 
g  \iis  .'rclil 
iiitt  i-'veii  'tn 
itii>ii.  Mnnv 
tills  sul.ji'ei, 
ut"  wliicli  \Vu 


Ii.  11.  ISl.i, 
ill  -iicin  ji'i'iii 
id  im  llie  Mi-- 

.     Tlie  frifnl^ 
10  is  tU'S|)LTat'', 
it  u^t.    A  cfiii- 
lliL'ir  iiifiiraon§ 
lo  \"»  I  hint  1 
!  tliiil  1  was  11"! 
Iteil  siiniewliprv. 
,e  iirrnii);pmcmi 
luniinity  enough 
t  eoiurs  tlial  tlw 
vus  in  fii't  f  N. 
iiittli'?     Fiii'lin; 
i\,  my  hm'h  in 
iiipuy  li"iii  ."'It'' 
„s,'ir.  r„l,  T"'ll. 

ttiT  iiC'-opliiiily 

,viii,  l'".MV.  "f  lilt 
(jui'-ti'iii*  ti\a- 

1  ri'lnti"ii  t"  !-'■ 

|i  till'  ;iriu\,:u  I 

1,    nf    lilt   If'"-'!-. 

si  lift'  ilui-iii'.'  v.\< 
nn.l  K'Tt  Mfi."   ] 
U.ii'luel  "11  ll''-« 
ju'il  I"  1111'  all'i'l'' 
L'  ^pcakiT  "f  ih( 
ly  .liuiiriT  ill  «»? 
mot  iTiii'li  ,v"ii''; 
[u  to  I'rriiiiri' v'lii 
ml  «'!iitiiii;l'"'i'' 
Illy  !.■  liis  it,|ut'-t. 
II  iliul  llii'  re'i«''i 
jini  luiici;.  11'  i'  " 
.,-?  .h..iil.lt»'iiial<  i 
,.  l,i.j;i-liUiir««i" 

lliliii''!  til  ri'^""''"  I 
1  tliiit  I  will  ii'il 
Iv,.  r.illcn  iii«k«  il  I 
(■„i«iiitlie.l»['«| 
im  |iU'H«'- 
I, , nil.  of  till' l"'"  I 
i,i.     Mr.  l'K>'"!i 
„  .sosliorini''""'! 
jlv.  WelisUT  «l| 


ffcticral  .sentiment  is,"  ho  wrote,  Dec.  17, 1813,  "  tliat 
Wilkinson,  Hampton,  Lewis,  and  Dearborn  should  be 
so  ili.s|iiiscd  of  an  to  preclude  their  havin<;;  a  command 
of  imiiortance ;  and  the  eye.s  of  all  appear  to  be  placed 

(lovt'rii'ir  Kvcrett  deolaro  tliat  I  will  icuoivo  from  ten  to  fifteen 

ll siiM'l  iiiiijority  in  their  Stale. 

".Mv  wile  i.s  in  bad  licaltli  at  thi.<  time.     Slie  joins  nic  in 
bc'l  ri'L'iii'l.s  to  you  and  Mrs.  lI'Fallon. 

"  Truly  your  friend, 

"  W.  II.  Haiiiiiso.v. 
"P..'^.--r  liavo  hoard  your  s|ieeeh  at  the  Tippeianoc  Club 
highly  extolled. 
■■Col.  Jons  O'Kai.i.on, 

■  .Near  St.  Louis,  Mo." 

II.— .V.  II.  Coriohi  lo  .Inliii  O'Falloii—d'iihlir). 

'•Coi.i.Mms,  0.,  Feb.  17,  ISIO. 
•MiKV.  -1.  ll'F.\i.T.ox  : 

■• //i.ir  .<! ', — I  am  instructed  you  wn.*  in  the  battle  of  the 
'[hiiiiics,  and  near  the  |por8on  of  (Jen.  Iliirrifon  from  the  com- 
liit'in'cnieiit  to  the  toriiiination  of  that  engagement,  and  that 
Tou  (lerfonally  know  what  part  (ien.  Harrison  took  in  it.  It 
has  been  i>|ienly  avowed  on  the  floor  of  the  House  of  Uepresen- 
laiiics  in  session  hero  by  inember.s  in  their  places  that  (Jen. 
ilairison  was  at  no  time  in  the  baltic  nor  within  ten  miles  of 
llif  biittli'-j^ritund  ;  that  the  entire  jilan  uf  operations  was  pro- 
jfcieil  liy  Col.  U.  M.  .Johnson;  that  ho  led  the  troops  to  the 
i^'iiipu'st,  and  that  (ien.  Harrison  had  no  part  nor  lot  in  the 
iiialtiT.  1  am  a  member  of  the  Lesti.slatnre,  and  feel  mueh 
s.'licitU'le  on  the  subject.  If  what  I  have  already  lieretofore 
iimlerstood  in  regard  to  that  battle  ho  correct,  the  operations 
>'.  timely  iind  cmphatieally  proclaimcil  here  by  the  enemies  of 
lifii.  Hiirrison  are  without  foundation.  Will  you  please  ha\e 
lliL'  iiMoiliu'Ss,  my  dear  sir,  on  the  reception  of  this,  to  give  me 
a  liricf  stiileiiicni  from  the  commencement  lo  the  terininalion 
oflliiil  buttle,  that  the  truth  may  be  known  and  justice  mctod 
ijut  to  an  honest  and  brave  man  ? 

*'  Ue.spectfnlly  your  obt.  servt., 

"  Moses  JI.  Couwix." 

■•■InllN    O'K.M.l.OX,    E.«f|.'' 

U\.—  C„l.  (rrnllnll  III  M.  II.  Cnrirhl. 

•'St.  I.oris,  Feb.  20,  ISW. 

"ll'.N.  .MosKS    11.  CORWIN  : 

'■.vVr,— Vour  favor  of  the  seventconth  is  just  recoivcd,  and  I 
l.jseno  liaic  in  giving  it  acknowledgment.  You  request  lue  to 
f'liiiiiiunicate  ihc  information  I  possess  in  relation  lo  the  mili- 
lary  iiiiiUict  of  (Jen.  Harrison  at  the  battle  of  the  Thames,  the 
iirraii);cnicnls  for  the  baltic,  the  position  of  the  troops,  as  well 
;i<"f  Ihc  general  during  the  ciigagcnicnt,  together  with  any 
iliir  kn'iwloilgc  1  have  touching  his  military  character. 

"In  reply  1  submit  Ihc  following  statement :  \i  the  battle  of 
tlicTbiunes,  t'ol  Charles  S.  Todd,  afterwards  inspector-general 
I  llie  Nortlnvestern  Army,  and  myself  wore  the  regular  aido.^- 
'ie-'aiii|i  tit  lien.  Harrison.  Majs.  .lolin  Chambers  and  John 
>|'Pe'l  ."niilli  were  the  volunteer  aides.  The  battle,  as  is  well 
kn  "«n.  tniik  ]iliicc  on  the  right  bank  of  the  river  Thames,  near 
ill''  .Miirnviiin  village.  A  short  dislanco  from  the  place,  and 
"liil'i  iiiir  troops  wcro  in  rapid  pursuit  of  the  enemy,  (Jen. 
lliirri>on  received  information  from  an  ndvanoed  party  that 
;  llrilish  and  Indian  forces  had  halted,  and  seemed  lo  he  await- 
j  iiij  us  for  buttle.  When  within  half  a  mile  of  the  enemy,  after 
hill' .\miTi.'iin  forces  were  formed  in  the  order  of  battle,  (Jen. 
[  Trultcr'j  hrigiule  in  front,  Col.  I'aul's  regulars  with  the  artillery 
|nw  his  rijiht,  Col.  Johnson's  mounted  rogiinont  on  the  left  of 


upon  (ten.  Harrison  as  the  only  officer  in  whom  confi- 
dence can  be  safely  placed.  I  .should  not  be  sur- 
prised if  he  should  be  the  lieutt^nant-f^cneral  spoken 
of  as  in  contemplation."    In  less  than  a  year  Harrison 

Trotter  as  a  reserve,  and  the  residue  of  the  Kentucky  volunteers 
covering  the  left  flank  and  rear.  Col.  Wood,  of  the  engineer 
cor|is,  who  by  order  of  (Jen.  Harrison  bad  approached,  unob- 
served by  them,  sufficiently  near  the  front  line  of  the  enemy  to 
ascertain    their    position    and    the  order    in   v.hicli   they    were 
drawn  u]i,  reported  that  the  liritish  troops,  in  order  to  oei'Upy 
the  liigh  ground  between  the  river  and  the  swamp  iiarallel  to 
it,  were   drawn   up  in   exlended  or  open  orilcr  between    these 
points,  the   Indians  on  their  right  occupying  the  swamp  and 
ground  beyond  it.    (Jon.  Harrison,  without  one  moment's  delay 
or  the  slightest   einbarrassmenl,   formoil   his  purpo.sc.     I   was 
within  n  few  feet  of  bim  when  the  report  of  Col.  Wood  was 
made,  and  ho  inuliititly  remarked  that   he  would  make  a.  novel 
muveniont  by  ordering   Col.   Johnson's   mounted    regiment  In 
vfiiirijr  lite  line  uf  ihe  Itriliuli   ffijiilafn.  which,  thus  drawn  up 
contrary  to  the  habits  and  usage  of  that  description  of  troops, 
always  accustomed  to  the  touch,  could  be  easily  ]>enetrated  and 
thrown  into  confusion  by  the  spirited  charge  of  Col.  Johnson's 
regiment.     With  a  view  to  this  intended   charge.  Col.  John- 
1   son's  command  was  ordered  to  the  front,  supported  in  hi.s  rear 
lis  a  reserve  by  (ien.  Trotter's  brigade.     I  know  that  all.tbo 
\    arrangements  and  every  movement  of   the  tniops  during  the 
battle  were  made  by  order  of  (ien.  Harrison,  whose  position  at 
I   the  coiiiiiicueeinent  of  the  action  was  just  in  rear  of  Col.  ,Tohn- 
i  son's  eonimand,  and  mainly  afterwards  lu^ar  the  erotcbet  formed 
!   by  the  junction  id'  Johnson's  left  with  the  Kentucky  volunte<!rs, 
I   drawn   up   on  the  edge  and  in  front  of  the  swamp,  a  position 
considered  by  all  as  the  most  e.\poscd  and  dangerous  within  tho 
lines  of  our  army,  and  where  the  battle  was  warmly  contested 
by   the    Indians    until    they    discovered    tho    surrender  of  the 
whole  liritish  regular  force,  the  happy  result  of  the  novel  and 
I   skillful  movement  most  gallantly  performed  by  Col.  Johnson 
and  his  brave  associates,  but  conceived,  planned,  and  directeil 
by  (Jen.  Harrison,  whose  superior  military  judgment  and  reiul.v 
skill  neither  neei'   'I  ...»  •■••ceived  any  aid. 
i       '•  After  the  return  of  the  army  to  Detroit,  that  brave  veteran, 
j  that  just,  good,  and  pure  citizen,  the  late  tJovernor  Shelby,  on 
bearing  read  (ien.  Harrison's  report  of  tho  battle,  remarked  in 
my  presence  and  with  much  emphasis  that  the  report  did  him 
((Jovernor  Shelby)  more  than  justice,  and  that  to  (ien.  Harrison 
alone  was  due  tho  credit  of  the  order  of  battle,  the  whole  of  tho 
arrangements  and  plans  which  he  ((Jovernor  Shelby )  had  con- 
tributed to  carry  out  to  the  best  of  his  abilities. 

"At  tho  commencement  of  the  battle  of  Tippecanoe,  when 
the  first  gun  was  tired  at  our  advanced  picket,  I  was  at  the  tent 
of  (ien.  Harrison,  who  was  then  up  at  the  fire.  I  had  iin  op- 
jiortiinity  to  observe  bis  manner  :  bo  was  cool  and  collected, 
and  every  movement  of  countenance  and  every  word  he  uttered 
at  that  trying  inomcut — perhaps  the  most  embarrassing  in  tho 
life  of  a  soldier — denoted  tl  bighost  order  of  personal  courage. 
Ho  mounted  bis  horse  instantly  and,  nccoinpanied  by  bis  statV, 
hastened  in  the  direction  of  ihe  line  first  attacked.  A  part  of 
this  line,  unable  to  withstand  Ihe  fierce  and  desperate  onset  of 
I  the  Indians,  the  general  met  retiring  within  our  lines  in  some 
(  disorder  and  confusion,  closely  prcsseil  by  the  Indians,  soino  of 
,  whom  were  in  the  midst  of  them.  (ien.  Harrison  led  in  person 
a  company  of  the  Fourth  Infantry  to  the  breach  ;  and  such  was 
the  etfect  of  his  bold  and  fearless  behavior,  and  so  great  was 
tho  confidenco  of  his  army  in  his  ability  to  conduct  them  to 
victory,  that  his  presence  nnd  voice  at  once  rallied  the  relreat- 


!     ! 


I     (I 


.>! 


348 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Hi! 


had  resigned  his  comuiand,  unable  to  get  along  with 
the  War  Department!  O'Falion  did  not  leave  the 
service  with  Harrison,  but,  going  off  the  staff,  took 
active  command  of  a  company.     This  was  better  for 

ini;  detachment,  niul  thc.v  took  position  at  n  point  equally  ex- 
posed, where  half  of  their  numljcr,  if  not  more,  were  cither 
killed  or  wounded.  The  buttle  commenced  at  three  o'clock  in 
the  morning  during  n  slight  rnin,  and  the  attack  became  gen- 
eral within  five  minute..^  afterwards,  and  continued  until  the 
dawn  of  day,  when  by  an  almost  general  charge  the  Indians 
fled  and  broke  before  our  bayonet.".  The  dragoons  afterwards 
proceeded  to  their  villiigc  and  burnt  it.  During  the  battle  (Jen. 
Harrison  was  seen  wherever  danger  was  most  imminent,  wher- 
ever the  tight  was  the  thickest.  His  aide,  Col.  Owen,  was  killed 
by  his  side,  and  almost  iit  the  same  moment  a  ball  passed 
through  the  generiil's  hat,  grazing  bis  head.  There  was  not  a 
spot  within  our  lines  secure  from  the  shot  of  the  enemy.  l>n 
this,  as  on  every  other  occasion  within  my  observation,  (icn. 
Harrison's  conduct  was  that  of  a  brave  and  skillful  commander, — 
always  calm  ami  cool  in  his  manner,  and  wholly  indifferent  to 
his  personal  safety,  possessing  the  peculiar  faculty  of  at  once 
discerninj;  whatever  was  wanting,  and  of  promptly  applying 
the  remedy.  A  single  instant  of  vacillation  or  uncertainty  of 
jpurp  se,  the  slightest  tremor  of  nerve  or  hesitation  in  mind 
in  the  critical  and  appalling  periods  of  the  battle  would  have 
been  disastrous  to  his  army.  After  the  action  there  seemed  to 
be  a  universal  admLiision  by  the  officers  and  soldiers  of  the 
army  that  there  was  not  another  officer  in  the  biiltle  capable 
of  having  prevented  a  defent  and  general  massacre.  All 
seemed  to  regard  (ien.  Harrison  as  their  deliverer  from  the  In- 
dian scalpingkuife. 

"According  to  my  best  recollectiun,  Fort  Meigs  was  can- 
nonadeil  day  and  night,  with  but  little  intcrmissinn,  for  about 
eleven  days.  Shorlly  al"ter  its  coiniucncemcnt,  Maj.  Chambers, 
of  llie  Ilritish  army,  was  Mdmlllcd  into  the  stockade,  the  bearer 
from  (ien.  I'roctor  of  an  invitation  to  surremler  the  garrison 
with  the  honors  of  wiir.  on  the  grouiid  that  so  snmll  a  force, 
about  one  Ihousiind  men,  could  not  sustiiin  themselves  against 
fintr  tltiifn  tliiir  iiiinihi  r,  the  estimtited  Hritish  anil  [ndiiin  force, 
lien.  Harrison  at  once  rejected  indignantly  this  proposition,  re- 
plying to  the  insult  in  terms  worthy  of  his  high  character. 
Both  day  and  night  during  the  siege  Ucn.  Harrison  was  most 
active,  observing  every  movement  of  the  enemy,  and  evincing 
his  usual  coolness,  dauntless  courage,  anil  his  liiippy  rendiness 
to  perceive  and  ap|)ly  every  incident  to  his  ailviinlage.  He 
succeeded  in  accomplishing  creri/  jtltin  and  utoi-fiiieiit  where  his 
orders  irerr  o/.i  y. ./.  I  recollect  not  one  insliince  to  the  contrary. 
The  detachment  under  Col.  Dudley  effected  in  ]iart  the  <il)ject 
intemled  in  ilriving  the  British  troops  from  their  position  ;  but 
they  ilisobeyetl  orders  in  not  spiking  the  enemy's  cannon,  de- 
stroying their  ammunition,  aiol  thereujion  immediately  rccross- 
ing  the  ri\er  to  the  main  army.  The  two  sorties  on  the  south 
side  of  the  river,  and  on  the  same  day,  planned  and  tA-crule<i 
uniler  orders  from  Gen.  Harrison,  were  eminently  successful, 
resulting  in  the  objects  designed,  forcing  the  British  to  raise 
the  siege  of  Fort  Meigs.  That  citnilucted  by  the  brave  and  ac- 
eoni]dishcd  officer,  tlirii  Col.  John  Miller,  now  a  representative 
in  Congress  from  Missouri,  intendeil  to  ilestroy  a  sunken  bat- 
tery that  had  annoyed  us  very  seriously  by  enlilading  our  rear 
line  of  pickets,  as  well  as  to  prevent  the  almost  entire  Iticiiiu 
force,  then  investing  the  fort  on  that  side  of  the  river,  from  co- 
operating with  the  British  against  Dudley's  attack,  nnide  at  the 
same  time  on  the  opposite  side,  considering  the  very  greut  dis- 
parity between  our  force  and  that  of  the  enemy,  being  us  four 


him,  and  the  following  letter  shows  what  a  goml  lidj, 
oflScer  he  must  have  been  : 

"Camp  neaii  Franki.txton-,  ojd,, 

"■January,  I. ''IS. 

"Dbaii  MoTitKR, — I  came  here  about  four  weeks  siinc.  anl 

finding  my  company  in  a  very  exposed  situation,  posM-.-i,,,.  j,,^ 

other  means  id' comfort  but  their  tents  and  fires  before  iluii,,  ,,„ 

assuming  its  command   I  immediately  |iroceedcil  to  tin- -cli-i.tj,,,, 

to  one,  was,  I  must  be  allowed  to  say,  one  of  the  mo-I  l.rilliant 
affairs  of  the  last  war. 

"(ien.  Winchester's  movement  to  the  river  Kaisin,  wlim.  i,,. 
was  defeated,  was  in  disobedience  of  (icn,  Harrisiiii'>  nr.ler 
which  required  him  to  proceed  to  the  rapids  of  the  .Mauiiiic  .,f 
the  Lakes,  and  to  remain  there  for  further  orders, 

"I  have  extended  my  remarks  beyond  what  Idesiiriucl  nl,,.,, 
1  commenced,  but  you  will  perceive  my  object  was  to  ;;i\('ii  lui] 
and  satisfactory  answer  to  your  interrogntories.  I  ;ivci-  that 
on  every  occasion  when  Gen.  Harrison  commanded  he  ivir  ,li.. 
regarded  personal  danger  and  sacrifice  in  the  perfmnwrn.'  ..f 
duty,  exhibiting  all  the  fine  qualities  of  a  daunlb-s  fn\,\\„^ 
combined  with  those  of  a  talented,  skillful,  and  iilile  "imr;,! 
Why,  at  this  remote  period,  when  death  has  swept  away  sn  manv 
memorials  of  (ien.  Harrison's  intrepidity  and  excel  icn. e,  .||.,iii.| 
the  )ioisoned  spirit  of  political  envy  attempt  thus  lo  t;iriii-h 
the  hard-earned  laurels  of  the  veteran  soldier,  who.  in  |,iii,|i,. 
as  well  as  private  life,  bus  lived  '  icilhuul  /cur  iiuil  irlili„„i ,,. 
pnmch'  / 

"This,  sir.  is  what  I  have  to  say  of  (ien.  Harrison.  I  dniibt 
whether  there  is  another  living  who  has  possessed  equal  ii|i|ii:r- 
tunities  with  myself  of  forming  a  correct  opinitm  of  (Jen.  Har- 
rison's military  character.  I  served  under  him  durinj!  ll"' 
greater  part  of  the  period  he  was  in  active  service,  near  liis 
person,  commencing  with  the  Tippecanoe  expeilitinii  ami  imi. 
tinning  to  its  termination;  rejoining  his  artny  in  the  tall  i.f 
181  2,  at  Fniuklinton,  Ohio,  where  immediately  on  my  arrival  I 
became  a  member  of  his  military  family  as  secrciaiy,  in  ih? 
winter  of  1811!  and  ISi:)  was  apgiointed  his  acting  di'|iiily  aiiii 
tiint-genenil,  and  in  Jlay,  lSi:i,  iinmediatcly  alter  tlu' -ii;;!-! 
Fort  .Meigs,  his  aide-de-camp,  which  station  1  held  to  tliv  ol'-e 
of  h'f  military  service.  .-Vnd,  in  conclusion,  I  can  .'iifi'lv  .av 
that  I  never  in  my  life  -«aw  a  braver  man  in  batlic,  •'iv  iii  r. 
collcclcd,  ]irompt,  and  full  of  resources  than  (icn.  William  llnir; 
Harrison. 

"  [  have  the  honor  to  be,  with  great  respect,  your  ni-i.-t  .li-e- 
dieut  servant. 

".I.  <i'Fvi.i,iiv." 

O'FnIlon  was  a  shrewd  observer,  nnd  a  good  niililaiv  iriii.'. 
He  was  first  stittiimed  ul  Frankliiiton.  and  his  hcallli  m'c'Iii.' to 
have  suffered  severely  until  he  became  iicclimatcd  iMtlicsiTvi.v, 
Harrison  made  him  private  secretary  as  well  as  niili'-il('-(;iiti|>. 
and  this  gave  him  great  insight  into  wliiit  was  gnin.;  nn,  Ho 
writes  from  Franktinton  that  "the  people  here  cinirjic  llic 
most  exorbitant  prices  for  every  article  fiirnislicd  citluT  tin? 
public  or  soldier;  every  species  of  produce  of  any  ileniaiii 
have  risen  .5(1  per  cent.  It  appears  as  if  they  calcnlatci  toi-ti- 
rich  themselves  by  the  circumstance  of  this  cain|iaij.'n."  Hi? 
connection  with  the  quarternuister's  department  at  dia-t'  rt- 
vealed  to  O'Falion  what  was  the  fatal  weakness  of  tlio  iinii; 
along  the  hikes, -the  impossibility  of  rapid  or  sustained  aimc- 
ments  in  consequence  of  the  lock  of  supplies, — nnd  lie  jln'iv  in 
his  first  letter  that  the  transportation  service  was  iniiiliqiiiitf- 
Ho  also  notes  the  want  of  subordination  nnU  other  ilisnljeilii'iioe 
o!  irdcrs  which  led  to  Winchester's  defeat  nnd  the  inafJiicrc ' I 
hi  men,  and  to  the  unnihilntion  of  Uen,  Clay's  and  Cul-  Dai- 


v!  a  suitable 
ciniipini-iit,  a 
tents,  in  wlii 
shall  rcuKiin 

ley's  I'uri'cs  et 

he  ivritv-  III  h 

ivitli  nir  as  iv 

111'  great  v'rnti 

oani|iaii.'n.  trli 

not  ea>ily  cab 

tests  a  strong  i 

.\lthi>uu'li  iniw 

liitiirc  priispec 

iuu'c  of  (icn,  I] 

ales  my  merits 

ivhieh  frmn  thi 

not  safe  for  any 

nia'lc  tn.'tjor,  ai] 

He  Has  ilccjily 

my  acute  I'celinj 

<|aalifiealiiins,  it 

lireat  lin\i'  bee 

rlial  I  niiirht  cxp 

oierif,  your  son  ] 

liijth  sense  „f  hon 

In  the  midst  i 

Fort  .Meigs  iic  lir 

aii'l  not  over-a».\ 

van  e;ili  to  mind  i 

■I'll)-.     If  he  fulls 

able  tiianncr.     If 

viia  nniy  ascribe  ll 

siege  is  as  follows 

■■DiAH  .Miirii|.)i 
hllerie.-  early  on  i 
n"  annoyance  nfte 
triMU-ly  cinpluyed 
ii"naml  other  proji 
»ere  inl'oiincd  by 
J)s|ier.iun  innncd 
.'i|'|ioinlei|  and  di^ 
I ''ii  of  Fort  .Meigs 
«illi  Ihe  charge 


iliiiu  that  the 


post 


Ihc  rest  would  fa 

immense  spoil. 

[  ficliiy  killed  and 

™l.i  having  falli,,, 

I  <"t  ffe  Iclr  the  f, 

I  tiler  to  examine  t 

jl'«f|"'fe  of  lindiri! 

[(arelul  search  liijt 

"hat  of  Col.  hi 

IkilieJ  is  as  eorrcet 

pJe.    .Myeonilucl( 

pjsiiighlysatisfact. 

i«l'||"iiilment  of  nidc 

l»liii|i  will  uxke  plnc( 

|»"»beoneor  his  ail 

"Iiiujin  lerygi-en 

«""S  ete.    Aly  rcgn 


"■'l».s.  F.t.vxv  Vn-j 


1 1       l| 


TERRITORIAL  GOVERNMENT. 


349 


of  a  ?»i'i''>'K  •'"'""■'1''''8  position,  wliitlicr   I   roinoved  my  en-  I  »ei|uc'nce  (if  tli«  aeariity  of  provisiomi  at  Detroit,  fniiii  wtienci! 

crtuipi"*''*'-  iin'l  ^^^^^  cliiinnoys  erected  Iiefore  tho  niouth.'«  of  tlie  nutliing  of  confiequence  Ims  been  reeeived,  of  wliioh  I  feel  siir- 

tcnt*.  i"  "li't'''  eonditiim  wo  now  arc.     It  is  |irolmblu  that   I  |iriscil,'it  having;  been  my  eulculntion  that  tlic  safety  of  that 

sliiill  ninain  here  some  weelts  longer,  if  not  the  winter,  in  eon-  (ilaeu  would  have  been  menneed  ere  thi.f.     I   am   (jetting  sea- 


i  j;nilt;!  I'll.    W 

JlliTC  .■llill|{C  lilt 

lu>\\fi\  eitlMT  rtif 

1,1'  any  ileaia»'l 

I  oali'al:il(M  \«  •■>'■ 

i-iil  111  "lift  n- 

L-ss  of  llii'  ""'•' 

|r  fii^laiia'''  "'""" 

-and  ho  j1i"»>  "' 

,  wii."  iiiiulqiii'"' 

Lthor  di#iilie.li«m 

1,1  tlicinawini'"'' 

Jy  V  and  Col.  Du'l- 


lev's  lories  eoining  to  the  relief  of  Fort  Meigs.     Jan.  17,  IS13, 
be  writi-s  (II  his  mother  **  I  find  that  a  eamp-life  in  tents  agrees 
with  me  as  well  a.s  with  most  of  the  ofliuers,  which  is  a  source 
„1'  ijri'iit  L'ratifii'atiiin  to  i.ic,  thus  enabled  to  sustain  a  winter's 
e!unliaii:n.  which  requires  a  degree  of  fortitude  and  resolution 
not  fii-ilv  calculated.     I  live  with  (icn.  Harrison,  who  mani- 
fi-ts  a  >lr"iig  attachment  to  me,  and  expresses  every  confidence. 
\ltliiiii-ti  now  in  a  low  .station,  do  not  feel   uneasy  about  my 
future  |ii'ii-lie«t.s, — their  promotion  depends  uiion  the  conlinu- 
anoeof  tlen.  Harrison  in  the  army.     I  think   he  duly  appreci- 
ates inv  merits."     In  March  he  was  in  camp  at  Fort  Meigs, 
which  fi'iiii  the  first  was  infested  with  Indians,  so  that  it  was 
iiol  safe  fill'  any  one  to  venture  abroad,    ('apt.  Oroghan  was  now 
niiole  inajiir.  and  O'Fallon  only  raised  to  a  third  lieutenancy. 
Ill  was  iln'lily  mortified.     He  said,  "It  is  not  reconcilable  to 
iiiv  acute  feelings  to  be  placed  in  a  rank  below  numbers  whoso 
nualificatidiis,  it  is  univer.«ally  admitted,  shrink  before  mine. 
(Ircat  linve  been  my  exertions  to  qualify  myself  for  any  rank 
tliat  I  nii'.'lit  expect  when  my  merit  can  be  known.  .  .  .   In  any 
ovcni.  voiir  fun  pledges  himself  to  regard  the  feelings  and  the 
hi-'li  ?ciiscof  honor  entertained  by  his  family  and  connections." 
In  tlic  midst  of  the  excitements  and  jierils  of  the  siege  of 
Fort  Moics  he  finds  time  to  write  :  "  Dear  mother,  be  composed 
mill  nut  over-anxious  after  the  fate  of  your  son,  for  thus  far  he 
.-111  call  to  mind  or  conscience  not  one  instance  of  remissness  of 
•luly.    If  lie  falls,  assure  yourself  that  it  will  be  in  an  lionor- 
jlilc  uiaiiner.     If  fortune  is  so  favorable  as  to  preserve  him, 
vmu  niiiy  ascribe  it  to  her."     His  letter  giving  the  result  of  the 
fic'c  is  as  follows  : 

"Fit.vNKi.i.sToN,  May  IT,  ISIS. 
"Dkaii  .MoTiiKU, — The  enemy  began  to  dL-^apjiear  from  their 
Imtlcrie.-  early  on  the  morning  of  the  'JIh  inst.,  having  given  us 
Di annoyance  after  the  action  of  the  .ith  inst.,  liut  were  indus- 
iriiusly  ciii|iliiyed  from  then  till  the  lUh  in  removing  their  can- 
n-n anil  other  property  from  their  batteries  to  their  vessels.  Wo 
nt'rc  inforined  by  deserters  that  the  Indians  commenced  their 
Jismr.-ion  immediately  after  tho  action  of  the  .'itli,  much  dis- 
n|i|iiiintcil  anil  dissatisfied,  not  till  then  dc>pairing  of  the  rcduc- 
ti'inof  Fort  .\Icigs.  They  were  induced  to  upbraid  the  British 
»ilh  the  charge  of  making  false  promises  in  having  assured 
tliiin  that  the  post  vould  be  an  «a,«y  comjucst,  in  which  event 
ihc  rest  would  fall  without  opposition,  and  yielding  to  them 
immense  spoils.  Our  loss  in  the  fort  and  several  sorties  is 
eiiriilv  killed  and  one  hundred  and  ninety  wounded,  fifteen 
inljliaving  lallen  within  the  fort.  On  the  llth,  the  day  be- 
Ifire  wc  left  the  fort,  a  largo  detachment  was  .-cut  across  the 
|rivcrto  c.vamine  tho  battle-ground  of  our  unfortunate  for  the 
[|iur|Mise  of  liiiiliiig  and  burying  the  killed,  and  after  a  very 
[tartliil  search  liut  forty-five  bodies  were  found.  Among  them 
Iwasllial  of  Col.  Iludley.  Hence  it  is  to  be  supposed  that  fifty 
Ikiilcii  is  »i  correct  a  calculation  upon  that  side  as  can  yet  be 
tDia'ie.  MyconiUtct  on  the  occa  'ion,  as  far  as  I  am  able  to  judge, 
liiiriily  satisfactory  to  the  general.  He  has  promised  me  tho 
|t|i|iuintini'nt  of  aide-de-camp  as  soon  us  Maj.  tirabam  resigns, 
Mtiii'li  will  take  place  ore  long.  But  for  my  tow  rank,  I  would 
|t"«  be  one  of  Ills  aides. 

"I  am  in  very  great  want  of  clothes,  summer  clothes,  cravats, 
lirls,  etc.    My  regards  to  Mr.  Fit'/.hugh  and  family. 
"  Your  atfectionute  son, 

">IoHN  O'Fali.os. 
'Mas.  Fasxv  I'lTziii-oii." 


The  following-  is  about  the  second  siege  of  Fort  Meigs : 
"  Cam  I'  SKXf:(  A  'I'nwxs, 

"SiXTKK.V    MIl.KS    PllOM     LllWKIl    SaXIU.'SKV, 

•'.July  '.'II,  I  SI.'). 
"On  the  2'.M  inst.  there  arrived  at  Lower  c-audusky,  within 
thirty  minutes  of  each  other,  two  couriers,  one  from  Cleveland, 
bringing  inforination  of  the  blockading  of  our  fleet  at  Krie  by 
the  British  fleet  of  the  upjier  hikes,  and  one  from  Fort  Meigs, 
announcing  the  investment  of  that  place  by  the  enemy,  the 
garrison  receiving  the  first  notice  of  their  situation  by  the  In- 
dians' attack  upon  the  picket-guards  while  taking  their  post  ow 
the  morning  of  the  2lltb.  Another  express  arrived  on  the  2:id 
that  left  the  fort  at  twelve  o'clock  in  tho  night  of  the  22d.  wlio 
slates  that  the  Indians  had  fired  considerably  on  that  day  into 
the  fort,  but  without  injuring  materially  any  one;  that  the 
British  had  debarked  from  their  bot.is,  apjiarcntly  in  coiisidor- 
able  force,  on  the  opposite  bank  of  the  Miami.  Gen.  Clay  writes 
as  his  opinion  that  there  are  not  left  nioie  than  two  thousand 
British,  and  the  number  of  Indians  incalculable.  If  proper 
steps  are  taken  for  the  safety  of  the  fort  by  its  commanding 
oflicers,  the  additional  strength  it  has  received  in  the  accession 
of  Col.  Audubois'  regiment  should  remove  all  apprehensions  on 
that  subject.  Some  Indians  and  white  men,  that  were  sent  for 
the  )iurpose,  approached  within  half  a  mile  of  the  fort  on  the 
24th,  where  they  saw  signs  of  a  number  of  Indians  made  by 
their  walks  around  the  fort,  and  heard  frequent  firing  of  small- 
arms.  On  the  same  day  they  heard  the  report  of  four  cannon  in 
quick  succession.  The  general  [Harrison],  on  tho  first  informa- 
tion of  the  situation  of  Fort  Meigs,  removed  to  this  place  from 
Lower  Sandusky,  with  all  the  troops  that  were  there  except 
what  was  necessary  to  give  it  a  strong  garrison,  in  the  com- 
mand of  Maj.  Croghan.  This  place  i»  the  same  distance  to 
Fort  Meigs  that  Lower  Sandusky  is,  and  nine  miles  nearer  to 
the  settlements  and  that  far  more  remote  from  the  enemy.  If 
the  militia  should  turn  out  in  sufficient  numbers  as  to  justify 
an  attempt  to  relieve  Fort  Meigs,  there  is  no  jiosition  belter 
suited  to  assemble,  organize,  und  adventure  from.  Col.  Owen's 
regiment  is  expected  here  this  day.  as  well  as  Col.  Ball's  squad- 
ron of  dragoons.  Col.  .Johnson's  regiment  of  Maryland  volunteers 
has  been  sent  for.  We  have  here  a  considerable  number  of  reg- 
ulars. But  with  these  several  detachments  we  will  be  com- 
paratively so  much  smaller  than  the  enemy  as  to  render  it 
proper  for  us  to  continue  upon  the  defensive,  and  await  the 
arrival  of  reinforcements  of  militia  and  volunteers  before  wo 
assume  an  ofl'ensive  position.  No  artillery  has  as  yet  been  dis- 
covered to  be  in  the  possession  of  the  enemy,  and  the  object  of 
this  enterprise,  from  their  conduct  since  the  investment,  is  the 
most  priiblcmatical.  I'crhaps  Fort  Winchester,  Wayne,  or 
Lower  Sandusky  is  the  object  of  their  attraction.  If  so,  and 
the  Ohio  militia  join  us  in  suflicient  niiiubcr,  (ie...  Proctor 
will  run  no  small  risk  on  his  return.  We  have  about  sixty 
friendly  Indians  here,  some  of  whom  the  general  has  constantly 
out  upon  scouts  in  every  direction,  tlius  rendering  the  niii>t 
essential  service.  There  are  several  parties  of  them  now  out, 
some  of  whom  must  return  this  evening  with  moreiuteiligence 
with  respect  to  the  movements  of  tho  enemy  at  Fort  Meigs. 
.luly  2-lth,  Capt.  McCune,  who  went  from  hero  with  a 
Frenohinan  and  two  friendly  Indians  with  the  purpose  of 
getting  into  Fort  Meigs,  eft'ceted  this  object  yesterday  morn- 
ing; left  the  fort  last  night  with  dispatches  fioui  Gen.  Clay  to 
Gen,  Harrison,  and  this  moment  arrived,  bringing  tho  pleasing 


if  I 


•i'    IJ 


'    i', 


!  'I 


350 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


I  '(•  il 


■  ¥:■ 


'1    ■'*!' 


'!■-:' I 


m 


'%^ 


fined  to  the  ri^giim  nf  tliis  eliiiiate  very  fust,  sii  an  to  resist  the 
C'X|io9iiri'S  lliut  I  liiive  mvissiirilv  tu  .iiistniii  without  W\ng 
iilVocli'il  by  tliem.  I  ciiipldy  my  liours  very  |iloncniitly,  in  bi'- 
stowiii);  upiiii  my  iMimpany  my  umliviili'd  utli'iiliiiii.  It."  stiitc 
(il'liuiillli  18  ».-tnniiiliiiigly  goiiil.  (If  oiif  luiiiilri'il  iiiul  fmir  men 
iMimposiTig  tlio  cnmiuiiiy,  1  nm  siilistii'd  tlivrr  is  not  a  mnii  mi- 
flttnmaicli;  suuli  a  slate  of  ihiii.is,  I  am  ilis|ioseil  to  Hatter 
myself,  is  |iroilueeil  by  proper  ntlenlion  being  given  to  tlieir 
eoinfort.  fuoil,  eleanliness,  etc.  I  liave  tlie  assiiranees  of 
rei'eiving  tlio  appointment  of  adjutant -general  to  lliis  distriel ; 
my  allaeliment  to  my  company  has  almost  decided  me  not  to 
aei'ept.  Feeling  convinced  that  shi>nld  I  have  the  fortune  I 
might  rcas.  ably  expect,  it  will  be  my  policy  to  continue  in 
llie  line  of  tiie  army.  In  active  service,  for  the  eoiumnndant  of 
suoli  a  company  as  mine  to  do  his  part,  distinction  must  ensue. 
As  tho  winter  Inu  set  in.  and  my  company  being  in  very  good 
winter  qnarters,  I  would  prefer  continuing  here  until  the  first 
of  .Vjiril  next,  in  which  1  think  it  probable  that  I  will  begrati- 
liej.  If  the  army  is  increased,  1  will  most  probal>ly  be  pro- 
moled,  to  elVect  which  I  know  that  elTorls  will  be  made  at  AVasb- 
inirlon.  Heing  immersed  in  camp,  and  upon  the  frontier,  have 
conse(|Uently  nothing  else  to  write  you  that  concerns  myself. 
I  iitn  very  anxious  to  bear  from  you  at  home,  and  shall  expect 
a  Idler  from  yourself  or  some  of  the  family  in  a  short  time. 
Letters  directed  lo  me  at  this  point,  if  not  received  here,  would 
be  sent  after  me.  Uemember  inc  most  affectionately  lb  Mr. 
Fitzhugh,  brothers  and  sisters  and  friends. 
"Your  alVeclionBle  son, 

"John  o'Fai.i.ox. 
".Mils.  FiNNV  FiTziiriMi." 

Befiire  tlio  war  ended,  O'Fallon  knew  that  he  was 
one  of  four  eajitaiii.s  .selected  to  remain  in  tiio  peace 
estublishinent.  When  peace  eaiiie  he  was  in  eumuiand 
at  Ainherstsbnri:  (Maiden).  He  was,  however,  sent 
to  Mackinac;  after  that  to  Prairie  du  Chien  and  to 
Fort  Crawford,  on  Green  Bay.  O'Fallon  had  made 
up  his  mind  from  the  first  not  to  stay  in  the  army. 
The  life  did  not  suit  liiiu.  He  looked  with  yetiruing 
to  domestic  ((uiet  and  retirement.  But  pride  and 
prudence  both  kept  him  from  resigninj^  without  a 
certainty  of  income  from  elsewhere.  He  sought  in- 
fluence and  support  to  get  a  civil  appointment  under 
government, — that  of  Indian  agent  or  factor.  He 
felt  convinced  that  his  real  interests  should  make  him 
resign  his  commission,  but  he  was  withlicid  by  "  a 
certain  pride  with  which  I  have  always  more  or  less 
contended,  and  which  I  admit  is  a  foolisli   one,  but, 

inlelligenco  of  tho  safely  of  the  fort  and  that  tho  enemy,  al- 
though yet  around  the  fort  in  considerable  force,  have  as  yet 
done  no  injury  lo  the  garrison.  The  Indians  keep  up  a  tiring 
on  tho  fort  from  a  point  of  safety  nearer  to  it.  Yesterday 
enemy's  whole  force  was  collected  oi,  this  side  of  the  river  on 
the  road  to  that  place.  A  i[uarter  of  a  mile  from  this  tliey  got 
up  a  sham  battle  to  decoy  our  troops  oui  of  tho  fort;  but  for- 
tunately the  captain  was  ablo  to  apprise  them  that  it  was  im- 
possible that  a  reinforcement  waa  approaching,  and  they  baffled 
the  enemy's  designs.  The  troops  are  in  fair  health  and  spirits, 
and  nothing  should  be  apprehended. 

"  Your  friend, 

"John   J'Fali.o.v." 


nevertheless,  it  influences  my  nature  not  to  yi.  Ki  t,, 
comparative  liuiubleness."  As  an  officer  in  the  :irniv, 
in  other  words,  lie  was  the  peer  of  any  oiic  ;i.<  ^ 
civilian,  his  wealth  would  determine  his  positlMii,  and 
he  was  very  poor.  This  was  a  sore  siibjcc  wiii, 
O'Fallon.  "My  pride,"  he  wrote,  "  caniioi  Kro,,!; 
dependence  or  apparent  want.  My  situation  must  l». 
as  respectable  and  independent  as  tlio.se  with  uIk,],,  ] 
associate." 

In  August,  1818,  Col.  John  O'Fallon  resii;iicii  lii« 
commission  in  the  army,  there  being  no  field  tn  inviio 
his  military  aspirations,  and  after  that  tiiiic  turn.ii 
his  attention  to  the  more  solid  business  avocaiioiis  nf 
life,  and  always  resided  either  in  St.  Louis  m-  its  vi. 
cinity.  In  18'21  he  was  engaged  as  contractor  of  the 
army,  and  traded  e.Ktensively  with  the  Indians.  He 
was  elected  to  the  Legislature  in  the  same  vciir.  anj 
served  with  honor  and  usefulness  in  that  Mv  fur 
four  years,  the  last  two  years  being  a  meniluM-  of  ili,. 
Senate.  Whilst  at  Jefferson  City  he  took  an  active 
part  in  the  passage  of  the  celebrated  loan  bill. 

It  was  while  still  troubled  with  his  pride  nnd  lii- 
determination  to  associate  with  none  exce[)t  ii].on  en- 
tirely equal  terms  that  O'Fallon  received  the  following 
letter  from'Maj.  Zachary  Taylor,  U.S.A.,  aftoiwarJ- 
President.  It  is  very  characteristic  of  the  blunt, 
honest  gentleman  who  called  himself  O'Falioti's  friend 
through  life : 

Miij.  Tiirjlor  III  Ciijit.  O'Ftll/uu. 

j  "  LouisviLLK,  Kv.,  L'.'itli  Ooi.,  hl\ 
"Dkah  Cai't., — I  reached  St.  I.onis  tlie  last  of  Sciiiiinl,,- 
on  my  way  to  this  place;  I  was  greatly  disappoiiiid  in  n,; 
meeting  you  there.  I  was  several  days  longer  on  tlic  «:iv  linu 
I  calculated  on,  owing  to  the  low  stale  of  the  water,  wliicli  ki. 
venteil  my  reaching  Si.  l,onis  ere  your  departure  for  Vi'lluw- 
stone,  us  you  had  set  out  only  a  few  days  previous  lo  aiyiirrivsl. 
I  should  have  written  you  from  tliat  ]dace,  but  lieariiit;  m  m 
arrival  there  that  my  wife  was  very  much  indispuseil,  wliiili  1 
know  will  be  a  sufficient  apology  for  my  not  doing  so,  Ircniaini'l 
only  long  enough  at  St,  Louis  to  procure  a  horse,  I  ruaclmi 
home  in  less  than  seven  days  ;  I  was  so  fortunate  as  to  liinl  Mr-. 
Taylor  nearly  recovered,  my  children,  relative.-,  ami  IViciil-  iii 
good  health.  I  have  been  with  them  near  a  niuntli,  mil  all': 
.«o  long  a  separation  I  have  given  myself  entirely  up  to  |.lw..- 
urc.  I  have  seen  all  ycjur  relatives;  they  are  all  in  ;,"«ij  liia.iii 
with  the  exception  of  yoifi-  worthy  friend  and  iicij;lilii.r.  .V.i;. 
I'roghan,  who  is  rapidly  declining,  and  I  am  I'earl'iil,  uiile-.  i 
change  for  the  better  takes  ploce  shortly,  he  canii.il  >laiil  :i 
long.  I  have  visited  him  several  times  since  niy  ntiirii:  iLt  j 
young  lailics  look  i|uile  enchanting  ;  they  are  Imlh  sin):k'.  n-i 
do  I  know  or  hear  of  their  having  a  single  admirer  al  lliirlime, 
at  which  I  am  much  astonished.  During  each  of  iiiy  \i.<ils\a« 
were  mentioned  ;  ymi  are  a  great  favorite  with  llie  \vh"lf  fam- 
ily, and  rest  assured,  my  fr'cnd,  I  did  not  fail  on  every  (■it'a.'i«n  i 
to  do,  so  far  as  I  was  able,  ample  justice  to  your  g 1  anJ  ami- 
able qualities,  but  have  no  hesiiivtion  in  saying  lliat  I  IVIIvir.vj 
far  short  in  doing  them  justice.    The  family  inforun'il  me  thai  I 

i  they  expected  you  in  this  winter,  and  in  that  ease,  if  vim Jtl 


TERllITORrAL  GOVERNMENT. 


351 


not  suiiw'il,  il  will,  m  fur  ii»  I  nin  i'ii|iiiljl(i  ol'  jmlgiiig,  liu  ycnir 
uwn  fiiiill:  ill  iiiv  iipiiiinii,  voii  licliltlu  yoiiiseH' if  ymi  tliiiik  for 
inoriu'iit  — if  yon  ever  tliinlt  .«o — tliiit  yuu  uri'ii't  ii  full  iiuitcli 
fiiriin*  woiiian  in  Kcnliuky.  I  find  very  frw  i'lmnge!<  in  tliu 
iuatriii>"iiiiil  way  among  our  ai-quiiintanccs,  with  ttir  exception 
„l  ilii'  tliri'e  Mifs  Hoollics.  A  number  of  ileallii<  have  taken 
l,|,i,,..  wliiili    lin."    greatly   I'liunjfed  tlie  neiglilxirliooil   in  this 


anri 


■;■  in  the  I'ourse  of  two  years.     liOnisville  has  greatly  iin- 
iirovi'il.  ami  property  has  risen  of  every  kiml  beyond  my  eon- 
ccntioii ;  town  property  and  land  in  the  vieinity  uf  Tjouisville, 
ia  niv  "pinion,  rates  much  beyond  its  real  value.    I  approve  of  1 
vuur  li'iivin;;  the  army.     I  think  your  prospects  for  occ(uiring  '■ 
uealtli  iri'  llattcring.  and  I  sincerely  wish  they  tuny  come  up  to  ' 
vcair  nui^t  sanguine  wishe?.    (!en.  — —  visited  us  shortly  before 
I  left  there:  he  was  ([uite  astonished  at  the  onler  in  which  be 
1-iiiiul  tl'C  troops  at  the  place  ;   he  appeared  very  much  disposed 
tu  reconcile   all  diH'ercuces.     I    treateil   him   politely,  but  we 
iiiirtc.l  as  we  met ;  he  ordered  me  to  Ibis   place  to  superintend 
the  liarrncks  for  the  Third  liegiment,  which  duty  1  .shall  be  cni- 
iiloved  on,  I  expect,  for  at  least  one  year,  at  the  expiration  of 
ivhirh  time  I  conleniplate  retiring  to  civil   life.     Col.  Croghan 
i*  expected  lit  bis  father's,  on  hi.s  way  from    New  York  to  Xew 
Orleans  in  the  course  of  three  or  four  weeks.     The  I>octor  has 
hilelv  jloue  to    I'hilailelphia.     I.  (iwathniey  and  E.  .\nderson 
are  to  lie  married  in  a  few  days.     Wishing  yon  every  success 
ami  happiness  through  life,  I  remain,  dear  sir, 
"  Very  truly  your  friend, 

"7..  TAVLon." 

0  TiilltiiiiliowevL'r,  did  uot  niiirry  in  Loui.svillo  nor 
iiiiii'iit:  liis  ivini-woineii.  II is  first  wife  wiisan  Eiifilish- 
woniiiii,  11  sister  to  Win.  Stoiies,  ii  rich  Enjilishinaii, 
who  fame  to  St.  Louis  in  1811)  or  1820,  with  a 
t'umiiie  and  a  divorce  ease.  Tiie  hitter  ate  up  his 
roiUiiio  and  iiiliod  the  man.  O'Fallon  married  his 
sister  in  1821,  and  helped  him  in  all  liis  troubles, 
iiimlly  administering  on  the  insolvent  estate  after  his 
death. 

On  March  15, 1827.  Col.  O'Fallon  married  his  second 
wife,  Mi.'^.-i  Caroline  Scheetz  (Sciiiitz  originally),  of 
Maiyliiiid.  This  lady,  born  in  Baltimore,  was  a  de- 
scemlatit  on  the  mother's  side  of  some  of  the  leading 
ilJ  t'atiiilics  of  Maryland.  Her  mother  was  half  sister 
lo  Ml'.  Frcdc'ick  Dent,  Gen.  Grant's  fathcr-in-luw. 
Mrs.  SchcL'tz'.s  mother  was  a  Miss  Owings.  hcrgrand- 
iiiiitlior  a  .Mi.ss  Laurence,  and  her  great-grandmother 
;i  Miss  llciward.  The  Laurences  were  a  "  first  family" 
ul  Wostorn  Maryland,  connected  on  the  one  side  with 
ihe  Eiifxlisli  "  Wests"  (the  family  of  Lord  De  la  Wtirr 
ami  the  present  British  minister  at  Washington),  and 
"II  the  other  with  Jonathan  Hager,  from  whom 
lliiL'L'istdWn  gets  its  name.  The  Owings,  originally 
Welsh,  sullied  in  Anne  Arundel  County,  Md,,  thence 
f  branched  off  into  Frederick  County,  and  thence  till 
:  tliri„ioh  the  West.  From  the  time  of  his  first  mar- 
iia!;u  ('ill.  D'Fallon  became  a  leading  and  prominent 
i  liiizen  of  St.  Louis.  He  made  money  rapidly,  he 
:;ave  it  liherally  ;  lie  gave  his  services  and  advice  still 
I  mure  libuiully,  until   his   name  buuamc  a  synonym 


through  the  West  for  enterprise,  liberality,  and  bene- 
faction. 

The  local  historian  Edwards,  writing  eight  years 
before  his  death,  said, — 

"  I'erhaps  there  is  no  man  as  much  identified  with  St.  Ijouis 
as  is  t'ol.  t)*Fallon, — not  on  account  of  his  iininense  wealth,  but 
for  the  useful  purposes  which  he  bus  made  it  to  subserve  the 
oity  and  adorn  it.  With  a  charity  unparalleled  in  its  munili- 
ecnce,  he  has  already  bestowed  more  than  a  million  of  dollars 
to  advance  the  cause  of  education  and  seieiice,  anil  to  relievo 
the  wants  of  suft'oring  humanity.  Ho  gave  the  ground  where 
iSt.  hoiii.s  University  now  stands,  and  also  the  site  where  the 
first  Methodist  Church  stood  on  Fourth  iStreot,  now  oei'U]iied  by 
Clarke's  buildings.  He  gave  the  live  acres  of  land  on  which 
the  water-works  of  the  city  are  erected,  and  endowed  the 
O'Fallon  Polytechnic  Institute  with  property  valued  at  on© 
hundred  thousand  dollars.  He  gave  most  liberally  to  Wash- 
ington I'niversity,  and  built  the  dispensary  and  medical  college 
over  which  IJr.  Pope  so  efficiently  presides.  He  gave  fifteen 
acres  of  land  to  the  '  iloine  of  the  Friendless,'  and  bis  private 
charities  are  *  legion.' 

"  Liberality,  so  rarely  found  in  tlio  possession  of  wealth, 
forms  one  of  the  dominant  traits  of  Col.  O'FttUon's  character, 
and  he  once  offered  to  make  the  city  of  St.  Louis  a  present  of  a 
hundred  acres  of  land,  if  I'eter  Lindell.  Esq.,  would  do  the  same, 
each  one  of  the  gift?  to  be  laid  out  into  two  magnificent  parks; 
but  the  condition  of  the  otfer  was  not  acceded  to. 

"Col.  O'Fallo'  was  president  of  the  Branch  IJank  of  the 
I'nited  States  Bank  iluring  its  existence  in  St.  liouis,  and  under 
his  superior  and  honorable  inanagemeiit  it  was  wound  up  with 
the  loss  only  of  one  hundred  and  twenty-tive  dollars,  while  tens 
of  thousands  and  hundreds  of  thousands  dollars  were  lost  in  tbo 
various  places  the  branches  were  located,  in  consequence  of  the 
frauds  committed  by  the  unprincipled  officers  connected  with 
them  ;  and  he  was  also  agent  for  the  Inited  States  Bunk  of 
Pennsylvania  from  ISSfi  to  1S4I. 

"  The  pos.session  of  unbounded  wealth,  the  high  and  responsible 
positions  which  be  has  filled  in  the  military,  civic,  and  business 
relations  of  life,  have  never  generated  prlile  and  arrogance  in  his 
character  and  made  him  forgetful  of  his  duties  to  his  Creator 
and  his  fellow-beings.  He  was  the  first  man  who  organized  a 
Sabbatb-school  west  of  the  Mississippi  River,  and  is  a  regular 
attendant  of  the  Episcopal  Church.  Unostentatious  in  his 
bearing,  he  can  bw  approached  by  all,  and  his  manner  possesses 
'  much  of  that  freedom  and  frankness  which  lend  a  cliarni  to 
conversation,  and  is  ehariieteristic  of  the  early  settlement  of 
the  AVest. 

"When  Col.  O'Fallon  first  saw  St.  Louis  it  was  but  little 
more  than  a  village  of  log  bouses,  containing  but  a  few  thou- 
sand inhabitants.  Its  commerce  consisted  only  of  the  furs  and 
jieltries  which  were  brought  by  the  hunter  ami  trader  from  the 
Missouri,  the  .Mississippi,  and  the  Illinois;  and  on  their  waters 
a  few  canoes  and  fiat-boats  were  sufficient  to  carry  all  of  the 
reiiuired  trade.  Col.  O'Fallon  bos  seen  the  Mound  City  through 
all  id'  its  progressive  stages  of  advancement,  from  his  first  ad- 
vent in  1812  to  the  |U'eseut  time,  and  has  contributed  more 
liberally  to  all  public  and  private  enterprise  than  any  man  now 
living.  He  has  won  the  respect  and  love  of  every  class  of 
society,  and  in  1819,  when  the  great  fire  threatened  to  reduce 
the  whole  city  to  ashes,  such  was  his  popularity  and  such  his 
claim  on  public  gratitude,  that  the  firemen,  knowing  that  some 
property  must  be  destroyed,  encircled  his.  and  saved  it  on  many 
occasions  from  the  devimriug  element. 

"Col.  O'Fallon  has  been  identified  with  the  great  railroad 
I  enterprises  of  Missouri,  which  like  a  network  will  soon  thread 


!    1^ 


i.l 


3S2 


HISTOllY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


iiil 


a"  i 


'fy 


every  |i(>rlion  of  (ho  Plate  ni  J  dcvolci|i  lU  viiiit  resonrcoc.  At 
the  lii!'l  mcctiii;;  nl'  sni.:"  •,,  tlie  |iroiiiineiit  citizens  to  crcBto  n 
ci)iii|mny  t"  t'oriii  the  plnii  of  the  Paoillc  Riiilroiid,  Col.  O'Fal- 
lon  »ui<  chiificii  presiileiit,  unil  iii'lcr  it  chiirtcr  was  ubtained 
fniiii  tho  Assuiiibl.v  "(  Misi'imri,  he  was  iioiniiiiited  as  ii  eandi- 
datc  for  tlic  |ire8iileiiey,  but  deeliiicd,  and  at  the  jiiinie  time 
noininiiteil  Mr.  Thomas  Allen,  who  wax  duly  elected. 

"Col.  O'Fallcin  was  the  lirst  president  of  the  Ohio  ami  Mix- 
sissippi  Itailroad,  and  also  of  tho  North  Missouri.  Me  was  a 
director  of  the  State  Hank  of  Missouri,  and  subscribed  liberally 
to  the  buildin)?  of  the  Planters'  House,  and  more  recently  to 
tho  building  of  the  Mndell  Hotel."  Among  his  late  contribu- 
tions to  the  city  of  St.  Louis  was  O'FnIlon's  Park,  estimated 
now  to  be  worth  two  hundreil  and  twenty-three  thousand  one 
hundred  and  seventy-four  dollars. 

"  The  noble  and  generous-lieartcd  John  O'Fallon," 
as  Mr.  John  F.  Daiby  calls  him,  wa.s  "  a  great  and 
good  innn,  to  whom  St.  LouLs  owes  much."  "  He 
pos-ses.scd,''  says  Mr.  Darby,  "  one  of  the  most  acute 
and  vigorous  understandings  that  any  man  was  ever 
armed  with.  His  quickness  was  not  accompanied 
with  the  least  temerity  ;  on  the  contrary,  he  was  as 
•sure  as  the  slowest  of  mankind.  But  his  nobleness 
of  heart  was  far  above  all  the  rjualities  of  his  mind. 
He  was  beyond  all  doubt  the  most  open-handed  and 
liberal  man  the  city  of  St.  hoiiis  ever  produced,  the 
leader  in  every  noble  undertaking,  and  the  foremost 
and  largest  contributor  in  every  public  enterprise. 
He  sprang  to  every  business  man's  assistance  without 
waiting  to  be  called  upon.  He  has  done  more  to  as- 
sist the  merchants  and  business  men  of  St.  Louis 
than  any  man  who  ever  lived  in  the  town." ' 

'  Perhaps  Col.  O'Fallon  was  too  liberal,  too  generous.  We 
have  the  suspicion  that  adventurers  sometimes  imposed  upon 
his  forbearance  and  good  nature,  and  this  seems  to  bo  con- 
firmed by  the  following  letter,  founil  among  his  papers,  and 
written  to  him  by  one  of  his  slaves: 

Lfllir  (if  >/.  ('.  Curler  lu  hit  Mutter. 

"  St.  Ht.  '  t.ASUMON,'  Jiiny.  25,  1S,'!I. 
"Coi.oxKi.  .1.  O.Fai.lan: 

"  Deur  .W<r«(«./-,— I  shipped  on  this  Bt.  nt  Xatche/.  to  supply 
the  place  i>f  the  Sick  who  are  now  recovered  and  I  leave  the 
boat  at  the  .Mill,  of  Ohio.  And  on  the  14  opportunity  I 
shall  start  for  St.  I.ouis,  Clinlipu.  or  Orleans.  I  hope  that  you 
and  your  family  are  in  the  pomp  of  health  and  my  dying 
companion  and  I  desire  that  if  it  is  your  wish  that  you  will 
send  her  to  me  to  the  .Mth.  Ohio  .t  my  clothes  that  I  may 
take  her  to  the  Itheumatism  to  recover  her  Orleans.  1  am  in 
the  pomp  of  the  enjoyment  of  health  and  hope  my  dear 
Master  that  you  will  send  mo  a  pass  to  go  on  any  boat.  I 
will  pay  any  sum  to  cure  my  wife  Kunuittick  I  hope  that  she 
is  well  at  the  present  time.  My  dying  res|iecls  to  her  that  she 
is  well  and  hearty  perhaps  my  well  beloved  Master  I  may 
return  home  as  quick  as  the  moderate  Casi'  will  admit,  thank 
you  dear  Sir  that  you  will  send  your  unprofitable  servant 
papers  to  pass  as  he  bus  ilone.  My  Dear  Master  will  you  bo  so 
kind  a?  to  send  Sally  down  to  the  Mth.  of  Ohio  to  of  Ohio  to 
Mr.  Buds,  that  I  may  take  my  dear  beloved  to  Orleans  to  bo 
cured  of  Buniatiz,  and  it  shall  cost  you  nothing. 


The  local  influence  of  Col.  O'Fallon  was   ai  li'ast 
equaled  by  what  might  be  called  his  national   iuttu- 
encc.     He  was  a  well  and  widely  known  publii-  imm 
and  public  men  everywhere  not  only  sought  him.  hut 
]  seemed  to  like  to  consult  him.     Probably  tlnii  t'c,.|. 
ing  towards  him   was  that  with   which  he  inspire  J 
Harrison    when    they  were    in    the    army    tou'tlicr: 
"  Whenever  O'Fallon   is  on  duty,"  he  said,   ■  1  mi, 
sleep  sound  and  secure."'     Ho  was  anything  imt  a 
Democrat,  but  Benton  wrote  to  and  consulicil  him. 
At   the  time  of  the  Missouri  Compromi.-ie  uoiiiiijon 
Benton  wrote  to  O'Fallon:  "  Missouri  will  hv  vAn\ 
up  on  the  23d  inst.    I  shall  expect  that  she  will  i-om,. 
in,  but  some  think  otherwise.     There  is  no  duuhi  hut 
that  ill!  the  leaders  of  tlie  restriction  interest  are  fur 
breaking  up  the  Union,  and  are  laboring  to  make  this 
poor  question  the  veil  for  their  treacherous  desiirns." 
Gen.  Harriison  was  always  consulting  Col.  ()' Fallon, 
and  among  his  correspondence  we   find  lettei'.s  IVom 
Henry  Clay,  John    C.   Calhoun,   Lewis    Cass,  Gen. 
Albert   Sidney  Johnston,  Gen.    Edmund    IViidici.in 
Gaines,  Edward  Bates,  Gen.  Atkinson,  Gen.  WiuticlJ 
Scott,  Gen.  Jessup,  Col.  I.  A.  Hamilton  (son  of  Aks- 
ander).  Gen.  Anderson,  Senator  Lewis  F.  Liini,  Pres- 
ident U.  S.  Grant.'    O'Fallon  always  had  some  imblii' 
post,  not  of  profit,  but  of  honor  and  responsihiliiv,    j 
He  was  the  first  atljutant-general  of  Missouri,  coin- 
missioned  before  the  State  had  a  seal.     He  was  diroe. 
tor  in  half  the  companies  in  St.  Louis.     The  Uiiiiod 
States  appointed  him  visitor  and   examiner  at  West 
Point.     He  was  always  giving.      We  find  ainoii!:  his 
papers  a  simple  half-page  announcement  ol'  IKiirv 
O'lleilly's.  the  electrician,  that  he  owes  O'l'ulhin  live 
thou.sand    dollars,    money    advanced.      If   0'Hcillj> 
patent  did  not  succeed,  O' Fallon's  money  was  i.'uiie; 
if  it  did   succeed,  the  chances  were  not  so  curtain 
that  O'Fallon  would  get  his  money.     Here  is  a  voice 
from  one  of  his  benefactions, — they  did  not  ahms 
speak  : 

".My  bed  and  clothes  I  want  and  I  will  try  to  lie  liuiiir  Iti 
March  or  last  of  April  without  circumstances  should  altiii3M> 
and  1  will  try  and  make  refuse  for  payment. 

"(irand  a.syliim  of  the  universe 
"  May  I  he  your  sacritlce 
"  Your  ill  begotten  Varlet 
"  Anil  unprofitable  servant 

"  I  resp.  your 

"J.  C.  X  I'AllTl.ll 

(his  iiiarkL" 

^  lien.  Grant's  note  is  almost  enigmatic  in  its  brevity  ;  it»iiii|>l.v 
asks,  will  Mr.  O'Fallon  send  check  to  ]iay  a  note  due  I'v  nilior 
parties  at  O'Fallon's  bank  on  a  certain  day,  and  wliicli.  |iri'«iiin;i- 
bly,  they  could  not  meet.  To  judge  by  the  marks  mi  liieiiiKt 
of  this  letter  the  note  was  not  satisfactorily  scltleil  ul  ii  hie 
day. 


TERRITORIAL  GOVERNMENT. 


353 


|,.,,vity;il*i»M''! 


"St.  liOdis,  Muroh  18,  1840. 
I'Coi,  '"HN  0'Fam.()N: 

iifiii,, Under  inslructions  of  the  lioaril  i>f  Tnistccs  of  tlio 

Kiiurlli  ^ti'i'L't  Mi'tliodist  Kpi.'ioiiiml  Churoli,  I  liiivo  the  jiloiisiire 
of  ImiiliiiJ!  }'""  '''"  following  ri'i'oliitioii,  |iii»ycil  uniiiiiinaiisly  l>y 
,n\i  liu;u(l  lit  t/icir  liiHt  nioetln); : 

•'/,',.<. /iT'/,  'I'liat  the  Hoard  of  Trnntees  of  the  Fourth  Street  j 
chnrtfi'.  .Methodist  Episcopiil   C'liureh  South,  e.xpress  the  high 
jt'iise  llii'V  fi'el  of  gnititude  and  iiiliniriition  for  the  miignan- 
imitv  iiii'l  «iMv  liheriility  of  their  friend,  t'ol.  .lohn  O'l-'iillon, 
seen  in  lii"  continued  l)oneficcnee  to  the  eliurch  they  represent, 

from  it   c'li enceiiient  to  the  present  time,  espeeiiilly  liin  liipt 

i,|,|  cif  .'■■uerosity  {«s  comnuinieiited  in  his  note  to  tlie  Kev.  Jo- 
sopli  li.i\  111,  wliieli  is  alike  ereditable  to  the  name  and  nature  of 
II  iiiiblii'  bfiiefaelor  of  hi8  race, 

"Willi  .■^inliiiients  of  the  highest  regard.  1  am  sir, 
"  Kespeetfully  yours,  etc., 

'Masiks  C.  Kssr.\." 

But  siiuiotiiues  they  inspired  others  to  speaiv  with 
tliiiiuoiu'O.     Thus  wrote  to  him  in  1851  Abel  Ruth- 
bone  CtuhiD,  Gen.   Grant's  brother-in-law :    "  Your 
late  luible  benefaction,  an  account  of  which  was  borne 
ID  us  ill  rooent  St.  Louis  papers,  has  attracted  much 
attiiitidii   here    [Wa.shinoton],  especially  with    Mis- 
jouriiius.     Such  acts  are  creditable  to  a  city  having 
?ucli  citi/.ons,  us  well  as  to  the  door  of  the  <.;ood  deed. 
From  my  heart  I  thank  you  for  it,  and  hope 
;iiiii  pray  that  God  will  bless  you  for  it,  and  lont;  spare 
your  valuable  life,  and  make  you  as  happy  as  you 
liiive  been  active,  wise,  and  useful.     The  fact  is  you 
have  done  .so  much   for  religion,  scientific  and  public 
mirpiises  that  it   is  diflScult  to   make  out  a  list  cf 
lioiictic'iarios ;  not  a  fire  company,  not  a  library  asso- 
liatioii,  not  a  church,  not  anythinj;  but  appeals  to 
ilii' liborniity  of  Col.  O'Fallon  in  their  hour  of  need. 
AiiJ  as  to  individuals,  public  and  private,  who  have 
inuiuliitudinous  ways  been  assisted  by  you,  who  can 
number  tliem  ?     I  question  whether  you  could  doit 
vmirsoli'.    I  know  a  prodiijious  nuiuber  myself  durinf; 
1  ilie  seventeen  years  of  luy  acquaintance  with  you,  and 
1  vol  1  am  eonscious  that  but  few,  comparatively,  fell 
1  uiidiT  my  oliservation.     Some  men  you  helped  out- 

[ri^ht.  like  the  sons  of ;  for  others,  you 

iWnilly  iiulorscil ;  and  for  others,  you  furnished  lots 
Ion  lung  time,  that,  by  their  increased  value,  they 
|iiiii!l:t  retain  half  or  two-thirds  %  .sellin>^  the  balance 
Ik  the  small  sum  due  you.  May  all  these  good  deeds 
liise  lip  in  your  old  age,  and,  like  the  fragrance  of  the 
Mill  preserved  flower  of  summer,  bless  you  with  their 
ItniH  and  jrratel'ul  odor." 

Wliiii  Col.  O'Fallon  died,  Dec.  17,  IStif),  a  whole 
ytiiy,  an  entire  State,  mourned  him.  There  was  a 
leiieral  suspension  of  business,  and  many  striking 
lemoiisiriitiuns  of  the  respect,  esteem,  and  aifection  in 
lliitli  the  eitizen  was  held  whose  long  ai.d  useful  life 
|ail  just  closed.  At  the  funeral  ceremonies  at  St. 
■j:j 


George's  Church  the  mayor,  members  of  the  Council 
and  city  officers,  the  members  of  the  Chamber  of 
Commeroo,  the  professors  and  students  of  the  St. 
Louis  Medical  College,  the  directors  of  the  "  O'Fallon 
Polytechnic  Institute,"  and  other  public  bodies  were 
present,  with  a  vast  multitude  of  sorrowing  citizens, 
hundreds  of  whom  were  unable  to  obtain  admission 
to  the  church. 

The  pall-bearers  were  Gen.  Harney,  Col.  Turner, 
and  Mes.srs.  Robert  Campbell,  John  F.  Darby,  Henry 
Shaw,  George  McGunnogle,  Walker  R.  Carter,  William 
McPherson,  L.  Levering,  and  H.  I.  Bodley. 

The  impressive  funeral  services  prescribed  by  the 
ritual  of  the  Episcopal  Church  were  performed  by  the 
Right  Rev.  Bishop  Hawks,  assisted  by  the  Rev.  Drs. 
Schuyler  and  Berkley. 

Some  of  the  things  which  the  venerable  prelate 
said  of  John  O'Fallon  could  not  truly  be  said  of 
many  men.  The  munificence  of  his  public  charities, 
"lithographed  in  your  very  streets,"  was  yet  far  ex- 
ceeded by  the  extent  of  his  private  charities  and 
benevolence.     Said  the  bishop, — 

"But  one  particular  feature  in  this  good  man  was  this,  a 
more  Pirgiving  man  I  never  knew.  You  could  not  wrong  him 
but  he  would  hlot  it  out.  You  could  not  do  an  injury  so  intense 
(and  few  men  did  it)  but  what  that  gentle  nature  of  love  and 
forgiveness  would  blot  it  all  out;  and  then  to  those  who  acted 
strai.gely  he  became  a  benefactor  in  after-times,  in  lifting  them 
up  from  their  troubles  and  pointing  lliem  onward  to  tlie  way  of 
honor,  usefulness,  anil  tluty.  I  speak,  perhaps,  to  siune  who 
know  these  things,  and  who  have  felt  this  forgiveness  in  his 
nature. 

"Of  his  childhood,  we  learn  that  he  was  never  known  to  pos- 
sess even  one  bad  habit.  He  never  mailc  use  of  an  oath  in  his 
life.  He  never  went  to  bed  without  prayers,  nor  rose  without 
them.  Always  a  child  pure  in  heart,  he  at  last  culminated  in 
the  upright,  just,  honorable,  ami  truthful  man. 

"Tlien,  again,  there  was  this  as  regards  Col.  O'Fallon,  that 
he  was  emphatically  the  architect  of  liia  own  fortune.  In  early 
life  he  seems,  in  tlie  bloom  of  manhood,  to  have  been  carried 
away  with  the  tide  of  war  in  behalf  of  his  country,  and  having 
nobly  served  that  country  on  the  lielil  of  battle,  bearing  on 
himself  the  sears  received  in  that  service,  lie  then,  tinding  him- 
self unemployed,  conceived  that  his  country  no  longer  rc([uircd 
his  services  and  retired  to  civil  life.  Hut  he  was  always  patri- 
otic to  the  land  that  gave  him  birth,  and  therefore  loyal  to  the 
gflvcrnnient  that  protected  him,  and  he  lived  ami  died  actuated 
by  a  noble  spirit  of  patriotism  and  loyalty  for  his  native  land. 

"To  the  city  of  his  adoption  \  say,  bis  public  memorial  is 
everywhere  around  you.  You  see,  then,  how  that  correct  prin- 
ciples, embodied  at  the  home  fireside,  bred  even  in  earliest 
childhood,  how  they  give  promise  of  future  good,  and  finally 
bring  out  the  nobility  of  manhood,  and  how  in  manhood  they 
make  the  individual  still  more  lofty  in  his  conception  of  duty, 
and  raise  him  higher  rind  higher  in  the  way  of  truth  and  duty, 
till  by  common  sympathy  they  make  him  a  leader,  because  Col. 
O'Fallon  was  a  man  to  be  a  leader  in  all  the  walks  of  citi'/,en- 
ship. 

"Then,  my  beloved  friends,  another  thing  connected  with 
this  man  was  this  :  Most  men  who  have  gathered  together  the 


am: 


854 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


la 


If 


aucuinulations  nf  n  lil'u  Mr  down  nml  ilk',  iinil  nil  Ihcir  lit'o  lung 
clu'riuli  niirroiv  fi'olin){,i,  lining  nntliinK  to  eloviito  huniiinit;, 
only  li'iivin^  tu  po.itrrily  to  know  wliiit  thi'v  tiro  by  some  nicni- 
orial"  tlmt  follow  thcni,  lint  Col.  O'Fiillon  wim,  to  a  \nrgv  ex- 
tent, liJK  own  cxi'uulor.  llu  wniti'il  not  till  ilealli,  but  in  Ilia 
own  lifo  8IIW  the  grvnt  worku  of  bis  own  Kimilncini  niulti|ily  ami 
briir  fruit.  lie  iliil  not  wiiit  to  iliu  bi'I'oro  hi<  K»yi.',  but  in  bis 
own  long  life,  I  day,  he  wn.1  himsolf  currying  out  his  will, 
which  will  wa8  executed  largely  by  himself." 

The  dniifjer  fr()m  the  Tiidiana  continued  to  increase, 
and  a  lueetini;  of  citizens  was  lieid  on  the  15th  of 
February,  1H13,  to  devise  measures  of  defense.  Maj. 
Wiiliani  Ciiristy  was  nouiinated  chairman,  and  Wil- 
liam C.  Carr  .><ecretary,  and  it  was 

"  /tetiilreil,  That  a  eoinmitlce  of  live  persons  bo  a|i|iointed 
to  take  into  eonsideralion  the  situation  of  the  town  of  ."^t. 
I.ouis,  and  report  thereon  to  a  subsequent  meeting  of  the  in- 
habitants. 

"  lliinlreil,  That  Col.  \.  Chouteau,  C.  K.  Penrose,  William 
Christy,  U.  Pratte,  and  U.  0.  Farrar  be  the  coinmitteo. 

"  Jttnulicd.  That  the  said  committee  report  on  Wednesday 
next,  at  three  o'cloek  p.m." 

On  the  17th  another  meeting  was  held,  at  which 
the  following  report  was  presented  by  the  eommittee 
appointed  by  the  meeting  of  the  15th  : 

"  Your  committee,  in  purauanou  of  the  resolution  entered 
into  and  your  instructions  given  on  the  1 'ith  inst.,  beg  leave  to 
report  that  they  wailed  on  tlie  acting  (iovernor  of  this  Terri- 
tory, and  were  inl'urmed  by  him  that  he  had  no  uflicial  infor- 
mation as  respected  the  reports  in  circulation  of  Indians  and 
British  embodying  to  attack  this  Territory,  but  that  he  had 
taken  the  precautions  tr  have  accurate  information  on  the  sub- 
ject and  expected  to  hear  shortly;  that  be  had  no  power  to 
make  any  Immediate  defense  for  this  town,  not  being  author- 
ized to  draw  for  money,  but  had  used  every  moans  in  his  |)ower 
to  protect  the  Territory,  and  Imped  his  arrangements  would  bo 
elTectual. 

"  Finding  that  we  had  nothing  to  anticipate  from  this  source, 
we  made  application  to  the  board  of  trustees  of  this  town,  ex- 
pecting they  might  use  their  authority,  if  such  they  had,  but 
our  expectations  were  doomed  to  receive  another  disappoint- 
ment. Their  answer  was  '  that  no  power  was  by  law  vested  in 
the  trustees  that  would  enable  them  to  compel  the  inhabitants 
to  erect  or  repair  fortifications,  or  cause  them  to  be  erected  or 
repaired.' 

"  We  do  not  think  it  prudent  to  report  the  exact  situation  of 
the  munitions  of  war,  but  beg  leave  to  observe  that  after  dili- 
gent search  we  have  asceilaincd  that  we  are  amply  supplied 
with  lead,  that  the  number  of  men  and  arms  are  respectable, 
that  there  arc  several  great  guns,  but  unmounted,  that  the 
quantity  of  powder  and  flints  is  very  small,  but  that  there  is 
of  these  articles  suflicicnt  anmng  Mr.  Johnson's  factory  goods, 
which  we  have  no  doubt,  in  case  of  necessity  on  proper  appli- 
cation, would  be  delivered  to  us. 

"  After  having  made  every  inquiry  in  our  power,  seeing  the 
forlorn  hope  wo  have  to  expect  from  the  authorities  in  this 
place  of  any  aid,  viewing  that  whatever  protection  the  govern- 
ment may  intend  to  provide  for  us  will  be  so  retarded  from  the 
distance  that  any  troops  are  from  us,  and  from  other  causes 
will  render  it  impossible  for  them  to  afford  us  prompt  assist- 
ance, that  the  recent  deplorable  events  in  a  part  of  (Jen.  Har- 
rison's army  may  have  coDsiderable  influonoe  on  our  safety. 


lllllMll 
I     «M|||,. 

■<:  llie 
III  any 
I.I  IW 
■relic.. 


your  committee  make  bold  to  give  it  as  their  unanii s  • 

that  there  is  sulliiient  danger  to  make  it  necessary  tin 
immediate  arraiigeuicnt  should  be  made  for  the  ilelenM' 
town,  and  seeing  the  little  hope  wo  have  of  assistance  li' 
quarter,  it  now,  therefore,  rests  with  the  people  to  all. 
Territory  and  town,  our  wives  and  children,  from  the  nn 
savages  the  lest  protection  in  our  power. 
"  All  of  which  we  respectfully  submit. 
I  "Arc.  CiioiTf;  \i , 

"C//.I.V,, .,„.■■ 

The  following  resolutions  were  thereupon  ailntiicj 
by  the  meeting: 

"  UtHohril,  That  it  is  the  unanimous  opinion  of  this  ii'scmljiv 
that  the  town  of  St.  I.ouis  ought  to  be  fortified,  or  put  in  ii  .|ai,. 

[  of  defense  as  speedily  as  jiracticable,  and  in  order  that  llie.l). 

'  jects  embraced  by  these  resolutions,  equally  dear  and  dislraljl, 
to  us  all,  may  be  the  more  conveniently  elVected,  it  is  liirtliir. 

!  more 

" /^(ni'/rei/,  uniniimouifi/.  That  a  committee  of  se\  i-n  l.o  .11.. 
jiointed,  to  be  called  and  styled  the  Committee  of  .^afeiv  |..r  i;,, 
town  of  .<t.  liOuis,  vested  with  absolute  power  not  only  tn  a.|i,i,i 

J   and  devise  the  best  measures  for  our  defense  or  fiirtilualiiiii. 

I   but  also  to  have  the  same  carried  into  etl'ect. 

"  llemilird  ithn,  iiiin>ii'»iiiii«/i/.  That  as  soon  as  those  iiioa'iirK 
of  defense  or  fortification  shall  be  adopted  and  iiiadc  kiimvn  1  v 
the  said   committee  to   the    citizens  ol    this  place,   anil  iIimj.. 

1   of  its  vicinity  who  may  wish  to  be  associated  with  ih ih.. 

'  present  assembly  pledge  themselves  to  support  them  aiul  inu;; 

'.  in  carrying  them  into  im:nediate  operation. 

"  ItiHiiheil,  That  the  said  committee  shall  apporllnn  as  \«-(,\ 
and  equally  as  may  be,  according  to  the  |iroperty  an  I  ineiiii 
possessed  by  each  person,  the  proportion  of  work  tlial  iiiai  U 
necessary  for  them  to  perform  :  and  forasmuch  as  this  is  a  Iriv 
and  voluntary  association  for  objects  common  for  us  all,  tu  nil 

'   the  defense  of  our  property  and  lives,  and  the  proteitionul'    ;: 
wives  and  children,  it  is  tlierel'ore 

i       "  Heinheil,  That  if  any  person  shall  refuse  or  neirkci  lui.i. 

.   form  the  portion  of  work  requested  of  them  as  al.iri'-ai.l.  ilm 

;  shall  and  ought  to  be  considered  as  enemies  to  their  coimln. 

I        "  IteHnhetl,  That    Col.    A.   Chouteau,    lieorge   Wilson,  Wm, 

I   Christy.   Franyois  (iavol,   Uobcrt   Lucas,'  C.   Ii.   PeiiMsc.  mi 
William  Smith  be  and  they  are  hereby  appointed  the  C.uuiiiilli- 

i   of  Safety  for  this  town  of  St.  Louis. 

I        "  JttHolieil,  hiHlly,  That  these  proceedings  be  prescntcil  to  li;. 
Committee  of  Safety,  to  each  inhabitant  of  St.  Louis  iinJ  iu 

I  environs  for  their  signature. 

"  Wm.  Ciuiisn, 
"  Wm.  C.  CAlin,  C/miVma», 

[  "  Secrelartf.** 

On  the  6th  of  March  the  followinj;  orders  vait 

;  announced : 

I 

i 

i  '  Among  the  citizens  of  St.  Louis  who  took  an  ai  lire  y»n  ii  | 
the  war  of  I.'<I2  was  Maj.  Robert  Lucas,  son  ol  .lolui  i:. 
Lucas.  lie  was  educated  at  West  Point,  and  alter  gniiiiaiici:! 
from  that  institution  received  a  commission  as  uii  iifiieer  in  ihtl 
artillery  corps,  but  tiring  of  the  inactivity  of  militiiry  iileijj 
time  of  peace  he  resigned  from  the  army  and  enga^'eil  In  traJt.l 

1  On  the  declaration  of  war  with  Urcat  llritain.  however.  I 

I   mediately  offered  his  services  to  the  governinciil,  iinil  :\i  Ait 
head  of  a  company  of  volunteers  proceeded  to  the  rnilian  imj 

!  tier.     He  was  subsequently  promoted  major,  and  liicil  Feb.  ij 

I   1814,  at  French  Mills,  St.  Lawrence  River. 


'li.'  us 

sprii 

-'  Bill 

tlcllll 

Ms    b 

aiiiill 

'■y  rhi 

inriia 

I-.  ifl 

I'liiel 

•nler 

"T 

.11  th 

.Me.Va 

r.  Cil 

uml  1; 

iiikin 

^TOlllr 

'  on  f 

tlienisi 

lies  t 

vii'eiil 

a  iiioi 

"Tli.it  no  1 

U'llil'll  1 

he  lai 

it  is  III- 

duty 

[■net  nri 

1  belt. 

villi  llu 

box 

iriiljres, 

or  a  i 

titoiily  1 

alls  a 

••  Ily  1, 

rder  0 

Sign 

(iiivenior  ] 

ISl.'i,  »ith  ar: 

contiiiiied  to  ; 

'lie  cfjiiratioi 

siieeecdod   by 

oullie  Lstof ,) 

collected   soiui 

portinu  of  the 

Indians.    In  t| 

lind    been  con 

(j«i-  Howard 

eoiiiitry.  afterHJ 

s-TCiit  apprelieiJ 

J't.  Cliarles,  ail 

On  the  2r,t\i 

ffiwcnty  Ii„r.., 

seiiieiiioiits,  iicMl 

"""■'''■i-^  it  w.i.sl 

'''™;  'lie   Kill) 

stinieiifthe.saviir 

'I',-  I'xi'in-sioii.s. 

A  bliifk-housj 
'"'lie  fDMiiuancl 
ill  July,  ]  813,1 
'■"i'cd  Slates  rJ 

"ear  F„r(  m'„s,)J 
•^'  »"ff|  a  .soidie 

'lis  remains  weil 

'""'"I""!,  thcfollj 

'•  A  guard  from  1 
I  "Ik  ami  |i|(_ 


i:'l 


TKIIRITOIUAL  OOVKRNMKNT. 


3S6 


iii|iini'in 
lint  9IIIIU' 
,i>u  if  llie 
frnin  liny 
ilV.M,!  till' 
m<r»'ili'?s 


inliijitl'd 


i\9  ;l-Sflll\j\y 
Lit  ill  11  -11111' 
llliit  llu'"l)- 
,11.1  ili'jiruMc 
it  is  I'linlui- 

SCM'll  I'C  ^'■ 

SttfH.vr"rtl;o 
only  til  iiiln|it 
■  fiirtilication. 

those  inca-iirc 
mil'  knmvii  iv 
lec.  iinil  t!i'« 

Willi  thlMll.tllf 
luMll  lUlll  l"»i'' 

mil  ion  us  jii''') 
LMty  iinl  "!»«' 
irk  tliiit  miij  bi 
lis  this  is  11 !'«» 
,r  ii.s  iill,  til"'' 
rotei'tion  of  ■''■>: 

,r  ni'izlecl  to  \'"- 
i  iilotPsaW,  'In; 

tlii'ir  country. 

;e  Wilson,  Wui. 
111.  I'onr'isi'.  ;i'i 

,1  till'  (.'.imiiu'ti" 

.  |iri'>c"tpil  l'>'■•• 
Rt.  l.uilis  iiiul  it> 

[.  L'iuiisi\, 

Cliuirmm. 


Iv  orders  were 


■  „n  iutiveli»"i!i] 

Ion  of  'lul'"  ''■'■ 
ll  iillLT  grailiii"":! 
lus  im  otiicer  iu  ib( 
lof  militiiry  li"  « 
|uMi!.'u;:e'l'"'"^''l 
,  howe"''' '"' "' 
j-nmeiit,  nnJ  »' '''] 
■to  llic  Iniliaii  lt«t- 
Ir,  luolilie'l  *'«''■ '• 


"TkIMIITIIIIV  IlK   MiSSIOill, 

"(iKNKiiAi,  Oiiukhx,  St.  Loiis,  .Maioli  I,  ls|;!, 

>''riii<  iiHUnI  oriU'ra  for  tho  iiiiii<it'ri>  of  tliti  liuttiiliona  in  tlio 
siiiio.'  ivill  now  lie  given.  The  tlirnitpncil  inviislnn  of  our  nct- 
tlrin. '  '-  liy  tli^*  Nt)rthorn  IniliiniH  roiiiiircfi  iirriin>;onu'iits  of 
miiilli.  1  rliiinictor.  To  ropol  anil  if  (.ossililr  to  clmstisi'  llioso 
iiiri  :i  I  ,  if  liny  should  Im  iilt(Mii|ito.l.  tlu'  iii'tinj}  I'oiniiiiui.k'r-iii- 
.•hlol  "r.lers 

"  Tli.il  tlii'Voluiiluc>ri'<iiii|iiinit'a  I'oniiniin.lcil  by  Cik|i|K.  I)oil|;o, 
Mi'Niiii'.  C'alliiwiiy,  Asliliy,  Y.iiiti){,  llii;;li('s,  .Millanl,  l!iiiiii>ay, 
unil  i.iinkin  iiiiisttT  tor  ins|ii'i'lion  at  tlioir  ros|H'i-tiM'  |iara.lo- 
jiroiinils  on  .Satunlay,  tho  'JIHIi  of  tho  pri'sont  iiioiilh.aiiil  holil 
theiiisi'h'os  thonet-'fortli  in  ruiiilineHii  to  lie  <>alleil  into  aolii'c  sor- 
vii'i'  111  u  inoiiipnt'a  warnin);. 

"  Tliiit  no  I'iti/.on-siililicr  may  ho  l);noniiit  of  the  niiuinir  in 
ivliioli  till'  law  nM|iiiro>  him  lo  bo  u(|iii|i|it!(l,  he  is  ii'iiiintloil  that 
it  is  lii-  iliity  to  proviilc  liiintiolf  witli  a  frooil  nmskot.  with  bay- 
onet mil  holt,  or  II  funil,  two  Hparo  Hints,  ii  knapsaok  ami  |Kiui'h, 
ititli  till'  box  therein,  lo  uonlain  nut  less  than  twenty-four  eiir- 
iriili;!'-.  <■■'  1^  goo. I  ritle,  knapsack.  |iovvilor-liorn  uiiil  pijiiub,  with 
IKOiily  bulbs  anil  a  quiirtcr  of  a  poiunl  of  powiler. 

"  FllKIlKltn'K    Uatk.s. 

"  llv  order  of  the  lutin;;  loniniamler-ln  chief. 

(."Jigneill  "  Will..  ('.  Omii, 

(liiviMiior  Howard  arrived  at  St.  Louis  in  April, 
iSlii,  with  an  appointment  a.s  brij^adier-fienerai.  He 
t'onlimied  to  act  as  Governor  for  a  tew  weeiss,  until 
tlie  e.tpiiation  of  his  comniiMsiun  as  such,  and  was 
siicmiled  by  Governor  William  Clark,  who  arrived 
on  the  1st  of  July.  Gen.  Howard,  during  the  sprin;;, 
collecteil  some  regulars  and  marched  through  that 
portion  of  the  country  which  was  threatened  by  tho 
Iiidimis,  In  the  mean  time  the  troops  at  the  outposts 
iiad  been  concentrated  and  Fort  Osage  evacuated. 
Gen.  Howard  established  Fort  Clark,  in  the  Indian 
country,  afterwards  the  site  of  Peoria.  At  that  time 
s;re;it  apprehension  of  an  Indian  attack  was  felt  at 
!>t.  Cliarles,  and  also  at  St.  Louis. 

On  the  2ljth  of  June  it  was  stated  that  upwards 
of  twenty  horses  had  been  stolen  from  the  opposite 
settleiiieiits,  near  Shoal  Creek,  by  the  Indians.  No 
murders,  it  was  added,  have  been  lately  comiuitted  by 
ilieiii;  the  Rangers  are  on  the  tdert,  and  we  hope 
smiie  of  the  .savages  will  be  discovered  in  their  maraud- 
ing' cxeur.'iions. 

A  biiiL'k-liouse  at  Portage  des  Sioux  wa.s  intrusted 
t  •  ilic  I'ciniiuand  of  Capt.  Lewis  Bissell ;  and  early 
ill  July,  1813,  Capt.  David  Musick's  company  of 
I'liitcd  States  Rangers  had  a  skirmish  with  a  party 
of  WiiiiRibago  Indians  "  ou  the  frontier  of  St.  Charles, 
near  Fort  Mason  on  the  Mississippi,"  iu  which  John 
M.  Duff,  a  soldier,  was  fatally  wounded.' 


'  His  rouinins  were  inlcrreil  with  uiilitiuy  honors  at  St.  Louis 
i  ntlie  Intli,  the  following  being  the  orilor  uf  procession: 

I.  A  giiuril  from  the  regular  troops  of  one  sergeant  and  ten 

;  nnliiiiiil  tile. 


On  the  10th  of  September,  18i;t,  (Jen.  Howard 
started  from  Portage  iles  Sioux  with  a  force  of  four- 
teen hundred  men  on  an  expedition  against  tlu'  In- 
dians of  the  Illinois. 

The  following  appeareil  in  the  Uipiihllitiit  of 
November  loth  : 

"In  the  treaty  which  will,  no  donbl,  shortly  be  held  with 
the  Ulinoi.s  and  Wabash  ln<liiiiis.  eveiy  citizen  in  the  Western 
eoiinlrv  e.xpocts,  and  llio  [niliuns  expeel  notliin);  less,  than  that 
they  will  lose  every  pretension  to  that  traol  of  country  which 
they  formerly  eliiiineil  as  theirs  by  right  of  conquest  from  tho 
I'lorians,  a  warlike  people  who  coiilil,  seventy  or  eighty  ycara 
ago,  boast  of  two  lliousand  lighting  men,  but  are  now  re- 
diu'ud  to  ton  or  liftcen  heads  of  families,  and  reside  near  .''te. 
lienevieve." 

In  the  spring  of  1814,  Capt.  BisscU's  regiment  was 
ordered  to  the  Northern  frontier.^ 

L'.  Military  iiiii>ie  with  mutlled  drums, 

.'1.  The  prie>i  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  his  sacerdotal  robes, 
with  attendants. 

•I.  I'he  corpse,  borne  by  four  privates  of  Capt.  Lucas' com- 
pany, and  supported  by  six  pall-brarers  Irom  same  company. 

i).  Two  privates  of  the  eoiiipany  of  the  deceased  as  mourn- 
ers. 

Ii.  Capt.  I,ucii>'  company  of  viiliinleer  militin,  two  and  two. 

7.  The  .judges  and  olliccrs  of  the  I'ourtof  ('oiuuou  I'lcai, 
then  in  session,  two  and  two. 

8.  The  members  of  the  Legisliiturc  and  Legislative  Council  of 
the  Territory  of  Missouri,  two  and  two. 

It.  .s^peakers  and  clerks  of  both  Houses. 

10.  The  adjutant-general  of  the  militia  of  the  Territory,  and 
assistant  adjiitanl-genoral  of  the  troops, 

11.  The  oflicors  of  the  army  in  town. 

12.  The  (iovernor  of  the  Territory,  and  brigadier-general 
communding  the  district. 

111.  Citizens,  two  and  two. 

-Capt.  Lewis  Itisscll  is  one  of  the  prominent  figures  is  tho 
early  history  of  St.  Louis,  and  for  many  years  was  closely  iden- 
tified with  the  interests  of  the  city  and  ,"''tato.  He  was  born  on 
his  tather'a  lariu  in  Hartford,  Conn.,  Oct.  12,  ITS'.),  and  resided 
there  until  about  nineteen  years  of  ago.  On  the  12th  of  De- 
cember, ISMS,  he  was  appointed  an  ensign  in  the  First  llegi- 
ment  Cnited  States  Infantry,  cuminissioned  by  I'lesident  Jef- 
ferson, and  was  soon  alter  ordered  to  tho  AVostern  frontier. 
He  lelt  Middletown,  Conn.,  in  company  with  the  late  Cicn. 
Daniel  llissell  (then  a  colonel),  the  last  week  in  February 
following.  In  twelve  days  they  reached  the  then  village 
of  St.  Louis.  This  was  on  the  10th  of  May,  1800,  about 
two  and  a  half  months  from  the  time  of  leaving  Connecticut. 
After  remaining  a  few  weeks  at  the  "  Cantonment  Ilellefun- 
taine,"  about  eighteen  miles  above  St.  Louis,  he  started  for  his 
final  destination.  Fort  Osage,  about  three  hundred  miles  up  the 
Missouri,  then  far  into  the  Indian  country,  where  he  arrived 
by  keel-boat  some  time  in  .July.  Here  he  joined  his  company, 
and  performed  garrison  duty.  In  June,  1SI2,  war  was  declared 
by  this  country  against  Kngland,  and  in  ISLI  Fort  Osage,  the 
present  >iite  of  the  town  of  Sibley,  was  evacuated.  The  troops 
engaged  in  an  expedition  against  the  Illinois  Indians,  under 
the  command  of  lien.  Howard,  established  the  post  of  old  Fort 
Clark,  the  present  site  of  tho  city  of  I'eoria.  In  that  year 
Capt.  liissell  received  the  appointment  of  regimental  quarter- 
master.   In  the  spring  of  1814  his  regiment  was  ordered  to  the 


5  If] 


\M 


twin 


I: 


;ir)« 


HISTOUY   OF  SAINT   LOI'IS. 


*■;?  i> 


>jjMt 


;  it! 


J" -.1 


[n  May  (if  tlio  NntiiK  yciir  five  biir^'os  iiianncd  with 
about  fiCly  iir  sixty  roi^ular  troops  and  about  oiio  iiuii- 
(b('(l  and  forty  volunteers  li'H  St.  liouis  for  I'rairie 
du  Cliien,  under  tliu  eonituund  of  Govornur  William 
Clark. 


\(irthurii  frontier  flTpper  <'nnmlHK  niiil  il  loH  llolluroiiiaino  In 
tlio  latter  purl  iil'  Miiy,  in  kciil  bonlB,  iirrivinj!  iil  l'ltt»l>iir|{li 
nl'liT  OKM'SSiint  toil  iibiMit  lliii  l»t  n(  , I  Illy.  Here  tliev  It'll  their 
boiitH  iinil  mil  replied  in'riiHa  ilio  I'niintrv  tn  Kric,  in  I'unnayl- 
viiiiiii,  where  tln'V  tnnli  a  unvernmonl  h'."K('I  ami  itdmhoiI  the 
'alto  to  tlie  iihl  llritiHli  "  Fort  Kric."  wliicli  (Jon.  llriiwn  luiit 
captured  on  the  llli  nl'  .liilv.  MiiriMiing  froiii  theme  to  Cbip- 
pi'Wtt,  where  IlniHii  (.'iiiiiimI  the  liattle  on  the  5tli,  llis»ell'i!  regi- 
ment eroniieil  I'riMii  Ki'ie  t'l  IlluL'l<  lloik,  iinil  marubeil  iliiwn  to 
.'^(•huBiier  (just  above  Niagara  Kall^).  where  il  arrived  on  the 
2.1th  of  .Inly,  opponlle  whore  (len.  Hrown'fl  army  lay,  when  It 
again  croiised  to  the  lirilish  side,  a  little  aliove.  It  liad  ."(.areely 
commenced  itM  march  before  the  tiring  of  .>!eott'ii  lirigade  began, 
when  tlio  whole  army  —  liindell's  regiment  among  the  number — 
liurried  into  tlie  ennlliil,  wliicli  la!>ted  from  about  live  or  ni.x 
o'olock  P.M.  till  midniglit.  when  inir  forces  were  iimsterB  of  tlio 
field. 

()on».  Jlrowii  and  Scott  were  badly  woun.led  in  this  iiiipor- 
taut  battle,  and  the  eoinmiinil  devolved  on  lien.  Itipley.  Dis- 
scl'.s  regiment  lo.-t  in  killeil  and  wounded  "lie  fourth  id'  ili< 
number,  ami  he  received  a  severe  wound  himself,  though  it  diil 
not  disable  him  from  porforiuing  duty,  lie  continueil  to  servo 
with  distinction  under  Ueiis.  Ilrown  and  (iaines  till  on  the  cele- 
brated «"//i>  of  the  17th  Seploiubcr  ho  received  public  thanks 
on  paraile  from  the  late  (ien.  (i.  M.  Ilrooke  for  the  ninnner  of 
collecting  ami  inarching  his  regiment.  His  name  was  also 
honorably  mentioned  in  the  general  order  of  tlen.  lirown. 
Soon  after  this  he  was  orilored  to  Join  Hrig.  tten.  Ilisaell  an  one 
of  his  ctaff,  then  nith  (ien.  l/.ard,  who  I'ummamled  the  army 
on  Lake  Ontario,  and  in  a  short  time  received  the  appointment 
of  brigade  major,  which  he  held  to  the  close  of  the  war. 

[n  181.1  the  army  was  reduced  to  a  ponce  establiahinent,  and 
Cnpt.  liissoll  was  retained  a  captain  in  the  Third  Itegiment  of 
infantry,  having  been  previously  |ironioted  to  second  and  first 
lieutenants,  and  subseijuently  transfcrreil  to  the  Kighth  Uegi- 
iiieiit.  He  had  coinmnnd  of  the  gunboat  "  (iovernor  Clark"  du- 
ring the  great  council  with  the  Indians  at  Portage  des  Sioux  in 
ISl.i,  and  was  suliseciuently  placed  in  command  of  Fort  Clark, 
where  ho  resigned  from  the  army  in  the  spring  of  ISIfi,  and 
engaged  in  the  sutler's  business  with  Col.  lI'Fallon  at  llelle- 
fiuilaine.  lie  remaincil  here  until  IHlll,  when  the  "  Yollow- 
stoiie  expedition"  Icon-isting  of  the  Kighth  Itegiment  of  in- 
fantry and  tho  Itille  llegimcnl)  ascended  the  .Missouri  Kiver 
under  command  of  (Jen.  Atkinson.  He  then  engaged  in  tho 
sutler's  business  at  Council  liliifl's  (the  site  of  tho  present  city 
of  Omaha),  where,  liy  order  of  the  government,  tho  expeilition 
halted  ami  built  a  fort.  Ho  rcniaincd  at  Council  Hluffs  until 
1822,  when  he  traveled  about  a  year  to  improve  his  declining 
bealtli,  and  in  IS21  was  marrieil  in  .Manchc-ter,  Conn.,  and 
again  engaged  in  merchanilising,  which  he  continued  there 
until  \^'M,  He  then  returned  with  his  family  to  St.  Lcuiis,  having 
purchased  a  farm  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  city  in  182.'!,  to 
which  he  removed,  and  there  remained  until  his  death,  the 
place  subser|uently  being  within  the  chartered  limits  of  this 
citv,  and  known  as  Bissell's  Point.  He  married  the  second  time 
in  is:!7. 

Capt.  Hissell  was  badly  bruised  at  the  "  (iasconade  bridge  dis- 
aster" in  18.1.'),  being  in  the  last  car  that  took  the  fatal  leap. 
He  died  in  St.  Louis  on  tho  2.'ith  of  November,  1868. 


On  the  21st  of  January,  1815,  the  following  n  .tiue 
WII8  published : 

"The  subscribers  are  anxious  to  raise  an  infantry  criiM|,:,|iy 

of  young  men  between  fourteen  and  eighteen  years  of  i.-i-,  i„ 

do  duty  when  calleil  upon  aoiitli  of  the   .Missouri.     Tho-r  iv|,„ 

I   wish  to  Join,  first  obt. lining  the  consent  of  their  pareni',  »il| 

apply  to 

"  EriWAiiii  (-'llAiii  iss, 
".loiiN  Unsfi," 

On  tho  receipt  in  St.  Louis  of  tho  news  nl'  (Jimi, 
Jackson's  victory  at  New  Orleans  on  the  8tl\  of  .lanu. 
ary,  1815,  a  Federal  salute  was  fired,  and  the  liousn 
illuminated  February  18tii,  and  on  tho  2d  of  Muivh 
f('llowiii{»  a  solemn  nia.s8  and  Tc  Dinm  were  eiOi'lualcii 
in  tho  Catholic  Church,  and  a  germoii  was  prraclieil 
by  Father  Savij^ne,  On  the  11th  of  the  same  TiKinth 
the  conclusion  of  peace  with  Great  Britain  was  an- 
tiounced  in  St,  Louis.  After  tho  close  of  tlie  war 
the  followinj;  persons  were  recommended  (in  AiiL'iist, 
1816)  as  commissioners  for  the  county  of  St.  Louis, 
to  take  testimony  in  cases  arising  under  the  "  Act 
aiithoi'iziiii;  the  payment  for  properly  lost,  ciiplurcij, 
or  destroyed  while  in  the  military  service  nf  tlie 
United  States,  and  for  other  purposes,"  to  wit,  .M.  R 
Leduc,  Mattliia.s  McGirk,  Joseph  Charless,  Jo.sliu;! 
Barton,  Henry  S.  Geyor.' 

The  organization  of  Missouri  Territory,  under  the 
act  of  1812,  terminated  tho  sessions  and  business 
of  the  old  Court  of  Common  Pleas.  Rufiis  Ea.sloii 
was  the  first  prothonotary  of  this  and  the  iirecediiii; 
court,  Thomas  F.  Kiddick  the  second,  and  Andiow 
Steele  the  third.  There  were  many  other  ofliiTis  in 
and  around  the  court,  and  a  summary  of  its  different 
appointments  and  the  various  officials  connected  wiili 
it  will  give  the  outline  of  no  small  part  of  its  liiisi- 
nes.s  and  its  functions.  The  presiding  justices  were 
Charles  Gratiot,  appointed  by  Governor  Ilarri.snn,  ainl 
serving  from  Deeember,  1804 ;  Joseph  Brmviie,  a|i- 
pointed  by  Governor  Wilkinson,  and  .serving  frmu 
March,  1806;  Silas  Bent,  appointed  by  Secretaiy anJ 
acting  Governor  Browne,  and  serving  from  June,  1S07; 
and  William  Christy,  appointed  by  Goverimr  Hdwarl, 
and  serving  from  March,  1813.    (But  Mr.  Christy  \m 


'  On  the  1ft  of  May,  l«72,  the  death  at  Manchester  of  .Mai. 
Charles  Clarkson,  "  one  of  the  oldest  and  iiiosi  csl  iambic 'iii- 
lens  of  St,  Louis  Ccuinly,"  was  announced,  Maj.  riarksi'ii  ltl^ 
a  native  of  Kentucky,  and  served  with  credit  in  the  «ar  il 
1812.  He  subsciiiiently  removed  to  .St.  Louis  1  iiiiaty,  :aiJ 
"devoted  himself  to  tho  breeding  of  choice  stock  (in  his  finn 
near  Manchester."  tlordon  llobinson,  another  veteran  ft'  (lie 
war  of  IS12.  died  at  the  residence  in  St.  Louis  of  his  -iiii-in  l.i». 
.lames  W,  Uosobroiigh,  on  tho  llth  of  November,  isr7.  Il<  j 
was  a  native  of  Belfast,  Ireland,  but  emigrated  to  the  I  nittJ  | 
States  in  1797. 


pri«iilirig 
nil  ■  iiiircl 
griss.  whi 
|ii'"|Jc  (Jir 
"('  ''"iiitnii 
abnvi',  of 

a|i|ioiii(mcr 
WiHiii.Mon'i 
luiiiiti'd  by 
(lick  .igain. 
Tile  (if.st  sli 
Hank  ill;  th 
liy  (iovrnioi 

llic  lliird  wa 
nii'iit ;  iho  ft 
fiiM  (Jiivorm 
Jiiliii    W.    T 
Clark  ;  and  t 
a|ip(iiii(ed  by 
cwsiir  liiid  be( 
Tlic  (iepuij 
stead,  /loni   I) 
nor  Harrisiin's 
Gi)vornor,  frot 
fjiiveriKir  liar 
I"'"'");    James 
(iiiveriKir  Wilk: 
May.  IN"»,  byl 
(It'll,  November 
**'asli,  Novemb 
'-•avid  Harton, 
A'lTetary  Hate 
WiJIiaiu  Sulli 
i"  IS04,  by  »p^ 
lie  also  .served  as 
liceiLses  granted 
local  writers  l)a^ 
and  the  need  ft 
luiist  be  reiuoiul 
'itvnses  to  tavern 
'» 'liirty  dollars 

,     ''''lin  Adams,  .\, 
■  "'illiiiui  .'^iillivaii, 

'■'■  'Iwlii  \\-cbst 
;  ^'"''■-  Cliarlcs  Uosse 
I  '"";'■•  Kiuilieii  Vosf 
I  "inlicr,  ismi;  p_ 
I  '''■'("■'Ml,  JmIv,  ISIO 
P'"-''.  'Sll';  Larnl 
[™lilim,  July,  181; 

Ferries : 

'''Wge  lioly,  Dece 

[Jllr.li,     Ijiii;,^     ,^j_     p 


(.jliiniiW'-'  ''I'i- 

Ij.  (Markfiiii  «.i^ 

in  tlie  ""'  "' 

County.  »"' 

U-k  ..n  his  f«'» 

■  hi.-  jon-i"  '«"■ 
l,be,-,  ISTT.    "•  I 
,1  to  the  Vni"^  1 


TKURITOIUAL  (JOVEUNMKNT. 


:ir)7 


pri'"iiliiij;  ji>J(;<'  "f  t^e  Cmirt  of  Mixsoiiri  Territory, 
nil  riilirt'ly  new  i)rf;anizatioii,  umler  a  now  nut  of  Coii- 
)frl•^x.  which  fjroutly  niihirficd  the  opporiunilics  of  the 
iiiiii|ilc  for  HKJf-noVdriiiiionf.)  Tiio  cl(M'kn  of  the  Court 
III'  Coiiinion  PleuH  wuru  (in  adililion  to  thoKO  iiaincd 
ubiivc,  of  whom  KuMton  was  Ooveriior  HarrJMon's 
a|i|>Nintnicnt,  m  was  Ui(]diui(  iikowixo,  and  Stut'lo  wan 
Wilkiiinon's  appointniuiitj  won;  William  ('hristy,  ap- 
jKiiniiMl  by  Sforctnry  Browno,  and  Thomas  F,  Kid- 
ilick  ii).'ain,  reappointed  by  HiHTetury  Frederick  Hates. 
Till'  lii'^t  nherit)',  as  liaH  already  been  told,  was  James 
Haiikiii ;  the  next  was  Josiali  McOlcnalian,  apjiointcd 
hv  (><>vt'rnor  Harrison  and  in  otfiec  fifteen  montlis; 
the  tliii'd  was  Jeremiali  Connor.  Wilkinson's  appoint- 
nii'iit ;  the  fourth,  Alexander  McNair,  afterwards  the 
first  (Jiivornor  of  the  State  of  Missouri;  the  ttllh. 
Jiiliii  W.  Thompson,  was  appointed  by  Governor 
Clark  ;  and  tho  sixtli,  Joseph  C.  Hrowno,  was  also 
a]i|i(iiiiied  by  Governor  Clark,  but  not  until  his  prede- 
tessor  liad  been  six  yours  in  office. 

Till'  deputy  attorney-jronerals  were  Edward  Ilemp- 
stwiil,  Ironi  Ueccmber.  'S()4,an  appointee  of  Gover- 
nor Harrison's;  llufus  ■  sion,  appointed  by  the  same 
Giiveriior,  from  March,  1805;  Edward  Ilcmpsteud, 
(jiiveriior  Harrison's  tliird  appointment,  from  June, 
I'^ll,");  James  h.  Donaldson,  J)ecenibor,  1805,  by 
(liivernor  Wilkinson  ;  Edward  Hempstead  once  more, 
May,  ISOl),  by  Governor  Lewis;  Thomas  T.  Critten- 
dt'ii,  Xdvember,  1810,  by  Governor  Howard;  Robert 
Wash,  November,  1811,  by  Secretary  Bates;  and 
David  Harton,  from  March,  ISliJ,  appointed  also  by 
Si'itetary  Hates. 

William  Sullivan  was  coroner  and  constable  as  early 
as  1S04,  by  appointment  of  Governor  Harrison,  and 
lie  also  .served  as  jailor  and  jail  warden.  The  tavern 
liiciisus  ijranted  between  1804  and  1813  show  that 
local  writers  have  rej^ularly  understated  the  number 
and  the  need  for  these  places  of  entertainment.  It 
must  be  remembered,  moreover,  that  the  charjre  for 
liciiises  to  taverns  increased  from  five  dollars  in  1804 
tu  thirty  dollars  in  1813.     The  list  is  as  follows  : 

I'lilviii  A.lauis,  April,  180,i:  Aiuln'  rAmlrevillo,  April,  180.^; 
'Villiain  Sullivun,  April,  ISO.'i;  Williiiiii  (I'liristy,  DereiiiliiT, 
bii'.;  Ufsin  Wclistcr,  March,  1HII9:  .loaoph  Leblond,  March, 
l^"li;  Cbaric?  liossoron,  March,  ISllUi  Batiste  r,clioau,  .March, 
\'"'i:  Emilieii  Yosti,  .March,  ISOD;  Joseph  Blssonnette,  No- 
vember, 18011;  F.  .Tounlaiii  Lalirosse,  July.  1810  j  Henry 
I  fa].ron,  Jnly,  1810;  Charles  Scliewe  ttn<l  Frederick  Weber, 
|.M;u,li.  ISII;  Lambert  Lajciio  (.-^alle).  .March,  1X11;  Joseph 
[  PMIiliort,  July,  1812;  Michel  Marli,  July,  1812. 

Ferries ; 

liiorge  Holy.  December,  1804,  Msrmnec  :  John  It.  nelland, 
iMmli,  isa.i,  ,>;t.    Charles;    George   .Sniirl,  Soptoiiibcr,   1800, 


Maraniec:  Nallniiiid  riirponter,  Mnrcli,  IS07,  .^t.  I.oiiii; 
Slliis  llc'iit,  June,  I8U7.  t'ahcikiii;  Sainiiel  ,><oliini<>n.  March, 
ISII'.I,  .si|.  I.oiiis. 

Under  the  act  of  CoiifjroHs  of  June,  IHl'J,  the 
people  of  St.  liouis  for  the  first  time  bi'j.'an  to  taste 
tiio  fruits  of  soMiethinj;  like  "  home  rule.  "  Tho 
President  appointed  tho  (Jovernor  and  .selected  tho 
"  Legislative  t'ouneil,"  but  tho  House  of  Ueprescntn- 
tives  was  elective,  and  the  Territory  became  entitled 
to  its  delejiale  in  Congress.  The  first  Territorial  court 
met  on  the  first  Monday  in  March,  181;{,  with  Wil- 
liam Christy  presidinj;.  Tho  a8.Mociato  justices  were 
David  I'.  Walker,  Anjruste  Chouteau,  and  Georp! 
Tompkins,  and  the  errand  jury  had  Horace  Austin 
for  its  foreman,  the  members  boin;;  Julius  do  Miin, 
Jolin  MeKni,i.'ht,  James  Irwin,  Francis  M.  Beiioit, 
Charles  Davis,  Peter  Primm,  Matthew  Primni,  Charles 
Sauguinet,  Joseph  Bush,  John  A.  Bri);ht,  JaiucH 
Thomas,  James  Anderson,  Benjamin  Quick,  Samuel 
Solomon,  and  Judathun  Kendall.  David  Barton  made 
bis  first  appearance  aB  deputy  attorney-j;encral. 

The  first  act  of  the  elective  Lejiislature  was  to  fix 
a  standard  of  wei;.;hts  and  measures,  tho  next  to 
provide  for  a  census,  A  sheriff  was  to  be  appointed 
for  each  county  every  two  years ;  the  Court  vt'  Com- 
mon Pleas  was  reorfianized,  with  three  judges  for  each 
county,  appointed  for  four  years  each,  and  tliree  terms 
to  be  held  each  year, — in  St.  Louis  on  the  third  Mon- 
day in  February,  the  first  Monday  in  June,  and  tho 
third  Monday  in  September, —  tlic  clerk,  or  pro- 
thonotary  of  the  county,  to  be  likewise  recorder  of 
deeds. 

This  Legislature  further  proceeded  to  incorporate 
the  Bank  of  St.  Louis,  witli  a  list  of  notable  names, 
headed  by  Aujiustc  Chouteau,  as  corporators.  It  set 
u  regular  day  for  elections,  instituted  county  courts, 
arranged  for  judicial  circuits,  and  provided  for  pro- 
ceedings in  appeal  and  e(|uity.  In  subse(|uent  pro- 
ceedings of  the  Legislature,  now  fairly  launched  in 
business,  the  courts  were  further  recoiistruetcd,  und  in 
1810  steps  were  taken  to  secure  a  .suitable  site  and 
build  a  jail  for  tho  city  and  county.  A  market-house 
had  been  constructed  some  years  before,  engine  com- 
panies started,  and  .several  municipal  regulations  es- 
tablished to  prevent  fires.  One  of  the  earliest  lotteries 
in  St.  Louis  was  permitted  to  assist  in  raising  throe 
thousand  dollars  or  under  for  tho  equipment  of  a  fire 
company.  Of  this  lottery,  Auguste  Chouteau,  Wm.  C. 
Carr,  Theodore  Hunt,  Henry  Von  Phul,  and  Thomas 
F,  Riddick  were  the  commissioners.  In  tiie  same 
year  (1817)  another  lottery  was  instituted  to  provide 
money  to  build  a  Masonic  Hall. 

About   the  middle  of   July,   1815,    Portage  des 


H' 


;     _■ 


ill 


il 

-'!■:  ill 

■  ii5:l| 

m 


H< 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Sioux,  in  St.  Cliarles,  wiis  tho  scene  of  some  stirring 
and  important  events.  At  that  time  and  place  a  large 
number  of  deputies  or  delegates  from  the  Northwest- 
ern tribes  of  Indians  met  tlie  commis.sioners  of  the 
United  States  government  for  the  purpuse  of  nego- 
tiating treaties  of  peace.  The  commissioners  were 
Governor  Clark,  of  Missouri  Territory,  and  superin- 
tendent of  Indian  affiiirs  west  of  the  Mississippi 
River,  Governor  Edwards,  of  Illinois,  and  superin- 
tendent of  Intlian  affairs  in  that  Territory,  and  Hon. 
Aug.  Chouteau,  of  St.  Louis  ;  Robert  Wash  being 
secretary  of  the  eonimission,  and  Brig.-Gen.  Dodge 
being  present  with  a  strong  inililary  force  to  pre- 
serve the  peace  and  guard  against  surprise  or 
treachery.  One  of  the  old  citizens  of  St.  Charles 
once  eonsi.lted  a  lawyer  as  to  whether  he  was  enlitled 
to  bimiity  land  under  the  laws  of  the  I'niled  State.-, 
he  having  been  engaged  in  the  service  of  the  govern- 
ment about  two  weeks  at  'hat  time  in  driving  a  cart 
for  some  purpose.  He  welt  remembered  the  occasion 
of  this  conference,  in  connection  with  which  his 
hauling  was  done.  The  lime  from  .July  to  October, 
1815,  was  consiinied  in  making  treaties  witli  the 
several  tribes,  treaties  being  made  witli  the  Potta- 
wattamios,  Piankesbaws,  Sion.\  or  Pakotahs,  Mahas, 
Kiekapoos,  Sacs,  Fo.kcs,  Great  and  Little  Osages, 
lowas,  and  Kaws.  The.se  treaties  pacified  these  tribes 
for  many  year.i  afterwards. 

Among  those  who  helped  to  promote  the  growth 
of  St.  Louis  at  this  time  by  legilinn-te  enterprise  and 
honorable  inchistry  was  Antoine  Chenier,  who  was 
born  at  La  Pointe  Claire,  Canada,  on  the  14th  of 
April,  17(5!^ ;  the  house  in  which  he  was  born  is  still 
standing  on  a  portion  of  the  tamily  estate,  His  an- 
cestors were  settled  in  (Quebec  in  1651.  lie  was  one 
of  seven  children,  and  was  sent  at  the  age  of  eleven 
years  to  the  College  ol'  .Montreal.  On  leaving  school 
he  engaged  in  active  business,  entering  the  Canadian 
fur  Company  known  as  "  L'Ktoiie  du  Nord."  In  later 
years  Mr.  ('henier  often  related  many  interesting  in- 
cidents happening  while  lie  was  trading  with  the 
Indians  at  Niagara  Falls. 

The  spirit  of  adventure  so  cliaraeleristic  of  the  Ca- 
nadians prompted  him  to  gci  West  and  explore  its 
wilds.  Arriving  in  St.  Louis  in  1795,  he  soon  after 
enter(!il  the  service  of  the  leading  Mis.souri  fur-traders, 
and  maile  many  trips  to  tlie  Rocky  .Mountains.    He 

ke  fluently  several  Indian  languages,  and  was  a 
man  of  great  influence  among  the  savage  tribes. 

In  ISOO  he  marri.'d  Marie  Therese  Papin,  daugh- 
ter of  Jean  Marie  Papin  and  Marie  Louise  Chouteau 
(sister  of  Pierre  Chouteau). 

Autoine  Chonier's  residence  was  on  the  north  side 


of  Market  Street,  between  Main  and  Second,  IL  was 
of  a  genial  disposition,  and  liis  home  was  provirlijal 
for  it-s  hospitality.  He  left  seven  children, — Antdiin. 
Leon  Chenier  (married  to  Mi.xs  Julia  de  Man),  .Inks 
Chenier  (married  to  Miss  Josephine  Lane),  Mrs.  (i,.|i 
Bernard  Pratte,  Mrs.  Dr.  Auguste  Masure,  I>!is.  Jn. 
sepli  S,  Pease,  and  Mrs.  Gourd,  Mrs.  Pratte  aiiil 
Mrs.  Giiurd  alone  survive;  the  latter  has  been  ii  ifsi- 
dent  for  many  years  of  Lyons,  France, 

Antoine  Chenier  was  of  a  distinguished  iMiiiilv, 
being  descended  from  the  Cheniers  of  France.  Tlii- 
circumstance  did  not  prevent  his  taking  a  lively  iiiiii. 
est  it)  tlic  prosperity  of  the  infiint  .settlement  of  Si, 
Louis,  It  is  related  that  in  the  early  history  nf  ih,. 
place,  when  not  one  brick  had  been  placed  ii|iuii 
another  in  the  form  of  a  human  habitation,  his  IVioinls. 
knowing  hii:i  to  pos.sess  large  capital,  suggested  lo  Jiim 
the  need  of  a  bakery  for  the  town.  Consef(uentlv  lie 
sent  to  Canada  and  imported  a  baker  and  esialijislitj 
him  in  the  baking  biisine.ss,  whieli  was  eoiidiaiiil  i 
long  time  without  a  competitor,  and  proved  vi>ry  li|. 
crative.  Later  the  establishment  was  sold  tn  DanW 
D.  Page,  who  afterwards  became  a  prominent  imnktr. 
Thus  may  Mr.  Chenier  be  regarded  in  a  certain  .s,.||., 
as  a  pioneer  in  one  of  the  largest  and  most  neicv^arv 
industries  of  which  St.  Louis  can  now  boast. 

Mr.  Chenier  was  cousin  of  Dr.  Jean  Olivia  ClKnitr, 
of  Quebec,  distinguished  during  the  Canadian  \lu. 
lution  of  1887.  Dr.  Chenier  was  killed  at  the  chiirili 
door  of  St,  Eustache,  which  ho  was  defending.  Tlio 
CaiKidians  have  erected  a  monument  to  him  in  tli. 
eliurchyard  as  one  of  their  heroes. 

i  Mr,  Chenier  died  May  I'G,  1842,  leaving  a  liaml- 
some  estate.  He  passed  away  beloved  and  rc^in'itiil 
as  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  esteeim  d  Kreiicli  iv-j. 

;  dents  of  St,  Lnuis,  Mis  descendants  are  (■(Miiiccn  j 
witli  some  of  the  :!>ost  ])romincnt  families  of  ilic  ci'v. 
The  town  bad  now  begun  to  grow  very  r:i|ii(liv. 
Land  speculations  occupied  the  attention  of  every  I'lir. 
and  attracted  the  attention  of  many  strani;i'is.  int 
legitimate  business  altraeted  inanylikewi.se.  A  luiv. 
paper  of  the  day  ii'iiiarks  that 

*'-iiu't'  itiir  nmtif*  Iiave  bcuoine  drv  iind  trnvt'Iiiij;  !•*  n'tiitri-i 
ii(;r<'L'iil)li',  our  tnwiis  jiml  village!"  nro  ciuwileil  with  stiaiiiiT-c 
pur^iiil  of  land,  etc.  Wc  iiro  rijuicud  to  loam  llinl  iii|iiiali3! 
arc  noH  in  ppaicli  of  a  placi'  to  ercol  iron-work!'.  Iliili  inu  -e 
has  licLMi  found  on  tlic  Maranico  and  lli'  triluitnrv  "alcrs  iV 
baiilt..'  of  111!  ftur  rivers  and  creelis  indicate  the  |i(is,.t'^siii!!  if 
various  minerals  ;  indeed,  we  only  want  men  (d'seienoo,  iiii;' 
try,  and  enleriirise  to  develop  llie  nil){lit\-  resouree?  iif  lliif  mi 
tere.sliiij;  eountry.     A    fertile  soil,  val:ialile  niiue^  ii  I'lir  .ml 

peltry    trade  ealeulaled   to   employ   a   eiipital    to  tin  i W'H  I 

anoiiint  are  only  n  part  of  the  inducements  whieli  uuist  p" 

this  eiMintry  adeeided  preference  to  Hoy  of  her  sifter  Ion  ilnrif, 

"  Wo  learn  that  the  Missouri  traders  have  lieen  suooi'sMulilii' 


H<    WHS 

pri)Vi-v\ii;il 
— Aiiiiiiiio 
uii").  ■lub 

Mrs.  Cell. 

>,  I>Ii>.  .Ill- 
l»ratt('  ami 
oei'ii  11  i\'.>i- 

hed  i';iiuily, 
jnce.  Tlii- 
lively  iiittv- 

lllLMlt    (if  St. 

story  "f  til.' 
jiUiceil  uimii 
1,  his  Irioiiils. 
;c'Sti'(l  to  liilii 
isi'HUoiiily  li'' 
,d  esiiiblislial 
conilneti'il  ;i 
roved  vory  lu- 
solil  til  Diiiii'i 

llilH'Ilt  lllllllitT. 

;i  certiiiii  si'ii-i 
most  in'co.'iivy 
boast. 

Olivia  Clu'iiiir. 
Canadian  ll'V- 


at  till'  flui 
■iViidiiiii 
to  liiiii  ill 


Tlk' 

til..' 


eavinii' 


am 


1  ri'sixH- 


;1  Froncli  ir-l 

are  eoiiiietifl 

lilii'S  of  tin-  L'i'y. 

|w   very  raiiiiliy. 

,  (if  I'vory  one. 

imt 


Iv  straiiiiors 


lewise. 


A  now- 


livi-iiiit,'  i*  •■'■"•"";' 

.,1  Willi  <ti;iiii:"^ 'i^ 
rn  llmt  r)\M-&'» 


IriliuliU'V 
III'  till-  1" 
|,.|l  nf  si'iom'i'. 


«:\tor«,  fiw 


iiilii' 


L'i<iiur<'C' 


litiil   I"  "" 


,if  l\iif  in 
fur  iinl 
iniiiifiiw  I 


,,l,  whi.'li  mii»I  I!"' 
|l,i-V.'l*l.'f'l'«"'"'"'; 


,  \,orn  i-iii'*''''' 


M'ul  iW' 


y,.    -   ,*.     . 


':'  :.4' 


i^:-. 


■^'^M 


.kl:.: 


■if'  'i^ 


■f,;."' 


-  It'^s 


■  %       ,  ■    ■■■ :  .  ■;   '■    ■.  ■■'1  ■■  .'  ■•.  v: 


.■■■  ■■;••■■■■■  l,-'- 

V, :/;?;;:' >:?(:: 


'  '  ■.•■,•■   ■r'  '     K    "■    1?  iVt  '.'Lii  *'■        V--,-,,  ■   ■     ».  "i.'i-  ■'  VI 


■    ■■■„  ■'■^■v'.i;    ;.  <*^t-'  -V  'li! 

.■,.     'f.  ■    V     I,'    .%  ft  .  >  p-    ,;.'^'t.i| 


SR8 


ITTPTOPV    OF   SATV^    THTTTS 


iVit 


»':\^'^ 


Sii.ux,  in  ;■>',  riiuili:.-,  was  ]u  sceiic  ol  .-imih-  «iiiiii)kr 
nU'J  iiu[vnrfat<l  cvpiits.  At  ilint  liiui'  rifij  pliicfii  liiri^B 
iiiHiilit.'i"  oi'  (iopiituw  or  dpl(v,'ut(!-i  from  t  ■  Norfliw-vst 
tci  li;!"'.*  of  iniiiiiiiM  iml  tin-  comiu!  >tiiiu>v of  tlio 
T  r  :riU  Sti\tti.'>  linveninant  for  thi  [uup'i.M'  r.!'  nocji. 
■J.  irflatif*  of  jiciitv.  Tim  conmii.-sioiit'r!'  were 
(Jov.rnor  Clark,  of  Misfniiri  TiM'riinrv.  anil  sujicrin- 
icti'i-'iii  <<C  liiiliiii)  ;i!fiiir!'  west  (if  vhi-  Mis'-isnijijii 
111. If,  !r.venri>r  Edwards,  of  illi' ■■•,>.  lanl  siipuriii- 
fi.iididt  vf  IivH.m  atfiiiv:-  in  ihui  TfrritDr', ,  nid  Hon. 
Auf;.  ClitiulcHU,  of  St.  Li)iii.>  ;  li.ibort  Wii.sh  bclrii: 
-ucreiary  of  llie  ooniinisbinu.  and  Hri;.'  (J' n.  iJcilgi' 
boiti;r  pn'.KCiK  with  a  .•^iii'ii.'  uiilirarv  f"rci-  u,  pre- 
si-rv<>  -til'  i..vi  •■■  ;iriil  inmrij  a'...i)"'-i  oiiiririMi  or 
;!■■  ■•■■  ■■  ■   ■'■      v)ld  citi/t  ■  ■     Charles 

0111-''  ci  !;miHi:  1  ji  ia.Av:;  ;!.>«  lo  wlitjtln.     ■.,   u:is  oiitided 
(o  bounty  land  under  ihu  Inwa  of  ilu-   I'niU'd  .Stutefi,  : 
be  hiiving  bci'ii  i;iiuiif;ed  in  the  .stTvice  of  the  ijovi.tii- 
■>•  •      ■     k.s  ;it   tbiit  tiuio  in  drivinji  a  (uir( 

It.-  Will  rijmcnibi'.ri^i  (In-  u'C;i-i.  ii 

'■tinortion    with    wliiiii    ; 
I  iu    time   Iroin   .Inly  to  (Ktoli'i, 

■■  i     1-    li'iikinfj  tri'atitss  with   Lli<! 

'■•■  niude  with  the   J'otta- 

1  '    .  .  :i;:.s!i.^Vf ,   'ion.v   or    J'akoiuUH,  Maba?', 

"^;i,»     Fipxo.-i.   CtViM    u!oi    Miije   0'=a_nflf, 
1    v  IS  :iiid  K.iwc*.     Tlip-Ho  triMtie,<  imcilJetJ  these  tribi>  • 
tm  tnrtny  y>'ars  afierwanU, 

A'ri(it:;r  llir'i     vlio   hi;l|n-d   to  promote   tin-   f.;rowtl>  ! 
'  ■  '  ilii»  titna  by  ioi^itiinnte  enterprise  and 

ill  iiii;i'M.'  :i  uistry  vsms  Ar.toine  flionii  r,  who  wus 
biii-n  at  l,;i  Poind-  Cliiire,  t.'aiiailii,  on  i!k'  1-Kh  of 
April,  17<i>>;  iln-  house.  i<i  whi.  Ii  ii.  w;,s  1. mi  is  sii:) 
.1  of  fill!  (aruih  esljiiv.  His  an- 
n  t^ut»l>.;c  ill  11)51  liewisone 
of  stnvTi  chiMr.  ■(.  and  was  sont  tif  lliv  vj.-  of  plev(>tl 
yoaif  to  do-  ('  ili.*;;.)  iif  Muiitri-at.  On  It-avirjj;  school 
bo  t'nua/.'d  in  n.iivi-  buMitn.'^s,  i'ni<:rtn;;  ito  ('aiwdian 
ftir  oo»>pat)y  kuo*M  ah  "  L'i'itoil.^  dii  Noid. "  lo  laf«r 
V'ttti-'  '^"  ■':■'(  ofitsii  it'Iai'Ml  many  in'Ti'stint;  in-  ' 

<i  l"ii  ■  'iji;  while   111'    wv.i    (radinvr  with   flic 

liidi.ilis  nt  NiHyii-u  Falls 

I'll  '  liara 'tiTiMit  of  the  iV- 

ii«li'|       '    ■  '  _      Wist    .lud  txploro  its 

*iid.>4.     Arriving  in  St.  Unm  in  1795.  lin  Mi.,n  nthir 

■     '■•!  till'  s.'rvio.^of  the  li'adin;:  .MiH.-oiiri  fur-trtidor.H, 

.:    -i«.''  itiatiy  i.-ip*  f<i  tin    Uocky  MotiMtairm.     lie 

Illy  .'■•flveral   Itsdiio?  Intij.'Via^tf^.  and  H.m  a 

'    I  iiiflncnci'  atiioiii:;  tin'  t-ava^i-  tribi;.. 

Ill   'riani.d   Marie  TIo'tlw  I'apiii.  da  tt;h- 

I'  o'le  I'apiii  arid  Mario  liOttiae  Cboiitiwu 

v  •  iiteau). 

■    )(■•  idi'liCl'   Wio.    .,11    I'li-    JL.tllc    sid'i 


oi  iMarkiM  Street,  botwson  Main  an,!  Scicom. 
of  a  trt'iiial  disposition,  and  bi.s  Iiojiii;  nra< 
ti(f  it.s  bospilahty.     He  left  seven  iliildrei. 
FiCoii  Cheiiier  (niarrii'd  to  Miss  Julia  de  .'I 
<.!beiiit-r  ( tnarrii'd  to  Miss  Jojiepliitie  Lane 
IJeriiard   I'ratte.  Mrs.  Dr.  Augiiste  Masn; 
Si'jih  S.  rea.se.  and  Mrs.  Gourd.     Mr,-?,    i 
.Mr.-i.  Gourd  alone  survive,  t,ho  liitti-r  lla^  ii 
den*  for  many  years  of  Lyoi).-;,  Fraiiee. 

Antoine  (•lotiicr    was   rd'  a  di.-!iini;ui:-: 
bi'iii;,"  de^eendxi  from  the  t'beniers  of  I's 
I.  iivniii.-itaiiee   'M  not  prevent  hii  takin;:  ,v  . 
e.si   ill  the  prosperity  of  ili,>  iiil'aiit  >etil. 
Louis.      It  is  r  lated  that  in  the  varly  ';>■- 
plaee,  when   not  one  brick    bad   been   ; 
another  in  the.  form  <da  huiiiaii  babitntii,'. 
knowing;  biin  to  po.^Hess  largr.  c  iiiitai,  fe; 
the  need  of  a  bakery  for  the  town,     i   . 
sent  to  Canud.i  and  imported  a  baki'r  awl 
l^i  II  in  the  baking  b\Hiiie.s.s,  vfbieb  «•• 

■  time  without  a  e.,iupetilur,  an<i 
i.-itiiiVf       l.<af.cr  the  ('stabli>bmeiii  w 
l>.  l'.H',ii'   who  aflorwaids  became  a  pi 
Thus  iM»>   Mr,  rbeider  bo  regarded  ii. 
11-  u  ;  '.  I     ;  .be  larL'est  ,ie.' 

iodiiwii  ■     ,    .;.  |,ouis  eaii  ii.i^ 

Mi   Ctieni'r  wiw  exmsia  of  Dr.  Jea 
ol'  (^tuebte,  distinirtiished  durin.ir  th 
hition  of  18M",.    Dr  Chonier  wa-.  '„i!l' 
door  of  St.  Kiiittaebe.  whieb  lie  w  , 
Canadian.*!  have  erected  a  niomiiin-.  • 
cliiih'hyard  as  one  of  the'-r  beri/cs. 

Mr.  Cheiiier  dieil  May  20,  IStlJ.  I. sue 
-  iiiii;  ei-tate.     Tie  passed  away  bol."  ■ 
as  one  uf  the  oldest  and  most  esin. 
dents  of  St.  Louis,      tli.s  de.soend.ti. 
with  fiomo  ot  the  MioM.  pioliiineii. 

The  town  had  now  bejrun  i. 
Land  S!pecul!ition.s  ncetipind  the  a  ■ 
and   aitniottd   the  atltnition  of  luai'- 
lesiiitniitebusincsa  attracted  uianylik.- 
piip-r  of  the  day  icniarka  that 

•'.•met!  imr  roailn  IiiitO  beooiuo  lir.v  iti»l  M-n 
ii^rooBlili'.  >iiir  t'lHTHr  io..i  villiufi'"  .iri4  ■• 
liHuti.t  III  Iriiiil,  olo.     MV  nil*  i''j>.ic«i|   : 
Ml'  nnw  in  n.'aicli  of  u  [iliii'i;  l.i  iiiwt  iri-h-  •  •.,»-. 
liii.  i.'.-eu  fiiiin>l  If.)  tlic  Mnruiuoe  nti.l  ■'••  •-(So-. 
banki  uf  III!  1x11    rivoni  mid  ijreeln  >. 
vi»ri<iiis  iniin'mlni  inilwil.  wr  on!,)  «i  i 
(r.v,  ant  BMliii|.riiic  Iw  (In,  cliip  llif  iii(i;|ily  ii'sniir 
tiTi-illii^  o.'Uiitrv,     A   fii-lik'  «i.il,  viilnnliip  ■..• 
|ieftry   tiadi'  mii.  ulaU'.l   l»   i'ii'fil...v    n     ;i|.ii 
.iinnniit  ntt  nnly  «  |mil  uf  tlin  iMliainiiii'ii'' 
I'  !•  '■■Minlrymlioiili.d  prrl'uriiipe  Imny  of  1»  i 
"  \* V  lenrn  tl.ivl  fli«  Mlf-<iiri  Irntlci*  .im(>  »•  fn  •■.' 


C^yn-^-- 


^C^-t^T^XJl^ 


T 


J    ^  \ 


.!    "     J* 


\\\ 

:i    i! 


ill 


i 


year 

very  fc 

|■llr^. 

IVovisif 

.«!•.'  1 

■  Sl.j  |ii 

coini' 

nil  Orle 

ei'Di- 

per  pom 

higl. 

mil  in  1 

bri.^k 

V  lit  SI 

venture  to  nss| 

wouli 

yielilal 

E(lwards,| 

prifi 

cuireii 

licef,  oi 

liit'iid, 

liuttor. 

IJcenwa 

Candle.. 

ChfOM'. 

'* 

Hoards 

Cider 

roll'ec,  [ 

C.ilton, 

'•        V 

VoiltluT 

Flour,  n 

••       h 

drain  : 

Giin|M)w 
Hides,  p 
Iliiiiis,  p 
Hogs'  It) 
Hears'  la 
Honey, 

■  The  irrowt 
city  dill  oiict 
save  to  tho  d 
populiitioii  of 
\V.  Tlioiiipsoi 
of  taxation,  a 
and  2000  in 
121)0  ill  the  c 
census  of  18i 
CiHinty,  of  w 
townsiiit'ii  of 
sus  giive  1 1 ,8 
the  city. 

There  is  bu 
11  city  all  at  oi 
niiisi  111'  sL'])ar 
tiilf  iif  iiiiinii; 
pie.  nay,  thoy 
die  plains  and 


'  111  ISI8  thof 
•  Sfkuleil  Vellov 
VTiiiiiii  whelhe 
buiil-.iin.l  to  entn 
luKntoiic.  The  e: 
in  1^1^,  under  CO 
Rmiiin.iiKell-k 
Was  lin  iiniirlif  ol 


TERRITORIAL  GOVERNMENT. 


35y 


vciir :  very  few  hftve  arrived,  nor  onn  we  yet  quote  the  price  of  | 
I'lirs.  I'rovisions  continue  liigli, — auporfine  flour  #10,  bacon  from 
■:l'.'  1 1  .'?15  per  cwt.  (Iroccriea  nitc  as  usual,  very  liigti,  viz. : 
coriit'Hin  Orleans  sugar  rct^iiN  ut  2.')  cents  per  pound,  eotlec  50 
ccni-  per  pound.  Hoards  iintl  setintting  <>untinue  cxtravaj^antly 
high  and  in  great  demand.  Nine-ineli  and  (Mglith  boards  sell 
bri^lilv  at  #1  to  .'?4,50  per  100  feet.  There  is  no  doubt,  and  we 
venture  to  assert,  that  a  steam  saw-mill  established  ut  this  place   j 

woul'l  vli'ld  tt  greater  proflt  than  half  a  dozen  large  stores." 

I 

Edwards,  in  his  "  Great  West,"  furnishes  a  retail  ; 
prie'o  current  of  the  same  period,  viz. : 

licef,  on  foot,  per  cwt $4.00               ' 

Itrcad,  ship,  none 

lliitter,  per  pound 26 

liceswax,  "'          25               j 

Caudles,    "            25               1 

t^hi'csc.       '■            12i 

"      common,  per  pound 

Hoards  (none  In  market) 

Cider     (nunc  In  market) 

ColVee,  per  pound 50 

Clton,     "            40 

'■       yarn  Xo.  10 1.25 

Fiiithcrs.  per  pound 50 

I'lour,  per  barrel,  superfine,  in  demand....  16.00 

"       horsc-Tiiill,  fine,  per  cwt..  6.00 

drain:    Wheal,  per  bushel I.OO 

Hyc.           "            62i 

Uarlev,       "            75 

Corn."         "             ,15 

Oats,          '■■            ;i7 

(iiiupowder,  per  pound 1.00 

Uiilcs,  per  piece 2.75 

IImiiis.  ]ior  pouml 12 

Hogs'  lard,  per  ])ound 12 

Dears' lard,      "            1.50 

Honey,             "           1.00 

The  jrrowth  of  population  was  remarkable  when  the 
city  did  once  begin  to  grow.  The  census  of  1810 
cave  to  the  district  of  St.  Louis  (town  and  county)  a 
population  of  56fi7  in  all.  In  1815,  Sheriff  John 
\V.  Tlioiupson  took  a  census  of  St.  Louis  for  purpo.scs 
of  taxation,  and  found  7395  persons  in  the  county, 
and  -1)00  in  the  town  of  St.  Louis,  a  jrrowth  of 
1200  in  the  county  in  two  years.  The  United  States 
ooiisus  of  1820  gave  9732  as  the  population  of  the 
touiity,  of  whom  about  4000  are  estimated  to  be 
townsmen  of  St.  Louis.  In  1828  the  sheriff's  cen- 
sus i;ave  11,880  people  to  the  county,  and  5000  to 
tlu'  city. 

There  is  but  little  more  to  add.  St.  Louis  became 
a  city  all  at  once,  and  the  history  of  the  municipality 
must  tu;  sujiarately  treated.  The  steamboat  and  the 
tide  of  iiiimigration  revolutionized  the  place  and  peo- 
[ile.  nay,  they  transformed  even  the  wild  savages  in 
the  plains  and  mountains  to  the  westward. ' 

'  111  IS  18  the  government  of  the  United  .'^tatcs  projected  the 
rtk'liriitod  Vellowstoiie  expedition,  the  objects  of  which  were  to 
a-ocitiiiii  whether  the  .Missouri  Kivcr  was  navigable  by  steam- 
b'Kil-.iiiKl  III  establish  a  line  of  forts  from  its  mouth  to  tlie  Yel- 
I'wstiiiio.  The  expedltiim  started  from  I'hittsburgh,  New  York, 
iiibb,  under  command  of  Col.  Henry  Atkinson.  (Jen.  Nathan 
liaiiuey.a  well-known  citizen  of  St.  Louis,  not  long  agodeceased, 
(ai  un  iiihivlif  of  this  expedition :  also  Oapt.  Wni.  D.  Hubb«ll, 


We  have  given  several  lists  of  tax-payers  in  the 
course  of  this  volume.  We  give  here  a  selection  from 
the  leading  names  on  the  list  of  1821,  just  preceding 
the  incorporation  of  the  city.  The  list  includes  in 
all  four  hundred  and  twenty-nine  tax-payers;  of  these 
the  principal  eighty-five  are  here  given,  with  the 
amounts  for  which  they  were  assessed ; 

liosscron,  Charles $0,22) 

IJertliold,   llarlholoinew 7.000 

Hales,  Kdward 1,000 

Hob,  .lohn 2,S0a 

Henolst,  Toussuiu  A  .'^eraphiii 1,200 

Chcnler,  Antolne iM7.'i 

Clark,  (lovernor  William O.'.I.'IO 

Chambers,       'Miain 1,200 

Chouteau,  .'-..,  ,'ierri' 1:!,II25 

Chouteau,  Sr.,  Auguste !1.I(I5 

Iluchoiiuette,  Hapllste :!,.'iOO 

L>uch<muelte,  Frun^-ois 1,215 

Duncan,  Kobert I.Sfl:. 

Kverheart,  tieorge 720 

afterwards  a  citizen  of  Columbia,  Missouri.  It  arrived  at  Pitts- 
burgh in  the  spring  of  ISl'J,  where  Cul.  S.  11.  Long,  of  the 
topographical  engineers  of  the  United  Slates  army,  had 
constructed  the  '*  Western  Engineer."  a  small  steamer  to  bo 
used  by  him  and  his  scientific  corps  in  jiionecring  the  expedi- 
tion to  the  mouth  of  the  Yellowstone. 

In  1874,  (ien.  Kanney  presented  to  the  Mi.ssouri  Historical 
Society  the  following  historical  incmornndum  for  incorporating 
in  the  scrap-book  of  the  association:  In  1818-10,  MaJ.  Long, 
of  the  United  States  topographical  engineers,  built  a  steamboat 
at  Pittsburgh  for  exploring  the  Western  waters  to  the  Yellow- 
atone  Kivcr.  The  boat  was  christened  the  "  Western  Kiiglneer." 
On  its  stern  (other  authorities,  and  we  believe  them  correct,  say 
the  image  of  the  serpent's  head  |irojected  from  tlic  prow  instead 
of  the  stern  of  the  vessel),  running  from  the  keel,  was  the  image 
of  a  huge  serpent  painted  black,  with  mouth  red  and  its  tongue 
the  color  of  a  live  coal.  The  steam  exhausted  from  the  mouth 
of  the  serpent,  which  led  the  Indians  to  look  upon  it  with  aston- 
ishment and  wonder.  They  saw  In  it  the  power  oi'  the  Oreat 
Spirit,  and  thought  the  boat  was  carried  on  the  back  of  the 
great  serpent.  Many  were  afraid  to  go  near  it.  and  lookeil  upon 
the  machinery  of  the  craft  with  especial  awe.  The  boat  was  in 
command  of  Lieut.  Swift,  Ihough  his  name  was  In  no  wise  ap- 
plicable to  the  traveling  capacity  of  the  steamer.  As  a  means 
of  e.\ploratiim  she  proved  a  success.  She  was  a  side-wheeler, 
and  the  first  boat  to  ascend  the  upper  Missouri. 

TliB  boat  arrived  in  St.  Louis  .June  8,  ISld,  and  on  the  2l6t 
of  the  same  month,  in  company  with  the  governinent  steamers 
"  Expedition."  (!apt.  Craig,  "  Thomas  Jefl'erson,"  (^i]it.  Orfort, 
and  "  U.  M.  .lohnson,"  Capt.  Colfax,  and  nine  keel-boats  (the 
keel-boats  had  been  fitted  out  with  wells  and  luasls  by  Aaron 
Sutton,  the  father  of  Uichanl  D.  Sulton,  a  well-known  citizen 
of  St.  Louis)  left  on  their  long  and  perilous  voyage.  Their  en- 
trance into  the  mouth  of  the  Missouri  Uiver  was  signalized  by 
music,  waking  the  echoes  of  the  forest  wilds,  and  by  the  stream- 
ing of  flags  in  the  breeze.  It  was  the  intention  of  those  in 
charge  of  the  expedition,  out  of  respect  lo  ex-President  Jefl'er- 
son. who  had  done  so  much  to  acquire  Louisluiia,  to  .iward  the 
honor  of  the  first  entrance  to  the  steamer  bearing  the  name  i 
but  an  accident  to  her  machinery  caused  a  teiuporury  ilelay, 
and  therefore  the  entry  was  made  by  the  "  Ex|iedilion, "  which 
slowly  steamed  iier  way  lo  Fort  Hellotnutnine,  situated  about 
four  miles  from  the  entrance  of  the  river.  Afterwards  Ihey 
(irocecded  on  their  voyage,  the  "  .Jefl'erson,"  however,  near  Cdto 
sans  Desioin,  being  wrecked  on  a  snag  and  lost. 


360 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


;l(     i' 


\ 


\L 


Knglish.  Klkniiiih $1,02(1 

Ki-sex  .t  llimgh ;t,«00 

Forsyth,  Thuiiiii^ 2,215 

Fftrrcii  .V  Walker,  Drs 1,700 

Fiirriir,  Buriiani  O .'i,700 

Fiirgi'siin,  I'uler I,'.l2j 

Finney,  John 24« 

Gcycr,  Honry  S •t,li:iO 

Gnilidt,  Cliark's,  est f<,:;ilO 

Giinibic,  Archibald 2,:i0fl 

GiJdinK!",  Salmon 1,200 

Hunt,  Wilson   P flOO 

Ha\?kin,  .lm;iil) 5;i0 

Ilanley,  Thuinas 8,5;i0 

Hunt.  Thooilore 1,200 

]laniinun<l,  Saniiiul 7,000 

Konnerly.  .laincii 6,12.') 

Kcnnerly,  .lames  .t  (ieorge 8,000 

Kerr,    \M\  A  Co 20,0110 

Kerr.  Matthew :i,(')00 

Lisa's,  est 10,005 

Labailie,  Maria  Antoinette,  ei>t 5,000 

Liniiell,  .John    A    ("o,,  eoiiiposeil  of  Peter. 

Jesse,  anil  .lolin  l< 5,050 

LabeMiime,  Louis,  o."t  .'100 

I.aveille,  l'rani;oise,.,  •II. 'i 

hong,  (iubriol 2,000 

liakeniin.  James 1,720 

Lee.  Mary  Ann 1,720 

Lane.  U'i'iliiim  Oarr 1,000 

Labba.lie,  Joseph  L I..i25 

Landreville,  Andre 7,>>75 

Leeom|>tc,  Margaret 9,;!o.'> 

Lueas.  ,Iohn  H.  (' 10,000 

JIulliin|ihy,  .lohn (<.IOO 

Mackiiy,  .lames  1,500 

Moore.  James \.2>^'j 

MeXair,  Alexander 6, 100 

Mel i aire.  'I'homas 1,010 

MeKuight.t  Hrady .s.iulo 

O'Fallcuj,  John 2,150 

Pa|iiii,  Alex  3,715 

Proveneher,   '.    L I,J00 

Proveneher,  Peter 1.215 

Prim,  John 1,200 

Paul.  Itene 4,080 

Paul.  Gabriel 4,S.0O 

Papin,  llypt.  A  .<ylv 5,0S5 

Papin,  Theoilore.! 2,000 

Phillibert.  Joseph 4.05.') 

Paul  ,V  Ingram 20.000 

Pralte,  Hernard  .fc  J.iseph 11,800 

Priee,  Hisdou  II 8,800 

Phillipsen,  Joseph 11,000 

Pratle,  Hernard 10,105 

Quarks,   Uoberl ;),000 

Heed.  Jesse 1,000 

Keetnr.  William 10.000 

Hankin.  [{obert 800 

Iloubidox,  James  A  Francis '.1,0.')5 

Reed,  Jacob,  est 1,500 

Hector,  Klias 1,:!65 

Hiddiek.  'I'houins   V 7.070 

Heynard.  Myacinlh 7,570 

Sullivan,  Williaiu 2,4.'15 

Sarrade,  Jean 1,800 

."^mith.  William,  est 5,500 

.Scott,  .M.isis 1,012 

Sniith.  Oliver  C 2,712 

Simpson,   Hobert 4,200 

.«arpy,  John    li 0,870 

Sanguinet.  Marianne 0,425 

Stokes  .t  Ashlev 3.000 

Scott.  Alexander 2,500 

'riiornton,  .lohn  50 

Tisson.  Louis  II 800 

Tess.jn.   Michael 0.862 

Town  .t  Dent 2,000 

Tracv  A  Wahrendorii 11,570 

Von  I'hul,  Henry , 5,400 

Valois,  Franfois 3,615 

Wiguins,  Samuel 1,200 

Whetmore,  Alplion/.o 1,387 

White,  Isaac  W 412 


White,  Joseph .*8mi 

Wolford,  Ann 2,11.-, 

Walker,  David  C 2,31., 

Miller  A  Pago l,15ii 

Wherry,  Maokay 1,08., 

Wash.  Robert 3,07., 

Yosti,  Theatiste 4,7il!i 

We  find  that  for  the  year  1821    the  total    taxej  levi.,!  ,,„ 
'  property  situated  nithin  the  town  limits  and  precincts  i'  tlirc: 

thousand  eight  hundred  and  twenty-three  dollars  and  ,  i;>liiv 

cents. 

Ill  1821,  tho  first  directory  ever  publi.-<lied  in  .^t. 

Louis  ciiiiie  out.     The  oditor,  Mr.  John  A.'  Paxtun, 

who  was  not  without  experience  in  the  conduct  of 

such  publications,  did  his  work  conscientiously  ami 

well,  and  we  cannot  conclude  the  present  chnptif  kt- 

1  ter  than   by  {giving  u  brief  extract   from    I'axton's 

j  "  The  St.  Louis  Directory  and  Register,  containiij,; 

.  the  names,  professions,  and  residences  of  all  tho  heads 

of  families  and  persons  in  business,  together  with  ile- 

scriptive  notes  on  St.  Louis." 

"  In  St.  Louis,"  says  Mr.  Paxton,  "are  the  following  nicrcan- 
tile,  professional,  mechanical,  etc.,  establishments,  viz.:  fortv- 

'  six  mercantile  establishments,  which  carry  on  an  extensive  IriiJc 
with  the  most  distant  parts  of  the  republic  in  nierchauilisc.  prn. 
duce,  furs,  and  peltry;  three  auctioneers,  who  ilo  consiiliTiilili' 
business,  each  pays  two  hundred  dollars  per  annum  to  the.^tiitt 
for  a  license  to  sell,  and  on  all  personal  property  scdd  is  a  .'^tale 
duty  of  three  per  cent.,  on  real  estate  one  and  a  half  per  ociit., 
and  their  eonimission  of  five  per  cent.;  three  weekly  nevv^|i;i 
per.s,  viz.,  iSl.  LutiiH  hitjnirrr,  Mixmniri  finzettc,  and  St.  l.i.ui- 
Jleijihtcr,  and  as  many  printing-ollices,  one  book-store,  tw, 
binderies,  three  large  inns,  together  with  a  number  of  sinalk-r 
inns  or  taverns  and  boarding-houses,  six  livery-stalik's,  fii'tv- 

'.  seven  grocers  and  bottlers,  twenty-seven  attorneys  and  counscl- 
ors-at-law,  thirteen  physicians,  three  druggists  and  aputhwa- 
ries,  three  midwives,  one  portrait-painter,  who  would  ,1,)  cri>Jit 
to  any  country,  five  clock-  and  watch-makers,  silversinitlis, ar,.l 
jewelers,  one  silver-), later,  one  engraver,  one  brewery,  where 
are  manufactured  beer,  ale,  and  porter  of  a  quality  equal  tiiaiiv 
in  the  Western  country,  one  tannery,  three  soap-  and  can, 11, • 
factories,  two  brick-yards,  three  stone-cutters,  fourteen  l,ri,'k. 
layers  and  plasterers,  twenty-eight  I'arpenlers,  nine  I, lack- 
smiths,  three  gunsmiths,  two  copper  and  tinware  inanin'a,t"ri".. 
six  cabinet-makers,  four  coach-makers  and  whechvrijjlir-,  mv,ii 
turners  and  chair-makers,  three  saddle  an, I  harness  rnaiiut'a,-- 
turers,  three  hatters,  twelve  tailors,  thirteen  bout  and  shoe  rjiaii- 
ufaeturers,  ten  ornamental  sign-  and  house-jiainters  aii,l  gla- 
ziers, one  nail-factory,  four  hair-dressers  nnil  perfumers,  IH'i 
confectioners  and  c,,rdial  distillers,  four  co,iper8,  blo,'k  .  |,uiii|i-. 
and  mast-makers,  four  bakers,  one  comb-factory,  one  belliuan, 
five  billianl-tables.  which  pay  an  annual  tax  of  one  hun,lrej 
dollars  each  to  the  Slate  and  the  same  sum  to  tho  ei,r|,r,ratii,ii. 
several  hacks  or  pleasure-carriages  an<I  a  considerable  number 
<if  drays  ami  carls,  several  professii,nal  inusieians,  "dio  pia.v 
at  balls,  which  are  very  frequent  ami  well  attenilc'l  l,y  inhabi- 
tants, more  parti, uilarly  by  the  French,  who  in  general  are  re- 
markably graceful  performers,  and  mucdi  attache, I  to  s„  ratimial. 
healthy,  and  improving  an  amusement ;  two  potteries  are  within 
a  few  miles,  ami  there  arc  several  promising  gardens  in  ami 
near  to  the  town." 

'  In  the  title-page  of  the  reprint  tho  nnme  is  spellcl  ihu!, 
'  but  in  tho  preface  the  name  ii  John  E,  Paxton. 


THE  WAR  WITH   MEXICO. 


361 


"Pin'h  wua  St.  Louis,"  says  Mr.  Edwards,  in  his  "Great 
Woet."  Kftor  quoting  Pftxton  extensively,  "  in  1821,  just  before 
the  w»^"ii  of  emerging  from  ii  town  to  a  city  existence.     In 
lilt' nil' eiif  biitouux  and  unwieldy  biirgos,  the  Mississippi  and 
otlitT  Mostern  waters  have  become  freighted  with  steamboats, 
ffliiili  :it  once  superpcdcd  the  oar  and  the  mnlillc.     This  new 
iiniiroti'Mient  bringing  <listttnt  points  in  close  conneclion  and 
fiuilitnliiig  every  avenue  of  trade  to  ,St.  I.ouis,  steamboats  from 
the  hmii' of  their  advent  became  invaluable:  and  so  great  was 
tlieir  a('(|iiisition  to  the  commence  that  in  despite  of  the  i)real(- 
ing  of  llio  banks,  the  depreuiation  of  loan-oflice  money,  the 
general  clcrangcment  of  tlie  (Mirrency,  and  the  injurious  opera- 
lion  of  ilie  stop  laws,  they  gave  a  vitality  to  the  business  cur- 
rent wliK'h  had  otherwise  stagnated  frou!  the  ojiposing  obstacles 
aiiil  barriers.    Agriculture,  after  Missouri  had  become  admitted 
a-  n  i^tnU',  began  to  receive  considerable  attention,  and  still 
furthrr  til  increase  the  interest.     A  meeting  was  held  in  the 
tiHTn  of  St.  Louis  in  May,  1822,  for  tlie  purpose  of  organizing 
an  ngriiullnral   society.      At   tliis    meeting  a  cuuiinittco   was 
a|.|ii>intoil  to  draw  up  a  constitution  for  tlic  government  of  the 
.iiuietv.  uiiich  consisted  of  the  following  respectable  citizens, 
vii.;  WilliiuuC.f'arr,  Richard  Graham,  Robert  Simpson,  .Joseph 
(,  Ilrown,  and  Henry  Watson.     The  society  remained  in  cxist- 
tni'cnianv  years,  and  did  much  for  the  improvement  of  agri- 
tiilliire. 

"It  is  worthy  of  remark  that  the  health  of  St.  Louis  at  this 
larly  period,  if  the  number  of  deaths  be  a  criterion,  would 
I  .niiiare  very  favorably  with  that  of  the  present  day,  when  tlie 
(iiv  is  sulijivt  to  sanitary  laws;  and  from  the  cultivation  of 
l!;f  suil  many  marshes  and  ponds  have  been  removed  which 
llun  eshak'il  poisonous  miasma.  The  numl)cr  of  interments 
fMii!  the  ITlli  March.  1822,  to  the  29th  of  October  of  the  same 
\,:ir  was  line  liundreil  and  three.  The  population  of  the  town 
a!  ihiit  liiiic  was  four  thousand  and  eight  hundred  souKs. 

'On  the  9tli  of  December,  1822,  an  act  wrs  passed  by  the 
I,  /hliitiiri'  of  Missouri  to  incorporate  the  inhabitants  of  the 
! mnf  St.  Louis,  and  in  April,  1823,  an  election  took  place  to 
s.  I  the  mayor  and  nine  alilermen,  in  whom  the  act  specified 
sh'iiikl  vest  the  corporate  powers  of  the  city." 


CHAPTER  XV. 


Till-;  WAR  WITH  Mi;xioo. 


i-  s|,clleil  il"". 


Ox  the  27tli  of  February,  1845,  the  United  States 
[Siiiatc  piisceil  what  is  called  the  "joint  resolution"  : 
JM-oiuiiis;  tliat  tlie  territory  "  rij;litfully  belono;ing  to 
Ilk-  R'pulilic  of  Texas"  niij^ht  be  erected  into  a  new 
[Siatt'called  the  State  of  Texas  ;  subject,  however,  to  the  ' 
lidjustraent  by  the  United  States  government  of  "  all 
IciMstiuiis  of  boundary  that  may  arise  with  other  gov-  i 
Ittniui'iitti."     On  the  next  day  the  resolution  was  con- 
Kiirreii  in  by  the  House  of  Representatives,  and  on 
m  l>t  of  Miirch  was  approved  by  the  President. 

Ti'xas  assented  to  the  terms  of  the  joint  resolution 
iv  litr  ordinance  of  July  4,  1845,  and  having 
kinunl  her  ('(institution,  became  virtually  a  State  in 
e  .\iueiican  Union.  Three  days  after  this,  on  July 
Ik.  itie  Texas  convention  requested  the  President  of 


the  United  States  to  occupy  the  ports  of  Texas,  and 
Bend  an  army  to  their  defease.  This  request  Presi- 
dent Polk  immediately  complied  with. 

Mexico,  which  still  claimed  Texas  as  a  portion  of 
the  republic,  to  which  she  had  never  relinquished  her 
title,  considered  and  treated  the  act  of  the  United 
States  in  annexing  and  taking  po.«session  of  Texas  as 
an  act  of  wai,  and  accordingly  Gen.  Almonte,  the 
Mexican  minister  to  the  United  States,  on  the  6th  of 
March,  1845,  demanded  his  passports  and  returned 
to  his  government.  On  the  arrival  of  news  of  the 
annexation  at  the  City  of  Mexico,  all  diplomatic  re- 
lations between  the  two  governments  were  abruptly 
terininatud,  and  the  proceedings  of  the  Mexican  Con- 
gress manifested  a  highly  belligerent  spirit. 

Neither  Mexico  nor  the  United  States  appeared  to 
shrink  from  the  issue  ;  on  the  contrary,  troops  were 
ordered  by  both  governments  to  march  to  the  disputed 
frontier  for  the  avowed  purpose  of  defending  the  ter- 
ritory they  respectively  claimed.  As  a  portion  of  that 
territory,  the  tract  lying  between  the  river  Nueces  and 
the  Rio  Grande,  or  Rio  Bravo  del  Norte,  was  claimed 
by  both  nations,  nothing  less  than  a  forbearanc  to  set 
foot  on  the  disputed  territory  could  prevent  collision 
between  the  two  armies ;  and  such  forbearance  was 
the  more  difficult,  as  a  portion  of  the  disputed  terri- 
tory was  then  actually  in  the  occupation  of  citizens 
of  Mexico. 

As  if  in  anticipation  of  a  difficulty  with  Mexico, 
in  con.sequence  of  the  annexation  of  Texas,  Gen. 
Zachary  Taylor,  then  in  command  at  Camp  Jessup, 
was  ordered  to  move  his  forces  into  Texas  several 
weeks  before  the  War  Department  had  received  in- 
formation of  the  Texan  ordinance.  On  the  28th  of 
June,  Mr.  Donelson,  then  minister  to  Texas,  and  to 
whom  Gen.  Taylor  was  referred  for  advice  as  to  his 
movements,  wrote  him  that  he  bad  best  move  his 
forces  "  without  delay  to  the  western  frontier  of 
Texsis,"  and  also  informed  him  that  Corpus  Christi,  on 
Aranzas  Bay,  was  the  best  point  for  the  concentration 
of  his  troop.'-.  Gen.  Taylor  proceeded  immediately 
with  the  forces  under  his  command  to  Aranzas  Bay, 
and  in  the  beginning  of  August,  1845,  had  taken  the 
position  assigned  him  by  the  government.  All  the 
troops  in  the  West,  Northwest,  and  the  Atlantic 
States  which  could  be  spared  were  ordered  to  join  him, 
and  in  November,  according  to  the  report  of  the 
adjutant-general,  his  force  numbered  four  thousand 
and  forty-nine  men. 

On  the  13th  of  January,  1846,  the  I'resident 
ordered  the  Army  of  Texas  to  advance  from  Corpus 
Christi  and  take  position  on  the  left,  bank  of  the  Rio 
Grande,  and  u  strong  fleet  to  assemble  in  the  Gulf  of 


■)H| 


I  t 


_^J: — 


i'l  i 


I    i 


■^  J  !(i 


362 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Mexico.  On  the  8th  of  March  the  ailvancc  column 
of  the  array,  under  Col.  Twijij^s,  commenced  its  march 
from  (Corpus  Christi,  and  on  the  20th  cros,sod  the 
river  Arroyo  Colorado.  (3n  the  25th  it  established 
its  po.'iition  at  Point  Isabel,  and  on  the  28th  of  March 
Gen.  Taylor  took  position  within  cannon-range  of 
MatamorHS. 

No  actual  violence  was  committed  until  April  10th, 
when  Col.  Trueman  Cross,  of  Maryland,  assistant 
quartcrmaster-frcneral  of  the  army,  rode  out  of  camp 
for  exercise  and  was  murdered  by  the  enemy.  The 
Mexicans  continued  their  depredations  until  the  24th 
of  Aj)ril,  when  Gen.  Arista,  who  had  succeeded  to 
the  coniniand  of  the  army,  communicated  to  Gen. 
Taylor  that  "  he  considered  hostilities  commenced 
and  should  prosecute  them."  On  the  .same  day  he 
attacked  a  reconnoiterinf:  party  of  sixty-five  American 
draL'cions,  and  killed  and  wounded  sixteen,  and  sur- 
rounded and  captured  the  remainder.  This  skirmish 
roused  Gen.  Taylor  to  action.  After  reinforcinj; 
Point  Isabel,  the  chief  depository  of  his  military 
su|iplies,  be  returned  to  his  camp  opposite  Matamoras, 
and  on  May  8th  met  the  main  force  of  the  enemy, 
advanta<;eonsly  posted  near  Palo  Alto.  After  an 
cniriijieuicnt  lastins;  from  two  o'eloc'  in  the  afternoon 
until  night,  the  Mexicans  were  driven  from  the  field 
with  great  loss.  On  the  following  day,  when  within 
four  miles  of  the  Ilio  Grande,  Gon.  Taylor  again  en- 
countered the  Mexicans,  strongly  posted  at  the  pass 
of  Uesaca  de  la  Palma,  and  was  again  victorious. 
Tiie  Mexican.s  lost  many  prisoners,  much  valuable 
baggage  and  arms,  and  ceased  not  their  flight  until 
they  either  crossed  or  were  overwhelmed  in  the  waters 
of  the  Rio  Grande.  Besides  these  battles,  the  Mexi- 
can republic  lost  all  power,  either  present  or  future, 
of  retaining  the  vast  territorial  empire  which  it  had 
once  held  east  of  the  Rio  Grande. 

The  intelligence  of  hostilities  on  the  Rio  Grande 
created  the  greatest  excitement  throughout  the 
country.  Congress  was  then  in  session,  and  the 
President  immediately  (May  11,  1846)  sent  in  u 
message,  in  which  ho  declared  that  the  Mexican  gov- 
ernment had  at  last  "  invaded  our  territory,  and  shed 
American  blood  upon  American  soil.  She  has  piu- 
elaimed  that  hostilities  hive  commenced,  and  that  the 
two  nations  are  now  at  war."  In  the  same  message 
he  •'  invokes  the  prompt  action  of  Congress  to  recog- 
nize tlie  existence  of  the  war,  and  to  place  at  the  dis- 
position of  the  Executive  the  means  of  prosecuting 
the  war  with  vigor,  and  thus  liastening  the  restoration 
of  peace." 

Congress,  after  less  than  two  days'  deliberation,  de- 
clared "  that  by  the  act  of  the  republic  of  Mexico  a 


state  of  war  exists  between  that  government  aiMJ  tlie 
United  States."  At  the  same  time  Congress  inithor. 
i/ed  the  President  "  to  employ  the  militia,  nav.il,  aii,| 
military  forces  of  the  United  States,  and  to  cill  fi,,. 
and  accept  the  services  of  any  number  of  voluiiieit> 
not  exceeding  fifty  thou.sand,  to  serve  twelve  luiintli; 
after  they  shall  have  arrived  at  the  place  uC  ron. 
dezvous,  or  to  the  end  of  the  war,  unless  sooiiir  (|i<. 
charged." 

The  President,  witli  the  view  of  securing  to  ihcoiii 
zens  of  each  State  and  Territory  the  privilege  uf  un 
tieipating  in  the  war,  apportioned  the  voluntcif  fmio 
under  his  call  among  the  several  States  ami  Tiiri 
tories,  and  made  a  requisition  upon  the  Govoriior;' 
Mis.souri  for  one  regiment  of  infantry,  to  roiKlizviiii< 
at  Fort  licavenworth,  as  the  quota  of  this  Hiiitt'. 

The  Rio  Grande  was  assumed  by  the  govciiniitnt 
as  the  base-line  of  military  operations,  but  tho  y\m<. 
sippi  became  the  true  and  real  base  of  .su[)|)l_v  anj 
movement,  and  New  Orleans  and  St.  Louis  ilio  i-mi 
depots  for  provisions  and  armament.  QuaitcriiiMir 
and  commi.ssariat  departments  became  at  oiilo  vtrv 
active  ;  wagons,  hor.ses,  provisions,  and  supplies  nf  all 
sorts  wore  to  be  found  and  purcha.sed  cliii-Hy  in  the 
valley  of  the  Mississippi,  while  military  ci|uipiiieiiij 
were  to  be  furnished  from  the  Atlantic  cou.-^t  arsciiak 

From  the  first  St.  Louis  took  a  leading  ami  aciive 
position  for  a  vigorous  and  successful  prosecution  .if 
the  war.  Upon  the  first  outbreak  of  hostilities  lier 
sons  volunteered  and  were  eager  to  be  placed  in  atiiw 
service.  As  we  shall  see,  in  this,  as  in  evoiv  utWr 
war  in  which  they  were  engaged,  they  did  their  Mc  \ 
duty  and  were  not  wearied. 

The  people  of  St.  Louis  were  already  in  a  state  ff I 
patriotic  excitement  in  regard  to  the  dangers  surrouiiJ- 
ing  Gen.  Taylor's  army  in  Mexico,  when  iiitellij.'1'nfe 
was  received  that  ho.stilities  had  begun.  The  news! 
was  brought  to  the  city  from  New  Orlouiis  bv  ihel 
steamboat  "Pride  of  the  West"  on  May  11,  ISIii.j 
Judge  MuUanphy,  bearer  of  dispatches  fnjiii  Gi)verii'ir| 
Edwards  to  his  aid,  Col.  Robert  Campbell,  was  a  pan 
.senger  on  the  vessel.  Immediately  on  his  amval,j 
Col.  Campbell  placed  the  following  i-vqulxilinn  froB 
Gen.  Gaines  and  order  from  (Jovernor  Kihvardsinililj 
hands  of  Gen.  Milburn,  wlio  promptly  issued  them : 

"IlKAngi^AiiTKiis.  Wkstkiis  IIivisiuv, 
"Nkw  Oiti.K.iNS,  .May  4.  l^H.  I 
"  Siii, — Uccflut  events  in  Mexico,  und  more  eiipeLiiillv  iDllij 
I!i()  (-rnnilc,  where  hostilities  iigainst  our  pioiH'cr?  iiml  nwi 
noitering|)ttrtieBhiivecomiiHn.'C(l()n  thc|mrti)l  llii'lr"ii|i'"lilii 
njitiun,  convince  me  thiii  ilie  goveriniionl  of  the  I  nile'iM>l< 
will  no  longer  hcsitute  to  niitlioriie  the  concent  rati' n  ul  srj 
spectiible  force  of  Western  volnntccrs  iipun  that  ii]i|iorlantM( 
tion  of  our  national  frontier. 


"  llu\  ing 

U)Miji  fh:it    b( 

A\  Jitiii'li'cil 

of  till'  I  lilted 

f  take  tills  o< 

iiiiirli  I''  the  i 

from  Ilio  Will- 

■if  iiil'aiiir.V  an 

of  tho  .Sfate  ol 

<ooii  a-  |iniclli 

reijiilsiir  sii|>|i 

tills  (ilaic  the^ 

"I  have  thi 

•prviint, 


"To  Ills  l.;.vc 

'  This  iiliaiith 
liarras-ed  (icii.  ' 
"a-  the  subject  ( 
llir.'^eiTct.aiy  of 
liibtilities  had  hi 
I'.ill  ii)iiin  the  (iiji 
nicnts  of  viilunte 
e«"fy.     lien.  (!i 
kisauthui-lty  hve 
10  till'  .Army  of  ( 
anil  .Missciiii-I.      1 
felines   had    must 
«i"/irt»,  iilthoiigh  t 
iiTilliigs.     To  roll, 
nialtiT,  the  I'l-csld 
niii'il  the  call  of  ( 
irw'lis  already  fur 
li'"rMTlvc  Ihcui  i 
ri"|iilsitlnn.     .\oHv 
-•ill'  validity  to  th( 
Mliicil  the  qucstio 
liTcJ  ill  by  him  ,■, 
'•'■nil' within  the  pi 
"'■^'».v.  1846.  the  I 
'i'l'il  iriis  that  they 
'1  the  act  Keb.  28, 
llirw  iiUMith...    The 
■l«l'||  .'11110  2(it|,,  ) 
"A  ooiisidei-ablo  b, 
."""•'■■■qiii-itionsaii 
tfffl  iiiio  ,en-iee  foi 
iiie  before  this  tli 
'*iioii  to  these  .si.\ 
t'TrasMiient  has  be. 
■i'i'li  tboy  thought 
Mnftioneil.andhai 
!'"^llic  impulse,, 
'"i"8an  npportuoi 
I "'"".>■.    To  dcclini 
|lli'irliunics»-i||„||,t 
P""  regret,    disiip| 
Mure  ™ii,«lderulion 
"""  i'  any  other 
f*ic  service  linden 
pMhcmasvoluM 
I"*  f"r  twelve  nionti 


I    ,  J 


THE   WAR   WITH   MEXICO. 


36:; 


t  iii"l  tW 

IS  liUtW- 

lav.il,  [\\\,\ 
o  call  fit 
volunti.vr. 
ve  niuiitlii 
;e  (if  reii- 

iOOIliT  iliv 

to  tlll'oili- 
OUi'  ili'  \r.a- 
lIltlMT  I'lilir 

ami  'I'liri 

)  romW"u- 
is  Slate, 
•lovt'i'iiiiiont 
it  the  Mis-iv 
P  supply  aii'l 
luis  tlie  };ri;it 
.^uiirtonii;i>tfr 

iVt    OIIW  VOT 

supiilioi-  of  all 
cliii-tly  ill  tlie 
ry  oi|uipmeiii! 
coast  arsi'iiak 
liuj:  aiul  aclivo 
priiseeutiou  "( 1 
l\<istilities  liet  ] 
laccil  in  ai-'tive  [ 
in  cvevy  utliet 
klid  their  vtliJc 

Id y  ill  ^  '"*'* "'  I 
lii"crs  sunomi'l 

lu-'ii  iiitolli;:'ii'-( 

run.    'riifiie«| 

Orleans  by  tk 

MaylLl'^N 

fnini  GuvenvK 

Ipbell,  w;>s;\l«| 

(Ml  Ills  avrival,] 

Irqiiifil'-'i'  fr>'ial 
Ivlwanl*  in  ili^ 

ly  issued  tlieii). 

Iti-.hn  |iivisi"N. 

Ins  Mii>-^' '""''• 
Ire  i.^iicciMH  "1'' 
|,,ioufi'rs  ima  r*'* 
|t„rtlii'tr""|""lH 
It'  tlivriiil"l^»'j 
Inc-niroli'i'"''" 
1  thai  iml'Otl*"' ' 


"ll:i\i"g  .«oli(^itc(l  the  Pre?iilent*a  nuthurity  to  conccntrnto 
iniiiii  iliiit  bonier  lil'ty  liiitliiliiins, — eiich  biittnlioii  tn  iMinsist  of 
f\s  liiiii'lrecl  nion,  to  be  nceeiitocl  as  voliintoiTK  into  the  service 
oftlir  I  niti'ii  Stale?  for  ."ix  month?,  nnlon.s  ."ooiior  disehiirKccI, — 
I  tuk"'  iliis  oi'casion  to  ."iiy  thut  Your  I^xcellency  will  contrihuto 
iiiuili  I'  ihe  interest  of  the  service,  mid  luitiuipate  ii  rc(|iiisition 
from  till'  War  Oe]iartnient,  by  luithorizin;;  two  battalion? — one 
iif  infiiinry  ami  one  of  rillenien, — of  thechivalric  volunteer  cor|is 
of  tlie  Slate  of  Mia.sonri  to  organize  and  re|iair  to  this  city  as 
won  a-  |inictiiablc,  whore  they  shall  receive  arms,  with  every 
reuni^ilf  sniiply  to  render  them  rcniii/  for  ai-titm  ;  and  from 
this  1)1. HT  tliey  will  ;;o  by  ;;ood  steamer?  to  Point  Isabel. 

'•  I  li;ne  the  honor  to  be,  with  great  respei't,  your  obedient 
rprvaiit. 

"  KllMIMI   1*.  li.\iNt:s,' 
**  Mfijiir-(hu*t  I',  S.  Anitij, 
**  CinnittttinHll'l  the    Wfittf.m  hin'niim, 
"To  His  Kxcellcncy  John  C.  Kuwakhs, 
"  i;,.,i-,iifi-  (</'  till'  StiitP  III'  MimiiiHri.'' 

'  This  unauthorized  requisition  of  lien.  (Raines  greatly  om- 

lKirni>-eil  lien.  Taylor  in  hi?  operation.^  against   Mexico,  and 

n<  the  subject  of  much  correspondence  between  Oeii.  Taylor, 

ilu' ."ci-rclary  of  War,  and  other  ollieials.     On  April  20th,  after 

hii^tilitics  hail  begun.  (Jen.  Taylor  had  deemed  it  necessary  I" 

,j|l  ii|i"ii  the  liovernor.?  of  Texa?  and  Louisiana    for  four  regi- 

mints  of  volunteers,  to  enable  him  to  prosecnte  the  war  with 

morny.     I'eii.  liaincs  in  executing    this  reiiuisition  exceeded 

111*  authorify  by  calling  out,  mustering  into  service,  and  sending 

in  ilic  .^rmy  of  Occujiation  troops  from  Alabanni,  Mississippi, 

uii.l  .Missouri.      The  difliculty  arose    from    the  fact  that  lien. 

Gaines  had   mustered    these    vidunteer?    into    service    for   h!x 

miithn,  although  there  wif  no  law  to  give  validity  to  his  pro- 

,>'i'iiiags.     To  relieve  lien.  Taylor  of  any  embarrassment  in  the 

iiialtcr,  the  President  in  a  letter  to  him  dated  May  2.1d  recog- 

ni/,eii  the  call  of  Gen.  Gaines  to  the  extent  of  the   number  of 

lti«i|is  already  furnished  under  it,  and  lequesled  Gen.  Taylor 

{i. "receive  them  in  the  same  manner  as  those  embraced"  in  liis 

rrc|iiisiti"n.     Notwithstanding  the   ell'orts  of  the   President  to 

:iv('  validity  to  the  proceedings  of  lien.  Gaines,  there  still  re- 

luiineil  tlie  question  as  to  the  perioil  for  which  the  troops  imis- 

lercii  ill  by  liiin  could  !>"  held  for  service.     As   they  did  nut 

me  within  the  jirovisions  of  the  net  of  Congress  of  the  13lh 

:  May,  1846.  the  conclusion  at  which  the  War  Department  ar- 

•;\.il  was  that  they  should  be  regariled  as  in  service  by  virtue 

1  the  net  I'eb.  28,  179.0,  which  limited  their  term  of  service  to 

ilirec  innaths.    The  Secretary  of  War  in  a  letter  to  Gen.  Taylor, 

Jali'l  .lane  2l)tli,  gives  his  decision  in  the  matter  as  follows: 

"A  considerable  body  of    troops   beyond  those   embrneed  by 

I  ymr  reqiiisitiiiiis  and  the  President's  sanction  have  been  mus- 

1  Itrfil  into  service  for  si.\  months  by  order  of  Gen.  Gaines,  and 

I  liave  before  this  time  reported  themselves  to  you.      It  is  in 

[raaiiiinio  these  six  months'  volunteer?  that  the  greatest  om- 

I kirras-ment  has  been  felt.     They  have  yielded  to  invitations 

["iiiili  they  thought  were    authoritatively  made  or  wcmld  be 

OTitioiieil,  and  have  in  most  instance?  made  personal  sacrifices 

[D'Iicv  ihc  impulses  of  patriotism,  and  gone  forth  in  the  hope  of 

lliivingnn  opportunity  of  rendering  valuable  services  to  their 

Iwaiitrv'.    'I'o  decline  to  receive  them,  to  send  (hem   back  to 

llbiir homes  without  giving  them  employment,  will  undoubtedly 

liMst  regret,   disappointment,   and    mortification  ;    yet,   after 

Imiiire  mnsideralion,  the  government  does  not  discover  that 

llhfre  1!  any  other  allcrnative.     They  are  not  legally  in  the 

lnWic  sirviee  under  any  e.\isting  law,  and  the  Presiilcnt  cannot 

|t«(i\e thein  as  volunteers  unless  they  should  tender  their  ser- 

liwsfiir  twelve  months,  or  during  the  war  with  Mexico."     He 


"To  TiiK  Pkoi'i.e  op  tiik  Statk  (IF  Missiniii: 

'■  Fki.i.iih -CnizKNS, — Our  frontier  is  in  danger.  The  Mexi- 
cans invade  our  territory.  War  has  cimimenced  :  the  blo()d  of 
our  friends  has  been  shed,  and  our  army  is  menaceil  by  superior 
numbers.  Our  country  needs  the  services  of  her  defetidera  at 
Point  Isabel  and  near  Matamorns.  A  new  emergency  offers,  in 
which  the  soldiers  of  our  country  can  further  distinguish  them- 
selves  for   palrinlism   and   bravery.     TWKI.VK  IIUN'DHEU 

voij;nti:i;hs  auk  ui;qui!!i:d  vuo.m  mi.ssouui.  i.et 

them  be  speedily  raised.  Every  good  citizen  will  lend  his  aid 
in  coni'entrating  a  fori.'e  to  repel  the  attack  of  the  Mexicans, 
and  to  procure  by  arms  redress  for  the  attempt  to  prevent  tlie 
I'niled  Slates  from  asserting  her  chiiiiis  within  her  own  terri- 
tory. .\s  an  inducement  to  enter  the  service  priuiiptly,  the 
Missouri  volunteers  may  be  assun-d  that  those  who  reach  the 
seat  of  war  at  an  early  period  may  bo  employed  in  active  and 
hanl  service.  lie  prepared  to  light,  lixpcct  im  light  work. 
A  brave  soldier  has  no  reason  to  uuderratc  his  adversary. 
Mirl  III  St.  I.iiiiln.  All  necessaries  will  be  furnished  at  that 
)ioint.  Vou  will  be  armed  in  N'cw  Orleans,  and  ship|>ed  thence 
to  the  seal  of  war. 

"  John  C.  Kiiw.Miiis, 
"Ciiiiimiiiiilei-lii-Clili/  Ml'.  Millllii." 

In  accordance  with  the  requisition  of  Governor 
Edwards,  Gen.  Milburn  issued  tlie  foUowinir  brigade 
order : 

"  UkMUJIAUTKIIS,    1st    liltKiMlK, 

"  2ii  Division,  Missmiii  Mii.itia. 
"St.  Lons,   llth  May,  1840. 

"The  Governor  of  the  State  of  .Missouri,  upon  the  rei|uisition 
of  (ien.  Gaines.  I'.  S.  army,  has  called  for  TWELVK  HL'X- 
DllED  VOMNTEKHS  from  the  Slate  of  Missouri,  to  proceed 
fortliwith  to  Point  Isabel,  for  the  relief  of  Gen.  Taylor.  The 
Governor  expects  that  five  hundred  can  be  raised  in  St.  Louis, 
and,  doubtless,  that  number,  or  near  it.  can  be  obtained  from 
the  regii.ients  id'  the  r.egion  and  the  04th  Picgiment  of  the 
Missouri  iiiilitia,  commanded  by  Cids.  Eastnn  and  liogy,  who 
are  hereby  rciiuireil  to  assemble  their  respective  regiments  at 
the  usual  parade-ground,  near  the  Park,  at  twelve  o'clock  to- 
morrow, tile  12th  instant. 

"Other  eitizcns  who  may  in  the  mean  time  organize  them- 
selves into  companies  will  also  assemble  at  the  time  and  place 
above  named,  when  the  services  of  the  requisite  number,  not 
exceeding  the  limit  of  the  call  upon  the  State,  will  be  accepted 
and  organized. 

"Wii.i.iAM   Mii.iniiN, 
!  "  flrlandler-ftciieral.'* 

Upon  reeeipt  of  the  Governor's  proclamation  a 
number  of  the  most  prominent  citizens  thoujjht  it 
advisable  to  issue  a  call  for  a  piiblic  meeting  to  bo 
held  in  the  rotunda  of  the  court-house,  "  to  consider 
measures  necessary  to  be  taken  in  relation  to  our 
present  position  with  regard  to  Mexico."  In  response 
to  the  call  an  immense  gathering  took  place  on  the 

suggested  to  Gen.  Taylor  to  tender  to  them  the  alternative  of 
becoming  volunleers  under  the  act  of  May  13, 1816,  and  if  they 
declined  he  hail  no  other  course  to  pursue  but  to  cause  them  to 
be  returned  to  their  respective  homes.  In  conclusion  he  said, 
"  This  is  truly  a  painful  alternative,  and  most  gladly  would  the 
government  here  avoid  it  if  it  could  be  done  consistently  with 
official  obligations  and  a  due  regard  to  existing  laws." 


i 

i  1 

it' 

VrlW 


!  '     I 


ill, 


,1  iR 


■I 


liif 

.  t « " 


t  m 


i 


hi 


364 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


;*  .' 


evening  of  May  llth.  On  mution  of  Siiiuuul  Treat, 
Miij.  Thomas  H.  Ilarvcy  was  uiado  chairmiin,  and 
Maj.  A.  I.  Dorn  socretary.  The  meeting  was  ad- 
dressed by  Messrs.  Wetmore,  John.son,  Uanncy,  Holt, 
Eager,  and  Treat,  after  which  the  following  resolu- 
tions were  adopted : 

**  lietiolvfft,  That,  na  it  i.s  I'hariietcristic  with  Mii<souriaiis  in 
all  times  of  trial  to  their  country  to  oouie  Torward  en  »irn«c  to 
its  rescue,  anrl  as  it  appears  from  the  rceeni  news  from  the  Itio 
(Irando  that  the  foe  i»  upon  inir  aoil,  we  hereby  pledge  our- 
ielvcs  that  the  requisition  of  (!en.  (iaines  upon  the  (Jovernor  of 
our  State  for  volunteers  shall  be  fully  and  j;]illantly  responded 
to,  and  that  we  will  not  turn  buck  so  long  as  a  hotlile  foe 
presses  rmr  virgin  soil. 

"  lifunh-eil.  That,  in  accordance  with  the  call  of  Hrig.-tien. 
Milhurn.  we  will  meet  ut  twelve  o'clock  tomorrow  on  the 
parade-ground,  near  the  Park,  to  rally  under  the  banner  of 
our  country,  and  with  the  firm  delerniination  that  the  .Stars 
and  Stripes  shall  never  be  disgraced  whilst  intrusted  to  our 
charge." 

The  military  and  citizens  promptly  responded  to 
the  call  of  Gen.  Milburu.  At  an  early  hotir  on  the 
following  day  (May  12th)  the  military  companies 
wore  in  motion,  and  in  some  places  (he  officers  were 
seen  drilling  their  iicwly-cnrolled  men  in  the  streets, 
disregarding  the  want  of  uniform.  Gen.  Milhurn 
and  several  others  appeared  in  their  military  dres« 
Between  twelve  and  one  o'clock  the  .several  companies 
of  infantry,  cavalry,  and  artillery  had  arrived  at  the 
Park, and  during  the  council  of  the  offic(>is  comjmsing 
the  Legion  and  Sixty-fourth  Regiment  the  citizens 
and  members  of  the  companies  amused  themselves  as 
they  thought  best.  At  a  late  hour  in  the  afternoon. 
Gen.  Milburn  announced  to  the  immense  multitude 
that  had  iissembled  that  the  officers  of  the  Legion 
had  unanimously  resolved  to  respond  to  the  call  of 
Gen.  Gaines  forthwith,  and  that  .such  companies  as 
bad  not  already  their  full  complement  of  men  would 
be  filled  up  by  the  reception  of  volunteers  as  speedily 
as  po.ssible.  He  further  stated  that  the  Sixty-fourth 
Regiment  had  reported  two  iuitidred  and  twenty-five 
men  us  ready  for  service,  and  that  the  requisite  num- 
ber would  be  obtained  as  soon  as  practicable.  It  was 
also  stated,  as  the  result  of  communications  with  the 
proper  officers  of  the  United  States  army,  that  the 
volunteers  would  be  mu.stered  into  service  in  St. 
Louis;  that  transportation  to  New  Orleans  would  be 
provided  for  them  by  the  United  States,  and  also  com- 
missary's stores ;  that  they  would  be  armed  and 
e()uipped  at  New  Orleans,  on  tlieir  reporting  to  Gen. 
Gaines ;  and  that  after  serving  their  time  of  duty,  six 
months,  they  would  be  transported  to  St.  Louis  and 
discharged,  after  receiving  their  pay,  seven  dollars 
per  month.     The  St.  Louis  volunteers  at  this  time 


went  on  tlie  theory  of  a  little  pay  and  n  good  dciil  of 
glory- 
Papers  were  presented  by  persons  eager  in  lonn 
independent   companies  for   the   enrollment  ol'  siich 
persons  as  desired  to  becotne  members,  and  many  si;;. 
natures  were  obtained.     During  the  day  the  ^I'Vcnl 
volunteer  companies  also  received  very  eonsidcr.iljl,. 
additions  to  their   ranks.     Indeed,  in  all  sections  df 
the  State  volunteers  were  organizing  and  pressing:  for 
ward  for  active  service,  and  such  wa.s  the  entliiisiasin 
of  the  citizens  of  St.  Louis  thai  they  alone  could  luuv 
supplied  the  full  quota  of  troops  required  fmiii  Mis 
souri  under  the  President's  requisition  of  May  lllili. 
The  liepiiliUam  of  May  14,   18-16,  referring  to  ihis 
generous  enthusiasm,  says, — 

"The  work  of  enrolling  volunteers  goes  bravely  on.  Tlurc 
Bi'cms  to  be  a  deep  and  proper  spirit  pervading  the  chiiiiiiiihIh 
on  the  subject,  an<l  from  present  appearances  a  rc;;iiju>i)I  will 
be  ready  for  service  in  a  few  ilays.  From  a  list  taken  at  -tin- 
down  we  learn  that  the  five  cunipanies  of  the  St.  I.oni.-  I.tjjiiiii 
had  enrolled  the  following  numbers:  The  St.  Louis  (iiiiv.., ,,:;; 
Hoone  Infantry,  ■l.'i ;  Montgomery  (lUards,  50;  Morgan  llitii-- 
men,!).'!;  Native  \niorican  Rangers,  10.'!;  Total,  iill." 

In  the  mean  time  the  commander  of  the  St.  Lmis 
Legion  had  issued  tlie  following  order : 

"  IIkAIIQI  AKTKIIS 

"  FiiisT   ItKiiiMK.N'r  or  riiK  l.iii.nv. 
"St.  lioris,  May  12.  ls|i; 

"  At  a  meeting  of  the  officers  of  the  First  Heginiciil  ul  ih,. 
Missouri  Legion  at  St.  Louis,  it  was  unanimously 

"  /{eHuliiit,  That  the  regiment  responds  to  the  oall  uf  11  >v- 
ernor  . I.  C.  Edwards,  cumniander,  etc.,  of  .Missouri  uiilitiii. (r 
volunteers  to  be  mustered  into  the  service  of  the  Unitril  Stati-. 
ami  will  proceed  forthwith  to  recruit  for  saiil  reginieiil.  ani  I" 
mustered  as  aforesaid  at  St.  Louis. 

*'  In  aecorilance  with  the  foregoing  resolution  the  c'liiiuimii- 
ants  (tf  the  several  companies  composing  said  rcf;iriienl  ;iri' 
directed  forthwith  to  establish  rendezvous  for  recruits,  to  i-nii- 
plete  the  complement  of  eighty  men,  rank  ami  lile,  lur  iluir 
respective  companies,  and  report  for  service. 

"  New  organizations  of  companies,  completed  as  altovc.  ivill 
be  received  into  the  regiment. 

'•  I!y  order  of  A.  H.  Kastos. 

**f\ilfniet  I'omiiunuliitff  Fiftit  Itcrjinnut  Ke<jifii. 

".I.  C.  Smith,  Ailjl.'' 

At  a  meeting  of  Germans  held  at  the  WiisliiiiL'inu 
engine-house,  on  Second  Street,  on   May  iL'tii.  liliy- 
six  enrolled  them.selves  immediately,     'flic  imrtin.: 
then  adjourned,  to  reassemble  on  the  follnwinu' dav  a!  1 
the  Oregon  Ilou.se,  on  Franklin  Avenue,  where  many  ^ 
more  were  enrolled.     On  the  15th  three  coiii|iaiiii'J  j 
of  the  Legion — the  Native  American  llaiiger.s,  Moiii- 1 
gomery  Guards,  and  the  Morgan  Riflemen— wont  iiin) 
camp  on  an  open  field,  near  wliere  the  Lucas  Markttj 
now  stands,  west  of  the  city  as  it  then  wiis.  wliiili 
was  culled  "  Camp  Lucas."      Here    the  coiiiiimmiiii?| 
officers  actively  engaged  in  drilling  their  recruits  a 


.slIpJilMllg 

l;irL'i'  riiinil 
.\IisMiiMi  R 
its  gidiig  ill 
vc.stoii  '  dro 
racks,  liavii 
the  li.iiriick 
liiiriiiiks  ilir 
on  liii;ir(|  tli 
(.'apt.    IJreed 
and    (';i|it. 
started  on  h 
moniitig.     T 
'in  the  s;ime  ( 
liol'mv  the 
a  large  .stun  o 
Cauipliell   and 
pruvidc    them 
Hrvaii  .Mullaii 
-iiiiri  for  an  mi 
pay  uf  the  vo 
aslicd  a  loan  o 
li'iir  tiionths,  i 
tiiritj'.     This  \ 
ilii'  regit  hi  I  ions 
ilii'  loan,  Mess 
III  Ifi'tisteiii,  an( 
Oillier,  and  Sat 
I'avdr,  the  loan 
Tlic  inoiiev,  how 
j'Tiption,  and 
lifl'iiro  eveiiitii.i-i 
1  lueeting  of  tlii 
ruiunda  of  the 
Oil  motion  of  R 
;  tailed  U|Kiii  to  pi 
I  poiijied  .secretary 
'iTiible  iii;iiiner, 
"0  motiiiii  of  I. 
[ifasajijiointed  (o 
iwsivi'  (if  the  si 
|lioivrt   t'aniphel 
iVi'liall.      The 
[frtiiinhic  and  rctl 


■"■|0:iiK.(s.  A  nu. 
j'"erK|,„„,|eJ(,n,| 
J»"«"riii»;  to  proceed 
l«»im^:an.j,vl,nreas, 
I"'  ""I  all  in  tiieir 
|tlitref(rre, 

""••"'rf,/,  T|,„t  ,1 
f'rHm  a  conin.itt 
r"  I''  '"  ascertain 
pl"»a"lios„r  those 


THK   WAR   WITH   MEXICO. 


ac5 


tci  I'uriii 

of   SlU'll 

niiiiy  si':- 

nsiiK'ralili' 
iCL'timis  111' 
lisifini  flit- 
iiitlmsiasm 
iiimM  liuvi' 
fniiii  Mis 
MuY  Klili. 
[n\s  ti)  tliis 


ly  (,n.  Tlkf 
le  C'llllniliii!) 
r>'};hm'Hi  wili 
tllkcli  ilt  -111; 
.  I.Hiii,-  \xp'm 
u'ls  lira\-, .:;; 
Miu'iiiin  Hull-- 

the  Si.  I-""i' 


llTK.U-i 

n-  nil.  l.i'.i'V 
Miiy  12.  M" 

<t'gilllt'Ut  ul'  till- 

O.V 

tl,|.  I'llH  "f  li"«- 

ioiiri  mililiii.  I'.i 
|u.  rniii'il  SljIfN 
■i.(;iuicul.  iinll"' 

111  llif  o'lnuiiiMii- 

I'lil    ii'ijiiiieiil  an- 

rirriiit#.  10 '"i"- 

L\  UW;  for  lli'i' 

|.,1  us  ill"'"'.  Kill 

K.  Ka*tiis. 
I^iwiiil  /.f;|i"». 

I,e  \Viislu:i'.;t™ 
]l;iy  Villi,  fifty- 
'riu!  nu'eiiiii 
liUi.wiii;:  ^K-  ■" ' 
,.^  w\iev(>  nwiiy  1 
liroo  i:oiuvaiii''i 
lliiuiier;',  Moiit- 
jiien-wcntiiiwl 
;  Lucas  Marki'ij 
lien  was.  V*'' 
|,e  foiiuiwii^i"?! 
leir  rocrniis  ainij 


Mipplviiij;  them  with  proviHions  and  quarters.  A 
larL'i'  iiiiinber  of  volunteers  from  Alton  and  from  the 
MipMiuri  River  joined  the  eonimund  immediately  upon 
its  "iiiiii,'  into  eamp.  On  the  IGtli  the  Ktcanicr  "  Oal- 
vwtuM  '  dropped  down  the  river  from  Jefferson  l$ar- 
racks.  liaviug  on  hoard  tlie  United  States  troops  from 
(lie  liiunicks  and  two  pieces  of  artillery.  At  the 
barniiks  tliree  companies  of  volunteers  luid  been  sent 
oil  liiiaril  the  steamer,  composed  of  the  Grays,  under 
Ciipt.  lireedlove,  Capt.  J.  F.  Stockton's  coni]iany, 
,iiiil  ('apt.  Glenn's  company.  The  "Galveston" 
jtarlcd  on  her  trip  for  New  Orleans  on  the  followinj? 
iimriiinL.'.  Three  other  companies  of  volunteers  left. 
Mil  till'  same  day  in  the  steamer  "  James  L.  Hay." 

iiofoic  the  St.  Louis  volunteers  left  for  the  South, 
a  larj^e  .^um  of  money  had  been  raised  by  Col.  Robert 
Cauiiitiell  and  a  few  other  philanthropic  citizens,  to 
i.riiviili'  them  with  nece.x.saries  for  the  campaij^n. 
Hrvaii  Mullanphy  applied  to  the  State  Bank  of  Mis- 
.Hiiri  fur  an  advance  of  6vo  thousand  dollars  on  the 
Tiav  iiF  llic  volunteers;  but  this  bcinj;  declined,  he 
a<ki'(l  a  loan  of  that  sum  on  his  individual  note  at 
I'mir  months,  renewable,  offering;  good  collateral  se- 
mrity.  This  was  also  rejected,  in  accordance  with 
ilio  reguliitions  of  the  bank,  the  vote  standirif;:  For 
ilif  loan,  Messrs.  Christy,  Campbell,  Filley,  Walsh, 
llilfi'iistein,  and  Kennett;  against  it,  Messrs.  Barnes, 
Collier,  and  Sarpy.  Notwithstanding  the  vote  in  its 
fiiiir,  the  loan  was  rejected  for  some  unknown  reason. 
Tlie  nioTiey,  however,  was  forthcoming  by  private  .sub- 
iitipiion,  and  over  five  thousand  dollars  was  rai.sod 
Wl'oro  I'veniii'.' of  the  Idth  of  May.  On  the  next  day 
■i  uii'i'ting  of  the  citizens  of  St.  Louis  was  held  in  the 
riiiiiiila  of  the  court-house  for  the  same  purpo.se. 
j  Oh  iiiiitioii  of  R.  S.  Hlennerhasset,  Judge  Krum  was 
U  upon  to  preside,  and  Col.  Thornton  Grimsley  ap- 
i  pointed  secretary.  Mr.  Hlennerhasset,  in  an  able  and 
fonible  manner,  explained  the  object  of  tlie  call,  and 
motiiin  of  I.  A.  Hedges  the  following  committee 
U;\s  apiwiiitcd  to  draft  a  preamble  and  resolutions  ex- 
1  iressivf  (if  the  sen.se  of  the  meeting;  I.  A.  Hedges, 
AiTt  Campbell,  S.  Treat,  Dr.  Jacobson,  and  N. 
ihwhaii.  The  committee  rejtorted  the  following 
[praiiiblc  and  resolutions,  which  were  adopted : 

"ll'iiKitKAS,  A  nmiiber  of  citizens  who  are  lieails  of  families 

ive  ris|ioniK'il  to  tlio  call  of  the  (Sovcrnor  of  this  .^tiite  by  vol- 

liiiiitiTiii);  to  [iroceud  to  the  relief  of  (ien.  Taylor  opposite  .Mat- 

Itima-;  iiii.l  n  herons,  it  is  tbo  duty  of  those  who  rciiiaiii  behind 

lloaiil  nil  in  their  power  in  this  general  work  of  piitriotisni ; 

|tlierefore, 

" Itf'hiil,  That  the  president  of  this  meeting  be  requested 

'jJ|i|«iiiit  II  ciiiniiiittee  of  live  from  each  wind,  wliose  duty  it 

fclisll  lie  lo  uncertain  the  names,  resiliences,  iind  conditions  of 

Ikt  (iiiiiilios  of  those  volunteera  who  have  families  dependent 


on  their  e.xrrtii>n»  for  support ;  and  that  said  coininitteu  bo  em- 
powered to  receive  and  solicit  donations  for  the  bonellt  of  said 
fiimilics  whieli  may  need  as..'istani-o  hereafter. 

"  Itri'ihril,  fiirlliKr,  'I'hilt  said  committee  appoint  a  treasurer 
and  lal(e  all  other  steps  whidi  may  bo  deemed  proper  to  carry 
out  the  general  object  in  view,  the  relief  of  the  faiiiilicH  of 
those  volunteers  which  may  need  such  nid." 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Campbell,  Col.  Grimsley,  Mr. 
Blennerhasset,  and  A.  P.  Ltidew  were  appointed  a 
committee  to  ascertain  from  tiie  officers  of  the  com- 
panies the  names  of  the  men  having  families  who 
were  leaving  the  city  for  the  seat  of  war. 

Three  companies,  composed  of  Germans  from  the 
Sixty-fourth  Missouri  Militia,  paraded  on  the  morn- 
ing of  the  ItUli  at  their  encampment  west  of  the  city, 
and  at  noon  inarched  on  board  the  "  Alleghany"  and 
proceeded  to  Jefferson  Barracks.  On  the  morning  of 
the  17th,  William  Palm,  on  behalf  of  a  number  of 
patriotic  Germans,  presented  to  the  companies,  but 
more  especially  to  the  Tv.ias  Frn'sclmur  (Texas  Free 
Corps),  commanded  by  Capt.  H.  Koch,  a  hand.some 
national  flag.'  Capt.  Koch  received  the  flag  on  be- 
half of  his  company  in  a  patriotic  .speech. 

Soon  after  the  presentation  the  company  officers  of 
the  St.  Louis  Legion  arrived,  and  in  conformity  with 
previous  arrangements  they,  with  the  company  officers 
of  the  Sixty-fourth  Missouri,  proceeded  to  constitute 
a  regiment  and  to  elect  the  field-officers.  Gen.  Wil- 
liam Milburn  was  called  to  the  chair,  and  Capt.  Philip 
Sali-sbury  and  Lieut.  Kayser  were  appointed  secreta- 
ries.    The  companies  represented  were : 

.S'^  /-<iii/»  (/')iri/».— Capt.  S.  0.  Coleman,  1st  Lieut.  O.  W. 
West,  -'d  I.ieut.  (ieorgo  Knapp. 

Bimne  lii/diitri/. — 1st  Lieut.  Jolin  Knapp,  2d  Lieut,  (i.  \V. 
Davis. 

Miiiiliinmrri/  Gtiitrili. — ('apt.  1'.  (ioriiiiin,  1st  Lieut.  Degnn, 
I'd  liicut.  Mara. 

Siilire  Aiiirriciiii  UiiiifieiH, — ('apt.  P.  Salisbury,  1st  Lieut. 
William  \.  Barnes,  2d  Lieut.  Henry  L.  Koss. 

Mui-ijnii  Uijlemen. — Capt.  McKellops,  1st  Lieut.  J.  S.  .Monro, 
2d  Lieut,  (i.  N.  Miller. 

Mimidiiri  Fiiailcei-H. — Capt.  Nicliolas  Wochnor,  1st  Lieut. 
.Me.xander  Kayser,  2d  Fiieiit.  lircidcokor. 

Mhmiiiii  Uijlemen. — ('apt.  i^chaefcr.  1st  Lieut.  Stoewner.  2d 
Lieut.  Itiseck. 

Te.riiH  h'icf  CiirpH, — Capt.  Henry  Koch,  1st  Lieut,  (iois.  2d 
Lieut.  Krooschell. 

On  motion  of  Lieut.  Kayser,  it  was  agreed  that  the 
consolidated  regiment  should  be  known  as  the  "  St. 
Louis  Legion,"  and  an  election  of  officers  being  held 
viva  voce,  Alton  R.  Easton  was  unanimously  elected 
colonel ;  Ferdinand  Kennett,  licutemint-colonel  ;  and 
Godfrey  Sha-nthaler,  major.     On  the  following  day 


I  L  il 


<U 


'  In  bis  presentation  speech  Mr.  Talm  said,  "Of  all  the  sons 
of  Missouri  this  battalion  has  the  honor  of  being  the  first  to 
gel  ready  and  take  the  liold  at  the  call  of  our  country." 


886 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Li  :i: 


'it 


'n 


I , 


t    ' 


,  ^ 


]     t 


t  ?ii 


Col.  KiiHloii  H^*^4llnl)>(l  uniiiiimnd  of  dm  Lujjiun,  mid  iiii- 
iioiiiiucd  to  tlii<  i-(tiii|iiini('H  ill  till'  city  tiiiit  iiu  hiid  in- 
formed Col,  Diivonjiort,  iit  JcffiirHon  BuriiickH,  tlmt 
lio  was  ready  to  miiNti'r  liis  (Mitiiiiiuiid  into  nurviuu. 
On  till'  IKtli,  Col.  Davoiijiort  i-oiii|ili(!d  with  his  ro- 
(|Uu.st,  und  in  tlut  inoriiiii^  niii8ti>rud  into  thu  Hcrvioo 
ol'tlic  United  States  tlie  three  uoinpaiiicM  of  the  Lefiidii 
then  ut  the  barracliH,  and  in  the  ariernoon  the  live 
conipunieN  that  were  encamped  near  the  eity  at  Camp 
Lucas.  The  companies  at  the  barracks  numherud 
over  two  hundred  and  fifty  men,  and  the  conipanieH 
at  Camp  Lueas  about  four  hundred.  The  Legion  was 
composed  chiefly  of  the  officers  and  some  of  the 
privates  of  the  St.  Louis  Legion  and  the  volunteer  com- 
panies ot  the  Sixty-fourth  Uotjiment.  The  residue  waB 
made  up  of  reeruils,  who  were  taken  from  the  young 
men  and  citizens  mostly  of  St.  Louis,  and  the  whole 
was  as  fine-looking  u  body  of  men  as  witc  ever  mus- 
tered into  the  service.  They  were  mostly  young, 
ardent  in  their  feelings,  und  zealous  in  thu  euu.se  fur 
which  they  enrolled  themselves. 

The  captain  of  the  Boone  Infantry  not  being  ubie 
to  accompany  his  company,  at  an  election  held  on  the 
18tli  of  May,  First  Lieut.  John  Knap])  was  elected 
captain;  Thomas  II.  .Mc\'iekcr,  first  lieutenant;  and 
James  Brown,  second  lieutenant.  Capt.  P.  Gorman, 
of  the  Montgomery  Guards,  also  being  unable  to 
leave  with  his  company,  resigned,  and  on  the  .same 
day  First  Lieut.  John  Wat.son,  Jr.,  was  elected  cap- 
tuin  ;  P.  Deegnn,  first  lieutenant ;  and  T.  Muru,  second 
lieutenant.  While  Capt.  Schaefer,  of  the  Missouri 
Riflemen,  was  going  to  JefTerson  Barracks  the  satue 
day  his  carriage  upset,  and  his  collar-bone  and  two  of 
his  ribs  were  broken. 

On  the  2(tth  a  beautiful  flag  was  pre.sented  to  the 
St.  Louis  Legion,  at  Camp  Lucas,  by  Mrs.  J.  M. 
White!  and  h(!r  daughter,  Mrs.  Ferdinand  Kennett, 
through  Col.  F.  Kennett,  who  delivered  an  address, 
which  was  enthusia.stically  received.  The  flag  bore 
on  one  side  the  coat  of  arms  of  Missouri,  and  on  f'lc 
reverse  the  American  eagle,  with  the  inscripti(>n. 
"Success  to  the  brave.  May  your  trust  be  in  God.'' 
Col.  Easton  received  the  flag  in  the  name  of  hi"  f-;.',i 
mand  with  a  few  stirring  remarks.  Speeche.;  wcic 
also  made  by  T.  H.  Holt  and  Col.  Davenport,  United 
States  army.  Another  handsome  flag  was  presented 
to  the  Boone  Guards  by  A.  B.  Chambers,  one  of  the 
editors  and  proprietors  of  the  Jicpuhfican.  May  21st 
the  Montgomery  Guards  were  presented  with  a  banner 
by  the  Union  Fire  Company,  with  whom  they  had 
long  been  associated.  Samuel  Hawkins  made  the  pre- 
sentation speech,  to  which  Capt.  Watson  replied,  and 
Samuel  Treat  added  a  few  "  animated  remarks." 


In  the  iiK^an  time  all  was  bustle  and  stir  ai  i';iijip 
Lucas  ill  preparation  for  the  ileparlure  of  the  inn.p, 
to  the  South.  The  suh.scriplions  which  lia>l  Ik.ih 
raised  in  the  city  were  suflicieiit  to  permit  the  iiilviinn. 
of  one  nionth's  j)ay  to  each  menihcr  of  the  c()1|k  i||;ii 
desired  it.  Besides  these  a  number  of  patrioiic  ('iii- 
zcns  made  m.uiy  nsi-ful  and  acceptable  pio. m^  |„ 
the  companies. ' 

To  afl'ord  further  assistunco  to  the  wives  ainl  ijiil. 
dren  of  tho.se  who  had  enlisted  in  the  arniv  mi  ;ii|. 
joiirned  public  meeting  of  the  citizens  was  li,.|i|  j,, 
the  rotunda  of  the  court-house  on  Tuesday  c'VcnJn^. 
May  I  Dili,  which  was  presided  over  by  Hon.  .Iulm  M. 
Krum,  with  John  Simonds  as  secreMiry.  Tlic  iii|.|j|. 
iiig  adopted  the  following  resolution  : 

"ItiMitlrril,  Tliiit  llic  |ir('8ii|('iit  oT  thin  iiii'otin^'  l)|.  iiciuijiil 
t(i  ii|i|ii)int  H  iMiiiiiiiitli'i!  of  live  I'roiii  ciich  wnnl,  wlins(.  ,liiu  n 
Himll  Iw  to  BHuerlitiii  tlio  iiiiiiii's,  I'l'xiilt'iiucK,  ami  uoinliiinri  <>r 
till'  t'liiiiilii'H  of  tlioic  voiiinti'itrs  who  hiivo  fiuiiilicii  ili'iii'ijilriii 
on  their  ().xiTtion.<  for  miiiiioit ;  iiml  thnt  saiil  commill.  i,  |„.  i.m. 
liiiwiTt'il  lo  ri'ci'ivi!  mill  noliuil  ilniuitiniiK  for  Ihu  bciu'lit  ut  -.M 
ruiiiiiius  which  iniiy  noi'il  usxi.Htiiiiiu  hereafter." 

The  chair  thereupon  appointed  the  foilowiiit;  ..'(.ii. 
tlcinen  to  constitute  the  committee  nauicil  in  tli,. 
resolution,  with  Hon.  Bryan  Mullanphy  ii>  trci'^- 
urer : 

"  Fiml  Ward. — .Jamea  (1.  Soiilaril,  .1.  .McIIimc,  .I.ihn  liuiin, 
H.  .S.  Illeniicrliosrtot.  Henry  lleijienberg.  iinil  for  |ih.\  siciuu,  lir. 
t'ain|ibell. 

"Siciiiiil  Wiii(l.—\).  1).  l'tt);o,  Wilson  I'rinini,  Dmlm  Kinj, 
Frod.  Lenkemeycr,  \V.  1).  Oruuh,  «inl  for  phyiiciun,  Dr.  V.nfle- 
uiiin. 

•'Third  U'n/c/.— I'reil.  Juooby,  H.  McO.  Hlciiis.  I,.  A.  lien 
oist,  A.  IJiilings,  Churle.i  Meier,  iinJ  |)hy8ician.  Dr.  .McMiinin. 

••  t'inuth  \V„rd. — 1.  I),  lirunt,  II.  U.  .Monlan.l,  M.  U-lii, 
Siiiiinel  Staley,  11.  Hurlh,  iiiul  physician,  Dr.  Ilunlinuc  I.aiif. 

"Fifth  IK.i/t/.— Arehibttid  Carr,  J.  W.  (irnisln,  Thuiiia- J. 
Meier,  William  linmigiin,  I'harlen  Diermnn,  loul  iihyfioian.  Di. 
Carpenter. 

'•  Sljrih  W'lird. — D.  Child.'",  Hugh  Ko.so,  John  lirofknian.  | 
I>avld  Di.\on,  Ciipt.  I^'use,  and  physiuian,  Dr.  Juniiiiij,'*. 

Each  man  of  the  command  was  proviili'd  witli  x  \ 
blanket,  and  the  officers  procured  clothiiij;  of  a  uiii- 

1  The  Uc/iiililirdii  of  the  lUth  .says,  "Mr.  II.  IJuv,  li:ir.l»arej 
meruhant,  on  Third  .Street,  opposite  the  ne>v  nuirki't,  |iii'«ijtij| 
the  Native  American  Hangers  with  twelve  doxiMi  u!  kiiivtjl 
suitable  for  their  use.  Mr.  T.  Campbell  and  Mr.  II.  Slum  |irr-l 
sented  to  the  eompanies  a  large  and  very  acoeptiililo  sii|'|il.i  tl 
tobacco.  Thus  far  many  of  the  recruits  who  nic  vtitlioiii  iliej 
jiresent  meana  of  subsistence  have  been  supported  bytlic 
cers.*' 

Again,  on  the  2;id,  the  same  )iaper  said,  "  Thu  Mi>r};!i:i  tiiiarlil 
request  us  to  return  their  thanks  to  Mrs.  •!.  ,M.  White,  furl 
large  lot  of  broad,  butter,  and  provisions;  lo  .Messr.'.  t'liilli 
Farr  A  Co.,  for  :-even  dozen  knives;  to  Hird,  Kuekei-  ,v  Cu.. M 
a  lot  of  tinoups;  to  Andrews  it  lieakey,  for  a  li<l  uf  tiimaitl 
tu  Mr.  Newberry  for  same ;  to  Mr.  T.  Campbell  lor  lubaoc»| 
and  to  uthors  for  provisions." 


!irs 


TJIK   WAR   WITH    MKXICO. 


:ui7 


t    >';ini|i 

L'  triiiiii> 
111  bi'iii 

llilvillU'f 
IVJlS  lllllt 

oiiii  ciii- 

BM'lllS    111 
UMil   I'llil- 

ly,  itn  ail- 
X  licld  111 
y  cvciiiii.;, 
,.  .Um  M. 

'I'lir  mn;|. 

hi*  ri'ijucMi'ii 

x\\'ifv  iliit;  1' 

uuiiilitiiin  "t 

I'd   ilrprlnlclll 

iiiilti'O  III' em- 
Ooncllt  i)(  Mi'l 

llowiiiii  i;oii- 
lUH'il  ill  '1''' 
liy   If  trcib- 

so,  .Iiihn  Ilunn. 
•  iilivfician,  It. 

,,  l),i,*t,,r  Km.'. 
'mil,  llr.  Kn«le- 

ini^'.  1..  A-  "™ 
,  Dr.  MoMirim. 
Iluii.l,  M.  l.i-'"- 
;iu-.lini'c  l.iiiii'. 

|„i,v.  ■niiiiuii^  >■ 

;1  iihysii-'hin,  111. 


„hii   lirocViiiaii. 

I 

culling;* 

1 

oviili'il 

witli  ;i 

1 

liin;.:  II 

'  a  uiii- 

1 

ll.  li:i>,  lwl'l»>"  I 
Imirk.'l.l'f"^^"'"'! 
l.lo/.i'ii  of  ki»»«| 

Jviitiiijio  *'M'i'';  "1 

„n'  witlimi'  '■'"I 
|,orU>l  bytlieii«-| 

liuMiirH'W''"'"'''! 

,  M.  Wliil'-'"" 

Ito  M«'f»'  ^''"'''J 
luii,*kiT.tCo..l»fl 

I  ft  lul  of  tni«««l 

Lbel!  for  t"'»'"i 


I'linii  I'lilor.  style,  <'tu.,  Huitiililu  tor  tlio  suiihihi  and 
eliiiiii '.  V»T  iiiiiis  luiil  a(!(!oiitr('iU('iits  ^licy  rolicd 
uiiiiii  I  III!  United  StiituM  );i)Vi'i'iiiiit!iit  til  HUpiiiy  llieiii 
at  N'l  w  Orii'iitiH,  On  thu  2lltli  all  tlui  ciiinpaiiiiiH  liitd 
tlii'ir  iiiinpluinont  (if  iiii'ii,  hut  voluiitucrs  wcsre  daily 
adili'il  III  tlii'iii.  Acuordiii^  to  tlio  iniif'li'r'i'nil  at  tliis 
time  I  III'  c(iini)iiiiii'H  at  Camp  Lucas  were  ofBceriid  us 
rolliiw>: 

gl,  Loiiin  (irii.VK.  S.  U,  ('oltinmn,  uniiliiiiii  (lenrijo  W.  \Viii*t, 
Arft  Ili'iili'Uiinl ;  (luor){u  Kiiii|i|i,  I'uuoinl  lloiitcniint ;  aixlyoiKlit 
nieii. 

Xiilivr  Aiiu'i'li'iin  UanjturH,  I'liiliiiiilcr  Siiliiljury.  cii)ilHiii ; 
Wiiliiitii  A.  Iliiriiufl,  fir>l  liniti'iiiint ;  ilt'iiry  [,,  lloNi*,  M'conil 
lii'iili'iiiiiit:  mil'  liiiiiili'L'il  iinil  tliri'i'  iiii'ii. 

Iliiiiiii' iIiiiii'iIm,  •liiliii  Kiiii|i|i,  i'ii|itiiiiK  riiiiiniiH  II.  iMuViiikiT, 
lir.l  liriitrniiiit ;   .Iiiini'i"   Itniwn,  bcuoikI   liriili'iiiuit ;   nixtytivr 

TIU'll. 

Mijiilgiiini'r.v  (iiiiiriia.  iliilin  WuImhi,  .Ir.,  ™|iliiin :  I'liliifk 
|ii'i'i;iiiii  llrit  lluuteniint  I  TliiMiin!<  .Miirii,  i<c'i:i>iiil  liuiituuiiiit : 
sinly-i'ivrn  men. 

.Moritiiii  llilli'iiicii,  11.  J.  II.  MrKbrip.',  cii|>tiiiii;  .1.  I'.  .Moiirc, 
tirst  liiiiii'imiit ,-  (ioorgo  \.  Miller,  nucimil  lioutcniinlj  ciglily- 
llirw  iiirn. 

I 

On  Saturday  uioniiiif;,  May  2!id,  the  TiCjrioii  broke 
up  tlicir  eaii)])  and  eniharkud  on  the  steaiuer  "  Con- 
voy '  till'  the  seat  of  war.  As  we  have  het'oro  stated, 
iIk'  fivi'  Anierieaii  companies  liad  hecn  cnuampcd  at 
I'ainii  Lueiw,  in  the  rear  of  the  city  ;  and  as  they 
iiiari'hwl  through  the  streets,  at  ten  o'clock  in  the 
moiiiiiif;,  on  their  way  to  the  boat,  they  were  greeted 
itiili  the  greatest  enth\isiasm.  They  presented  a 
ri'iilly  martial  appearance,  and  it  is  not  unmerited 
I'niise  til  say  that  no  finer  body  of  men — young,  stout, 
utive,  and  capable  of  enduring  hardship — was  ever 
iiiustort'd  into  any  service.  The  parting  of  friends, 
tiie  separation  of  relatives,  the  roll  of  drums,  the 
tush  of  baggage-wagons,  and  the  striking  of  the 
lents  ill  the  camp  gave  their  departure  an  appearance 
imt  iil'ten  witnessed  in  tliis  country,  and  seldom  before 
in  St.  Lduis.  Along  the  route  of  match  the  excite- 
nioiit  was  intense,  and  the  crowd  in  the  streets  was 
-II  oreal  that  it  was  with  difficulty  a  jiassage  could 
In'  kept  iipeii  for  the  troo])s.  On  Front  Street  there 
was  an  iininenso  concourse  of  people.  Every  window 
Was  lined  with  Indies  waving  tlieir  handkerchiefs, 
Ml!  every  boat  in  port  was  crowded  with  enthusiastic 
ift'daiors. 

The  eoiupanies  marched  on  board  the  "  Convoy"  in 
tlieoiderof  their  seniority, — first,  the  St.  Louis  Grays  ; 
»M)i,  the  Boone  Guards ;  third,  the  Montgomery 
IJuarJs ;  fourth,  the  Morgan  lliflemen  ;  fifth,  the  Na- 
tive American  Rangers,  bearing  the  flag  of  the  Legion. 
About  line  o'clock  the  "  Convoy,"  accompanied  by 
ikc  "  Luella,"  on  board  of  which  a  large  nuiubcr  of 
distinguished  citizens  had  gathered  to  see  the  Legion 


olV,  proceeded  to  Jefferson  Rarrneks,  where  the  three 
(iernnin  companies,  composing  tlie  residue  of  llie  com- 
mand, were  to  embark.'  When  thu  two  steuiuers  ar- 
rived at  Jefferson  Barracks  tlio  throe  Gorman  com- 
panies were  drawn  up  in  line  on  the  shore,  and  sang 
"  Fuderland"  witli  fine  effect,  and  th(.n  embarked  on 
the  '•  Convoy."  Before  the  bouts  separated  Hon. 
Trusten  I'olk  addressed  the  Legion  from  the  hurricane 
deck  of  the  '' Jjuella,"  on  behalf  of  the  citizens  of  St. 
liouis.' 

On  May  24th  the  Legion  reached  Cairo  in  good 
spirits.  Two  accidents,  however,  occurred  during  the 
night  of  the  2;Sd.  James  Regan,  belonging  to  the 
Morgan  Riflemen,  and  Ludwig  Heller,  a  German  I'riiiii 
tlie  St.  Louis  arsenal,  bound  for  Baton  Rnuge,  fell 
overboard  and  were  drowned.  On  the  28tii  the  Legion 
reached  New  Orleans,  but  was  not  perniilted  to  land, 
with  the  exception  of  two  officers,  who  reported  to 
(jcn.  Gaines.  The  troops  wore  disembarked  at  the 
barracks  about  three  miles  below  tlie  city  and  went 
into  camp.  On  Juno  4th  the  Legion  sailed  in  the 
"Galveston"  for  Point  Isabel.  The  distingui.shed 
honor  was  awarded  to  the  St.  Louis  Lcginii  of  being 
the  first  regiment  to  report  at  New  Orloaiis  from  any 
State  north  of  Louisiana,  and  from  this  circumstance 
the  precedence  was  accorded  of  .^ailing  first  for  the 
seat  of  war,  as  well  as  some  other  privileges.  The 
Legion  arrived  at  its  destination  on  the  7th,  and  landed 
on  the  same  day  on  the  west  bank  of  the  Brazos, 

Having  thus  given  the  movements  of  the  St.  Louis 
Legion  to  Mexico,  we  will  now  retrace  our  steps  and 
note  the  movements  of  other  military  commatids  iu 
the  order  in  which  they  occur. 

Col.  Thornton  Grimsley,  on  May  19,  184G,  gave 
notice  through  the  newspapers  of  St.  Louis  that  it 
was  his  intention  to  raise  u  regiment  of  one  thousand 
mounted  men  to  join  the  force  that  was  to  accompany 


'  It  WHS  an  encouraging  incident  that,  Just  before  the  bout 
left  St.  Liiiiia  with  the  volunteers,  news  wiis  received  of  the  lirst 
battles  fought  between  the  American  and  Mexican  aruiie.i  on 
the  Sth  anil  ilth  of  May.  which  resulted  in  victories  for  Gen. 
Taylor.  The  boats  ivith  the  tronps  on  board  |Mif'«ed  up  in  front 
of  the  city,  and  as  they  turned  down  streiiin  the  bontineii  coin- 
nienced  lii.ag  a  small  cannon  by  way  of  salute.  At  the  second 
dis'.'harge,  which  wrs  (irciiiature,  one  man  was  killed  and  an- 
other mortally  wounded, 

^  111  hi.ii  addres.i  Mr,  I'olk  stated  that  the  Legion  waa  going  to 
the  war  "  .i.'<the  represent:. tives  of  Missouri,  one  of  the  youngest 
of  the  sisterhood  of  the  States,  who,  as  a  proud  mother,  has  warmly 
adopted  you  all — for  very  few  of  you  were  born  upon  her  .soil^ — 
as  her  children  equally  beloved.  You  go  as  the  representatives 
of  St.  Louis,  the  Queen  City  of  the  West, — iis  the  representatives 
of  her  gallant  sons  and  the  champions  of  her  fair  daughters." 
He  concluded  with  the  words,  "  Let  your  trust  be  in  Hod,  and 
oursed  be  he  whu  turneth  hi]  back  upon  the  enemy." 


i    >l 


m 


3G8 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


i-'  ' ! 


m 


4   >■ 


Col.  Kearney  on  his  expedition  to  New  Mexico.  He 
established  his  headquarters  over  C.  F.  Hendry  & 
Co.'s  store  at  the  corner  of  Market  and  Second  Streets. 
The  re<jiment  recruited  rapidly,  and  on  May  25th  it 
wa  '  announced  th.it  lie  had  nearly  six  hundred  men 
enrolled.  Col.  D.  D.  Mitchell  also  made  efforts  to 
rai.se  a  mounted  resjiment. 

In  the  mean  time  volunteers  continued  to  pour  into 
St.  Louis,  eager  to  be  mustered  into  the  service  of  the 
{government.  On  the  21st  three  companies  arrived 
on  the  .steamer  "  Wapello,"  one  of  fifty-one  men,  from 
Gasconade  County,  under  the  command  of  Capt.  Sam- 
uel Parham,  and  one  of  sixty-three  men,  from  Frink- 
lin  County,  under  the  command  of  Capt.  John  D. 
Stevenson,  both  of  the  Second  Brijiade  of  Missouri 
militia.  The  third  company  consisted  of  seventy- 
three  men,  from  Osage  County,  and  was  under  the 
charge  of  Capt.  Augustus  liainoy. 

Adjt.-Gen.  Parsons,  of  the  State  militia,  on  the 
same  day  i.^sued  general  orders  directing  the  enroll- 
ment of  fifty  volunteers  in  each  of  the  counties  of 
St.  Charles,  Montgomery,  Warren,  Callaway,  Cole, 
Osage,  Cooper,  Boone,  Saline,  and  Gasconade,  one 
hundred  in  Franklin,  and  one  hundred  and  fifty  in 
Howard  and  Chariton,  making  .seven  hundred  and 
fifty  in  all.  The  volunteers  were  to  ek'Ct  their  own 
oflScers,  and  rendezvous  at  St.  Louis,  "  where,"  it  was 
stated.  "  they  will  be  furnished  with  supplies  and 
transportation  to  the  city  of  New  Orleans,  at  which 
place  they  will  be  armed  and  equipped  complete  and 
transported  to  the  .seat  of  war  in  Texas.'  The  com- 
panies thus  organized  were  not  to  receive  pay  unless 
they  were  mustered  into  active  service.  In  response 
to  this  order  volunteers  flocked  into  St.  Louis  without 
any  organization,  relying  confidently  on  being  taken 
into  service  and  receiving  subsistence.  As  a  conse- 
(|uence  the  citizens  had  to  provide  for  their  support 
by  voluntary  subscriptions.  On  the  25th  of  May  it 
Wius  estimated  that  tiicre  w  re  at  least  three  hundred 
volunt(!ers  in  the  city  from  the  vicinity  of  the  Mi.s.souri 
Uiver.  On  the  24th  .he  steamer  "  Lewis  F.  Linn" 
brought  down  two  companies  of  volunteers,  one  from 
Booneville,  consisting  of  .>-ixty-nine  men,  under  the 
command  of  Capt.  Joseph  \,.  Stevens,  of  Cmper 
''ounty,  and  the  other  from  Jefl'erson  ('i'.y,  numbering 
•■ievenly-eight  men,  commanded  by  Capt.  liucius 
Kastiin,  of  Cole  County.  In  a  few  days  tlusse  were 
joined  by  one  company  from  Gasconade  (Jounty,  num- 
bering fifty-one  men,  under  the  comirand  of  Capt.  S. 
Parham  ;  one  from  Franklin  (,'ounty  of  sixty  tliree 
men,  J.  J).  Stevenson  commanding;  one  fnun  Osage 
County  of  Seventy-eight  men,  Capt.  Augustus  Kainey 
commanding;    one  from   Ahinteau  County  of  sixty- 


two   men,    Capt.    Hammond  commanding;    an>l  one 
from  Saline  County  of  seventy  men,  Capt.  Jolm  \\'. 
lleid  commanding.     Immediately  upon  the  arrival  df 
the  conipanies  from  Gasconade.  Franklin,  and  O^i^t' 
Counties  they  reported  to  Col.   Robert  Campbcli,  aij 
to  the  Governor,  who  supplied  quarters  for  tliiiu  i,, 
the  State  tobacco  warehouse.     On  the  arrival  nf  the 
companies  from  Cole  and  Cooper  Counties  the  "  Lucas 
Market,"  just  finished,  but  not  yet  opened  fiii|iiili. 
lie  purposes,  was  promptly  offered  for  their  use  !iv 
the  jiroprietors,  but  it  was  finally  determined  id  tale 
the  rotunda  in  the  court-house,  which  had  been  |iliui(l 
at  their  disposal  by  A.  Gamble,  acting  as  one  ol'  ih,. 
judges  of  the  county  court.     Orders  were  given  I'.ir 
provisions  to  b'>  furnished  them,  and  they  were  cinii- 
plied  with.     On  the  25th,  Col.  Campbell  waited  ujimi 
Col.  Davenport,  at  Jefferson  Barracks,  and  urged  u]iiiii 
him  the  necessity  for  the  concentration  of  addiiiunal 
forces  at  the  South,  and  begged  that  the  .several  idiii- 
panies  be  mustered   into  .service  immediately.    Cnl. 
Davenport  declined  the  request,  on  the  gniuiid  that 
the  application  of  Gen.  Gaines  for  authority  te  niako 
requisitions  f<ir  volunteers  had  not  met  with  ilic  ap- 
proval of  the  government,  and  added  that  lie  ilid  rmt 
feel  .luthorized  to  muster  them  into  the  servii-e  nl'  \]w 
United  States,   nor  at   liberty  to  act  furllitr  in  ilio 
premises.     In  conseijuencc  of  this  decision  of  tlic  (;(iv- 
erntnent  mustering  officer,  the  only  alternative  lift 
Col.  Campbell  was  to  make  arrangements  Ww  lln'  iv- 
turn  home  of  the  several  companies,  which  ln'  iliJ  at 
onee.      Provisions  were  purchased  and  traii.-]Hiiiafiiiii 
provide<l  by  Col.   Campbell,  and  the  conipiinics  w.ro 
sent  back  without  delay. 

\Vhil(>  Gen.  Taylor  was  operating  (Hi  lliu  liii 
Grande,  the  War  Department  at  WasiiiiiLildn  lir- 
termiued  to  send  two  columns  against  tlie  nnitliciii 
provinces  of  Mexico,  under  the  commiiinl  n'>|K'i-iiviiv 
of  tieii.  Wool  and  Col.  Stephen  Walts  Keaiiny.  Tlio 
mnvements  of  these  ciirjis,  if  less  important  in  a  mili- 
tary point  of  view,  were  vastly  mure  extensive  In  tin  ir 
geographical  scope  and  relations.  It  was  lliilitiprtiiiii' 
to  traver.se  magnificent  plains.  ])erl'cirm  rii|iid  ami.  in 
modern  history,  unprecedented  inarelies,  ami  ciiiiiiur 
for  the  United  Stales  lands  unsurveyed  ami  alnn^i 
uninhabited.  The  origin  of  these  expediiiuiis  .<i' 
to  have  lieeii  an  idea  entertained  by  the  gnvi  rniniiit 
that  the  Slates  of  New  Mexico — Chiliualina,  l>'iian;;  >. 

and  others  in   the   upper   portion   of  Me.xiid— >t I 

ready  to  declare  tbem.H'lve;*  indepcn<lenl.  .I'nl  llial  lnj 
this  -novein(!nt  they  would  Ik;  at  once  delai  lull  riiiiuj 
the  central  government.  With  such  views  ilic  \\arj 
Department  deiermined  to  organize  a  eni|is  ,  alli'il  tl 
"Army  of  the  West,"  which  was  intciiiie<l  iiKiiiniiurl 


New  .Mex 

lliuiiL'l;   V( 

concent  rat 

iliroiiL'li  it 

Jionis  I  Ml  li 

die  niiiiilia 

I'am'eii  iin, 

•ifgreat  nia 

184(1,  al  (h( 

inue  of  tile 

.'<(.  Louis  for 

rived  at  St.  I 

with  no  ie.ss 

ildllars  in  spc^ 

ill  St.  Lijuis. 

■■"I.  Loiii.s  and 

111  amount  at 

Jiillars.     (_)iie 

"I'lnosi  of  th; 

('ill.  Kearne 

iraiy,  a  Very  u, 

o'ived  iirders  ti 

wle  a  call  nn 

iftra  10  join   t| 

iwi|i'  of  this 

'li''  iidjtitant-gei 

'"'■  l!i'l)erl  Can 

li.  Hudson  : 

"oirii'K 

'■■-in.-V.Mi  arc  ,■, 
|ainly„fS|.  r,„„i,. 
|1  iiiill  rcocin.  Ill, 
P't'Tiuiiler  cighic 
I'Is't;  ai.r  the  h,,,.,, 
pil'iriTiin.,  IV  it  I,  II, 
'"'11  lie  |iarli,.|,l„ 
pt'iiertonlercl. 
■flifeviiliiiiic,,,., 

•■  |I1'"CC1.|1 

Nkmwrtiiijj.lipi, 

i'W  at   Unit 
Kiwiili  uf  i.„v:.i,:, 
['•"Moreil  iniii  d,, 
'■■■'  r    il'lly    [„ 

ir 
I"'  '""'-   III.'   Il„„i, 

pi  "iiani. 
''■"'"lii'.rtlK,  (■„, 

* "  t'.uii. ,.„■,, 

"'"'■''■■'■-"7""" 
r"l"  I'l'  lliouiiten 
'*i''iun(ie.s  ,,(■ 
"'■'■""•■■'■   re(,ui.siti, 


THE  WAR   WITH   MEXICO. 


369 


aii'l  one 
lolili  W. 
iriiviil  (if 

jjbi'll.  iiiil 
tlii'in  ill 
i\\  (if  tW 
le  "  liUiMS 
1    tui-  (llllj- 

;ir  use  iiy 
cd  til  lAo 

Olio   III'  tlu' 
i  jliviMi  for 

I  Wl'l'l'  I'lilll- 

wiiiioil  u]'»ii 
urjii'il  iip"" 
)f  ii(lilitiiiiiiil 

SOVl'Vlll  UUlll- 

iutely.  ('"I. 
I'riiuiiil  tliiii 
jrity  ii'  ii>;ikt' 
Willi  the  up- 
at  lu'  lUJ  ii"t 
scrvii'i'  111  ilii' 
urtliei'  in  ilio 

,,111  ol'  till'  i^liV- 


>{ow  Moxico  by  tDiirching  into  Santa  Fi'.     Tli is  place,  eloctcd.     In  St.  Louis  there  was  no  lack  of  Vdluntocrs, 

tiioiii;!.  very  unimportant  as  u  town,  was  a  point  of  as  the  city  responded  as  promptly  to  this  call  as  she 

concentration  for  the  extensive  trade  wliich   flowed  had  to  the  call   for  troops  for  the  South.     On   the 

throiiiih  it  ff'""  Chihuahua  on  the  southwest,  and  St.  28tli  of  May  the  St.  Louis  Mounted  Kanjrers  were  or- 

Jjouis  nil  lh«  "orlliea.st.     Vast  as  were  the  plains  and  j^anized   by  the  eloetinn   of  John   C.   Dent,  captain  ; 

the  uninhabited  regions  throuirh  which  this  trade  was  John  W.  McDonald,  first  lieutenant ;  and  J.  Le  Roy, 

carrii'il  on,  it  had  j^rown  within  a  few  years  to  be  one  second    lieutenant.     The  Laclede  Mounted  Ran<;ers 

.it'cn'at  inajinitude  and  value.     On  the  Ititli  of  May,  were  oriranized  on   the  same   day  by  the  election   of 

1S4(),  at  the  very  time  Congress  recognized  the  oxist-  Thomas  B.  Hudson,  captain  ;  Riciiard  S.  Elliot,  first 

ciieo  (if  the  war,  and  troops  were  being  fitted  out  in  lieutenant ;  and  Louis  T.   Labeaunie,  second  licuten- 

St.  Louis  for  Mexico,  a  company  of  Mexican  traders  ar-  ant.     At  the  same  time  the  St.  Louis  Horse  Artillery 

rived  at  St.  Louis,  through  Santa  Fe,  fnmi  Chihuahua,  organized  at  Union   Hall,  corner  of  Third  and  Pine 

with  nil  less  than   three  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  Streets,    by    tlie    election    of  the    following    officers : 

Jolliirs  ill  specie,  to  expend  for  wares  and  merchandise  Richard  H.Weightnian,  captain  ;  Andrew  J.  Dorn,  first 

in  St.  Liiiiis.     The  annual  trade  from  Santa  Ee  with  first    lieutenant ;   Edmund   F.   Chouteau,  second  first 

St.  Louis  and  some  other  Eastern  cities  was  estimated  lieutenant;    John    O.   Simpson,    second    lieutenant; 

til  uinouiit  at  this  time  to  from  one  to  two  millions  of  John  U.  (iratiot,  first  .sergeant ;  Davis  Moore,  second 

Ji.liars.     One  of  the  results  of  the  war  was  the  loss  sergeant;    A.V.Wilson,   third  sergeant;    Wm.    IL 

if  most  (if  th  ;s  trade  to  St.  Louis.  Thorpe,    fourth    sergeant;    Wm.   ('.    Keniierly.   first 

Cdl.  Kearney,  of  the  First  Dragoons,  United  States  corporal ;  Clay  Taylor,  second  corporal ;  T.  F.  Ander- 

irniy,  a  very  able  and  skillful  officer,  early  in  May  re-  son.  third  corpofal ;  J.  R.  White,  fourth  corporal. 

wived  iiiders  to  organize  tiie  Army  of  the  West,  and  Another   artillery    company    was   org.inized.   with 

uiiule  u  lail  on   Governir  Edwards   for  State  volun-  Frederick  Kretsehmar,  captain,  and  Messrs.  Kumsler, 

lecrs  to  join   the  expedition.      Immediately  on  the  Ansog,  and  Gibson,  lieutenants. 

iiwi|it  (if  this  re(|uisitioii  the  following  order  froin  On  the  H(Hli  ail  the  companies  of  volunteers  that 

I  till- adjutant-general  of  the  State  was   addressed  to  had  been  organized  for  the  Army  of  the  West  paraded 

I'll!.  Robert  Campbell,  through  the  hands  of  Capt.  T.  in  Lucas  ]'ark,  and  Col.  Campbell  inspected  and  ac- 


M-nativc  li-lt 

I'ul-  till'   IV- 

ich  111'  iliil  ;'■' 
insjiuvUitii'U 

..iiipaiiii'S  wore 

,11     llic    W'l 

ashiniltiiii  il'- 

til,'    llilVtlll'l" 

lid  ro>lii'(;l>V''b' 


Koanu'V. 


■n,o 


taut  ill  a  ""''■ 
i.ii.-ive  ill  ttiiif 
istlii-ii-l'iiviaiw 
,  vaiii'l  anil-  in 
■s,  ami  i'iMii|ai't 
■  ,,d  anil  al">"'' 
j„.diiiii">  ^'i^^ti'* 
|)„,  ,^„viiiin"' 
V)iiraiii;' 


lit 


laliua 

1  M.'xii'ii 


Int.  an 


,-Stllll.ll 

,1  lliat  *'}' 


,l,.|ailii'il  l'roiu«c, 


View 
leiivv 


.  the  \v»i 

alli'il  tlial 


,a.'ili"^'"'"r 


cepted  the  services  of  the  following  '.•iimpanics :  The 
German  troop  of  horse,  under  conimand  of  Capt. 
Fischer;  the  Laclede  Rangers,  under  Capt.  Hudson; 
a  eom]iany  from  Flori.ssant,  under  Capt.  Edmonson  ; 
and  tli(!  comjiany  of  horse  artillery,  commanded  by 
Ca]it.  Wiightinan.  Capt.  Kret.sehinar  tendered  his 
company  of  artillery,  but  iiisisli>d  that  they  should  be 
specially  accejited  for  artillery  service.  The  company 
not  being  (piite  full,  and  there  being  some  doubt  as  to 
the  ]io\ver  of  the  authorities  to  receive  it  with  soeli  a 
condition,  it  was  not  accepted. 

The  four  companies  inspected  and  accepted  had 
each  their  full  eomiileinent  of  one  humlred  men  and 
fourteen  officers,  etc.,  and  filled  ''e  re(|uisition  which 
had  been  made  on  the  county.  '  'e  were  two  com- 
jianies  frinii  the  ciiuntrv,  whicii  u  .  .ed,  and  eieeled 
Mr.  Edmonson  eajitain,  and  J.  C.  Dent  (the  captain 
of  the  other)  fi^.^t  lieutenant.  The  intelligence  of 
their  aece]itanee  was  received  with  repeated  elieers  by 
the  members  of  the  re."i.:ective  eom|ianios.  In  the 
eveiiiig  C  )1.  Campbell  gavi  the  officers  of  tile  various 
eompaiiii'.s  a  ban(|uet  at  the  I'lanters'  Hotel. 

As  has  already  lieeii  si'eii  in  tlie.se  ]iages.  Col.  Camp- 
rii>  if  mounted  volunteers  speedily  organized  in     bell   was  exeeedingiy    letive.  and  did  more,  perhaps, 
"UMiiuiilies  of  the  Stale  in  eonfor-nity  with  the     than  any  other  mrii  in  St.  Tjouis  in  fitting  out  troops 
ii(|uisition,  and  company   officers    were     tor  the  war  in  JJLJt.ieo.      In  many  respects  he  wa:- one 


,  Hudson  : 

"MI.SSOIUI. 

"  llKMicjr  lliTKIlS   OK    Tin:    MlI.ITIA, 
"lllKIlK    "K    An.l.-CjKNKUAr.,    Cirv    ciK   jKllKll.'iilN, 

"May  21,  IStI!, 

"Sm, — Yiiii  are  ediniiuinilei!  tu  ruisi*  t'urttnvitli,  in  tin.*  foiintj 

linleity  iif  St.  T.oiiis,  I'jur  liiiii<)r(.Ml  vuhintcers  of  niiiuiitcd  tnen. 

IV'iwiil  iTccivu  11(1  mii'i  who  is  in  years  apiMircntly  over  lorty- 

,,r  uiiiler  eiglilcer,  or  wiio  is  not  in   i*liy.sii-al  sirengtii  and 

[vig'ir;  iiiir  the  liors'    of  any    volunleor   not   apjiarently  snuiiii 

inifffi'etive,  witli  ttie  neeessary  horse  einii|iiiieiils  or  ruriiiturc. 

!vi:ffill  be  partieiilar  in  not  reeeiving  more  men  tiian  the  1111111- 

|(riierc  enlereil. 

lii'H'  vnliiiileers  are  iler.tinei!  for  the  frontiiT,  ami  t!;ey  will 
jiEii;iiiiiiti.'ly  proceeil  wiili  all  |ioi*silile  ilis|iateii  to  I'"ort  l.eaven- 
I'rtb,  rejinrtiii;;  ,lienis"lve.s,  hy  llieir  ollieer?,  to  tlie  contmanil- 
'/Itiiei- at  tliat  |ioint.  Tliey  will  there  he  omani/eil  into 
kimiils  uf  eaviilry,  inonnted  "nni,  or  light  artillery,  and 
fiiiiHereil  into  the  serviee  of  the  I'nited  Suites.  Von  will 
I'l'   'iptly    to   this    olViee  your  proeeedings    ui.  ler    this 


to  be,  sir,  very   respeet fully,  y  o. r  obe- 


|"I  Imvi'  the  hull 

iVllllt. 

I'liVntijci  uf  tile  (_'ommander-iii-('liief. 

"(I.    A.     I'.VHSONS, 

'•  Atljiildiil  Ceiin-iit  Mil.  Mi/iliii, 

I'K'iHniT   CAMlUlfil.L, 

1  " M'liil,  .t'ifiiip  tilths  (^iiHimiitnivrin-Cln'rf,  !?(/  Pn-ininn. 


|1     ■! 


'i« 


Kd 


1  I 


ItiTiiiir 


\.U 


1 


If 
I'll 


,  i.  li  ■ 


mh  \ 


. 

IJ 

!■' 

■* 

'  *            1 

1 

H^By 

1 

1             ' 

' 

H' 

1 

1 

HKbDi 

] 

1 

Hi 

>^ 

i  ;, 

870 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


of  the  most  remarkable  of  the  many  conspicuous  figures 
in  the  early  history  of  St.  Louis,  and,  us  the  compan- 
ion of  the  intrepid  Ashley,  Sublette,  and  other  traders 
and  explorers,  assisted  in  building  up  the  great  fur 
trade  which  at  one  time  gave  St.  Louis  a  peculiar 
prominence  and  importance  in  the  eyes  of  the  com- 
mercial world.  It  was,  however,  in  connection  with 
his  services  in  the  Mexican  war,  as  aid  to  Governor 
Edwards,  that  Col.  Campbell  appeared  most  conspicu- 
ously before  tlie  public,  and  to  his  indefatigable  labors 
in  organizing  and  directing  the  great  volunteer  move- 
ment of  181G,  St.  Louis  and  Missouri  are  chiefly  in- 
debted for  the  fact  that  they  now  occupy  so  proud  a  place 
in  the  annuls  of  tliat  conflict.  Immediately  upon  the 
receipt  of  the  declaration  of  war  Col.  Campbell  ten- 
dered his  .services  to  the  State  government,  and  was 
appointed  a  member  of  the  Governor's  staff,  with  the 
rank  of  colonel,  and  inspector-general  of  the  Missouri 
troops.  He  displayed  the  greatest  energy  and  entliu- 
siasm  in  tlu^  laborious  work  of  organizing  the  var'  as 
regiments  and  raising  them  to  an  ett'ectivo  military 
standard,  and  to  him  more  than  any  other  single  individ- 
ual was  (liic  the  promptitude  with  which  the  troops 
were  disciplined,  e(|uippi'd,  and  forwarded  to  the  .scat 
of  hostilities,  which,  however,  as  elsewhere  stated, 
many  of  them  never  reached.  Years  before,  however. 
Col.  Campbell  had  gained  an  enviable  reputation  for 
great  energy  of  character,  rare?  administrative  ability, 
and  dauntless  courage,  in  connection  with  his  fur- 
trading  operations  in  the  Indian  country,  in  conduct- 
ing which  he  did  as  much  perhaps  as  any  other  single 
individual  to  give  St.  Louis  licr  early  fame  in  the  far 
West.  After  achieving  prominence  in  the  fur  trade, 
he  was  for  nearly  half  a  century  a  conspicuous  figure 
in  St  Louis  business  ar.d  social  circles,  and  in  every 
relation  of  life  was  eminently  worthy  of  the  regard 
in  which  he  was  universally  held. 

He  was  born  at  Aughlane,  near  Pluinbridgc,  County 
Tyrone,  in  the  north  of  Ireland,  of  Scotch  descent, 
in  1804.  In  the  year  1824  lie  immigrated  to  St. 
Louis,  and  at  once  engaged  in  an  active  business  life  ; 
but  about  a  year  later  was  prostrated  with  congestion 
and  bleeding  at  the  lungs,  and  on  tlie  advice  of  his 
physician,  the  well-known  Dr.  Bernard  G.  Farrar,  he 
visited  the  llocky  Mountains  for  his  health,  which 
becoming  gK^atly  improved,  li  j  was  induced  to  remain 
in  that  section,  and  soon  became  intiinatiily  engaged 
with  a  number  of  the  enterprising  men  who  prose- 
cuted the  fur  trade  in  those  wild  and  almost  inacces- 
sibl(!  regions.  He  was  first  associated  with  (icn. 
Ashley,  and  accompanied  liim  to  the  banks  of  the 
Green  Uivcr,  or  Colorado  of  t!ie  West,  known  by  the 
Indian  naiue  of  Secds-kc-dee-agio.     On   this  expedi- 


•  tion  a  footing  was  secured  and  u  complete  systcni  of 
trap})ing  orgaiiized  beyond  the  Uocky  Mountains.  Ij 
this  hardy  school  a   number  of  leaders  spran'.'  u'., 
among  whom  were  Campbell,  Smith,  Subletir,  I'iiz. 
patrick,  and  Bridgcr,  and  in  endurance,  couraL'f.  aiid 
sagacity  C;unpbcll  was  s('cond  to  none  of  those  iiarnd. 
Gen.  Ashley  retired  in   18150,  having  amasned  a  I'ir. 
tune,  and  then  Campbell  ruse  from  bci.i;^  m.nlv  j 
leader  of  expeditions  to  the  position  o'  a  ]iriiiniiiiii' 
partner  in  '.he  Tlocky  Mountain  Tur  Company,  wiiiii, 
was  organized  upon  the  witlmraw.d  of  Gen.  A.<lilv 
the   leading   spirits  in    its  formation    bcinu   ''ilnin 
Campbell  and  Col.  SVilliam  Sublette.     The  Aiiuiiaii 
Fur  Company,  represented  by  Chouteau  &  C(i.,  w., 
an  energetic  rival   in  tlie  field,  and  the  va^inos*  ui 
the  operations  of  these  competitors  appears  I'niiii  tli. 
fact  that  wlien,  in  order  to  prevent  ruinous  riv:iirv.,[i 
the  same  ground,   a  division   of   the  territurv  wi. 
agreed  upon,  there  fell  to  Mr.  Campbell's  ciiiii|.;iiiv 
all  the  immense  region  wast  and  south  of  a  iini>  i.ui 
mencing  on  the  Arkansas  River  at  a  point  smiil,  ,' 
the  Platte,  on  the  twenty-fourth  meridian,  niiiniii.. 

I  forks  of  tile  Platte,  thence  to  the  dividing  Hjlm;' :li; 

!  waters  emptying  into  the  Platte  and  tiif  uair- 
emptying  into  the  upper  Mis.souri,  thence  tu  ;lif 
Rocky  Mountains,  and  thence  to  tlie  fdrk.s  uf  iliv 
Missouri. 

,       Mr.  Campbell  remained  thus  employed  iimil  1\;,V 

,  when  be  sold  his  interest,  and  in  the  fall  (if  tliai }  ;ir 

'  returned  to  St,  Louis,  and  his  life  on  tlir  plain-  w,- 
ended.  His  experience  and  adviuitures  liuiiii'.'  iln 
ten  years  of  his  absence  from  the  comforts  (il\iviliz,i- 

'  tion  would,  if  written  out,  add  an  interesting  ciiaiiiir 
to  Lhe  fast-fading  history  of  that  romantic  t'|ii>oJi' in 
the  career  of  St.  Louis,  the  (|uest  of  iiiiiiiy  uf  her  I 
daring  sons  after  the  furry  wealth  of  the  wild  We-!, 
Great  names  are  associated  with  the  fasiinatiii!;  ac 
nals  of  this  epoch.  John  Jacob  Astor  liud  a  lu  i-' 
in  St.  Louis,  and  there  were  also  engaged  in  ilir  iiai 
Gen.  Ashley,  Campbell,  Sublette,  Manuel  Lisa.  Cait. 
Perkins,  Hempstead,  William  Clark,  Labadie,  tliej 
Chouteaus,  and  Picire  Menard, — "mighty  liunttTsl'i- 
fore  the  Lord," — all  of  whom  (Uther  lived  in  St.  l,"iii- 
or  made  it  their  liead(juarters.  At  mii'  |u'ii»il.  in- 
deed, n  considerable  portion  of  the  popiihitimi  "f  ?i| 
Louis  was  coni|iosed  of  hunters  and  tia|i|pirs. 

Cumpbell's  experiences  in  the  fur  tradi'  hiI'  lil 
stirring  as  those  of  any  of  the  famous  imri  wlimii  »J 
have  mentioned.  There  were  wild  scern's  nt'  dariiii 
adventure,    privations    from    coM    and  liiiiiirtT.  m 

I  deadly  conflicts  with  the  savage  tribes,  iiicliidiiiL'iliJ 
battle  with  the  i^lackfeet  Indians,  in  wlii''li  I'aplj 
Sublette  and  Mr.  Campbell  displayed  iijin'|iiii  '.«J 


f^ 


:  systi'ui  of 
,ntaiiis.  In 
BpraiiL'  \i\. 
alette,  I'iiz- 
;ourii'^e.  alii 
hoso  ii;imi'il 
oasiicil  a  I'ji- 

,l<r    llli'l'l'k  a 

a  prniiiiinn' 
.ipany,  wliid 
Glei\.  Asia.;, 
jeiu;-  ""Iwi 
M»e  Anii'iiaii 

U    &    I'll..  W." 

le  v.ihiiiess  111 
lenrs  tVoui  the 
lous  riv;iiry  "H 

terviiuvy  ^v.l^ 
aell's  uoiiiiiauy 

of  a  liiK'  mm- 

point  siiuili  -.' 
idiiui.  uiitiiiii' 
linn  li'iL' i!  ''i^' 
md    tiu'  waiiT' 

tllL'lU'U    til   iW 

\,c   t'civks  III'  tW 

Lyi'tl  until  \^X). 
ill!  iif  titat  uar 
till'  iilaiitJ  ?;is 
ires  duriii'p'  ilie 
t'ditsofi-iviliia- 
L.iH'sliiii:  i-'kivtoi  I 
.laiitie  oi'ifuii^' »' ! 
,,f  iiiuiiy  111'  li"  I 
iho  wiia  \Vi-'.. 
„.  t'asciiwtiiii:  an- 
^slor  li:iil  ;t '"'« I 
rajiod  ill  ill''  "■'■'' 
,„nuolI.i''ii-^'*'' 
rk,  liAlwJie.  >l'*j 
iii.jht  villi"'''''''' 
Uvo.iiii!^'-l'*| 
^1   mil'  iK'iiii'l- "I- 

|Hiiml;iii"" "'  '■'I 
I  traiii"'!'^- 
|\ir  tr-.i'li'  wrf'  lil 
ovi>  mi'"  «''i""' 
1  beetles  "f  i'^H 

iuui  iiii"^'"-  n 


liln'!».  ill' 


ill  win 
■a  iiiiri'l'i' 


Imlin::  'M 
•li  Cai'l^ 


/^  2^ 


■>-i-^ 


:nti 


IllSTOl^Y    OF  SAINT   l.OF"^' 


■J, 


i       :. ! 


";;;  j 


i.'   ..     ;:  ; :  •  of  the  lUttnj  coiwp'uu.       ...  m 

in  ibc  o)irl_y  hi.story  of  Hi.  i.iiui.'«,  siixl,  ««  the-  oiinipsm- 
'11  i(f' thi>  iiilri^piii  A-hl''v,  ,":<ulil«t'o.  iirnl  othm-  tnidt^rs 
:ii'i  cx|ili>ri'r«.  ii.s.->iste'l  iu  biiiliiiiij^  up  tlnj  :.!:o;u  i'm 
\rnd(!  wliich  .it  odc  time  gave  St.  liouia  a  [.mouliiir 
f.r')iiiiii  'nc<>  on.;  impuriittict'  in  the  vyes  of  ')■ 
.,i-.  !..i  '.!.., '11.      '•  -.vii,   li..W'.'ver,  iu  oonii'.-i'tr 
.111  war,  us  aid  to  <  i  ■ 
iviiv.i.iii.^,  rli.vi  I'l.i.  Cuiiipliull  iippcHrcii  Viij^t  ('i'.i>p.^u- 
••.i.^iy  bi'fuPi!  till"  jmllic,  and  i:)  lii.^  itiiliLiiiraliir  I  il'"ti4 
in  orf/iiniiiii'.:  :ui<i  dircvtitif;  tbo  ;,:  .1  vdIihiU'. 
iiiont  of  18tt5,  Si.  Louis  srni  !^iis.so  I'-i  iirc  i-liiiiliy  iii- 
OfbiiMifoiilic  faot  ihiii  thi\v  n.iwootriipys"'  piVKiiI  a  place 
ill  tlin  amiiiis  of  thrtt  ooiiflnjl.     Iiwiiiediut^ly  upon  the 
iVLVipl  of  tho  iJc'^lariUlod   of  Wjii    Col.  ("juupln'Ii    Ur.  ■ 
(ifiiil  hi^' St rvii'cs  u:,  t.h-  .Sliifc  fioverriaitm,  jn,.!  wiis 
Mi'p'ijnirii  :i  iu^»nib.!r  uf  tiu!  (h  k-i'Tnor's  «t;Uf,  vvjib  tliu 
rank  !"i"i-i)ionf;l,  rnul  inspct'tor'     ir  nil  of  the  Missouri 
IP'   ■'.>-.      (I     ':--l  lyeil  the  Kra.    .■<  %  ami  cnlliu 

•iou,s  work  of  ui^  ilit   '.■arinus 

thcui  to  ttu  '-'t-  iiiiiitury 

■     '       ■  ■         1    t!    ti  '-.v    ibc'  •sinir!'.  iii'liviii 


•  i'linl  aii  t-ii.i.  ::■,-!!  Un 
■•tiT.  rail?  aiiuii.  .Ability,  ; 

/.itip',  in  connuotion  with  his  fur-  \ 
■  in  the  Indian  country,  in  coiiJuci 
.    'HI!-'   (ifirbaps  (w  any  otbor  ■''in..'ii' 
her  early  fame  in  th«  i'ar  ' 

•  ^  ]  r  ■nuuoni">  iu  tlio  fur  irado, 
,1  (■■■  •'{i':\  ;»  oontipieiiou.-'  C'.iri- 

en,  and  i;. 

ly  of  the  uy.*tii 


if.i 

i!li.. 

U'._ 

'  u-b 

\v 

..■■I. 

?•,>: 

u  r 

,  •  ivhuii  U' 


1.  .  .    ...1.    ..  .     Hucurcil  UK  I  a  cuiipi. : 

tiajipi'ri  tiriiaiiii'.od  beyond  '.In.'  Kooljy  >!■ 
this    Itardy  .iu!  ;•']   a  number  of  lL'»diM> 
alU'Tig  whom     1  re  rainpbell,  .Sluitb,  ."^u 
patrii  k.  and  I)i  idi:cr,  ami  in  undnrann-.  • 
^ai^inity  ( 'ainpbc'Il  was^ucond  to  noni'i.f' 
'ii!n    Aulii^'y  riMirod  in    IS3(I,  bavini;    . 
'.'.ni'.  and   tbiii  Ciiinpbt.'ll  ros^c  from  b 
1  jidi»r  .'f  c.sprdilitiii.s  to  till'  po.siiii  1 
j-artiifsr  in  thi;  llocky  Mountain  I'm  i 
nas  organized   upon  tbt:  withdrawal  oi  '■ 
tbo    loading'   .«pirit'4  in    iis   forinaliot> 
(.'aiiipbfU  and  Col.  Willi.un  ISubl<;Uo 
i'ur  Company,  reprftsenlud  by  ChoutO/. 
:in  i(icrj.'<-'.'o  rival    in  tin;  field,   an  I     •. 
iho  opt'iaiiun.s  of  tliusi;  ootnj'clitor.  »■  • 
fuel  that  whon,  in  ordiT  to  prpvoio  ; . 
ibt;   saini'   j.'ri>nnd,   a   divi.sidn   of    > 
ujiiYifd   upon,  tiiertt   fell   to  Mr.  C.iu  , 
all  tbi::  iiHiuutiae  rv;j;iow  west  and  ;•  >■ 
lut'ii'.-inii  on   ibo  Arkan^s.s    Kivn    . 
;1,'    i'lidi-.  on  tin;  twunty-fourth   i. 
t!  e  rialte,  tbonca  to  the  (iv 
;'iir    into   the    Plan 

lllf      Up]l<>r      ^lis   '.     ; 

.ioH.    and    thtr.i, 

.iipl>ell  reinaiiii.'d  tii:i     ■!  .: 
wIk'h  b(>  .sold  hiH  interest,  and 
rclnrncd  to  Si.  IjoiiiK,  and  1. 
i-uilud.     His  oxpciifiifo  ani    . 
tcu  yeans  of  his^njucmie  from  , 
tioii  winild,  if  written  out,  add  ai- 
to  till!  fajit-fadinj.;  history  ot'  il  h 
iIh'  riivoor  of   St.  lionis,  tlii 
diiritij.;  .-ton*  .iftor  the  furry  \> 

(Jv.  :i!     II  'iiii' .    ht<     ;-•:■' ■'.:i  1  'I 


III 


'f',  ■ 


ubridpu,  Con  1: 

■h  ih'i<ii'.ni. 
.'(■d  t'  :m. 


•.?Tnnid  G.  Pariir.  1 
...   f'li   liit    li,,.lw;,   ,^<.,unlai„     .  ,r   bin   bfaltli,  wbp   • 
■  •  i!.  -I     .ri^iK-  iuipr>Vi.d,  1  '    '.N  IN  iiiduad  to  rtiiiM 
'id  Hoon  bf'Oaui''  inlituHd'ly  I'M-iav  ■ 
'n-.i  of  the  t;ntuipri(:!ii.;   ou'n   «bo  priH" 
.  ;   ''ii;  iu  thosi-  wild  ,aid  ahnoHt  inacti^- 
Ife   wai)  first.  nn*i«,i.'iHi<^d   with   Gen 
'Hpanii'd   him  to  tho  haiiku  of   iho 

Indian  name  ot  neeas-ne-uee-.tgic.     w,i   „....,  ^^^,^1. 


ill   .■^;,    lii'lii.?,  alii.i    tii.-li'  Vii.'i-    al.~w  1  •  . 

(,.  u    \    ,!.y,  Cainpbi-11.  ^Mbbtti-.    M 
.  I 'Mnp'itiiud,  Wiliiam    CI  • 
n  .•«ll.:ail^,  and  IMctp'  Menard  •■  -   f 
'I      ill}  Lord," — all  iif  whom  ■  i^''. 
■li'  it  tlu'ir  liuadr|unri 
.  H  con^idvialile  pn'iion     1 

\Va»  COUipO.-'cd    •   ■     h::i,       • 

'!iipbtdl'8  tixjM'i 
9iiiiiii|;  im  iboHO  of  U'li  " 
havii  nicntioii'.'d.     Tio.'rr  .. 
advi'iiiuro,    privation.^    from 
di'udly  contiicts  with  ilic  m'-.i.i   I' 
luiUli-   with    tho    Hlai'kfccl    i   di.m 
_ubktto   atid    .Tr.  Campbf'ii   di.vplayfl 


Pi 


!  M 


^' 

i 

ilHI' 

'^  1 

f.'^ 

|Mffi|: 

,|iiBII 

BD^^^^Hmr 

IBM 

^.^^rS^^^^y/^  tf'^^^^ 


;J 

'ifflSi 

-fli 

"  ilHi 

^'  -I 

Hi 

■  -M 

.    I   itiijl 

i  til 

IB 

very,   and 

WasliiiiL'tdiil 

villc." 

Wliilo  in 
his  lii'aikjuaij 
furlrailiii^  ill 
nini'o  tiiaii  all 
utccl  tn   buil 
abriiaii.     For 
the    I'm'   trail 
thfnii,;;liiiut  til 
I'V,  and   was  I 
All  army  uH'iJ 
esliinaliiiii  iii| 
tradinj;  ri'jrioil 
Upper  Missdil 
diaiis  iif  h\>  a 
new  travi'liiij;' 
fruui  the  trade 
uii  the  iTDVuri 
refused  ihoin  ; 
copied  lira  Its 
iliey  knew  liiiii 

Campbell's 
made  a  siiuilai 
II.'  never  deec 
mull  had  'hme' 
Ci'iilidenee  and 

Ho  aeijuiied 
ii|»iii  returning 
and  other  purs! 
'^t  real  estate. 
li''  enterprises,  ii 
tiifiii  on.  He  \v 
'f  the  .Mereliaii 
iii".-t  iiiipiirtant  i 
^"Uiherii  Hiitei 
Campbell  was  i 
-lA  afterwards 
» ir  briike  unt,  ; 
IrtiJiiis  phice  ail 
;  wuik  of  mpinizi 
I"  same  time  a 
'  V  ilie  relief  o\ 
"'  i  such  were  ll 
"'■'  laudable  ul 
i  t'  '!iy  yeans  later 
",  hiiiinred  hi 
I"  niuiiiphid  an. 
Cii>;:lii  illuniiimtu 
Jniiiv-iiioeiini;  ill 

•'■I.  (.'aiiiphel! 
|*aim,  hciievuleii 


THE   WAR  WITH   MEXICO. 


371 


very.   i>"d    which    forms    nii    inturestinf!;   chapter   in 
Wasliiiij-'toii  Irvinj;'s  "  Adveiituros  of  C'npt.   Bonne- 

viii.'."  '  _  ! 

Wliilo  in  the  West,  Mr.  Canipboll  made  St.  Louis 
his  lK'ail((uarters,  and,  as  we  iiave  intimated,  tlie  great 
furlratliiij;  interest  of  the  country  centred  here,  and, 
ninre  than  any  other  interest  in  tliose  days,  contrib- 
uted til  build  up  tlie   town   anj  jjivo  it  reputation  , 
abriiad.     l''or  many  years  al'ter  lie  had  retired  from  ; 
the   till'   I  Hide,    Mr.    Canipbell's    name    was    echoed  I 
thrmiiiliout  the  West,  (Voni  tlie  Yellowstone  to  Santa  , 
Yr,  and   was   flood   for   any  amount,  however  lar^e. 
All  army  officer  once  related,  as  an  evidence  of  the 
cstiiualioii  in   which   Col.  Canipl)ell   was  held  in  the 
trailiiii;  retrions,  the  fact  that  while  traveling  on  the 
UiipiT  .Misuduri  in  1S55,  he  was  robbed  by  the  In- 
dians III  lii-^  animals,  etc.,  and  de.'^iring  to  purchase  a 
now  tiavclini:  outfit,  he  endeavored  to  raise   money 
from  tlif  traders  at  Fort  Pierre,  ofTerinij;  them  drafts 
uu  till'  L'ovcrninent  of  the  United  States,  but  they 
ri'I'uscd  ilioiii ;  they,  however,  without  hesitation  ac- 
cciited  iliat'ts  on  Robert  Campbell  at  St.  Louis,  for 
ilit'V  kiKW  him  and  could  trust  him. 

Camiibi'll's  .straightforward  and  truthful  dealings 
made  a  similarly  happy  impression  on  the  Indians. 
ili<  never  diceived  or  cheated  them,  as  many  white 
iiKMi  liail  dune,  and  therefore  enjoyed  their  perfect 
iMiitidLMicc  and  friendship. 

lie  ac'i|uiied  a  large  fortune  in  the  fur  trade,  and 
III  111  returning  to  St.  Louis  engaged  in  mercantile 
and  ntlier  pursuits,  and  became  an  e.\tensive  owner 
"f  luiil  estate.  He  always  interested  him.self  in  pub- 
lii  eiiter|iiises,  and  generally  aided  largely  in  carrying 
llitui  (ill.  lie  was  president  of  the  old  State  Bank  and 
if  the  .Meiehants'  National  Bank  ;  but  perhaps  his 
ui'-t  iinportaut  investment  was  the  purchase  of  the  old 
iUtheni  Iliitei  immediately  after  its  coin]iletion.  Col. 
i;iiii|iliell  was  at  first  a  partner  in  this  enterprise 
aiid  afterwards  sole  proprietor.  When  the  Mexican 
waibriike  out,  as  previously  stated,  he  at  once  took  a 
Uiiii;.;  place  among  the  citizens  of  St.  Louis  in  the 
:  iiiik  of  iii'ganizing  and  c((uipping  the  troops.  About 
ill"  same  time  a  movement  was  organized  in  St.  Louis 
llir  ilie  re  lief  of  sufferers  by  the  famine  in  Ireland, 
laiul  such  were  the  services  of  Col.  Campbell  in  aid  of 
[iliis  liiudalde  object  tliat,  upon  visiting  that  country 
liuaiiy  U'uis  later,  the  people  of  Plumbridge,  his  native 
IpWe. honored  him  with  ii  public  reception,  the  erection 
[ofiiiiiinphal  arches,  the  firing  of  cannon,  etc.,  and  at 
|iii:lit  illuiuinated  the  town,  lit  bonfires,  and  held  a 
linaf.'iiiieetiiig  in  eoiupliment  to  their  guest. 

Ciil,  Ciiiiipliill  was  a  man  of  great  generosity  and 
*Mni,  liciievulent  impulses,  but  always  shunned  pub- 


licity in  his  benefactionsi.     Privately  he  gave  much 
and  gave  continuously,  but  always  with  thoughtful 
discriminution  and  to  good  purpose,  and  accomplished 
an  amount  of  good   that  will  never  be  known.     His 
services  in  connection  with  the  Indian  problem  were 
peculiarly  valuable   and  important,  not  only  to  the 
Indians  themselves,  but  to  the  country  at  large.     His 
intimate  knowledj'e  of  the  Indian  character,  gained 
by  ten  years'  resid  iice  among  the  savages,  was  made 
use  of  more  than  once  by  the  government  on  impor- 
tant   occasions.     In    1851,   accompanied  by  the    fa- 
mous Father  De  Sniet,  he  assisted  in  a  great  council 
attended  by  ten  thousand  Indians  at  Horse  Creek, 
near  Fort  Laramie,  where  a  treaty  was  formed,  from 
which  for  some  years  excellent  results  accrued.     In 
1861>,  although  of  a  different   political   party.  Presi- 
dent Grant  appointed  him  a  member  of  the  celebrated 
Indian    commission,  st'lected  on   "  peace   principles" 
"  from  men  eminent  ftir  tlicir  intelligence  and  philan- 
thropy," as  the  law  instituting  the   commission   pre- 
scribed, to  bring  about   more  amicable  relations  than 
then  existed  between  the  government  and  the  Indians. 
Col.  (!ainpliell  was  third  on  the  list  of  appointees,  all 
of  whom  served  without  compensation.     The  commis- 
sion visited  all  tiie  pioiiiinent  Indian  reservations,  and 
no  doubt     ccomplislied  a  large  amount  of  good.     In 
most  of  till    councils  Col.  Campbell    took  a   leading 
part,   and   though   not    much    accustomed   to  public 
speaking,  his  remarks  on  these  occasions  were  clear, 
short,  incisive,  practical,   and   carried  great  weight. 
From  his  long  experience  with  the  Indians,  he  prob- 
ably contributed  as  much  to  the  success  of  this  under- 
taking as  any  member  of  the  immmi.ssion. 

In  private  life.  Col.  Campbell  was  a  genial,  hospi- 
table gentleman,  and   his   residence  was  a  place  en- 
deared  to   his   friends   by   an   atmosphere  of  cordial 
welcome  and   unaffected   kindliness.      Here  his  esti- 
mable wife,  the  daughter   of  Hazlett   Kyle,   of  Ra- 
leigh, N,  C,  presided  with  rare  grace  and  tact.     Mrs. 
Campbell  was  educated  in  a  thorough  manner  in  Phila- 
delphia, where  Mr.  Campbell  made  her  acipiaintance. 
She  was  noted  for  beauty  and  intelligence,  but  much 
more  for  her  kind  and  amiable  disjiosition,  and  was 
:  remarkable  for  her  singular  devotion   to  lier  husband 
I  and  children.     In  all  the  years  that  this  happy  couple 
'  lived  in  St.  Louis,  they  dispensed  hospitality  'Hi  the 
largest  scale.     Many  of  the  most  distinguished  per- 
sonages of  the  times,  not  only  of  America  but  from 
I  abroad,  were  their  guest.s,  and   upon   such   occasions 
Mrs.  Catupbell   demeaned   her.self  with   a  grace  and 
i  dignity  that  won  the  hearts  of  all  who  received  her 
attentions.     She  survived  her  husband  about  two  and 
a  half  years. 


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11 


372 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


ijlr   !•■ 


r  J  E 

If 


Mr.  CuuipbeH'i^  hoiie.st  :iiid  earnest  <|Ualitiu.s  bruuglit 
him  many  friends ;  uiul  j-et  lie  was  not  lavish  of  lii.s 
friendship.  Where  he  could  not  feel  re.^pect  he  never 
professed  to  be  a  friend.  But  if  slow  to  admit 
strangers  to  his  intimacy,  he  never  fori^ot  thc^  claims 
of  those  whoso  worth  he  had  jtroved.  To  use  Siiake- 
spearo's  strikiii<;  fiiruro,  lie  f;rapjited  such  to  his  soul 
witli  hooks  of  steel,  and  his  friends  were  the  friends 
of  a  lifetime.  Their  attuchment  for  him  rested  on 
the  solid  basis  of  respect  for  all  that  is  valuable  in 
human  nature.  If  such  ever  did  him  a  favor  his 
gratitude  knew  no  bcmnds. 

And  so  for  over  tifty  years  he  lived,  a  most  con- 
spicuous citizen  of  St.  Louis,  and  yet  during  tiiat 
lonji  period,  detraction  never  once  ventured  to  bring 
a  colorable  chargi!  against  him.  He  died  on  the  16tli 
of  October,  1879,  full  of  years  and  honors,  the  work 
of  his  life  6nislied  ;  and  liis  friends  and  tiic  commu- 
nity mourned  tiie  loss  of  one  whose  name,  even  to 
strangers,  wastheec)uivale!it  of  unblemisiicd  integrity, 
and  to  his  friend.!  the  pledge,  in  addition,  of  loyalty 
to  truth,  hospitality,  kindness,  courtesy ,  and  generosity. 
By  his  family  he  was  mourned  as  one  who,  as  hus- 
band, brother,  and  father,  was  a  loving  example  to  all.' 

The  Laclede  Mounted  Rangers,  on  tlietJth  of  June, 
1S40,  embarked  on  the  steamer  "  Pride  of  the  West," 
and  at  an  early  hour  on  the  following  morning  took 
their  departure  for  Fort  Leavenworth. -' 


I    ! 


'  lliigh  riiin|il)ell.  l)riitlior  of  Cul.  Uobert  Ciiiiipbcll,  wiis  al.*() 
for  iiiiiny  vciirs  a  kiiiliiig  filizen  of  St.  Louis,  Ho  «a»  liorn  in 
County  'I'yroni'.  Iri'lnml,  on  the  1st  of  .liinuary,  1TU7.  ami  iliccl 
on  the  Itli  of  Doi'cmbi'r.  IS79.  lie  wascilucated  at  Ivlinliurgh. 
Sciitlan'l.  lor  the  meilioal  profession,  liul  never  prnetieeil.  hiiv- 
iii);  ileeiileil  to  seek  liis  fortune  In  America.  He  aeeordinjily 
crosseil  llie  oeean  anil  settleil  in  North  I'arolinn,  where  he  eni- 
barkeil  in  business  ami  eventually  niarrie'l.  .^ubseciuenlly  he 
removed  to  Uiihnionil,  \'a.,  ami  beeame  well  known  there  as  a 
niercbanl  of  soumi  .iudgnieni  an.l  uprif;ht  principles.  From 
Hiehmonil  he  moved  to  Philadelphia,  where  he  eondueteil  a 
large  dry-goods  business  for  twenty-six  years.  In  IS.'i'J  he 
eanic  to  I^t.  I.ouis  and  heeanie  associated  with  his  brother, 
Robert  Campbell,  with  whom  be  eonlinued  actively  engageil 
until  a  few  years  before  bis  death.  In  the  early  years  id'  the 
civil  war  be  was  associated  with  .Judge  David  Davis  and  .Judge 
Jos.  Holt  on  a  eoininission  appointed  by  President  I.inecdn  to 
adjust  claims  brought  against  the  Departnu'nt  id'  the  West. 
The  commission  was  an  imjxirtant  one,  and  its  sessions  were 
held  in  ."^t.  J.uuis.  I'"i'W  men  have  succeeded  in  controlling  and 
nnoiaging  extensive  business  interests  through  so  long  a  period. 
— nearly  sixty  years  of  constant,  laborious,  and  saj,'u-ious  appli- 
cation to  commercial  alVaira.  He  was  noted  alike  for  his  urbane 
luann'rand  strict  integrity  in  all  his  dealings.  'I'bough  tbor- 
onghiv  oeirupied  in  the  cares  of  business  he  Wiis  always  tond  of 
social  pleasures,  and  bad  a  very  wide  ciiclo  of  close  personal 
friends,  whose  esteem  he  retained  in  the  conslaiit  exhibition  of 
the  iinist  upon  bi'ailed  generosity  aitd  courtesy. 

^  (tn  the  lith  of  .June  an  order  was  issued  ficun  acting  (iovernor 
Young  annulling  a  previous  order  of  the  adjutant-general,  and 


After  the  company,  numbering  over  a  liumlivii 
men,  had  embarked,  they  were  paraded  on  tli.'  ni,!,,,. 
deck  of  the  boat,  ins]iectcd,  and  mustered  iiitn  mivko 
by  Gen.  Milburn.  This  done,  Mr.  Tretit.  on  l.clmlt' 
of  several  ladies  of  St.  Louis,  presented  the  (•niii|,;,||y 
with  a  handsome  flag  of  ricli  inateiial. 

On  June  8tli,  the  artiileiy  coniiJiiiiies,  iiimcr  ii,,, 
command  of  Capt.  Weightman,  Capt.  Fiscln  r.  ami 
Capt.  Edmonson,  paraded  at  Camp  Liicii-.  |.;;n.|| 
company  iiad  the  re((uisite  number  of  men.  Inn  tlnMv 
were  a  few  in  one  comjiany  not  provided  with  liorn.,, 
although  they  liad  been  purchased  and  wiic  lioiirly 
expected.' 

When  the  comptinies  were  assembled  and  runiini 
on  the  grouiid,  (ien.  Milburn  read  to  the  cuiiiiiius  ,,f 
the  .several  compiinies  the  order  of  the  aetitii:  (.Jovcr- 
nor,  by  which  he  was  re(]uired  to  foiin  a  liiiii,;lioii  o| 
artillery  out  of  the  four  hundred  men  called  liir  liiiiij 
St.  Louis  County,  and  directing  that  this  K;iii;ili,,|| 
only  should  be  sent  forward  to  Fort  Jjeaveowniih, 

(ien.  Milburn  tliet:  stated  that,  from  the  iii.iiincr  in 
which  Capt.  Weightmaii'.i  company  had  luin  r;ii..il 
;ind  accepted,  he  fit  boutid  to  regard  it  as  oiic  ol  ili,. 
two  compatiies  to  eoinjio.se  the  battalion,  and  tliv  mnv 
((Uestion  to  determine  was  which  of  tiie  niluriwu 
should  be  accepted.  At  the  re(|iiest  of  tlio  irctnial. 
Capt.  Fischer  stated  his  experieiici'  as  an  nitillciv  iffi- 
cer,  which  was,  in  brief  that  lu!  liad  seivcd  s.vtial 
years  as  a  first  lieutenant  in  the  artillery  scivice  nf 
i'ru.ssia,  and  that  he  had  held  a  coniniissiiiii  and  lia.l 
been  jiromoted.  Capt.  KdmonMin  did  not  a»cri  lur 
him.self  any  considerable  ac(|Uaintai]ee  wiili  aitiiinv 
tactics,  but  rested  his  claims  and  the  riaiiiis  d  Ins 
comjiany  on  other  grounds.  The  gem  lal.  Ircin^-  un- 
able to  decide  between  them,  drew  lots,  uiul  tin  si ir.. 
tion  fell  on  Capt.  Fischer's  comjiany.     'J'lic  lialiaiiii 

directing  that  a  battalion  of  artillery  (Uily  sboidd  be  hiriiisli,  1 
by   ."^t.  I.ouis   ("ity   and  County    for  the  Santi'   l-'i'  cx|n'tiiti"ii. 
This  order  cut  olf  the  several  companies  of  unntntcd  iiu'ii  niilir 
Capts.  Kisidier,  Hudson,  and  Kdiuonson  from  tniy  cli;uh-ci'l  {..ir- 
ticipation  in  the  service,  and,  as  might  be  expccttd.  tl.cHMun- 
I'uid  and  very  genenti  expressions  of  dissatislju'tiuii  vutli  lU' 
coniluet    of    the   adjutant-general    .ind    the    acting  liovoriinr. 
Hotli  were  denounced  in   the  strongest   tetiii-.     It  uiis  kiinttn 
that  two  if  not  all  the  ccuiipanies  had  expended  a  liir);c  siiiinf  j 
money  in  the  purchase  id'  horses  and  the  necc.-saiy  ei|iiipiiint. 
and  it  was  regarded  as  an  outrage  that  sucli   an  uidiT -Iwnii'l 
be  issued  at  so   late  a   period.      lliit    Capt.    Iladscm  was  a-l 
long  in  determining  what  to  do.      He  resolved  to  pny  Ii"»tlrt 
tion  to  the  order  of  (Jovernor  Young,  to  go  f.iiivanl  iiilh  h 
men,  to  present  them  to  Col.  Kearney  at  Fort  l.cavcniviirtii,.ini  j 
to  state  the  circumstances  under  which  they  had  I'i'i'ii  r,it-ii| 
and  the  late  hour  at  ivhieb  the  counter-order  had  lien  i^- 

■'  liver  twelve  thousand  dollars  were  raised  ainoiiK  tiu'cili/i:', 
of  ."'t.  I.ouis  by   private   subscription   to  aid  in  iniiiiniing  a 
eijiiipping  the  eoinpanies  of  light  artillery. 


IIS    liiiiilh 

i'ii|||(.,Hiic 

••lllil  ('apt. 

.Al'tri-I 

|il'iiivrd|i(i 

yi  I.  n 

l.'ilinii  (licii 
itig  liidlife 
On  lli(i  / 
rcnl-uaiiizeil 
liad  iiiii||.|'jr 
iiitii  ,'111  ai'ij 
IkiiI  ciuiitiiiii 

siL'llcd.  ,-11111   , 

Fisclier  Was 
lion.  fiiitii,s 
('lii'i,stii|i|i,.r 
Fr.itiz  /lassen 
a»  i'»lerl;iiiiiiii 
"I'  .Messrs.  Ml 
"'I'l'i'  ('"1.  Caiii 

:iN,l  Ciil.  lU,.y_ 

'I  iniiiiiii.     1), 
M  ('lid.  Fisid, 
■•ilicrs.     Cil.  ({ 
iii'l"d  to  tin.  ,„., 
V'liliitceivd,   lilt 
""^"■er  (lie  cail 
iiiiiar  jiusiiimi 
O'lllers  ti,  tin,  1,1 
•'N'l  |iriilrei,ir,s  „ 
''"■  1 -III.  and  w 
''■""•-ley.  aeliiiu- 
Liiic.   brio,„|,, 
|"™i-ly  uiii/lif,,,,,, 

[K.iiiiicky   i,.,||,  „ 

l^!'iiii>li  saddles,  s 
(iMf  blank, .(.s  /;„. 


jfi'liTed    ViTV    o 

|iii"|'ivlioii  ,■111,1  \v,, 

(''''!'  'Iiey  rii,|„|,.|i 

|««''  ill  tlie  ,.v,.„i„„ 

'■'("•  \Veiol„„'l 

"iws  ii,>,„.c.,,,,ir 

H"iillie>ii„„.da| 
Nileltutnla.f;] 
F'"'ir  iiniliifiii  ^.,,,1 

►"''^'■''•.^rtiypantl 
''""^'d.^iale,  |;,f 

r*'".  Sibldle-ba  J 
P^«-«  for  ,,,el,  1^,1 
P  t'ui'iiisliod  at 
P'"'ia'  (roiii  Sf. 


THK   WAR   WITH   MEXICO. 


373 


„■  lll.l.,T 

I  -.■vvici' 

L'nliijr.iiiy 

inlor  llio 
\\v\\  mill 

>.  K.H'h 
\lUl  llll'll! 
ill  llnVH'?, 
'YV    liuui'ly 

ml  I'll  111,  il 
(■iHii;iiii>  "f 
iiii;  (JHVtT- 
Imlliiluili  nl 

,'(l    t'lir  IVnIll 

is    li;ltlii'li"ll 

I'liwmtli. 

(.  iii.iiiiii'i'  ill 

hi'iii  vuiM'tl 

IS  one  111  ill'' 

iiud  ill"  I'li.y 

10    iitlui'  IWiJ 

tlio  '.'('luval. 

iirlilli'iy  ctli- 

.oivcil  s.'VHal 

vv  M'lviir  I'f 

,~ii,ii  ami  li.i'l 

iiiot    ii>«'ll  l"t 

Willi  •.uiilii'iy 

cliiini?  I'l  li'^ 

ival.  I'fiii'.:  »"• 

lUlil  tlu'  Mil'- 

'I'll,,  liaiui.i"" 

|,i,l,|  Ik'  liinii>i" ' 
l',-.  osi'i'ili"""- 
lu.iUil  moniinl''' 
l„x  ,.|i.iKf"l|'"- 
l„vlul.  tl.ei«»'f« 
a,„'li,'ii  «illi  'W 
|„liiiS  innciii-r. 
\l  vviij  kii">" 
le,l  AlurS''^"""'' 
l,.<iiiy  e<|iiiv""'"'' 
.„,  ..nliT  -li""'' 
|ll,i.l-,'ii  »»■  ■'' 
|,1  ,„  ,,:,>  H'I  111'"'- 
l,„«iu,l«illiti' 
|,,,..ni.inv"rili.->"l 
\ki,1  1«'''1'  '■■''•"' 
Ji- 1i;h1  1'"'"  "■'""'■ 
|„ii,.iiK>l'"*-"''' 
in  numniiii?  ;i»l 


lis  tiuiillv  oriiiinized  was  tliori'fore  coiiiposcJ  of  the 
,nni|iiiiiii's  uiitli'i'  tlie  Cdiiiniiiml  of  ('apt.  Weiglitiiiaii 
anil  ('apt.  Fisi'lier. 

All,  1'  lilt'  liirmation  of  the  buttatioii  the  eoiupanie.i 
iiiiic,  i',l,'(i  separately  to  the  eleetioii  of  a  iiiajor,  wlieii 
M.  1>.  Chirk  was  unaiiiniou.sly  eh-eted.  The  bat- 
lalioii  ilu'ii  formed  in  a  body,  and  Muj.  Clark  nppear- 
iii'_'  iiiline  tlu'Mi,  was  reeeived  witii  hearty  cheers. 

On  lilt'  followiiii;  day  Capt.  Fischer's  eoinpuiiy  was 

reiiri;aiiizc'il  .so  as  to  luake  it  eonforni  to  the  fliaiijro  it 

liail  niiili'i'L;otie  by  beinj;  converted  from  a  dragoon 

iniii  an  artillery  company.     (Japt.   Fischer,  who  lind 

liail  eiinimiind  of  the  conjpany  for  several  years,  re- 

,ii;m'il,  ami  was  followed  by  tiie  other  officers.      Capt. 

FImIiit  was  then  immediately  re-elected  by  acchutia- 

tiiiii.     liniiis  ('.  (Jarnier  was  elected  first  lieutenant; 

('lirislii|iln'r    Kribben,    .second    first    lieutenant  ;    and 

Franz  liassenileubcl,  second  lieutenant.    On  the  11th 

an  cnlcitaiiiiiient  was  iriveii   the  company  at  the  cave 

,it'  Mo>srs.  McHo.se  it  Enulish.     Anioui;  the  guests 

Kiro  I'lil.  ("anipbell.  Gen.  Milbnrn,  (!apt.  Edmonson, 

;iiul  ('ill.  15iij;y.  of  the  Si.\ty  fourth  Missouri  Regiment 

,1'  militia.     During  the  evening  speeches  were  made 

iv  ('a|it.   Fischer.  Rev.   Mr.  Packard,  Col.  Bogy,  and 

hiIiiis.     Col.  Rogy.  in  the  course  of  his  reniaiks,  al- 

!iii|,,i  to  tilt'  promptness  with  which  the  Germans  had 

vilunti'croil.  the  sacrifices  which  they  had   made  to 

aihWir  till'  call  of  their  adopted  country,  and  the  pe- 

iiiiiar  ]iiisition   in    which   they  were  placed, — "  new- 

1  iiiurs  to  the  land,  yet  enrolled  among  the  defenders 

jii'l  ]initi'ciois  of  its  soil !  "     The  company  paraded  on 

ilii'  I'Jtli.  and  was  inspected   by  (icn.  Milburn,  Col. 

Gnuislcy,  acting  brigade  inspector,  and  Dr.  llardinge 

Line.   Iiri'.'ado    surgeon.     The    company   was    hand- 

M'Uiily  uiiitorineil   in   gray  coats,  and   pantaloons   of 

Kiiiiiuky  jean  with  yellow  stripes,  forage-caps,  new 

[fiiinisli  saJdIes,  saddle-bags,  bridles,  holsters,  and  two 

iiiK  blankets  for  each  man.     Their  hor.ses  were  cim- 

siJiTcd  vi'iv  L:ood.     The  meu   passed  a  satisfactory 

iiis]n'i'tiiin  anil  were  mustered  into  service.     On  the 

[liiih  iliey  iniliarki'd  on  board  of  the  •'  Amaranth," 

iiiHn  the  evening  left  for  Fort  Leavenworth. 

('apt.  Weightnian's  company  of  artillery  paraded 

inilwiis  iii,-|ii'ct(Hl  by  the  same  officers  on  the  lltli. 

lii'liin  the  same  day  embarked  on  the  steamer  "  Iowa," 

lii'li  li'I't  on  the  following  day  for  Fort  Leavenworth. 

nir  unilorni  consisted  of  a  blue  roundabout  faced 

ilireil.  gray  pantaloons  with  red  stripe,  and  glazed 

I'niled  Slates  forage-cap.     They  had  new  Spanish 

ullli's,  sailillebags,   bridles,  halters,  and   two  good 

Mktt.<  for  I'iich  man.     Their  arms  and  equipments 

\w  I'uinislied  at  Fort  Leavenworth.     After  their 

iriuie  Iroui  St.  Louis  the  captain  of  the  company 


addressed  the  following  communication  to  the  editors 
of  the  Minsmiii  Jiijiiili/iciiii  : 

"StkAMKII  '  loW.V,'  ohT  .«!t.  Ch  Alll.KS, 
".IlIlK'  11,   ISlti. 
"  Etliitn'x  *>/  the  Mi'tHuiiri  licpiil'lifuit  .' 

•'  iiKM'i.KMKN.-  I  Iiiivo  bet'ii  ri'niK'fti',1  by  thecmipuny  whioli 
it  IS  ui.v  lioniir  t,i  comiiiuiul  to  prc^ont  tlii'ir  tbiink.»  I'lirtlic'  kind, 
oolisi'ierutc,  iinii  vnliiui'U'  iTcf^ent  hy  '  sovcral  In, lies'  of  St  Loiti.s 
"of  IX  supply  of  banila^cj  anti  lint  for  iiu?  use  of  tlu'  battalion 
of  liur.li'  nrtillory  luok'r  the  comnuinil  of  Muj.  Cliirk  ami  Caiits. 
Fim-hor  iiiiil  \Vei;;litman.'  tliir  griitituilo,  must  hfiirtfi'll,  for 
tbi.-  ^ift  is  incrcascil  by  tlie  con.iiili'ration  lliut  we  biivt'  tin.'  syni- 
pntbii's  of  tbi'  tlKMiglitfiil  anil  the  gentle.  It  is  for  one  moro 
gifteil  limn  myself  properly  to  express  tliu  feelings  wliieli  fill 
our  hearts. 

''  We  have  also  to  e.\prcss  our  obligalions  to  .Miij.  .Mitehell, 
Miij.  .'*te«art.  Mr.  Lucas,  Mr.  Page,  I'ol.  ( •'Fallon,  and  Judge 
.'^I'haumburg  for  negotiating  a  loan  from  the  bank  of  six  tbou- 
siin,l  dollars  for  the  purpose  of  mounting  anil  equipping  our 
eompanyj  and  to  Messrs.  .'<haeklctt  ami  Taylor  for  theii  kind 
nssistanee  i;.  selecting  our  borse.-^.  Indeed,  we  have  receixed  -o 
much  kindness  from  the  citizens  uf  .-^t.  I.oui."  City  and  County 
that  it  is  impossible  to  particularize. 

"We  will  niitke  no  rash  ]iromises, — 'let  not  him  boast  that 
putletb  his  iirnnir  on  ;'  it  is  suthcicnt  to  say  that  if  we  thought 
we  woulil  disgrace  ourselves  we  would  ?tay  at  home. 

'*  Kur  organization  is  complete,  and  our  complement  of  men, 
with  the  excejition  of  one  musician  and  two  privates.  In  an- 
ticipation of  the  passage  of  a  law  allowing  two  se,-ond  lieuten- 
ants, Mr.  (initiot,  our  first  sergeant,  was  by  an  overwhelming 
vote  electeil  secoml  lieutenant,  ami  .Mr.  H.l'.  Jenkins  to  fill  tbo 
vacancy  in  the  list  of  non  cummissionc,!  officers.  (Mir  present 
orgiinizati,m  is  : 

"  K.  II.  Weigbtman,  capt. 

"  \.  .1.  Doru.  senior  1st  Heut. 

"  K.  V.  Chouteau,  junior  1st  lieui. 

**,lobn  (►.  Simpson,  2d  lieut. 

"John  It.  (iratiot,  Ut  sergt.,  to  be  2d  lieut.  in  case  of  tbo 
passage  of  the  law. 

"  llavis  .Moore,  2d  sergt.,  to  bo  1st  .«erg(.  in  case  of  the  pas- 
sage of  the  law. 

"  A.  v.  Wilson,  3d  sergt.,  to  lie  2d  sergt.  in  case  of  the  pas- 
sage of  the  law. 

"  Clark  Ketinerly,  4th  sergt..  to  be  .Id  sergt.  in  case  uf  the 
passage  of  the  law. 

"  Clay  Taylor,  1st  Corp.,  to  be  1th  sorgt.  in  case  uf  the  passage 
of  the  law. 

"J.  H.  White.  2d  curp.,  to  be  1st  Corp.  in  ease  of  the  passage 
of  the  law. 

"  (ieorge  W.  Winston.  ;id  Corp.,  to  be  2d  Corp.  in  ease  of  the 
passage  of  the  law. 

"  U.  T.  Jenkins,  Itb  corp.,  to  be  3d  eorp.  in  case  uf  the  pas- 
sage of  the  law. 

"  U.  T.  Kichardson  to  be  1th  corp.  in  case  of  the  ])assago  of 
the  law. 

"  With  much  respect, 

"  I  am  truly  yours, 

"  U.  II.  Wkioiitm.v.v, 
'*  Ciipt.  Ihtrse  Arlillerif^*' 

l>uriiig  the  same  month  (June)  another  company 
of  mounted  men  was  formed,  with  Thomas  H.  Holt, 
captain ;  Loonidas  D.  Walker,  first  lieutenant ;  and 
Edmund  W.  Raul,  .second  lieutenant.  Capt.  Rcnick, 
a  graduate  from  West  Roint ;  Capt.  Korpony,  who 


^l 


Vil 


374 


HKSTOllY    OF   SAINT  LOUIS. 


}«« 


liail  titTVt'd  with  di.-<tiiii.'tioii  as  iiri  oflBcer  in  tho  Aus- 
trian service ;  and  Capt.  Uitbert  Hunt,  of  St.  Louis, 
also  raisi'il  vdliinifcr  coinjianics.  Tlic  Dc  Kail) 
M<iuiitc'il  Ran^iTM,  uiiilcr  tlie  coniniaiid  of  C'apt.  Kd- 
mon.xoii,  wi'ic  niusteri>d  into  siTvii'"'  at  tlie  I'liiiric 
Honw  on  June  12tli,  and  on  the  ITtli  tlicy  witc  pro- 
vided with  all  the  ncei'.ssary  arms  and  inunition.s  of 
war  by  the  jiovcrnnicnt  at  the  United  State.x  an^eiial, 
near  tho  citv.  A  Hai;  was  pvesfiitccl  to  this  coniiiany 
by  the  citizens  of  St.  I^ouis,  and  .swords  to  ('apt.  Kd- 
nioiison  and  Ijieut.  John  (\  Dent.  The  eonipany  was 
afterwards  atlaehed  to  the  reirinient  of  ("ol.  Sterlinj: 
I'riee,  which  had  its  rendezvous  at  Inilependence,  .^Io. 
Durinj:  the  weik  it  set  out  on  its  march  for  that  point. 
Capt.  Morrison's  company  of  "St.  Clair  Guards"  ar- 
rived at  St.  Louis  on  ilie  Iftlh  of  June,  and  embarked 
in  the  evenini;  <in  the  steamer  "  Luella'    for  .\lloii.  111. 

romjianies  H  and  K,  First  liet;iment  of  I'nited 
Stales  Drai.'iMiMS,  fron>  Forts  Atchison  and  Crawford, 
Dumberini:  one  hundred  and  fifteen  iion-eommissioMed 
officers  and  jirivates.  with  one  hundred  and  nineteen 
iiorses  and  fifteen  mules,  under  the  command  of 
Ca]its,  Vj.  V.  Sumner  and  Thilip  St.  (i.  Cook,  arrived 
in  tlio  city  on  the  'Jllth  ol'  Juno  on  the  steamer  "  ( !eii. 
Brooke."  Attached  to  the  companies  were  Ijieiits. 
Hammond  and  David.son  and  Sui'i;coii  H.  A.Simpson. 
They  were  destined  for  Fort  Leavenworth,  then;  to 
join  tlie  expedition  aiiainst  New  .AL'.xieo.  and  left  the 
city  on  the  '^Sth  in  the  steamers  "  Amaranth"  and 
"  Corinne  '  for  that  point, 

A  com]iany  of  volunteers,  called  the  South  Mis- 
souri (iuards,  eonsistini;'  of  one  hunilri'd  and  fifteen 
men  from  I'erry,  Franklin,  and  Cape  (iirardeau 
Counties,  arrived  in  St.  Louis  on  the  24lh  on  the 
steamer  '•Clermont,"  <ti  rmili  for  Fort  Ijcavenworth. 
The  officers  were  Firman  Hozier,  captain;  H.  H. 
Lane,  first  lieutenant;  M.  Neal,  second  lieutenant; 
and  Jules  Kozier,  first  serjjeant.  It  left  the  city  on 
the  lidtii.  The  Mis.soiiri  Guards  of  St.  Louis  were 
organized  on  the  LiSth  of  Auirust  liy  the  election  of 
the  following;  officers:  L.  F.  McNair,  captain;  Alex- 
aniler  W.  McNair,  lirst  lieutenant  ;  and  Morris  I). 
Meyers,  second  lieutenant.  The  company  sooti  after 
left  for  Fort  Leavenworth. 

Tlie  forces  which  were  to  compose  the  .\riny  of  th(! 
AVest  commenced  assemblinj;  at  Fort  lieavenworth 
early  in  June,  \'?<M\.  Col.  Kearney  bad  discretionary 
orders  from  tlie  War  neiiartmcnt  as  to  the  nuinlier  id' 
men  which  should  compose  his  command,  and  as  soon 
a.s  the  compaides  of  volunteers  arrived  tliey  wore  mus- 
tered into  the  service  of  the  rriited  States,  and 
lettered  in  the  order  of  their  arrival.  On  the  18th 
of  June,  the   full  complement  of  companies   having 


arrived  wbicli  were  to  compose  the  First  .^li.^,,|||i 
Kegiuu'iit,  an  election  fiu'  colonel  was  lield  uiilir  ili,> 
direction  of  Gen.  Ward,  of  I'ratte  County,  wliirli  ri. 
suited  in  tlie  selection  of  Alexander  Williani  |;.i|ii. 
phan."  C.  F.  Iliifl".  who  was  a  private  in  ilii.  .snin' 
company  with  Col.  Doniphan,  was  chosen  lirMti'im,,!. 
colonel,  and  William  Gilpin,  a  jirivate  in  a  himijiv 
from  Jaek.son  County,  was  selected  as  major. 

'I'he  regiment  of  mounted  volunteers  was  (niii|ii,,|.,i 
of  companies  from  the  counties  of  Jackson,  liiil'iiv,!!, 
Clay.  Saline,  Franklin,  Cole,  Howard,  and  (';illinvav, 
whi<di  were  coniinandcd  respectively  hy  Cal)l^.  \V;i|i|„ 
Walton,  Moss,  lleid,  Stephenson,  Parsons.  Jiu  k>i.ii 
and  Uodgers.  aggregating  eight  hundred  and  liHy  .i\ 
men.  The  battalion  of  light  artillery  consisinl  nim,, 
compaides  from  St.  Louis,  under  the  cotiiniaiiil  if 
Maj.  M.  Ij.  I'lark,  which  were  officered  as  l'iillii\\>: 

( 'u)iijiiiiii/  A. — A.  W.  Fiselier,  captain;  I,.  ('.  (Jn-. 
iiier,  first  lieutenant;  C.  Kribben,  junior  lirst  Hhi. 
tenant;  F.  Ilasseiideubol,  .senior  second  lieutciiaiii, 
L.  Jobanning,  juidor  second  lieutenant. 

( '(iiiij)iiiii/  />. —  li.  II.  Weiglilman,  captain:  .\.  .1 
Dorn.  lirst  lieutenant;  K.  V.  Chouteau,  jiiiiinr  lii-i 
lieutenant  ;  John  O.  Simpson,  .second  licutenanl. 

The  Laclede  Rangers,  from  St.  Louis,  were  attailiil 
to  th(^  First  Dragoons,  and  numbered  one  iHimlr-l 
and  seven  men.  They  were  othcered  as  liillmv-: 
Thomas  15.  Hudson,  captain ;  Richard  S.  Hllinii,  tiw 
lieutenant;  and  Louis  T.  Labeaume,  second  lieiiiuiiani 
The  liallalion  id'  iid'aiury  from  tin;  counties  nf  {'..Ic 
and  Pl.itie.  commanded  resjH'ctively  by  Capls.  Aiil'iiiv 
and  Murjihy.  numbered  one  iiundrcd  ami  t'eriv  tiv, 
nn'ii.  making  tlio  total  force  under  the  eeiiiniaiiil  ■•■ 
Col.  Kearney  sixteen  hundred  and  fil'lyciiilit  iii  ii 
with  sixteen  ]iieccs  of  artillery, — tweJve  six-piiiiinlr- 
and  four  twelve-pound  howitzers.  The  orpiiiiziiti  ii 
of  till'  expedition  w.is  completed  by  the  a|p|iiiiiiiiii,iii  | 
of  the  following  officers:  Capt.  Rielie, -ailer  i.i  lir 
(IraLTooiis;  C.  A.  I'erry,  sutler ;  G.  JL  Ihilli'r,  aiji-j 
tant  ;  Dr.  Geiu'ge  IViin,  chief  surgeon  :  T.  .M.  .M"rMi| 
and  1.  VaULiliM,  assistant  surgeons  of  llie  I'iiM  He; 
nient. 
I  The  point  of  departure  was,  a<  ]ireviiiii.Nl_v  >l:i'''! ' 
!  Fort  Leavenworth,  on  the  Missimri  Kiver.  an  I  ii.;| 
point  to  be  reached  (Santa  Fe)  was  one  tli:ius;i;i' 
miles  distant.  I'or  tiie  greater  part  of  llial  ili>tiiiiii',| 
from  the  Missouri  to  Bent's  Fort  on  llie  .\ikaiiM-,| 
the    road    lay  over  vast    jilains,  which   liail  l'"r  :i:iH 

'  III'  wn?   nt   this  tiaio  a  |iriviito  in   ii  coiii|iuiiy  Ir'Ui  Oii 

Cunnt)'.     Col.  Donipliiin  wiim  an  iMninent  linvyrr.  iiinl  Itil  l««i 

a  dislinKUishcil    suMier,  serving   as    liriRiiilii'i-  i;i'nrnil  in  tW 

j   eanipni,!.'!!  of  lS:iS  ii(;ainsl  the  Monnons.     Ilv  liml  al*"  htviJ 

honiiriilily  as  a  lugi.^liitur. 


been  tin 

griiiihd  I 

lilllr-     ta 

bair.ii  i»i 
tlie  «iren 

Wllii.'    (ICC 
Well'  .III  I 

liorsM.  ^iv 
v.irii  ly  to 
to  pa«s  riiii 
Ills  thirst 
ill  .<oiiie  ea 
ifilne-s  rel 
(':iiiaillan  a 
williniit   nu 
.'^aeli    was 
tliniiiirli  wh 
to  iiiareli  at 
Onilie^f 
"f  the  West 
wliieli  exieiii 
llie  confines  i 
its  |iriii;re.ss,  i 
wa.s  111  I  road  n 
werili  into  til 
tif  iiilhiitry,  Ik 
Mil  tlieir  feet 
iiKTedihle  marl 
with  hhmd.ye 
till' host  yimtiii 
iiftlieeaiii[iaii: 
lit'aveiuviirtli 
mh  the  view 
al  111'  "ear  the 
(lemlpiice.     Oi 
and  (in  the  ;j( 

'ii^iT.    ft  read 
Cuiinci|(;|.(n.y 

aiiiliiri  the  L'Dt 
i"  Mi'Xieaii  tiH'i 
'■'"I',  six  hiiiidr 
'f"rih.     ()„  tin 

al'tT  a  lircxiinn; 
l'»s  than  iifty 

MiiiiiuiHi,  enter 

""■■>•  "f  New  M 

I'liii'J  IM.sessiui 

hiiiiiediaicly 

ney  coiiip.otcd, 

I  inui.*.  tho  '•  Ori 

j  P'VoriiiiieiK,  of  I 

I  ''i>'  iniidiinery 


on 


,1 


THE   WAR   WITH   MEXICO. 


375 


lll'llT  tllO 

\\\\'A\  If- 
nil  li'iiii- 

tlll'   SllllH' 
irUtollllllt- 

IV. 

!   ("IIIIIHV.I 

l,;il';iyi'tlf. 
I   ('iillii\v;iy. 

IS,  .I'.icksiiii. 
mid  lil'iy-Mx 

'isll'llol'tW" 

•imiiiuiiiil  "f 
.s  i;>lln\v>: 
i;  L,  Cfo 
Kiv  lirsi  \W 
il  lieuli'iiaiii , 

ipt;\in:  A.  •! 
II,  jmiiiir  tii-i 
t'Uton;int. 
,  woiv  ;mai-li"l 
I  dill'  luiiiilr"! 
■d    MS    toll"«- 

IS.    Kllinlt.tiv-' 

ml  Ik'ntiiia"' 

lllil'S  nf  l'"!i' 

Chills.  Aii'.'ii'y 
ami  I'uviy-tiV' 
e'liiimmiiil  "f  1 

I'tv-lijlt   111' 11, 

six-jii>iiii'l''f- 1 
II,.  oi''-'iiiirwii  '11 1 
lit'  ■.ii'i'iiiiii'ii'"'  I 

l\.   HlllllT,  ii'ii'i- 

T.  M.M""»I 
till'  Fiv'^i  Ko-i- 

in'viiuisly  >'»'"i' 
Uivi'i',  mill  M 

IS    ell''   ill-"!-'''' 

„f  tluit  dUniH'"] 
„i  ,li,.  .\rkaiiM-,| 
•1,   luiil  l'"V  K^' 

Liiiii'iiii.v  11"'" '^^'5 

l,«yn.i»"ll'^"""i 

],ll,.r-L't'iii'r;il  in  tk 

li,.  lia.l  .vl^" 


born  till'  piistnnif;!!  of  tlie  hiiffiilo  und  tlio  liuntiiif;- 
itriiiiiiil  lit'  tli(!  Iiidiiin,  Short,  dry  frrass,  or  sonuv 
linn-  tall  prnirio  f,'rass  and  matted  iira-vincs  or 
liiiir.  M  '.'round,  with  skirts  of  tri'cs  in  tlu'  vailcy.s  of 
till'  -ircains,  iiiadi!  up  nearly  tlie  whole  land.seape ; 
wliil,'  oecasionnliy  a  l>uffalii  in  the  di.stunee,  a  prairie- 
wnlr  ..II  the  trail,  or  the  earca.ss  of  some  uniortiinate 
litirs'  .  liven  to  the  wild  bird.s  or  wilder  liea,st.s,  lent 
villi'  'V  111  this  desolate  scone.  The  weary  soldier  had 
til  ii:i-s  Miiiny  a  day's  journey  without  water  to  satisfy 
Ills  lliir^l  or  urass  for  his  beast.  For  twenty  miles, 
ill  siiiin'  eases,  no  spring  was  to  be  found.  An  eye- 
ffitiii'^s  relates  that  after  li,aviM<i  the  valley  of  the 
(';iiiii(ii;iii  a  traveler  inijjht  pass  a  j^ood  day's  journey 
ffitiiniii  iiieetini:  with  either  wood,  water,  or  gru.ss. 
Siicii  was  the  unfruitful  and  uninvitinj;  eoiintry 
tliroii'.'li  whieh  the  sons  of  Missouri  were  eompelled 
(II  iiiariii  at  the  call  of  duty. 

On  the  litith  of  June  the  main  body  of  the  "  Army 

lit'  llie  West"  eoinineneed   its   march  over  the  plains. 

wiiicii  extend  from  the  western  border  of  Mi.s.souri  to 

till'  cuiirincs  of  New  ,Mexi(;o.    Many  obstacles  impeded 

its  ]irii;:ri'ss,  more  particularly  from  the  fact  that  there 

was  nil  mad  nor  even  a  path  leadin;;  from  Fort  Leaven- 

iTiirili  iiiiii  the  regular  Santa  Fe  trail.    The  companies 

of  inliintry,  however,  kept  pace  with  the  mounted  men, 

liiit  their  feet  were  blistered  by  their  long  and  almost 

iiiiTiJihle  marches.  Their  footprints  were  often  marked 

witli  iiiiiiiil.  yet  the  volunteer  corps,  whieh  consisted  of 

till'  iiest  young  men  of  the  State,  endured  the  sufferings 

iiftlii'iain|iaign  with  great  fortitude.   After  leaving  Fort 

Loaveiiwiirlh  the  army  took  a  southwesterly  course, 

with  liie  view  of  intersecting  the  main  Santa  Fe  trail 

It  111'  near  the  Narrows,  sixty-five  miles  west  of  Inde- 

in'iiiioiiee.     On  the  liSth  it  reached  Stranger  Creek, 

mill  im  the  lUtth  arrived  upon  the  banks  of  Kansas 

liiver.    It  reached  the  Narrows  on  the  1st  of  .July,  and 

Cyiiiitil  (irove  on  the  Sth,  Pawnee  Uock  on  the  llkh, 

iiiil  on  the  29lh  crossed  the  Arkansas  and  encamped 

ill  Mt'xieaii  territory,  about  eight  miles  below  Bent's 

Fiiit.six  liiindred  and  fifty  miles  west  of  Fort  Leaveii- 

wiirili.    On  the  IGth  of  August  the  army  arrived  iit 

San  .Miguel,  on  the  river  Peeos,  and  on  the   18th, 

it'icr  a  tiresiiine  march  of  nearly  nine  hundred  miles  in 

Ws  tlian  fifty  days,  Gen.  Kearney,  with  bis  whole 

comniainl,  entered  Santa  Fe,  the  capital  of  the  prov- 

iiiti'  iif  New  Mexico,  and  took  peaceable  and  undis- 

futod  possession  of  the  country. 

Iinnu'iliately  upon  occupying  the  town.  Gen.  Kear- 
ney ciiiiiiLt'teit,  by  the  aid  of  Willard  P.  Hall,  of  St. 
Lmiis.  the  ■■  Organic  Laws  and  Constitution"  for  the 
i  p'voriiiiii'iit  of  the  new  Territory.     To  the  end  that 
I  iW  iimt'hinery  of  this    new  government    might  bo 


speedily  put  into  force,  Gen,  Kearney  made  the  fol- 
lowing appoiiituuMits  to  office  :  Charles  Kent,  (lover- 
nor  of  the  Territory  ;  Don  Aduciano  Virgil,  secretary  ; 
Richard  Dalian,  marshal ;  Francis  I*.  HIair,  Jr.,  United 
States  district  attorney  ;  Kiigene  Leiten.sdoffer,  auditor 
of  public  accounts;  and  Joab  Uoughtnn,  Antonio  Jose 
Otero,  and  (M)arles  iJaubien,  judges  of  the  Supreme 
Court.  Capt,  David  Waldo  was  aiipoinled  to  trans 
late  the  laws  into  the  Spanish  language,  whieh  he  did 
in  a  very  satisfactory  manner. 

On  the  Ufjth  of  September,  Gen.  Kearney  lefl  Santa 
Fe  with  four  hundred  dragoons  for  California.  He 
took  the  old  Copper-mine  route,  down  the  Hio  tJrande 
to  Sorotto.  and  thence  to  the  I'aeific.  On  the  2(ltb  of 
October,  when  three  hundred  miles  west  of  ,'<aiita  Fe, 
he  Was  informed  by  a  returning  party  that  Gen.  John 
C.  Fremont  bad  alreailv  taken  possession  of  Caliliiriiia. 
He  then  sent  Maj.  Sumner  back  with  the  larL'cr  por- 
tion of  the  dragoons,  and  takini^  only  one  hundred 
with  him,  pursued  with  this  small  force  the  daring 
enterpri.se  of  crossing  the  deserts  and  mountains  of 
the  West  in  the  cold  season. 

For  the  pur[iiise  of  reinforcing  Col.  Kearney  at 
Santa  Fe,  the  War  Department  had  determined  to  or- 
gani/.i,'  a  new  force.  Sterling  Price,  then  a  member 
of  Congress  from  Missouri,  having  resigned  early  in 
the  summer  of  1846,  applied  to  President  Polk  for 
the  command  and  was  a]ipoiiited.  The  reinl'orceiuenl 
was  to  consist  of  one  full  mounted  regiment,  one 
inounteil  extra  battalion,  and  one  extra  battalion  of 
Mormon  infantry,  the  whole  to  be  volunteers.  After 
.some  delay  the  companies  rendezvoused  at  Fort 
Leavenworth,  and  were  mustered  into  service  about 
the  1st  of  August,  The  companies  from  Boone,  Ben- 
ton, ('arroll,  Chariton,  Jiynn,  Livitjgston,  Monroe,  Uan- 
diil]ih,  Ste.  Genevieve,  and  St.  Louis  Counties,  under 
the  command  respectively  of  Capt.  McMillan,  llol- 
laway,  Williams,  Holley,  Barbee,  Slack,  (Jiddings,  H. 
Jackson,  Horine,  and  Dent,  composed  the  Second  Mis- 
souri Ilegiment.  Notwithstanding  tlie  War  Depart- 
ment bad  .selected  Sterling  Price  to  command  them, 
the  officers  thought  they  ought  to  have  a  choice  in 
the  matter.  Accordingly  they  l'..M  an  election  and 
selected  Sterling  Price  for  colon  ',  I  D.  Mitchell  for 
lieut'-.iant-colonel,  and  Capt.  Edmoii.son  for  major.  J{. 
Walker  was  appointed  adjutant,  Mr.  Stewart  sergeant- 
major,  Dr.  May  surgeon,  and  A.  Wilson  sutler.  An- 
ot'ier  battaliou   was  formed   composed  of  com]ianies 

om  the  counties  of  Marion,  Polk,  Platte,  and  Ray, 
commanded  respectively  by  Capts.  Smith,  Robinson, 
Morin,  and  Ilendly,  with  Lieut.-Col.  Willock  as  com- 
mander of  the  battalion.  With  this  mounted  force 
and  several  pieces  of  artillery,  Col.  Price  marched  to 


t    .1 


376 


IIIHTOUY   OF   SAINT   LOUIS. 


?'  ■ 


i     ^ 


p^| 


h' 


Saiitii  Fi'  over  iliu  same  route  uh  Ciil.  Kouriic}',  ami 
nrrivod  thcrp  in  fittytlireo  days  uti  the  2Htli  of  Sep- 
Uniiber,  lliree  days  after  Vol.  Koariioy's  depart ui'o  I'or 
Califdriiia. 

About  the  Ktili  of  Aii>.'ust  ainilli(!r  force  of  one 
thousand  men  was  ordered  to  rendezvous  at  Kort 
Leavenworth,  (h'stined  also  for  Santa  Fe  to  join  Col. 
I'riee.  The  refriniont  was  orpmized  witli  Miij. 
Doufiherty.  of  Clay  ('ounty.as  eoiuniaiider,  but  ln'fore 
it  took  the  field  th;;  President  ordered  it  to  disliand, 
and  the  men,  disappointed,  returned  to  tiieir  homes.' 

The  eonijuest  of  New  Mexico,  completed  by  Col. 
Kearney,  thouuh  apparently  bloodless,  was  yet  at- 
tended by  conflicts,  if  less  saiiffuimiry,  yet  more  in- 
terestinji  than  the  common  events  of  war.  On  the 
ir>th  of  January,  1>S(T,  a  violent  and  totally  unex- 
pected insurrection  ujiainst  the  American  authorities 
took  place  at  San  Fernando  do  Taos,  irs  New  Mex- 
ico. On  that  nij;ht  Governor  Charles  Hent,  SluriH" 
Elli(>tt,  and  twenty-three  others  were  a.ssastsinaled,  and 
ut  Turley's,  eifilil  miles  from  Taos,  seven  other  Ameri- 
cans were  murdered.  In  a  short  time  the  insurrec- 
tion becatuc  •jenerai,  but  it  was  finally  suppressed  by 
Col.  Price,  after  several  severe  enLMi^cmenis  with  the 
Mexicans.  'I'aken  as  a  whole,  the  shmt  campaiizn  of 
Col.  Price  with  ('apt.  Buruwin  and  others,  IVom  the 
20th  of  .January  to  the  oth  of  February.  1847.  was 
one  of  the  best  e.xhibilions  of  military  i.'allaiilry  which 
accompanied  the  minor  operations  of  the  war.  Mareli- 
inj;  in  midwinter  over  .snow-covered  firound,  thev 
thr(te  times  enizaj'ed  the  enemy,  and  in  the  last  con- 
flict stormed  and  carried  a  very  slronir  military  iiosi- 
tion  aL'ainsI  superior  numbers.^ 

In  the  interval  between  the  concpiest  of  New 
Mexico  by  Kearney  and  the  march  of  (Icn.  Seoit 
from  Vera  Cruz  there  occurred  in  the  ncu'thern  prov- 
inces of  Mexico  one  of  those  niilit.ay  adventures 
which  convert  the  realities  of  history  into  the  bril- 
liant and  enticiiii:  scenes  of  romance.  This  was  the 
march  of  Col.  I)oni[ihan's  corps  of  Missourians 
throuirh  the  wild  and  unknown  reirions  of  Northern 

'While  at  Santa  Ki',  (.'apt.  Hudson,  of  the  Lauleilo  liani;ers, 
gnvc  u|i  hi?  eninnianii  t>i  Kii>t  liient.  Kllintt  and  raised  a  new  ' 
company  (if  vulnnteers  in  tlic  town  for  the  purpose  of  serving  in  ' 
California.  The  company  numbered  one  hundred  men  and  was 
called  the  Calilornia  Hangers.  It  was,  however,  di^liandicl  by 
Col,  l)oniplian  as  soon  aij  he  Icarneil  that  California  was  in  the 
possession  of  the  Amerii'ans. 

»  On   the  l.ith  of    November,    18lfi.  a  detachment  of  forty 
five   volunteers,   coiunninded   by   ('apt,   Hurrows    and    Thoinp- 
suii,  met  and  totally  defeated  two  hundred  California  Me.vicans   i 
on   the   plains   of  Salinas,   near    Monterey,   with   considerahio   ■ 
slaughter.    The  American  loss  was  four  killed  and  two  wounded  ; 
among  the  former  Ottpt.  Burrows  and    Private  Ames,  of  St.   ] 
Louis,  I 


Mexico,  In  the  early  part  of  December  h  lift 
Satita  Fe  witli  eio;ht  litindred  men,  in  three  diviMuns. 
desiith'd  for  Chihuahua.  The  object  of  the  r.pi'ili. 
tion  was  to  joiti  (icn.  Wool  in  the  heart  of  Nniilirni 
Mexico.  On  the  21st  of  December  his  corps  ri  ii||,ii| 
lirozilos,  where  he  defeated  the  I'lK'iny  in  a  sIimii  ,.|,. 
(Xa^'cmetit,  On  the  27th  he  eiiten'd  l<)l  I'.i-,,  ,|,  | 
Norte,  and  oti  the  2Ud  of  Febrmiry  his  fon-is  wei,. 
at  Carmen,  om^  hundred  miles  from  (Miihiiubua.  I  in 
the  28lh  Doniphan's  corps  ^ave  battle  to  the  iiu'iiiv, 
who  were  intrenched  with  n  lar^eforcc  tiear  the  Itaiii'jiu 
Sacramento,  on  the  river  Sacramento,  ii  "  iti.|| 

them  with  j;rcat  loss.      It  llien  etitercd  (!  ,ia,  ^ 

city  of  forty  thousand  itihabitants,  and  the  capiial  n| 
one  of  tli(!  tnost  iinpintant  States  of  Mexico. 

WhiMi  (jen.  Taylor  received  authentic  inl'nnnaiion 
of  the  full  of  Vera  ('ruz,  the  capitulation  of  the  ca.-ile 
of  San  Juan  de  I'lua.  and  the  capttire  of  Chiliualiiii. 
he  i.ssu"d  the  foilowini^  cotio;ratulatory  orders  tu  ili. 
troops  tinder  his  command  : 

"  IIkAIK;!   AHTKICS  AllMY  OK  ( (I'll  I' A  TIOV, 

"('AMI'  NKAii  M>i\rKKKV,  April  II,  ISi:. 

"The  commanding  general  has  the  satisfaction  to  aiiniiiiiii' 
to  the  tniiips  under  his  command  that  aiithentii'  infoniiMlimi  lia. 
been  received  c,f  the  fall  of  \'i'ra  Cruz  and  of  San  .liiiin  -li- 
riiia,  which  capittilalcil  on  the  27th  of  .March  to  the  Win-v*  <<r 
.Maj.-tien.  Scott,  'fhis  highly  important  victory  riMiris  ii,>» 
ttistie  i^n  the  reputation  of  our  arms. 

''The  commanding  general  would  at  the  same  time  iiiiiimiih'. 
annther  signal  success  won   by  the  gallantry  of  '  uoip^  ■■u 

the  L'Sth  of  February,  near  the  city  of  Obihua'  ouIiiiiin 

of  Missouri  volunteers,  less  than  one  thousai  iiiilor 

command  of  Col.  Iloniphan.  with  a  light  field  hah,  ,  ..iit;i>Kii 
a  .Mexican  fori'c  many  times  superior  in  an  inli-enclic'l  |nj^itip.i, 
c.iptiired  its  artillery  and  baggage,  and  defeated  it  willi  ln-nw 
loss. 

"  In  piihlisliing  to  the  troops  the  grateful  tidings,  (lie  L'l'ne'^ii! 
is  sure  .hat  they  will  learn  with  joy  and  pride  the  triiuii|-)e  : 
their  comrades  oil  distant  licMs. 

"  Hy  order  of  .MaJ.-tien.  Taylor, 

"  w.  w.  Hi.iss.  .I..I..1  </:■ 

Col.  Doniphan,  havitiir  totally  defeated  anil  coin- 
jilelcly  (lisoi'oatii/.ed  the  Army  of  Central  .Mcsioi. 
nioved  his  uallant  corps  of  Missourians  frotii  Cliiliua- 
iiua  in  three  divisions  on  the  25th,  2()tli,  ami  L'8ili 
of  April,  1817.  Marchitij:  .southwardly  ihroiiL'li 
Cerro  Gordo,  Mapimi,  and  Parras  they  reacluil  ."^al 
tillo,  more  than  one  hundred  miles,  and  pilelieil  tlioir 
cam])  near  iht;  battle-field  of  Buena  Vista.  On  llii' 
22d  of  May  the  reoiment  was  reviewed  by  Inn. 
Wool  in  person,  accompanied  by  his  stafi',  and  ilic 
followiii};  complimentary  order  was  issued  : 
"URDERS    Xo.  21).i. 

"  HkAIU)!  AIITKliS, 

"UuKXA  VisTA,  May '.':',  ISIT. 
"  The  general  eoininanding  takes  great  pleasure  in  ex|irwsini,' 
the  griitiQcation  he  baa  received  this  afternuon  in  incLtiiii!  llie 


^r 


!i! 


TllK   WAR   WITH    MKXICO. 


87? 


iiri  voliintcerK,  Th«y  aro  ahoitt  to  olnio  their  present 
r  iiiilitiir.v  yervicc,  »rii'r  liiiviiiK  K'HiIitimI.  in  thr  cciiirdo 
iii'iliiDii^  iliitio^  titi'y  liiivi'  Imtii  ntlle<l  ii|iiin  In  iicrt'iirin,  n 
uT  liiulil.v  iiii|ii<rtiiiil  iiiM'viccB,  (T"wni''l  liy  (li'i'inivii  iiikI 


Purmiiii^;  fln'ir  jimriiiiy  with  i-ii|iiJ  sti'|)M,  llic  Stiw- 
HouriidiN  (IcHc'i-ndi'd  (lio  llin  (iriiiul'.  I'liiliiirki'il  mi  vcm- 
S(>Im,  iiiiJ  arrived  iit  Now  Orloiiiis  im  tin-  loth  iil'.Iiiiu' 
llt'ir  tilt!  Vdliiiitt'crs  were!  iiiiistcri'd  out  ol'  tin-  .siTvici' 
of  tilt!  IJiiitod  States,  ami  .sikhi  iif'lir  rcluiiii'il  In  tlii>ir 
liiiincH  in  Miswiiiri.  "  In  a  littli'  iiiitru  than  a  yt'ar," 
says  Capt,  Ivlwaril    I).    Manslitild,  in    his    iiitt'it'sliiii» 


Mi- 

trim 

,.f  11' 

?t'rit'- 

KImiimm-  ^■il■tllril^1. 

■•  N'm  truDht  can  pnint  l<i  ii  inurtt  lirilliiiiii  •'iirccr  thiiii  llinr^o 
cunjiii  iM'ltnl  by  Col.  I>iini|iliiiii,  iiixl  no  oiii'  »lll  mur  lii'iir  nf  llm 
IkiIIIi  ■  "I'  llrii(!lli>  "r  SniMiiiiiciild  witliiiul  u  loi'liii)?  iit'  uilmlni- 

lillll  fill    till'  Mll'll   Wll"  ({llilll'll  llll'lll. 

■'Til'  siiito  ijf  Mis.x.iiiii  lm»  juM  I'luisf  In  111-  pmuil  "f  tlio  <  "  Histttry  of  ilif  .Mtixiciiii  VVar,"  ■'  this  ftnps  nf  vnlmi- 

luiii.i.  Hiiiun  nf  iliiMiirri  wlin  liiivc  rnprcsiiitc.i  iiiT  in  tliu  iiriiiy  '  tt'ors,  tuiisturml  IVoiii  pi'iviitc  lift',  had  hy  land  anil  hy 

,„,.i„.l  Mcxicn,  nml  Mm  will,  witlmut  .Inui.l,  r. ivo  thnm  nn  „,,,,,^^  ,,y^,^  mniintaiii-tt.ps  aiitl   sandy  plains,  in  snow 

llii'ir  riliirn  with  nil  the  jiiy  iinil  siilisl'in'tion  wliicli  ii  iliio  ai)-  .             ■    .      .          ■                       -■      ■       i                  o 

l„„,i,„inn  of  their  morit.  an,l  .orvi,.„«  ,n  jn,(ly  .nlitio  th.in.  "."''    '"    '•'"»    "'"'    '"   '""   'l^-'^^^'ft'^  '""I'l    th-!   hoinfs   .,f 

"In  lii'Ming  them  adieu  thtJKenenil  wisheMnOnl.  Diiniphan,  civilization    allll    tlu'    wilds  oF  SHVIIfjes,  Illuid    tilt;   Bl'eH 

hi..  otli.>ry  iin.l  men,  a  happy  rclnrii  tn  thoir  families.  of  hattlf,  till!  spurts  tit'  tilt!  cailip,  and    the  uilvflltliri'S 

■ll.v- miiml  nf  IlriK..Oen.  Wool.  „,.,,,,,     „ild    wildorilfss,     imrsUfd      thoir      Ullfhfckfd 

"  hlWlN    .Mrll.lWKI.L,    .I..1..I.'.'."  n  ,.  ,  ,  .,  V,  1-11 

career  for  (ivo  thousand  miles.  Nor  was  this  ull. 
On  tiie  foUowinjr  ilav  the  Missourians  iiiaivlietl  to  <*""  Jcfachmeiit  of  this  same  corps,  previous  to  the 
(ion.  WhhIs  camp,  where  ('apt.  Weiglitmaii  delivered  ■  ''»'I«"-ture  of  the  main  hody  from  .^aiita  I'V-,  ha.l 
his  batterv  to  (Jaj.t.  \Va.sliint!toii.  The  Mexican  ean-  """-n'"-''!  another  thousand  miles  in  still  wilder  seeiies 
,inn  wiiiel'i  weie  eaptnred  in  the  action  at  Haerameiito  '""1  HrL-iUcr  atlventiir.!.  This  was  the  detachment  of 
,1,,  Mis>nurians  were  permitted  to  retain  as  the  tro-  I^'''"t-C'ol.  (Jiipin,  who  was  -ent  „iit  towards  the 
,,liioi  III  iheir  victory.  These  were  siibse.|Ueiit!y  •^""k}'  Mountains  to  overawe  the  Navajo  Iiuliaiis. 
|,re>cnl!d  I'y  Col.  Doniphan  to  the  State  of  Missouri.      ''''''•''  command  actually  crossed  the  Hoeky  M.^untaiiis, 

and  descended  into  the  valley  of  the  Colorado  of  the 
South.  Their  march  was  full  of  new  scentiry,  new 
daiif^ers,  ami  new  adventures.  After  this  party  hail 
thus  piirsui  1  its  novel  and  most  interestinj;  march 
^  throuj:li  the  .spurs  and  rivers  and  wild  trihes  and 
wilder  animals  of  the  Hoeky  Mountains,  it  returned 
in  time  to  join  the  loiii.'  and  ailveiituroiis  march  of 
Doniphan  to  Chihuahua  and  the  (Jiilf  M'  Mexito.  "' 

When  Col.  Doniiihan  left  Santa  Fe,  the  command 
I      ,  ■  .  ' 

!  of  the    troops   in    New   Mexico   devolved   upon   Col. 
:  (then  JJritr.-Gen.)  Sterlinjr  Price.     Between  the   1st 

•■C..I.  Iluniphan-s  cominanJ  nf  .Missuuri  volunteers  will  pro-   •   „„J   15tl,  „|'  Aupist,  1817,  (ien.  IVlCe  and  the  trooJ.S 
ci-i'l '''"  C:iinur^o  to  the  inoiith  of  the  river  or  Ilrazos   1:^11111*1,  i       i  ■  '      i  i  .      \f  •        t  .1 

"  .  ».      ^  ,  ,  under  his  command  returned  to  Missouri,  wlieio  they 

wii.TP  It  Will  lake  water  transportation  to  .New  tlrleans.  |  _  ^ 

■OnraiehinK.VewOrlean.sCol.  Dnniphiin  will  report  to  Oen.  I  '"■"Vl'tl    abimt    the    J.)th   of  Seiilember,    havilli;    lost 

1!'  "lie.  ( imanilinK  the  Western  Division,  unit  also  to  Col.  ,  luore  than  four  hundred  men  ill  battle  aiid  by  disease. 

I  iniKliill,  in.-p<etor-gDnenil,  who  will  niusler  the  eommaiKl  for  ;        'fhe  St.  Louis  ]ie>;io'j.  after  it  sailed  from  New  Or- 
i-i-b;ir^e  and  piivinent.  !   1  1       1    j  ^1       -*.i       1'    t  io»j»  .1 

,  ,,  „  ,  ,,       ,         .,,  ,       ,         „  .  ,         leans,  landed  on  the  ttn  ot  June,  184().  on  the  west 

"Alliuaar),'!!,  I.0I.  Doiiiphaii  will  (letai;li  I',  sulneient  number  i  .       , 
■  liniin  Irnro  eaeh  company  to  eon.lnct  the  horses  and  other   '    '"'"''  ^^  t'"-'    TiraZOS,  in    the    harbor   of   Point    I.stlbel. 

iiiiiimis  of  the  eouiiuand  by  land  to  Missouri.    The  men  so  de-  |  It  spcnt  the  remainder  of  tliu  month  eiieamped  at  tlii.s 

uli.l  will  l.ave  the  neee.ssary  papers  to  enable  their  pay  to  bo      place,  drilliuf;,  OtC,  and    Oil  the  1st  of  July  the    camp 
li:i»n  when  their  eompanies  arc  diseharged  Ml  New  Orleans.  „  1    .       »i  .1        i-  »i       !)■     /i  1  1 

I    ,  .,,,     .  ,     ,  was  removed  to  the  muuth  of  the  luo  (jrande,  and 

"  liie  iHiartennastor  s  department  will  furnish  the  necessary 

KM.].  riiiti..n  to  carry  out  the  above  orders.  '      '"'■o'"  ''"'"CO  by  Steamers  to  the  lleijilits  of  Barita,  in 

"riii'iriipliies  captured  at  the  battle  of  Sacramento  will  bo     tile  State  of  Taiuauli[)as,  whero  orders  Were  received 

('.iivnej  iiy  Col.  Doniphan  to  Missouri,  and  there  turned  over     from  the  Secretary  of  War  to  di.sbaiid  the  six- months' 

lilheiiovoruor,  subject  to  the  final  disposition  of  the  War  De-  I  „  1      »  m      t       •  •       j   i  .-i  .1      0.1 

'      •"  '  volunteers.     The  Lejiion  remained  here  until  the  8tli 

|«rlmcnl.  ,  '^ 

•  1,1  iiais  announcing  the  arrangements  which  close  the  ardu-  1  "^  August,  when  the  command  began  to  embark  for 
Mi  aiil  huiiiirahle  service  of  the  .Missouri  volunteers,  the  com-      home.      The   field   and   Staff  officers  and   officers  and 
nulling  general  extends  to  them  his  earnest  wishes  for  their 
pt^|i(riiy ami  happiness,  and  for  a  safe  return  to  their  families 

iB'ihomfs.  I       I  For  a  full  and  most  interesting  account  of  Doniphan's  c.v- 

By  nimmand  of  Maj.-Gcn.  Taylor.  |  pedition,  see  the  accurate  work  of , I.  T.  Hughes,  entitled  "  Doui- 

"  W.  W.  Bliss,  A.A.A.G."  '  phan's  K.\pedition." 


The  .Missouri  column  proceeded  on  its  march  and 
iiassliiL'  Sahillo.  the  UramI  Canon  of  the  Kineonada, 
Santa  Caiariini,  and  the  city  of  Monterey,  arrived  in 
ilic  AiiiiTiean  camp  at  the  Walnut  Springs  on  the 
■jlith,  having  in  three  days  marched  seventy  miles. 
Maj.-Ciiii.  Taylor  having  reviewed  the  Missouri  troops 
■111  the  iiiciriiing  of  the  litith,  i.ssued  the  following: 

"OUDEUS  No.  59. 

"  HkAIHjI  AllTKIlS  AllMVOK    OlCri'ATIoN, 

"t'AMf  m;\u  MoNTi-.iiKV,  Mav  2lUh. 


ir!;; 


!      "I 


378 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


^  ,1 


I'" 


i  ;> 


members  of  the  St.  Loui8  "  Grays"  and  the  '■  Rangers" 
returned  to  St.  Louis  on  the  steamer  "  Star-Spaugled 
Banner,"  and  arrived  on  the  lilst,  amid  ihe  cheers 
and  rejuicin<;8  of  the  population,  which  lined  the  bank 
of  the  river.' 

The  detachment  left  Brazos  Santiaj;o  on  Sunday, 
the  9th  of  Augu.st,  on  the  stei'.m.siiii)  '  New  York." 
The  six  other  companies  left  about  ihe  same  tim3, 
enibarkin<;  on  the  followinj;  vessels  :  on  the  evonin;; 
of  the  8th,  oi:  the  brig  '■  Welsh,"  the  Booiio  Guard-;, 
Capt.  Knapp,  Montgomery  Guards,  Capt.  Watson, 
iiiiil  Jaegers,  Capt.  Schaefer,  accompanied  by  As.sistant 
Uurgeon  Stevens ;  on  the  .'^•.ime  evening,  on  the 
schooner  •'  Wm.  Bryan,"  the  Texas  Free  Corps,  Capt. 
Kocli ;  and  on  the  nior'.ing  of  the  9th,  on  the  ',ark 
"  Ivy,"  the  -Missouri  Fusileers.  Capt.  Wockner,  and 
the  Morgan  Itifleinen,  Capt.  McKellops. 

The  Jaegers,  Capt.  Scliaefer,  Boone  (ruard.--,  Capt. 
Kniipp,  and  Montgomery  Guards,  Capt.  Watson,  ar- 
rived at  St.  Louis  on  Au'.'ust  2()th,  on  board  the 
steamer  "  W.  R.  King."  The  remainder  of  the  com- 
mand arrived  in  due  tiuic  in  good  health  and  excellent 
spirits.  On  the  lOtli  of  September  tiie  mayor  and 
City  Council  presented  to  the  Legion  in  the  rotunda 
of  the  court-house  a  stand  of  colors  on  behalf  of  the 
citizens  of  St.  Louis.  Mayor  Camden  presented  the 
flag  to  Col.  A.  R.  Kaston.  ,,!'  the  Legion,  with  a  few 
patriotic  rein;irks,  and  Capt.  P  Salisbury,  at  the  re- 
quest of  Col.  Kaston,  responded  for  the  battalion.  At 
the  conclusion  of  the  jjrosentation  ceremonies  l':'ivate 
Sinithers,  of  Capt.  McKellops'  company,  ''addressed 
the  meeting  in  a  happy  >;rain,"  and  upiyii  a  call  from 
the  assemblage  A.  B.  Chambers  made  .i  few  remarks 
to  the  Legion. 

The  luunieipal  authorities  and  citizens  of  St.  Louis 
on  April  15,  1847,  determined  to  celebi.ite  the  vic- 
torii>s  which,  had  been  won  by  ti'.o  army  of  Gen.  Seott 
in  Mexico.  "  In  the  morning,  at  the  rising  of  the 
sun,"  says  one  of  the  journals  of  tli«  day,  •'  a  national 
salute  was  Rred  bv  the  German  artillery  company,  on 
the  vacant  grounds  in  the  rear  of  the  city.  The  guns 
usim!  were  twc'vi'-pounders.  and  although  they  were 
but  indi.stinctly  heard  in  some  parts  ot  the  i-ity,  they 
were  heard  full  tiiirty  miles  in  the  surrounding  coun- 
try. Several  g^intliMnen  who  were  thirty-live  miles  iti 
Illinois  when  the  first  guns  w>.re  lived  heard  them 
distinctly,  und  by  hard  riding  were  able  to  get  heie 
in  lini.'  to  witness  tin;  illumii.alion.  National  salutes 
were  tired  at  noon  and  at  sundovvn,  ;\nd  .sev  'ral  guns 

'Tim  follD.vinB  iilrtcuiH  riiturni"! :  I'ul.  t'liH'm.  l.icui.-Col, 
Kimiielt,  Mnj.  Solioi'ii.iiiik'r,  .SurKcoii  .Idlin.""!!,  Ailjl.  Aliintoill, 
tjijitji   Col'.iimii  ami  SiiliE!.>iry,  Liouli.  Wisi,  ilarniH,  Ituss,  unil 

Ivll»|.|l. 


for  the  memory  of  those  brave  men  who  hav(  liillcn 
in  battle. 

"  At  half-past  seven,  when  the  signal  was  -iven, 

nearly  every  house  instantly  poured  forth  a  II 1  i,f 

light.  Although  we  knew  that  the  illuniiimtidii 
wouhl  be  general,  yet  we  confess  wn  were  rmt  pri'. 
pared  for  so  general  a  demonstration.  We  tiMvcise.I 
the  city  during  the  time  of  the  illuminatjdii  IVuni 
north  to  south  am'  from  the  river  vestwiuil,  ami 
everv  where,  on  every  street,  we  met  Vi'itli  tlir  suiiie 
fervent  display.  Tlie  humblest  tenement  and  tln'  must 
stately  mansion  alike  contributed  to  the  henni',  ainl 
the  interest  of  the  scene.  In  a  word,  it  was  uiw  of 
those  great  popular  demonstrations  where  tlir  vvudii' 
people  are  united,  and  to  the  full  consiiiinniiiiiu  df 
which  the}-  have  given  their  entire  energies." 

In  the  mean  time,  ab  the  war  progressed,  a  JaiK 
nuinber  of  the  volunteers  whose  term  of  servii.'e  liu'i 
expired,  and  who  had  been  honorably  discliar;;t'J,  iv. 
enlisted  in  other  commands.  The  "  Mmirnl  Cjiv 
Rangers"  were  organized  on  the  iJOtli  of  April,  1847, 
in  the  hall  of  the  Missouri  Fire  Coinpany,  by  tiie  il.o- 
lion  of  the  following'  officers  :  James  A.  Faiuxtt.caii- 
tain;  J.  F.  Scheifer,  first  lieutenant;  IV  L.  Simitr, 
second  lieutenant ;  and  Louis  Gray,  third  lieuicnaui. 
The  "  Bent  (juard;  '  were  organized  on  .\]iril  24tli 
oy  the  election  of  Klihii  H.  Shepaid  as  caiplain : 
Samuel  II.  Holmes,  first  lieutenant ;  Thomas  \V.  L- 
vaiit,  second  lieutenant:  and  William  I'riclii'it,  third 
lieutiMiant.  On  the  P'tli  of  May  tins  conipanv  was 
mustered  iiiio  service,  and  was  designated  as  "  (,'uiii- 
paiiy  .\.  .Missouri  Battalion  of  Infantry  Volunteers." tn 
serve  during  the  war.  A  few  -'ays  were  spent  at 
Camp  Lucas  in  <l'illiiig  and  issi  ing  quartpniia.<t''i's 
stores  preparatniy  to  a  march  across  the  Wt'stiin 
plains.  On  the  l."<ili  of  May  .le  company  ciiilurki'il 
on  board  the  steamer  '■  .M".iidan,"  Capt.  C'lifovei',  an! 
proceeded  to  Fort  Leavenworth,  with  orders  to  report 
to  Lieut.  Col.  Scott.  It  received  orders  to  i-snir' ,i 
very  large  train  of  ox-wagons  loaded  with  (•iiiiiii!i>-ary 
stores  to  Santa  Fe,  and  executed  the  task  in  saf.iy. 

A  rei|uisition  was  made  (in  the  Static  in  .\pril  I'nr  a 
regiment  oi"  mounted  men,  and  jirrparalinns  \vi  ri' iiii- 
mediately  begun  for  the  organizalioii  nf  ih'W  cuiii- 
paiiii's.  On  thelilst  the  St.  Jjouis  ''  Jvi^K'  ('iiiii|Miiy 
was  organized,  under  the  supervision  of  (ie'i.  Milliii-n 
and  Col.  Grimsley,  by  the  electimi  of  G.  !>.  Kiir|ioiiy 
as  captain  ;  \l.  Schroeder,  first  lieiit,Mi.iiii  ;  Cliarlr* 
Krohne,  second  lieutenant;  and  l'hili)i  l.inhvii:.  tliirl 
li(;utenant.  The  volunteers  under  this  call  wrn 
directed  by  the  Governor  toassembleat  Iiiili  |ii'iMlrMn', 

In  aiidilion  to  this  requisition  on  theS'.iii' l'"rvii|uii- 1 
leers,  another  was  made  in   May  for  dim    liailalii'ii  'f| 


"  M.'iv  l.>s.- 
niaii.l  uf  (',,1,1 

"I'aM.  .Me 
Ki'rp.inv,  iin- 
'■••"'f  f(.r    111. 

"  IVe  umlci 
llio  ciiiiiiiinil 
.'pli'n.lM  siv„ 
aiiii  persovct 
"'I'lii'  'iici 
Thiir.'cliiv  ovti 
fui  will  tuM 
lir-t  lieulciin,] 
a  liainlsDiiii.  SI 

■•I'apl.  A. 
:""i  lio.'i.lvs' 
Jcrvi,.,.  vi'sler.l 
'olnivol',,.,'*,,,, 
"June  I.— I', 
l'"''-Uiiiiiaiitli' 

"•'iiiii'  .1. 
li"iil''>r..ffi,'|.r«_, 
''  mullcl  ,1," 
'■'  '1""V,  lir,(  li,,, 
^'•'"•tlilr.llloui, 

"June  r (', 

'•'.von:h("i,i(, 

"ICMlPlpllliv  ,,,•, 

"Jiuie  !l A',i, 

■'fl.  »iH    I..    ,.1 


»li.'ili 


"  it  >li,ill 


""».   .V.    K.,,v,:,|, 

''"'  li''iilcil|.iit.. 
'""III. 011,1  ,,.,. 

"^''-  »i|li„rn 
'''■""I'liii,,,!,,,,. ,, 


THE   WAR  WITH   MEXICO. 


379 


if,  'Q 


r  iallc 


inlaiitrv  to  serve  iJuring  the  war,  and  to  rendezvous 
at  Fcirt  Leavonwurtli.  Under  the  latter  call  Capt. 
Slupard's  company  was  accepted.  The  "  Missouri  i 
M  Hilled  Guards"  wire  orf^anized  on  May  2d,  with  ' 
till'  I'lillowing  officers :  W.  L.  F.  McNair,  captain ; 
Jaiiu's  'SI.  Allen,  firi«t  lieutenant;  Golden  Musick, 
socMiul  lieutenant  ;  and  Charles  II.  Morritt,  third  lieu- 
tenant. They  were  mustered  into  the  service  of  the 
United  States  on  May  Hth,  and  numbered  eifihty-six 
iiiin-iMMnniissioned  officers  and  privates.  Tlie  "  St. 
Lonis  Gniys"  tendered  their  services  to  the  Governor 
as  part  of  the  Infantry  battalion  for  Santa  Fe.  This 
batt.iliiin  was  completed  on  the  2Uh  of  May,  when  the 
inlanti-y  coinpanies  of  Capt.  Weekner,  Capt.  Cuiiniiii,- 
liani,  and  Capt.  Paul  were  mustered  into  service, 
('apt.  Harnes'  ci  -'ipaiiy  was  mustered  in  on  the  "^.'ith, 
and,  as  we  hcvc  seen,  Capt.  Shepard's  on  the  lOtn  of 
the  same  month.  These  companies  composed  the  bat- 
taliim  and  at  an  election  for  lieutenant-colonel,  Alton 
R.  Haston,  who  had  been  colonel  of  the  <ild  St.  Louis 
Lt";i.in.  was  unaniun)u.sly  chosen. 

We  ;_'leaii  the  following  ih.ies  on  military  matters 
fnin  the  Missimri  liciiidillcnn  of  1.S47: 

•■  Miiy  2S. — The  (^miipany  of  ninuilcil  iiieii  umlpf  the  com- 
lUiinil  "f  ('apt.  (icis  was  iiiusterod  into  sorvioe  yesterday. 

"raii(.  .MeNair'.."  i;oui|'iiny,  ami  that  cioiniiiiinili'il  by  Capt. 
KcirpDiiy,  arrived  here  yesterday  from  .lelTerson  Marrncks,  fii 
nriire  fur  Indepoiidenec.  They  will  leave  to-uay  at  eight 
o'l'ltR'k. 

'■  We  understand  that  tlir  .iieiiihers  of  the  eoinpany  under 
llio  oounnanil  of  Capt.  .MeN'air  have  presented  hini  with  a 
splcU'lid  sworil,  as  a  token  of  their  apprecial'on  of  his  energy 
aiiil  pcrseveranee  in  getting  up  and  equipping  the  company. 

"Till'  Miernbers  of  the  late  City  (!uard,  at  a  meeting  on 
Thursday  evening,  inanife>ted  their  feelings  of  respeet  and 
giwil  will  towarils  their  late  eaptain,  Alirani  .-Vllen,  now  the 
llr>t  lieutenant  of  Capt.  Paul's  eoinpuny,  liy  presenting  to  him 
J  liinelsoaie  sword. 

"('ii|it.  .\.  .Jones'  company  of  niountcil  men,  the  'Hough 
■.m<\  Iteadys'  from  Washington  County,  were  mustered  into 
mvii'e  yesterday  by  Col.  Wharton.  They  will  8i>on  he  rcaily 
to  K'iivf  f  tr  Santa  I''e.'* 

"Jinie  1. — Capt.  Paul's  company  of  volunteers  let't  on  boar<i 
the  '  .Aranianth' yesterday  for  Fori  Leavenworth." 

".luiie  .'i.— 'I'ho  St.  l.ouis  Washington  A  tillery  held  an  elec- 
tion rurnltiecrs  yesterday,  under  the  supervision  of  (I  en.  Milburn. 

Ii  ri'sultcd  as   f(dlo\vs :    William    II.  .Icinings,  eaptain; ■ 

Vnl'ox.  Ilrsl  lieuteminl  :   David  L>ill,  se;ond  lieutenant  :  .luines 

I'lll.  third  lieutenant." 
".lune  7. — Ciipt.  Itarncs'  company  of  infantry  will  leave  to- 

uii  oii  :!ii'  '  liitth'  .Missouri'  for   K(trt    l.ea\'enworth.      It  is  the 

i.toiiuipany  of  the  battalion  of  infantry  ordered  to  .Santa  Ke." 
".lunull. —  k'nat-iHHhit  fhninh.    This  company  is  now  organ- 

<'e<l.  »ai|    is    awaiting    the  iletermination    of    the   (iuvernor 

"lirllur  it  shall   be   received    into   the  service.     At  the  clco- 

li'ii,  N.  Kosciuluwski   was  elected  captain  ;   Kdward  C/isi'i-- 

tit't  lii'uten.int ;  W.   H,  Thorpe,  socuml  lieutenant:    .'houteau 

^iiiiih,  second  seconil  lieutenant. 
"Mr.  Williiiin  Widfe  has  tendered  ti>  the  Ouvornor  tliu  ser- 

'ii'iof  iin.pihor  company;  and  it  is  said  that  the  liovcrnor  has 


rccoraincnded  to  the  Secretary  of  War  the  employment  of  these 
two  coinp.uiie.*  in  the  I'nited  .States  service." 

"  June  9. — One  of  the  Masonic  .societies  of  this  city  yesterday 
invited  Capt.  Uarncs"  company  to  their  lodge-room  for  the  pur- 
pose of  presenting  Capt.  liarnes  with  a  sword.  Dr.  Mitchell, 
Past  (Jrand  Master,  in  a  very  appropriate  style  in  behalf  of  the 
Masonic  fraternity,  iiddressed  I'lo  company  und  presented  the 
swoid.  After  the  prcscntatio'.i  the  eoinpany  nuirehed  to  the 
steamer  '  Little  Missouri'  and  took  passage  for  Fort  Leaven- 
worth." 

".tune  II. — l,itiitp>i(iiil-('i>lutii'l  •}/  tlir  Mluxoiiri  lliilliili, lu  'if 
/n/tnitrif.  \  letter  from  Fort  Leavenworth,  aated  on  tlie  ;id 
inst..  states  that  on  that  day  an  election  was  held  by  the  Bent 
(inards  for  lieutjnanteolonel.  The  entire  vote  id'  the  com- 
pany, eighty-hve,  was  given  for  Alton  I!.  Kaston.  This  was 
the  last  company  to  vole,  ond  the  whole  b:itlalion  have  united 
in  the  election  (jf  Ccd.  Kaston.  He  left  this  city  for  Fort  Leaven- 
wortli  yesterday." 

Col.Doniiihan'scommaiidtunn'do'ertiiflKMirdnance 
offiei'i'  at  New  Orleans  the  arms  they  had  used  in  the 
canipaiL'ti.  tinil  between  the  22d  and  28th  of  June  were 
mustered  out  of  service  by  ('ol.  Chiirehill  and  received 
their  pay.     They  tlien  de]iarted  fur  home.      Antieipat- 
injr  the  arrival  of  the  returninj;  volunteers,  tlie  generous 
iind  patriotic  citizens  of  St.  lioui.s  determined  to  srive 
them  a  hearty  weleimie.     AeeordiiiL'ly  tlie  mayor  and 
City  Council  called  a  meetiii;;  of  tiie  citizens  in  the 
rotuinla  of  the  court-house    on    .hiiie    28,  1S47,  to 
make  ariaiiiiements  '■  to  welcome  boiiii'  the  returniiiL; 
Missouri   and    Illinois    volunteers,  and    tdso    to   p.iy 
suitable  lionors  to  the  remains  of  ('ol.  J.  J.  Iliii-din 
and  others,  who   fell  j;lori()tisly  in  the  Mexican  war.  " 
On  motion  if  Maj.  Wetmore,  Bryan  MuUanphy,  mayor 
of  the  city,  was  called  to  presiile,  aiitl  on  motion  of 
Dr.   George    Wilson.   Louis    V'.    Bogy    and    Tlmtnas 
Iliiriicy  were   appointed  secretaries.     Tlie  chairman 
'hen  explained  the  object  of  the  nieelint:.    On  motion 
of  11.  S.  Blennerhassett,  a  committee  of  five  persons 
was  appointed  to  prepare  suittible  resolutions  expres- 
sive of  the  sense  of  the  nieetini;;    whereii]ioii    the 
chair  appointed  U.S.  Blennerhassett.  Win.  M.  Camp- 
bell, S.  Treat,  Chas.  Keeinle,  and    A.  B.  Chambers. 
Durinu   the   absence   of  the    eoiiimittoe    the   meetino; 
was    addressed    by    Messrs.    Bleniierhtissett,    llediri.s. 
Bowlin.  Wrijrht,  and   Eagei.     The  committee  soon 
rotttriKMl  am",   reported  a  series  of  resolutions  which 
were  adopted,  reeonimendiiiu;  that  the  hospitalities  of 
the   city  be    tendered    to   the    returniiif;  volunteers 
under  t!ie  command  of  Col.  Donijihan.  and  thai   the 
men  be  invited  to  accept  suitable  testimonials  of  the 
citizens'  frratitude  and  respect  for  their  patriotic  ser- 
vices."    A  committee  ol"  arrangeiiien  <,  eompo,'"d  of 
Betijamin  Soulard,  David  Ch;imbers,  Cornelius  Camp- 
bell, Dr.  J.  Sykes,  A.  B.  Chambers,  J,  I'renti.ss  Moss, 
Miehael  Sitter,  Thornton  Grimsley.  Geo.  Wilson.  (Jeo. 
h  .  McGunneule,  Samuel  Willi,  Napoleon  Koscitilow- 


I'  t '  Mm 


m 


hm 


ii  h 


9    I 


'  I 


<fi 


380 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


ski,  Wni.  Christy,  Theron  Barnuni,  C.  D.  Walton, 
D.  A.  Maj^i'lian,  Patrick  Gorman,  T.  O.  Duncan, 
John  W.  Scott,  John  Luach,  C.  W.  Schaunibur<:, 
Gregory  Hyrnu,  Wni.  Clark,  and  B.  F.  Jennings,  was 
appointed,  with  full  power  to  make  all  necessary  prep- 
arations ("or  the  reception  of  and  demonstration  of 
respect  to  the  volunteers.  The  City  Council  also  ap- 
pointed a  committee  of  eight,  to  net  in  connection 
with  the  citizens'  committee,  and  they  met  at  the 
Planters'  House  on  the  following  day  to  make  the 
necessary  arrangements.  The  joint  committee  was 
organized,  with  George  K.  IMcGunnegle  as  chairman, 
and  A.  B.  Chambers  as  secretary.  The  committee 
adiipted  the  following  order  of  proceedings  for  the 
reception  and  entertainniont  of  the  Missouri  volun- 
teers : 

"The  proccs.aion  will  be  foniioil  on  Fourtli  Street,  llio  right 
renting  on  Maikijt,  i\.<  fo  luw?  ; 

ll:\n<l  of  Ilusie. 
Miiyor  ami  City  Conneil. 
Conimiltee  of  Anangcments. 
Oflioers  of  the  Army  ami  Xavy  of  the  rnitcil  States. 
I'tiiteii  State."  Tro(i|is. 
.Military  ei<eort  of  Infantry,  the  Volunteer  •'orps  of  the  eity. 
The  Mit;8ouri  A'oliinteer!*,  nnder  t'ol.  A.  W.  I)oni|i)ian,  return- 
ing from  the  campaign  in  .Me.xieo, 
Volunteer  t..valry. 
The  several  soi'ietii-;..  ini'tituUnn.-',  tire  companies,  and  public 
bodies  of  the  city  will  bo  assigueil  stations  as 
they  arrive  upon  the  ground. 
Citizens  on  foot. 
Citizens  in  carriages. 
Citizens  on  horse. 
"  On  the  approach  of  the  volunteers  to  the  city,  thirteen  guns 
will  be  fircil  from  Carnp  I.ucas  (west  of  fho  eity),  and  the  hells 
of  the  churches  and  fire  companies  rung. 

"  Upon  this  signal  the  military  companies  will  immediately 
form  on  I'ourib  Street,  in  fnmt  of  the  couit-house,  and  await 
further  orders. 

*' The  se\eral  societies,  institutions,  fir.:  companies,  public 
bcxlies.  and  others  will  form  ori  Fourth  Street,  or  the  cross 
streets  leading  into  it,  and  repoit  to  .^;  .;  chief  marshal. 

"  The -tcaiuhoals  inid  other  publico  places  will  display  their 
thigs  at  top-nni.«t. 

"The  aids  and  a.ssistant  marshnlswill  report  themselves  to 
the  chief  marsiuit  fit  llir  ntrlient  juiHHihlt-  moiitfuf^  jit  the  east 
front  (d' the  court-house. 

"A  national  salute  of  thirty  one  gun"  will  he  lircil  when 
the  vessels  containing  the  volunteers  arrive  in  front  of  the 
city. 

"  From  the  uncertainty  of  the  hour  of  theii  arrival,  the  lino 
of  march  is  not  ilosignated. 

"At  Camp  liUei's,  after  the  delivery  of  the  oration  and 
response  of  the  volunteers,  the  civic  part  of  the  procession  will 
he  disniisseil,  and  the  returning  volunteers,  under  the  escort 
prescribed  in  the  progratume  of  the  Coiumiltee  of  Arrange- 
ments, will  1)0  conducted  to  the  St.  l,ouis  Park,  to  parta'io  of  a 
collation.' 

Tlie  following  committees  were  hIso  appointed  to 
carry  out  the  objects  of  the  meeting :  i 


"To  meet  the  volunteers,  and  apprise  them  of  the  purjicsrs 
of  the  citizens,  Messrs.  .1.  Sykes,  J.  B.  Uowlin,  and  (ieov;;,.  \v. 
Olnoy. 

"  To  select  the  orators  of  the  (hiy,  and  make  all  necessary  ar- 
rangcu'cnls  pertaining  thereto,  Messrs.  BlennerhassuK,  Schaiun. 
burg,  and  Campbell. 

"To  prepare  the  catafali|ue,  and  all  other  necessary  |in|i;ir;i. 
lions  pertaining  thereto,  Messrs.  Koscialuwski,  Magehan.  :in.| 
Ladcw. 

"To  provide  the  collations,  and  all  pertaining  thereto,  .M<.|.«, 
Barnuni,  Wilson,  and  Walton. 

"To  receive  and  auiiit  accounts,  and  report  the  Siiiiio  to 
the  City  Council,  Messrs.  McGunncgle,  lilennerhas.-cli.  :iiif| 
Thomas." 

The  orators  of  tlie  day  were  Hon.  Tlionias  11.  Hcii- 
ton  and  Hon.  James  B.  Bowlin.  Col.  Tlmrutiii 
Grimsley  wa.s  slI  .  as  chief  marshal,  with  the  fol- 
lowing uids  and  assistant  marshals:  Aids,  Daviil 
Chiimbers  and  Frederick  Krc  '  lar;  assistant  iniir- 
shids,  T.  B.  Targee,  Geori.  liaiinet,  David  'fa- 
turn,  Wm.  C.  Wright,  Gregory  Byrne,  John  Ilan.soii. 
Samuel  Willi,  i\.  Ko.scialowski,  Wm.  G.  Ciaike.  .\. 
H.  Gla.sby.  C.  D.  Walton,  James  A.  llogers,  N.  Al- 
drich. 

The  City  Council  appropriated  .sufficient  nmney  to 
defray  the  expenses  of  tho  reception  of  the  voiuiitrci" ; 
but  the  bill  was  vetoed  by  Mayor  Mullanphy,  uiul  the 
veto  was  sustained  by  the  board  of  alderiiicii.  This 
proceeding  of  the  mayor  cau.uid  much  iiidi;.;iiaiiiin 
among  the  citizens,  and  at  a  large  public  meeting  it 
was  resolved  "  that  his  presence  in  welconiiiiL'  ilic 
volunteers  as  chairman  of  the  coiumittee  im  ni,c|.- 
tion  has  been  dispetised  with."  ' 

The  course  pursued  by  the  niuyor  coniju'licil  tlit> 
committee  of  arrangements  to  apply  to  the  citiziii- 
fur  subscriptions  to  defray  the  expenses  of  rceciviin: 
and  entertaining  the  volunteers,  the  maynr  liiiMs.ii' 
being  a  large  contributor.  The  following  gi'tiilrmcii 
from  each  ward  of  the  city  were  appointed  tn  wait  on 
the  citizens  ftu'  donations  : 

fir-l  ll'.iv./.— Messrs.  H.  S.  HIennerhassett.  N.  Kos.'iiilmt. 
ski.  and  .lohn  Dunn. 

Sfi'iiii'l  If.i/i/.— -Messrs.  John  Kern,  ti.  Ii.  Taylor,  iin.l  ,1. 
1'.  Thomas. 

'  The  following  is  a  copy  of  tin  note  sent  to  the  iiiay.ir.  in 
pursuance  of  the  resolution  : 

"St.  I.ons,  .luly  1.  1-17. 
"   I'/i'M,   nryai,    Miil/mipbtf,  Mflifnr  nf  ,SV.   intiin; 

"  Sin, — The  "ily  Council  having,  in  conseiiuenec  oftliecoiU'i' 
//.,.  hrc/e  thotiL.ht  proper  to  adopt  in  regard  to  the  rct'c|'(i(tii  I'f 
the  iMisso  iri  and  Illinois  volunteers,  and  honorcil  iliiiil.un  tlicir 
return  from  Mexico,  deemed  it  unadvisalile  to  parlicipii  » 'i/'i 
ritilhi  with  our  citizens  on  the  occasion  of  their  reception.  lli» 
committc  e  of  ttrrangeinenis  have  instructeil  me  to  imtify  )"ii 
that  your  presence  in  welcoming  said  volunteers  is  di»|a'lit"i 
with,  and  .ludgo  Howlin  substituted  in  your  place. 
"  Very  rcipectrully  your  ob't  sorv't, 

"«.  K.  MeGrKNi:(ii,E,  '7,'r>. 


THE  WAR  WITH   MEXICO. 


381 


riuni  H'(ii(/.— Messrs.  David  Cliaiiibor.s,  T.  IJ.  Tttrgen,  A.  ;  Lieuts.  Dom  and  Clioutuau,  iind  Other  officer.'),  and 
I,.  Mills,  iiiul  .1.  .lacoby.  j^Q,„g  ^f  (|,(.  privates  of  the  battalion  of  light  artillery. 

/■,,„,(/(    ll'rin/.— Messrs.    J.    B.     linint,    Edw.    Walsh,  i\nd  .  .11,  •       1   .1  •».  p 

'         ,  ,    ,        ,  Their  arrival  determined  the  committee  of  arrange- 

lti.li:irdJ.  Lockwodd.  ,      .,      ,                       .             1         1        1     ■ 

y  ,,,,  l|■,„,^_Me8srs.  A.  11.  (ilusb.v,  Hugh  Koao,  and  Dr.  meiits  to  proceed  With  the  ceremonies,  and  under  their 

1;.  \:,ws.  '  instruction  the  chief  marshal   issued  orders  to  that 

s:..,h  ir-r-Z.-Messrs.  (iregory   Byrne,  .1,    U.  Hammond,  gg-g^j      Thousands    of  citizens,  leavin-.'    their    usual 

and    .  >.  •"'•'<  <-  ■  avocations,  turned  out  to  honor  the  guests  of  the  city, 

Oil  Sunday,  June  '27ui,  there  arrived  from  New  and  long  before  the  time  appointed  for  the  reception, 
OrliMiison  the  steamer'  Hard  Times"  forty  privates  of  in  front  of  the  Planters'  House  and  in  the  streets 
Ciiiiipimy  H.  belonging  to  Col.  Doniphan's  command,  leading  to  it  a  den.se  multitude  of  people  collected. 
Ill, 111  Lafayette   County;  on   the  "  Memphis,"  about  Flags    were    displayed  in    every  direction,    and    the 
thirl V    volunteers  belonging    to  various  companies;  bells   of  the    churches  'ind  of  the    various   engine- 
ami  I'll  the  ••  J.  M.  White,"  sixty-eight  members  of  houses  rang  a  merry  peal.     Just  as  everything  was 
('iiiuiiaiiy  Gr  from   Howard  County,  and  twenty-one  ready  for  the  orator  appointed  to  welcome  the  voluii- 
iiieiuliiTs  of  other  companies.    But  few  of  the  officers  teers  to  proceed  with  his  address  it  was  announced  by 
unived  on  those  boats.     On    Monday,  the  28th,  a  the  chief  marshal   that  the  "Pride  of  tiie  West," 
iiii'i'tinii  of  the  citizens  was   held  in  the  rotunda  of  '  having  on  board  Capt.  Hud.son  and  several  other  offi- 
i1h>  tiiurt-lioiise  to  receive  and  welcome  the  Mi.ssouri  cers  of  the  command,  and  also  the  artillery  captured 
vuluiiii'crs,  who  had  arrived  from  New  Orleans  the  1  from  the  Mexicans  at  the  battle  of  Sacramento,  was  in 
,liiv  liofore,  and  to  prevail  on  them   to  remain  until  i  sight,  and  by  common  consent  further  proceedings 
ilie  ivst  of  their   command  should   reacli   the  city,  were  postponed  until  they  could  arrive  and  be  partici- 
.\il(lnssos  were  made  by  Col.  Thornton  Griinsley,  G.  pants  in  them.   Newspirit  seemed  to  be  infu.sed  into  the 
K.  .Mi(}uiinegl(',  Judge  Bowlin,  and  Dr.  Sykes,  on  multitude  by  tliis  fortunate  coincidence.     The  coiu- 
liciiaU'of  the  committee  of  arrangements  to  welcome  the  mittee  of  arrangements  at  once  repaired  to  the  boat, 
viiliiiitoeis,  and  Capt.  Reid  responded  in  an  eloijuont  and  through   Mr.  IJlennerha.s.sett  tendered  them  the 
iiiiiiiiuT.  and  accepted  for  the  volunteers  then  in  the  hospitalities  of  the  city  and  an  invitation  to  partake 
tityiliciiivitationto  remainandpartakeof  the  proffered  '  in  the  festival.     This  invitation  was  responded  toby 
li.i|iitaliiies.    On  the  iJOth  of  June  the  steamer  "Old  Capt.  Hudson,  and  in  a  very  short  time  the  volunteers 
Hickory''  arrived  from  New  Orleans,  having  on  board  and  the  train  of  artillery  were  on  their  way  to  Fourth 
a-  passeiigeis    Lieut. -Col.   Morrison,  of  the    Illinois  Street,  where,  in  front  of  the  Planters'  House,  it  was 
v'tuntet'i's.  who  had  been  at  New  Orleans  awaiting  ;  arranged  that  the  address  welcoming  the  volunteers 
ilie  arrival  of  his  ivginient,  but  had  returned  home  |  to  the  city  should  be  made. 

in  coiisi'(|uence  oi'  ill  health  ;  (Jol.   Doniphan,  Maj.  !       Judge  Bowlin,  who  had  been  selected  for  flie  pur- 

tiiipin.  Adjt.  De    Courcy,  Lieut.    Lee,   quartermas-  pose,  then  delivered  I'-i  eloquent  and  patriotic  addrc^^s. 

ter;  ('apt.   Rogers,  Company   H,  Calloway  County;  '  In  addressing  Col.  Doniphan  and  the  officers  and  ,soi- 

I'aiit.  Piiisiiiis,  Company  F,  Calloway  County;  Capt.  diers  of  the  Mi.ssouri  volunteers  he  said, — 

Mu>s,  Company  C,  Clay  County  ;  Lieuts.  Duncan  and  :       "  in  the  nnnu^  and  on  I'ehnlf  of  the  people  of  St.  Louis,  1  hid 


Murray,  ("oiupany  H, Calloway  County;  Lieuts.  Gor- 
■l"ii,  Wi'lios,  and  Winston,  Company  F,  Cole  County; 
I.iiui.  Uiaves,  Company  B,  Lafayette  County  ;  Sur- 
wiii> 'riuiinas  and  James  Morton.  There  were  also 
a  lai'jri' luiiiilier  of  privates  on  board.  The  "Harry 
of  till'  \Vei«t"  and  "  Di  Vernon"  also  brought  con- 
sidiiiihle  bodies  <if  volunteers. 

Till'  MiKcrtaiMty  which  attended  the  arrival  of  the 
vhIuiiIoi'is,  the  limited  number  arriving  in  each  boat, 
ami  the  very  great  desire  of  many  of  tliem  to  return 
I'l  llk'ir  hniiies  and  friends,  all  conspired  to  create 
-iliiiiuilc  III!  the  part  of  those  wlio  were  aiixious  that 
vvirviliing  sliMuKl  go  idf  well  at  thnr  rei'e]ition.  This 
»a>tlie  ciise  up  to  Friilay  inorning.  .Inly  2d,  when,  at 
;iii:iii_v  lumr,  the  '•  Clarksville"  c.ime  iiilu  port,  hav- 
ing 0;:  I <'d  Muj.  M,  L.  Clark,  Capt,  Weightmmi, 


yoM  a  warm  and  cordial  welcome  hack  to  tiie  land  of  yonr  cher- 
islied  hinies,  and  temler  you  the  liospitalilies  of  their  city, — a 
city  prouii  of  her  identity  witli  your  gallant  aclnevements.  In 
doing  this  it  heeonies  nic  to  assure  you,  getitleaion,  we  are  per- 
forming no  iillo  ceremonial  in  whiuli  the  heart  has  no  participa- 
tion, liiit  it  is  tlic  spontaneous  luimage  wliicdi  wc,  as  yonr  fellow- 
countrymen,  feel  proud  to  award  yonr  p.itriotism,  y<tur  valor, 
yonr  self-sacriticins;  devotion  to  country.  Indeed,  we  Intil  your 
return  to  your  homes  with  no  f)rilinary  emotions,  as  a  long 
anxiety  for  yonr  safety,  a  ci.nsi'iousncss  of  the  perils  that  every- 
where enviiuned  you,  a  duliii.usness  of  your  fate  spreail  a  gloom 
over  the  c<unmunily  which  y<iur  security  has  ilispelled.  and 
awakened  in  lieu  of  it  mingled  feelings  of  gratitude  for  your 
deliverance  and  luliniratiun  tor  the  heroic  ilecds  that  won  it. 
Besides,  we  feci  proud,  as  your  countrymen,  in  sharing  lliat  halo 
of  glory  whiidi  your  gallant  di-eds  have  thrown  around  the  name 
of  the  'Missouri  volunteer.'  You  liave  baptixcd  that  glorious 
title  with  your  lilood  and  laureled  it  with  l)rilliaiit  victorii's,  the 
memory  of  which  can  only  perish  with  the  language  in  which 
thcv  are  recorded.     Your  deeils  have  encircled  around  that  hal- 


I 


lit 


'      I 


382 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


lowed  naiiiO  a  wreiith  of  iiiipcrisliablc  renuwn,  never  to  fade  or 
decay, — 

'  For  the  true  laurel  wreath  which  glory  weaves 
Is  from  that  tree  no  bolt  of  thunder  oleiivca.'  " 

After  alliulitiL'  to  the  condition  of  tlie  country,  and 
noticing  some  details  of  the  heroic  achievements  of 
the  volunteers,  he  closed  his  address  as  follows : 

**  In  conclusion,  I  again  bid  you  welcome  to  the  .-chores  of  our 
own  Missouri:  wclcouiu  to  her  proud  and  favored  city  ;  W(;l- 
couic  to  the  hosiiilalily  of  her  people;  welcome  to  all  that  a 
generous  iitid  chivalrous  heart  casts  at  the  shrine  of  valor; 
welcome  to  the  lioinuge  due  to  the  brave ;  welcome  to  our 
heiirths  ami  our  hearts." 

To  this  address  Lieut. -Col.  Mitchell  responded  in  a 
brief  but  appropriate  speeeti. 

Under  the  escort  of  the  volunteer  companies  of  the 
city,  Col.  Kennett  eommaiidino;,  the  procession  was 
then  formed  and  marched  to  Camp  Lucas.  As  the 
returniii}.;  veterans,  nmghly  clad,  and  with  their  long 
beards  and  torn  battle-liajrsflowiiigintlie  wind,  marched 
throuiih  tlie  streets  of  the  city  they  were  received  witii 
utiabuted  enthusiasm.  Along  the  route  the  display 
of  flags  from  the  houses  and  tlie  waving  of  handker- 
chiefs by  the  ladies  from  windows  and  balconies  an- 
nounced to  them  that  their  return  was  hailed  with 
universal  joy,  and  that  their  arduous  services  were 
duly  appreciated  by  their  fellow-citizens  of  St.  Louis. 

Among  the  organizations  wliich  formed  the  escort 
were  the  Grays,  Capt.  West ;  the  Montgomery  Guards, 
('apt.  Watson  ;  the  Jaegers,  Capt.  Kcsick ;  the  Missouri 
Dragoons,  Capt.  Steitz ;  and  a  company  of  mounted 
men.  Several  of  the  engine  companies  in  full  uniform 
were  also  in  the  procession.  At  Camp  Lucas  an  im- 
mense crowd  of  people  had  assembled,  and  very  soon 
the  chief  luarshal  introduced  in  fitting  terms  the  Hon. 
Thomas  H.  Benton,  who  had  been  selected  to  deliver 
the  reception  speech. 

Senator  Henlon  addres.sed  the  returned  volunteers 
as  follows : 

"t'oi..  Dovii'iiAX,  A.Ni>  Offiikiis  and  AIkn, — I  have  been  ap- 
pointed to  au  honorulile  and  a  pleasant  duty, — that  of  making 
you  the  congratulalions  of  your  fellow-citizens  of  !<t.  Louis  on 
your  happy  return  from  your  long  iind  almost  fabulous  expe- 
ilition.  You  have  indeed  marcheil  far,  ami  done  much,  and 
suffered  much,  and  well  entitled  yourselves  to  the  applauses  of 
your  telloW'Citi/.ens,  as  well  as  to  the  rewards  and  thiinks  of 
your  government.  A  year  ago  you  left  houie.  tloingout  frtiin 
the  western  border  of  your  ."^tate,  you  re-enter  it  on  the  east, 
having  nnide  a  circuit  etpial  to  the  fourth  of  the  cireuuiferer"e 
of  the  globe,  providing  for  yourselves  as  you  went,  and  return- 
ing with  trophies  taken  from  lielils  the  names  of  which  were 
unknown  to  yoursel\cs  and  your  cimnlry  until  revealed  by  your 
enterprise,  illustrated  liy  your  valor,  and  iminortali/.eil  by  your 
deeds.  History  has  but  few  such  ixpeditions  to  record;  ami 
when  they  occur,  it  is  as  lionorable  and  useful  as  it  is  just  and 
wise  to  celebrate  and  commemorate  the  events  which  entitle 
them  to  renown. 


"Your  march  and  exploits  have  been  among  the  ujosi  won. 
derful  of  the  age.  At  the  call  of  your  country  you  march  .1  ;; 
thousand  miles  to  the  con<|uest  of  New  Mexico,  as  part  ■!  iIid 
force  under  lien.  Kearney,  and  achicveil  that  conquest  niilcut 
the  loss  of  a  nnin  or  the  firing  of  a  gun.  That  work  finished.  ;ii|,i 
New  Mexico,  itself  so  distant  and  so  lately  the  iillimii  (l,i,l,^^ 
the  outside  houmlary  of  speculation  and  enterprise, — so  l;ilch  a 
distant  point  to  be  attained,  becomes  itself  a  point  of  '{rmr. 
ture,  a  beginning  [mint  for  new  ami  far  more  extended  espcili- 
tions.  You  look  across  the  long  and  lofty  chain — the  lunlil- 
leraa  of  Norm  America — which  divide  the  Atlantic  from  tljc 
Pacific  waters,  aiul  you  .see  beyond  that  ridge  a  .savii^-r'  njln, 
which  had  been  lon,{  in  the  habit  of  ilepredating  upon  I  lie  prnv. 
ince  which  had  just  become  an  American  con(|uest.  Vuii.a 
part  only  of  the  subsccpient  Chihuahua  column  under  .liiikson 

and  liilpin,  march  upon  them,  bring  them  to  terms, 1  (hev 

sign  a  treaty  with  Col.  Doniphan,  in  which  they  hind  tbcnistlvij 
to  cease  their  depredations  on  the  Mexicans,  and  to  bccouR'  thr 
friends  of  the  fnited  States.  A  novel  treaty  that,  sigueil  (,ii 
the  western  confines  of  New  Mexico,  between  parties  whu  lia,| 
hardly  ever  heard  each  others'  nau\es  before,  anil  to  giMpeii  f 
and  protection  to  Mexicans  who  were  hostile  to  both.  'I'liiswas 
the  meeting  and  this  the  parting  of  the  .Missouri  vuhniiiir. 
with  the  numerous  and  savage  tribe  of  the  Navajo  licliaiis 
living  on  the  waters  (jf  the  (iulf  of  ('alifornia,  and  .so  l.,iig  Ilk 
terror  and  scourge  of  Souora,  Sinaloa,  and  New  .Mexico. 

"  This  object  accomplisbeil,  and  impatient  of  inactiviiv,  anl 
without  orders  (Oen.  Kearney  having  departed  for  Caiifoniii , 
you  cast  about  to  carve  out  some  new  work  for  yoursclvf.. 
Chihuahua,  a  rich  and  populous  city  of  nearly  thirty  thuusau'l 
souls,  the  seat  of  government  of  the  State  of  that  name,  anl 
formerly  the  residence  of  the  captains-general  of  the  intirnal 
provinces  uniler  the  viceregal  government  of  New  Spain,  was 
the  captivating  object  which  fixed  your  attention.  It  was  a 
far-distant  city,  about  as  far  from  St.  Louis  as  Moscow  is  Innu 
Paris,  and  towns  and  eueinivs,  and  a  largo  river,  iind  tlclile- 
and  mountains,  and  the  desert,  whose  ominous  name  portinlcl 
death  to  travelers — til  Juniaftn  Uf  Inn  mucrtus  ^the  journovi.! 
the  dead),— all  lay  between  you.  It  was  a  perilous  eiitcrpri-t, 
and  a  discouraging  one  for  a  thousand  men,  liadly  ecpii|>{ii."l,  tj 
contemplate.  .\o  matter.  Danger  and  hardship  lent  ii  a 
charm,  and  the  adventurous  march  was  resolved  hd,  nwl  <}w 
execution  commenceiL  First,  the  ominous  desert  was  |ja-a'i, 
its  character  vindicating  its  title  to  its  mournful  appi'lliitim.— 
i  an  arid  plain  of  ninety  miles,  strewed  with  the  bones  "t  animal. 
perished  of  hunger  and  thirst;  little  hillocks  of  stone  and  the 
solitary  cross,  erected  by  pious  hands,  marking  the  spot  vhm 
some  Christian  had  fallen,  victim  of  the  savage,  of  the  robbn. 
or  of  the  desert  itself,  no  water,  no  animal  life,  no  sli,'n  »l 
habitation.  There  the  Texan  prisoners,  driven  by  the  eriiel 
.Salazar,  had  met  their  ilirest  sulTcrings,  uurelievjil,  as  in  "llirr 
parts  of  their  march  in  the  settled  parts  of  the  country,  b.v  ili( 
coiupassionate  ministrations  (for  where  is  it  that  tr<im<iii  is  nnt 
eumpassionatc  '/)  of  the  pitying  women.  The  desert  was  |iasseii, 
and  the  place  for  crossing  the  river  approached.  .\  little  arm 
of  the  river  liracito  (in  Spanish)  nnide  out  from  its  side,  ilim' 
the  enemy  in  superior  numbers,  and  c«)nlideut  in  ciivalrv  aii'l 
artillcrv  "•  '  rtook  to  bar  tbo  nay.  Vain  pretcn.-i"n.  Tiiiir 
'''.-.covery,  al'ack,  and  rout  were  about  siniultaneo;;s  u|iiratiun!. 
.\  few  mil  ites  did  the  work.  And  in  this  way  oar  .Missnuri 
volunteers  of  the  Chihuahua  column  spent  their  ('hristnia>"lav 
of  the  year  184tl. 

"  The  victory  of  thu  Bracito  opened  the  way  to  the  .ru.'sinj 
of  the  riviT  Del  Norto,  and  to  admission  into  the  bcaniilul  litilr 
town  of  the  Pr.,o  del  Nort*',  where  a  nc;iit  cultivHtinn.  a  coin 
fortnblD  pejple,  fields,  orchards,  and  vineyards,  and  ii  li'>s|iital)lo 


THE   WAR   WITH    MEXICO. 


383 


reci'iiiion  ofTorod  the  rest  and  refreshincnt  which  toils  and  dnn- 
gers  iiiwl  victory  had  won.  You  rested  thcro  till  iirtillcry  was 
lirDii.'lil  down  from  Siiiita  Vv,  but  the  Jirotty  town  of  the  I'aso 
ilol  .N'Ttc.  with  all  it?  enjoyments,  and  they  wore  many,  anil 
the  irriMtor  for  the  iiliioc  in  which  they  were  found,  wiv«  nut  a 
C'liiiu:!  10  the  n  sn  of  Missouri.  You  moved  forward  in  Feb- 
niiir\ .  :>n<l  the  battle  of  the  Sacramento,  one  of  the  military 
inarM'l^  of  the  age,  cleared  the  road  to  Chihuahua,  which  was 
I'Dtcri'l  without  further  re.si.«tance.  It  had  been  entered 
unce  before  by  a  detaobnient  of  American  troops,  but  under 
lirouiii-tanccs  how  dift'crent.  In  the  year  IHd",  Lieut.  Pike 
mill  hi-  thirty  brave  men,  taken  prisoners  on  the  head  of  the 
Kio  'U'l  Norte,  had  been  marched  captives  into  Chihuahua; 
ill  tlic  year  1847,  Doniphan  and  his  men  enter  it  as  cunqucrors. 
Till'  imliiy  triumph  of  a  captain-general  over  a  lieutenant  was 
cll'aci'l  111  the  triumphal  entrance  of  a  thousand  Missourians 
into  till'  '_'iand  and  ancient  capital  of  all  the  internal  ])rovinces, 
1111(1  "I'l  men,  still  alive,  could  rennirk  the  grandeur  of  the 
Aiuerii'iiii  spirit  under  botli  events,— the  proud  and  lofty  bear- 
in.' .if  the  captive  thirty,  the  mildness  and  moderation  of  the 
o.iiii|iiiiiii^'  thou.-.and. 

"Cliihiiahuii  was  taken,  and  responsible  duties  more  delicate 
tlian  those  of  arms  were  to  be  performed.  Many  American 
citizens  were  there  engaged  in  trade;  murh  American  property 
VMS  then'.  All  this  was  to  be  protected,  both  lives  and  prop- 
friy.  mil!  by  peaceful  arrangement,  for  the  command  was  too 
^iiiiiil  to  admit  of  division  and  of  leaving  a  garrison.  Con- 
(iliiiliiiu  and  negotiation  were  resorted  to,  and  successfully. 
Kverv  Ainirican  interest  wa.«  provided  for  and  placed  under 
ilie  siil'cjjiiard,  lirst,  of  good  will,  aad  ne.xt,  of  guarantees  not 
t.ibo  violated  with  impunity. 

"Cliiliualiua  gained,  it  became,  like  .Santa  Fc,  not  the  tcr- 
iiiiiiiiting  point  of  a  long  expedition,  but  the  beginning  point 
I't' a  new  one.  (Jen.  Taylor  was  somewhere,  no  one  knew  ex- 
iillv  where,  but  some  seven  or  eight  hundred  miles  towards 
llio  other  side  of  Mexico.  You  hiid  heard  that  he  had  been 
letciiteil,  that  liiiena  Vista  had  not  been  a  good  )irospect  to 
him.  hike  good  Americans,  you  did  not  believe  a  word  of  it, 
liiit.  like  good  .soldiers,  you  thought  it  best  to  go  and  see.  A 
toluiitcor  party  of  fourteen,  headed  by  Collins,  of  Boonville, 
iiiiilcrtakc  to  penetrate  to  .^allillo,  and  to  bring  you  information 
■t  hi.' oonilition.  They  set  out.  Amidst  innumerable  dangers 
ibev  iii'coinplish  their  jmrpose  and  return.  You  march.  A 
unciiard  of  one  hundred  men,  led  by  Lieut. -Col.  Mitchell,  led 
the  nii.v.  Then  came  the  main  body  {if  the  name  is  not  a  bur- 
lisnue  on  such  a  handful),  commanded  by  Col.  Doniphan  him- 
^elf. 

"The  whole  table-land  of  Mexico,  in  all  its  breadth  from 
m'!l  til  east,  was  to  be  traversed.  A  numerous  and  hcstile  pop- 
iiliitiim  in  towns,  treacherous  Comanches  in  the  mountains, 
iierc  to  he  passed.  Kverythiiig  was  to  be  selfproviiled, — pro- 
li.i'iiis,  transportation,  fresh  horses  for  remounts,  and  oven  the 
niraiis  of  victory, — and  all  without  a  military  chest,  or  even  an 
ni|ity  box,  in  which  government  gold  had  ever  reposed.  .\ll 
la'iiecoaiplished.  .Mexican  towns  were  passed  in  order  and 
'l»irt.  plundering  ComanchcB  were  punislied,  means  were  ob- 
uineil  from  traders  to  liiiuidate  indispensable  contributions, 
ml  tile  wants  that  eouid  not  be  supplied  were  endured  like 
•  Uii'is  iif  veteran  service. 
"1  say  the  Couianches  were  punished.  And  here  presents 
tfthuii  epi<oile  of  a  novel,  extraordinary,  and  romantic  kind, — 

A rii'iius  chiistising  savages  for  plundering  people  whom  they 

iiiiiii-eUos  eiinie  to  eiini|uer,  and  forcing  the  restitution  of  ctt)!- 
liii'siiiiil  (if  plundereil  property.  .\  strange  story  this  to  tell 
III  Kiirii|ie,  where  backwoods  character — Western  character — is 
II  it  vfl  coapletely  known.     Hut  to  the  facts.     In  the  mesipiito 


forest  of  the  liaison  tie  Mnplmi,  and  in  the  sierras  around  the 
beautiful  town  and  fertile  district  of  Parras,  and  in  all  the 
open  country  fur  hundreds  of  miles  round  about,  the  savage  Co- 
uianches have  hclil  dominion  ever  since  the  usurper  Santa  Anna 
dL^armed  the  people,  and  sally  forth  from  their  fastnesses  to 
slaughtei*  men,  plunder  cattle,  and  carry  off  women  and  chil- 
dren. .An  exploit  of  this  kind  had  just  been  performed  on  the 
line  itS  the  Missourians'  march,  not  far  from  Parras,  and  an  ad- 
vanced party  chanced  to  be  in  that  town  at  the  time  the  news 
of  the  depredation  arrived  there.  It  was  only  fifteen  strong. 
Moved  by  gratitude  for  the  kind  attentions  of  the  people,  es- 
pecially the  wmnen,  to  the  sick  of  (ien.  Wool's  command,  neces- 
sarily left  in  Parras,  and  unwilling  to  be  outdone  by  enemies  in 
generosity,  the  heroic  fifteen,  ujion  the  sjiot,  vjlunteercd  to  go 
back,  hunt  out  the  depredators,  and  punisli  them,  without  re- 
gard to  numbers.  A  grateful  .Mexican  became  their  ;;uide. 
On  their  way  they  fell  in  with  lifteen  more  of  their  comrt'.  les, 
and  in  a  short  time  seventeen  Conianchcs  killed  out  of  sixty- 
iive,  eighteen  captives  restored  to  their  families,  and  three  hun- 
dred and  til'ty  head  of  cattle  recovered  for  their  ow  ners  wa.s  the 
fruit  of  this  sudden  and  romantic  episode. 

"Such  noble  comluct  was  not  without  its  efiect  on  the  iniiids 
of  the  nstonislied  Mexicans.  An  ofticial  document  from  the 
pret'eet  of  the  place  to  Capt.  Held,  leader  of  tliis  detachment, 
attests  the  verity  of  the  fact  and  the  gratitude  of  the  Mexicans, 
and  constitutes  a  trophy  of  a  new  kind  in  the  annals  of  war. 
Here  it  is  in  the  original  Spanish,  and  I  will  read  it  olf  in 
English. 

"  It  is  officially  dated  from  the  prefecture  of  the  Department 
of  I'arras,  signed  by  the  prefect,  Jose  Ignaeio  .Arrabe,  and  ad- 
dressed to  Capt.  Ueid,  the  I8th  of  May,  and  says, — 

"  '  .\t  the  first  notice  that  the  barbarians,  after  killing  many 
and  taking  eaptives,  were  returning  to  their  haunts,  you  gen- 
erously and  bravely  offered,  with  iifteen  of  your  subordinates, 
to  light  them  on  their  crossing  by  the  Pozo,  executing  this  en- 
terprise with  celerity,  address,  and  bravery  worthy  of  all 
eulogy,  and  worthy  of  the  brilliant  issue  which  all  celelirate. 
You  recovered  many  animals  and  much  plundered  property, 
and  eighteen  captives  were  re  d  to  liberty  and  to  social  en- 
joyments, their  souls  overHo.v..ig  with  a  lively  sentiment  of 
joy  and  gratitude,  which  all  the  inhabitants  of  this  town 
equally  breathe,  in  favor  of  their  generous  deliverers  and  their 
valiant  chief.  The  half  of  the  Indians  killed  in  the  combat, 
and  those  which  tly  wounded,  ilu  not  calm  the  pain  which  all 
feel  for  the  wound  which  Your  Kxcellcnoy  received  defending 
Christians  and  civilijcd  beings  against  the  rage  and  l.-utality 
of  savages.  .Ml  desire  the  speedy  re-establishment  of  your 
health,  and  although  they  know  that  in  your  own  noble  soul 
will  be  found  the  best  reward  of  your  conduct,  they  desire  al.«o 
to  address  you  the  expression  of  their  gratitude  and  high  es- 
teem. I  am  honored  in  being  the  organ  of  the  public  senti- 
ment, and  pray  you  to  accept  it,  with  the  assurance  of  my  moat 
distinguished  esteem. 

"  'l!od  and  Liberty.' 

"This  is  a  trophy  of  a  new  kind  in  war,  won  by  thirty  Mis- 
sourians, and  worthy  to  be  hold  up  to  the  admiration  of  Chris- 
tendom. 

"The  long  march  from  Chihuahua  to  Monterey  was  made 
more  in  the  eharaete.  of  protection  and  deliverance  than  of 
conquest  and  invasion.  Armed  enemies  were  not  met,  and 
peaceful  people  were  not  disturbed.  You  arrived  in  the  month 
of  May  in  0"'i  Taylor's  camp,  and  about  in  a  condition  to  vin 
dicate,  each  of  you  for  himself,  your  lawful  title  to  the  double 
miliiiiiurl  of  the  general,  with  the  aildition  to  it,  which  the  col- 
onel of  the  expedition  has  supplied,  'ragged,  as  well  as  rough 
and  ready.'    No  doubt  you  all  showed  title  at  that  time  to  that 


mm 

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i. 

I- 

1,., 

ft 

384 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Im 


Jv 


U 


tliir^l  inhrii/iiet ;  but  to  see  yon  now,  t<o  gayly  attired,  so  sprucely 
cqiiipiHMl,  one  iiii^t't  ^uppoiio  that  yoii  hud  never  for  an  instant 
been  ii  stranger  to  the  virtues  of  soap  anil  water,  or  the  niagio 
ininistralions  of  tlie  hlititrfti'^'itni'ir  iind  tlio  elegant  traii.sft)rnm- 
tions  of  the  l'asbioi!al>le  tailor.  Tlianl<s,  |)erhnp9,  to  the  ililfer- 
crieo  between  pay  in  the  lump  at  the  end  of  service  and  drib- 
lets along  in  the  course  of  it. 

"  You  arrivetl  in  (ien.  Taylor's  camp  ragged  and  rough,  as  we 
can  well  eoneeive,  ami  ready,  as  I  ean  quickly  show.  You  re- 
]iorted  for  duty  1  you  asked  for  service  1 — such  as  a  march  upon 
i^nn  liUis  de  Pitt  isl,  Zaeateeas,  or  the  '  halls  of  the  Montezu- 
nias,'  or  anything  in  that  way  that  the  general  shoulil  have  a 
QiinJ  to.  If  he  waf  going  upon  any  excursion  of  that  kinil, 
all  right.  No  matter  about  fatigues  that  were  passed,  or  expira- 
tions of  si^rvice  that  might  accrue:  you  came  to  go,  and  only 
asked  the  privilege.  That  is  what  I  call  ready.  Unhappily 
the  coii'iuiM'or  of  Palo  Alto,  Kesaca  de  la  Palma,  Monterey,  and 
lluena  Vista  was  not  exactly  in  the  conditiiui  that  the  lieu- 
tenant-general that  might  have  been  intcnileil  him  to  be.  Ilo 
was  not  at  the  head  i>f  twenty  thousand  men;  ho  was  not  at 
the  head  of  any  thousand  that  would  enable  him  to  nnirch,  and 
had  t(»  decline  the  proffered  service.  Thus  the  long-marched 
and  well-fought  volunteers — the  rough,  the  ready,  and  the  rag- 
ged— hud  to  turn  their  faces  towards  liome,  still  more  than  two 
thousand  miles  distant.  But  this  being  mostly  by  water,  you 
hardly  count  it  in  the  recital  of  your  march.  Hut  this  is  an  un- 
just omission,  and  against  th<>  precedents  ,\a  well  as  unjust. 
'The  Ten  Thousand' cruinted  the  voyage  on  the  lilaek  Sea  as 
well  a^  the  march  from  Haliylon.  a:id  twenty  centuries  ailmit 
the  validity  of  the  count.  The  present  age  ami  posterity  will 
include  in  'the  going  out  and  coming  in'  of  the  .Missouri 
Chihuahua  volunteers  the  water  voyage  as  well  as  the  land 
nmrcli,  and  then  the  expedition  of  the  One  Thousand  will  ex- 
ceeii  that  of  the  Ti'n  by  some  two  thousainl  miles. 

"  'file  last  nine  hundrcii  miles  ot'your  land  nmrch,  from  Chi- 
huahua to  .'\!  at  J  moras,  you  iiuide  in  forty- live  days,  bringing  sev- 
enteen pieces  of  artillery,  eleven  of  which  were  taken  friuu  the 
Ir'acramentw  and  liracito.  Y'our  horses,  traveling  the  whole  dis- 
tance without  United  .'^talos  provender,  were  astonished  to  tind 
themselves  regaled,  on  their  arrival  on  the  Itio  (srande  frontier, 
with  hay,  corn,  and  oats  from  the  .''tates.  You  marched  farther 
than  the  farthest,  fought  as  well  as  the  best,  left  order  ami 
quiet  in  your  train,  and  cost  less  money  than  any, 

"  You  arrive  here  to-day,  absent  one  year,  inartdiing  ami 
lighting  all  the  time,  bringing  trophies  id'  cannon  and  stan- 
dards from  lioMs  whose  names  were  unknown  to  you  before  you 
set  out,  and  only  grieving  that  you  could  not  have  gone  far- 
ther. 'I'en  pick'es  of  cannon,  rolled  r)ut  of  Chihtnihua  to  arrcU 
ycuir  march,  now  roll  through  the  streets  id'  ."^1.  Louis  to  grace 
your  triumphal  return.  Many  standiirds,  all  pierced  with  bul- 
lets whilt  waving  over  the  heads  of  the  enemy  at  the  tSacra- 
mcnto,  now  wave  at  the  head  of  your  column.  The  black  Hag, 
brought  to  the  liracito  to  indicate  the  refusal  uf  that  quarter 
wliich  its  bearers  so  soon  needed  and  received,  now  takes  its 
place  among  your  trophies,  and  hangs  drooping  in  their  nobler 
presence.  'I'o  crown  the  whole,  to  make  public  and  prixatu 
happiness  go  together,  to  spare  the  cypress  where  the  laurel 
hangs  in  clusters,  this  long  and  perilous  march,  with  all  its  ac- 
fidoiils  of  field  and  camp,  presents  an  incredibly  small  list  of 
comrades  lost.  Almost  all  return!  and  the  joy  uf  families  re- 
sounds intermingle  1  with  the  applauses  of  the  State. 

"I  hinc  said  that  you  made  your  long  expedition  without 
governiiienl  orders  ;  and  so  indeed  ynu  did.  You  received  no 
orders  fiotii  your  government,  but,  without  knowing  it,  you 
were  fulfilling  its  orders,  orders  which  never  reached  you, 
Happy  the  soldier  who  exooutes  the  cuuimand  of  his  govern- 


ment ;  happier  still  he  who  anticipates  command  an  I  ilm.] 
what  is  wanted  before  ne  is  bid.  This  is  your  case.  ^  mu  ,|j,j 
the  right  thing  ut  the  right  time,  and  what  the  govi  niiiaut 
intended  you  to  do,  and  without  knowing  its  inlcntiiui-  TLe 
facts  are  these:  Early  in  the  month  of  November  last  tli'  Pn-ji. 
dent  asked  my  opinion  on  the  manner  of  conducting  ihr  iviir, 
I  submitteil  apian  to  him  which,  in  addition  toother  iliiii^.< 
required  all  the  disposable  troops  in  New  Mexico,  and  all  the 
Americans  in  that  quarter  who  could  be  engageif  for  a  'iii-liing 
expedition,  to  move  down  through  Chihuahua  and  tin-  .siat,. 
of  l^urango,  and  if  necessary  to  Zaeateeas,  and  get  ihio  i-om. 
niunication  with  (Jen.  'faylor's  right  as  early  as  possibl.'  in  tin, 
month  of  March.  In  fact,  the  disposable  MLssoiirians  in  Xc,, 
Mf^xico  were  to  be  one  of  three  columns  destined  fur  a  nmi. 
bincd  movement  on  the  City  of  Mexico,  all  to  be  on  the  liililt. 
land,  and  ready  for  the  movement  in  the  month  nl  .Miinli. 
The  President  approved  the  plan,  and  the  Missouriaiis  biiu' 
most  distant,  orders  wore  dispatched  to  New  Mcxir,.  lu  pm 
them  in  motion,  Mr.  .Solomon  Sublette  carried  the  ordiT,  aii'l 
delivered  it  to  the  commanding  oflicer  at  .Santa  Fc,  Cul.  I'ric,., 
on  the  2.'ld  day  of  February,  just  live  days  before  ymi  fuu.rli, 
the  marvelous  battle  of  .'^acramento. 

"  I  well   remember  what  passed  between  the  PresiiUnt  anj 
iiiyclf  at  the  time  he  resolved  to  give  this  order.     It  awalittifi 
his  solicitude  for  your  safety.      It  was  to  send  a  small  bniiy  uf 
men  a  great  distance,  into  the  lieart  of  a  hostile  coiiiiliy.  mil 
upon  the  contingency  of  uniting  in  a  combined  moveiin-nt,  the 
means  for  which  had  not  yet  been  iiblained  I'rom  Con^'iisi.    Tlie 
President  made  it  a  question,  and  very  properly.  wlictljiT  it 
was  safe  or  prudent  to  start  the  small  Missouri  culiiiiin  liiri.ri' 
the  movement  of  the  left  and  centre  was  assured.     I  aii.-wtril 
that  my  own  rule  in  public  affairs  was  to  do  what   I  iIkhijIii 
was  right,  and  leave   it   with  others   to  do  what  tlicy  Ihuiigln 
was  right,  and  that  I  believed  it  the  proper  course  fur  him  lu 
follow  on   the   present  occasion.     On   this  view  he  ucnil.    He 
gave  the  order  to  go,  without  waiting  to  see  whether  (  ongrw 
would  furnish  the  means  of  executing  the  combined  pliiii;  ami, 
for  his  consolation,  I  undertook  to  guarantee  your  siilety.    I.ei 
the  worst  come  to  the  worst,  1  promised   him  that  you  would 
take  care  of  yourselves.     Though  the  other  parts  of  ilio  phm 
should  fail,  though  you  should  become  far  involved  in  tliciul- 
vance,  and  deeply  eompromised  in   the  enemy's  country.  ;iiiii 
without  support,  still  1  relied  on  your  courage,  skill,  aO'l  fii 
tcrprise  to  extricate  yourselves  from  every  danger,  to  niakcihiy. 
light  tlirougli   all  the   .Mexicans  that  should  stand  lufurr  V'li, 
cut  your  way  out,  and  make  good  your  retreat  to  Tayl'ii-'si'iiui|'. 
This  is  what  1  proiuiseil  the   President  in  Novenilii  r  hift.  .ml 
what  you  have  so  manfully  fulfilled.     And  here  is  a  liltliiiian 
uscript  volume  Iflu'  duplicate  of  it  in   the  hands  of  the  ri,>i 
dent),  from  which  1  will  read  yuu  a  page  to  show  you  tlial ;  ii 
are  the  happy  soldiers  who  have  done   the  will  of  the  jimirii 
ment  without  knowing  its  will: 

"  '  Thk  Kitiiir  Wixo. — To  be  composed  of  all  the  ili-|»«ulilr 
troops  in  .Now  Mexico,  to  advance  rapidly  through  the  Slnle-iif 
Chihuahua  and  Durango,  and  tonards  Ziieafeciis,  ainl  t'Mitiaiii 
a  position  about  on  a  line  with  (Ien.  Taylor  in  tlir  iiioiitli  "f 
March,  and  be  ready  for  a  push  on  the  capitiil.  'fills  onliima 
to  move  light,  to  have  no  rear,  to  keep  itself  iiiMUiiti-il  from 
horses  in  the  country,  and  to  join  the  centre  coliiiiin.  "r  oiil  il' 
way  out  if  the  main  objeil  fails.' 

"  'fliis  is  what  was  proposed  for  you  in  the  moiilli  n!'  Xuvcm- 
ber  Inst,  and  what  I  pledged  myself  In  the  President  tliat  v  n 
wouhl  perform,  and  nobly  ha\e  you  redeemed  the  pli-ilj;e. 

''  Hut  this  was  not  the  first  or  the  only  lime  flint  I  |ilnlsi'l 
myself  for  you.  As  far  back  as  .lune,  ISIl'i,  when  a  M|iiiriili' 
expedition  to  Chihuahua  was  first   projected,  I  told  the  I'rr.'i' 


THE   WAR  WITH   MEXICO. 


385 


Jtl'l    lines 

\..ii(lM 
vciniiiL'iit 
HI:*.  'Die 
llw  Pr«i. 
5  \\n-  war, 
cr  iliiiigs, 
lul  nil  tlic 

II  <lu^lling 

I  111!'  State 
:  iiiiii  rnm- 

f'Mi:  ill  till' 

anf  ill  N™ 
fdl-  11  .•mil- 

II  the  tillilii 
I  (.1'  Miirtll. 
iriiiiis  bi'iuji 
■xicii  tu  put 
10  nV'U'r,  aii'l 
e,  Col.  I'riw, 
B  yuu  fuiiglii 

'n-^i'li'iit  iviiJ 

It  uffiilit'nv'i 
piiiiiU  ij'"ly  ul 

coimtiy.  mil 

llOVl'lMl'llt.  tW 

loiiirri'.'s.   'I'lie 

ly,  wlietlitT  il 

ciiUiuiii  lief"ii' 

1.     1  luisivcri'l 

rhiU  1  lliMisli' 

t  tliey  thouglil 

iirfc  fur  liimt'i 

1  \ie  iicti'il.    lie 

utiicr  i'ongri'>i 

lmI  (iliiii :  aii'l. 

Iiiir  f.'My    !■" 

lilt  ymi  «"iiU 

irts  ..f  till'  I'liiii 

veil  ill  tliciiJ- 

ciiiintry.  aiiJ 

.Uill.  uti'l  ™ 

■r,  t"  iiuikcili;- 

.,,,1  l.i.rciri'  v"U, 

Tuyl„l'.«KlUlV. 

e,i,l,iT  liiM.  iinl 

1-  II  litlli'  iiniii- 

la  ol'  the  l'i.''i- 

nv  you  tliiit  ;  lU 

iif  till'  !!""•">- 

1  ilio  .li.-li"*»l'''' 
jtli  tla'Stiitfiit 
.,  iiiul  1"  aliaiii 
,1  till'  raoiilli"' 
I],  Tliis  i;"''""" 
If  iii..iiiiti«l  from 
l.Uiiiiii.  "rculil* 

„iitti  >•■:  N'"""- 
Li.U'iil  tliat  y> 
lliciili'll!"-'- 
1  tliiil  I  I'l-'ll!*'' 
l«li.'iii>-''l""''"' 
luM  (lie  I't"''- 


ilont  tliiit  it  wi^^  unnecessary,  thnt  the  Missouri  troops  under 
llcii.  Keiirncy  would  take  that  place,  in  addition  to  the  conquest 
„f  Si'iv  .Mexico,  and  that  he  might  order  the  ciiluuin  under  Uen. 
\V,„il  lu  dclkcl  to  the  loft  and  join  Gen.  Taylor  as  soon  a."  he  ■ 
nlciisi'!.      Aniiin,   when    [   received  a  letter  from   Lieut, -Col.  ( 
Mili'lii  II'  dati'il  in  November  last,  and  informinf;  me  that  he 
,,as  li'.i\  ing  .Santa  Fe  with  one  hundred  uicn  to  open  a  coiiimu-  '• 
nirati'n   with  Oen.  Wool,  I  read  that  letter  to  the   I'le.iident   ( 
,111,1  lull  liiiii  that  they  would  do  it.    And,  again,  when  we  heard  i 
(lull  I  (il.  Doniphan,  with  a  thou'^and   men,  after  curbing  the 
Xiiviijoi'-,  was  turning  down  towards  the  south,  and  threaten-   | 
ill);  thi'  !in''ient  capital  of  the  ciiptains-gencral  of  the  internal 
nrovinic".  '  told  him  they  would  take  it.     In  short,  my  oonfi-  ! 
.U'liec  in  Missouri  enterprise,  courage,  and  skill  was  boundless.   | 
jlv  iinmiiscs  were  houudless.      Your    performance   has  been 
bouiiilli •■'s.     And  now  lot  boundless  honor  iind  Joy  salute,  as  it 
(Iocs  v'lor  return  to  the  soil  of  your  State,  and  to  the  bo.soins 
„f  your  fiiiiiilies." 

Wlieii  Seniitor  Benton  had  concluded  Col.  Doni- 
iiliai  wius  loudly  and  entliu.sisisticully  called  to  the 
-taiiil.  whereupon  he  rose  and  responded  in  a  cha.ste 
and  modest  yet  {graphic  address,  in  which  he  ascribed 
tlie  LTcat  success  and  good  fortune  which  continually 
auendod  him  on  his  expedition  rather  to  the  bravery 
and  conduct  oF  his  soldiers  tiian  to  his  own  general- 

-liip. 

As  .scion  as  Col.  Doniphan's  .speech  was  concluded 
Ciiiit.  Hudson  was  called  for,  but  upon  his  suggestion 
that  a  very  agreeable  part  of  the  entertainment,  the 
wllalioii,  remained  to  be  discussed,  the  company  ad- 
jiimiied  to  the  St.  Louis  Park,  and  did  full  justice  to 
die  ample  cheer  provided  for  them. 

Speeches  and  toasts  followed  the  dinner.  In  answer 
tu  calls  of  the  company,  Col.  Mitchell,  Maj.  Clark, 
('a]ii.  Weightinan,  Capt.  Hudson,  Col.  Benton,  Col. 
liriiiisley,  Capt,  Held,  and  others  made  speeches. 

giion  after  the  crowd  dispersed,  and  Col.  Doniphan 
ami  a  lavfie  number  of  the  volunteers  took  passage  on 
iho-Iiiltle  .Missouri"  for  home.' 

Funeral  honors  were  paid  on  July  9th  to  the  re- 
maiiis  of  Col.  John   J.    Hardin   and   Lieut.   B.   11. 

i.nii;lilciii,  of  the  Illinois  volunteers,  who  fell  in  the 
j  Utile  of  Hiiena  Vista.      About  daylight  the  steamer 

Mis.'.ouri"  arrived  from  New  Orleans,  hsiving  on 
I'lard  a  large  number  of  volunteers  returning  from 
[tlio  war,  and,  in  charge  of  Cols.  Weatherford  and 
hVarri'ii,  the  remains  of  the  lamented  Hardin  and 
jHiUjilitnti,  Tlie  committee  of  arrangements  had 
1  already  made  such  preparations  as  were  deemed  ap- 
|lirii]ria!e  for  the  reception  of  the  remains.  The 
irtuiiiia  cif  the  court-hou.se  was  ]irepared  for  this  pur- 
ll'ffc.  A  platform  was  built  in  the  centre,  resting  on 
lilie  lircular  railing  around  the  spiral  stairs  leading 

'On  lliei'.ltli  of  July  a  public  dinner  was  given  by  the  eiti- 
|i'ii!'it  liiilriK'iidence,  Mo.,  in  honor  of  Col.  Doniphan  and  hia 
Soil' ami  iiien. 


from  the  ground  floor.  In  the  centre  of  this  plat- 
form was  erected  a  monument,  a  resting-place  for  the 
dead,  covered  with  appropriate  drapery  and  crowned 
with  several  small  cannon  and  an  American  flag. 
From  the  dome  was  suspended  a  chiiplet  of  leaves. 
Muskets  were  stacked  around  the  monument  in  mili- 
tary style,  and  suspended  from  the  railing  above  were 
flags  representing  the  several  States,  those  of  Illinois, 
Kentucky,  and  Mi.s.sissippi,  and  the  national  flag  being 
draped  in  mourning.  The  skylight  had  been  dark- 
ened, iind  the  rotunda  faintly  illuminated  by  lights 
suspended  around  the  circle,  imparting  to  the  scene 
a  solemn  and  funereal  appearance. 

At  eleven  o'clock  the  committee  of  arrangements 
and  the  other  gentlemen  designated  to  take  part  in 
the  ceremonies,  preceded  by  the  St.  Louis  Grays  as  a 
military  escort,  repaired  to  the  steamer  "  Missouri" 
for  the  purpose  of  receiving  the  remains  of  the  dead. 
On  behalf  of  the  committee  and  of  the  citizens  of 
St.  Louis,  John  M.  Eager  welcomed  the  returning 
volunteers  and  paid  a  feeling  tribute  to  the  dead, 

Maj,  Richardson,  of  the  First  Regii.ai,,ii,,  responded 
to  this  address  in  an  elo(juent  speech. 

The  procession,  under  Col.  Thornton  Grim.sley, 
chief  marshal,  with  David  Chambers  and  Frederick 
Kratschmaras  aids,  and  J.  P.  Thomas,  Samuel  Willi, 
A.  H,  Glasby,  C,  D.  Walton,  W.  G.  Clarke,  N. 
Aldrich,  T.  B.  'J'argee,  and  (iregory  Byrne  as  assist- 
ant marshals,  was  then  formed,  and  the  remains  placed 
in  the  hearses  jirovided  for  the  purpose,  attended  by 
Col.  Mackey,  Maj,  Stewart,  Maj.  Lee,  and  Capt.  Bell, 
U.S.A.,  and  Lieut.-Col.  Mitchell,  Lieut,-Col,  Keiinett, 
Capts,  Hudson  and  Weightman,  Mi.ssouri  volunteers, 
as  pall-bearers.  The  several  committees,  volunteers 
of  Missouri,  and  those  belonging  to  the  Illinois  regi- 
ments, citizens,  and  others  joined  in  the  procession. 
In  front  of  the  Planters'  House  a  large  body  of 
Masons,  of  which  order  Col,  Hardin  was  a  member, 
took  their  place  in  the  procession,  and  it  again  moved 
on  the  route  designated  in  the  programme, — down 
Fourth  to  Myrtle  Street,  up  Myrtle  to  Fifth  Street, 
up  Fifth  Street  to  Washington  Avenue,  down  Wash- 
ington Avenue  to  Fourth,  down  Fourth  to  Market 
Street  to  the  court-house.  The  remains  were  then 
carried  into  the  rotunda,  and  placed  in  the  monument 
constructed  for  their  reception.  A  great  multitude 
of  people  filleil  the  rotunda.  Ilev.  Mr.  Van  Court, 
who  had  been  selected  for  the  purpo.se,  addressed  the 
volunteers  tind  the  auditory. 

Col,  Benton  then  addressed  the  Illinois  volunteers 
who  were  present  and  the  assemblage  of  citizens. 

The  ceremonies  at  the  rotunda  being  at  ati  end  the 
procession  was  again  formed,  and  the  remains  escorted 


\ 


l^^ 


.If' 


'-ill 


> 


f  V. 


386 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


H 


hi 


'     III 


to  the  steamer  "  Deflanoe,"  from  which  they  were  dis- 
embarked at  Meredosia  and  taken  to  Jacksonville. 

For  months  wueceedinji  the  return  to  the  State  of 
the  Missouri  volunteers,  .sumptuous  dinners,  biin(|uct8, 
and  balls  were  <;iven  in  their  honor,  as  if  thereby 
to  compensate  in  some  measure  for  the  hardships 
whicli  they  had  experierieed  in  the  arid  deserts  of 
Mexico.  On  Au>;ust  2;5d  public  honors  were  paid  to 
Capt.  Fischer's  company  of  mounted  volunteers  and 
a  part  of  Capt.  Weij^litman's  company,  and  other 
volunteers  from  St.  Louis  who  had  been  in  Santa  Fe. 
About  3  o'clock  P.M.  the  returned  volunteers  were  re-  ' 
ct'ived  in  front  of  the  court-house  by  the  mayor  and 
City  Council,  a  portion  of  the  Plia>iiix  Fire  Company, 
and  the  Jaeirers  and  dra<i;oons  under  Lieut.  Stciiz. 
The  mayor  ( Judj^e  Mullanphy)  addressed  the  volun- 
teers, and  welcomed  them  back  to  their  homes.  The 
Rev.  Mr.  Picker  then  addressed  the  volunteers  in 
German,  and  was  responded  to  by  Capt.  Fischer  in 
the  same  laii<!;ua<;e. 

On  the  return  of  Gen.  Stephen  Watts  Kearney 
from  California  to  St.  Louis,  on  Auf;ust  2t)th,  a  num- 
ber of  prominent  citizens  met  and  resolved  to  tender 
liiui  the  compliment  cf  u  public  dinner,  as  a  testimo- 
nial of  their  appreciation  of  his  services  as  a  military 
man,  and  of  the  respect  in  which  he  was  held  as  a 
citizen.  In  pursuance  of  this  resolution  the  commit- 
tee appointed  for  the  purpose  .uldressed  him  a  note, 
of  which  the  followinfj  is  ;i  copy :  : 

".St.  Lori.s,  Aug.  26,  1.S47. 
'*  Ih'itj.-Oiii.  Ke'ti'iit'i/,  l^.S.A,  : 

"Sill, — At  ti  meeting  of  citizens  of  St.  Louis,  tliu  f-''lf)wing 
jireainbic  and  resolution  were  adopted,  ami  the  undernigncd  «|)-  i 
pointed  a  coniiuittoe  to  comiuunicate  theiu  to  you  : 

'*  WnKHKAS,  (Jen.  Sti'piien  W.  Kearney,  conirnantlor-in-chief  ■ 
of  the  '  .\rmy  of  the  West,'  ha.s  returned  to  St.  Louis,  the  resi- 
dence of  hi.s  family  ant)  his  home,  and  the  citizens  (tf  St.  Ij,)uis 
are  desirou;-  of  expressing  their  admiration  for  him  as  an  olficer 
and  citizen,  and  of  the  exploits  of  the  army  under  his  command ; 
therefore, 

" /i!c«o/ii'i/,  That  a  committee  be  appointcil  to  invite  him    to   ' 
accept  of  a  public  dinner  at  such  time  as  may  bo  must  agreeable 
to  him. 

"  Permit  them,  in  conveying  to  you  the  desire  of  your  fellow- 
citizens,  to  express  to  you  their  high  regard  for  your  gallant 
services  in  one  of  the  most  rennirkable  campaigns  on  record,  to 
assure  you  that  they  take  especial  pleasure  in  being  the  medium 
of  such  a  communication,  entertaining  as  they  do,  personally,  i 
the  highest  respevt  for  you  as  a  citizen  of  St.  Louis,  as  well  as 
a  distinguished  otiieer  of  the  Inited  Slates  army,  whom  they 
are  proud  to  honor  in  all  the  reliitions  of  life. 

"With  sentiments  of  the  highest  respect,  we  remain 
"  Your  obeiliint  servants, 
"John  O'Kiillon,  li.  Mullanphy,  J.  E.  Yeatnmn,  D.  H.  .■Arm- 
strong. J.  li.  Crockett,  (liorgc  W.  OIney,  K,  M.  Kennick, 
(Jeorgo  K.  .Mcliunnegln,  Edward  Walsh, . I.  IL  Lucas,  .lolin   j 
M.  Kruin,  A.  B.  Chambers,  Trnsteii  Polk,  Bernard  I'ralte,   I 
L.  V.  Uogy,  H.  S.  (leyer,  L.  Riggs,  K.  S.  Blennerhassctt,   . 
W.  Primm." 


Gen.  Kearney,  in  his  reply,  acknowledged  the  liunor 
tendered  him,  which  he  said  ho  would  "  regarij  ms  a 
rich  reward  for  any  service"  he  had  rendered  or  woul,! 
render  his  country,  but  regretted  that  circuni>iaiitt:s 
would  prevent  him  from  accepting  the  public  iliiimr 
offered  him.     He  left  tlie  city  within  a  few  days  hi  at- 
tend to  his  public  duties  at  Witshington,  tind  alter- 
wards  returned  to  his  liome  in  St.  Louis,  wlu'io  he 
died  on  Oct.  31,   1848,  leaving  a  wife  and  -ivcral 
children.     Gen.  Kearney  was  born  at  Newark,  \. ,(. 
and  at  the  time  of  his  death  was  in  the  fifty-tilth  year 
of   his  iige.      Being  a  student  at  Princeton  Ciillc;;,. 
at  the  age  of  eighteen,  when   the  war  with   lireai 
Britain  commenced  he  determined  to  enter  the  ariiiv. 
and  obtained  a  commission  as  first  lieutenant  in  the 
Thirteenth  Regiment  of  infantry.      He  was  aitaeliiil 
to  the  company  under  the  command  of  Capt.  i  al'ier- 
wards  Gen.)  John  E.  Wool,  was  engaged  in  the  drs- 
perate  figlit  at  Queenstown  Heights,  and  was  ilier.. 
surrendcrell  a  prisoner.  After  an  exciiange  was  cffecteij 
he  served  with  honor  thnmgh  the  war,  and  acijuirnl 
such  distinction  as  to  retain  iiis  rank  as  captain  during- 
till!  reductions  of  the  army  in  1815  and  1821. 

In  1823,  having  received  the  brevet  of  major,  li, 
a.ssumed  the  con)inand  of  four  companies  of  the  Tir-i 
Infantry  at  Bjllefontaine,  near  St.  Louis,  and  with 
that  comma'id  accompanied  Gen.  Atkinson  in  lii- 
celcbrated  expedition  on  the  Upper  Missouri,  rpuii 
this  expedition  he  was  absent  two  years,  and  pent- 
trated  a  greater  distance  into  the  Western  wililoriif>< 
with  a  military  force  than  had  ever  before  Uvn  iit- 
tempted.  He  ascended  the  river  as  high  as  the  Vol- 
lowstone,  two  thousand  miles  from  St.  Louis, — not  in 
steamboats,  the  use  of  which  had  hardly  been  iit- 
tempted  at  that  day  on  the  Mis.souri,  but  in  ket'l- 
boats,  worked  with  paddies  at  the  stern,  cuiistrudeil 
under  the  diretJtion  of  Gen.  Atkinson.  The  e.xpiili- 
tion  was  a  tedious  one,  yet  full  of  interest  tu  tiio  al- 
lant  and  energetic  men  at  the  head  of  it. 

On   his  return  Gen.  Kearney  was  promoted  t(j  ;i 
majority  in  the  Third  Regiment  o*'  infantry,  in  whitli 
he  contiimed  to  serve  at  the  South  until  appointoJ 
lieutenant-colonel  of  the  First  Dragooii.s,  a  liranoii  I'f 
the  military  service  then  first  introduced.     This  rei'l- 
ment  was  organized  by  him,  and  in  1834,  while  ac  tin.' 
as  lieutenant-colonel,  he  accompanied  Col.  Dodiie  on 
his  arduous  campaign  among  the  Coniaiiihus  of  the 
Red  River  country.     His  command  .soon  liecuiiic  ':'»'■  j 
spicuous  throughout  the  army  for  its  hi;.:li  state  of  div  j 
cipline.     Gen.  Gaines  once  said  that  the  First  Dra- 
goons were  the  best  troops  he  ever  saw.  and  the  I'li- 
ciency  of  Kearney's  training  was  exiiibitod  in  thebe;ir- j 
ing  of  the  dragoon  regiments  and  tiic  Muuiilcd  iiiieH 


during  f 
we  caiind 
hiL'hly  ill 
is  rel.ited 
on  till'  art 

■MVIiilc  s 

drilling'  a  br 

iiiiinoin Ti'  V 

fruMt.     An  I 

the  |p«i|.s, 

back c I  in  tl, 

iiiarulicil.     A 

(.'ruiiiiil  by  III 

inch  a  slate  i 

:i.'.«istanci',  no 

aboiil  ten  feet 

if  lie  liail  bcei 

Ijcii.  Kearney 

—I'litr'-li  !'      'Pj 

l>"nl  (•fhiiM,  n 

lialt'of  lli<.  (jr.. 

iw.<  tliiis  left  i 

■F;tirlh  ,„„ij„,, 

jiirM.  i-vlricate 
''>  ilio  Inint  of  I 
in  till'  .sei'ii's  ho 

III  1S3.-),  G 
pariie.s  of  |ii..i 
tlie  Upper  Mi: 
'li'-'  diliieiiltic.s 
iweii  that  (rib 
In  183(1  he 
First  Dragoons 
aiiny,  am]  uiit 
f'Tlli,  on  the  1 
matter  of  liist( 
'ui'iit  Willi  him 
M'liri  frontier 
'|"f"'ande.vtra 
,  ifilit's,  and  imp: 
j  wpcct  for  the  ; 
'"  ''lis  statid 
'■*i  trait  lit'  a  <r, 

I  'll"ll,l'll  llpDI,    wh 

[ »"'!  .«ileli  it  iva.s, 
IiiJiaiis  ill  profio 

"ffieers  and 


'i"i"  been  oiju, 
|f»iiiii>nt  in  this  , 
f"J,!."iud  will  ,„ 
|ll"»  wlio.se  a{ipr 
jin  wiiiicctiofi  „.i 
1'"'"^  Wand,  ajij 
pi"J  uinvavering 
P^niit  only  acq", 


:ale 


iti 


THE   WAR   WITH   MEXICO. 


387 


duiiii"  the  war  with   Mexico.      In  this  connection  i  confidonco  of  all  with  whom  official  business  or  pri- 

we  lamiot  refrain  from  cojiyint;  an  incident  which  is  vate  relations  brouj;ht  him  in  contact. 
hj.'lilv  illustrative  of  his  peculiar  qualities,  and  which  In  1842  he  was  appointed  to  the  command  of  the 

is'nliiifd  by  Fayette   Robinson  in  his  valuable  work  Third  Military  Departuifnt,  with  his  headquarters  at 

on  tin'  army  of  the  United  States :  ,  St.  Louis,  in  which  position  ho  was  retained  until 

1846.     It  is  not  to  be  supposed,  however,  that  during 
•MVliili'  Jtationcil  «t  JofTeracm   liariiioks,  (Im.  Kwiniey  wivs 
JriHiii '  ii  Ijrigailo  on  ono  of  tlu'  opoii  Melds  iioiir  the  |io»t.     The 
iimnci'iivr>' 
front. 


the  ir>"i'''.   "liile  llif  liorsi.  hi'    rndu,    porfoilly    triiinod,   was 

b«cki'il  in  llie  .saiiio  direction  alon;;  which  the  euniiiianil  was 

liiaalii'd.     At  onco  tlic  animal  fell,  fastening  the  rider  to  tlio 

.Toiiiil  I'V  his  whole  wei(;ht.     lli.s  brigaile  had  been  drilled  to 

iucli  »  ."late  of  insensihility,  that  not  one  of  them  came  to  his 

assisluni-'e,  nor  was  it  necessary.      The  line  advnnceil  to  within 

abiait  tea  I'eet  of  him,  when,  in  a  lond,  distinct  voice,  calmly  as 

if  he  hail  heen  in  the  saddle  under   no  unusual  circumstance, 

(it'll.  Kciirnoy  gave  the  command,  '  Fnuilli  mw/iiiiii/— o/;«(<i</c 

_i,i,i,./i .''     The  fourth    company,  which  was  immediately    in 

fr.mc  I'f  liiio.  »"''  Hanked  by  its  captain  in  the  roar  of  the  other 

h.ilf  of  the  grand  division.     The  line  passed  on,  and  when  ho 

»a,»  thus  left  in  the  rear  of  his  men  he  gave  the  command, 

'  f'iio'(/(  <nminntt/  into  fill! — niitrrfi  .''     He  Was  not  seriously  in- 

iiirc'l.  extricated  himself  from  his  horse,  mounted  again,  passed 

1 1  lie  front  of  the  regiment,  and  executed  the  next  niant-ciivre 

1  (lie  series  he  had  marked  out  for  the  day's  drill." 


,  of  llie  ' 


this  time  he  led  an  inactive  life.     In  1845,  in  coin- 
was  the  simple  exercise  of  marching  in  line  to  the  ,  uiund  of  tive  Companies  of  tlie  dragoons,  he  made 
.\n  admirablo  horseman,  he  sat  with  his  face  towards     one  of  tlic  uiost    extraordinary   marches  OH  record, 

extending;  as  far  tis  the  South  Pass  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  returniiif:  by  the  way  of  Bent's  Fort,  on 
the  Arkansas,  to  Fort  Leavenworth.  In  this  expe- 
dition he  held  councils  with  numerous  tribes  of  In- 
dians, and  was  of  important  service  in  giving  protec- 
tion to  the  emigrants  to  Oregon  and  the  persons 
engaged  in  the  Santa  Fe  trade. 

In    1846,  the  war  with   Mexico    having  in    the 
mean  time  oommeneed,  he  was  appointed  to  the  rank 
of  brigadier-general,  and  assigned  to  the  eomir.and 
of  the  "  Army  of  the'  West."     This  army,  as  is  well 
known,  was  ordered  to  take  military  possc-isioii  of 
New  Mexico  and  California      A  land  march  of  such 
immense  distance,  in  a   desert  region,  and   with   no 
In  1835,  Gen.  Kearney,  in  command  of  four  com-  I  possibility  of  obtaining  supplies,  except  at  either  ex- 
paiiics  of  his  regiment,  visited  the  Sioux  Indians  of    tremity  of  the  route,  required  the  direction   of  pre- 
tlie  Upiwr  Missouri,  and  produced  a  reconciliation  of    cisely  such  a  man  as  Gen.  Kearney.      He  was  fiinil- 
iIh;  diffiiiilties  which  had  existed  for  many  years  be-  j  iar  with  such  service,  and  know  how  to  provide  for 
tifeen  tliat  tribe  and  its  neighbors,  the  Sacs  and  Foxes.  |  all  the  wants  of  his  array.     In  an    incredibly  short 
In  18;i(i  he  was  promoted  to  the  colonelcy  of  the  I  period  of  time  men  were  enrolled  and  iissembled  at 
First  Dragoons,  Col.  Dodge  having  resigned  from  the  1  Fort  Leavenworth.     All  the  necessary  military  sup- 
army,  and  until  1842  was  stationed  at  Fort  Leaven-  '  plies  were  tilso  soon  collected,  and,  almost  before  the 
worth,  on  the  Missouri  River.     During  this  time  it  is     New  Mexicans  were  aware  of  the  existence  of  war, 
matter  of  history  that,  with  less  than  half  his  regi-  \  Gen.  Kearney,  with  an  army  at  his  command,  was 
ment  with  him,  he  gave  entire  protection  to  the  Mis-     in   quiet  possession   of  the  capitid   of  the  countvy. 
soiiri  I'ruiitier  from  Indian  depredations,  making  fre-     Here,  after  making  such  disposition  of  his  military 
'|iuut  anil  extraordinary  expeditions  among  the  Indian     force  as   was  advisable,  and  providing  a  temporary 
trilies,  and  impressing  them  with  a  proper  degree  of    civil  govermuent  for  New  Mexico,  he  proceeded  to 
rospcct  for  the  government  under  which  he  acted.         '  carry  out  the  further  instructions  of  his  government, 
In  this  station,  too,  Gen.   Kearney  displayed  that  j  and  departed  for  California  at  a  setison  of  the  year 
lijt  trait  of  a  good  and  intelligent  commander.     Al-  i  when  such  an  expedition  was  dceuied  most  hazard- 
ili"iij;h  ujioii  what  was  regarded  as  a  peace  station,  '■  ous,  on  account  of  the  sterile  and  inaccessible  nature 
ami  such  it  was,  with  the  exception  of  keeping  the  '  of  the  country,  and  the  excissively  cold  weathci'  to 
Imliiins  in  proper  subjection,  he  maintained  a  degree  |  which  he  would  be  necessarily  exposed.     Meeting  an 
iiffrllowshi|i.  c.syxvV  (hi  corps,  ant]  good  feeling  among  }  express  from  California,  afler  being  out  some  days 
till' officor.s  and  men  of  his  cotninand   which  has  s-cl    i  from  Sa'.iia  Fe,  he  determined,  from  the  condition  of 
(I'liii  biicn  equaled  at  any  post.     Nor  was   he  more     affairs  in  that  department,  to  order  the  return  of  all 
eoiinent  in  this  quality  than  in  the  rcispect,  confidence,  .  but  about  one  hundred  of  his  luen.    Of  the  sufferings 
aiiJi;iiuil  will  niaiiifested  for  him  by  the  frontier  set-  1  which  he  endured  on  this  route,  the  several  battles 
tlm  whose  approximation  or  business  brought  them  \  in  which  he  was  engaged,  and  in  which  he  lest  i^jme 
in ciiinici'iiiin  with  the  command.     At  all  times  cour-  I  excellent  and  accomplished    officers  and  men,  it  is 
t'liu-,  bianil,  approachable,  and  ju.st,  yet  stern,  fixed,  !  not  necessary  now  to  speak.     Having  executed  tiie 
ami  uiiwaveiitig  when  his  decisions  were  once  formed,  '■  duties  imposed  upon  iiim  by  the  government.  Gen. 
,W  nut  only  acquired  the  respect,  but  commanded  the  '  Kearney  returned  to  the  United  States  in  1847  ;  and 


'l^ii 


!!ii:i 


:{8S 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


■  f:  'f; 


r'   n 


'H'. 


h' 


for  liis  service  in  tliis  i'iiinimi<;n  the  lirevet  (;oiuniis- 
sion  of  mnjor-goneriil  was  conferred  upon  liim. 

Durinf;  the  winter  of  1847-48  lie  was  on  duty  at 
Washington,  and  in  the  sprinj^  of  1848  wa.s  ordered 
to  Mexico,  lie  proceeded  thitlier  without  delay.  At 
Vera  Cruz  he  was  prostrated  witii  an  attack  of  yellow 
fever,  from  which  he  recovered,  and  thence  proceeded 
to  the  interior,  whore  he  was  constantly  employed  in 
the  perfornianci'  of  the  most  arduous  and  responsible 
service.  At  the  eonchision  of  the  war  he  returned 
homo,  bringing  with  him  the  seeds  of  a  di.soase  which 
finally  terminated  his  useful  and  eventful  life. 

In  the  varied  career  of  Gen.  Kearney  there  was  no 
poin*  of  character  more  prominent  than  his  firmness 
ar.  decision.  lie  was  cool  and  dispa.ssionate  in  the 
formation  uf  his  judgment,  and  received  counsel  and 
suggestions  with  affability  and  attention,  but  when 
his  own  decision  was  made  it  was  unchangeable.  He 
was  of  rather  a  taciturn  disposition,  and  seldom  com- 
municated his  purposes  or  intentions  to  any  one.  Mis 
own  mind  was  the  store-house  of  iiis  thoughts,  and 
when  the  hour  for  action  arrived  lie  was  always  eijual 
to  the  exigency  of  the  occasion.  The  possession  of 
these  and  other  qualities  gave  him  a  hold  upon  the 
affections  and  confidence  of  the  officers  of  the  army, 
which  rendered  him  an  efficient  and  successful  leader 
wherever  duty  called  him.  Wlu-n  it  was  reported 
that  he  was  to  be  the  commander  of  "  The  Army 
of  the  West,"  for  the  conquest  of  New  Mexico,  a 
thrill  of  joy  and  security  ran  through  the  breast  of 
every  man  who  expected  to  engage  in  that  expedition. 
His  knowledge  of  frontier  duty,  liis  familiarity  with 
the  ]ilains,  the  Indians,  the  wants  and  necessities  of 
an  army  in  such  an  expedition,  his  bravei  'ind  well- 
matured  judgment,  all  pointed  him  out  as  the  man  to 
lead  such  an  expedition,  and  volunteers  rushed  with 
alacrity  to  enroll  themselves  under  his  standard. 

In  another  aspect  of  his  history  his  memory  is 
treasured  by  the  citizens  of  the  West.  His  early 
military  career  was  on  the  frontier,  and  from  the 
time  of  his  entering  the  army  until  his  death  most 
ol'  his  duties  were  actively  discharged  for  the  protec- 
tion and  security  of  the  border  settlers.  The  charac- 
ter of  his  duties  brought  him  conspicuously  before  his 
leliow-citizens,  and  while  iiis  good  ijualities  secured 
their  esteem,  his  firmness  and  sen.se  of  justice  won 
their  respect.  He  had  long  been  regarded  as  identi- 
fied with  th(!  West,  and  the  We.st  claimed  him  as  her 
son.  In  St.  Louis  were  his  home,  his  wife,  and  in- 
teresting family,  and,  as  far  as  duty  permitted,  this 
was  the  place  of  his  hopes  and  affections. 

His  funeral  in  St.  Louis,  on  Nov.  2,  1848,  was, 
perhaps,  the  largest  that  had  ever  taken  place  in  the 


city  up  to  that  time.     At  an  early  hour  a  lar^M  cmi. 
course  of  persons  had   congregated   in  front  u\'  St. 
(Jeorge's  Church,  on  Locust  Street,  and  the  si'vcrul 
streets  leading  to  it.    At  eleven  o'clock  tiie  collin  wn. 
dej)osited  in  the  church,  Ge'n.  Churchill,  Col.  I'lymii. 
ton,  Col.  Bainbridge,  and  Maj.  Loring,  on  the  piiri  uf 
the  military,  and  Kenneth  Mackenzie,  Williiim  Glas- 
gow, Sr.,  Dr.  William  Penn,  and  Andrew  Kllinit.dii 
the  part  of  the  citizens,  acting  as  pall-bearcr.s.     Tliu 
fun(!ral    ceremonies    were    performed    by  the    Rj^ln 
Rev.  Bishop  Hawks,  of  the  Episcopal  Chun'li,   Aliw 
the  ceremonies  in  the  church  were  over  the  ccirp-t 
was  borne  in  front  of  the  Seventh  and  Eigliiii  Hcrji. 
ments  of  United  States  infantry  and  a  troop  (if  tlii. 
First  Dragoons,  under  command  of  Maj.  Tliiiiii|h(iii, 
the  whole  brigade  under  the  command  of  Col.  .Siiui- 
ner,  of  the  First  Dragoons,  to  the  hearse.     Tlio  pro. 
cession  was  thcTi  form<'d,  under  II.  L.  Patterson,  cliicf 
marshal,  with  Thornton  Grimsley,  (.!harle»  Kcoiiili', 
.T.  B.  Hudson,  and  Fred.  Kretschmar,  assistant  iiiiir- 
shals,  as  follows:  The  two  United  States  rcgiinciit.- uf 
infantry  and  troop  of  dragoons,  acting  as  a  militarv 
escort,  their  drums,  etc.,  muffled,  and  regiriiental  aiij 
company  colors  drajied  in  mourning.    Then  caiiu,'  two 
carriages,    with    the   bishop    and    pall-bearers;   the 
hearse,  the  led   horse,  and  the  body-servant  of  the 
general ;  carriages  with  jiall-bearcrs  ;  the  faiuily  ami 
relatives  of  the  deceased,  and  the  several  vuliiiiteer 
companies  of  the  city,  under  the  command  uf  t'ul. 
Fischer.      The    volunteers    who    had    scrvcil   uiiJir 
Gen.  Kearney,  citizens  on  horseback  and  in  cariiaL'i-. 
brought  up  the  rear  of  the  procession.     Tiio  whole 
procession,  when  under  way,  was   nearly  a  mile  in 
length.     Upon  reaching  the  place  of  iiitcriiii'iit  the 
body  was  deposited  in  a  private  vault,  and  tlif  cere 
monies  performed  by  the  bishop.    Three  nnnids  wore 
fir''d  by  the  infantry  and  six  guns  by  the  ariilhrv. 
Throughout  it  was  a  solemn  and  imiircssivo  sci'iic' 


'  The  RrpuliUi'iin  coiitnin»  tlio  fulluwing  initice.*  of  mililarv 
11  frail's  : 

The  De  Kiilb  Hangers  leceivi'il  ii  rLci'|itiiin  iil  Itri'lpiiii  "n 
the  I'Jtli  111'  (I.-IciIhm-,  1847.  De.aMiiber  ISIli,  '•  I'apt.  K"r|".iii- 
hiis  imlliiiiity  tn  rccrive  three  huii'lieil  iiiouiiteil  volinitrer- 1' 
till  up  Ihe'J'hiril  Kcgiiiieiit  Mi.'^souii  .Moiinteil  Vuhnilrii?.  I'ii'V 
are  ilesigned  fur  ^erviee  in  New  Mexieo." 

Feb.  2!l,  1818. — "  Yestenluy,  in   fniiit  of  the  i il-lioufc, -n 

Che-'lniit  Street,  a  hamlsuini'   niitional    Hug  wa.'  |iieseritei|  M 
Capl.  (i.   Kcir|pony  ami   liis   reeniils  bv  Cnl,  T.  G^m^ll•J•.  iliM 
..^eleeteil  urgun  uf  the  laiiies  by  whom  it  was  |ire|»areii.    Above  j 
tlio  .^tars  ami    .''^tri|K'S  floated  two  slroiiiners,  tbe  tini'  rt'il.  the  j 
other  white,    bearing  this   inseription,  'Thinl    lli't'iiiii'nt  Mi'- 
souri  Mounted  \'uliiii(eer9.*  " 

July  21!,  IStS.— ■'  yit    Kit  Carson,  hearer  of  lli^|lHl.•ile^  tVni  j 
Governor  Mason  in  Calirornia  to  the  govcrniiiiiit  ill  Wibliiii 
ton,  arrived  in  this  eity  this  morning  from  Ciilirnrnia.    Hcleft| 


'■■  'il.v  i.f  the  A, 
■"•■"l.v  miMi,  and  i„ 
■'''  ■■"  fiir  as  .-.^ai 
■  ■'■'■.>  fiHiii  I'alif, 
.' Jiiiiuals.     Al'ler 

'■■»"iigllii'lio.<tilitv 

M'lMili.rs," 

tVI„i„.r  ■>'2.~.-si 
,  «i"cli  has  l„,e,i    ,,^.,, 

["■'•'l.|iaracle,|on  Vi 

|t"iho|.'rave." 

Vuiciiiljcr  1 1. . 

|''"if  liattalicii  „(•  , 
j"feort|„,|„i,„„„ 

P«i™.  Tl,e,.ever, 
}«'-m>\  about  iin.j 
'I'll  their  t'liesis  ,, 
ff".^iioltli,.„p,.„, 

['""l"nln..r.s  ivere  , 
"I'icli  ('a|,t.   Ki,,, 

""W  tk-ir  Kiiest, 
«'««lfcu,  repast  wa 


ifoe 

B  W 

'isci 

'  I 


i    !' 


I 


THE   WAR   WITH   MEXICO. 


389 


IVU''  l^iill-  . 

It  lit'  Si. 
^\  si'veral 
MitVlli  \v;i- 
\.  riymii. 
In;  imvl  iif 
iillll  tilll'- 

KlUuit.iiii 
•(M-s.  Tlie 
thi'  UiJit 
•(;h,  Al'kr 
tin;  I'orp-t 

00]1    111'  till' 

Tliiiiiiii^wi. 
'  Cdl.  ti'iui- 
.     The  pro- 
terson.eliii't' 
■Ics  Ki'i'iuli', 
ssi>t,iiU  mar- 
ri'iriiiii'iits  "f 
as  :i  luiliiavy 
irimeiitiil  aii'l 
iicn  cami!  i^"'* 
beavers;   tlie 
»rviiiit  of  tlic 
le  fimiily  ii'iii 
jral  vulviiitPi't 
uianJ  lit  Ciil. 

liCVVl'tl     UllJiV 

d  ill  farriiis!<  ^. 
•riic  wliiili' 
rly  a  milt'  i" 
inteniii'ii'  the 
and  llie  01,'rt'- 
■0  roumls  wore 
till'  artillery. 


,.' 


isive  scone 


tiof-  111'  mill'"';' 

,,t   Uri'li:'!""  "" 
•  Civi.l.  K.iri-ny 

11, ,.,1  voluulrt'fl' 


,,liiiUi'i'i#- 


Til' 


I,.  ,.„iirt-liiJii^r.  -n 

1  „;i...  ,,ii.'«'iil'"' '''  ! 

■p    liiiiii-li'.v.'l" 

|,,rq.i.rnl.    Al...« 

1.1 Ill'  f'"' 


nt  Mi'- 


('ill.  Siiinucl  Mucrec,  anollier  (liHtini;iiisliud  officer 
in  till'  Mcvicim  war,  died  in  St.  Louis  in  July,  1819. 
('ill.  Macrce  wn.s  lonj^  iittiiehed  to  the  army,  and  luid 
soon  much  active  Mervice.  He  was  in  the  Klorida 
war.  iillll  iltirinf;  tho  .Mexican  war  was  u  njost  efficient 
offio'or  in  his  department.  So  well  was  liis  eunduet 
iinnnivcii  by  the  j^overniuent  tlnit  the  brevet  of  lieu- 
toniinl  iiiloiiel  was  conferred  upon  him  for  his  services 
(in  till'  Hio  Grande.  At  the  time  of  lii.t  death  he  was 
i|iiari('rnia."<ter  of  the  United  States  army  in  St.  Louis, 
lie  left  a  widow  and  several  children. 

In  idiiie,  1852,  still  another  prominent  officer  of  the 
Mexican  war,  and  one  who  had  been  for  many  years 
;i  resident  of  St.  Louis,  died.  Gen.  Hennet  Riley  at 
the  time  of  his  death  held  the  rank  of  bii;Vet  nnijor- 
I'oneral  in  the  army  of  the  United  States.  That  he 
liad  iiiorit  is  proven  by  the  fact  that  before  the  war  of 
\i\i  he  was  the  foreman  of  a  shoenuiker's  shop  in 
lialtiniore,  a  place  of  confidence,  and  jnstifyinj;  the 
liolief  that  he  was  a  master-workman.  But  this  em- 
|iliiyniont  did  not  suit  him,  and  he  entered  as  a  sailor 
nil  board  one  of  the  American  privateers  about  the 
loiiinienconient  of  the  war  of  1812,  but  was  unsuc- 
I't.-.'ifal  in  tho  cruise.  Ilcturnintr  to  Baltimore  after 
wiir  was  declared,  influential  friends  procured  for  him 
ilio  coininission  of  ensijxn  in  the  army.  This  was  tho 
iiiiiiuienceinont  of  that  career  which  afterwards  pivc 
him  distinction  and  a  proud  name  in  the  history  of 
ilio  country. 

His  ciiiniuission  of  etisif;n  in  a  rifle  company  bore 
Jati'  tho  littli  of  January,  181;!,  at  which  time  he 
w;i.s  over  twenty-two  years  of  a^e.  He  was  rapidly 
iriiiuoted  Iroin  this  position  for  jiallaiit  servici;s  duriiij; 


1,1   Itviimt 


If  ,li.i...li'lH''  "■"''  I 
Iniiit  al  ^Va^lli 
lililoinia.    "''""I 


rit\  III' the  Angi'ls  iin   tlic  5tli  of  May  with   an   cscmt  of 

.  iwnly  iiu'n.  anil  nit't  with  iin  luivt'iitiiri' nt'  nny  intei'est  on  tho 

route  sii  far  as  t^anta  ¥('.     Mr.  Carson   |iert'orineil    the  cntiri' 

jiBirnn  frnni  California  to  tlie  Mis.'^onri   Kivor  on   the  sauio  -it 

i  aiiiiiial.i.     .'Vfter   Iravin;;   Taos   lio  avoidcil   the  main   mail, 

I  (liriiig  thi'hu.^tility  oftlie  Imlians,  ami  therefore  !'a\?  no  partie.'* 

1  vi  trailiTs." 

ik-t'il'iT  Tl. — "  .'^'^  houh  firni/H. — This  volunteer  coniimny, 
l«iiich  has  Iwcn  recently  or);ani/.eil  under  the  eoninianil  of  Cap!. 
|lVi'i.|iaraili!il  on  l'>iilay  to  eseort  the  remain.''  of  Lieut.  I!iil;;ely 
il-thi'irrave." 

Nuiciiilicr  It. — "  Hiiiinr  In  liiiiiiiinl  Vtihiuieei-H.- — 'I'he  I^a- 
IfiiMe  Haltalinn  of  St.  Louis  voln.iteern  yesterihiy  parailed  as 
luiMiirt  IimIii  honor  to  the  voluiitee.-«  recently  returned  frpin 
|Mexii'o,  'flio  .-'cvcral  oompanie.'' met  «>  their  respeetive  quar- 
Ittt'.anil  abciat  Iwehc  o'eloek  took  up  .he  line  of  inareh,  and 
l»iili  Iheir  gue.«ts  paraded  through  several  of  the  priin-ipal 
Tlitelf.  mill  then  proeeedod  to  the  .St.  Loni.«  I'ark.  At  the  park 
llitvoliintieis  were  weleonied  and  addressed  by  Wilson  I'riinm, 

'  "iliicli  ('apt.  Fischer  and  Adjt.  llolnios  eaeh  responded, 
piriliwe  ivercisos  tho  Laclede  Battalion  I'urmod  in  line  and 

•iulfl  ihcir  gaests  ns  they  passed   into  the  saloon,  where  a 

►'«iiU'i.us  repast  was  provided." 


the  war,  in  which  ho  was  actively  employed  on  the 
('anada  frontier.  At  tho  clo.se  of  the  war  he  was 
captain  in  one  of  the  rifle  reijiments.  In  1819  he 
'  ..s  at  (jouncil  Bluffs,  and  was  transferred  to  tlu;  f;al- 
lant  Si.xth  Infantry,  in  which  regiment  were  Atkin- 
son, Leav(!nworth,  ('ummin<;s,  Foster,  IJrown,  and 
other  worthies.  He  distinguished  him.self  in  the  ex- 
pedition led  by  the  gallant  Leavenworth  against  tho 
ArickariH!  Indians,  and  in  which  they  were  badly 
defeated.  These  Indians  had  attacked  and  routed  a 
party  of  UKiuntain  trappers  under  (Jens,  .\shley  siiid 
Henry,  on  the  Mi.ssouri,  smd  for  this  Leavenworth 
and  his  command  took  ample  vengoanee. 

In  182t)  he  was  appointed  to  command  an  escort  to 
the  traders  to  Santa  Ke,  and  when  near  the  Arkan- 
sas was  attacked  by  the  Indians,  but  totally  routed 
them.  After  his  regiment  left  Fort  Leavenworth 
they  Were  stationed  at  Jeft'erson  Barracks,  and  here 
his  intercourse  with  the  people  of  St.  Louis  was  of  an 
tuireserved  chiiracter,  and  he  ac(|uired  the  friend.ship 
of  till  with  whom  he  came  in  contact.  In  18Ii2  he, 
with  his  regiment,  partici]mtcd  in  the  Black  Hawk 
war.  and  contributed  materially  to  the  early  termina- 
tion of  that  war.  In  183ti  he  wtis  ordered  to  the  Sa- 
bine, the  Texas  boundary.  Thence  his  regiment  was 
transferred  to  Florida,  to  take  part  in  the  Stmiinole 
war,  and  it  is  familiar  to  all  how  many  gallant  spirits 
gave  up  their  lives  for  their  country  in  that  ignoble 
strife.  The  Sixth  Regiment  suftered  fearfully  in  offi- 
cers and  men.  He  was  commissioned  brevet  colonel 
"  from  the  day  on  which  was  fought  the  battle  of 
Chokachiitta,  Fla..  in  which  he  particularly  distin- 
guished himself  by  brave  and  gallant  conduct,  and 
for  long,  meritorious,  and  gallant  service."  The  war 
ill  Florida  having  come  to  a  termination,  he  was  pro- 
moted to  be  lieutenant-colonel  of  Second  Infantry, 
and  .stationed  on  the  lakes,  and  afterwards  at  Jeffer- 
son Barrticks. 

Of  course  tho  war  with  Mexico  found  him  in  tho 
field,  in  command  of  the  Second  Brigade  of  Gen. 
Twigg's  division,  composed  of  the  Fourth  Artillery 
and  the  First  and  Seventh  Infantry,  on  Gen.  Scott's 
line.  He  participated  in  sdl  the  principal  battles 
which  marked  Gen.  Scott's  march  to  the  capital  of 
the  Montezumas,  and  received  the  brevet  of  briga- 
dier-general for  '•  gallant  and  meritorious  conduct  in 
the  battle  of  Cerro  Gordo,  April  IS.  1847,"  and  the 
further  brevet  of  major-general  "  for  gallant  conduct 
at  Contrcnis,  Aug.  20,  1847."  He  was  also  a  gidlant 
participant  in  the  memorable  battles  of  Cherubusco 
and  Chapultepec,  and  was  always  distinguished  by  his 
counige  and  tho  judgment  and  coolness  with  which 
ho  went  into  battle. 


':;i!| 


.*     f 


390 


HISTOllY  OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


^•(■i;i 


it  J' 


!    * 


'i< 


I' 


On  his  return  from  Mexico  he  wns  ordered  to  the 
coininund  of  the  Military  Dopartnicut  in  Caiirorniii, 
wliore  lie  exercised  civil  aw  well  as  military  power,  and 
80  well  did  he  deport  liim.self  that  it  was  contemplated 
at  one  time  to  elect  liim  to  ihe  Senate  of  the  United 
States  from  California,  hut  this  lie  declined.  For  two 
or  thri'e  years  hefore  his  death  ho  had  heen  residing 
with  his  family  at  HuHalo,  N.  Y.,  where  he  died  in 
the  sixty-second  year  of  his  ajio.  lie  married  Miss 
Israel,  of  Philadelphia,  in  18H(),  and  several  children 
were  horn  to  them,  one  of  whom  was  a  promising; 
younj;  officer  in  the  navy. 

It  may  he  stated  as  an  evidence  of  the  liifih  esti- 
mation entertained  for  him  hy  the  peojile  of  Missouri 
that  the  Legislature  caused  to  he  procured  and  pre- 
sented to  him  a  splendid  sword,  and  he  was  accustomed 
to  refer  in  terms  of  gratified  sensibility  to  this  testi- 
monial of  the  State  in  his  favor. 

Gen.  Riley  was  not  an  educated  man,  but  he  was 
ready  in  word  ai'd  action.  He  was  alow  in  writiiifi, 
it  is  .said,  and  on  one  occasion,  when  he  could  ill  brook 
a  tauntinir  allusion  to  this  defect  in  his  early  educa- 
tion, he  put  an  end  to  it  by  .sayinf;,  "  ]Jy  G — d,  I  can 
make  my  murk'."  (ien.  Riley  was  the  very  soul  of 
chivalry,  lie  was  incapable  of  a  mean  action,  and 
never  tolerated  it  in  another.  He  was  devoted  to  his 
profe.ssion  and  his  country,  and  it  may  be  said  with 
propriety  that  in  his  death  the  army  lost  one  of  the 
j)i-ct(.c  rluva/iiis  who  have  given  to  it  so  much  of  its 


I 


CHAPTER  XVL 

THE  CIVIL  W.AK.i 

— TiiK  accession  of  the  Republican  or  anti-slavery 
party  to  power  tilled  the  Southern  States  with  dismay, 

and  created  the  jrreatest  excitement  throujih- 
1860.     out  the  country.     Hardly  had  this  result  been 

ascertained  before  some  of  the  extreme 
Southern  States  be<;aii  military  preparations,  and  set 

'  In  theliniited  s|m('e  lit  ovr  cummiinil  it  is  iiiipos-ililo  to  ticjit 
tliiit  |mrtiun  of  tlie  liistory  of  the  city  nnd  county  of  St.  Iiouis 
ciubnioed  butwei'ii  the  years  ISIill  anj  1866  except  in  the  bricfe.'it 
po.«fible  nmnner.  During  the  period  in  question  iilniost  every 
day  liristled  witli  prominent  lociii  events,  iind  every  week  gave 
birth  to  numberless  ineidents  of  local  or  general  interest. 
The  magnitude  of  the  subject  ami  the  multiplicity  of  the  details 
rei|uired  in  a  connected  narrative  (jf  one  of  the  most  interesting 
anil  stirring  epochs  in  the  history  of  the  city  demiind  afar  more 
extended  and  elaborate  treatment  than  can  be  given  within  our 
present  limits,  and  we  have  therefore  been  forceil,  reluctantly, 
to  content  (uirselves  with  simply  a  chronological  presentation  of 
the  most  prominent  events  in  St,  Louie  history  during  the  period 
of  the  civil  war. 


on  foot  measures  to  carry  into  effect  thei.  oft-ivpiut,,! 
threats  of  secession,  and  of  confederation  in  roi-ianee 
to  idle<>ed  Northern  encroatrhmentM.  Meetiii'.'-  wer,. 
held  in  every  city,  town,  and  villa>;o,  and  tlicsc  were 
iiddrcsscd  in  vehement  lani;uui.'e  by  membiM's  uj'  {'„„. 
gress  and  other  prominent  speakers.  Rcsi>tiim.'i.i  to 
the  authority  of  the  new  administration  iind  tlio  dm; 
of  the  Southern  States  to  secede  from  tln^  I'liimi  wire 
the  chief  topics  of  their  impa.ssioiied  ap]ieal>  to  tji,' 
people.  On  the  'JOth  of  December  the  Stuii'  ('mi. 
viition  of  South  Carolina,  afler  a  brief  debate,  passed 
the  ordinance  of  .secession  by  a  unanimous  vnio,  aii,| 
on  the  following  day  a  decltiration  of  thecansis  wlijdi 
had  led  to  this  action  was  also  adopted. 

The  announcenient  of  the  jias-sage  of  the  iniliiiiinii. 
of  s(!ce.ssi()n  excited  general  enthusiasm  in  all  the  iiinr. 
Southi'rn  slave  States,  but  in  the  border  States  ii 
served  to  intensify  the  painful  feelin<;  with  wliiih  their 
people  hiid  watched  the  progress  of  events  in  .Soiiili 
Carolina.  That  the  action  of  the  latter  State  had  Im  ii 
hasty  and  ill  judged  a  majority  even  of  the  |il'o]i1c  i.f 
the  South  admitted  ;  and  this  fact  gave  aililitinnai 
poignancy  to  the  general  .sorrow  with  which  this  tii-i 
disunion  movement  was  rogtirded.  By  the  piissai;e  nf 
the  South  Carolina  ordintmee  of  .secession  ati  inipiiu* 
was  given  to  the  prevailing  excitement  in  tln'  Soinl:, 
and  the  measures  of  the  cotton  States  looking  in  ih,. 
.same  direction  were  greatly  accelerated.  Mississiiiiii 
followed  the  e.\am]ile  of  South  Carolina  on  the  Otli  • 
January,  IBlJl  ;  Alabama  and  Floriua,  Jatimiry  lltli; 
Georgia,  January  20tli;  Louisiana,  Jatitiiirv  L'tJtIi. 
Texas,  I'cbruiiry  1st;  Virginia,  April  ITtli;  'IVn- 
ne.ssee.  May  tith  ;  Arkansas,  Mtiy  18th;  Nurtli  Ciiri- 
lina.  May  21st;  and  Kentucky,  Noveniber  L'dtli. 

Missouri,  as  an  e?:po.sed  and  frontier  sliivehnMii. 
State,  hiid  a  large  practical  interest  in  the  niaititetiiiiK. 
of  the  guarantees  of  the  Constitution,  l-'iimi  li.r  | 
geographical  position  she  had  a  heavier  stake,  |iro|»r- 
tioiiately,  in  the  preservation  of  the  Union,  as  la:  a* 
her  material  prosperity  was  concerned,  tliiitiaiiyi 
her  sister  Commonwealths  of  the  South.  Tliis  i- 1 
clearly  demonstrated  by  a  consideration  of  the  sourw- 
of  her  wealth,  and  the  nature  and  (liiv  ■tinii  ol'lurl 
industries    and    eommevi'.    e\     :iial    ..  itiiiL 

Bound  to  the  ConstitMi         mi     lie  United  ritatcs  liyj 
every  tie  that  inter'  reave  or  streiiL'tlien.  .-liel 

li  to  the  perfortnaiii 
Hiie  or  -   ,'gested  hy  iierdeJ 
III  all  ■    ••  (lissetisiiiiis  wliifll 


had  been  uniformly  i 
obligation  imposed  \>\ 
votion  to  the  other,  ami 


sectional  feeling  and  fanatical  ii-itation  had  proiiiulili 
her  support  had  invariably  been  given  to  uiiideriitcdnc 
trines  and  conciliatory  counsels.  Synipathiziii;,'  mil 
the  South  ill  her  wrongs  and  just  reseat lueiits.  ail 


[lUlilic,  III 

-Vorilicrti 
tain  the  j, 
(met. 

-The 
iwetity-firi 
'   Ci 
1861.    ho 
en 
reeniiiincrKi 
viiitiiiii  '•  t( 
erntiient    o 
L'ovenuiieiif 
laeiit  iiiid  tl 
ailujit  siifli  1 
of  the  State 
>liall  aiijiear 
fti  aecoidi 
un  the  18th 
W-f  to  meet 
"y.     In  (Ik 
Ihiii.  Daniel 
eiiiniiiis.sioiH.i 
sriiibiy  on  til 
"t  Missouri 
■'''tattrs  in  fh, 
I'oiiinioii  dvll' 
— Coiisidc 
"11  I  lie  !)tli  of 
of  tnii.ps  ('roll 
risoii  at  Jrfr,.| 
ud  III  iiifivas 
Offing  („  (|,u 

of  I'liited  Sta 
pied  the  eustoi 
Ihe  governuiei 
Slimed  such  a 
on  'lie  aftcrriii 
tlieC'if    f;„u„ 

aiidui,  ..(,al  t 
'mi.altjjuugh 


un 


THE  CIVIL   WAR. 


891 


turbance  (ir  intorf'crcncc!  witli  tho  rightH  of  our  citizons 
will  iMimu',  yet  [  (Irciii  it  best  that  all  indpcr  jjrccau- 
tiunary  iiieaHiiroM  NJiould  bo  taiccn  to  fully  pro- 

1861. 


rcii.lv  at  nil  times  to  lunko  cnmnion  causo  with  her  in 
til,'  iiiiistitutional  inaiiiti'nance  of  bur  rijrlits,  she  bad 

at  the  saiiK^  time  ntudiouHly  kept  aloof  from 
I860.     ''"'  ""•''  bercHJes  and  pansioiiati'  bittcrnnHM  of     pare  for  any  event.    I  would  liencc  rceoniini'iid 

the  more  radical  Southern  leaders,  neiii^'tbo  j  that  the  members  of  the  Couneil  from  eaeh 
onlv  iiorder  slavcholdiiiu'  8late  west  of  the  Missii-sippi  ward  select  from  amon^  lh<Mr  best  citizens  such  a  iiuiu* 
Rivcf.  and  lyinj:  eonliiiuous  to  Kan.^as,  slie  had  often  '  her  of  men  as  tb('  exiL'eiieies  of  the  ease  may  seem  to 
nuHi'icd  from  the  a^'irressions  of  the  Northern  States,  require,  and  to  orL'anize  tliem  to  he  remly  for  any  emer- 
biii  had  always  been  prompt  to  repel  thum  within  the  j  ^'cncy.  Our  citizens  are  entitled  to  the  full  protection 
liiiiii>  of  her  constitutional  resources  and  Federal  alle-  !  of  the  laws,  and  must  liave  if." 
iriuiiii'.  and  had  done  notliin<{  wliatever  to  wiilen  the  — On  theilth  of  •lainiary  a  number  of  the  members 
hri'iich  between  the  anta<;onislie  sections  of  the  re-  ■  of  the   Democratic   party  helil   a  )iiiblic  meeting  at 


iiulilii'.  or  to  weaken  the  hands  of  those  conservative 
NdVilitrn  citizens  wlio  were  nobly  stnii;i.'lin};  to  main- 
tain the  ^'oud  faith  and  integrity  of  the  national  cum- 

JlilCt. 

— 'I'lic  (ieneral   Assembly  of  Mis.souri  lieuan   its 
tweiilv-tirst  annual  session  Dec.  !50,  18ti0,  at  Jeiferson 


1861. 


Wasliinjiton  Hall,  and  adopted  a  .scries  of  resolutions, 
one  of  which  called  for  the  appointment  of  "  a  coni- 
mitteoiof  twenty  to  act  wit!)  a  committee  of  the  '  Union 
party,'  for  the  purpo.se  of  opposinj.'  black  ilepubli- 
canism." 

About  the  .same  time   the  leading  uncoiiditionul 

City,  and  on  the  4th  of  January,  1801,  Clai-     lle]iublieans,    or    I'nion    men,    a^ireed    with    certain 

home   F.  Jackson  was  inaugurated  as  (lov-  '  leaders  of   the   Democratic    party   to    hold    a  {"rand 

crnor.     In  his  first  mes.sa<;e  Governor  Jackson  j  Union  meetinfi;  at  the  courthouse  on  Saturday,  Jan- 

rociiiiinu'Mdcd  tlie  immediate  calling  of  a  State  Con-  .  uary  12th,  "to  declare  the  .sentiments  of  St.  Louis 

vtiitioii  '•  to  consider  the  reiiitions  between  tiie  gov-     on  the  great  issues  before  the  country." 

eriinicnt    of    the    United    States,    the    people    and  '■       On  the  morning  of  that  day  the  Democratic  papers 

..'(iviriiniciits  of  the  ditterent  States,  and  the  govern-     announced  that  the  meeting  was  expected  '•  to  assert 

uient  and  the  people  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  and  to     its  loyalty  to  the  Union,  and  at  the  same  tiini!  to  take 

a(lii|it  such  measures  for  vindicating  the  .sovereignty  ;  position  in  favor  of  the  '  (,'rittenden  Proposition,'  as  a 

of  llio  State  and   the  protection  of  its  institutions  as  '  fair  basis  for  the  adjustment  of  all  the  real  differences 

>liall  ;ip]iear  to  them  to  be  demanded."  between  the  free  and  the  slave  States."     This  propo- 

Iii  accordance  with  this  suggestion,  a  bill  was  passed  i  sition,  which  was  thus  announced  for  the  first  time, 

till  the  18th  of  January  calling  the  convention,  wliieh     met  with  great  objection  from  the  llepublicans,  who 

was  til  meet  at  Jefferson  City  on  the  28th  of  Febru-  i  desired  to  affirm  their  unconditional  devotion  to  the 

ar)'.     In  the  moan  time  (on  the  18tb  of  January)  j  Union.      Hon.   Francis   P.   Hlair,   after  eon.sultation 

lliin.  Daniel  U.  Russell,  who  had  been  appointed  a  '  with  the  leading  men  of  bis  party,  decided  that  the 

ciiimni.<>iiincr  from  .Mississippi,  had  addressed  the  As-  t  only  legitimate  course  for  them  to  pursue  would  be  to 

siinlily  on  the  advisability  of  co-oporation  on  tho  part  I  declare  their  unalterable  fidelity  to  the  Union  under 

lit'  Missouri  with  Mississippi  and  tho  other  Southern  :  any  and  all  circumstances.    As  this  could  not  be  done 

,"!tati...  in  the  adoption  of  efficient  measures  for  the  1  under  the  arrangements  for  the  proposed  meeting  with- 

oiiuinnn  defense  and  safety  of  the  slaveholding  States.      out  producing  angry  debate  and  probably  serious  conse- 

— Considerable  excitement  was  caused  in  St.  Louis  i  quences,  he  determined  to  advise  his  Republican  friends 

oil  tlic  Htli  of  January  by  the  arrival  of  a  small  body     to  decline  participation  in  it.     Consequently,  on  tho 


of  irocps  from  Newport  Barracks  to  reinforce  the  gar- 
risiiii  at  Jefferson  Barracks.  The  excitement  contin- 
ued to  increase  until  the  1 1th,  when  it  became  intense, 
owini;  to  the  fact  that  Lieut.  Thompson,  with  a  s(|uad 
of  Fiiiicil  States  .soldiers,  had  entered  the  city,  occu- 
fieJ  tho  custom-bouse  and  sub-tresisury,  and  removed 
the  <;overninent  funds.  Affairs  in  the  city  then  as- 
sumed such  a  threatening  aspect  that  Mayor  Filley, 


morning  of  the  meeting-day  (January  12th)  the  fol- 
lowing placiird  was  posted  around  the  city  : 

"UNION  MEKTING. 
"To  THK  Rkimbi.icans! 
"  As  it  ppoms  to  l)e  thr  tlotiTiiiiiiiition  of  thosi'  who  uftllcd  tho 
I'nion  meeting  to-ilny  to  tiilte  niirnnvcT  grouml  in  .■iii|i|ioil  of 
tlie  Union  of  tho  Stiites  Ihiin  that  wliicb  tliu  lli'|iiililii'nns  of  tliis 
city  hiivo  alreiidy  nssunicil,  wo  have  jniljie,!  it  expedient  to  ail- 
vl»e  tho  Uepnhlican.s  not  to  Jiarlicipate  in  tlie  meeling  to-ilay, 


(in  the  altcrnoon  of  tho   same   day,  .sent  a  message  to  ,  b"t  to  maintain  tlie  position  nlrcaily  a.'suined  in  lavor  of  tlio 
the  Cil     (Council,  in    which    he   said,   "Very  general      ""ion  nnder  all  eircnmstances. 

,  ,  .  ...  .  "FllANK    p.  Bl.Alll,    "F.  A.  i)llK, 

ami  ui.    iial  excitement  prevails  in  our  community, 
and,  although  I  do  not  apprehend  that  any  actual  dis- 


"  P.  I,.  Fov, 
"Wa.  MrKKK, 


"S.  T.  (il.oVKH, 
"11.8.  llAllT." 


m% 


^v|,.,,j. 


i'J.v.P-'^"" 


IV 


mil 


;'  ^i 


392 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


The  nieeting  was  held  as  announced  at  the  eiust 
front  of  tiic  court-house,  and  was   a    gri'.nJ  Union 

di'monstration.  At  noon  a  salute  of  thirty- 
1861,     three  jruns  v»ns  fire'  on  tlie  Iievee.  followed 

by  another  at  two  o'clock.  Precisely  at  tills 
l;our  the  tueeting  VTas  called  to  order  by  Capt.  N.  J. 
Ea'.on,  aiid  on  his  motion  Cci.  Ilobcn  Campbell  was 
chosen  president.  The  followin;?  gentlemen  were  se- 
lected as  vice-presidents  • 

Col.  John  O'Fnlldn,  !!eriiar(l  I'latte,  Gen.  N.  Itannoy,  II.  1). 
.Mitrlii'  i,  K.l.  Ilurcii,  11.  1,.  I'lUierson,  J.  IV.  Wills,  Hohcit  M. 
Kiiiikhiiui^cT,  Aili>l|)lius  Mt'ior,  SiiiiiiK  I  Only,  ('li!i(..  TuiM,  Win. 
Piitrick,  Ji)hn  Ho,!;iiii,  Mdwnrit  l>oliyiis,.I>tuiiel  (J.  Ttiylor,  Way- 
jnaii  (.'row,  1>.  .A.  .ijihuiir}',  .)'as.  K.  Vealman,  Andi'cw  llarpi.r, 
Aiulri'W  Christy,  Dr.  liintuii,  1,.  I).  Uakur,  Jus.  11.  Lucai*,  r.«aac 
11,  iSturgi'cin.  It.  .1.  Iiix'Uwiiiiil,  I',  I),  ('aiiiacn,  .luilge  Lauklniul, 
■T.  A.  HrowiiU'f,  11.  K.  i!riil);p,  (icirne  INiit:,  A.  (iaiiililc,  (ii'ianl 
I!.  Alien.  I).  II.  Diiiiovaii,  .1.  il.  .Alotiiulor,  Tlioinas  .'^kiiiki'r 
Mar.-liall  HrotliL'iton,  Joliii  F.  Darby,  Snl.  .^iiiilii.  ,1.  It.  I!ni  i(, 
A.  1).  Stcnurl,  John  (J.  I'rir<!   .luiiii  .•<.  .Mi-f^um',  Al.  .M.  I'alliii. 

Pi'orf-'taric,  I').  N.  'I'rauy.  J.  H.  .S.  liCnioiiic. 

A  eoainiittee  on  resolutions  Wi>s  appointed  as  follows : 

John  I),  roallcr,  I,cig:in  Iluntoii,  .vlliorl  T(>.M,  A.  S.  Mitilicll, 
C.  ('.  Whillfl.^'.-y,  W.  r.  Wood. 

The  committee  retired  for  action,  whereupon  Judge 
II.  Gamble,  being  called  up(.n,  addressed  the  vast 
assemblage.  At  the  conclusion  of  bi.i  speech  tile 
uommittee  through  Judge  Coalter  reported  tiio  tbl- 
lowiiig  resok'tii.iis  : 

•' The  citizens  of  St.  l.oiiis.  in  niasii-inceting  asseniblcil,  not 
08  party  men,  cluolare  that,  livin);  a»  we  ilo  under  a  rt'|iubliL'an 
form  of  government,  who.se  basis  i.s  pnblie  opinion,  we  (a  por- 
tion of  the  people  of  Mi.sonri)  believe  il  lo  be  our  right  and 
duty  to  set  forth  oi,r  sentiinenis  in  this  eri-is  id'  public  alVairs. 
ami  therefore  be  il 

''  ItfHttlveil,  I.  That  we  are  warmly  attaidied  t(>  the  govern- 
ment niitler  wbieb  we  live;  that  we  reeogiii/e  the  Federal  I'liion 
aslhegreal  preservative  of  our  liberties;  that  uuiier  it  we  have, 
by  fioirs  provideiuK ,  prospered  beyond  all  other  people,  and 
even  l)eyond  the  expeetalions  of  our  patriot  sires,  u  Im  estab- 
lished it  as  the  best  means  of  |)eipetuating  the  blessings  which 
they  so  gallantly  fonglit  tor  ami  gained. 

*' L'.  That  uioler  tliis  governnienl  we  are  respected  abrnaii, 
pro.'perous  at  luuiie,  aiol  fast  takinir  our  true  position  as  the 
leading  nation  of  the  earth. 

":i.  That  wi  lio  not  rocognii-.e  as  a  iicce.ssily  any  eonlliid  be- 
tween Ihe  inslitutionsuf  the  people  of  this  great  country,  but,  on 
the  cimlrary,  we  see  in  our  widely  extended  turrilory,  our 
varieties  of  climate,  soil,  produelions,  <lomestlc  institutions, 
modes  of  industry,  and  even  modes  of  I  bought,  only  the  gionuds 
for  a  more  perfect  union.  In  this  variety  we  see  nature's  great 
laws  piTvadiiig  .ill  e.xleut,  and  a  necessary  eliariu-teristic  of 
every  great  prop'  •  an.l  widely  exieiided  empire. 

"  I  Valuing  as  we  do  thus  highly  the  Aioerii.'au  I'nion,  we 
shinilil  regard  its  dissolulion  as  I'liiiiieiitly  disastrous  lo  our 
Country,  and  us  lending  lo  injure  llieeansi'  of  rational  liberty 
tliriMighuut  Ihe  world. 

"  .1.  Thai  as  our  fathers  denounced  so  we  denounce  as  hostile 
tu  the  I'nion  the  lorinalion  of  all  patties  upon  a  purely  sectional 
basis;  and  while  the  temporary  ascendency  aiol  triumph  of 
■uch  parties  is  uol,  of  itself,  suffioient  cause  for  '.he  diasulution 


of  the  Union  and  overthrow  of  Ihe  government,  yet  it  i-  siiili. 
cient  cause  for  ua  to  give,  as  we  now  give,  earnest  an  i  -.I.  nin 
warning  that  the  Union  cannot  continue  unless  all  constil  iti  ,|i:i| 
riglits  are  secured  against  eneroaehinonls. 

"  i\.  That  the  possession  of  slave  pri)perty  is  a  constitiiiiniuii 
right,  ana,  as  such,  ought  to  be  ever  recogni/.ed  by  the  I'r.icral 
(government  ;  that  if  the  Fede'.il  government  shall  fail  nml 
refuse  lo  secure  tbi.s  riglit  Ihe  Southern  States  should  b,-  i.iuu.l 
unitid  in  its  defense,  in  wliieli  event  Missouri  will  sliarc  il,e 
common  duties  atnl  common  danger  of  the  .^outh. 

■'7.  That  tile  discord  prevailing  for  forty  years  betiMin  tin. 
|ieople  of  the  .\orthcrn  and  the  .Southern  States,  toui'liin;;  tin. 
relation  of  tlio  Feileral  government  to  slavery,  alfords  siifiicii.(jt 
reason  for  all  sections  of  the  I'liion  to  require  a  clear  and  liimi 
settlement  of  all  matters  in  dispute  by  ameudments  to  'Mc  {  ,;:. 
siiltitioii.  so  that  the  slavery  question  may  never  agjiiii  ili-iurt) 
the  public  peact!  or  impair  the  national  hartuony. 

*'  S.  That  we  have  ever  reposed  faith  in  the  virtue,  inti-lli. 
pence,  atoi  justice  of  the  American  people,  and  now  give  it  a* 
(Uir  opinion  tlnit  if  lime  and  opportunity  be  givn  they  vill, 
when  free<l  from  llie  pernicious  inlhience  of  nu're  pMlitii.'ijni. 
and  tlemagogues,  gladly  and  cordially  agree  to  such  tcniis  i.i' 
adjustment  of  our  tri'u'  Ics  as  w'H  ecure  to  all  the  Stale- equal- 
ity in  the  Union  aiid  rc-est  iblisti  fraternal  relations  bctucin  ili,. 
people  of  the  •lilTerent  suctions,  anil  revive  everywhere  the  lip\e 
for  our  glorious  Union  ;  and  we  c  ■  lially  approve  of  the  prii' 
cipb  s  iif  ad,|.istiucnt  eonlaiiied  in  what  are  known  as  tlio  I'rii 
teuden  Propositions,  and  believe  that  a  tettleinent  iipcm  ji,,), 
a  basis  sliould  and  will  be  satisfactory  to  all  parts  of  thccnun. 
try  ;  and  we  give  it  as  our  uidiesitatiiig  opinion  that  it'  iip|i>ir- 
lunity  for  a  .lirect  vote  on  the  propositions  be  given,  llic  |iTO|ilt, 
or  their  representatives  elected  for  tliat  purpose  in  lonvcnii.in, 
l)y  overwhelming  majorities  in  all  parts  of  the  rnion  wnni'l  I. 
found  to  favor  their  adoption  ;  and,  in  our  opinion,  the  cuuntrv 
can  only  be  saveil  from  the  iiorrors  of  civil  war  by  the  a<hi|.ii  .n 
of  some  such  measure  of  compromise. 

"  !l.  That,  holding  these  views,  wo  are  not  jucpared  to  alaii- 
don  tlie  I'nion  with  all  its  blessin-;fl  while  any  hope  of  ailiii't 
lueiit  roimiins.  Until  then  wc  will  maintain  our  pla.c  in  tli. 
Union,  and  contend  for  and  lemandour  equal  and  i'on-iitiiii»iial 
rights,  and  will  not  be  content  with  less. 

"  III.  That,  in  the  opinion  of  this  meeting,  the  cMi|i!..yiiii  ru 
of  the  military  forces  of  the  government  to  enforce  suliiai-sii.u 
i'mm  the  eiti/.cns  of  the  seceding  Stales  will  inevit;d)l_v  pliiiii!. 
the  coniitry  in  civil  war,  and  will  immediately  eiidiingci.il  ii 
do  nut  entirely  esli'igiiish,  all  hopes  of  a  settlement  "f  the  fru- 
ful  issues  now  pending  before  tlie  country.  We  tli.Tct"rt' 
earnestly  entreat,  as  well  the  Federal  government  as  the  mwI- 
ing  States,  to  withhold  and  stay  the  arm  of  inililary  power,  an  I 
on  no  prelex'  wliatever  to  bring  on  the  nation  the  li.iifn-  if 
civil  Hiir,  u-«til  the  people  themselves  can  take  such  a.  linn, i- 
uiir  tri  iibles  demand. 

"11.  That  the  people  of  Missouri  should  meet  in  coineiilinn 
for  llie  purpose  of  taking  action  in  the  present  stale  oi'  ilie  na- 
tion's iitVairs,  at  Ihe  same  time  lo  protect  the  I'nion  of  the  ."'tiitf- 
and  (he  rights  and  authority  of  this  Stale  under  the  foi-'iiii 
lion;  and  to  secure  a  eonsummi'.lion  so  devoutly  t"  in- »i,-ii"l 
Missouri  sho'ild  consult  with  her  sister  Slates,  tlui!  h\  iiiiii' 1 
action  those  fraternal  feelings  ivbii-li  families  at  hath  Nortli  ani 
Soiiib  liavi  turned  into  bitterness  and  wrath  he  agsiii  icsOiol 
and  mutual  allection  control  all  pass'on  and  rcdn-:.  all  Kii' > 
ances. 

'■  I'.'.  That  in  Ihe  call  of  a  c  invention  reprcsentutinn  -li""!! 
be  in  proportion  to  population,  as  near  as  may  he,  iiiid  liiat  ilu' 
final  action  of  the  convention  should  lie  siibiuitled  to  the  )ii't'< 
for  their  appn  'a!  and  ratilieation  at  the  polN." 


Tile  r.!! 

as.%i)ll'l:ig 

V 

1861.    gr 

ell 

The  nii'(!ti 

ffiiliiii:  to 

for  a  .speed 

Bieelitiu',  ai 

throng  giivi 

Wriglit  liat 

vas  ealloii  I 

ffhifli  lie  e 

WHS  folliiwec 

sopliic'iil  viei 

if  tile  people 

be  settled  pi 

Mr.  Sanders 

(Yilleii,  lion. 

It  was  nearly 

lioii.<e. 

-On  the  1 
an  eloquent 
States  ill  belli 
riiioii,"  and  ( 
I"  ('(ingress  w, 
of  citizens  and 

'Tlio  andorsi 
"!lli  alarm  the  | 
•fill  with  great 
rnimi,  S.I  far  as  i 
'irni'il.  mill  lacy 
llir.v  deeply  regii 
t.ive  liriiuglit  ahi 
iiaiiiinatiiin  m' lb 
llii'  not.  ihev  pra 
i.ij  a,-  ivill  rcslo 

f  M  in  this  connci 
J  the  I'l-opiisiiiiin 

I  toiileii  resuliiliiins 
i.iiid'ai'liiry  adjust 
Mi'emiire  a  united 


— On  J;i||||,i| 

viicllieil  eiljzni 

|i"'li'  on  Bfiiiiihv 

ti'Mecl  li:e  Ame 

—\  nidtill;; 
|l»r  of  jl;ir|_y,  „..; 
JiiV  rVetliiig,  ,1,11 
l™  Itloliim  of  |)| 
m  ■-■h;iii,  aiui  „ 
|Tk"iiiii.s  W.  Leva 
jl'iiiiioil  vit'i'-prcs 
wrrbirj'.      On 

P't'SITS.  J,    M,    J 


l'\ 


il  i-  sulli- 
nil  -"Iriim 
istit'ili'iial 

I8'itiil\'>n;il 
tlu'  1-..I.  nil 
ill  fail  iiiid 
lid  !>.'  ImiiiM 
II  fh:u\'  ti.e 

btstwt'fii  tht' 
[oiu'liin;;  tht' 
rtls  ^iiOii-ii-iii 

L'lir  HU'l  tilllll 

»  U)  'lie  i  .:'.• 
Ij5:nn  ttlMiirli 

irtiK'.  intt'lli- 
low  ^;ivi'  it  ;i* 
.•(Ml  lliey  '.Till, 

TC    pnliticilUl" 

such  liM-ius  ..f 

B  Stiltl'Sl'HUIll- 
n:*  l)ft»('t'lltllt' 

wlic'iT  the  l"ve 
le  of  tltt'  |irii '■ 
wn  ll^  tliL'  t'rii- 
iiiMit  uivm  fi.-\ 
Is  ,if  llio  ''"im- 

tlmt  if  "pp'T- 
veil,  tlu'  |>r(i|ilf, 
u  ill  (;oiivciiti'>n, 
I'liiiin  wiiul'l  b' 
iiiii.  tliiM'oiiiilry 

bylli'-iuliii.ti"!! 

li»|.o  cif  lul.iii'l- 


Mir  1 


1.1  .■„ll-tltUtl.i!l 


II'  >in| 


foiv 


l.iylui  lU 
ulillii-l"i'- 

Mt.llilv   )■'""?'■ 

iMi'laliKiM.  il  It 

out  "f  ill''  f>'"- 

\Vi.  iliori'fiTf 


(■111   11! 

litiiry  1" 


111.' 


I'Olvl- 
'.llll'l 


>.f 


,  the  hnrpir* 
Mioh  ii.-li""  •'■ 


,.|  ill  i'ciim.'iiti"ii 


Mlllll'  III 


lliciiii- 


I,  iifthi'Stiiti" 
|l,.r  the  r..ii*iiiii- 


itljt. 


I.I 


isli.-l 


Ihu!  h}  ""il' ' 


It  imt 


h  Nnllll 


.  iiH«ili  II' 
,.,lrl■^'  i'll 


I'lltlltl"" 


.Iwull 


,,,,,  „,„ltl.:ittlH' 

|ll,..ltiilh<'|""l''« 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


393 


Tlif  roiiding  of  each  clause  produced  cheers  from  the  i 
asdtiiil'l:\fro,  and  the  resolution  indorsing  the  Crittenden 

Propositions  particularly  wa.s  received  with  the 
1861.     '-Tcatest  enthusiasm.      ''  Three  times  thrt-o" 

fliceri.  were  jiivcn  for  Hon.  John  ,1.  Crittenden. 
The  nioetiiig  then  adjourned,  but  the  n.^seniblage,  not 
Biliiii'.'  to  disperse,  called  upon   Maj.  Uriel  Wrifiht 
for  a  siicech.     Maj.  Wright  accordingly  addressed  the 
meetiiiir.  and  at  the  conclusion  of  his  speech  the  vast 
tlirom:  ;.'ave  three  cheers  for  tlie  Union.     After  Maj.  , 
Wrii-'lii  liad  concluded  his  remarks,  Col.  L.  V.  Bogy 
was  called  to  the  stand  and  made  a  short  speech,  in  ■• 
ffhicli  111'  expressed  .strong  Union   sentinieiifs.      He  ' 
was  folliiwod  by  C.  C.  Wliiitelsey,  wlio  took  a  philo- 
Mipliical  view  of  the  state  of  the  country,  i;nd  thought 
it'ilic  jii'ople  remained  cool  all  the  difficulties  would 
lie  st'tili'd  peaceably.     Speeches  were  also  made  by 
Mr.  Sanders,  Col.  Henry  N.  Hart,  Mr.  Strong,  Mr.  , 
(\illen,  llmi.  C.  Kribben,  Gen.  N.  Ranney,  and  othens. 
It  was  in'iirly  dark  before  the  assemblage  left  the  court- 
liouse.  ] 

—On  tlie  17th  of  January,  Britton  A.  Hill  published 
all  cloijiit'iit  "  appeal  to  the  peiiple  of  tlu;  United 
States  ill  behalf  of  peai  e,  of  compromise,  and  of  the 
rnioii,"  ami  on  the  si-.ine  day  the  following  memorial 
111  ('(iiisj;r('ss  was  very  extensively  signed  by  all  clas.^es 
ol' citizens  and  forwarded  to  Washington  :  | 

■'Tlio  iiiiilcrsigiicil,  eitizi'iis  of  tin.  .'^tiitr  of  Missuiiii,  view 
•itli  alariii  the  pri'.'H'nt  ciiiiilitiiiii  (ir|iiililic'  iill'uii-..<.  'I'licv  hiivc 
(«n  with  gieiil  rcgiot  tlio  seeonsion  of  Imir  Stiitos  fruiii  thi. 
I'ni.in,  8.1  far  us  lliv  acti.in  on  tho  part  of  those  .><tatcs  is  oon- 
amcL  anil  I'.ioy  fear  iliut  others  luiiy  follow  the  cMiiiipk'. 
lli.'V  .li'i'ply  ri');ret  that  any  eoiiilition  of  national  alTairs  shoiihl 
li.ive  broii};lit  aliuiit  sui'h  an  issue;  nn.l,  without  K"'"^  i"!'*  i^n 
a;iuiiiiati'in  ..i' tho  eausi'S  wliii.h  have  inipelleit  sister  State's  to  . 
till*  not.  llioi'  pray  your  hoiinrahlo  li.tily  ai   oiiro  to  ptiss  sueh 

I  uii*  lis  will  ri'storo  th*^*  I'liioii  ami  a'wv  poaeo  In  tho  country. 
.(ii'l  in  this  I'oiincction  tliiy  l.";;  Imvo  to  say  that  tho  ailiptmn 
j|  the  ;'rupiisitiiin»  oontaineil  in  what   aro  known  as  tho  L'rit- 

[  tnuleu  rpM.liitions  would  ho  reeoivod  hy  tho  iMir.lor  Stiitof  us  a 

I  iriti>fiiotiir\  a.ljiistineiit  >>f   'xistin^  ilillieultios,  tinil  rentier  us 

[  ^ii.'e  iiiiiri' -I  iinite.l  an.l  happy  pci.plo." 

— On  .laiiiiiiry  17tli,Miij.  Higgins.anoldand  highly 
je>iiriiied  cilincn  of  the  Ninth  Ward,  rai.scd  a  Union 

If  on  Bi'iiailway  near  the  '•  Reveille  Hou.se."  and 

i>tcd  till-  Atnerieaii  flag  on  it. 

— .\  nicctiiig  of  the  citizens  of  Carondelet,  irrespee- 
liivt  of  ]iaiiy,  was  held  at  Laiiiyette  Hall  on  Thurs- 
|ii;iv  iviiiiiig,  .latiuary  ITtli.  .Maj.  Thomas  Harney, 
Imiiiiiiioii  111'  !)r,  l{(ibert  J.  Hornsby,  was  called  to 
like  '.'hail,  and  iiii  motion  of  W.  B.  Quigley,  Maj.  , 
iThniaas  \V.  Levant  and  Dr.  A.  W.  Webster  were  ap- 

niiitcil  vici'-prcsideiits,   and    Kdwurd    Haren,   Jr., 

KMarj'.      On    motion    of    J.    M.    Ijougbborough, 

Wrs.  J,  M.  Loughborough,  W.  L.  Hornsby,  Soc-  ' 


rates  Newman,  R.  R.  Southard,  M.  Chartrand,  Jo- 
siah  Cross,  and  J.  F.  Hume  were  appointed  a  com- 
mittee on  resolutions. 

Mr.  Loughborough,  on  the  part  of  the  majority  of 
the  committee,  reported  the  following  resolutions ; 

"  Jlenofvftl,  That  we  cordially  approve  and  indorse  the  reso- 
lutions nilopteil  at  tho  inass-incclin);  of  the  citizens  of  St.  F.oiiis 
County,  held  at  tho  oourt-house  on  last  .Saturday. 

''  Jiemttvett,  That  as  the  Federal  govcrninont  was  'orined  liy 
the  people  of  eaoh  State,  and  was  siistainod  hy  the  affection  of 
each  to  tho  whole,  it  can  only  he  continued  by  a  similar  afl'cc- 
tion,  and  not  by  tho  force  of  arms." 

Mr.  Hume  presented  a  minority  report. 

On  motion  of  Dr.  Hornsby,  the  majority  report 
was  agreed  to. 

The  meeting  was  addressed  by  Mr.  Stafford  and 
Maj.  Hr.rnoy,  of  Carondelet,  and  Maj.  Uriel  Wright, 
of  St.  Louis. 

— "  A  nijcting  of  the  citizens  of  all  political  parties 
opposed  to,  I  lie  black  Republican  rule  in  the  eily  of 
St.  Louis"  was  held  on  Dec.  26,  1800.  L.  was  called 
to  order  by  Col.  T.  Gritnsley,  tind  John  F.  Darby 
was  appointed  eliairman,  and  Charles  C.  Whittelsey. 
secretary.  A  committee  consisting  of  Charles  C. 
Whittelsey,  Albert  Todd,  Jaine.s  K.  Yeatman,  John 
M.  Krum,  James  M.  Hughes,  Daniel  H.  Donovan, 
and  Thornton  Griinsley,  who  were  "  opposed  to  the 
principles  and  practices  of  the  Republican  party," 
wa«  appointed  for  the  purjiHsi?  of  eoiistilting  together, 
and  to  report  to  the  next  meeting  ''  the  best  jioliey  fur 
the  citizens  of  St.  Louis  to  adopt  in  view  i.f  the 
present  condition  of  jinblic  aflfairs."  The  committee 
was  authorized  to  •■  take  under  eonsideralion  ihe 
municipnl  atl'airs  of  the  city  of  St.  Loui.-<  only."  and 
were  to  report  at  a  meeting  to  be  held  on  tin.  ISth  of 
January,  IHOl.  At  the  time  appointed  the  nn.eting 
iigain  as.senililed,  with  Jtihn  F.  Darby  in  the  chair, 
and  Henry  Overstolz  and  James  K.  Yeatiuan  as  vice- 
presidents,  and  P.  H.  Garesebe,  secretary.  After 
.some  diseussidii,  piirticipnti.d  in  by  Me..<srs.  Wiiy- 
nijin  Crow,  James  H.  Yeatman,  P.  B.  Garesebe, 
.Vlbcrt  Todd,  Daniel  H.  Donovan,  Grimsley,  H.  N. 
Hart,  A.  .S.  Milebell,  J  C.  Barlow,  and  others,  the 
committee  appointed  at  the  first  meeting  amended 
their  address,  written  by  Hon.  Albert  Todd,  mt  as  to 
read,  "  to  all  who  are  opposed  In  the  Republicans  of 
the  city  of  St.  Louis,"  and  the  programme  of  measures 
reeommeiuied  fur  "  the  overihrow  of  the  present  black 
Republican  ruli'  in  the  city  at  the  coming  municipal 
election  in  April  next "  was  adopted. 

— On  January  2!(tli,  Thomas  C.  Johnson,  of  St. 
Louis,  inli-i  ilueed  into  ihe  Senate  of  Mi.s,s(iuri  a  jnint 
resolution  appointing  eommissiuue.'s  to   the  "  Peace 


!|! 


394 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


I   n' 


^'hMi 


Confjress"  wliicli  was  to  assemble  in  Wasliinjrton  on 
February  4th.  After  some  ameiuluicnts  the  resolu- 
tion was  adopted,  and  the  t'nllowin^  comniis- 
1861.  sioncrs  were  appointed,  who  left  without  delay 
for  Washinj;ton  City :  Nat.  C.  Claiborne, 
Waldo  P.  Johnson.  John  D.  Coalter,  A.  W.  Doni- 
phan, Harrison  Hou<;h,  and  A.  II.  Bue!:ner. 

— Durinj:  the  PresidiMitial  campaign  of  1860  the 
Republicans  of  St.  Louis  had  organized  the  celebrated 
"  Wide  Awake'  club,  which  afterwards,  under  the 
leadership  of  Hon.  Francis  Preston  Blair,  Jr.,  became 
the  basi.s  of  the  Unconditional  Union  parly  in  St. 
Louis.  Aflcr  the  election  of  Mr.  Lincoln  the  origi- 
nal purposes  of  the  elub  ceased  to  exist ;  but  owing 
to  the  critical  condition  of  public  affairs,  Mr.  Blair 
advised  the  reorganization  of  the  •'  St.  Louis  Wide 
Awakes,'  and  in  the  latter  part  of  December,  18(10, 
meetings  were  held  in  the  various  wards  for  that  pur- 
pose. The  calls  for  enrollment  of  members  were 
promptly  and  enthusiastically  responded  t».),  but  after 
an  organization  had  been  perfected,  the  movements  of 
the  opposition  led  to  an  abandonment  of  their  project 
by  the  Wide  Awakes  and  the  organization  of  the  more 
po{iular  Union  clubs  in  their  stead.  Accordingly,  on 
the  11th  of  January,  18t!'.  a  meeting  was  held  at 
Washington  H.ill  of  all  those  in  favor  of  tlie  Union 
umier  any  and  a.!  circumstances,  at  which  the  Wide 
Awakes  were  formally  di.*ban<led  and  a  Union  club 
organized.  Subseijuently  all  the  Union  men  in  the 
city  of  St.  Louis,  irrespective  of  old  party  ties,  were 
invited  to  join  the  new  association.  The  first  politi- 
cal movement  of  this  organization  was  the  election  of 
delegates  to  re])resent  !*t.  Louis  iti  the  State  Conven- 
tion, which  was  to  assemble  at  Jeffer.son  City  on  Feb- 
ruary ;i8tli.  In  view  of  the  critical  condition  of 
affairs,  the  Uncoiiditioiial  I'nioii  leaders  acted  with 
the  greatest  caution.  Most  of  the  ultra  Republicans 
Wire  in  favor  of  placing  a  straight-out  Republican 
ticket  in  the  field  upon  an  Unconditional  Union  jilat- 
forin,  but  Messrs.  (J.  V.  Filley,  ().  I).  Filley,  James 
O.  Broadliead,  Samuel  T.  (Jlover,  F.  P.  Blair,  Jr., 
and  other  plominent  men  in  the  old  Republican  |iarty 
of  St.  Iiiiuis  advised  a  more  prudent  courA;.  James 
Peckham,  in  his  interesting  work  on  "(Jen.  Nathan- 
iel Lymi,  and  Mi.-souri  in  18(il,"  says, — 

"  .Mr.  Itliiir  c.\plniiioil  lii^  lui.xiety  li>  ^cciirr  (liu  itiil  of  llu'  Statt' 
^I'lii-niDv  ill  bi'liiilf  oi  till-  t  iiiim.  mdiI  it  \v'i.^  to  Kc  IViOfMl  thai 
till'  prcjii'lioi'  a);niii^t  llii'  Ki'piililieiins  waa  so  powirl'ul  ihut  ttu' 
iini^-'c^,  UH  wfll  UK  tlu"  leiiilers  who  wcrp  fnvoraltlc  to  the  ITnion, 
woiilil  ri't'ust' (o  Kiippor*  it  Kp|)iit>li(*iui  lU-ket,  noiiiutter  wliowore 
the  paiKliilali'A.  It  wuii  ii|>oii  thi.^  iili'a  that  .Mr.  Ilhiir  hml  ail- 
\iKi'<l  the  ahuiiiloniiiint  of  the  '  Wiilo  Awakes'  in  .laniiary,  iiinl 
that  hp  now  nilvini'il  a  fiiilhor  aliamliiniiiriit  ol'  the  Uupiililiiun 
or);ioiir.a(ioii  III  the  pGiidiiiK  ountPHt.     'I  ilon't  believe,' sniil  a 


Republican  partisan,  '  in  breaking  up  the  Uopuhlii  .m  pariv 
just  to  plea»o  these  tender-footed  riiiunists.  I  belicii'  in  .«tifk- 
ing  to  the  party.' — '  Let  us  h>vo a ciii  .v 'iv  tirat,'  resp,  ■  id  j|, 
lilair,  'and  then  we  can  talk  about  parties.' " 

A  meeting  of  Unconditional  Union  men  \v;is  liclj 
in  Mercantile  Library  Hall,  January  31st.  nt  wlijcli 
Sol.  Smith  was  made  chairman.  Re.solutions  in  I'avi.r 
of  the  Union  were  passed,  and  a  committee  oriwcntv 
was  appointed  to  present  to  an  adjourned  nici'tin:;  tli,' 
names  of  suitable  candidates  for  the  conventimi.  This 
committee  of  twenty  was  made  up  of  Bell  ami  Kvor. 
ett  men  and  Douglas  men.  31  r.  Blair  was  in  c,,!,. 
slant  consultation  with  this  committee,  and  gavi'  the 
movement  his  indorsement.  By  the  call  of  tlic  chair. 
man  of  the  former  meeting,  all  Unconditional  I'liiuu 
men  were  invited  to  meet  at  Verandah  Hall  mi  tlie 
Cith  of  February,  for  the  purpose  of  reeeiviuL'  t'le  ri- 
port  of  the  eoiuminee.  The  meeting  was  Jiiigtly  at- 
tended, with  Sol.  Smith  in  the  chuir,  and  John  UiL'L'iii 
.secretary.  The  committee  of  twenty  reported.  iiiriiii:li 
Mr.  Alexander,  the  following  names  as  Uijciiiiilitiwi;i; 
Union  candidates  for  ihe  convention :  Ferd.  .Mi'Vir. 
George  R.  Taylor,  Dr.  M.  L.  Linton,  U.  1{.  (laiuhi. 
Ilnd.son  E.  Bridge,  John  F.  Long,  Sol.  Siiii;li,  J.  II 
Shackelford,  Uriid  Wright,  Turner  Madilo.\,  WiHiam 
S.  Cuddy,  James  O.  Broadhoad,  Isador  Biisuli.  Jnh" 
How,  and  Henry  Hitchcock. 

Mr.  I'eckhain  say.",  "  All  olTort  was  inaile  to  ooiisiilvr  llie  nmn 
separately,  which    might   have  resulted   ill   diseanliii);  siun: 
names  on  I  lie  liiket,  had  it  nol  been  for  the  ar^iiuienlirl' .M.-.-., 
.lauies  .'^.   Kni^'ht,  A.  Mitchell,  and   Mr.   HIair.     I'loiii  .^^■•^^•. 
Kiii);hl  and   .Mitclicll  the  meeting  learned  that  llie  lirsl  iliin 
named  were  '  Dou^lc.sitis,'  the  folloHing  seven  were  •  lirll  i:\i: 
elts,'  ami  the  last  four  •  Idiick  Uepiiblicans.'     .\t  (his  lisl  .K-i; 
milioii  by  Mr.  Kniglit  a  storm  arose,  and  cries  of'take  il  Uk 
resounded  from  all   parts  of  Ihe  hall.     Mr.  Kni^lit  {ilcaMiiiT 
apologized,  and  was  in  turn  cheered.     Mr.  Mhiir.  in  a  sjit-ooh  ; 
great  p<»vver,  said  he  di<l  not  care  what  parties  irctitleiiicii  hil 
behrnged  to.     lie  was  for  a  new  party,  an  l'iicoudiliMii:il  I'ltiD 
party,  for  a  party  that  wotiM  stand  by  the  rnion  in  iiiiy  ciii>-r- 
geney,  and  lie  was  satisfied  with  the  ticket  as  it  was  |)ri'7eTite<l. 
He   was   for  remaining  in  the   I'liion,  and  in  Si.  l,oiii<  i-'.  I 
whether  the  ."'tatc  went  out  or  not.     If  Missouri  seccdnl,  Ii^'j.' 
for  .''t.  Louis  sece>|i>ig  from  Kisnonri;  ami  he  wanliil  all  ii»  j 
help  he  eoiild  get  to  keep  her  in  the  I'nion.     In  the  cri"i»  tbjl  I 
was  upon  us  men   must  cease  to  belong  to  porlies,  atiil  l>fl"D2. 
for  the  time,  io  the  country.      It  was  not  a  season  in  lalk  ;il..r  j 
individual    preferences.     Wluit  waa   wanted   ho  fell  ivoulii  Ui 
cordially  graiitcil,  and  that  was  n  )ivrh:t  /'>i-'iiii'i'li"'t  ui  fi 
iui/fml:<itiiniii  in  tlir   it<  tmniimtnin  In  tnt'i   llr    t'ni'ii' ! 

*' The  nnition  to  consider  the  names  separately  wa.- il-'ni 
withdrawn,  and  the  whole  ticket  w.is  iioiiiinatcd  amid  ^rv.tter.- 
thusiasm.  i'<nlisei|UOiitly  Ueorge  II.  Taylor,  William  S.  t'udjj,! 
and  Turner  .Madilox  declined  lieing  caiididalcs.aierf.  T.  liaiilU 
Samuel  ,M.  Mreckcnridge.  and  Kobert  lloinics  were  cleii'  I  i*l 
till  the  ticket.  In  their  letters  (d'  declination  hoili  Taylor  (:l| 
.Madilox  declared  iheir  fidelity  to  the  I'nion  ciiim'  " 

—  In  pursuance  of  a  call  signed  by  ■  I'liinii  ini'iil 
who  were  in  favor  of  "giving  the  South  all  licr  i >"i 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


395 


lUliciii  jiurty 
lievf  ill  ^tiik- 
■e,y.  ■  (.■cl  Mr. 

CU  \V;is  liolil 
St,   ;vl  wliicli 
ions  ill  t'iivnr 
too  til'  Iwfuty 
I  iiu't'tiiii;  til.' 
iMitiiiii.    Tlii- 
',A\  mill  Kvor- 
r  \va>  in  ciiii- 
ami  Liiivi'  till' 
.1  of  till'  L'liair- 
litioir.il  I'mMii 
,   Hall  on  llio 
cciviir.'  t'lo  ri  ■ 
was  lariri'ly  at- 
1(1  Joliii  UiL'^iii 
porU'il.  l\iri'U;li 
9  Uiifimilitioiia! 
:  FiTil.  Mi'Vir, 
H.  U,  (iaiulik 
i\.  Smitli.  J.  11 
liuld'S,  Willijiu 
[or  Biiscli.  Juli" 


x-iiimiiliTllicnamo 
,\isfiiplins  ^"''i- 

iir;;iiiiieiit"f  M'-t-- 

liiir.     l'r"Ui  >l''"f' 
tlint  till'  lirslili« 

eii  KiTO  •  l!i'llEv.r. 

At  tlii*l;i?t.lc-i;- 

i,.ii  111'  ■  liiki'  it  I'l' '■ 

Kiii;;lil  iilMsiiu; 

IHIiiir,  ill  :isi"«ii  '■ 

,.S  ^ri'lllll'lm'll  ii'l 


iililiniiiiniii  0 


I  I  nioii  1 
il  «:i- 1 


n  niiy  ci»«- 


111  ill  M 


Ti'^eni 


Si.  l."m' 


1,^1. 


iri  fivo'li'ii,  !"■ » 
1,1  111'  wiinl.'il  »"  ' 


III  ilu'ori'i 


110  rill' 


.il'llSlill  I' 

,.,1   111)  IVIl  «' 


mill  iitl'ii?' I 
liilli  a 

ulJ  l- 
!V"'I\ 


tli'hunn  1*1 


i'|.i 


riiti'ly  wii' 


ll.(«J 


„„to.l  aiiii'l  «"•■'" 


Williiiiii 


,  fuAlS 


l;lll'*,  Itll' 


illlU'S  «'' 


■itl'ill 


1'1'/1',(;mii,I 

I'lKl'  1  Hj 


lii.tli'l'iivl'ifi"'^ 


\,Y  "I'liiimiiii'ii' 
Lth  all  li.T  i'"i'^'H 


tutintml  rifilits,"  a  "  Constitutional  Union"  meeting  | 
w;,,  liold  at  Wusliington    Hall   on    the  4th  of  Feb-  i 

ruary,  and  the   following  fjentleuien  having  j 
1861.     received  the  indorsement  of  the  meeting  be-  , 

caiue  candidates  for  the  State  Convention : 
Jiiliii  L.  Coalter,  Henry  Overstolz,  Uriel  Wright,  D.  , 
A.  January,   Albert  Todd,  J.    W.   Willis,   William 
T.  Wiiiid.  N.  J.  Katon,  H.  S.  Turner,  George  Penn,  ; 
II.  H.  Gamble,  L.  V.  Bogy,  L.  M.  Kennett,  P.  B. 
Gar.'^flie.  I 

Till'  campaign  was  opened  by  the  "  Constitutional  ; 
l^'iiiiiii'  jiarty  at  a  public  meeting  held  in  the  St.  \ 
Limi<  Hall,  corner  of  Riddle  and  Fifth  Street*,  on 

Krbnn'iy  8th. 

Till'  meeting  was  called  to  order  by  T.  F.  Keane, 
uiHiti  wliiisc  motion  Col.  Thornton  Grimslcy  was  elected 
iiri'siilrnt,  with  the  following  ailditional  officers  :  Vice- 
I'ri'jii'i'iits,  James  K.  Yeatinan,  John  F.  Darby,  Fidelio 
('.  Sliai|),  Andrew  Middletoii,  Fdward  Brooks  S.  H. 
Latliii,  Joseph  McBride.  Bernard  Pratte,  Joseph  H. 
Locke,  Sanmel  Gaty ;  Secretaries,  C.  C.  Whittelsey, 
Calvin  F.  Byrnes,  H.  \V.  Williams. 

('[1011  ijiking  tlie  chair,  Col.  Grimsley  delivered  a 
vhiirt  Imt  fervent  and  eloquent  address,  in  which  he 
imik  occasion  to  recite  the  objects  contemplated  in  the 
iKUiiination  of  the  Constitutional  ticket.  At  the  eou- 
t'iusion  of  his  remarks  he  introduced  Judge  William 
T.  Wiiiiil.  one  of  the  Constitutional  candidates  for 
Jeli'iratcs,  who  delivered  an  address  upon  the  issues 
before  the  people. 

Loud  calls  were  then  made  for  Col.  Bogy,  who  in 
respon.«i'  took  the  stand  and  delivered  a  short  but 
spirited  and  forcible  speech. 

Hon.  .\lbert  Todd,  who  was  ne.\t  called  to  the  stand, 
di'livcrcil  an  eloquent  and  jiatriotic  address. 

On  the  !(th  of  February  the  friends  of  the  Consti- 
tmioiial  I'nion  ticket  held  a  grand  ratilication  meeting 
at  Vcranilah  Mall. 

The  meeting  was  called  to  order  by  ex- Mayor  Wasli- 
iiiL'tmi  King,  \i]ion  whose  motion  Samuel  (laty  was 
liei'ieil  president.  'i"he  billowing  additional  officers 
KiTe  then  elected:  Vice-Presidents,  Thornton  (irims- 
li'v,  rioorgc  W,  Dreyer,  James  H.  liueas,  H.  N.  Hart, 
Tlumias  ('.  Chester,  Col.  S.  Wood,  A.sii  Wilgus, 
Mic!i.iel  A.  Ho^'an.  John  S.  McCune,  Earl  Matlack, 
lil't.l).  B.  Hill,  ('apt.  John  lleilly,  Gerard  B.  Allen. 
Tliiiiiias  .'^kinker,  Matthias  Steitz,  John  1).  Haggett, 
H.  M  Parks,  T.  T.  January,  Levin  D.  Baker,  Kich- 
atdC.  Ludlow.  1'.  P.  Tippett;  Secretaries,  Ed.  N. 
Tnioy.  Charles  Miller. 

('.  ('.  Whittelsey  then  offered  the  following  resolu- 
lions.  which  were  adopted  with  overwhelming  unaii- 
iiuil  f : 


"  Wo,  citizens  of  St.  Lnuis,  oppoBcil  to  the  MnL'k  Ue|>ubliciin 
)mrty.  in  iiiasi<-meoting  usxemblcil,  duuinro,  in  tlic  language  used 
by  the  Father  of  liis  Country,  in  his  Fii-i."yell  Aildrcii, '  that  thn 
unity  of  the  government  wliieh  constitutes  one  pi'oplo  i ;  dear  to 
ui«.'  In  the  language  of  Washington  in  that  samo  addi'C8.«,  we 
say,  further,  tliat  'toward  the  preservation  of  oar  happy  state 
it  is  rei|ui8ito  not  only  that  we  discountenance  irregular  oppo- 
sition to  its  acknowledged  authority,  butalso  that  we  resist  with 
care  the  spirit  of  innovation  upon  its  principles,  however  spe- 
cious the  pretext.  One  method  of  assault  may  be  to  effect,  in 
the  forms  of  the  Constitution,  alterations  which  will  impair  the 
energy  of  the  system,  and  tlius  undermine  what  cannot  directly 
be  overtlirown.' 

"  Wo  charge  that  the  Kepulilicnn  party  is,  in  the  language  of 
Washington,  truly  characterized  hy  'geographical  discrimina- 
tion* as  a  sectional  )iarty,  whose  bond  of  union  i.s  hostility  to 
an  institution  coiiiinon  to  lifteen  States  of  this  I'nion  ;  we  chargu 
that  it  is  seeking,  under  the  forms  of  the  Constitution,  to  sub- 
vert its  spirit  by  denying,  as  that  party  has  done  in  its  platform 
of  principles  adopted  at  (Chicago,  to  the  slaveholding  States 
their  ei|uality  in  the  I'nion,  by  denying  to  the  citizens  if  Mis- 
souri and  her  sister  slaveholding  .'States  their  rights  in  the 
coiiimon  territories  of  the  States.  We  therefore  feel  it  to  bo  our 
duty  to  resist  any  such  innovation  u)iou  the  principles  of  tile 
Constitution  which  created  this  /Vuierican  I'nion,  however  spe- 
cious tile  pretext. 

"'I'll  tliis  end  we  do  heartily  approve  tile  resolutions  adopted 
at  the  Constitutional  Ciinvcntioii  held  at  .Mercantile  Library 
Hall  on  .'Saturday.  February  2d,  and  do  ourselve>  adopt 
them.  .  .  . 

"Thus  approving  the  principles  of  said  resolutions,  we  do 
aocept  the  nominations  of  said  convention  of  candidates  for 
delegates  to  the  convention  of  the  people  of  .Missouri,  to  be  held 
on  the  'Jsih  of  February,  and  in  union  for  the  sake  of  the  'Jnion 
we  will  do  what  we  can  to  elect  the  Constitulioiial  ticket  by  an 
'  overwhelming  mujority,  and  thus  remove  from  .'^t.  I.ouis  the 
stigma  of  being  an  anti-slavery  black  Ucpublican  county,  hos- 
tile to  the  institutions  of  the  .State  of  Missouri,  of  which  ."'ta'.e 
wo  are  proud  to  be  citizens." 

After  the  applause  following  the  reading  (if  the  fore- 
going had  subsided,  Dr.  D.  A.  January  was  introduced 
and  made  an  eloquent  speech.  He  was  followed  by 
Messrs.  P.  B.  Garesche,  Capt.  N.  J.  Eaton,  Maj. 
Wright,  Hon.  Luther  M.  Kennett,  Louis  V.  Bogy, 
William  T.  Wood,  and  Albert  Todd. 

Another  "  grand  rally"  of  the  Constitutional  Union 
party  was  held  on  the  K5th,  at  which  ('ol.  ('harles  S. 
Clarkson    and    ^L•s8rs.   Kennett,   Wright,  Garesche, 

I  Davis,  of  HIinois,  Pauley,  and  others  made  speeches. 
Theiirenidcnt  of  the  meeting  was  James  H.  McBride, 
and  the  vice-presidents  were  Jas.  S.  Wilgus,  James 
Shea,  Joseph  Garn.'au,  Thornton  Grimsley,  Edward 
Ludlow,  !'.  T.  JLSherry,  J.  D.  MeAuliff,  George 
Light.  .Foseph  McBride,  Jacob  Kern,  John  Mulloy, 
George  Ward,  Va<\.  S.  Woods,  Louis  Valle,  Z.  T. 
Knott,  William  Pope,  F.  Beehler.  Joseph  H.  Locke, 
I^Hchael    A.    Hngan,    Charles    Todd,   Sumuel   Gaty, 

;  James  Sweeny,  P.  J.  Pauley,  John  Busby,  Andrew 
Middleton,    John    ShiH'nuin,    Andrew    Keinsiadtler, 

'  George  W.  West,  J.  W.  Scimers,  Patrick  Driscoll, 


^.| 


hm 


396 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


''.  iji  f 


nw. 


Adolph  Philibert,  C.  Pullis,  Frank  Weston,  A,  H. 
Mcnkins,  L.  D.   Hukor.      The  secretaries  were  R.  C.  ' 
Ludlow  and  Capt.  P.  Naughton.  I 

1861.         The  hist  jreni'ral  meeting  of  tlie  same  party 
for  the  campaign  was  held  in  the  rotunda  of 
the  court-house  on  the  IGtli,  and  wiis  called  to  order  by 
R.  C.  Ludlow,  on  whose  motion  J.  B.  S.  Lemoine  was 
elected  ehairiuan.     The  followinir  additional  officers 
were   chosen :    Vice-Presidents,    Henry    Whitiniore, 
Ezra    O.  English.  .I.-is.   E.   Yore,  Col.  Chiles,  John  : 
Ramsey,  Wm.   F.  Stacey,   Wm.   S.   Cuddy,  Dr.   R.  ' 
A.  Stevens,  Thos.  Skinker,  R.  Southard,  John  C.  ' 
Dejienhardt,  Jolin    Younjr,  "I.  W.  Warne,  Samuel  ; 
Rohbins,  L.  D.   Baker,  Wm.  S.  Stamps,  Archibald 
Carr.  Chas.  S.  Riinnelis,  Andrew  IIar]>er,  John   S. 
MeCune;  Secretaries,  T.  F.  Keane,  Jas.  ().  Alter.       : 

At  this  meetinfi  speeches  were  made  by  Col.  L.  M. 
Kennett,  Judge  Wood,  Col.  Boiry,  Mr.  Todd,  and 
others.  ' 

After  a  very  exciting  canva.ss,  during  which  State 
rights,  slavery,  secession,  coercion,  and  many  other 
national    subjects    were    exhau.stively    discussed,    the 
election  took  place  on   February  18tb.     In  many  lo- 
calities throughout   the    State  the  direct  i.ssue  was 
made  for  and  against  the  passage  by  the  convention 
of  an  ordinance  of  secession  on  the  part  of  Mi.ssouri, 
subject,  however,  to  the  ratification  or  rejection  of  the 
voters  of  the  State.    The  election  resulted  in  the  choice 
of  a  large  majority  of  delegates  opposed  to  secession  by  ; 
a  popular  majority  of  over  eighty  thousand  votes.    In 
St.  Lipuis  County  the  I'liconditional  Union  ticket  was  ' 
elected  by  nearly  si.\  thousand  majority.     The  dele- 
gates elected  from  St.  Louis  County,  or  the  Twenty- 
ninth  District,  were  Samuel   I^L   Braekenridge,  John 
How,  Dr.  .M.  li.  Linton,  Hud.son  K.  Bridge,  Tlionnis 
T.  Gantt.  Hamiltdii  U.  Ciamble,  John  F.  Long,  Uriel 
Wright,  Ferdinand  .Mtyer,  lieniy  11  itebcock,  Robert 
Holmes,  James  O.    Broadhead,   Sol.   Smith,    i.sador 
Buseh.  and  John   H.  Shackelford.     On  the  2Sth  of 
February  the    convention    assembled    in    tlu^    court-  ■ 
house  at  Jefferson  City,  and  organized  by  the  election 
of  Sterling  I'rice  as  chairman.     Robert  A.  Campbell,  i 
who  was  then  a  distinguished  lawyer  of  St.   iiouis,  i 
was  made  assistant  secretary.     On  the  .second  day  the 
convenliim  adjourned  to  meet   in  AL^reantile  Library 
Hall   in   St.   Louis  on   March    Ith.      It   reas.sembled 
|iiirsnant  to  adjournment,  and  during  its  session  in  | 
St.  Louis  adopted  some  important  measures.     In  a 
series  of  resolutions  the  convention,  in  the  hope  of 
averting  the  calamities  of  civil  war,  declared  that  it  i 
was  opposed  to  secession  and  in  favor  of  the  uiainto-  ^ 
nance  of  the  (Tnion,  and  tiutt  it  wits  opposed  to  tile 
use  of  coercion  by  the  general  government  against  i 


the  seceding  Sutes  or  the  employment  of  iiiilltarv 
force  by  these  States  against  the  government.  A.icr 
tlie  firing  upon  Fort  Sumter,  however,  the  opiiiidns 
of  a  large  majority  of  the  members  underwint  a 
change  and  became  more  radical.  The  convcmiun 
continued  in  session  until  March  22d,  when  it  ml. 
journed.  It  reassembled  at  Jefierson  City  July  I'l;,] 
and  after  continuing  in  session  until  the  last  ijay  'if 
the  montli  again  adjourned,  but  was  reeonvciu^d  by 
proclamation  of  Governor  Gamble  on  Oct.  Id.  istil, 
at  Mercantile  Hall,  St.  Louis,  and  ailer  a  scssjun  i,f 
eight  days  adjourned.  On  June  2,  1862,  it  aLMJii  as- 
sembled at  Jefferson  (!ify,  and  on  the  14th  ailjuurinil. 
On  June  15,  1S6S,  it  met  again  at  Jefferson  Cii), ainl 
continued  in  session  until  July  1st,  w  len  it  adjiiiiriicl 
sine  dlr.  During  one  of  its  sessions  (on  .Inly  :;|. 
1861)  the  convention  elected  Hamilton  R.  (Jiunliii, 
William  P.  Hall,  and  Mordecai  Oliver  respcciivi'lv 
Governor,  Lieutenant-Governor,  and  Secrciarv  nf 
State,  in  place  of  Claiborne  F.  Jackson,  Tlioiiias  (' 
Reynolds,  and  Benj.  F.  Massey,  whose  .seats  had  Invn 
declared  vacant. 

— An  anti-Republiian  public  meeting  was  held  ai 
the  eourt-hou.se  March  iidth,  which  was  orgaiii/.i'd  In 
the  selection  of  Capt.  N.  J.  Eaton  as  pivsiiliiii: 
David  B.  Hill,  Bernard  Heideckcr,  John  (".  IV;.',ii- 
liart,  James  G.  Barry,  E.  C.  SIomi,  James  II.  Luca-, 
Dr.  M.  M.  Fallen,  Wa.shington  King,  C.  D.  Blossiun, 
J.  P.  Robinson,  P.  T.  McSherry.  John  H.  risclici  ;,< 
vice-pre.-fidents;  and  Ed.  Tracy  and  Louis  T.  KntMli- 
mar  as  secretaries.  Among  lho.se  who  made  spivcliis 
wen;  Daniel  G.  Taylor,  tiieorge  R.  Taylor,  ainI  liin 
Kiley,  mendier  of  the  Legislature. 

— Dispatches  were  received  on  April  l.'itji  aiiiiiiun 
cing  the  firing  on  Fort  Sumter,  in  Charleston  llarlmr. 
by  till!  Confederate  forces  under  (ien.  Boauri'i;aii 
The  disp;(tehes  were  very  unsatisfactory,  but  tlicin'W- 
created  intense  excitement  throughout  the  city. 

— On  the  Ifnh  of  April,  President  Lincnin  niaili;i 
re(|uisition  on  Governor  Jackson  for  lour  ri'-iiiniii- 
of  men,  to  which  the  (Jofernor  replied  as   Inllnn- 

"KXKCMTIVK    l)KI'.\IITMKNr   ell'    .\ll«Mrll;i. 

"  .Iki'fkiiso.s  City,  April  17,  l»HI 

"'I'll   TMK    lldN.    .'SiMllS    CtMKHilN, 

"Si'''iitiirif  ti/  It'rrr,  lt'irH/oi)'//(>if,  /',  ''.: 
" .Sill.  —  Voiir  illn|iiiti'li  III'  tlio  l:'itli  itiKl.,  niiikiii):  iniiM  oii  .Mi 
noiiri  lor  I'mir  ip^iiiit'iits  ol'  nn-ii  (or  iiniin'itiiiti'  mm  vi"i',  hit- l"'i  n 
rcci'ivi'il.  TliiTi'  run  Im,  I  apiirvliciiil,  no  ilmibl  init  llii-o  iiiiii 
Bri'  iiilvnili'il  tu  I'liriii  jiiirt  of  tin;  President'.-  luiny  In  u.iiIm' »« 
U|ioii  llui  |ieo|ili'  iif  till'  nowiloil  ,S(ul<>«.  Vour  riM|iii-iliiiri,  in 
my  juilgincnl.  Ii<  illncul,  uiiL'on<>llliiliuniil,  un<l  rc'llllllli"lll^'. 
in  Ha  i.'ujil'!  inliiiinan  iiml  iliiibiilleiil,  hikI  cHniiot  li><  i".  'M 
willi.  Not  onu  miin  will  the  .State  nl  MiKKouri  fuinijli  to  n"') 
un  iin,v  aiieli  uiiliuly  crnKiidu. 

"C.  F.  .1  AIK»0'(, 

"  (fuventtfr  uj   .tfi»«'.iir'." 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


397 


uiiliiiiry 
It.  A.icr 
s  o]iinioiis 
dcrwi'iit  a 
conviMitiiiii 
hull  it  ail- 

July  ■i'i.l. 
lust  ilay  "if 
iMVi'iutii  iiy 
.  1(1.  IStli. 
u  scs>iiiii  iif 

it  airaiii  a;i. 
1  ailjnunu'il. 
on  ("ily.aii'l 
it  mljiiiiriicil 
311  .luly  :')1, 

11.    (lallllllr. 

vesjii'ctivoly 
Sct'ivtiiry  of 
,  Tli.mias  ('. 
jats  liail  liO'ii 

;  was  lirlil  111 
OVjillllizi'll  I'v 

us  jircsulciit ; 
,1,11  ('.  IV-.n- 
iiies  11.  liiiw- 
1.  D.  HUissiiiu. 
[  H.Fiscli.'ra- 
T.  KivtM'li- 
iiiidi'  siiceclu'S 
loi',  ami  '!i'" 

KJtli  aiiiiKi"'- 
I'stoii  llarliMV, 
l{,',uiiv;;af>i 

,  lull    llll'  lll'W- 

tlif  i-ity- 
/iiu'dlii  mail"'  ;t 
oiir  rc'.'iiiH'iit- 
.(1  as   liilliiw-: 

Ml«<"l  1!1. 
April    17.  I'I'l 


,11):  luiili  on  .M. 
.  M-rvi''i'.  liii^  I'"  I' 
,1,1  Imt  ilii''i'  ""'• 
„  ,iiy  til  ii'^l"'  "" 

l„,l  ri'viliiii ":■ 

Lmt  1 :'»"' 

Vi  I'uini'lil'i^""'- 


IlK, 


„/   .Ifi'""'""' 


— Tilt!  following;  advice  to  the  mercliants  of  St.  ' 
Jjiiiiis  ill  making  out  their  uianife-sts  and  invoices  for 

tlieir  custoiu-house  returns  was  furnished  by 
1861.     <'!>•>'•   ^^  •  CI.  Dales,  formerly  of  the  United 

States  navy,  bu:  at  this  time  an  officer  of  cus- 
toms at  New  Orleans,  i'l  the  Confederate  States : 

'■  III  shipping;  dutitible  goods  for  way  points  in 
tlie  MOW  Cotifederacy,  merchants  should  prepare  a 
iiniiti'd  manifest  and  invoice  of  the  property  shipped, 
and  riirnisli  the  clerk  of  the  steamer  the  same  in  trip- 
lieati'.  The  form  of  the  manifest  can  be  seen  at  the 
captain's  rooms,  Merchants'  Kxchangc.  The  invoice 
,it'  all  >iii'h  property  must  accompany  the  sliipmeut,  or 
it  will  Ih'  detained  at  Norfolk,  and  thus  entail  upon 
all  partii'9  in  interest  much  trouble  and  anxiety,  with 
a  probable  loss  of  all."' 

—A  military  company  called  "  The  Soutliern 
Guard"  was  organized  at  tiie  State  tobacco  warehouse 
on  April  20th.  Their  motto  was,  "  Thrice  is  he 
armed  wlio  has  his  quarrel  just.'  About  fii'ty  men 
M.'iied  tlif  following  preamble : 

••  In  vii'i  III'  tliP  pri'si'iit  sliito  of  our  country,  and  ilccming  it 
nci'issarv  tliiit  till!  Sliitr  uf  Minsnuri  flioulil  lie  aniicil  and  rcmlv 
fir  any  oiiiorgency  that  iiiiiy  arise,  we,  the  uiulersiiriicil,  liciii^ 

1  Bif'i"'  any  attempt  wiiK  iiinilc  to  pnivision  Fort  Sumter,  ftnil 
bel'iiri'  .Mr.  liincoln  was  inaugurnteil  l'ie.<iiloiil,  tlieConfeileiiit.  ;< 
iiiliTliiiik  t'l  ri'slriet  tlie  niivipitioii  of  the  Missifsippi.  Tha 
yuiliiiaii  lialtory  wiis  onli-reil  to  Vicksburg  on  the  I2lh  of  .laii- 
iiiiv,  IsCil.  til  hail  anil  hring  in  all  pa.^'siiig  liuats,  uinl  on  the 
lai'iwing  ilav  the  river  slonmer  "A.  <1.  Tyler"  (wliioli  wan 
ilU'rwariU  Iraiislorineil  into  li  gunboat  anil  iliil  giioU  sorviee) 
»«.  Iirmiuhl  111  by  a  shot  ncross  her  bun.  Karly  in  thonuooeed- 
ng  miiiith  a  eiistom-huui'e  was  formally  estiiblisheil  iit  .Molin'.i 
Umling.  near  the  Slate  lino  of  Mis.iisnippi.  The  following 
ulrarts  are  from  a  eircular  i.«sucd  by  tlio  Oonfederato  Seerctary 
.1  ihi'  Treasury  : 

■•  C'ONIKIIKK.VTK   StATKS  OF   Amkiiha, 
'•  TllKASI'llV     DkI'VHTMKNT, 

•'  .MoNTcoMKiiv,  Feb.  (1,  ISiil. 
■  riu' leK'nliilioim  and  inslrui'tioTis  prepared   by  Ihi."  ilepart- 
mfiil  uiiiUr  this  date  are  transmitted  for  the  infornialion  and 
irniiiint  of  the  olheor«  of  tlie  several  branohi'K  of  the  public 
vir  nliMTPd  111  therein.  .  .  . 

(i.llcttiir.i  and  revenue  otVners  above  the  port  uf  New  (Ir- 
ion-. «illiin  llio  Ciinfederate  Slate?,  in  the  adoption  and  prac- 
.1'  fiijuined  by  the  regulatioiii',  will  lie  under  the  general 
inpfrvijiiin,  as  fai  as  practicable,  of  the  colleetor  of  New 
iir.iUJ,  -ubji'i't  to  the  direelioii  and  control  of   this  dcpart- 

UliUt.   ,  .   . 

"  ('.  (!.    .MlMMlMiKII, 

•*.SV«-/'r/(u//  I*/  tfif   Tiitiaiit'tf,'* 
TIjc  iiinlrui'lioiis  issue  '  dcclarod  that  nil  steamlioatK  imviga- 
I  liiii[lhirivhr,.le»lined  fur  pells  or  |ihice>  within  the  Cnnfederaie 

I  .>Wesfriini  any  place.,  ab  ive,  should  < 'to  at  the  port  of  .Nor- 

'jl«  .MiliaS  l.anil'ugl,  i.lid  the  master  should  exhibit  to  the 
1  Miniir  iillior  n.iiiiifesls  of  the  whole  cargo.  And  it  was  inadi 
lilif  luty  iif  lie  eiillee'.iir  to  board,  at  all  hours  of  the  day  and 
I « jiil.nl!  VI  'cIs  enter  iig  the  Confederate  Slates  from  any  piauo 
|ib.\iili.'  '.iiiiils  of  tliu  Oonfedemey  on  said  river. 


unalterably  attached  to  Southern  institutions,  and  willing  and 
determined  to  defend  them  to  the  hitter  end,  have  formed  our- 
selves into  a  military  organization,  to  be  called  the  Southern 
Uuard.'' 

The  following  officers  were  then  elected:  James  T. 
Shackelford,  captain ;  J.  Z.  Buskit,  first  lieutenant ; 
Jos.  S.  Dear .  second  lieutenant ;  and  D.  F.  Samuels, 
third  lieutenant. 

— The  steamer  "  C.  E.  Hillman,"  on  her  trip  from 
St.  Louis  to  Nashville,  Tenn.,  was  .seized  and  ile- 
tained  at  Cairo,  111.,  on  April  2(!th,  by  the  military 
commandant  at  that  point,  because  she  had  on  board 
arms  and  munitions  of  war  "  consigned  to  parties  iu 
a  State  in  the  Union."  G.  K.  McGunncgle,  presi- 
dent of  the  Board  of  Underwriters  of  St.  Louis,  com- 
plained to  Governor  Richard  Yates,  of  Illinois,  on 
April  26th,  of  the  illegal  seizure,  and  on  the  29th 
the  steamer,  with  the  remainder  of  the  cargo,  was 
turned  over  to  the  owners. 

— Capt.  Henry  Little,  of  the  Seventh  Ilegimcnt  of 
Infantry,  United  States  army,  resigned  his  commis- 
sion in  April.  The  captain  was  a  native  of  Mary- 
land, and  had  been  in  the  army  over  twenty  years. 

— On  May  5th  a  number  of  guns  and  etijuipments 
belonging  to  Maj.  McKinstry  were  seized  by  the 
Home  Guards  iu  the  warehouse  of  James  L.  Pease 
on  Market  Street. 

— On  the  lOth  of  May  occurred  the  affair  of  Camp 
Jackson,  of  which  a  full  account  will  be  found  later 
on  in  this  work. 

— J.    \i.   Moulton,  superintendent   of  the   North 

Mi.ssouri  Railroad,  on  May  lltli  announced  that  the 

military  had  taken  jio.ssessioii  of  his  railroad  depot  in 

1  the  city,  and  that  all  freights  passing  over  the  road 

'  would  be  subject  to  military  inspection. 

— The  Mixnoiiri  /i'l  jiiiUfidii  of  May  18tli  contained 
the  following  in  relation  to  the  .-ieizure  of  arms  and 
the  movement  of  troops  in  St.  Louis : 

"Yesterday  there  was  another  seizure  of  arms  and  military 
acioiitrenients  in  this  city.  The  sei/.uro  was  made,  however, 
by  civil  proee.^s,  and  eiinsci|uently  gave  rise  to  no  dilliculty,  as 
was  the  i-ase  at  ramp  .lauk-tui,  where  military  power  was 
brought  to  bear,  imlepeuilent  uf  civil  authority.  It  appears 
that  several  days  ago  a  i|Uiintity  of  musket-,  about  two  hundred 
in  all,  wi  re  puridiased  by  a  private  cili/en.  out  of  his  own 
pocket,  for  the  purpose  of  arming  the  Conslitiiiional  (Juants. 
.Vt'ter  the  terrible  results  of  pliieing  arms  in  the  bands  of  raw 
reeruits  were  minle  manifest  liy  the  '  Home  tiuanbi'  at  Camp 
.laekson  and  on  Walnut  Street,  il  was  deemed  advi.sable  nut  lo 
plaee  these  arms  in  the  bands  of  the  Ciinsliliitiunal  liiiards, 
and  they  were  aceordiiigly  taken  to.  the  Central  I'uliee  Statimi, 
and  leave  was  granted  whereby  they  luiglit  lie  left  there  for  the 
•inie  being  for  safe  keeping.  Yesterday  aflernuoii,  however, 
.Marshal  Itiinlings  appeared  with  ..  writ  of  replevin  from  the 
I'niled  Slates  I»i-triil  Court,  at  the  instance  of  Capt.  I.yon, 
I'  S.A.,  with  ample  bonds,  and  demanded  the  arms.  Chii'f  of 
Police  McDunough  replieil  that  he  hud  no  authority  over  the 


m 


;$l>''1 


i 


31^ 


:?98 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


arms  vliiitcver  bcycmd  llieir  siifc-'ieoping,  and  sfior  consulta- 
tion with  tlie  L'oniniiftHiiiners  tlicy  w^to  ordoreil  to  be  delivered 
up.  ThiTcupon  sevcriil  luifjKith'"- wagons  iippciircd,  imd 
1861.  (lie  niuskul.'  were  broiiglit  out  nnil  leposito<l  tlior.?in  and 
tal<('n  ti<  tlic  Ar!<eniil  (Jiiitc  a  rn.wd  gathcied  about 
anil  wilni'ssrd  tl)c"  rvnioval.  but  no  ileinonstrationa  of  a  hostile 
character  were  niiido  manilcst. 

"  I'rei  ion."  to  thin  a  livil  ii.occss  was  served  by  the  marshal 
at  the  State  tnluucn  warehouso.  He  bad  in  charge  a  posse  of 
sixty  or  seventy  I'niled  Stales  troops  to  enforce  the  process. 
Tbcy  surrounded  the  buililing,  effected  an  entrance,  broke  opin 
various  Itoxes,  and  founti  all  sorts  of  munitions  of  war  save 
muskets.  A  number  of  gray  uniforms  were  also  found,  and 
although  not  elainieil  as  liiiteil  States  property,  were  never- 
theless transported  witli  the  rest  of  the  articles  to  the  Arsenal 
in  baggage- wagons  employeil  for  the  purpose.  A  large  crowd 
of  people  collected  at  this  place,  but  not  the  slightest  belligcroKt 
demonstration  was  made. 

"  In  addition  to  llio  above,  <'arly  yester<biy  morning  a  com- 
pany of  Home  (iuards  left  their  armory  at  Turners'  Hall,  ami 
proceeded  across  the  river  to  lllinoistown.  with  furniture- 
wagons,  and  took  possession  of  one  hundred  navy  revolvers  at 
the  depot,  in  lioxcs  marked  '  Frank  l.'lair,  care  II.  .\.  Sloan  .V  Co.' 
H  lair  St  at  est  hat  ho  never  ortlered  the  revolvers,  and  it  issuppti.sed 
that  they  were  intendeil  for  other  parties  than  the  Jniled  States 
troops.     Tliey  were  taken  to  the  Arsenal. 

"  About  four  o'clock  yesterday  afternoon  a  regiment  of  troops 
passeil  up  Fifth  Street,  with  six  tield-pieces.  They  are  to  be 
stationed  In  the  extreme  northern  part  of  the  city. 

"The  public  will  observi>  that  a  decided  im|irovement  has 
been  made  in  the  nuinnerof  conducting  these  things.  The  usual 
law  process  is  issued,  bonds  given,  and  the  nmrshal  is  required 
to  execute  the  >vrit.  If  this  hail  been  done  at  Camp  Jackson, 
the  slaughter  of  innocent  men.  women,  and  children  never 
would  have  taken  place  on  the  I  nth  of  .May. 

"  'ate  last  night  we  received  the  Ibllowing  card  from  Col. 
Hart: 

"  '  O.Mi  Si'iiiMis,  St.  I..iri.s  OorsTV, 

May  17,  ISIil. 
"•  Tit  the  CllizinM  nf  thr  fitij  unit  fntintt/  iij    Si.   I.i.uih  : 

"  *  1  pray  you  stay  your  opinion  with  regard  to  a  lot  of  rifles, 
bought  with  my  money  some  time  since,  whicli  were  this  even- 
ing seized  by  the  Cnited  States  imirshal,  until  to-morrow,  when 
I  will  fully  ami  in  detail  publish  all  the  facts  for  your  judg- 
ment. I  have  just  heard  of  the  seiiure.  having  left  the  city  a 
lew  minutes  before  to  come  to  my  family  here.  Suffice  for  me 
at  present  to  say,  these  arms  were  bought  solely  for  the  purpose 
of  being  used  whenever  we  were  legalised  in  quelling  riots  or 
mobs  in  the  city  of  St.  Ijouis,  and  in  defense  of  the  life  and 
properly  of  you  all,  without  respect  to  past  political  parties. 

"'After  the  surrender  of  Camp  Jackson,  the  same  evening, 
I  delivered  all  over  to  the  Police  Department,  ready  to  .serve 
them  with  my  organisation,  the  Constitutional  Home  (iuards, 
whenever  Ibey  should  call  on  us  to  assist  them  to  i|uell  riots  or 
mobs,  and  Intended  they  should  reuiai:i  there,  and  under  their 
control,  for  that  purpose, 

"  '  I  have  never  been  a  secessionist,  have  never  knowingly 
done  aiiylbing  in  violation  of  my  duty  to  the  Federal  ami 
State  goMTnioents,  and  on  all  occasions  where  1  could  do  aiLy- 
thing  to  pre-crve  peace,  am  known  to  have  readily  given  my 
little  aid  to  efb'i't  the  same.  I  shall  more  fully  and  in  detail 
set  forth  all  the  facts  connected  with  them.  In  the  moan  tiiue 
I  u.ik  you  all  to  forbear  hasty  conclusions  about  the  matter. 

•"Hknkv  N.  Haut.'" 

Oil  Suturtlay  artornooii,  Mtiy  IHth,  United  States 
Surveyor  Howard  and  United  States  MarHliul  llaw- 


lin/^  seized  on  board  the  steamer  "  Sioux  City,"  lyinj, 
at  the  foot  of  Fine  Street,  twenty  boxes  of  cartriilires 
and  four  cases  oi'  niuaket-barrels,  all  of  whicli  wero 
declared  confiscated  to  thcfijovcrnnientand  taken  tuili^ 
Arsenal.  The  articles  were  in  boxes  marked  •  soap." 
The  captain  of  the  boat,  however,  knew  notiiin^'  uliom 
the  matter. 

— An  artillery  company  numbering  forty-fii;!it  nn,,, 
under  command  of  ('apt.  Spakofski,  arrived  at  ilic  Ar- 
senal from  Cairo,  on  board  the  steamer  "  J.  1>.  I'errv.'' 
at  two  o'clock  Sunday  ailernoon.  May  19th. 

— The  steamer  "  llobert  Campbell,  Jr.,"  was  firej 
into  on  May  21st  by  a  battery  erected  on  the  Ijanks 
of  the  Mississippi  lliver,  northwest  of  i'lviinn,  niul 
under  the  command  of  Col.  Boern.stein's  tr(iip|is. 

— The  folliiwino;  persons,  who  had  been  arre.stiil 
upon  the  alK'c;ed  chartre  of  tlireateniiii;  Unimi  tiiin  ;„ 
Potosi,  Mo.,  wort  relea.sed  fniiii  the  Arsenal  on  >I:,v 
21st  and  22d  :  William  Mathews,  clerk  Circuit  ('„iiii, 
Washington  Cotinty  ;  E.  I).  Smith,  Jefferson  Coiintv. 
steamboat  pilot;  Stepiien  I'.  Dunklin,  liiniier;  Jo. 
seph  H.  Dunklin,  farmer;  Dr.  John  Wyatt.  .lellcrson 
County  ;  Geo.  B.  Clarke,  lawyer  ;  L.  W.  riisev,  liv. 
ery-stable  keeper  ;  I'atriek  Doyle,  livery-slabie  kce|«r. 
Kd.  Willoughby,  miner  ;  N.  B.  Buck,  cditur  /'.,/,; 
Miner  ;  Willitim  J.  Slater,  lawyer  ;  John  Dean,  ^l|R.l. 
ter  and  farmer. 

— United  States  Marslial  Hawlings  oi;  May  lil.t 
seized  two  gun-eafriages  at  Murpliy's  wagmi  iiiaiiiir;ii. 
tory  on  Broadway.  Two  britss  cannon  wliich  had 
been  removed  by  the  pol'cc  cominissimieis  Iroiii  ili. 
State  tobacco  warehous',  to  Arnot's  buildiiii;  wen 
also  .seized  by  tlie  same  officer. 

— On  the  22d  of  ?lay  the  steamer  "  lataii"  Kit 
ihe  Arsenal  with  one  hundred  men,  under  ilie  cnii 
miind  of  Capt.  Franf/,,  and  proceeding  down  tinrivir 
to  Harlow's  Landing,  seized  tiie  steamer  "  J.  (',  Swoii.' 
wiiieii  had  been  lying  at  tiiat  point  for  several  days  in 
ciiargc  of  the  mate. 

— At  this  time  till  vehicles  coming  in  nr  oiii  oltln 
city  were  searched  by  the  military.  Tiie  .seaivliiiiL' 
of  private  residences  for  contralmnd  articles  wa.*  al-i 
a  ilaily  occurrence. 

— Col.  Shiitner's  reginienl  left  St.  Lmiis  .MayL'Stli. 
for  the  purpose  of  taking  up  a  position  at  liirl- 
Point,  opjio.site  Cairo. 

— In  consequence  of  the  tigreement  eiiicreil  iiii' 
between  Gens.  Price  and  Harney,  on  Miiy  'I'lh. 
Gen.  Harney  i.s8ued  orders  for  the  williilraw.ii  ul' ilif 
troops  from  the  suburbs,  and  the  ditt'ereui  iiumii)|- 
ments  were  vacated  on  the  21)th. 

Col.  Sigcl's  regiment  remained  in  tlie  .Vrsimi. 
in  the  place  of  Ulair's  regiment. 


TFIE  CIVIL   WAR. 


S99 


y,"  lyiii'^ 
'iirtriil^cs 
icli  wi'i-e 
icii  liillii; 
d  "  ^m\C 
nw;:  ulinut 

L-iiiht  iiii'ii, 
iit  till'  Ar 
D.  IVTvy.'- 
I. 

'  \v;is  firi'J 

till'  li:iiik> 

rcnu'ii,  and 

en   aiTi'sti'il 
iiion  nii'ii  ;ii 
•iml  (111  M;iy 
ircuil  ('"Uit, 
rsdi  rimiity, 
laruuT-.  Jii- 
at  I.  .Irlli'i'Miu 
r.  Casey,  liv- 
itiilili'k('i'i"r. 
iHliluv  /'■•('■<'■ 
II  Pctui,  siiu'l- 

lo>;  May2lM 

Ml  uwimfai-- 

wtiii-li  lijJ 

net's  friiui  lib' 

ililiii-   wero 

lalait"  li'fl 

ider  llie  I'll"'- 

iiwii  llirrivrr 

' ,).  CSwHii,' 

^evi'ral  Ja\>  lu 


iir  mil  III' till' 
riie  seaivhiii;: 
tides  w;i.-  ;ii-" 

mi>  Miy  •>'!' 
liuii   at   liirl- 

It  eiitiTi'il  i"'" 
.111  May  '^Tlli 
Inlrawal  n!'  iIk' 
IVelo'.it  eiicaiiil" 

I  lie   Arsenal. 


Col.    Boorn.stein's    repiiuent,    stationed    near    the 
reservoir  aiiil  at  Bissell'a  Point,  to  stop  Missouri  River 
lioats,  wa.s  orilered  to  the  harriicks.     An  order 
1861.     "■'"*  ^''ven  to  the  coniiuaiidiiir;  offioT  at  Dun- 
can's Island  to  permit  ail  hoats  to  pass  up  the  | 
river  iiiiinnlostcd. 

^Ori  May  31st.  Captain  Hall,  with  a  small  detijch- 
iinMit    iVoni    (^ol.    McNeil's    regiment,    searched   Dr.  i 
Mel'iiwcll's  medical  college  for  arni.s,  but  none  were 
Jiscovered. 

— Tliire  wciv  on  June  1st  five  regiments  of  Home 
(;uaril>  ill  the  eity, — about  five  thoii.sand  men;  one 
ri'"iiiieMi  was  s  aiiu'U'd  at  Soulard  .Market,  one  at 
,|;„.,..er'>tiaidcn,  ...le  at  Tumors'  Hall,  one  at  Uhrig's 
Cave,  and  one  at  Fourteontli  and  Chambers  Street. 
The  reniiiii'iit  at  Turners'  Hall  was  commanded  by 
Col.  MeNeil;  that  at  Uhrig's  Cave  by  B.  (iratz 
ISriiwii.  This  latter  re;;iment,  on  May  :ilst,  had 
liiaiiL-'i'd  i'''  fiuartcr.i  from  IJeehtner's  Varieties  to 
riiriii's  Cave,  and  on  the  16th  of  June  embarked  on 
ill,,  ears  lor  Holla. 

— MorL'ati  L.  Smith  opened  a  recruiting  office  at 
X„,  7S  i  .:tli  Street,  in  the  latter  part  of  May,  for  a 
'/.('iiave  eiirps. 
— ('apt.  Tcitten,  in  command  of  four  hundred  reg- 

ii!ai>,  wliieh    had    been    quartered  over    Thornton's 

liviiv  sial)le,  on  June    1st  changed  his  quarters   to 

ilk'  Abbey' 

—Mayor  Taylor,  on  June  4th,  tendered  his  re.sig- 
iiatimi  to  tlie  Council,  which  wits  accepted.  On  tiie 
Ttli  the  Council  reconsidered  its  action,  and  the 
mavar  withdrew  his  resignation,  tiius  continuing  in 
"liice. 

—Mr.  fiimicliflfe  .md  two  other  deputy  United 
Slates  marshals  on  Junt?  lotii  arrested  Joseph  W. 
Tucker,  editor  of  the  Stulr  JininiaJ.  and  seized  all 
■  I  lii- (irivate  papers  in  his  office,  upon  the  charge, 
niaile  by  John  D.  Steven.son,  that  he  "  conspireil  with, 
iiiJ  eirresponded  with,"  "  traitorous  bodies  ol'  men." 
llo  was  taken  before  Judge  Treat,  of  the  United 
.■^lates  Disirici  Court,  who  relea.sed  him  upon  his 
;iviiii^'  bond  in  the  sum  of  '.en  thousand  dollars. 

—  Ill  eoinpliance  with  orders  issued  from  the  War 
Lii|'iiitmeiit  on  July  Hd,  (leu.  John  C.  Fremont  on 
liiv  'J.'itli  assumed  command  of  the  Western  Dejiart- 
uiviii,  'file  following  officers  were  at  this  time  an- 
N'UiaeJ  as  eolistituting  his  stafl';  ('apt.  J.  C.  Keljion, 
.\";.  Ailji.tien.  and  Act.  ('om.  Subst. ;  Brevet  .'Maj. 
jj.  MeKiiisiry,  Asst.  Quartermaster;  Sergt.  S.  (.i.  1. 
I  li.' ('ami..  Medical  Director;  Lieut.-Col.  T.  V.  An- 
Urcw^,  Deputy  raymaster-Genenil. 

-Tlie  li'iiiili/iriiii  of  August  Ifitli  contuiiis  tlio  i'ol- 
Idwiiii;  ill  relation  to  military  movements  in  the  city  : 


**  Martini  law  was  ileelari'ii  yestonluy  t'nrcnoiiu,  iiiiil  .Maj. 
McKiiistry  a|>|i(iintc'il  |iri>vn8t-inur>hal.  .So  far,  liowevcr,  tliore 
hns  lict'ii  no  ehaiif^i',  anil  probably  will  lint  be,  in  the  pnliee  ile- 
parliiient,  anil  thn  civil  Ih1!<ljic.'Is  will  be  cunductoil  as  lieri'tu- 
fciro.  In  eerliiii  ci)nlini,'enoie.<  only,  w«  |irvi<unii',  iir  in  eases 
not  properly  cumin);  within  the  jurisiliction  of  the  police,  will 
the  inilititry  power  be  exercised.  .Although  therti  wii,n  very 
general  inipiiry  a.'  tu  the  cn'oct  of  martial  law,  anil  a  sort  of 
general  apprehension  that  it  woulil  rei(niro  people  to  remain 
iiiiloor^  after  nine  o'clock  in  the  I'venin^;.  aiiii  compel  them  to 
obtain  passes  to  leave  the  town,  etc.,  yet. '  so  far  as  licanl  troin," 
nothing  of  the  kiiol  will  lie  re(|uireil,  anil,  in  point  of  fact,  mar- 
tial law  as  yet  docs  not  ilirter  from  any  other  law. 

".Mr.  Hrowiilce,  the  president  of  the  l>oard  of  police  commiii- 
sioners,  was  arrested  yistenhiy  almut  nnnn  and  taken  to  the 
Arsenal.  4lMr.  Itasil  Iliike  was  appointed  president  of  the  board 
instead. 

"In  the  afternoon  the  residence  of  ('apt.  William  Wade,  on 
..^t.  Charles  .Street,  near  Fifth,  waa  surrounded  by  soldiers  and 
searched,  but  nothing  contraband  diseovered.  It  wiis  reported 
that  a  search  was  instituted  for  ('apt.  Wade  with  a  view  to  his 
arrest,  but  that  he  was  not  to  be  found,  ('apt.  .McKellops'  reai- 
dencc  on  Olive  Street,  near  Fifth,  was  also  searched,  with  a  like 
result.  Crowds  of  spectators  gathered  on  the  streets  at  both 
the  above-named  places  while  the  search  was  being  instituted, 
but  there  was  no  disturbance,  loud  talk,  or  excitement  mani- 
fested. The  eity  was  perfect ly^piiet  all  day  yesterday  and  last 
evening.  About  live  o'clock  last  evening  the  llnlleihi,  Mlatmi. 
riiiii,  and  llinihl  ulliccs  were  taken  possession  of  by  soldiers, 
and  onlers  issued  for  the  suppression  of  tliose  papers.  The 
MiHHiniri'tn  was  printed  at  tlie  Smtf  Junnmi  establishiuent  on 
I'ine  Street,  between  'I'liird  and  Fourth:  the //ii//f7iii,  on  the 
same  street,  between  Fmirth  and  Fifth,  at  the  f'/iriHinni  .ti/ro- 
i'ttte  ofliee :  an<l  the  H*  fuht,  nt  the  llernht  ollice,  on  .Market 
Street,  between  Second  and  Third.  Thesi'  papers  have  of  bite 
published  the  South  side  of  accounts  of  affairs,  as  well  as  what 
,  have  been  regarded  as  very  improbable  and  absurd  rumors. 
"  The  tollowing  is  tbi'  form  of  the  order  for  the  suppression 
of  the  Ihntl.l: 

"OniiKit  No.  I'J. 
"  OpKiiK  I'iiovost-Marsiiai., 

"St.  l.oi  is,  Aug.  II.  istll. 
"  Tn  Cut.  ^fr^^,■il,  V.immniiiliil;:  lliiiiK    (nulnl^: 

'■You  are  hereby  ordered  to  suppress   the  newspiiper  called 
the   MiiniiiKj   Ihrnht  (.lames   I..  Faiicett.  proprietor!,  and  not 
allow  the  publication  of  the  same  from  the  date  of  this  order. 
(Signed)  "■!.  .MiKixsTiiv, 

•'  Mnj.,r   r.  .v.   Arml,,  Pr<,l„Hl- M.umIi,,!.- 

On  the  Itith  the  .same  paper  gave  the  following  ac- 
count of  the  inovements  of  steamboats  in  the  harbor: 

"  A  very  large  number  of  arriials  of  steamboats  at  this  port 
occurred  yesterday  morning.  No  less  than  nine  steamers  caino 
up  from  Widow  Waters'  landing  and  vicinity  and  were  landed 
at  our  Levee.  We  iindorstnnd  that  the  I'niled  States  govern- 
ment ordered  them  to  he  brought  up  lor  greater  safely. 

"The  bonis  to  which  we  refer  are  the  'Continental,'  Capt. 
1!.  F.  Hutchinson:  •  T.  I,.  .Mcliill.'  Capt.  .\.  lioliirds:  ■  I'binet,' 

Capt.  ;  '.lobn  Warner,'  Capt.  (Mias.  I'.  Warner;  '  (iladi- 

ator,"  Capt.  .lohn  Klinefelter:  'Champion,'  Capt.  K.  It.  .Moore; 

'  Kilward  Wiilfli,'  Ciipt.  Iliirke:  '  I'lalte  Valley,'  Capt.  , 

and  '.lobn  II.  Dickey,'  Capt.  Unliable. 

"  Nearly  all  these  steamers  are  St.  j.oiiis  and  New  Orleant 
packets,  which  were  resting  from  their  labors  during  the  eon- 
'   tiniiance  ot  llie  bloekade. 


4(t0 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


.'    Hy 


■«,. 


"The  '  I'rincoton,'  a  cclebriiteil  atorn-wbeol  bout,  aaid  to  be 
worth  $7."), 0(10  by  the  chnriiablo  individual  who  prcxontrd  her 

til  the  I'nitcd  Stati'n  >;overnmciit  smiio  time  ago,  is  em- 
1861.     pluyc'd  ill  cruining  around  thu  harhiir,  for  whatiiarliiui- 

lar  |iur|ii)!<e  wo  are  not  advised." 

— ^laj.  J.  Kiiistry,  {jrovost-niiirshal,  on  August 
14tli  strictly  pniliihited  undisr  .severe  pcimlties  "  tlie 
\veuriii<;  of  cimeeiiled  weapons  by  uny  person  not  in 
tlie  military  service  of  the  United  Statea  or  in  the 
rejiiihirly  constituted  police  force  of  the  city."  Notice 
was  also  jjiveii  by  the  same  officer  '•  to  <;unsmitlm  and 
dealers  in  fire-arms  resident  in  the  city  and  county  of 
St.  liouis  tliat  no  description  of  fire-arms  would  he  per- 
mitted to  he  sold  or  fjiven  away"  without  a  special 
permit  from  him. 

— On  the  Itlth  Maj.  McKinstry  i.ssued  the  follow- 
ing order : 

"All  places  of  public  auiuscincnt — thcatren,  concert*,  negro 
minstrels,  etc. — will  not  lie  permitted  to  open  for  the  reception 
of  visitors  on  Sundays. 

**  AH  dance-houses,  theatres,  concerts,  negro  minstrels,  or  any 
other  places  of  public  resort  of  Iil<o  character  will  be  closed  at 
10.30  I'.M.  When  any  disturlmiice  of  the  peace  or  disonlerly 
coniluct  occuis,  or  is  permitted  l)y  the  proprietors,  at  any  of  the 
aboveinentioned  places  uf  amusoinent,  they  will  be  elose<l  forth-  I 
with  permanently. 

"  .Asseridjlage  of  persitns  on  the  streets  or  sidewalks,  inter- 
fering with  the  free  passngeof  the  same,  will  not  be  permitted  at 
any  time  or  place.  It  is  hereby  made  the  especial  duty  of  the 
Chief  of  Police  of  this  city  to  carry  out  the  prompt  execution  of 

the  foregoing  orders."  ! 

j 

The  sale  of  spirituous  liijuors  within  the  city  and 
county  between  the  hours  of  twelve  o'clock  Saturday 
and  seven  o'clock  on   Monday  following  were  nt  the 
same  time  strictly  ]ii'ohibited.    The  sale  of  malt  liquors  I 
was  not  prohibited.  ' 

— The  collection  of  troops  and  war  material  in  tlie 
neighborhood  of  St.  Louis  in  August  was  of  the  ino.st 
formidable  character.  At  Camp  Heiiton,  immediately 
west  of  the  Fair  (irounds.  extensive  preparations  were 
being  made  for  the  accommodation  of  a  large  body  of 
troops,  but  only  two  regiments  had  taken  post  in  ibis 
vicinity  on  tlie  21st.  The  Twenty-second  Indiana 
was  encamped  in  tents  a  few  hundred  yards  soutli  of 
the  Fair  (Jrounds,  and  the  Thirty-tiinth  Ohio,  ntider 
Col.  (jlroesbeck,  which  had  just  arrived,  was  establish- 
ing its  ((uartcrs  immediately  adjoining  the  western 
inelosure  of  the  Fair  Groumls.  .Murh  the  larger  por- 
tion of  the  troops  eticainpi'd  iti  the  neighborhood  of 
St.  Ijdiiis  in  the  latter  part  of  August  were  located  at 
the  barracks,  Arsenal,  and  ijalayeiic  I'ark.  There 
were  at  this  lime  about  fifteen  thousand  troops,  well  i 
sinned  and  e>|uippi'(l,  in  the  vicinity  of  the  city,  and 
every  day  one  or  more  regiments  was  added  to  the 
number.  The  city  was  also  strongly  fortified.  Two 
large  culutubiads  were  mounted  a  short  distance  from 


the  city  on  the  Gravois  road,  and  one  was  pli,  ed  ai 
Rock  Spring.  Sulphur  Springs,  on  the  Iron  Moim. 
tain  Railroad,  where  it  left  the  river,  was  considered  :i 
strategical  point,  and  three  coluiubiads  were  iiMniiiie,! 
there  about  the  1st  of  September.  The  \v..ik  ,,t' 
erecting  fortifications  on  all  the  cominanditii:  v\v\% 
tions  in  and  near  the  city  continued  during  tiie  sum. 
mer  and  fall.  At  some  of  these  fortificatioii>  liem-i 
guns,  as  we  have  stated  above,  were  mounted  to  coui- 
matid  the  river  and  the  main  avenues  leadini.'  to  ih,. 
city. 

— About  (hree  hundred  of  the  soldiers  woiiiiilwl  ai 
the  battle  of  Springfield  were  jilaced  under  ticMiiiieiit. 
about  the  middle  of  August,  at  the  new  lluiise  ,.<; 
Refuge,  west  of  the  work- house.  The  building  »;,.<  „| 
brick,  five  stories  high,  and  the  rooms  bcini:  vorv 
largi'  were  well  adapted  for  the  purposes  of  a  lio<|iiial 
A  large  number  of  ladies  from  the  city  visited  tli.' 
hospital,  and  rendered  very  material  assistance  k 
furnishing  bandages  and  other  necessary  article. 

— Fatly  in  August  (Jen.  Fremont  deterininnl  n 
form  in  the  vicinity  of  St.  Louis  a  camp  of  instrucii  m 
capable  of  accommodating  twenty  thousand  incii.  Ac- 
cordingly, A.  B.  Ogden  was  instructed  to  make  i 
thorough  survey  of  the  land  west  of  the  city  (mu 
Hellefontaine  cemetery  to  the  .Vrsenal,  for  ilie  |i»rii"v 
of  selecting  a  suitable  location  for  the  camp.     W'wt 

a  careful  examination  of  various  sites  near  tl m- 

skirts  of  the  city,  he  finally  selected   a   trad  of 

hundred  and  titty  acres  owned  by  (Vil.  .John  OKuHmh. 
immediately  west  of  the  Fair  Grounds.  .Mr.  O-diii 
addressed  a  note  to  (^il.  O'Fallon,  stating  tlmt  ili. 
land  belonging  to  him  had  been  stdectcd  Imi'  iiiilii.ir 
barracks  by  the  government,  and  that  lilicnil  hik 
patriotic  gentleman  responded,  stating  that  lie  woiiM 
give  the  govertmicnt  the  use  of  the  land  fur  one  war 
at  the  nominal  price  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  ilollab. 
The  ground  was  at  this  time  in  a  high  state  of  ciilli- 
valion,  and  the  generous  olfer  of  Col.  OTallon  »a> 
gratefully  accept eil  by  (Jen.  Fremont.  The  sii. 
chosen  was  admirably  adapted  iuf  a  niilit.uy  iaiii|'. 
being  level,  free  Irom  obstruction,  and  covcicd  with  a 
beautiful  greensward.  It  was  iininediately  L'ladcil  ic 
a  perfect  plane,  and  an  eftective  system  id'  uinlerL'nriiii'l 
.sewerage  was  constructed,  so  that  after  a  laiii  ilie 
water  was  speedily  carried  off,  and  the  gniiMid  iheniiy 
kept  in  an  excellent  condition  for  paradi'  piiip'-'^. 
A  large  number  of  mechanics  were  ein|il(iyi'il  in  ilh' 
erection  of  barracks  for  men  and  of  slables  fur  hor>i 
The  barracks  were  constructed  in  five  rows,  eaili  mViIi  I 
hundred  and  forty  feet  in  length,  e.\teniliii-  from  i asl 
to  west.  Kach  row  of  barracks  was  abniii  foitv  luij 
in  width,  exclusive  of  covered   walks  un  lacli  >iili 


r!>4 


THE  CIVIL   WAR. 


401 


i   Jil:iri'il  at 

roil  Mnuii- 
onsiiliTcil  ;i 
re  iii"ume4 
le  wiivk  uf 
d'uii;  t'lfva- 
[i;^  till'  sum- 
u'uiii>  luwj 

itt'll  I"  I'liUl- 

atUiiL'  ti>  ill- 

IT  lrc;itiiu'iit, 

liUliir.'  w;iv' 
s  bcin^  vm 

(if  11  ll"Sl.'uiii, 
ly  visili'd  ill'' 

assist  aiK'i'  \^\ 
I  articli'^. 
ilctcriuimHl  i" 
I  (if  iiistnii'ti"ii 
laiul  uuMi.  Ac- 
ed  t(i  iii:il<t'  I 

tilt'  city  tniui 
lor  the  imrp"v' 

B  Cl\IU\i.      Atl't 

i  iu.;ir  till'  "lit- 

IrilOl     of  Mllr 

,.lui  D'Fall.'ii. 

Mr.  0:'l''ii 

iitini;  ili:i'  'li'' 

il  lor  miliar 

;ii    lilicnil  aii'i 

luit    ll''  W.'Ul'l 

,1  I'.iv  niu"  \i;it 
,„.l  tiliy  il"ll:iv 

\\  stall'  nf  I'llill- 

O'l'iilluii  »;i- 

iiit.      'I'll''  >il' 

militiivy  i';ii"l'- 

I'uvi'ii'il  witlr.1 

liati'ly  'jniili"!'" 

„r  uii<li'r'.:r"iiii'l 

I'lrr   a  v;iiu  ll* 

^nmiiil  ili''f"''')' 

;.ara.li'  |iaq"'>'^ 


tl 

Hill 


•miiloyi'il  1" 


tlu' 


liil.U's  t'lir  li"f'' 

IroWS,  I'ili'll  r^i'V-ll 

I'liiliii-  I'l'iiii  <''^' 
laliout  I'"!-"}!"'' 
on  I'ai'li  ^i'l''■ 


wliicli  I'Xti'iiileJ  six  orei^ht  feot  from  tlio  niaiii  build- 
inir.  The  interior  was  divided  into  compurtments  of 
convenient  »iz.e,  and  those  were  lined  on  all 
1861.  ^i'l'"^  ^*''''  '"•"''*  f'""  sleeping.  Good  provis- 
ion wiiH  miide  tor  venlilatiun  by  inoiiiiH  of  opcn- 
j,i,is  ill  till'  walls,  and  there  were  sleepinj;  aeconinioda- 
limis  tiir  one  hundred  men  in  eaeh  seventy  feet  of  the 
liiirrai'k  building. 

Ill  (liiienil  Orders  No.  4,  Gon.  Samuel  11.  Curtis, 
,,11  Sei'teiiibfr  ISih,  direeted  that  the  barracks  should 
1,,.  kiiiiwii  as  "Camp  of  Instruction,  Honton  Bar- 
ru'ks,'  and  added  tiiat  troops  were  to  be  stationed  at 
this  pi'si  •' especially  to  recruit,  organize,  and  drill." 
Hi'siili's  the  grounds  included  in  the  chain  of  sentinels 
whii'h  .Mirrounded  the  barracks  and  Fair  Grounds,  liis 
odiiiiiiaiiil  extended  a  mile  in  all  directions  from  his 
hi'ailiiuarters.  The  saloons  and  hotels  within  this 
I'iri'li!  wore  liable  to  special  and  .strini^jont  supervision 
;ind  sajipression  for  disorder  or  riot. 

A  ciiiiieiuporary  writer,  wlio  visited  the  barracks 
„iitlu'  1st  of  December,  f^ives  the  following  interestinj; 
li'scriptiiiii  of  the  place : 

"  For  II  rnll  inilo  tn  the  west  tlio  ground  ia  as  level  as  n  huuse 

•1  iir,  an'l  nlini;;  the  oiitiro  ilistiinoe  rcgimonts  of  infantry  anil 

lulrv  iiri'  nun  int;  in  grruul  iiml  soliil  colniuns  here  anil  Ihi'iv, 

tirfiirminj5  nil  s'"''*  "t"   niilitaiy  evolutions,  wliilf  ilrunis  arc 

imini;.  till'*  siTcaininK.  ami  buuli'!'  souncling  fur  ami  near.  .  .  . 

Ihr  barrni'ks  are  huilt  in  two  straight  line?,  i  unniiig  ilirei.'tly 

.,.1.  iiii'l  ail'  aliout  ono-thini  of  a  inile  a|iart.      Laterally  they 

,r,-.livicli'il  otT  into  9e|mratc  eoinpftrtnient*,  eai'h  eonipartinint 

tiiii:  ,a|ialilo  of  ucLonimci.latint;  two  i-uni|ianie».     The  iinarter.< 

,;  ihi'  iifficers  are  Bo  arrangeil  in  tliese  ililVerent  coin|iartinrnt< 

ihallhcy  eaii  have  an  over.ii);hl  of  their  ilitl'ereiit  i'oin|iaiiies  at 

allliiiU'S.    There  are  two  tiers  of  linnk.«.  and  ea.'li  bunk  i."  fur- 

,ii,li,cl  with  I'li'an  straw  anil  a  tliiek  blanket ;  a  loal-slove  is  also 

I'jrni^heil  to  eaeh  lOinpartinent,  so  that  even  In  the  colilest  ilay 

''.(-..IJiirsivill  be  aseoinforlableas  |ico|ilo  living  in  himsesfur- 

i-linl  »itli  all  the  inoilern  iin|iroveiiients.     Inimeiliately  baek 

:  iliiiK"  lines  of  barnirks  is  a  strip  of  ):rounil  four  liuiuheil 

;„i  :ii  wi.llh,  ami  extemliiig  the  length  nf  the  liarracks,  upon 

null  tcin|porury  shanties  have  been  ereeleil  to  eover  the  eook- 

.Bjrniip'>.     .Vt  lirst  the  ,'onimoii  plan  "f  digging  a  hole  in  the 

."..iiii.laii'l  tiiiilding  a  tire  ill  it  lor  emiking  purposes  was  adopted, 

;  i;  it  was  tmiud  that  an  iinuicuse  a iinl  of  fuel  Has  eonsiiuu'd 

•.  :ins  »uv.  anil  ai'cordingly  I'apt.  Dodds,  the  eoniniissiiry  and 
joirieruiaflcr,  iutrodiieed  eiiiiip  rooking  ranges,  „„„  |',,r  each 
■■ji|.aiiy.  and  the  saving  in  fuel  is  alrea.ly  nearly  sntVieient  to 
H;  tWi''ist  of  the  ranges. 

■  llH'tnii  lines  of  barraeks  extend  westward  for  the  .listauee  of 
i  sarly  half  II  mile,  and  direelly  ill  the  lentre  of  the  panidi^ 
jMiii'lat  the  nest  end,  on  a  lot  of  ground  about  four  hundred 
llrfi ''liiaiT,  other  liiirraeks  are  ereetod.  A  wide  spaee  is  left 
LnM.lii'iile 'if  llieso  liarriu'ks.  so  that  the  troops  can  move  in 
lur:.  I.ilii-s  out  upon  the  drill-ground,  whieli  is  still  farther 
|i»l.  nil'!  I'Uibraees  some  seventy  aeres. 

■Till aiiiiandiiig  geiH'ral's  lieadiiuarters  ami  the  iiuurlers 

llMthf  liol  1  otliiers  are  loented  on  the  eastern  portion  of  the 
Ip  ,1, i.  :;i.'  former,  a  two-story  frame  building,  a  short  dis. 
I'jii  1  ir.'iii  the  intranoc  and  midway  between  the  parallel  line 

iirni.-Ls  and  the  latter  at  the  extreme  east  end.  The  ficld- 
■JCi 


ufllourH'  quarters  eonsUt  of  n  row  of  barraeka,  neatly  am!  com- 
fortably furnished,  and  Ihc  house  oeeiipied  by  the  eonimamling 
general,  externally  iind  internally,  Is  all  that  could  be  desired. 
The  barraeks  are  all  whitewai'hed  outside,  and,  in  eonsequenee 
of  the  striet  diseipline  whieh  is  maintained,  present  a  neat  ap- 
pearani'e  throughout.  On  the  north  side  of  tlie  barraeks.  for  a 
considerable  distamc  t'l  the  nest,  a  large  number  of  stables  for 
cavalry  horses  are  being  ereeted,  whiie  still  farther  west  arc  two 
great  warehouses,  in  which  are  stored  supplies  for  the  soldiers 
and  forage  for  the  horses.  In  the  immediate  vieinity  of  the 
warehouses  arc  various  little  frame  buildings,  used  as  daguer- 
roaii  saloons  and  restaurants.  .'SInee  tien.  .''trong  assiiniod 
command,  however,  the  sale  of  all  intoxicating  liquors  on  the 
grounds,  or  within  a  radius  of  a  mile,  lias  been  |irohiblted. 

'*Tlio  quartcrniiister's  iilficc  is  in  one  of  the  largo  warehouses, 
alongside  of  wliieh  a  railroad  track  has  been  laid,  so  that  stores 
ean  bo  put  aboard  horse-cars  (built  eapeeially  fur  the  purpose) 
here  in  the  eity,  and  in  a  short  spaee  of  time  be  delivered  at 
their  proper  destination. 

"tien.  ^Villiam  K.  Strong  is  at  present  in  enmmand  of  the 
barraeks.  lie  succeeded  tJen.  Curtis.  He  was  torinerly  con- 
nected with  the  stall' of  (len.  Fremont.  Capt.  Henry  Z.  Curtis 
is  acting  assistant  adjutant  general,  and  <\ipt.  .losepli  L.  Dodds 
quartorinaster  of  the  post  and  acting  commissa.". 

"I'he  barracks  were  built  at 'i  cost  of  sixty  thousand  dollara, 
but  the  iinpruveineiits  which  have  since  been  made,  such  as  the 
introduction  of  water,  the  laundry,  etc.,  ivill  reach  the  sum  of 
one  hundred  thousand  dollars.  .'Vbout  one  thousand  laborers 
were  eiuploycil  in  cunstrueting  the  barracks." 

At  one  time  (in  April,  1SI)2)  over  twenty-three 
thousand  luen  were  stationed  at  the  barracks.  About 
September,  18ti.'»,  the  ijrounds  were  turned  over  by 
the  uovernmenl  to  the  owner, 

— On  Auo;ust  2(kh,  I'rovost-Marshal  McKiustry 
issued  the  following;  order ; 

"The  disturbanee  of  the  public  peace  to-day  having  been 
traced  by  this  department  to  the  unauthorized  and  improper 
sale  of  lii|Uors  to  soldiers  by  irresponsible  and  ill-disposed  per- 
sons, it  is  hereby  ordered  that  from  and  after  this  dale,  until 
further  orders,  alt  saloons  and  bar-rooms  and  other  places  kept 
for  retailing  of  spirituous  iin<l  intoxicating  liipiors  in  the  city 
and  county  of  .St.  Louis,  except  the  saloons  connecied  with  the 
pi'..:"ipal  bulels,  ami  such  others  us  niity  after  due  investiga- 
tion receive  special  permission  to  open,  be  and  remain  closed; 
and  the  .^ale,  exchange,  or  giving  away  of  any  such  iutiixicating 
litjiiors  or  beverages  at  retail,  except  as  hereinbefore  excepted, 
is  hereby  expressly  t'orhid'leii.  Any  violation  or  evasion  of 
tills  onler  will  be  visited  with  -cvere  punisbiuent." 

The  same  officer  on  the  28th  issued  tlie  followinj; : 

"Tile  distribution,  sale,  exchange,  or  giving  away  of  any 
copy  or  copies  of  the  .Vtio  )'"(■<■  .Vi  ii'«,  lhii/-/l'"'k,  ./■•iirmil  nj 
i'nuiiitfrcvt  Fri'enmii'fi  Jnnrinil^  or  Itnu'kfifii  Kinjlr,  newspapers 
lately  presented  by  the  United  .*<tates  grand  .jury  of  the  South- 
ern Uistruit  of  New  York  ..s  aiders  and  abettors  of  the  enemy, 
also  of  the  A^■IP  Vtirlc  Jniinttif  nf  t^>tiiiiiitri-i ,  Jt-.,  is  prohibited 
in  the  city  and  eouiity  of  St.  Louis  from  this  ilale.  All  railroad 
and  express  agents  in  the  eity  are  orilere.l  lo  deliver  into  the 
possession  of  the  provost -marshal  all  packages  of  the  papers 
above  named  that  may  hereafter  come  into  their  possession. 

*' The  delivery  from  the  post  ollice  of  any  number  of  either 
of  the  tibove-niimcd  treasonable  sheets  is  also  prohibited." 


tibiii 

m 

iHplfll 

"^f"*"  li|, ,  M 

V 

•biJ 

s 

ll 

1 

1  uitin] 

Ji: 

i  Vi|  xH 

I    ^p 


ii  f 


■    ..W'i 


^  I  n 


!  ^3 


402 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


—On  the  30th,  Maj.-Oen.  John  C.  Fremont,  com- 

ninndinj^  tlie  Western  Department,  issueil  tlie  follow- 

iii<;[ir()uliiMiHtion,|)l!ieingtli('etitiru  State  under 

1801.     martial  law,  as  he  had  heretoFore  done  the  city 

and  eounty  of  St.  Louis  : 

"Cireiiniiitanci'j',  ill  my  jii'lgiiu-nt  of  ciiflicicnt  urgency,  render 
it  nieesfiiry  Ibnl  the  euniiniuhlin);  Kenernl  ul  this  ilepurtnient 
shoiilil  n^'siiine  tlio  iiclnnMistiiiliv  e  [imvers  uf  llie  .<(nti'. 

"  Ita  <liK(irKiini«'il  con'lilion.  the  hulplei'iineaii  of  the  civil 
iiiilliiirity,  the  lutal  insieiirity  iif  life,  and  the  (leva^tlltil>n  nl 
|iro|ierty  by  hiuid.i  of  ninnierer!)  iind  niununlers  who  infe.^t 
nearly  every  cimnty  in  the  State,  anil  avail  tlienis4'l\  es  of  the 
]iuhlic  niisfiirtunes  and  ihc  vicinity  iif  n  hiistile  fune  to  ^rratify 
private  and  nei);ht)orli<M>d  vengeanre.  an<l  who  lliid  an  enemy 
wherever  tlit-y  find  ptnnder,  linally  demand  thi'  severest  nicas- 
nrea  to  reprcsK  the  daily  inereasin);  erinies  ami  iMitrn):ei<.  »  liicli 
arc  driving  otl'  the  inhahitants  and  mining  the  State, 

"In  this  I'linilition  the  |iiihlic  safety  and  the  jnccess  of  our 
arms  require  unity  of  |iur|)Ose,  without  let  or  hindrance,  to  the 
|)roin)it  administration  of  alTairs. 

"  In  oriler,  therefore,  to  su|>|>ri'88  disorders,  to  nniintain  as 
fur  as  now  [iraeticahle  the  (luldii'  peace,  and  to  give  security 
and  priMcetion  to  the  persons  and  properly  of  loyal  citizens,  1 
do  hereby  extend  and  ilcctare  established  martial  law  tlirutigb- 
out  the  State  of  Missouri. 

'*  The  lines  of  the  army  of  ticcnpatioii  in  this  State  are  for 
the  present  declared  to  extend  fnmi  Leavenworth,  by  way  of  the 
post  of  ,letrer.son  City,  Uoll.i.  and  Ironton,  to  Cape  liiranleau. 
on  the  Mississippi  Uiver. 

"All  persons  who  shall  be  taken  with  arms  in  their  hamls 
within  these  lines  -hall  be  tried  by  I'ourt-nuirtial,  anil  if  fuund 
guilty  will  be  shot. 

"The  property,  real  and  personal,  of  all  persons  in  the  Stale 
of  Missouri  who  shall  take  lui  arms  against  the  United  States, 
or  who  shall  be  directly  proven  to  have  taken  active  part  with 
their  enemies  in  the  liebl,  is  declared  to  be  eonliscated  to  the 
public  Use.  and  their  slaves,  if  any  they  have,  arc  hereby  de- 
clared free  men.' 


'  .At  the  beginning  of  the  war  sla\  es  escaping  from  their 
masters  were  promptly  returned  by  the  oflicers  of  the  army, 
(ien.  W.  S.  Harney,  commanding  in  St,  l.ouis  in  the  early  part 
of  the  war,  in  responding  to  the  claims  of  slaveholders  for  their 
slaves,  said, — 

"  Already,  since  the  commencement  of  these  unhappy  dis- 
turbances, slaves  have  escaped  from  their  owners  anil  have 
sought  refuge  in  the  camps  of  the  United  .States  troops  from 
the  Northern  States  and  coinmandcd  liy  a  northern  general. 
Th' tf  tcfff  vnrffuVii  "fni  Imi-k  in  thiir  mriifru,^' 

Thu  above  proclniiuilion  from  (ien.  Fremont  was  the  first 
official  paper  issued  after  the  coinmencement  of  the  war  that 
declared  slavis  under  certain  contingencies  free  men.  tien. 
Kreinont,  in  acctu-dancc  wilb  his  proclamation,  gave  freedom  to 
a  number  of  slaves;  his  mode  of  action  may  be  seen  in  the 
f(dlowing  deed  of  manumission  : 

"  WhneiiM,  Thomas  1..  Snead,  of  the  city  and  county  of  St. 
Louis,  State  of  .Missouri,  has  been  taking  an  active  part  with 
the  enemies  of  the  United  States  in  the  present  insurn'ctionary 
movemeni  against  the  government  of  the  United  States;  now, 
therefore,  I,  ,Iohn  t'harles  Fremont,  major-general  comniand- 
ing  the  Western  Ileparlment  of  the  .Army  of  the  United  Slates, 
by  authority  of  law  and  the  power  vested  in  me  as  such  com- 
manding general,  declare  Hiram  Keen,  heretofore  held  to  ser- 
vice or  labor  by  Thomas  L.  Snead,  to  bo  fukk  and  forever  di»- 


"  All  pt'rsons  who  shall  be  proven  to  have  destroyed  alter  rhe 

publication  of  this  order  railroad  tracks,  bridges,  or  tel.  ^'r:ii,|,, 

shall  suffer  the  extreme  penalty  of  this  law. 

I        "  All  persons  engaged  in  treasonable  correspondence,  in  i»ivirii> 

or  procuring  aid  to  the  enemies  of  thu  Iniled  Slates,  in  lihicni 

I   ing  tumults,  in  ciisturliing  the  public  trani{uillity  by  iTcjitii,,, 

I  and   I'iri'uialing  false  reports  or  incendiary  documcni-  iiro.  in 

their  own  inleri'sl.  warned  that  tbcy  arc  exposing  tin  iii-cln.. 

to  siidilen  and  severe  punishment. 

"All  persons  who  have  been  lid  away  from  their  iiiliuian.., 
arc  re<|uirei|  to  return  forthwith  to  thiur  homes.  Anv  .ii.| 
absence  without  suflieient  cause  will  be  held  to  be  presunipiii,. 
evidence  against  them. 

"  The  object  of  this  dei.daration  is  to  ]»lacc  in  the  Imii-I-  hf  ih.. 
military  aiilborities  the  power  to  give  instanlaneoiis  rlliTli, 

existing  laws,  and  to  supply  ,<ucli  dcticiencies  as  tht n<liii.in^ 

of  war  demand.  Itiit  it  is  not  intended  to  suspend  Ihc  or<lin:irr 
tribunals  of  llie  country,  where  the  law  will  be  admiiii-iiTnl  l\ 
the  civil  oflicers  in  the  usual  iminner  and  with  their  i-it-|.,ii,.irv 
authority,  while  the  suine  can  be  peaceably  excrciseil, 

"  The  coniiminding  general  will  uibor  vigilantly  for  ijn.  1,1,1, 
lie  welfare,  and  in  his  efforts  for  their  safety  hopes  to  obt:iJii 
not  only  the  aeiiuiescencc,  but  the  active  support  of  tiic  I-.v., 
people  of  the  country." 

To  prevent  any  di.sfurbancc  caused  by  the  iliclara- 
tioii  of  martial  law.  Col.  Groe.sibeek'.s  eoniiiiiind  «,i. 
ordered  into  the  eity  and  stationed  around  tlic  conn- 
houi^e,  and  Lucas,  Biddic,  and  Hmudway  .M.irkHs. 
They  took  twenty  ronndH  of  ainiiiiinitioii  wiili  ilum 
for  an  emerueney,  and  remained  until  tlir  lollniviin' 
mornintr,  when  they  were  marched  buck  in  cami 
On  the  .simc  day  (Auf,'u.st  iJdth )  l'rovo>i-.>|;iislia! 
MoKinstry  i.ssued  the  followiii};  "Order  No.  Iii7' 

"  It  appearing  to  this  department,  by  safisfaciory  cvi  Irn  (, 

that  individuals  are  daily  leaving  this  city  for  the  piirpuM' 

treasonably  communicating  with   the  enemy,  and  gii  iii;;  tiira, 

I 
I 
I   charged  Irom  the  bonds  of  servitude,  giving  him  full  ricliiajil 

authority  to  have,  use,  and  cunlrol  his  own  labor  or  sirvici'i' 

to  him  may  .seem  proper,  without  any  accountabilJIy  nliaioc 

to  said  Thomas  L,  Snead,  or  any  one  to  claim  by.  ihruii^h.  - 

under  him. 

"And    this    deed    of    manumi.ssion    shall    be    rcsj Inl  aiil 

treated   by  all   persons,  and  in  all  courts  of  juslicc  as  tln' lui, 
and  coiuplele  evidence  of  the  freedom  of  saiil  Mirani  Hit'I. 

"In  lestiiiiony  whereof,  this  act  is  done  al  lieail'|iiiirlw  f 
the  Western  Department  of  the  Army  of  the  I'nilcl  .»talf<.  1. 
the  city  of  St.  I.ouis,  State  of  .Missouri,  on  this  ll'lli  .liiy  ol  .sq 
tember,  a. 11.  cigbtoen  hundred  ami  sixty  one.  as  is  eviileiinJ 
by  the  departmental  seal  hereto  affixed  by  my  onlor. 

"J.    <-'.    FUKMoNr,  I 

"Done  at  the  office  of  the  provost-marshal,  in  ijiocilvl 
St.  Louis,  the  I2tb  day  of  September,  A. 11.  cighiceii  liiuiilrel 
and  sixty-one,  at  nine  o'clock  in  the  evening  ot'  siii<i  ilay. 

"  Witness  my  hand  and  seal  of  office  hcnlo  allixcil, 

".I,    iMl'KlVSTIlV, 

"  firiyadief-Oeiiernt,  I'nnxit  \tt(r'h>iL" 

This   proclamation    of  Oen.    Fremont    caused    inriiiicleraUe | 
comment,  and   being  displeasing  to   l*residcut    Miiculii,  lleii. 
Fremont  wius  removed  from  the  cominand  of  llic  Western  I'l' 
partincnt,  and  his  proclamation  annulled. 


llie  liiHii. 
mill  must  liiiv 
I'lil.  like  a  ski 
Kmtv  pa-s  l,a 
"a.-  (lone  by  1 
llir  |irovost.iua 
of.-s  being  |„u,i 

"'  I'.'iSSI'N^fcrs 
I"  IllMllll.lc  (h„| 

»'>uM  lje,all„in 

imile.l  Ihe  ,.rin,, 

""t..ii  l|„.  Ir,,| 

Wiailii'il  to  (,,, 

'''"'l'r"V"-l-mai 

''"■li.  .illd  i\as 

"■th  passes   „bl 

■""I'll'  'i^'iiMliiri 

"«'  Miliaiiii,.,!  h 

'""ki'igalllh, 

""  'I'l'l^'iil,  an 

'"'  iiisliii ,is 

'''»!■  itli'i  had  a 
■Vi's.sir.'  -t.h 
'"!  pnililabli.  t. 
'Ii«lilly(.i,|iii,„,,i 
■isnaiiirp  bus  bee 


Ik 


'.'"unj;  laaii  is 


THE  CIVIL   WAR. 


408 


Xl  lllUT  th( 

illfonr 

Irli  iniiili! 

(lir.vl. 

0.  ill  l{i»ill{ 

,in  iMiiitnl 

1861 

by  ■  n-iiliiii: 

"A 

H'lll-  :irr,  ill 
{  tlhiil*t'lvi-> 

nil  ": 
cir  ini 

•ir  iiil«':ri:irv' 
.     Any  Mi'i 

liin  1^ 

I'lini' 

J)ri'MllU|ili.r 

Tl 

ulisul-'l;!/ 

[WSS 

0(lll:<    rlli'L't  ' 

Ihl'  l-"ll>lilMll- 

il  the  or-iiniiry 

..  I. 

Imiin-iiri'ill;. 

liiuit- 

U'ir  ill^lHlii;!!;. 

cise'l. 

ly  l'..i   llii'  i-ii- 
\uyi»  1"  "bliilli 

0 

)lt  nf  lllC  llivai 

limi 

y  tlic  ilrcl;ir;i- 
•oniiniiiid  »,i- 
mil  till'  CHiiri- 
,way  Miirkri- 

1(111   Willi    llli'lll 

tli('  toUuwiiii: 
bui'k  tn  r,\m\ 
'roVost-M;ii>liai 
•r  No.  KIT" 

Bl'iielory  cvilof. 
I',,r  111.'  iiiir|m.r' 
,„1  ^;i^ius  lli'ii. 

Ihini  full  right  JiiJ 

ll;il..ir  or  Jtrvici- J- 

|iil;iliility  wliiilfve: 

i„  l,\,  ilirougli.  "^ 

jbf    ruspntcl  anl 
I  jii-liw.  ;is  >li''l"- 

i,l  lliniui  Ki'fl- 
■  lit    lu'mliliiarlrr-  ' 
l„  riiil.'.l  .-l;ili-.  - 
lis  l'Jlli.liiv»lS<| 

lio.  lis  i«  fviilcii"^ 
liy  urilcr. 
1  riiKMoNT. 
,,/  ('„iiMiiiiii'/i«:)-' 

|,l,ul,  in  '111'  '■''•'''  ' 
..i^liiriMi  limvl"!  j 

,^  „r  s.i.l  .lii.v. 
|l»  iillixi'l. 

,.Kl\-TllV. 

>,-,ii..«(  .Wiii"*'i'-" 

|„UM-.1  ninjUenM'l 
ll,.nl  l.iiiwl".  U«i 
l„f  ihc  Wusurii  I"  I 


iiiiioii,  all),  anil  comrnrt,  in  violation  of  law,  it  in  heroliy 
I'.i  ihitt  rrniii  anil  iil'lcr  thin  <lu(c  all  |ier.4nns  are  (ieri'in|)' 

l.irlly  fiirliiilili'n  tu  paSM  bryi>n<l  tlic  llniilH  of  tlii'  (Mty  and 

I'.iiinly  III'  St.   I.iiiiii  witlioiit    lirnt  nlitainini;  ii  spci'lal 

|,i.iinit  fr I  Ills  iitTu'O. 

II  IVrry.  ..lU'iimbniif,  ami  railway  oflioprs  iinil  aj^i-nl^,  ami 
li.r  I'arriurs  of  passiMiK'Tii.  ar«  licri'by  I'lirliiililcii  tii  irll 
ii-iVr  any  tiukisti*  entitling  tlie   Imlilcr  tn  |^o  lieynnii  the 

,,r  tills  I'liiinty  to  any  |M'rm)ii,  or  to  curry,  or  allow  to  be 
I.  any  iicrsnn  not  ex lii biting'  a  |ieiinit  Iroiii  llii.i  iiiriee." 

1,.  fiillowinf;  is  ti  cupy  nf  tlio  provusHnursliul's 
that  wa.s  issued  to  Hp)iliciiiits  : 

"OFHIK    I'llllVilHT  .M  \iisiiai.. 

"St.  1,1111s,  .Mil.  IKIil. 

'.  iiiiission   is  graiileil   to to  [iiiss  ln'yontl  ilio 

-  .1  the  eity  ami  county  of  St.  I.ouls,  to  );o  to . 

"J.  iMcKixsrnv,  .V.y.o-  I'.S.A., 

"  l'iiirnHl-Milr,liil/-(;i,l(l'll." 

On  ilif  liat'k  of  the  pass  wiis  iho  fuilowiii};  iJoat'rip- 
r  till'  person  : 

■■AL'f. 

"lleijjhl,  . 

"  Ciilor  of  uyea, .  _      . 

•M'lil.ir  of  hair, . 

"  I'l'iiiliarities, , 

"  It  i.»  iinderstooil  that  the  witliin  nanioil  suhserilier  aoi"C]it.« 
thill  fijiss  on  his  word  o(  honor  that  he  is  ami  will  be  ever  loyal 
til  till'  I'liituil  States:  ami  if  hereafler  foiinil  in  arms  aj^iiinst 
till'  liiiim,  or  ill  any  ivay  aiding  her  enemies,  the  penalty  will 
lii'.li'iitli. 

(Signed)  " ." 

"Tlii'ie  were  some  amusiiif^  scenes."  .-ays  the  Hti>uliliruu  of 
HoiilL'iiilH'r  lM,  "eiiailed  at  the  ollieo  of  the  |iriivost-niarshal  on 
S:iliiriliiy  iMorniiig   in   eonsequeiiee  of  the   rather   nnexiieeled 
'  rliT  rei|iiirin>!  every  individual  to  ibtaiii  a  |iass  before  luaviu); 
ilic  liiivii.     The  rush  for  passes  commeneed  at   an  early  hour, 
ami  laiii'l  have   taken    Mnj.  .MeKinstry  somewhat    liy  surprise, 
but.  like  a  skillful  general,  he  proved  eiimil  to  the  emergency. 
En'ry  pii-s  had  to  bi.  written  for  the  individual  applying.     'I'liis 
VAS  iliMie  by  one  of  the  elerks.  after  which  it  had  to  be  taken  to 
ihi' |iriinist-niarslial,  MeKiii-liy,  for  his  signature.     This  pro- 
.'(!>>  hi'iiig  found  altogether  too  slow  to  aucomniodate  the  rush 
ul  luissrii^ers  going  east,  the  niar.shal  caused  the  anmiunceinent 
III  lii>  iiiiiile  that  all  passengers  going  cast  on  the  luoriiing  trains 
n.iul'l  lie  iilloned  to  leave  the  city  without  passes.     This  deoi- 
umli'l  the  crowd  soiiiewhat.  but   large  numbers  intending  to  go 
iiul  "II  the  Iron   Mounlain,  I'acilie,  and   .\ortn  Missouri  roads 
rt'iiiaiiH'd  to  be  iittended  to.     There  was  but  one  iilieriiative. 
ilio  |>riivii>l-iiiarsluil  pulled  oil'  his  enat,  seated  himself  at  his 
<i<"'k.  and  uas  speedily  surrounded    by  a  ileiise  crowd  armed 
with  jiassi's  obtained   from   the  clerk,  and   only  awaiting  the 
■iiii|ili   -iu'iiiitiire  of  ',1.    MeKinstry,'  etc.      As  each    individ- 
ual -iiliuiilti'd  his  pa.ss  the  provost-n.arshnl  signed  his  name, 
II' kill);  all  till' while  with  his  keen  searching  eyes  directly  at 
till  a|.|ilii'aiit,  and  priipuiindiiig  two  or  three   in(|uiries,  such, 
I  r  iiisinni'e.  as  the  following  to  a  young  nnd  smart-looking 
ilii|i  wh'i  had  a  puss  fur  Springfield  :  '  (luiiig  to  Springlield  V 
'Vi'.S^ir.'    '  l,ive  there  ?'     *  Yes,  sir.'     in  an  undertone,  '  Not 
itry  |iriiliiabli'  to  be  a  ininiite-man,  is  it?'     No  reply,  but  u 
'lightly  confused  and  indignant  look.     In  the  menu  time  the 
•i:iiiiiiiri'  has  been  aflisej  to  the  pass  in  a  hold  hand.    Directly 
Ihl' viiuni;  man  is  in  possession  of  the  important '  opcr  sesame' 


and  la  leaving  the  room,  when  down  falls  the  hand  of  the  pro- 
vost-marshal upon  a  little  siher  bell  at  his  side,  and  simulta- 
neously he  cries  out,  'Spot  !'  Two  minutes  later  ami  the  young 
man  bound  for  Springtield  is  politely  rei)Ue>ted  by  an  otlicer  to 
ciiiisider  him-elf  under  arrest.  What  follows  is,  of  course,  out- 
side the  ken  of  the  reporter.  The  cries  of  '  i.p.il'  were  numer- 
ous during  the  provost  niarshal's  eight  hour-'  silting  for  the 
purpose  of  si^ihing  passes  on  Saturday." 

— Oil  .Si'pteiiiliL-r  Uil,  Jalili's  Taur^.sii;,  Dr.  'riioli)a.s 
O'lleiily,  and  K.  W.  Fox  were  uppuintcd  by  tin?  pro- 
vi)st-iiiursliidacoiniiiitti!elon'ci'ive,L'xaiiiim'.aiid  report 
to  liini  upon  all  iipplicaiions  i'ur  tlio  ruopcniii;:  of  all 
public  pliifi's  wliifli  he  had  heretofore  directed  to  be 
elo8i'd.  Tile  coiiimittee  uicl  on  the  -Itli,  and  decided 
upon  tlie  following;  order  of  business  ; 

"  I.  All  parsons  making  applications  shall  stale  the  number 
and  street  of  their  place  of  business,  and  shall  have  llicir  appli- 
cation indorM'd  by  two  persons  known  to  the  committee  as  re- 
liable Union  men,  who  shall  vouch  for  the  or.lerly  character  of 
the  hon-c.  iind  the  loyalty  of  the  proprietor  to  the  I'liitcd  Slates 
government.  No  permit  will  be  granted  to  persons  who  have 
not  oblaincil  their  city  and  county  licenses  according  t..  law, 

"  li.  All  iipplii'iitiiins  not  already  presi'iitcd  shall  be  liiinded 
to  Capt.  ('ii//ens,  at  his  oflice,  .No.  lU  AVashington  .Avenue,  for 
examinatiou  Sy  the  coniinitlee:  and  alt  |iersiins  whose  pcrmitii 
are  ready  will  be  niitified  of  the  fact  and  of  the  place  of  do- 
livery  by  publication  in  the  newspapers. 

•*  ;i.  .Ml  persons  to  whniu  permits  are  granted  will  be  reipiired 
to  subscribe  the  following  dceliiration  :  Il  is  understood  that 
the  undersigned  accepts  this  permit  or  license  on  bis  word  of 
honor  that  he  is  and  will  be  ever  loyal  to  the  I'nited  Stales, 
and  if  hereafler  found  in  arms  against  the  L'niun,  urin  any  way 
aiding  her  enemies,  the  pi'iialty  will  be  death. 

"  I.  A  printed  copy  of  the  declaration  so  subscribed  shall  be 
keptpo-tcd  up  by  the  proprietor  in  a  conspicuous  place  in  each 
bar-rooiu  or  saloon  having  a  permit. 

"  .\iiy    viiilation    of    these  rules  or   disordci  1\    conduct  will 
cause  an  immediate  withdrawal  of  permits  granted. 
'■  liy  order  of 
i  ",Ias.  T.m  ssio, 

I  "  Tims.  t)'l!i:ii,i,Y, 

'  "K.  W.  Fox, 

"Approved,  "  Vummillee. 

"  ^.  Ml  KissTiiv, 
'•  M,<j.  r..V..l.,  /V.,io«(..l/,,r.A../." 

On  the  17th  this  coiiimitteo  was  alwo  authorized  to 
•irant  permits  to  keepers  of  public  iraidens  and  parks 
located  in  the  suburb.s  of  the  city  to  keep  their  places 
open  on  Sunday,  under  such  rcfrulutions  us  the  com- 
mittee saw  proper  to  iiiipo.sc. 
I       The  committee  also  issued  tiie  following  notice : 

"  Pkuvost-Maiisii.\i,'s  Okfick, 

"St.  Loi  is,  Sept.  4,  I8lil. 
"  All  persons  who  have  heretofore  obtained  permission  from 
the  provost-marshal  tu  reopen  drinking  saloons  are  reiinired 
to  ooinply  with  tiie  rules  established  by  the  committee  by  sub- 
scrihisig  the  dechi ration, exhibiting  their  city  and  county  license 
and  permits  heretofore  oblaincil  at  the  ollice  of  Capt.  ro7,/.ens, 
No.  Ill  Washington  Avenue,  between  Fourth  and  Fifth  Streets, 


404 


HISTORY    OK   SAINT    I.OIIIS. 


liii"^ 


i- 


(in  Siiliiiilii)-,  Iho  "til  of  Se|ilonibtr,  IHtH,  bolwcvii  II  ci'ilm'k  a.m. 

iiml  I'J  n'l'liiuk  I'.M,  i>r«iiiil  (liiy, 

"  Tim  |H'riiii»»i<>ns  );riiiil(''l  to  pvraonH  nut  n)in|ilyiiiK 

1861.     with  tliii  iirilor  will  Ijo  rcvolii'il, 

'*  .1 AMKH  'r \rHNIti, 
"Tiicis.  (•'Ukii.i.v, 

'•  i;.  W.   Knx, 

"  A|i|tr(iveil,  *'  i'tinimiltif, 

".I.  Ml  KiNsriiv, 
"  .W.i/   I'.S.A.  mill  /'•■iiri.^i  M.iihIiiiI," 

— The  twi)-st(iry  iirick  buililiii;{  at  tlu'  conifr  of 
FiCtli  and  Myrtle  Strcci.s,  wliicli  liad  ln'oii  kimwii  as 
"  Lyiic'li'«  Slave- IV'ii,"  Wiis  oii  Septeiiibor  Ud  takfii 
iiiiil(!r  tliu  cdiitriil  lit'  till!  military  aullidritics  and  I'lin- 
vurtcd  into  a  inililary  |iri8on. 

— The  prohibition  of  tin'  uirculatioii  of  tin-  New 
York  Jiiitiniil  (if  Oniimfirr  within  tlio  city  aiid 
county  of  St.  Loui.i,  a«  well  a«  of  the  Joiinial  of  ( 'nm- 
vwrce,  Jr.,  wa.s  removed  on  September  4tli. 

— Brijr.-Oen.  J.  MeKin,siry,  on  September  (itii. 
wuH  as!<i<;ned  temporarily  as  acting  i|iiurlerniaster- 
jienoral  of  the  Western  Department,  an<l  on  tlu;  10th 
forbade  any  person  in  his  command  In  deal  with  any 
one  who  wa.s  not  known  to  be  loyal  to  the  Uniteil 
States. 

— On  September  11th,  (}en.  J.  MeKinstry,  pro- 
vost-uiarohal,  issued  an  order  prohibitin<;  the  distri- 
bution, sale,  cxchaiiL'e,  or  ^ivinp  away  of  any  copy 
or  copies  of  the  Jhtlmqiir.  Ili nilil.  a  newspii))<'r  pub- 
lished at  Dubui|ue,  Iowa. 

— Maj.-Gen.  Fremont,  on  September  loth,  placed 
Col.  F.  P.  Blair  under  arrest.  The  act  trave  rise  to 
u  jrreat  deal  of  excited  comment  in  the  city,  and  was 
received  with  astonishment  tlirou<;hout  the  country. 
Cdinnienlinj;  upon  it,  the  Missuiin  Dnimcnit  w.iid, — 

'Tol.  ItliiirV  cliicf  (ifTi'iisc  i.^  tlie  writing  of  opi'tiiin  Icttcrrf  to 
till'  Prcjiilent.  iiieiiibor!'  of  llio  piiliinrl,  iinil  oilier  Iriiding  piir- 
lii'H  ill  WiL^liiiinliin  Cilv,  ('ijiii|>liiiiiinK.  aiiioiig  other  lhin;;!<.  "f 
the  ini'llii'ieiM'V  iiinl  iiii-uiii|pcteiiey  of  lien.  Kreiiii'iit,  upeakin); 
ili.'irespecl fully  of  liiin,  aiel  ii.'^kiii^  hi!'  rciiinvat  frnin  the  llejiart- 
ineni  of  the  \Ve>t." 

— A  corres]iondent  of  the  < 'imiiinittt  (Inzitln 
thus  describes  Gen.  Fremont's  headquarters  at  this 
time : 

"'I'nkinj,'  the  ears  on  Koiirlh  ."'IreLt,  from  the  I'lanlers'  Hotel 
yon  riile  ahout  four  or  five  .squares,  when  you  come  to  the  broitti 
iiveiiiie,  nenr  Iho  miirkct  on  Fifth  Street,  known  as  t'hotilean 
Aveiino,  nnmeil  after  the  celebiiiteil  wealthy  Iiuliiin  Iriiiler  of  . 
^>l.  Ijoui!<.  Two  bhaikrt  up  this  a\enne.  you  tollow  the  erowtl 
whirl)  emerj;es  from  the  ears,  ami  whieh  is  iiin^ilv  eoni)ioseil  of 
liii-n  in  nnil'orm,  ainl  in  two  minutes  yon  are  staniliii};  before  a 
plain,  two-storied  stueeoeil  resitleiiee,  siluateil  on  a  raiso<l 
eminenie,  nml  Mirnininleil  by  a  briek  wall,  before  the  en- 
tranee  to  \vlii<'h  two  line  looking  ymini;  men,  ilre.«se(l  in  plain 
blue,  with  till'  Kreneh  fati){ne-eap  set  janntily  on  their  lieails, 
are  paiiiif;  I"  ami  fro,  arnieil  with  Colt's  navy  revolvers  set 
on  earbine  slocks.  The  house  inenli<nie<l,  on  which  I  hail  for- 
gotten to  slate  was  disphiyeil  the  );loricuiH  .Stars  nnil  .'stripes,  was 


none  other  than  the  hua<li|iiarters  of  the   \V<'!>terii  I>epiiihiM  nt 
the  ri^siilence  of  ILi'ii.  l-'reiiionl, 

"At  the  brick  rcsiilume  just  above  Ihe  ^eiivral'-  ipMiliT., 
ami  Ironi  which  waves  the  llagofoiir  I'liion,  is  the  ,Suli>i.i.rirr 
llepartnieiit,  while  In  the  let'l  is  an  immense  ilumc.  surin>>uiiii<| 
by  another  llag,  ami  oversluolowin^  the  huihiing  kiimkii  n. 
.Mcllotvcll'a  ('olle;,'c,  ami  now  the  liea'l<|Uarlcrs  of  the  Iticnui 
in>{  lleparliiienl  ol  ,*s|,  |««»nis.  In  the  plain  brick  boa-,  l,j,.|f 
of  Fremont's  resilience,  on  llraliot  .'street,  is  the  .VUjiitaiii  lien, 
cral's  Ileparlmenl,  the  iliitics  of  wliluh  lire  well  execulnl  liy 
(apt.  Kclliiii  ami  his  abh'  eiuploycs,  ilitliurto  these  i|ii.iMi'r< 
have  been  inuili  sealtereil,  but  now  they  are  within  iiili  ui 
(let!.  l''rotiiiint,  iiii'l  within  reach  of  olliceri*  wishing  to  Jnin  i|i,.ir 
comtiijinils  or  transact  business  connci'lcil  with  the  aniiy," 

On   September    20th    the    following    officers   were 
announced  as  eiinstituliii);  (^leli.  Fremont's  stiitl': 

"Chief  of  .■'ilalf,  llri);.  lien.  A.  Asbolli ;  Assistant  .^'Ijuhnii 
llcncral.  ('apt.  Chauiiccy  .Mclvecvcr;  Military  .siecnliiiv  mil 
Aiilc-ile-Cainp,  Col.  tj.  II.  I'iaton  ;  C'hief  Topographical  Kiiifirii'tr. 
Col.  .lohn  T.  Kiithti  Chief  of  Onlmince,  Col.  Iiiisln\e  \V!l^'lll<^; 
Chief  of  Artillery,  I. lent. Col.  Jiimcs  Totlcn;  .1ni|ge-A.h,.,:ii,, 
.Maj.  II.  M.  Corwin;  Division  .^iirgcon,  I>r.  T.  Telkaui|>i :  \. 
-islaiit  .Snr;:ciiii.  Dr.  .lohn  Cooper;  Acting  As>islaiii  i^iijii,.. 
uia-ter-lieneral,  llrig.-lien.  .1.  .MeKinstry;  Deputy  I'ayiniisi.r 
(icnenil,  l.iciit.  C'ol.T.  P.  .\iii|rcws;  Ciimmamler of  Mmly  tiuiinl, 
.Maj.  Charles  Zagonyi;  .Musical  Director,  ('apt.  .V.  Walilam  r; 
Aides  ill'  Camp,  Col.  A.  .Mberl.  Col.  (lu-tavB  Kocriier,  CI.  ,1 
1*.  C.  Schenck,  Col.  Owen  l.ovejoy.  Col.  .lohn  .\.  (liirliy,  !,,[. 
.1.  C.  Wooils,  .Maj.  .lauies  \V.  .siavage,  .Maj.  Krank  .1.  \Vliii(. 
Maj.  William  Dorsheimer,  .Maj.  II.  Uaniming.  Maj.  M.  Iiii<li 
I'lumley.  (,'apt.  .1.  It.  Howard,  Capl.  l.uoni<las  Haskell,  r;i|.i 
,loseph  Iteminyoy;  Chaplain,  Kev.  C.  M.  DIakc. 

"  1 1.  The  special  duties  assigned  to  the  aides-de  ciiiiip  weri>;i- 
follows;  Col.  Albert  Ailhitns  to  be  oliicf  of  stalV;  Col.  \Vii..i., 
director  of  Iraiisporlation  ;  Mttj,  ."*aviige,  inililary  rcdistnilur 
and  expcditor ;  Maj.  I'lumley.  postal  director:  Capl.  Ilaskill, 
police  direiilor;  Maj.  Dorsheimer  and  Capt.  Howard,  piiiiitr 
secretaries, 

"  liy  order  of  Maj.-Ocn.  Kremonl. 

"CiiAi  siKV  MiKkivkii, 

"  Aiiintitnt  Atlintaiit-fi'iit  i-"l," 

On  the  Hauio  day  the  following  officers  were  |il;icci| 
on  duty  in  command  of  divisions  as  acliiio  ni;ijor 
fienerals : 

Ilrig.  <]eii.  Pope,  Itrig.-llen.  .'^igul,  llrig.-lJcn.  Asholli.  Iln; 
(ien.  .MeKinstry. 

The  followiiiir  officers  were  iiliiced  on  duly  in  com- 
mand of  brif^ades  as  actini;  bri^adier-fjcnerals : 

(^ol.  Davis,  Col.  .Mulligan,  Col.  Kelloii,  l.ieul.  I'ol.  T'lliii. 

—On  the  _'4tb,  Biiir.-Gen.  Samuel  R.  ('iiriis  us- 
sunied  coniniand  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis  and  viciiiiiv. 

— In  September  a  new  military  hospital  w;is  cstah- 
lished  in  the  buildiiio;  at  the  corner  of  Fil'ili  ;iiii| 
Chestnut  Streets,  under  the  char<;e  of  Suroemi  .Mills. 
of  the  United  States  army,  a.ssisted  by  Dr.s.  \V;ii;iicr 
and  llorton,  of  the  army,  and  Dr.  A.  S.  Mariics.  of 
the  city. 

— In  consequence  of  the  Cherokee  nalimi  nf  lii- 
diauH  havint;  joined   the  Confederate  eaiise,  ilic  iis- 


mst.iiit 

.Villl'lr 

1S61. 

liiiiMiiii 
-Th 
sick  ;iiul 

lirLMIli/ri 

"rticiis  : 
\i,'.'.|Ve 
llciis,||.r 
iinr.  Mrs 
■iiciciv  w 
Kill.':!!',  Ill 
■•"'lli'i't. 

-Ili.n. 

|"lil(i,'illied 
'iiiti'.  ;irriv 
iiiiiiii'iliatel' 

'"M.  .Mil.  ( 
Morjiliy's    I 

lliitfl.  Sec 
r''spiiii.s(i,  I 
I'liy  (';iiiiei'i, 

■liliT  til  (Irri 

"  III  1  ieiv  oj" 
""■'li'-  ilepaM 
'""I  live  lllllnl, 
«i"m-y  which  n 
■r-.  i.r  lie  rci 
■'  .'"ilr  iirniy 
unlil  lliev  ,-;in 
f'rsi'lllclii,-!, 


I'll 


'ildlllhi-ilh, 

"■'•I'-  III «l, 

"'■I  iri'  n..i  I,,,,/ 

•'.'  llH'ilishiir-iii 

""■"  'I'rI.allv  in 

"ll  i'  ilcciii. 

'i'.'.'in<lyou  HI 

!»'"ur,.oiif  eui|. 

■'i-"i'i'ii  Ihiii 

■'■""■    -Vii  pay  111,. 

''' "H'oiiiliio 

'-.-r - 

'"'■!"■  i'mI.  Aii.li 
""■'^'O-  al.„„„ 
f"'l-^''  "f  payiii, 
-"'"'I'li'rlcis  in  ,1 

■''ill'  /i''/,»/,/,', 

h'lfSeiTuiai-v  „(| 


■ll 


I"  "iiisi  a.||„. 


P''«'"H.|,.,.,  ,|„,| 


THK  CIVIL   WAR. 


405 


i|ll;iili'r-. 
luii-iftu-e 
rlll"lllllr'l 
llli.Wll    II- 

1  UriTilit 

llltll   lilMl- 

in  mil  .,1 
I  jiiiu  tlii'ir 
riii.v." 

cern  wtTi' 
itiiff; 

I  Ailjiiiuii' 
cri'liii-v  mil 
111  Kiiuiiii'i''. 
ivi'  Wiiuiht; 
p.-A.lM»"il''. 
Ikiiiiii'l;  A- 
hinl  i;ii;iiti'- 
y  l'iinii;i»lrr 
llii'lv  (luiirl. 
A.  Wiililuii't, 
icriicf,  l'"l.  ■' 
.  (iiirl'V.  '  "'■ 
iiik  .1.  Willi'. 
Miij.  "■  l''i''i 
lliifk.Ol,  I'^H't. 

iiui|>  wi'n  I- 

IV;  fill.  W 1- 

,,ry  ri'iii'lfiii'ii 
Ciipl.  llaAi'll, 


„--'.■ ■■■'■■• 

i  wfVf  jil;"''''' 

,  A^liiilli.  l'''!- 

,l\iiy  ill  t;"'"- 
liienil- 

..i'„l,  T-iii'ii- 

U.  Curiis  ■,i>- 

Is  iiiiJ  viiiuiiy. 

liliil  \V!>s  i'^t:il" 

„r  Fil'lli  -.111.! 

^uriiomi  Mi"-- 
Drs.  NViisiii'T 
S.  Hiinies.  lit 

nutimi  111'  !"• 
I  oiiiiM'.  iliL'  i>-- 


^i^^iiini  provosf-iimrslml,  .luliii  .MoNi'il,  I'lilom-I  of  the 
\iiiri mill  Ht'L'iinoiit  of  .Miatoiiri  viiluiilccrM,  mi 
()t'(i)l)or  '2d  ciiiitisnUfd  nboiit  tliirtytlirci- 
1861.  iliDUsiinil  (liilliir!*  hi'loiiuiiiu  to  tlii>  liidiitiix, 
wliicli  tlii-y  lia<l  iiii  ili'|i(i!<it  in  the  "  St.  Iiimis 
ItiiiMiiii:  hikI  Siiviiii;s  AsMiiciiiiion." 

— Till'  FiviiiDiit  lU'licf  Scicit'ty.  f'T  till-  rclitif  iif  till' 
.jck  Mini  wiiiliiilril  siililiiTM  ill  caiiip  iiiul  liiis|iilal.  wa.s 
iin.'iiiiizi'il  ill  Oftolicr  by  tlio  cli'ctiiin  nt'  the  lolinwiiif; 
iiftii'iis:  Mrs.  iK'sMJc  lit'iitiiii  I'Vciiiiinl,  jiri'siili'iit  ; 
Vin'l'ii"<iiii'iil'<,  Mi-M.  T.  II.  Kilu'iir  1111(1  .Mrs.  Dr. 
lIciis-^liT ;  Si'cri'tai-y,  Mr.«.  Cliiilon  M.  Fisk  ;  Treas- 
iiiir,  .^ll■•^.  Alitalia  Alu'li's.  Uhiiiiin  (iir  tlic  n.ti'  ol'tlii' 
-iH'ii'iy  wiTi'  pioviiii'il  at  tlic  ri'.siiltwicc  uf  T.  M. 
Kil'_':ir.  I'll  ('lu)iiti'aii  Avi'iiiii'  iippositi'  FiiiirtiMMitli 
.•^Iivrt. 

—  llnii  Siiiiiiii  Caiiu'riiii,  Si'crolaiy  nf  War,  ac- 
riiiii|iiiiiii'il  liy  Aiiji. -(it'll. 'riiDiiias  am)  otliiTs  of  his 
Miiti'.  iirrivi'ii  in  St.  LoiiiM  mi  OrtubiT  12lli,  and  li'lt 
iiimii'iliiiii'ly  for  (ion.  Fri'inont's  lii'iid(|U!irti'rs  at  Tip- 
tnii,  Mil.  On  liis  ri'tiini  In-  was  siTciiadod  by  Cnl. 
Mmiiiiy's  Kijllitli  Wisi'iiiisiii  |{o;_'ilii(>iit  at  Hariiuin'H 
llnti'l  SnTi'tary  Caiiit'i'mi  iiiadi'  a  sbiirt  spcocli  in 
rijpnii.^i'.  {{I'liiic  bis  departure  frmii  tlie  city,  Seere- 
laiT  Caiiieruii,  on  Ortnber  Mill,  issued  tlie  following; 
nriler  tn  (ieii.  Fi'i'iiioiit  : 

"111  ui-vv  111'  llic   liriivv  -illil-  .lili',  i^><|>ii'liilly  III   tin-  i|n;irli'r- 
ijii-lir-  ili'|iiii'tiiu'iit  ill  lliis  I'ilv.  iiiiiiiiiiiliii;;  In  smiii'  rmii'  mil 
:   11  lUi'  liiiiiilri'il   IIxiii^'iiikI   iliillais,   il    is   iiii|Kii'li\iil    llial    lliv 
iii.iiin'  whicli  iiiiiv  ii"\v  111'  ill  tin-  liiin.|<  uf  tliu  ilisbiir^'in^  iilli- 
•  r-.  "r  111'  ri'i'i'iM'il  li.v  lliriii.  Im  ii|i|ilii'il  In  llif  I'lirrinl  i'\|u'ti.«i's 

I  VMiii  iirriiv  ill  Misviiiiii,  iiinI  tlii'si'  ili>lil.4  tii  ri'iiiuin  iin|iaiil 
iiiiil  llicv  run  111-  piii|irily  (>\iiiiiini'<l  iiinl  si'iil  In  Wa-liin^liiii 
frsi'ttleiiii'iil ;  llu'  ili-liiii'.«inu'  "IVh'i'I-.-'  nl'  tin-  iiiiiiv  In  lli^lMll■.1l' 
tliel'iinil^iinil  imt  Iriiiisrrr  llii-in  li>  iri-i--|iiiii>ililc  ii);i>iitii, — in  utluT 
"'•rJs  tliiisi' ivli.i  ilii  nut  liolcl  eiiiiiiiiiK..'iiiiiii  I'niiii  tin-  I'l'i-iiiloiit 
ml  iiri' mil  iiinler  bnmli'.     All  I'liiilriii't.''   ncc'c.'-Mir.v  Im  lie  iiiinlo 

II  lliiMli4mr>iri|5  olliirr.".  'I'liB  neiiinr  <|iiiirt(>riiiHsli'r  horo  liiis 
I'li'ii  vt-rliiilly  iiistriirtril  liy  llu-  i^i-creliiry  lis  ]il)ov(>, 

'It  i-  lU'i'iiii'il  iiiiiiui>i'Haiir.v  111  croi't  lii'M-nork.s  iiiiiiiikI  tlii< 
;i;.  mill  jim  will  diii'i-t  lliuir  >li.-i'>inliniiiiin  r  ;  iil.-n  lliii,«i>,  if  any, 
.!.  "lUiM' of  eiiii>ti'iiotiiin  at  .li'H'i>i'«<iii  I'ily.  In  Iliis  oiniirotiiin 
t  !• -I'l'ti  that  a  niiiiiliiT  (if  I'liiiiiiiis.-iiihs  hnvf  liccn  ^ivmilty 
III,    No  |iayiia'nt.4  will  lir  iinuli'  tnsucli  nlVu-or-,  i'Mm'|iI  to  lliiisi' 

11 u|i|i"iiiliiii'Uts   liiivi'   lu'fii   a|i|iriiv(><l    liy    tlii'    I'li-siilent. 

1  '■•  "I  I >i'.  'Iiii'i"   mil   a|i|ily  111  the  oIVh'it.*   with   voliiiitiir 

':  !■■.  I'll.  AmIri'W."  hiii-  ln'i'ii  vrrlially  so  in.'IriirtL'il  hy  ihi- 
■f  riliiry  :  ;iI-m  mil  tn  make  tiiiii«liTK  nl  fiiml!',  ('\fr|ii  I'or  Uii' 
|!ir|."-c  ..r  |iiiyiiii;  till'  tioii|i!i.     '('Ill'  iM'pi'linn  <i(  bariai'ki'  iirar 

ir  .|iiiirtei«  in  this  I'ity  in  In.  at  nllro  ili.-'i'nnliliili'il." 

Tilt'  lii iiiililltiiii,  ill  ciiiiiiiii'iiiiiii;  on  this  order  of 
I  iW  SecrL'liiiy  oi'  War,  said,— 

Wf  iiiiisi  ailluri'  111  Iliis  our  linii  cnnvioliuii,  wliii-li  cvi'ii 
|ii'N.  l.yon  tta.«  priiik'iit  i'niiu(;li  In  i.'iiliitaiii,  I'or  it  ia  wi'll 
lUnnihiit  hi'lurc  Inn  iniiivh  to  Ununvilli'  In-  iiistriicli'il  ("ol. 
I  Fiila  tmcli'i't  the  |irii|n'r  Btniti'itii'al  |iniiil.i  for  Ihf  I'rcflion  of 
I'uiii!  iif  ilil'ini'i'  iirnunil  thi'  liiy,  ami   that   Mu'   iii'Ofi'sity   of 


iiri'i'tliiu  mioh  fnrtlfli'iitlnnii  wni>  utrnnijly  niiimri'nt  to  ttip  fiir- 
■  iKhti'il  luiml. 

"lii'ii.  Lynn  mnili'  |ii'i'|iaral|iiii>  fnr  tin'  Iniililink'  of  i<iiiiilar 
wnrku  nf  ilifuiMc  III  .lifliTHiiii  Cily,  Itolla,  Iinnlon,  an. I  l'a|ifl 
liirnnli'Hii,  Tlii'ii'  four  liittrr  iiiiinls  liiivi'  ''I'ljii  thr  'iiUallnii  nf 
l^l.  Iiniiis  (luring  nil  tlii'  tiiiiu  thai  licii.  l-'riiianni  wat  )ii'i'|>Hiiiig 
his  ^riiiiil  army  fnr  the  fnnvanl  iiinM-mcnl  vvliirh  lii'  lins  iiitir 
so  ha|>|iily  iiiaii);urati"l,  fnr  llitiy  foriii,  Willi  thi-  Miss.mri  KiviT 
at  till'  north,  till' Kri'iil  sirati'Kii' t'iri'li' uhii  li  uniisiiiulis  tlir  limt 

lini'  nf   ili-finSI'  nf    Ihi'  l|ll'lril|inlis  of    till'  .■■lull'. 

"'I'liii  iiria  nf  (li'H.  I'ri'mniit  Imvi'  liiin  lirillianl  innuirh  lu 
iviirriiiil  till'  rcriit;iiition  nf  mi'til,  n  in  froiii  .Mr.  I.ininln.  lien. 
Krc'iiiniil  raisi'il  ami  nruaiii/.i'il  an  army  of  ni'arly  iiini'ly  tliou- 
aanil  ini'ii  in  less  than  half  thi' timr  il  look  lirii.  .''^i-ntt  li>  oi'f^iin- 
i/.i'  an  army  of  thr  same  niiinliiT,  iiml  (luring  ttio  (iroccsii  nt'  or- 
gani/.atiun  llin.  Krvinont  not  only  helil  Ihi'  ivhoh'  lini'of  ili'lVnsa 
of  Si.  I.oiiis.  from  Hint's  I'oiiii  anil  Cape  (lirariluiiii  I'oi  Pilot 
Knoll  anil  Itollii  to  JiilTi'rson  I'lly,  ami  all  aloii^  Ihe  .Miasmiri 
llivi'r  111  Kansa.s  I'ily,  Imt  ovpn  inuii^unueil  thi'  lirillianl  imi^ 
lit  iiiiiln  in  Kiinlui'ky  Hliifli  savi'il  thai  nnbli'  Slalr  to  tho 
i'^iusi>  of  the  1'ninn,  anil  put  niir  troops  in  possnssinii  of  I'nili.i'iih 
iiiil  .'^tiiithlaml." 


— Tlio  full  I'oniiiiisMion  appointed  by  the  I'rexiib'iit  to 
e.xaiiiine  into  the  iiiiiitary  iicemints  nf  tlie  hepartnieiit 
of  the  West,  assembled  at  St.  liiniis  in  the  full  of 
tills  year  (18t>l).  It  was  eoinposeil  uf  llmi.  David 
Davis,  of  Illiflois  ;  lion,  .loseph  Hull,  of  Kentiieky  ; 
and  llui{li  Campbell,  of  St.  Louis,  and  was  instructed 
to  examine  and  re|iort  upon  all  uii.'<ettleil  elaiiuH 
aiiainst  the  .Military  Department  of  the  West  whieh 
ori;;inated  |irior  to  the  appointment  of  lien.  I'Veiiiont. 
J.  S.  Fullertoti  was  secretary,  mid  Saiiiii.l  T.  (ilover, 
of  St.  Louis,  W!is  tile  cmiiisel  fi  r  the  ^luvcrnment. 

.[ii.sepb  Scott  Fullerlmi.  the  si'cretary  of  the  coin- 
mission,  was  a  youno;  lawyer  who  had  removed  to  St. 
Louis  from  Cbillicuthe,  Ohio,  in  IK'iS,  and  whoso 
brilliant  talents  bad  already  bniiii:lit  biin  intn  proiiii- 
iienee.  Mr.  Fullertmi  performed  tho  duties  nf  this 
ortice  with  such  ability  and  zetil  that,  on  einleavnriiin 
to  procure  a  release  finm  the  comiiii--simi  in  nrder  to 
enti'r  the  army,  in  which  he  atterwanls  became  a 
distiiii;uislicd  oHicer,  bis  application  was  twice  refused, 
and  it  was  not  until  the  cotnniissimi's  labors  weru 
ended  that  hu  was  enabled  to  carry  out  his  cherished 
desire. 

tien.  FiiUerton  traces  his  ancestry  back  to  an  old 
and  well-known  Knulish  family  of  the  stime  niiine. 
The  branch  from  which  he  descended  rcinuved  to 
Scotland,  where  it  played  i(uite  a  conspicuous  part  in 
the  political  and  relii;ious  dissensions  of  that  country 
in  early  days.  In  Ui(l2,  Ferjrus  Fullerton  left  Arran 
with  Uamdal  Na  Arniii  (afterwards  Karl  of  Antrim), 
and  built  Hush  Mills,  in  the  north  of  Ireland.  He 
was  the  first  of  thi'  Irish  family.  In  1()41,  William 
Fullerton,  then  the  head  of  the  family,  successfully 
defended  Ballaiitoy  Castle  against  the  insurgents.     In 


4«;!S 


.;iiM 
''iB''.'iiS 


fe 


H! 


I\ 


jB'f, 

ml''' 

l\ 

A  !i 


r V  '■ 


ii 


406 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


1690,  Iluinphrcy  FulliTtoii  ili8tiii<;iii.sli(>il  liiiDHolt'  ii( 

till"  biiille  III"  the  IJoyiie,  and  for  his  liriivt'ry  a  .swonl 

was  i^iveri  tn  liiiii  by  William  of  Orange.    Tlit; 

1861.     sword  was  bri<iii;lit  to  lliis  cimiitry  liy  his  son 

I'lrnjilnvy,  wlm  ('aiiio  lioru  in  1"2.'J.' 

IIuiii|ilirov,  sou  of  till'  last-iiaiiii'd  Huinplirey,  a 
man  izrcally  vcs|ii'ct(.'(l,  lived  at  Lanuaster,  Pa.  His 
son  llunipliri'y,  who  was  iimimiI'  tlii'lanti'st  land-o-.vncrs 
in  IVnnsylvaniii,  lived  near  (ireeneaslle,  a  man  six 
•eet  two  iiielies  in  height,  who  weiuhed  over  tour 
liundred  and  thirty  |ioiinds.  His  son  Iliini|ihrey 
Mioved  to  ('hillicothe,  Ohio,  in  the  year  iSlMi,  taking; 
with  him  his  inlant  sun.  Iliim[ili;'ey  i  who  was  the 
»i.\lh  llnm|ihrey  in  sueeessiun).  the  lather  of  .lose|ih 
Swilt  l''nllerton.  the  siihjeet  of  this  sketch,  who  was 
born  at  ('hillicothe.  (thio,  Dee.  '.',.  l.S:>(;. 

(Jen.  Fiillerton's  mother  was  Kli/.aheth  T.  Seolt, 
dai!;;hter  of  Dr.  Jose|ih  l^eoll,  a  very  prominent 
physician  of  Lc.\in<;ton.  Ky.,  deseended  IVnm  an  an- 
ciei  '  Seoteh  family,  whose  lather  and  iinele  rendered 
distintruished  service  in  the  war  of  the  Kevoliilion. 

In  those  early  days  of  llie  Wes;  edncational  advan- 
tajies  Were  very  limited,  seminaries  and  schools  for 
}lirl>  heiiifr  unknown,  and  .Mrs.  I'"uller(iin's  father,  a 
hi<.'hly-ediica((!d  m.in,  who  appreciated  the  advantajri's 
of  V.  >:ood  sidniol.  placed  her  at  one  in  Haltiinore,  Md. 
She  made  the  journey  with  him  in  midwinter,  trav- 
clin|.'  all  the  way  from  Ijcxinjiton  on  horseback,  their 
buf;f:a;.'e  beini;  carried  un  p.ick-horses. 

(ien.  l'"ulli'rloli"s  education  was  carefully  superin- 
tended by  his  mill  her,  who  was  a  devout  and  earnesl 
Chrisiian,  and,  niiirenver.  a  woman  of  irreai  force  of 
chiiracter.  and  reiiowiu'd  lor  lier  jjoodness  aiid  sweet- 
ness  nf  temper. 

-Mier  eompletini;  the  course  of  ilie  Chillieolhe  .\cad- 
euiy.  youiii;  {■'ullertoii,  al  llie  aui'iilVsixlecn.  eiiierrd  the 
fresliimin  elu.«s  al  .^Iiami  I'niversity,  O.Nl'ord.  Ohio,  one 
of  the  (ddesi  eollejres  in  the  West,  and  which  perliMp« 
has  ;iradualed  mure  men  wb<i  sniiseipienllv  liecMUie 
famous  than  any  other  colleu;!'  in  llie  West  ur  .'^iinlh. 
l''ullerlon  was  not  di>lini;iiishi'd  as  a  -indeiil  ;  he  |iaid 
mm,  Mlleiilii.n  i>  the  liter  iry  ami  sei'ict  sociiiies  than 
to  study,  and  was  rather  Ino  fiind  nf  'iiilc;.'!'  jokes  tu  be 
u  Very  earnest  scholar,  yd  he  stood  aiiemi.'  the  first 
twelve  of  lii>  class  lhiou;.;h<iul  I  be  four  vears  of  his 
eoilcfle  life,  and  liradualed  without  ever  havinj  been 
"  conditioned"  or  '■  rnsiieiiled."  He  w.i-  thiii  nine- 
teen years  of  au'c,  and  he  and  Wliilel.iw  Keid  (now 
cdiloi-  of  llie    .\"« /(■    Vui/,'    Tiiliiuii  )  Wer.'  the  \i  lllli;esl 


'  N'i'iirly  II  liiiiiilriMl  yi'iu^  iif'ltM'vtiinh,  lii>iit<^  of  i  \''i'lli'iil  uti .  >, 

III I'  I  Ik-   lull  ily,   iiiln  hIkim.'   IiiiiiiI>    il    iiiiiii',  Imil   llu'   KWnril 

iiiu<li>  itil<)  i'iir\  iii|;  kiiiM.'!!. 


of  tlieir  class  (that  of  1855),  viiie  of  the  larfrwt  el:i.>s,., 
that  ever  <:radiiatod  from  Miami  University. 

Youiij;  Fiillurlon  then  sjient  a  year  at  C'hillicntli,.. 
reading;  lilsfory  and  law,  and  in  18r)7  enteri'l  ilm 
Cincinnati    Law  School,  from    whitdi    iiistit.ntiiiii  lie 

<:radiiatcd  in  1S.'>8.      His  cla.ss,  thoii<{h  small,  I uMie 

rather  noted;  two  of  its  members  have  been  (iuvcr- 
iiors;  of  .States,  four  are  now  on  the  bench.  (!i.|| 
Noyes,  one  of  them,  wa.s  Minister  to  France  iinjir 
I'resident  Hayes,  and  sevural  of  them  were  ili>tiii. 
!,'iiislied  in  political  life. 

In  the  fall  of  18.")8  Mr.  Fullerton  removed  i,,.';| 
lioiiis,  and  having  had  but  little  ccperieiicc  in  i||,. 
practical  branches  of  his  profession,  he  spent  siiiui 
time  in  the  service  of  the  clerk  of  the  St.  I.dui* 
Court  of  Cumnieii  Fleas,  irivini;  bis  work  I'm  \\\v  ,v\. 
vanlai:es  he  derived  from  the  experience  as  a  ile|iiii\ 
chrk  of  the  eoinl.  His  assiduity  attracted  ^lie  -mwu. 
tioii  of  the  Hon.  Henry  Hituhcock.  upon  who'll'  invi- 
tation, in  lSr>l),  >L'.  Fullerton  took  a  desk  in  ili^i 
gentleman's  oflicc. 

The  next  year  wa.s  oiii'  of  jjreat  jiolilical  excitrnichi 
and  Fullerton,  as  a  ■'  DoiiLilas  Democrat  '  and  ;i  -iniii.- 
Unionist,  was  thrown  into  sharp  antaeiniisni  wiili  i<i,..t 
of  his  as.sociates.      His  nearest  friends  were  ."^1111111.111 
]ieo|ile  and  .sympathised  sIriiML'ly  with  scccssinii.  un^i  1 
club  of  younj;  men  to  which  he  beloiiued  seiil  Iwciin 
six  members  to  the  Confederate  army  and  bin  I'nia  ' . 
the  Union  army, — ('apt.  (Jralz,  who  was  killcil  at  ili 
baltle  of  Wil.sons  ("reek,    .\nilrew  \.  .Mexaiidir  mil 
Winlield   Sumner,  now    in    ibe   rciiular  arni\.aiMi.l 
S.    I''illlerliin.       'l'lloU',^li   Inu  yniilii;    to    liiVe    iiilli  II  ,ii. 
Ilueiiee.   Fllllerliiii  rxeiled    all    his    power   I"   ~lelii  lin 

torrent  of  di^iiiiiuiiism  wlii<'li  ibrealened  li>  Il Hb- 

soiiri,  and  was  mie  of  a  Commillie  of  .'^ali'lv  "'. 
I  iiii'ii  men,  who  oi'^aiii/.ed  to  |irolect  llieiii.^'lvis  anl 
■  illier  I  'ni"iii-ls  Ml  .S|.  Lmiis. 

The  «,ii  broke  out.  and  Fiillerlon  was  anxinii-  i 
enter  the  service  under  ihe  old  lbe_',  liul  iliituiiiiii.ili 
'ui'iplii  iiions  ill  his  fither's  busine.-is  seerinil  In  I  rr- 
i)id  ;   be-<id"«,  mure  men  Were  oH'eriie.' thi'iiiM  Ivi- iliaii  | 

the  ^uvrrilHiellt    Co, lid    aeei  p!  :    so    he    eolllillllell   ill'' 

prai'ii  •    'A'  liis    prule>sion.  and    |iiiii'iillv    Kidi'l   lii* 
lime.      He  had  never  beloiiL'ed  'o  a   niililia  i'.iiii|'.iiiy| 
or  pel  formed   any  kind  i\\'  nililarv  duly  or  .•xcivi- 
and  ha. I  ih.  la^t,'  for  anylhiii'.:  of  the  »url 

111    llie    fall  of    IHlll    he  was   appuiiiled  si ri.tar.    Il 
llie  eoinnii>'<iui,    us  hirelufure  stated,  wliiili   -.11  al  *l  | 
Louis  III  ilei  .1.    iipuii  ihe  elaiiii>  of  i  iiiaiii  '"iiii.i' 
and  iilheis  .I'.'ainst   il'   ■.■uvernnieiii       II  was  iv|iMri.<^ 
that  the  work  uf  the  ■  uinniissiuii  would  uii'ii|.\  Iniii 
few  Week'',  bill  lis  laliuri  Were  piuloii^ed  far    Ml"  \' 
MeiiiMvbile  circuiiislaneis   ai    In. me  liuw  la\  ii"il  i'il| 


I'lHI-SCS 


I,  \ni-MW 

>ii  Ciiivi'i- 
i-h.    (!"ii 

•re  ilistiii- 

ivftl  to  Si. 
lu-o  ill  ill'' 

<JH'lll      ~"lll' 

i   St.  l.">ii- 

for  I  111'  ii'i- 

iis  ;i   ili'l'iii; 

mI  ;1i>'  all'i'- 

dc«k  ill  ili'ii 


I 


,1  (.Xl'lli'llli'll' 

•  ami  ;i -11""-' 
i.iiii  Willi  ri"-' 
vveri^  S..'iili.i'i 
ecossi""".  ■■I'l'l  ' 

,.,1  Sl'lll  IttVllI} 

1,1  1,111  I'liii  ■ 
kiUnl  ;it  ill 

MrXllll'l'T  ;lll'l 
;iruiy.  .1"''  '' 

,VC     lllll'll     "■ 
,.    to    -li'lll  111' 

at,.  tiii.'iiM'^ 

,.r  S;ili'iy  -: 
|„.,„-,.lv.  -  ;iii 


\Vil«    ;,ll\l"ll"  ' 
,Ul    lllll-Vlilll'"' 

,...ni."l  I"  I'"- 
,l„,,„>,lv.'-ili»ii| 


,.     ,MlllUlHl« 


,1  111" 


,.,„lv    lii'l-'  *'■" 


,■1111%    •■' 

iiriiiii;! 

.,,iii|'.iiiy 

luiy  "'• 

.■SiTi-.-". 

.  ~,,ii 

lilt.' I  ->■ 

•i,'l;if\  "'' 

wliiili 

-,u  ;ii  "'■ 

.rtiiiii  1 
1 .  .>  . 

iiiir.i'i''' 

,  ,,'i"'i''' 

It « 

„l.l  ""■"!') 
,.,.,1  C.tv  '.111' 


ii,i« 


l;,S'l 


,i«":i 
.,1  I'll 


fSM 


m> 


I    :in('hrry  ' 


i&6l.      tvr  >ni  WHH  lirui; 

t;,,  ,.•  1,,.  •■   "I 


IIUUI     LCIlM'lV 


1k'  wur 


.  1     -T,  ^!-'  \       t< 


>vU   inmmil   a 


I  If,  (>)•  lij»  soil      r( 


!  .  . .    I  -■ 


All"     Wl 


lilt  a  ^■' 
i»4    ill    ! 


!l  If 


i  1 

■tali  1 '  v)i 


iM r  Ihc   luinily,   nil..  wIimm^   hiin.l-    il    .mmi...  hu.l   ihi.    ..>»,. i.l       "'"    "'-i'^",  "««  •'"'"""•-...  ..    ,.. 


iiiii.li'  iiil..  i'iir\  ins  kiiivv.i. 


McMiiwIiilo  I'irciiinHliiiici's  ii(    linmc  imw  liiv.iiiil  Hi 


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H^^HIi 

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1  ^h.  ihKMta 

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1 

■H 

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1 

H 

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'■'■'- 

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lerti'iiV  (K; 

(lie  ilcliiy  ' 

th 

1861.    tid 

IIK 

iiiiodii'l'  Ja 
:l>liaillt'i|  to 
livos  Cur  til 
•  is  iiciirly 

'•Till,  (ii 
iip|»ii'iiiiiit3 
la.'-k  is  ilii'ii 
mil  .'Md'ki'd 

111    Jlllv, 

work  III'  tli( 

Irck  (illaril- 

lii.'-  iii'.jiiaiiii 
ii-red  Intel  tl 

iitilUI  llf  Vnl 
IliviT. 

I  I'lill    Ills 

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liiilc  iiiiliiiir 
lii;;li  milk. 

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til''  .S'Cdllcj    } 


:u.l<! 


lll'-Cillllp 


t"rif  ill  Km 
(''>iiiiiiaiiiliii<; 
l-i'iii.  KuJIi'i 

'I'll    llr:illj;ci 

jixl  ill  I  Si;:; 

'iniiiL'iT  liHik 
.\iniy  n|'  ijif 

liiApril,  1 
:'iiiiiil.  with 

■iL'lhlj  In  lirl 
i||:il  nlllcrr  il 
'  "l|'>  lir.lll'.'rl 

I.' .mil  '.'11, 
■''■•|fi„i.>    wa- 
l.i'iiLMriTi    I,  ■ 

"illl'll,  IlKJ  II. 
th"  .Snilll   Mil 

'■ii-i^  'IriiiiLTi 

ill.'    ','(11  HI'.     Wi 

l.iiii->ir,.,.|.      ( 
»>|"  iiia.l.'    ill 
i'liiniiv.l    ,v,,|.,. 
liiMir, 
•\»  ilii.r  III 

'f'l''!"l|    III,      :,U 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


407 


lerti'ii'i*  desire  to  take  an  active  part  in  tlic  war,  and  appointed    lieutunant-colonvl,    and    a8.si<;ned    to    the 
ilu'  ilcliiy  Wiis  very  irksome.     Twice  he  resij;ned,  but  Fourth  Army  Corps  as  cliii^f  of  staff.     Subsequently 
the  coniini.ssioii  refu.sed  to  accept  Ills  resiuMia-  he  was  enu:a<i;ed  in  all  tiie  t)<!)ils  of  that  army  until 
1861.     '•""•     '*"c  day  ho  told   Mr.  Hoh,  one  of  the  the  end  of  the  Atlanta  eampaif^n.     Then  Gen.  llow- 
mcmher.s,  that   he  would  not  stay  in  llie  rear  ard.   comniandin<;  the   Army   of  the  Tennessee,  re- 
iUKitliiT  day,  that  he  must  <;o  wMi  the  army,  and  was  ((uested  his  assi<<niuent  to  the  staff  of  that  army,  but 
;i.«liiiiiii'd  to  stay  bai^k  whe!i  so  many  were  <:ivin};  their  t^en.  Thomas,  eommandiii>;  the  Army  of  the  Cumber- 
lives  I'nr  their  country  ,    '  and  the  war,  too,"  he  added,  land,  refused  to  allow  him  to  be  transferred, 
•is  nearly  over!"  When  Sherman  left  Atlanta  on  iiis  I'amous  march 
'•Till,  tut,  younj;  man,"  said  Holt,  "you  will  have  to  the  sea.  Col.  Fullerton  went  back  as  chief  of  staff 
iiii|.iiriiiiiity  .!ii()Uj;h  I      He  patient   till   tliis  im|Mirtant  under  (Jen.  Stanley,  with  a  part  of  the  Army  of  the 
t;i<k  is  tlirou^li.      Kven   tlie  shell  of  this   rebellion   is  Cumberland,  to  tiL'ht   llooil,  and  was  en^a^.'ed  in  all 
lint  .Mcki'd  yet !"  the  battles  of  the  command  unlil  the  end  of  the  war. 
Ill  .liilv,  18(i2,   Mr.  Fullerton  finally  finished  the  Amonji   the  eii;,'a;_'emerils    in   which    he   participated 
Wdi'k  mI'  the  commi.ssioii,  and   then  joined  the '•  Ilal-  were    those    of  Shelbvville.    Cliiekaniaii^ia.    Chatta- 
lick  (iiiards,"  a  volunteer   company  of  yonn;.'  men  of  nooua.  Missionary  |{idi:e,  Hii/.'^ard  Koost  <!ap,  Dalton, 
his  :ii-.|iiaiiitaMee  in  St.  Louis,  who  were  at  once  mils-  Kcsaea,    New    Hope   Cliiireli,    I'iiie   Top    Mmintuin, 
iiri-d  iiil"  the  State  ser\  ici- and  accompanied  an  ex|ie-  Keiiesaw    Mountain,    Allatooii;i,   the    two    lialtles    at 
liiiuii  of  volunteers  ajjrainst  guerrillas  n]i  the  Missouri  '  Atlanta,    Jone.sboro",     Lovejoy     Stalion,    Columbia, 
Uivii-  Spring    Hill,  Franklin,  and    Na.sliville,  besides  many 
I  |i(in  liis  return    Mr.  Fullerton  was  ofl'ered  a  nia-  smaller  fi^'hts  and  skirmishes,      .\lthouuli  usually  in 
;nrs  ciiiiimi.ssion  by  (Jovernor  (iambic,  but  havini:  so  ilie  ihiekest  of  every  enpi^enu'iit  he  seemed  to  lead  a 
iiillc  military  experience  he  declined  to  aecejit  such  a  charmed  life,  never  haviiiL,'  been  wounded  or  even  re- 
iii^li  milk.      1L>  continued  drillin;;  with  !iis  company,  eeivcd  a  bullet  in  his  clothes.     Vei  he  bad  many  nar- 
.111(1  eveiilually,  Oct.  l-l,  1802.  at  tht;  request  of  (ieii.  row  escapes.     Twice  his  horse  was  allot  under  him, 
lidiijiiii  (iraiijxer,  was  appointed  second  lieiitenanl  in  several  of  bis  orderlies  were  shot,  and   once  a  Iwiir, 
till'  ,Si>niiid  .Missiiiiri  Infantry,  and  a.ssigned  to  duly  as  which  he  was  lujldiiii;  in  his  hand,  and  afterwards  it 
:iiilc'ile-camp   to   the  p'lieral,  who  was  orpini/.iii;;  a  vine  he  had  [lieked  up  and  was  e.\ainiiiin<;.  were  shot 

awav. 


I  111' ill  Kentucky  to  move  on  (ien.  K.  Kirby  Smith, 
t'liiiiiKiniiiiij;  the  Confederate  forces  in  tli.it  State. 
Iiii'iit.  Fullerton  remained  on  the  staff  of  (ien.  (lor- 
I'lii  (ir;iii;jer  in  the  <-ampaii:ii  tbroujrh  Kenlucky, 
iml  ill  l.Sd.l  Went  witli  him  to  Tennessee,  where  (ien. 
ilniii'.'cr  look  command  of  the  reserve  corps  of  the 
Aiiiiv  III'  llie  Cnmberltind. 


The  cbaracler  of  his  military  services  appears  from 
a  sinii)le  slatemeiii  of  the  fact  that  he  was  reconi- 
memled  for  brevet  for  distiiiiiuished  servii^cs  and  pil- 
lantry  in  the  Atlanta  cainpaiirii,  and  was  aL:ain  reconi- 
inended  for  brevet  by  (ien.  T.  ,).  Wood.  cominandiii>; 
the  Foiiitli  .'\rniy  Corps,  and  (ien.  (ieor'je  II.  Thomas, 
111  .Vpril,  IS(;:i,  lut  was  appointed  assistant  adjutant-  commandiii^'  (he  .\rniy  of  the  Cumberland,  for  ''  /.eal- 
;iiii'iiil,  Willi  llie  rank  of  major,  and  was  ajiain  as-  oiis,  intelli<:eiit,  and  eflieient  performance  of  duly,  and 
■i-ih'il  Im  lien.  (Jraiifier  as  chief  of  staff,  lie  assisted  for  most  valuable  servieis  and  disliiiL'uish 'd  pei'soiial 
ii;il  iilVinT  ill  reorj,'aiiiziiij;  llie  reserve  corps,  which  Lrallaiitry  in  the  field,  especially  displayed  at  l''iaiik- 
■"r|is(;raiii.'cr  look  into  battle  at  Cliiekamaui;a,  Sept.  lin,  Tenn.,  Nov.  HO.  1804,  and  in  the  several  coiifiicts 
l.'uiul  'Jd,  iHtili,  (bus  proliably  savini:  ihe  ihiy.  So  df  ihe  battle  fought  at  Nashville.  Tiiin..  Dec.  15  and 
ik«|iOLii"   wa,i   I'le   situation    thai    all    depended    on      Hi.  1S((4." 

Lilipilri'el   biiiliL'  driven   from  a   position   in  a  jiorv'e,  in    Mav,    IHti'),  (ien.    Howard,  who   lind   been   ap- 

"hiili.  liid  he  held  an  lioiir  loiiL'er,  mi^'hl  have  cost  |ioinled  eoinini.ssioner  of  the  i"'ieedinen  >  Ihireail,  re- 
iki' Nmlli  an  army.  Ileali/.in^  lb"  iinportanee  of  the  ijuested  that  (Jen.  h'lillerton  lie  jssij;iied  as  his  aasist- 
irinis.  i;iaiii.'er  threw  one  division  of  the  corps  inio  unt ;  but  the  latter  refu.scil  to  acee]it  the  position, 
till'  L'lii'ji'.  wiihoiil  orders,  and  eoiiipleli'ly  rniiied  altlioiiLdi  nr).'ed  to  tio  so  by  many  of  his  friends  (in- 
l.iiii'jKlri'1'i  Of  tliice  llioiisanil  three  liniidred  nun  eludlii::  l-'rank  I'.  iJlair  ,  and,  the  war  bciiii;  over,  lie 
«liii  iiitiil.  iliis  .-iliack,  ahoiii  une  thousand  seven  teiidereii  ids  resi^'tiation  from  the  army,  it  was  not 
liiiiiilivij  ,v,.|',.  |{i|li..(l  and  woiiiitletl  in  less  than  an  accepted,  however,  and  he  was  ordeied  to  report  to 
'"'"f  (ien.  Ili'Ward  for  the  purpose  mentioned.      I'lillertou 

•\s  ilii,  f  i,f  staff,    Maj.    i""ullerton's   irallaiitiy   at-      foresaw  ili.it  tiie  bureau  was  likely  to  lnH'ome  a  very 
irai'ti-il  ill,,  altenlion   of  (tun.  Thuniiks,  and    he  was      eonvenieiii  politieal  inuchiiie,  and  he  necepted  service 


>(! 


M 


t" 


408 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


if  'i 


\-m 


mi 


r';l 


Mi  1. 


under  (]cii.  Howard  with  the  distinct  undorHtiindiii^ 
that  i^oiitii'H  wt'io  lo  he  kept  (>ut  (sf  it.  For  sevonil 
niiinths  li(>  .>inc('i'i!d('d  in  cxeludini;  the  psiuiilo- 
1861.  philanthropists  ami  adventurers  from  tlie 
Nortli  from  the  iiureaii,  admitting  none  l>ut 
those  conneetcd  with  the  United  States  arm)  ;  hut  dur- 
ing; the  stmimer  of  ISl'ift  lie  auain  souu'ht  to  re.sitin,  liut 
was  perfuaded  to  remain  for  a  wliile  witli  the  hnreau. 
In  Oetober  he  was  ordered  to  Ijouisiana  to  strive  (o 
hrin;;  ahout  an  adjustment  of  dilheultiesexistiie.'  tliere. 
and  to  secure  a  lielter  undi'rstaiidinL' between  tiie  State 
autiiorilies  and  liie  otVieers  of  liiu  military  department 
and  of  the  bureau.  In  this  he  was  very  sueee.ssfni. 
I'nder  the  administration  of  bis  predi'ce.ssor  the  ne- 
jrroes  had  formed  a  very  exafrwrati'd  idea  of  their 
importance,  having  been  lauurbt  by  demairo^'ues  and 
ajritators  that  they  were  to  have  "  forty  acres  and  a 
mule."  ('onsei|Ueiiily  many  of  them  had  beeome 
demoralized  and  refused  to  work  ;  the  planters  eould 
not  make  contraets;  the  labor  system  was  (iisoriian- 
ixed,  and  ruin  stared  the  coniniunity  in  the  face.  On 
the  other  hand,  there  was  a  larire  class  (d"  intiuential 
whiles  who  s(!eined  disposcil  to  harass  ihe  nei;ro  as 
mnch  as  jiossible.  (ien.  Kullerton  directed  himself 
to  liriii'.'inL'  about  a  better  uiidcrstandini:  between  the 
two  races.  The  negroes  were  toKl  thai  freedom  did 
not  mean  idleness,  and  that  they  wonld  not  be  sup- 
ported by  the  piveriiment,  but  must  work  for  them- 
selves ;  and  the  whiles  were  ii, formed  lb;il  tlieir  late 
slaves  were  freemen,  ami  must  be  treated  by  tlu-m  as 
such  ;  that  their  labor  was  nuccssary,  and  must  be  fairly 
paid  for;  and  that  the  black  man.  never  liaviuL'  bail 
opportunities  for  seH'-iniprovemcnt,  should  in  ail  cases 
bu  Irealcil  with  consiileralion,  and  when  arrai<jned 
for  inlVin;;emi-nl  of  the  law.  sboiild  have  jnsiic.'  lem- 
percd  with  mercy. 

In  this  \vis4'  anil  huniune  spirit  (icn.  Fiillcrion  in 
i.litiilid  the  Work  of  reforni,  and  very  .soon  succeciled 
ill  modifying;  the  hostility  which  hud  existed  between 
the  two  racc>.  When  be  was  relieved,  in  Novendier, 
ISli.").  I  lie  .W  ir  Oiliiiiis  <  'irsniit  said.  "The  short  ad- 
minislralion  of  tlcii.  Kulicrlon  has  been  marked  by 
iulcliiuciicc  of  the  liiL'liest  order,  and  lias  shown  a  re- 
pird  for  private  riubis  and  civil  liberty  wbicb  has  won 
him  the  esteem  of  ibis  community.  .  .  ,  We  would 
mil  willini;l\  set;  (Jen.  j-'nllerlnii  leave  New  Orleans 
without  ibis  acknowledumciii  on  oui  part  of  thi!  very 
(Treat  service  be  has  rendered  the  public  in  his  able 
administration  of  ihe  bureau  over  which  he  has  pre- 
sided." 

His  adminisiralion  in  Louisiana  was  much  com- 
meiiled  u|ion  by  ibe  newspapers.  Tbc  radical  Ucpub 
liean  press  (;uiiurally  abused  him,  while  he  was  strongly 


upheld  by  the  conservative  papers.  Hut  even  -nrji ;, 
radical  journal  as  the  Wiixfiiii(f/iiii  Clirnitirli-.  all.  r  Im 
return  from  Louisiana,  said  (  Nov.  2!!.  lS(j.')i.  i;,.„ 
Kullerto't  is  a  yonnj:  nian  who  served  faitbfuiK  niiij 
ti-arle.ssly  throu'.di  the  war.   .   .   .   We  shall  be  '_'iv;iilv 

disappointed  if  his  administraliiin  of  the  l-'r Iiij.ii> 

Hnreau  in  Louisiana  tails  lo  <j;'.ve  satisfaction  'fli,. 
work  assigned  an  assistant  commissioner  of  tlii  liiiriMn 
is  a  delicate  and  difficult  task,  and  it  is  peeuliiirlv  -.. 
in  Louisiana." 

After  leavinj:  New  Orleans,  (!cn.  Fullertofi  rcturml 
to  Washington.  Conjircss  had  eonvi'iied,  ainl  i;,.ri 
Howard,  commissioner  of  the  hiinMiu,  was  ini;ili|,  i,, 
wilbstand  the  pressure  which  certain  nieudiers  l>riiiii:li: 
to  bear  u|ion  him  to  control  the  bureau  poliliiaU. 
The  iialcs  were  opened,  and  floods  of  advcniinvt. 
poured  into  the  Sonlh,  tillin<:  the  land  with  ((i.riiii. 
tion  and  brinuin<r  shame  upon  the  bure.tu.     Kci'lin:- 

ihul   he  could  no  longer  accomplish  any  ): I,  i;,.|| 

Fullerlon  asked  to  be  •  ,'lieved  from  diil\  in  ilie  liuriMu. 
ml  III  be  mustered    'lit,  so  that   he  ini^hl   ri'tiirn  in 
St.  Louis.     His  appi  iaiion  to  be  relieved  was  L'nniii'ii. 
but  be  was  not  must  -red  oul,  but  was  reinie^icil  id  ri 
port  at  the  While  Hou.se,  where  he  acted  as  l'ri'>iij,'iit 
.lobnson's  military  secretary  until   April,  ISlil!,  vrli.n 
be  was  CI  ninii.ssiorieil.  in   company  with   (ien.  Sii'i^l 
man,  of  (  iiio,  lo  visit  the  Soiiili  and  make  an  iii>|i(>. 
tion  of  the  operations  of  the  Krecdmen's  Hiiiimu.  imj 
the  political  and  social  condition  of  the  jienpl,.  jn  |||;,| 
section.     This  conimi.ssion  occupied  him  uiilil  Aiii.'ii-i 
and  the  result  was  the  exposure- of  a  vast  anniunl  iifc..;. 
ruplion  and  incoinpcleni'y  in  the  adniinisiratieiiiil'llN 
bureau.      The  report  of  (Jenerals  Stcedmaii  ami  I'lil 
lerlon  was  virnlcnily  a.ssailed  by  the  radical  K('|miKIi. 
can  press,  and  was  the  occasion  ot' a  limL'  ami  ;icriiii"- 
nioiis  newspajier  controversy.      As  in   the  iiniii>i.iii.i 
affair,  the   radical   papers  unsparin^rly  denoiniceil  tin 
report,  but  the  conscrvalive  press  as  slriniL'ly  ap|ir»\v.i 
ii.     The. N'lc  lo//,-  7V;)o.«,  a  Icadiiii:  KipiiMiriiii  j  "ur 
nal.  had    llie   frankness   to  say  that    the   ihh  i-oiniin- 
sinners  bad  perliirined  "  an  important  public  scrvii-i' 
and    under    dale   of    .\u<.'.    I'*.    ISliii.    ii    ri<iii;iik<.| 
"  (Jens.  Slecdman  and    Fullerlon   have  priikdl  -'iii 
very  prclly  liubbles.      They  have  exposed  lla-  Imliit- 
ness    of    much    maudlin    .sympathy   (  foi'   I.  i-   :.■.'• 
They  have  stripped  dis'/uiseotf  pioi-i'dlinu-  iliii  «'• 
not   inlendcd   for    the  |iublie  e\i.   and   iiavc  rcilmvi 
divers  humanitarians   to  the  level   of  peculiiliir'  ;iii 
si|uanilercl's  of  public  moneys." 

This  duty  performed,  (icn.   Fullerlon  ajiaiii  iiri;i-l  I 
(this   time  with   success  i  that   bis   rcsiL'iiaiinii  In-i'- 
cepitid.      In  September,  IStitl.  be  was  mu-i' nil  "Hi 
and  returned   to  St.  Ijouis.      I'pon   ibis  ncciisimi  'lii'l 


THE  CIVIL   WAR. 


409 


ul'icv  lii« 

t'iill\  ami 
H'  'jr.Mtlv 
rcM'diih'll  < 
ion.  Till' 
111  liiiri'iin 
fuliaiiy  -' 

III  I'l'tuni'l 

•.iii'l  lli'ii 

^  iiiiaKl  tn 

ITS  Kvi'ii':li' 

liiililii'al.v 

llilvi'llluivt- 

villi  '  ".lui 
,1.      l-.-lu:; 

,'   j.'Oiiil,  In'tl 

I  till'  liiiriMU, 
lit  rcliiin  I' 
was  'jvaiiii'i 

I" 


,s  l'ii'>i4.iii 

ISIili,  wll'll 

(icii.  Slwl 

iki'  an  iii-| 

s  Huirau.  aii'i 

l,fci|lll'  ill  till' 

iiiiiil  Au^u-' 

IMIxllllt  "fpv 

iraliuiinl'lli. 

Iiiiaii  aii'i  I'l 

,li.-al  WrynKv 

,^  and  a.Tiiii" 

ll„.  Lcaii-iiiii 

li.n(iiliiri"l  ill' 

li-lv  apl'i"'.'  I 

jiilliliriili  J"il'- 

,  iwi)  iMiiinii- 

iml.lii'  -.■vviiv 

il      ^^■|llall^"l 

j.rii'ki'd  -111 
,.,1  ill.'  Ii»li"«- 
„■   i;'.'   •:...'■' 

•„|M>  llial  »•■'' 

liiivi'  ri'<liu'''i 

I  ju'c'illal'T-  all  i 

In  a'.;aiii  "wi 

|i.jiiaii"ii  !"■  ■!'■ 

■„,„.i.'r.'il  ""'• 

■  is  lll'I'llM''"  ''"'■' 


Suli'iii'il  llepuhUciiii,  of  Wasliinctdii,  I).  C,  which 
«,-.jtli''ii.a«  il  is  now,  an  ornati  of  ihi'  Uopuhiican  party, 
ii'nmrkLMl,  "O^'ii.  FiilK'rtim  riJtiirns  lo  Iiis  |pur- 
1861  ^I'i'-"  '*'  '^'^i'  'i'*'  (-'■'owiii'il  witli  unnuiniicnul 
laurels  fairly  wmi  in  thn  military  service,  anil 
sccuri'  III'  the  lastirij:  esteem  of  all  wlioni  he  has  met 
ji,  siH'ial  life  in  the  natinnal  nietrii|)olis." 

(i,.|i  JMillerton  liatl  euL'aj;ed  in  the  wirr  from  a  sense 
i,f  duly,  anil  had  no  fancy  for  mililarv  service  in  time 
of  pcai'i'-  When,  therefore,  u]iiiii  ihe  rt'orjianizatidn 
iif  till'  army,  after  llie  war,  the  I'resideiit  olfereil  him 
ilii>  I'liiiiiii'icy  of  one  of  the  ni'W  re|_'imeiits,  he  de- 
,.liiiiMl  il.  He  also,  in  the  fall  of  ISUd.  ilcclined  an 
iiiiiHiiiiiiiii'iit  lo  examine  certain  war  claims,  as  it  would 
iiiierli'i'i'  with  hi.*  jilan  of  returning.'  lo  St.  Louis  to 
r.'.i'iiii.'  Ills  |irofe.ssional  work. 

Ill'  arrived  in   St.  Louis  in   Deeemher,  lH(!(i,  and 

U'liaii  to  review  his  kiiowledire  of  the  law,  lint  while 

fDL'au'i'il  ill  I'i''  studies  he  was  .surprised,  in  I'eliruary. 

HI)",  at  receiving  the  unsolicited  honor,  at  the  hands 

ii|  I'ri'sidriii  tlohn.son,  of  lii'iii^  apjniinted  iinstmastcr 

III  .''t.  Iiiiuis.      Al  tiist  he  was  disposed  lo  nfiise,  but 

iiialjv  uei'i'pted  and   held  tlie  office  until  lien,  (irant 

|»iiiiiii'  I'r.'siilenl.      iMirinj;  his  adniinistratinii  he  iii- 

siiliilcil  many  reforms,  and  '.'really  increased  the  etli- 

lii'iit'V  iif  llie  service  in  St.    Louis,      lie   conducted 

ilic  affairs  of  the  olVice   on   strici  civil  scrvii'c  jirin- 

ci|.le.s.  mid  il  is  worthy  of  noti   tiiat  his  wius  the  tirsi 

iffioi'  so  I'lindncted    in  the    Post-Ollice    Department. 

Nil  man   was   appoint'  d   or  diseliari;ed   for  political 

rr;i<iiii.'i,   imr    Were    pn'ilical    assessments    permitted. 

Wlu'ii  a  circular  was  reeeivcd   from  the   Kcpiililiean 

(Viiinil  ('iiiiimiltec  al  Wasliini;ton  rei|ueslin^'  him   to 

|;iv  a  L'l  riaiii  sum  for  campaiun  purpose.^,  he  returticd 

il  nitli  till'  indorsement   that    he  would   not    pay  one 

iviii.  and  ilial  no  man  in  his  olVice  should  pay  as-ess- 

miit.'-iinli'.vs  licdiil  so  voluntarily.     When  liis  linal  ac- 

p"iiit>  well'  oiiimined,  ihe  iindilor  of  the  I'ost-Oflice 

lli'liai'inii'iit  I'liiiiplimeiiled   him  on  liavin<.'  had  one  of 

III  Very  licst  I'oiiducted  offices  in  the  euuntry.  and  lii.- 

Iimiiinisiin  first  trial  were  found  oxnct  to  the  last  cent. 

Al'liT  IcaviiiL'  ihe  postolhee  he  then,  as  he  is  woiit 

It"  >ay  hi'.'aii  the  study  and  practice  of  law.  tlu'  war 

[kviiii;  (li'|priveil  him  of  many  of  his  best  years. 

Till'  I'iiy  and  county  of   ,*it.    Louis  licinij;  al   that 
lliini'  III  the  hands  of  rinixs  which   were  plninleriii'.' 
Ilbi' lax  payers,  Ijen.    I'liUertoi".   in    December,  IH7'J, 
irati'il  with  other  leadini;  citizens  in  the   orijani- 

Bii'Hiil'il 'Pax- Payers'  Leamie,"  "to aid  inseeurinj; 

liiii'Siy.oriinotny.  and  efficiency  in  the  iidministration 

jfiiiiiiiiii|iiil  alliiiis  and  public  business."    'I'lie  Leajrue 

Ifl'iiiiliil  an  i.xei'iitive  committee,  eom|io.spd   of  Col 

i't»Tt  ('iiiii|,bell.  Col,  Henry  Hitcheock,  .1.  W.  Sliep- 


,  ley,  Maj.  II.  S,  Turner,  Hon.  Albert  Todd,  Cajit.  Silas 
Bent,  Judge  John  II.  Kisse,  and  (len.  Fnllerlon  as 
secretary;  siiid  for  over  three  vears  ( until  October, 
1H7I1)  this  committee  worked  efficienlly,  exposed 
many  rascalities,  broke  up  many  riiiirs,  pointed  out 
many  ^'ro.ss  ca.ses  of  misconduct  and  willful  failure 
of  duty  on  the  part  of  certain  officials,  and  broi|i;ht 
about  numerous  reforms.  The  action  of  the  Leajiue, 
more  than  anything  else,  led  lo  the  adoption  of  the 
"Scheme  and  (Charter"  for  the  government  of  ,'»t. 
Louis.  As  secretary  of  the  eommitlce.  (Jen.  Knllerton 
neee.'^sarily  jierforincd  bis  full  share  of  the  laborious 
Work  essential  in  a  movement  of  such  magnitude. 

Gen.  Fullurloii  also  took  a  prominent  part  in  sup- 
pressing the  riots  of  1S7",  his  military  experience 
serving  him  well  in  this  unhappy  emergency. 

He  is  a  member  of  and  an  active  worker  in  Christ 
Church  I  Kpiseopalian),  St.  Louis,  being  a  vestryman 
,  and  trusti'c.      As  in  polities,  so  in   religion  he  is  con- 
servative, not  a  parti.san,  and  not  blinded  lo  the  good 
that  exists  in  all  ]iarties  and  all  churches. 

Since  ISliS  he  has  been  treasurer  of  the  Army  id' 
the  Cumberland,  and  is  now  treasurer  of  the  Thomas 
Miiiiumcnl  I'liiid,  raised  by  the  Army  of  the  Cumber- 
land for  the  erection  ol'  the  statue  of  (Jen.  (jco.  II. 
Thomas  at  Washington,  D.  C. 

On  the  2!tlli  of  October,  ISTH.Oen.  Fnllerlon  mar- 
ried Miss  Mary  C.  Morgan,  only  daugliler  of  (ieorge 
D.  .Morgan,  a  retired  New  York  inerehanl  living  al 
Irvington -on  -  the- Hudson.  Mr.  .Morgan,  with  his 
eiiusin.  ex-(iovernor  .^Iorgan,  rounded  the  well-ktiowii 
firm  of  V,.  D.  .Morgan  \  Co.  (Jen.  l''ullerton's  tastes 
are  emiiienlly  domestic.  He  avoids  the  crowd,  and 
never  cared  lor  or  worked  I'nr  popularity.  He  never 
.sought  iir  asked  for  political  jneferment  or  office;  but 
having  held  office,  is  one  nf  the  few  persons  who, 
after  bolding  sueli.  did  not  think  the  |.ublic  owed  him 
another  as  a  debt.  In  his  career  he  has  always  bcii 
moved  by  a  strict  .sense  of  duly  ;  and  f.ir  this  reason 
he  has  often,  in  business  and  public  life,  been  obliged 
to  act  in  eontlict  with  his  feelings,  and  at  times  to 
wound  guild  friends  by  opposing  tliem  ;  but  they  wirr 
Wounds  that  hurt  him  more  than  they  did  his 
friends. 

Such  is  a  hasty  sketch  of  an  unusually  busy  and 
brilliaiit  career.  It  carries  its  own  comment  with  it, 
but  may  be  summed  nji  as  the  history  of  one  who.  a.s 
a  volunteer  soldier,  showed  great  bravery  and  gallan 
try  on  twenty  battle  tields  ;  as  a  lawyer,  the  ]io.s,se>.sion 
of  high  legal  altaiiiiu'iits  and  a  logical  itnd  ob.serviiiL' 
mind  ;  as  a  citi'/.eii,  niisellish  zeal  for  the  public  wel 
fare;  and  who  in  private  life  is  loved  as  a  gentlenian 
of  the  kindest  heart  and  tinest  character. 


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410 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


— (Jon.  Ciirtis,  on  October  2Gth,  issued  nii  order, 
in  which  lie  said, — 

'*  Kntiro  soi-rccy  iiiumI  bo  |tri'(*('rvp<l  in  icj^iiril  li>  tlu' 
1861.     iinniiiiK'iit  iiml  intirinr  iiriiiiiKi'intiilH  erf  uiir  ilcriiiKi'r. 

*'  It  lit  chjuiiii'.l  on  all  tlio  otlii^er."  iin.l  ^ii(iri|>  nf  tlif 
fnrt,  now  ni'iiity  L'oni|ilt'tt'i|,  in  St.  Lnui.-*  lo  intniit  mo  ii»tt",n 
nillioiit  11  jiafs  Hi^ni'il  liv  tin' roninmn<liii)(  ollii'ir.  Cil.  Alm.'li'ilt, 

or  liy   till niinai.iliii);    Knunii,   ilatc.l  n/lir  tln'  |iiilili<'ll.v   of 

tlii«  oriliT." 

— Ijii'iil.-Ciil.  IV  W.  (Jiovcr,  who  wiih  diin^'croiiHly 
wouiidiil  ill  the  hiiltle  of  Lfxiii<;loii.  died  in  .^t.  Loiii.s 
on  Oc'loliur  iiOlli.  Ijicut.-C'ol.  (ilover  \va>  :i  uitizcn 
of  .Idhnson  County,  when*  he  hiid  resided  it  iiuniher 
of  jciir.-*.  lie  liiid  lieeii  ii  iiu'inlx'r  ol'  llii'  .'^liite  Sen- 
ate, mid  was  at  one  liineCirand  >Iu.-*ler  ol' the  Masonie 
oriler  of  Missouri,  lie  wax  buried  in  liellerontaine 
Ceini'tery. 

— <'a|)l.  (leorjje  K.  Lei<.'hton,  ol'ihe  Nineleeiitli  Mi>- 
Homi  VoinnteerH,  anil  |irovost-iiiarshal  of  St.  Ijoui.'^,  on 
Niivenilier  liil  |iniliiliitcd  all  sleanihoals.  raihv.'iyM,  and 
ex|iie>M  eirin|panic.s  froiii  receiviiij;  or  tran.''|piirlini:  any 
IkjoIs,  >.Iioi'S,  fiaddle."^.  bridles,  or  ready-iiiaile  eliPlhiiiL' 
from  ."'t.  Louis  to  the  interior  of  .^lissoiiri  without  a 
.s|ie(i;il  [lerniit. 

—  I'rovost- Marshal  Leif:hl(p|i.  on  November  -d, 
fiavi'  iioliec  that  '  on  and  after  Monday,  November  lib. 
iiip  |pas>es  wiPiilil  be  i-Mied  lo  visit  the  military  ]prisipn, 
execjit  lo  llie  iiniiieiliate  relatives  of  jirisiinerN  eipii- 
firiid  ibeii'in  or  to  peixpiis  haviiif.'  im|jorlant  busines.'*, 
in  wbieb  a  perscpiial  interview  is  absipliiti'ly  neeessary." 

—  At  the  sUL'V'estiiPii  of  lion.  Tbuinas  Allen,  a 
nieiiKprial  ipf  llie  eiti/.eiis  ipI  .'^I.  lioiiis  was  sifined  and 
preseiileil  Iip  CoiiLTess,  piayilit:  that  the  eiplleelicpli  ipf 
Federal  taxes  thnpiiohcpui  ibe  Siaie  of  Miiwouri  for 
ISli'J  Ipc  siispemled. 

— On  Ncpvember  tltb.tien.  Fremont  was  relievcil  cpf 
the  eipinniand  (pf  the  Western  l>e|iar(uient,  and  (ien. 
Hunter tipipk  bis  placf.  Tbi"  removal  of  lii'ii.  KreiiKPiit 
enalid  the  ;;realesl  excitement  in  .St.  hcpiiis  as  soon 
as  it  was  aniKPiineed.  and  the  (iernian  cili/eiis  were 
liiud  in  their  expressions  i«f  indignation,  e.-^pecially 
aLMinst  ("ip1.  h'raiik  Ulair.  whuin  they  rc;;arded  as 
ebiefly  ie.-p(pnsil)le  lor  the  elian^e  ipf  eipmnmnders. 
(ieii.  Curtis,  in  eipininand  at  iicnliPii  ISarracks.  sent 
intcp  the  cjiy  a  troop  ipf  cavalry  lo  pri'>ervc  the  peaei'. 
and  ii  larp'  bprce  cpf  pcplii'c  wcri' al>o  mi  duly  at  pnint.s 
where  the  pippular  ;_'alhcrino>  were  liii;esl. 

The  ( Jennaiis  delermiiicd  to  iiive  lien.  KreniiPlit  a 
•;iand  reeeptiiPii  iipipii  bis  retnin  tip  the  city  IVoin  the 
Sipiitbwest.  an'  •lecunlinnly,  on  .Nnvember  Tib.  larfjely 
alleiided  nii^'tin'js  were  held  at  .foulard  .Market. 
Washiiijiton  Hall,  (ierderinunn's  and  Sturp-on  Mar- 
ki^t,  at  wbieb  a  general  plan  was  subinilled  by  u  coin- 
liiillee  composed  of  Dr.  (■.  Fischer,  (i.  Hoeber,  •lohn 


C.  Voj^el,  liOiii.M  Wafjiier,  and  ('apt.  T.  Niederwii^i 
The  |ilan  wan   adopted  by  all  the  nieetini.'s,  ami  '|, 

followini;  eoniinittee  was  appointed  to  make  the  nn 

.sary  ]pre|mration.s  for  the  demonstration  : 

Fir-t  \\'iiril.  .lohn  II.  Ki».-»'.  .1.  'I.  \Voerii«T. 

,<ircinil  Will  I,  rIpuilcB  W.  lioll-ilialk,  liur<lav  iih  I'isloi. 

Tliinl  Wanl,  KiHi.x  Co-lu.  tlii.<lavp|.H  Hoi^lioi'. 

Foiirltp  VVaiil,  lMiili|i  \\i'i;,'cl,   iony  .NriiliTwuiscr. 

Killli  Wanl,  1).  .Vnlii'iipii'r.  .liiliiiH  lli'>tli'i. 

.<i.\lli  Wioil,  .Viliiin  Ilin.lri.-kiT, 'riioinaB  (I'ltiilly. 

.<i-veii(li  Waril.  .toliip  ii,  liri-.lt'ippaip.  Cliap'lf.t  DaniieiiiMn. 

I'JL'lilli  Wanl.  .IoIpii  V.  \'i>gi-\.  Jloipi-.v  .Mi'.viT. 

.Niiilli  Waiii.  ."'.  I!.  Ili'i'kipian.  l.oipi.<  \Vu){nri'. 

I'l'iilli  Wanl,  llcnr.v  IIIimK. 

John  C.  Voirel,  a  hii^bly-honored  (Jerniaii  ciiiin 
from  the  Kii^btb  ward,  was  chosen  president,  ani 
mainly  thronob  his  efforts  the  reception  w;is  a  ■:Kt\ 
success. 

St.    Louis  owes    inucli   to  her  citizens  of  liiTiMt 
birth,    many    of  whom,  not,    only   durilii:   llie  irvi. 
periipil  of  the  war.  but  in  the  variou.s  walks  of  ,i, 
bnsine.ss,  and    private   life,  have  eonspicuoii^lv  \\.\i- 
irated  the  peculiar  virtues  of  their  native  Lpml.  it; 
have  won  reeip<.'iiilion  in  the  home  of  tbeii'  ai|o|t: ' 
ns  broad-minded  and  able  ''ii'ii.      Amon<:  tlii>  iniini.: 
•lohn  C.  Vipj;el  occu])ies  a  praiseworthy  |.ip>itioii  .,.■ 
"type  of  th("  forciiin-born    citizen    fully  iinlpioil  »:■ 
the  spirit   of  .Vnierican   inslilutiuns,  uikI   i1iiii'hm:Iij 
devoti^d  to  servini;  the  best    interests  of  lln'  loiniiii- 
iiity    with    which    be    has    been    ideiililieil.     lb'  iii- 
born   al    Klaimlanijbeini,  a  village    in    liavaria,  lir- 
many,   Ocl.lt.    ISKj       His    parents    were   )iio|.i.    ; 
eilucalion  and  reliiicmeni,  and  in  easy  ciiciiiii.'-i.iiir'- 
Their  son  enjiiyeil  ibe  ailvanta^ies  nf  a    l'hhiI  i'Iuij 
tiipii  ;   bill  iliiiUL'b   eilucalion  was  ciPiiipiiL'^orv  in  *'•'■ 
many,  the  buy  needed  no  niber  spur  than  lii-  ilnMl 
for  knowlcd(:e.      I'pon  leaviiifi  school  he  ^imvi'I  je  I 
iipprenlieesbip  as  baker,  and  bavinir  fullilli'il  lii>  lira  | 
entered  upon  the  prosecution   of  an  aclive  ami  iivli  I 
career  with  the  reputation  of  bein^  a  lirsi-ela.'o  wnrt- 
man.       Business    opporliiiiilics.    however,    won'  MJ 
abundant  in  the  land  <d'  bis  birth,  ami   liavinL' lnri| 
much  of  the  successes  uf  bis  couiitrynieii  in  .\iinrii 
be  in    .\pril,  ls;i.">.  eaiiie  hither,  with   llic  iali'iili'i  I 
however,  of    returning;    to    perform    militaiy   sir'i- 
which  was  compulsory  on  every  (Jermaii  inalo,  iiuM 
penally  of  condscation  of  pro|pi'rly.      .\liir  two  v^ar- 
residenee  in  this  eouiilry    be  decided  in  iiinaiii  |-t| 
iiianeiitly,    and    hired    a    subsliliile    in    |ii'iloi'iii 
military  service  in  (ierinany,  while  be  divntcil  liin- 
self  to  bcll(!rinij;  bis  eondilioii  in  bis  mw  lioinr. 
estimate  which  he  jilaced  upiiii   bi,-.  piii-|.<'iis  in  tlitj 
United  Smtes  maybe  jud;:cd   Iroiii   llie  lid  lli;" '| 
paid  four  hundred  florins  lor  his  niiliiary  ^llll>lil'l' 


Nicdurvviwft 
iiuko  till'  inHv- 


IMIK    l-'isln 


lliilly. 

ri  Ditiinunnaii. 


(icrillilli  iMIi/i 
1  jivcsiilnil,  ;ii,. 
itidii  wiis  a  i;reii 

IZi'llS    III     'llTIMt 

iriiijr  thr  iniii. 
is  walks  111'  iiv 
iiHj)icuiiii>ly  i'l.i- 
llillivf  laiiil.  as; 
of  tlii'ir  aili'|i;" 
111011,1:  till'*  n»i"i»i 
irtliy  [itisiliiin  ;i-i  I 
ilUy   iliiliiii'.l  »:;!■ 

>,  mill     lllnliillji.V 

H    of    till'    aiXMM- 

lllitiril.      Ill'  W 

ill    IJavaiia,  li'^- 

S     WrlT    pl'i'li'  "'. 

iisy  i'in'iiiii?i;iiiC" 
lit'  a  i;iii"l  '■''"''' 
iiMiiiuls'orv  ill  '"! 
Ill 


I-  than  !ii-  'l"'"*! 
Iidiil  111'  siTvoil  at 
;tuUill.'iltiisi.ra- 
ac'livr  ami  11"''  I 
ii  tirsl-i'la>-  »■""■ 

.llWl'VrV.     W'T''    '' 

.,,iiil   liaviii'-'  li'.i- 
ryiiioii  ill  Aiii'ti' 

^iih  ill,,  iiiii'iiii'*! 

miliiaiy   sirvi" 
Icriiiaii  mall'.  ""'''I 

A  tin-  i-wii.V'3^ 

,1,.,1   III  iviiiain|-'| 

t,.    1,1    i..ii.inn  1' 

I,,   lu'  iliv.ili'il  li«-| 

,is  lli'W  li'iiiii'.     f'" 

ii>  im-l 1^  '"  ^'" 

nil  I 
inililar; 


lu'   I  III  <'''■ 


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tV!isiitii>:iiiii    li.iii.  >i>  iii>  •  !.......> >■ ^      .    . 

ki.'l,  ill  wliii'li  a  fiL'iii'ial  |ihiii  was  suliiiiiltcd  liy  u  (•iiiii-      Unitt-d  States  iimy  be  jiid^ied   I'loiii  ilic  lin't  ili^i'l 
iiiiiii'e  ei)iii|ioNed  ul'  Dr.  (!.  Fisclicr,  <i.  ilui'licr,  •inliii     |iiiid  lour  liundred  floriii.x  lor  lii.s  niiliiaiv  siili-iiiull 


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23  WES)  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y    14580 

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the  UriitcMJ 
visibli'  ri'c( 
for  lie  was 
leimltliL'. 

In    184: 
(ilfit'e  lio  111 
as  clerk  in 
liiiiisell'  aiK 
lie  estaljlis 
Avenue,  wl 
Iti  lSr)S  he 
a  nieiiilier  i 
At  the  e.xp 
three  iiKUitli 
iiiiteer  Iiifan 

Meanwliil 
the  St,  Loui 
ail  in!<titutio 
world,  and 
(lireetinf:  it.s 
mie  of  the  ni 
."titutions  ill 

Mr,  A'liiiel 
[iiilitics,  and 
I'lirly  reeuijni; 
lafierly  soujil: 
regarded  as  a 
for  sherift'  of 
and  political  | 
aiitly  and  seci 

As  a  husin 
juys  a  hi^'h 
iai'L'ely  soujilii 
many  of  whic 

His  social  ( 
various, SI  leieti 
iiriler  Wildey 
since  ISU,  hi 
i'i-ti'd  in  the  o 
!*iiciety,  beiiin 
who  foresaw  B 
wirly  applied 
iiniuifjratinn  ii 
liiri'i.sin  hirth, 
I'anization  of 
I'Vi'r  hccii  regii 
lnTlaiiiin;;  to  i 

N'otwithstat: 


THE   CIVIL   WAR. 


411 


II.  reached  St.  Louis  in  1836,  and  worked  for  two 
vcars  at  liis  trade,  during  which  time  his  economy 

and  intelligent  labor  enabled  him  to  save  suf- 
1861.     ticient  money  to  go  into  business  on  his  own 

account.  His  naturalization  as  a  citizon  of 
the  United  States  in  1841  was  simply  the  legal  and 
visible  record  of  a  fact  that  was  already  accomplished, 
for  lie  was  in  thought  i.iid  fibre  a  citizen  of  the  great 

reitulilii'. 

In  lS4;i  he  was  appointed  city  weigher,  which 
office  lie  held  for  three  years,  after  which  he  served 
a,«  ulerk  in  the  po.st-oflBce  for  one  year  with  credit  to 
himself  and  satisfaction  to  the  department.  In  1847 
he  c.-;tabli.shed  the  first  omnibus  line  on  Franklin 
Avenue,  which  proved  highly  successful.  From  1851 
to  18r)S  he  was  a  justice  of  the  peace,  and  served  as 
a  member  of  the  City  Council  from  1855  to  18C1. 
At  the  expiration  of  this  term  of  office  he  served 
three  months  in  the  Fourth  Regiment  Missouri  Vol- 
unteer Infantry  (Home  Guard.s). 

Meanwhile,  in  1851,  he  had  become  connected  with 
the  8t.  Louis  Fire  and  Marine  Insurance  Company, 
ill!  institution  that  takes  higli  n-nk  in  the  insurance 
world,  and  has  been  its  president  for  many  years, 
ilirocting  its  operations  and  its  policy,  and  making  it 
i.iie  of  the  most  honored  and  prosperous  of  such  in- 
stitutions ill  the  West. 

Mr.  Voiiel  has  always  taken  an  active  interest  in 
poHtics,  and  his  influence  in  the  political  world  was 
oiirlv  recognized  as  considerable.  His  assistance  was 
iiiwriv  soULilit,  and  he  displayed  such  ability  as  to  be 
ri'i;iiided  as  a  leader.  When  he  received  a  nomination 
for  sheriff  of  St.  Louis  County  in  1862,  his  personal 
and  political  popularity  carried  him  through  triumph- 
antly and  secured  his  election. 

As  a  business  man  of  many  years'  standing,  he  cn- 
jnys  a  high  reputation,  and  his  judgment  has  been 
largely  sought  in  banking  and  other  corporations,  in 
many  of  which  he  has  served  us  director. 

His  social  qualities  have  given  him  prominence  in 
various  societies,  especially  the  Odd-Fellows,  of  which 
iirdcr  Wildey  Lodge  has  numbered  liim  as  u  member 
sinre  ISU,  ho  having  passed  all  the  chairs.  He  as- 
sisted in  the  organization  of  the  St.  Louis  Immigration 
Society,  being  one  of  the  few  liberal  and  earnest  men 
wlio  foresaw  Missour.  s  prospective  greatness,  and  who 
early  appliid  themselves  to  the  work  of  attracting 
immipration  iiither.  As  an  enlightened  gentleman  of 
Inrciu'ii  birth,  Mr.  Vogel  had  much  weight  in  the  or- 
Liuiijution  of  the  movement,  and  his  counsels  have 
ever  been  regarded  as  of  unusual  value  in  all  matter 
pertaining  to  iniinigrution. 
Notwithstanding  the  love  Mr.  Vogel  has  ever  borne 


his  adopted  country,  and  his  reliance  on  her  institu- 
tions, he  'las  made  several  extended  visits  to  his 
native  land,  attracted  thither  by  a  natural  love  for 
the  home  of  his  birth,  and  the  recreation  that  liberal 
culture  craves. 

In  December,  1840,  Mr.  Vogel  was  married  to 
Miss  Sophia  Wilbelmina  Franke,  daughter  of  Chris- 
tian Henry  Franke,  a  native  of  Pru.ssia  and  a  well- 
known  citizen  of  St.  Louis.  Four  children  resulted 
from  this  marriage,  none  of  whom  are  now  living. 

Mr.  Vogcl's  parents  were  membcr.s  of  the  Evan- 
gelical Lutheran  Church,  in  which  faith  he  was 
reared,  and  to  which  he  has  steadily  adhered.  He 
is  a  leading  member  of  that  communion,  and  has 
been  a  liberal  contributor  to  all  its  enterprises,  as 
well  as  a  generous  supporter  of  every  project  do- 
signed  to  advance  the  interests  of  the  city.  His  life 
has  been  a  successful  and  useful  one  in  a  marked 
degree,  and  he  enjoys  the  esteem  and  confidence  of 
the  entire  community  as  one  of  its  most  honored  and 
honorable  members.  Broadly  liberal  in  both  thought 
and  action,  he  has  done  so  much  that  deserves  well 
at  the  hands  of  his  fellow-citizens  that  be  is  both  re- 
membered and  appreciated  with  a  regan'  that  might 
well  satisfy  a  more  ambitious  man. 

(Jen.  Fremont  and  staff  arrived  in  the  city  on  the 
8th,  and  were  received  in  the  mo.st  enthusiastic  man- 
ner by  an  assemblage  numbering  twenty  thousand 
citizens,  A  torchlight  procession  was  formed,  which 
finally  reached  the  front  of  Gen.  Fremont's  head- 
((uarters,  whore  the  committee  appointed  to  deliver 
the  address  left  the  line  to  perform  the  duty  assigned 
thoni.  Gen.  Fremont  received  them  in  one  of  the 
large  rooms,  and  John  C.  Vogel,  .stepping  forward, 
delivered  an  address  highly  eulogistic  of  the  general, 
after  which  the  following  resolutions  were  read  and 
then  presented  to  Gen.  Fremont : 

"We,  tho  citiiL'iis  of  ,St.  Louis  of  (Icrinun  oxtrnotiun,  in 
miias-mceting  a.«seniblcj  ti>  give  oxprossinii  of  our  scntinienls 
to>?iiril8  Maj.-lien.  John  t'.  Frumont.  liave  soloiniily  iinil  uniini- 
uiously  repolved, 

"1.  Tliiit  we  rocogniy.e  in  .lolin  C.  Freuioiit  the  cEnbocliinent 
of  our  patriotic  feeling  nnil  |uilitioiil  fiiitli. 

"'2.  'i'liat,  notwitlistimJing  miiny  piiriilyy.iug  ciroumstanpep, 
lie  has  perfoniiod  his  aniuous  aiul  renpaiiBilile  task  with  nil 
possible  enargy  and  honesty. 

"I).  Thai  we  adiniru  his  impartiality  and  sagauity  in  se- 
lecting his  military  counselors,  without  national  prejudiees, 
from  among  such  men  as  he  considered  true  and  worthy  of  his 
coulidcnce. 

"  4.  That  wo  will  stand  by  him  as  long  as  he  shall  prove  true 
to  us. 

"  0.  That  while  we  submit  to  the  action  of  the  government, 
as  behooves  loyal  citizens,  we  regret  to  be  deprived  »l  the  |ires- 
enl  nioment  of  his  services  in  coiii)uering  the  rebel  army,  and 
believe  we  roooguije   in   this  event  a   wise  providence  which 


I*     i- 


H2 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


! 


if;- 


',. 


I  I'' 


1  ijl 


iiiiiy  have  reserved  him  for  a  Ptill  wiJer   sphere  of  action  in 
future  times." 

Gen.  Fremont,  durinj:  the  readinj;  of  the  re.solu- 
tion.s  anil  the  deliver}'  of  the  address,  appar- 
1861.  cntly  found  it  difficult  to  restrain  his  emo- 
tions, and  when  he  responded  his  voice  was 
quite  tremulous. 

Durinjr  Gen.  Fremont's  administration  of  the  af- 
fairs of  this  military  department,  says  the  Nrpiih/i- 
ciiii,  he  made  an  arrangement  by  which  the  North 
Missouri  Railroad  Company  was  to  be  connected 
with  the  Iron  Mountain  and  Pacific  Railroad  Com- 
panies. 

"The  oonsidenitinn  wjis  tiiftt  tlie  company  woulil  repay  to 
the  I'uiteil  .States  twi'nty-livi'  thousaml  ilollars  in  transporta- 
tion tliiTeaftoi'  to  be  done  on  llic  road,  anil  apart  of  that  money 
has  thus  been  paid.  The  road,  two  and  a  hall'  miles  in  length, 
was  eoiistrncted  under  the  express  orders  of  Gun.  Fremont,  at  a 
cost  of  a  little  less  than  thirty-seven  thousand  dollars.  Any- 
body can  see  the  manner  in  whitdi  it  has  been  done  by  examin- 
ing it.  A  more  substantial  roud  cannot  be  built,  and  to  suit 
the  peculiar  locality  (on  the  Levee)  i(  has  been  planked  with 
thick  stuff,  go  as  to  otVer  no  obstacle  t()  drays,  wagons,  dc,  pass- 
ing over  it.  The  account  of  this  work  is  before  the  coinniittee 
of  claims,  and  suspended  under  circumstances  of  peculiar  hanl- 
ship.  Not  a  dollar  has  been  paid  to  the  laborers  who  built 
the  road,  although  the  United  .States  is  the  responsible  party 
for  it." 

—  Brig.-Gen.  Samuel  R.  Curtis,  on  November  7th, 
a.ssumed  command  "  over  all  the  local  commands  and 
military  operations  within  fifty  miles  of  St.  Louis 
on  the  .Nlissouri  side  of  the  .^Iississippi  River." 

— The  Itepiiblicini  of  November  20th  gives  the  fol-  , 
lowing  iiceount  ot' the  provost-marshal's  offiiie  and  the 
mode  of  issuing  passes  : 

"The  provost-unn'shal's  general  oltice  for  the  issue  of  pass- 
ports is  on  Wa:.liington  A\e!iue  below  Fourth  ."^Ireet.  It  is  uniler 
the  superintendence  of  >[r.  .'*auiu(d  ilreune.  ISesides  this  prin- 
cipal oflice,  however,  ]iassea  are  issued  to  guests  at  the  I'lanters' 
House.  Ilarnum's,  Virginia  Hotel,  Kve.ett  House,  City  and  .''t. 
Charles  Hotels,  and  to  passengers  at  all  the  railroad  ticket 
offices,  ns  also  at  the  Keokuk  and  Northern  Line  packet  office, 
and  at  the  Carondelet  ferry. 

"  At  the  passjiorl  idlice  twelve  clerks  are  constantly  emiiloyed 
in  issuing  and  recording  jiasses.  The  form  of  these  passes  is 
familiar  to  many  of  our  readers.  It  is  nothing  umre  or  less 
than  penuission  to  pass  beyond  the  limits  of  the  city  and  county 
ol'St.  I.ouis,  signed  by  ticorge  E.  I.eigbton,  captain  Xineteenth 
Missouri  \'idunteers,  provost-marshal,  and  also  signed  by  (he 
clerk  issuing  the  pass,  tin  the  reverse  siile  are  rei.'orded  the 
name,  age.  height,  color  (d'  eyes  and  hair,  nativity  and  resilience 
of  the  applicant,  and  also  a  printed  pledge  of  loyalty  to  bo 
sigiu'd  by  the  party  to  whom  the  paper  is  issued.  A  change  has  ! 
recently  been  made  in  the  form  of  the  obligation.  During  (len. 
McKinstry's  adininistrati<jn  it  was  in  t)ie  following  words: 

"'ft   is  understood   that  the   within   named   subscriber  ao-  i 
eepts  this  pass  on  his  word  of  honor  that  ho  is  and  will  be  ever 
loyal  to  the  United  States  ;   and    if  hereafter   fouml  in  arms  | 
against  the  Union,  or  in  any  way  aiding  her  enemies,  the  pcn- 
allv  will  be  death.'  ' 


"When  Capt.  I.eighton  assumed  the  duties  of  the  otlin'  i|,( 
form  was  altered  to  read  as  subjoineil: 

"  '  t  hereby  acknowledge  that  1  accept  this  pass  up"n  mv  »,,f,j 
of  honor,  solemnly  pledged,  that  I  will  ever  hear  true  i^iitli  juj 
allegiance  to  the  United  States  of  America,  and  that  1  will  p,,,,. 
sider  such  allegiance  as  paramount  tu  that  due  lo  ;inv  <,t)ier 
power,  sovereignty,  lU'  Slate  whatsoever;  that  I  will  iicvrr  liikt 
anus  against  the  United  States  or  those  acting  under  ii<  a,,, 
thority,  or  giN'e  aid.  information,  or  comfort  to  its  ciicmie..  ;i[,,| 
that  I  will  do  all  In  my  power  as  a  citi/en  to  discointijje  tbt- 
present  rebellion  and  preserve  the  Federal  Union.' 

"These  passports  are  all  numbered  and  reeoi'dc-l  in  1 ij. 

kept  for  the  purpose,  the  clerks  transferring  nuniltcr  of  i.a.s. 
inline,  age,  height,  color  of  hair  and  eyes,  nativity  and  rcsi.ien.-v, 
— an  immense  amount  of  labor  being  thus  rcc|uirid. 

"'file  office  is  constantly  thronged  during  business  hniiri. 
from  H  o'clock  A.^i.  to  fi  o'clock  p.m.,  the  principal  prp^^ure 
being  in  the  afternoon.  From  eight  hundred  to  one  thniisiuil 
Jiasses  are  issued  daily  at  the  office.  .Many  rich  scenes  \mA  in. 
teresting  incidents  occurring  here  might  be  related  were  '.iir 
space  to  justify  it.  The  visitor  may  often  hear  ulterano"  ..f 
impatience,  ranging  from  the  low  murmur  to  the  iliiivnriglji 
rip-roaring  oath,  fears  expressed  about  being  I  m  late  fur  i!n. 
train  or  boat,  and  sundry  excited  ejaculatious,  togetlu'i  with 
sonic  mirth  about  the  general  incnnvenience  of  the  ihiiii'  aiiv- 
how.  The  clerks,  liowe\'er,  apjiear  as  attentive  and  ciinsiiii.Tare 
as  possible,  and  preserve,  amidst  the  hurry  and  all  the  aljii-t 
they  sometimes  gel,  a  most  eipiitable  temper  and  dis|iusiii.iii. 

"  We  have  taken  ]iaiiis  lo  ascertain  the  number  of  licriiiii- t,j 
lea\e  the  city  that  have  been  issued  since  martial  law  \va?  ■!-'■ 
elared  in  this  county.  .Seventy-five  thousand  have  been  recnnlij, 
and,  as  near  as  can  be  conjectured,  ten  thousand  more  Here 
issued  in  the  grand  rush  following  the  declaration  of  iiniriial 
law  that  were  not  recorded.  .Vltogelher,  it  is  perlmiis  nU  v< 
put  the  whole  number  of  passes  issued  from  the  1  Itli  "f  An:'!!-! 
to  the  present  lime  at  eighty-five  thousand. 

"  Foreign  subjects,  on  presenting  eertilicates  tlnit  tli«  .irr 
such  from  the  acting  consuls,  are  furnished  pnsspuits  ivilhiiit 
being  rci|Uired  to  sign  the  obligation  or  pledge.  lietiiriiMutk 
superintendent's  office  are  made  every  morning  fioin  tlieli"tcl\ 
railroad  offices;  and  packets,  where  passes  are  issued.  Id  :iil 
respects  the  issuing  and  recoidiiig  are  the  same  at  the  liuieN. 
etc.,  tis  at  the  passport  othce. 

"  Parties  are  stalioned  at  all  the  ferries.  dc|i"l-.  aiul  -uji!, 
boats,  as  well  as  at  all  the  reads  leading  out  of  the  enuiity,  i  ■ 
inspect  passes  and  overhaul  any  suspected  baggiige.  IVr-.iir 
losing  their  passes  and  applying  for  new  ones  are  roi|uiroil  tufn 
before  some  justice  of  the  peace  and  make  affidavit  nslotlit 
dis]iositioii  they  have  made  of  their  old  one>." 

— Brig. -Gen.  McKinstry,  acting  niiijur-L'iMicnil  d' 
one  of  the  divisions  of  the  army,  arrived  in  St.  Lmii- 
December  18tli  under  arrest,  in  aeenMlaiici'  wiili  ;ui 
order  from  the  War  Department.  He  tuitiod  cvcr 
his  command  to  Gen.  Sturgis. 

— Ry  an  order  of  the  War  Departniiiii.  lien.  H 
W.  Ilallnck  was  transferred  from  Culifoniia  Novoiii 
ber  Uth,  and  placed  in  "command  of  ilie  l)o|iaiiiiii'iii 
of  the  Mis,souri,  including  the  States  of  .Misjniin 
Iowa,  Minnesota,  Wisconsin,  Illinois,  .Vrkaiisib,  ;iiitl 
that  portion  of  Kentucky  west  of  CuiubiMlaiid  Hivir. 
with  headtiuarters  in  St.  Louis.  He  arriveJ  in  tlio 
city  on  the  10th,  ticcompanied  by  Gen.  S.  Hamilh" 


t<L  ( 


THE   CIVIL   WAR. 


413 


('  Mlliw  tlic 

ntn  my  w^rii 
111'  hiilli  :ili.l 
t  I  will  ^-..n- 
:o  iuiy  Miiior 
11  mvcT  tukt 
llulijr  Us  :m- 
uni'Uiip^,  :inil 
si.'nu!;l;:f  Ml'- 

di"!  in  I V: 

inlicr  "f  |a". 
lll'l  li'-i-li'li-i, 
•.1. 

Li:»un'>s  hour*. 
AysA  iivi'?!iire 
t  one  thousiuil 
seem'S  aii'liii- 
liili'il  were  "iir 

lln'  .ii.wiirig';;' 
,)ii  hiit'  tor  til-: 
,  logi'llior  iviih 
llic  lliiii'.'  any- 
iiml  ii.nsM'Titt 
„\  ,iU  llu'  iiljii-f 
1.1  .lisiiusili'i.. 

Id-  cil'  lUTUlil-  1 1 

rtiiil  liiw  «»*  I'- 
I'l'  bci'ii  loo'ir.lti, 
isi\iul  iiiiiri'  «>'ff 
■iiliciii  of  rnMtU 
|.iM-!i;ilis  sifi' '" 
,■  1  Itli  "f  Au.'iH 

th:il  tlioy  are 

^rl■■n'tS  willV'Ul 

liotiini'toilie 
'i  1)111  till' li"lt!'. 
isjiicil.    Id  ill 

111   the  ln'l'-'-' 

„,tsllllil'l«""- 
ill,-  vounty,  1" 


l|;g;l-i'. 


l-rt-nr 


If  rciiuircl  !■•  i" 


l,j,ir-;:i'lli'l;ll  "t 

e'll  ill  St.  I.o«i- 
huicc  with  •111 
0  tunii'il  "Vor 

niciit.  (leii.ll. 
ifuvtiiii  Ni'vciii- 
he  Peiiuiiiiii'ii' 

boflaiiil  UiviT.' 
I  m-riveil  in  ili'' 
S.  Hamil'"" 


and  ostalilislied  liiniself  at  the  Planters'  Hotel.  On 
ilie  iMJi.  Miij.-(len.  Hunter,  who  liad  been  assigned 

til  the  Department  of  Kansas,  relinquished 
1861.     lii-^  I'onimand  of  the  Department  of  Missouri 

to  liiiu,  and  on  the  19th  Gen.  Halleck  took 

coiniiiaiiil- 

—Jiiliti  V.  Wiclandy,  agent  for  pen.sions,  announced 
that  111'  liixl  succeeded  in  procuring  the  tirst  pension 
to  a  distillled  soldier  in  the  Western  Department.  The 
licn:-iotii'r  wtis  W.  II.  Wcncker,  a  private  of  Company 
I  Tliiril  Regiment  .Missouri  Volunteers,  who  was 
wounded  at  Wilson's  Creek,  His  htilf  pension  began 
Oi't.  14,  IJ^Iil. 

— Iiiiiitediately  upon  assuming  command  Gen.  Hal- 
li'ck  priiceeded  to  establish  thorough  discipline  in  the 
miiiv.  lutd  to  ailopt  measures  for  the  successful  prose- 
itiiioti  of  the  war.  On  November  lifith  he  issued 
(leiii'fal  Order  No.  8,  through  his  assistant  adjutant- 
uotteral.  John  C.  Kelton,  in  which  he  said, — 

"Xuiiicniiij  L'lifcs  have  bcpu  brought  to  the  nttention  of  the 
oiinmiiniliiig  i-'eiieriil  of  nllegcd  seizure  iinil  destruction  of  pri- 
tale  iirDpt'f'.'*'  '"  "'■'  ile|iartmeiit,  showing  an  outrageous  abuse 
of  ijoner  iind  a  violation  of  the  lav»s  of  war.  To  avoid  a  re- 
carri'iii'e  of  those  evils  the  following  rules  will  hereafter  be 
vb-erri'il : 

"1.  Xo  |irivate  property  will  be  taken  except  where  neces- 
sirv  for  till' fub.'iistonco  or  transportation  of  the  troops,  or  in 
«1M'*  of  per.'ons  in  arms  against  the  I'nited  St  'es,  or  iiflording 
Jill  ami  iis.'^i.'^tanci'  to  the  enemy. 

"2.  Where  it  becomes  necessary  to  take  private  property  for 
thf  I'oriiiiT  purpose,  intelligent  and  responsible  officers  will  be 
■Jtiailiil  fur  that  purpose,  who  will  take  an  accurate  account  of 
liir  |.ni|ii'rly  so  taken,  and  give  receipts  therefor.  All  such 
|ro|*rty  must  be  duly  returneil  and  accounted  for,  and  the 
authority  lor  the  seizure  must  be  stated  in  the  receipts  and  re- 
tain.'. Any  unauthorized  and  unnecessary  seizure  or  destriic- 
ti'ii  uf  private  pro(ierty  will  be  punished  with  the  extreme 
|riially  iinpofi'd  by  the  laws  of  war,  which  is  (Ixilh. 

•:i.  file  seizure  and  cmiversion  of  the  private  property  of 

miinttiiy  (where  not  ruiuired  for  immediate  supplies,  as  pro- 

vHeil  in  the  foregoing  paragraph)   is  justifiable  only  in  par- 

I  tii'iilar  discs,  provided  fur  by  the  laws  of  the  United  .'^tate.s  and 

i!ic  i;i'ncnil  laws  of  war,  and  should  never  be  made  except  by 

i  ih'.i'iiliT-  of  the  i>nieer  highest  in  command,  who  will  be  held 

iv'iiMitable   fur   the  exercise  of  this   power.      (treat   caution 

^bi.iilil  Ik  iisi'd  in  this  matter,  as  much  injustice  has  been  done 

[  I  iii'livi'liiuU  who  are  not  enemies,  and  innch   discredit  cast 

"iir  |iiitri"tii'ariiiy  by  excesses  committed  by  unauthorized 
I  I'liMiis  |iiTti'ii.liiig  to  act  in  the  name  of  the  United  .'States.  .Ml 
ll'l'iriy  iiikin  frciiii  alleged  enemies  must  be  inventoried  and 
I  lii'y  an'iMiiited  for. 

Any  juTsoii  violating  these  rules  will  be  iiniuediately  ur- 
I Ii't-'il  niul  reported  to  headi^uaiters. 

"t.  Ill  all  cases  where  prisoners  taken  at  other  posts  or  in 
llli>  tidi  are  taken  to.'^t.  Louis,  they  will  be  accompanied  with 
lnuilli'ii  sliilemeiit  of  the  charges  against  llietu,  and  the  evi- 
liiiiKr  ..11  which  the  arrest  was  based,  (Itberwiso  prisoners  so 
I't'.t  »ill  he  relriiscd  on  their  arrival  here, 

■'.  N..  |,<rs..n  will  bo  hereafter  arrested   without  good  ami 

'.mini  ria-i.iis,  and  officers  making   arrests  without  siilh- 
la,  or  It  ithout  authority,  will  bo  held  to  auouunt  and 


punished.  .\nd  officers  sending  prisoners  to  St.  Louis  without 
charges,  proofs,  or  jiroper  oxplanatiiuis  will  be  cha'  _,ed  with 
the  expenses  of  their  transportation." 

— On  November  27th,  Gen.  Curtis,  through  Miij. 
N.  P.  Chipnian,  his  a.s.sistant  adjutant-general,  issued 
an  order  "to  check  communication  with  the  enemy, 
prevent  conveyance  of  contraband  goods,  and  avoid  the 
recurrence  of  as.saults  upon  our  steamboats"  on  the 
Mississippi  River.  It  required  boats  entering  tlie 
river  to  report  at  the  first  military  post  and  stop,  and 
to  proceed  under  military  orders  at  the  discretion  of 
the  military  commander.  "  Freight  and  baggage  will 
be  subject  to  careful  inspection  ;  an  oath  to  which  no 
patriot  can  object  and  no  traitor  forget  shall  be  taken 
and  subscribed  to  by  all  employes  and  passengers, 
except  such  alien  friends  as  may  be  e-Kcepted  by 
commanding  generals.  The  plans  of  landing  and 
departure  will  conform  as  near  as  may  be  to  the 
custom  of  the  trade,  but  all  commission  and  storage 
business  must  be  transacted  with  openly  avowed  and 
reliable  Union  men."  The  officers  of  boats  and 
officers  of  the  army  were  directed,  and  those  of  the 
navy  were  rtquested,  to  vigorously  carry  out  the 
order. 

— Gen.  Halleck,  on  November  30th,  issued  an 
order,  through  J.  C.  Kelton,  his  assistant  adjutant- 
general,  recognizing  the  following  officers  of  his  staff 
who  had  reported  for  duty : 

Brig. -(Jen.  (ieorge  \V.  Culluin,  chief  of  staff  and  chief  of 
engineers;  Brig.-tien.  .'^chuyler  Ilainilton,  assistant  chief  of 
staff;  Capt,  .1.  I'.  Kelton,  assistant  adjutant-general,  in  charge 
of  office;  Capt.  William  Mc.Michael,  assistant  adjutant-general ; 
Capt.  S,  M.  Proton,  assistant  adjiifaut-general;  Maj.  Kobert 
Allen,  chief  "f  ijuiLtermaster's  department;  Capt.  Thimuis  J. 
Haines,  chiei  >f  subsistence  department ;  Surg.  J,  J.  B.  Wright, 
chief  of  medical  department ;  Lieut. -Col.  T.  1'.  Andrews,  chief 
of  pay  department ;  Licut,-Col.  J.  1!.  Mcl'herson,  aide-de-camp 
and  assistant  to  chief  of  engineers;  Col.  Ucorgo  'I'lioiii,  aiile- 
de-camp  ami  chief  of  topograohical  engineers;  Col.  Hichard  D. 
Cutts.  aide-de-camp  on  topographical  duty  ;  Capt.  Franklin  I). 
Callendcr,  chief  of  ordnance  department;  Lieut. -Col,  ,Tames 
Totten,  chief  of  artillery  ;  Capt.  Oeorge  Iloskin,  acting  aide-de- 
canip. 

— On  December  1st,  Governor  H.  R,  Gamble  is- 
sued an  order  assigning  to  duty  at  his  headquarters, 
"  upon  the  staff  of  the  eommander-in-chiof,"  the  fol- 
lowing officers: 

Col.  Chester  Harding,  Jr.,  adjutant-general;  Col.  Samuel  (!. 
Heed,  quartermaster-general ;  Col.  Alton  1{.  Kaston,  inspector- 
general;  Col.  Franklin  I),  Callemler,  aide-de-camp  and  chief 
of  ordnance;  Col.  Humilton  (iamble,  aide  decamp,  assigned  t.i 
duty  as  assistant  inspector-general ;  (-'ol.  William  D.  Wood, 
aide-de-camp,  assigned  to  duty  as  assistant  insp'jclor  general ; 
Col,  William  T.  Mason,  aide-de  cam]*,  ass'gncd  to  duty  as 
assistant  inspector-general. 

— On  October  Uith  the  State  Convention  adopted 
an  ordinance  rcijuiriug  test  oaths  of  loyalty  for  all 


^'wj'i  a 


H  i 


■w 


414 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


civil  officors,  tlio  same  to  be  filed  within  sixty  clays, 
and  providin<;  that  the  offices  of  those  who  failed  to 

comply  with  the  ordinance  before  the  17th  of 
1861.     December,  1801,  should  be  declared  vacant, 

and  that  the  vacancy  should  be  filled  by  ap- 
pointment. On  the  2d  of  December,  M.  Oliver,  the 
Secretary  of  State,  called  the  special  attention  of  those 
"  whom  it  may  concern''  to  the  provisions  of  the  law, 
and  submitted  the  following  as  the  "  approved  form 
of  the  oath  required  by  the  ordinance:" 

"  I,  A.  H.  (i^taling  tlio  office),  do  .solemnly  sweiir  th.at  I  will 
siiriport  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  and  tlic  ."lute  of 
Mi$s(»uri,  and  that  I  will  not  tat\e  np  nrniH  a;;;ainst  tlie  govern- 
nient  of  tlie  United  .states,  nor  ilie  provisional  government  of 
the  State  of  Missouri,  nor  give  aid  or  i^oiufort  to  tiio  enemies  of 
cither  during  tlie  ])rcsent  eivil  war,  so  help  me  God." 

Notwithstanding  this  was  a  State  measure  and  only 
applied  to  State  and  city  officials.  Gen.  Ilalleck  deemed 
it  necessary  on  December  7th  to  issue  the  following 
general  order  requiring  the  enforcement  of  the  ordi- 
nance : 

"The  mayor  of  the  eity  of  St.  Louis  will  rvipiire  all  munici- 
pal officers  to  immediately  .subscribe  to  the  oath  of  allegiance 
prescribed  in  the  onlinance  passed  by  the  convention  of  this 
State  on  the  Ifith  day  of  fjctober,  1801. 

'•The  provost-nntrshal-gcncral  will  take  measures  to  ascer- 
tain whether  any  civil  officer  of  this  State  fails,  within  the 
time  fixed  by  said  ordinance,  to  subscribe  and  file  the  oath  there 
prescribed  ;  and  any  persor.  having  failed  to  take  such  oath  who 
attempts  to  e.xercise  civil  authority,  in  violation  of  the  terms  of 
said  ordinance,  will  be  arrested." 

— During  the  year  Miij.-Gen.  Sterling  Price,  of  the 
Confederate  army,  recjuested  D.  Kobert  Barclay,  J. 
R.  Barret,  and  D.  H.  Armstrong,  of  St.  Louis,  to  act 
in  his  behalf  in  conducting  the  exchange  of  prisoners 
of  war.  These  gentlemen  accepted  the  humane  mis- 
sion, and  having  been  applied  to  frequently  by  ladies 
for  information  as  to  whether  they  would  be  permitted 
to  supply  the  prisoners  cuntincd  in  the  military  prison 
in  the  city  with  such  clothing  and  other  necessaries 
as  their  comfort  seemed  from  time  to  time  to  demand, 
they  referred  the  matter  to  Capt.  George  E.  Leighton, 
the  provost-marshal,  with  the  belief  that  he  would 
act  justly  and  humanely  in  the  premises.  In  this 
anticipation  they  were  not  disappointed,  as  will  be 
seen  by  the  following  letter : 

"Okkic'k  or  I'hovost-.Matisiiai,. 
"8t.  Lori8,  .Mo.,  Dec.  li,  1801. 
"Gknti.i;mi:n, — Your  communicBtion  of  this  day  is  at  hand. 
Fn  reply  thereto,  I  have  to  say  that  the  privilege  <d' furnishing 
any  clothing,  or  whatever  nuiy  coniluco  to  the  personal  comfort 
id'  any  prisoner,  has  never  been  denied.  It  has  not  been  deemed 
necessary  by  thegovernmeni,  while  confining  the  person  of  the 
prisoner,  to  prohibit  the  ordinary  offices  of  humanity  or  friend- 
ship, and  while  every  reasonable  elTort  is  made  by  these  in  charge 


of  the  prison  toseoi  re  the  personal  comfort  of  every  pri-mcr  vol 
if  desired,  anything  of  the  character  mcntioneil  by  vai  ii|„,n 
being  left  at  the  prison,  will  bo  immediately  delivijid  |,,  ii,,. 
person  for  whom  it  is  designed. 

"  Very  respectfully, 

"  Your  obedient  servant, 

"(iKORCiK     K.    LkIOIITON, 

•'  Cit),liliil,  I'yiiriiHl   M,i,,li„l 

"To  Messrs.  D.  UoniMiT  IIaiklav,  and  others." 

— Gen.  Ilalleck  on  December  4th  issued  (ieiicriil 
Orders  No.  IH,  which,  with  the  exception  nl'  Scciimi 
II.  (of  little  interest),  were  as  follows: 

"  r.  Lieut. -Col.  Iternard  (1.  Karrar  is  hereby  appdiiui.,!  Wj. 
vost-nuirshal-general  of  this  department.  Cajil.  (icori;o  y 
Leighton  is  provost-nuirshal  of  the  eity  of  St.  I.i.iiis  and  it. 
vitiinity.  All  local  pi  uvost-uuuYhals  will  be  subject  in  |la.|,r,|f,, 
of  the  provost-Miarshal-gencral,  who  will  receive  his  in>liiiutii)ii. 
direct  from  these  headi|uarters. 

"  Iir.  Commanding  officers  (jf  districts,  posts,  ami  ii,r|..  itj]| 
arrest  and  place  in  confnu^ment  all  persons  in  arms  a;;;nii.«i  ilie 
lawful  authorities  of  the  I'niteil  .States,  or  who  gin'  aid,  a,,;,i. 
ance,  or  encouragement  to  the  enemy.  The  evidence  a^'ain-t 
persons  so  arrested  will  be  reduced  to  writing  and  vcrilif.!  on 
oath,  and  the  originals  or  certified  copies  of  such  aflidavii.  wilj 
be  immediately  furnished  to  the  provost-nnir8lial-;;crjeral  in 
this  city.  All  arms,  ammunition,  and  other  persojial  ariiinrlc 
required  for  the  use  of  the  army,  such  as  horses,  wagon.',  ir,. 
visions,  etc.,  belonging  to  persons  so  in  arms  or  so  as-isiin; 
and  encouraging  the  enemy,  will  bo  taken  possession  of,  anj 
turned  over  and  accounted  for.  Such  )iroperty,  nm  ofatinwr 
character  for  issue,  will  be  examined  by  a  Ijoard  '>r  ollii'ers.  ;itil 
sold  as  directc.i  by  the  army  regulations. 

"IV.  Commissions  will  be  onlered  from  these  lieailniiarler.> 
for  the  trial  of  (lersons  charged  with  aiding  and  assisting  ilir 
enemy,  the  destruction  of  bridges,  roads,  and  huildin;;*,  aiii  it 
taking  of  public  or  private  jiroperty  for  hustilc  |iin|iose!, anl 
also  for  the  coniiemuation  of  property  taken  by  nur  forces  iViin 
disloyal  inhabitants  i'or  the  use  of  the  army. 

"V.  [nail  certificates  given  for  private  property  taken  fr 
public  use,  in  accordance  with  General  Orders  No.  .S  .if  ilii<  lo- 
partmcnt,  it  will  be  stated  whether  the  jiroperty  was  taken  frai: 
loyal  or  disloyal  persons,  and  as  a  test  of  the  loyally  of  iirr-n: 
claiming  to  be  sceh,  from  whom  property  is  so  taken,  ullicer' 
eomnninding  districts,  posts,  divisions,  or  separate  lirii;,i'lf. 
are  authori/.ed  to  appoint  some  competent  ami  rolialile  "liter 
to  require  and  administer  the  usual  oath  iif  alhuian'e  t<j  llir 
United  Stales. 

"VI.  All  persons  found  in  clisguise  as  prelcndeil  lujaliiti- 
zens,  or  under  other   false  prelenses.  wilhin  our  line?,  Jiiiw 
information    to   or   communicating    with   liie   eni'  nv.  will  k  j 
arrested,  tried,  condemned,  and   shot  us  spies.     It  shunM  lie  { 
remembered  tlnit  in  this  res|iect  the  laws  of  war  make  in'iJi- 
tinction  of  se.\, — all  are  liable  to  the  same  penalty. 

"VII.  Persons  not  commissioned  or  enlisted  in  Ike  serviif  j 
of  the  so-called  Confederate  Slates,  wlio  commit  acts  of  li<i.Iil' ] 
ity,  will  not  be  treateil  as  prisoners  of  war,  but  will  lie  licM  and  I 
punislied  as  criminals.  And  all  persons  found  );uilty  ol  mur- 
der, robbery,  theft,  pillaging,  and  iinirauiling.  iimlcr  nlmlmrl 
authority,  will  either  be  shot  or  otherwise  less  severely  |™-] 
ishcd,  as  is  prescribed  by  the  rules  and  articles  of  war,  "ran- j 
Ihorized  by  the  usages  and  customs  of  war  in  like  ea^iv. 

"VIII.  The  law  of  military  retaliation  has  fixed  ami  "til- 
established  rules.    While  it  allows  no  cruel  or  liarljaioii-.  «fl"-a  1 
our  purl  in  retaliation  for  like  acts  of  theeueiiiy,  it  |ierniiliaii.'| 


THE   CIVIL   WAR. 


415 


y  yiii,  u|»iii 
vi'i'til  tullie 


lU'll  (iL'lK'Kll 
1   III'  BOI'Uull 

(it.  ilo'irjc  t. 
,  liHdis  ainl  it> 
fut  to  liiOMriler> 
his  iii-Iiui'ti'iii- 

»,  mill  I'dr]!-  will 
li-ius  \\if:mi\  lilt 

Bviili'iU'C  u;;aiiiii 
I  ivinl  vt'ritictl  on 
icli  nffiilnviUMill 
irsli:il-;;ciicral  ;r. 
lerfiiiiiil  |ir"iii-tly 
rscs  «-iigoii>.  i-r- 
19   111-  so  iis-i>lin; 
nosscssiuti  I't'.  ail] 
ty,  nol  ofiivvfT 
nril  "I  uffiters.  aiil 

ht'si'  liiv,iili|iiaiu:- 
iiiiil  ai-sistiiij;  ilw 
Imil.liliKs.alJ'llll- 
tile  iiiir\iusci, Jill 
liy  mil-  furcc-  fi'iu 

jiruperty  lakeiifji 
rs  No.  Sot  till!  il«- 
riy  wastiAcilfMlii 
l.iyiilly  "f  l'"-""^ 
...  s,,  taken,  "iVicei^ 
si'iiiiratc  l>ri:alt' 
mi.l  n-lial'lu  '*»' 
f  alliiliiin''''  '" ''" 

l,vti-iM.''l  l..yal'iti- 
,„ir  lines,  jiiiM  ! 


;if    I'lli'  11.*' 


Kill  i< 


ciiliai"iv  mciisiire!<  within  the  prescribi'd  liiiiit.s  of  military 
,s.|.ri'.     II' tliu  enemy  inurdois  anil  nibs  Uiiiiin  men.  we  are  nut 

justified  in  nuirderinjj;  and  robbinj;  other  iiorsun.i  who 
1861      are  in  a  lej;nl  sieiisc  enemie-s  to  mir  j;iivernment,  but  wo 

iiiav  enforee  on  tliein  the  severest  |ienalties  JiiKtilicd  by  i 
ihe  laws  of  war  fpr  the  erime.s  of  their  fellow-rebels.  Tne  rebel 
liirocs  in  the  .^outliwestcrn  counties  of  this  .'Statu  have  robbed 
■iiiil  plundered  the  )ieu«efnl  non-combatant  inhabitants,  taking 
from  tlieiii  liieir  clothing  and  means  of  subsistence.  Men, 
nuineii,  and  children  have  alike  been  stri|i|ied  and  |ilundcrcil. 
Thousands  of  such  iiersuns  are  finding  their  way  to  this  city, 
Ijiircfootcd.  luilf-clad.  and  in  a  destitute  and  starving  condition. 
Iluinaiiity  ami  .justice  reiinire  that  these  siilTcrings  should  bo 
relieved,  and  that  the  outrages  committed  u|ion  them  should  be 
ritiiliali  d  npon  the  enemy.  The  individuals  who  have  directly 
fiiiisfd  thc'c  s'llTcrin^s  are  at  present  mostly  beyond  our  reach. 
liul  tlnie  are  in  this  city,  and  in  other  |iliices  within  our  lines, 
miinerons  wealthy  .secessionists,  who  render  aid,  assistance,  and 
eiKoarnirenicnt  to  those  who  commit  these  outrages.  They  do 
not  thi'iiiselves  rob  and  |dunilcr.  but  they  abet  and  eouh  cianec 
these  acts  in  others.  .Although  less  bold  they  are  ei[Ually 
nuilty.  It  is  thorefore  ordered  and  directed  that  the  provcst- 
uiiirslials  iininciliatcly  iii<|uii'e  into  the  condition  of  the  persons 
<«  driven  froiu  their  homes,  and  that  measures  bo  taken  to 
iiiiiirtcr  llieni  in  the  houses  and  to  feed  and  clothe  them  at  the 


ii  ^iiuuin^f 

ir  war  nialii'  i''"''" 
Lciialty. 

I.ted  in  the  >'■"" 
luiuit  acts  of  hi* 
l,utKillbolitH»«lj 
luuil  !:nill>  of  i««t- 
]„g,'nn<lcv  ivlialcm  I 
,  u.ss  sevcrfly  l'"«- 
Iticlesof  «ur,i)ia«- 

lin  like  '■"*'■'''■ 
Ihas  risediiml"*' 
|,,r  liaibaniii'«i'l"'»j 

iHMny.itr'™'"-"-! 


.■5|i 


nsc  of  avowed  secessionists,  and  of  tho.se  who   arc  found 


.'uiltv  of  giving  aid,  assistance,  and    encouragement   to    tho 

euciny. 

"  I.\.  The  laws  of  the  United  States  confiscate  the  property 
iif  aiiv  master  in  a  slave  used  for  insurrectionary  purposes. 
should  Congress  extend  t.iis  penally  to  Ihe  property  of  all 
rehcis  in  arms,  or  giving  aid,  assistance,  and  enuouragcmcnt  to 
the  enemy,  such  provisions  will  be  strictly  enforced.  Military 
ulEiws  do  not  make  laws,  but  they  should  obey  and  enforce 
iheui  wlicn  made. 

".X,  Where  the  necessities  of  service  require  it,  the  forced 
labiir  .'  citizens,  slaves,  and  even  prisoners  of  war  may  be  cni- 
hlovo  .  in  the  construction  of  military  defenses,  but  no  one  will 
hefo  ccd  to  such  labor  without  orders  from  these  headi|uartor8, 
excirit  in  cases  of  siege  or  attack.  All  per,sons  so  impressed 
nil  lie  fed  and  quartered  at  tho  pablic  expense,  and  an  ao- 
ciiunt  (ill  be  taken  of  their  labor,  to  be  settled  as  may  be  di- 
rcctcil  liy  the  War  Department.  All  such  working  parties  will 
lie  strictly  guarded  and  kept,  as  far  as  possible  from  communi- 
atinj!  with  the  command  whore  employed. 

".\1.  These  orders  may  by  some  be  regarded  as  severe; 
but  they  arc  certainly  justified  by  tlie  laws  of  war,  and  it  is  be- 
lieved they  are  nut  only  right  but  necessary.  It  is  therefore 
ex|iceteil  that  all  loyal  citizens  in  this  department  will  assist 
ihc  military  authorilies  in  strictly  cnfiircing  them.  There  is 
alreaily  a  large  niilitary  force  in  this  State,  which  is  daily  in- 
cre«sing  in  numbers  and  improving  in  organization  and  disci- 
|.liiic.  In  a  lew  weeks  this  force  will  be  able  not  only  to  o.xpel 
irjiunishall  traitors  and  rebels,  but  also  to  strike  the  enemy 
in  his  strongholds. 

"XII.  All  I'oininunicatinnB  relating  to  prisoners  of  war  will 
beiliiccled  to  the  provost-marshal-general,  to  be  by  him  laid 
before  the  coinnianding  general,  daily,  at  orderly  hours." 


from  wliicli  and  the  coninmndcr  bj-  whom  they  were 
appiiiiited,  tofiothcr  witli  the  limits  of  their  jurisdic- 
tion. The  order  also  contained  the  following;  pro- 
visiiiiis : 

"  IV.  I'rovost-marshals  will  not  issue  orders  for  the  arrest  of 
persons  or  the  seizure  of  property  without  satisfai'lory  evi- 
dence by  affidavit,  or  tho  official  statements  of  army  officers, 
showing  probable  cause  to  believe  that  the  accused  person  or 
owner  has  been,  or  is.  guilty  of  either  of  the  crimes  specified 
in  tho  Department  (icneral  Order  No.  Ill,  hereinbefore  referred 
to.  This,  however,  is  not  intended  to  refer  to  arrests  or  seiz- 
uros,  made  by  authority  of  militar.v  coniinanders,  which  are 
Bent  before  the  [irovost-niarshals  for  investigation. 

**  V.  Whenever  a  suspected  person  is  arrested  by  order  of,  or 
sent  before  a  local  provost-marshal  for  examination,  he  shall 
immediately  examine  the  witnesses  undi  r  oath,  reducing  tho 
several  statements  to  writing,  and  shall  iinmeiliately  forward 
the  same,  together  with  his  opinion  thereon,  to  this  office,  de- 
taining the  prisoner  in  custody  until  directions  are  received  for 
the  disposition  of  the  accused.  Provided,  however,  if  the  evi- 
dence does  not  disclose  any  of  the  otfenses  specified,  the  prisoner 
shall  be  discharged  upon  taking  the  oath  of  allegiance  by  the 
local  provost-marshal,  and  a  report  made  to  this  office  of  such 
arrest,  cxainination,  and  discbarge, 

"VI.  When  property  is  seized  a  correct  description  and  in- 
ventory of  the  same  shall  be  made  and  forwarded  to  this  ofiice, 
together  with  a  sworn  statement  of  Ihe  facts  and  circumstances 
upon  which  such  seizure  was  foundeii,  and  the  properly  safely 
held  until  directions  are  received  from  headquarters  or  the  im- 
mediate military  commander  for  its  disposition, 

'•  VII.  Tho  rank,  name,  and  dale  of  taking  of  all  prisoners 
of  war  shall  be  immedialely  forwarded  to  this  office  for  the  in- 
formation of  the  commanding  general. 

"VIII,   Arrests  am!  seizures  made  by  provost-marshals  for 
the  mere  purpose  of  enforcing  camp  and  police  discipline  need 
not  be  reported  to  this  office,  but  may  be  disposed  of  at  the  time, 
,   subject  only  to  tho  orders  of  the  immediate  commander," 

— To  carry  out  the  arranfjements  for  protijctinj;  the 
commerce  of  the  Mississippi,  tho  following  oath  and 
blanks  for  names  and  descriptio.i  were  prescribed  by 
Brig.-Gcn.  Curtis  on  December  6th,  for  the  use  of  the 
boats  and  houses  engr.'.red  in  this  trade ; 

'•  I  solemnly  swear  that  I  will  bear  true  allegiance  to  tho 
United  States,  and  support  and  sustain  tlie  Constitution  and 
laws  thereof;  and  I  will  maintain  the  national  sovereignty 
paramount  to  that  of  all  State,  county,  or  confederate  jiowers; 
that  1  will  discourage,  discountenance,  anil  forever  oppose  se- 
cession, rebellion,  and  disintegration  of  the  Federal  Union; 
that  I  disclaim  and  denounce  all  faith  and  fellowship  with  tho 
80-iMlled  Confederate  States  and  Confederate  armies,  and  pledge 
my  honor,  my  property,  and  my  life  to  the  sacred  performance 
of  this  my  solemn  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  government  of  the 
United  States  of  America." 


In  pursuance  of  this  order   Bernard  G.    Farrar, 

provost-murslial-gencrul    of  the    Department    of  the 

Missouri,  on  December  5th  assumed  the  discliarge  of 

liis  dmios.    Til  his  "  Order  No,   1"  he  required  all 

i  local  proviwt-marshals  to  report   to   him   the  corps 


d              A 

i 

■B 

s 

1 

1 

Age. 


Height. 


This  oath  was  also  prescribed  as  the  oath  of  ulle- 
giunce  to  be  taken  and  subscribed  in  obedience  to 


1     1' 
t    1 1 

tto 


\     I 


li.' 


I 


416 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


\m 


Parafiraph  V.  of  Ouneriil  Orders  No.   13,  ln'retolbro 
lucntioned,  and  in  all  other  ca.><es  in  the  Missouri  De- 
partment where  an  oath  of  ullegiuneo  was  au 
1861.     thorizud  and  rci|uirud. 

— On  December  4th,  J.  M.  Schofield,  briga- 
dier-iieneral  c()inniandin<r  the  Missouri  State  militia, 
ordered  that  the  foilowinj;  officers  of  his  staff  should 
be  recognized  and  obeyed  : 

"  i.ii'ut.-Ciil.  Ciilviii  W.  Miiri^li,  ussi.«tnnt  ailJTit,ant-)?em'ral. 
"  I.ie»t.-C"l.  ItoriiaiMt  (i.  Fiirnir.  ai(lc-<)(>-c;tiii{i. 
'•  l,iciit.-CoI.  .rciliii   H.  (Jray.  aiilucli'-iani|)  and  ussistiint  iii- 
spt'ctnr  ;;)'in'ral. 

".^tatr  of  Ihc  First  Brigaile: 

"  .Maj.  Jlenry  Ilescttok.  assistant  ailjutant-goneral, 
".Maj.  llenrv  I..  .McCcinncll,  aidi-ile  camp. 
*'.Maj.  .loiin  F.  'lylcr.  aiile-de-L-unip." 

— The  following  regulalions  for  the  river  commerce 
from  the  port  of  St.  Louis  on  the  .Missouri  and  Mis- 
sissippi Rivers  were  put  in  force  on  December  1 0th 
by  Rrig.-Gen.  S.  R.  Curtis  :  i 

'^"\.  From  anil  afier  this  ilato  the  river  LMiniinerce  friini  the 
piirt  of  .St.  r.miis  will  he  entirely  under  military  contr<d  and 
surveillance. 

"2.  No  steanihiiats  or  other  erafts  will  lie  perinilteil  to  take 
freights  or  passengers,  iir  ho  allowed  a  clearance,  except  those 
authorized  and  eomniissioned  hy  the  major-general  commanil- 
ing  the  Department  of  the  Missouri,  or  the  general  command' 
ing  the  Di.'itriet  of  St.  Louis. 

''li.  Every  person  or  company  owning  a  steamboat  or  other 
craft,  and  desiring  to  do  business  on  the  rivers  from  and  to  the 
port  of  St.  Louis,  will  iminediatoly  after  the  publication  of  thi.-: 
notice  be  required  to  make  written  application  to  the  chief  quar- 
termaster, United  States  aiiny,  in  St.  Louis,  for  permission, 
accompanying  the  same  with  a  statement  under  oath  of  the 
true  owner  or  owners  of  said  steamboat  ur  craft,  and  the  amount 
of  interest  of  each  person  or  company  in  said  steamboat  or  craft, 
whether  in  trust  or  otherwise,  their  places  of  residence  and  of 
business,  and  also  the  name  and  residence  of  each  officer  and 
pilot  employed  or  to  be  employed  on  the  same ;  and  any  change 
in  tlie  ownership  of  said  steamboat  or  craft,  or  in  the  oflicers  or 
pilots  thereof,  shall  also  he  reported  in  like  manner, 

"t.  All  officers,  pilots,  ami  river  employes  on  any  .steamboat 
or  cTaft,  shall  take  the  following  outh  (the  oath  prescribed  De- 
cember filh). 

"  .">.  When  ap|dication  has  been  made  agreeably  to  the  fore- 
going, it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  chief  quartermaster  in  St. 
Louis  to  institute  such  further  investigation  as  he  may  deem 
requisite  as  to  the  character  and  loyally  of  the  owner  or  owners, 
theoBieers  luid  pilots  of  such  steamboats  or  crafts,  and  if  found  ■ 
LSEX(  Ki'TiosAiii.K.  hc  shall  issue  his  commission  to  the  owner  ' 
or  master  thereof  to  ilo  business  on  the  rivers. 

"  I).  'I'lie  object  of  the  foregoing  is  to  si'fi'iiKss  and  E.NriUKi.v 
I'liKVKNT  any  aid  or  assistani  K  to  or  iipmmimcation  with  any 
person  or  persons  (directly  or  indirectly)  ilisloyal  to  or  in  arms 
against  tiie  Federal  authority  of  the  United  States. 

"7.  AwowNKit,  officer,  or  pilot  of  any  steamboat  or  other 
craft  who  shall  do  any  act  contrary  to  the  object  expressed  in 
the  foregoing  section  shall  cause  the  immediate  koiu'KITliip.  of 
eaid  steamboat  or  craft  and  her  cargo  to  the  Federal  govern- 
ment, and  such  owner,  officer,  or  pilot  be  subject  to  the  pains 
and  penalties  ]jrescrihej  by  the  articles  of  war  for  giving  aid  1 


to  the  enemy.  The  articles  of  war  referred  to  above  an.  in  ||,j 
following  words  : 

'"AiiT.  5fl.  Whosoever  shall  relieve  the  enemy  will,  111,111,,,. 
victuals,  or  ammunition,  or  shall  knowingly  harbor  or  iirotoct 
an  enemy,  shall  suffer  death,  or  such  other  punishnieiii  a,.  ,l,n|| 
be  ordereil  by  the  sentence  of  a  c(uirt-niartial. 

*"  AiiT.  .')7.  \\' hoover  shall  be  convicted  of  holding  i'i,rre!»|,oni|. 
enee  with  or  giving  intelligence  to  the  enemy,  eilher  dncollv 
or  indirectly,  shall  sutler  death,  or  such  other  punishmeiit  „ 
shall  be  ordered  by  the  sentenct  of  a  eourt-inartial,' "' 

In  order  to  carry  out  the  objects  of  Geii.  Cunis  iu 
relation  to  the  comniorce  and  navigation  of  the  .^Ii^■ 
sissippi.  ('apt.  John  A.  .Scudder  and  ('apt.  I'aisoii^ 
were  appointed,  December  14th,  to  adniiiii.st('r  ilie 

"  oath  of  allcgi.incc  to  the  United  States  governineni  tn  all  uU. 
oers,  pilots,  and  river  employes,  consignors  and  coiisi^-new,  imi 
passengers  on  'iny  steamboat  or  craft  which  shall,  by  |iormi>si(  n 
of  the  proper  authorities,  quit  the  port  of  St.  Louis. 

"  .Masters  of  vessels  and  inspectors  who  have  llieunclvis 
been  fully  qualilied,  entered  ujioii,  and  are  still  in  the  setiicj 
are  also  authorized  and  appointed  to  Itilminister  the  uatli  1111,1 
carry  out  the  object  of  the  orders  concerning  tlic  rivir  cui: 
merce  on  the  Mississippi  and  its  tributaries." 

— The  city  being  crowded  with  Union  refu"ic. 
from  the  disturbed  sections  of  the  interior,  JLij.- 
Geu.  Hiilleck  on  December  12th  issued  the  fulliiVTJii; 
"  General  Orders  No.  24,"  for  levying  a  coiiiriliuiiin 
of  ten  thousand  dollars  on  the  Southern  .syniiialliizers 
for  their  support : 

"  I.  The  suffering  families  driven  by  rebels  from  ,-^iiiitiniM. 
orn  .Missouri  which  have  already  arrived  here  have  liciiiMiii 
plied  by  voluntary  contributions  made  by  Union  men.  tnln'rf 
are  on  their  way,  to  arr've  in  a  few  days.  These  tiiu>t  lie  .up- 
plied  hy  the  charity  of  men  known  to  he  hostile  to  the  I'ni  in. 
A  li.st  will  hc  prepared  of  the  n.inies  of  all  persons  of  tliis  olic-s 
who  do  not  voluntarily  furnish  their  quota,  and  a  .uiit-ibuii'jii 
will  he  levied  on  them  of  (e»  thmtinutl  dollufK,  iu  elutliiii;.  [.ru- 
visions  and  quarters,  or  money  in  lieu  thereof.  This  levy  will 
be  maile  upon  the  following  class  of  persons,  m  ;irii|piirtii)ii  li. 
the  guilt  and  prtqierty  of  each  individual  :  1st,  those  in  :iriii< 
with  the  enemy  who  have  property  in  this  city;  2d,  tlioso  wli^ 
have  furnished  pecuniary  or  other  aid  to  the  enemy,  or  to  [.it 
sons  in  the  enemy's  service:  lid,  those  who  have  verbully,  in 
writing,  or  by  publication  given  encouragemenl  to  iii<urL'iii:: 
and  rebels. 

■'II.  l!rig.-Gen.  S.  It.  Curtis.  United  Stales  voliinimv 
Lieut. -Col.  JJ.  G.  Farrar,  provost-inarshal-general,  aii-l  C!iarl« 
liorg,  Ksq.,  assessor  of  the  county  of  .St.  Louis,  will  oon*tiliitti 
a  board  of  assessors  for  levying  the  aforomentioiieil  L-oiitrit'u- 
tioii.  In  determining  the  iimountof  property  of  the  iiiiiiviJu.i!i 
assessed,  the  board  will  take  into  consideration  the  oilicinliL-c!;- 
inent  lists  for  municipal  taxes. 

*'  IIJ.  As  soon  as  any  part  (d'  this  eontributiitn  liii*  I'fU 
assessed  by  the  board,  the  j(rovost-m:irshal-;^eiieral  vvill  noiifv 
the  parties  assessed,  their  agents  or  rcprescnt.Ttive-.  staliii.'the 
amount  of  provisions,  clothing  or  quarters,  and  the  monn 
value  thereof  required  of  each,  and  if  not  funiislicl  williin 
the  time  specilicd  in  such  notice,  he  will  issue  iin  cseciitiun. 
and  sufficient  property  will  be  taken  and  sold  at  public  111110™ 
to  satisfy  the  assessment,  with  costs  imd  a  peniillv  of  livcnlj- 
five  per  cent,  in  addition.      Where  buildings  or  piirl- of  builJ- 


THE  CIVIL   WAR. 


417 


art-  in  the 


itli  iilulify, 
cm  ;i>  -hiiU 


iM)rri'*i«»nil- 
hiT  .'.i.fotly 
tii^liiiipiit  i\* 


I.  Curtis  ill 
.r  till'  Mi- 

fit.  I'lUSIllH 
istlT  tin' 

ll'llt  t.KlUnffi. 

tiii'i;;!!!'*-*?.  iinl 
by  (»eruii?sii  n 
luis. 

\-e  tlienisolvts 
in  the  smi.e 
ir  till;  iiiilli  ai"l 
tlio  riviT  C'liii 

lion  refu^i'i- 
jterior,  Muj.- 
the  fuUui^-in.: 
11  eoi\tril)utU'ii 
1  syini«lliizrt> 

from  ¥imtlme-t- 
have  Isetn  ^uii- 
,in  moll.    "'Ill'" 
eiii'  iiiii^t  IjL'  Miji- 
ile  I"  tlu'  Viii'iB. 
suns  I'f  tlii^  «li'-» 
|ii,l  11  .(iiil-ibuti'jii 
in  i-l.'tliiii-:.  \"«- 
[.    Tliirluvy  will 
,,  ;,r..iii.rli"n  I" 
St,  lll^l^e  iu  inn! 
y  :  'J'l.  lliosi'  "'■" 
nmiy.  or  t"  )«•'■ 
liiivc  vcrbiilly,  ill 
i.,it  til  iusuriii'W' 

plule^  voluixti'"' 
[leiiil,  iiivl  C!iarl«i 
,  will  o.m'liwte 
|.„li.iiic.l  ountriW- 
„f  tlR>  iii'livi'lu''' 
I,  il„.  (ilTuial  :i--«- 

lil)iili"ii  lia-  '"''° 
l,.,i.Tiil  will  ii"iify 
ialivi'S^'tiiliiii:* 
.,,,,1  till'  111""'! 
t„ini?lifl  ivilian 
:iii  cxc'outiou. 
||  at  \<Mk  »ii>'li»" 
,„.,iMU  uf  liveiiiy- 
,  or  imrt^  "f  builJ- 


iiiL'i  iiri'  I"  '"■  ""'''i  "'"'  "'"'ri  i"'.v  "f  111"  aulTiTi'i'S  nro  to  be 
iiiiiUli  I'-'l  I'll  fiiiiiilic".  "•'iiri;  ."liiiulil  111'  liikfii  111  |iro.liic'C  iis  llttlr 

,ii.'.iiiM'iiiuii('C  til  lliL'  iiwrirrs  nr  liiinilii's  ii.i  iiu^i.-ililr.  this 
1861.     '<  'I  I'l'iiit^  (.'iiii.-iilcrfil  a  iiiilitary-  fniitribiitiMii  luvii'il  iipiui 

ill,.  I'liiMiiy,  but   ini'rcly  ii  eiillrilinii    tii  be  luailu  I'miu 
fririiii-    !'  lliii  i-iii'iiiy  fur  I'liarilubli'  |iiir|iii.<i'S. 

••1\'  ll  iiii.v  |iiir«un  ii|iiiii  wliuiii  sucli  asse<?iiic'iit  shall  bii 
luii.lr  -liiill  tile  with  thu  |iiin  n.it-iiiar.ihal-guiienil  an  iinMavil 
lli:il  ll'  1-  a  liiyal  I'itizeii  ami  has  bi.'i'ii  triio  Id  his  alk'jjiaiii'c 
1,,  ijjf  I  iiitiil  .""tatci,  he  will  bi,'  nlliiwcil  oiio  work  ta  I'liiiiish 
ciijcii'  1'  li>  thu  boarJ  to  viiuiicate  hi.i  cliarai'li'r,  ami  if  at  llic 
fiitl  I'f  tii:it  time  ho  shall  nut  be  able  to  satisfy  the  boaril  of 
liiii  |.iv;'i|i.  the  nsscssiiu'iit  shall  be  iiierea.'^eil  li'ii  |ier  cent,  iiihl 
ilif  U'\  V  iiiiiuc'iliately  luaJo. 

"  V.  Till'  Miliplii'."  so  eulk'ctiMl  will  be  c.\|ii'iiilcil  for  Hio  objeet 
,lo.-is:n:iti'l.  miller  the  ilireetioii  of  the  priivo.-t-iimrslial-gi'iieral, 
ttilii  ilir  aili  it'e  of  the  State  Sanitary  (''iiiiiiiissiun.  ^Vllere 
iiioni'V*  .ire  reeeiveil  in  lieu  of  su|i|ilirs,  it  will  be  cxpemled 
'or  lliiiii  lis  tliey  may  be  i'ei|uiieJ.  .Any  money  nut  so  ex- 
|,iiiili"l  will  lie  tiirneil  over  to  llic  sanitary  uoniniissinii  fur  the 
i.iiii'lit  "1  sick  soliliers.  A  striel  ami  iieeurate  aecmint  of  these 
;i.,ii|il«  iiii'l  e.viiemlilures  will   be  kept  aiul   leliriieJ   In  the.se 

iicii'liliiiiil'ii'' 

•'VI.  .\ny  line  who  shall  resist  or  attempt  to  resist  the  oxe- 
iiition  III  these  orders  will  be  iiniiiediately  arrested  and  im- 
1  li-.'iR'J,  iiii'l  will  Ije  tried  by  a  military  comiuission." 

Oil  tlu'  fiillowiiig  tlay  Provtis-t-Marslml  Lciirlitoii, 
wilii  a  view  to  provide  afjaiiist  tliu  an'o.st  or  iiiolesta- 
ijuii  of  till'  lariro  iiunibLM'  of  iiorsoiis  wlio  wui'o  avriv- 
iiri  in  till'  liiy  daily  ffom  thu  Soiilli, 

■■-inlcred  tliat  all  jicrsons  who  inny  arrive  in  St.  Louis  or  its 
•iiiiiirilialc  vicinity  from  the  States  in  rebellion  n);;iinst  the  an- 
tliorilv  of  the  government  of  the  I'liited  States  be  rciiiiired  to 
ri'iiurt  ia  person  at  the  olliee  of  the  provost-niarslial  of  the  city 
of  St.  bonis  iniiiicdialely  upon  their  arrival. 

".MIsach  persons  will  be  rei|uircl  to  register  their  names 
ami  tislilv  ii|ion  oath  their  allegiance  to  the  government  of  the 
I'liitcl  States." 

A  '■  Ii:iilie.s'  Union  Refugee  Aid  Society"  was  also 
firniril  lor  the  relief  of  tlio.se  who  hud  thus  souglit 
ilk'  [iiok'ctioii  of  tlie  L'overnineiit.  Tiie  rooms  of  the 
■  n'ieiv  for  the  reeeptioii  of  the  refufjecs  were  at  No. 
Cs  Elm  Street.  Tiie  officers  were  Mrs.  F.  A.  Child, 
fri',«iJi'nt ;  Mr.s.  William  Barr,  secretary  and  treas- 
urer; iitiil  the  followiiis;  directors:  Mrs.  Dr.  Ilciisler, 
Mr-,  li.iliirt  Holmes,  Mrs.  C.  S.  Kintzing,  Mrs.  Fcr- 
liiuaiul  Meyer,  and  Mrs.  Professor  Terrell.  The  fol- 
lowiiiL'  gentlemen  acted  a.s  an  executive  committee  : 
Mes,srs.  Pearly,  Childs,  Robert  H(>lmes,  8.  A.  JJraun, 
anil  James  E.  Cozzens. 

Tlk'  Soulliwestern  Jlissouri  refugees,  for  whose 
kikfit  tlie  ten  thousand  dollar  assessment  was  now 
kinj;  made,  were  quartered  in  tin  old  mansion  located 
on  Elm  between  Fourth  and  Fifth  Streets.  It  was 
furiiislioJ  with  beds  and  bedding  sufficient  to  accom- 
I  niiidaie  about  sixty  persons.  The  colored  quarters  in 
tlio  rear  of  the  house  were  also  fitted  up  for  the  same 
hurpuso.     The  refugees,  who  numbered  up  to  this 


time  (December  20th)  about  six  litiiidred  jiersons, 
were  (juartcred  as  fust  as  they  arrived  in  the  city  at 
tlio  mansion,  and  remained  lor.g  ciiougli  to  be  fed  and 
clotheil,  anil  were  tlien  sent  furwurd  to  their  iinal  des- 
tiiialioiis  in  Hlinois  tiinl  other  Slates.  Their  tetims 
while  in  the  city  were  iniartercil  on  a  lot  mar  the 
mansion.  Kverything  was  under  the  sole  iiKinage- 
ment  of  the  officers  of  the  Ladies'  riiion  Refugee 
Aid  Society.  The  sixty-four  persons  who  were  as- 
so.s.sed  for  the  ten  thousand  dollars  for  the  benetit  of 
the  refugees  on  December  20th  were  served  witli  the 
following  notice: 

"Ofkici-;  of  tiie  PiinvnsTMAiisnAi.-(jKNi:iiAi. 

"or    TIIK    DKI'SIITMKNT    UK    TlIK     MlSSUI  111. 

"Sr.  l.iiris,  .Mo.,  Hee.  20,  lsi',1. 


"  Yiiii  are  hereby  notified  tliut,  pursuant  to  (lencral  Orders 
Xo.  2:'  from  the  headnnarteis  of  the  Meparlmeiil  of  the  Mis- 
.souri,  ilireeting  a  levy  upon  the  friends  of  the  (iieiiiy  for  chnr- 
ilable  purposes,  you  have  been  assessed  the  sum  of hun- 
dred dollars  as  your  eonti  ibiitiou  in  aid  of  the  sufl'eriug  fauiilies 
driven  by  the  rebels  from  Southwestern  Missouri. 

**  You  will,  therefore,  pay  the  auiouut  so  assessed,  or  its 
etiiiivaleiit  in  cluthiiii:.  pru\  isions,  or  iiuartcrs,  to  nie  within 
live  days  after  the  service  of  this  uolice  upon  yuu,  or,  in  default 
theri'uf,  execution  will  be  issued  iigain-t  your  property  for  suf- 
ficient to  satisfy  the  assessments,  costs,  and  twenty-five  per 
cent,  penalty  in  addition.  Should  you  elect  to  [lay  your  assess- 
ment in  elotliing,  provisions,  or  nuarters.  you  will  give  notice 
of  sueh  intention  to  thisolTice,  aeeonipanying  the  same  with  an 
inventory  and  description  of  llic  articles,  or  of  the  situation  and 
value  of  the  qiiiirters  tendered,  which  will  be  nccepled,  subject 
to  an  appriiisement  of  the  same  by  inc. 

'•  lii:ii.\Ani>  G,  I'VuiliAU,  I'lvtoit-Mnrtlitil-O'iiicial." 

On  the  same  day  Col.  Farrar  directed  that  all  tliosc 
who  were  desirous  of  availing  themselves  of  the  privi- 
lege contained  in  Section  IX.  of  Genertd  Orders  No. 
2-1  >hiiuld  (ile  tlieir  affidavits  of  loyalty  in  his  office 
on  or  before  the  26th  of  December. 

— The  main  portion  of  the  prisoners  captured 
by  Gen.  Pope  reached  St.  Louis  on  the  22d  of  De- 
cember by  tlie  Pacific  train.  They  numbered  about 
thirteen  hundred  men.  The  train  ciiii>isted  of 
thirty-six  cars,  and  the  prisoners  wore  packed  into 
each  car  so  closely  as  to  leave  but  little  more  than 
comfiirtable  standing  room.  Tli(>y  were  marched  in 
a  close  ciilumn,  which  extended  IVoin  Gratiot  Street 
to  the  Seventh  Street  Station,  to  McDowell's  College, 
wliere  they  were  quartered.  They  were  escorted  by 
the  Twenty-fifth  LKliana  and  the  Second  Iowa  Regi- 
ments, followed  by  a  large  crowd,  which  occa.sioually 
cheered  the  prisoners. 

Gratiot  Street  Military  Prison,  wliicb  was  used  by 
the  Federal  authorities  during  the  civil  war  for  the 
coiifineiuent  of  prisoners  charged  with  oft'enses  tigainst 
military  law,  was  originally  the  MeDuwell  Medical  Coi- 


''•M 


\      > 


if 

1     lEiil 

;   f " 
I  [Ail 


'm 


t'.'"' 


inn 


PI 


418 


IIISTOIIV    OF   SAINT   LOUIS. 


Icj;e.      It  wiis  .'•itiiiitrd   dii   tlio   iKniliwist   ((iincr  o\' 
Kiglitli  .iinl  (iriitiot  Sti'i'itM,  :iiul  (■oll^i^llMl  ol'  a  !aii;i' 

(ittairiiiiiil  liuiUlin;.'  of  ijray  sldiif.  «itli  niolu'd 
1861.     ami  s(|iian'  wiiiilnws.  "  ri'iiiiii(Jiii;_'  (nic  dt'  |i(irt- 

Imlos  ill  -iiiiit'  :iiiii(|iiat('il  (iirt  nr  c^islcllatcil 
stviidtiri',"  .•^iiiiiKmnliil  \>\  n\\  (i(lillv->lia|ir(l  (linin',  and 
flanked  liv  two  wiiiirs,  iIr'  .soiillii'iii  MliiatL'd  diri'clly  mi 
tlic  I'driirr  (if  iMglitli  and  (iniliot  iSirect.>i,  and  tln^  nortli- 
crn  L'Xtondiiw.'  tcillio  liuildin;;iif  ill"  t'liiislian  Urotlicrs. 
Till'  fort ro.-!i  like  ap,ifaraiico  of  llic  oi'iiinil  stiuctiirc 
f;avo  .soiiio  color  of  iirohaliiiity  with  iIk-  ncdulou.-*  to 
a  storv  which  trained  a  wido  circulation  th;it  l)r.  Mc- 
Idiwcll,  ill  crcctiiitr  it,  coiitciii]ilatcd  the  ]iossitiilit_v  of 
hnvinii  soiiio  day  to  make  a  military  defense  of  the 
structure.  This  .stateiiieiit,  however,  is  lielieved  to 
liave  had  its  origin  in  the  fact  tliiit  durititr  the  Know- 
Nothing  political  troubles  Dr.  ."^lehowell  inirehased  a 
number  of  muskets  from  the  United  Slates  arsenal 
and  several  small  eannoii.  The  nuisket.s  were  stored 
ill  tiie  cii]iola.  and  on  the  bieiikiiit;  out  of  the  civil 
war  Dr.  McDowell  sent  the  arms  to  .^Iem]lllis,  and 
Bubse(|uently  went  South  himself. 


viKW  Of  Tin:  oi.n  m  powiji.  miiucai.  lui.i.kim:  ami 
.Mii,ir.\Kv  riiisoN, 

The  collej:o  was  established  in  IS  10  by  Dr.  J.  N. 
McDowell,  who,  aided  by  Dr.  Juhii  S.  IMoore,  of 
Tennessee,  had  matured  the  plan  for  the  institution 
during  the  winter  of  18;U)-KI.  The  two  physicinns 
procured  a  charter  for  the  department  of  Kemper 
College  (afterwards  the  I'oor-liou.sc  farm),  and  under 
its  provisions  organized.  The  first  session  opened  in 
November,  1840,  with  a  class  of  thirty-seven  matricu- 
hites,  and  was  held  in  a  building  at  the  corner  of 
Ninth  and  Cerrc  Streets,  subsequently  the  Wain- 
wrigiit  brewery.  The  institution  \va.s  successful  from 
the  first,  and  in  1847  the  building  at  Eighth  and 
(Iratiot  Streets  was  erected.     During  the  same  year 


the   college  bei  ame  the  Meilieal    Department     t'  |i 
State  University  at  Coluiiibia.  Mo,,  and  so  Cdiiiiniiii 
until    IS.'i",    when    il    was   organized    under    iimili,; 
charter,      .\fter   tlie   cominenceiiieiit    of  the   \',;ir  il 
niililarv  took  posses.-ion  of  the  building,  usiii:-  it  fn,' 
as  a  barracks,  and  sulise(|iiently  traiisforniiii;::  it  iiiii,^ 
]irisoii.     Ill  ISO."),  Dr.  .^l(■Dowell  reluri.ed  to  Si.  ],iui, 
and   reorganized   the   institution  with  mosil\   ;i  i,,, 
faculty.      Ill   18(18  he  died,  and   I'rofessor  I'.ml  |v 
was   chosen   to   1111  his  |)lace.      T.lie  college  wa>  tli.i, 
reiiiovi'd  to  the  corner  of  Si.xth  and  Klni  Streets.    Allr 
various  changes  the  institution,  under  the  name  nf  tl;, 
Missouri   Medical   College,  was  transferred  lu  a  i|,iv 
building  on  Twenty  third  Street  and  Clivist\   \v  :,, 
ill  connection  with  St.  John's  Hospital. 

Among  t'le  graduates  of  the  old  McDinvell  (\,V, ^ 
were  Dis.    llodgcn,   Maughs,  Tuholske,  ( >il,.,  .\  W 
Wall,  S.  C.   Armor,  John  J.  McDowell.  Dmki  M 
!)■  well,  T.  15.  Lester,  of  Kansas  City,  and  15,  Wii]>i,i; 
anil  son.  of  JelVersoii  City,  besides  many  others. 

The  occu|)aiits  of  the  building  during  the  |i('ri.ni„: 
its  use  as  a  military  pri.-oii  were  captured  ('unrolirj:. 
soldiers.  Souiherii  .sym]iathizers,  bushwliaikois.  shc., 
iiiailcarriers  and  deserters,  bounty  jumpers,  ami  nilur 
deliiii|ueiit.s  on  the  Union  side.  The  prisoners  incn- 
eerated  there  from  time  to  time  ineliided  many  perMH,. 
ol' distinction,  among  them  being  prominent  iiiiiii.i,r' 
of  the  gospel,  United  States  senators,  legislatms.  intia. 
enlial  i-ilizetis  of  St.  Louis,  and  leading  ollieer.*  ef  il.t 
Confederate  army.  Capls.  15islio]>,  .^Ia«tcrsoii,  an] 
liobert  Allen  were  among  the  comiiiaiiilaiils.  Tic; 
diseipliiie  iiiaiiitained  seems  to  havi?  been  severe.  aiiJ 
coiiiplaiiits  were  freijUeiit,  on  the  part  of  prisoinr.*. "! 
harsh  treatment  and  insiitheieiiey  ol'  brat  and  li'J. 
Hardships,  however,  are  inseparable  from  pri.-dii  life, 
especially  in  time  of  war;  and  there  is  no  oviJiua 
before  us  to  show  that  the  administratinn  of  tlutlr.!- 
tiot  ]irisoii  was  more  severe  than  that  of  tlie  milii.irv 
prisons  established  by  the  authorities  elsewlioiv.  \:< 
ii])pearaiice  was  gloomy  and  forbidding,^ — iloiiHy  .-u  ■,' 
those  who  knew  its  liislory,  I'rom  the  fact  that  i: 
was  frerjuently  the  scene  of  military  o.xeeutinns.' 

•  C'npt.  fi villi  11  Fro.it,  of  tiuiiiey,  tl!.,  nlio  was  twito  inir- 
(•(■r.iloil  at  (iratiot  prison,  kept  »  ■liiov  of  lii*  c\pi'rii'ii''i'-llim.  j 
ill  wliii'ii  oi'i'iir  sonif  vi\iii  ^^liinpM  -  i"  llio  lilV  ;il  (Iratii't.  T!:?| 
fust  entry  isii."  follows: 

"  January,  I8(V1,  Cnpl.  Frost  iirrivril  in  SI.  T.oni'.  in  imuii'M.vI 
with  oii(?  IiiiiiiIitJ  and  four  prisoners,  ami  llicv  nm'  (•■mlinflj 
the  .same  nij^iit  in  liriitiot  .^tret'l  prison,  tlie  woallier  boin;  i\-J 
trciiiely  eoKI,  The  next  morning  tlie  eiiptain  iliscoviToi  (ira-f 
tiot  to  be  a  very  linril  plaee,  ami  fare  so  roiii;li  it  mciiiccI  an  os-j 
cellent  plaeo  to  Ptarve.  .\  few  days  lliereal'ter  tiuir  iiuarifril 
were  changed  to  the  lower  room  of  the  .siiiiare  huililin;:.  "l"''! 
was  in  many  respects  ii  better  place,  but  very  culd  anJ  imi 


TlIK   CIVIL   W.Ul. 


•nn 


lU'tll  I  i' 
,()  <•!■■  'lin  ; 
(llT  -I.  .|i,  ■ 
till'  ■■  il  •' 
\\>\[\.  it  '',:•■ 
llillL'  il  ilil".i 
itoS'  1,  ;i;. 
iiosllv  ;v  ii.i, 
or  r.nil  K' 

I'^C   WHS  tll.l, 

(trocis.    Aft.: 

IC  llallltMif  lla- 

rvi'il  1..  a  11. -.v 
ivi>t'v   \v,:.i 

Dowe'll  ('"'i'- 

...  OitH.  AW 

11(1    1>.  ^ViM^^^ll 

ny  iithcM>. 

Ijr    tllO   lil'tiHii.: 

ruil  Conrc'lcrai' 
wliiuktis.  ?iiv, 

UpclS,  lUl'l  "tlliT 

nvisiiiiovs  inch- 
lotl  iniiiiy  i"T>ni.- 
niiiii'iit  mii.i-'':- 
Icuislaluis.iiiSi- 

vj:  ulVu-cr?  I'l'il.'' 
Mii-tcrson,  aiii 

UKlllihllll-'.      TllV 

lu'iii  i-ovci-f.  ar.'i 
t  of  |ii>i'iRi>.  ; 
it'  lu'iit  nml  t''A 
tViiiii  l>vi,-"ii  lift' 
0  is  no  I'v'ul'';." 
iiliun  of  tlic  li'.i' 
la  of  ilif  mili'..ity 
s  olsi'wlii'ii'.    I'' 
lit:. — ilt'uUy  M'  ''■■ 
(lie  llici  tli«  i' 
execulioiis.' 


I.iii, 


1861. 


Aiiii'ii 


,.-  of  inisoiuM's  wore  of  fiTi|iii'iit  (icfnnTiici'. 
,  mil',  ilir  fir^itivc-^  wiMO  ioiM|iliiri'il.  On  tlio 
■Jliiiof  l'"i'biu:iiy,  1S(!l',  ilio  roof  of  tlio  prison 
n:is  -I't  oil  firo  li.v  llic  iniii:ili's,  1ml  llic  lliiiiics 
wiiv  exlin,:;Mi.-li('il  without  strious  diiiiiii;.'!'. 
;iii'  most  (liirilii;:iiiil  successful  of  llic  luisoiuTs 


,v;is  \i  -.il.iiii  ('.  (liiiiii's.  a  fiiiiioiis  iii;iil  iMnici-  niid  spy, 


,.|. 


TIliTO  were  "tllv  t\V(l  Pt'J\  f^  tu  n\  I'V  il  hull 


i.  i.s|a.riiMi*lli"' 
lifo  .iliirali"!.   T!-.'! 

ll.l,.Mrv'.  ini'™'!''"'!'} 
|l  ilu'v  w'-n'  o.iiilinflj 
.  wi'inlior  btin:  rtj 
|t,,i„  ,li,.'..v.'ro'l»lfr| 
l„g!i  it  ■"■Mio.l  an  rt-| 
leiifter  lluinvurOT 
|»,»,-,  l.uil.lin;.  "l"''] 


IVCil  111'  ■ 

I'n.ln  .hill' III' .IiiiiMurv  .''ill  ln'  wiili'.':  "  Tlicrc  mic  imw  aluiul 

■iMit  liiimlii'il  pii-i>ni'ii"  ill  (JiiUiiil,  aii'l  iimif iug  in  I'vcij- 

livliTMi    iH  parts  of  lliu  I'oiinti'.v.     \Vc  iiri'  ulloivi'il  iinly  two 

iiii'iil.)  ;i  il'v.  anil  it  kcops  the  riiuks  luisy  to  git   llironi-li  witli 

tlii-in  liv  'laik.     S.iimi  two  nr  three  humlie.l  eat  at  a  liriie.  ami 

thi'  tin  iilile''  nnil  eup»  are  never  iva-lieil  f-  >.ii  il.t  linit  to  tlic 

'i.l  tiilili'.     I'nr  lirealifa^t  we  liavo  one  llfll.  of  ii  loaf  of  linker's 

•  n.\i\,  a  small  iioitinn  of  liaemi,  anil  a  till  i-iip  of  jtiilV  they 

"ill  o'flt-i'.     I'''ir  ilinner  tlio  !<anio  iinionnt  of  bieail,  a  linnk  ••!' 

l.tcf,  ar.il  i>   r'"'   of  water  the   heef  was  boiieil   in.wliieli   i.- 

,;illcil  Min|i.  n''il    ■■'onictinu'S  a  eiin|ile  of  hoileil    pntatnes,  nil 

.liili^l  up  anil  piirtioneil  out  with  the  lian.l-,  knive.",  lurks,  ami 

.1, ...u*  11"!  Iii'inp  alliiiieil.     Many  leave  the  table  as  hungry  as 

■iu'V  went  I"  it.  ' 

On  I  lie  ;ili  "I' .lannary  he  recools  tbat  ln' .nml  his  0'<ni|ian- 

..  Ii;i,|   li.en  luovc'l    into   the  nlheeis'  (pmrlers,   whieh  they 

.'  iin'l"aL'ie;it  iinprnvement  on  the  olil  positiim. — iniieh  eleaner. 

nil  U"!  s"  iTMivileil."      Tliuro  were  eight  of  them  in  a  room 

.i\ici:i  IVel  si)iiare,  lliv.   Mr.   .Mellunn  Is,  of  .Shulbyville.  being 

101. in"  the  niinibcr.      The  pii-'iiicrK,  however,  were  aecoriluil 

;.,,.  iiiivili'tJe  iif  pi'iinii'iia'ling  in  a  large  hall,  at   the  wiinlows 

:  vvliii'li  they  wati'he.l  "  for  the  .•^oi.lherii  hnlies  tn  )iass."     On 

■1:..  IJlhef  .lannary  the  following  entry  in  the  iliary  was  ina Je  : 

•■Yi-liT.liiv  iSiinlay)  wa.*  a  very  l.ini's.nne  ilay,  nothing  t.iibi  or 

[,..i,l,  iiivl  ha. I   it    not  been    fur   Father   liyaii  eoining   in  an. I 

irL.uliin"  u*  i'  S '  si.inion,  I   seareely  know  how   we  wonl.l 

,jn  •'.itliii  through  the  il.iy.  We  have  two  or  three  Methoilist 
iivini's  in  pris.m  who  are  peiinitlel  to  preiieh  oeeasionally. 
The  liiilics  of  St.  Louis  arc  very  kinil:  they  are  eon^tanlly  re- 
i.iin''  I'lir  neee^sitles,  aiol  seem  thankful  that  it  i.s  in  their 
|..'.ior  111  il'i  so."  hailies  aeiusi.i|  nf  sympathi/.ing  with  the 
>..iitii,  or  exionillngai.l  aiil  eneonragement  t.i  ihe  enemy,  were 
:i:...  iiiiiii'is.iai'il  at  tiraliol  pi  is. m.  their  niiarlers  being  in  the 
lii-.iml  huililing. 

^^lIlt.  Frost  was  ev-'hioigeil,  lint   ro'-aptureil,  aiol  on  the  LM.l 

•t  iii'ti'licr.  l.^tiii.  re  enlereil  tiratior   prison  ami  again  took  up 

ihitlireij  of  his  prison  narrative.     He  notes  the  I'.Kih  as  being 

|i  i'i!l  il.iy.— "snowing  all  ilay  ami  no  hulies  on  the  .stn.i.i." 

1 !. lerhile  of  N'ovemhcr  IMh,  he  eomplinieiits  the  tm.ip.s  then 

.iii.ini'.l  at  the  prison,  *' who,"  he  says,  "liave   e,.en   serviee 

n.ikii'iw  liDW  ID  treat  a  |irisoner."  ami  aiMs  that   .some  of  the 

;•.].■  ivliii  hail  never  been  in  the  liekl  "  imagine  I  that  prison- 

li;.  iii;lit  lulieiaaile  to  feel  the  lash  on  all  oee.isioiis."    In  bright 

Iwitra't  Kith  Ihi.s  pieture  were  the  visits  of  holies  who  siipplieil 

|l!:c minis  ..f  the  prisoners  as  far  n.s  they  eonbl.      Among  Ihom 

if,!]'!.  Fr.ist  mentions  Mrs.  I'houtciin,  Miss  Itaybnrn.  aiol   .Miss 

Ihurii  I'l'ler.    '^n  tlie  11  th  of  .lannary,  Itifil,  t'apt.  Frost  made 

llhe  f.illiivtiiig  oiiliy  :    "The   prisoners  nrc  poorly   feil,  worse 

IVllfl,  anil  nearly  sulToeateil  in   the  impure  nir.     It    i*  said 

IthiTe  have  been  as  many  as  seventeen  huiulreil  men  at  one 

Itiicointln'si?  liiwer  quarter.s.    That  number  eoiihl  seareely  fuul 

puniiin;;  rimm.  sleeping  ivouhl  be  out  of  the  i|nestion  :  of  eoursu 

Ihty  iinht  suflVr,  -iekcn,  anil  ilie." 

A  curiuus  mistake  of  the  prison  authorities,  recalling  some  of 


wild  siiivivi'il  till'  war,  luul  nliirmil  to  lii^  I'oriin  r  re 
I'upatioii  of  rivi  r  ]iilot.  (Iriiiu's  jiiiiiril  tlir  C>  iilVilrr- 
ati'  SiTviri'  ill  Jiiiii',  l^ilil,  ill  I'ltiipaiiy  vvilli  Saiiiiicl 
Hoivri-  ami  .■^aiiiili'l  Cli'iiiriis.  tlui  latter  of  wtiolii  suli- 
sri|tii'nllv  lii'oaiiii'  ito'  Well  kimwii  liiiiiinrist  "  Mark 
Twain."  After  liavinir  lieen  eaptiiieil  several  litlU's 
liut  al.vavs  eseapiii','.  (iriiiies  wa<  liiialiy  eaif^lit  !i;^niii 
iitiil  ]ilaeeii  in  (Iraliol  jirison.  He  tlnis  deserilies  liis 
eaplure  ami  iniprisunnieiit,  aiiij  we  ri]'roiliiee  liis  tii.r- 
rntive  altiio.-t  in  full,  as  pre>entiiii;  a  vivid  pietiiie  of 
till!  ]ierils  e:ieiiuiilired  liv  Soutliurti  .syiiipatlii/.ers  in 
St.  Lmiis  diiriie^  litis  period  : 

"  I  I  inliniiel  in  the  se'ret  serviee  iiiilil  Sept.  2,  l^ll'J,  when 
I  was  eaptitrel  on  the  ferry-boal  •t'hii.ly'  \sitli  a  heavy  mail 
for'  llixie,'  Theeireiiinstanees  leailiiiglo  my  eiiptiire  are  briefly 
relati'il.  I  hail  been  slopping  at  Ihe  \'irginia  Hotel,  on  .M.iiii 
Sirirf.  St.  I.i.iiis,  wlii-re  the  ooiitnibanil  Utters  were  eonsigneil 
111  my  eharge.  A  new  elerk  naineil  Little  was  put  in  ebargo 
one  (lay,  who  niistrnste.l  something  was  wrung  from  my  asking 
for  letters  .lireele  I  to  other  names  than  myself,  and  ln'  thcro- 
iip'in  iiiformod  the  authorities.  To  gnard  against  aeeidcnt  I 
sent  my  earpet-saek,  emilaining  Ihe  leiters,  to  the  ferryboat, 
lying  at  Ihe  foot  of  Cherry  Street,  by  ii  bell  boy.  I  went  out 
at  a  side-iliior  lo  keep  track  of  the  boy.  I  saw  that  he  was  lol- 
lowed  by  two  men  whnm  1  knew  lo  he  detectives.  They  tol 
lowed  him  on  board  Ihe  boat.  When  the  bell  hoy  eanie  ashore 
the  detectives  also  came  aslioie.  I  went  ronn  1  the  sipiare  to 
head  the  bell-boy  i. IV  and  to  ascertain  IVom  him  what  the  de- 
tectives hail  snid  lo  him.  While  doing  so  the  ileteetives  went 
I  buck  on  board  tlie  terry-b'iat  and  hid  down  in  the  engine-room. 
The  names  of  the  deleeii\es  were  Newbury  iiid  dinners.  The 
hoy  tol.l  me  thai  lliey  had  asked  whoso  carpet  sack  il  was  and 
where  il  was  going  to.  lie  lold  them  he  ili.l  not  know  whose 
it  iva-  or  v\  Ill-re  il  was  goiii'^  I...  but  was  ordereil  ti»  gi\  e  it  to  the 
engineer.  I  went  bark  lo  the  t'crry  landing,  wailinir  lor  the 
boat  I.,  ri'hirii  fr'Hii  the  llliimi-  shure.  1  felt  well  assured  that 
the  'jig  was  up.'  bill  was  delermincil,  if  possible,  t>i  destroy  liie 
mail  contained  in  the  carpet-sack.  I  boarded  the  boat  and 
looked  for  the  carpet-sack,  and  also  Ihe  two  deleclives.  1  did 
not  see  aiiylliing  of  them,  but  wlien  the  boat  had  got  oat  into  tlio 
middle  of  iheslreani,  1  being  then  in  the  cabin,  the  detectives 
eame  out  from  their  place  of  eoneealinent,  and  wante.l  to  know 
my  name  and  see  my  passes  for  leaving  the  eily.  I  told  tlu'iii 
my  name  was  .lohn  t'ooloy,  niel  that  I  had  lols  of  passes, 
.\ltcr  showing  tboni  some  bogus  passes  they  wanted  to  search 
my  b.iggage.  1  told  iheiii  1  had  none.  They  orilereil  some 
man  standing  by.  who  seemed  tii  bo  one  of  the  party,  to  go  and 
get  that  carpel-siiik.  They  asked  me  for  the  key.  I  lobl  them 
I  woulil  unlock  il  lor  them.  As  soon  as  1  gut  my  luoids  on  it 
I  sprang  to  the  ibior  ol   the  boat   and  Hang  it   into  Ihe  river. 

the  incidents  uf  ihc  French  Kcvoliition.  is  thus  des..|ibci|  by 
I'lpt.  Frost  under  dale  of  .May  L'lith: 

"On  Tuesday  among  a  lul  of  prisoners  brought  down  was  ;v 
man  named  Highly,  who  has  been  the  subject  of  a  rather  cu- 
rious mistake.  Ho  was  arreslid,  imprisoned,  tried,  and  siii- 
tcneeil  to  be  hung  on  ihc  2lith  of  nc.\t  iiii.nth,  anl  mi  being 
sent  down  was  discovered  to  be  the  wrong  man.  ■•Sume  one  else 
bearing  the  same  name  is  the  iii.lividual  sought  for." 

.■\t  this  time  Capt.  Frost's  mess  cnsisled  of  Dr.  .lames  llard- 
ingc,  Samuel  Winston,  .loscph  Soward,  \\ .  H.  Selling,  ,Io-epli 
Elliott,  .lani'  8  .V.  Carson,  Hr.  Victor  Jourdan,  und  ('apt.  Fro.-t. 


i-^.  m 


\    I 


420 


IIKSTOllY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


m 


mM 


i<    I  • 


f.,1 


•     tp- 


\Vlii!t'  lliiii  iillinliiiii  \\i\i  iliri'c'li'J  h>  tlic  ll<i;ilii>;;  iMi'i'i't  mi'k, 

I  'Iruir  IVntn  iiiv  )Hicki't  f|uii;kl}'  foiiio  ntlK'ial  iliMMiiiietitii  uiittch 

III!  tiixiiL'  |iii|ii'i'  niiJ  bcxiln  loi'liuit  tliiiii  up.     diiunl' ili« 

1801.     i|ilri'ti\e»  ill!  IV  II  y'ifUt]  <iii  iii>',  mill  i<iiiil  il'  I  ilotinyiil 

MIIV    llliMI'  |IU|il'l.«    llU  niilllil    :-lllM>t    nil'        I    lllUI   llilll    tllllt 

\\»f  lilt  lii^t  I  Ihiil.  I  nun  llirn  liriiii;{lil  In  I'dic  I'nuiul  .Mrl'un- 
tinll,  mill  wliitr  lii'iii;;  i(iii'^tii>iii'il  tht>  L>iir|>i't  surk  wim  Irinijrlil  in, 
uliicli  iViLi  lii.-t  .-i'l'ii  llimiiii;;  in  rlit>  iiM>r,  it  limiii;;  liccii  rernv- 
iTiil  liy  miiiiu  lioy.-i  ill  II  aliiir.  'I'licre  «i'ii'  iiljiiut  lliu  liiindriil 
It'ltoriiiiii  liivc,  t'l  it'll <U}ii|i,  anil  luisinf^"  frniu  |i:iiii(.'4  in  .'^t.  I. on  1.4 
t"  llii'ir  fiii'ihl<  ill  till' .''iiiitliiMii  CunlV'Iciiii'y.  .'^fvciiil  |.ri)ini 
iH'iit  iMTr'on.'i  woro  fuiiiprunii.-L'il  liv  tin'  li'lturs.  Tlii-no  U-tti'i!* 
WLTi'  tVdiii  pi'diiiiiii'iit  faiiiilii'f",  I'nnii  tivu  t'liiur  Tiiij'ti'n  riilk'.-' 
I'.iiiiili'  uii'l  iiimiy  luciri'.  All  tin'  iiiili>iir>  Iftli'i-  bring  mi  li>9uu- 
papiT  1  I'liuwi'il  up,  but  tlic  li;ilain'«  hitu  navul. 

"  I  wan  llit'ii  Hint  tu  (Iriilinl  ."^lieut  pii»oii,  .<rpt.  -'.  ISiiL',  tlio 
(late  bcinj;  iii.'ti.'rilii'il  nii  the  wall,  ami  bri>u;;lit  lur  tiii.l,  nil  tliu 
cluirKe  ur  buiiij;  a  ribel  iiniil-ituriiL'r  nml  f\<y,  bi'luru  a  iiiililary 
<'»iniiii>i|iiim  ul'   wliiub  (icu.  Juliii   II.  (iray  nii'   tliu  prcsiilvnt. 
Tlicy  biuu;;lit  iiic  iu  i;uilty,  ami   [  was  iiciili'in'uil  ti>  diath,  tbu 
(lay  of  cxi'cutiim  biinjj  iixt'il  fni  I  he  Hi'i'nnil   I'liilay  ill  UtlobiT, 
l"*i'C.     I  wa.i  plai'i'il  iu  solitiry  eiinliiiciiu'iit,  witli    hamlcMillV, 
liall  ami  t'liiiiii.     Tim  rnoiii  wai*  iibniil   tuurti't'ii  fuct  .-(luarc,  in 
the   iiitL'ri<ir  ul'  Iht-    buiUliii^,  anil  was   loniiL-i'ly   n>uU   by   Dr. 
.Ml'I)uwi'II  a**  u  back  parbn-.     'I'Iiltu  was  a  wiirlnw  on  oiio  side, 
mill  on  lliL'  otlicr  .'i.li'  tbfit  wi'ie  roliliiis-iloors  iu  the  paitilion 
Fcparatiuij  it  I'loiii  tliv  fiont  parlor  on   llii^   liigbtli  .'^trci'l  niijc, 
wliii-'li  wan  iiM'd  a.-i  a  IVnialc  pii.-oii.     The  Inliliu^^.door"  latwccn 
wcru  si'i'uri'ly  iiailid  np.      In  tlii'  tVnialv  pi  isiin  ..ci      llii'ii  I'on- 
fliifd  two  wi'll  kiioivn  ladies  and  two  othia'  ladie?.    (||K  day  tbv 
ladies  baiuK'd   iiie  a  bottle  of  eblorotorin,  and  asked  ii.  ^  it'  I 
wanted  it.      I  answered  II  in  tlKMiDiriiialive.     1  took  it  |l-    /U);b 
the  jointure  ol'  the  roldinK-diiors,  wbieh  con  1 1  be  presscil  apart 
near  the  bottom  for  the  purpose."    Jlr.  (Iriii'.s  then  relates  how 
he  used  the  ulilororuriu  on  bis  guards,  but  without  aeeoiiiplish- 
inj;  anything,  and  eoutiniies:   "  .Vs  time  wore  on  I  lully  ma- 
tured a  plan  to  efnipe  mil  rei;aiii  my  liberty.  ...   In  prosc- 
euliiig  my  plan  (or  escape,  I  durini;  the  day  would  lay  on  my 
mattress  in  one  corner  of  tlie  room   and  cut  a  narrow  groove 
aeross  tliree  of  the  lluor  planks.     This  I  did  in  two  plaees,  and 
split  the  tongues  of  the  grooves  with  a  dirk-knife  given  tu  me 
by  the  women  tlirinigii  a  rat-hole  in  the  foldinL,'-doins.     .Mter 
I  got  the  planks  up  in  the  lloor  I  eoiild  replace  them,  and  by 
inserting  thin  strips  of  wood  in  the  eiit  places,  the  lloor  looked 
lierlVctly  sound  and  was  not  observed  by  the  pri.-on  oflieials.     I 
used  to  open  the  bole  at  iiiglit.  and  by  erawling  along  under  the 
floor,  wbieh    was    from  two  to  fou.'  feet  from  the  ground,  in 
a    northeast   direction,    brought    me     imnicdiately    under    the 
room   where  the  ladies   were  in,  and    willi  a   bar  of  iroi     md 
a  large  biiteber-knife,  which  had  been  passed  to  me  by  a  brol.,^ 
prisoner    named    Chapman.    [    commenced    making   a   breach 
through  a  wall  which  would  let   me   into  an  alley-way.     The 
iuiplenicnts  were  procured  by  Chapman  from  the  cuuk-roiun. 
While   I    was  working   at   the  wall,  the  women,  in  accordanee 
with   a   previous   underst  mding,   would   dance  and    move  the 
chairs  about,  and  thereby  keep  up  a  racket  so  as  to  drown  any  [ 
noise  '    would   bo  making  in   burrowing  n  hole   through   the 
wall.     At  the  same  time  one  of  the  women  would  watch  the 
door  and  window  in  my  room  through  a  crack   in   the  folding- 
iloors  between  ihcir  room  and  iiiinc.  and  with  a  string  attached 
to  the  old   rocking  chair,  slie  wonhl   rock  the  idiair  once  in  a 
while,  wbii'h   led  the  guard  to  believe  that  I  was  lying  on  the 
mattress  and  rocking  the  chair  with   my  foot,  the  chair  being 
placed  directly  between    the  mattres.'*  ami  the  window,  with  a 
coat  thrown   over  the   back   of  it.     Tlie  guards  coiiM  not  get 
iiiti   my  room  without    first   going   to   the   ollicc   and    gitting 


OPicr   llisliop,  or  Ilia  clerk.  Stieeter,  to  unlock  tlo     |,„ir.    |. 
took  me  two  nights  to  cut  throigh  the  wall,  which  ii  i-  >if  i.,; 
eighteen    inehi'S  thick,  and  the  foundation   of   hton.    i,,,,  ,   , 
thick. 

".After  elTc'ting  a  bieacli  through  the  wall,  I  kih  ,«  Him  . 
would  bring  iiie  into  ii  narrow  alley  between  the  i.|.|  ,i„,,. 
biiiMing  iiii'l  .McM'iwell's  residence,  which  was  about  f.nf  j^,,, 
nide,  and  lillid  viilli  cord-wood.  Kiioiving  that  the  «i,..|.i,j,. 
Hii«  there  before,  I  told  Chapman  to  climb  over  the  fir  ml,/ 

the  « I  pili'bi'        loll  I'all  in  lii^  room,  on  the  iii.;lit  aT..  I 

ii|Min  for  our  escape,  and  "ccrete  hini.-elf,  and  then  I.  pil,.  t),, 

» I  bai'k,  so  I  would  have  no  wood -pile  to  conteii  I  with  ul,,, 

I  came  to  the  alley. 

"  (lur  plan  being  tbu-  nearly  complded,  the  iiiglii  i.f  il,,  "i 
of  October,  a  few  days  previoas  to  the  time  lixel  (.,r  nir  ■ 
tion,  was  set  to  carry  it  into  ellect. 

"  .My  plan  not  being  disarrange  I  by  any  nntowmd  citn',  [ 
started  in  the  dead  of  night  to  carry  out  the  eiiiiriiri.o,  [ 
passed  down  through  the  hole  in  the  lloor  undcriiciiih  i-; 
women's  prison  room  to  the  b;eacli  in  tbo  wall,  white  M;,. 
engaged  m»self  from  niy  f hackles  anil  a  thirty  iw.,.|„„„.| 
shell,  but  fi  iind  that   I'h'ipman,  who   was   by  pn    .raiimind,; 

to  meet  me,  had  ]iilcd  1  ack  of  hini  all  the  I'lirdwond  jjc  i 

biy  could  get  back,  yet  I  hail  to  pull  marly  half  a  ii.r,|  in 
throiigli  the  breach  in  the  wall,  which  I  piled  up  hrlilnl  i,-; 
nndir  the  lloor.     I  tlicn  gained  the  alley  wny.  wliiih  lin,,;  ;. 

lue  and  Chapmnn  together.     We  found  on  tin t-ii|c  of  i:,t 

alley  a  two-inch  poplar  partition,  which  slim  .,|V  .lUr  tnlraiirt 
to  the  street.  I  then  conimeni'cd  to  cut  throiigli  tlu'  yUm 
partition  with  a  dirk-knile.  only  bining  to  cut  a  gniioc  in,.,.. 
one  fixtecn-inch  plank  two  inches  thick.  It  took  just  tiuii;r 
niiniitcs  to  do  the  job.  After  the  bole  was  cut,  CIiiii.ium 
looked  at  his  watch,  and  it  was  just  twenty  minutes  of  iiic!.i-, 
midnigbt.  As  we  had  the  guard  to  pass,  wc  wailcj  uiit,| 
twelve  o'clock,  when  the  guard.-'  would  be  relic\cd." 

The  ltij;ilivc's  succeeded  in  eluding  tln'  oimrd  auJ 
elVeetitio'  tluir  e.seajie. 

Many  idiier  atteiiipts  (o  "  bi-eiik  jail  '  were  iiial.; 
liy  Coiiredci'tilo  ]ifisiiiier.s,  wliirii  were  ri|iiall\-  Juri!,.' 
and  ini.'fiii(iu.«.  On  tin;  Kith  of  .Maivli.  I>i;:',  lii,> 
Cotifedeiate  iiHieei'.s  made  tluir  e.seape,  and  on  |||,. 
iiiglit  of  l>eeeinlier  iL'tli  sixty  |iii.»iiiier.s  i'sca|.i'd  ly 
inean.s  ol'  a  tunnel  about  eiiility  I'eet  in  Icnotli,  ivliicli 
liad  been  eoii--tfiicted  by  one  man  at  ti  liiiic  Ijurii..' 
into  the  dirt,  wliieli  was  lait  iti  a  tin  ptin  ami  \m'.<.i 
out  with  its  load  by  a  cord  to  the  bcL'iniiiiii:  d'  ili 
tunnel.  On  Clui.<tinas-niglit,  ISC:',,  Mi',  (ii lines ivli 
had  been  recaptured,  tind  others,  made  an  iiidiataal 
attempt  to  escape,  and  were  delected  ami  scvcnlv 
punished.' 

'  .Mr.  drimes'  narrative  of  this  episode  is  as  f.illgw-: 
"On  Chri.-tmas  night.  ISCi.'l,  I   cut  a  hole  from  iiiy  Mora  isDl 
the  large  room  bclov.  filled  with  Confederate  pri.«oncr.<.    .Uurj 
cutting  my  irons  olT  I  looked  down  tliroiigh  liic  hole,  iiiil  snl 
four  guards  standing  tlicre  waiting  for  inc.     I  put  llic  lri|i  fj 
that  time,  but  next  morning  at  eleven  o'l-lock  all  llicromieal 
in  our  room,  seven  in  luiniher,  were  marched  doiva  Iu  Ilio.vr-J 
where  wc  were  handcufled  together  round  a  puft,  ami  were  ktpti 
there  till  midnight  without  a  mouthful  to  cut.     Tlie  s.iiiic|iJ 
ishmcnl  was  repeated  the  next  day,  bat  on  the  nicriiiiyi  f  ill 
third  day  the  sergeant  catne  inlo  our  rcoiii,  uud  iii:i.k- .i  |iro[  c 


Oil  lilt 


1861 


SI 

!■• 

Wi 

were  .r.iiiK 
oil  (III  I'lia 
iiicrly  I  if  .■' 
.Vortliciii  t 
Abiialdin  C 
vicd'd  and .« 

'fllll.«0  will.  I 

nort'.in'iii,  < 
,l;is)ii'r  ( '.  11 
11.  Scliriii;:. 
Viitcs,  priva 
U'iliiaiii  M. 
-Mr,  (I'lim 
jior.itc  nfl'air ; 

"  Tlierc  were 
("iiili'inncd  men 
litll's  aieii.  Cup 
km  n  »py  and 
.1,'aiiMt  llilll.     I\ 
ifiu-e   giiard-i     i 
I'ri'iioas  t-i  goinj 
;i:iri|anil  ti_.  t, 
frinircl;  on    tli 
"aflheui,  •  il 
I'-c.ili  tile  gate  ., 
i'i»^'  slinkcn  up 
J.'iif  ni'.\t,  'lirc-i 
(•iurl;'  .'•■cliultz 
'I'i'i'ii  llieguani 
I  fal'.iirliiinilson  i 
-f"iiiiii|ili,  aiiij  I 
"-I'-al'icr  ilisiirini 
■liqiriMiii,  w|ii,..|| 
.'niisliiii,'  down  I 
I  i-iliii.<ihlty  assi. 
"On  arriving 

'lillialalitli,, 
"'llilll  be  hand 
llti|ir..iijisc,  liiii 
J<!:i  Imn.ir  li.irdl,,- 

l«    ll!,!  |-l|,;,g,.   , 

|''"ircliaiidciillVl 

''iwli.  llliili:ig||[. 

|l'™.'lv  cii.'d  ,  tl„.  „, 

■  '.viicricaccil  ii 

'  i'iie.v|iec|c,|iv 

l"'"".    I  was  so  i,'c,-i 

''"i.vriii.in.liaiiiii, , 

iraniol  iifu-rivi,,-,]., 

I''- -Vii-M  Harris.,,,. 

r 'uM.-i-,.  r,„„,  , 

■;'«'-'tJoi,ii.|iii.,n. 

»i'f|irc'i',itingi„|, 

"'■■lit sent  :in  ,,,-,( 

K'""lliwihlyha 


TIIK   nvIF.    WAIl. 


421 


111.     l..,r.    It 

li  «--n.,:  , 

I.. hi    li\'i  !,  • 

I  kii.  A  Hut  ,• 
ll 11  -"I,. 

iljmit  I'liur  I..: 

1    till'  W 1  jil- 

r  lliv  I'lir  in  1  f 
0  itinlil  ajri'  1 
lii-n  I '  I'll'-  ll' 
ti'ii  1  ivilli  «;,■ 

ni;{lii  "f  111'  .1 
',1  f'.r  my  ■     , 

itc]K;ii'l  I'lti,'. '. 

10    l'lll''l|ir:-f,     I 

iiU'li'Viiiaili  l... 
vnll,  "'ii'ic  Ml- 

tlii.tv   'M").'.'!!.! 

|,i.  .riiii;i'ir,ii,', 
,l.«ii"'l  III  1'  •■;• 
ly  lliilt  u  .'  'll  in 
lmI    up    I'i'llilll  li:v 

ly.  wliii'li  bruiiji.I 
iIr.  .,iit<iile..(i:,, 
it  i,lT  .lur  I'DlniK'i 

liniUl^ll  tlw  )'':ili.< 
iMlt  11  (;nii've  ;lcl  "•! 
t  tiiiik  just  t«iii:.v 

IVllS     l-llti  ('llilV'll'l' 

iiumiti'S"!'  IMt.  t. 
,«^  \M'  wiiiteil  111.''. 

l'0licVl''l." 

I;   dlL'  ,^>liiril  .'111 

|i;\il"  wure  iirj'l': 
0  ,'(|ii;illy  Jiiiiv: 
|l;,n'lK  l^i'iitiv'; 
;iiR',  ;iml  "11  ll''' 
iiii'i's  iii^eaiicil  I'V 
in  Iriiirtli.  vVA 

,,(   ',1  tilUl'  lli'lil..'  ' 

I  pan  ;iiiil  li;i'i"i 
i,.'_'iniiiii:^  "I  ■"'■■ 
Jlv.  ^'l^'mll'^«l'' 
lull'  ;iii  iiu'llrt''"''! 
ted   iUi'l  si-'^'ii'i-'''}' 


<  ;,s  r..llon- 
fr..iii  my  '"'i™  '""I 

|l,  till'  li.ili',  aii'lsi'l 
I  i,ul  llii'  "ir  ^1 
ll,,i'k  nil  lliewii"'''''! 
L.,1  amvii  lu  tlio  yiulj 
ll  i.u>t,  mill  '""■■  '''■'''I 
li'.a.     'I'll'--  *»""'  l'"°f 


tlif  111111111111 


4 114 


L  i,iiiliuiiii'-'M""li 


On  ill.'  'Jltili  of  June,  ISIil,  iilmiit  liftooii  or  twenty 

iiriniiiH  !■*  "Vi.'r]i<nvi'ii'<l  tli«' LMiard  in  llic  jail  janl   and 

Mii'i'i'i'dcd    ill   f^i'ttinj:   (iiil>i.lL'   tlu'  ii.closurr. 

1861.      I  1^'''  "'"  'I'l'"'  escaped,  twii  wire  >li()t  dead,  two 

n..iilidi'd,  and  llie  le.«t  reea|ituri'd.     Tile  iiiili'd 

Kori'.l'iMii''  II.  ('iiieiai.''air,  ol'da}'  Cimiily,  iin|irisiini'd 

„ii  ill.  rliiir..'e  of  liiishwliiiokiii}:,  and  Leon  Seliiillz.  for- 

iiirflv   '!'  .\rk:iii-a.'<,  Imt  afterwards  a  spy  fur  Imlli  tlie 

Wri'lli.  ill  and  Suiitliern  armies.     Tlio  wmindcd  were 

\1kii1miii  C.  lirinies,  niailearrier.  who  had   heen  eoii- 

vii'li'il  mid  senti'iK'od  to  death,  and  William  Mi'Klhany. 

'I'liiiio  w!...  eseapei)   vere  Jolin  C.  (^iirliii,  ,siin  of  (lover- 

ii,ir(':ri;n  <if  Illir'      and  eoloiii'l  in  the  Texas  cavalry, 

,|;i,|i,.r  ('.  Hill,  eajitain  in  ('lurk's  eoinnuind,  WilKani 

)1,  ,*«i'liriiitr,   lieutenant    in    Wood's    cavalry,   Alfred 

Viiti'K,  [iiivati^   in    the   Third    Missouri,  (VS. A.,  and 

Wiliiain  M.  l>ou;ilass,  citizen. 

\lr.  (liiiiies  thus  graiihically  describes  thi.s  des- 
fPMto  affair ; 

"Tliiri' iviro  in  mir  mom   flvp  iirUniiiTK,  f.iiir  of  us  liiiii;; 

c.ii'li'iiini'.l  1111'".  *i'"!  C'lclaisair  iiii.l  VamJcviT,  tw.i  nf  (iiiiiii 

liiM's  Mii'ii.  l'ii|il.  William   A.  I>iiiii;la.*s,  ami  .*.'liiill-/.,  wlio  lia.l 

l.ern  a  ."py  mill  .li'to'lh-f  iin  IhpiIi   siilo-,  willi    JitImus  cliar^'cn 

j';iiii<t  liiiii.     Wn  «erul)l)Cil  out  iiur  rmmi,  anil  wure  ^■e   '  ivilli 

thill!   KimrJ^    iul.i    a    luivor    janl     wliilu    lliii    II. mm-    ilriul. 

Pa'vioii.«  t'l  going  ll..i'o  wo  hail  funnel  a  plan  tii   nltiick   llio 

;i:iriUii.l  ll.'  ll       '    ■•  iMir  i'.'.ea|i  •.     l-'ivf  ;'liiii'  iif  iiapi     wiro 

I ri'i'iire.! ;  .ui    lliit'i'  u>'  tlicni  uito  ivritli'ii  'I'ali'li  llio  (jminl ,' 

■ofllii'iii. '  llii'.'iv  till.'  ii.\f"Ulii('  lln.'rui.k-liouse;'iiiii|iini.ni', 

.  i.ik  tlif  giitf  ci|ii'ii.'     The  sliiH  wurc  |iut  in  a  lial,  ami  alter 

.ill"  jliiiki'n  lip,  Ci)lelai.'<air  ilrew  llr."!.  '  eali'li  the  guar.! ; '   I 

Jiw  noxt, 'lircak  llio  gate  upon;'    Van. lever  ilrew  'eati'lithe 

I  j'l.irli'  .Si'liiilt/  (liew  'ihr.iw  the  axe,"  while  DuughLis  ilrew 

'  ll 'll  the  guuiil.'     I'n  leaving  our  room  fur  the  yanl,  we  all 

1  ili.iirliiin'li.in  a  IJilile,  anil  pleilgi'il  to  ea.'li  olher  to  .lie  j;iiiiio 

r;riiiiii|ili,  iiii'l  lliat  thi'ie  shuulil  he  no  llinehin;,'.     Our  .le-ii-n 

i...:ifk'i'  ili-iirniiiig  llie  guunl  ."tali. mod  in  llie  yar.l  in  leiir  of 

!,'|iris'iii.  will. 'll  was  liairieiulcil  hy  a   hii;h  plank  feiiee.  aii'l 

I  fill  .■hill.;  (I. nvu  tlie  t;iite  with  the  :i.\e,  to  c>eape.      Maeli  [lei'.i.tn 

I  ill  iiii.luty  assigned  liiiii. 

"Oil  iirriviiii;  in  the  \iir1.  .'»l'1iuII/.  .|';i.'kly  passed  into  Ihc 

:  'iilli;ilallti|"-o  who  w.iulil  promise  not  t.i  lireak  out  of  pii-'..ii 
[•  illiiiil  bi'  hiinili'ulle.l  ai'onml  the  post.  I'ive  of  them  niiule 
llki'i'r.iiiiise,  but  l.iciit.  .Schiing  and  inyseir  pU'dge.l  onr  wor.l 
lii.l  li.in.ir  ti.g.'ther  that  wo  would  die  at  that  post  before  wo 
liuMi'iig.ige  t.i  make  the  pruniisc.  Therefore  every  morning 
lut  litre  liamlciilTel  around  the  post  nnd  kept  there  till  twelve 

I'cWk.  iiii'liight.  On  New  Year's  eve  the  weather  was  ex- 
llrctiu'ly  c.il'l  itlie  next  .lay,  ,Ian.  1,  ISlit,  being  the  eoldest  day 

'iiT  i'\poricnce.l  in  Ihi.i  latitude),  and  about  ten  oVIoek   we 

"r"  uncxpt'.'le.lly  untied  from  the  post  iin.l  r.'tnmel  to  our 
Itoiiiii.    I  was  SI)  near  freezing  to  .leath  that  I  had  to  he  earric.l 

9  my  ri.iiin.  hilling  no  overeoat  on  and  wearing  I  bin  elolli  shoes. 

iMfiii'.liifii'iivards  from  the  old  sergeant,  .Mike  Wel.sh,  tliiit 

lUMiM'S  Harrisons,  living  aeross  the  street  from  the  pris.iii. 

M lull!  SI'.'  fi'.iin  their  upper  win.b.ws,  on  commiserating  our 

■■'ri!'>c.lc..ii'lili.oi.  had  gone  up  after  dark  t.)  ('.il.  Hroadhead, 
iri'i'ifsi'Titinglohiin  llic  piinislinienl  inllieted  by  Capt.  linrns 
««!,  licsinl  an  orilor  to  Unrni"  to  return  us  to  our  rooin.s.     I 

»u'.ln.il|.'issibly  have  lived  an  hour  longer." 


eiiidi  house,  a.«  ibe  gniir.ls  t...ik  iheir  p.'Silion*  in  Iho  yiir.l,  one 
ill  the  ini.l.lle  an. I  nnu  at  eaeli  eiil.  I  look  my  p.isllion  next  to 
Ibe  I'ook  hou"e  window.  ColelaiHair,  Vandcver,  ami  Doiiglnia 
playe.l  their  part  b>'  walking  earelessly,  ea.h  pretiii.ling  In  bo 
reading  a  paper  an  ea.'li  singb-.l  out  nn.l  approaihe.l  his  guiir.l. 
Shull*  threw  the  axe  out  of  llio  eook  hoiiso  window.  I  p|.  ke.l 
lip  the  ave  inime.lialely,  when  Iho  llrft  gnar.l  ordered  mo  to  lay 
it  down  »h.|  drew  liiii  gun  on  ine.  At  tbi^  moment  the  tlireo 
prisoners  seized  the  three  guarils  from  behind.  I  Ihrealened 
Ihe  first  giuiT'l  with  the  axe  and  miole  hitii  drop  his  gun. 
Pouglas-  pi.'ke.l  it  up.  The  other  guards  seeing  that  we  had 
llieiii  at  a  .li-ii.|iiinta'.'.',  .Iropped  their  guns  and  iinrrendere.l  at 
iliserelion  by  riiiini-  '  .'i'  ot  tin'  yur.l.  I  tli.'n  broke  open  ll  o 
iiul-i.le  gate  with  lln  \  ,  .irsi  siiia-bing  the  loi'k.  Two  guard.s 
slamliiig  on  eiu'li  si.le  of  Iho  gato  outsi.le  the  yar.l  lire.l  np.in 
tiie,  one  shut  pii'-ing  through  my  right  leg,  to  nlileli  I  ha.l  a 
lliirly  two-pound  shell  allaeluil,  and  I  was  disabled  from 
making  any  rnrlber  movemint.  Coli'laisair, on  gitling  out.-ido 
of  the  Icnee,  was  shot  by  a  guar.l  Ibroiigb  the  hen. I,  killing 
him  inslaiilly.  Sehullz  llel  in  a  norlhwe>l  dire.-lion,  an. I  run 
on  two  sol.liirs  sitting  on  an  emhanhiMetit,  who  Inning  heard 
the  firing  and  seeing  .■^ehiill/  running,  ordered  him  to  flop, 
lie  refused,  an.l  a  foldier  ^hot  him  ibrougli  Ibe  heart  with  a 
revolver,  killing  >.  ii  alino«t  in-tanlly.  Vanilever.  Inning  a 
ball  and  chain,  wa-  '  "rtaken  after  bobbling  off  a  f .  w  biin.lri"! 
yar.b  and  brought  hicK  to  pricon.  Douglass  was  Ihe  only  one 
who  niinle  a  clear  \sf'iipe. 

"The  li.'\.  '11  the  -I'lng  room  '  n.  2.  soir.e  of  llieni  being 
conilenitn  ■  n,  "bo  lia.l  their  i,,oin  open  to  scrub  out  just  a-* 
we  wi  "e  leaving  our  n  m  fjr  the  yard,  were  notille.l  by  me  that 
wo  were  going  to  malio  'he  attack  on  the  guar.l.  and  when  iho 
yell  was  given  tb  ii  we  Iiad  m.ile  the  attack  an.l  Ihe  gale  open, 
John  Carlin  'sini  of  Hovernor  C'arlin,  of  Illinois),  .lasper  Hill, 
Mr.  Yates,  l.ieut.  Sebring,  ami  Mr.  M.-Klliiiny  all  iinele  a  break 
for  our  yar.l.  .lohn  i  ,.il  'i  knocKcl  il.iwn  the  guar.l  having 
him  in  charge  with  a  liri.k.  Carlin,  ■ ,  'ring.  Hill,  an.l  Ynte.< 
all  ina.le  go.i  1  their  escape,  but  McKlbaiiy  had  lll.^  linee-cnn  shot 
olT.  Dy  this  lime  reini  o.'eiuents  d'  the  guards  had  arrivc.l 
an.l  the  game  was  bl.icked." 

In  June,  1878,  a  portion  of  tlm  prison,  hoine;  con- 
sidered unsafe,  was  deinoli-hed  by  ord.'r  of  the  fire 
department,  but  the  ruins  of  the  octa<;onal  tower  and 
the  wing  adjoininir  the  buildiiiu'  of  the  Christian 
Hrothers  are  still  standin!;. 

— On  the  'JOtli  of  December  fien.  Ilalleck  cave  notice 
of  the  enforeotneiit  of  martial  law  in  the  city,  as  will 
bj  seen  by  the  following  "  General  Orders  No.  'A-l"  : 

"  I.  fn  virtue  of  luilli'irily  conferre.l  by  the  I'resi.leiit  of  the 
United  States,  martial  law,  heretofore  declared  in  this  city,  will 
be  enforced.  In  virtue  of  Iho  samo  nntbority,  martial  law  is 
hereliy  declared  and  will  bo  enforced  in  nn.l  about  all  railroads 
in  this  State. 

'■  It  is  not  int. '11. Id  by  ibis  .leclaralion  lo  interfere  with  the 
jurisdiction  of  any  civil  court  whieli  is  loyal  lolbe  g.ivernment 
of  the  i'nited  States,  an.l  which  will  aid  the  military  autbori- 
ties  in  enforcing  order  ami  punishing  crimes. 

"  II.  C.immamling  ollicers  of  troops  and  of  posts  will  he  held 
responsible  that  their  eomman.ls  are  rea.ly  to  move  at  a  iiio- 
•'cnl's  warning,  l-ixcuses  for  ilelay  an.l  want  of  preparation 
will  hereafter  not  bo  a.linilte.l. 

"  III.  Copies  .if  luuslcr-rolls  of  volunteers  must  be  llle.l  wilh 
the  adjutanl-giMieial  of  the  Slate  to  which  the  troops  belong 
before  commissions  can  be  issued  to  the  ollicers.*' 


'1 


ii     ,? 


i 


l'  J 


>■ 


!  |. 


422 


IIISTOIIY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


— The  f'ollowiiij;  '•  jnolcst"  was  laid  lu'l'oif  (joii.  llal- 
louk   b_v  the  poixins  whu  liaJ  bt'Cii  assessed  lor  the 
.suppiirt   of  Uiiiiiii  eitizeiis  of  the  Southwest 
1861.     who  had  taken  1   •'ii^e  in  St.  Louis : 

"fir.  T s.  Pco.  'JCi,  iSOI. 

"To  MA.r.    (iKV.    II.   W.    1I.\I.M;iK.    r„/,/nlilH./l'.i./   /Ac    l)-iuirtlil,  III 

of  Mi iri: 

"Sill,— 'I'lii-  iimliM-,<i^iu'il,  filizcn.s  "f  llu'  fii:\\v  of  Miysiiiiri,  re- 
siilin;;  in  llir  lilv  of  SI.  I,i>iii.-<,  liiivi!  reoiivcil  from  tli«  |)rovo.'=t- 
iiiiir?lLiil  jji'iii'ial  nf  ML^siiiiri  nutk'cs,  liy  ivliich  «(■  iii-i'  ri'*|ici-- 
livcly  inr(iriiii'<l  Unit,  '  |>iii'.«nniil  to  (!i'iiit:iI  'lnlii>  Nr.  'J  I  fiDiii 
till'  ln'inliiii:irli-r,<  iil"  tlii>  HopurtiiiiMil  nf  .Mi-smiri.  ■liii'.liii;,'  ii 
Irv.v  ii|ion  the  I'liomlii  ol'tlic  inciiiv  fur  cliui  il:iKli'  |iiii|i"s.s,'  we 
liiivi'  Iti'fii  iissi'.'^soil  ill  siiiiis  Viirviii;;  in  niiHuinl  fnini  .nu'  liiiinlriMl 
to  four  liiiinliT'l  clolliirs,  us  niir  'I'lmlriliiitiiin  in  iiiil  of  ihr  ■'iinrr- 
in;jC  fiiinilic^  tliivon  liy  llir  rclicls  fioiii  .'^outinvcyt'Tii  Mi^'sniiri.' 
Aijninst  lliis  Inirsli.  illi'snl,  mnl  iim^^t  I'Xtiiiiir.liniiry  nir:isiiri-  wi' 
(li'iMii  it  our  iin|MM;itivr  iliity  to  rntcr  tlii.i  niiiTfs|u'(.'tfiiI  Ijiit  (Min- 
I'ft  imil  solcnin  |irutift.     Wc  iln  mi  fur  tlio  follow  in:;  rriison- : 

•'On  till'  .'111  iliiy  of  Aiigii.-l,  isr.l,  .111  lL;r  lliuiiillon  I!.  Cainl.U'. 
on  n-^siimiiii:  the  ilutir.':  of  ri-ovtsinrnil  (liniTiior  of  this  Stiitc.  to 
wliicli  lie  was  cullc'il  by  the  Stale  Convention,  did,  l>y  his  |ooe- 
lailialiun  nf  that  ilale  addie-sod  to  the  people  of  Mis-oiiii,  set 
forth  in  elear  and  e\plieit  teiiiis  llie  o'.Je.-l  lor.  aiil  the  priio'i 
ph'S  on  wliieli.  ^iieli  provisional  ;;o\  ei  iiinenl  shonlil  lo-  admiiii.-i- 
teied. 

"  Aiiionj;  other  tliiii};^,  it  w;is  in  that  paper  proniiilgalid  that 
'the  elioiee  of  temporary  ilo\ernor  s^ive."  the  fiirtlier  iisMiraiiee 
to  111!  that  every  effort  will  he  inaile  to  stop  the  pnieliie-i  on  the 
part  of  the  inililary  wlii'li  have  oeeiisioned  so  niueli  irritation 
throii^hoiii  the  State,  sueh  as  arrestini;  eitiz.en"  who  have  neither 
taken  up  arms  aa;ainst  the  Kovernineiit  lopr  aided  those  who  are 
ill  open  hostility  to  it,  and  !<earehiiig  privali'  houses  v\  ithoul  any 
reasonahle  ground  to  suspcet  the  oiMuipants  of  any  improper 
eonduel,  and  unne;-essarily  sei/inj"  or  injiiriii;;  private  properly, 
.Sueji  aets  iiHist  he,  and  will  he,  diseonntenaneed  :  and  there  i.s 
every  reason  to  believe,  tVoiii  a  ;;eiieral  (o-der  rcL'eiitly  issued  by 
l,ieul.-(ieii.  Seutt,  ami  from  the  knoivii  disposition  of  .Maj.-lien. 
Fremont,  whoso  comiiiand  oiubraees  Missouii.  that  sueli  oppri's 
sive  eondiiet  on  the  part  of  the  military  will  in  a  short  lime  be 
arresteil. 

.  .  .  "M'ivil  grjvcrnment  in  this  State  has  no  emieerns  nitli 
men's  opinions,  e.\eept  lo  proteet  all  in  their  undisturbed  eiijoy- 
ineiit.  It  is  only  when  they  bei'ome  the  eaiises  of  aets  that  they 
lirin;^  those  who  entertain  them  into  any  responsibility  to  the 
law.  While  this  freedom  id' opinion  is  tile  rif^ht  of  all,  and  while 
it  is  the  duly  of  eaeh  tii  respeet  this  ri;;ht  i  i  others,  it  is  plainly< 
the  iluly  I  f  the  ;;overiiineiit  to  suppress,  as  far  as  praetiealdi',  all 
eombinalions  to  violiile  this  ri;;lil,and  all  violeiiee  arisiii|,'  from 
a  dillereiiee  of  opinion.' 

"'I'his  pruelamation.  in  its  most  iuat<'rial  part. — iiauiely.  that 
respeetini;  persons  who  had  tal>en  up  arms  against  the  govern- 
iiieiit, — was  sanetioned  by  the  President  of  the  t'nited  States, 
iia  niiiiouneeil  by  the  publieation  therewith  of  tiie  tlispaUdi  from 
the  Secretary  of  War  to  the  author  of  the  |iroelaiimtioii. 

"Fnrthermore,  under  ihile  of  Nov.  '.'Ii.  Kstll,  ii  few  days  iiflor 
iissiimin);  eomiiiand  of  this  department,  you  issued  your  llen- 
eral  I  Inters  .No.  8,  from  whiidi  we  had  reason  to  preioimo  that 
|i.  the  fullest  evteni  wo  shoiihl  be  protected  In  the  enjoyment 

of  our  rij^lit  of  property.     In  that  order  you  ilee I  it  proper 

to  a'lmoiii-h  the  army  iiioler  your  eoinniand  respeetiiifj  the  '  nu 
meroiis  ease»  of  alleged  seizure  and  desti  nelioii  of  private  prop, 
erty  in  this  departinenl,'  showing  nil  otitia.ixeous  iibiise  id'  power 
and  a  violation  of  the  laws  of  war;  and,  utter  prescribing  Iho 


mode  of  seizing  private  propi  rty  when  deemed  '  nen  ..jary  !„r 
the  subsistenee  and  transportation  id'  the  troops,' ymi  prwccj 
to  say.— 

"  '  The  seizure  ami  eonversioli  of  Iln.  private  piopuly  nf  il,, 
enemy  (when  not  reipiired  for  immediate  supplies,  a-  pnrii,|,.j 
in  the  foregoing  paragraph)  is  jiistiliable  only  in  |  iiiiii'ii|;i, 
eases,  provided  for  by  the  hiW8  of  the  rnited  Slai.s  an.l  il,, 
general  laws  of  war,  and  should  never  be  made  e\( .  pt  f.v  ti„, 
orders  of  the  ollieer  highest  in  eommand,  who  will  !■••  Ii.l,|  ;„. 
eountable  for  the  e.\ereiso  of  this  power,  tireat  eauiioii  sli,,,]],! 
be  used  in  this  mailer,  ns  miicli  injiisliee  has  been  done  to  inli 
vidiials  whu  are  not  enemies,  and  iiuiidi  diseredil  ea-i  iijiuii  ,i,ir 
patriotie  army  by  excesses  euinmitted  by  umiutliorized  ini-ui,, 
preiending  to  net  in  the  name  of  the  I'liiled  Stati,-.' 

"Oil  the  ILMIi  day  of  Deeember,  iiist.,  you  issiu-il  ih,-  ,,|,|,,. 
f.dlowiiig:  I  Here  follow  tieni'ial  Orders  No.  i;  I,  of  Ii.  ,■.  l:',  lv:|, 
whiidi  call  he  found  lUl  u  preceding  page.) 

'•  U'e  Inn  e  thus  placed  before  you  those  parts  of  the  pr.i.'hma. 
lion  above  recited,  extracts  from  tieneral  iirders  No.  s,  m,,; 
(iiueral  Orders  No.  'Jl  in  full,  to  the  end  that  voii  i\a\  %. 
more  readily  discover  the  reasonableness  of  the  ground  i.mvlii^.ji 
we  claim  that  (ieneral  Orders  No.  21  are  in  eontlici  niih  tlj,  ;,, 
surancc  Iherelofoie  givi'ii  out  to  the  people  of  tlii-  Stiitc. 

"  lUit  this  order,  and  tlio  proceedings  taken  under  it  iigain-i 
us.  ari'  open  to  objection  upon  weightier  and  still  inorc  .^Tim,. 
griuind-.  They  violate  ibe  piovi.-iiuis  cd'  the  fnnilaiiiciilal  l;i» 
of  til.,  land,-  a  law  to  you  as  well  as  to  ii-.  —  prescribing iliciliiiit. 
of  the  citizen,  and  clearly  delining  and  liiuitiiii.'  llie  |i,i«or!,,[ 
the  government.  That  law  provhics  that  no  person  sliall  ■!« 
ileprived  of  life,  lilurly,  or  pi'iperly  witlniut  due  |iriKT.- ..| 
law;'  that  the  '  aeiuised  shall  enjoy  a  speedy  and  /.«/./.'.•  iii.,: 
by  an  imjutrlinl  jury,  and   to  ho  informed  of  ihc  n.iiiirc  jnl 

cause  of  the  ncciisation;  lo  !)0  confronted  with  the  wiim 

against  liim  ;  to  have  compulsory  process  for  obtaiiiiii;;  »■ 
nesses  in  his  I'avitr.  and  It"  lia\e  the  assistanci'  of  roanscl  !>  i 
defense.' 

"  .\nd  yet.  in  disregard  of  nil   these  great  and  dcarlvdar. 
ishcil  ]iriiiciples  of  constitutional  freedom,  at  a  lilac  ulin.  tii 
Federal   Congress   is   in  session   to   enact   laws,  if  iicii mi'- W 
deemed  necessary,  the  courts  in  full  operation  lo  ciil'"r''t' liieiii. 
civil  officers  with  all  the  power  "f  the  army  ami  ii:i\ynl  liui 
to  aid  them  in  the  i\cciil  ion  <A'  process,  and  all  l.raii.'lii'<..|'ilii' 
government    in   full  and    liariiioiiiinis  "peratioii,  wc  lia\i'  l'<n 
tried   bet'ore  a  secret  inijuisitorial  iribunal,  "U  wlcil  .'liarj;!' wi; 
know  iioi.  and   condenincd  lo   pay  a   I'MccI  ci'nliil'iili"ii.  arl'i- 
trarily  levied  upon  us  for  alleged  charilable  piirp"-es.    Iiin-ii 
of  failure  lo  lii|uiiiate  the  aiiioiint  adjihlgc'l  against  iisuilliiii 
the  nuuiber  of  days  allowed   for  that  |uirp"so  our  pn'|ii'rt.v  is 
threatened  to  be  seized  ami  saeriticed  by  sale  at  niicli'iii,  I'l-il 
isfy  such  dcinand  ami  twenty-live  per  cent,  a'l.lilii'iial.    .\iii  j 
what  is  the  remedy  prescribed  for  those  con-i'lciiiig  taciii.i 
aggrieved   by   thi'  secret   edicts  ami  decrees  of  lliis  Irilmiiil    | 
They  are  allowed   one  week  within  which  '  to  furiiisli  ni'lcin' 
lo  the  biaird  to  vindicate  their  charai-ter,'  and  if  ill  llii'iU'Icl  1 
that  time  they  fail  to  satisfy  those  judges  who  have  iilrcnJi  |«- j 
judged  their  cases  of  their  lui/nlli/.  they  shall  hcniiju'l^ei  l"|wf 
the  furtlier   sum   of  ten   per  cent   on  the  sum  osscs.'cil.    II  "l 
'  l<ii/iilh)'  is  to  he  dcliiied,  by  what    partii'ular  staielnr'l  it  (hallj 
be  measured,  iind  under  what  rules  niel  by  what  cv  i'lcnw  it  mil  J 
be  rcquire.l  lo  be  established  wc  arc   IctI    lo  i"iiji'.lun'.    .\ii'il 
why.  we  respectfully  iiicjuiri',  are  we  thus  to  lie  aliascK'  .V"l  l"r| 
anything  we  have  .lone,  but  because  nf  acts  alleged  t.i  liavr  l'ffil| 
eoininltted  by  persons  to  us  unknown,  reniote  I'iniii  tlic  l"( 
in  which  we  move,  ami  over  whose  aets  we  could  have  c'\cri'.-fl| 
'   no  control  whalevor. 

"If  wo  have  in  any  ^uallner  transgressed  the  laiv,  « 


■f:iry  ! 


3)n:ily  lit  llie 
,  :i»  iiimiilcj 

ill  1  :llli''lli.ll 
^llllrs  lllul  [h 
l'Xri'|it  liy  111!' 

ill  I.,'1ii-Mj.- 

MUII"1I  >h<.illil 
1  dnlu'  111  ill.ll 
,  i-11-t  u|iiilt  mil 
(ni/l''l   lil'l:^ull- 

iii'il  llir  iirl.r- 
t'Dl'C.l'.'.lMil. 

,f  ll»\il'  ljn„l 
U>i>  N'l.  ^.  ;ii'i 

,1    Jrll   hr.ij   :'!■ 

^iiniinl'iiittlii'ii 

|\ii'l  ttilll  llirii* 
hi-  Sl.ili'. 
llll.lir  il  lli;:iil.''. 
It  ill  uwic  si'rioii- 
I'liniliimriiliil  l.iK 

OliljiMl!tlll'.llllit- 

inn  till'  \MU't-4 


\tvx 


-Mil  ^llall  ■!■■ 


,lt  illiv  V'"''-  "' 
y  mill  (■"'''"■  lil-i' 
,V  Oil'  iiiiliiri'  »i 
vitli  till'  wilni"'- 
',ir  iibliiiniii!:  "i'- 
■  lit  rollllM-'l  f"'  !'i- 

iui.l  .kMrly-.!;,:- 
1  il  (iine  nlii'iitii 
|«s,  if  iii'W  iiiii'^li' 
,11  1,.  iMil'iiriT  llicni. 
iiii.l  uinynlliiiiii 
lull  l,rillKlli'>"(ll* 
|i,iii,  we  liiiM'  lii'K 
,11  xvliiil  i'linrgi'»« 
i..,,iilriliiili"ii.  »*■ 


l,„ll|...>CS. 


In  rase 


ii;;iiiii?l  iisiMlliin 

so  "ur  iiro|w'ly '* 

;  lit  niii-li"ii.  I'-il 

I.  ii.l.l.liiiiiiil-    Aiw  j 

l-i.liTill',!  tlU'lll'lilf 

„t  I  bin  IriliiiMl' 
|t,i  tiiriiifli  ivi'lni' 
lii.l  it  lU  iln'tnlm  I 
i;ivo  11  Iron Jv  l'«- 
|l.iMiil.!"'U'""M'«M 
[nil  »s«'*«.l.    11'"! 
I    >l:lll.lin'l  il  Ml 
]hiiio\iiU'nw'""'"| 
„nji'rliiri'>   AiiJl 
llKiiliiiii."r:  S"1K'| 

l||,,;.rlll.ilW>i'l'«| 

Jt,.  triim  tliol"' 


,,uM1ki> ''"'•'" 


Icil   111''  '''"i  ' 


'.•al 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


423 


ri'il.i.v  I,i 
iiiallil-. 

1861 


iiKike  111!  tlio  ntiiiii'iiiuiil  wliicli  tliu  vinlntcil   li>w  ili' 

lis  avtii^in;^  uiiiiii^ter^  lire  iifiir  tn  try,  euiiilciiiii,  :i)id 

iiiinish   us  ciiiirorinalily  to  the  cstiiblislicil    inriiii<  anil 


ami  li 
iiiiiii;;i 

(.'Uilt. 


-;-. list's  111'  luw.    'J'licrtM'xi>ts  no  nriM's.sity,  in  mir  i»|iiiiiun, 

■   nvoniiling  in  lln'  way  |irii|iiisi'il    Iho  (jrriit    priniii- 

iiii>  fnniliiiiK'iitiil  law,  sriliti;;  iisiilo  all    ttui  ri-triiint:' 

,  ,:,ilinn,s  it  so  ;;uurili-'illy  |iliii-('S  ii|i(in  powiT,  luul  tlr 

i.,iiiig  iit'W  tests  ami  arbitraiy  mndrs  I'ur  asi'rrtaiiiiii^ 

'riiiTO  exists  no  nt'i'cssity   I'ur  siii-li  siiininary  ]ir(iiu'cil- 

iiiBS.     Villiiii  tliis  .jiirisilioliiiii  tlio  iir.liniiry  roiir.'H' of  Jiistici', 

ixoiii'    "  fur  "Illy  "-"  "  '"'■''  ''*■''■"  'iili'ilVri'il  with  by  tbi'  iiiili- 

[■irv  iiii'i^'i  i'v,  lias  lii'on,  mill   is  now,  cntiroly  I'rco  iiinl   uniib- 

-triK'Ii'l,     -Ml   oIlieiTs  of  the   Ruvcriiincnt,  butli   jii<lii-ial   iiiiil 

'iiini^ti'i II'-, '*'"*'  ill  the  full  excreise  of  alt  their  ollieial  fiiin'tions,   , 

ill  llml  111!  ]iersoiis  elmri^i'il  with  baviii<;  otVeiiileil  against   law 

iiiuv  br  as  siieetlily  trieU,  iinil,  if  loninl   f^iiilty,  us  surely  ami 

i.i  c'l'ilaiiilv  piinisluvl  as  when  peaee  prevaiieil  tlininghoiil   the 

slaio.     11.  then,  it  bo  cliai'jjeil  ai^iiinsl  us  that  we  have  in  any 

wav  sitiiifit  aj^iiinst  tbo   t'oiistltiition,  or  vinbiteil  any  biiown 

iiiaisii'ii  lit  the  law,  in  (Joil's  name  let  us  be  trieil  uinler  anil 

artoiibii-'  to  the  cstablisUeil   forms  ami  |iiesrrilieil  rules,  and 

unilir  llie   siilenin   siuietions   of  that    t'onslitiition  and   those 

\ius.     \',nu-hs!ife  us  a  speeiiy  and  ptildif  trial  by  an  iin^mi-liiil 

iiiiv:   iiiai^i'  known  to  ps   the  naliiro  and  eause  of  the  aeeii- 

..itiiias  aiiainst   us:    let    us   bi'  eonl'riiiited  with   our  aeeiisers, 

llial  «i)  may  see  tl:e  band  that  would  smile  us,  and  do  not  li'av  e 

11?  niul  all  we  own  to  the  mercy  of  ii  Star  t'haniber  court  of  in- 

,jiiirv,  where  nialiee  may  be  the  lurking  motive  that  determines 

tho  iiuestion  of  guilt  and  jiriinouni-es  the  Jiidgiiieiit  that   iiiay 

ilwoiii  iisiiii'l  ours  to  want  and  beggary.      If  two  or  three  inili- 

tarv  iillicers  of  the  United  States,  or  other  pi'rsoiK-i  ilesigmited 

!"iir  siu'li  ]nirpose,  may  meet  in  seerel,  and,  without  luiliee.  single 

uut  suoh  eiti'/eiis  as  iliey  may  ehoose  u]ion  whom  to  levy  foned 

f.iitribiitiiins,  and  arbitrarily  lix  the  amniinl  of  tin'  same,  what 

iiMii  who  luay  perchanee  hold  polilieal  o|iinion.-  not  altog<llier 

1,'i'ilitalilc  to  the  tribunal  thus  eoiistituted  ean  eoiisiiler  him- 

.flfsocure  in  his  right  of  liberty  or  p'operly  '.'     If  the  military, 

l.v  llie  aiilhority  of  the  liiiyoiiet,  iniiy  today  foree  from  us  a 

.oiitriliiitiiiii  of  hundreds  of  dollars,  they   niiiy   to  luorrnw,  by 

llif  saiiic  authority,  foree  from  us  Ibousiiiids  of  dollars,  or  all 

ill' may  mvii,  and  east  us  and  ours  paupers  on  llie  worbl's  wide 

,-0!ll11l>'ll. 

"Wo.  iiinreover,  ehiiiii  it  to  be  our  right  to  ,ii>pose  of  ;iii<| 
11. tribute  ill  our  own  way  f=iieh  eharity  as  it  may  be  in  our 
l"iwi.'r  til  bestow,  and  respeetfully  t]vuy  the  power  of  the  gov- 
eraiiii'iit  iif  the  United  Slates,  or  that  of  any  ollieer  theieol, 
-■iiil  ur  taililary,  to  assess  iis  for  siieli  jiiirposes,  ami  protest 
,igiiiii.<l  the  cxereiso  of  any  sueh  power. 

"Wo  ilo  not  mean  by  any  thin);  wo  liiivo  already  sai,l  to  be 
miilor.'ldiul  lis  eoneeiliiig  that  any  '  neeessity'  ean  justify  the  as- 
Mimiitiiiii  by  any  ollieer  of  the  govcriimenl  of  powers  not  given 
ly  law.  'fhe  duly  of  obedicni'C  to  the  C'unslilution  is  due  alike 
fmiii  tlu'iillicial  and  the  eitizen,  from  those  whose  privili'ge  it 
may  1)0  to  govern  as  well  us  those  who  are  governed,  ami  to 
,iiiiiit  till'  validity  of  a  }ile.i  of  neeessity  to  justify  the  agents  of 
thi'i^iiM'tiiiiieiit  in  a  plain  violation  of  the  Uonstituiion,  or  in 
tiivassimiptioii  of  powers  not  autbori/.ed  thereby,  '  is  to  say  as 
H|ilirilly  as  ooiild  be  sabl  ill  words  that  il  jiislilies  th"  Federal 
autJKirilios  ill  breaking  up  the  governinent  tlieiiiselves  under 
till'  iiuIm'  lit  ],ri'venting  it  liei':j  broken  up  by  others.  The 
I'lTtus  .if  goveniiiienl  iiiiiy  outlast  siieli  a  eatastroplip,  but  the 
Iciinil  jtuveniiiient,  Kiiowii  to  and  ereated  by  the  ('on''litulioii, 
iMi-i  111,1  Willi  it.  What  remains  Is  revolution  in  the  garb  of 
g'liiriiiiii'iit,  and  depending  for  its  legilimaey  npou  bayonets.' 
"Ill  O'lnrhi-ion,  wo  ilo  not  moan  to  resist  the  proeeeilings 
>g;iiiM  ii>  under  the  orders  eouiplainoil  of,  unjust  ami  oppres 


sive  as  we  deem  tlieui  to  be.  U'e  are  ponerUss  ill  the  premises, 
^'oii  have  the  armed  hand  to  enl'oree  your  orders  and  ileerees. 
We  aro  defenseless,  and  resistanee  would  bo  idle.  We  eannot, 
however,  give  to  your  authority  in  the  premises  evitn  sueh 
reeiigni'ion  as  iiii<;lit  be  imjilieil  from  our  voliintiiry  puyment 
of  the  sinus  required  of  us.  We  have,  therefore,  eoneluiled  re- 
speelfully  to  protest  and  remonstrate  against  it,  ami  to  deelinu 
paying  the  same. 

"When  the  eoiistitiitioiial  supreiiiiiey  of  the  civil  o\  cr  the 
military  power  shall  again  be  established,  we  shall  prefer  our 
appeal  t'l  il  for  a  \  imliciition  o|'  our  violated  rights. 

"Yours,  very  respectfully, 
"Saniml    li.    ('hiirebill,    William     .M.    .Mcl'heeters,    Louis    t'. 
(iarnier.  Ilcorge   Kingslaiid.   Mrs,  Trnslcii    I'olk,  I'iiastiis 
Wells,   1..  lb.    Iloisliiiiere,  Charles   .Mel.aran.  .lulieUe   1!. 
liaresche.   I).  II.  Armstrong,  S.  S.  I'lirringlon,   Hubert    M. 
llenick.    I'l.  ('.  Shmii,  William   V.  ■Ferguson,  J,  W.  Wills, 
John  Wiekham,  ilobert  Al.  Funkhoiiser,  Ibiniel   II.  l>oiio- 
viin.  It.  llobeit    llarelay,  iSiimuel    Iti.ohins.  It,  Dorshcimcr, 
Wiley  liiidolpli.  William  (i.  Clark,  Henry  it.  lielt. 
"  The  undersigned  begs  leave  to  aiine.x  bis  individual  respect- 
ful  protest,  and  to  suggest   that  the  adage 'eliiirity  begins  at 
home'  might   with  particular  grace  be  applied  to  the  inhabi- 
tants of  a  city  renowned  for  lier  iiiihiused  benevolence,  whioli 
now,  alreiiily  in   the   eighth   month,  with    iii|iiiuriiinriiig  loyal 
fortitude,  groans  uiidci  the  centre  weight  of  war  and  blockade. 
"  Very  r.'spectliilly. 

"  Ai.r.XANiiiMi   K.'.v.ii.u." 

— Oil  tlio  ISili  of  Depcmbor,  (Icii.  Iliillcck  rclciiscd 
from  [ii'i.siiii  f-i.\lt'oii  niiiuwiiy  iicmo  vicii,  boiiiu;  tliu 
jiropci'ty  of  allo-xed  Southern  .'-yiiipiitlii/.t'r.s,  Tliey 
wiTC  confiticil  in  the  city  jail,  and  were  advert i.sod  for 
.=:ile  by  the  sherid',  ''  in  ptit'.stitince  of  the  )ii'ovisions  of 
the  statute  uf  the  Slate  of  Mi.ssouri  coiu'eriiino; slaves." 

—On  DeceniberlMst,  rrovost-Miir.sbal  U.  E.  Loigli- 
ton  issued  an  order  that  "  from  and  after  this  date  the 
slii|im('nt  of  printers'  iidx.  tiiid  hook,  manilla,  news,  or 
other  paper  lor  printing  ]iurposes  from  this  city  to  all 
]ioints  in  the  State  of  .Mi.s.souri  is  ptohihiteil,  e.xeept 
under  special  permits  issued  fioni  this  otViee." 

—  rrovost-Marshid  (i.  K.  ljeiohton,on  Jan- 
uary oth,  i.-'sued  an  order  directing  that 

"  froiii  this  dale  all  saloons  for  the  sale  of  intoxicating  lii|iiors 
in  the  eity  of  St.  l.oiiis  are  reniiired  to  be  closed,  iind  all  sales 
to  cease  at  eleven  o'clock  r.  M.  All  speci'il  permits  heretofore 
issued  allowing  -aloons  to  bo  kept  open  until  a  later  hour  aro 
revoked.  jNo  I'xceptions  whatever  will  be  made  to  this  order, 
and  ill  ease  of  any  violation  of  its  prov  isioiis  the  house  or  saloon 
will  bo  permanently  closed. 

"  The  police  of  tbo  city,  as  well  as  the  United  States  police, 
are  from  this  date  authorized  and  empowered  to  arrest  soldiers 
guilty  of  riotous  or  disorderly  coiidiict,  or  found  in  a  state  of 
intoxioalion  in  the  eity,  wlielher  with  or  'vitlioiit  leave  of  ab- 
sence I'riim  their  i|uarters,  and  eouline  thciii  in  the  military 
prison,  reporting  to  the  olfuer  in  charge  a  staieineiit  of  '.lO 
cause  of  the  arrest. 

"  The  sale  of  intoxicating  liqnor  to  soldiers  already  under  it.s 
inlliienee,  the  liurburing  of  soldiers  absent  Irom  their  ciin- 
inands  withuiil  proper  leave,  permitting  houses  to  beeumo 
|iliices  of  resort  for  soldiers  for  ilrinkiiig,  gaming,  or  other 
illegal  purposes  will  be  regarded  as  serious  olfeiises,  and  vis- 
ited with  severe  punisbinent," 


1862. 


i-'-\ 


■  m 


ri'i 


m 


1     '•;    Ji 


r' 


'     e 


»« 


424 


HISTORY   OF  SAIiNT  LOUIS. 


—On  the  Sth,  Pn.vost-Marslial-Gcncral  B.  G. 
Farrar 

"onlcrcil  tlijit  from  nn<l  nfter  (liis  iliito  the  juiUlislirrs  of 
Ticnspiipcrs  in  tlio  Plate  of  .^Iis$uiiri  (St.  I.oiiis  Ci|y 
1832.  pii|ieis  i'xcc|itecl|  furnish  totliisolliuo,  ininioiliiitcly  upon 
pnlilii'iitinn,  one  copy  of  cnoli  is.sui'  for  in.^pection.  A 
failure  to  ('limply  nilli  tliis  order  will  rcnilcr  tliu  ncwspiipcr." 
liable  to  suppression. 

''  Ijocal  provost-niar^lials  will  fiiriii^ii  tlic  pmprit'tor.s  of  news- 
papers with  copies  of  this  onler,  ami  attend  to  its  immediate 
cnfureement." 

— Oil  Jantiary  Stli.  (lon.  Ilallec-k  proniuljiatcJ 
the  followiiiir  rc'iiiilatiiiti.s  tor  tlio  traiispoitation  and 
travel  of  llu'  l)o]tartiiK'lit  of  the  Missouri: 

"I.  I'rom  and  nfler  this  il;ile  the  Iransportation  and  travel 
of  the  Deparlinenl  of  the  .Mi.^^souri.  Iiy  laud  and  water,  will  he 
under  j'dnt  military  and  eusloni  house  etuitrol  ami  surveillanee. 

"  -.  No  stcamhoal  nor  othei-  eral'l  will  be  permitted  to  carry 
freight:?  or  passerigers  except  those  commissioned  by  the  quar- 
lerinasler  in  chari;e  of  transportation  in  tliis  city;  and  no  Ixint 
or  other  cral't  sliall  be  so  comtnis>iuncd  whieli  is  not  duly  en- 
rf)lled  and  re;;is(ereil  at  some  customdiouse  on  the  Ohio  Uiver 
or  the  .Mississippi  above  t'airo. 

'•  o.  No  railroad  ear,  .sta^e  coach,  or  vehiide  lunnini;  west  or 
weslwardly  fnun  the  .\Ii>sissippi  Uiver  will  be  permitted  to 
cfuivey  freii^hts  (tr  paspcnirers  without  ."strict  ciuiipliance  with 
regulations  of  the  Treasury  Uepartment  at  \Vashin;;ton,  which 
require  that  all  freijjhis  of  '.vlintevcr  nature,  except  such  as 
may  bo  under  military  orders,  shall  he  covered  by  a'  custom- 
house permit,  and  that  all  baifi?a;;e  of  travelers  shall  be  care- 
fully inspected  and  duly  sealed  by  a  custom  house  otlicer. 

"1.  Kvery  person  or  ciuupany  owniuf;  a  sleaudioat  or  other 
craft,  and  ilesirin^  to  do  b'lsincss  on  the  riveis  from  and  to  the 
port  (d'  St.  I.ouis,  will,  immediately  after  the  publiiMtion  of 
these  rcgidalions,  be  rei|uireil  to  make  written  application  to 
the  (luartcrniastcr  in  char';e  of  transportation  in  this  city  Utr 
permission,  accoinpanyiuy;  tlie  same  with  a  statement  under 
oath  of  the  true  ow  ner  or  on  ncrK  of  said  steamboat  or  crafl.  and 
the  amount  of  interest  of  each  person  or  company  in  sai.l  steam- 
boat or  craft,  wdiether  in  trust  or  otherwise,  Ihcir  jdacc  of  resi- 
dence and  of  bcsiness,  and  also  the  name  and  resilience  of  each 
olTicer  and  pilot  ein|doyed  or  to  he  employed  on  the  same:  and 
any  change  in  the  ownership  of  said  steamboat  or  cralt,  or  in 
the  ofliccrs  or  pilots  thereon,  shall  also  be  reported  in  like 
nuinner. 

"  j.  .Ml  olhcers,  |iilot»,  and  river  employes  on  any  steamboat 
or  craft  shall  take  (he  foltowin;^  oath,  to  wit ; 

"'  I  solemnly  swear  that  I  will  bear  true  alle);iancc  to  the 
Tniled  . "Stales,  and  support  and  sustain  the  contllulion  and 
laws  thereof:  that  1  will  nmintain  the  nation:il  soverci;;nty 
paramount  to  that  of  all  Stale,  county,  or  conl'cderato  powers; 
that  1  will  disiourajie.  discountenance,  and  forever  oppose  si' 
cession,  relicllion.  and  disinte;5ralion  of  the  federal  I'nion; 
that  I  dis'taim  aU'l  denounce  all  f;tith  and  fellowship  with  the 
so-called  Confederate  States  a?ol  Confederate  arudcs,  and  pledge 
my  honor,  my  property,  jind  my  life  to  the  sacred  perfor- 
lonnco  of  this  my  solemn  oath  of  a!le;;iancc  to  the  govi'rnmcnt 
tif  the  t'nitel  States  of  America.' 

"(1.  When  application  has  been  made  agreeably  lo  the  fore 
(Join;;  rule,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  quarlernmster  in  cbarKc 
(d  transpurtatiun  lo  institute  such  further  invcslipition  as  he 
nuiy  litem  rei|uisilo  as  to  the  charncter  and  loyally  of  the 
owner  or  owners  and  llio  ollicers  and  pilule  of  such  slcanibont 
or  crafl,  and  if  they  be   found    unexccplionahle,  he  shall  isfue 


his  commission  to  the  owners  or  masters  thereof  |.i  cifff 
freij;hls  and  passengers  on  Iho  rivers  within  this  mililiry  ,li.. 
IricI:  but  such  commission  shall  entitle  .loboat  to  rccei\i  iVcii'ln, 
other  than  such  as  may  be  under  military  orders,  whili  i*  „,,, 
covered  by  a  custom-house  permit,  and  e\ery  boat  noisl  tiil;^ 
out  the  custouniry  c!e:irance  before  leavinj;  this  port. 

"  7.  Tile  object  of  the  foregoing  is  to  suppress  and  otitirelv 
prevent  any  aid  or  assistance  to  or  coniniunicatlon  uiih  ;im- 
person  or  persons  (directly  or  indirectly  1  disloyal  (..  or  iji 
arms  against  the  l''ederal  aitlhorily  of  the  liiited  Stai... 

"  .S.  If  any  owner,  officer,  or  ]iilot  id' any  sleatnhoiu  orotlicr 
craft  shall  do  any  act  contrary  to  the  object  express. d  ia  iIh' 
foregoing  seelion.  such  act  shall  cause  the  forfeiiiur  i.f  sui 
steamboat  or  cral't  to  tho  ]''ederal  governmenf,  ;iti'1  sul-Ii 
owner,  otlicer,  or  pilot  be  subject  to  the  pains  and  pena'lie*  i.ro. 
scribed  by  the  articles  of  war  for  giving  niil  to  llic  cncinv. 

"  The  nrlieles  of  war  referred  to  above  arc  in  tin-  l'n||i,iv;c.' 
words  : 

'*  *  .-VitT.  5f>.  AVbosocver  shall  i'elie\e  the  enemy  with  inoiiiv, 
victuals,  or  ammunition,  or  shall  knowingly  harbor  nr  prnlc'i 
an  enemy,  shall  sutler  death,  or  such  other  punishment  as  sblj 
bo  ordered  by  the  sentence  of  n  eonrt-marlial. 

'•'.\itT.  57.  Wliosoever  shall  be  convicted  of  boMing  C'.ii. 
spondencc  with  or  giving  inlclligcncc  to  Iho  encrnv,  rithpr 
directly  or  indircctlv.  shall  sulfer  death,  or  such  oilier  piinifii. 
nieni  as  shall  be  ordered  by  the  scntemie  of  a  court-ni:iiIiiil.' 

"At  any  point  within  this  icilitary  department  wlicit'tlio'r 
may  be  no  inspector  or  oilier  cnstoin-hoiise  agent,  it  slciH  Ic 
the  duty  of  the  olBcer  in  command  of  Ihe  nearest  uiiliiary  |.i..i 
lo  act  in  the  place  of  such  inspector  or  agent;  amj  «h(n;iiiv 
duly  appointed  cnslom-honse  cdlicer  nl  any  point  shall  iiml 
assistain'O  to  enforce  the  revenue  laws  of  the  rnitcd  Shitcs  or 
Ihe  inslructionsof  the  Treasury  Dcparlmcnt.  and  niakcii|i|ilk'a. 
lion  for  the  saiiic.  it  shall  bo  the  duty  of  the  mililaiy  ullia. 
nearest  in  commaiiil  to  render  such  assistance." 

Ill  order  lo  citrry  fiiit  tlioso  rooulations  ;iinltii;ir- 
I'oiiiiniidato  tlio  traviTino:  public,  and  to  avuiil  ;h!v  nn- 
nocossary  doI;iy  to  tho  several  railroads,  l\.  ,].  linw. 
ard,  the  enljeelor  of  St.  Louis,  iiuide  the  rollowiii.' 
iirrangenionls : 

'•  The  custoin-hou.so  inspector.  Henry  S.  I.asar.  will  visit  ilit 
following  holds,  viz.:  I'lanlcrs'.  liarnum's,  Dvcrill,  Viri;iiii:i. 
.Monroe.  St.  Charles,  and  the  City  Hotel,  between  tlic  linar*  i>:' 
(*i  aii'i  lo  I'.M.,  w  here  and  when  he  will  examine  iiiid  srjil  ;i!l  ti  o 
Icig'.'agc  dcsiined  for  the  Iron  Mountain,  Pacdii'.  lunl  N-;;;^ 
.Missouri  llailroads. 

"  lie  will  also  be  ready  to  attend  to  all  orders  Id't  at  llicoii' 
tom  house  oflice  for  him  lo  visit  private  dwellings,  in  uiilrr 
there,  loo,  lo  examine  and  seal  the  baggage  of  tra\t'lc!s  ri';i'ly 
for  reception  at  tho  depots  of  the  above-named  railiiiiids.  Tb'. 
hours  alloted  for  this  pnrposn  will  be  from  10  a.m.  Illl  :i  i.w , 
and  orders  to  this  end  should  be  left  sutlieiently  in  tiiin'  lU  liu' 
hercin-nahied  ollice  previous  lo  the  departure  of  lliiisc  riiilii'iil 
trains." 

— On  J;inu:iry  (ith,  I5ri;:.-(ieii.  SeluiWir  l[;iiiiiliiii 
announced,  ihroimh  his  assistant  adjut:iiit-L'i'iieijl.  ■! 
Shaw  (Jreu'ory,  tluit  he  had  entered  iipnii  ilic  ioiiiiikmi'I 

of  the  St.  Iioiiis  distiiet,  which  iiieliidi'd  ll couiiin 

bimndnl  liy  tho    Missouri,  Mississippi,  and  M;iniiiieo 

Hivers,  im-ludiiif.'  ihe  line  oCthe  r;iihn;ul  IV l';icilii.' 

to  lloll:i,  as  far  as  Linsey's  Shitiiui.  and  a  liiicilnnoi 
(lirouith   tli;it  point   I'roin   the   inoiith  id'  the  O^Ki.' 


i  , 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


42& 


if  t''  carry 
nilil:iry  .li.. 
chi  I'ri'ijilit. 
wlii 'li  isimi 
It  ii.u-l  laic 
•t. 

lllul  ''lifirfly 
tn  \\  I'll  any 
yal  I"  tir  ii; 

iboui  orotlicr 
ircssiil  ill  tlio 
j'lhiri'  uf  ^ail 
nt,  :iii'l  fucii 
ju'iiir.tio'  |iti'- 
\v  ciuiiiy. 
I  l\ir  I'.illipwin; 

y  Willi  moiKV. 
li.ir  'ir  lunti  • 
Oiuu'iil  as  Ai:..'. 

huMiiigCi',!.- 

dU'iiiy.  rUiifT 
li  iillior  fun'Wh- 
uu1-iir.uti:il.' 
ent   wluMiMlii"'- 
_r,.iit.  it  >liall  Ic 
,-t  iMiliiary  i"'-i 
;   iimj  «lun  any 
jHiiiit  sliall  lunl 
Ciiil.M  >lau-  c- 
11. 1  inaki'ai'l'liiM- 
P  iiiihliuy  ullia. 

olis  lUiJ  10  av- 
iviiiil  :ii!y  II"- 

.  u.  J.  ii-«- 

(he  lolli^iii: 

.,ir.  "ill  vi>il  tl." 
Iv.Titl,  Virginia. 
,.,'n  tia-  li""r'  i'!' 
„.  an.lsralallfc 
aciru'.  ami  N'lii' 

.,■,-  k'I't  al  lli«'"- 
.vclliii)!*,  ill  "I''"' 
,)■  tr;ucliM>  roa^lv 
,1  laili'iinl*.  'fill 
■ill  v,M.lili;ii-^i' 

Illy  ill  li"l''  ""'"' 

l„l     111"*!'    1''''"''' 

livlv  llalliil:'" 
|t;ll,t-;^l'IH'Vjl.'' 

ili,.i'oiiiin;iii'i 
|,1,|„.  ■MMimin 

,,,1.1  M:iia"i"' 
|;„1  IV. mi  l':i>i'i^' 
lU  ,1  liii.'  '\nw 


i;iv, ;  tci  tlio  Marauicc  River,  excoptiiig  the  cainii  of 
iiisiiu.  tiiiii  iit  IJoiitoii  IJarraeks." 

— Ill  view  of  l\w  fact  that  the  organization 
1862.  "f  •'"'  ^''^  niiinths'  iniliiia  entailed  great  ex- 
iHMHe  upon  the  State  witliout  any  eorre.«]ion(3- 
iiiiilriufit,  the  Giivernor,  throiiL;h  Chester  Harding, 
Jr..  lii'^  adjutantgencral,  on  January  14th,  ordered 
ili;it  ihis  class  (if  troop.s  bo  disbanih'd  on  the  'JTith  of 
,I;imi:iiv.  In  tiiis  order  the  following  instructions 
wore  Liivon  : 

"C..!iiii::iii'liiii:  oflicors  of  tlio  six  niondis*  niilitiii  will  niiiPtor 
llii'ir  <-..niiiiiiiiils  for  luiy  ami  (li.si-li:ii-j;t'  ii|ion  tlic  'J.'itli  iliiy  cif 
JaiMian.  ISIi2,  iiml  will  bf  ]iri'|iiiiTil  In  ilclivci-  up  nil  iini|iciiy 
, if  tin-  Siali'  in  tlii'ir  cmtrol,  iin.l  to  aci'oiiiit  lor  siieli  as  lia:;  lu'on 
l..^t.  nin>iiiii''>l.  or  dcstroycil  in  tlio  siT\  ice.  Ipon  eoiii|iliaiic'C 
ivilh  tlioM' iv.iiiiri'iiu'iit!',  or  as  soon  tlnTcal'tcr  ns  the  rolls  can 
1.,.  cxniiiineil.  ilio  ollli'crs  ami  men  will  be  jiaiJ  by  the  ,'>latc. 

"C'.inii'aiiic..'  which  shall  ri'|mrt  llu-iiisolvra  ready  for  iiiiislcr 
;ni.)  til.'  Sialo  pcrvicc  for  the   term  of  tho  war.  in  acconlani'ii 

„.j,l,  (I,, ii.litkins  nf  the  agreement  mailc  between  the  I'nited 

^t.itt-*  aii'l  the  gnveniinent  of  this  State,  as  .«et  t'orth  in  (len- 
,ral  onliMs  No.  1,  .series  of  1S(!1.  will  be  fteee|ited  and  mustered 
\iilli..at  delay.  After  muster  they  will  be  subsisted,  clothed, 
annv.l.  an. I  |iaid  by  the  I'nited  States. 

"Tlic  I'.. II. .wing  ]ilac'es  arc  desigiiate.l  as  p.iints  at  wliii.h  the 
.is  aiuntlis'  troops  will  be  mustered  out  of  service  on  the  day 
■ib.ivc  iiaiiie.l,  \it.:  St.  .loseph,  Cameron,  Chillieotlie,   -Macon 

liiv.  Mcxic.  and  I.oiiisiann. 
"OlViceis  comniaiidiiij;  these  troops  will  march  their  men  to 

lb.'  nearest  and  iir>st  eoiivenient  of  the  above-nanie.l  places,  in 

tiiac  to  lie  present  at  the  muster  for  pay  and  discliar;re  as  above 

.r,k.rc.l." 

—Till'  aLTgregate  of  all  tlie  claims  filed  up  to  Jan. 
Is.  ISil'.'.  before  the  eoniniissioti  apiininted  to  iiivcsti- 
:;aitM'l:\iiiis  nil  tlr;  government  ari.sing  out  of  the  wiir 
ill  llio  I>c]i;irtnii'nt  of  the  West  which  accrued  piinr 
t..  Oct.  U.  1801,  amounted  to  SIMHIT,:')!!.'}."). 

The  liilliuving  persons  were  eniplnyed  liy  the  com- 
iiiisiioii  ill  addition  to  those  whose  names  have  alrei'dy 
boon  pvcii ; 

Willi. iiu  II.  M. .Henry,  c.iuiiiiis-.ioner  to  i|iialil'y  wilnes.-es,  elc. ; 
1;. 11.  Hilt,  pli.inograpliic  reporter;  It.  ('. 'rotten,  clerk  to  re- 
.;>.' ol.iiins;  P.  .\.  Hall,  expert  in  railroad  mailers;  ,Iolin 
11.  Turner,  expert  in  railroad  innltern;  Kdwaid  W.  Wallace. 
ticrk  of  railroad  accounts:  (.'.  AVoodward,  expcrl  in  .-Icaiulpoat 
:]::illiT>;  llcnsoiu  S.  Hopkins,  expert  in  mercantile  accounts; 
r  I'..  Ilaagciiii.clcrk  in  iiiereaiilile  accounts,  ,Ianies  II.  I!o»en. 

.i»iiilcriif  receipt  rcgi>ler;  William  U.  .\ll'ord,  eeililie;ile  and 
t|.;iiH;  clerk  :  (I.  .\.  (laniicti,  I'erlillc.ale  and  copying  clerk; 
Loirciu'c  n.  .\le,xaiider,  eertilicate  and  copying  elerk  ;  J.  .1. 
\'i\'y\ rtllliMle  an.l  copyiug  elerk;   O.  T.  t'ishback,  eerlitl- 

■;ii.' aii.l  ciipyiiig  clerk;  .J.iliii  1'.  Camp,  messengeri  Charles 
KlV.  janiter. 

Tlic  rolluHiiig  is  a  list  (if  tlie  elaitns  which  came 
niHicr  tlio  head  of  nidiicys  loaned  anil  talicn  by  guv- 
iriiiiioiii,  Tiicy  were  among  the  Hist  to  be  filiul,  and 
IV  ro  sunn  lifter  allowed  and  paid  in  full,  with  legal 

'Tr-t  iulilcil  in  cases  where  loans  h;id  been  made  in 


lioalnicn'.s  Saving  Institution.  Si.")  I..S00.5.'i ;  liiiildings  and 
Savings  Association,  ?l;;7,lil.'!.17 :  Jleehanies'  Ihink,  .*:i(!.nOO  ; 
Merchants*  I'aiik,  S75,nfl(l;  Ciennan  Savings  Institution, 
.*10,0llll;  Commercial  Bank  of  Kentucky,  fOluO;  Itobert  S. 
JIays.  $12,00(1;  Webb  X  Kainie.  S.",OU0 ;  Southern  liaiik, 
•■'lO.OIlO;  lielcher's  Sugar  Itcfining  Company,  assignee.  Sin.lloO; 
Tarlridge  /i  Co..  .*.")llllll ;  I'eoplc'.s  Savings' Asso.-ialion. -SIO. 1100  ; 
Iteed  .^  Co.,  S-l.'illO;  .Mc.Mcchan  ,1  liallentine,  .s2."iOII ;  (ieorge 
I).  Hall,  assignee,  .*I0, Olio  ;  llank  of  Missouri,  s2'.ll. 1(1.;.. 'lO  ; 
Stale  Savings  Association,  assignee,  $;17,2:'.'>.0()  j  l-!xcliangc 
Hank,  ?;|ll,:i.'i7.7l:   I'liion  liaak.  *('.2,S77,riO. 

— The  following  special  order  was  issued  by  Gen. 
Ilalleck  on  January  2(Jtb  : 

'•  I.  'flic  president,  secreMiry,  librarian,  directors,  and  other 
•  ilheers  of  the  .Mercantile  Library  Association  of  this  eily,  and 
also  (he  president,  secretary,  direetors,  and  other  olhcer-s  of  the 
Chamber  or  Cliaiubcrs  of  Coiniueicc  of  this  city,  are  rcipiired  to 
take  aid  subscribe  the  oath  of  allegiance  prescribed  by  Articlo 
\I.  of  the  State  oidinanee  of  Oct.  l(i.  ISOl.  .\iiy  of  the  above- 
nanieil  utlicers  who  shall  neglect  to  tile  in  iho  olVice  of  the  pro- 
vost-niar..-haI-general  Hithin  ten  days  of  the  date  of  this  order 
the  (path  so  subscribed  will  be  ileemed  to  liave  re>igned,  ami 
any  ipue  who,  after  neglecting  so  lo  tile  hi.s  oath  of  allegiance 
within  tlie  time  prescribed,  ..-hall  atteiujit  to  cxerci.-e  the  func- 
tions of  such  olhce  will  be  arreslcil  for  conleiupt  of  this  order 
:iud  punished  a.'cordiug  to  tlie  laws  of  war. 

*'  II.  It  is  otticially  rep. PI  let!  that  carriages  bearing  ibe  eiieuty's 
tlag  are  in  ihe  habit  (pf  driving  lo  tho  vicinity  ipf  the  military 
prison  ill  Mcliowell  C.pllege.  The  coiunianding  otlieer  of  tho 
}irisoii-guard  will  seize  and  take  p.p.^scssitpn  of  any  carriage  bear- 
ing an  eneuiy's  tlag,  and  the  horses,  c;iriiagcs,  and  harness  will 
be  c.pnilseatcil. 

*'  III.  It  i>  als.i  ollicially  reportC'l  that  certain  Wpuueii  are  in 
llie  habit  of  approaching  the  vicinity  (pf  tho  military  prisipii  and 
waving  lippstile  Ihigs,  for  the  purpose  of  insulting  our  troops  and 
carrying  on  coiiiuuiiiicalippiis  wilh  the  pri.'oiiers  of  war.     The 

com udiiig  olliccr  of  the  piisipn  guani  will  arrest  and  place  in 

contineiiu  111  all  wipiueu  so  otVending. 

"  l\'.  .\iiy  cjirriagi!  or  other  vehicle  bearing  a  lnpsiile  ling  in 
I'  '       '  ill  be  seizcil  and  conti.scatepl.     The  city  police  and 

patrppl  guards  are  directed  tti  arrest  any  persons  in  vehicles 
iin.lcr  such  tlag.  and  al-o  any  person  wearing  or  displaying  a 
bu-iile  Ibig  ill  the  eily."' 

— The  Governor,  on  February  1st,  a]ipointed  a 
medical  board,  to  consist  of  Dr.  John  ('.  llodgen 
(president),  Pr.  Charles  Rosch,  and  Dr.  S.  II.  Mel- 
chcr.  to  convene  in  St.  lionis  on  Keliritaiy  4th,  for 
the  jiurjiose  of  examining  candidates  for  a]ipiiintments 
as  surgeons  to  the  Stale  trt)ops. 

— On  the  I'd  of  Fcbritaiy.  (Jen.  Ilalleck  issued  the 

following  "(Jeneral  Orders  No.  -\)  :" 

"I.  The  I  -esident.  professors,  curat. prs.  and 'ptlier  ollicers  of 
the  I'niversiiy  of  Missouri  are  reiiuirc.l  to  take  and  siib-crilio 
tho  oath  ppf  allegiance  pre-cribcd  by  the  sixth  arliclc  of  the 
Stale  ordinance  of  l*ct.  10,  ISlil,  and  t.i  tile  the  same  in  the  of- 
tl.-c  of  the  provppst -niarshal-gencral    in   tlii.^  city.     Tlopse  who 

'The  "riiipii  .Merchants'  Kxi'liange"  having  exhibitc.l  lo 
(Icn.  Ilalleck  their  b(aik  of  membership,  in  whiidi  each  ollicer 
and  incmlier  had  signed  a  pie  Ige  equivalent  t.i  the  oath  of  alle- 
giance reiinircd  by  the  above  orders,  the  latter,  spi  tar  as  tliey 
ndalc.l  to  its  oillceis  and  members,  were  res..iiiile.|. 


m 


ll 

»'  i 


m 


';:t' 


m\ 


ilil 


j^fmmmmm 


n 


426 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


fail  to  CDiiiplv  «it!i  this  order  williiii  tlio  period  of  thirty  chiys 
will  be  considered  ns  liiiviiif;  resigned  llieir  respeiMive  ofTiivs, 
and  ir  nny  niio  who  fails  shall  thcri'after  attempt  to  uh- 
1862.  tain  pay,  or  perform  the  funetions  of  such  ofliee.  hi'  will 
be  tried  and  punished  for  mililnry  oll'cnsc.  This  insti- 
tution haviiig  been  endowed  liy  the  uovernuient  of  the  United 
^•tates.  its  funds  should  not  be  used  to  teai-h  treason  or  to  in- 
struet  traitors.  The  authorities  itf  the  uni\ersity  should,  there- 
fore, e.\pel  from  its  walls  all  [persons  who  by  vvonl  or  deed  favor, 
assist,  or  abet  reludlion. 

"ir.  Tile  presidents  and  directors  of  all  railroad  eoiiiiianies  in 
this  State  will  be  required  to  take  and  subscribe  the  oath  of  al- 
legianee,  in  the  form,  within  tlic  time,  iiiid  under  the  penaltie.^ 
prescribed  in  the  prceedini;  paragraph.  They  will  also  he  re- 
quired to  tile  bonds  for  sueli  sums  as  may  be  designated  by  the 
provost-raarshal-geiiernl  that  they  will  employ  no  eonduetors, 
engineers,  station-iuastcrs,  or  other  otlieers,  agents,  ,,r  employes 
who  have  not  taken  the  oath  of  allegiaui'e,  and  wlnt  are  not 
loyal  to  the  I'nion. 

'■in.  No  eontraets  will  liereal'ter  be  unule  by  qnarlernias 
tors  or  eoinniissaries  in  this  liepartment  with  persons  who  do 
not  take  and  subscribe  to  an  oath  of  allegiaiK-e  similar  to  that 
])i'esoribed  by  the  act  of  Cong.-es.'!  approved  .Vug.  (i.  iMll. 
I'urehasing  orticers  arc  prohibited  from  making  purchases  of 
persons  of  known  disloyalty  to  the  government.  When  articles 
necessary  for  the  public  service  are  held  only  by  disbiyal  per- 
sons, and  cannot  be  purchased  of  I'nion  men,  the  t'act  will  be 
reported  to  lliese  lieadquarleij,  when  the  jpropcr  instructions 
will  bo  given. 

"IV.  .Ml  clerks,  agents,  and  ci\il  employes  in  the  seri  ice 
of  tho  United  .'"tates  in  this  deparliiieiit  will  bo  required  to 
Uuic  and  subscribe  tho  oath  prescribed  by  the  aforesaid  act  td" 
Congress.  The  attention  of  all  inililary  ollicers  is  called  to  this 
onler.  antl  iinyono  who  shall  hereafter  keep  in  the  governnient 
employment  persons  wh<«  fail  to  take  tiio  said  oath  of  allegiance, 
or  who  announce  and  advocate  disloyalty  to  the  liiioii,  will  be 
arrested  anil  tried  for  ili-p'bedience  of  orders. 

"  V.  It  is  recnmniended  that  all  clergymen.  ]irofis.<ors,  and 
teachers,  and  all  ollicers  of  public  and  Jirivato  institutions  for 
education,  beneiolence,  business,  and  trade,  who  arc  in  fivor 
of  the  perpitiiation  of  the  I'nion,  voluntarily  subscribe  anil  tile 
the  oath  of  allegiance  presciibel  by  the  .Estate  ordinance,  in 
order  that  their  patriotism  may  be  known  ami  recipgni/cd.  and 
that  they  may  be  distinguished  from  those  who  wish  to  encour- 
ago  rebellion,  and  to  prevent  tho  government  from  rcsturing 
jioacp  and  prosperity  to  the  city  and  .'state." 

— Oil  February  i'd  tlie  "  Ladies'  Uiiitm  Aid  So- 
ciety" made  their  seiniaiiiiual  report,  in  wliicli  tlicy 
presented  the  i'ollowing  !<tati.-!ties ;  Froui  tlio  orj:aiiiz;i- 
tiiiii  of  the  society,  Aug.  2.  ISGl,  to  Jan.  1.  hSG'J, 
their  receipts  were  twelve  hundred  and  I'orly  dullar.s 
and  lil'ty  cents  in  cash,  besides  donations  of  eloliiin^ 
material,  etc.  Tlie  society  was  in  sueeessftil  opera- 
tion under  tlie  supervision  of  Jlrs,  Alfred  Clapp, 
president;  Mrs.  S.  C.  Davis,  viee-pre.-ident ;  Mrs.  8. 
B.  Kolloi;;,',  treasurer ;  Miss  H.  A.  Adams,  secretary  ; 
Mis.  T.  M.  I>ost,  Mrs.  M.  O.  Danah,  Mrs.  Willys 
KiiiL:.  Mrs.  C.  S.  Greeley,  prudential  committee; 
Mrs.  Joseph  Craiishaw,  Mrs.  ( '.  L.  .^K•  .Murray,  Mrs. 
N.  H.  Thayer.  Mrs.  N.  H.  Clark,  Mrs.  Itobert  An- 
derson, Jlrs.  J.  E.  D.  Cousins,  and  Miss  Saruh  lil- 


don,  lutinagors;  Mrs.  N.  11.  Clark,  Mrs.  S.  F.  Tliaycr, 
distributors;  Miss  Bella  Anderson,  inspector. 

—  T/ir  liepMicdii  of  February  4tli  contain  J  tin- 
;  following: 

"  The  sale  of  tho  property  levied  upon  to  satisfy  tin  iisojv 
nicnts  against  sundry  citizens,  as  friends  of  the  enemy,  f.irihc 
relief  of  the  Union  refugees  t'roin  .s^outlnvost  Missomi,  t.„n|. 
niencod  yestenlay  at  Moig.in's  auction  rooms,  on  Fouriii  Strcft. 
.•\n  immense  crowd,  more  than  coiihl  obtain  entrance,  nas  y^f. 
ent  yesterday  morning. 

"Tho  articles  sold  were  those  which  had  been  advert -ol  jg 
the  papers,  being  the  property  of  some  thirteen  or  foui  |.  m  ,|||. 
zens  of  seeessiuu  proclivities,  viz.:  Samuel  Kuglor,  .l"im  Ken- 
nard.  Sr.,  .lohii  Kennard,  Jr.,  Win.  M.  .Mel'hoctcrs.  li.  Unbert 
liarclay,  I>.  II.  Ar... strong,  ('has.  L.  lioisliniere,  li.  M.  I'unli. 
hoiiser,  Ueo,  Kingsland,  .\le.vander  Kayser,  Charles  .Mcl.arin. 
.\ndrew  I'ark,  Trusten  I'olk,  and  Mrs.  Uebecca  Sue.  flic 
amount  of  the  assessment  on  each  ranged  from  one  liuiulreil  to 
live  hundred  ''ollara  (the  miijority  being  assessed  Inr  Ihric 
hundred),  with  twenty-hve  |ier  cent,  penally  and  co-is  ..f  sili.. 
stor;ige.  etc.  Only  so  much  of  tho  property  of  each  Wiis  Si,i,|  aj 
would  satisfy  the  levy.  Three  lots  belonging  to  Messrs.  Ili.i.li. 
niere,  Mcl'heeters,  and  Kingslaixl  diil  not  bring  sullieiciit  tr 
liquidate  the  amounts  charged  against  these  gentlciiieii,  Ijiit  m 
tho  other  cases  only  a  [lortion  of  the  articles  sei/.ed  neie  put  ii|i. 

"  .\s  a  general  thing,  considering  tho  times,  the  funiiuirc, 
etc.,  brought  fair  ]irices,  though  in  scune  instance-  grc.it  l.ar. 
gains  were  had.  An  elegant  piano,  nearly  new,  said  tu  luoe 
cost  Mr.  Kayser  between  live  and  six  hundred  dollars  in  I/.1 
rojte,  was  sold  for  two  liundrcil  and  forty  dollars.  Aii"tlier,  i.t 
which  Mr.  folk  is  reputed  to  have  given  over  a  tliuiisjiiid.  Kiiii 
for  three  hundred  and  thirty  dollars.  A  set  of  broc:itel!e  r'"i'- 
wood  furniture  (sofa,  arm-chairs,  and  fancy  ehairsi.  mviicj  h 
.Mr.  I'ark,  bmught  one  liundrcd  and  forty  live  dollars.  .A  l.,t 
of  miscellaneous  books,  one  hundred  and  ten  in  iiuiiihcr.  Il.c 
property  of  .Mr.  I'liukhouser,  netted  about  twentyniiic  ilull.ir'. 
Souic  of  the  line  carpets,  velvet  and  llrussels,  were  >iKl  l.ia, 
wl  1st  "tilers  brought  full  ictail  prices." 

*-Gen.  Ihilleek,  on  rebruary  I3d,  adoplcJ  tin- ful- 
lowiiii:  tarifl',  prepared  by  Maj.-tlen.  Sterliiii:  I'lio'. 
for  the  e.'ichanj;c  of  prisoners : 

"Where  the  same  grades  cannot  bo  c.\ehani;cd  t'.ir  .';uh 
other,  two  of  the  next  lower  grade  will  bo  substitiiicd  ;  iii;it  i-. 
'  one  inajor-geiieral  for  two  brigadiers,  or  four  colonels,  ur  oijii: 
I  lioutenanl--'oloncls,  or  sixtem  majors,  or  tliirly-tno  ea|it;iiii', 
or  sixty-four  lieutenants,  or  one  hundred  and  twenty-eight 
non-commissioned  ollicers,  or  two  liundred  and  lit'ly-sis  |.ii- 
vales.  In  this  tarilT  no  distinction  will  bo  made  beom'ii  liot 
an. I  second  lieutenants,  or  between  sergeants  aiil  c  ir|t"r;ii'. 
Of  course  alterations  of  grades  can  be  made,  nliui  iioi'Sslii, 
on  the  same  basis.  .Musicians,  wagoners,  and  others  "ill  I'l 
exchanged  as  privates  or  nonconiinissioncd  ollicers,  aci'eiiiii.,' 
as  tlity  are  rated  in  our  service." 

— On  February  fnh  the  A'«yi»/</(ri(//  aniiouiKul 
that  a  writ  of  attaehineiit  had  been  i.ssiieil  Iv  ilic 
provost-iuar.shal- general,  and  was 

"executed  on  Tuesday  afternoon  upon  I>r,  U'illiiiui  .biliii-"n. 
assessed  under  Order  1! I  for  the  suin  id'  four  liiiirlriil  dollars. 
'flic  olVu'ors  procecdcil  to  his  resilience  on  I'iiie  ."sticot  inar 
Tbirleeiith,  and  seized  sundry  articles  of  hoiiselioKl  luriiitiirr, 
I'ousistiiig  of  two  sofas,  three  sofa-bottoni  chaits.  otic  ea.sv  i-liair, 
six  cane-soat  chairs,  one  marble-top  ccutre-table.  oae  uiirmr. 


THE   CIVIL  WAR. 


427 


'.  TliaUT, 

I'. 

tail.  ■]  ilie 

■  till'  ;i?ff«-- 
onn.  f'lrlliQ 
?smni,  CI  mi- 
Durtii  Street, 
icc,  tt  Its  |irfi. 

iilvpit'.>C'i  in 
I'ouil'  en  citi 
r,  .I'llin  Kci3- 
!rs,  !'■  lli'btti 
11.  M.  Vmik. 
•lea  McLurcn. 
la  Sire.  Tiic 
no  Iniiulri'Jt . 
sscJ    I'lr  tbtic 

I    cu!tS  uf  Sll'lf. 

tell  n;l«  solil  ;i; 
ng  siillioii'M  ;  ■ 

itlt'llU'Il.  i'tit   111 
Cll  WOU'llUt  111'. 

,  tlie  funiiturc.  I 
ncfs  griMt  l.av.  I 
w,  <;ii'l  to  Iwve 
il'illiirs  ill  !■•«■ 
s.  .Xii'tlior,  I'-.T 
I  tli"ii#;iii'l.  «>i'l 
{  \irur:\U'\\v  to-c- 
iuil>l.  llWtlCll  IjV 

P  MUtf.    .\U 

ill  mimlttr.  Ilic 

iilyiii"oiWl;ir'. 

,  «,Ti'   ^■ll^l  1"". 

liijiU'd  tlu'  f'  '■ 
;tfrluii:  l'li"'i 

ftitiiicil;  lli^ilis. 
|o)l.piu'l»,  urciilit 

lty-t«0  l'l>lit;llll'. 

Iinl   nvviit.voifli! 

Ill  1    Ill'l.V  ^is  !"■ 
i;l,lo  lJ^•l«CI■llliI^'. 

Its  iiii'l  oiiriiiTiil'. 

Ulicll    IHVl'SSli;. 

|i,l  vtlicrs  will  Ik 
MVu'iTS.  ai'i'i'tJ'i'o 


J 


|,r/i    ;inii"lliu- 
I  i.-Ml.nl  I'V  til' 


lvilli:im  .lilMi-i'.i 
hiMi.lii.l  .l""a''' 
I  I'm,,  .-irw'l  "'»' 
],.,.li„l,l  luniiiii"' 
.  one  1'iis.v  .'li:"'! 
Itabl.'.  oiU'Uiini'i. 


two  liiussola  curpcts,  two  window-blinds,  one   bedstead,  one 
,v,i.hl;iiiJ,  nnil  oni-  loiniKP. 
■■Siaiiliir  writs  were  iilso  e.xeeiitcd  ii|".n  ])r(]|ierly  beldii^'ins 

to  ticn.  ]J.  M.  Fro.'.t  iiiid  Mra.  T.  C.  Ileokwith.    The  ,i.-- 
1862-     -i>.*iiient  of  lien.  Frost,  witli  eosls,  iiinoiint.s  to  seven 

liiiiulrcil  mill  lil'ty  dollars.     Mrs.  lleckH'illi's  iissessinent 
iia-  I  r  Ijiit  ninety  dollars." 

()i!  the'  11th  (if  the  samo  month  the  .same  paper 

?aiil. — 

"  .\iftlier  pale  of  projierty,  seized  from  eerlain  eilizens  of 
.»t.  I.i'uis.  eaiiio  oil'  yesterday  at  .Morgan's  anetion-rooms.  No. 
|o7  K'HUtli  Street.  The  saic  was  attended  by  a  largo  erowd. 
la  adiiitii'ii  to  the  seized  .St.  Louis  property  were  suld  some 
,-,intr:ii';iiid  .iroods  sent  here  from  Sedalia." 

Tho  i'ollowing  is  a  list  of  tlie  owners  of  ihe  prnp- 
,ilv  tliat  was  solil:  A.  Kaysor.  T.  I'ulk.  S.  llulihiiis. 
\V,  (I  Clarke.  Dr.  Johii.son,  Juliu  Wickliam,  J.  W. 
Will.-.  (leorL'o  Kiiig.sland. 

— Tlio  fiiUowiiio;  "circular"  wa.s  issued  by  (Jen. 
lliillrck  1.11  February  1-lth: 

"  I.  .Ml  ]H'rsons  who  are  l<nown  to  have  been  in  arin.s  asrainst 
:he  Vnileil  .-tales,  or  to  have  aetively  aided  the  rebellion,  by 
uurii  !»■  liiiil.  are  to  be  arrested.  Those  wh"  are  aeensed  of  aet.s 
in  violation  of  the  laws  of  war.  sneh  us  the  destrnelion  of  rail- 
roads and  bridges,  or  private  |iroperty,  tiring  into  trains,  nssas- 
siiiiitii'ii.  ell'.,  will  not  be  released  nil  any  terms,  but  will  be 
hold  for  (rial  before  a  military  eoininissinn. 

'*I1.  Notoriously  bad  and  dangeruus  men.  th'Mi;;li  no  speeilie 
:ut  of  disloyally  ean  be  proveil  against  them,  will  be  kept  in 
ihioily.  iiud  their  cases  referred  to  the  eommanding  general. 

"III.  Prisoners  not  ineluded  in  either  of  the  above  elasses 
may  be  loUascd  upon  siibserildiig  t.i  the  usual  ontli,and  giving 
a  siinii'icnt  bmid,  with  good  security,  for  their  future  good  eon- 

lilOt. 

••IV.  The  bond  and  oath  shoul.l  be  of  the  form  inelosed 
horfffilh.  Tlie  amount  of  the  bond  should  in  no  ease  be  less 
lliiin  one  tliuusand  dollars,  and  in  some  cases  should  be  much 
larjor,  mrying  according  to  the  wealth,  inllnein'e.  and  previmis 
cnnJuet  of  the  party.     The  security  shoubl  in  pn^l'ereneo  be  a 

i.-i'es.sionist. 

"V.  Pcrsiins  now  engaged  in  recruiting  for  the  rebel  army, 
al'o  ''ao.sc  enrolled  for  the  rebel  servii'e,  will  be  arre.-ted  and 
heU  as  prisoners  of  war.  In  addition  to  lliis  all  property  bo- 
longing  to  such  persons,  and  which  can  bo  Used  for  military 
imrpu-i's,  such  as  horses,  mules,  harness  and  nagmis,  beef  cattle, 
I'ljias,'!'.  etc.,  will  be  seized  and  turned  nvcr  to  the  provost- 
marshal,  to  be  disposed  of  aeeoriling  lu  the  orders  cd'  the  eoni- 
maiiiliiig  general  of  tlio  department. 

"Vl.  Where  persons  who  have  been  in  the  rebel  service  v.d- 
jiilarily  come  forward  and  lako  and  subsoriho  to  the  oath  of 
,i!li'giaiice  iind  par-ile,  and  arc  released  on  bonds,  all  propi'rty 
nil  (if  a  military  character  taken  from  Iheni  will  be  restored." 

On  the  saine  day  he  is.siied  the  followiiij:  "  General 
Onk'is  No.  ;iO,"  ill  reliilioii  to  the  eourl.s  ami  jndiuial 
i.ffiaT'!  cif  the  city  : 

"I.  liili'iiiKiliiin  having  been  received  that  certain  judicial 
vtiiorrs  ititrusleil  with  the  administration  of  the  criminal  laws 
niiil  iirdiiiances  in  this  department  have  misnnderstood  tliu 
'liijcdsaud  purposes  id'  the  esliiblishiiient  of  martial  law  in  this 
■'iiviif  St.  I.cuis,  and  in  consecineiice  of  such  misunderstanding 
liaip  failed  In  enforce   all  those   laws  and   ordinances,  and  us 


crimes  and  misdemeanors  should  at  all  times  ho  strictly  sup- 
]>rc.ssed,  it  is  hereby  enjoined  iipnn  all  such  civil  olTicers,  whether 
as  judges,  att'irncys,  sheritTs,  marshals,  coroners,  clerks,  justices 
of  the  jicaee,  jucsiding  otlicers  of  police  courts,  cnnstablcs,  or 
members  of  the  police,  to  strictly  I'liftu'ce  all  criminal  laws  nnd 
ordinances;  to  have  arrested,  tried,  nnd  ]iunished  in  the  coins 
established  in  tlie  folate,  and  in  the  iminner  presciibed  by  the 
laws  of  the  State,  all  persons  guilty  nf  any  viidation  of  siieh 
laws  nnd  ordinances,  in  the  same  manner  as  if  martial  law  had 
not  been  declared  to  exist. 

"  rr.  And  it  is  especially  enjoined  upon  the  judge  of  the  St. 
I.oiiis  I'riininal  Court  to  have  a  full  conipleinent  of  grand  jurors 
at  every  sitting  of  Iho  court  i  to  strictly  charge  said  grand 
jurors  to  liiligently  inquire  into  all  crimes  and  misdemeanors 
under  the  laws  of  the  State  that  may  (;omo  to  their  knowledge, 
and  present  for  trial  such  otl'cndcrs  known  to  them. 

"And  the  assistant  circuit  attorney  for  this  cuuiity  is  par- 
ticularly refjiiired  to  laillifiilly  aid  and  assist  the  said  grand 
jurors  and  officers  of  the  sabl  court  in  the  ilisehargc  of  their 
duties,  and  to  strictly  perlofm  all  charges  devoUing  upon  him 
by  the  laws  of  the  State. 

"III.  l!y  the  establishment  nf  martial  law  in  the  city  of  St. 
Louis  it  is  not  designed  to  interfere  with  or  suspend  the  opera- 
tion of  the  laws  and  ordinances  of  the  .state  or  city  with  refer- 
ence to  crimes  and  misdemeanors,  inir  the  remedies  and  process 
of  the  civil  courts,  except  so  far  as  the  interests  of  the  govern- 
ment imperatively  require.  The  civil  authorities  who  attempt 
to  interfere  with  the  execution  of  military  orders  cuiunating 
from  these  headi(narters  will  be  punish'  d  for  military  ollVnse, 
but  in  all  other  cases  it  is  their  duty  to  enforce  the  laws  and 
|iunish  crimes  and  ini.sdemeanors.'' 

— Briir.-Gon,  Seliuyler  llaiiiilton,  who  had  been  in 
eoinniand  of  the  St,  liimi.s  district,  was,  by  order  of 
(leri.  llalleek.  on  Fibruary  15th,  relieved  of  his  coin- 
niaiul,  and  I5ri;:.-(ieii.  dohn  M.  SchoCeld  on  the  same 
day  n.->nined  coininand  ol'  the  district. 

—  In  February  the  foUowinjr  ])laees  were  desiirnated 
as  reeruitiiij;  and  luu^tering  stations  for  the  Mi.'ssouri 
State  militia  : 

St.  Louis,  St.  ('harles,  Hudson,  Loui>iana,  Colum- 
bia, Palniyia,  Alexander,  Chillicothe,  Cameron.  St. 
Jo.seph,  Lexington,  Kansas  City,  Sedalia,  I'ilot  Knub, 
(iieeiiville,  Linn  Creek,  Sprinofleld,  and  Hoonville. 

— Considerable  excitement  was  created  on  the  Levee 
on  the  1  "til  of  February,  in  coiiseinienee  of  the  seizure 
of  a  large  number  of  steamlioals  by  the  government, 
for  the  purpose  uf  traiispurting  troops  ;ind  army  sup- 
plies. The  boats  seized  were  the  "  Northerner," 
•^  IVinbitui,"  •'  John  J,  Koe."  •■  D.  G.  Taylor,"  '•  War 
Hagle,"  ••  Henry  Clay,"  '•  Jnhii  D.  Ferry,"  '•  John 
II.  Dickey,"  and  "  Edward  Wal.sh.' 

— Tile  Confederates  captured  at  Fort  DoneLson 
were  lirnught  to  St.  Louis  on  or  about  February  2tUli. 
The  following  steamboats,  as  will  be  seen,  brought  up 
10,(18.')  men  :  •'  Kmpres.-.,"  248.") ;  •'  Gladiator."  1 1(10  ; 
•■D.  A.  January,"  lliOO ;  "White  Cloud,"  KKHI; 
"  Kmnia  Duncan,"  (idO  ;  "  Tecumseii,"  .^OO  ;  "Le- 
banon," Olid;  ''Stephen  lleealur,"  ."lOO;  "Alex. 
Scoll,"  18(1(1;  "  Dr.  Kane,"  000. 


i    a 


m 


428 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


!il 


Misi 


^  'I 


i  M: 


In  addition  to  tlioso,  about  20(10  were  sent  to  Clii- 

eago  by  the   Illinois   Central   Railroad.     A.s  fast  as 

those  wlio  arrived   by  steamer  wore   landed 

1862.     at  St.  liouis,  tliey  were  forwarded  by  railroad 

to  Springfield,  Chicago,  Indianapolis,  Detroit, 

and  other  points. 

—On  February  20th,  (ien.  Ilalleek  issued  the  fol- 
lowing important  "General  Orders  Xo.  44:" 

*'  J.  In  (.'onsiiicrati.Mi  of  tin?  recent  victurie^  Wfin  l»y  tlie  Fed- 
eral fiirc'c.",  ami  nf  the  rii|jiilly-increiisinj;  lojiilty  (if  citizens  of 
Ji  souri,  who  for  ii  time  forgot  their  iliily  to  (heir  l\ag  nnJ 
country,  the  scnieneci!  of  John  ('.  Toni|<l\in:f.  William  J.  For- 
shev,  John  I'atton,  Thomas  M.  Smith,  Stephen  Seolt,  licorge 
H.  Cunningham,  Itichnnl  I!.  CronJer,  ami  (■eor);c  M.  i'ullium, 
horctoforo  condemneil  to  death,  are  provisioniilly  initigateil  to 
close  conlinenicnt  in  the  military  prison  nt  Alton.  If  rebel 
spies  again  destroy  railroads  ami  telegraph  lineii,  and  thus  ren- 
der it  necessary  for  us  to  make  sowre  examples,  the  original 
sentciioe  against  these  men  will  he  carried  into  execution, 

"  II.  No  further  assessments  will  he  levied  or  eolleeted  from 
nny  one  who  will  now  take  the  ]ireserihed  oath   of  allegiance. 

"Iir.  Hoards  or  eomniissions  will  be  appointed  to  examine 
the  eases  of  prisoners  <tf  war  wlio  apply  to  take  the  (path  of 
allegiance,  an  1  on  'heir  recomineniiation  orders  will  be  issued 
from  these  lieadijuarters  for  liieir  release." 

— At  the  ie(|iiest  of  the  acting  Governor  of  Mis- 
souri, Gen.  Ilalleek,  on  the  ITtth  of  February,  ordered 
that  in  all  future  eleetions  in  the  State,  whether  for 
State,  inunieipal,  eounty.  or  town  offiecrs,  every  voter 
should  be  reijuired  to  take  the  o;itli  of  allegiance  ]ire- 
seribed  by  the  State  Convention  of  Oct,  lli,  IStJl, 
Officers  at  the  polls  were  to  see  that  this  order  was 
executed,  and  if  they  received  the  votes  of  [lersons 
who  had  not  taken  the  oath,  they  were  to  be  arrested 
and  tried  for  a  military  offense,  and  the  election  was 
to  bo  declared  null  and  void. 

— On  the  22d  of  February  the  members  of  the  St. 
Louis  Chamber  of  Commerce  contributed  one  thou- 
sand dollars  for  the  relief  of  the  sick  and  wounded 
soldiers  under  Gen.  Halleck's  conuuaiid.  The  money 
was  handed  over  to  James  K.  Veatman,  president  of 
the  Western  Sanitary  Commission. 

— About  two  hundred  and  fifty  sick  of  the  (,'on- 
fedcrato  prisoners  captured  at  Fort  Donelson  were 
quartered  in  the  large  military  hospital  which  then 
stood  at  the  corner  of  Fifth  and  (.'hcsliiut  Streets,  and 
received  very  kind  treatment  from  the  hospital  physi- 
cians and  iiur.ses  ;ind  members  of  the  Sanitary  Com- 
missidii. 

— Tile  Union  residents  of  St.  Louis  desiring  to  tes- 
tify their  appreciation  of  the  .services  of  Gen.  Ilalleek 
before  his  ''departure  for  the  more  iniujediate  field 
of  war,"  tendered  him  on  the  lid  of  March  u  public 
dinner  through  the  following  persons: 

Willard  P.  Hall,  acting  Governor  of  Missouri,  Daniel  fl. 
Tuylor,  mayor  of  St.  I,ouis,C.  1).  Lord,  J    ,n  How,  X,  I'aschall, 


'  Hudson  E,  Hridge,  William  MeKee,  Charles  (1.  Uamsay  li.lin 
U.  Shepley,  William  .M.  Mel'her.«on,  Lewis  V,  Ilogy,  I-.uf  II, 
Sturgeon,  Hugh  Campbell,  Walter  H,  Foster,  (leorge  U, 'iavlur, 
James  H,   Lucas,  C.  S.  (Jreeley,  John  Cavender,  (ieorgi'  I'nr 

,  tridge,  John  M.  Taylor,  Amos  Cutter,  ticorgo  K.  MetJuiinc^'Ii-, 
James  K.  Yealinan,  S.  M.  lireckinridge,  Itenjamin  I'lirriir, 
James  O.  liroadhead,  Henry  llilcheoek,  Henry  J,  .Moco-c.  Jul,,, 
O'F,  Farrar,  Thomas  Allen,  James  Harrison,  J,  O'l'allui,, 
Charles  Todd,  S.  Haskell,  (ierard  I!.  .Mien,  S.  Treat. 

Gen.  Ilalleek,  in  iiis  reply,  said, — 

"fl|.;NTI,f:MKV, — Your  very  complimentary  letter,  invilin;;  nir. 
In  the  name  of  the  loyal  residents  of  SI.  Louis,  to  a  pnlilic  ilin. 
ner,  is  just  received.  I  regret  that  the  uncertainty  of  niv  ouji 
movements,  and  the  fo-t  that  I  nniy  leave  this  eity  at  anv  iini. 
ment,  compel  me  to  decline  your  iiolite  invitation,  .\ci-i-jit  mv 
sincere  thanks  for  the  ofl'er,  and  for  the  very  ccuniiliiiiniiiov 
terms  in  whiidi  it  is  made.  Permit  tuc  to  say,  in  coni'Iii>i..ii. 
that  the  trade  of  the  f'umherlanil  and  Tennessee  Uivcis  [^  j,i,w 
;  open  to  the  merchants  of  this  eity,  and  I  hope  in  due  tiincii 
1  add  that  of  the  .Mississippi,  The  restraints  whiidi  werciici,- 
sarily  imposed  on  commeree  In  order  to  crush  the  rebels  in  ilij) 
Stale  in  their  mad  attempt  to  <lestroy  the  Constitution  ami  the 
Union  will  very  soon  be  removed,  and  ,St.  Louis  will  assriiiie  Ikt 
sway  as  the  commercial  queeti  of  the  West,  Her  own  citiireii. 
should  cheerfully  assist  in  restoring  to  this  metropcdis  its  lunmr 
prosperity," 

—On  the  24th  of  February  the  roof  of  Gratiot  Stici 
military  prison  (vas  set  on  fire  by  some  of  the  ]iri>. 
oners,  but  the  flames  were  extinguished  beluii'  imiili 
damage  was  done.  There  were  one  Imndiril  nn.l 
.>;eveiily-seven  prisoners  in  confinement,  siime  of  wlioiii 
were  quite  disorderly  from  the  effects  oi'  lii|iiiir. 
During  the  jirngress  of  the  fire  IMaj.  Wonils  aiil 
.'several  other  jirisuners  gathered  about  thi'  Imsc  «i;li 
the  intention  of  cutting  it.  They  were  ordered  away 
by  the  prison-keeper,  Lieut.  Bishop,  but  they  n  I'li-til 
to  go.  The  guard  was  then  summoned,  tiinl  tiny 
were  arrt^sted  and  confined  in  irons. 

In  about  half  an  hour  after  the  flames  at  ilic  ii«.|' 
were  (|uenehed,  fire  was  again  diseoverecl  Imisiin,' 
from  a  pile  of  mattresses  in  an  I'litry  on  the  sociiiil 
floor.  The  articles  wtM'c  at  once  thrown  iiiln  tlio 
yard  and  drenched,  thus  averting  a  second  diitigir. 

Scarcely  five  minutes  lunl  ehipsed  after  lliiscvi'iii 
when  flames  agiiin  ap]>eared  in  a  new  (|uaiii'r  nf  the 
premises.  The  bed  in  the  apartment  of  the  CoiiriJ- 
erate  Col.  Magoilin,  in  the  scjuthwest  corner  nt' lliij 
second  story,  was  on  fire.  It  was  iiumcdiatcly  f.'iiiii- 
guished,  together  with  the  flani(>s  of  some  still  Imrii- 
'  ing  paper  which  the  incendiary  bad  used  u  iH'cit  liis 
purpiise, 

Magoffin  was  at  a  distance  from  his  romn  wlion  tlic 
last  fire  (leciirred,  and  had  not  been  in  it  I'or  soino 
time.  He  was  n'.t  suspected  as  the  perpetrator  of 
the  incendiarism, 
1  — On  February  2()th,  Gen.  Ilallwk  g;ive  (.nlcrs 
that  any  officer  who  published,  "  without  proiior  an- 


THE  CIVIL   WAR. 


429 


tny,  -lohn 

IfUIV  II. 

I.  Tu.vl.,r, 

Ijiiiinc;;',!', 
n  I'lirrur. 
i(ir>>,  JmIiii 


ivilui|»  ni('. 
pulilic  ilin- 
ol"  my  (iwii 
(It  any  um- 
A'-i'i'l't  my 
niliiiK  ninry 

.ivt'iH  L«  iiitff 
dill'  tirai'I'i 

I  wort'  iu"r>- 
rolicl*  in  lliij 
it  inn  mill  lln- 

II  11-^^muipIh: 
'  own  cilivdi' 
:)li.s  its  funiiir 

rat'lol  SllTi't 

of  the  iiviv 
bcliiro  iniK'li 
iiunlrnl  lui'l 
iiiu'  I''  wlmm 

W("h1^  aii'l 
i,>  biisc  wi'.li 
ii-ilcroJ  ;uv;iy 
thoy  vi't'u-i'il 
d.  ami  tlioy 

al  tlic  vin'f 
li'i'il  Imvstiir: 
II  ilu"  >ocim'l 
|\Vl!    iiU"  tlio 
iJ  tliii^iv. 
|or  ilii^  ''Vt'ii' 
liaiicr  "!'  till' 
tlio  C'liifeJ- 

JI'IH'I'    of  lll'-' 

Uiatily  I'xtin- 
jno  ^till  Inirn- 
|l  :.\  clTcci  lii» 

i,m  wlu'ii  till 
I,  it  I'm'  S'li"'' 
loi-iielrat..v  ul' 


,_,;1V.'    iTll'T- 

jt  jin>in.'r  ;i«- 


tliiiiily,  inforiuiitiou  respecting  tlic  niovunients  of  the 
uriiiii'J',  L'vcn  of  battles  won,  or  any  official  papers," 
would  l)c  arrested  and  tried  by  court-martial. 
1862.  lie  n'so  warned  the  newspapers  that  the  Sec- 
retary of  War  liad  directed  that  the  whole 
cditiiiii  of  the  newspaper  publishing  such  information 
should  he  seized  and  destroyed. 

On  March  3d,  Gen.  llalleek  announced  the  res- 

tiirotioii  of  eommereo  between  the  loyal  section  of  the 
Pepiirtincnt  of  3Ii.ssouri  and  the  eoutitry  on  the  Ten- 
ncs-i'i'  and  Cumberland  llivers.  Steanil)oats  and 
otiicr  vessels  trading  on  these  rivers  from  St.  Louis 
wen;  required,  in  addition  to  the  customary  registra- 
tratiou  and  enrollment  required  by  the  revenue  laws 
(if  till'  United  States,  to  take  out  a  special  license  for 
tlii'lr  renewed  intercour,se,  with  some  restrictions. 

— 1  iiion  oiBcers  wearing  gray  or  mixed  uniforms 
iir  overcoats  in  the  field  were  ordered  to  be  arrested 
In-  Gen.  llalieck  on  March  10th,  and  tried  for  dis- 
(ibedieiiee  and  neglect  of  duty.  Commanders  of  di- 
visiiiiis,  brigades,  and  regiments  were  required  to  see 
iliut  "('  iiKUi  under  tiieir  command  wore  any  gray  or 
mixed  clothing. 

— Ill  eoinpliancc  with  the  orders  of  the  President, 
(Jen.  ilalleck,  on  March  Kith,  assumed  eonimand  of 
ilie  Di'iiartnient  of  the  Mississippi,  which  included 
the  Peparlnionts  of  Kansas  and  the  Mi.-^souii  and  the 
Ue|mitinent  of  the  Ohio,  the  country  west  of  a  north 
and  south  line  drawn  through  Knoxville,  Tcnn.,  and 
oast  of  till'  western  boundaries  of  the  States  of  Mis- 
suuii  and  Arkansas,  with  headquarters  at  St.  Louis. 

—On  March  13th,  Gen.  Ilalleck  issued  the  follow- 
ing "  General  Orders  No.  2  :" 

"I.  .Miiitial  law  lia.'<  never  been  Icjjally  ilei'liiieil  in  Missouri, 
cxii'pt  in  tile  I'ily  of  St.  Limis,  iiml  on  ami  iu  tlie  iinniediato 
lii'iiiily  of  the  riiilroails  and  lelei;iiiiili  lilies;  and  even  in  lliese 
Wal'iics  military  ollicers  are  speeially  ilii'eeled  nut  to  interfere 
villi  the  lawful  process  of  any  loyal  eivil  eourt.  It  is  believed 
tliat  the  time  will  soon  eoine  when  the  rebellion  in  Jlissoiiri 
may  bo  oon.-idered  n.s  terininiited.  and  when  even  the  partial 
anJ  loiiiporiiry  military  restruint  wliieli  has  been  exereised  in 
lartioular  plaoos  may  bo  entirely  witlulruwn.  IJy  iiuiie  i:J  tiiis 
nwrii  ilosiioil  than  by  the  jjeneral  eoinniaiidin,!|. 

"11.  It  must,  however,  be  borne  in  mind  that  in  all  plaees 
Mibjo.-t  to  the  iiieur.«ions  of  the  eneiiiy.  or  to  the  ileprcilations 
jf  insiirjjoiits  and  guerrilla  bands,  the  military  are  uutliorizcd, 
nitliiiiit  liny  formal  deolaralion  of  inailial  law,  to  adopt  sueli 
!iica>uros  as  miiy  bo  neees-iiary  to  rei^tore  the  authority  of  the 
^"vermiicut,  and  to  piinLsh  all  violations  of  the  laws  of  war. 
Ilii>  power  will  bo  e.\erciaod  only  where  the  jiciiee  of  the 
Miiiliy  and  the  success  of  the  Union  cause  iibsolutely  ro- 
i]uirc  il. 

"III.  Mvidcnee  has  been  received  at  these  headiiuarlers  that 
M.ij.llcn.  ."^loriin);  I'rieu  has  i.i'sucd  eommis.''ions  or  lieensea  to 
cdiaiii  liandil.'i  in  this  iStale,  autb.iriiing  them  to  raise  '  guer- 
nliaf.pioos,' tor  the  purpo.-'e  of  |iliinder  and  marauding.  (Jlen. 
I'lAtmi^'lit  to  know  that  such  a  course  is  contrary  to  the  rules 


of  civilized  warfare,  anrl  that  every  man  who  cnli>ts  in  such  an 
organi/alion  forlVits  his  life  and  becomes  an  outlaw.  .All  per- 
sons are  hereby  warned  that  if  they  join  any  guerrilla  band  they 
will  not,  if  I'aptiired,  be  treated  as  ordinary  prisiners  of  w.ir, 
but  will  be  hung  as  robbers  and  muribrers.  Their  lives  shall 
atone  for  the  baibaiity  of  thoir  geneial." 

— The  Union  ladies  of  St.  Louis,  in  token  of  their 
approbation  of  the  vigorous  and  efficient  .scrviees  Gen. 
Ilalleck  had  rendered  as  military  eommander  of  the 
Dejiartmcnt  of  the  Mi.ssi.ssippi,  decided  to  present  him 
with  a  magnificent  sword.  The  general  gave  his  con- 
sent, and  designated  Monday  evening,  March  17th, 
and  till!  Planters'  Hotel,  as  the  time  and  place  for  the 
ceremony.  At  the  titno  appointed  the  sword  was 
presented  to  Gon.  Ilalleck  in  the  private  parlors  of 
the  hotel  by  the  following  committee  of  young 
ladies:  Miss  Helen  W.  JJudd,  Mi.ss  Mary  Crow, 
Miss  Belle  Bridge,  Miss  Sue  IJentoti,  Miss  l}elle 
Holmes,  Miss  Fannie  Kdgar,  and  Miss  Kllcn  McKee. 
Miss  Budd  made  the  presentation  speech  in  behalf  of 
the  committee. 

Gen.  Hiiili'ck,  on  receiving  the  sword  handed  to 
liim  by  Mi.ss  Btidd,  addressed  the  committee  as 
follows ; 

"I.AIllKS   01-   TIIK    CoMMITTl.t':  : 

"  1  thank  you  and  those  whom  you  represent  for  the  honor 
you  have  conferred  on  Iiic  in  the  presentation  of  this  beautiful 
sword.  1  cannot  believe  that  I  have  done  anytliiiig  to  merit 
this  distingnislie  I  favor  from  the  ladies  of  St.  Louis.  I,  how- 
ever, aei'ept  it  from  them,  with  the  promise  that  it  will  be  used 
only  in  the  defense  of  ihe  rights  of  American  citizens  and  of  the 
tlag  of  our  eoiiinioii  eoiintry.  Tills  sword  is  presented  by  the 
ladies;  it  shall  be  used,  if  occasion  should  reniiiic,  in  tlicir  ser- 
vice, and  in  dofeiise  of  their  rights  and  their  honor. 

"  r  thank  you,  ladies,  for  your  address,  and  you,  .Miss  lludd, 
for  the  manner  of  its  delivery." 

The  ladies  and  gentlemen  present  were  then  indi- 
viduully  introduced  to  the  general  by  Charles  D. 
Drake,  and  the  company  dispersed. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  contributors: 

Mrs.  (ieorgo  K.  liudd,  Miss  Helen  W.  lUidd,  .Mrs.  A.  Xor- 
throp,  Mrs.  IJennis  Marks,  Mrs.  .S.  .1.  TJacon,  .Mrs.  S.  T.  Ilyile. 
Jlrs.  Arthur  Ueiison,  Mrs.  A.  I,.  Holmes,  Mrs.  Amos  Cutter, 
Jliss  .Mary  Tlionias,  .Mrs.  (Jeorge  D.  Iliiiiiphreys.  Mrs.  William 
McKee,  Miss  Kllen  MeKec,  Mrs.  William  liroshon,  .Mrs.  Albert 
fierce.  Mrs.  .laiius  Smith,  Mrs.  .Maj.  M'eber,  Airs,  liiles  !■'.  Fil- 
ley,  Mrs.  T.  Woodrnn',  .Mrs.  Stephen  Uidgley,  .Mrs.  Thomas 
Yeatuiaii,  .Mrs.  ,1.  1!.  Sickles,  Sirs.  Ilenjaniin  Farrar,  .Mis.  De- 
lano, Mrs.  !■:.  W.  Foy,  Mrs.  f.  li.  Uubbell,  Mrs.  Edward  A.  Fil- 
Icy,  Mrs.  Charles  Holmes,  Mrs.  Charles  F.  Holmes.  .Mrs.  Sam- 
uel Kellogg.  Mrs.  A.  F.  Shapleigh,  Mrs.  (Jeorge  Partridge,  Mrs. 
AVaymnn  Crow,  .Mrs.  .1.  Checvcr.  Mrs.  >Iohn  Ueach,  .Mrs.  Ely 
Ware,  Mrs.  11.  Wilson,  .Mrs.  I,.  Eaton,  Jliss  I.izz.ie  Albright, 
Mrs.  dipt.  Lowe,  Mrs.  Ilaren,  Mrs.  James  Richardson,  JIis.  E. 
,J.  Clieovcr,  Mrs.  Hannah  Patterson,  Mrs.  Carlos  S.  (Ircclcy, 
.Mrs.  11.  J.  Howard.  Mrs.  Ira  Stansbiiry,  .Miss  tiarritt,  .Mrs.  Ed- 
ward Wyinan,  Mis.  Oliver.  Miss  Adriancc,  .Miss  Mary  E.  Tut- 
tle,  Miss  Addie  F.  luttle,  Miss  .M.  Avery,  .Mrs.  Charles  S.  lilood, 
Mrs.  S.  Tieadway,  Mrs.  Wyllis  King,  .Mrs.  U.  Scarriti,  Mrs. 


■{   '^i 


430 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


1 1 


T-i.lii'-  ii,  «eli.  Mr,-.  DH-i^lit  Hurkei',  Mr?.  ,1.  W.  IVrk,  Mr.^-, 
S.  M.  .Allen,   Miss   Liu-iii  Alk'ii,   .Miislrr  Willin  .\.  .Mien.   Mrs. 

Mai.  Sliaw,  .Mrs.  ('..I.  i)Fa|l"ii,  .Mrs.  1'.  Alien.  Mrs.  1!. 
1862.     .■^licluiiv,  .Mrs.  U.  Unrrisun,  .Mri>.  T.  II.  Kil^ar,  Mrs.  W. 

L.  Thu^cl,  .Mrs.  lir.  AVilliam  Kli.il,  .Mr.s.  Hr.T.  M.  IVst, 
Mrs.  Dr.  11.  A.  Nelson.  Mrs.  .1.  ,1.  I'urter,  .Mrs.  John  Ilnw.  Mrs. 
Col.  .V.  IS.  Kuslon,  .Mrs.  .Tolin  J.  lloo,  .Mrs.  Itolicrt  Holmes.  Mrs. 
Huilson  I).  Ilriil^e,  Jliss  Hello  Hriilgo.  .Miss  ."iiic  licnlnn,  Jlrs.  A. 
Kni);lit,  Mrs.  C.  It.  linrnhani,  Mrs.  Kijen  Uielianls,  Mrs.  L.  II. 
I.aflin,  .Miss  HoiM,  .Mrs.  .lanus  Dunean,  Mrs.  E.  J.  CnliI):iKe, 
Mrs.  William  Ilarr,  Mrs.  .TauK's  (I.  Ilrown,  Mrs,  .lolm  Avery, 
Mrs.  ,'^.  ,1.  Ilrcckenridt'e,  Mis,  S..I.  f^milli,  Mrs.  .Tolin  V.  Metlar, 
.Mrs.  Ilumbolil.  Mrs.  U.  liarnelt,  Mrs.  James  I'alriik,  Mrs.  K. 
II.  Wlie.lon,  .Mrs.  William  Tatriek,  Mrs.  N.  C.  Cliapman,  .Mrs. 
Dr.  i:.  Hale,  Mrs.  John  C.  Porter,  Mrs.  Isaac  Uosenrdil,  Jlrs. 
.«.  A.  Uanlelt,  .Mrs.  James  Illarkmnn.  Mrs.  A.  Valle,  .Mrs.  M. 
W.  Warne.  .Mrs.  0.  D.  Killey.  .Mrs.  .>^.  .M.  K  Igell,  Mrs.  Moojy, 
Mrs.  Williiim  (1.  Webli,  Miss  K.  (ll..ver,  .Miss  Kuiily  Young, 
.Miss  .Minsler,  .Miss  Jennie  (Hover,  .Miss  Kannie  IMgar.  Jliss 
IJelle  Holmes.  .Miss  M.  I).  lin.lj,  .Mrs.  Clinton  I!.  Viske,  Mrs. 
Ur.  I'iflicr,  .Mrs.  .\ilol|ilio  .Mjeles,  Mrs.  I'enlinaml  .Meyer,  .Mrs. 
Charles  Kint/ing,  .Mrs.  .\.  (1.  liraun,  Mrs.  Isaac  I.,  (iarrison, 
.Mrs.  Itaniel  U.  (iarrison,  Mrs.  Kroigler,  Mrs,  Ju.lgu  Krum, 
.Mrs.  ,1.  II.  Par.son3. 

Ill  atklition  to  tliis  coni|iliiii('iit,  (Ion.  TIallock  w.ns 
li(Miiii-cil  (111  tlio  suiiio  ovfiiiiiLr  with  a  scroiiiido.  A 
largo  :iss(>iubl;i,L'o  ualliovi'il.  ami  in  ro,''ii(iMso  to  rcjioatoil 
(.•alls  tlio  iicnoral  a]ipoaro(l  un  the  halonny  ami  doliv- 
010(1  a  InioF  addios-i.  On  tlio  iruli  an  invitation 
,>iij:iiod  hy  si.v  liuiidrod  oliildroii  (if  tlio  luililic  .><oii(i(ils 
was  sent  to  (Ion.  Ilallook,  sdlioitiiiL;  his  altondanoo  at 
llioir  ooiioort  and  oxhihilinii  for  tlio  bonofil  of  the 
pool'. 

— .VII  jurors,  whctlior  in  oivil  or  oriiiiinal  ooiirts, 
in  tho  State  woro  roijiiirod  hy  Cnu.  Ilallork,  after 
Maroh  llth,  lo  take  tho  oath  ol'  allooiaiu'o  ]irisoriliod 
hy  the  ooiivontion  on  tho  l(ith  of  Ooloiior,  IStil. 
Tho,<o  ivi'iisinu  to  take  such  oalh  woro  to  ho  roiiardod 
as  alions.     Ho  also  said, — 

".\ny  negliet  on  tho  part  of  army  or  vohinlecr  surgeons  in 
their  duties  to  tho  sick  juul  wonnikMl  will  lie  ininieiliatoly  ro- 
(torted  to  these  lieaihinarters.  It  is  said  that  some  of  tho  incdi- 
ettl  olliceis,  prisoners  of  war,  have  failed  to  give  )iroper  atten- 
tion to  their  own  sirk  and  wimiided.  In  alt  e.-ises  of  this  kind 
tlie  medical  odieer  will  he  deprived  of  his  parole,  anil  he  pl.-iced 
ill  close  cuiilinemcnt,  and  tho  facts  reported  to  headciuartors." 

In  view  of  the  rapid  extension  of  steamboat  navi- 
gation into  the  Suuthorn  States  and  the  importance 
of  liaving  the  boats  ongaj^od  in  such  naviiration  eon- 
trollod  hy  loyal  citizens,  Gon.  Halleok,on  March  2Sth, 
ordered  that  all  licenses  to  pilots  and  onoineors  iiavi- 
gatitii^  the  waters  of  his  military  department  be  re- 
voked from  and  after  the  loth  of  April;  "and  that 
said  pilots  and  onginecrs  take  out  new  licenses  from 
tlie  '  supervising;  inspector,'  wlio  will  only  grant  li- 
censes to  persons  of  approved  loynlty,  or,  in  case  of 
doubt,  will  ro(inirc  bond  with  security  for  the  loyal 
conduct  of  such  engineers  and  pilots." 


— On  llic  ."ith  of  April,  Bernard  (1.  Farniv  pn 
vost-marshal-gencral,  issued  the  following  '' S'tfi.il 
OidorsNo.  2;57:" 

"'Phc  following  named  judges  of  eleeti"n  are  appii;  id  |,, 
net  as  iiispoi'tors  at  the  several  election  preeiiicts  of  tlie-'iiv,.. 
Caronilelet  at.  Ihc  municipal  election  to  be  hehl  in  sahl  ■  iiv  en 
the  7tli  in>tant.  They  are  authorized  to  enforce  (lenerai  Or.lcri 
.No. -1 1,  current  scries  id'  MaJ.-tion.  llalletdf,  in  every  pariu-nliir 
they  will  ndininlstcr  tho  oath  of  iilliginiicc  t"  each  \'iii,  iir.,1 
make  a  certilicnte  thereof,  and  return  tho  same  to  tlii.  ^■,(\\^■^. 
A  duplicate  of  said  certifleatc,  signed  by  either  of  the  in-pecidr,. 
will  ciilille  each  voter  to  vote  at  the  election  for  clerk  of  ih,. 
Land  Court,  by  depo.-iting  the  same  with  the  inspecbir  ill  ilui 
poll: 

'•  I'or  the  First  AVar  1.  A.  .\.  lilumenthal. 

"Second  AVard,  I,.  M.  Ma.xon. 

'■Third  Ward,  John  Hewitt. 

"  I'ourlli  Ward,  Jcdin  Schreiber." 

— The  Steamboats  "  Crescent  City'  and  ••  \\'i„u\. 
ford"  arrived  in  St.  Louis  on  April  14lh  ficmi  Ten 
lu'ssoo  River,  the  I'ormer  conv(>yiiig  woumlod  sulJiors 
and  the  latter  Conlederate  prisoners.  The"  Croscom 
City,"  when  .she  loft  the  Tonnesseo.  had  had  on  lioanl 
four  linndred  and  (ift(>en  wounded,  four  nf  wlnin 
woro  Confederates,  but  iifty  who  were  badly  iiiinnl 
were  loft  at  Paducah,  and  five  died  on  the  Irip.  Tlii- 
boat  was  in  eharoe  of  Dr.  J.  1'.  Smith,  siiiooon  ,,;' 
(Ion.  Thomas'  brigade.  The  "  Woodford"  hrou'jlit  :i 
large  iinmbcr  of  Confederate  pri.«oner.s,  in  tliaiL'c  i ; 
Capt,  Nowsham,  f.f  (V^n.  C.  F.  Smiths  stall',  md  , 
dolaohmont  of  Union  troops.  Tli(>y  wore  all  leiiKivr^i 
under  guard  and  plaood  in  the  Gratiot  Stroot  iiiilit^irv 
jirisoti.  On  the  same  ovoiiing  the  steanior  ••Lmiis 
iaiiii "  .'inivril  from  the  Tenno.ssoo  with  niovo  wotnuLl. 
many  of  them  belonging  to  the  Confodoralo  ariiiv. 

At   this  time  the  following  hospitals  in  ,'<t,  l,iii:- 
woro  ocou]iiod  by  sick  and  wounded  suldiiis: 

I-'illli  Strict  (corner  ('lii>(inil.  oppisiic  cnurl  Iimii.<,,  ,  \i 
Ilod.'cn. 

I-'ouitli  .Street  incMi-  I''raiiklin  .-\\ciinei.  l)r.  .Mi-iju^rin. 

New  Hou-e  "I  Kcl'uge  (live  miles  out,  sonlh«c-l '.  Ur.  llail'i. 

P.icilic  Hou>o  iSpriicc  .Street,  (vest  of  Sc\ciith'i.  !lr.  .Atirtin, 

(lool  Si|||,.,i|i„|,  (Twcnty-riflh  Street,  near  o'I-':il|i.ii  ,*irut 
Dr.  .McMarlin. 

Hickmy  Street  (west  of  Seventh  ."Street!,  Dr.  Mdclicr. 

City  Hospital  (.St.  .Ange  .Avenue),  Dr.  ljrin>tciid. 

Sisters  of  Charity  (Spruce  .street,  corner  I'ourlli  ,  Pr,  Rov, 

McDowell's  College  Hospital  (for  Confederate  |.ri-"iiii-  ,  I':. 
Melchcr. 

.\rsciial  iros])ital  i  three  miles  out,  south),  Dr.  (ictty. 

Marine  Ilospitat  (four  miles  out.  south),  Dr,  .Milclicr, 

Duncan's  Island  (for  smallpox,  four  miles  down  (lie  livf- . 
Dr,  Smith. 

JelVerson  Ilarracks  (twelve  miles  out,  south),  Dr.  Fi'li. 

Denton  Darracks,  general  hospital  (four  mile-  oat,  irjrit- 
west\  Dr,  Dickinson. 

I'ciilon  liarracks  Convalescent  N'o.  1  (Fair  (Jiuiiii'l',  I'r, 
I   Dyer. 

liciiton  liarracks  Convalescent  Xo,  2  (Parade  CipjiniJ),  l'r> 
I   Colegrove. 


1863, 


-Karl; 
leaving  .M 
llic  givato 
ScIiolioM  ,■ 
of  .Mi- 


mi.'oiuilucl.  liM 
fiiiiicii^iK.ij, 
•'■niiisr  ili.-it  it 
fully  ..li.,u|,|  ;,„ 
Ilifirnliiise  of 
iiniiTit,  lluir 
("'.■•JUios  a  -iri 
aliiolliciiiarau, 
H'^^ilt-n'ivl  ii| 
Male  nliosc  ili- 

f*llCi|  out  li„(  (■ 

"  'ii  viciv  of  I 
»i'(i  loMi-iicv,  aii 
'■  '■■•">■  .'I'irir  in 
li"T^li'«iM  he  I 
»ilka>,iL.(ii-,, 
r<»Jnil  welfare 
'""■■laiiilaiy  an 

'■■"IllllCCdlidllct  . 

'«'"«.  try  to  pra 
j 'li-l-roro-i-,,,,,,.,!,,, 

"">  in  this  city  s 
|"''"'f«lle-iaiK. 


I'fjnsiuiial 


govern 


I'll 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


431 


(lie  -ity  "■. 
iiiil  .iiy  1)11 
icnil  Or-lor- 

1  \"i'  I-,  ;ir,.l 
,  \W:-  otlin-. 
e  iii-l'Ool..r>, 
clcM'li  "f  IW 
il!i;t"l'  M  that 


l„l    •■\Vnn;i. 

L  frmii  'rtii 
dinl  snUioi> 
ic"  Cvcsctiii 
litd  on  \wm 
av   o(  \vli"ii; 
biuUy  injur"' 
ic  uiii-    T'li- 
li,  suviioon  '! 
rd"  brouulit  ;i 
,  in  c'litiv;io  I ;' 
s  staff,  iiml  ■■■■ 
ro  all  remov</i 
ISifi'i't  militjn 

ItlH-'V  "  I'">ii'- 

iiovi'  wotiiiil''!. 

rato  aftiiy. 

|>  iti  St.  L"«;- 

.,,„ftli"»*'''.  ''■ 

M.-dvis'in- 
Jvv,-i',  Dr.l'.allv;. 
|„il,,.l1r.M«ti«. 

iri';tl!im?tnH  . 

jr.  M.'n'hiT. 

Imt  til '.  Pr.  l'"'^' 
|,1,.  i>ii>onorsi,  lU. 

Ipr.  tli'tt>> 
|r.  M.U'luT- 
(Uuvii  llio  li"'  ■ 

[,,  llr.  Fi-li. 
iiiU-  out.  ii'til- 

Ini.li;  t.;i"ini'l>  I'- 


]!■  V.  II.  A.  Keid  wns  cniplnyod  by  tlio   Wosfciii 
S.uili  irv  Cmiinii.-isioii  a.s  ivlii't'ii^ciit  to  fiiniisli  nil  iii- 
t'.riiiatiiiii.  otc,  and  reiulcr  all  iieedlul  as.sist- 
1862.     aiit'u  to  the  .xick  ami  wouiidotl  sdldiois. 

— Til  c'OinjillaiR'L'  with  orders  IVninOt'ii.  Ilal- 
lerk.  V-'V  licwi.f  ^Icnill  tissuiiu'd  ('01111111111(1  of  lliu  St. 
Lotii-  ili\  isidii,  wliicli  wa.s  bounded  as  t'ollow.i : 

•' .\  I  iM'  lM>;.'iiiiiiiig  ill  llie  111)11  li  I'DiniM- cif  I'ikc  l'i)tnil_v,'"ii 
llu'  M!->-ipiii.  iitiiniii:;  wc^-t  Id  tlic  (-'astt'in  liiicut'  I, inn  t'omily, 
s.iuili  t  '  llic  iiiiiulli  "f  Cliatitoii  HiviT.  (Iciwii  Ihc  Missnin-i  i.i 
tlio  iii'.iiil"  of  ttu'  (liisftmmlo,  tlieiiiH*  the  liiif?  of  tlic  (lusfunii'lc 
'in<l  !!i.;  N«>rlli  Fork  of  While  Uiver  to  llu?  .soiitherii  liiK'  t»f 
.MijSi'ii  i  I'M'hi'ling  the  coiiiilii'S  of  IVmiscoll,  -Vow  .Mui|ji<l, 
an  I  Mi--i--i|i|ii.  loi'l  caii'li  of  iii.slriu'lioii  at  Itciilon  lianai'ks." 

—  Ivii Iv  in  Ainil  Goii.  Ilallcck  left  fov Coiintli,  Miss,, 
l(';iviii_'  .^Itij.-Goii,  Joliii  M.  Sfliofiuld  ill  couiiiiaiid  of 
ilio  tiiraior  part  of  the  State;  and  on  June  l.st  Gcii. 
SilidlicM  assutiK'd  coiiiiiiaiid  of  the  ontiio  Departuieiit 
ol'  Mi--'iini.  with  lieud((U;irter3  in  St.  Ltuiis. 

— Hc'riitird  G.  Farrar,  pi'ovostinar>lial-nonoral  of 
tlio  Di']iartnii'nt  of  the  Mississippi,  on  Juno  I'lli  is- 
siifil  tlic  following  '•  Special  Orders  No.  'M)():'' 

•■  Wliil.-t  ill  Ihc  .Slate  of  .Mi.v-ijuri.  .tihI  (•.■^|H'oially  in  the  .Mty 

..f  Si.  I.nni?.  thi'ie  ha«  never  heeii  any  well-founileil  e\|K'L't  iliin 

iif  siu'cc.ss  to  llic  rehel  eaiise,  still  the  desperale  Ihodnh  fniillpss 

('(t'lrls  iif  the  rehel.»  in  tlii.<  . 'Stale  have  heeii  |ii-oi|iietive  of  the 

.TKilc't  e\  il#  ;  the  peaee  uf  the  people  has  heeii  de^lroyeil,  their 

!i\i'3  ooiiManlly  in  ihingcr,   their   iinln-lry    paralyzeil   ami   ii- 

irails  rulhle.-.-'ly  sei/.e.l  aii'l  ."tohii.      Wliil.-I   the  inlei  iir  ..I'  iln- 

Slate  li:i>  licen  in  a  nii.-,erahle  eomlition,  constant  anil  etVecti\e 

aii. support,  ami  encoinaieinent  have  been  given  to  tlie  outlaws 

HI  arms  hy  ii  large  nninber  of  the  iiihahilanis  of  this  eily,  who 

liavcla'cii  ci|inilly  guilty  with  tlio.sc  who  have  taken  up  arms. 

I'ia-i'  outlaws  ill  spirit    amongst   us  are,  many  of  them,  inii 

liiliially  well   known  to  the  military  authorities  as  active  ami 

ctlii'ii'iit  supporters  of  thi.s  rebellion.     l"orb(>aranee  lia.s  been  ex- 

iiinKil  to  thee  people  in  the  hope  that  they  wouM  eease  their 

nii'i'iiiiluil.  bill  they  eontiiiiic  their  acts  of  lialre. I  to  the  gov- 

f  iiiiieiil,  ileii'ling  its  power,  anil  eonstantly  claiming  ani  a-- 

■iitiiiS  that  it  lias  no  rightful  c.vlstenee  here,  ami  that  it  lighl- 

fully  shouM  ami  wouKI  be  overthrown  by  the  rebel  govcrnnieal. 

Tlit'ir  aliuse  of  the   l''eileral  government   anil  all    in   aulbority 

unler  it.  their  obstinate  support  of  the  caiisD  of  the  rebellion 

Ic'Diiics  a  serious  mailer  i  it   not  only  encourages  and  keeps 

aiiicllio  marauiling  guerrilla  warfare  in  this  .state,  but  it  has 

a  ircat  cIVe.'t  upon  a  luge  nninber  of  persons  in  this  city  ami 

Jialo  wliosc  ilisloyal   tendencies   would  long  since  have   been 

r,i.H"luiit  liut  for  this  conlinning  cause  of  support. 

"Ill  view  of  llic  evil  eonscnuences  of  treating  these  people 
»i;li  Ifiiicncy,  and  that  to  do  .so  tends  to  keep  np  the  insurrec- 
I;  MU -pirit  in  this  city  and  Slate,  the  time  has  euinu  when 
ihry  >limilil  be  recognized  in  their  true  ebaraeter,  and  dealt 
niili  as  notive  and  clliciont  enemies  of  the  government.  The 
I'fai'ianil  welfare  of  this  city  and  State  snll'er  from  the  failure 
i  i!k  iiiilitiiiy  authorities  to  take  notice  of  the  evils  resulting 
,  ki'iilliecninluct  of  these  cunning  traitors,  who,  while  plotting 
trrainii.tiy  to  praelice  it  in  secret.  It  is  therefore  ordered  that 
tlio|irovii-t. marshal  of  the  city  of  St.  I.ouis  will  cause  all  per- 
mi  in  ihis  city  suspected  of  disloyal  synipiithic3  to  take  the 
Wli  of  allegiance  to  the  I'nited  .-states  governnieiit  and  the 
)MiMunul   governiuent  of  Ihc   8tatc,   nn  1   all   persons   well 


known  by  their  eomluci,  bearing,  e.inver.'ulion,  or  eonipanionn 
to  be  ilisloyiil  shall  be  required  to  give  bond  for  the  objerv- 
nnce  of  their  oath,  and  the  provosl. marshal  of  the  city  will 
cause  the  arrest  of  all  per.sons  guilty,  after  the  publiiaition  of 
this  iirdcr,  of  any  of  the  disloyal  conduct  hercinbet'ore  men- 
tioned, whether  it  consists  In  acts  or  language  hostile  to  the 
government." 

In  cnniplianee  with  this  order,  the  pnivost-inar.slial 
of  St.  Louis  sent  the  following  cireiilar  letter  to  nearly 
a  thousand  .'Southern  syinpalliizers  in  St.  Louis,  ealling 
upon  theiii  to  present  themselves  before  him  and  take 
the  oath  and  give  bond  for  their  loyal  eondiiet  ; 

'•IHtIiK    of     nil:     I'llnVOST-.MniMIAl  , 

••St.  I.oiis.  .Mo.,  -— ,  ISfiJ. 

•■.Sill.  —  Vour  atlenliun  is  called  to  the  following  extract  from 
Special  iirder,-  No.  oUll,  issued  by  the  provost-niarshal-gencral 
of  lbi.»  department  : 

"  •  The  provostiiinrshal  of  the  eity  of  St.  I.ouis  will  cause  all 
]ier-oiis  ill  the  eity  suspected  of  disloyal  sympathies  to  take  the 
oath  of  allegiance  to  the  I'nilcd  Stales  government  and  the  pro- 
\  isional  State  government,  and  all  persons  well  known  by  their 
eoudiict,  bearing,  conversalion,  or  companion^  to  bo  disloyal 
shall  be  rci|nircil  to  give  bond  for  the  observance  of  their  oath,' 

"In  pursuance  of  llie  same,  you  arc  directed   to  appc.ir  at 

my  olVico  within  the  ne.xt days,  and  take  the  iiatli  and  give 

a  bond,  as  required  by  said  order.    The  bond  will  be  in  Ihc  sum 

of  tliousand  ibdlars, 

••  Very  respci'lfully, 

••(ii;ii.    I!.   I,i:ii;iirov, 

••  r,„,;>t   M„,^l,.il,  St.   /..oil's, 

"T" ,  Si.  (.ouis.'' 

i''or  the  iiifoniiation  of  those  who  were  notified  to 
ii]ipear  at  his  oflk'o  under  the  spceial  orders  of  the 
]irovost-miirshal-geiieriil,  Major  Leighton  issued  the 
I'ollowing  '•General  Orders  No.  Still:'' 

"  I.  Xo  person  who  h;is  once  taken  the  oath  of  alb^iriance  in 
any  foriii  sin  e  ,Iiily  1.  ISiil,  und  before  June  IS.  isii'j,  will  be 
rei|nircil  lo  lake  ii  anew.  I'er.sons  wlio  have  ImUcii  it,  who 
have  been  or  may  lorealter  be  notified  to  appear,  are  reiiuesteil 
to  Iiriii'.r  w  ilh  ihciii  the  evidence  of  the  same, 

••11.  Niiiiierous  applications  have  been  made  for  the  priv  ilego 
of  taking  the  ''onvcntion  oath.  This  oath  cannot  be  adminis- 
tered under  this  order,  iinr  be  accepled  when  presentc  I  in  lieu 
of  the  usual  military  oath,  unless  it  shall  have  been  taken  pre- 
vious to  the  ls|h  day  of  .June,  ISiIl',  The  objections  of  such 
persons  to  the  form  used  iirescnt  the  strongest  reasons  in  its 
favor, 

"111.  The  oiiih  whiidi  will  be  rennired  of  those  who  have 
not  taken  it  previous  to  tlieir  iiotilication  to  appear  at  this  of- 
fice, will  bo  as  follows  : 

"•  I, •,  county  of  ,  State  of ■,  do  solemnly 

swear  that  I  will  sujiport,  jiroleet,  and  defend  the  Constitution 
and  government  of  the  rnited  States,  and  the  provisional  gov- 
ernment of  the  State  of  Missouri,  against  all  enemies,  whether 
domestic  or  foreign  i  that  I  will  bear  true  faith,  allegiance,  and 
loyally  to  the  same,  any  ordinance,  resolution,  or  law  of  any 
Stale  ('onvcntion  or  Legislature  to  the  contrary  nolwithstand- 
ing;  and,  further,  that  I  will  well  and  faithfully  iicrforni  all  the 
duties  which  may  be  reijiiired  of  mo  by  the  Imvs  of  the  rnited 
iSlates,  And  1  take  this  oath  willmot  any  mcnlai  reserv.ition 
or  evasion  whatsoever,  with  a  full  aii.l  clear  underslanding  that 
death  or  other  punishment  by  the  judgment  of  a  inilitaiy  coin- 
miseiun  will  be  the  penalty  for  the  violation  of  this  my  solemn 


'  n 


.     I 


jH 


n 


m 


4152 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


i!i- 


i) 


oiitli.  Ami  I  iiUo  sHCiir  lliiil  umlrr  im  I'liii-iilornliMii  will  I  (jii 
licyiinil  tlie  iiiilittiry  linc!«  nf  [ho  riiited  Slnh*?*  fnri-i'-*,  i-n  lirl|i 
1110  I  toil.' 

"  No  inoililjoiiliun  will  lir  iiiiulo  iiii'lor  iiiiv  oirciiinstiinecs." 

— Ijifut.Cul.  H.  G.  Farrar,  on  June  2"tli, 
1862.     besides  beini;  appointed  piovost-iiiarslial-L^oii- 
crai  of  tiie  District  of  Jliiisouri  ali<o  bad  tlie 
military  prison  at  Alton,  111.,  included  under  his  juris- 
diction. 

— A  larL'e  nia.ss-nieotinizof  the  eitizen.s  of  St.  Louis 
was  held  on  July  12th  in  the  rotunda  of  the  court- 
liouse  to  take  into  eon.'.ideratioii  the  subject  of  offer- 
ing inducements  to  the  jiovcrnment  to  locate  the 
navy-yard,  the  establishment  of  which  on  the  Upper 
Mississipjii  was  in  contemplation,  at  St.  I^ouis. 

3Iaj.  Daniel  G.  Taylor  was  chosen  to  preside,  with 
the  fullowinj:;  vice-presidents:  (".  S.  Greeley,  Fj.  V. 
Bo-y,  J.  G.  Wocrner,  C.  I).  Wolf,  A.  W.  Fnf:in. 
The  object  of  the  mectiuL;  havinj;  been  stated,  Messrs 
T.  S.  Nelson,  J.  !■;.  Burnett,  (leor-e  Partridgi-.  W. 
II.  Benton,  James  II.  Lucas,  Benjamin  Stickney, 
John  O'Fallon,  B.  M.  Runyon,  A.  Meier,  and  Jnhn 
Cairns  were  appointed  a  committee  on  resolutions. 
They  reported  a  scries  of  resolutions  favorable  to  the 
pro])osition,  which  were  adopted,  and  three  uiembers 
of  the  Council  were  rci|ucstcd  to  visit  Washington 
and  lay  the  matter  before  tlie  L'overmnciit.  Itiiiiiijr 
the  evcnin;,'  speeches  were  'ivrle  by  M;ij.  Taylor,  C. 
C.  Whitlelscy.  and  L.  V.  Bo-y. 

— Giivernor  Gamble,  on  J  uiy  2lld,  authorized  Brij;.- 
Gen.  John  31.  Schofield,  in  command  of  the  Missouri 
State  militia,  to  enroll  and  oriranizi'  the  entire  militia 
of  the  State  into  companies,  regiments,  and  brigades, 
"  for  the  purpose  of  putting;  down  all  marauders,  and 
defending  the  peaceable  citizens  of  the  State." 

Gen.  SchoBeld  placed  the  enrollment  and  organi- 
zation of  the  militia  of  St.  L^  uis  under  the  general 
direction  of  Col.  Lewis  Merrill,  ccunmanding  the  St. 
Louis  division,  who  began  to  organize  the  militia  of 
the  city  as  follows  : 

'■Tliu  iiiililiii  of  each  ward  will.  !U  far  as  praolieablc,  con^^ti- 
tiitc  11  r(';;iiiieTi(,  nnil  will  bo  at  oiuo  cnrolloil  for  thi."  |)iu|i(iso, 
ro|iortiii)^  In  tlio  cnrollini;  offioors  below  named  at  their  oflioes. 
which  will  bo  at  the  place-  whore  the  eloetions  are  usually  hold 
in  oaoh  ward. 

"  A^  soon  as  fi.\ly-four  men  are  enrolled  they  will  be  orgiin- 
izod  into  a  company,  and  proceed  to  elocl  their  ollicirs.  When 
ten  companies  are  organized  in  each  ward  (bey  will  bo  f.irmed 
into  a  rei^iinent,  and  the  field  and  stall'  olhcors  appointed. 

"  After  the  organizalion  of  the  regiment,  all  |iersons  .  urolled 
will  by  the  enrolling  ollicor  bo  assigned  to  comjianics  already 
organized. 

"  Capt.  It.  A.  Howard,  Merrill'.i  Horse,  is  hereby  nppoinled 
superintendent  of  enrollment  for  the  city  of  S<t.  Louis,  and  the 
enrolling  ollicer  will  report  to  him  for  further  orders. 

"The  following  enrolling  officers  are  hereby  appointed,  and 


iiro  antliorized  to  delail  from   the  militia  the  noco^san  tli.,|j, 
and  assislaiils  for  Ihe  |ooper  discharge  of  their  duties. 

I'irst  Ward,  .Inlin   .Nicuhiy. 

■Soeond  Ward,  riiarles  W.  tiotlsclmlk. 

Third  ^^'lM■d,  .lean  ,1,  Wit/.ig. 

Fourth  Ward,  Tony  .Niedonvieser. 

I'iflh  Ward,  K.  ,1.  Howard. 

Sixth  Ward,  lieorgo  Uoan. 

.*oventli  Ward,  Thouuis  ,1.  Dailcy. 

Kigblh  Ward,  (ie.irge  Kylor. 

Ninth  Ward,  William  llaiby. 

Tenth  Ward,  lirainard  M.  .Million. 
Who  will  immedialely  enter  iipioi  the  di»obarge  of  llieir  ihiiip., 
anil   re|iort   daily  lo  the  snperinli'udcnl  of  llio  enrolliuint  iln. 
progress  nnide  in  llu'  organization. 

".Ml  appliealions  for  furloughs  for  any  niililiaiioin  nil!  ).' 
made  to  ('apt.  Howard." 

By  order  of  the  Governor  tlu;  followiiiu  iktv.hs 
were  exem|)ted  Irom  enrollment  in  the  active  uiiilii;i 
of  the  State  : 

"  .lodges,  jusliees.  and  clerks  of  court  of  reecird.  -iMiiiy.  . 
oners,  and  constables,  secretary  of  .'•late,  auditor^.  IrcnMiriT-, 
ami  re;iisters  of  laml  ami  their  clerks.  |ios(mnster-'.  tii:(i|.i';ir. 
riors,  mail  agents,  engine-drivers,  ecmductors,  hrakciniii,  ml 
watchmen  in  actual  service  npi^n  railroads,  niilbM>.  lor|,iT- ,  f 
ferries,  keepers  of  jails  and  other  prisunii,  (dlicers  of  tin.  |,ii,i. 
tentiary,  ]naclicing  physicians,  priests,  and  |0'cai-lici>  nl  ;ii,v 
religious  denoinimitiou  when  I'ogularly  ordaincil,  irotructors 
ami  pupils  in  schouls  established  by  law,  anil  pcr-uns  iin|.li.yii 
iu  the  steuin  fire  department  of  any  city  or  town." 

■ — On  July  21th  the  I'oard  of  police  cniiiinissiciiir- 
passed  the  following  order,  which  reijuired  all  |ici-nii. 
doing  business  with  the  county  wherein  the  ].,iviiiiiii 
t)f  money  from  the  county  treasury  was  iiivniv.il  t 
first  prove  tlieir  loyalty  before  obtaining  ]iuiiiii;iiy 
satisfaction.  In  case  tlio  loyally  of  per.sons  was  iiit 
cstabli.shed,  the  accounts  against  the  county  were  not  to 
be  li(]uidated  : 

"  (Irili'iril.  That  the  audilor  inform  by  letter  (iiu'lii.liii.' a 
copy  of  this  order)  all  beads  of  depart nieiils  and  ofiiccr.<  in  l:io 
employ  of  the  county,  and  all  other  persons  ami  panics  iiIimIv 
law  are  making  purchases  for  which  the  county  is  liiililiMlml 
hereafter  no  accounts  of  any  per.«on  whatsoever  iu  \vli:iliur 
capacity  he  or  they  bo  employed  will  bo  allowe  I  uiiii^s  linv 
furnish  satisfactory  proof  to  the  auditor  that  llici  luiio  i.ikin 
the  oath  of  allegiance  prescribed  by  the  t'onvciiliiii  nf  lU 
.--tate:  ami  the  auditor  is  hereby  instructed  to  iniinrscuii  •■vorv 
bill  or  account  presented  the  fact  wholhcr  ihc  parly  ccih-rfihi 
has,  to  his  knowledge,  t.iken  the  oaih  or  not." 

— A  very  large  and  enthusiastic  meeiin^  was  lull 
at  the  court-house  on  July  'linh  to  eiicounoc  onlift- 
ments  for  the  war.  The  rotunda  of  the  cuuii-lum-i'. 
including  r.ll  the  galleries,  was  comjiletely  liilul  ffiili  I 
people,  and  quite  nn  assemblage  gathered  mi  Fourtli 
Street  in  I'ront  of  tlie  building  to  listen  to  tlio  rr- 
marks  of  volunteer  speakers.  The  piiiicipal  spoHlu-'i 
were  made  in   the  rotunda.     The  luectiiig  was  caiiiJ] 


tonrdi'i-  1 

iicr  id'  tl 

,1 

1862.     n 


"I!.. ■■Ire 
.111   iMi  h  -I 

ri^Mpll.--  I. 

llic  la.-l  iiiaii 

it  ncC'-ary, 

"/,■ ,,',/ 

nn    ill.'i'li|.|ii 

."■tales  fhiiiilil 
ire  (iciii.-ind. 
Inn'turs  and  i 
"  ItrM  ,h;  ,1. 
''orijiniiu,  „f 
a  I'lind  I'oiniu 
rai>iii;,'  and  o 
Mii'ililc." 

Tlie  lesiil 
siriiiioiis  of 
iiiiTling,  and 
made  liir  (Jei 
and  made  an 
fpcet'lies  V 
(illk'l'.s. 

—On  the  i 
-•i,"  reliiting  i 
i;siied : 

"All  |icrs(ins 
loisoiial  scriic 
^Miii  niililary  di 
'aiiiijjan  cvcm^ 
f '1'  llio  count  V 
iiri'llial. 
"Tliccvcinpli 
ml  oiic-lcnth  of 
ikuitn  hy  (ho  las 
'  file  e.vcuipi  ill 
l!icsii|i|,„ri  of  tin 
"llisc.\picled 
™|||  from  niilita 
i  [wliuii  lo  their 
;cein.H'lvo!  unions 

.T.IlT. 

"All  persons  ni 

t'lncriil  orilcrs, 

!  'ilbeciiiullcd  aih 

I  Mipilcf." 

-Onilit-L'Dtl 
j  a.™ibors  being 
j  IiL'litner  siiLmii 

".rfropriatioii  for 
I  '«rs,  wliich  was 

"'Viiriic.,,,,,  It 

j-4mlll.c  furnished, 
I  fore  be  it 

"'''("•U-ul,  That 
2S 


TIIK   CIVIL   WAH. 


433 


Mill  \  lU-rk- 


nvi'lliio'UI  ti/ 


aelivi'  uiiiliia 


rJ.sliorilT*.,' 
tiir«,  trnisur.  r-. 

liriikcnun.  ai  1 
ilU'i-.  1>..  |„r-  ; 
.•ei!'  lit'  llii'  I'l I..- 
lirciivlii'V-'  "f  '"'} 
iiu'il,  ill•lrul■lll^^ 
|u'r>mij  rmiiluycl 


c'iiiiiiin^>iimi;- 
I'l'il  ;i'.l  lu'lvii- 
11  tlu'  ]i;iym."i 
as  iiiVii'iviil  t' 
;iiirj:  |iniiniMy 

niVSuMS  \V;i>  11"'' 
Litv  wuivuutto 


llliT    lill'-lll'lill-  J 

],,ii.l  iinKoriiiiil'M 

[nil  iiiiitii'swlii'by 

Intv  is  luWf.lli" 

Lvi  r  ill  «liali'"' 

l„«i'l  nil''—  '■■'■'' 

tlioj  li;ivc  i.il-iii 

l',in\i-iiti"ii  I'fllt 

,  iii,l,ii>tiiii"f'y 

lo  )iurl.v  oom'tcml 

L.iii,.^  \v:is  lic'i'l 
[ico\U';i;iO  ''"''''■ 
lie  ciiurt-lii'i'-'-'' 
l.tolvli''l>'l«'"H 
lonni  i.n  I'l'Wll' 

Lii'u  to  iW'  I'  •  j 

lilKMpilbr"''"--] 

l,ti„-W;iscaW 


liMiiil  r  ''V  Jiiiiio  IVckliaiii,  who  iirnpiiju'd  Mr.  Liulit- 
iier,  if  ilif  lioaiJ  vi'  county  tiiiiiiiii,>i-iuiicrs,  as  proi- 

(li'iit,  mill  Iinviii};  niailo  a  fuw  patriotic  re- 
1862.     Miarl;x,  rratl  tiiu  follipwiiij;  rrsiiliilioris,  iiroparoil 

I'ur  till'  oroasiim,  wliieli  were  adiiptt'd  ; 

11  /;,  ...I'r.i/,  'I'liiil  till'  ]iri',-iTViilii)ii  111'  till'  I'liiiiii  i>  tn  .~l|.  I.iiui.1 
.111  iiiliii  •'  Ki'i'iili'i'  lli'i"  ""  'I'lu-'r  iiili'ri"'li,  niul  llmt  we  will, 
rfi'iinlli'-i'  111'  all  iilliiT  liiti'ri'.-t»,  I'liiiti  ilnilii  in  nicti  iiml  niciim 

lIlO  lll.-l    "ill"  I""'    ''"'  ''"■'  Jl'lll'l'  "I    wllilll  OUl-  filV    is  |lil'SCM<ril, 

if  ncf-iiy.  Ill  roijifun'o  mir  iirinii'j; 

"/;,..  '.../.  'I'liiit  lnviilty  slimilil  bi'  iiiliili'i-antiil'  tri'iismi,  iiml 
11,1  ,li,-iMi|ilii'ii  i>r  ilifliijiill.v  to  llu"  K"><'i"iii'''i'  "'  'I"'  I'liil"-''! 
•liiloi"  »liiiiilil  111'  lolerali'd  by  the  military  niillioritii'!',  anil  llmt 
n-o  (iiiiiiiinl,  as  wo  lunn  a  ri({lil  to  ilii,  miL'urily  rnmi  Imnu' 
traitiii*  'iiiil  ''•■'''^''  'I''"-'"  ''y  '''"'''  fi'"!"*"!  from  mir  niiilst. 

■•/,'.<  .'111'.  'I'biit  till-  fliairman  of  this  iiuriin);  a|i|ioint  ii 
louiuiil!"  .if  two  |ii'isiin»  from  lach  wanl  of  tlic  illy  lo  ait  as 
■ifiiml  (iiiiiiiiilli'i'.  wliii  ."liall  oiilliTl  an>l  ilis|iiisi' of  means  fur 
rui-iiig  iiiul  iirj-'aniiinj,'  thii  rcgimrnts  tu  iiiin|io.-i>  lion,  illair's 
,.:,„Jc.." 

Tiie  losiiltitions  were  roccived  with  gnat  dciiioii- 
.|i;itiiiiis  of  apiitaiisc.  Mr.  Drake  then  addressed  the 
iiiocliii".  and  when  he  had  tiiii.slicd  loud  calls  were 
iiiado  I'ur  (len.  Blair,  and  that  gentleman  caiuc  forward 
;iiiJ  luailo  an  cloiiuent  speech. 

Spcoclies  were  ahso  uiado  hy  Thomas  S.  Nelson  and 
iilbcrs. 

—On  the  28th  the  following  "  General  Orders  No. 
•j:!,'  relating  to  exemptions  from  military  duty,  were 
i.'.'ucd : 

■All  iiirsimH  \vl14)  jirelcr  to  I'onlribiite  money  rather  than 
ifrsoiial  si'i  vii'O  in  the  cnrolll'il  niililia  ean  proiMire  e\em|iliiiii 
iriiii  niilitaiy  duty  for  one  year  by  enrullini;  their  name.<  ami 
lajingiiM  c.\eni|>tion  lee  into  the  milit:iiy  treiiMiry  of  the  State, 
rif  lliei'innity  in  whieh  they  re^i^le.  at  the  ii|itioii  of  the  in- 
ii.;-lii:i!. 

"'I'lie  c.\eui|itiiin  fee  will  be  ten  dollars  for  each  individual. 
ml  oiic-lenth  of  ono  per  cent,  upon  all  tii.vablo  property  as 
sh>.«ii  by  the  last  assessment. 

■I'liu  cxeinpliiin  fee  may  bo  paid  in  money  or  in  supplies  for 
tiiC  su|i|ii)rt  of  the  militia  when  in  aetive  service. 

"  It  is  c.vpiTtcd  that  all  person.'*  of  means,  though  lej^ally  ex- 

eiii|it  friiiii  niilitiiry  service,  will  voluntarily  eontrihutc,  in  pro- 

mnioii  tu  llu'ir  ability,  to  one  of  these  funds,  and  thus  enroll 

■.iima'lvcs  iinioui;  the  loyal  and  willing  supporters  of  law  and 

I'r-iir. 

"All  persons  not  e.\empt  from  military  service  by  law,  by 

i  jtncral  unlcrs,  or  by  payment  of  exemption  fee  11s  above  stated 

iiilbceniulleU  and  organiud  into  companies,  regiments,  and 

1  Drigailcs." 

—On  the  2t1th  the  county  commissioners  met,  all  the 
I  nit'tiibcrs  being   present    except   Mr.    Tippet.      Mr. 
I  L'ulitner  stibtnittcd  the  following   resolution  for  an 
I  apprcipriiition  for  the  relief  of  the  families  of  volun- 
teers, which  was  adopted ; 

■'W)iriiKAs.  It  is  right  and  proper  that  nid  and  comfort 
I  will  lie  furnished  all  loyal  I'nion  people  and  interests  ;  there- 
I  fcro  W  it 

"/.'(■u/rti/,  That  this  board  of  St.  Louis   County   cominis- 

2S 


sinners  pledges  Itself  hereafter,  as  liciotiifure,  to  cuntinue  to  niil 
all  familii-s  in  nur  midst  wlio^c  male  supporlers  niiiy  volunteer 
to  llflit  our  ciiiintry's  liatllcs.  This  .-t.  I.iiuis  I'luiiily  pledgea 
herself  to  do  to  the  amuiinl  of  one  hundred  thousand  du!!:.*-!*, 
nr  as  much  more  as  may  be  necrisary.'* 

— In  August  tlie  following  dnnalintis  atnong  others 
were  made  to  aid  vultinteers  iiili-iling  lor  the  war  and 
their  families : 

.''liito  Savings  .■\ssiiehiliiin fS.'il'O 

IMiii-nix  Insurance  I'oiiipiiny Mill 

Miiiiiie  Insiiraiici'  Ci'iiipiiny. I.'iOll 

Alhiniic  ln*iir;ini'c  ruiiipiiiiy IIUIO 

St.  1. 1  111  is  I  n^nriiiice  (."miipaiiy .^lUO 

.Mi'iiipliis  I'lu'ket  ('unipiiiiy ;»nil 

St.  I.oiiis  Shut  Tiiiver  I'uiiipany L'.M) 

Hank  of  Ihc  St;itc  of  .Missouri.". .MUM) 

Wenliants'   Hank '.'IMHt 

I  iiiiiii  Insurance  I'niiipuny ,ilM) 

liiiiird  of  1  inlenvriters...'. lull 

I'nitcd  Slates  Insurance  t'oiiipiny .Mil) 

Merchiinls'  .\|iitii:il  liisiiiani  e  i'miipiinx .MM) 

Citi/cns"  Iiisiiiani'i'  I'miipany .•. lIMM) 

l.iimlM'niian's  iind   .Mceliaiiics'  Insurance  t'um. 

pany IDOO 

1*11:1  mien's  Savings  I  list  it  iil  ion ■JIIOI) 

Soul  hern  Dunk ;illO 

l!ank  id  St.  l.ouis  IIOO 

lliipc  .Mutual  l-'iie  Insiiraiire   t'ompany 1111) 

(llulic  .Mutual  I'iri'  I ii-iinin-c  C'liiiipaiiy 4(H) 

Kriiiiklin  Savings   Iii'-lilutii'ii .*»0() 

Franklin    In-iurance  t'liiiipaiiv .'ttiO 

iMechiinics'  Hank '. 20(11) 

.Meri'haiits'  .Mutual  liisiiiancc  (.'uinpany .'lOO 

I'acili'-  Insiiiaiii'e  Coinpaii'.'  ."ilK) 

1..  A.  l',cii.'i.-l  X  I'll .Mil) 

St.  l.iiui-  (laslight  I'limininy IIIIM) 

Kxihiiiii;c  Hank  of  St.  l.uiiis •Jiiiii) 

Tessoii  ,V  IJiinicn lilO 

Alien,  t'ojip  ,t  Ne-l.it InO 

Citi/.cns'  lliiilriiiid  (.'iiui|iiiiiy 'JdO 

rniun  Hank .'.UO 

— tieti.  HehoGeld,  on  August  28th,  liy  Special  Orders 
No.  in,  aiipoiiited  Henry  Moore.  John  t'avendrr,  tJ. 
F.  Filley.  Oliuih'H  Herg,  and  I'Vidinaiid  Jleyer  a 
county  board  for  St.  Louis  County, ''to  a.-^.-^ess  and 
collect,  without  unnecessary  delay,  (lie  siini  of  five 
hutidied  thou.'iand  diiliars  I'runi  the  seees.'~iiiiiisls  tiiid 
Southern  syin]iathi/.ers  in  St.  Louis  ('uiitity,"  the 
money  thus  realized  to  be  '•  used  in  subsisting,  cloth- 
ing, and  arming  the  enrolled  militia  wliile  in  active 
service,  and  in  providing  for  the  support  of  the  fami- 
lies of  such  militiamen  and  United  States  volunteers 
as  may  be  left  destitute."  On  the  lidtli.  Col.  .lohn 
O'Fallon,  Daniel  GarrLson,  and  Jantes  S.  Thomas 
were  appointed  additional  members  of  the  board,  and 
John  Caveiider,  who  was  president  of  the  eommittee 
chai'ged  with  the  disbursement  of  the  fund  for  the 
relief  of  soldier.s'  faiuilies,  was  relieved  from  serving 
as  a  member  of  the  asscssinctit  board. 

When  this  order  was  issued  it  created  the  greatest 

I  surprise  and  indignation  among  those  citizens  of  St. 

I  Louis  who  sympathized  with  the  South.  The  assess- 
ment was  to  be  graded  on  a  double  scale,  regulated  by 
the  wealth  and  supposed  degree  of  sympathy  for  tlio 
South  on  the  part  of  the  po'suns  assessed.     Tiic  board 


« 


!l 


iU 


434 


IIISTOIIY   OF  S\I\T   LOUIS. 


of  I'ili/.i'iis  iipiiciiiitc'd  til  iiiiikc  llio  Msst'ssiriciit  \v;is  iii- 
vlruclcil  ti)  iisn'it;iiii  till'  Ciifts,  ixaiiiiiii!  witncHxes,  and 
^licciiy  tile  aiiiiiiiiits  tci  l)ii  paid  by  I'aili  party. 
1862.  The  S/.  /.■,iii.i  /i'rj,i,l,/ir,,ii  Imij;  iil'tcr  llu!  war 
^MVi'  a  liistdiy  111'  tlio  a>si'>iMii('nt  pincei'dilius 
of  lS(iL',  wliirli  we  rcpnidiu'i!  licic,  and  wliiili  wi!  (Iiink 
will  ill-  liiiliid  III  1)1"  "  very  iiitcrcstiiij;  nadiiiL; ;" 

"  f-'.r  fiiti-tf  iiiii]  ft'i'n  I  i'\  itlt'iu'u  Mil!*  rivi'i\('ii  ;   lidlc  or  ii'i  ii|i 
|i>>rliiiiily  III'  iJcli'Ti^u  \v;i<  |iiii(lii'iilili'.     .Miiiiy  iii'i^i.iii  ilid   nut 
kiiiiw  tliry  wiTi'  iiiiiliT  siirijiii'iiin  until  llio  mi'i4i>..immI  iiiiiiMiiit  wiM  ' 
ili'cliiri'il.     'I'lir  I'lillt'i'liiiii  H:i»  111  III'  Kuiiiiimry,  iiinli'r  tlii'  >tiiii 
};fiicy  III' niiirliiil  law.     W'lirn   ;lii'  iininiitit  ol' niiu  liuii  lir  1  nm) 
lllly  lliiiii.-'aihl  ilulliiis  liuil  liiM'ii  ri'iic'lii'ij,  mill  riiiii|iiinilivi'ly  I'cw 
pncnTi.!  kiii'W  ivInTt*  llii-  lilmv  wniiM  .-litki-.  llii!  I'liri'i'il  ciillri'diiu 
bi'l^iin,  ami   liaj   |iriii'i'i'iU'i|   ii  lilllr   wiiy,  iiii'Icr  the  lii<li;;iiniit 
|inilr>t  bill  |iiU'lriit  unliiiii^sliiii  i.f  llio  .'■iilVii  I'ln,  niiiny  nl'  ivliiiiii 

weru  ;; I  anil  liuc  iMlizi'iiji  In  rvi'iy  in'imi'  iil'  llii.'  wnril.     .\ll  lit 

iiiici'  iinl  i|iiili'  iini'X|M'iliilly  iiii  nnliT,  lii'iirln);  iliili'   Dir.  I'l, 

ISft'J,   ii|.|ii'iii'il,    wliii'li   win    nniU'iMl I    tn   riniio    ilirnrl    I'linn 

Wii.«liln;;liin,  mill  lniili  tlii'  '  as^'i'.ifiiirs'  tlii'iii^uh  t'ri  i'iiiii|il('tc'ly  liy 
siirpiii-f,  slii|i|iiiii;  tlii'  iiiios^nicnt  vninniarily  ami  I'liniviir.  'I'liiTi' 
wiTi'  |inil)iibly  mil  a  iliiz.cn  iicisniH  in  .•'I.  liUiiin  nt  the  time  In 
whiini  the  iiniiieilijie  cailsoH  nl'  the  i'hiiii;{e  were  kninvn.  (Ireat 
nnil  bitter  i'<iin|ilaint!i  were  niinle  by  Iho  b  iiinl  "f  iis^es^inieiit 
mill  liy  many  ntlier:',  A  I'ew  in.inthi^  at'terwa''ili'  a  leailin;;  iiiein- 
ber  III'  the  biiaril,  in  :i  Imi;^  letter  arnii;;nin.:;  the  eiiucse  nl'  tjnv- 
erniir  (Jaiiilile.  ami  iniblifheil  over  hi«  iinii  niiiiie  in  llie  iliiily 
Ofumrftit  iir.liinii  Kt,  Isi'i;!.  imike^  the  t'lillinviiiL;  shitemenl  : 

"  '  On  the  L'.ilb  of  l)eeeiiilier  ihe  bminl  nriiHseiifiiient  ealleil  on 
(len.  Curli.-i  lit  his  lieiiib|niiilei-s.  whi'ii  the  ^^eneral  ini'urmeil  the 
buni'il  llial  — ,  a  ;;ii<ii|  I'liiiin  mail,  liinl  ;;iit  u|i  a  |ietili<in  iiT 

rcinur.slrnni'e  ivilli  iiiiiny  .■■ii.'miliiirs  (or  '  ri^jiimrulc,'  iif  ihe 
general  eiillei!  ill,  ami  that  that  |.elitiijn  was  taken  tntlen.  llal- 
Icek  lit  WasliinKt'in  ;  ami  mi  the  >tieiii;th  iil'  that  |ietiliiai  ami 
tlie  letter  nt'  tinvermir  (faniblo  ibu  asse>stiient  was  sns|iemleil 

byden.  ilalleek  at  \\'a>hin^tiin.    Tlie  |ielitiiin  of— set  furth 

tlnil  tile  asses>nienl  was  an  arbitrary  ami  nnjii-l  jirneeeilin;;.' 

"This  is  partly  ri^ht  an^l  partly  ht'iIii.'-  'I'lie  nieimirial  nr 
pclilinn  was  written  ami  sixneil  by  a  eha;;yniiin  of  this  eity 
who  was  kmiwn  tn  bo  very  aiiive  in  tlie  riiinii  eaiisc  anil  a  per- 
sonal t'rieiiil  III'  I're.-icleiit  Liiie'ln.  It  was  iiililiesscij  tn  IJiiver- 
mir  tiamble,  aiiil  by  him  inilnr-e  I  an  1  I'orwaideil  tn  Ibe  Presi- 
dent. .Mr.  I.ine'iln  nml  llie  meimirial  with  eare.  Iiirno.l  it  over 
nml  imliirscil  upon  it.  'Stop  the  whole  thin;?  by  telegraph,'  anil 
rent  it  to  (len.  Ilalh  ek. 

••  \Vc  have  lately  liap|  eiieil  to  have  ai'ee-s  to  the  ori;;iiial 
(liienineiils  ami  to  the  onler  of  repeal.  They  are  as  I'ullows,  iinil 
arc  well  worth  reinlinir,  "ow  that  the  exeitement  of  strife  has 
pnsseil.  L'mloiibteilly  the  boanl  of  as-e'^simnt  laboreil  to  per- 
form its  duly  I'aitlil'nlly,  but  few  persons  will  now  I'.iil  to  see 
thai  the  ^'roiiniU  of  objeelion  to  the  wliulo  procee.liiig  were  just 
ami  siillieii'iit : 
'"   7V/  ///»  i:.r,:ll.nr,i  (lur.rn'ir  II.  I!.  Ilnmlh' : 

"  '  (ioviMiMii!. — The  nnilersi;.,'nei|,  your  ineniorialist.",  who  are 
now  nml  alwayf  have  been  nneonilitioiiiil  riiion  men  ami  snp- 
porteis  of  the  ^roverninent.  most  respeetfully  represent :  That 
the  'assessment'  now  in  proj^ress,  to  be  levied  upon  .s»ontlierii 
sympathizers  and  sccessinnists,  is  workinj;  evil  in  this  eom- 
iniinily  and  doing  ureal  barm  to  the  I'nion  eaii.so.  Ainoni;  our 
eiii/.eiis  are  all  shades  of  opinion,  from  that  kind  of  neutrality 
which  is  hatred  in  disguise,  tlirongh  all  Ihe  grades  of  lukcwarm- 
ness,  '  synipatliy,'  and  hesitating  zeal  up  to  the  full  loyalty 
which  your  memorialists,  in  common  with  yoarself,  claim  to 
possess.      To  assort  and  classify  these,  so  as  to  indicate  the 


dividing  line  of  biyiilt>  iiml  ilisli.ynlly,  nnd  lo  e>t  ilill.i,  ,1,, 
riiloA  of  piiymeiil  by  Ibose  falling  bet.iw  it,  is  a  tiirlt  i<f  ;[ri'nt 
liinicnlly.  It  it  can  be  ibme  at  all.  it  iiiii-t  be  by  iLitimi  i,. 
testlgoiiiiii  and  after  healing  e\  idei on   buth  -ide-,  Ki,i||..|, 


'|tilr. 


emdi  parly  the  oppoitniiily  of  self  .lelVnse.  It  would  i,,, 
not  only  a  eoliipelint  tribiiiial.  Filling  for  a  great  leii^||ii,|  |;,„, 
nml  possesspil  nf  lull  atitliorily  toexamine  witnesses  iiiitter iii)|i| 
bill  also  a  kind  and  degree  of  sernllny  ineiiiisislent  with  rriiuljli. 
eiin  in^titiilioiis.      ,<iieh  iiti  iii\ I'sligiilion  bus  to  sninu  ,1^^,^ 

I n  alleniptid  in  the  piisinl  riiM',  bat  althongli  ti.e  elmrn,.!,, 

and  stun  ling  of  the  iisres>mi'nl  board  gltn  assiiiaiiiT  ilm  , 
fiitbfiil  I  ndi'iivor  to  be  just  and  inipailiiH  liiiH  lin-ii  iiiii.ii-.  v.t 
lliey  have  been  eompelled  to  admit  beat  say  c\  idi  ii,;i',  nn,,,,,.^ 
nnd  'general  iiiipre>siotis,'  and  have  in  no  ease  reipiirt'l nii. 
nesscs  to  le-tify  under  oath.  The  natural  eiinsei|iieiifuliii,l,.,,,| 
that  many  feel  Ihemsehes  deeply  aggiiived,  not  li.iiiij^  (l,,,,. 
po-eil  theiii«elve'<  liable  lo  the  snspieion  of  disln\iiliy;  uj,! 
ese.ipe  assessment  who,  if  any,  deser\e  it  ;  and  ii  gi'iicial  U'.j. 
ing  id'iiiei|iialily  in  the  rule  and  latio  of  asFessnntit  iirci^,. 
This  was  umuiiidable,  for  no  livu  lrlbnna!a  e  >iild  ii^'iic  iii  i, 
the  details  ol'sneh  an  iifsessment,  either  as  lo  the  persiin<„rthi' 
iimounts  to  bo  assessed,  witbont  moro  eoinplele  Kniiivlol'i.'i.: 
faels  I  bun  can  bo  ntliiined  friiin  '.e  /.oio  lestinioiiy  iiiiilnnnci 
repiirl-i.  Nothing  short  of  a  Iboroiigh  .iadiciiil  iiiii.ii.iiiii, 
eoiild  lead  lo  a  satisfactory  result.  .  .  . 

"  '  Voiir  iiii'inoriali-l"  therefore  respeetfully  peiiiinn  tlmi  \. 

will   ll-c  VMllr  illlllli'llre.  Iio\rlllor  (iallible.  with    tlie  r'i|li|||ii||.j. 

ing  griieriil  ami  with  tlio  authorities  at  ^Vll^hilll;tll||,  tlhit  lii'' 
proceedings  in  iissessnienl  he  stayed,  at  least  until  ot!  ,t  iinth. 
"ds  of  oblaining  the  funds  rei|iiircd  by  the  ."^liitc  -hall  liau  I,.  ;. 
lir-t  Hied.  I'erhaps,  if  the  ease  were  fully  preseiitel  ln'|.,rel'.,i; 
gress,  the  Just  dem.-ind  of  Ihe  .""lute  would  be  iiicl,  mil  tlii|i:ii- 
iiient  iif  our  .■Stiile  militia,  in  del'en«eof  lliecoiiiimrinMn-i.ii  ii:<i 
be  made.  ...  It  is  the  opinion  of  ymir  niemoiiiili-t- ili.it  iii.I.t 
anylbiiig  -Imrt    of  i-'iti;.'ie«^ional  aiilhorily  ami  jmliciiil  ,ii!i «, 

such  assessments  as  are  now  in  progrcss^wonld  mily  iii ml  i 

a  I'liieeil  li'ini,  for  which  rei'laniation  coiilil  iilliiii.ilch  If  mi - 
and  Mistained, 

"'.Ml  of  which  is   respectfully  submittal  L\   v.iii  "in, 
ser\  ant, 

"•.-Jr.  I.oi  IS,  Dec.  2.  I  SOL'.' 

''The  metnoiial  was  written  «ith  the  cxpectiitioii  nl' iji:iia  j 
signatures,  but  lia\  ing  been  'ill'eie.l  to  n  iiiiiiilicr  nf  li'.iliii:  J 
ciliz.  ns  without  sui'cess,  it  was  sent  with  a  single  iiiiitir. 

"  The  consci|Uent  order  of  tlen.  Ilalleek  is  as  tiillmv: 
"'  IliMtiijr.vtnrns  oe  riii:  \\:vy. 

W.VSIIIMfTOX,  1).  (' .  1 1.1,  1-l'i.'. 

■•'  M,ij.  (!(■„.  S.  II.  CinliM,  .S•^  /,„„/» ; 

"  '  (iiiXKii.M.. —  1  have  received  the  docuiiii  iit<  f  invarli  I  i 
yon  in  rchiiiou  to  the  as-e--iiu  nl  nrdcicil  hy  IJri;;.  tu-ii.  SI' 
tield  on  the  city  and  county  of  St.  Louis,  and  liaie  siil.mii'.d 
them  to  the  ,'^ecrctary  of  ^V'ar  for  his  decision. 

"'  1  am  instrnetcd  to  say  in  reply  tliat.  as  llicrc  ^nii:- 1' 
no  present  mililary  necessity  for  the  enliireeineni  nf  lliisie-wj 
nieiit,  all  procee, lings  under  llie  order  of  (Icii.  SclioliiM  »'! 
suspended. 

"'  \'cry  rcspejtfiilly  your  obedient  scr\iiiit. 

"'II.  w.  ii.d.t.ia K-,  i;.,irnii:iii'iu;i: \ 

"When    this  order  appeared   the  whoh iiiiiiiiiiitv  •In' 

long  breiiib  of  relief,  though  there  were  many  di.sciiliiu'  v* 
It  imiy  seem  to  us  at  the  present  day  unaccoiiiitalilc  tliiit  :i 
one  could  have  expected  perniancnt  good  rc-iilts  Inaii  iiii  iirH 
tniry  proceeding  like  that  which  was  discoiitiiiinil.  Tliiit  I'n'i 
were  many  such  is  one  among  the  many  pro.ifs  of 'llio  iiialna 
which  ruled  the  hour.'" 


—  (Ill  ,« 
I'lll   IV.Itiis 

Cii 

1862.     mi 

II. 

■•I'll -I  »'i 

tinirge  .M.iiK 

".•icon. I  W 

"Til ml   W, 

ilours  Hi--t  iif 

■■ri.iiHh  W 

■•Filth  tl'ai 

nest  iif  I'l  nil 

".■Jixlli   Wai 

liclinon  .«i\tli 

".fcvciiili  W 

■if  .''ovi'iiili  am 

"  Might  I.  U'n 

Kli'U'iitli  ."^Irei'l 

".Viiiili  War 

o'Falliiii  ."•'treiti 

"Tenlli  H'ari, 

l't'i.<iiii  and  Mali: 

"Histriils  .Vi. 

.Vi.!.  .1.'l,  .'11,  nnl 

llllltlll   t)(   (ii'or;;i 
II.IIISO. 

■•Ilislrict-  .\n. 
i'''l.  i:.  ."'tairord,  I 

■•|)i.-lricl>  .Vd... 
■laii.l  III,  iir  .\Iu 
i|iMrti'is  at  .Mancl 

"bi-trict-  .\us 
iiii|'.  ('ill.  .Iiiliaii 

-Tlic  I'ulli.i 
■M  111'  .''«i'|iii'iiilii 

I  ilt'MCIII|lliill| 

I  iiiiliiia  111'  tlio  (■ 
iNiljilily,  llio  SI 
Jiiivld  iho  ('III, 
■lii'is  ;i.s  above  it 

k  Williiiin  T,- 
I  liii.tiirc  I'Isclier,  I' 
["iril;.  lir..-*.  I',,!];, 
I  "ill:  lir.  ,I„hn 
IMlMVanl;  I(r.  y 
rlaiiin,  Kigliili  Wi 
(.1,  .Millinn.  T,.|,i||  \\ 

-!':  br.  \Viili.,i| 
|*|'.-  Dr.  I,.  D.  Jii, 

These  .sufcroon.- 
Aetu  foooriili 
joneli,ilf  of  wluci 
liitTiiijiiii  for  .sorvic 
jwcioturn  iivoi- 
I  litis,  wliieli  was 
« necessary  iuci, 
jfroperly  aocouiitc 
liwrlers. 


Til  10   (MVIL   WAR. 


•i:t,') 


liy  iMilicnlin. 
lili'v  Ki.iniji 
Willi!,!  i,.|ni' 
ll'llilll  oflilli- 
fi>*  MIl-IlT  "III''. 

il  niili  iqiulJi. 
Li)  ii'iiii!  ili'jri'' 

]\  tl  !■  rlllir.l'''' 

ii(Hli;ili»T  tui  I 
lirru  Illllilf,  V'l 

,  itlll ,  lUlli'i,.. 

«('  ri'iiuirclii'J 
fHiii'iiiTlia. I"  , 
lint  V.w'uti  vp 
lisliivuliy  I  inr; 
il  II  ;;tiu'i;il  li'-i 
iMKiiii'iil  lirtua.'. 
1  mill  iiifii'O  u|<'n 
Itic  jH'rwiin  "r  I'  '■ 
W\v  kmiitli'l.'' 
liiniiN  ninli'iiimi 
fiiil  iintJli^rfi  11 

,■  iii'iiiinii  il.'ii ; 
ilh   llir  r'.Ulllwnl 
ii-hiin:!"".  lli»l  '■'" 
I   iinlil  .ilU'iimlli- 

(,ltli-lr.liniiurl«'l 

iisi'iili'l  lii'l'ire''"! 
e  liirl,  iililtlii'l'';- 


,11,1111111  I'll"- 


I.  W"iiM 


„,ti,ili.|-  lliiil  111*' 
mill  jii'lii'iii' ■"'""■ 

lll.l    Hilly  lllll"l"l'  ' 
ullilll;iU-l.v  liMKi.' 

,1    ly   yiiif  "liii'  ' 


U]nrlilliiill  "'  '""■■'  1 

i,„iiiii«  "i  i''''"'-! 

.iii:;!i'  llillui'. 
h,  .,,  riilliiM-l 

|i'  nil'  Aimv, 

(■  ,  I  In'.  1.1.  1-' 

l„„„l<r„nv:ir'Ui'y| 

1  l,y  Ilii,',  »'"'■ 
l„'„l  ImHI'  Mllin::''! 

■  lull. 

ll,S   lllilT-ii'V 

|.,.III,'l llli'»-'-l 

li,.,i.  fi:liiili<'''l»''''' 

lull. 
(,■,  ii,rii'-i'ii-'''"''- 

I iiiiiiuuily  il""! 

|ii,v.U'.'i'iili"-""''"j 
l,,.c,.uiitiiWo  tliat  * 
„„lt..  n-iiiii  ■■"1  '"'1 

liiHii.i.c'l-  Tl''">'i 
1    ,,fj  „f  ■ilii'iii.il'"' 


Oil  Si'iitciiiltcr  .'M  tlu!  liraili|iiurt(MM  of  ilic  ililViT 

,.iil  w.iiil-  iiiid  III'  till!  (li.>tiii't.'i  of  iliu  lily  mill  ('oiiniy 
liii'  tlio  (Miroilmciit  iiriJ  (ii'i;aiii/,iitioii  of  tliu 
1862.     iiiiliiiii  w'''"  iiniioimci'il  liy    l>rij,'.(lc'ii.  .loiiii 
I'.,  (iniy: 

"Kii-i    ^Viiril,   ''ill.    .Mi'liiiln.i    S.'IiiiIIiht,    lii'iiili|iiiii-|c'r.«    .-I. 
lli'iirKi'  .M.iiliit- 

"Si.  ■1.11. 1  Wiinl,  I'lil.  I'.  I>.  Willi',  Siiiihir,!  Miiilu't, 

••Tliii'l  Willi!,   I'lil.    I'Vn!.   Iliivlo,   Cliuiiii'iiii    .\Mniii',    llircr 
.liiori!  »i-'  "I'  ."ovc'iilli  ."'Iri'C'l. 

"  (''iiiiiili  Wiii'il,  Col.  'I'liiiiiia'  Ilil('lu',<oii,  Tiii'iiiT  lliil!. 

■■  Kilili  Willi!,  I'll!,  .lull"  Kiiii|i|i.  Iiiii'ii.<  linililiiiL,',  I'iiiv  •■'nii't 
„,,,!  ,,(■  V'l  mill. 

■■Si\lli  Wiinl,   <-'iil.  Jiiliii   M.    Kniiii,   Wii-liin(;liiii    .\\ri;iii', 
liciw, Ml  .-i\lli  mill  .'^I'vi'iilli. 

"..((■vriilli  Wiin!.  Ciil.  K.  I[.  10.  JiiiiH'-iiii,  Viilli'V  llnli'l,  innmr 
„l  Sfvi'ii'li  mill  Miir','iiii  .*li-i'fti>. 

••i;i'.'liili  Wiii-il.Ciil.  Willimii  Cmlily.  I''iiiiililiii  i;ii;;ini'  llmiM', 
i;ifM'iilli  >lii'i'l.  bitiviTii  Wiisli  mil!  Ciiir. 

"Ninlli   Willi!,  Ciil.    Willjiiiii    ItiiilfV.   I'oriier   nl'  Si\ili    iiii<! 
iil";illiiii  .-iml.'. 

"Ttiilli  Wiinl,  Col.  II.  M.  .Milliiin,  iiintliivi'st  cohht  nl'  .Icf 
IV, ..,111  mill  Miilii  Stncli'.  .MiiiIuh's  liirlni-v, 

■•!ll*liiil?  Num.  LM,'_':', '.':l,  mill  21.  'ir  .»^t.  Lmii*  liiiTni>lii|i.  nml 
y„i. ;):!,  ",  I,  nil!  '■'''>,     '  Ci'nlru!  |iiivii^lii|i,  will  lie  umlcr  immii 
iiiiiii,!  ill'  liiiii'','i'  )>  'i'  I',  I'l'-.   iK'mliiiiiiilL'i"    111    till'    ,Mmi>ii,n 

II.111-C. 

-Uisliiil-  Nil*. '.'.-I,  211,  27,  mil!  2S,  nr  Ciii-oiiilclct  linni-Iii|i, 
I'll.  v..  .''Iiilliiiil.  lu'iiiliiiiiirti'i"  City  Hall,  t'lir Iclct. 

"I)i.>trii'l>  Xni.:'ilS  nnil  .'!',  nr  lluiiliniiiiiiu  liin'iiy|ii|i,  mi!  Xnd. 
:,:iaiiil  10,  nr  .Miiiunici'  tninis!ii|i,  ('"I.  Williiiiii  !'.  I'mn,  liiinl 
,|ii.iitiT«  111  .Mmu'liii-ler. 

"Ui-lrirl-  Xni*.  2il,  ',W,  III,  iitlil  ",2,  nr  St.  rriiliiKim!  Inwn- 
,liii.,  ('ill.  .luliiiii  Ilati'.",  liiai!i|Uarti'rii  F!nil-.'<anl." 

-Till'  riilliiwiii;.;  MiriU'iins  wcro  aiipniiitoil  on  tlie 
:',il  III'  Sc'|itrmlii.'i'  I'm'  llif  ('.\;iliiiiiiilioii  of  tlmse  clMiiii- 

;  iiiL' I'xcnililiiiii   i'lutn  MTvicu  in  tlu!  enrolled   .Mi.ssouii 

I  luiliiiii  of  the  tit,-  and  county  by  reason  of  pliy.sleal 
ilisibiliiv.  llie  surjieoii.s  beiiif;  instrueted  to  report  for 

[limy  to  ilie  eoloiiel.s  of  their  lospeetive  wards  and  dis- 

I  itiols  ii.s  iilmve  mentioned  : 


Dr.  Williiiiii  'I'missij;,  Caroinltlct  oity  ami  ln\viislii|i ;  Dr. 
liia-lino  I'isi'lii'i'.  I''ii>t  Wall!;  Dr.  Williaiii  !•;.  (ii'iii]i|i,  .^I'l'iim! 
jwiril;,  !ir.S.  i'.ilhik,  Tliiri!  Wan!:  IJr.  I'liilip  Wingcl,  I''uiirlli 
|\V;ii.|;  Dr.  John  IJariu".  riltli  Wanl:  Dr.  II.  K.  Miirlliniis, 
jfiitliW.iril;  Dr.  V.  W.  White,  .'<i'Viiitli  Wanl;  Dr.  .Inliii  Cmi 
Iiliaian,  Kigliih  Wan! ;  Dr.  S.  .Sliirk,  Ninth  Wan! ;  Dr.  Daninl 
1. I  .Milliiin, 'I'l'iilli  Wanl;  Dr.  .T.  N.  iMorria,  ."^t.  Fonliniiml  tiiwn- 
|ir.  Williiiin  A.  MeMiirniy,  Central  ami  .St.  Louis  town- 
|Ai|.;  Dr.  I..  D.  .Morse,  lionhoniiiio  am!  Maraiiici,  tonnshi|i.«. 

These  surj:;eon.s  were  aulliorized  and  in.structed  to 
IcoUcctn  fee  of  fifty  cents  from  each  per.son  examined, 
Icittlialf  of  wliii'li  ."Uiu  they  were  to  retain  ns  romu- 
lnmtiuii  for  services  rendered,  and  the  other  half  they 
Iwrctoturn  over  weekly  to  the  colonels  of  their  dis- 
lltins,  wliiuli  was  to  be  expended  by  .jaid  colonels  in 
Itlic necessary  incidental  expenses  of  orj^ani/.ation,  and 
Iptopcrly  accounted  for  monthly  by  them  to  head- 
Ifuttors, 


-  M;ij.  Charles  Ij.  MrCniiiK'll,  ii!k>istant  provost  mar 
shal  '.icncial,  was,  on  Seplenibcr  .''illi,  iqipciiiifrd  pro- 
viist  marshal  (.'('lural  ml  //(/n/'/// of  St.  Lmiis  di.«tii(t 
by  Ci'ii.  Schnlii'lil,  in  plme  of  Col.  !!.(;.  Kuri-.-ir.  On 
the  Kllh  III  Septendier.  Col.  T.  T.  (iaiilt  reeiived  ihii 
il]ipiiinlllli  ,it     fl'nm     (irii.     Srhiifield,    Miei'i'i'ilillL;     Col, 

l''i..'rar  iind  .NIaj.  .NliCunnill. 

—  The  iiiieondiliiiiial  "nioii  men  of  St.  I.'iuis  wem 
reiniestcd  by  James  S.  Thomas,  president  of  the 
niiinty  ho.utl  to  assies  and  nilh'tt  tins  siiiii  of  (ivi; 
huiiilriil  ihiinsaiul  dnllais  from  Siiuihein  .sympaihiz.'is, 
to  forwiud  III  his  board  "  such  inl'orniation  as  they 
may  have  in  ihrir  pnsses^ion  which  will  aid  lliiiii  in 
earryini;  out  the  reipiininents  of  Special  (  hdeis  No. 
i)l."  He  added,  "  The  board  wish  it  lobe  iindi  rstdud 
that  all  comnmniealioiis  and  eviilenee  will  be  cmisiil- 
ered  strictly  private." 

— On  September  I  lib  ihc  followiiij;  orders,  under 
which  the  prnperty  of  Missouii  Coiifrderales  was  lo 
be  coiifiscaled,  were  i.s>ued  by  (iiii.  Seholield  ; 

"  I.  Ill  c'oiii|iliiini.i'  Willi  nnlcru  fioiii  llmionililn  Si-'iiilai y  nl' 
War.  till'  |inivi»t-iiiar.'lial';;('ni'nil  nl'  tliu  Di>lri,'t  nl'  .MiiiMiiiri 
will  proi'ii'l  nilhniit  ili'lay  In  carry  iiiln  I'lVri't  Ilie  |iniusiniis  nl' 
llii'  iii'l  nf  ('nii;,'ri'-s  a|i|>niveil  .Inly  17,  ISIl'J,  loul  intillei!  '  An 
Ai't  In  fiii'iirrs..!  insiirriM'tiiin,  In  |iiiiii.^li  tri'a>nn  inn!  ri-.'.i'llinn,  tn 
-I'izn  anil  i'nnll.<i'alo  llio  |ini|ii'rly  ol'  relii'l.',  am!  lor  ntliiir  |i»r- 
piisi'..,'  .«n  j'.ir  ii.s  the  liinvi..iinns  of  sail!  iii-I  am  ..iiili.ji  i-t  hv 
carrii"!  into  I'lVwl  by  tlio  iiiilitmy  iintlinrilirM  ol'  tin'  I'l.ili'i! 
.'^late-  in  the  District  of  Mi.irmiiri. 

"II.   rrn|icrty  sciiuil  in  |iiirKiiani f  .""I'l'limi  o  i.f  ."iiiil  act 

will  he  rc|HHlci!  lo  the  I'niteil  .'states  ili.<lrict  atloiney  tor  tin; 
ili-triet  in  wliiili  it  may  be,  or  niiiy  lir.-t  be  liroii;;lit  I'nr  cni'- 
ili'iiiiiatioii  anil  sale.  iiH  |iniviilei!  in  Seelinn  7  nf  Miii!  iicl. 

'•III.  Imisiniich  as  the  cnnvietion  or  the  estllbl!^lllln■llt  nf 
the  iriitlt  of  the  nwiicrs  of  the  |irii|ierty  so  neizeil  before  a  court 
,if  ,'nin|n  ti'iil  jiirisiliclinii  is  by  the  iii't  of  CnnKio-  al'Me-ai'l 
iiiailc  the  cnmlitinii  nf  the  eniiileiiinatinii  am!  rale  thcrenf,  tlio 
]iniiu.«t  iii.ir.ilial-;;eiicrnl  i.s  hereby  nrilereil  to  traii.siiiit  iit  llin 
paiiie  time  tu  such  I'niteil  .".^tiitcs  altmiiey  ii  list  nf  tlie  ttiliicifcs 
by  ivhosc  cujemi)  the  guilt  nf  such  owners  hii«  been  male  to 
appear  tn  him. 

"  IV,  Wlienover  an  im|iiiry  into  the  siuh  n!'aiiy  persnii  siip- 
pn-eil  lo  have  violateil  the  net  of  Congress  afnresaii!  shall  be 
niiiile  by  llic  provnstniarshal-genenil,  the  teslininny  nf  the  nit- 
nessi'j  e.\amiiieil  shall  take  the  form  of  alliilavits,  am!  be  by 
them  siibscribeil  ami  sworn  to  before  the  provost-inarslia!  gen- 
eral, ami  all  .'■iieh  alVnlav  its  slnill  bo  prescrveil  by  him  on  iilu  in 
III..!  olViee. 

"  \'.  The  jirnvost-miirshal  ;;cnoral  will  in  no  ease  siispeiu!  tlio 
payment  nf  any  imlebleiliiess  which  may  be  a  part  of  the  i  "^lits 
nf  any  persnii  vinlaling  the  pmvisimi.s  nf  the  net  of  CongreMi 
nforesaiil,  but  all  such  iinlebtcilness  will  be  paiil  pnivisionally 
to  the  ereilit  of  the  suit  instiliilcil  ap;ainst  tlie  person  pnise- 
ciiteil  or  the  properly  libelci!  in  a  court  of  enmpelent  .jiirisilic- 
tioii,  anil  will  abiile  the  final  juilgmeut  of  tali!  court." 

— Capt.  E.  II.  Tunnocliff,  on  October  1st,  aelin;j; 
under  orders  from  Maj.  George  K.  Lei^hton,  jirnvost- 
mar.shal-gencral  of  St.  Louis  district,  was  relieved  of 
hi.s  commaud  its  chief  of  the  Cnitcd  States  police, 


'f  11 


'f'\\ 


!  i 


43G 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


;*    I 


' 


and  Ciipt.  Henry  A.  Sinitli  was  appuiiitod  to  fill  the 
vacan(!y. 

—On    the   2nd  of  October,   William    D. 
1862.      Wood,  assistant  adjutant-geneTal  of  Jlissouii, 
issued   llic   fullowinjj    "General   Orders   No. 
4."),"  rclaiinj;  to  elections: 

'*  I.  A  genonil  t'lcction  is  to  tniit*  pljico  llirnugliout  tlie  Ptnto 
on  tlin  lii-.-t  Tiiesiliiy  in  Novonibcr  next.  Tliis  is  tlio  (irsit  nt- 
Ii'initt  of  the  |>eoplo  to  rliO(>.«c'  tlicir  oflieeis  ^inoc  tlie  war  nt'  tl»48 
rrbi-Ilioii  conintrnceil.  It  wil!  In?  iin  oeCMsion  wlirn  iingry  |)!is- 
siciiis,  i-xfitcil  l)y  tliu  \\.\r,  nii;;lp|  |vioiini'i.'  stiil'o,  iiml  jiruvcnt  tlic 
full  cxpiesi'ion  nf  the  piipnlar  \vi!l  in  the  fcli'ilion  of  ofTicers. 

"  The  convention  ini»  |ir(tviileit  l>y  ortliniinec  tinit  every  voter 
sliall,  liet'urc  votin;;,  tiilic  iv  |ire.-<eiihe<l  oatli,  and  that  no  vote 
phiill  lie  cnunteil  in  favor  of  any  eandiflale  for  a  State  or  county 
ottieo  unless  lie  sliall  Inive  taken  an  oath  |irescriheii  for  caiuli- 
dates.  The  ordinance  of  tlie  Convcnti<in  ii.xe.s  iieavy  penalties 
upon  tho.-e  who  tako  tlie  oath."  faL-Jely.  The.-^e  are  the  safe- 
guards which  the  Cunventioii  has  jiidj;ed  necessary  to  keep  un- 
laithful  and  disloyal  persona  from  exeicisinj;  power  in  the 
?tatc.  They  -MC  suflicient.  No  person  must  be  allovveil  to  In- 
tel fere  with  the  freedoui  of  those  i|unliried  to  vole  under  this 
ordinance. 

**  The  enrolled  militia,  being  citizens  of  the  .^tatc,  and  \  cry 
nearly  all  entitled  by  age  to  vote,  will  doubtless  be  generally  at 
places  of  voting.  They  arc  n  body  organized  for  the  purpose  of 
preventing  violations  of  the  law  of  the  State,  and  they  all 
know  that  it  is  essential  to  the  maintenance  of  our  government 
that  all  qualified  voters  shouhl  he  allowed,  witliout  moleslatiuii 
<if  any  kind,  to  cast  their  votes  as  they  ]dcasc. 
•"IF.  It  is  required  of  all  olliccrs  and  men  of  the  enrolled 
militia  that  they  keep  pci  feet  order  at  the  p<dls  on  the  day  of 
election,  and  that  they  see  that  no  person  is  either  kept  from 
the  jioils  by  intimidalioii,  or  in  any  way  interfered  with  in  Vii 
ting  at  the  polls  for  wbatc.-cr  ctnidid^ite  he  may  choose. 

'■  lir.  If  any  otlieer  or  private  shall  cither  iiitcrfi-re  with  the 
rights  of  voters  or  countenance  such  interference  by  others,  it 
will  be  treateil  as  a  high  military  olVeiise  and  punished  with 
the  utmost  rigor. 

''  IV.  Wherever  there  is  any  reason  to  ai-prehend  any  in- 
terference with  >hc  election  on  the  part  of  bands  of  guerrillas, 
the  coininnnding  ollicer  of  the  ncanst  regiment  will  detail  a 
pull'icient  force  to  prevent  any  such  interference,  and  station  it 
where  ihcic  is  apprehcndc  I  danger. 

"  V.  In  case  (d'  di-turb.incn  arising  wlii.di  caiiuol  be  arrested 
by  the  cnil  autlioiities,  any  e<>niiiii^>ioned  cdliccr  present  is 
hereby  oiilered,  at  the  retpust  id'  any  jtiilge,  sheritV,  or  justice 
of  the  peace,  to  use  the  necessary  military  force  to  suppress  it. 

"VI.  Ci.minand.ng  olliccrs  ol  the  l).  i\.  .M.' are  hereby  di 
reeled  to  see  that  the  foregoing  orders  are  strirlly  (dicycd."' 

— Col.  T.  T.  Gantt,  piovost-inar.-hal  jicneral  of  tlie 
St.  Louis  distiiet,  was  relieved  h\  Geii.  S.  15.  ("urtis 
on  tlio  1st  of  November,  and  Brii;.-Ueii.  Kiigetiu  A. 
Carr  assumed  eommatid  ol'  the  >ft.  Luui.-i  di.itriet  on 
the  inth. 

—On  the  '22d  of  November,  Col.  II.  G.  rariar,  of 
the  Thirtieth  Mis.souii  A'liliintcers,  was  ajipDinted  by 
Miij.-Geii.  Curtis  to  "  attend  specially  to  tiiu  pioeur- 
injr  of  evidence  coneerninjj;  properly  liiible  to  confls- 

I  Euru'led  .Uissuuri  Militia. 


cation  under  the  law  of  July  17,  18G2,  ninl  wlion  lii. 
thinks  eviticncc  can  be  found  showing  the  |iioi,riiiv 
of  confiscatiun,  he  will  take  immediate  posxssidii  „|' 
the  property  and  instituto  proceedings,  to  dcloriiiin.i 
the  matter  as  defined  by  law.  ' 

On  tlie  11th  of  Dceeinber  he  was  also  ]i1;kii1  iv 
Gen.  r'urtis  in  ehariio  of  all  eontrabiind  ;iih1  ci.nii.. 
eated  property  in  the  Department  of  the  Missoiiii.aiiJ 
assigned  the  important  duty  of  collect itiL'  all  Lmiii|< 
thiit  had  been  forfeited  by  Confederates  ami  .■^oiitLua 
sympathizers. 

— The  Army  of  Southeast  ^Missouri  beiii.;  witliiniln, 
district  of  St.  Louis,  Gen.  J.  W.  |)avidsciii.(in 
February    2-ltli,  assumed    command  of  ilu>    I883 
whole,  and  Brig.-Gcn.  E.A.  Carr,  who  hail 
been    in  command  of  the  district  of  .Si.  Luiiis,  w;i. 
ordered  to  report  to  biiii. 

i  — Lieut.- Col.  F.  A.  Dick,  provns;-iiiavsl;iil.;,.|,. 
cral,  on  April  21st  ordered  Kdwavd  Wyijiaii.[,nii,i]j! 
of  the  City  I'liiviirsity,  to  hoist  '•  the  I'liiieil  .'«i;i!  s 

j  flitg  over  his  school  building,  and  kec])  the  siinctloii. 

J  ing  daily  in  a  conspicuous  position,'     The  iKUMii, 
and  military  exercises  of  the  school  wciv  ;il,«o  1.1  li. 
made  under  the  same  flag.     In  another  oiilif  i.-a 
on  the  following   day  the  loyalty  of  >L-.  M'vinaii  ;iii,i 
his  iissistants  was  "  I'ully  conceded  "  by  (icn.  t'unii. 

— The  RipHiliain  of  July  lllth  makes  1  he  tullnit-j 
ing    allusion    to    Maj.Gen.    I?owen,   roiiiuMlvdl' >t. 

I  Louis,   but  then  of  the  Confederate  army,  auii  wiwj 

j  afterwards  died  in  the  service  : 

I       '•This  otlieer,  who  was  taken   jirisoner  at  Vickdiuij,  ;r;iji;.| 
aled  a  few  years  ago  ai    West   I'oint.  which  iii>titati -n  iiv  iii.r 
tered  as  a  cadet  from  the  State  of  (ieorgia.     lie  is  ucll  liinnul 
in  St.  I.oiiis,  where,  previous  to  the  war.  he  pnr.-iiid  llio  fri. 
;   fession  of  an  architect  and  dranghtsinan.     lie  wm  mimfiirjl 
.   with  our  city  niililary  organizations,  and  was  adjiitiiil-;ir,i;il| 
i  on  ilie  stall' of  Ocn.  Krost  at  the  time  of  the  (Aiieiliii-iii  ii  iiii| 
}  border  In  search  of  .Moutgouicry,  who  was  siiid  loliavi  iin;ilnl 
I   Missouri  nilli  a  force  of  Kansas  men,  and  to  have  |ht|.i'Imi 
numerous  luitrages   in   that  i|uarter.     llowen  rcniiiiiinl  .11  iltl 
bonier  with  a  siuall  comuiaud  until  about   the  tiuic  nlicii  li| 
Ucbellion  brcdic  out   in   the  South,  when  he  cauie  t..  Iliis 
and  look  cunimand  (d'the  Second  Itcgiuient  of  Fiest's  liri 
as  colonel,      lie  was  at  Camp  .Taekson,  and,  as  I'ro^t.' :i.;iii( 
chii'f  of  stall',  was  the  bearer  of  the  letter  fioia  (Icn.  I'm-tt 
:   t'apt.  I.yoii,  at  the  .Arsenal,  asking  to  heassiire.l  tlialllirnm'H 
of  a  eoiitemplated  attack  on  I'amp  Jacksmi  were  iiu'iirrn'Mmj 
limtcsling  that  the  camp  was  not   for  any  aggic.'.'ivc  |inr|"i 
Shortly  after  the  release  of  the  Camp  .lackson  |iiis™fi-M' 
I   Ilowen  went  South,  and  turned  up  poon  at  (  ohniibii?.  K). 
I   has  been  in  scverni  battles,  but  aeled  the  mort  ei>ii.«|iiciiijii>|<)l 
nt  Port  liibson,  where  ho  was  defeated  and  eum|pellcil  Imvln 
Ho  was  prominent  in  the  negotialions  for  ilie  sunciiiirj 
Vicksbnrg," 

• — One  of  the  most  notable  events  that  lank  | 
during  this  excited  period  was  the  anival  at  'si 
Orleans  on  July  llitli  of  the  steamboat  ■•  Iiii|iiii:i| 


withoiit  ( 
sippi  llivi 

.>'l 
1863.     n( 

lie 
I'lilowiiig  1 

-Uon/r,,/. 

Icy,  Jolin  .1. 
0,'lcsby,  .'iihl 
tci'  tn  prn,'ee(i 
ri'iimvc  all  ro 
valley,  so  far  1 
ami  lli.'it  llic 
lifiises  iif  sai.l 
llic  E.U'hangc. 

On  tlie  s;i 
iL'11'i.'d  front 
llic  .MLssissijij 

■I'll  Tin;  Si  ii\  1 

"Clear  liiial< 

N'l'ir  (irlcans,  i  I' , 

vniicliiili'  |,oini; 

I  ifi'iilaliiins. 

Tlie    Ji'(/,li/n 

lidcrcgiilaiioi 

"  V'liv  dial  the 
■IN  if  ctalilfslu, 
'liiil'fnal'ai  Mviil 
I'l!  iiifiraniile 
jiiiiroiiiliiions  ill 
|ffO|icTc'ent,  sh.'i 
JMir.ca  iliily  So  I 
[it  fa- liceii  paiil  , 
jinl'i'niioj  tluit  no 
k'e  fniiii  the  .\| 
j«nM"fi.rc  1,1  .M|, 
[lii  biiiileii  has 
I- 'liferent.  ; 
■ii'mptej  fiuii 
Mnii  i<  rcj:ird,.,|  ; 
fwi'il  Wl  .,n  Ihi' 
•"''■ii'i'iihiliiiiis  , 

"iiliioSlli  of 

I  "Ti"'  free  and 
l''»llle|''allM,r.i 
f"l»'hy  last  by 
'■'»'  -Vrit  Orh.aiK. 

f'lMW.'Ciiflhi.  . 

"'""iiMhc  only  , 
"'"li'i'iifiiii  ,.;,^,,.r  . 

-'''■'sidcnt  J,i 
fnViiisiruciioi, 


;''"■"■"" ga 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


43', 


m 


ami  wlii'ii  1>' 
the  iiropritiy 
possosiim  (if 

,  to    dctlTUlillf 

;»lso  jilatftl  'bv 
lid  mill  nmli-- 
c  Mi^-miii.aii'l 
;tiiii:  ;ill  I'iii'l* 
is  miJ  Suiitlimi 

bciim  wiiliimlii 
Isoii.on 
,,r   tlu"    1863. 
rlio  luiil 
f  Si.  Lou'u,  w;i- 

:osMii;irsli;il-p:ii- 

A'yiiKiii.li""^'!''' 
,ic  Unitoil  Siaii.i 
ep  tilt' s  iiuo  lliiii- 
1."     Tlio  [-mini  I 
1  were  iilso  I'l  1"; 
itlu'V  oi'ili  r  i^-u^l 
Mr.  \V\iii;m  ;i;,'l 
by  (u'li.  I'lmi*. 
makes  tlio  WUk- 
forinerly  I'l  ^i- 
to  avmv.  iiud  s!w| 


ill    Vii'lisliur;,  ini;;- 

■  li    ill>tilUll"ll  llr  Hi- 

111-  is  vu'll  li»'««j 

111'  I'lirsui''!  ll"  !'"■ 

11,^  iviis  miinotl.ll 
was  iiiljiit;iiil-;;'tin'| 

\1C  I'XllO'lili""  1"  ''*J 

ii,l  toliavii"'*™ 
1. 1  hiivc  (i'''!"'""' 
,«cii  rcuiiiiunl  "ii  ikJ 
I  ho  time  wlitiilhl 
I,,'  oami'l.>ll"-''l^ 
n\  i.f  Fiosl's  iTiji' 
,„l.  lis  Krosts  i.im^ 
.,.  from  (irti.  I'm-t  I 
sjiiiv.UliiillluTiini')!] 
,.11  won'  in«rrict,a«| 

y  ii.ijriT.'.'ivo  r»'r 

,„.U¥.'ii  i.n?"n'"v''|j 
,t  ('ciliiiiiljii''  ^! 
Mll"^tl'"n*l'''■'''"'"l''' 
ilcMiivi'lMl"""'*, 
.  r,.r  ilii'  sumiil'M 


sippl 

1863. 


^.iil>  tli;il  U«'\^M 
llio  iii'iiv;il  at  H 


iviilii'iU  iibstnu'tion  or  annoyance  down  the  Missis- 
lli'.tr.  Tliis  event  stiniubited  tlio  nicrcliant.s  of 
.-^i.  Loui.s  to  emloavor  to  open  the  couiincrce 
it'  ilio  river,  and  a.s  a  con.scquence  the  Chain- 
mr  of  Commerce  on  July  Ulth  pa.ssed  the 

t'llliiwini:  resolution,  which  wa.s  introduced  iiy  E.  \V. 

•  /,'i«,./ri/.  That  A.  \V.  Fiigin,  Allii'it  IVnrce,  Siimiu'l  It.  Fil- 
1,1.  .loliii  •'.  Itoc,  ."'aiiiuol  Giity,  AlcxaiuliT  1!.  .MiiiiMiu.  J.  11. 
ti'li'sbv.  :iH'l  'T-  II-  .'VU'xatnlcir  an-  Iioroby  iipjioititi-il  a  coniiiiit- 
toi- In  nr-"<'L-tl  lo  A\'asliiiigtoii  Hiul  urge  I'n-.^iilent  Liiirnlii  to 
iiiiiovc  all  iculiioliiiiis  iVuni  tlic  fiiiiiiiii-ri-i!  of  the  .Mi.isi.->i|i|ii 
viillov,  P"  lai'  as  tht-  s.iiuo  can  he  done  Willi  .--at'cty  In  the  nation, 
;,ii,l  that  Hie  ticasiuer  is  liciebj-  instrudi-il  to  ilelray  (lie  ex- 
T„Dsi'3  lit  -ai'l  eiuiiniilteo  iliiriii<;  the  hip  nut  of  the  lunJs  of 
tl„-Exi'liiiM,L.'e." 

()ii  till'  same  day  the  followin,!;  dispatcli  wa.s  re- 
i-ivi'il  from  Wa.sliinj;ton  announcing:  the  opening  of 
the  Missis.-ippi  Itivor  to  New  Orleans: 

"  WisiiiNdnix'  CiTV,  July  2:1,  ISC3. 

■To  Tin;  .-^1  ii\  Dvoii  or  Cisthms: 

-Cli-ar  liiiats  ami  eai'fjoe.s,  exee|il  of  pnihiliited  articles,  for 

Xo«  lirK".ins.  if  ilosireil.  taking  bon,ls  not  to  Ian, I  m;oo,1s  al  in- 

r,lialr  iiiiinls.  c.\ec|it  iiinler  |iuiiiiils  aiilhorize,!  hy  existinj; 

I  rfL'iilaliniis- 

".S.    1'.   ClI.VSK,  .S'ctrcdi;-^  Tieiiniiri/." 

Tlie  lujiiili/iiiiii,  commenting  ujion  the  internal 
I  iMiii' rouiilations  at  this  time,  said, — - 

"NiiKlliiil  ihe  Iraile  tlirougli  the  whole  lino  of  llie  Missis- 
|-,iM  \f  I'siahlisheil  by  the  fact  of  the  arrival  of  the  .steiiiner 
Mioiieriiir  at  Memphis,  ninl  her  cxpeeteil  arrival  here  to-ilny. 
;  mi'ioanlili-  I'oininnnily  is  .strongly  anil  jiuily  e.xcrciaeil  at 
liiKniiiililions  imposed  on  it.  One  of  lhe.se  conditions  is  that 
liv,'|iir«-iu.  shall  be  paid  on  tin-  value  of  all  .^hipiiients.  Of 
Ifiii-c  J  ihily  so  onerous  is  felt  to  lie  ii  grievance,  and  although 
lit  li:i- liren  paid  on  shipments  to  Memphis  and  llctena,  we  are 
lim'-mu'il  lliat  no  sueli  tax  is  exacted  on  shipmeiils  made  const 
|>i.-ctriiin  the  Atlantic  ports  to  New  Orlean.s.  'I'he  shipments 
iiTtli-fiirc  to  Memphis,  etc.,  havo  been  so  ineonsideralile  that 
llkf  kiinli'ii  has  ii"'  been  gcneially  felt.  Now,  however,  the 
i-i-ililTi-a-nf.  and  a.i  it  is  iliscovered  that  the  eastern  i-ilies 
fcin-xi'iaptcd  from  a  tax  wlii-di  is  imposeil  on  St.  I.ouis.  the  ex 
\'ti'iiii*  ri',i:ardei|  as  n<it  only  Inn-lens, iitic  but  inopiitable.  The 
|llt^l'^t  IVIt  iin  this  subject  will  cxi-nse  some  lel'erence  to  these 
nlrii'ljalalions  and  the  law  that  n11tl10ri7.es  them." 

Ontlic  Stli  of  .Vugust  the  -saiuc  journal  said, — 

"Tlio  fm-  and  ut,  ibslrueted  navigation  of  the  Mississippi 

Inin  till-  l-'alls  of  .St.  Anthony  to  the  lialize  was  announeeil  on 

H'.-ilay  last  by  the  steamer  '  imperial,*  tirriveil  at  St.  Louis 

ir-'ii  Ni-iT  Orleiiiis.      Out  of  its  two  years'  imprisoiiment  thi- 

XMRTi'Ciirthe  great  river  feebly  revived  in  twenty  live  boxes 

(It'itii-ih.  tlu- only  consignment  of  the  fiv.-t  lioiit  up,  liut  giies 

'if  an  i-av'cr  awakening." 

-IV.'siilont  liiiicoln,  on  October  1st,  issued  the  fol- 
pill,:;  instructions  to  Ueii.  Schotielil  : 

"  I'lxKii'TiVK  Mansion, 
"  \v  isitiviiTiiN.  i(.  (.'.,  Oct.  I,  isn:). 

[I'lN  J.IIIN  ,\|,  Sciioi-iKi.ii : 

r'Tit-TC  is  III)  tiigaiii/e,l   military  f-iree  in  mowed  opposition 

f  lU  p  Ill-rill  goiernuient  now  in  .Missouri;  and  if  any  such 


shall  reappear,  your  duty  in  regard  to  it  will  be  loo  plain  to  re- 
quire any  special  instruction.  .Still,  the  eoiidition  of  things 
both  there  and  elsewhere  is  such  as  to  render  it  indispensable 
to  maintain  for  a  time  the  United  -States  militiiry  establish- 
tiient  in  that  State,  as  well  as  to  rely  upon  it  for  a  fair  contribu- 
tion of  support  to  that  establishment  generally.  Your  imme- 
diate duty  in  regard  to  Jlissouri  now  is  to  advance  the  ellieiency 
of  that  estiiblishnient,  and  to  so  use  it,  n»  fur  ns  priieticiible,  to 
Compel  the  excited  pi-ople  there  to  leave  one  another  iiloiie. 

"  ('uder  your  recent  orders,  wliieli  I  liai  e  approved,  yon  will 
only  arrest  individuals  and  suppress  assmnblies  or  newspapers 
when  they  may  be  working  ;-o/y»(i/-/c  injury  to  the  military  in 
yoiiri-harge;  and  in  no  otlii-r  ease  will  you  interfere  with  the 
expression  of  upinion  in  any  form,  or  allow  it  to  be  interfered 
with  violently  by  others.  In  this  you  have  a  discreti-in  to  cx- 
er,-ise  with  great  caution,  calmness,  and  forliearance. 

"  With  the  matters  of  removing  the  inhabitants  of  certain 
counties  cii  tiinttMr,  and  of  removing  certain  individuals  from 
time  to  time  who  are  siippose-l  to  be  misehievoiis,  I  am  not  now 
interfering,  but  iim  leaving  to  voiir  discretion. 

"  Nor  am  I  interfering  with  wiiat  may  still  seem  to  you  to  bi^ 
necessary  restrictions  upon  irado  and  intercourse.  I  think 
proper,  however,  to  enjoin  upon  you  me  following:  Allow  no 
part  of  the  inililary  under  your  comniand  to  be  engaged  in 
eithi-r  rotiirning  fugitive  slaves  or  in  forcing  or  i-ntii-iug  slaves 
from  their  homes;  and.  so  far  as  practicable,  enforce  the  saiiio 
forbeaiaiice  upon  the  people. 

"  Itcp-irt  to  me  your  opinion  iijion  Ibc  availaliility  for  goo, 1 
of  the  eni-ollcd  militia  of  the  Slate.     Allow  no  one  to  enlist  col 
oreil  troops,  except  upon  order-  from  yon,  or  from  here  through 
you. 

"  .-\Ilow  no  one  to  a,ssunie  the  functions  of  eontiscatiiig  prop- 
erty, iiuder  the  law  of  Congress,  or  otherwise,  except  iipiui  ordi.-rs 
from  hi-re. 

'*  .\t  elei-tions  SCO  that  those  and  only  those  are  allowed  to 
vote  who  are  entitled  to  do  so  by  tho  laws  of  Missouri,  including 
as  of  those  laws  the  restriction  laid  by  the  Missouri  t'onvention 
upon  tliose  i\  hu  may  halt-  participated  in  the  Uebetlion. 

".*ii  far  as  practicable,  yioi  will,  hy  means  of  your  militaiy 
force,  expel  guerrillas,  luaruuders,  and  murderers,  and  all  who 
are  known  to  harbor,  aid,  or  abet  them.  Hut,  in  like  manner, 
yon  will  repress  assumptions  of  iiniiutbori/.ed  individuals  to 
perform  the  same  service,  because  under  pretense  of  doing  this 
they  become  maraudors  and  murderers  themselves. 

"  To  now  restore  peace,  let  the  military  obey  orders  ;  and  those 
not  of  tho  military  h-avo  each  other  alone,  thus  not  breaking 
the  peace  themselves. 

"  111  gi\  ing  the  above  ilirei-tions  it  ia  not  intended  to  restrain 
yon  in  other  expedient  ami  necessary  matters  not  falling  within 
their  range. 

"  Your  obedient  servant, 

"  .\.   I.ixroi.N." 

• — With  a  view  to  securing  fairness  and  freedom  in  the 
election  to  be  held  on  November  !{d,  (ien.  Sehofield, 
ill  the  exert '"e  of  the  powers  vested  in  liim,  i.ssuod  nn 
order  on  the  20th  of  October,  in  which  ho  directed 
that  tiie  county  courts  .sliould  make  proper  selections 
of  judges  of  elections  throughout  the  State  from 
loyal  men,  and  ordered  that  those  eilizen-soMiers 
who  were  entitled  to  vote  at  elections  in  Missouri, 
should  vote  in  their  camps,  thus  dispensing  as  far 
•IS  possible  with  their  presence  at  election  precincts. 
Ui  ptirticular,  he  rctpiired  tliat  the  oath  prescribed  by 


I 


■liU 


"f 


438 


IlISTOnr   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


the  ordiiianuo  of  the  convention  ijhoulJ  be  administered 
to  all  the  voters  before  tlicy  were  permitted  to  deposit 
tlieir  ballots. 

— On  the  27th  of  January  of  this  year  a  number  of 
Union  citizens  dotern:ined  to  give  Gen.  Giant,  who 
Was  in  St.  Louis  at  the  lime,  a  publie  dinner. 
1864.  The  niemhors  of  tlio  general  eommittee  were 
John  How,  James  O.  Broadhead,  John  11. 
Sheploy,  James  Ta,  ssig,  John  IL  Fife,  William 
D'Oench,  Samuel  IJebcr,  S.  II.  Laflin,  Thomas  lliehe- 
son.  The  committee  of  iirrangemcnts  was  composed 
of  C.  B.  Lord,  George  K.  Leighton,  C.  V.  E.  Johnson, 
Barton  Able,  J.  II.  Andrews,  C.  B.  Ilubbcll,  and  W. 
J.  and  llomyn  G.  llueber. 

— In  compliance  with  order.s  from  the  Wit  Depart- 
ment, Maj.-Gen.  J.  51.  Schoiield  on  the  ."jOth  of  Jan- 
u;\ry  relin(juished  the  command  of  the  Department  of 
the  Jli.ssouri  to  Miij.-Gen.  \V.  S.  Iloseerans.  The 
staff  of  Gen.  Uosecrans  was  as  follows:  j 

Uii;5.-ticii.  John  1!.  (iniv,  inljiitiiiilgoiuMiil ;  Cul.  K.  Anson 
More,  i|u;irtcrnin>(i'r-;^encial ;  Col.  .'^ihis  \VooJ>>oi,  iii-pcctor- 
gcniTal ;  Col.  .lolin  T.  lloilgcii,  siirgcnn-goni'rftl ;  Col.  C.  1'.  H.  | 
Jiilin-son,  |iftyniasti'r  ninernl;  Col.  1'.  D.  Callcnilor,  iiiJe  oc-  ' 
rainp  and  chicl'  of  unlnnnco;  Col.  Allon  P.  I(ii'liai(l.<on.  aiik- 
ilo-cnnipi  Col.  Willimn  1'.  Harrison,  aiilcde-canip;  l.icut.-Col. 
Jlclvilie  Sawyer,  (ie|iartnu>nt  iiayniasU'r-gcnt'ral ;  Col.  A.  U. 
Ka.iton,  aiilu  di' caHi|i ;  Maj.  C.  C.  Baili'/,  aide-do  oanip  and 
military  jicwrctary. 

The  honorable  aide.s-dc-camp  upon  the  .'^taff  of  the 
late  Governor  were  continued  as  such  iiiion  the  Ktaff 
of  Gen.  Boseeraiis, 

—Col.  J.  II.  Baker,  of  the  Tenth  Rrgimentnf  Min- 
nesota Infantry,  commanding  the  post  of  St.  Louis, 
on  March  1st  issued  an  order  reipiiring  eiiizoiis  who 
liad  obtained  soldiers'  clothing  by  piiichaso  and  di.s- 
charged  soldiers  to  dye  their  soldier  clothing  another 
color.  Any  citizen  who  was  found  wearing  soldiers' 
clothing  or  any  part  of  tlio  uniform  was  arrested  and 
the  clothing  confiscated.  Wealing  the  regulation 
officer's  cord  on  their  hat.s  by  either  eitiiiens  or  en- 
listed men  was  also  j)rohibited. 

— On  the  "th  of  March  Gen.  Bosccraris  i.ssiied  the 
following  ''Special  Orders  No.  lil  :" 

"7.  While  it  is  llie  ilelerniinalioii  oC  the  jji'in'ral  eoininnnd- 
ing  this  department  that  due  (iroteetion  shall  i)e  given  within 
its  limits  to  nil  religions  convoeallons  nhieh  may  assenihlu  to 
promote  the  cause  of  religion  and  morality,  whether  eunvening 
us  eonventions.  synods,  ministerial  as^^emhiies,  eoiifereuces, 
eouni'i'  ,  or  •  Icr  any  other  nioni'  or  title,  the  lntere>ls  (d'  llii? 
eountry  al  the  present  time  reipiire  thnt  no  siieh  assemlda'jes 
of  persons  whose  proeeedings  would  bo  di>loyal  an*!  teuil  to 
foment  di.^eord  and  eni-ouiage  reljeliiou  .-should  ho  permitted. 
It  is  ri;.'lil  iMid  proper,  iherelure,  that  all  meiahers  ol'  sueh  a>- 
senilda.'i''  .-hould  j,'ive  snii-l'ae'ory  e\  ideiiee  to  (he  puldji!  of 
their  loyally  to  Cje  go\iriiment  of  the  I'liilid  Sfalo,  llial  their 
jiiitriotism  may  he  liiiown,  and  that  they  he  diftiuguished  Iroin 
those  who  -eek  il.^  ovtrlhrow. 


"  S.  It  is  thereforo  deemed  expedient  and  herehy  or  irnil,  uj, 
e'oulition  precedent  to  sutdi  privilege  of  assemldage  aiii  nrrpie,.. 
tion,  that  cafh  and  every  person  attending  sueh  e-.nvcnti',!, 
synod,  inini^terium,assernldy,;'onferenee.eioincil,or!)v  wliatuvci 
name  it  may  oe called,  and  participatin;r  in  the  pi'oeeediauMliiTt- 
of,  shall  take  and  suhseribe  (o  an  oath  of  allegiance,  and  lileihe 
same  in  the  ollii-e  of  llio  as.^istanl  provo.-t-nuush:.!  ..f  (Ii^.  [„, 
cality  in  whi(di  the  assemhlies  are  held. 

•*  IL  ll  is  liereby  niailu  the  duty  of  all  su»di  a.-.-ieud.l:ij;(N  [y 
asceitain,  before  proceeding  to  organize  and  tran^acl  ha>iin;... 
(hose  who  have  taken,  subscribed,  and  filed  the  rei|iihoJ  oadi, 
and  permit  only  such  to  participate  in  tlieir  proeei'diii;;;.  .^|,,| 
in  case  any  such  iisseinblage  shall  neglect  or  refuse  so  to  ilo, nr 
shall  knowingly  permit  any  one  wliif  has  failed  to  eoinply  wjtlj 
the  re(|uireuienls  of  this  order  to  participate  in  its  pioco^lini,', 
it  will  be  deemed  a  military  on'ense,  for  wbich  ils  iiivailjcij  riuv 
be  held  amenable;  and  any  provost-marshal  present  siiall  im 
mediately  onler  tho  assemblage  to  disperse  and  provcnl  Hit 
continuance  of  its  proceedings. 

••  111.  'file  form   of  the  oath  of  allegiance   to  be  taki'ii,  stlj 
scriiied,  anil  filed  as  alVaesaid  shall  he  in  the?c  woi.U: 

'•  '  Oillll  <;/■  Alti[liitilii  . 

"  •  I,  ,  of County,  .Stale  id' ,  dn  li.r,;,; 

solemnly  sivear  that  I  will  bear  true  allegiance  to  lliclnitii 
S'tatef,  am'  support  and  sustain  the  Con>tiliiliiin  ainl  la». 
thereof;  that  I  will  niaintiin  tho  nallonal  sovcrciu'nty  |i:ira 
mount  to  that  of  all  State,  County,  or  confedoriitc  iiinver-- 
that  I  will  discourage,  discountenance,  and  forever  o|i|»jm 
secession,  reliellion,  and  the  disintegration  of  the  rulml 
rnion  ;  that  I  di'^i-laiin  and  dciioniiee  all  fuilli  and  IV'lli.iv.i!i|, 
with  tho  so  called  C(mrcilerate  armies,  and  pledge  my  linnor, 
my  properly,  and  my  life  to  tbr  acred  perl'orinance  of  tliisiny 
solemn  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  govorniuent  of  the  riii'.  I 
."^tates  of  .\ii'eiiea. 


'  Subscribed  and  sworn   to  before   mo    tli 
— ,  18(11,  at  ■ . 


ilnv  4 


•■  •  \Vitlies>, 


-,  of- 


"II.  Di-trict  priivi.st  iii.;i>lial3  will  give  tloii'  iiiiiii< 
and  special  attention  to  the  enforcement  of  (his  ihcIim'  in  ilifi 
respective  districts,  and  enjoin  upon  each  assistant  |iiitv.i'i. 
niai'shal  the  duty  of  attending  all  such  as>eniljl:i::;i-s  ivIul-Ii  uij) 
beheld  in  bis  locality,  advise  tho>c  assemble  1  of  tlii' oi  kr. 
and  enforce  its  directions.  .And  (hey  will  also  report  iitiiiic 
diaddy  to  these  headipiarters  all  cases  of  neglect  or  rIiivi 
giving  a  full  description  of  the  tdiaraeter  of  the  assciii'riiijf,  I 
the  names  of  those  present,  and  nn  account  of  its  prueci^iliii:',"  I 

On  the  until  Provost- Marsh  id  SandcrMUi  alsoi.-inl 
the  following  "  General  Orders  Nn.  7  :'' 

**1.  The  sale,  distribution,  or  eircnlation  td' such  Inok' .ill 
'Pollard's  Soiilhern  History  of  the  War,'  '  Coiit'cdcriito  ilili.ulj 
Ucports,'  '  Life  of  Stonewall  Jackson,'  '  .\dvcn(iiie<iir  .MuriMl 
and  his  .Men,'  and  all  other  publications  based  apai  rcljrlvi'nl 
and  representations,  being  forbidden  by  the  geni'iiil  ciiiiiiiiiinl-J 
ing,  will  be  sii)ipre^seil  by  provost-mar'hiib  by  .*ci/'n:  ll'lj 
same  and  arresting  the  parties  who  knowingly  mM,  ilb|i"M'.')(j 
circulate  the  same." 

— Oti  March  loth  ''  the  cxliiliiiinti  iiiiils.iloiif pW 
tugraphs,  engravings,  ii;iinti(igs,  and  ntlicr  kiiil  m 
likenesses  of  public  persons  in  the  iclicl  service  wj( 
prohibited  by  Provo.st-3Iurs]ial-(<enci;il  .1.  1'.  Sinl  rj 
s'.Mi   under  the  severest    pcn;illics.     (I,i  iIk'  -ijili  al 


;be  cnidos 

(//■(/  and  ] 

S 

1864.    " 

nil 

-Biig. 

as.sinniil  c 

following  t 

trict:  I'^iist 

>;is  Cavalj-^ 

sistant  :iilii 

land,  Jr.,  T 

-(III  Aj 

lullowiiig  G 

■■  1.  Tlic  Coll 

.Mi-M.uii  .M,;it 

ailofTliTl.-  ill  tl 
"Mitli  lie-ill 
"irth  lle.-ill 
"-iM  lli'.;iiii 

•■:'.M  lle.'illK 

■•:'ltli  lli'giiii 
•11.  Ily  leas 
re.'iiiii'nts  will  li 
rc^lieclive  ward; 
sijticil  by  (lie  ( 
t'SUcli  regimen 
.in I  pi-'ipir." 

— i^alurday 
"bsci'voil  liy  t 
lin'zeiis  lis  ;i  d; 
I'tIcs  of  llie  I 
—  flic  ipiart 
iiad  piin.'liascil. 
lira!  and  seven 
i  mules. 

— TIjc  CUtllll 

I  :'ilili  passed  tl 

" Tlie coiM(  liai  i 
I  I'njtii.ii  in  aid 
I  iiriiiii.a  the  Mih 

I'l  "!'  iatnl  oHiic 
I'niii.i'iiiiiiiliiingMl 
|ir:-.  fencing,  and 

iill.V  liiOll.iillid    (J,|| 

I  iw  .Mi"is,.ippi  Va 
jfiirwIiiMmrli  of  |; 
I'fwirvnlley," 

-I'll  the   1'!) 
|ti'lli.'r;ilOfil,,.|;i 

"I.  .N'l'lifr^iiiisli, 
|f"'iiiliinyiitli,.|.j„ 

|!.T'.Ml|,.,nM|„|,v 

"  'ifilinarih.  , 
|«»'i.Mli.ill  »|  III,,  \\ 
(lnii..|wiumii.e„| 
"   N.M-r-u„  ,- 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


43D 


;c  uu'l  jtrulci'. 
h  i*"uvcntinii, 
ovi)y  wh:ili'\vi 
i;ci:<rni!r>lliLTt 
,et',  JiH'l  tile  !!.■■ 
iW..\  ■■!■  til.-  i  .. 

fti..-*'liilil:t!:o*  |:j 

.iisiiel  Im-iii'.". 
■  reijuiroj  oatli. 
cci-'iliu;;'.  Anl 
use  !".»  to  tlo,  ..r 
to  C'liintly  «iiii 

ts  unlliluis  1111) 
rcsi'ni  sliull  im 
iiiul  inivral  iIk 

,u  bi'  tiikt'ii,  Mib 
!  wonl- : 


iicf  111  llie  I'uiivl 
.itiiti.m  aii'l  111"' 
f.iv<'ii'i:inly  1111.1- 
iirciU'iiUi.  ii'i»i-r-; 
1,1  l'.in-\or  .i|il»." 
„  .,f  tlR.  l-'clml 
iili  mill  !Vll.m-iiif 
]ilcl:'..  iiiv  li""'''- 
„-uuin.-,'"f  llii-»« 
n.nt  "f  ilif  ''":■' 


Jav  "t 


llivii-   iiiim."l-'i' 
.ii.U'i-  ill  ili'-i 

;l^.-i,-tl\nt    |.|.JV.-1- 

iil.liiSi'S  wl'.i'-li'"'.' 
1,1.-1  .,f  tlii-^  ofl'-- 

I    |-0|l.llt  ill'"" 

lu'slcct  or  ii-lii'i'. 
„r  tlio  iijseiiil.iiiS', 
1'  its  |ii-u«tiliii;-- 

,.i>nii  alvii-*'! 

,11  ,,r  Slid,  ii«*'»'| 
i'.,i,r...ioi-,ii.^  "iii-uij 

UnU.iii-"fM'"?»l 
.,iui.,iini''"''>'""l 
e  ;j,.n,.|-iil  c.iiniii»"'-| 
.hills  liy  --fi''"-  ' 
jrlj-  suU,  ilifiw-"'."1 


„ll,Of    kill! 

1„-1  ,-i.ivkv'wai 


.1.  r.  Siiiili 


Oil  (111 


2Gili 


•'le  ciipit'-'*  ul  !'  newspaper  called  tlic  Mclropolilnu  Iter- 
vfd  iiii'l  published  in  New  York  were  confiscated  in 

St.  Louis  by  the  same  officer  for  publishing; 
1864.     "  various  articles  of  an   incendiary,  disloyal, 

;iiid  traitorous  character." 
— Ijii'.'.Gen.  ThoHJiis  Ewiiig,  Jr.,  on  April  -Itli 
assunn'l  ciiininand  ol'  tli^j  St.  Louis  district,  and  the 
I'ollowiiiL'  chanjjcs  were  made  in  the  staff  of  the  dis- 
trict: First  Lieut.  Ilarri.son  Hannahs,  Eleventh  Kan- 
I.I1S  Cuviiliy,  was  made  aide  do  camp  and  acting  as- 
-istant  ;iil|iitant};eneral,  and  First  liieut.  Cyrus  Le- 
luiiJ.  Ji' .  IVnlh  Kansas  \'iiluntcers,  aidede-camji. 

—On  April  I'Jth,  (icn.  \V.  S.  llosccraus  issued  the 
lullo\viii;4  tJiiiicral  Orders  Xo.  15  : 

"  1.  Till- lill'iwiii},'  ri'^imentul  iirgiiniznti.ins  , it'  the  l-lnriillcil 
Mi-.uuii  .Miiitiii  lire  horuhy  hrokcu  up,  an,i  thu  L',nuiiii^si,,ris  of 
ail  iill'iici-.-  in  till'  siiiiie  ei,nsci|iiciitl.v  viicn'.i-.l : 

-Kith  lU.L'iriU'iit  K.  JI.  M.,  I'ol.  M.  W.  Wiirnc. 

■ITtli  I'.c-'iiiHMit  v..  M.  M.,  Col.  Cliiirk's  L.  TiiekiT. 

"iii  l;e;;iiiH'nt  K.  SI.  SI.,  Cul.  'X'lioiiiii.^  Slillur,  Jr. 

'■2.'iil  l!,','iiiicnt  v..  SI.  SI.,  I'ol.  Oeorgc  It.  Tiiylor. 

"■Jltli  K((;iiiieiit  !■;.  .M.  .M.,  Cul.  F.  D.  Callcmlcr. 

"II.  Dy  ii'iisiiti  of  siicli  ilishiiiiilinent  tho  iiu'inhi'is  nl'  thc'c 
Te;iiiu'iit-<  "ill  be  roquircl  to  rccmiill  Inr  tlic  yi'iir  I  SO  I,  in  the 
rosiiective  wur.l.s  or  ,listrl,-ts  in  which  they  resiile,  iiinl  to  bo  iis- 
iijncil  bv  llie  coMiini.ssmy  ol'  o\eni|iti,in  of  .'•t.  l.oiiii<  Cninty 
l-iiiL-li  rcL^iiucnli  a;^  lire  tieeinetl  by  him  the  most  eonvenient 
.inlpi'ipir." 

—Saturday,  the  l.")th  of  A])ril,  was  very  jrcnorally 
iibsorvwl  li\  the  civic  and  military  authorities  and 
litizens  as  a  day  of  thanksgiving  iur  recent  great  vie- 
iiirics  of  the  L'nion  iirinies. 

— Till' ipiarlcrmasler's  department  up  to  April  IGth 
I  liad  pui'cha.scd.  during  the  war,  in  St.  Louis  one  hun- 
ilraliiinl  soviMiiy  thousand  horses  and  ninciy  thousand 
uiiilos. 

Tla;  county  court  of  .St.  liouis  County  on  April 
;  iiitli  passed  the  i'ullowing  order: 

"Tlic-oinl  having  iliily  i-.insiilere.l  the  petition  for  an  appro- 
fmti.iii  ill  aiil  of  the  .Mississippi  Valley  .'^anitary  Fair,  lileil 
iiir,-iri,iii  the  1  Itli  of  March  last  past,  onler  that  the  valuable 
;:;i-l  .if  laiitl  owiieil  by  ,St.  I,, mis  County,  known  us  the  Sniizcr 
iii.i'niiiniiiln.^  about  the  linn.lre,!  aeroK,  t.igetlioi-  with  bnihi- 
r:-.  foiiiiu;,',  aii'l  all  other  iinpnivenients,  valiicl  at  ihiity  or 
Miy  tliimsiiii.l  dollars,  be  an,l  tho  same  is  hereby  ibmateil  to 
|i,.e  .Mi-'issippi  \'alley  ."Sanitary  Fair,  to  ai.l  the  huiuane  anil 
[|.,iri.ili.- iv.irk  of  t.ikin.i;  .-an-  of  the  siek  ami  w.mn.le.l  ..-oMiery 
^-f  i-ur  valley." 

—till  tlie  liDih  of  April,  (ien.   Uosccrans  issued 
llaiicralOrilcrs  No.  li."),  in  which  he  said, — 

"I.  N..pi'rsi,ii  shall,  ilirei-tly  or  i n. I i reel ly,  attempt  to  deter  or 
1  liny  III lier  person  Irom  woiKinn  on  sueh  1,-rms  as  he  may 
li.T-,.-  ii|iiiii  in  liny  maiiiil'ai-linin;^  i  slablishmeiit  where  any  ar- 
lli  11' is  .loliiiarily  maile  ivbii-h  may  be  re.|uire.l  l'..r  use  in  the 
liiiiinii.iii  „l  llie  Western  waters,  or  in  the  military,  naval,  or 
|la!i>|i.iii  scni.'e  of  the  I  niteil  ."<liiles. 

■  11   Nil  |n|-.-i.n  shall  watuh  aroninl  or  li.iiig  ah. ml  any  sueli 


cstablisbinciit  for  the  purpose  of  annoying  tho  employes  thereof, 
or  learning  who  ai-c  einployeil  therein. 

"III.  No  a.ssociation  or  eoiubination  shall  be  formed  or  con- 
tinue or  meeting  bo  bcl,l  having  fur  it.s  ob.iect  to  prescribe  to 
the  proprietors  of  any  sueh  establishment  whom  they  shall  eiu- 
jiloy  therein,  or  bow  they  shall  eun.lnet  the  openilions  thereof. 

"IV.  .All  employ.'.s  in  sii-'h  I'stablishnients  will  be  pr,ileelei| 
by  military  authority  against  all  attcinpts  by  any  person  to 
interfere  with  or  annoy  them  in  work,  or  \\\  eunseiiueneo  of 
their  being  engage.l  in  it." 

— Brig -Gen.  Thomas  Kwing,  dr.,  on  June  2Sth 
divided  the  St.  Louis  military  district  iiiti,  .sub-dis- 
tricts, as  follows : 

"  First  suh-.Iisiri.-t  to  inelii.le  the  eonntles  ,.f  St.  l.ouis,  except. 
Ilenton  Ibirraeks,  .lelTersi.n,  anil  Franklin,  an. I  all  that  part  of 
the  counties  of  (iasi-.inaile,  Osage,  anil  Slarie.s  lying  cast  of  Uiu- 
coniule  lii\eran'l  ninth  of  the  northern  bunn.lary  of  Washington 
County  eMeuiietl ;  beaihiiiarters  at  St.  l.ouis,  l.ieut.  ('ol,  Juhii 
N,  Ileriler,  1st  SI.  S.  SI.  Infimtry,  e.>inuian.iing. 
'  "  Scoon.l  sub-ilistrii't  to  ineluile  the  c.unties  of  Perry,  Del. 
linger.  Cape  (iirarilean.  Sett,  Stoililaril,  Mississippi,  .New  Sla- 
(lii'l,  I'einisi'ot,  an. I  DiinlNliu;  lieaihp-.arters  at  t'lijie  (iirar.leau, 
1. ieut. -Col,  John '1'.  IJurris,  liUh  Kansas  \'oluntecrs,  eoniinan.l  - 
ing. 

'•■rhir,lsub-ilistricttoinelu.letlieeounties.'fSte,(icnevieve,  St. 
Franyois,  Sla.lison,  Wayne,  ami  linllcr,  anil  all  of  the  counties 
of  Washington,  Iron,  Keynolils,  Carter,  unJ  Itipley  lying  east 
of  the  filth  principal  meri'lian  :  heailquarters  at  I'ilot  Knob, 
Col.  John  1'.  Tyler,  1st  M,  S.  .M.  Infantry,  eomman.ling." 

I       — At  a  preliminary  meeting  of  citizens  of  St.  Louis, 
'  held  on  the  -1th  of  July,  in  pursuanee  of  a  call  from 

JLiyor  Thomas,  a  committee  was  appointed,  who  sub- 

.sctiucntly  issued  the  following  address : 

"St,  Lot  is,  July  -I,  1SG4, 
"■/'.,  III.   l',oplf<i/  Si.  l,<>i{i«  I'niiiihi : 

"  The  unilcrsigueil,  a  cimmiittee  apiiointeil  for  that  purpose, 
ciirncslly  renucst  a  large  atti-n. lance  at  the  rotun.la  of  the 
I'.mrt-housc  at  eight  o'clock  on  Thnrs.lay  evening,  the  7th  inst. 
The  oriler  from  the  AVar  department  aiiil  the  pr.iclamation  of 
the  mayor  e.Nplain  the  pur[mse  f.ir  whi.'h  the  meeting  is  called, 

"  It  is  proposeil  to  obtain  a  list  of  three  classes  of  subseribeis  - 
l.ct,  those  who  will  pay  a  certain  amount  to  the  jiruper  commit- 
tee to  hire  representative  recruits j  2,1,  those  who  will  directly 
furnish  one  or  more  reurnits  an, I  make  their  own  arrangeinent8 
for  their  coinpensatiun ;  ,'jd,  those  who  will  agree  to  pay  a 
monthly  sum  ilnring  the  service  to  increase  the  pay  of  recruits, 
and  tnus  ai, I  in  supporting  their  families.  .  ,  ,  'I'he  ab,ive  plan 
\i  merely  proposed  by  your  <',mimittee.  Of  course  it  can  bo 
set  nsi,lc  and  a  better  one  adopted  if  the  meeting  see  proper, 

(Signed) 
"James  ,S,  Thomas,  l.ouis  C,  llirsehberg,  K,  W.  Fo.\,  II.  J,  lioin- 
baner,  .lames    K,   Knight,  Janus  C.  .Moody,   l,.inis  liaoh, 
James  .-\rcher.  A,  (i,  llrann,  William  II,  tiodfrey," 

— The  following  additional  sub-districts  for  military 
purposes  were  on  July  IStli  erected  in  the  St,  Jiouis 
military  district : 

"The  scvi-uth  sub-. listri, 'I,  consisting  of  the  I'ouulies  ,if  llas- 

ciniole,   Fiiinklin,  an  I  that  part  of  Jeir,.rs..n  t'.iunty  north  of 

I   the  southern  bunndary  line  of  Franklin  I'outily  ,  w  ilh  lo>a,h|uar- 

I  ters  at  Franklin. 

■       "The  ei-lilli  sub-ilistrict,  cjusistlng  of  the  ,"iuntics  of  Ste, 


■■il 


lit 


iiui-Wj^^fiTj^BHP 


'i    tf 


'!> 


ii  J. 


^i; 


'»: 


4(0 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


(icnovicvp,  I'crry,  nnil  tlmt  part  of  .loBcraon  County  soiitli  of 
Ihc  nurtlicrn  lioiiiuliiry  of  I'Viinkliii ;  liciiilquai'loiti  iit  Sto.  Gene- 
vieve. 

"Till'  ninth  siih  (listrii't,  consislin;^  of  tlic  coiinlirs  n( 
1834.     \V;isIiin<»tt)n  iiinl  St.  Kran^'ois  ;  )ieurI(|uiirtGrd  iit  Potosi." 

— (joorire  \V.  Ford,  military  harbor  master  of  St. 
Louif,  issued  on  tlic  Kith  of  July  the  following  order 
for  the  protection  of  stcanior.s  in  port : 

"  A!!  Rtriinors  |ilying  ti)  nml  Irom  tlio  port  of  .St.  I.oui.s  nro 
rtv|iiii'(';l  to  report  itt  tlii«  odiec  nt  tlic  earliest  moment  after  their 
iirrivni. 

"  All  boats  pcrmitteil  at  tlie  wharf,  in  di-ifharf^in;^  or  recci\  in*; 
cargo,  are  ref^uireil  to  keep  steam  up  nijjlit  ami  liiiy,  either  in 
their  main  boiler  or  the  iloetor  boiler,  with  riuHicient  engineers 
to  nnm  tho  same. 

"  Hoals  in  the  stream  at  anchor,  using  yawls  to  mmmunienic 
with  the  slntre.  shall  display  at  the  bow  of  tiieir  small  boats, 
when  in  sucli  use,  a  white  Hag  one  yeul  .sijnare,  with  a  blii<;k 
ball  in  the  einhe  eight  (S)  inches  in  iliauieter.  Xo  small  boat.'! 
will  be  perniilted  to  ply  in  the  harbor  (ami  those  only  belonging 
to  steamei'.s  in  tho  stream)  between  the  hours  of  S  i*.m.  anil  4 
A.M.,  cxce|it  bv  special  permit,  .Small  boats,  when  not  in  use, 
shall  be  kept  hoisted  out  of  the  water. 

"  All  hay.  licmp,  cotton,  anti  straw  now  on  the  landing  must 
be  removed  at  once,  and  hereafler  uuist  be  removed  in  eight 
hours  after  being  landed." 

—  II.  A.  Adain.«,  scirotary  of  the  Ladies'  Union  Aid 
Society,  coiner  Fifth  and  Chestnut  Streets,  on  July 
2.")th  publi.-lied  an  appeal  for  rags  for  hospitals  and 
tho  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  and  an  ambulance  and 
a  corps  of  collectors  canvassed  the  city  for  'Minoii  and 
cotton  ra,!.'s,  worn  shiris  and  drawers,  old  haiidker- 
chiufs,  bed  and  table  linen,"  and  wo!i:eii  and  children's 
apparel  for  refuirees. 

— Uj)  to  July  2.'5tli  two  hundred  and  si.\ty-two  per- 
sons had  procured  and  olfered  acceptable  substitutes 
at.  the  office  of  tho  board  of  enrollment  iti  St.  Louis. 
The  Ri'/tiili/iciiii,  giviiij;'  an  account  of  the  '■substi- 
tute market"  at  this  period,  says, — 

**  ICighteiMi  of  tho  principals  reside  elsewhere  in  the  .State, 
bat  the  balance  are  from  such  portions  of  the  city  and  county 
lis  lie  within  the  district  limits.  The  sub.slitutcs  are  nearly  all 
aliens,  the  Irish  having  thel.irgest  repre.sentadon  among  tliem, 
and  the  Gernmn.s  next.  Knglisli,  .Scotch,  Welsh,  French,  and 
Italian  names  also  adorn  the  list,  but  only  to  a  suntll  e.ltent. 
The  prices  paid  tliein  by  their  principals  have  varieil  according 
to  ein'umslanci'S.  About  a  year  ago,  when  the  original  con- 
iicription  act  passed,  a  few  were  put  in  at  the  idieap  rates  of 
forty  or  lifly  ilollars  each.  At  that  time  government  bounties 
to  rc(;ruits  were  iiljcral.  and  the  lever  of  voluri'ecring  was  not 
4pii(e  allay*<d,  but  when  a  draft  became  imminent  some  months 
afterwards  prices  rose  to  about  oiu'  hundred  and  tifty.  Wilhal, 
however,  the  substitute  business  remained  at  a  low  ebb  until  a 
recent  period,  that  imuM'diately  prei'eding  the  repeal  of  the 
eiunmutaliim  cbui:se.  ,lust  before  that  look  place  two  hundred 
dollars  got  to  be  the  ruling  price,  and  when  tho  repeal  was  at 
last  elTectcd  by  Congress  lh(u-e  was  an  instant  advance  to  three 
humlreil  per  man.  Frcun  that  point  there  has  Ixen  a  steady 
addition  to  the  cost  each  WO(d{,  and  closing  ratcH  are  four  huu- 
ilreil  to  lour  hundred  and  lifly  cbdlars  for  a  man  compeUiii  to 
\t:wi  e.xauHtiation  at  the  cnrulliuent  board. 


"Ocea.sionnlly  a  substitute  is  obtained  by  chanoo  by  I'lc  prin. 
cipal  himself  m  through  tho  niedium  of  a  'runner.'  lint  in  :i 
large  nnijority  of  cases  they  are  furnished  by  .Messrs.  -Iitffiirl 
Topi'iing,  t'avender  ,fe  Ilowse,  Mason  .fc  t!lemeijts,  aii'i  other. 
who  have  opened  (dliccs  regularly  for  the  ti"ansacti..a  of  n 
business  of  this  kind.  An  applicant  who  leaves  his  u;uac  ;i: 
one  of  these  ollices  is  soon  supplied  at  the  iMirrent  rat,?,  an.] 
gets  bis  exemption  i>apers  made  out  and  tilled  up  in  all  Ju,. 
form  sent  ilireelly  to  bis  hands. 

".Since  the  business  has  thus  been  reduced  to  a  system,  :i|i,.j). 
and  (ithcr  service-seekers  lijivc  come  to  St.  Louis  in  n.)  iii..',,i]. 
siderable.  nuitd)ers,  somi-  frttm  the  interior  of  this  ."^t;!!!-  imi 
Illinois,  and  some  from  other  cities  where  substitute  liiijti^rj, 
not  so  well  advanced.  It  is  estimated  that  there  are  foin-nr  Ih'. 
hundred  such  now  here  who  are  open  to  pureba.se  for  ilo'iu. 
tomary  three  years.  None,  we  believe,  have  been  en.'iimil  |,,f 
a  shorter  time,  although  the  President  may  i.ssue  his  eall  aiii 
oriler  a  draft  for  two  years,  or  for  only  one.  A  Inrtini  tpnciit'i^ 
entitled  to  a  btmnty  fr<un  government  of  three  bnndreil  il,,ll;n, 
for  the  three  years  ho  engages  to  serve,  in  aiblition  to  sueli  siiin 
its  he  may  receive  from  his  |n'ineipal,  imiking  togotlier  a  vciv 
comfortable  amount.  Until  a  draft  occurs,  none  but  aliens  .u].[ 
thos4'  who  have  been  in  the  army  or  navy  two  years  are  eli::ii]:,. 
for  imrchase  in  the  .substitute  market.  Veterans,  \vllo^^.  oiiii 
of  service  is  just  expiring,  ba\  ing  found  this  fact  oat.  have.lv 
elincil  to  re-cidist.  and  will  go  back  into  ti'c  army  as  salisliinif." 
or  not  at  all.  AVbeiicver  a  umn's  papers  are  atljnstcil  hv  ttio 
enrollment,  his  i-epresentative  is  sent  out  without  delay  to  Ilcn 
ton  Ilarracks,  an<l  in  a  lew  days  forwardetl  to  s'lnu-  cnmii  .- 
garrl.son  for  active  duty,  t^uite  a  ilelegation  was  sent  "'r  , . 
Fort  Mellenry  iluring  the  rcent  rebel  raid  upon  the  Mciiiiiv  : 
lialtimore. 

"  With  regard  to  the  draft  itself,  we  may  stati'  tiiat  evorvlliii..' 
is  in  readiness  for  carrying  it  out  throughout  the  State,    li. 


this  district  over  thirty  thimsand  tickets  l_ 


earing  naiiics  ce|,iri 


from  the  enrollment  books  have  been  prepareil.  assortcl,  mil 
put  into  packages  by  sub  districts,  and  sealed  up,  reaily  tn  l,i. 
opened  and  put  into  the  drafl-whcel  whenever  the  proper  .i:iv 
arrives.  The  I'i'e-ident  has  just  issiieil  his  preparatory  iiiiai- 
date,  fifty  days  after  which  a  draft  will  take  place.  If  tlie  imI! 
be  fixed  for  live  hundreil  thousand,  the  ipiota  of  .Missonri  »i" 
bo  abinit  eighteen  thonsaml,  and  if  for  three  hundred  tliou«aiil. 
we  are  responsible  for  no  mcue  than  twelve  tbfiasiiii.l.  I'oi: 
then  there  will  be  n  considerable  deduction  on  aeconal  "I  ;i..' 
e.xoefs  over  the  last  call,  which  lies  to  our  credit  on  the  lioiks"! 
the  adjutant-general  at  Washington,  and  for  all  the  snlisiilul<> 
that  are  now  being  so  plentifully  supplied.  Those  «ho  ii . 
nervous  with  fear  of  being  drafted  may  comfort  Ihenisel.". 
with  tho  relleelion  that  there  are  thirty  chances  to  nne  in  tin  r 
favor  against  any  such  dreaded  mishap." 

— Maj.Gen.  W.  S.  Rosecrans,  coiniiiamliim'  iL 
Department  of  Missouri,  on  July  'J.Sih  issucil  the  l"l- 
lowing  appeal  to  the  "  citizens  of  St.  Loiii.s:" 

"  lly  authority  from  the  War  department.  I  have  eallci  i  ■' 
some  regiments  of  twelvi;  and  six  immths'  vidanicers.  to  nn-r; 
the  local  deruamls  of  tlui  military  service,  ainl  give  |KM"-e  aiil 
protection  to  the  State. 

"  Under  this  call  I  wish  yon  to  furnish  two  spleinli'l  rcji 
meiits,  models  of  soldiership  and  military  bearing,  In  sirvc  liit 
twelve  nnmths  in  •■^t.  Louis. 

"  While  it  is  oxpectel  that  they  will  serve  mainly  orrnlii(i.> 
here,  I  want  im>  man  in  them  who  wiuild  hesitate  for  a  in  iniin! 
tf)  g')  wherever  duly  and  country  calls. 

"The  ollieers  and  soMiers  ought  to  be  picked  men,    N'"V' 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


441 


I  by  ('"'  vriii- 
r.'  lint  ill  ;i 
88r8.  Maffiiril, 
9,  oii'l  olhcr- 
iFacli>'U  of  ;i 

liis  name  ;i' 
•cut  rato,  an . 

\\\i  ill  all  'W 

syiili'iii,  alirh- 
is  in  ti'i  i!i<''ti. 
tllis  Slair  am 
illlli'  liiiiii.'  !■ 

lire  r"un.r  liv 
wm:  I'tir  ilu'  >ii- 
uu  eiv^iineii ; 
lie  liis  mil  ill:  I 

Ittntiii  iriieit^  i- 

lUUl'lll'l   ilnll.u. 

iun  tit  siK'li  sun; 
lcii;ollii'r  a  veij 
c  \nit  iilifn>  .111! 
■eiirs  nil'  c'liiiil)':-' 
;niis,  wlio>j  .01111 
lU't  out.  have  .If 
my  iissuli>tiliil'' 
ii.liusU'il  l.y  tit 
Dul  lU'lay  t'l  U™ 
li)  SMinii  cninii  •• 
n  WHS  sent  "(r  .1 
on  till'  \i''iiiiiy  ; 

ti-  lliiilovorylliiii; 

111    till'  >talr.    li 

Iriii'.;  iiaiiii'-  ''"Vi 
■i.l,  a>r'irti"l,niii 
.1  111'.  viMily  t"  W 
,-r  tlic  iinipor 'iiiv 
|.ic|iaiiit"ry  mil'- 

Ipla.i'.  Ifllic.Mll 
1  ,.r  Mis.'iairi  »i" 

Hlll'lir'l  tll'lU'lllll. 
tliMiisalul.     I'.ull 

,11  a iilllt  "I  lli' 

|,lit  .,11  tlio  hf'^f"' 
11  ihoMlliSiitiiti- 
Tlio.«e  wli'i  »'• 
,iinfni-t  lliciiisi'l"'- 
,.(.s  ti)  iinL'  in  tlivr 

liimniiiiHlin.i  ''i'" 
li  issui'il  ill'-'  '"'■ 
lliiitiis:" 

1  liavi.  .Mil'  i  ■  ■• 
|v,,liinl.'i'is,  toiiu'i'. 
1,1,1  nivc  !'>•'•>''"""' 

Iitv'i  s|iU'ii'ii'l  roil 
liMiin;^.  <"''"'"'*"■ 

|,„;,inl>-"rontiiel« 
i(ali'  l',ir  n  i""""'"' 

cUi'il  mo"- 


slioiiM  1 "  proposcJ,  and  none  will  bo  reoommeinloil  for  commis- 
,i,)iis  mil'  's  llioy  lire  i|ualilioil  to  cDininaiiil  ami  i;ivo  |>roini£c  of 

•i.kiii;?.  it'  tiipy  ilo  not  possess,  '  inilitury  poli.sh/ 
18G4.  "■^''  ''  i",  my  "isli  is  to  inuko  lliosn  leijimcnip  tlio 
I  ,  iJf  iintl  iionor  of  St.  Louis.  Tliey  will  lie  kept  on  iluty 
I, ore  in  ii'lition  tliat  tlioy  .sliiill  iiiiike  ttieiiiselvca  wortliy  of  it. 
"  .M  IV  I  111)1  hope,  nay,  I  ilo  liopo  anil  expout  from  tlio  people 
niioi'iii  ii|itlie  most  eoiiipleto,  unique,'nn>l  sneeessfiil  'Sanitary 
I'aii'  ill  ill''  I'liitcil  States,  two  re;;iinciit.s  of  tlio  finest  trou)is  in 
ihc  semii'e,  to  l»o  ealleil  tlio  *  .SV.  Ar,iii',t  Witnnltrr  (tittirdn,^ " 

To  oiii'iiui'iiEco  onlistiuents  in  tlio  proiio.scd  St.  Louis 
Viiliiiiii'i'i'  ( J uaiils,  a  committcG  roprescntinpj  a  number 
of  tax  iiiveM  waited  upon  llio  judi^cs  (if  tlio  county 
i.,)urt  nil  tlio  8tli  of  August  nrd  presented  a  jictition 
«i:.'in>il  I'V  more  tluin  one  hundred  tax-payers,  a.skinjj; 
tliiit  ail  a|i]irnpriatiiin  of. six  hundred  thousand  dollars 
be  ma<lt'  li"'  bounties  to  recruits  for  tlie  two  nv^iments 
tailed  tiir  by  Cxun.  llosecrans.  The  members  of  the 
tomniiltee  were 

III.  C.  .\.  l',,pe.  .Iii'l.^e  Jolin  M.  Kiiiiii,  lion.  Henry  T.  Blow, 
\,  li.  Ilraiin.  Carlos  ,S.  (irceley,  (ieorgo  II.  Hen,  ('harks  V. 
jivoi?,  James  'I'lUissiiig,  .\.  ('.  I'haptnaa,  (Jcorgo  11.  Taylor,  1). 
W.  Fo.v,  I'r.  M.  Ii.  Linton,  J.  V.  Doan,  George  (llierke,  C'hris- 
tiiiilici  .''laelilin,  Jan."s  Ulackinan,  .Fames  Clemens,  Jr.,  Cliarlea 
K.  Uicksiiii.llen.  A.  (i.  KilwariLs,  .lames  O.  ISronilheail,  lludsun 
K.  l!riil,:!e,  Oliver  (lanison.  I'enianl  Kriekhanl,  anil  0.  A. 
Hurl. 

After  lioiirins;  the  remarks  of  the  eoinmittoe,  the 
tiiiiit  ]ia.sM'd  an  order  appropriiiting  four  hutidrcd 
thousand  iluUars  for  bounties  as  requested. 

Tinmodiatoly  al'ter  the  pass:i;_'e  of  this  appropri;itiiin 
iiiiasuiTS  were  taken  to  oriianize  th(!  regiments.  Col. 
Samuel  A.  Holmes  was  apjiointod  to  organize  one 
rcuiincnt,  nnd  the  following  jicrsons  reeeivod  coiniiiis- 
-inns  as  secmid  lieutenants,  witii  tlie  necessary  author- 
iiy  to  reeniit  'x  or  twelve  niontlis'  men  :  W.  J. 
Wliilwell.  Monroe  Harrison,  Adam  I'lix,  H.  Kallnian, 
George  W.  Cilson,  E.  .J.  Castelio,  Robert  C.  Allen, 
M.  Green,  Henry  11.  Swit/er,  and  ]).  G.  Stillinger. 
It  was  understood  that  if  they  sueeeeded  in  raising 
ciiiiil>aiiies  they  were  to  eoiiiiuand  them,  willf  the  rank 
ami  pay  of  eajitains. 

Tlie  liilliiwing  persons  were  coininissiniied  second 
liciileiiants  for  the  purpose  of  recruiting  men  for  tiie 
ntlior  regiment,  which  was  to  be  ciinmiaiided  by  Col. 
W'l  vilenii'ver :  Frederick  (iyalz,  Henry  Hiilni,  Henry 
.1.  nisiliuir.  Felix  Lais,  H.  F.  Diclz.Carriill  1'.  Koet- 
I'T,  Clui-iian  Flrodt,  A.  C.  W'indmullcr,  James 
."i.liiibeit,  and  .Lihn  F.  Sanders. 

-Oil  till'  Dtii  of  September.  (!en.  Unseerans,  under 
■floneral  Oideis  No.  UI.'),"  made  an  asse.s.>ment  upon 
ill"  underwriters    of   St.    Louis   for  the    purpose   of 
liuilJiii;;  or  pnrcha.sing  a  tow-boat.     A  return,  under 
I  ojili,  was 

'  rci|iiiri''l  fniui  llio  proper  ollleer  of  each  insurance  company 
I  of  llii' 'jily,  mill  iVo.u  the  iiircnts  of  all  other  insiiiMiu'e  compa- 


nies having  recognized  agencies  in  the  city,  of  one-half  of  all 
liull  premiums,  nett;  of  one-tliird  of  all  cargo  preiiiiiim.s,  iiettj 
and  one-sixth  of  all  lire  premiiiins  on  stiamlioals,  net!  ;  the  re- 
turns to  he  based  upon  the  nett  receipts  for  the  si.\  inunlhs  cnil* 
ing  on  the  ;iOtli  of  June,  181)1." 

— Col.  T.  F.  Ciiickering,  provost-mar.shal-gencral 
of  tlie  Department  of  tiie  Uulf,  at  New  Orleans,  gave 
notice  in  August  that  no  permit  was  rerjuired  for  the 
shipment  ol'  nierchandiso  or  jiroduce  not  contraband 
of  war  IViiinSt.  Louis  to  New  York  ri(t  New  Orleans. 
Commenting;  upon  this  I'aet,  tiie  lii/nili/iciiii  said  that 
the  advantage  of  this  arrangement  was 

"  that  i  aovos  a  frnltfiil  cause  of  corruption  on  the  part  of 
cortnin  dislioncst  government  onieiiils  at  New  Orleans,  whoso 
custom  it  has  been  to  blackmail  ."^1.  Louis  merchants  by  extorting 
hirgo  extra  fees  from  them  for  tlie  jirivilege  of  giving  theiii  per- 
mits. We  have  heard  of  local  siiip|,ors  who  have  been  mulct  id  by 
sncli  sharpers  a  dollar  and  a  lialf  per  barrel  upon  wliiskey,  for 
the  benefit  of  their  own  pockets,  iiii'l  imlepeii'lent  of  tlic  usual 
treasury  regulation  fee.  Coincident  witli  the  iibolisliinent  of 
this  permit  system,  we  learn  that  New  Orleans  steamers  iiavc 
reduced  the  freight  to  that  city  from  a  dollar  to  seventy-fivo 
cents  per  humlre'l  poumls." 

— On  the  0th  of  September  a  river  guard  was  estab- 
lished at  eacli  of  the  six  ferries  at  and  near  the  city, 
for  the  purpose  of  preventing  the  crossing  of  soldiers 
and  negroes  who  did  not  show  papers  signed  by  the 
military  authorities.  At  night  the  guard  was  posted 
six  miles  along  the  river-front  to  prevent  the  passage 
of  .small  boats. 

— lien.  Roseerans,  on  September  27tli,  ref|uested  the 
steamboat  captains,  ]iiiots.  engineers,  and  other  boat- 
men to  form  a  eompany  for  the  protection  of  steam- 
boat property  in  tlie  harbor  of  St.  Louis.  The  eom- 
pany was  organized  at  the  JK'rciiants'  F.xchango  on 
tlie  iiOtli  of  September,  with  N.  .1.  Eaton  as  eajitain, 
and  GrilT  I'latliin  second  lieutenant. 

— In  conformity  with  a  letter  of  instructions  frotn 
Gen.  E.  Kirby  Smith,  dated  .\ug.  11,  18G4,  Maj.- 
Gen.  Sterling  I'rico  made  immediate  tirrangcnients  for 
a  inovement  of  Confederate  troops  into  Misaonri  from 
Arkansas.  He  formed  a  juiictiun  with  the  force  of 
(icn.  J.  O.  Shelby,  and  on  tiie  liOth  took  up  the  line 
of  mareli  with  twelve  thousand  men.  On  the  18tli  of 
Sc])teiiiber  he  divided  iiis  army  into  three  division.^, 
cominaiuicd  respectively  by  Maj.-Gen.  J.  F.  Fagan, 
Maj.-CJen.  J.  S.  Marmiidiike,  and  Brig.-Gen.  J.  0. 
Shelby.  He  then  invaded  Missouri  in  three  columns, 
and  iulvaneed  within  ten  miles  of  St.  Louis,  on  the 
St.  Ijouis  and  Iron  Mountain  Ilailruad.  The  close 
pro.ximity  of  the  Confederate  army  under  its  dasliing 
leader  created  the  greatest  excitement  in  the  city  of 
St.  Louis,  and  alarmed  the  commanding  general.  On 
the  2.''>t]i  all  public  business  was  .>iuspeiidcd,  to  enable 
♦lie  authorities  to  complete  the  organization  for  local 


'      "TC 


n 


«i- 


III 

■i'iv' 


I 


442 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


<     !' 


I  •!' 


H< 


11  .. 


w  ^ 


defeiifo.  All  the  enrolled  militia  oF  tlio  city  was  called 
into  active  service,  and  the  '■  exonipts  from  the  military 

service  capable  of  del'eiidinj;  tluir  Iionies"  were 
1864,     requested  lo  orj;anize  under  tliedirection  ol'tlie 

mayor.  Officers  and  soldiers  wlio  had  been  dis- 
eharged  or  were  on  veteran  I'urlounhs  were  retjuestid 
to  report  al  iScliolicId  Barracks  No.  2,  where  they 
were  orj;ani/,i'd  by  Col.  Laibold.  The  Guards  were  in- 
.structed  by  Uen.  1').  C  I'iko  ''  to  arrest  all  residents 
of  the  district  who  are  not  with  their  reiiinienis  or 
show  satisfactory  evidence  ol' cxcmplion."  Conipleie 
ori^anizalioiis  of  '-loyal  exempts'  were  also  accepted 
for  temiiorary  service,  and  the  chief  (juarterniaster 
and  chief  commissary  of  subsistence. were  ordered  to 
orLTaiiize  into  com|ianies  all  their  eni[iloyes  who  could 
bear  arms.  The  Old  Guard,  under  the  coniiuand  of 
Capt.  N.  II.  Clark,  tendered  their  services  in  the  emer- 
gency, and  their  oiler  was  accepted.  Tiie  First  l>rigade 
of  the  enrolled  .^lissourl  militia  in  the  city  was  utli- 
eered  as  follows : 

liiii,'.-(i('n.   !■'..('.  I'ikc,  coiMiiinnilin;;:   Ma.j.   1>.    K.  Slicklon, 
bri;;aji.'.  (iiiiotoiinastor ;    Miij.    .M.  I'.  Ilantluirn,    Ini'iMcU'   cuiii- 
iiiissary  ;   Maj.  K.  .Miutlicns,  bri;;ailo  siirgi'ciii ;  ('a|il.  ('.  II.  Iill 
Fiiii,    .\.  .\.  .\.(i.  ;    Oapt.   A.  Williartiliz.    A.  A.  .A.  (i. ;    laiil.  .1. 
O'lirieii,  A.  II.C. 

Besides  the  organizati  )ns  for  local  defense,  a  large 
numbc'  of  men,  white  and  colored,  jiartieularly  South- 
ern sympalhizLMS  residing  in  the  city,  were  ]iressed 
into  service,  and  .set  to  work  throwing  up  breastworks 
and  building  or  eoini>leting  fortification.s. 

Military  reinforcements  in  the  mean  time  began  to 
pour  in  from  every  (piarter,  until  there  were  at  lea.-t 
lil'ircii  tbiinsand  men  tinder  arms  in  the  city.  (Jen. 
I'riie.  in  his  (illicial  report  of  his  campaign  in  31  is- 
soiiii  in  1S(!  I,  savs. — 

"  I  liripux'it  out  Willi  iiK'  (ivcr  live  llioiisaiicl  rri'iuit.*.  iiml  tlipv 
nrc  still  iirri\  ill;;  ilail.v.  .Mlcr  1  iia..^?oil  llie  (ioriiian  .silllcmiiils 
ill  .Missimii  my  inarcli  was  an  ovalimi;  Iho  iii"|ilu  llirmii;i'cl 
iiroiiiiil  mill  wi-K'oiiicil  us  with  o)ic)i  licart.s  and  liaiitls.  KiM-itiitd 
IIocKcmI  to  uiti-  tia;;  ill  such  ntiiiibers  as  to  threaten  to  lici'iitiio  a 
Imrden  iiistiMit  ol' ii  ln'iu'lit,  hriiii;  mostly  unariiir  I.  In  sonio 
iroiiiitii's  the  <|Mfs)iiiii  was  not  wlio  slioithl  ;;t>  to  the  army,  ioit 
who  shonlil  sl:iy  al  hotnc.  I  am  salislii'il  that  ciniM  I  liaM'  ii'- 
inaincd  in  .Missnuri  this  wintur  Iho  army  woiiM  havi>  iiu.rcase(I 
llfty  thoiisaml  nun  " 

In  order  to  deter  young  men  in  the  State  from 
ji.iiiiiig  the  Confederate  army.  Gen.  llosecrans,  on  the 
27th  of  September,  issued  the  following  "(Jenoral 
Orders  No.  171)": 

"1.  Trail'Ms  ami  snics  cau^^lil  in  llif  aft  of  |r.issiii;^  thf 
rt'th'ral  liiii'S  h>  tin'  ^norrillas  or  to  the  rclicl  lortH's  now  iii\a- 
ilinj;  the  ,*^lali'  will  he  shot  on  the  sput.  'J'liosi;  ca|itiiiv(l  piiiir 
to  Ilii' pionmlL'-.ti'Oi  of  this  onlir  will  ho  sent  luiiiii' liatrlj' to 
tlio  ncart'st  hfa<li|uai'toi*s,  accoiiipaiiii'tl  hy  papiM'-s  aihl  witiiosscSy 
for  trial. 

"  The  jinivost  inariihal  {{cnenil  is  diructiil  tu  scml,  without 


delay,  those  I'aptiiri'il  within  tlio  past  two  or  three  day-    .  ;,,r, 
a  niilitMiy  eomniission  for  trial." 

— In  view  of  the  intense  excitement  caused  \>y  i]i,. 
Confederate  invasion,  and  "  to  avoid  everythiii,:  i;i|. 
ciliated  to  arouse  tlio  pa.ssions  and  disturb  the  luliji, 
peace  and  tratninillitv,"  the  Pemocratic  Central  I'mii. 
mittee.  through  Kobert  W.  Keiiick,  ]iresiiieiit.  I).  \\ 
Armstrong,  .secretary,  and  Christopher  Kribbcii.  rli;iir. 
man  of  tli(>  executive  committee,  thought  it  ailvisaliir 
to  suspend  till  public  imetings  until  further  imliic. 

— -The  city  was  tlirown  into  tln'  greatest  coii-ifiii;i. 
tion  on  the  liJsth  of  Septenibev  liy  the  iinMoiiiir.'iu;!,; 
that  Gen.  A.  .1.  Smith's  conimand  had  retrr:ii,J  t,, 
])e  Soto  before  the  Confi^derate  iidvance.  tlini  tj), 
railroad  below  IJig  Iliver  had  been  deslroycil,  -m,] 
that  Gen.  Iltigb  S.  living  was  surrounded  at  I'ilut 
Knob  and  besieged  at  that  iilaee. 

In  view  of  the  threatened  danger,  as  it  was  lirlicviil 
St.  Louis  was  Gen.  Price's  i.bjective-]ioinl.  M,ij.-i;,ii, 
Frank  1*.  Blair,  who  was  in  the  city  on  >u\  li.iw. 
tendered  bis  services  to  Gen.  liosecrans,  ami  mi  iL. 
li.'^th  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  couiilv 
of  St.  Lonis,  and  tlie  troo])s  of  all  kinds  for  ilir  Jr 

I  feiise  of  the  city.  Col.  J.  II.  Baker  eoinniaiHlul  ilio 
city  pro|ier,  under  tlie  orders  of  Gen.  IJiair.     Cnl.  |!. 

I  Gralz  IJidwti  was  charged  wiili  tlie  task  of  orL;aiii/,iii.' 
the  City  liuard,  and  afterwards,  liy  order  uf  lliii 
Uosecrans,  was  assigned  to  the  coininainl  oj'  iln' 
militia  exemiits  organized  for  special  duty  In  f'l. 
Louis.  On  the  li.Slli  a  large  number  of  vtlir.i.i. 
fioiu  Illinois  arrived  in  the  city.  There  were  at  llii- 
time  iibout  twelve  thousand  militia  under  arais  in  Si. 
liotiis.  As  a  eoiiM'i|Ueiu:e  of  the  Conl'ederalc  inva- 
sion, the  city  was  full  of  prominent  citizens  aiiil  oilar 

;  refugees  who  h.id  lied  before  the  advaiuiii;;  aiiiiv 
rroni  all  parts  of  the  State,  but  ]iartieul,iily  I'loiii 
Soutliea>t  .Missouri.  To  accommodate  the  iiiii;;i'r< 
and  contrabands  (|uarters  for  twenty  five  thnusaii'i 
persons  were  erected  near  the  city.  Frmii  a  siaic 
nient  made  by  the  Ilev.  Mr.  Wright,  who  was  ilu 
chaplain  and  .-u]ieriiit(iident  of  refugees  ami  cmlia 
bands,  we  learn  that  there  were  four  receplacles  lor 
these  unloilunates. — two  in  St.  Louis,  one  iit  I'ilnl 
Knob,  and  one  tit  Cajic  (iirardeau.  At  tlnsi'  slalimi- 
there  were  on  August  olst  two  thousand  lliioi' liiiii- 
dred  and  ninety-seven  pei'sons,  of  wlioiii  niiiilroii 
hundred  and  ninety  live  were  rel'iigee-;  .unl  loiir  liiiii- 
dred  and  two  eontr.ibatid.  They  were  ilisliilminl  i" 
till'  following  manner: 

l!i'rilt;.'''s.  r,.|ilr.i!,,;i!- 

I'ilot  Kiioh llso  1^.. 

i  Capi'  'iiiar.li-ao ;:::il  I- 

j  ,S|.  I is 'J'.i'.l 

ik'ii'.oii  llarrai'lei |s<'>  --'' 

IUUj  hi:; 


THK  CIVIL   WAU. 


143 


*cil  liy  ill'' 
(•thin-:  n\- 

iitral  t'nii,. 

.Mlt.    1>.   M 

iln'ii. '  hiiii- 
it  ailvisilii 

V   llnllrf. 

I  eoliMi'lu:! 

iun\iii'''iii,ii; 

IVlV.'iitril  Im 
-0,  ilia!  ill. 
itvoyt'il.  aii'l 
led"  III    i'il.: 

was  lirlii'Vi/i 
It,  Miij.-r,,;!, 

II  >'u'k  IcaVi'. 
S,  illlll  "11  ill.' 
r  tlu'  fnUllly 
lis  for  lln'  lit'- 
luiuaiuli'il  llio 
.lair.     *'nl.  r,. 

of  (ii;,;alii/.in:; 
iiik'l'  til'  lii'ii. 
IlUllul    111'    llii' 

I   iluiy  ill  i^t- 

•V    III'    Vl'U'IM.l> 

0  wi'vo  al  llii^ 
rv  anils  ill  ^1- 
I'lMJi'iali'  iiivii- 
ziMi~  ami  "il»r 
vaiiriii;,;  aim} 
tiniliily  linlU 
tlu'  r>rii':>v- 
live    lll.'lbilll'l 

I'miii  a  si;i'i- 
who  was  till 
vs  ami  I'liili'' 
l-,Tr|'I.H'l'"'  li'f 
oiu.  at   I'.liit 
llii'so  slaliiiii- 
and  llii'>'^'  li»"- 
1,11111    iiiii.M.'" 
mil  lour  liii" 
i  ,li>tvilmtitl»i 

C.iitnl'.iiil'- 

IJ.i 

I- 

1112 


-  I'liilor  1111  order  i.ssucil  Si'jiluiiibcr  -Dtli,  ]i('iiiiits 
weir  ii'i|uiivJ  Cor  llio  sliipiiiL'iit  by  rail  (ir  stoiinior  iif 
mcrt'liaiulisi!  to  all  tliat  iiorlioii  of  the  State 
1864      lyiiij;  Hiuth  of  the  Missouri  River. 

— The  oi'iiaiiization  of  the  eiti/aMis  had  so 
far  1  louirssod  tliat  business  was  resiiiiieJ  on  Oetober 
l>i,  wiili  the  iinderstniidinn  tliat  business  houses  were 
to  il. -0  at  three  o'eloek  I'.M.,  to  <^\vti  tlieir  eiii]iloje;i 
all  (i|ii  ortiitiity  for  drill. 

'i'lu'inilitia  was  enrolled  with  the  greatest  rajiidity, 
ami  till'  eiiliro  oriraiiii,;itioii  was   formed  into  one  di- 
vi-iiiii  of  itiriH"  briiradt's,  umlir  tiie  eoniniaiid  of  Brij;.- 
Gi'ii.  K  *'■  I'ikc.    The  first  brioade,  under  (\il.  Miller, 
•.vi'iit  iiilo  rendezvous  at  Caroiidelet  late  in  Se|itoinber. 
It  was  iiiiiiposed  of  the   First,  Seeond,   Kinhleenth, 
ami    l",i'.;hly-fiftli     Ileo;inieiits,    the    two    latler    friiiii 
i'raiikliii  County,  Mo.     The  Seeond  and  Third   Hri- 
i;ailt's  went  into  eaiiip  at  "  Caiiip   Shoridan."  at  the 
li,;ul  of  Olive   Street.       About   the   same   time   the 
t>ei'iiml  HriL'ade  was  cinnposed  of  the  Third,  Fourth, 
ami  Ti'iilli    UeL'iiiients,  under  the   eoinniand  of  Col. 
(',  D.  Woitf.  of  tile  Fourth,  aetinj;  bri;.:adier  general. 
The  Tliiid  IJriu'ade  was  {'(iin|iosed  of  the  Seventh, 
Ivleveiilli,  and  Thirteeiitli  lleoiuienls,  under  the  eoin- 
iiuiiid  of  (.'el.  G.  F.  Meyer,  of  the  Seventh  Iveiiinieiit, 
iiotiiiir  briiradier.     The  two  appointees  ol'  Uen.  Ulair,  . 
(\ils.  Ctileinau  and  Gage,  had  nut  then  assumed  com-  | 
iii:iml.   The  Second  and  Third  brigades  on  September  j 
;;iltli  had  over  three  thousand  men  on  parade.      The  : 
troops  were  eommaiided  by   JJrig.-Gen.  E.  C.  I'ike, 
willi  tlie    following  statVotlieers :    Col.  .Inliii    Knapp 
anil  ('apt.  O'Hrien,  «ides-de-eam|) ;   Maj.  naiithorn, 
(.'iiimiiissary  sergeani,  with  Maj.  llolfinan,  of  the  For- 
lii'th   Missouri,   in   eompany.      The   reuiinenls  were 
iiiiiiiiiaiuled    as    follows:    Third,    Col,    F,    \'aleamp ; 
I'luulli,  I'oinniandeJ  by  the  lieuteiiaiit-colunel  of  the 
rt-piiient;  Tenth,   ]jieut.-Col.   Cleveland;    l']leveiitli, 
Lii'iitCol,  Heekmaii ;   Thirteenth,  Lieut. -Col.   .loliii 
It.  Maivy.    The  First  Rattalion  of  cavalry  wa.s  under 
ilu' coliiiiiaiul  of  Maj.  Walton. 

— .V  small  detaehment  of  Confederate  eavaliy  made 
a  raiil  on  tlio  post-office  at  Cheltenham,  on  the  I'aeifie 
Uiilioail,  only  four  miles  from  the  eity.  on  September 
::'Jili. 

—Maj. -Gen,  A.  Plcasonton  assumed  euinmaii(]  of 
tilt'  St,  bonis  district  on  tlu^  2il  of  Oetober. 

—Til  prevent  supplies  IVoin  reaehing  the  Con- 
iViloiiitcs,  an  order  was  issued  October  Tith  pnihibiting 
llii-  sliipnieiit  of  goods  outside  the  county  of  St,  L'luis 
iiiilioiii  s|«'(ial  permissiiin.  These  restrictions  were 
iiiiiiivi'il  on  N'livemlier  lib.  On  account  of  the  sear- 
liiy  of  liay,  army  burses  were  fed  on  liall'-ratioiis  in 
."'i.  L'uils,  ami  the  shipment  of  hay  IVoni  the  city  was 


prohihited.  All  hay  received  in  the  eity  and  not 
used  fur  private  purjioses  was  eoiifiseated  by  the 
military. 

— In  vicAv  of  the  close  proximity  of  the  Confederate 
raiders,  two  brigades  of  the  First  Division  of  I'iUrulled 
.Missouri  Militia,  (ion.  Iv  C,  I'iki!  eoiciKiinling,  on 
the  1st  of  Oetober  marched  out  oi'  the  eity  and 
encaiiijicil  at  Ijulcile  Station  on  the  I'acifie  llailroad, 

— The  distress  in  the  eity  caused  by  the  invasion  of 
the  State  by  the  Confederates,  anil  the  e'lnseipient 
withdrawal  from  their  homes  of  men  having  f.imilies 
deiieiident  upon  them  for  sii]iport,  as  well  as  by  the 
large  number  ol'  refugees  who  had  been  cmnpelled  to 
flee  to  St.  l.jimis  in  a  most  destitute  eunditioii,  iniluced 
JLiyor  J.  S,  Thomas  to  inslitute  measures  lor  their 
relief.  Accordingly,  on  the  7lh  of  October,  ho  issued 
an  ap|ieal  rei(uesting  the  citizens  to  contribute  such 
sums  of  money  and  such  provisions  or  clothing  as 
might  be  in  their  power.  For  the  ]iurpo.se  of  carrying 
his  a|ipeal  into  ell'eet  he  appointed  the  following 
gentleineu  a  committee  to  make  collections  in  (-aeh 
ward  : 

I'iiMi  W'linl,  Col.  Si-liisliicr,  Sti'i'lii'ii  IJiulow,  Ati'^.  Krii'liliiuis, 
K.   .\iilunin'r. 

St-rtnul  ll'.i/-'/,  (iciir;;!'  (ii'lirkc,  lly.  (iciiip,  Iioriiaril  Klein, 
('lia.1,  Cii'lv. 

r/in-l  \y<,r,l,  II.  .''i-lioimKiiin,  Aiiiailc  Vallr,  II.  Knill,  CO. 
Siniiiions. 

/■'..in(/i  W'lnl,  Col.  Clins.  Kiil-^  (icirKC  W.  Clin.',  .\.  T,  W. 
(iDcilwhi,  IMi.  Dancrlieitn,  Tli.  Kail). 

I'i/lli  Wiiiil,  J.  Wiiikcliiieyi'i-,  .liiliii  11.  .Aiulii'W.-',  .Mbort 
l-'i.'liir.  It.  1).  Killian,  ,1.  II,  lli'irsii-, 

S;.rll,    W.inl,  K.  Keller,  Dwiglit  Dmkee,  Neilsen,  I!.  \V. 

l'"o.\,  .Nil".  Peliafl'er, 

S'liiilli  Willi/,  |i.  Ilailiniiiiii,  I'reil.  lliinerwalil,  .l"liii  Hiiiin, 
.luliii  II.  (ienleiioinn,  ."-iiiuire  ileatli. 

/.,■/-,/,(/.  ir.in/.  .I'.lin  (Ireslier.  .lohii  St.'warl,  .l"lir.  ('.  \'o,.;i'l, 
.Meyi-r  I'l-ieilo,  U,  Welii-r, 

.V//ir/i  Wiiril,  l.iiiii.s  Hash,  I',  I'e.ili,  K,  C.  .siaii.k'rs,  ('ii.<|iar 
Sicille,  I'lil,  Ilriseoll. 

'/'.ii(/i  lliiri/,  A'liil|iliiis  MeiiT,  I'll,  Streuuiiel,  ('has.  Iiwiii, 
(lias.  I'oi;:,  N.  (',  ('lia|>iiiiiiiii. 

— Intelligence  was  received  in  St,  Louis  on  the  10th 
of  October  that  (-"ii  I'riee  and  his  army  had  retired 
from  Jeffer.son  City  without  liazarding  a  regular  en- 
gagement, and  there  now  being  no  immediate  danger 
of  an  attack  on  St,  Louis,  (.ieii,  Kiisecrans  and  .stalF 
lell  the  city  on  the  iL'tli  to  join  Gen.  Pleasontoii  near 
Jeirerson  City,  but  Gen.  IJoseerans  and  Gen.  A.  J. 
Smith  returiieil  to  Si.  Lmiis  on  the  llitli  of  Novem- 
ber. 

— Col.  J.  1\  Sandersiin,  who  had  filled  the  (ilhco  of 
provost -marshal-general  iifilo'  Uoparlnu'iit  uf  ,^lissllnri 
for  several  months,  died  at  hi>  resideiiir  in  St.  1,'iiiis 
on  October  1  lib,  Cul,  Sandersiin  had  beon  (liicf  clerk 
of  the  War  llepartmcnt  during  Simon  Canieruu's  term 


•immmm'mmim 


414 


IIISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


as  sccretnry.  Before  rcsijinini;  that  position  lio  was 
appointed  to  a  lieutcnant-coionulcy  in  one  of  tlic  new 
r('j;inicnt.s  of  the  rojjiihir  army,  ami  in  a  short 
1864.  time  attained  tlie  colonelcy  of  the  Thirteenth 
United  States  Infantry  by  seniority.  His  in- 
firm stale  of  health  having  incapacitated  him  for  pro- 
tracted service  in  the  field,  he  wa.s  assii;ned  to  the 
Department  of  the  Missouri  coincidetitly  with  the  ap- 
pointmcTit  of  Maj.-Gcn.  llosecrans  as  its  commander. 
The  duties  that  devolved  upon  him  were  dischar_s?cd 
with  a  vigor  and  system  of  detail  that  proved  him  to 
be  a  man  of  rare  capacity  for  such  a  position.  In 
consc(|uenee  of  his  death  Col.  Joseph  Darr,  Jr.,  was 
appointed  provost-marshal-general. 

■ — ^In  accordance  with  orders  issued  by  Gen.  Rosc- 
crans,  six  Coniedemto  prisoners  of  war  were  on  Octo- 
ber 29th  executed  by  shooting,  in  retaliation  for  the 
shooting  of  Jlaj.  James  Wilson  and  his  six  comrades, 
of  the  Third  Missouri  State  Militia  Cavalry,  by  the 
Confederates,  near  Washington,  Mo. 

The  names  of  the  men  led  to  execution  wore  James 
W.  Gates,  Third  Missouri  Cavalry,  C.S..\. ;  Harvey 
II.  IJlaekburn,  Coni|)any  A,  Coleman's  Regiment  .Vr- 
kansas  (,'avalry.  C.S.A. ;  John  Nichols,  Company  G, 
Second  Missouri  Cavalry,  C.S.-».  ;  Charles  \V.  .Alin- 
niken.  Company  A.  Crabtroe'.s  Arkansas  Cavalry, 
C.S.A. ;  .Vsa  V.  Ladd,  Company  A,  Hurbridge's  Mis- 
.souri  Regiment  of  Cavalry,  C.S.A. ;  and  George  T. 
Bunch,  Company  B,  Third  Missouri  Cavalry. 

About  half-past  one  o'clock  the  proce.ssioti  started 
from  Gratiot  Street  prison,  atid,  utider  escort  of  a  de- 
tachment of  the  Tenth  Kansas,  arrived  on  the  ground 
of  execution  about  half  past  two.  There  were,  includ- 
ing soldiers  and  citizens  (the  former  largely  prepon- 
derating), about  three  thousand  persons  on  the  ground, 
with  the  guards  and  escort.  The  firing  party  con- 
sisted of  fifty-four  men, — forty-four  of  the  Tenth 
Kansas  and  ten  of  file  Forty-first  Missouri, — thirty- 
six  being  detailed  to  fire,  eighteen  being  in  reserve. 
When  the  prisoners  arrived  on  the  ground  t]\ey  were 
marched  promptly  to  the  places  fixed  for  the  execution, 
there  being  six  upright  pine  posts  sot  in  the  ground, 
with  sfjuari!  board  seats  attached  for  each  man  to  sit 
upon.  They  took  their  places  upon  their  scats,  each 
with  comparative  ci'lmiiess,  atid  nearly  all  with  an 
ap[iearaiice  of  resignatioti  to  their  dreadful  fate.  But 
little  cinotioti  was  displayed  by  any  of  the  six,  except 
Nichols  and  ^linniken. 

After  each  had  been  tied  to  a  stake  their  eyes  were 
bandaged,  and  the  command  to  make  ready  was  giveti. 
There  was  a  momentary  suspense,  and  then  a  further 
command,  "  One,  two,  tire  !"  atul  the  entire  volley  was 
discharged  uluiost  as  one  gun.     Instatitly  the  blood 


spiirtet;  ''roni  the  breast  of  each  prisoner,  and  ((uivcr- 
ing  for  a  moment  tlieir  heads  fell  upon  their  shoulders, 
and  then  their  bodies  lurdicd  to  one  side  and  fell  ;is 
near  the  groutid  as  they  eoulil  with  their  arms  piiii'iHj 
to  the  stakes.  In  this  position  the  blood  streaiiinj 
from  their  wounds,  which  were  nearly  all  in  the  lii(';i>t, 
and  in  one  or  two  places  formed  little  pools  upon  the 
ground.  The  attending  physicians  examined  ihc 
bodies  as  soon  as  the  firing  ceased,  atul  found  no  si;:iis 
of  life  in  atiy  except  Blaekburti.  Iti  five  miniiiis 
from  the  time  the  volley  was  discharged  tliey  wore  all 
dead. 

Gates,  after  he  was  shot,  uttered  the  exclaniation, 
"Oh!"  and  Blackburn  cried  out,  "Kill  me,  quick!" 
but  in  an  instant  later  they  were  evidently  itiscnsioio. 

After  this  the  bodies  were  placed  iti  eolliiis  ami 
tak(!ii  ill  charge  by  the  government  undertakui-.  .^I^. 
Stnithers.  Then  the  crowd  dispensed  and  t\n\  S(ilJi(.'r.< 
returned  to  their  quarters. 

It  had  been  the  intention  of  Gen.  llosecrans  to  exe- 
cute a  major  of  the  Confederate  service  as  soon  as  one 
fell  into  his  hands.  In  a  short  time  Maj.  Knncli  0. 
Wolf,  of  Ford's  Confederate  regiment,  was  ca|.tm-nl, 
and  was  ordered  to  be  executed  by  Gen.  Rose<rans  an 
the  11th  of  November.  At  the  request  of  Hcv,  1'. 
M.  McKim  and  other  Union  citizens  of  Si.  Luuis  a 
respite  of  fourteen  days  was  granted  him  to  pii'imiv 
for  death.  Soon  after  the  issue  of  this  order,  on  tlii' 
same  day,  President  Lincoln  sent  the  following  dispaldi 
to  Gen.  llosecrans :  "  Suspend  execution  in  case  ol' 
Maj.  Wolf  tintil  further  orders,  and  meanwliile  rppnii 
to  mo  in  the  ease."  The  execution  of  .Maj.  Wolf  was 
never  carried  into  effect. 

— At  the  request  of  Rev.  P.  J.  Smet,  S.J.,  the 
Secretary  of  War  on  November  lOtli  exempted  the  ful- 
lowing  members  of  the  St.  Louis  University,  ihaficj 
ill  St.  Louis:  Rev.  Jolin  L'Ksperance,  Rev.  Josi'iili 
E.  Kelly,  Rev.  John  T.  II.  Scaler,  and  Rev,  Julia  W, 
O'Neill. 

— Some  time  after  the  war  commenced  the  Seen!- 
tary  of  War  and  the  quartcrtuaster-gcncral,  liaviii,' 
differed  as  to  the  mode  of  conducting  the  cavalry  ana 
of  the  military  .service  of  the  govertiment,  llie  luriiin 
established  a  "  Cavalry  Bureau"  at  Washiiiglnii,  and 
placed  it  under  the  direction  of  Maj.-Gi.'n.  Stuiuiiian. 
Subordinate  to  the  bureau  were  eslalili.-liril  IvM- 
ern  and  Western  Divisions, — one  at  (iie.-imiiit,  iioar 
Washington,  and  the  other  at  St.  Ltjuis.  For  ilio 
latter  Louisville  was  fir-t  considered  an  eHL;ibl(;  .-itc. 
but  after  an  exaniiii.iiion  of  the  relative  nicriis  el'ilii 
two  cities  the  location  w:  s  finally  made  at  Si.  Liiii-. 
After  six  or  eight  motiths'  experience,  the  set atai)  s 
plan  of  dissociating  the  cavalry  arm  etitiiciy  I'loiii  ilio 


THE   CIVIL   WAR. 


445 


id  ((iiivcr- 

illOlll'llTS. 
11(1  fell  as 
s  pininmd 
I  strcaiiiiil 
tllO  lir(';i>t, 

4  upon  tlic 
iiiiu'd  till' 
ul  nil  >iuiis 
re  iiiini\its 
cy  wcvi'  ;ill 

scUimafian, 
lie,  (juk'k  I" 

r   illSl'llsi'i)li'. 

coffins  ami 
^rtakur.  Mr. 
tlu^  i^iilJioi!; 

crans  to  cxo- 
i  siiDti  as  one 
ij.  Ei)Ot:li  0. 
■as  captui'otl. 
Uosocrans  on 
t  of  Ucv.  v. 
f  St.  Louis  II 
111  to  iiri.'iiai'i' 
onli'i'.  tin  till' 

iir_'  (Hspiitdi 
ill  caso  lit' 
iwliili;  ro]imi 

aj.WoU'was 


let,  S..I.,  the 

itL'll  till'  fill- 

.-itv,  ilral'ti'il 

,.v.   JoSi|h 
V.  Jolui  W. 


llflt 


i; 


,■(1  tlio  Sccre- 
lU'Val,  haviiii 
tavalry  arm 
lit,  tlie  i'oi'ilict 
>liin|;ton,  anil 
■11.  StiMii'iaan. 
tili.-lHHl   Ka>t- 
[ii'>lioiiit,  iH'ar 
iiis.     Fill'  tli^' 
I,  oli;.;il)lo  >ito. 
URMitS  of  till 

I;  at  St.  Lmii-' 
Iho  si't-rctaryV 
[iieiy  fi'otii  il'"-' 


(|ii;nlonnaster-j;eiifrars  (lircctioii  was  found  not  to 
sULM'id  as  well   as  liad    been   anticipated     It  was, 

tliprefore,  restored  to  Gen.  IMeius' department, 
1864.     liut  retained  ilie  name  of  Cavalry  Bureau  and 

the  division  orgunizations  at  Gicspoint   and 

St.  I,iiui.'<- 

West  Division  Cavalry  Bureau  was  tlic  official  title 
of  tlie  institution  in  St.  Louis,  and  it  was  opened  on 
Oct.  L'i'i,  ISG.'i.  Briir.-Gcn.  J.  P.  Ilatcli  vvu.s  first 
assi'.'iK'il  to  the  command,  and  served  until  March 
or  April  following.  Urig.-Gen.  J.  W.  Davidson  suc- 
cccilcil,  and  served  until  he  was  ordered  to  Gen. 
Caiiliv's  department.  15rij,'.-(!cn.  Edwin  Hatch  was 
then  iirdored  to  St.  Louis,  but  remained  only  two 
weeks,  when  ho  gave  place  to  Col.  Lewis  Merrill, 
wild  was  in  command  U])  to  Oct.  IIO,  18(54,  when  lie 
was  relieved  and  asi-igncd  to  general  inspection  ser- 
vice. A  further  change  in  the  cliaracter  of  the  Cav- 
alry Uiireau  occurred  from  the  law  of  Congress  passed 
in  18li4.  which  placed  it  completely  under  the  diree- 
liun  and  su]iervision  of  the  (|uarterniaster'.s  depart- 
ment, anil  made  it,  under  that  law,  the  first  of  the 
nine  divi.-ions  or  bureaus  into  which  flic  extensive 
and  enmiilicated  duties  of  that  office  were  at  that 
time  divided.  Under  this  arrangement,  Capt.  Tng- 
liam  Coryell,  who  originally  located  the  depot  in  St. 
Louis,  and  who  had  been  its  chief  quartermaster  and 
o.xocntive  officer,  had  cliarge. 

The  depot  grounds  were  directly  north  of  Benton 
lianaiks,  and  but  a  few  rod.i  distant,  and  covered  un 
area  of  one  hundred  acres.  They  were  .securely  in- 
closed on  all  sides,  and  presented  the  aspect  of  a 
lliiiving  village.  Long  ranges  of  stables,  grain  and 
f)iaL'o  warehouses,  a  building  for  the  repair  of  sad- 
dles, a  blaeksinith-.slio]),  carpenter's  shop,  (juarters  for 
cnipliiyes,  various  offices  for  the  trnnsaction  of  busi- 
ness, and  ni.iny  other  structures  comprised  houses  and 
buililiie.;s  in  sufficient  number  to  make  a  fair-sized 
country  town. 

("ill.  Merrill,  Capt.  Coryell,  IMiij.  Gleini,  and  a  num- 
ber of  officers  and  clerks  were  duiniciled  in  October, 
ISiU,  at  No.  87  Olive  Street. 

At  the  depot  were  James  Wallace,  general  superin- 
tendent ;  James  Lindsay,  superintendent  of  ineehanics; 
Ml'.  Schneider,  in  charge  of  the  principal  corral ;  Mr. 
ISucll,  superintendent  of  hospital  yard  ;  Dr.  Valentine, 
veterinary  surgeon,  and  assistants,  mechanics,  team- 
sters, farriers,  laborers,  etc.,  to  the  number  of  nine 
Inindrcil  and  fifty  persons,  the  pay-roll  for  all  of  whom 
foutod  up  about  one  thousand  dollars  per  day. 

Many  of  the  minor  officials  and  employes,  such 
as  ffatclinicn,  were  discharged  soldiers  who  had  be- 
come incapacitated  for  further  active  service.     Those 


who  were  capable  of  service,  civil  employes  and  all, 
were  organized  into  three  companies  of  infantry  and 
one  of  cavalry,  and  were  officered  and  well  drilled. 
There  was  an  armory  on  the  grounds,  from  which 
they  ciiuld  have  been  armed  in  ten  minutes,  in  ease 
of  such  an  emergency  as  arose  when  an  attack  was 
threatened  upon  the  city  by  the  Confederates  under 
Price. 

A  lire  lirigade  was  also  organized.among  the  inmates 
and  employes  of  the  depot,  with  hose,  hooks  and  lad- 
ders, and  other  appliances  for  putting  out  fires.  Water 
was  abundant.  A  large  well  on  the  premises,  in 
which  was  placed  a  pump,  worked  by  the  engine 
which  ran  the  mill  for  grinding  corn,  had  a  capacity 
for  supplying  ten   thousand  gallons  iu  a  single  hour. 

The  jiolico  organization  was  also  complete  in  its 
way,  and  all  oflendeis  against  good  order  were  promptly 
arrested  and  punished. 

Tlio  open  market  system  in  the  purchase  of  horses 
which  was  adopted  in  St.  Louis  in  place  of  the  con- 
tract system  produced  very  satisfactory  results.  A 
man  having  one  or  a  number  of  horses  for  sale  brought 
them  to  the  depot  and  submitted  them  to  the  exam- 
ination of  the  government  inspectors.  The  animals 
were  put  through  severe  exercises  in  running,  jump- 
ing, etc.  The  tests  applied  were  so  perfect  that  it  was 
a  very  rare  thing  for  an  unsound  or  unserviceable 
horse  lo  pa.ss  examination.  When  he  did  pass,  his 
owner  received  one  hundred  and  seventy  dollars,  or 
one  hundred  and  sixty  dollars,  according  to  the  hor.se's 
fitness  for  artillery  or  cavalry  duty.  If  less  than  a 
thousand  dollars  worth  were  purchased.  Quartermaster 
Coryell  paid  the  money,  if  lie  liappened  to  have  it 
on  hand.  If  the  bills  exceeded  that  sum,  payment 
was  made  as  early  as  practicable  in  a  '•  certificate 
of  indebtedness."  No  mules  were  bought  at  the  de- 
pot, the  mule  business  being  monopolized  at  the  large 
corral  nearer  to  the  city,  on  the  Eranklin  Avenue 
Bailroad.  JIares  were  not  purchased  for  army  use, 
for  the  reason  that  the  government  did  not  desire  to 
lessen  the  production  of  the  country  by  the  waste  of 
war.  A  special  order  for  the  purchase  of  two  thou- 
sand mares  was  issued  in  the  summer  of  ISCJ,  but 
(Jen.  llallcck  forbade  the  purchase  of  any  more. 

During  the  year  the  depot  existed  the  number  of 
horses  purchased  and  received  was  47,524,  of  which 
there  »vere  issued 

l'or.«(iviec ,",.'^,71.1 

Xiilul  iiuiiiber  unsoivioi'iiljli!  iieiivcj  nttlio 

ililiot 8,50.1 

or  nliicli  wore  con'k'iiincil  uml  sold 2, ,'121 

llicil  111"  ilii^caso ,'i(i2 

Killi!l  on  iiLTuiinl  of  glanilerij.,  1, 12!) 

4,,')  1 5 
Rccupcratctl  n  id  irsucd  again  lo  service 4,018 


'    I" 


'),. 


I'r 

'i  k  "it 


44G 


IIISTOUY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


^v 


Horses  that  wore  rcciipi'ratcd  and  rofiirned  to  the 
fluid  woii^  prcfrrrcd  to  new  and  inexperienced  ones. 
Tho  nunil)cr  that  wore  ordinarily  at  the 
1864,  depot  awailin;^  refjiiisilions  was  about  live 
tiioMsand.  (iood  statilins^  was  constructed  for 
nine  thousand.  In  adilition,  there  was  a  sub-depot  at 
the  town  of  Mattoon,  Illinois,  where  there  were  lar^o 
and  cheap  grass  ])asturcs.  At  the  two  points  fully 
thirty  thousand  horses  could  have  been  aeconiniodated. 

About  four  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars  per 
month  was  disbursed  by  the  government  in  St.  Louis 
for  liorses,  and  on  Oct.  :!(),  18GI,  there  was  a  million 
dollars  in  vouchers  lying  over  and  awaiting  payment. 

— The  First,  Second,  and  Third  IJrigades,  First 
Division  of  the  Hiirollcd  Missouri  Militia,  wore  re- 
lieved from  active  service  on  November  l!d,  and  their 
arms  and  einiipmcnts  were  turned  over  to  the  quarter- 
master-general of  the  State. 

— Another  military  e.\ocuti(Ui  took  place  within 
the  walls  of  the  St.  Louis  County  jail  on  the  2(ith  of 
December.  James  ]M.  Utz,  a  young  man  of  twenty- 
six  years  of  ago,  who  was  born  and  raised  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  liridgetoii.  St.  Ferdinand  township,  St. 
Louis,  was  the  unfortunate  victim.  Some  time  in 
18(i2  lie  was  captured  in  the  vicinity  of  his  home. 
At  that  time  it  was  supposed  that  he  was  acting  in 
the  capacity  of  a  Confederate  spy.  This,  Iiuwever, 
was  not  certainly  known,  but,  be  this  as  it  may,  he 
managed  to  get  exchanged  at  the  time  as  a  prisoner 
of  war.  The  circumstances  leading  to  his  last  arrest, 
and  inducing  the  belief  that  lie  was  acting  as  a  spy, 
grew  out  of  a  letter  written  in  an  ingeniously-arranged 
cipher,  which  was  captured  some  time  in  the  latter 
part  of  July,  ISG-l,  on  the  jiersou  of  one  of  five  men 
found  in  .lefferson  County,  on  their  way,  it  was  sup- 
posed, to  join  Gen.  Price's  command.  The  contents 
of  this  letter  led  to  the  arrest  of  James  M.  Utz,  and 
liis  trial  before  the  military  commission  .'■itting  in  St. 
Louis,  of  which  Cul.  W.  A.  IJarstow.  Third  Wiscon- 
sin Cavalry,  was  president.  Utz  was  arraigned  on  three 
separate  charges, — first,  being  a  Confederate  spy ; 
.second,  recniiiiiig  men  within  the  lines  of  the  United 
States  forces  for  the  Confederate  army  ;  third,  carry- 
ing correspondence  and  information  to  the  enemies  of 
tlic  United  States.  Tin;  prisoner  was  convicted  and 
sentenced  to  death,  and  wa.s  transferred  from  (Jratiot 
Street  prison  to  the  county  jail  on  Christmas  evening. 
A  few  minutes  before  twelve  o'clock  on  Monday,  De- 
cember 2(Jth,  he  was  led  l)y  the  attending  officers 
from  the  cell  to  the  scaffold,  accompanied  by  Rev. 
Fatlier  Ward,  of  the  (Jatholie  Church,  as  sjiiritual 
adviser,  and  at  twenty  minutes  after  twelve  o'clock 
the  bolts  were  drawn  and  the  drop  fell. 


'  — During  the  last  ton  montlis  of  ISIM  Jli-Mjiiri 
furni»Iu'<l  over  t.venly  thousand  volunteers  tn  thj 
Union  armies. 

— Ivirly  ill  DcTomber,  ISfll,  (<en.  Ko'iccraiiMvj. 
relieved  of  the  command  of  tin;  Department  .1'  d,, 
Missouri,  and  (jen.  Ciranville  M.  Dodge,  of  inui 
was  a[ipointed  to  suceei'd  him.  IJrig.-OiMi.  Tlimniis 
l']wing,  Jr.,  commanded  the  district  of  St.  Loui-,  wiih 
the  following  officers  as  liis  district  staff; 

MiMit.  Col.  Daviil  .Muipliy,  Filliitli  Mis.«iiiiri  V<iliinl.('i-.  In. 

?|ii;irt(ir;   .Miij.  S.  1).  t'iuipi'iilcr,  .Missimri  J^tiLli:  \'"luiiti'.is,  >,ir. 

;;i'iin  in  Clmr;.'"';    Maj.  II.  II.  Williiuiii',  Tenth  KiOi,<;is  Vi'ivran 

VohinliM'i'..^,    I'lnvcisl-Miufliiil ;     .Miij.    \V.    Kisi'licr,  Fil'ili    Mi.. 

'  Willi  Sliito  .Mililiii,  'r(i|i(j,;;rii|iliii'iil  l.'n.Ljinci'r ;   .Miij.C.  II.  iin._. 

I  orv,  St'vciitli    Ivansnn  Vctfiiin    Ciiviilrv,  (.'hii'l'  of  t';n  .ih  ,■  ,,., 

I       •  *  .'  .11. 1 

Ai'liiin  Onlniincc  Oflieer;    .Miij.  II.  IhinuMlis.  Fil'lii'lh   ,\Ii...,(ii 

I  Vciliiiiri'i'ri',  .\etiut!  Assistiint.  Aifiiitiint-(ii'nci;il  (in  cli.ii..,.  .,; 
olVico);  Cn|)t.  11.  (Jiirvons,    I'nitod  .'<tiitC9   V<ihintHM>,   1)1. m; 

I  (Jiiailinmiistor;  Ciipt.  (f.  \V.  (iilson.  .Missouii  Vfiliintiir,,  n.. 
pi.slunt  In»|iL'i'tor:  Ciipt.  C.  li.  I'oitpr,  Kiglilt'ciitli  Uniii'.ISiii., 
Inriiiilrv  (iMiloroil),  in  elm r;,'!'  oC  Pcriiiil  OHico;  (.'liii|il,iiii  ,1,  d. 
I-'oriiiiin,  First  Inlaiitiy  .Mi>.<oiiri  .•'tatt'  .Mililia,  .Sn|ici-iiil,n  li.iii 
of  lii'l'n;;insanil  C'iiiitral)nnil.i:  1..^t  I.icul.  William  Kwin;.'.  I'niKj 

■   .'^tiiti's   ,\riny,    A.->istant  Coninii..;..'ary    minsters;     1st    I.ii'iif.  A. 

;   Vt'Zrii.  V  iMilli   .Mi.-siinii  L'aviliy,  .A.  I).  C.  anil  .\.  A.  A.(l.;  :'•! 

I    I.iout.  (!.  I'l.  Ilnili;ilnn,  W'tL-ran  Itc^orvt;  Curpp,  .Iii'lixi'-AilviKMie; 

j   '2'\  I.icMil.T.  V.  il.ilit.s,  i;iglili-,-iiili  l'n:ieil.Sl:ili;s  Ihl-iiury  (.'..  |,.. 

I    A.  1>.  ('. 

i  — Gen.  Dodge,  on  assuming  command  ul'  ilu:  J.. 
partmeiit,  retained    the   whole    force   of  clerks,  aiii 

'  aii[)ointid  to  his  staff  most  of  the  officers  wlm  liil 
served  under  Gen.  llosecraiis.   He,  however,  a]i]iiiiiiiiii 

;  as  his  aides  decamp  offii.'ers  who  had  served  with  liiiii 

!  ill  the  field  in  Tennessee,  Mississippi,  and  Gcurda 
during  till?  greater  period  of  the  war.  His  aides  wiro 
Capt.  Georgo  l'\ird,  Fourlh  Iowa;  Lieut,  (ieonre  ('. 
Ticketior,    Thirty-sixth    Iowa ;    and    IJeiit.   Kilwin-l 

j  Jonas,  Fiftieth  Illinois. 

—  In  consetiuence  of  the  destruction  oftlie  n  rii: i 
barracks,  the  large  marble  front  hotel  biiilil- 
ing,  erected  by  Louis  G.  Picot.  at  the  souili-  I860, 
west  corner  of  Broadway  and  Riddle  Stivrts. 
at  a  cost  of  about  one  hundred  thousand  dollars,  was 
rented  in  February,  IStJ,'),  by  tlie  goveriiiiiwit  tiir 
refiigoe  fpiarters. 

— On  the  4th  of  February,  Maj.-Gei).  Julin  \'i>\K 
assumed  command  of  the  Military  Divisidn  of  the 
Missouri,  embracing  tlie  Departments  of  Missmni.of 
Kansas,  and  of  the  Northwest,  with  head(|ii,irters  iii 
St.  Louis,  lli.s  staff  consisted  id"  Rrig.-deii.  T.  C.  li. 
Suiitii,  chief  of  staff;  Lieut.-Col.  Edward  .^Ievt■r•. 
quartermaster;  (\)1.  C.  A.  IMorgan,  A.  D.  t',,  iiispL'ttnr 
general;  Jlaj.  J.  F.  Mallne,  A.  A.  A.  Geiieral;  Cajt. 

,  M.  Norton,  A.  G.;  Capt.  J.  McC.  Bell,  A.  A.  G>m- 
oral ;  Capt.  Edward  Ilaiglit,  A.  A.  D.  C. 

'      — The  special  orders  issued  by  the  provost-uiaislial 


THE   CIVIL   WAR. 


447 


I  Mi       -MUP 

■iCClMIK  WM- 
UMlt     -I'  lli. 

e,  (if  liiwi 

(.'11.  Tlinllij- 
Iiliui-,  will 

'iilmii'  'M-,  \i 

llluilll"  IS  MM 

Jill.";!-  Villi  ' 
or,  Kil'lli  Mi- 
nj.t'.  Il.llr.; 

if  Cii\:ilry  nil, 
I'liiMh  Mi,-.iii, 
I  (ill  iliiiiM  111 
iitKM-.  l);-i!i' 
V"liiiit..is,  A- 

111   lillili'ilSllln 

(Mi:i|.l.iiii.l.  li. 

f^niii'riutiiili'iit 
n  Kvvint:.  rtiitfj 
;      1-t    l.iilll.  A. 

A.  \..\M:  ;i 
liul.'i'  Adviii.Mic; 
1  Iiiliimn'  C'>r|i', 

,11(1  (if  the  Jo- 

!lf    l-ll'l-ks,    Ullii 

i'lOtTS  wllM    ll.ll 

luVfl'.  :il>l'"iiili  i 

Vi'il  willi  l:iili 

ami  (ji''ir:i;i 

11^  lliilt'S  Will' 

,11.    (  "u'OlL.'!.'    I'. 

rut.    Ivlw.iil 
iI'iIri  it  I'll':  I 

lUil.l- 

■  lUili-    1865, 

(l-L't  t>, 

11(1  (liilliirs.  \v:i' 
iivcniiiii'iit  '"'■ 

11.  Jiiliii  1'"!^' 

ivi,~inll    lit'  llu.' 

,f  Mis.'iiiiri,  "f 

llli|ll,llt(.'V5  ill 

.(ion.  T.  C.  11. 
J\v;ir(l  Meycf. 
).  C.iiiifpi-''-''"''' 
(joiienil;i-'iiiiti 
;ll,  A.  A.  Gtii- 

rovost-marslial- 


"riiiiil  on  Muri-'li  8,  1804,  iiiTScrihirii;  ('(irtiiiii   rules 
111  lir  iliscrvcvl  liy  ri'liyiiiiis  (•(iiiv(ic:itiiitis,  was  (in  Marcli 
'.).  ISCi,'),  so  iiiiidilicd  liy   I'rdVdst-Miiihliul  J. 
1865       II-  I'iikcr  as  to  read  as  fdlidWH: 

•■  ji  i.  hi-ri-liy  tiiiiiU'  tile  iliity  nl'  iiM  :*iii-li  iiii^iMiililimiis  to  mih 
,„jt  i!,.   Mill  nl'  till'  tncmtiiTH  nf  tlii-ir  iir;,;:dii/:iiiini  (n  tin-  |n-nv<ist 
iiiiti-li.il  "f  tliii  ilii^ti'ii'l  ill  wliifli  tlid  iisM>iiililiii;('  IniH  UDni'i-iii-ii 
^j(,|' |,'iii-(Tiliii;;  hi  tlic  triiiisiiclinn  iiT  biisiiicii.-i.  • 

"III.-  {ii'iivusI-iiiiu'kIiiiI  til  wIiiiiii  llii>  mil  ii4  ciiliiiiilli'il  will 
tlirriiij  I'll  |ii-in'fi'il  t'l  iisfcrtiiiii  fniMi  tlm  rceurd.^  nl"  Ills  iiflii'i' 
viliiiliii  iiii.v  of  till.'  iiii'iiiliors  of  iiiiiil  ii>:ii'iiil)Iii){c  liiiK'  I'liili'il  In 
t;iKr  iiii'l  ^iili^cl'it^d  tn  llioniitli  |ir('i'erilK'il  by  iiaiil  S[K;i.*iiil  OciIimh 
Nil.  ii'.',  mill  iiuy  |ii.'t.inii  Iniiiiil  tn  liiivii  m  liiili'il  will  bii  by  liiiii 
III  nil,  I-  i.iibiililt'ii  ti)  |iiniivi|iiil(i  in  tlui  b(i.«iiicM«  nf  the  ii.iscmbly 
iiiilil  -mil  liiiic  UK  bi^  III!"  <iniii|ill('il  wllb  Ibu  i'<'i(uii'i'iiicnt'<  nf 
.<alil  iii'l'i'i  "I"'  'liii'ilil  iiiiy  |i(ir»nii  fi)  rnrbiiMcii  iiuet  uitli  nr 
iill('iii|il  ill  idiy  iiiiiiincr  tn  |iiirli(:i|iiitL-  in  tliu  ilniii:;.'^  nl'  llic  I'liiil 
u.t^ciublv.  lie  will  li(>  itiiiiiciliiMcly  iii'Vf.-leil  iiiiil  sfiit  tn  tlii.s  ni1ii-i>, 
ivilli  II  ^l;ltcllll'"t  nl'  llic  l'.iL't.<  ill  bi.-i  i-ii.-c." 

-Oil  Mai'cli  7tli,  (idvcriidi-  Tlionias  (,'.  Klctclicr 
issued  ii  |iid(.-laiiiatidii,  in  wliiuli  lie  stated  tliat  there  no 
ion'.'i'i'  existed  in  tlio  Sttite  of  .Missouii  tiny  diyanized 
lime  (if  llie  enemies  of  the  irnvei-nnient  of  tlic  United 
Stiitos.  and  aiiiiiiiineed  tlie  resldiatidii  of  civil  law. 

—  ill  ediniiliaiieo  with  an  net  df  the  (jeiienil  As- 
sonililv  111  .^li^sduii  entitled  '•  An  Aet  i'ortlie  drLr:niiy.a- 
tiuii  and  udveniinent  di'  the  .^li^•s(llll■i  inilili.i,"  the 
State  was  divided  into  three  military  distriels,  the 
thiril  (li.-triet  eomprisin^  tlie  eiiy  and  cduiity  of  St. 
Luuis.  lirin-Oen.  1).  ('.  Cdlenian  assumed  edniniaiid 
(if  the  Third  Uistriel  on  the  2Stli  of  Keliriiary,  with 
Millers  10  proceed  to  eiifdll  the  male  inlKibitant.s  in  liis 
lii-tiict.  On  the  Sth  of  March  he  is.sued  the  follow- 
ing uviirr.  aiiiidiiilin;^  enrdlliiiir  otlicers  : 

"III  i-iiiii|iliiinc'i'  with  General  <)iiler.<  Xn.  I,  Ileinliiiiiii tors 
s'lmnil  .Miiiiiuy  I'iviriinn,  ."-^tiili)  nl'  .Mi,«,»niiri,  tlie  Inllinvin:; 
uili.i'is  111' llie  Kni'ulleil  Mi.-<sniiii  Mililiii  iiiu  liereliy  iiii|iiiiiileil 
iiirnlliii;,' "llieer.i.  'I'liey  will  prneeeil  iit  nnee  tn  eninll  nil  mule 
iiiliiiliiliiiil.<  (|iei-.-<iins  nl'enlni-  iiieliiileil)  nl'  llie  several  wanls  ami 
tiiiviisliipi  ill  St.  I.inii-i  ('niinty  : 

"  I*.  .1.  Ihiys,  lieiitenant,  Ciiiii|iany  I.  I'^iglity-llftli  Mnrnlleil 
yi;,--iiiiii  Militia,  .^t.  lioiiis  tnniislii|i  ;  V,.  ,\.  t'bii|iiiiiiii,  Ciiiitaiii 
aiil  ailjiiliint,  i;iglily  lil'tli  Kiinilleil  .Mi-^siimi  Militia,  Ceiilral 
|iMii4ii|i:  C.  Uoelier,  ca|itiiiii  (.'iiiii|iany  (i,  Seeninl  Knrnlleil 
Mi--iiiiii  Militia,  Caronilelet  City;  M.  Tan/liergei-.  eaiitnin 
I  iii|i;iiiy  ('.  Second  Knrolleil  Jlissnuri  Militia,  t'aroiiilelet 
tinii-lii|i;  v..  .Vnijustine,  eaplain  ('niii|iany  I),  I''ir.it  Knrollcil 
Mi--iiiii;  Militia,  liniilinniiiie  anil  Maraiiioe;  ,T.  .MeCaity,  lirst 
lii'iilcnaul  ('iiiii|iany  K,  Kiijlity  lil'lh  Kiirnllel  Missmiri  Militia. 
SI,  I'lriliiiiiuil  tnwnsliip;  \V.  Walilsoliiniilt,  ea|it;iiii  ami  luljii- 
tiiil.  Tliinl  KiiriilkMl  Missnuri  Mililia,  I-'ii-.<t  Wanl :  II.  Sjiaek- 
liT,  lirst  liiiitenant  ('nin|iany  (',  Ki;;litli  l-)ni-nllcil  .Mi.-siiiiri 
Mililia,  l-'ii>t  Waril ;  ('.  Obcrbei-li,  ea|ilain  Cninpiiny  (!.  l-'onrtb 
Knr.illcil  .Mi-jniiii  Militia,  Seenml  Wanl:  K.  (i.  l-;ic.;li.<li.  eap- 
tiiiii  mill  iiiljutant.  Company  I),  Filtli  Miii-nlleil  .Missniiii  Militia, 
Tliiiil  Wiinl ;  K.  Acelistor,  ea]ilain  anilniljiitant,  Si.vtli  Knrnlleil 
Mis>iiiiii  Mililia,  Fmirth  Wanl :  It.  I').  Ciai;r,  eaptain  Cniiipany 
A.Kightli  Kiirulleil  Missouri  Jlililia,  Fil'th  Wanl ;  Ii.  H.  (iiiriinn, 
a|ilain  I'liinpany  0,  Tcntli  Knrolleil  Missnuri  Militia,  Si.Mh 
Wanl;  \.  (iraser,  captain  Company  K,  Tenth  EniullcJ  Mis- 


pnui-i  Militia,  ,1l\th  Wuiil  ;  .1.  I).  Morten,  captain  ('nnipnny  C, 
Klcventli  l')nrnlleil  .Mii^sniiri  Militia,  KiKbtb  Wiinl ;  ('.  T.iielir 
marii.eiiptnin  Cniiipaiiy  u,  I'lleventb  Kiiinlleil  .Missnuri  Mililia, 
Niiitb  Wanl;  ,1.  II.  Winkeliiiayer,  captain  ('ninpany  C,  Tliii' 
tconth  Kninllcil  Missmiri  Mililia,  Tenth  Wiinl ;  .M.  11.  I'lai-k, 
first  lieutenant  Cnmpaiiy  A.  Thiileentli  Knrnlleil  Missmiri 
Milillii,  Tenth  Wanl.  ' 

'I'lio  fdlldwiiij;  dtrieeis  on  March  20lh  were  a.ssiLmed 
to  his  staff: 

.Maj.  .\.  \VillinrlIlz,  in-lin^  a-si*t  int  inljutant-gincriil ;  .Ma.). 
A.  S.  liiirnes,  surgeon  ;  ('apt.  tiiistiniis  (.'nlirs,  assistant  ilistrii'l 
i|uarlerinasler ;   l.icut.  .luhii  S.  Weber,  assislnnt  iiiilc-ile-cainp. 

— There  was  no  means  of  feedir.;^  the  refugees  in  St. 
Ldiii.s  e.xeepl  tiiroiinh  ussessineiits  upon  Siiutlicrn 
.isympalhizers.  Imt  these  assessniciils,  as  we  have 
shown.  Were  siisjiended  in  tlie  suiiimer  of  ISlil  liy 
("leii.  Ilalleck.  There  was  in  e.xisteneo,  however,  an 
order  from  the  War  I)e[iartincnt  authiiiziiij^  such 
a>sessinents,  and  its  eiiforeeiiieiit  was  alioiit  to  be 
nsnnieil  liy  (Iimi.  Dodj^e,  who  was  aiilhorizcd  to 
assess  this  (hiss  of  (-ilizcns  (ive  lliimsaiiil  diilhirs  fur 
the  rental  nf  tlic  new  hutel,  "As^liim  Hume,"  :iiid  five 
tliiius:iii(l  iliilhirs  for  its  niiiinteiiancc  ;  Imt,  ;is  will  he 
seen  liy  llie  followiiiir  Cdrrespdudenee  between  Gen. 
I)d(lu'i'.  ihe  then  (.•(iiiimiindrr  df  the  department,  and 
J.  11.  I'.iillnii  and  James  11.  Kads,  of  the  Third  Na- 
tidn;d  Hank,  the  plan  of  levyintr  ilsscs-iiuiiIs  upon 
cilizeiis  of  SdUthern  sympiitliies  \v;is  abaiidniied,  and 
ihe  j;i'iii-iiisiiy  of  the  I'liioii  citizens  was  relied  upon 
for  I  he  rai>iin:  of  such  sums  of  meiiey  tis  were  re- 
((uired  fur  the  refuLiee.s.  or  for  any  cluiritnlile  ]iurposes  ; 

"Sr.  I.ni  is,  .Maivli  I  I,  ISfi.'i. 

"  Dk.mi  ,'^111, —  Having  leavneil  iliiring  my  interview  wilb 
ynu  tlii.s  nmrning  that  you  wci-e  desirous  of  nbtainin;,'  ten 
tliniisand  ilnllars  fnr  Ihe  purpn-c  nf  relieving  the  distress  of 
refiigei  s  anil  eniitraliands  in  our  cnminiinity.  iind  a.-'surcd  that 
your  own  feelings  (if  nnl  y  our  jiulgnient )  disapprnved  nf  rnis- 
iiijr  this  sum  by  i.ss(  ssments  iipnu  individuals  residing  in  this 
di'i-ailnicnt,  1  e.vpiessed  the  belief  that,  altliiHii;h  nur  pcnple 
bad  sullcied  as  iiiueh  and  had  given  as  freely  as  any  nther  in 
the  land,  the  sum  would  be  eheerfiilly  coutriliuted  at  oni-c  by 
nur  banking  institutions  if  they  were  inlnriued  nf  the  chari- 
table ii-e  for  which  the  money  wn.s  designed  :  and  that  1  felt 
conlidcnt  they  wnuld  much  sonner  give  the  iimnnnt,  or  a  tnuch 
larger  one  if  need  be,  than  liiivo  nid  animosities  and  ill  feelings 
revived  ainnng  us  by  assessing  men  who.  no  nialter  what  Ilieir 
autcccdeul.s  may  have  been,  were  now,  and  had  been  for  the 
past  two  or  three  years,  i|uiet  and  peaceable  citizens. 

"  Knowing  the  plan  )inip(iscd  by  the  President,  and  cordially 
approved  by  IJnvernnr  Klclcher,  fur  the  jiacincatinn  of  the 
,s'tate  of  Missouri,  and  knowing  that  the  I'resideiit's  ninn("sty 
proclamation  is  still  in  force,  I  cannot  but  believetbat  the  levy- 
ing asscs.emcnts  at  this  late  date  in  a  community  as  great  as 
Ibis  is  calculated  to  defeat  the  policy  indicated  by  the  Presi- 
dent. 1  cannot  believe  that  those  who  have  been  disloyal,  no 
matter  how  desirous  they  may  ho  to  repent  of  their  former  con- 
duct and  submit  to  the  laws,  can  enter  with  any  conliality  in 
this  much  to  be  desired  nioveinont  ihroughout  the  State  if  they 
are  led  to  believe  that  as.sc'smcnls  will  be  laid  upon  tlieiu  from 


t     11 


I  !      1 


4(8 


IIISTOIIY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


IV  "^i  5i 


■■  f 


lliiio  tci  liiiir  iil'lii-  Diili'i-  In  ro«loro(l,  llm  cffei-l  of  ivliich  will  !"■ 
til  rciiiiiiii  tlii'in  of  )>i)''t  ili'liiii(ii('ii(.'ici4. 

"  Tho  lelii'l  ill  iiini"  run  sciiri'oly  bo  rxpcTlcd  to  ({ivo 
166S.  lip  hi-  iiiiii-kri  iiikI  avail  liiiiiHi  IT  iif  llio  rrci-i>li'iit'i'  nin- 
ni'ly  if  hu  li'iiiiii  lliat  iii^li'ail  iif  Ixiii^  iceiiicil  ax  an 
oirin;!  ami  i'i'|ji'iilaiil  linlhci'  lio  in  to  liu  ('oiiliniiallv  laiiiiluil  for 
liis  pu«t  ^'In",  iiiKJ  his  prii|>i'rly  lukcii  nilhout  rmiii  of  hiw  in 
iMiiiii'liinrnt  for  lliciii. 

"'I'lio  aiiiiiii'ty  iiiiplicx  for^jivcni'i'p,  nliilc^  tlio  latter  conmi' 
ii^HiirvK  liiiii  that  till  TO  was  nunc  iiiliniU'il. 

"  1  iiin  happy  to  be  alilr  to  usMuro  jou  that  thi'so  view."  are 
unaniinoiisly  coiieiiiTeil  in  liy  the  board  of  diieetorn  of  the 
■Third  National  liank'  (if  St.  I.oui-.of  wtiiih  I  have  the  honor 
to  he  II  direi^tor,  and  I  hiTewitli  inelo.''C  von  a  letter  fioin  the 
prewiilent,  Inroriiiiii);  yon  of  the  ai'lion  of  the  bunk  on  bein;; 
nolillid  by  me  of  the  eharily  yon  desire  to  e.vteml  to  the  ."uller 
iiig  ri'fu;,'ee.«  and  eonlraliand."  in  St.  I.onis. 

"  1  have  the  honoi' to  be,  yonr  obedient  ner\iint, 

'Mas.  B.  Eaps. 

"  Ma.).-(;kn.  (1.  .M.  UolMii:.  ('iiiiimniiilliii/,  iic," 

"Tilt;  Tniiiii  Nationai.  Hank  oi-'  St.  I.oiii, 

"  Mareh  II,  IStlfi. 
'*  Ma.i.-(1i:n.  tl.  -M.  I>oim;i-;,  i'nniiiniiiiliii'j  Ihpurltiwut  of  f/ir 
Minmitlrl,  Si,  l.ittttK : 
"  1>KAI1  Sill, — (liir  board,  liarnin);  that  yonde>ired  ten  Ihoii- 
Kand  dollari'  lor  eharilaldc  pui  po.^e.",  have  this  day  np|prnpijiited 
one  tboiisaml  dollars,  and  iii^lruited  iiiu  to  piaee  tlo'ainoiint  in 
yonr  hands,  siibjeet  to  nueh  disposilion  an  it  may  be  your  pleas- 
ure to  make  of  l!.  I'erinit  ine  tu  hand  you  hcrenilli  a  tdieck 
for  the  same. 

"  Ilespeetl'iilly,  your  obedient  servant, 

(Signed)  "J.  II,  Iliinrov,  rrmiiliiil." 

"  IltAiiijiAiiTi'irs  I)i:i''t  of  run  Missniiii, 

"St.  I.oi  is,  .Mo.,  Mareli  I,.,  ISfi.'i, 
"Jamks  I!.  IvMis,  i:sf(.,  Mimhir  lluiinl  -;/"  Dirnlom,  Tlilrtl 
ydliiiiiiil  /lull/:,  Si.  /.ohm,  Mil.  : 
"  Dkau  Sin, — I  have  the  honor  to  aeUnowlcdge  tho  receipt 
of  your  eoinnuinioalion  of  ihc  I  tth  iii>l  ,  inilosin;;  action  uf 
the  Tiiird  National  Ihink  of  St.  Louii",  with  eheck  for  one  thou- 
sand dollars,  to  be  used  for  the  benefit  of  the  deslitule  refugees 
and  eontrabands  in  St.  I.ouis,  for  which,  in  their  behalf,  aeeept 
my  thanks. 

'*  I  ba\e  suspended  eolleetion  of  the  assessinents,  having 
been  assured  that  your  generous  ai'lltui  will  be  emulated  by 
others,  and  tbeieby  ri'iievc  iiic  from  any  further  action  or  trou- 
ble in  the  mailer. 

"  I  uin,  sir,  very  respci'tfuUy,  your  obedient  servant, 

"li.  .M.  1)oiii;f. 
**  Mtijiiv-ttt:iivriil   Comiu.*iifi ■•Iff.** 

Tlie  provost-inarshal-etencral,  in  Fubrmry,  fsi  zud 
about  eij^bt  thousatiil  dullars  beloiii^iti;.'  Kj  ^Viii.  D. 
Mcrriwctlior,  of  Batcsville,  Ark.,  whit;!!  was  on 
dcpcsit  witli  the  finn  .of  L.  Loveriiij;  &  Co.  In 
March  the  saiiio  officer  seized  pi'operty  and  money 
valued  at  over  one  hundred  thousand  dollar.-i,  whieli 
belonged  to  Mrs.  Lisiniia  C.  Brown,  a  widow,  wlio 
afterwards  married  Maj.-(_Jen.  Ewell,  of  tho  Confed- 
erate nruiy. 

— On  Jlareh  ICtli,  J.  E.  D.  Cousins,  wlio  liad  been 
chief  of  police  of  .St.  Louis  fur  nearly  four  years,  re- 
signed, and  Col.  Bernard  Laibold  was  appointed  to 


fill  (he  vacancy.  Col.  Laibold  wa.s  born  in  li.lnij,, 
lHli7,  and  came  to  St.  Loui.i  about  the  yeai  |s;i;|. 
lie  Hcrveil  thiiiiiohiiiil  the  .^^^•xican  war,  eiili  ikI  i],, 
rnion  Kervice  in  ihr  rivil  war  on  the  \>l  ol'  .\iiji|.| 
18(11,  as  lieutenant  colonel  of  (he  Seeonil  ^li—iiiu 
Infantry,  and  on  the  8(h  of  ili'tinary,  iHdIt,  uasiipi. 
nioted  to  be  eoliiiiel  of  (hi;  same  rcLMinent.  lie  tii;| 
bo  renicnibcrcd  for  heroic  eonduct  at  Kjltoii, 'O.,, 
Having  only  four  hundred  and  fifty  men  iiinler  lii, 
cominaiKl,  he  wa.s  ]ires.se(l  by  (icii.  Whcelir,  in  toin. 
mand  of  something  like  ten  tliousand  nieii.  In  ivt,;', 
to  (Jen.  Wheelir's  suininons  to  surrender  Cui.  I,;,!. 
bold  redirned  the  memorable  answer,  "  I  was  jiluccj 
hero  to  defeini  the  |io.st,  not  io  surrender  it." 

— Mrs.  John  Smith,  a  Conrederate  spy,  wan  ar. 
rested  in  St.  Louis  on  .Alareh  22il.  Her  arnst  imrili. 
cated  (|uite  a  number  of  Southern  syinpailii/,(  i,  «!,„ 
suffered  very  severely  I'ur  their  impruilcnee. 

— The  neighboihood  of  Kliveiitli  titul  (l'I':illnii 
Streets  was  the  scene  of  great  disorder  and  e.xtiif. 
ment  on  April  llilli,  occasiotud  by  riotous  (liinnij.irn- 
(ions  by  a  patty  of  twelve  or  fifteen  soljici.s  lirlmi'^in,. 
to  tlie  Fovty-lirst  Missouri,  who  beat  several  lilizms 
and  a  number  o''  polieeineii. 

—  Mr.s.  Ada  B.  Haines,  of  St.  Louis  Cily,  wim  k.l 
been  released  from  the  female  department  uf  I'um'm 
Street  prison  in  the  fall  of  18(11  by  (Jiii.  lidMrnmi 
upon  her  giving  bond  in  the  sum  of  three  tliniisiiinlji,]. 
lars  to  reside  in  the  State  of  New  York  diiiiii:;  ilie  iv:ir, 
was  released  from  her  bond  in  April,  and  |itriiiitii  1 
to  return  to  St.  Louis.  The  case  of  Mrs.  Haiins,  a 
tlic  occasion  of  her  arrest  by  the  militaiy  aiitliiiiiiii.j 
iti  the  spring  of  18(;:5,  e.xeited  a  great  deal  of  inloiot. 
She  was  eonvieted  of  being  engaged  iti  (lie  service  of 
the  South  as  a  kind  of  Conlederati^  maii-iMiiioi;iiiJ 
agent,  and  banished  South.  She  soon  iiiihIc  inr  ap- 
pearance again  in  the  city,  however,  williuiit  ircnni- 
sion  of  the  authorities,  slie  having  leanieil  iliat  oin'if 
her  children,  whom  she  had  left  beliiml  Inr  in  ll:o 
Ciire  of  friends,  was  ill.  Sbe  was  theieiipnii  ai;;iiii  ar- 
rc.i(ed  and  jilaced  in  jnisoii,  where  she  rciuiiiied  live 
months,  when  she  was  reletised  upon  the  inli'r|'o-iiiiiii 
of  inllueiilial  loyal  citizens  on  the  terms  aliuvc  iiiiii' 
tloiicd,  John  How  becoming  her  boiidsiiinii  in  tlic 
sum  requited. 

— The  meiidicr.s  of  the  St.  Louis  rrcslivtiTy.  in 
.session  in  the  Old  School  I're.sbytcrian  Cliurcli.ciirinr 
of  Walnut  and  Si.\teenth  Streets,  were  wniuJ  npon 
on  the  7lh  of  April  by  the  district  pruvost  inai.-liul, 
and  each  was  ref|uired  to  take  the  oath  el'  ailei:i;iiicc. 

— The  news  of  the  occupation  of  hiulniioinl,  \a, 
reached  St.  Louis  about  noon  on  .\piil  i)d,  ami 
created   the   greatest   excitement      Flags  wcro  liis- 


3'-''tr  ;); 


TIIK  CIVIL   WAR. 


440 


jl   li.i'li'ii  in 

yeiii    ISir.l. 

eiitiTi.'il  ill, 
;  t>r  .\ii':ii-i, 
111(1  M'bMiini 

lit.     ll('«ij 

Dalt-ii.Mli 
L'li  umli'V  Li- 
ucU'i',  ill  I'ciiii- 
I'll.  lliiv|iiy 
ilrr  r.,1.  l„,i. 

I    W;is  \\.kA 

r  it." 

sliy,  \v;i<  ar- 
i\-  iiiri'>l  iiii|Ni- 

HlllllliilM's  win 

once. 

iind  O'FiilVn 
loi'  mill  t'siii''. 
loiis  ili'iimiiMn- 

lllicrs  lirlnll'jill.' 

Mcvcnil  ciuzuiis 
,s  Ciiy,  wliii  li-'J 

liiclit  ol'  <iiali"t 

(llll.   UliMrrillh 

lli(iu>anil'l,'.- 

iliniii:.:  llii'«.ir. 

mul  inriiiiii'/l 

Mis,  ILiiii..,  "a 

i;iry  iiulli"iiii'S 

(IimI  mI'  iiilou>;. 

II  tlio  Miviti:  m1' 
iii;iil-i"iriii'i;iii'l 

III  lIKlil''  lii'f  ■'!'• 
witliuiil  liilUll- 
viicd  lli.it  I'll!'' I 
liiiid  lnr  ill  !'•'; 
i'i'in«iii  ii;-.!'"  '"■■ 
lio  iviii.runJ  livo 
the  iiili'iiM-in,:;i 
onus  iiliipvo  null- 

.l.-iii;in  ill  tin 

L  I'l-.'slivti'ry,  in 
III  CliuK-li.f'™' 
Iv-cri'  wiiiti'il  111")" 

pviiviist  iii;ii>li»'! 
lull  (if  allfjiiin* 

Ricliiii""''.  ^''i 
A,,iil  :iJ,  iiii'l 


186S, 

llw  I 

(III  llll 


,,liiV,',l  ill  111!  piirtsor  tlic  ciry,  and  l)ii<'iii('.''s  win  aliiKist 

^,,i,i|.,  |.,  ■iisik'IkIi'iI.  Hiilli'lins  Were  |iiiMti'il  in  t'niiit  (if 
llll-  iK'Wsiuijicr  i)ni<'c.M,iin(l  oancri'i'iiwd.-i^aiiicri'i! 
Ill  nail  tlir  ncw.i.  Salutcn  wcro  lirci!  at  oacli 
|.ii>t  mill  nrscnal  in  tin;  il(>parlni('iit  in  liuiiiiriir 
I'll!  victorii's.  Tlio  cxcilcnicnt  was  inti'iisifii'il 
nil.  wlii'ii  news  wiw  roi'civod  of  tlio  .snircndir 

III'  lidi    I!.  K.  Ii;i!  ai)il  lii.s  iiiniy. 
—On  April   I'^'li  <iiivcrnor  Tlicniias  ('.    l''li'tclipr 

i^siu'il  ilif  lullowin^,'  iiroclamution  : 

■'  H7i""i"i  An  i';irniMl  nf  spcmly  )m'iic'i   |.,  our  vmr  ili-liiii'ti'il 

iiilrv  |i;i<  lit'cii  nivrn  in  tin'  ri'iicnl  n\ -iiFcs  nl'  iln'  niirmii'-' 

linin-  iiriiiVi  iimlfr  tlu'  ^iiiilaiKo  iiinl  pinli'i'tlnn  nl'  Almixlily 
(llll;  iiri'l  I'T  l'li*  lii'im  III  pen™  iinil  tho  early  ri'storiilioii  nl' 
ilio  uuliii'iil.v  III'  111"  t'l'iiKlitiiliiiti  iiinl  tin-  liiwsof  tbr  I'liil.-il 
Sl;ili.H  iiiir  llll'  ivlioli'  liili'l   It  l){ruiiic<  ii..<  til  ^i\i'  tliiink-  b>  ihi. 

(Jivcriif  llll  H'lml  1 

"  .\iiiv,  llii'iefiMi',  I.  'riiiiiiiii-  ('.  Fli'li'lin-,  liiin'iiiur  "f  Ilii- 
-Mlenf  ,Mi<-uiiii,  ill'  liiToby  eiiriir-tly  I'ci'iimiiiriil  UimI  Saliii- 
i;iv,  llio  l.'lli  (lay  iif  Api-il  (instaiiti,  lie  uIisitm'.I  lliriiM;{liiinl 
i!k'  ^liiti>  111'  Mi-"iiiiii'i  liv  nil  i^i'oil  citizcn.-i  iik  a  ilay  nf  thaiilv<- 
iiiin;;  I"  liiiil.  »li"  j;i*'''tli  tli"  vii'tury  U>  triilli  ami  jiir^lii-i' : 
ilial  on  lliit  ilay  tin'  |icii|ili',  rc^anllcM  of  all  ililViTi'inM.-i  oC 
iiiinliiii  ill  '111"  |ia*l.  "ii'i'l  111  llii'ii'  ii'.«|it'i'livi'  iilaue-i  iil'  iviii>liip 
iinil  aiiilti  in  a'li^'imi.-i  I'.vi'i-iM^p.".  Ilir  ovi'iiiii^  nf  tin.' ilay  to  lie 
iiiirkcil  li.v  laine  ni.'ii'inlilir^i"'.  tu  lin  ni|ilicv-c  1  hy  pi'''iiitii' 
.iicakci'i:  iinl  that,  aiiii<l  liinlti'cii,  illiiiiiiiialions,  an, I  ro^'niiinl 
iiig  silali'*  III'  mtillL'ry,  tlioy  ti'itil'y  tlicir  appici'iatinii  iil"  llic 
iH'ruism  of  llic  army  (>r  llio  Union  in  tho  re  c.iliilili.^liiMi'iit  nf 
the  national  aiitliority  in  Itii'limnnil,  the  ,»oat  of  llir  iii-iirf;cnt 
■inM,  llic  I'lipintc  of  the  Army  of  Norlhcrn  Virginia,  nml  of 
lilt' luunil'r'luliiini  of  II  ili»pii«irion  on  llic  part  of  nnin  in  uii- 
i!iiirity  lo  stay  the  elTii.iion  of  lilornl  of    \iiu'rii,'ani<  anil  free 

-L,  II.  " 

—Oil  April  l.".)tli  tho  Si'CTcfiiry  of  War  dircctod 
lliiii  tliL'  ri'c-niiliiig  ol"  men.  liotli  white  and  culorcil,  in 
ijio  loval  Slates  lor  liio  Vdluntrcr  forco  bf  discon- 
tiiait'il. 

— (iiMi.  DihIl'c,  oil  May  I'ith,  proninli^atcd  tlui  fol- 
iiwiii'.'oiJor,  issiH'd  hy  Lieut,  (icii.  (Jninton  IMay  8lli : 

'M.  l\ir'i!od  iillidL'rs  aiul  men  of  the  Into  rebel  arinie.s  wliose 
!i,:iir.- Kori',  at  llio  ilate  nf  their  joininj;  the  niiiiie.^  in  .Slates 
llial  liavo  never  been  in  rebellion,  ami  who  are  not  e\eeploil 
;;.Mi  the  bi'nelit  of  the  I'lesiilent's  aiiiiieHty  proelainalion.  ivill, 
111,111  takin;;  tho  oath  prescribeil  therein,  be  pcrmilteil  to  return 
!  llicir  foiiiier  huine.i  in  those  .■^taloj." 

—The  followiiii^  committee  was  appointed  on  June 
Itjili  to  iirraiii^c  for  the  reception  of  the  rcturiiini;  vet- 
iriiiis  from  Shcrinan's  arniy  : 

llll  liiiaiiic.  i'.  II.  Murphy.  Tony  Neiilcnveiser.  K.  .•^tafTonl, 
I  T.  W.  lltinaii,  .lohn  0.  C.ivcmler,  Edwanl  ."itev  ens,  .\ilolph 
I  tlilirt.  ami  .Martin  Keury,  .luilge  T.  J.  Ihiily,  trea-nrer ;  on 
ijIl'.  K.  r.  IIarriii;;lon  ;  on  biiJges,  IJ.  V.  Daily;  on  ileeora- 
!  1  n-.  II.  II.  Ilelnikainp;  on  dinner,  Janice  I'eekhnin,  li.  II. 
^I„iic, aii,i,hiiiRsrofr;  on  e.\tra  rcfrcsliinenli',  Christian  ."^toek lin, 
^.iiiiirI  Wainniight.  Julius  Winklemeyer,  Tony  -VeiderHei.'cr, 
iKlnanl  Stevens,  (icorgo  Berg,  .Fnmc!i  Pcekhani,  It.  It.  licck, 
|F.  KrelSL'hnmr. 


— On  . I  lino  Ulllh  coiiMidcralih'  cxcitcint'iit  wih 
rrcati'd  in  the  city  hy  ihi'  arrival  of  ihi'  Nindi  .^!iM■ 
soiiri  ('iiiifi'derati!  Il(';,'ini('nt,  ('(iniprisiiii.'  ten  full  com- 
panii"',  and  niiniliirini:  ahmii  scvcii  hiiiidri'ii  oflieei'H 
and  i)iivat('.H.  'I"lii-i  rciiiini'iit  was  .snrrciiiicfi'd  hy 
(ii'ii.  M.  Kirliy  Smith,  and  iil'lcwards  parulnl  at  IJatoii 
ltiiit;;c.  It  anivi'd  on  the  stcainef  "  .^laria  Di'nniii^;,'' 
and  on  tin.'  '1\A  lliu  oflii'or,s  iiinl  iiion  tiiok  the  oath 
of  iilli'niaiiei' iM'fore  ('apt.  Kii'hardsoii.  Thr  rc^inicnt 
had  served  four  year.s,  and  was  eoniposcd  entiriily  of 
.Missouriaiis.  It  aehieved  considcrahie  fuinn  in  tin) 
(.'oiifi'di'iaey  for  hravery  and  eiidiiranee,  and  was  coin- 
plinii'iited  by  (Jen.  V,.  Kirby  Smith  as  the  best  re;;i- 
ineiit  that  Missouri  had  furnished  ti>  the  Confederate 
army.  'I"li(>  I'lilhiwiii:;  is  a  \\A  of  the  olVieers  and  iiieii 
of  the  reiriiiiunt  ; 

In  the  absence  of  Col.  Mercer  and  Lieut. -Col. 
Kicliard  dailies,  the  reiriniont  was  coiiimanded  by 
Maj.  Iliiiihcs. 

I'onipanv  A.  ('apt.  .In-cpli  .\.  Miller.  First  l.iiul.  I'.  .M.  Cnv, 
.•Sci'onil  I.ieiil.  W.  V.  Carlcr. 

Company  II.  ("apt.  (lenr^'e  II.  Willis.  P'irsI  Lirul.  \V.  D. 
Keeble,  .•Second  liiciit.  Thomas  Walden. 

Company  0,  Capf.  W.  V.  Ilond,  I'irsI    Mint.  .1 s   I.ceper, 

Seeond  I.ieul. Ilass. 

Company  1),  dipt.  W .  \V.  .Stone.  l-'ir.«t  l.iiut.  Ceoip;!-  Way- 
land.  Sceoiid  I.ieiit.  William  Wayhind. 

Company  K,  Cnpl.  It.  Ilrooks,  I'ii.-ii  I.icul.  Siiniinl  Uart, 
.Soeond  I. lent,  .lolin  \V.  Page. 

Compaio-  !■',  Capt.  V.  V.  Doak.  Fir-I  l.iiiit.  W.  !'.  CiiiMpbill, 
Seeoml  Mi'Ut.  Ibivid  Senll. 

Coinpnny  (1,  ('apt.  I!.  II.  I-Mmondson,  Kir-^l  I, lent.  I,.  W. 
Ilanie,  Seeimd  I.ii-ul.  .luliii   .Millsap. 

Company  II.  C.ipl.  II.  II.  I,in,l.-a,v.  l-'irsl  l.ieiil.  II.  T.  Walker, 
Secoiel  l,ieiil..I.  II.  Miiiil.i^ome'-y. 

Company  f,  Cipt.  .1.  W.  Wallaee,  First  I.ieiil.  Willl:iiii  \au- 
gban,  Sei'ond  Lieut.  .loliu  W.  l'a.\loii. 

Company  K,  ('apt.  .lohn  llaniiih.  First  I.iciit.  II.  Ferril, 
Seeoiid  l.ii'iil.  S.  II.  Siuitlierlanil. 

Tlio  A'(y)(,7<//,-((//,  noticinj!;  the  arrivals  ol'  the  pa- 
roled Confederate  repiimonts  on  June  'ilid,  said, — 

''  Diiriiij  llio  present  week  lliei-o  have  arrived  in  the  eity  live 
paroled  inl'anlry  ri",'iments  and  two  batialions  of  eavalry.  in- 
eliiilinj;  the  Ki^lith,  Ninth,  Tenth,  Mlevontli,  and  Si.\tcentli 
Veteran  Infantry,  and  the  Third  an  1  Fourth  liatlalions  of  eav- 
alry. iiuiiiberini,'  in  all  about  live  thousand  oBieers  and  private?. 
(If  liiis  number  the  larger  portion  have  already  taken  the  oatli 
bi'lore  Capt.  llieliardson,  an  I  nmny  have  proeceded  on  tho  way 
to  their  old  '.loine-i  in  various  parts  of  tlie  ,'St;ile.  Besides  those 
nionlioneil  there  are  now  on  the  way  to  the  eity  fidin  Bnloii 
Uou^e  live  or  six  other  regiments,  iiiimberiug  aboiil  tliree  thou- 
siimi.  In  the  eoursc  of  a,  few  days  all  that  |iorlion  of  the  reliel 
army  wliieli  was  reeruite,!  in  .Missouri,  with  the  e\eeplion  of  tv 
few  who  prefer  to  remain  in  the  .South,  or  to  seek  new  homes  in 
Te.vas  or  .Me.\ioo,  or  in  f.)ieign  eouiitries,  will  have  rcturneil  to 
tlieii  farms,  or  their  former  pliiees  of  labor  or  liusinoss  Ihrough- 
oiit  the  State,  and  their  ehariuter,  habit.-,  ami  feeling  as  sol- 
diers will  disappear  ii.«  they  roniine  their  cdd  habits  as  oiti- 
z.cns.  .  .  . 


Viil 


rll 


1l 


Iil 


450 


HISTORY   GF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


i  B  '■ 


h  4  ■: 


*' Vcj'U'riliiy  iiinriiin;;  there  iirrivt'il  by  tin-  '  Hi'llu  Alt'iiiidii.-',' 
from  lijitini  Uon;;i',  tin;  I'uurtli  Missopri  Cavalry,  umlcr  ('Ml..I.t^ 
Uurbriili^r.  ami  Cul.  IN'riviii-s'  buttaliun,  foniiiii,!;  a  part 
1865.     of  .Mai  aiaduliu'.s  oM  l.ri;,'ailc. 

*'  \\\^  j^ivc  u  list  tif  IliL'  oPit'crs  of  the  rouitli  Cavalry  : 

*• ','olnnol,  .Tolin  Q.  IIinlii-i.);^(',  Piico  County;  Licutonant- 
ColuiK'l,  W  .lliaiii  .T.  I*i('slon,  Ijaelianaii  County  ;  Major,  .lanu-s 
I'orti'r.  licnis  County  ;  A<ljutanl,  L)aiiii.l  llati'li.  LcmIs  County  : 
Hurj^oon  lionnett.  Marion  County. 

"Company  A,  Capt.  .laeksou,  Capo  (lirardoan  County. 

'■Company  U.  Capt.  Hii-k.-',  I>unl\lin  County. 

"Company  C,  Capt.  Duviil  Sapjiin^^ton,  .^l.  I.ouis  C'lunty, 

*•  Coni|..iny  1>,  Capt.  .lacob.s,  .Shelby  County. 

"C.jinpany  K.  Capt.  Ilulett,  Howard  t^ounty. 

"Company  F,  Capl.  .la  iic<  O'Neil,  Texas  County. 

"Company  (I,  (,'apt.  I'mberts,  IlicUory  County. 

"  \\'e  «!;ive  a  list  also  of  the  oOieers  of  l*erkins'  battalion  : 

"Coli>nel,  C.  .T.  Perkins,  Uainlolpli  County;  .Major,  T.  li. 
I'atten,  llanJolpli  County;  Sur;5eun  Gullelt,  I. inn  County. 

"  Company  A,  Capt.  Frank  Ilavis,  Monroe  County ;  I'irst 
Lieitt.  .Siniuol  Powell,  Kanilolph  CouTify  :  Huiiond  Lieut.  C.  ]I. 
ISai'luer,  Hamlolpb  County. 

"Company  li,  Capt.  .M.  li.  AlaiUoek.  Itandolph  Cimuty;  First 
Lieut.  Turner,  Ilamlolph  County  ;  .^I'eond  l.ieut.  William  .Som- 
iners,  Seuoml  Meut.  ISaker,  Itamlolph  County.  j 

"Company  C,  Capt.  .J.  \V.  llryson.    Audrain    Coiuity:  First 
I.ieut.   Nathan   Williams,  IJoono  County  :  .^eeond   l.ieut.  ^Vi^ 
dom,  .Vndrain  Connly. 

"Company  D,  Capt.  .Mex  luder  IViy.  Callaway  County  ;  Fir.-t 
l.ient.  .Iixeph  lioyd,  Callaway  Couuly;  .Se.'ond  l.ii'Ut.  .loliu 
Jvelsaw,  Callaway  tNuinty. 

"C.onpany  V,,  Capt.  T.  W.  Toild,  Howard  County;  First 
Lieut.  Town-enl  Wri^'ht,  Howard  Ccuin'y  ;  .Si'eond  l.ient.  Wil- 
liam Weld),  Howard  C.junly;  .Se.,'ond  Lieut.  William  Hardin,;;, 
llowarit  County. 

"Company  F,  Capt.  (J.  W.  Itowland,  Iloone  County;  I'ir.sl 
Lieut.  F:innczer  .\rnold.  I'olk  County;  See.iml  Lieut.  T.  li. 
AVadi',  lioono  County;  Se/oud  Lieut.  William  I'rost,  liooiie 
County." 

— Oil  Jiiiir  liliil,  Gi'n.  Dodjzc  issni'd  ilir  follnwiiii,' 
order  in  ivinroiit'o  to  we;iiiiiL;  llu' ('nnl'i'di'iiilL'  iinilijiiii 
iti  the  city : 

"  I.  I'arob'd  oflieers  and  men  of  the  late  rebel  armies  are  foi-- 
bidden  to  \v«'ar  within  this  department  the  nnitorm,  tu' any  part 
thercuf,  or  (Uher  in-i;;ni.i  of  .sai.i  rid)el  service.  Fxeeplion, 
however,  will  be  nnnlo  in  the  e.isi'  of  private  soMiers  who  are 
ilestitiite  id'  means,  and  aueh  persons  will  be  ]>eriiiitteil  for  ii 
eliorl  time  to  wear  sni-h  eloii.in-.;  as  is  in  their  posse.'sion  after 
htrippin;;  fiom  the  same  all  Cont'ederate  or  .^tate  buttons  and 
other  in.-ignla  of  ilio  rebel  serviee.  In  the  ease  of  ollieei  s  of 
every  rank  no  ixeeption  will  be  midc,  but  suidi  ]ier"ons  will  be 
held  to  II  prompt  and  .-tri -t  eoinplianei.'  with  this  order,  ami  any 
\iolation  of  its  terin»  by  either  olheers  or  soldiirs  will  be  eon- 
Fiilered  as  an  aet  of  hostility  to  the  HoveruaienI  of  the  I  nili.l 
iSlates,  and  will  be  pun.sheil  aeeorilin;,'ly." 

—  Ill  June,  M;ij.  Miitlack.  llic  pnivostiibiisliiil  of 
tlie  district  oF  St.  Louis,  wiis  luliovt'd  fiimi  dul}'  ;iiid 
tin;  oftico  aboli.^licd.  In  Jul}',  Gen.  Dod^e,  bd'oiu  lie 
liiol;  lii:i  depaitme  fur  Ids  new  cui)iiii;iiid  at  Loavpii- 
wortli,  elosuii  up  tlie  secret  service  Ijureau  of  the  pro- 
vosl-aiarslial  jienerai'.-)  office  in  St.  liOttis,  and  for- 
warded tlie  |i;ipers  and  records  under  .seal  to  the  War 
l'i[i;irlnieiit  at  \Va~liiiioton. 


The  closing  of  tlie  provost-inar.slial's  depart nieiit  in 
St.  Louis  ended  tlie  reigti  of  ilu'  iiiilit;ir3' eonitii;iii(i,rs 
in  Missouri.  President  Joliiisoii.  on  June  'J!!.  Hi;;, 
resuiiideil  the  blockade  pvociiiiii;itiuiis  i.ssucd  Airiil  ij 
iiiid  17,  ISlJl  ;  removed  further  rcslrictions  .Niij.;;:! 
18(15;  anmilled  the  suspension  of  the  writ  nl' /,„(„„, 
cfir/iiis  Dec.  1,  ISO.");  and  on  April  2,  l^iiil,  im. 
nminced  by  proclamation  that  the  rebiHioii  liaclendl 

— M;ij  -Gen.  W.  T.  Sherman  returned  to  his  limii, 
ill  St.  liouis  early  in  July,  l.S(!."),  and  the  I'ollunin^ 
gentlemen,  as  a  token  of  their  apprcciatiuti  nf  hisJij. 
tiiij>uislied  military  services,  tendered  him  a  dimur 
Samuel  T.  Glover,  Robert  Campbell,  ]•'.  '*-Vliiii;ilrr, 
T.  T.  Gantt,  John  J.  Roe,  Barton  Able,  lleim  .\ 
Turner,  O.  D.  I'illey,  John  [low,  Edgar  .\iiies.  .I,,!,;, 
li.  I'isse,  Willi;iiii  ^L  Mel'herson,  Carlos  S.  VikA\. 
James  O.  Rroadhead. 

To  their  letter  of  invitation  Gen.  Shenii;iii  lojilii  i 
as  follows : 

"  Hi,  vDijiAitTriis 
"  JIii.it  Miv  Division  OF  riii;  .Mi^-i-irn, 
",St.  Lor  is,  Mo.,  .tiily  in,  Isi;,,, 

"  .lA,Mr«.  .V.  r.  (Horn;  WlllUim  M.  Mrl'hrm,,,.  T.  7'.  C,,/,, 
Jnhn  IJiup,  litiheit  Ciliujittr/l,  mill  iillii'i'ii : 

"  lii:xri,i:Mi:v, — Your  kind  note  teiiderin;;  me  a  kennyitci. 
eiuue  to  your  eity  and  a  dinner  is  received.  1  aoiT|.t  niili 
plea-ure.  an.l  appidnt  next  Tliur.-ilay  eveuiii.;;.  at  niiipoWk, 
as  the  time  ino>t  agreeable  to  mo  for  liie  proposed  diimrr, 

"  I  deem  it  a  most  fortnua'c  aeeident  that  event*  liaicr,!.; 
lue  biek  to  the  very  point  whence  1  .s.illied  at  the  hrjiiniHii.'if 
the  late  inomentous  strii,:;:;le,  now  so  happily  ended,  iiiiil  if  !t,e 
yooil  citizens  of  .S|.  Louis  account  ine  one  of  thciii,  I  arociittlip 
title  wilh  honor  and  salisfiction.  I  feel  sure  that  St.  l.iiii:<,n< 
a  eity.  is  more  tlian  any  other  interested  in  niaiiitaiiiiii;;a  tina 
f!"'ernment  and  a  niiit'il  people,  and  therefore  that  iiiy  oil  Mi 
in  the  pa.^l  have  teiule  1  especially  to  your  welfare.  Soiiriyli 
be  in  the  future,  and  no  man  will  more  rejoice  than  I  nill  ti 
sec  your  eity  at;iin  enter  on  that  path  of  pro;;ress  an  1  wi'ij'ii 
that  was  teinponirily  interrupted  by  a  striii^j^le  bc^uttcii  i'vaiii 
bilious  and  desi;;nin;;  men. 

"  I  am,  nitli  great  respe.d.  your  friend  and  senaiii, 

"  W.  T.  .SliniM  \V,    M'JH,:lnm.«. 

The  following  eommittees  were  then  appoititoil  I') 
superintend  the  allair ; 

i'nmmitlrr  nf  ti'niiiuil  Ari-iiii/iriiiriitn. — .Tohn  How  (oliiiirmiiii , 
Ilarlon  Able,  I).  A.  Jai.nary.  Ueorgo  Magaire,  Fniiici.*  Mliii- 
laker,  .laines  Archer,  .'Samuel  T.  (ilover,  il.  f.  Illai,  ■',  " 
liroadlieiid,  Thomas  T.  (ianit,  C.  .S.  tJreeley.C,  I',  li,  .kilin-ii, 
W.  (,'.  .loiies,  iiobert  Ciimphell,  John  II.  (Iray,  (  liarlw  1', 
.1.  .1.  Witzi;;.  (iecu'L'e  A.  .Mitchell,  .lohn  II,  Liithliier,  .li.lin  ,\l' 
Neil,  .1.  K.  I>.  Coii/,iii8,  C.  M.  Flleaid,  ,lolin  ,1.  Iloe,  fliiirto  I', 
.lohnsun,  U.  K.  lioiiibiiiK'r,  .lolin  Hojjin,  (ieoix'e  II,  Kili".'-'. 
I'Ms,'ar  Anu",  H.  A.  Iliimeyer,  11,  (liatz  lirowii,  \Vi!li;iiii  .1. 
Itoinyn,  William  F,.  Tiiussi;;,  H.  .•<.  Turner,  f.  .1,  Oailiy.  K.  II. 
1",,  dameson,  liiisl.  \Y.  llreyer. 

,S'ii/.-roa(/ai7(c(».  — Fxecntive    Comuiiltcc,  .lohii  11.111,  '^,  T,  I 
(ilover,  ('.  r.  K.  .lohn'ion,  Th  .ains  T,  (iauit,  lic.rije  II,  Kil!' 
,John   11.  (iray;    rnvitation  Committee,  C.  .'<.  liredey,  .h'li;.  l'| 
(iray,  C.  I'.  F,  Johnson,  John    .Me.Neil;  Coniiiiiiire  .m  .'ii|1tr 
and  Wines,  Ilarloa  Alle,  W.  ,1.  Uomyn,  W .  (',  l-iir',  I',  "iiil- 


DEI 


THE   CIVIL  WAR. 


451 


lojiariiiii-min 
,'  coiiuiKiiiilr- 
ino  .:'>.  \<i. 
jucd  Ai'vil  Ti 
ions  Au'i.'i'.i 
ivrit  i.r/»i',.'.. 
2,  I'^lll'i.  1111. 
ion  liiul  mM. 
;il  to  his  lumio    I 

tllC    I'lllliwil!; 

tioii  iif  liisili-- 
liini  u  Jini'.rr 
F.  V;iruuik>r, 
iblo,  IK'iivy :-. 
;ar  Aiiii's.  ■I'lliu 
,i-lu:s  S.  (Iivily, 

3hci'iiii\ii  vojirk''! 


TI'.US 
Till.    Ml><l"llTI, 

ilv  li''.  l-^'Si. 
Wr. /■.  r.<:;y:. 

i.^  III!'  ;i  liraiiy  ml- 

ill.;,  lit  nine iiVlu'li. 

rniio.-oil  ilimi'T. 

Imt  cvfiil*  liiuf*: 
at  111''  l)');im"ii^'' 
V  i-nli'il,  mil  if  lij' 

nil. 1  ivWll:' 

,v  lli:it  St.  I.'.ii  •.:■:■ 

iii:iiiitaiiiiii)!;iliiiii 
..f.iii'  tliiil  iiiy'^  '■' 
■Uiirv.  S-liiiy- 
,.;,,i,M;  lll;in  I  "il  I- 
iirnj-n'sn  mil  "eil'i 
ur\K  li.'.:;utlcii  lij  am 

111  1  ^iTvniil, 

l\.  M.fj'irliniml 


.lieu  iilil")i"li' 


i  \. 


„l„i  II'.H  lAiiniwii. 

,i,,..  l'i;iii.'i.<«l'ii- 

,1.  T.  lU.m,  .1. '> 

.,   c.  1>.  i;.  .I.ilinM. 


1  hiiik'i'  r. 


l.ijliliii'r. 


.Inlin  M 


,1.  Hue,  I'liiir'u'^  !'■ 
II.  Hi-ll";.'. 
WilliJ'ii  ■' 


liri.rtii. 


•1'.  ,1.  DuiU'.v.  K. 


,I.,hii 


III,'' 


IV.  I' 


.  II.  K 


rWy. 


.lollO, 


-,  T, 

i 

..ll";s. 

■ 

,.li:.  11. 

■ 

Sujlfi 

■ 

.  Willi- 

1 

tikiT,  lic'TUO  M:i;;uiiT,  .Iiiiiicn  Arclir'-,  C.  P.  E,  Julinson,  .T.  E. 
I)  CiMi/lii''.  t\  M.  l-;il(':inl,  IJfiirj^o  A.  Mitchell :  ruinniittci'  fii 

I'nists  mill  ItcriMiii.^c?,  T.  T.  (iiintt,  J.  0.  ISiuii.IIumiI, 
1865.     '■i'"ii,'c  **■  Kell"),'i;,  Wil'iii.n  11.  Tuiis.'iig  :  Ciiinniilli'O  on 

|i.  ■■iiiitiiiiis,  Iiailj;i'»,  mill  .Music,  ChiirlcH  V.  Cii'ly,  K. 
II.  K.  .I:,iiii-'iii.  T.  .).  Daily,  .).  V..  1).  Coiizin^  J.J.  Wil/.i^'; 
l-'iiiaii.c  ((iiniiiillcc,  F.  Wliillakcr,  ('.  S.  (iicclc.v,  K.l^ar  Aiiil':<, 
ll'ilirrl  i'iiii|ibcll,  II.  S.  Tinner,  John  J.  Hoc,  C  .M.  Klluaiil, 
II.  \    II   iiii'vcr.  llaitiin  Alilc,  trea.«iirer. 

Till'  I'liMinu'l  was  given  at  tlio  Liniloll  Hotel  on 
,Iuly  ^(iili.  aii'l  wa.s  a  L'ninJ  r.U'air.  Thcru  woro  over 
I'lvoe  Iniinli'^'d  iirotiiiiieiil  jit'r.soii.s  prosuiir.  Capt. 
Biirtiiii  .\blc  pi'.!>iiJod,  and  olo(|UL'nt,  and  patriotic 
sTioiiclu's  wore  niadu  by  lion.  S.  T.  (llovor,  Hon.  J.  S. 
liiiilins.  (Iiii.  .Slienuan,  Judj^o  Moody,  and  otlicr.s. 

(ion.  ."^lirnnan  Iia.s  been  closely  identified  with  St. 

bmiis  I'lir  many  years,  having  been  stationed  at  JelTer- 

viii  liarracks  in  early  lii'e,  and   assoeiatcd  in  business 

with   liu'   well-known    St.    L'luis    banking-house    of 

.laiiK's   11.  Liieas  i^  Co.     William  Toeuni.seh   Sher- 

Miaii  was   liiini   in   ]iancaster,  Ohio,   on    the    Slli    of 

j'liriiarv,   l~i:iil,  and  was  the  son  of  Hon.  Charles 

li.  ,'^liiriiiiiii.  .judge  of  the  Hnprenie  Court  of  Oiiio, 

uliu  (lird  when  voting  Sherman  was   nine  years  of 

a'.'O.     Till'    'my    then    entered    the    family   of    Hon. 

Thomas  l'".wiiig,  and  at  the  age  of  si.'vteen   reeeived 

111  iiiiiiiiiiitnu'iit  as  cadet  at  the   Military  Academy  at 

Wo.'-l  I'liinl.    His  rceord  at  that  institution  was  highly 

iioditiihh'.  and  be  graduated    in   1840,  si.xth   in   bis 

i!as«.     lie  was  at  onee  appointed  seeond  lieutenant 

ia  the  Third   liilan'.ry,  and  served  with  his  regiment 

Jiiiiii;.'  the  f.iihjwiiig  year  in   the  Florid, i   war.      In 

N'ovi'inher,  ISH,  he.  was  promoted  to  a  second  lieu- 

tiiiaiii';,  ami  ordered  to  Fort  Moultrie,  S.  C.     During 

lS4li  ivhile  on  leave  of  ahsenee,  be  visited  St.  Louis, 

and  was  so  niueh   pleased  with   the  city  that  he  ex- 

I'l.'ssi'il  tlie  desire  to  make  it  his  jilaee  of  residence. 

Lieut.  .'Miernian  contracted    iluring   his   stay   in   St. 

Lniils  many  warm   friendships   wliieh  havt!  survived 

lln  lap.M!  of  years. 

When  the  Mexican  war  ciMnnieneed,  in  1810,  he 
was  I'ugagi'd  in  recruiting  serviec  in  Ohio,  and  at  once 
apiiHt'd  fur  active  duty,  liui  ii  .stead  of  dispatching 
liiiii  to  Mc.\ici)  as  be  desired,  the  War  De])artineiit 
orJi'R'd  him  to  proceed  wilh  his  regiment,  tiie  Third 
.\iiillcry.  to  C.ilifornia.  Accordii  gly,  ho  repaired  to 
.\\\v  York,  ami  sailed  from  that  city  on  the  lltli  of 
July  lor  the  Pacific  coast,  roaehing  Monterey,  the 
ca|iiiahif  Upper  California,  im  Capo  Horn,  on  tlio  2(Jth 
r.lamiaiy,  \M~.  Being  thus  removed  from  the 
iliiiiiie  lit  active  military  operations,  Lieut.  Sherman 
Ulmt  litth^  opportunity  of  achieving  distinction  or 
iif  fxliihiiing  ihe  conspicuous  talents  which  after- 
'iirJi  Won  hini  his  present  hijjh   rank  us  one  of  the 


foromo.st  generals  of  the  age.  lie  discharged  his 
duties  on  the  Facilic  slope,  however,  with  great  caro 
and  characteristic  cner.iry,  and  i*  so  happened  that  tho 
first  gold  discovered  in  California  passed  under  bis 
inspection  when  Col.  Sutcr,  the  famous  pioneer,  ap- 
plied to  Governor  Mason  for  the  pre-emption  of  u 
tract  of  land.  In  bis  '■  Memoirs''  (Jen.  Sherman 
gives  an  interesting  and  graphic  description  of  tho 
rush  for  g.dd  which  ftdlowed  the  ]iulilieatioii  of  the 
oflieial  rejiort  pre]Kired  hy  the  army  ofliccrs. 

In  IS.")!!  he  ret'irned  I'rom  California,  bi'aring  dis- 
patches for  the  War  Department,  and  on  reaching 
Washington  was  granted  leavi!  of  idisenee  for  six 
months.  After  visiting  his  mother,  at  MansUchl,  Ohio, 
ho  returned  to  Washington,  where  he  was  married  to 
Mi<s  Ellen  Boyle  lOwing,  daughter  of  lion.  Thomas 
Hwing,  then  SL'cretary  of  the  Interior,  on  the  1st  of 
May,  lS')i).  At  this  time  his  ei)ni|)any.  then  com- 
manded by  Capt.  Hraxdin  F'agg,  afterwards  a  disiin- 
guisheil  Confederate  general,  was  >t.itioned  at  Jefferson 
Barracks,  St.  Jjitiis;  and  shortly  after  reporiiii'^'  at 
the  barracks  he  received  his  coiinnis  ion  as  eaptali', 
and  was  detailed  to  act  as  commissary  of  sulisistenCu 
111  St.  Liuis,  where  he  was  soon  joined  by  his  family. 
In  Si'pteinlii'.r,  18.")2,  C.ipt.  Shcrmin  was  translerroJ 
to  New  Orleans,  and  ahont  two  monlhs  later,  while 
stationed  there,  received  a  propo.-iiinn  liom  ."^laj. 
Uenry  S.  Turner,  of  Si.  L  mis,  to  aid  in  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  liraneh  in  S.in  Francisco  of  the  banking- 
house  of  J.imcs  II.  Lucas  &  Co.,  of  .St.  Luiiis. 
Subseipiontly  Mr.  Liicis  himself' rcn;'wed  the  piopo- 
sition,  and  Ca]it.  Sheriuan  finally  determined  to  accc]it 
the  position  of  resident  and  managiiig  paitmr  of  the 
firm  of  Lucis,  Turner  &  Co.,  as  the  Califoriii.i  house 
was  styled  at  l^.m  Francisco. 

On  the   Glh   of  September.  IS.")!?,  he  resigned   his 

commission    in    the    army,  and    proceeded    with    his 

family    to   tin;    I'.icifiu  coast.      For  sever.il   years  be 

coiiduetid   the  afl'.iirs  of  the  film   in  S,in    Francisco 

with  energy  and  sncee-^s,  and  wai  (piile  ]irominent  in 

tho  affairs  of  that  cily.      In  18.")7,  however,  he  came 

10  the  decision  tha    -was  not   de.-^irabh'  to   eonlinuo 

the  C.'Lfbrnia  bn    c'    :  'ly  longer,  and  his  Migi;eslioii 

to    liiat   effect  liaviir.;   oeen   approved   by  the   parent 

house,  he  returned  to  St.  Liui.s,  where,  at  the  re(|ucst 

of  his  jiarlm  rs.  he  |)roceeded  to  New  Vork.  and  opened 

there,  in    hily.  18,')7,  a  branch  of  the  St.  liou's  linn. 

The  tinanciai  panic  id'  that  year,  however,  caused  thu 

aliandoniuent  of  the  eiit  'rpiise,  and  in   1S.')8,  Cant. 

Sherman  associated  himself  wiih  Thomas  Kwiii',',  Jr., 

1  in  the  practice  of  the  law  at  Leavenworth,  Kan.     In 
I 
.Inly    is.")!),  he  was    elected    siipi'rintendent   of   thi; 

L'ui-iauii  Military  Ae.ulemy,  and  rem  lin -d  in  charge 


l!M 


(i  ( 


''1  n 


452 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


in 


of  that  institution  uiilil  Jan.  IS,  18(il.  wlicii  lie  iid- 
drcssc'd  a  letter  to  (governor  O'AIoore,  iiniioiini'ini;  his 
intention  toresiL'ii  liis  ])()si!i()n  in  case  Lonis- 
1865.  iana  sceedeil  fVoin  tlie  UnioTi.  When  the 
political  coiirso  ol'  the  Stat(^  had  been  deter- 
niincd  lie  accurdinjjl)'  withdrew  iind  rejiaired  to  St 
Loui.'i,  where  he  was  luadc  president  of  the  Fil'ih 
Street  Passenger  IJailroad. 

Soon  after  taliini;  charuo  of  the  eoiiipany  s  affairs, 
lie  was  offered  the  chief  clerkship  of  the  War  Depart- 
ment, hut  declined  it.  On  the  oth  of  May,  however, 
he  tendered  his  services  to  the  ;.<overnnient,  and  on 
the  l-ftli  was  appointed  colonel  of  the  Thirteenth  In- 
fantry. Three  days  later  he  was  niaile  brij^adier- 
f;cneral  of  volunteers,  and  coinnianded  a  brigade  in 
the  first  battle  of  Bull  llun  (July  "2 1st).  In  Ociober 
be  was  assigned  to  the  Doparlnient  of  the  (kiinber- 
iaiiil,  and  upon  the  retirement  of  (ii'n.  llobort  Ilen- 
dcrsiin  from  the  eomniand  of  that  d(^paitnient  lie  \ras 
appointed  his  successor,  but  subsequeiill  at  his  own 
request,  was  transferred  to  St.  Lnuis,  where  be  took 
ebarire  of  the  cain|i  of  iMsiiuctioii.  He  remained  at 
St.  Louis  until  February,  18(12,  when  be  was  us- 
siiined  to  the  commaiul  ol'  the  Di-tiict  of  I'ailueah. 
Ivy.  In  the  Tennessee  and  Mississippi  campuiiin  lir 
eominandeil  the  Fifth  Division  under  Gen.  (Jrant, 
and  was  woiiiule<l  in  the  battle  of  Sliiloh  (  .\pril  (ilh 
and  Till).  He  also  took  part  in  the  movement 
ajrainsi  ("orintli,  and  in  the  siege  of  that  pla(!e  (  .\pril 
15tli  to  May  lldth  ).  a:id  on  the  1st  of  .May  was  made 
inaj(>r'.;eneral  of  volunteers.  Gen.  Sherman  cum- 
nianded  the  expedition  which  atlemiited  tlu^  c.i|'ture 
(il'  \'icksbui'i;  on  the  27tli  ol'  Deeenilnr,  and  while  in 
•.•omiiiand  of  the  Fifteenth  Army  Coriis  led  the  as- 
sault oti  Arkansas  I'(.st,onthe  1  1  th  of  .1  muary,  ISlilJ. 
He  took  an  active  and  jiromiiieiit  jiart  in  the  siege  of 
Vickshurg,  and  was  appointed  brigadier-general  in  the 
r(\L'ular  army  in  tlie  summer  of  the  same  year,  bis 
coinniissioii  dating  li(mi  July  4th,  the  day  of  the  sur- 
render of  Vieksburg.  After  the  fill  of  this  important 
point  he  was  assigned  to  the  conimaiil  of  the  .^rniy 
of  till!  Tennessee,  and  at  tin'  battle  of  Chattanooga 
(November  '2'.)--',))  commanded  the  left  wing  of  the 
iiriny.  In  Heeember  he  compelled  the  Confedeiate 
Gen  Longstreet  to  raise  the  siege  of  ICnoxville, 
and  in  February  of  <he  following  year  f  IS(il)  broke 
up  the  railroads  eonlring  at  .Merideii,  Miss. 

On  the  12ih  ot'  .March,  IStU  he  took  conimandof 
tlie  Division  of  the  Mississippi,  succeeding  Gen.  Grant, 
who  had  been  a|>poinled  geneialinchief  of  the  army. 
Tiie  division  comprised  the  Deparlnienis  of  the  Ohio, 
llic  Cumberland,  the  Tennessee,  and  the  .\rkansa»i. 
Gen.  Slieriuau  uJdro.'sed  himself  more  particularly  to 


tin,  task  of  subduing  the  Confederate  forces  in  (in.r^:, 
under  Gen.  Joseph  K.  Johnston,  and  liu'  that  |'iiiii„ 
C(>llectiHl   at    Chattanooga   an   army  of  one   liinnliii 
thousand  men.      After  i»  series  of  successful  vivj,;,-.. 
ments  with  the  enemy  he  oceupied   Marietta,  an  i;;, 
portant  strategic  ])oint,  on  tiio  I)d  of  July,  ami  siil-. 
(juently  defeated  Gen.  IIood,Goii.  .Jolinstnn'ssiicft-.r 
the  campaign   culmiMating  in  the  battle  of  All:im 
He  was  appointed  major-gene., il  in  the  regular  uiii,, 
on    tl.o    l:itb   of   August,   ar.d    fought   the    1  ;itllo  .,; 
Joneshoro'  on  the  ."Jlst.     On  the  following  day  tin; 
Ilond  evacuate'I  Atlanta,  which  was  .''Cii  oeciiiilcil  |,. 
the  Union  forces,  and  about  the  middle  of  Xuviinl  • 
(len.  Sherman  began  bis  famous  '•  marcl-  to  thcM,, 
He  reached  Savannah  on  the  UJth  of  Deeenilnr  in- 
laid siege  to  that  city,  which  surrendered  cm  tlir  I'l-i 
On  the  17tb  of  Fi^bruary  he  occupied  Colunihia,  :?.C 
and  then  invaded  North  Carolina,     llaleigli  waxav 
pied  by  his  army  on   the   loth  of  Ajiril,  aii(l  mi  li, 
2l!th,  (,!en.  Josejih  K.  Johnstnn,  commandiiig  tlio  f.i't- 
federate  forces,  surrendi'red  at  Durham  .-'ia;i.ii.    |,, 
then  proceeded  north  with  his  army,  arii\iiij  in  'V,,,-',. 
iiigion  (HI  the  2-lth  of  .^lay,  and  oi,  th  ■  LIT;!:  ilJuin 
was  a]ipoinled  to  the  command  of  tlie  ])ivi  .mi  u!' ilio 
.Mississippi,  comprising  the  Departments  oi'  tlu'dj,: 
Missceiri,  and  Arkansas,  with  head(|uartersatSi.  1,.  m- 
Oii  the  Llfitb  of  July,  IStJt),  he  sueceede.l  (!eii,  llri:; 
as  lieutenant-general,  and  on  the  1  lib  of  Aiiun-i  i   '. 
eijinniaiid  of  the  Di'partmetit  of  the  Missnuii.    In'' 
fall  of  the  same  year  he  was  sent  on  a  special  tni-.i-ii 
to  IMi'xieo,  and  on  the  -ftli  of  March,  1  Still,  was  iii.il.' 
genera!  of  the  army  to  succeed  Gen.  Grant,  wli"  Ljti 
been  e'leeted  I'residen;  of  the  United  States.     In  llr. 
antnmii  of  1871,  having  obtaineii   h^ave  of  al^rii 
111'  went   to    Hiirope,  ami  s]M'nt   iieirly  a  year  vi-iiJ!!.' 
the  dilferent  countries  of  the  Old  World.     Ipoii  lii- 
leturn  to  the  United  States  ho  established  liiiii>.ii  . 
Washington,  but  in  October,  1S71,  reiiiuved  liis  Ih  u- 
<|Uarters  to  St.  Louis.     Siibseipiently,  hnwi'Vcr,  h.  ; 
lurned  tc)  Washington,  wlune  he  now  has  lii-  I: 
ipiaiters. 

—The  ladies  of/St.  Louis  early  in  July  deteiuiim  ii 
I'orm  a  Missouri  Southern  Relief  Association,  and '!■  | 
gani/.ed  by  the  election  of  tlu!  following  ollircrs:  S;..- 
IJeiit,  chairman;  Charles  Miller,  treasurer;  .JmImi  ii 
Shelton,  Jr.,  recording  secretary ;  and  .Mosrs.  Il  ii, 
Sehoolfield,  George  R.  Robinson,  William  II.  !'::■ 
man,  R.  H.  Spencer,  J.  W.  Larimore,  and  .lulin  ^ 
Dyer,  corresponding  secretaries. 

The  grand  Southern  Relief  Fair  was  in««    ■ 
on   October  Kith,  in   the  building  of  the  8:    i' 
Wareliou.se  Company,  on    Chouteau  .\veiino,  i 
Sixth,   and   I'apin  Street.s.      The  fair  was  ii  -ii 


Ci'S  III  *ii''ir:i,i 
r  tliiii  i''iiT">' 

olio  ImmliMl 
i'.'ssl'lll  I'liua:. . 
;irii'lt;i.  :iii  iiii- 
ilv,  anil  siiIim;. 
t(ll^^  siicei'-"'r. 
ih  111"  Athiiiii. 
e  roi;ul;ii'  army 
.  tll'i  l:'.iUlo  <■'. 
iwiii;^  iLiy  Iji'ii. 
'Oil  iH'ciijiial  I'V 
lo  of  Niivciiilj.r 
irol',  to  lln'  sw 

Doooiiiln'C  ;iiii 
rod  oil  till'  -l-t 
Coluiiilii;i.S.I' 
lali'i;z'i  was  nan- 
iiill,  ami  I'll  il" 
luimlinj:  lliol'ii'i- 
am  .-■lalimi.    l.v 
u-iiviiri  in  V\A- 
ll'!.  '^7 ill  if  June 

iO  Divi   .1111  of  llic 

lOiits  of  tlic  Ol.i' 
lavtoisatSt.liOUiN 
;i.odi'il  Gen.  IJnii!: 
til  of  Aii:.:iw  t""'' 
Missoiiii-    1"'' 
I  11  spoi-ial  iiii-'i '. 
li.'lS(;'.>.  \va>  m.ii 
I,  (liaiil,  wli"  W 
.(1  Stales,     lilt!' 
Iravo  of  alj-'i'" 
,rly  a  yoav  vi-iii?: 
IWiirlil.     r|"|"'- 

ll.li>llCil   llilMv'if - 
jlVlllnVril  lli-ll"' 

|tly,  Imwi'Vi  1'.  11' 
,\v  lia>  lib  1'. 


^  -1*;?^. 


/■■  Vi 


'  -U 


li      % 


■  I"' 


,^ 


.Iiilyili'ti'iiiii" 
|V>siieiatuin,  i>"' 


Iwiiii;  11 
Iti-i'asiin'i' 


111" 


IVU'LM'S 


am 


I    Mi'>M'r 


JmIiiii;. 

tl  ll. 


William  II.  !''■' 
Imoi'o.  ami  ■Ii'l'"  ' 


liir 


r  was  i»i>" 
the  S'. 
oaii  Avenue, 
fair  was  ii 


~  \JVT    T.OIMS. 


I  .i- 


i  ;:■  i^ 


i'{  tlitit  iiisiitiiiioii  until  Jun.  H,  18t!!.  wl    :     i 
nr<- '(.(!  u  !i:iii  r  t..  (iovtn-i:or  (.)  '>'ucirc.  iiiiiiouii-'.. 

iiifnliori  til  ri'>i'/n  l1i^!  p<>^iti()ll  ni  cii.se  liin- 
1865.     i.111.1   -iciivi'   tint!  it'.i".   TJjiiun.     Wlun   ih-- 

I'lliii.  ■    :   '10  StnU:  liad  bot.'n  dcif 

iiii'i':'!  Iio  !!•  !■  •;  liii;:i\  'uiliiiivw  iin'i  ri'paiicil  to  b! 
1.  iii.«,  wluTc  lio  Was  made  pr.'siJont  'if  llic  Fil'di 
titrect  Passoiija-r  Uaiiri^ad. 

8oon  al'icr  takiiiu'  (fliarir-  ol'  ihn  ('(i.iijjuuv  >  .illiir^ 
lu:  was  nlTiT'''!  tit  i»!i!-'t"  i:liM'ks'lii|i  if'iif  Wnv  Oiii'i.'!- 
uRiif,  1  i:  0(1  t!i'.'  ;•'        ' 

liO  t 'llijcii   .    iii__.-r.;'   ~    to   til'-   ;.:;"■:  hiii. Ml.-      m  .]    on 

till'  1  ith  '.va.s  0!  ;vii"n!  <•■•!. .ir  I  -if  i1h»  Tli(rtociUli  [ii- 
liiutry.    Tli:  .us  nnulc  bii^adinr 

•rciienil  of  vin-Mji. .  ;>.  m;i(  "I  uiiiii'li'd  a  bfiir.i ' 
•.'lo  Grst  l.atil.:  of  Bull  ]l\i!-.  :.)ii!y  '2lst'..    In  (1     . 
Im  was  a.^fiifjiied  lo  t'le  D.jintiui'i.t  uf'  tlnj  ("tiiiibor- 
*:id,  and  npoii  ti;  ■  'i     ii   'A'  ii..'n.  Rob.Tt   Huii- 

{liT.-ioii  riiiiii  (he  <•  !  tliil  di'p:i!laii"ir  It"  wm-; 

iipfniintcd  hi:.'  silwi'-^    N  '■  .'(Ii   :illv. 

■  ■ 'im  :■•.  ^v•u^  irtns!  f.  mis,  ivli'Ti    in;  .  ■  ^ 

!:',,i';:-      r   •!■■  (•>[•  '••i.'i        Ff-'  r':-i;r'ii"'i  ;tl 


Ky.     '■•!•■. 

.■•ill     .       ■      ,  ■        '. 

and  w  ■• 
and    Tti 

apiiii^t.  t!iii'iiitl),  and  in  I  lie  sicj^c  i.t  'I  '       ' 

''■-      -  Alay  SOlh),  mui         '      '        '   ^i..;   ^^  ^  -  ■..    . 
11  ral  oi'  vi.ili'i  '  •>li"n!i:i-i    '•••n: 

111  .iiii  ■ ;  tiio  ex|.>diii«n  w.iifh  «n 
ot  \  :^k4(ui'i:  (>i)  tho '-'Till  ■■'(■  '' 
i'<>miii;iii!  I!*'  iliv  Kirti',;ntii 
:ll  I  'If  '       '.n  ilic  <  liii  or.J;(ii. 

.lid  prouiiiiiTit         ;        ■ 
•<  np|K'iilli'd  bi  ■       . 

;".  iiuiin'r  of  thu  same  yi  I  ; 

.1.  :  '    ^-    Itll,  tho  diV  -I"  til ; 

ivi:',  ')\"  !';d!"ri''i-'  iti'.|viri'i'if 

ji(i;  ■  '        ■    ■     \ 

<.r    ■•:■-  I  ■  ("• 

am.  ■  'Or  tu-  ..iimjM.  > 

(iCtl.      I."  .;.-i;.M  ■         ■' 

and  ill  Kt'bruary  •  ■ 

»ip  the  railnjuds  uiintring  ai  ,*{'?ridori. 

Onibe  12tb  of  Ma.  '    '  '     •  . 

the  Division  of  (be  Mi 
who  biul  hi'cn  appuiiil'  ' 
'I  nc  div!.-<ii'ii  i'rtr'i]>riH('d  ui  •  )»,ji;iiiinMiAf< 


\0;i 


e::'ii 


:Uf  C-iniV  ■'•'-i-;^!    ;'•.-   Tci: 


:d    ;';;• 


;:.'  I  "U'.i. 


1 


•.ubdiiilii:  t''i'  ^(  nfrr'^rn;, 
<lon.  j'iscjb  :     ; 
.■-•;;.(h'd   at   Cbattaii.)!!^..    .iii    anj.j,    ui     - 
;b  ■!'  .Hid  tiion.     Al't.^r  ;'  s-i'i-i;";  i-f  ■■Vi'f  • 

■  wilb  i\k  (Mii'n. 
j'.M-Li.il  .etf.itcitic  piiini,  .  ■!  i:,:  jI  v\  ■ 
rii'Dt'y  diifoattdOii).  l[i;'Kl,t;   I    .!■  '       t 
'  (!  i-ati)pai;iii  I'lilnun.itiiij 
.'li'  was  appniiiti'd  major^i  iii  :  li  iii  ' 'i' 
m    tiio    12tb   id"  Au;;nst,  and   fiMirb* 
i   iiosbnro'  on  the  3lM.     On  ' 
ifi.od  ovnouai'd  Atlanta,  wbic'b  m  ..s  i 
t)i'^  ljnii)n  forces,  iiiiii  ab<iul  ilic  in'  i  ' 
(,■'•11.  .Sherman  bi-jran  bii  I'aiU'"         i 
'!■•  viraolicd  .Savannah  on  thy  L.di  • 
■  d    ic-jo  (0  tlialciiy,  whi(d)  stirnir 
On  the  ITili  fd' F.ibrua.y  lit'occupii. 
and  then  invaded  North  Carohnw.      .' 
(>i(d  I'v  bi.s  iitn)y  on  tbii    l^ith  -<i'    \ 

'  r.h  \i.  Jiihnsliii; 

l.'UT.i  ■ 'irt'ondi.-!    '    '    ■ 

il'o..  1.  ,,rili  with    . 

'  ..  ~ltn  of  May,  nid  f^o    '■ 
'  "  tlirt  command     '    ' 
ijiri.-^iii'j,  till!  I).  ;• 
■,d  Arl;ai!sas,  with  In 
■is  .d'  July.  ISiili,  I. 
.!  ;:onoral,  and  on  tl' 
■  ud  \}t'  lliu  Uepartuumlo 
ibc  wnii'  year  b«  v 
.   vii"i,  !ind  on  tlio  (ti 
^lio  anuy  to  sii 

.  !i  .  '■  i-.i'd  I-Vr!!ildi.>nt.  of  ill'    ' 

'Miinu  of  l^~i    Invin^r  obi:: 
wont  I  .    .  Hid  sp'i.' 

ii';  diU'erfiii  ■■■.iiu;      s  of  i' 
Mtrn  to  the  rnitcd  St;\i 
'.  •  .i.Nliinjrtoi),  but  in  V 
'pnirtors  to  .St,  .(i. mis 
tnrui'd  to  ^Vi''!'''i'.ioii,  «l. 
jiiiirtev^. 

T'  ■        ill  >  .  i,S:.  Lwui.s  I  .        .  , 
-oiiri  .Soutlu'ni  lb-;  . 
'  ifctiou  of  tlj<!  foUi.v. 

'•;   :  I,  i'li;i;iiiiaii  ;   ('liarUt.s   ?lilif>r,  I 
■iuillun,  .Ir.,  rfi'Virdini;  si'LTi  1,0  V  . 
-^iboulticlil,  11.  IlobiiHon. 

.-laii.  K.   it.  ."' pi' liver,  J.  ^V.    (jiiriniiiv,    i'  ^ 
'  'ycr,  corrcsjiondin^  six'rotaries. 

'I'lic  grand  Honthorn  Iteiinf  Fa; 
nil   Oiiiobcr  liiib,in  tbii  buIMini.' 
W-ir  ■bcti-i'  f'i  mj-.riiv,  - -i    f*-:,ii';-'' 
kjiAHi,    aiiu    »  apoi   oiii-i;ia.       i  ou   laii    «:!.■•   a  "i,::""  I 


{8  ft 


>;^^^„. 


« ua    » 


ill 
II 


:f 


1 

! 

t 

li 

THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


4SH 


.iic'ct.->.  :i"J  '•''  iiiaiiagers  roiilizcd  n  princely  sum  for  ' 
tlicir  inible  charily, — the  succor  of  liclpless  widows  and 
iiinliaiis.  made  such  by  the  events  of  a  terrible  war. 

_-Niii\viili.standing  Missouri  wns  a  slave  Slate  at  tlic 

iH'uiiiiiiii;;  of  the  war  and  furnished  a  larf;c  (|uota  of 

iiiea  to  ilie  Confederate  army,  it  contributed  njorc 

vulunims  to  the   Union   army  tlian   did   eif;ht   free 

Stales.     It'  ihe   matter  of  jiopulation   is   taken   into 

at'couiit.  willuiut  allowance  for  tlie  Confederate  soldiers 

\vlio  Weill  out  of  tlie  State,  Jlissouri  will  .-till  make  a 

more  favorable  stiowing  than  most  of  tiie  strong  free 

Stall's.    Tlius  JIaine,  New  Ilamp.shire,  and  Vermont 

had  87,138  more  people  in  18G0  than  Missouri,  and 

\et  Missouri  sent  55,100  more  volunteers  to  fi^ht  the 

lialllcs  of  ilie  Union.     Again,  Rhode  I.sland,  Minuc- 

-iila.  Kansas,  and  Iowa  had  only  5;5,2-18  i'ewer  people 

ill  1  Still  ilian  Mis.souri,  and  yet  Missouri  furnished 

.'iii.S-O  more  soldiers.    Again,  with  but  little  more  than 

nvico  as  lariic  a  population  as  Iowa,  Missouri  sent  out 

III. Ill II  iiHUc  than  twice  as  many  Union  soldiers. 

Tlic  War  Department  in  1871)  is.sued  a  statement 
iiivins;  till'  number  of  men  furni.-,hed  the  Union  army 
\<\  each  Stale  and  Territory  and  the  District  of  Co- 
Imiibia  fn m  April  15,  ISlH,  to  the  close  of  the  war 
lit'  tlio  Itcbellion.  It  shows  that  ihe  total  number  of 
vmIuiiIocis  was  2,G7S,9(i7,  distributed  as  follows  : 

Main,. 72,114  j  Mi.««niri liin.Ul 

Hfi,C2'J     Kciiliu'ky ni,ll23 


TAM.K  Xo.  2-i;nion  SOl.niEIIS. 

.MiKi-oiiri 199,111 

MiihigMii S!l,;i:2 

loivii T(i.;ioa 

Minr.csntu 1'.'),<1,*»2 

Nel)iii?kii ;i,l/)9 

OrcKcn 1,810 

Ncmda , I.IKSII 

iy(!,7S2 


Mii^sniiii  uver  all 


!,329 


T.MII.I-;   No,  :!— UNION  SOI.IUKKS. 

Missouri 109,111 

Wisconsin 9(1,124 

loivii 7(i,.ll)9 

Alinnesotu 2.i,(^j'J 

Xc\ailtt l,(m« 

. —   19S,«n.'i 


Missouri  over  nil. 


lAltl.K  No.  4-lINION   SOLDIERS 
Furni.-lii'a  by  2R  Slates— 1,'i  free,  13  slave. 


246 


Maine 72,1 1  I 

New  liaui|'nliiru "(i.li'.'d 

Vriinoiit .■I.'i,2ri2 

Kliodo  Islanil 2:i,fill!l 


('oiini'ctiful. 
Minnesota  ... 

Kiinsiis 

Ciili  torn  ill 

Coll. nolo 

Nebraska.... 


Oregon l.SIO     .\liibaina. 


Mi,«souri 199.111 

Ken  I  nek  v 79,1125 

\V.   Virginia  (|iart  of 

Virniniii) :i2,nfiS 

Tenne.«5ee ;il,l)92 

Miirvland .'•)0,:!l(l 

20,1,'il     Delaware i:),(i70 

\:>,:\1-,    Arkansas S.289 

4,110:1     r,..nisinna S,22l 

.-!, I.V.I     Xortli  Carolina :i,15« 


.S7,:!79 
2a,ll.'i2 


Nevada., 
town 


1,1181)     Florida., 

7r),:',ll9    Te.va.s 

Mississij)[ii.. 

373,272  : 

i 


2.57(i 

2,I!m 

1,9113 

645 

4  ".2,227 
373,272 


N«  lllM^|l^llire. 
Viraiiiiil 

M;\!.'IU-llUSulls.... 

i;lioJc  Uhml 

l.'ilUlU't'lit'Ut 

Ni'iv  Y.irli 

New  .U'r.^ev 

I'cniisvlviiniii.  ... 

IMiiinne 

.\l,u)l:nul 

Wi'si  Virffinia, 


...     3a. 21)2     Kansas 

...   l.V.'.IUS     Tetines 
...     23,il'.i»     Arkansiis., 


4I\7.III7 

M.OKI 

:'.i;il,lll7 


Norlti  Carolina. 

Calitornia 

Nevada 

Ore;:"!, 


l.i 


13,11711  Wasliin^rton  Territory 

all, 3 111  Nebraska  4'erriiorv... 

..     3'J,llllS  Colorado  Territory".... 

jlisirict  of  Columbia..     1(1,872  Dakota  Territory 

oliio 31',i, r.a9  New  Mexieo  Territory 

liiiliiiini 197,147  !  Alabama 

llliiiiiis 2;i9,147  Floriila 

Mii'liigini 89,372  l.nnisiana 

Wisconsin 911,424  Mississi|'|d 

.Miniit'sola 2a.(lJ2 

l.»;i 7(),3U9 


211,  l.M 

31,(192 
8,289 

:;.i.".ii 

la.72i 
1  .(ISO 
1,810 

SIC  I 
3. 1  .-.9 
1.903 

200 

(;,.ji;i 

2,.^7(> 
2.190 
8,224 
.•.l.i 
l.OO.'i 
3,j03 


I'e.Mis 

Indian  Nation 

The  following  tables,  made  uji  from  the  official  re- 
].ii  of  ilie  War  Department,  will  prove  interesting, 
IS  tiny  ileaioiistrate  our  staleincnts.  Missouri  must 
liave  Ihou  i|nitc  a  loyid  State  if  the  number  of  men 
>\v'  I'liniislieil  the  Union  army  bo  taken  as  ii  test  of 
,  y;iliy,  and  lliis  is  the  only  true  test : 

T.\1II.K   No.  1— UNION   SOI.DIKIfS. 

Mi-M.iiri 199,111 

'■Mii"nt 3i.21'r2 

N'»  ll«Mi|isliire 3().l!29 

,     i'l-liOHl 2:;, 099 

^'.  :iu....|:i 2.'i.(i.'.2 

niiuii.ut .'17.379 

i-j|i(..riiia ,,    |.-,,7i;i 

Nrviiilii 1^080 

""P'U 1,81(1 


.Vi'snui  oitr  all., 


190,030 


2,475 


Tliirleen  slave  ."^lates  over  (lie  same  niiniber  of  (Veo 

.■Stalls ;)8,9.ia 

Military  Roster, — Thclirst  Union  military  organi- 
zation in  St.  liouis  originated  •in  a  meeting  ludd  early 
in  the  year  18C1  in  the  counting-room  ot'  O.  D.  l'"illey, 
on  JIain  Street,  for  the  purpose  of  organizing  a  body 
of  Union  men  to  rejiel  any  attack  which  might  be 
made  by  Southern  sympathizers.  Tlio.^e  present  were 
enrolled,  and  others  joined  at  subscfiuent  meetings, 
which  were  held  'for  some  time  in  the  third  story  of 
a  house  on  Olive  Street,  above  Twelfth,  and  in  a 
house  owned  by  Rciijamin  Farrar,  on  Seventh  Street, 
near  St.  Ciiarles.  The  iloors  of  both  buildings  were 
strewn  with  sawdust  to  avoid  noiso  in  drilling.  The 
roster  of  the  first  Union  company  formed  was  as 
follows ; 

F.  P.  liliiir.  Jr.  (eaiitain),  Henry  llitelicoek,  .'^ilas  Reed, Thomas 
Cuddy,  1).  il.  ,Joel,  Williiim  McKee,  Fred.  I.  Dean  (seeond 
lieiitenanl),  .1.  II.  l,it,'litner,  William  S.  llillyer,  Frank  0. 
I'ortir,  .lames  I'eekliani,  T.  I*.  I.oes  ..,  ,1.  1).  Leonard, 
Joseph  M.  Ilallenbeelv,  II.  1..  I'inney,  J.  Meii'orniiuk.  Jo- 
sepli  It.  lin'.'gs,  William  1'.  Ilollister,  William  Z.  Clark, 
l.nei(.n  Kitton.  .laeoli  lliilir,  11.  .V.  Coiianl,  ll.>^iind,  Henry 
Ilalteriien,  John  ,<er\  iee,  John  MiFall,  Alexis  .Mn. Id,  It. 
J.  llealy,  W.  D.  Ilowen,  Henry  Kunlz,  William  II.  Mills, 
John    l'»|i|i,    William    (ladnion,    Thiodore   C.    .M.  Triieie, 

Jame.s  J.  Wishnrl,    lli|i|'ly,    F.  H.  Jlaiilcr.   John  I'. 

MeCiiath,  William  Cuddy,   F.  JI.  Joel,  Charles  W.  Iln^n^- 


iii-V 


1-'S 


I' 


"III 


ul 


;•     -it 


454 


IIISTOUY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


CMiinc,  A.  S.  Tliurncck,  \V.  C.  Piiiilli,  ]).  M.  lloiisor,  Jiwob 
S.  ML'rrill,  .Miilmcl  Siiiniiii'i.",  C.  \V.  Amler^'on  (liisl  licii- 
tciiiinl),  Williiim  C.  .MalK'W,  Siiiiuii'l  Knox,  X.  M.  Cliiistiiin, 
.Iiilin  i;.  Wnlkcr,  I,.  Jliirsow,  llcniv  MiKco,  Clin  lies  Cas- 
ti'll",  !•'.  Villi  Ilriiciiior,  Thniiiii.^  WudHy,  Ficil.  DnwniUTriif, 
(liM>ij{e  ('iis|ii'r,  Cliiiiles  \Vii|i|iii'l.  I).  Krrr.  C.  II.  I.i|i|'iii!in. 
Gni'il(jii,  (ii'iiigc  I'lipc.   H.  li.  lii'i'k.  TiKiiiins  Jk'iiiioit. 


llciiiv   (iiMili,   N.    II.    .Mc'l'liorson.    I'ulrick    Ci 


iiii,  ,1. 


Tlio  following  is  a  list  of  tlinso  who,  in  aiMiijon  t., 
Ciipt.  Blair's  company,  in  January,  IHiil ,  (iiijimizi,] 
sceri'lly  for  tlio  purpose  of  sustaininir  llio  ^ov.  niiii.in 
of  tlio  I'nion  and  to  protect  Union  men  in  Si.  |,(,iii< 
but  more  especially  to  proleet  the  St.  Louis  ar,<oii;il 
from  falliiii;'  into  the  hands  of  the  Confodcrairs; 


I'di'l-   Xl'f,    .Inllll    .1.    Ilusf.'ll.   Jailll'J    Out:',    S.    T.   (iluviT, 
I'lia ill's  (Vliii.g. 

In  le.«s  than  a  fortnight  several  full  companies  were 
formed  in  different  parts  of  the  city  composed  of 
carne.«t  riiion  men.  There  was  an  "'inside  oruani- 
zatioii"  and  an  "  outside  or^ani/.ition."  The  latter 
was  composed  of  tlie  companies  themselves,  and  the 
former  of  the  power  that  controlled  them.  Mr. 
Blair  was  ])resident  of  the  inside  orj^auizalioii,  .md 
E.  M.  Joel  secretary.  All  the  memhers  acted  in 
concert  with  the  Comniittee  of  Safety,  of  which  O.  D. 
Filley  was  chairman,  and  James  O.  Hroadhcad  .secre- 
tary. The  roster  of  the  different  companies  was  as 
follows : 

t;r,„ul  Drill  ihtftlci:  r.  F.  Liiinc.l. 

I'4'ti*t  /iin'Miiui,  i'nion  (,Vf(/<.— Prcf^iilunl.  Clie-ter  Ilariliii^,  Jr. ; 
two  liiintlieil  nun. 

11'"*^   Ifirininn,  I'tti",!    Cftif'. — I'rcsi.U'iit,  Kt'i'klenbiir,:; : 

two  liiiii'lri'tl  iiipn. 

r.niril,  W.n-.l.  Vni,,,,  III.,,!.-  /,',7/, «.  — Cnptaiii,  (iour-o  Dali- 
nii'i';  lir.-l  limitcnaiit.  liti.-.  iMjerii.-itein  :  sei-uml  lu'iitfiiant,  A. 
IJiteniJtciii ;   L'i;^lity  iiuMi. 

Fifll,  \\ii,:l.  i;,:.,ii  r/,./,.— S.  T.  (ilovrr.  prosi.lfiit;  (iforgc 
A.  Si-li:ictVrr,  pccrclary  :  niic  liiindroii  aii'l  the  iiion. 

Srrriti/i  ]Vin;l,  I'ltinn  (itiiii'il. — ('a]itain.  .Tuliii.'*  Wa^iTicr;  lirst 
liiMili  nant,  Frank  (uiMc  :  stvond  lioutciiant,  Cliailei  .Nager  ; 
firiy  I'ii^lit  men. 

T> iilh  W'in-il,  I'lii'tn  tiu'ti'it. — Capt:iiii.  I.inkoi'iiinn  ;  first 
liriilcnant,  Wini;nr;  sccoml  liciilcnanl,  Sicguriiiann  :  si.xty-livc 
men. 

Sl'i;,i,il  W,iy,l.  Iliitil;  liiil,  h  yC„mi>n,ni  .11.— Captain,  Cliri.". 
(inrri>li;  fir.^t  liciitonant,  (iciirf^c  ^ii'iglcr:  soonnil  lieuteiumt. 
lMiili|i  I*'ranU  ;  ono  liuiidrcil  and  tliirty-?ix  iiicn. 

S..„u.l  Wiinl,  I'.hivh  lliil,-H{r,„n/,<,iii/  //>— CapLiin.  nfrniiril 
Kk'in;  first  lieutenant,  I'enl.Scluiililig  ;  sccoml  lieutenant,  .lolin 
A.  I.ippuril;  nincty-ei.x  men, 

(\twjiiiny  X,i,  5,  Cninn  ilnnvt}, — t.'iiptaiii,  Ooo.  .'^inifli  ;  lir.-it 
lieutenant.  Joe  (ierwina  ;  second  lieuleiiiint,  .lohn  Xnlte:  lilly- 
tlirec  men, 

I'itii'ii  fiii-tr.l. — Cjiplain.  C.  K.  Pnluinun  :  first  liciiten^iiit, 
V.  W.  Xoel ;  second  lieutenant,  .\,  Albert,  ei);lity.tlirec  men. 

i'iil:(»  (liiiiril. — Captain,  C.  I),  Wolf:  sixty  men, 

llliiil:  Hiilei.  —  Captain,  Oil:  lirsl  lieulcnaul,  llrudicka;  sec- 
onil  lieiitemiut,  Xii'kerle  ;  forty-six  uieu. 

Mtiniittfl  ('iti~i-nM*  tittiiriL — Captain,  Henry  Aliustcdt  r  forty 
men. 

Ill  III.-  /.'{//.».  Cajitain,  Fred.  Xiedermann  ;  first  lieutenant, 
Wm.  Itotterman  ;  second  lieutenant.  It.  (Ironeincii'r ;  one  liun 
(Irod  and  twenty  men. 

Tliiiil  W'ui-il,  Villi, n  fiiiiii-il.  —  X.  .Seliiittner,  iii.'ijor;  forty 
men. 

Illiii-K-  .l.ii'ij,  ,H. — Captain,  ^liidiael  Prac'tcr:  first  lieu'.enaiit, 
I'.  Sliller:  .seeund  lieut' nant,  l'    \Vi  iss ;  sixty  men. 


C.VPT. 

I\I.i;i.> 

s  Cour.wv. 

Ijcrnliard  Klein,  ea]ptain  ; 

Ferd 

Sclineddi;;,  first  liciu.  li:iril ;  ,1 

I'eler  LippliardI,  second  lieutenant ;  .lulius  .<aiu  r,  .piaiitr. 

master. 

Altenliacli,  Clir, 

Krause,  John, 

Adrian,  Friedrieli, 

Klein,  .Albeit. 

Altsidiul,  Leopold, 

Klareiibaeh,  tlii'iav. 

Alt.scliiil,  Charles. 

Knobltiueh,  Cl.r, 

.Alder,  ,'^aliuiel. 

Leilich,  Franz, 

.■\uiitt,  I'eler. 

l.pell-el,  William. 

lierk,  Friist. 

T.an^^e,  Kmil, 

Ileckuuiiin,  Cliurle.s. 

I.  irenz,  Henry. 

I3runo,  (.'iiarles. 

.Maurer,  .Adam. 

lieclier,  Jolin. 

Magnus,  M. 

Prum,  Charles, 

.Alonlag,  A, 

Fwald,  r.eopolij. 

.Aleilhe,  K. 

Kmanuel,  X. 

Mees.  v. 

Kinanuel,  ."^auiuel. 

.Mad.s,  Aujtiist. 

Kvcitz,  C, 

.Meleber,  lillstiu. 

I'^verts,  Fiieilrieh. 

Xiekerl,  Franz. 

Franck.  tieor;.;e. 

Xitz,  I'h, 

I'liijiel,  Jacob, 

Xeun,  I'h. 

(lei /.hail per,  .Andres, 

Xeiiu,  Cliarhs. 

(lelller,  .M. 

Oekenfuss,  ,Ioliii. 

liesscrt,  (hv. 

Itcdis,  Valentin. 

tieldmachcr,  Fi  ii-d. 

I'leiehert,  Jaeoh. 

Oelduiaelier,  Karl. 

IiojSge,  Heriiiiin. 

C.leiehaup,  .1.  C. 

Slark,  lir.  C.  K. 

(irison,  Cliri>toplier, 

.'*tamni,  Fried. 

lleder,  Ilallhaser. 

Sicher,  .M. 

Iliiiteischeili,  John. 

.siauer,  .Aiij;u>t. 

]UfM:  Ferd. 

.^[leugler.  Fried, 

Ileiu/.e,  Henry, 

Stoecki-r,  liohert. 

Horn,  Conrad, 

Pchuedilitr,  Fred, 

ilerl.y,  John. 

Stoecker,  Fred. 

Heller,  M. 

Thrc.sehcr.  licorgc. 

Hart.  Alex. 

Trauer,  .M. 

.Inn;,'.  Chr. 

Trauer.  A. 

Just.  Charles. 

Tcmpler,  William. 

Klein,  I.oi.is. 

Von;li|,  Anton. 

Koeunker,  \Villiain. 

■V'.isterling,  Fried. 

Koh,  .Andreas. 

Wodiska,  li^natz. 

Kaltivasser,  F.  I'. 

AVipperninnn,  (leor^e. 

Kultwasser.  Fred. 

AVilz,  Frauz. 

Cai'T.  Orr'.s  Comcaxv. 

-  lilt,  captain  :  llrudicka,  first  lieulrnnm  :  • — 

crlie,  second  lieutenant;  ,1.  .Molli  1.  qirirlcraiasle;-. 


llily,  .M. 
llauda,  Jacob. 
Ililek,  Wenzel, 
Celerin,  Ignatx. 
Dolar,  Frit/.. 
Holy.  L.  J. 
Hayek.  W. 
Kand,  J, 
Krislufek,  .lacob. 
Koran,  Jacob. 


Koiiiii,  Thomas. 
I.oyila,  Albert. 
!\la(diaeek,  ,r..|iii, 
.Madia,  M. 
Meyer,  .|..-cph. 
M.iller.  W. 
Wa.-sek,  Fr. 
I'ulak,  .Matthias. 
I'aniiska.  Weii/el. 
Perieha,  Juliii. 


Ni'k- 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


455 


Kioli,,,  Math. 
Stoj-:iii>l'.  •'I'lin. 
SifiU'iii.i.  •'■ 
M.-.Ma.  .'""■I'll- 

•is^i'k,  .I"-i')'h. 
Sitry,  «•.,!. 
-11,1...  A.  M. 


Sor.v,  fr. 
Trcsi'lier,  S, 
Wiidikii,  \guati. 
Worel,  Jiiliii. 
\V..?jclly,  Kriiil. 
Wirk'l.  .loliii. 
Woracek,  \\*i'»zcl. 
Zonf,  Jii.<('|ili, 
/.ikii,  Julin. 


Cvi'T.  Aimsfkiit's  Comi'Axy  (MniXTi:i)  Citi/kxs' OiAiihl. 
Ilfurv  AliM^Icilt,  cii|ilain  yim  Inn. 


Alii.slc'li.  II. 
AllVli.  I'. 
l;i.,>-k..I. 
Duri'iT,  .I"lin. 
!!i'r2.  Niclt. 
Ileri;,  Tn''!. 
I'.ali,  \Villi;iin. 
IMkcr.  Wil'.iiim. 
K;\lli,  Jaodl). 
Flurc,  I'Mwanl. 

..iinii'V,  Tl las. 

i;:.;-ir.  William. 
K,|.|.Ii'r.  I'll. 
K.. 1,1,1,  I'linia.l. 
I.i|.|iliar(lt,  II. 
I.uini-rt.  I'lMiraJ. 
.M.iuior.  S. 
.Mais.'liacl,  A. 
May.i:. 
iiki'l,  C. 


Oltcnat.  .Iiilin. 
O^t/,  I.owis. 
I'dlliick,  1'. 
riCiiihiinll,  (I. 
Keiiiii'l(crj!,  (i(.'ni};c. 
lUilli.  ,1. 
Itcitiliart,  J. 
Itiiit/kopr.  ,1. 
Uapp,  Fiod. 
f»i*lieitz,  Joiin. 
Selilittc,  .lolin. 
Stoll,  It. 
Scliacfcr,  (i, 
Piilicr,  John. 
SlieflV'f,  Frnntz. 
.^laniuk.  Albert. 
SfliiiciJer,  M. 
Wibcr,  li. 
WackiT,  .Iiilin. 
AVnftlic.  .lo^eph. 

CoMrwv. 


C APT.  (lOKIMSCIl 

Chris.  (i"i'ii?''li.  ea]ilain;  (Jcirge  Zi^^liT,  lir-l  lii'iitenaiit ;   IMi. 
Frank,  .«cc'Oii(l  lii'utcnant. 


Ai'kfrman.  I'elcr. 
Anhcifcr,  I'ctcr. 
IlfiiTiini.  Ilonry. 
l'|nel!..lolin. 
lleilziiMt,  Carl, 
rrthni,  T.  !■. 
r.jllinatin,  Tlioo. 
Ucrnimril,  Fred. 
Be'k,  r..  A. 
Wir.  (ioop.'c. 
llai'i'liaaurt.  Mioliad. 
follmanii.  Valinllnc. 
liuiiiiiardi'ii,  Henry. 
Ili^kfiiliur!.',  Ca.'par. 

i'''|iiiU'ii,  (ieurge, 

Clorckcr.  F. 

Iljng,  (ieorge. 

Ti-okcr,  Cappar. 

I'fmiiijti,  (ieorgo. 

'Iiimn,  I'arl. 

hull.  .I.ilm. 

\'r.\-fi,  Kelix. 

I'mcr,  ('. 
:  II  11.  William. 

ii  tto,  i;a. 

I>kert,  Clir. 

t'ns'ltinann,  A. 

Fr.ink,  Ch. 
I  Vrfukcs,  licrharJt. 
I  Vii;!c,  F. 
jllrau.John  U. 


(iocssel,  .\iigiist. 
(icroMt,  i:. 
(riiilzahr,  K.  ]i. 
filei>k.  .laocl). 
(■]ci.>=k.  Xich. 
Gocri.-^cli,  .Jacob, 
(ioerisch,  Pavid. 
Gi//ikc.  T.  W. 
(ioi.«cl,  I'll. 
Haefiicr,  .\. 
Ilauser,  furl. 
Hohvcz,  .\. 
llnrting,  Wilhelin. 
lluisol,  Cii^jsiiner. 
Ilesric,  llerinan. 
Iliifl'mann.  .Inhn. 
HafTli,  'riionms, 
Ik'Iriin,  Jiilin. 
lluniiko,  Joliii. 
lliinifko,  .luliiis. 
Kliiik,  I'eter. 
Kcrncr,  T.  Tli. 
Klein,  Henry. 
Klein,  l,eivi.«. 
Kinnt)e,  Kd. 
Knufmnnn,  Clir. 
Kuetzel,  A. 
Kiirtuiunn,  Lnuis. 
linndfricd,  .laeob. 
I.orentz,  Iloiiry. 
I.ohm,  (^lir. 


MoHzau,  A. 

.Ma.vwell,  James. 

.Milbaub,  A. 

Morseli,  .\dani. 

.ALuller,  A. 

Midir,  I.ndwijj. 

Jlepebali,  lMiili|ip. 

Newel,  Henry. 

Nagel,  Cunrad. 

\ax,  IMi. 

(Ilil,  William. 

Osl,  I.. 

Petry,  Jacob, 

Petreh,  Kd, 

Prneb,  Jacob. 

Uanfi,  .\dam, 

llei?,  .lacub, 

Ildjsel.  .Martin. 

Itasclier,  Willi{5an. 

Uaiiseli,  Kiiiil. 

H"ffj;e,  Herman, 
I    Itnf,  l^lepbin. 
I    Uiillinj.',  Henry, 

Spahn,  1'. 
,   Stock,  I'etor. 
'   .■^elimidt.  Herman. 
'    .'^teller,  I'anl, 

.<tull,  Carl, 

I'viT.  Nir.i; 

Frcil.  Niegenvaiin,  captain  ; 
I>.  (iroiionioicr^  second 
I   Anin.l,  U, 

Arnold,  Fred. 

.\ndr»'s, ■ 

Autioi,  J. 

Anders,  ('. 
I    I!rnbliii,L'.T,  \V. 
'    llran.lle,  1!. 
j   Unite,  H. 
:    I!los-er,  F. 
:    llMnifer,  M. 
■   IJiiscble,  J, 
I   Dastian,  J. 

Kernbard,  ,T. 

liauj!'',  H.  A, 

lirauer.  C. 
'  t'unzcluiann,  t'. 

Diinkler,  F. 

Deibing,  Ii, 

Doerr.  (!. 

llunke,  F. 

Diiermeier.  H. 

F.llersick,  II. 

Frb,  J.  A, 

Fischbacb.  F. 

Flii!;elniann,  1!, 

tieraiif,  I', 

(lOtU'Imam;.  I*.  <r. 

(idttelmann,  Jobn, 

(irnnd,  A. 

Glitter,  F.  A. 

lioobel,  Frnnz. 

HiMst,  r. 

Hausrnnher,  G, 

Huxbold.  (I. 

Heinij  (I. 


Seinert.  Xleholas. 
.situihpl',  H»nry. 
.*^eliticiiier,  I'h. 
^'elllllaudt.  Hardin. 
isaupe,  Carl. 
Sandt'roiann.  tiollleib, 
Stoeber,  Henry. 
Strcinuiler,  .lobn. 
Jviipp,  Conrad. 
Satiil*^,  Ferd. 
'J'iiIiNt,  Josoph. 
Teulr'r,  August. 
Vowcnskel,  Jacob. 
VollK-rB,  W,  II. 
Winili<'k,  refer. 
Wolf.  (Justn. 
Walter,  Ph. 
Venjjer,  Joscplu 
AVet//il,  Jdlin. 
WalW,  Jacob, 
Vun-'l<'r,  Krod. 
\V»^cr,  Gustav. 
Vrisenbirn,  <'br. 
>VaIdemcier,  Ciir. 
>Vand,  Honry, 
y.auer.  IMi. 
y.iiunier,  C<mrad. 

r.lUXs'.S   CoMl'ANY. 

AVm.  Koteruianii,  first  Ijeiitt'nant 
lieutenant. 

Herl)st,  H. 

Ilalbes,  11. 

IIuiMiinidt,  P. 

HofTmann,  L. 

Jobs,  J. 

Josl,  J.  n, 

Kleibstein,  A. 

Kutzcr,  H, 

Kopp.Tt,  E. 

K 11-11,  V. 

Ksufmann,  P. 

l\us«IinK,  M. 

Kramer,  .1. 

Kellor,  T. 

Kick,  C. 

Kuril,  J, 

I.angv",  J. 

I.anK'r,  I.. 

I.ieblans;,  X. 

I.ungonbnh!,  K. 

siaiiLs  n. 

Jlxck,  F. 
Mahi-s,  Ani;ust. 
Mackes,  \, 
Mncksladt,  J, 
Mack.'s.  II. 
Muller,  W, 
Xeuonbnns,  II. 
Nagcl,  Jacob. 
Neustatter,  F. 
Xcnnieifter,  G. 
Obenauer,  M. 
liei.-so,  \Vm, 
Iteisse,  ('.  A. 
l!ei;;bncr,  A. 


■ :  jiji 


:m 


456 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


'if 


lU'Uling,  II. 
Kii'lul|>li,  V. 
Uio,  ],. 
lU'Usrr,  .1. 
Jl'ili'i'iimnii,  T. 
lii.lli.  li. 
t<pulilii-.  P. 
^iilln-,  A. 
Sltim-r,  J. 
t^iliau,  M. 
tsohmidt,  II. 
Str..li,  V. 
SclluUTt,  J. 
Si'Liuller.  J. 
SchiiriJ.  0. 
ScUiirti,  1!. 

Cm 
Muril*   SefiKPiifoItl, 

Friini'i.'*  I'ligin', 

liriitrniinl. 
Argiist.  Si'lMsl'mn. 
lii'iincr.  Vtt'\. 
Ueik,  Fr^a. 

i)iielHhvvis:*,  .Folio, 
Preyrr.  (leorge. 
J>reyriiA.«,  -loliii. 
Eiigi'l.  Mwitz. 
Kni;cil,  y»Unsliair- 
Il;i('hlf5a('ri,  (icorge, 
Ki'kcrt,  i'rauk. 
I'aiitb^  JuL-ttl). 
ViMLilf.  M.  1^. 
S'ruliiiloeOVr,  .Aiig- 
tiiliil,  l''4niusil. 
Iloru,  Ailam. 
K'^t'iiig,  Nicliolii.^- 
Kai^-iV  Jacitb. 
Lciiiiy,  lli'i-jiy. 

Mauiioo.  Will. 

ilu'.'lioi'..  Autl- 

MA.roii  Snm 
Niuliulaa  Sc 
At  kerman,  .Tubu. 
Braun-*,  An;;, 
liarkcr,  Julwi. 
liotwher,  A(li>lpU. 

•  "ling,  V.  II- 
t'lau.lUi,  l!j-. 
DifkhoruiT.  II.  W. 
t'.i-kmaii,  l.'has. 
VreudI,  Cluis, 
^iiMv,  yi'iiuk. 

til'. lias,  Willitlui. 

•  toskiT,  lly- 
Jliltiiian.  WilUclm. 
ll.ri.  Max. 
.llaug,  .laci'b. 
llartu^ati.  Fr. 
IltTwig.  Willtuliii. 

iiorzo;;.  i-;a. 

ilaguur,  CUai'lud. 


PtU)>p,  P. 
.^i'yb..M,  W. 
.■^I'liinal.l.'nl.avh,  M. 
'riioina,  A. 
nVii,  A. 

niii).',  II. 

V..s»-I,  A. 

Valz,  !■.  I 

Uoir.  J. 

Willin>.«ili,  Uiii. 
Wolr,  Clir. 
AVfis-.  J. 
AVill.  11. 
IViMliiH.  T. 
Z«'s.'l.,  .M. 
Zisih.  H. 

T.    .SniOKNfFF.n'S    COMI'.WV. 

captain;     Fictl.    I'ngiT,    Iir>(    ticiifcitniit ; 
au^uuJ  lii^uti'uaiit ;  I.iopulil  Ilcliapt.  Uiiul 


Mai'Ilpr.  <tiH.  T. 
Mt'ti.  .Autlrta.-*. 
Nus^,  llt-nry. 
-No'.'ker,  .Iao.>I'. 
NfrkiT,  .Inliii. 
I'Icoi.'b.  ('liarPcs. 
Hot'iner,  AVilliaiu. 
Uaab,  Auilii-a.». 
Riicili.  Jiilin. 
.*chnccwi'i!<<.  Oil. 
.'•'cinningcr,  Slipli. 
.<lfiiii'r,   Pb, 
SvililllT.  (ii-oj-gc. 
J^llii'hvl.  Ci'.vi-gi;. 
Slu\iipl'.  Cbf. 
.<obni(-rtb<',  Tlie... 
.>^elii finer,  Kit- 1. 
.^l:i|.lV.  Uaul. 
.*^v'lnu'ewi'i-->.  W'ut. 
SatliT.  (ii.ltlii'b. 
StnrKirlb.  Ailolpli. 
Suji/.  Luihvig. 
VolUiuauu,  .K>iin. 

IVF.Il'v    CkMI'ANV. 

liuttner,  major. 
Ilaug.  Ali>\. 
KtK'b,  Henry. 
Kolb,  *'baj. 
Liingcnstrasen.  .Aug. 
l.ipr.  .lulin. 
Miiri'lbacb.  I'barles. 
tilui-L-bl.  FriMl. 
Vi.'burg.  Cliris. 
l*ri.w*?.  An-lri'as. 
Kein.  tlolin. 
."^ciiaUli'i',  Williflm. 
HchatlVr,  AIlVi-J. 
Si'bnabtl.  .Viilon. 
Soh'inliariil.  Cbr. 
.^:iuur,  Jobn. 

.-olluljll,     I'il. 

yehw;LUtor,  AJulj>li, 
Vvnii,  llobt. 
Valkcni'l,  John. 
\'ulliner,  Wilbclm. 


Waltbcr.  .Micbai'l. 
Wcigel,  Jiilin. 
WagniT,  Jnlitiii. 
Wagner,  K.  F. 

Cu'T.     I'UIK 

Micbarl  Prii'Stcr,  raplain  ;  P. 

spcnnil  lieutenant. 
Aiirnst.  A.  F. 
ISloeuluT.  I', 
link.  Kail, 
liauor,  \V. 
Ilurki'l,  I'. 
Itnii'kinauar,  II. 
Urcycr.  J.  II. 
Dr»«in;,'er,   1.. 
Dirpp,  lliiiry. 
Fkeil,  F. 
Faller.  A. 
tiutgcman,  .1. 
^ie.^sinan,  V. 
Ilaii.^lcr,  II. 
ll(irnbiub,.M. 
IldfTinan,  A. 
Ilocrcr,  J. 
Marker,  F. 
Iluok.  I,. 
Ilfini,  lien, 
.lob.'*,  .lai'ob. 
Kran;*^,  A. 
Kolbing.  F. 
Kulbin;;.  .\. 


Wlllcricpt,  II;'. 
AVertbcini,  Joa"pli. 
AVeigel.  Jafob. 

iTKU's    CodlVNV. 

Mailer,  flr.«t  nontenant    i  .  W, 

Knell,  V. 
Ka-ller,  A'lalH. 
Knuriinin,  P. 
I.iek,  Frank, 
I.iiuler,  (leo. 
Pntow,  .lolin. 
Kueb,  ,lubu. 
Slas,  0. 
Stcn.ler,  F. 
.«tuener,  D. 
Sauervvein,  F. 
.'^auerwein,   I'. 
Sauerwein,  C. 
Selnieirer,  P. 
SeliiniiJiz.  I.. 
Sehoeneinan,  L. 
.''ebulbr,  A. 
AVrbi-r,  (". 
Weyant.  ,1. 
AVyaiit,  J. 
Wilderger,  J. 
Wolf,  Louis. 
Zick,  W. 


Ueorgc    I)aliiner, 

.\ug.  (iunlael, 
.\ilani,  Aug. 
Ali.'',  Jaeob. 
Buaeb.  .laeoU. 
lierg.  lly. 
ibiyur.  li. 
lirekle,  ,)obn. 
Ileyrer,  Albert. 
Uos.^ivrd,  Ileruiau. 
Deil/.,  Fr. 
Dcyple,  Charles. 
Gotz,  Juhn. 
liluekert,  Fr. 
(■uMe,  Fr. 
(leriebtcl,  .1. 
iiunlber,  \V. 
(ieriohien.  P. 
llaier,  U. 
lleizinann.  Jos. 
Ilabn,  .lubn. 
llenile,  LcopolJ. 
Kruuibol/..  .loliu. 
Kayier,  .lolin. 
Ke.«tcn.  lianiel. 
Keil,  Wni. 
Iiin<l.  Jno. 
l.elicrg,  .Martin, 
l.eilieb,  Fr. 
Mitlniann,  W. 
Mayer.  W. 
Moltbueb,  Albert. 


ClI'T.   D.MIMKU'S    COMI'ANV. 

captain  ;   tlu--^.    lloernstein, 
eitnil   lieuenant. 


lir-t  liiMtcnacl 


.Mayer.  Fr. 
JIanlel,  C.  P. 
Mailer.  Ihr. 
Mayer.  T.  II 
Maier,  P.  II. 
Oil.  I'lir. 
Itei.-.-e.  I'.rn.-t. 
Ilapp,  AVin. 
IluoJi.  T.  W. 
iSehunk,  lleor;,'o. 
!«teincr,  .laeob. 
Seblunipr,  William. 
Sebnii.ll.  Ma.-k. 
SebaerelV,  I'll. 
Schuster,  A.  .1. 
Sebaill,  Dtto. 
l^uknfr,  .1. 
Sebniitt,  Peter. 
Siefert,  K. 
Saups,  C'liiis. 
.''lubeiirauib,  Cliaile; 
Sloehr.  .Martin. 
Stroll.  I.U.I. 
Warneke,  T.  lliiiry. 
Wal/.,  Jo*ph. 
Wichner,  .hi". 
Waeebtcr,  1.. 
Wieilniiinii,  lly. 
Weiss,  UcDiije. 


THE  CIVIL  WAU. 


457 


|.i,. 


,;int    '',W,; 


t'All.  Si  lIMinr's  t'OMl'  INV. 

ilvlfri"!  S'limiilt,  cnpliiini  Juai'iili  (MTwiiiiT,  ni>l  H<'utuii:iiit : 
Jnlin  N'liti',  jfiToiitl  liouti'iiiuit. 


1,     lil-t    lio.lU'DOCI. 


|\\"llli:im. 

It'll. 
]\     1. 


l:uUli. 

11. 

1 1',  lliiiry. 

Li,. 

i.. 

lly. 
|!jii;c. 


Ka!*.-*'!.  Fi'eil, 
Kii'|iaitp  A, 
Kir.li.T,  .1. 
Kiiliii,  .1.  I). 
l.iMDtiit'r,  J. 
I.i'hn.  A. 
Miirvh,  J. 
Miyir,  1!.  V. 
M.irl.ctli,  J. 
Miiiir.  M. 
Oil,  lli'iny. 

INil/lT,  .1. 

Siliinillor,  J. 
.*|ii('l/.i);,  C'liil. 
Si'lt»i'i/.)'r,  ('. 
Si'hmi.l/.I.M-,  Tr. 
Si-liiillii-,  J. 
Slirhll,  J. 

.<„ll,  F. 
Sehlicll,  II. 
11/..  J. 
Vr,-;l,  .laonb. 
ViiI.Ilt.    II.  I". 
AV.,hl.lilii;,'i.r,  U. 

WciKT.   Will. 

Wiiyi'aii.  .\. 
Wntfiier,  II. 
Zalin.  l''t'. 


Aiicrl.'.  '■•■"•t- 
.Vnliiiii-".  I'ctcr. 
Vmu't.  II. 
llnilli'll.  !•'• 
IlmlliniT.  II. 
lliirJi'll,  I'VrJ. 
Ciiiaj,  II. 
Imiji',  II. 
|Fe»;ilil.  I'l'liT. 
IiowiiKI,  Nii'k. 
Datncilir.  .Iiii-ob, 
Knist,  (ii'Mfgo  K. 
Kink,  W. 
|i|.|.cr.  .Iiiliu.". 
t'l;Mliill];il.  .1. 
Kalil".  ■■^' 
lliicliiifr.  IM. 

jlvrki-l,  II 

llill»|ieli'r.  1'. 

Illiulll,  lU'llliail. 

I|..clil.  .1. 

lltinZi  A. 

Ili'lirloiii,  f'.  II. 

Ilcnilcr,  I'liiiik. 

Ilarii'i'li.  n. 

llfTH'lioninn,  \. 

ll.iinui,  Will. 

ll.inngh,  1!. 

Kii-cr.  (i.  !'■ 

Amoiii;  till'  iiicctiii!;.s  held  by  TJiiiim  men  during 

tlio  wiiilur  'A'   l.^Gl    \va.s  one  wliieli   tciok   |iliieo  at  a 

Iwyor  s oflieo,  and  wliiuli  wa.s attended  by  ().  D.  Filliy, 

iliks  r.  I'iiley,  Jame.s   O.    lirtiadliead,   V.   A.    Diek, 

Uaiioii  Able,  Ciiarles  M.  Elleard,  William  .MeKeo,  15. 

ijralz  liniwii,  S.  T.  Gluver,  Ueiijamiii  Fanar,  Samuel 

.<iiiinion.s  1'.  L.  I'oy,  and  F .  V.  'uiair.     Me>si.s.  S.  T. 

i'i!"Vi'r  and  F.  1'.  lilair  urged  ilie  im])oitanco  uf  aiiii- 

:ii:;i'ii  the  ]iuit  of  Union  men  without  delay,  but  the 

nkilini,' bloke  ujj  without   leaeliiiii;  any  detiiiito  con- 

liu^ioll,    Another  meeting  was  held  at  Waj-hingiuii 

Hall  about  the  l.st  of  February,  at  whieli  a  military 

i.aiiiz;uiun  was  elleeted,  and  a  eompaiiy  of  Union 

|lua!(.l>  eniolled  for  seeret  drill.     It  wa.s  s-uggested  that 

I'laiais  1'.  Hlair  should  bo  made   ihc  eolonel  of  the 

r':iun'iit,  but  tluit  gentleman,  antieipaliiig  a  vi.sit  to 

Wa>l;iiistoii,  advi.scd  the  a|p[)ointnient  of  0.  D.  Filley, 

■I  liii  Iliiw.  Samuel  T.  Glover,  James  0.  Uroadhead, 

and  J.  J.  Witzig  as  a  Uomniitteo  of  Sal'ety.     The 

■UL'j-'o.-liiin  was  adopted,  and  the  committee  entered 

ai  once  upon  the  aellve  dLsehargi)  of  its  duties.     Tiic 

"i.,inizatiiiii  at  Washington   Hall  and  the  arming  and 

liiiHri;;  ut'  ihe   I'nion   men  were  eondueted  with 

u  :iiu5t  seereey.     The  members  of  the  reeenlly  dis- 

tamled  11  iW,  .lavi/iT.s  were  enrolled  into  military  eoni- 

; Jiiiis,  wliicli  drilled  at  night  in  the  fuundry  of  Giles 

^-  I'illiy,  iu  a  house  on  the  east  side  of  Seventh  Street, 


near  Si.  Charle.s,  owned  by  the  Farrar.s ;  in  the  lirewery 
of  Jlr.  Winkriiiieyer,  on  .^larket  Street,  in  Wasiiing- 
ton  Hall,  in  Yaeger's  Garden,  and  elsewiiere.  The 
meeliiigplaees  were  always  a]i]iriiaehed  with  eaution, 
and  guards  were  stationed  outside  to  jirevent  surjirisc. 

After  ihe.'c  eomjianies  inid  been  organized  the  (|ucs- 
tion  arose  as  to  how  the  means  might  he  proeinvd  for 
arming  them.  It  was  deeideil  tliat  it  would  be 
wise  to  apjily  tothe  aulborities  at  tiie  arsenal  for  arms, 
as  sucii  ajipliealion  might  expose  their  plans  to  tliu 
seces.'.ion  leaders.  In  this  (|uandary  Capl.  Hlair  ap- 
plied to  Messr.i.  Iv  A.  and  S.  U.  Filley,  leading  nier- 
eliants  of  St.  Louis  and  earnest  friends  of  tlie  Union 
cause,  for  assistance  and  advice.  They  agreed  witli 
him  tliat  arms  should  be  at  once  procured,  and 
Samuel  R.  Filley  offered  to  raise  the  necessary  funds. 
It  was  tliought  at  tirst  tiiat  three  hundred  dollar.s 
would  be  sulfuient  to  purchase  such  arms  as  could  be 
]>rivately  disposed  uf  immediately,  and  this  amount 
was  speedily  secured,  ]•].  A.  and  S.  11.  I'illey  sub- 
.scribing  one  hundred  dollars,  and  ().  1).  Filley  and 
(iilcs  F.  Filley  each  one  hundred  dollars,  (.'apt.  Blair 
himself  added  twenty-five  dnlhirs,  and  with  this  amount 
pureliascd  siventy  muskels  from  T.  J.  Albright  ft.r 
four  hundred  and  seven  dollars  and  ninety  cents,  giving 
a  due  bill  for  the  amount  (eighty-two  dollars  and 
ninety  cents )  not  covered  by  the  subscription  of  three 
hundred  and  tweiily-live  dulLus.  (.lovernor  Yates,  of 
Illinois,  also  contributed  about  two  hundred  muskets 
for  the  u.se  of  the  Union  men  of  St.  Ijouis,  the  guns 
being  shipped  to  Giles  F.  Filley,  in  the  care  of  Wood- 
ward &  ("o.,  hardware  dealers.  Main  Street,  .'^;.  Louis, 
Upon  their  arrival  they  were  taken  to  Turner  Hall  in 
a  becr-wagiui,  under  cover  of  a  lot  of  beer-barrels, 
and  distributed  to  memlurs  uf  the  Union  Guard, 
Woodward  i*t  Co.  had  also  sixty  Sharp's  rilles,  which 
Giles  F,  Filley  had  jiurchascd,  in  order  to  luevcnt 
them  from  falling  into  the  hands  of  the  secession- 
ists, and  which  he  reserved  (or  the  use  of  the  com- 
pany that  was  drilling  in  his  own  foundry.  Abcuil 
iifiy  other  gun.s  were  transferred  by  Mr.  Woodward  to 
the  Union  Guard,  the  pny  for  whicli,  it  is  said,  he 
never  elaimed.  In  addition  to  these,  a  number  of 
arms  were  procured  by  dif'./eir  I'nion  citizens,  "  and 
thus,  silently  and  secretly,  ;:  •  i\  were  enough  muskets 
and  rifles  reported  to  Mr.  Hlair  to  arm  a  regiment."' 

It  now  became  necessary  lo  raise  a  cousidcrablo 
stun  ibr  the  work  of  the  Commitlce  of  Salety,  and 
after  a  full  consultation  in  the  store  nf  O.  I).  Filley, 
Messrs.  Samuel    II.  Filley   and   I'],  W.  Fo.x   agreed  to 


'  ''(ii'ii.  N'alluiiilL'l  J.juii  and  Mi.v'ouii  in    IsHI,"   liv  .tames 
IV't'khaiii,  (1.  ;iS. 


/ 


i 


i 


:.i 


458 


IIKSTOUY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


net  IIS  :i  oiiiiiiiiit'co  III  sdlirit  Milisi'ri|ili«iis  in  nrJiT  tn 
riiMi"  riiinis  not  only  lof  tin  use  of  tlio  I'ointnittfc,  Imt 
for  till'  M>ii>  lit'  till- (!ii;iril<.  "  n|uin  wliuni  riiimi  nuMi 
rolii'il  forilic  ili't'i'iiM'  of  liii'  arsi'iial."  It  w:is  tlimiu'lit 
nt  first  tliiil  one  tliousand  dollars  wouM  In"  sulTu'iont, 
lint  suliMi|Mriill_v,  wlii'ii  il  wiis  I'miiiil  lliat  inoro  assi.it- 
niico  wonlil  lie  iiccdiil,  tlio  cdniniittoi'  ai'ted  in  eon- 
junction  with  a  Rub-comnilttce  of  the  ('oinuiittci'  of 
Saii'ty  anil  tlio  coloiuls  of  tlic  first  four  ri'^;iinc>iits  of 
voliinti'tTs. 

Till!  fulliiHitm  I'ltiii*  loi'l  iii'lii  iilii :il«  iMiiitriliiili-J  iiiii'  liiiiidri'il 
(liiltiii'.'i  ciirli  ill  ros|iiniii'  tii  tli*?  ii|>iiliiMtiiiii  "'I'  Mi'.-^r".  Siuniirl 
K.  I'illi'V  mill  !■:.  W.  Iiix:  llciininx  A  Wumli  uir,  fliil.l,  I'riilt 
A  I'.ix.  Ciifh  (II.  Wiil  \  l!n..),  J.  II.  SirklfK,  Wi.llc  A  IIo|.|.c, 
Kobeit  111. Inns  t':i.«li.  <Jilr.-  K.  I'iilp.v,  Ojivfr  II.  I'illiy.  tfrocliy 
it   (liilc,  .''ainiu^l  i'.   Hiivi?  ,1   Co.,  Pike  ,1    KpIIii;.'^.    Iknjior.iii 

Kftrnir,  I' ro.v  \  Ilcntiui,  I.i'C  Cliilliii,  TImiiiiis  .Mrlliii  ( I'lilhi- 

ili'lpliiii),  K.  A.  A  ;t.  II.  Fllloy,  I'arliiiiKo  A  Cn.,  Isiiiip  V.  Ilriiwii, 
rbmlcll,  IVii.Mii  A  Co..  N.  P.  Culiiiin,  (iiio.lrifli,  Willmil  A  ('.... 
11.  Cioviliii,  IJri.l;,'!',  lii'iuh  .V  On..  'I'lioiimn  T.  (iiuitt,  llr.  M.  I,. 
Linton. 

Tlio  I'oll. living'  -iili-.rilio.l  IWly  ili.!I:ir,--  oaoli :  Clu  i-lo|iliiT  A 
Uiclianl!!.  KIkii  liiolianl^,  I).  Iliirki'o,  Cliaun'cy  I.  Killoy.  II. 
Anio«  ,V  Co..  II.  .1.  I.oiiii;;  A  Co.,  .loliii  'I'llilcii,  .\rilior.  Wliiio- 
fMos  .1  I'm..  .\.  S.  Ilulioin,  Jr.,  J.  r.  (Mmstook  A  C'.,  T.  1!. 
Ivljar.  llinrv  Wliitnioio.  .Morris  Cnjliii^,  .luiiie..'  lirown,  0.  li. 
Filloy,  flitter  A  'I'irrill,  I'lisli. 

Till-  l"'t|Iowiii;;  ..'uli^i'ril  I'll  twi  iity  live  tlolliu-s  p:u'ii  :  Solonion 
Sinitli,  Pliiiil  A  llro.,  ('a»li,  II.  Wliilinori'.  iMnrris  ('oil in.*,  Mr. 
l!ii.'liar.|y..M.  P.  I,.  I'oy.  I'..  I!,  llulilioll.  Jr.,  L.  A  ('.  .Xjiivk  ,1 
Co.,  .r.  II.  l.iijlitiiiT,  .<:iniuil  (i.  l!iT.|,  i;.  J.  IloivanI,  II.  C. 
Crcvclinjr.  Jiiiiics  Ilarknii-^,  Cliiflin,  -Mien  ,1  Co.,  .>»liaii^'rr 
from  Wo-tcrn  Missouri.  Hieil  A  Co. 

Twenty  ilollar  Puliscrijition-* :  II.  It.  ."^mitli.  Cajit.  J.  1> 
]Miilli)i!i,  lionry  .^la|■lin,  .1.  II.  .Aiiilrew. 

Teii-iliilla.  siili.-iMi|ition-:  .1.  .M.  lii..wn,  I..  \V.  Paleliin  .t  Co., 
Tlioiiris  Taylor,  J.  II.  ."iiinii-'on,  C  V.  Kjfijer?.  Iloiiry  I'ltli.", 
(ii'iir;,'!'  I).  i:nj,'lisli.  St'|ilicn  Iloyt,  II.  P.akcwill.  W.  II.  T.iskor, 
It.  1'.  ."^tiiilley,  K.  (iri'ciiliaf,  .'i.  Itonner,  William  Unmbulil. 
Ca.sli,  Wooillinry  ,t  .~=i'ott. 

Fivc-ilollnr  mlisei  i|itiMn- :  V.  Craw-liaw.  J.  Craw.-liaii,  .Ir.. 
J.  Craivsliaiv.  S.  (lanlnor.  .M.  J.  l.i|.pinaii.  W.  T.  liii-kMni,  .Mr. 
lloiliie,  Casli.  T.  J.  Alliri^lit.  Ca.'li.  I-,',  li.  lirooks.  J.  .1.  Fiiiipen. 

.MisL'oIliiiiooiiji  .<iiIi«i*ri|itions  :  T.  II.  aiol  i^t,  l.ouifi  Kailruuil, 
JH.'.lo  ;  Te.-tiiiiiinial  I'liml,  ■'?1'^;  John  I'lark,  0.)  egnl.s;  Cash, 
$1!:.';   .•';.  C.  .Maii.Mir.  .Sl.i. 

Moiioy  sul).-rri|itioiis  from  the  Ka.«t : 

Che.'k  on  liarlow  A  Taylor...  

(litiiicr,  Iliinlaji  .V  Co.,  Cineiiinati.  Oliio 

('eiiiH.Mte  "f  lii'|.o-it.  .\thl^  Hank,  I!.i>loii 

llralt  on  I'ii'M  .1  Co..  Pliilioli'l|iliia  

Iiecei\eil  tiirnuj^h  timrijc  P.arliiilgi' 

K.  P.  P.lair '. 

•'  "  (loveinor  Koeiiier.  Ill 

"  '•  F.  P.  Illair,  ilraiton  l!".-ton  Paiik  .... 

"  "  "  "         Seventh       Waril 

Hank.  X.  V 

lleeeivetl  lliron^h  I'.  P.  IJIair,  eiirreney 

"  "         (io\  eriior  KotMiier.  Ill 

"  '•  l.-aae  .^hennaii,  N.  V 2,iillll 

"  ••         .1.  W.  Forney.  Pa lull 

"  ••  Itin.lskolV  liios.  ,t  Co..  Cineiiinati,  0.         I.ill 

"  "  Isaae  .'Sherman.  .\.  V .^, (111(1 

"  "         .loiin  How.  fiioii  Cayli,  N.  Y Kill 

"  "  (ii'or^je  Paitriilire.  eolleelioiis I,('i.'i7 

"         (iovernor  Koerner.  from    Koo.-ve!t    ,^ 
.'^on  ami  ,1.  H.  Wolf,  draft  on  Clieniieal  liank,  X.  V...         201) 


Ihr.i 


^h  W.  A  S.,  .>Jt.  Lonli- 

F.  I',  Illair,  Uriift  on   luaitu  Slieriiian. 


liieeiie 

N.  V 

Uieiiie.l  tliroiiL'li  F.  1'.  Illair,  ilrufl  on    l-iine  .slivrimiii 

Ueieiveil  llihoii;li  F.  P.  Illair.  from  l»aae  ,<liernian,  N.  \  . 
•'  "  .Mto-i  i*  I'ulliiM,  from  llai'lforil,  Culin.. 

"  ■■         .1.  II.  lilley.  lll.Mimliel.l.  (• 

"  "  I-aae  Sherman.  N.  \ 

A.  C.  llio>low.  Piini.linee,  U.  I 

.Meyer , I  llraiin.  from  .N.  Y.  increhiiiil.. 
"         (ieoruo      l'artriil({e,     iloiialioii     from 

P...-IOII 

Iteei-i\e<l  lliroii;;li  .>I,.rri!i  Collin-*,  from  llaillortl.  Conn.. 
"  '■         V,  V.  Illair,  |ier  K.  W.  Fox,  whim  at 

'.\a-hinL't"ll  City 

Inetiiiliii'.;    loiii'lry     ^iiiall     ea^h    ilonatioiii*,    the    whole 

amoMiii  reai'hiii;4  \erv  nearly 


I'.' 


Hcsiik's  tilt'  aliovc  tlicro   wore    i  <|niitiiitii  •!  i'' 

;_'ooils  received   from  the   Kast,  which  were  I'lriluil, 
distrilmlid. 

On  the  1,'itli  of  Ajiril,  IStil,  rresiilnii  \m<::,,, 
issued  his  famous  |iroclaiiiation  eallin.n  for  .-eveiiiv. 
five  tlioii.<!ind  men.  At  that  titne  ('apt.  Nallianiil 
Ljon,  U.S.A.,  soon  afterwards  niado  Iiri;_Mili('ri'eiiir,il 
of  volunteers,  was  in  coniinaiid  of  the  riiited  .'^laii.i 
arsenal  at  St.  Louis,  and  under  his  direclimi  llielir-: 
or;_'atiization  of  troii|is  in  l^t.  Louis  I'nr  the  riiii.il 
States  service  was  clTectetl  h}'  (.'ol.  Cheslrr  liiirii!.; 
.\s  we  have  seen,  the  Union  nieii  of  Si.  ^lllli^.  utiJtr 
the  leader>hi|i  nf  Francis  I'.  IMair,  and  .\Ie:-srs.  Illover, 
Ilroadhead,  the  Fillejs.  and  others,  hail  al:r;n'v 
fornicd  a  tiunilicr  of  eiimpatiies,  and  these  wire  niv 
incorporated  in  tieii.  Lyon's  coinn 

Ivirly  in  May  aiillinrity  was  i  1  In  enioll  anJ 

arm   the  loyal   citizens  of  St.    ..  i^  a  'tchtvi 

corps."  the  iiiiinlicr  so  eiirolled  not  to  lie  nmn'  lliiin 
snirieiiiit  to  tiiake  the  whole  liiiiiilier  of  voliliilnr- 
and  reserve  corps  aniouiit  to  ten  llmii-aiiil,  TLi- 
limit  was  not  sliictly  adhered  to.  On  tlir  Ttli.  "li, 
and  11th  days  of  May  five  reiiiineiils  uf  re>env 
corps.  iintnlii'iiir_'  fmir  thmisand  seven  hiiinlreil  aiil 
seveiity-r.iiir  olTleei-i  ;ind  liieii.  were  inuslereil. 

A  LriL'ade  mornini'  re]iort  of  the  1st  of  June 
shows  the  stren'.:lh  of  the  whole  force  ihrii  tinilei' lln 
comniaiid  of  Oeti.  Lvon  to  have  heen  a'*  I'nllnws: 


•*in 
I  111 

.01 

;iii 
.1111 
loll 
21.-. 
.Mill 

.Ml 
II.. 
21(1 


Fir.-t   l;e;;iniitlt  V.illinleers,  Col.  F.  P.   Illair 

.Seeolul  iteniinent  Vollllileio>,  Col.  11.  lioernsteill. 

Tliir.l  l;e;;iiiiciil   \'"liiij|eer-.  C.l.  Fr.  Si^'el 

I-'oiirtii  l;e<;imenl  \'i>lliliteer.-*.  Col.  .\.  .Seliiiltiier.. 
Fillli  lie;5iiiient  Volunteers.  Col.  C.  I'!.  .Saloimin... 

Ilali.iliiii  ..|-  Arlilleiv.  .Ma.j    llaekoir 

I'iioieer  Coiii|ianv.  Capt.  VinM>ter 

Fii-t  K( -iiiient  i'.  S.  K.  C.  Col.  II.  Aliiiste.ll 

S not  Ueijiiiient  C.  .s.  It.  ('..  Col.  II.  Kalliiiaii... 

Thinl  I!. -iiiieiit  V.  .<.  II.  ('..  Col.  .loliii  .MeN.  ii... 
I'.Miilli  Ite^imenl  C.  .s.  U.  C.  Col.  II.  (iraiz  llo.n 
Fifth  llegimcnl  C.  S.  It.  C,  C.l.  .siifel 


ll> 


in:': 


lli;;i 
pill 


III.::;" 


The  whole  of  this  force  wa.s  raised  in  St.  hoiii-. 
and  the  (icriiian  ciiizens  furnished  at  least  foiirtilili' 
of  it.     The  whole  of  it  was  actively  ami  ii>'  fally  one 


TllK   CIVIL    WAR. 


4.19 


iildVi'il  III  ill''  (i*''!  'I'*''  >'■  pirrl^iin  iinlil  iliicliiiri^t'd  it 
iviiiM.i  iril  iiili)  llu'  lliri'c  years'  scivico. 

Tlh  ii'iv  <ir;iiuii/.ati(»n  was  cnlli'il  ilic  "I'liiicil 
Siiiic-  lii'Mivi'  ('(irps,"  liiit  w:ii  kiiciwii  licticr  as 
■  Ii,i|n  ■  <iil:inls"  The  Kil'lli  Itc-iiiiciit  iit'  Vuliin- 
lo.'i'.s  HMi  n'liiiiaiiy  iiiii>ti'n  d  into  tiie  HiTvii'c  liy  nr- 
ilcrs  ri"iii  Wa>liiir_'tiiii.  Oil  tlio  Till  (if  May  llii^ 
rii>(  III  ::iiiii'iit  lliiiiii'  (iiiarils.  inailc  ii|i  i<l'  roMunls 
1,1' till  I'ii.-i  Wan! ;  on  llic  iiininiiiir  ni'  tlic  Sili  tlic 
S  I'liml  liiuiiiii'iil.  I'i'ii'ii  till'  Si'cMiiil  Ward ;  at  lnur  I'M. 
llii'  s:iliii'  day  thf  Tliild  lii'Liiiiiriit,  t'liaii  llii'  'riiird, 
I'.iiillli.  anl  Killli  Wards;  at  ijiiic  I'M,  >aini'  dav, 
\\w  FiPiMili  Kt'^iiin'iit,  IViiiii  llu'  Soviiilli  and  j'li-lilli 
W'mU.  wiTi'  all  iiiM>lc'ivd  in  and  arincd.  TIum' 
rr-iiin'iil-  i'stabli>lii'd  llicir  i(Mai(<'rs  as  Inllnws  :  'I'lu' 
I'irst,  ('"1  Aliiisti'dt,  ill  Vai'jrr's  (ianli'ii;  tlic  See- 
uiul,  l''il- Kailiiian,  (III  ('liiiiiti.'aii  Avoiiue;  tlio  Third, 
|\,|,  .Idliii  McNeil,  at  Turner  Hall  ;  the  Finirlh,  Cnl. 
[i. (iniz  I'linvii.  at  Heehner's  (iardeii,  iin  I'il'th  Slreet. 
(Ill  Saliiiday,  May  llth,  Cnl.  Slilel's  Fil'ili  l»e,i:imiiil 
,iM- miMrr.'il  ill.  mid  established  its  (|iiarter.s  in  the 
IViitll  Ward.  The  CdiimiissidiRd  nllieers  of  tliesi; 
rr'.'iinoiits  elected  Capt.  Thuiiia.s  W.  Sweeney  their 
l.rii'uk' Piiiiiiiiaiider,  iinJ  lie  was  at  once  roedLMiizcd  iis 
•  iili.  Cnl.  Ilardiiiv:  cuntiniied  u]Min  the  stall'  ol' 
lii'ii.  Iivmi  as  his  adjutaiit-jieiieral. 

Piirliii;  llic  interval  lietween  the  dc|i;irture  of  (leii. 
Lv'iii  iViiiii  St.  liuuis  in  June  and  tln^  assiiiniition  of 
il,i'  ainiiiiiiiiil  of  the  deiiartincnt  hy  (.ieii.  I'reiiioni  in 
July,  ilic  I'nioii  men  of  St.  Louis  were  actively  en- 
;:ciil  iiiit  only  in  (i)niii|iin;^  and  iircpariiiir  the  eoin- 
[aiiiL'S  I'lir  Kieal  service,  but  also  in  |ierreetiii,i;  the 
.iipiuiziiidiis  tiled  boin,u'  loniied  of  vcjliinteers  for  the 
I'liilcil  Slates  servi^;e  "  for  tie.'  term  of  three  years,  or 
Jiiriii;,'  the  war." 

Tlio  rnlliiwiii;j;  is  the  roster  of  the  various  Cnion 
ii,ilit;iiT  iir-'anizitions  forineil  in  St.  L'Uiis  diirinu'  the 
oaily  piirt  ef  the  war  : 

I'ir.-i  reuiineiit  of  Ciiitcd  Slates  Keserve  ('or|is, 
llir>u  iiiiinths'  service,  niusti'red  in  May,  ISdl,  and 
iinliaiL'cil  ill  August  the  .same  year : 

F';:ii  \vi' Stai'F.  — Ili'nn-  .Minsif  II.  oi>l. ;  I!  ilicrt  .r.  l!niiili;ni(T. 

!  ;iil.-('itl.;  l'liil..r.  ItriiiMiicr,  iiiiijtir:  Kmil  .■^ciMiiiinn.  r^iK;;.: 

■'  iiii  lli-inlmok.  iisst.  tur;;. ;    Williiim  Walil.-^i'linii.jl,  mljl.: 

Mv;.  KiumliT,  (|.ni. 
I".  A.  CuAi.i!V.— .Iiioub  .McllcT.  iMpt.;  .Iciliii  'riabcr,  1st  licul.; 

iluiili"  \Viii;iii:mii,  2il  lioiit. 

A.-.Iii.'..1j  lloin,  cii|iI.;   Kiiiil  .Mm  k,  1,'t  liiiil. :    AV.   Walil- 

f-liiiii>ll,  L'l  li.'ut. 
C  .  li.-lti.,!.  I',.    It„inl,aiii.r.  o.ipt.;   Tlico.    Im-UitIc.  1st  lirul.: 

Is.iiu'  ll^ipi.  lM  liciit. 
'  >■  C-Tli.'...  IliLlerbiMixll.  r:<[,l.:  .Iaiiii'.s    II.    V.i.li.nika.    Isl 

liMll.:  (u'iir(;c  list,  2il  liuut. 
.Il.-I,u.inh;ii.l  WiMii.l.'l,  ea|.t.;  Fiinl.  AV.  IkiikcN.  I-t  limit. ; 

lVti.r.Scla;diii,  2d  licut. 


•  Vi.    i;.     (liMirKa    Hiitliwi'lliT,  oii).!.;    I.oitm/.   T.ii'ln  lUimvn.    I»t 

liciit. ;   (iii^liiv  liiirvi'll,  '.M  Hint. 
In.    r.~-\Villi«iM    ll.ll/,  .apt.;    William  Hal/.,   Ii>t   lieiit.;  .laoul) 

Itnulianll,  '.M  Unit. 
C.i.    (i.  — I  liarli'i    lliiili;;.  ,M|.I.;    Arn.M    I'.    ILulir,    M   Uim.; 

tlo'irj*!.'  rlctllOIH,  J.l   litMll. 

•  ii.  M.- .ri>-i|.li  SiliiibiTl,  ■•a|il.i  (■ai'iiir  Km'lili-r.  1>t  lii'iil. 
('".  I.  —  llri  nan  T.  liaise,  I'lipt. :  I'litiicii:!  tliil^i'mll.  Ut  lii-ut. : 

I'll'!  K'iriiniii),',  2il  lii'iit. 
('".  K.-    Williain  llaliii,  capt. :  lli'iirs    liclii-,  !■!  liiiii . :  .iD-.-pli 

W  il/il,  2il  lioiit. 
Co.   I,.— Willium  ridliTiiiiin,  capi.;  .Iii.'ub   lii-iliufl,  IM   liiiii.; 

Amii^liii  1,1'iipli'i-,  LM  licnt, 
Co.    M.   -.Aiigii.-lii"    Kiilidc,   capl.:    Cliarli-    II.    Iliil/iilir,    l.«t 

lii'iil.;    Ilcni.  l.untiMi-ckla^'ci,  '.M  licut. 

Of  this  re^'inient.  Cunip.'iny  A,  cavalry,  served  as 
iiiouiiicd  ordi  rlii  s  of  Hri'.'.-dcn.  Iiymi  finnithe  llth 
of  .liiih',  iSdl,  to  the  Ulth  of  .\ii'.-iist,  and  subsc- 
i|Ucntly  served  in  various  portions  of  .Missouri.  Ciim- 
paiiy  .\,  infantry,  and  Coiiiiianies  \\.  C.  I>,  K.  V.  (i, 
II,  and  M  to  .k  |iart  in  the  capture  of  Camp  Jackson, 
May  111,  1  Mi  I,  I  he  I'irst  Hc'^'iuieiit,  coniiiiandedby  ('ol, 
II.  .Mm^teilt,  serviiiu'  as  the  reserve  of  (icii.  Lyon's 
brigade.  Company  I  also  participated  in  the  capture, 
and  was  piineipiilly  stationed  at  Jaii|Ues'  (iardcii. 
Company  L.  mi  July  111),  Hill,  inarched  with  a  dc- 
tachniciit  of  till'  Kirst  Ki"_'iment.  I'niled  Slates  Uc- 
servc  'lips,  under  eonimaiid  of  Col.  Henry  Aliiistedt, 
to  Knila.  .AIo.,  and  Mibsci|ueiitly  to  several  other  jioints 
in  the  State. 

Second  Heniiiicnt  of  I'.  .■>.  Ilesi'rve  Corps,  three 
months'  service,  inustered  in  in  .Nlay.  ISill,  and  dis- 
cbarjrcd  ill  August  of  the  same  year: 

I'll. 1.1)    .\.\ii    .sivrr. — lli'riiiaii    Kalliiiaii.  c"!.;    .Inlm  'I'.   I'iala, 

licul.  iM,l.  ;  .tiiliiiA  llapp.   iiiaj.;   .Siitlmiiy  'IViliiijscr,  ailji . ; 

Cliaili.s    W.    (intlM-balk.    ci.iii.;    !•'.    C.    Ca-ilibiin,    Mir^'. ; 

Cliailc;  Spriiizig,  ns.sl.  siiri;. :  llrnrv  I..  Iluili-i'w.  iiiaj. 
Co.  .\. — UiTiiaril    Iv-smniT,  iMpt.;    Ilcnnan    lllci'k,    Iri    liiiil.; 

I,i.'<ipuM  .S\van/.im  i,  iM  liciit. 
Co.  l!.--lvliiiiin.t   \Viii|ii'l,  i-a|,i. :  .Insi'pli   liirHiiHi'.    I-I  lii.'ut.; 

I'lan/.  .siiiicllcr,  LM  licut. 
Co.  C.  — l-'icd.  .Aliicllei',  l.-(  liciif.;  I'lCil.  Crat/.,  2il  licut. 
Co.  1).-  r.  M.  AVnlkc,  capt.;  I!ornli;ir.l  KIciii,  1st  lieut.  ;    Krc.l. 

Ci..lls.lialk,  LM  licul. 
Co.  !•:.— l.aics  Felix,  capi. ;  I'lo-i  r  Cliii-lian.  I-t  li'iit.;  .Ali.-licl 

riiillip.  2il  licut. 
Co.  r.— ■n.cclui-o   l!o,tli,.|i,  .■ipl.;  Alc\an.l>r   Wiu.liMillcr.  I.st 

licul.;  .Anlhoiiv  Orho-kv.  LM  licul. 
Co.  li. —  lli'i'iiian 'I'aki/i'nski,  capt. ;  lii  r.  I'nu-lcr;;.  Iri    lii  in.  ; 

Ilpniiiin  Mull.  2il  licut. 
Co.  II.-. -Charles   OoL.ii^.Oi,   c.ipt. ;    Cliarlcs    IL.ppc,    l.-t   lieul.: 

.Jiibu  Ilcu.sack.  2"l  lii'ui. 
Co.  I.— Incnb   Itcscck,  oapl.;    .loliu    Ita.'li,  Isi    licul,;   .Au.^-ust 

l''rip|inliiicser,  2il  licut. 

The  reoiiiient  participated  in  tho  e;i]ituro  ol'  Camp 
Jaeksun,  and  for  some  time  oeeiipied  |irotniueiit 
]ilaee.s  in  St.  Louis,  in  order  to  be  ie;iily  for  any  emcr- 
gciiey.     It  also  perfurined  service  in  L,'uaiding  bridges 


'  4 


.1 


460 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


m 


m 


m\ 


on  tlic  North  Jlissouri  ivnd  the  St.  Loui.s  mid  Iron 
Moiintuiii  Iluih'oaJs. 

Both  tlio  First  and  Second  Rcj^iiuents  subsccjiicntly 
rc-oiilistod  for  the  war. 

Third  Roiiimciit  of  I'.  S.  Reserve  Corps,  llircc 
months'  service,  nuistered  in  in  5Iay,  ISlil,  and  di.s- 
uiiarj^cd  in  August  of  the  same  }ear  : 

FiKi.n  AND  Sr.'.Ki'. — .luliii  Mc'Xeil,  enl. ;  I'liiirlcs  A,  I'lil/.,  liciii. 

I'ol. :    t'ah  in  \V.  .M;ir>Ii.  iiiiij. ;    ."^aijuu'l  I'.  SMiipson.  inljt.; 

(ieor);u  K.  Lci^litmi,  q.iii.  ;    Wil!i:im  .Vitliui,  coiii'v  ;     101 

lory  1*.  Sniilli,  f^iir^. :   JOiliiinin!  Ilooiiicr.  j.?>t.  .«iir;;. 
Co.  A. — Clmflcs  \V.  Siiiilli.  c:i|p|. ;   II.   Uii|H'rl   SimuI.  1.-:   liciii.: 

I'rcil.  l.isir,    1>I    liciit.:    Kml.   Hulft,    Isl    liiut. ;    (ii'drgc- 

llar:iii,  l>i  liiiil.;   'i.  W  i^aiid,  liu  liciil. 
Co.  II.— ClinrlM  Alljcrt  WiiiiuT.  i'm|iI. 
Co.  C. — '['ciiiy  Niolunvifacr,  cn)il.;   II.  I'.  Fiibiicius.   Ul  licul.: 

William  llii't,  1.M  liuiit. 
Ci'.  1>.— .Munill  W.  Cri.twoM,  nij.l  ;   William  .M.  Wliuny,    l.-t 

lieut.  ;   t'hai'U'-i  V.  .Totiiisitn,  LM  lieut. 
Co.  1''.— \N'.  A.  IIi-'iitt'inboMi';;,    I'apt.  ;     l*'cli\    Coslt'.    \fl    lirut.  . 

Fril.'li  Carl  A.lol|.li.  LM  licut. 
Co.   F.— I'liilip   I'.    «ii;;c'l,  caiit.  ;    Juliii   ('.   liliili,    l.-t  licut.: 

Max.  Kurnc.N,  2.1  licut. 
Co.  (i.— liciir;'c  DuininicU,  capt.:  Charl.^  .Mueller,  Ul   licut.; 

.''ainiu'l  1*.  Slnlp^on,  '-M  licut. 
Co.  II.— Ilciiry    l.i>,l,cr,  capl. :    I  he.  Kalli,  Isl  licut.:  Ailnlph. 

Kuipper,  lM  licut. 
Co.  I. —  Itoltei  t  lluuilhauscn.  c  ipl. ;   l.nui^  Jhic^trou,  Ut  licut.; 

.1.  C  )nra-l  .Meyer,  IM  licut. 
Co.  K. — llcorj;c  A.  Itowlcy,  I'apl.:    Kdwanl  .1.  CI;uK,  \A  licut.; 

tioorgo  F.  rcij;liti.n.  LM  licut. 

The  Third  Heuiinent  \v:is  orj:unizi'<l  in  tlii;  city  .if 
St.  Loui.s,  at  Turners'  Hail,  early  in  ISlii.  and  upon 
the  lirst  su.-iiiciiui  tlitil  the  politi(';il  oniitnivcisy  of 
that  period  would  li;ive  to  he  decided  in  the  :iren;i  of 
arms,  numbtr.s  of  loyal  citizens  ;i>senililed  tii  tliis  hall 
for  the  ]mrp(i:-c  of  ]ire,i,iiiiiLr  tliem.silves  in  tiiilittiiy 
exercises  to  meet  (he  issue  in  Missoiiii.  The  result 
was  the  iiiuani/.iilien  <.f  a  rcj:irnent,  which  retained 
Turtiers'  Hall  as  its  liL'i:d(jU;irle-s  duviiii;  a  coiisiderti 
ble  period  of  the  s.Mvice.  John  l^IcNeii,  iil'tei wtivd.i 
colonel,  Charles  \.  Frit:'.,  afterwards  lieutenant-colonel, 
with  others  of  the  Oi'ld,  i.talT,  and  company  ofliccis, 
were  I'ctivi^  in  these  prcpaititions.  The  rej:imeiit  was 
mustered  iiitn  service  on  the  Sih  (if  May,  IStil.  hy 
(^apt.  (afterw;ird^  bri_'ailicr-uencr;d  i  Nath;iiiiel  liUin. 
who  personally  ;idministered  '.he  oath  ;it  the  St.  Lmiis 
ur8en:il  ;  cm  that  day  the  '•c,.;itncnt,  iicurly  twelve 
hunth'cd  strong,  received  its  arms;  tlie  acc:mlii  incuts 
tiiid  .Nitiiini:  were  obl;'.iiied  by  the  otfieeis  jiled^inu; 
tlieir  iiidivi(l,i:il  cf'dil.  On  ihc  lOtli  oi'  M^y,  iMil, 
this  ieL.'imeiil  w;is  ci':;;iged  with  others  in  the  capture 
of  C;lUlp  .F;ielvMiU,  and  sul]SC(Hleu'iy  niiidercd  cnieielil 
service  in  Noiihcin  and  Southern  .Missnuii.  On  ilic 
17lh  of  duly,  KStJl,  '!  repelled  an  atliick  ol'  Conled- 
eriitcs  under  fieri.  Tliom;is  Harris  near  FuIIcpU,  Mo. 
Ool.  JleNci!  was  succeeded   in   tiie  coiu'naud    if  the 


ref^iinent  by  Col.  C.  A.  Frilz,  and  in  January,  1^(12, 
the  organization  was  consolid  ited  wiih  that  nt' ili, 
(jaseonade  C\)unty  battalion,  the  regiment  thus  Innuil 
being  known  as  the  Fourth  Infantry,  Missouri  \'uliiii 
tcers. 

Fourth    Regiment    U.    S.    Reserve    Corps,   tin-,,. 
months'  service,  mustered  in  in  ^lay,  IStil  : 

Fli:ili  AM.  Stai  r.  — I!,  (iratz  lirou-n.  col. ;  liuilulpli  \V,  ...ii,.. 

licut. -I ul. ;  iS.  I!,  .'^luiw,  niaj. :  .IcpImi  C.  Voycljq  in. :  .l,n,|.,. 

Itavaltl,  >ur^. ;  (icur^^u  Kaui'tiolil,  ailjt. 
^'"S-(^»lMlsslo^•i-:ll  .'SrAr.'. — Fd.  ."^diultz,  coiu.   .<cr;;l.:  V„  y, 

.loel,  q.»M.-.'*crj;t. 
Co.  A.-t'harlcs  I-].  :\dauis,  cajtt.;  (jctvrgc  Kiuiflaild,  i-t  i;,i;i, 

(1.  C.  Albert,  .,!  lieut. 
Co,  IJ.  -  Alexaiuler  ti.  lleiiucuibourj;,  capt. ;   (aiui.*  Scluull.  |.i 

licut.;  diaries  .'^cbncll,  L'd  lieut. 
fo.  C. ,  Lapl.:  .J.  \V.  Koch,  l^t  licut.;   r.uui,.  |;,i.|, 

ol/.  'Jd  licut. 
Co.  I). —  I.ouis    Sihneidcr,    eapt. .    I'hilip    WiuKcl,    l-t   li.i,;. 

I'harles  I'roiiifcr,  L'd  licut. 
Co.  I'!. — Ch:o-lcs    /.inouo;,    capt, ;    -Kdui    ."^ohcnUel,    |.|     ^it  ; 

llcliry  t)bcruieuller,  'Jd  licut 
Co.  F. —  I'clcr  Ilelic,  capt.;   F.  Mcr/.tticlcr.  Isl   liiui.;  r|i;,r:,. 

Knipllc.  '.'d  lieut. 
('o.  (i. — .lobn  II.  Hieilic,  capt.:  Camper  Kopp,  1st  liciii.:  M.S. 

Ilasic.  L'd  licul. 
Co.  II.— William    lley!,   capt.:    A.    I.oblcin,    Ul    licut. :  Ji.l,i; 

Heutcr,  2d  licut. 
Co.  1. —  William  ('.  .loiies,  ca|t.;  .luliii  W.  Stevens,  l-i  \\'\;<  , 

.1   bn  \V.  Iloluiai),  L'd  licut. 
Co.  K.— Chiirles  Osbio;;,  capt.;  .lulius  (Jladc,  Isl  lieut.:  I!hi:i 

K  Iceman,  L'd  lieut 
Co.  l,.--I.Muis   I, (IDs,  capt. ;  (1.  tjucrno.  i,  1st  licut.:  .M.  I|.  i 

seel,,  Ld  licut. 
Co.  .M.-  .lame-    C.  I'iniipbell,  capt.;  .1.  W.  Wils 1-1  lini; 

John  iibereombie,  L'd  lieiU. 

l'"ourlh  {'.  S.  Uescive  Corps,  Inluiiliy.  .^li^.■liUli 
\'olunteers,  mustered  in  in  the  fall  of  ISiil  ; 

Fiii.n  AMI  ."^TAIC.— .lobn    il.   Herder,  licut.  e.. I. ;  ('ii;irlr-  II 

.Matoilno'ilt,  adjt.;   li    status    It.  ,'^panini,!;el.  ipiii.;  I'lci 

crick  Uocpltc,  t-nviS. 
Ci.  A.     Chailis   A.   'ieycr.  ci.pt. ;    Frcdeii.li    llii--,  I-;  Imhi 

Jobn  II.  >!erton,  2d  lieut. 
Co.  !!.  — Frederick    l.ublicrini;,  eapt.  :    Frelcriek    Kicuiir,  Iv 

licut.;  \\  (ilrad  .*"lii!runinn,  2d  lieut. 
I'o.  C- -Frederick     I'oblmaiMi,    capt.;     l/eupuM     |Iim.'i:i,  l-i 

lieut, :  llciiry  Mcslci,  2d  lieut. 
Co.  It. --Frederick  Wedekind,  capl. ;  Conrad  .Mialler,  l-i  Imil.. 

■Itdoi  Colluuncs,  2il  lieut. 
Co.  K.— (icor^'c  Adicr,  c;ipt.;   liobcrt   .Moss,  1st  lieut.;  .\i.On» 

t  epp,  2d  licut. 
I'll.  F,- .lulius  elude,  iMpt,;   I.oii;  ^  .<a;iel,  Istlieiii.;  ricJiriX, 

t'eldman,  2d  lieu;. 

This  ballalion,  like  the  Third  Fusirve  ('ir|-.  .ii> 
firmed  I'roin  the(ierm;in  popnlalimi  of  Si.  !,iiiiiv;iii'i. 
like  the  nthcr  Hcserve  Corps  org;iiii/.;itiiiiis.  ii  inli'i"! 
\:  lu;itile  s(  rviee.     It  \,;i.s  mustered  olll  .hill.  lo.  l-i'.'. 

I'iflh  Itegiineiit  of  II.  S.  Ile.serve  ('n|.>,  linn 
months'  service,  ofganizeil  in  May.  I"^(II ,  timl  iL- 
chiirged  in  September  of  the  same  }e.it- 


TIIK   CIVIL  WAK. 


4GI 


iiiunry,  ISi;;!, 

tllllt    lit'  ilic 

it  thus  loriiicj 
issouri  \'i)1hii- 

Corjis,   tliiii' 

Uyh  \V.-M'lliin, 
el,  c).m. ;  .IiK'ntit. 

„.   snsl:  1^.  M. 

ll'llol.l,  l-t  linll. 

l,C]ui.-    Scllllvll,  1-1 

ul.  ;    I.iiili-  lIi'lA 

illKi'l,     Ut    lin,;., 

lellUol,     l-I      -i'. 

\ft    lii'iil.;  I'lwrii- 

,],,  1st  li.ul.;  M.f. 

,    \f{    lii'iU.;  J"!iu 

Slevciis,  1-t  li  u'  . 

c,  \A  liriit.;  Il'ii'; 

■A  li™i.;  M.  11^  i 

Wilfii,  1-t  lifU! 

imtiT.  Mi>-"Uii 
ISiil  ; 

,■„!,:  Cliarlr-  II 
\:\'iv\.   '|.lil'.   1"' 


Ih,..,  1.;  I.';' 
,.|ii'k  Ki'cn'.r,  I-- 
,„M  lii:i--';i.  1-' 
Miivllrr.  M  i"';l 
1-1  li.Mil.;  Ai.'ii"! 
-t  li.iii.;  I'K'Kri" 

rSI'lVC    C'll-.   ■> 

of  Si.  '..iiiiiv ;iii 

i/.;llinli.<.  ivllilil' 

lui  .);iii.  i;'..  !>'■ 

,-V0    Crviiv    till 


I'l'iiii  vsiiStaI'F.— Olmi'lcs  (1.  Stircl,C(ii. ;  Hubert  Wliilu, ';^3Ut.- 
,.,!,;  Jdli'i  J.  Fiwlior,  "iiij.;  Jiiliii  K.  Oiiiinniiigs,  uiljl.j 
.I'llin  It.  Moiirs,  q.m. :  Adalbert  (ieimntr,  sur;^.  ;  Williain 
lUr  lislcr,  ivsst.  siirj;.;   Kii(liil|>li  D'R'Uor,  cliiip. 

III.  A.  i:.  II.  St'';ninan,  ciipt.  ;  llniry  Wilko,  It  liciit. ;  Olto 
(liiiyiucr.  'J(l  lU'iit. 

(^■ii.  11.  .luliiis  Krii.-'iii,  eajit. ;  licurgi'  Diclriob,  Isl  lieiit. ;  Frcil- 
nuU  I'lirlliiniiiin    '-M  liciil. 

Co.  I',  \ii;'U!it  Tborwabl,  oapl. ;  IIiMimin  Scliiik,  Isl  liciil.  ; 
llni],  'Vinguftin'r,  2il  licut. 

r,i.  II.  William  S.  lloril,  (Mipt. :  J.isoiih  T.illiiiun.  1st  iiiMil.  ; 
U'illi;nii  .•*.  I!(il>ii.-(in,  2.1  lieiil. 

t'n,  i:,--l'iiMlcrick  WeJckin.l,  o:i.|it. :  .liilin  (iiitbcrlcl,  1st  liiiit. ; 
iMi.l.rii'k  IJarlli.  2il  linil. 

lYi.  p.—.tuhn  N.  Ilfrder,  capt.  ;  Freileritrk  Kruntcr.  l>t  liciit.  : 
Vri'lcrick  liiibbi^ring,  '.M  lii'iit. 

I',,  (J  , -William  LdtIu".  capt.;  llfiirv  Moslcr,  1st  lioiit. ;  I'rcil- 
,.|i,  I,  I'olliuan,  2(1  liiiil. 

Cd.  II.— I'liark's  F.  Koch,  capt.  ;  (iiistaviis  Knucli,  1st  licLit. : 
.liilm    1.  Stauneli,  2il  liout. 

r.i.  I.— I'ii.    1'*  .•^rhiii'iibcirK.  capt.;    Charles   liei-k     1st    lioiit.  ; 

Ciiirud  .Alillcr,  2.1  liciit. 
I'll.  K.--.laiiics  ]!.  Tiiiiiiohill,  capt. ;    Nio.  F.  WoilV.  1st  liout.; 
IMiilip  lUc-ci-,  2il  lioiil. 

Tito  ii'j:itiu-iit  Wit.s  iiiustorc'l  into  sorvieo  bv  ("tipt. 
I.viiii  (111  tlio  lltlt  iC  May,  lS(')l,aml  on  ii'iiiriiiiijr 
III. Ill  till'  arsi'iitil  was  iittackcd  liy  a  tiiol)  at  lliu  conier 
.it'  I'il'tli  ami  ^Vallltl*  Strw'ls,  ;Sl.  L.itii.s.  Sliuts  wofo 
oxrliaiiL'i'il.  anil  t'nnr  i.toiuboi-.s  i.f  tho  roiiiiin'iit  woie 
kiili'il ;  tlir  loss  of  tlio  iiiol)  was  not  asi/citainiMl. 
.•^iibsei|in'iitly,  Companies  .\,  J),  and  K  voluntoort'il  to 
|:iKveil  to  .loiri'i-soti  City,  anil  sni)prcsseJ  the  iiisniiof- 
li.iii  of  piisiiiiers  in  tho  jn'iiitotitiaiy.  Tho  vo;:iiiu'nt 
ilii'ii  n'lliiriiioil  •  .iieh  aetivo  sofvii'i'  in  various  ]iiir- 
liuiisuf  tlio  Stato,  anil  fu-ciili.>to(l  in  Si-ptoiiilior,  ISlil, 
1.;. iit.-Ciil.  ■Ii.iiii  .lacob  Fisflii'i,  (•iiiniiiaiuliiij:  ;  ('  1'". 
Iviii.  iiiiij.;  Ailolphus  /iihol,  ailjt. ;  Fi'i'iloiitk  1'. 
/.|.|icnfoiil.  1(111.  ;  iiml  Ailaibcrt  (ioiiinicr,  surj:. 

Kii-t  lii'i;iiiiOMt  of  Missiiiii',  Voltiiitooi's,  tliroo 
iii.iiiilis'  -1  rvit'o,  ninstorcd  in  ,\ptil  20,  IStil,  reor- 
j;uii/..'il  J  lino  10th  : 

l;!iii  iMi  .<rAri,-  Frank  P.  lilair,  ciil. ;  '1«i)r};c  I,.  An.lrpws, 

!i.'iil.-.'..I. ;  ,).tliii  ,M,  Schiilicbl,  iiiii.i. :  Il.'tiry  Ilc^c.u'k,  ml.jt. : 

ll.ri.iit   II.  Urapcr,  .pin.;    Fl.irciice  (.'.iriivii,  siOt;. ;   Wil- 

liiiiii  ,^iiii.>ii,  iis.st.  ^iir^. 
I  1.  .\.--ltiiriis  Saxtiin,  (Mjit. ;    William    A.  (l.ir.li.ii,  1.-.I  liiiit.; 

i;nu-l  W.  IJcckor,  2.1  liciit. 
I'.i.  II.— "'.  1..  I,..tlir.ip,  oapt. ;   l.cniaiiiiii  'raiiimitic,  1st  liciit.; 

.loliii  I,  Miillhai,  2(t  liciit. 
I".  C.-(l.  Hurry  St.'no,  .'apt.  ;  . .Miirsliall,  1st  liciit.  ;  ,1..1ii. 

ILTiciiicyiT,  2.1  liciit. 
f...  II.— (;ii;irlcs  .\iiilor.«oii,  capt,  ;  .'^tiUiiian  I),  Fish,  1st  liciil.; 

full. .11  II.  .I.ilins'in,  2.1  Ui:ut. 
'     I'.-lt.ilicrt  It.  lick,  capt,;  ,I.iliii   Mcl'all,  1st  liciit,;   Wil- 

liiiiii  II.  ll.in'cn,  2(1  liiMil. 
C'l.  K.— Ciiry  (Iralz,  capt,;    William   T,  Stewart,    1st   licul.: 

lii'.irjEi'  .Meyers,  2.1  licul. 
I..  II.— .Iiihii  ,'^.  I'livcn.lor,  capt.;  Frederick  Wclkcr,  Ut  licut. ; 

I'liiirlci.  S,  Slicl.lon,  2il  lieut. 
0"  II.  -Tlieiiilorc  \  atcs,  capt,;  Frniicis  II.  Maiitcri",  l«t  tieut.; 
I'lioiins  lliiync",  2(1  licut. 


Co.  1.- -Mu.lisdii  M'llcr.  dipt. ;  David  Murphy.  1st  licut.;  .laiiu^H 

Mar,  2(1  lieut, 
Co,  K,— Patrick  E.  ISurkc.i'apt.;   K.  W   Wcbei,  1st  lieut.  ;    Kd- 

nai'd  Madison,  2.1  licut. 

The  first  company  of  thi.<  rcuimont  was  orfranizod 
at  tho  first  call  of  the  J'rosidont  in  tho  .■sjiriim  of  l.Stil, 
and  C.  F.  liarnod  Wiis  the  first  man  to  drill  and  ori;;;in- 
izo  tho  coinp:iny.  A  second  and  tliird  company  was 
soon  filled  up  ;iiid  ready  fiir  service.  'J'licse  three 
conip;itiies  were  made  up  silm-  '  etitirelv  ol'  Gel  man 
Turners  nf  St.  Louis.  (!en.  ILirncy,  ;it  this  timi!  in 
commaiid  ;it  St.  Louis,  rorused  to  accept  them  into  tlie 
United  States  service,  he  havino  no  orders  on  '.he  sub- 
ject. .After  several  inefieettial  attempts  to  be  admitted 
into  tho  (St.  Tiotiis  tirseiial,  the  eoniiiaiii.'s  resolved  to 
offer  their  services  to  the  Governor  of  Illinois.  On 
making  their  intentions  known  to  Hon.  F.  P.  l?l;iir, 
Jr.,  he  .It  once,  in  conjunction  with  C;ipt.  Lvon  and 
Jiieut.  .1.  M.  Selioli(>lil  (^aflerw;irds  L;encr;il),  coii.^ulled 
the  companies.  ;ind  promised  to  admit  and  ;inn  thetii 
iit  the  earliest  [lo-sible  nnunent.  Accordingly,  on  the 
morning:  of  .\pril  -2,  IStJ!,  these  three  ciiinpanies 
were  the  first  volunteers  to  enter  the  St.  Louis  arseinil. 
:ind  were  coiiiin;mdcd  as  follows:  Conipanv  A,  ('apt. 
liitfiis  Siixton,  r.S.A.;  ('oiii]iany  IJ,  (';ipi.  W;irren 
L.  Latlirop,  rS.A.;  Company  C.  C;ipt.  (i.  ll;irrv 
.Stone,  r.S.A.  I)iirin;j;  the  followiii'.:  few  d;ivs  several 
other  ciim]>anies  entered  the  aiseii;il,  ;ind  on  the  even- 
ii:::  (if  the  "JTlh,  ;it  the  tneetiii'j;  of  the  oilin  is,  llo:>.  F. 
1'.  Blair,  dr..  \v;is  unaniiiiously  elected  colonel  ;  (.Mor'^e 
Ti.  Andrews,  lieutenant-colonel  ;  and  .1.  M.  Scholiild, 
iiKijor,  The  rcLiiment  on  its  orL'anizilioii  ntimliered 
one  thousand  and  twenty  nieii.  On  the  27th  of  April 
a  ilcla.  litnent  of  the  reuinient,  under  Capt.  Ihirry 
Stone.  Wits  placed  on  liiKird  the  ste;iiner  "City  of 
Alton,"  and  had  the  cbarire  of  the  s;il'e  remov;d  of  a 
l;iri;e  o.iatitiiy  of  arms  ami  ;iti!tnnniii.in  to  Sprinufield, 
111.,  to  ;irm  Illinois  troops.  On  the  Idlli  of  May  the 
whole  regiment  participated  in  the  c;iptiir(>  of  C;inip 
Jackson,  iietiiiir  ;is  iztiard  to  the  prismicrs  until  they 
were  paroled.  On  the  lOtli  of  fJtine  the  reiriment, 
still  havint:  over  a  mouth  of  its  iu'i(.'inal  three  niontli>" 
enlistnient  to  serve,  \v;is  reiir.;:iini/..'d  into  a  three  years' 
or  dtiriiiii  the  Wiir  reiiimeni,  and  on  the  Lst  of  Scti- 
tcnibcr  following  into  the  First  Liirht  .\rtillery  ]!ei;i- 
iiient.  The  re.L'imcitt  [ilaycd  ii  prominent  pttrt  iti  the 
battle  of  Wilson's  Crock. 

For  tlie  .Second  Rcfiiment  ^Missouri  A'olniiteers, 
for  the  three  miiiiths'  service,  lletiry  Bocrii>fcin, 
colonel,  no  returns  were  made  t,  ilie  iidju.,int-<;cnenirH 
iiflice.  On  the  10th  of  Septeinber,  ISIIl,  the  rc.^i- 
nieiit  was  reor^'anized,  the  men  liuvitig  enlisted  for 
the  war.     Its  officers  wore; 


|l     i 


1  <^l'  9 


.<i 


VV  fl 


4G:^ 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


;!  'fl 


(i  i;i 


I'iKiii  AMI  Stafp. — FrpiU'rick   Sclincfcr,  i'c>l.  (lulli.l  in   liiillli', 

.Mini]ic'.-l)(irn'.  Tcmi..  Dec.  :;i,  ISCi) :  lloniiiid  I.!iUn)lil I. 

(Jiiii..-<.  ISCi.");  I!crii:inl  I.ailiuM,  liruf.-i'nl. :  Kiiinci-.  KliiliT. 
liiMit.-ciil.;  .\nicil'l  I'oclt,  liciit.'L'dl. ;  .liiliiis  \Vil^l^'ln■ol^l•l, 
uiiij.;  l*'riiucls  Khrlcr.  iiuij. ;  Ariit)li|  Ufck,  iiiiij. ;  Miiltliiii?; 
KrranuT,  iiiiij.;  Kri'dcriuU  .lai'iiscli,  ailjl. ;  t  liiiili'S  Fiiilii-, 
iiiljl.;  Iliiny  Itiisinj;,  mlji.;  I'hilii.  W.  Si'liiii'hll.  (|.in. ; 
Ititbi'Vt  Kiiii/,  <i.iii. ;  Hicliar<)  WtJit.  Mir;/. ;  Cliark's  8pin- 
lig.  sing  ;  (icoi'go  Hang,  as.<t.  .'■inj.'. :  ilu>tiivo  .■^ti'gcniaiin, 
».«»!.  surg. 

Co.  .\. — Franci.''  KmIii,  i'a|.|. ;  Matliiiay  Kniiini'i-,  i'a|il. ;  Au"l;ili 
liwlir,  Ul  lii'Ul.  :  lloniv  !•".  IHil/..  LM  liiiii.  ;  William 
Stnimpf,  1.M  liiiil.:  l.iM.|.iil.l  Kunlli,  2il  li.iit. 

Co.  li. — Ciiri.'liaii  liiii'lilianU,  i'a|il.;  Caniill  ,\.  lic'innnl,  i'a|it.; 
Jac'ub  /.ibi-'iii.  l.-t  lit'iu.;  Alaltliias  KratnuT,  i>t  licul.; 
ItnbiTt  Kunz,  l.-l  liriit.  ;  Homy  Jla\  orkainp.  1^1  liout.: 
rliarlrs  ICi.'lilcs  2.1  licul.:  Henry  lla\  crkaiiii..  2.1  lieut.: 
Cliriflian  ll"trnii'i>liT.  2il  liciit. 

Co.  C— Arn..l.|  liicli,  L-apl.:  Cliarlc-^  Fiicllc.  .-apt. ;  Carrull  A. 
licnianl,  1st  lifiil.  ;  Ciirislupliur  (iei.-slfr,  1>I  licul.:  Wil- 
liam AuUiai'b,  l.'l  licul.;  William  liculcr,  IM  licul.:  Jnlin 
Clau.lc,  IM  licnt.;  l.copobl  Arn.ll,  2.1  licul. 

Co.  1). —  llenry  I.an.U'ric.l,  ca).l. ;  .\ugii-l  (icunlzcl,  I-l  licul.; 
Jobn  Claucii,  Ul  licul.;  Joliii  Klein,  2.1  licul.:  II.  A.  ]'..il- 
t  r,  2.1  licul. 

Co.  E. — 'I'll.  Traiie:'iiclil.  eapl.;  r.niiis  I!or:.'!in,  ciipl. ;  'I'll.  Trim- 
ernioiit.  cap'.;  ('l.-uicii:.  I.an.lgraelu'r,  r-l  licul.;  .1.  S.  l-'iil- 
lerloii,  Ut  licul,  ;  51i.'li;icl  V.  .'»lier  .Ian,  l>t  licul.;  Charles 
Kiiappe,  2.1  lieiil. ;  l.'.iii.^  Itaiiiii,  2.1  licul.;  Henry  111. iel<, 
2.1  licul. 

Co.  I'. —  I'ranci*  Illirler,  ciipl.;  Ilormaii  llarliiian,  eapt. :  .\u- 
gu>l  Zeniuiii.  .1  licul.:  Henry  1'.  Dielz,  1st  licut.:  .Maii- 
i'ius  K:iil,  l.-t  lieut.;  Williaiii  Krcugcr,  Isl  licul.;  Mat- 
thias Kracin.r,  2.1  licul.;  Julius  Hiiiii.l..'.  2.1  lieul.;  Wil- 
liam /awatlill,  2.1  licut. 

Co.  (i.~l'liarl.»  W.  D...T,  ciipt.;  Henry  1".  Di.  Iz.  .vipl.  ;  1'.  I  . 
,<eliini.ll.."ipl. ;  I'liilip  Wihl,  1.<1  licut.:  Cluii  Ics  Scli..crel>el, 
Isl  licul.;  Ivlmuii.l  li.irs.y,  2.1  liiMil.;  Charles  ru.ll.'.  2.1 
lieut. ;  Charles  Seh.ieickcl.  2.1  lieul. :  Cliii-iian  lley.llmann, 
2.1  lieut. 

Co.  II. —  Waller  ll..|ipc,  .'apt.  ;  William  St..c.'U.T,  .'apt.  ;  .Iiiliiis 
lluiiieke,  eiipt.;  llcriiian  Hatliiiann,  Isl  li.-iii.:  .Iiilius 
lluniike,  ist  lieul.:  I.i'..piil.l  zVrn.ll,  Isl  licul.:  Charles 
l)e','lilc.  2.1  lii'ul.;  .luliiis  .Ncu.l.irl,  2.1  lieut.;  John  .Murphy. 
2,1  licul. 

Co.  1— William  .^ieferl,  eapt.;  Charles  Deghle,  eapt.:  Juecb 
/icblin,  capi.;  .V'"  .■•aii.l,  Isl  lieut.:  William  .'«|.ieekcr,  Isl 
li.'ul. :  llcniy  lliising.  Isl  licul. ;  Julius  NeU'l'irl',  Isl  li.iit. ; 
Heiiiy  l.ij.ll.l,  2.1  licul.;  A.lu'pli  l.iihr,  2.1  licut.;  (iulllrieil 
Hiiuser.  2.1  lici.t.;  William  Krciiger.  2.1  lieut. 

Co.  K. —  Fie.l.  l.'M.i-  W.'lier.eapt. ;  .lae.ili  Zieblin,  e;ipt.  ;  Chris 
taplier  (in'.--li',  .'api. :  Charles  .MilliM-,  1st  licul.;  W  illiiim 
jstriiuipl',  Isl  li.ul.  :  I'r.'.l.'ii.-k  .lai'iisch,  2.1  lieul.;  H.niy 
llusing,  2.1  lieut.;  I'er.liiiaii'l  Halm,  2.1  lieul. 

Tlio  ri'iiiiiu'iit  took  prri  in  variuiis  ciijitijicniciits  in 
.Soutliwotorii  Misscmri,  Arkmisiis,  :\ud  Missi.-i>i]ijii. 
uml  ill  tin' li;illlc.<  III'  .AIiiilK'osljol'o',  ('lii(.lvaiii;iii'_';i,  inn' 
Ciiattiiliooi;;!,  in  '!\'inio.s.»o( . 

Tliii'tJ  lirLiiuK'tit  of  Missouri  Vniunticis,  ijirci^ 
tiiDiitii.s'  si'i'vioo,  iiiuMtci'oil  ill  ill  Ajirii,  ISLII,  (li.schai'geil 
ill  August,  KSiil  ; 

Kiiti.h  AMI  .^TAKK.— Fnin  is  .'^i;iel,  eol. ;  .\lbcrt  Antelni,  licut.- 
cul.j    Henry  liieholV,  niaj. ;  Gustuv  lli'.lirlclis,  ailjt.j  t-'ebuj. 


Kiigert,i|rnM'. :  Frcileriek  llanssler,  surg.;  Charles  l.n.li.:. 

ns.st.  surg. 
Co.    A  —  KiriFs.— Josepli    In.les,  eapt. :    I.cupol.l    II.   h.1.\  !,■ 

lieut.;   William  Uueiner,  2.1  licul. 
Co.  A. — .liilin  F.  Cramer,  eapt.;  William  (Istcrlmrn,  i  !  H.  ,;■ 

Charles  Weislncy,  2.1  lieut. 
I   C.i.  1! — Umi.i:s. —  Henry   Zeis,  eapt.;  .loseph   Fries,   1  i  |i,..i 

I'eter  Steven,  2il  licut. 
I   Co.  U. — Joseph  Conra.l,  eapt. ;   William   .Meltmenii,  I -i  Hn;. 

(icorge  Haine.le,  2.1  lieut. 
C.i.  C. — .laeob   llarlmann,  e:ipt.:   Henry  UisholT,  I-l  ii.ni.;  / 

Ilcekenlancr.  2.1  licul. 
Co.    1). — Aug.   Hackman,   eapt.;    I.iven.lt   Daiiner,    I-l  li,;,. 

.s^lcphan  'I'ehl,  2.1  lieut. 
Co.  !■;.— Charles  SehiierlV,  2.1  lieut. 

C.I.  F.- -Hugh  (i.illmer,  eapt.;  .\ug.  William  Iliisch.',  I-t  p.u;, 
Co.  Ci.  — A.l..lpli    Hengler,  eapt.;  Charles   H.M'uny,   l-tli,ui. 

K.'      '.1  Krcbe,  2.1  lieul. 
Co.    1..  -  licdigii    I).   Frieillein,   eapt.;     (ieurge   .Mar-ilmil,  .'i 

lieul. 
Co.    1.— Charles    11.  iluirill,   c.npl.;   11.    Kl.isti'iiM;iiiii,  |, 

licut.;  Joseph  nor,  M  lieul. 

Co.  K. — 'riicDilore  .M(  ..mann,  eapt, ;  The.j.Iorc  ll.'ii.-k.  l.lIi'M 

lieurge  isehustei',  2.1  licut. 

Of  tliis  ri'giiiu'iit,  Ci)in]);iny  B  (Rifles)  wns  eu- 
erajriHl  in  tlio  battles  of  C'aitiiagc  and  WilsimV  ('i,.,|, 
am!  Coinpanie-s  15.  V,  H,  F,  li,  II.  I,  ami  I\  :il.„,„. 
tiei|iatcd  in  tlio  eainpaii.'!!  in  .SoutlnvoslLiii  .Mis..iiii, 
liaving  jircviou.-ly  tiikeii  an  active  iiiul  in  llie  Cniij, 
Jacksot;  aifaii'.  Tlie  reuinieiit  ro-eiilisteii,  ;iii(i  wi. 
renriiaiiized  fl;in.  IS,  lS(i2,  and  ecmsoli.liil.il  wiili  j 
[Kirliciii  (if  till!  Xinetoeiitli  Reiiimont,  Is;uu:  }■'.  Sli.i.. 
ard,  ami  .sul).sei|iiently  Tiieodore  JleuiiKiini.  Ii,  n; 
llie  eolonc'l  of  llie  new  ri\^iineiit.  It  |i;Mli(i|.;iiiil  m 
tlie  c;ini|)aii;ii  wliiel"  ended  with  tlie  i;iiiiiiiv  i' 
\  ickslmi'tr. 

Fimrtli    ReLrinient    of   Missouri  ^^llllnleo^s,  iliro.' 
inonliis'  service : 

Fin.li  AMI  SrAH-K.— Nie.  Seliiittner,  .•.il. ;   A.  ll;iiiiuior.  li..;!. 
'  eol. ;    F.    .Niggenian,   lua.j. ;    .<.    llumbiirg,  ;i.|;,t.:   I'l;:ii.n 

(irisi.n.  .[.111. ;   Dr.  lleek,  s urg. :   A.  K'e.isch.  ;i-si.  smij;. 
Capls.    (.ie.irgc     Diihnier,    Co.    A  ;     (icorge    Itchiiuin,    I  u.  II; 

Frcileriek    .S.-hui|.|ig,   C.i.  C;  (leorge    Ilasruilliir,  i'..  h; 

'rheoil.iro  FisbhacK,  l.'o.   E;  lieorgc  IJerg,  I'u.  F;  Cliiiri.! 

Dening,  <'.i.  (i ;   I'hil.   Frank,  Co.   II;  J.    llnbb.l,  I  i.  1: 

I.oiiis    lUih'cr,  Co.    K; Henry,  C.i.   I,;  H.br.', 

Co.  .M. 

Out   of  a   liody  of  I'nion    men   railed   ilu'  lil.'» 

JiieL'cr,  and  (iri^aiii/.ed   nmler   .M:ii.  ."sejiniiin'i'  in  llir 

winter  of  1,S(;|,  "  \\,y  llie  m;iiiiien;iiii'e  ul  ilie  ueMstiiii- 

liomd  ^..vei  nmeiil  of  tlie  Uniied  ,Si;iies,  ;iiiii  lur  iLo 

]iriiteetion  of  llie  ,*^t.   Lmiis  Misi'n:il  in  |i;iiti(  iil.ii'.    ll^'' 

Foiirtli   lte;;iiiieiit.   Missouri   \'ohinleer>,  fur  llie  llii..' 

niiiiillis'  service,  was  mainly  rccrnite.l.    Tiny  hu'.mii- 

(Minped  and  were  sworn  in  on  tlie  ;ii',seli;il  v:i'oiiinlr  "ii 

,  the  2J(1  and  liild  days  of  April,  ISiil.    'flic  le-iimiil 

[  con.siiited  of  ten  eniupanics  {o;icli  fill  niin.l'.ri  ;iiiJ  i 

.  one  ritle   i.i:i(l;di(in   of  'wo  comp;ini(  •, — Inlal,  l»Ju' 

cmnpanie.x,  witii  over  one  tiiou:-aiid  men,  uiul.i  il"' 


THE    CIVIL   WAR. 


403 


llll^U•^    l.U'lw,;, 

1,1  11^  ml,-.  !-■ 
Hum,  i  <  li'-,' 
'r'u's,  1  1  li.  ■! 
liMin,  1  •:  Ik  : 
jfl',  1-1  ■■'■<.:..  I 
nnrr,    I  '  li' 

i;ii?''li'-,  1. -11. lit. 
leiiiiy.   1-t  liiut. 

j-c   M.u-eli:ill,  :l 

Kld.-Jii'iiiiiimi,  1-t 

3  U.ii.'U,  l-lH'M.; 

llifli'S  I   \v;is  I'U- 

WilM'tiV  I'lvik, 

ami  K  til-iiiti!- 
'0>litvii  Mir-'iui, 
lavt  ill  iln'  tiiiii'ii 

llli>U'll,    lllld  W;i> 

isululiiliil  wi'.li  a 
t,  Isuic  1'.  A|,- 

^^,■lulltlllll.  iiiiii. 

larl'uiptiU'l  111 
ho    ctiipiiivi'     f 

Vohintoor^  il'f"' 

A.  lltiumu'i,  Viv.t, 
^,.1,1.;  fit:".!' 
iM'h.  ti.->i.  'iii'i;- 

UiliiMiin,    !"■  '■ 
H.i^liiilln'f.  I''-  1' 
Co.  !•■;  Ctai.- 

.1     ll,.l.l).l,  I'. '■ 
Co,   1,;  ^^*' 

p.,11,.,1    til.'   111:"1> 

Siliuiiiu'r  ill  ill'' 

,.,.  „l  llli'  ivllflilll- 
Uih'S,  ;\ml  I'"'  ""•' 
in  ],artiiiil.ii.   tl''' 

,.rr,-,  l"r  ll'^'  ''""■ 
,,1     'n„._v  wai' I'll- 

VM'iitil  ui'i'iiii'l-  <'l) 
•,\.    Till' Kiliiiii'i' 
r.,11  imii.l'i'V)  tiii^ 
i, .  _l,.t;ll,  i«'l« 
il  iiti'ii.  iiii'l'''  ''"' 


niiniiitiml  of  Col.  N.  Schiiltncr.  After  boinp;  cii- 
caniinil  in  the  arsoiiiil  a  s-Iiort  time,  Goii.  N.  Lyon, 
III!  ill,  UUli  Jiiy  of  3Liy,  issued  the  order  to  inareli 
uii  ('itiip  Jaekson,  where  the  Fourth  Ro;j;iuierit  oe- 
o\iiii,il  I  lie  wist  front,  and  after  the  surrender  of  the 
(■amp,  iIh'  regituent,  in  conneetion  will:  the  Third 
I'lCMJiii,  111,  held  i(*sessioii  of  the  same  till  the  eainp 
eiiuiiiti^i' I'i'J  ""  ''"^  captured  artieles  were  removed 
tu  till'  '""'•  J'ouis  arsenal.  Subse((ueiitly  the  regiment 
remlen'd  etfeetivo  .service  in  Illinois  and  Missimri. 
Ill  ISdli  the  Third  and  Fourth  Battalions,  Reserve 
Corps,  were  consolidated,  and  the  Fourth  Regiment 
Inhinti'v,  Missouri  Volunteers,  formed  fniin  them. 
li  was  ihieily  employed  within  the  Slate.  The 
lifficurs  I  lien  were: 

I'lKii,    \Mi   Stait. — lliiljt.   llaiwUiau^'cn,   I'ol. ;    .liiliiis   Iliiinl- 

Iciu-fii.  liL'Ul.-eol. ;   I'hiiik'.s  A.  Wurreit,  iiuij.;    .Icriimi;  JI. 

!t;ii'"ii.  inljt.;  (iCDri^c   llii.'^tiiatin,  <|.ii). ;   ICIinuii,!   l^iirnor. 

jur". ;  .l,'!iii  ri'liliniin,  as.-t.  surg. ;  ili'iirgc   l•'l■ut^^l•lllnllnn, 

chiipliiin. 
^■„^._.\,l,il|,h   Kiiipppr,   ,'iipt. ;    C.   A.   F.   Ilnl.-t,  1st  licul,; 

I,,m'S  KriiutliiilV,  -M  liitut. 
f,,  li.—JIu.lmc'l   liiiucr,  onpt.;    Clirislinn    .Slroliel,    1st  lioiit. ; 

Aloxanlcr   I.owry,  Isl  lioiil.:    l.uuis    WaeclitiT,  LM  Hint.; 

Julius  .'S|iiirli'ilor,  2il  lioiil. 
(■„.  (',_('iin<tniico    Hick,    ciipt.;    Ilciiry    'iiMinan.    1st    lioiit.: 

Chailfs  Uiitk,  LM  lirtit. 
I',,  D._\Viii.  Ilirt,  capt.;   I.uiiis  Kiiop,  l.<l    licul.;    I., mis  .Mjl. 

l.T,  ;,1  lii'Ut. 
C„.  K.— I!alllia/iM'  .Mumlwillcr,  oa]it. ;   l';ni;i'iio  .■M,^!!!,  1.*!  iicut. ; 

.1.  ,1.  .Sl,„'kliii.  -il  licul. 
I  .  1'.- ('I'sjiur  SchiibcMt,    1st   lieut.;    J.    C.   .Myer,    1st   lii'iit. ; 

I'liiiik  Kuiser,  LM  lii'ut.;   Win.  It.  McCini-Urn,  IM  liiMil. 

(I.--A.  11.  I'itiiH'iiartl.  i'a|)t. ;  Louis  lliM,  1st  Iicut.  ;   JlicliacI 

|i.  l.riU'iiiic,  2,1  Iicut. 

l''ilili  llogiineiil  of  ^lissduri  Voliinleer ■■,  mustered 
ill  ill  .^i!ly.  ISGl,  i'lir  three  nlolllh^'  .service  ;  discharged 
.\ii,t.'. '.'i;',  IStjl: 

lim,  (Ml  Sr.\ri'.— Cliiirlcs    1).    S,iliMiiiui,    ci>I. ;     Chest.    l>i,'k 

W.illl.  iiinl. -,■,)!.;     I'.    \V.   ('r,,n,,iil),>l,l,   uiiij.  :    K.lnanl   C. 

I'laiikliii,  surj;. ;  .'SauiucI  II.  Mclclior.  as.-l,  surg. ;    AVilliaiii 

ilcrlai'ii,  iiiljt. ;  Itcn.  .M,'i  iici,  i|.m. 
li,  11.— !,,iuis   tioltsi'luilk,    capt.;     I'lniil    Wai'litor,    1st    Iicut.: 

William  livnjj.  2,1  licul. 
0>.  (',— Fnilciick  ,^oUi,iniii,  capt. ;   Wiltiani  Kn.^sak,  '.st  Iicut.; 

iitlii  Viuic,  :',1  Iicut. 
I'l.  ll.-Cliarlcs.McliI,  capl. ;  (iustav  I.ciliuM,  1st  Iicut.;  riiiia- 

ti,|ilicr  Sliuk,  2,1  liout. 
Co.  1'..  •Cliarli's  Sli'|,luiiiy,  capl.;    Jauics  Jlallhaui',  1st  lii'iil.; 

Julias  Ncliiijt.  2(1  iicut. 
I.'',  r.— .Mlrc'l  .Vniiauil,  capl. ;   Itiulolph  .'Sclincl.icr,  Isl  Iicut.; 

Kiiiilic  Tli'iuias,  2,1  licul. 
t'.  II.— rliailcs  K.  Stark,  cap!.;  Nii'lmlas    I'licslcr,    Isl   Iicut.; 

t'liailfs  \Vci,«.«,  2,1  Iicut. 
C„.  II.— Williaui  J.  Clicjlcr,  capt.  ;  Juliu   I'lilcuiaii,    l-sl   licul.; 

Siiiuuil  Morris,  2,1  licul. 
i".  I,— riiarlcs  P.  .\Icisiicr,  I'apt. ;  il.  Ailaui   Dauor,  1st   Iicut.; 

Juscpli  S|iicitclliallcr,  2<l  licul. 
C'l.  K.-Sfaiiiucl  A.  IIdhu,.  capl. ;    William  S.  11, )j-,I,    l.'l  Iicut.; 

William  II.  riiuiiipsuii,  2(1  Iicut. 


1       The  regiment  teok  ]iait  in  various  engagements  in 
the  southwestern  part  (if  Mi-^sonri. 

Fifth  Regiment  Lii'aiitry,  ^L.^smiri  Volunteers: 

FlKi.u  .VM>  ."Sr.vrr.  —  .Auiriisl   11.  l*,,tcn.  col. ;  Siimucl  \,  l'',,stcr, 

cul.  :    .loliu  .liicob    J-'isdicr,    Iicut. -c, »1. ;    Kiiiil    Sir;i,Uuiaii, 

li, '11 1. -col.;  .lames  .-\.  (ji-cas,iu.  licul.-col. ;  C.  K.  Ko,'li,  maj. ; 

Klli,ill    Charles,  maj.;    Ailulphiis  Z,ilicl.  ii,ljl. ;    l-'iclci  i,-k 

I',    /cpitculchl,    ((.III.;    .-Vdalbcit    (iciumcr,    sitrg.  ;    llciiiy 

Scli()(ui,'k,  iisst.  surg. ;  AVilliam  A\'ilkcii,  ,-ha{ilaiu. 
Co.  A.— \Vm.   li.  .M, idler,  capl.;   Thcuihue  IJechcr,   l>l  licul.. 

Will.    F.   liicseliiiaiiii.   1st   Iicut.;    tJcu-gc    Fi',)miuauii,   1st 

Iicut.;  Win.  F.  (iicsclmaiin.  2,1  licul.;   Frederick  S, 111111,11, 

2,1  Iicut. 
Co.  li. —  Henry  Obcriuullcr.  capl.;    I.oiiis  licichoM.  1st  licul.; 

Hermann  Uraegc,  2(1  lieiit.;   Ilugcr  T.  Uavidson,  2(1  Iicut. 
Co.  C. — I'etor    llollf,   capl.;    l'ernar,l    Kssriiirer,   capl.:    Felix 

Sprolimlo,  capl.:  Charles  ,*<arsie,lt,   1st  licul.:   II.. I.  Klci- 

mniin.  2,1  Iicut. 
Co.  D.—  l'hilip  Ad.ilph,  capt.;  ,I,jhii  li.  .■^liaiisli,  Itt  lieut.;  Win. 

Ilci,|,>mauu.  2,1  licul. 
C,,.  K,  —  ilciiry  Dcnltark,  capt.:    Il,ury  llcimhurgcr,  1st  iicut.; 

C,)nra,l  l.iahvi):.  2,1  lieut. 
Co.  F. — licnry  Nagel,  cnpl. :   Frclerick  I,.  Mullcr.  capl. ;  ,\.  A. 

Illaumcutlial,  1st  licul.:    Wm.  li,  I'uinaiu,  2,1  licul. 
Co.  (i.-llicliaril  Flack,  capt.:    I.,aiis   Frcl.   Mullcr,  1st  lieul. ; 

A.  Fruiiili,il,l,  Isl  lieut.:   F.  W  .  I',„luugcii.  2,1  licul. 
C,i.  II.— Anton  (iirstcr,  capl.;  .I,ilin    Kics,  isl  Iicut.;  Tims.  F. 

Haskell,  2,1  lieul. 
I'd.  I. — 1.  I).  Vocrsler.  ciipt.;  ,l,,liu  F.  lleuselcr,  capl.:  .I,>lin  F. 

Ilcnsclcr,  1st  licul.:  Christian  i.oclilmlcr.  Isl  licit  ;  .hilni  F. 

llcnseler,  2,1  Iicut.;  Christian   l,ochl>ulcr,  2,1  Iicut.:  .I,>hii 
;  Krihs,  2,1  lieut. 

Co.  K. —  l.,iuis  Wiiikclmaicr,  capt.;   Fcli.\  .'Spr,,liiiilc,  ,-apl.:  .1. 

]!.  llcavis,  capt. ;  (Jcoliic   licr;.  ,-apt. ;    Philip  lli,'Kcu,|,irll', 

1st  licul.;   Charles  C.  .Ml.-n.  1st  licul.;  ,l:ic,ili  .■Schmiilc,  2,1 

licul. 
C,i.  A  (uew).— .1.  li.  'teavi.s.  capt  ;   Wm.  II.  .Miller.  2,1  li-ut. 

The  regiment  was  fmined  hy  the  con.solidatiiui  of 
the  Fifth  Reserve  Corps  with  •hree  liiiatlached  com- 
panies, under  i^pecial  Orders  No.  -Hi,  18t!i  JIaich, 
18(12.  Tin-  regiment  was  chiefly  eniploved  v.iiiiii\ 
tint  Slate,  and  performed  valuahle  service. 

Sixth  Reginient  Infantry,  Mis.souri  \'ulunteers: 

Fir.i.n  wii  Sr.\FI'. — IMcr  K.  lllainl,  col. ;  .lames  II.  ll|,„>,l,  col. ; 

Ira   !i,,iilcll,    Iicut. -cul. ;    Malilun    Welier,  maj  :    .luhii   \\ . 

Flclchcr,    luaj.;    William    II.   C.ileman,    maj.:    .lames    .*<. 

Temple,  iiiaj. ;   Ira   lioiilell,  maj.:  .lusepli  S.  (iag,-.  maj.; 

ll,>\vman    II.  lMcr.son,  maj. ;   (icrj-o  ,'S.  Walker,  siirg.;   F. 

M.  ,l,,sliii,  surg.  ;    .la,'()I>    Keller,  as»it.  surg.  ;    Wiiricn    I*. 

McChcsney,  assl.  snij;. ;   Waller  C.  (Janit,  a, Ijt. ;    .lames   I'. 

Nec'lhain,  adjt. :   Willi.iin  S.  .lenell,  u,ljt. ;  AVilliuin  W,,ir, 

U'ljt.;  ,l(din  A.  liliiiid,  i|.ni.;  Samuel  llulliuaii,  chaplain. 
Co.  A.— ilcorgc  A.  ."^elnitlcr,  capt. ;   Frederick   A.  Ilragg.  capt. ; 

lleiiry   C.   11,1111s,    1st   licul.;  tiourgc  (i,Mi,|niii.    l-i    licul.; 

Join.  F.  Th,inip«(iu,  2,1  lieut.;   \,.  W.  Wiliimns,  2,1  Iicut.; 

William  I,.  (!»r,|,'n,  2d  lirnl. ;  (iiirrol  I).  Ilruokinan.  2,1  !ieiit. 
Co.  H.— .lohn    W.   Flclchcr.  capl.:  CImrlcii  C.  Fletcher,  capl, ; 

T.  I,,  ilarringt,,!),  capl.;  Charles  C.   I'Tclidicr,    1st   Iicut.; 

T.  I..  Ilarrln^liiii,  Isl  licul.;  .I(iM<pli  F.  Iliiich,  Ul   licul.; 

M.  i:i\v,„.,l    .Miller,  ?d    licul.;  Thuinas  ,T.  King,  2,1  Iicut.; 
j  J.  (I.  Illuunlicr);.  2,1  licul.;   Philip  II.  Sni,|cr,  2d  Iicut. 

,   Co.  C. — .lames  S.  Temple,  capl.:  .lames   ,\,lams.  capt.:    Lewis 
I  M.  Ilaliish.  Isl  Iicut.;  .lames  Adaiiii,,  l.-l  liiut.:  11,'licrt  I,. 


'A\ 


'V4 


,  ;ik,ie 


464 


HISTORY   OF  SATNT  LOUIS. 


V;incc.  1st  liciit. ;  licni-i^o  IF.  Stiu'liinan,  Ipt  liout.;  Jtnlii'rt 

I>.  X'lwirc,  2tl  liciil. ;  (ii'ori^o  Il.Stuckuiaii,  LM  liout. :  Ilirhnrd 

1>.  ninml.  LM  liciil. 
Co.  1-). — Josi'pl!  t^.  Ciii;;*',  r:i|)t. ;  .Tiiliiis  Vit/.iiian,  cii|)t.    rharlcs 

O.  I'alicr,  Ist  licut.,-  .hilius   I'il/.iniin,    l.'t  liput.;  William 

L.  (iiirdon,  1st  lieut. ;   William  Wiilf,  LM  lioiil.;  Mark  An- 

tliuiiy,  LM  lic'iit. 
Co.    K. — Francis    I'.  Uush.   cajit. ;  Solomon    Males*.  1st  licut,; 

John    V,    liailoy,    Ist    licut.;    ."^Icplicn    Cliilil,    LM    licut.; 

Hcors;c  \V.  i'.ailcy,  2il  licut. 
Co.  F. — Ini  Itoutcll,  capt. ;  .lamos  I'.  N'ocilham,  l.st  licut.;   Kil- 

»iu  It.  Mis-cuj;cr,  Ist  licut. ;  .lauics  1'.  Nccilliam,  LM  licut. ; 

1-Mwiii    U.   ^Icsscui^er,  lltl   licut,:  l>avi(l    K.  Mortiinor,  LM 

licut. 
Co.  (■.— (icoruo  W.  livwatcr,  ca|it.;  W.    I'.  lIullistiT,  caiit.  ;  T., 

W,    Williams,    cii|il.;     William     1'.    lluUislcr,    1st     licut.; 

Tluunas  ,1.  Kins,   I*'  licut.;   William    11.  Dull',  l<t  licut.; 

I^imccu  !^.   IJakcr,  1st   licut.:  Tliouuis   !.,   Ilaii'iii^tnn,   LM 

licut. :  '1',  II,  ."^cwai'cl,  '2'\  licut. ;  Charles  Johnsou,  LM  licul. ; 

John  Williams,  LM  licut, 
Co,   11.— llih'S  Van    Dais.oi.  cnpl.  :    Jacili    I.yini.ii   IVrlv,    Ist 

liout. ;    Patrick   (1.  (full  in,    LM   licut.;    .'^hclliy    'rylir,    LM 

licut. 
Co,  I, — .Iiimcs  •'.   .Mcliinnis,   capt. :   liobcrl    ],,   Vance,  oapl. ; 

Daniel  tl.  Kch'liison.eapt. ;  FredcrieU  A.  lini^s.  Isl  licul.; 

Daniel  0,  Kelhison,  Ist  licul.:  J.  (i.  Itliombcr),',  1st  licul.; 

Daniel  (1.  Kelcliison,  lM  licul.:  .loliu  11.  I'inniy,  -d  licul.; 

Herman  D.  ."^levens,  LM  licut. 
Co,  K.-   lioljcrt   II.   liucli,  eapt.;  ,l;ieoli   l.yman   I'ccrly,  eapl. ; 

Charles  U.  Taller,  eapt. ;  ."symiucs  II.  Voorhees,  Isl   licut.; 

Iteltuont    I'crkins,  1st  licut,;  Charles  0.  I'alier,  1st   lieut.; 

lielijionl    I'erkiri.-,  2il  licut.:   Ivilivaril  .'^tauluu,  LM    licut.; 

l''ianl<  liennelt,  l!il  lieut. 

Tlie  Si.xili  Ht'iiimt'iit  \v;is  orL'aiiizi'il  at  St,  TiOiii.s  in 
tlio  iiiDiillus  of  Jlay  ami  .luiu',  lSi!l,aiiil  \va.s  ein- 
ployod  in  JIi.ssouii  until  .liiiio,  lS(iL',  wlion  it  pro- 
cei'tk'il  to  Cdiiiilh,  Miss.,  sulis('(|iiiMit]y  l;ikiii'j:  ii;irt  in 
various  i'Tij:ai:i'nu'iils.  It  \v;is  jiroiniiu'iit  in  (lie  as- 
sault on  Cliiikasaw  HiuiVs,  Wv.  li!t,  ISiL',  ami  siif- 
I'oird  severely  at  Ark;iiis;is  Post.  It  \v;is  snliscquonlly 
oriloivil  to  rfintoR'o  lien.  lUist'cnms  in  TcniK  ssee,  and 
parlii'ipatod  in  the  onga'ieinent.s  of  Lookout  Mountain 
and  Jlissidiiaiy  llidiro,  Nov.  1' 4  and  125.  180:!. 

SeVL'iitii  ru'u'iiiit'nt   Inriiiitry.  Mi.ssiniri  \'oluntw'rs  ; 

FlKl.n  AMI  SrAi'K.  — .luhn  D.  .'^levrnson.  eol. ;  Wm.  .■^,  Oliver, 
cul.  ;  i:^'bcrt  U,  Uvoivn,  lieut, -eol.:  'riioums  Curley.  lieut. - 
col.;  Wni.  S.  Oliver,  licut. -eol,  :  Itubert  Huchanan,  licut. - 
col.;  'I'lionui!  Curlcy,  inaj.;  Wm,  .<.  Oliver,  uui.j,;  I'Mwin 
Wiikeliehl,  maj.;  Win.  II.  Collins,  maj. ;  Frcilcriek  White- 
hcail,  niljt. ;  Thomas  Whchiu,  acljl. ;  Charles  D,  IJcmau, 
n.ljl.;  John  F.  .Ncvillo,  ([.m,;  I!,  At.  Towers,  surg. :  T.  .'S. 
O'Ueilly,  asst.  «nrg. ;   II.  F,  Thayer,  asst,  surg, 

Co,  A, — \Vm,  A, 'I'aulby.eapt, ;  Ilcury  ll.Switzer,  capt, ;  licnry 
It,  .«wil/.er,  let  lieut.;  ,lohn  O'Councr,  Itt  li'ut,;  Job- 
u'Neil,  LM  licul.;  John  o'CniiuiT,  LM  licul.  ;  John  i.amb, 
•Jil  lieut. 

Co.  I!,— Wm.  S.  Oliver,  eapt, ;  .lames  II.  CoU'ec,  eapt. ;  Frank 
A.  O'.Mara,  Isl  lieut.;  'IhoHuiP  Whtlan,  Isl  lieut.;  Ilobeit 
Tortcr,  1st  licul.;  Jainc"  F.  How,  LM  licut.;  ThomaH 
Whelan,  LM  lieut.  ;   Kobcrt  Tortcr,  LM  licut. 

Co,  C. Jiiiucs  Sjullivan,  eapt. ;   .Morou   llnirisun,  eapt. ;  .lames 

II,  Stcgcr,  l»l  licul. ;  .Samuel  MeOolTm,  l.>t  licut. ;  Leonard 


Sncll.  2.1  licul.:  Samuel   Medollin.  2il  licul.;  'lie  .tl,y  i, 
0',*^ullivan,  2(1  licul.;  Cluirles  \\ .  Tetsell.  2J  lieiu. 

Co.  P. — Fchviii  Wakcliebl,  eapt.;  Thomas  II.  Olii.i,  ,.,,., 
James  Hester.  Ist  licut.;  Thomas  Russell,  l-i  h,,,, 
Hubert  MenaKh,  Isl  lieut. ;  John  T..  .Mcail,  LM  liciil  :  Tliuiij 
Itusscll,  2il  licul.;  ,\.  T.  Cinilall,  2d  licut. 

Co.  K.— Flward  J.  Cnstello,  eapt. ;  Jnincs  11.  ColTey,  |.|  i;,.,,. 
Henry  W.  Chanlniu,  1st  lioul, :  Henry  Smilli,  I -i  |i,.|,| 
Albert  T,  Smith,  2.1  lieut.  :  Henry  \1'.  Cbanrr.iii.  Jl  li,.„, 
Henry  Smith,  2cl  lieut,;   liricc  T,  .Muniis,  2(1  liciit, 

Co.  F. — Jesse  II.  Holmes,  eapt. :  Win.  IS.  Collins,  eapl. ;  Tluiiin. 
Itlis.!cll,eapt.  ;  Win.  I!.  Collins,  Ist  lieut.;  Miellail  A.  Dm!, 
1st  lii'ul.,  Dan.  Mellride.  Isl  licul.;  (Jc(Ui;o  t.,ii,|a,  |.; 
licul,:  Micluie!  .\.  Doyle,  2d  licul. :  (icorj^e  W.  Jeiiniie's.'.'i 
lieut.:  Dan,  Meliridc.  LM  licul.:  Win.T.  F.ilbnvell,  L'd  liur 

Co.  ('..—John  W.  Walts,  I'apt. ;  .Ml'ied  J.  .Indy,  eapl,;  Tli'.ma, 
Whelan,  eapt.:  .Mfrcil  J.  Judy,  Isl  lieut.  ;  Frank  V,  (Inn 
1st  lieut,;  .Marliu  1,.  Walls,  2d  lieut.  ;  Frank  F,  i.r:iy, .. 
lieut.;   Tieii.iaiuin  F.  Hayne.s,  2d  licut. 

Twonty-.sevontli  Rccriiiicnt : 

Co.  H.— Will,   .1.    Hawkins,   c.ipl.;     Tliilip   D.  Tociner,  caii. 

Aliinroc  Harrison.  Isl  lieut.;    Tliilip  1).  Tooiiier.  Isl  licut. 

(icorjjc  W.  .rennings,  1st  lieut.;  Ilaitlelt  Iteaiiies,  Ist  lieut. 

Thilip  I).  Toomer,  2.1  lieut.  ;  John  W.  I!urrelt,  2.1  liiul, 
Co.  1. — J.i-epb  S.  C.  Uowland,  ciipt. ;  Jay  J.  Drake,  .'apt,;  .\n 

.Irew  llosmcr,  Ist  licut.;  Thus.  II.  Oliver,  Ist  lieiit. ;  .In'.i. 

K.  Aldrieh,    Isl  licul.;  .lay   ,1.    Dnike,   2.1   li.ut. ;  li -.irji 

F.ui.hi,  LM  lieut. 
Co,  K.  -lleorge    W.   Siuitli.    .'apt.;     ILdiio-t    T.ii.-liaiiin.  .■  ,h. 

Jusbiuk  W.  lii.urne.  eapt.:  Joshua   W.  Ibiiinu'.  I.-t  lien 

Cliauneey    !■".   Wilson,    Ist   lieul.;    .lohii    I!.    iLuvlanl,  ;> 

licut.;  J. din  11.  S.dio.dcy,  2.1  licut,;  Chau t  F.  \U'.-m,. 

2.1  licut. 

Tills  I'ciiiniciit  was  ort;aiiizod  in  .Inn.',  ISlll,  tint 
saw  niufli  liiivd  service,  which  it  ]H'rl'.iriiu'i|  wiili 
Liroat  zeal  and  undiiifhin^  L'oura;_'('.  Its  iii-st  enl.in.i. 
il.ihn  1).  Stovonson,  was  subscijucntly  in  ciiiiiiiKuil  :.i 
llar|.i'i's  l''ciiy  diiiiiiiX  Sheridan's  o|ii'iali.iiis  in  ili. 
Valley  of  Vir^initi.  an.l  it  was  thrunj.'ii  him  liitit  ;i! 
the,  telegraph  reports  were  eoiinnuniealcil  i.i  iIummiih. 
try.  Ai  the  close  of  iho  war  he  was  in  cniiiiiKiini .  f 
Fort  Uussell,  which  ho  built,  near  ()lu'yiiiii.>.  ('.1. 
Stevenson  was  ii  Free-Soil  meniher  of  llic  .^li-oiii 
Lei;isl;iture  liefore  liie  war,  and  in  Octolicr,  ISTri.wti.- 
apiiointed  United  States  Marshal  of  Mis-soiiii,  rin 
Newcomb  resigned. 

Miiihth   He^iinciit   Infantry,  i\Iis.souri  Vehiiileers: 

Fin. 11  AMI  Srvrr. — Sliognn  L.  Smith,  col.;  liiles  A.  .Smiiii, 
col.;  Davi.l  0.  Colciniin,  col. ;  Jiiiucs  Teekliiiiii,  licut.-i'ul.: 
(iile.a  A.  .'>mitli,  lieul.-eol.  J  Diiviil  C.  C.ileiiiuii,  lieul. -cil, 
Dennis  T.  Kirby,  lieut, -eid.;  John  McDonal.l,  tiinj,;  lien- 
nis  T,  Kirby,  maj.;  Itowman  H,  I'elcrson,  surg, :  .lelin  R. 
IJailcy,  surg. ;  John  H.  liaib-y,  asst.  siirg. ;  Tr.iliiis  liionn. 
nsst.  surg. ;  Amos  I..  F'linl,  asst.  siiik.  ;  I'aiius  I'luui'li. 
ehtiplain:  Samuel  D,  I, onghca.l.  chaplain  :  liiivi.l  (M'.ilf- 
man,  n.ljt. ;  K.lnin  K.  Fnrber,  u.ljt.:  .laiucs  Hall,  f|.iii 
Frcilcriek  I!.  Clapp,  q.in.;   Isaac  II.  Ilalsev,  .|,iii. 

Co.  A,— .l..|in  McDonal.l,  eapt,;  Wm,  Ii.  ,lohuMiii,.'upl.;ltoor;i' 

W.  Crane,  cnpl.;   Win.  (1.  Johnson,  Ist   lieul,;  lleeriic  W. 

ranc,  1st  licul.;  Charles   Vicrhcller,  Isl  lieul.:  E/ia  W, 

Cummings,  Ist  licut. ;  floorgc  W,  Crane,  2.1  liciit.;  Nds"" 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


4G5 


t.;  Til'  .lliy  li 

Mlicni 

.    Oliv.,-,  ™|,,. 

SI'll,     1-1    li.lU. . 

>l  liiMil. ;  Tlmma- 

'oHVy,  1-1  linii.; 
•inillt.  l-t  lioiit.. 
mt'r.ni.  -M  liviit. 
2(1  liiMii. 
i«.  LMj't. ;  Tluuiiii' 
Mi.-lniii.\.D«vl.. 
I'liriro  I'.iiMlii.  lii 
c  \V.  .)oniiiii;:*,2i 
|-ullinv,11,:Mliui: 
,y,  cjij't. :  Tlii'iiiu' 
;  FruiiU  1',  limy. 
rnnU  1".  liriiv,  Ji 


]).  Tin  HUT,  pnj'. 
rnimior.  1st  ii>  11". 
ravuilfs,  l-t  hc;i!, 
Iliiiri'it,  '.M  Ik'ul. 

Itr;ik(',LM|it.;  An 
51-,  \fl  liiMit. ;  .Iii!;n 

ill  lii'ut. ;  l!'"r;c 

r.iich;in:in.  fi|i.. 

liollllio.  l.-t  lilH 
111    r,.     Univl.llll.  J' 

haiiiu'i'.v  '■■  ^^i''"t" 

Juilf,  ISCil.iilli 
pcl'liil'IMi'il   ttilli 
hs  tir>t  mlnir;, 
y  ill  (■(illiliiiili'l  '1 
lu'l'tiliiilis  ill  ill' 
i\\  liilil  liiat  ;i . 
tcil  t(i  llu'  ti'iiii- 
in  (MiuiiiKiiul  '1 
("liryi'iiiii".    l'"l' 
III'  llii'  Mi-oin 
toln'v,  1. ST. 'i,  Wil- 
li' Missiiiui.  !"■ 

iotiri  Voliiiiti'i'i- 
1.1.:  iaii'<  A.  r'liiii'"' 
l\',-l,liiiiii.  linil.-fi'l-: 

'..U'iii:in.  liciil.-0"l 

(•DoiKiM.  iiin.i  1  l''"- 

I-S..11,  fvirs. ;  .'"li"  "■ 

,(>.;  Tn.lius  lllOlMi. 

jr. ;    li;uiiis  Ciuiifli' 

,,,in;  Uavi.ir.Oil" 

.luiuc  ll;ill.  'I-'" 

liilscy,  i|.i". 

„lin-.iii,^'iil't.;«<"'^-'" 

f(  lii'iit.;  lie'Tp"  ^*; 

1ft  liciil-i  ^"'^  ^*' 
1,,,.,  2.1  lioiK.  I  >■«'"" 


I'»ll('r»nn,  2(1  lirut. ;  Isaao  U,  Ilalscy,  2d  licul. ;  Julin 
Fit/ircnilJ,  2(1  licut. 
Co.  11.-^*  i'lii""  Hill,  enjit. ;  Kdivnrd  R.  Otifi,  let  liout.;  Henry 
('.  M..lT(  tt,  1ft  lieut. ;  Aloimo  .S.  Sterliiij;,  1st  liout. ;  llcnry 
C.  Mi'lli'lt,  2d  liout., •  HiuiKii'l  ISojd,  2(1  liciil. ;  Kdwiird 
IVncl.  2.1  lieiit. ;   lliirvry  W.  tirecn,  2d  licut. 

I'll C—rliiiili'."  McDoniild,  ciipt.;  Thumiis  licc  Morgan,  cii|it.; 
(i.  liiMlirick  Keklinrd,  Ifl  lieut.;  lliury  I!.  Iliii'ri.v,  lat 
liiiil.;  \Villi:iuil>.  Miirpliy,  1ft  licut.;  Tliuuins  Ia'o  Mor- 
gan, 1^1  liciit. ;  Win.  F.  Sliecly,  1st  lieut.;  Hurry  ]!.  lliir- 
li.-.  2.1  liout. ;  'riiuiima  Leo  Morgiiii,  2d  licut.;  Clifford  A. 
lliui.l.  2(1  lieut. 

Co.  D.— t'iles  A.  Smith,  enpt. ;  Morgiin  I'ott?,  enpt. ;  John  li. 
Cole,  onpt.;  John  W.  White,  1st  licut.;  Morgan  I'otts,  1st 
licut.;  .laeob  C.  Hill,  1st  lieut.;  Frederick  li.  C'lapp,  2d 
licul.;  Isaac  K.  Ilufl",  2.1  lieut.;   (icorj^e  Ostrain,  2d  licut. 

^"^1  i;._Iiciiiiia  T.  Kirhy,  cnpt. ;  Sidhey  W.  Aiiisnorth,  capt.; 
Xcl.-on  Patterson,  capt.;  .'>idney  W.  Ainsworlh,  1st  lieut.; 
I.ouis  l.ipinan,  list  licut.;  Win.  (i.  McSpii.lden,  1st  licut.; 
.A.l.lis.ii)  Ware,  Jr.,  2d  licul.;  Wm.  G.  MeSpadden,  2d 
licul.;   Klias  Ueilcnaur,  2d  lieut. 

i;,),  j'.  — .Ale.N.  A.  Jameson,  capt. ;  Klias  S.  liedford,  1ft  licul. ; 
Dusliio.l  W.  Musscliuunn,  1st  lieut.;  Philip  H.  Murphy, 
J.l  licul.;  llushrud  W.  Slussclinann,  2d  licul.;  Win.  II. 
Uiipirl,  2d  licut. 

(■,)  G._l),ivi.l  P.  drier,  capt.;  Henry  C.  MolTclt,  capt.;  Hugh 
.\cill,  l.-l  lieut.:  Addison  Ware.  Jr.,  1st  licul.;  William  1). 
Murphy,  2.1  licut. ;  Aluuzo  S.  Sterling,  2d  lieut.  ;  E/.ra  W. 
('uiuinin;?s,  2d  licut. 

Co.  II.— (ici.rge  li.  Snarlhout,  cnpt.;  .lohn  W.  White,  cap!.; 
Clmrlcs  I,.  Corwiu,  1st  lieut. ;  William  C.  liusscll,  1st  licut. ; 
llcoilic  W.  llaker,  1st  licut.;  (icoige  W.  Ituker,  2d  lieut.; 
IMwiu  .\.  Ware,  2.1  lieut. ;  Harvey  Kno,  2(1  licut. 

Co.  I.— .Uc.Nuu.lcr  Hart,  capt.;  Williain  H.  Mctiowan,  caiit. ; 
,loH'|.h  W.  Ilarr,  1,-t  lieut.;  K.lnin  V.  Fuibcr,  1st  lieut.; 
Wiliiiiin  II.  Mcli.iivan,  1st  licut. ;  Kdwiird  Perret,  Isl  lieut. ; 
i:.l»iu  i;.  Furlicr,  2(1  lieul.;  William  H.  Mctiowan,  2d 
licut.:  William  II.  Shccly,  2.1  lieut.;  John  U.  Oole,  2d 
li.'Ul.;  (■'auiuci  II.  Ilalste.l,  2d  lieul. 

Co.  K.— IMrtai.l  .M.  Seibcl,  capt. ;  Hugh  Noill,  'apt.;  Kdward 
K.  I.iiiic,  Isl  lieul.;  Nelson  Patterson,  1st  lieul.;  Fdwin  A. 
\V:iic,  l.-l  lieut.;  Charles  Vierhellcr,  2d  licut.;  Joshua  A. 
lli.i\vucr,  2d  lieut. 

Tills  legiincnt,  known  oriointtlly  as  the  Aincric;in 
Zouaves,  was  orgiitiized  in  June,  1801,  nnJ  appeared 
roiispituoii.sly  in  nuiny  important  battles.  It  lost 
lip.'fly  in  men,  and  no  regiment  rendered  more  lionor- 
ililc  «Tvice.  Cola.  Jlorjjjan  L.  Smith  and  Giles  A. 
Sitiiili  bcLiiiiie  brio;adier-;;eneral.s  of  volunteers. 

T.iitli  Ue;;ii«ent  Infantry,  Missouri  Volunteers: 

FiKiu  .»Mi  ST.\rF.— (icorgc  U.  Todd,  col.;  Samuel  A.  Holmes, 
co!.;  I'raiK'is  C.  Dcimling,  eol. ;  tieorgc  U.  Todd,  licut. - 
cul.;  Samuel  A.  Holmes,  lieut. -uol.;  John  D.Foster,  licut. - 
col.;  I.ciiiii.lus  llcnry,  licut.  eol. ;  Christian  Hoppcl,  licut. - 
ciil.;  Saiuuol  .\.  Holmes,  inaj. ;  .Varun  liiunu,  maj. ;  Leo- 
ni.las  Ilcniy,  maj.;  Francis  C.  Deiinling,  maj.;  .loseph 
WuUu'i-,  maj.;  Francis  C.  Ueiinling,  adjt.  ;  John  M.  Hoyil, 
Jr.,  lulji. ;  Tlidrivald  Jacobson,  (].m. ;  Willium  A.  Kellogg, 
q.m,;  Oliver  II.  Payne,  surg. ;  I'hilundcr  J.  Payne,  »urg.; 
Alualoai  li.  Stuart,  aast.  aurg.  j  Thomas  L.  Morgan,  aast. 
lurg. ;  (Uorge  II.  Palmer,  ehuiilain. 

Co.  A.— Uoni.las  Henry,  cnpt.;  Charles  A.  Ciilclirist,  capt.; 
Satuud  W. Craft,  capt. ;  Joseph  Walker,  Ist  licut.;  Siiinucl 
30 


W.  Craft,  lat  liout. ;  Aanph  J.  Davis,  Ist  liout.;  Miles  Mo- 
Cabc,  2d  liout.;  William  F.  Snydor,  2d  liout.;  Saiuuol  \V. 
Craft,  2d  licut. ;  A.saph  J.  Davis,  2d  licul. 

Co.  B. — William  F.  Itnyne,  capt.;  (iilbcrt  D.  Gray,  capt.; 
James  I".  Fleming,  1st  liout.;  Isaac  N,  Vanhoscn,  )ai 
li(Uit.;  Jerry  Randolph,  2(1  lieut.;  John  M,  lioyd.  Jr.,  2d 
lieut.;  Isaac  N.  Vanhoseu,  2.1  lieut.;  Duncan  McViokar 
Stuart,  2d  licut. 

Co.  C. — .Andrew  J.  I.ovell,  capt.;  James  R.  Fitch,  capt.;  John 
F.  Noycs,  1st  lieut.;  (ierald  M.  Fin'cy,  Ist  lieut.;  .\lex- 
BuderS.  liuchanan,  Ist  lieut.;  Peter  t.'raiginilea,  2d  licut.; 
Alexander  ,S.  liuchanan,  2d  licut.;  Samuel  A.  Shannon,  2d 
licul. 

Co.  D. — David  C.  Dougherty,  capt. ;  Samuel  Me.Vclinnan,  lat 
licut.;  (iilhert  D.  Gray,  1st  lieut.;  Mnnus  0.  Frost,  1st 
liout  ;  Gilbert  1).  Gray,  2d  lieut.;  Albert  A.  Wilson,  2d 
liout. ;    Lewis  D.  Phillips,  2d  lieut. 

Co.  K. — l-^ihu  11.  Henry,  cnpt.;  Thoin;»a  P.  Scttwcll,  cnpt.; 
Thomns  D.Seawell,  Ist  lieut.;  James  U.  I>ngnn,  Ist  lieut.; 
Solomon  \j.  KIwood,  1st  lieut.;  James  li.  Logan,  2d  licut.; 
Solomon  L.  I'^lwood,  2d  licut. 

Co.  F. — Andrew  C  Tod.l,  capt. ;  Joseph  Walker,  cnpt. ;  Morris 
Frnzer,  capt. :  James  Crawford,  l.'t  lieul.;  Morris  Frazer, 
lat  lieut.;  Russell  T.  Stokes,  1st  lieul.;  John  Stevenson, 
2(1  lieut. 

Co.  O. — William  A.  J.  Russell,  capt. ;  James  K.  Davidson,  lat 
lieut.;  Joseph  K.  Lloyd,  1st  licut.;  Jlorris  Fraicr,  2d 
licut. ;  .I'tseph  K.  Lloyd,  2.1  licut. 

Co.  II. — James  F.  Dougherty,  capt. ;  Christian  II. ippcl,  cnpt. ; 
William  II.  White,  («pt.;  James  Kay,  Ist  lieut.;  Cyrus  C. 
Remia,  Ist  lieul.;  H.  II.  .Meiedilh,  Ist  licut.;  Jlichael  Die- 
mar,  Ist  licul.;  R.diert  P.  Todd,  2d  licut.;  A.  H.  Raum, 
2(1  licut.;   Michael  Dieinar,  2d  lieut. 

Co.  1. — Charles  A.  Gilchrist,  capt. ;  .loci  \V.  Strong,  capt. ;  Ocr 
aid  M.  Finlay,  1st  lieut.  ;  Austin  Swan,  1st  lieut.;  William 
R.  While,  Ist  lieut.;  J(diii  A.  Donaldson,  Ist  lieut.;  Samuel 
W.  Craft,  2d  lieut.;   William  R.  White,  2d  licut. 

Co.  K. — (ioorge  He|iper'"imer,  capt.;  Willi;im  Forbes,  (;apt, ; 
James  R.  Logan,  e.  Jac.ili  Keller,  1st  lieut.;   William 

II.  Fcuner,  1st  lieui.;  David  W.  .MeClurken,  l-t  lieut.; 
Charles  Weilcr,  2.1  lieul.;  Henry  H.  Mcre.lith,  2d  licut.> 
Schuyler  von  Tilllin,  2d  lieut. 

Tlie  Tenth  Regiment  rendezvoused  at  the  8t.  Louis 
arsenal  on  the  1st  of  Auou.st,  18(!1,  and  its  oiij;inal 
officers  were:  Colonel,  Che.ster  Ilurdinir,  Jr.;  lieu- 
tonant-eoloncl,  Gcorpie  l\.  Todd;'  iniijor,  Samuel  A. 
Holmes;  adjutant,  Francis  C.  Deiinliiij;;  quarter- 
master, Thorwald  Jacobson ;  surgeon,  Oliver  B. 
Payne;  a.ssistaiit  suifjeon,  A.  15.  Stuart.  On  the 
l.st  of  December,  ISCl,  Col.  Harding,  liavinj;  been 
appointed  adjutant-general  of  the  Slate  of  Mi.ssouri, 
resigned  the  colonelcy,  ai.d  Lieut. -Col.  Todd  was  pro- 
moted to  be  colonel,  and  Maj.  Holmes  to  be  lieutenant- 
colonel.  At  the  same  time  a  battalion,  known  us  the 
Twenty-first  Missouri  Infantry,  was  consolidated  with 
the  regiment,  with  A.  Urown  as  major.  Siib.sequently 
Lieut. -Col,  Ilolnies  became  colonel,  nnd  ('apt.  Leoni- 
das  Ilorney,  of  Company  A,  major.  At  the  samo 
time  three  companies  of  the  battalion  known  as  the 
Twenty-second  Mi.ssouri  Volunteers  were  consolidated 
with  the  regiment,  and  their  commander,  Lieut.  Col. 


f 


mm^:^. 


ii 


la 


"I 


iy;i 


.■"IS! 


«'i 


j{   t  i  '      It 

ij. 


466 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


John  D.  Foster,  was  made  liotitenant-coloncl  of  the 
Tenth.  After  serving;  at  various  point.s  in  Missouri, 
it  was  assigned  to  the  Army  of  the  Mississippi,  under 
Gen.  Pope,  and  participated  in  a  number  of  severe 
eniiagements.  At  the  battle  of  Corinth,  Oct.  .'$  and 
4,  1SG2,  it  recaptured  a  battery  at  the  point  of  tlie 
bayonet  and  held  its  position  against  repeated  assaults. 
In  November  and  Deeember,  1S62,  it  formed  a  part 
of  the  rxpedition  into  Central  Mississippi,  and  subse- 
(juently  served  in  Louisiana,  Arkansas,  and  Missis- 
sippi. On  the  14th  of  May,  18G3,  during  the  attack 
on  the  city  of  Jackson,  the  capital  of  Jlissi.ssippi,  the 
Tenth  had  a  desperate  fight  witli  the  Twenty-fourth 
South  Carolina  Reiiinient,  which  it  defeated  with  heavy 
loss.  On  the  ICth.  at  tlie  battle  of  Champion  llill, 
it  executed  a  bayonet  charge  which  forced  the  enemy 
back  at  a  eritical  juncture  and  elicited  the  acknowl- 
edgments of  Gen.  Grant.  During  the  charge  Lieut. - 
Col.  Homey,  wlio  commanded,  was  killed.  The  Tenth 
also  took  part  in  tlie  siege  of  Vicksburg.  At  the 
battle  of  Missionary  Ridge  the  regiment  again  distin- 
guished itself.  In  the  mean  while,  Col.  S.  A.  Holmes 
having  resigned,  Maj.  V.  C.  Deimling  was  promoted 
to  be  colonel,  Ca]it.  Christian  Happel  to  bo  lieutenant- 
colonel,  and  Capt.  Joseph  Walker  to  be  major. 
Twelfth  Regiment  Infantry,  Missouri  Volunteers: 

FlKl.t)  ANIi  Stakk. —  P.  J.  Oslorhniifi, I'ol. ;  Hugo  Wan!;plin,i'i)I.; 
Ottd  St'li:iilt,  lioiit.iol. ;  .laiiib  Knii'lior.  licul.-ciil. ;  Hugo 
Wjiiigclin,  iiinj. ;  .Iiicoli  K»rt'lier,  iii:ij. :  (iitstuviii^  I.iglitt'imt, 
in!»j. ;  Krt-tliTick  I.cilergt'rlter,  insij. :  Williiim  A.  lionlon, 
luljt.;  .Ioso|)lt  A.  Ltnlcrgerlter, ailjt.;  Chiirlcs  l.uuis  K.ntitcii, 
iiiljl.;  Antliony  Siiiis|)eiir,  ii-iii. ;  Hcrmiin  F,  Mon?,  c|.m. ; 
Chnilcs  Cook,  f urg. :  I..  II.  .Iiinglmus,  fiiig. ;  .Tosoph 
S|iiegi'llmltor,  siirg. ;  William  Fritz,  asst.  siirg. ;  .Tosepli 
Sjiit'gi'llialttT,  »?st.  surg.  J  Fryilerick  llolily,  asst.  surg. ; 
Allii'it  Kiaii^,  olmiilain. 

Co.  A. — .Incol)  Kaii'litT,  I'lipl. ;  Cllri^tian  Amlul,  capt.;  Alln'it 
Alllcck,  dipt.;  Albert  Allleck,  1ft  lioul. ;  Arthony  Kiiglc- 
uiaii,  1st  liiMit.;  Ilcrniaii  (iitiijiiibcrg,  Ift  liiut. ;  John 
Knufiiian,  Ut  lifiit.;  .lu.«cpli  A.  l.t'iliTgcrber,  2ii  lii'ut. ; 
Hi'i'innii  (Jarviiis,  '2i\  liciit.;  Casi'iiiir  Amkl,  2(1  lii'iit. 

Co.  B. — Frcilcrii'k  I.cclcigcrbcr,  capt.;  Ileriiian  (ircn/.cbcrg. 
capt.:  Cbiiflian  Aiulrl,  1st  liciit.;  Cliarlcs  l.iiuis  Kastcn, 
IjI  lii'iit. ;  William  Ik'chlrl,  ht  lii'iit.;  .Vnlon  Kngli'mnn, 
'Ju  liciit.  ;  Tiiiliu?  Tyiulale,  LM  licut.;  I'barlcs  Tbcr.v,  2il 
lictil. 

Co.  C  — Herman  llemlel,  capt.;  William  Millmann,  capt.; 
F'roilerick  Von  lioilungcn,  1ft  licut.;  Anthony  Dnglcnian, 
1ft  lieut.;  Cascmir  Andel,  1st  licut.;  Freilcriok  Dinkle- 
man, '.M  liout.;  llonry  Kirchcr, '.M  lieut.;  Fcnlinand  Dall- 
inycr,  2il  lieut. 

Co.  I>. — Julius  Fauer,  ca|it.;  Albert  Afllcck,  capt.:  Adam 
Hauft,  capt.;  William  McKcn/ie,  l?t  licut.;  Charles  (i. 
Doerg,  Ift  lieut.;  Herman  lircniebcrg,  2d  licut.;  K.  ;>chi- 
crcnlicrg,  2il  lieut.;  Henry  Pcipel,  2d  lieut. 
Co.  E.— Cliarles  lienny,  capt.;  Henry  Kircher,  capt.;  John 
Kayser,  1st  lieut.;  William  Kcinicke,  1st  licut.;  Hernnin 
Tucrk.  2d  lieut.;  Hcruinn  F.  Mons,  2il  licut.;  Theodore 
Hermann,  2d  lieut. 


Co.  F. — (tusinvus  Lightfoot,  capt.;  John  Knisir,  capt.:  vir. 

Hauft,  1st  licut.;   Herman  (Jarven.s  1st  licut.;  <'liarli!ii 

Ilocrge,    2d   lieut. j    Frederick   Meyer,   2d    licui.;  (icrj, 

Kggart,  2il  licut. 
Co.  <i. — Jtdin  Mockcnlmupt,  capt.;  .Xntbony  Englcniarui.tMt,; 

Freilcrick   Wallmiinn,    1st   licut.;    Frederick    N.W.If.  ■,. 

lieut.;  Frcdciick  SIcycr,  1st  lieul.;  Charles  I, mils  Kaiit; 

2d   lieut.;   William   Ueinekc,   2d   lieut.;    John   Kauin,,,- 

2d  lieut. 
Co.  11. — William   Schunhr,  capt.;    William    McKi  n/ii.  i.,|, 

.'\dam    Uaul't.    cnpt. ;     C'.irislian    Andcl,    capt.;    .Aniljuv 

Slcll'cns,  capt.;  0.  Steinberg,  1st  licut.:  Jo>cph  A.  l.vitr. 

gcrber.  1st  licut.;  Alex.  PreilVer.  1st  licut.;  .\iiiii'.iiv  Sij.'. 

fens,  1st  lieut.;  Tboodore   Hcrmnnn,  1st  licut.:  Alulrl,. 

."'cb'icltlcr,  2c|  licut.;   Frederick  Kcssler,  2d  li. m. 
Co.  I.— John   Alilefcld,  capt.;    Joseph   A.   I.cderg.iijor.  o.ii; 

Kol)crt  Hemic.  1st  licut.:   Henry  Seipel,  1st  litait.:  .\itr,' 

SiclTcns,  2d  lieut.:    Krnst  Arp,  2d  lieut.;   IMHaiJ  .\ci..,,( 

2d  licut. 
I   Co.  K. — C.  Von   Haselcr.  capt.:  F.  0.  Steinberg,  o.tiiI.:  W;. 

Ham  Miltman,  1st  lieut.;   Henry  Kircher,  Isl  licut.;  F  . , 

crick  Kcssler,  1st  lieut.;   Ale.\.  I'fcilTcr,  2d  licut.;  Wii:,,,;. 

IJcchtcl.  2d  licut. ;  Ernst  Schmidt,  2d  licut. 


:  TIlis  regiment  was  organized  under  Col.  P.  ,J, 
Ostcrhaus.  in  St.  Louis,  in  August,  ]8lil.    It  left  .<!. 

j  Louis  with  tlie  Fremont  expedition,  as  p;irt  of  Gen. 

[  Sigel's  division  ;  went  to  Jefferson  Ciiv.  iinJ  fruni 
there  to  Sedalia,  where  Col.  O.sterhaus  idok  coiiiiuanl 

j  of  a  brigade,  and  Lieut. -Col.  Otto  Scliailt  succoeJiJ 
him  in  the  coininand  of  the  regiment,     rrom  Sodalii 

I  it  wont  to  Sprii),i;ficld ;  from  there,  Ocioh.r  llili.  t 
Wilson's  Creek  ;  returned  October  Stli  to  i«|irin:;fii;J, 

1  and  moved  into  ([uarters  tit  Rolia. 

I       After  performing  much  active servici',  it  iookli..;i!j 

j  for  Ya/.oo  River  December  21st ;  touLilit  tlicli:iit!.-vi 

.  Chickasaw   n;iyou,  and  was  in  the  fii.-^t  ;iit;ii.k  ii|ci, 

;  Vicksburg.  Deeember  28th,  2!)lh,  anil  :!llili.  Fivni 
thence  it  returned  to  Arkansas  Fust,  J;iii.  2,  ISiI.l, 
partook  in  the  siege  and  capture  of  tliiit  p!;ioo,  aiiJ 

[  returned  from  there  to  Young's  IVint,  Lu.    In  IVli- 
ruary  it  took  boats  for  Old  Ynzoo  I'as.s,  and  foriiifti  j 
part  of  the  exi)cdition  against  Fort  IViiilicrtoii,  frnii 
which,  returning  in  the  latter  p;irt  of  .\piil.it  iU"Vri  | 
its  eainp  to  .Milliken's  Rend.     From  tliorc  it  iii.inliel 
by  way  of  Grand  (iulf,  as  a  part  of  (ion.  (irait- 
army,  upon    Vicksburg;  took   part  in  tlio  (liHiii'iiil 
battles  and  skiiinishes  before  Viek.--liiirjr:  w;is  in  ilu' 
assault  .>Iiiy  22,  ISlJU,  and  until  the  diiy  of  furroiiJirl 
of  that  phice  in  the  trenches  before  it. 

Oil  the  5ih  of  July  the  regiment  iiiniclicJ  lot':iB-| 
ton,  Mi.ss.,  where  it  was  again  engageil  with  ilici'iiiiiiVj 
on  July  10th.  and  afterwards  eiie;iin|ii'il  iwM  Iilikj 
River  bridge.  From  there  it  m;iiclu'(l  h\-  .M('ui[ilii!,J 
Corinth,  etc.,  to  luka  ;  advanced  to  Tu.si'iiinbiii.  I'lii::; 
engaged  in  frequent  skirmishes  on  tin- \v;iy,  ;iiiJ  ^^| 
celved  orders  to  join  the  United  States  I'oiws  at  Cli;iiii-J 


THE  CIVIL   WAR. 


467 


■rv'u'i'.  it  took  \iMi 
uiiilit  iheliutil<n'l  i 

first  iitiack  iii«'i. 
ami  :'.(lil).    From 

.t,  .Ian.  •!.  Vf&: 

il'  that  iihu'o,  mJ  j 
oiiU,  l.a.     Ill  W- 

Pass,  uiiJ  fori"  'i  I 
i-t  IVuilwrtoii,  fMu] 

ol'  Aiiril.itiii'wl 
Jill  tlioro  it  nmnlioi 
rt  of  (it'll.  l-'iraiit> 
ivt  ill  tlio  ilitTorent 
,.k>lMir;j; ;  was  i"  tlw  [ 

luMlayoffUrromivrj 

ro  it. 

■Ill  iiiavoluHlto(.';in-| 

i^rcbvilhilicoiioiiiyl 

Kuiiiioil  iioar  V,\M 

irc'liod  l.y  Momifej 

toTusi'iiiiil)ia.l"ini1 

on  tlio  wiiy,  iiiiJ  n 
atesl'oixesatCli;iiiH 


HOOL'a.  wli''''*^  it  partook  in  flie  battles  of  Cliattanoojin, 
jjinirjTiild.  and  Missionary  Riiljro. 

NoioL-'iment  lost  more  severely  in  officers  and  men, 
•ind  in  the  faiiiou.s  fliarge  on  the  enemy's  works  at 
Vicksbni'-'  it  met  the  terrific  fire  with  j.'reat  heroism. 

Fiftoi'iith  Kegiiuent  Infantry,  Jlissouri  Volunteers: 

Finn  AM'^rM'P. — Fnincis.I.  .luliat,  m\. ;  Josciih  Cunrml,  I'cil.; 
Williii'ii  .laciiii'nn,  lieiii.-Cdl.:  Joseph  Conrnil,  licut.-col,;   , 
.lolui    Wi'lior.    Iii'ut.-C(il. ;    (icorjje    Liiiulry.    iiinj.;    John  i 
Wcl'iT,  iiiitj. :  II.  I''.  Diet/.,  iimj. ;  l''rftiuMs  MohrlitirtU,  innj. ; 
Cciir'!'  Ili'llninn,  iiil.it.;  Adolphu!'  ."'ehustcr,  mljt. :   Miirtiii 
Si'linuilLT.  ndjt. ;  FrcJi'riek   Mpps,  ad.it. ;  Chiirlc's   I'oriTl, 
.1.111.;  .Iiii'iib  (iios?,  q.iii.;  Chiirlca  I'oirut,  ri.iii.  ;   Aihilphu.'i 
Kraiiiiiiiii,  q.in.;  AVm.  Sti'iger,  surg. ;  John   Krn^t,  surg.: 
.\iigii>t  U'liich,  surg. ;  Hiillen  Iti'ilz,  B8.«t.  surg. ;    John   li. 
Cliiillii'.  ii.<«t.  surg.;  Kilwiinl  KoIUt,  ohii|iliun. 
\  _,lii,i|ih    .M.  Kliiier,  ciipt.  ;    Fruneis  L'ligei',  cii]it. ;    Kil- 
ward  III-  lioiilo,  ciipt. ;    (Joorgo   Kin.''t,   1st  lifut. ;    Jacob 
Vw'f.  Ui  lieut.;   Aihilphiis   Knliiinnn,    1st  licut. ;    .Incob 
ling:;,  i!'l  lii'"'- ;   Mi'ica  Rigoni,  2il  liriit.;  Ailolplius  Ki\l- 
iiiaiin,  2'!  lieiil.:  Anton  Tanner,  2(1  lieut. 
li.— .lulni  Wclier,  capl, ;  (leoigc  Krnst,  mipt.  :  lleniy  \el- 
snn,  1st  lieut. ;  Francis  I'ngcr,  1st  lieut.  ;  Friihilin  liainnel, 
l.itliriit.;  Frank  Unger,  2il  llciit. :  (ieo.  AU)crt,  2<l  lieut.; 
Christian  IJucinzius.  2ii  lieut.  ;  Win.  Eiserinann,  2il  lieut. 
(\_Jlolihiiir  /iinnuTinan,  ciipt.:  Martin  Suliroeiler,  capt.; 
.laciili  liiiiss,  capt. :  John  (!.  Ueis,  capt. ;   Frederick  I'nger, 
lit  lieut. ;  Jacob  dross,  1st  lieut. :  Justin  'froxler,  1st  lieut. ; 
ilcop'i' A.  llaiicr,  1st  lieut. ;  Jacob  Sceli,  2il  lieut. ;  Justin 
Tiexlcr,  2il  lieut. :    Frederick  Lipps,  2il  lieut.;    Frederick 
Kokorl.  2d  lieut. ;   llennann  Koeiiig.  2d  lieut. 
|i,_,lacnl)  Straub,   capt.;     Louis   licrgau,    capt.:    (lustav 
l.iukliiiiaii.  Isl  lieut. :   .Martin  Schroeder.  1st   lieut.;  John 
I'ci.'lil,  1st  lieut. :   Martin  Schroedcr,  2il  lieut. ;   Victor  Van- 
ilcriioale.  2d  liout.  ;    (ieorgo  F.  KIwerth,  2d  lieut.;    John 
Kraelio.  2d  lieut. 
.  K.— Jidin  Wildbcrgcr,  cnpt.;   (leorge  Isenstein,  capt. ;  Max 
ilaciloii,  1st  lieut.;    Samuel    Iteisenger,    1-t    lieut.;    John 
llucrki,   1st    lieut.;     Sauiuel   Uexiii>;er,    2d    lieut.;    John 
Piistcl,2d  lieut. ;  I'liiirles  Kellncr,  2d  lieut. ;  John  lichrend, 
:J  lieut. 
.  v.— Francis    Morhardt,    capt.;     Samuel    Rc.xingcr,   capt.; 
C'iu«laiiliiie  .\lierle.  1st  lieut.  ;   Fdwanl  Deliorde,  Isl  lieut.; 
FrcJcriek  Mckert,  1st  lieut.;  Zebastien  Zahiier,  2d  lieut.; 
l-ilBaril  Deborde,  2d  lieut.;  (leorge  Morhardt.  2il  lieut. 
j.  li.— ilcoigc    liirg,  capt.;    (leorge   Muller,  capt.;    Kdnard 
Kiicnij;,  Isl  lieut.;  (leorge  Muller.  1st   lieut.;    Herman  C. 
Koi'iner,  1st  lieut.;  (leorge  Muller,  2d  llJul. ;   lleriuan  C. 
K"erncr,  2il  lieut.;  John   llucrki,  2d  lieut. ;  I'liarles  liret- 
J     Jvhiu'itlcr.  2d  lieut. 

|C'.  II.— .hiliii  (!.  Ueis.  capt.;  John  Hiengiirtncr.  capt.;  John 
Kri'bs,  capt.;  Jo.seph  F.bner,  1st  lieut.;  .lohii  Itrengartncr, 
Ifllieiit.;  William  llnrk,  1st  lieut.;  John  Hrengartner,  2il 
lieut.;  Frederick  I).  KIwerth,  2d  lieut.;  Fridolin  Koiiinel, 
M  licul. ;  William  Hark,  2d  lieut. ;  Ueorgu  Iliirr,  2il  lieut. 
.  I.— KdwarJ  Ricliter,  capt.;  Ailolplms  Schuster,  capt.; 
licorgo  Isenstein,  1st  lieut. :  Adolplius  Schuster,  1st  lieut. ; 
■liilui  Kri'lis,  Isl  lieut.;  Ma.\  (ioeilon,  1st  lieut.;  .\dolphn3 
srlni-ler.  2d  lieut.;  Jcdin  Krchs,  2d  lieut.;  .losepli  Shaer, 
2il  lieat. 

K.— .lulin  .Iccklin,  capt.;  Ilcnry  Nel.'on,  capt,;  I'lrich 
Sihivenilciier,  capt.;  I'lrich  Scliwendencr,  1st  lieut.; 
Xicli..liis  11.  Uaudall,  Isl  lieut.;  .lacob  llross,  2d  lieut.; 
lucolj  I.ciipp,  2J  lieut.;  Casiuiir  .Muri,  2d  lieut. 


Co. 


Co. 


Co. 


This  rcpinient  was  formed  in  Au;jiist,  ISOl,  and 
was  in  active  service  continually,  its  losses  in  the 
many  enjjagonients  in  which  it  took  part  beinj;  ex- 
tremely severe,  both  in  men  and  officers.  .\s  a  part 
of  the  Army  of  the  Cumberland,  it  was  constantly  in 
the  front,  and  in  the  battles  of  Murfree.sboro',  Chieka- 
maui;a,  and  Missionary  Ividi^oits  behavior  was  horoic. 

Seventeenth  Keginieiit  Infantry,  Missouri  Volun- 
teers : 

FlKi.ii  AX1>  Stah-k. — Friinz  Ilassendeubcl,  col. ;  John  F.  Cramer, 
col.:  John  F.  Cramer,  lieut. -col. ;  August  II.  I'oten,  luaj.; 
l-'erd.  Niegeiuann.  iiiiij. :  Franrds  Homer,  miij. ;  Frederick 
I.eser,  adjt. ;  .Xdolphus  Uodenbruek,  ailjt. ;  Jcdin  Schenk, 
q.ni.  ;  Adolph  Iloesch,  surg. ;  Herman  Huhrick,  surg. ;  .1. 
li.  .Mc(^oiiiiaugli.v,  surg.;  Herman  Hubrick,  asst.  surg.  j 
J.  r>.  McCoiinaiigliy.  asst.  surg.;  (leorge  Hoist,  nsst.surg. ; 
Andrew  .\dani,  asst.  surg.;  Charles  Bruckner,  asst.  surg.  j 
Herman  Fehriiuiiin,  chiiplain. 

A.— .August  W.  Ilusche,  capt.;  Theodore  \Veller,  capt.; 
John  (i.  Canggitth,  cnpt. ;  ilulius  Wagner,  1st  lieut. ;  Julius 
Muller.  1st  lieut.;  liobert  Iiauge,  1st  lieut.;  Julius  Muller, 
2d  lieut. ;  Morris  ,Iac(d>i.  2d  lieut. ;  Theodore  (i.  Knapp,  2d 
lieut.;  .\dulphus"l!odcnbriick,  2d  lieut.;  Conrad  -Andres, 
2d  lieut. 

H. — William   Andre,  capt.;    .liilius   Muller,  capt.;    Louis 
Vnss,  Isl  lieut.:  Wiii.Slreisguth,  1st  lieut.;  John  G.  Lang- 
gutli,    1st   lieut.;    Herman  0.   Kottberg,    1st   lieut.;    Win. 
Streisguth,  2d  lieut.:   Louis  I>armstaetter.  2d  lieut.;  John 
(i.  Langgutli,  2d  lieut,;   .Andrew  Mocs,  2d  lieut, 
C.  —  Francis   Homer,  capt.:   Adolph  Iloeltselier,  cnpt. ;  Jo- 
seph Fries.  1st  lieut.:  .Adolph  lioettschcr.  1st  lieut.:  Charles 
liruno,  1st  lieut.;  James  T.  .Mollinkrott.  Isl  lieut.;  Steidien 
Sutler,  2d  lieut. ;    liobert  Lange,  2d  lieut. ;  (icorgc  Moehl, 
2d  lieut. 
Co.  I). —  Frederick   N'iegcrmnn,  c.ipt. ;    I'aul    Morensky,  capt.; 
Louis    Darmstaetter,    capt.;     I'raneis    (iulde,    1st     lieut.; 
Henry    Necn.    1st    lieut.;    .August    IJoctt.stdier,    2d    lieut.; 
Frederick  Martin,  2d  lieut. 
Co.  F. — Wm.  Fuchs.  capt. ;  Joseph  Fries,  cnpt. ;  August  Fischer, 
capt. :  Theodore  Weller,  1st  lieut.;  Theodore  (!.  Knaup,  1st 
lieut.;  Julius   Montzlieiiuer,   1st  lieut.;    Adolplius   Uoden- 
bruek, 1st  lieut.;  Conrad  Aiulres,  1st  lieut.;   Paul   Moren- 
sky, 2d  lii'ut. ;  August  Fischer,  2d  lieut. :  Ilcrinan  0.  Uott- 
berg,  2d  lieut. 
Co.  V. — Cbjirles  Hooking,  cnjit. ;  Hugo  (iollmer,  capt.:   Francis 
(Julde.  capt. :   Charles  Zimiuer,  1st  lieut. ;   .August    Fischer, 
1st  lieut.;  Leonard  .A.  Horn,  1st  lieut.;  August  llaunitzky, 
2il  lieut.:   AVilliam  Christ,  2d  lieut.;   Herman  (I.  Kottberg, 
2d  lieut. 
Co.  (5.— Francis  Wilhelm,  capt.;  Fdnard  Schneller.  1st  lieut.; 
.lohn    Kaegi,    1st   lieut.;     Louis    Darmstaetter,   1st  lieut,; 
John    .A.   Shaub,    1st    lieut.;    August   Spiuncr,  2d    lieut.; 
Charles  0.  Druno,  2d  lieut. ;  John  A.  Shiiub,  2d  lieut. 
Co.  II,— .Adolph   Ehlert,  capt.;    John    Kaegi,  capt.;   John   M. 
Manzlingcr.  1st  lieut.;  August  Haunitiky,  Ist  lieut.;  (lus- 
tav   Wctzlaw,  1st  licnt, ;   Henry   Ncan,  2d   lieut.;  Jas.  T. 
M.dlincrolt,  2d  lieut. 
(^1.  I. — Charles    Keiss,   capt.:   Edward   Schneller,  capt.:  .lohn 
Kaegi,  1st  lieut. ;    I'lU'l   .Moreut/.ky,  1st  lieut :   Hobeit    Fis- 
I  her,  1st  lieut. ;  John  Ueiiihardt,  2d  lieut. ;  Uobert  Fischer, 
2d  lieiil.  ;  .lulliis  Lhlenhiilh,  2il  lieut. 
C'l.  K. — Adolph  Scbill,   capt.;  Charles  Itruno,  capt. :   Heriiian 
lliern,    1st  lieut.;    John    H.    Peterson,   Ut  lieut.;    Julius 
Montzhuimer,  2d  lieut. ;   Pulcr  Iliisscndeubel,  2il  liuut, 


ill! 


\m 


4G8 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


y '  «■ 


This  rc<>imcnt  was  orpinizcJ  by  order  of  Miij.(  Jen. 
Fremont  in  August,  1801,  and  took  a  prominent 
part  in  tlio  following  buttles :  IVa  Hidge,  Searcy 
Landin<r,  Ark.,  Cliiukasaw  Bayou,  Miss.,  Arkansa.s 
Post,  Ark..  Fourteen-Mile  Creek,  Miss.,  Jaek.'*on, 
Jliss ,  Vieksburg,  Miss.,  Canton,  Mi.ss.,  Lookout 
Mountain,  Mis.si()iiary  Hidge,  and  lliiifijiiild,  Ala. 

Col.  IIa.s.sondeubei  died  of  wounds  received  before 
Vicksburji,  Miss.  Tiio  regiment  lost  severely  in  offi- 
cers and  men,  and  on  every  occasion  proved  itself 
wortby  of  the  highest  commendation. 

The  Thirtieth  Regiment  Infantry,  Mi.ssouri  Volun- 
teers, was  organized  in  October,  1SG2,  and  its  officers 
wore : 

B.  0.  Fiirrar,  I'ol.;  .I.)lin  W.  KIctcaicr,  licut.-col.  i  Otto  Sulimlt, 
lioiit.-col. ;  John  W.  Kltlt'licr,  iiiiij. ;  .laiiics  .**.  I'lirrnr,  ninj. ; 
John  P.  Colcnmn,  iiiljt. ;  Amos  1*.  Foster,  q  in. ;  Hiihrrt 
1'.  Fcndick,  ().iii.:  Web.ster  li.  Siirgcnt,  fiirg. ;  Webster  I'. 
tSar;;ent,  :i:<st.  surg. ;  Jiiinc.4  Hill,  us.st.  ."iirg. ;  llobert  J. 
Sloan,  asst.  8urg. ;  J.  U.  Uotlgerii,  cliu|ilain,  i 

The  regiment  formed  part  of  Blair's  brigade,  and 
participated  in  most  of  the  battles  of  the  campaigns 
on  the  Missis.sippi  and  in  the  interior. 

The  Tliiily-first  Regiment  was  organized  in  St. 
Louis  on  tlic  7th  of  October,  1SG2,  witli  the  follow- 
ing officers : 

Thomas  C.  Fletcher,  eol. ;  .''anuiel  I'.  Simpson,  liciit.-onl. :  Fred- 
erick Jaensoh,  iniij. ;  Kobeit  M.  Siviinder.  ailjt. :  Win.  1!. 
Pratt,  ailjt.;  Win.  II.  Itarlow,  ([.in. :  CliiMvhill  1).  .Sirotlier 
Mirg. ;  Oliver  II.  P.  Stone,  asst.  snrg. :  .luliii.s  A.  Uii^'O, 
nsjt.  surg. ;  10.  II.  Iloirinan,  asst.  suii;. 

The  regiment  was  incorporated  with  the  brigade  of 
Gen.  F.  V.  Blair.  At  Chickasaw  Bluffs,  Dec.  21), 
18(i2,  the  regiment  lost  two  hundred  and  eighteen 
killed,  wounded,  and  missing,  and  its  commander, 
Col.  Fletcher,  was  wounded  and  captured.  At  Look- 
out Mountain  and  Jlissionary  Itidge  the  Thirty-first 
was  also  in  the  thickest  of  the  light,  and  behaved 
with  conspicuous  courage. 

The  Thirty-third  Regiment  Infantry,  Mis.souri  Vol- 
unteers, was  the  seventh  in  the  quota  of  eight  regi- 
ments raised  by  the  State  under  President  Lincoln's 
call  for  three  hundred  thousand  trooj)s  in  July,  1802. 
It  was  organized  on  tlie  5tli  of  September  by  Clinton 
B.  Fisk,  who,  having  been  promoted  to  a  brigadier- 
generalship  Nov.  24,  18(i2,  was  succeeded  as  colonel 
of  the  regiment  by  William  A.  Pile.  The  other 
officers  were ; 

William    II.    Ilcnlh,    lieiit.-col. ;    (Jcorge   W.   Vanbeck,    maj.;   | 
Oeorgo  .\.  llolloHiiy,  ailjt. ;   I'MwanI  S.  Day,  ailjt.;  T.vinan 
U.  Uiiiley.ij.in. ;  Thomas  Smith,  surg. ;  AiiieliiisT.  Ilartlett, 
Burg.;   Albert   II.  Sawyer,  asist.  surg.;    Milton   Kile,  n.ist. 
Burg. 


After  serving  at  various  poinis  in  Mi.ssouri,  ji  !„;„,,] 
Fisk's  brigade,  and  sulwctpiently  funned  pirtufil, 
White  River  expedition  to  Diivall's  BlufV. 

Tlie  Knginoer  Regiment  of  the  West,  Missouri 
volunteers,  was  organized  at  the  St.  Louis  iii<oi]i,|  ,„ 
the  2(Jth  of  July,  18(11,  by  Col.  J.  W.  ilissell.  T!y 
officers  were  Col.  J.  W.  Bissell,  who  was  siicii>,.,li,]|,| 
July,  18(11,  by  Col.  Henry  Flad  ;  licuteiiaiit-ni|,ii|,^ 
successively  Charles  K.  Adams,  Henry  Flail,  Wiiliim 
Twccddale ;  majors,  successively  M.  S.  Ilasji',  Wj'. 
liam  Twccddale,  Henry  Flad,  and  Kbeii  M.  Ilili 
surgeons,  Charles  S.  Skelton,  John  C.  liook,  an] 
Charles  Knowcr  (assistant  surgeon).  In  Ociir 
18tili,  the  regiment  was  reorganized  with  ilio  liillu^. 
ing  officers  : 

Henry  Flail,  ool.  ;  WilllnMi  Twcp'lilale,  lieut.-enl. ;  Kroleriftr 
Nichols',  mnj.;   F.lien   .M.  Hill,  maj. ;   Ilamillun  Hiil.inr 
John  C.  Hook,  surg.;  Charles  Knower,  Uf>t.  .-icirj;  ;  liia 
Wright,  eha|ilain. 

The  First  Regiment  Artillery,  Missouri  Vohiiiioor', 
was  formed  on  the  1st  of  September,  ISiil,  |iv  ili,.  j 
conversion  of  the  First  Regiment  of  Iiifaniiv.  Mis- 
souri Volunteers,  into  iiriillery.  The  first  cilniuiwis  j 
Francis  P.  Blair,  who,  beini:  promoted  to  a  liii^aili  r- 
general.liip,  was  succeeded,  Sept.  1,  ISdi',  liy  .Jnlm 
V'.  Dubois,  who  resigned  Oit.  1-1,  18(i2.  ],iini.-('i|. 
Warren  L.  Lothrop  was  then  ]iriiini)tcil  to  ilu' (nii;. 
:uand  of  the  regiment.  The  lieuleiiaiit-culoinl.  ,1'  | 
the  regiment  in  succession  were: 

JnniCJi  Tot!en  (proinoted  to  brigailler-gcneral).  W,irrcn  ]..\«. 
thro|>,  and  A.  .M.  I'nwull :  major-,  .lolin  V.  |lu>ii'is,.lMLnM.  j 
Schotield,  Warren  1,.  I,othro|>.  (leorge  II.  Simu-,  A.  M, 
Powell,  Tlioiiian  1).  .Maiiriee,  David  .\liii-|iliv,  \<-l-i.n  l'.,;i., 
t'harles  .Mann  :  William  Hill,  sing  ;  Josejih  lir'«'l.!, clu)i. 
lain  ;  lleorgo  W.  Seholield,  eapt. 

At  the  battle  of  Fort  Donelson,  the  .'^oininl  iJiHai- 1 
ion,  consisting  of  Batteries  1),  II,  and  K,  woii^ratj 
distinction,  and  at  the  battle  of  Sliilnli  tliu  n 'uiim lit  I 
had  live  batteries  engaged.  Weltlcy's  lialliiv,  :it  IVal 
Ridge,  and  Murphy's,  Cole's,  and  Backurs,  at  I'lairicj 
Grove,  also  rendered  efl'eciive  service.  At  lliobilllrij 
of  luka  and  Corinth,  at  the  sicue  of  Viiksbiiii;, anJl 
at  Murfreesboio',  Chickamauga,  liiinknut  .^lllUlll:lill,l 
and  other  important  battles  one  or  niiiiv  Lattiiiwufl 
the  regiment  participated.  In  fact,  the  First  .MisMUirij 
was  represented  in  almost  every  engau'iiiuiit  ul' any  j 
magnitude  in  the  West,  and  is  clainuil  to  li:ivocuii.| 
tributcd  more  general  and  Held  oflicers  than  aiiyoilii'rl 
regiment  in  the  United  States  service,  not  iiiLluJi;i;;l 
the  line  officers. 

The  Second  Regiment  of  Artillery,  Missmiii  Vnl.l 
unteers,  was  organized  in  the  autuiiiii  uf  ISlil.aiidl 
was  chiefly  employed  in  garrisoning  the  forts  aLoutl 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


4G9 


St,  I.iinis.    Tho  men   composing  it  wore  ncnrly  all     ro<;iment.      The  Fourth   snw  niueh   nctivn    pervico 


from  the  (!eriii:iii  pnpuhitioii.     The  officers  wore  ; 

llcnrv  Alin-li''lt,  ool.;  Joseph  Woyilcinoycr,  lioiil, -col. ;   Tlii'o.  \ 
(lore  \Vilkini4,  niiij.;    Dotninick    Urhnn,   iniij.;    Doininiclt 

Irlinii,   niljt. ;    John    J.    \Vil/.ij»,    (j.iii.;     Kinil    SoiMiinnn,  ! 

fUTf.:    1.  li.  I'oiiilroin,  siirj;. ;   John    Jiv.'ob  Sohiilte,  asift.  j 
furk'.:  .1. 1'.  I'onil''"'".  »**'■ '"rS- )  Williiim  C.  Kinliiw,  asst. 

furg.  i   lliigo  Krcbs,  chaphiin.  j 

Altaclu'il  to  the  reuimciit  was  tho  fiiinous  indcpen-  ' 
)ont  buttery  of  Mi.-'souri  horso  artillery  known  as  ! 
.L.,i,(ljriaeber's,"  from  the  name  of  tho  commander, 

j  Ciipt.  Clem.  Jiandiiriiobcr,  who  was  dubbed   by  tho  I 
eiiciuy  "  the  Flyin:r  Dutchman,"  on  account  of  tho  ' 
foloritv  of  his  movements.     The  battery  took  part  in 
many  eiii-Mgements,  and  always  behaved  with  gallantry 

\  ai.d  credit. 

The  Seeoiid  llogimcnt  was  reorganized  in  the  fall 

I  of  ISli;^,  the  officers  beinj;  Nelson  Cole,  licutcnant- 
imIoiicI  coiiinianding ;  Frank  Backof,  major ;  J.  B. 
I'lHiJroiii,  surgeon  ;  William  C.  Finlaw,  assistant  sur- 

I  fOllIl. 


during  the  war,  and  gained  an  enviable  reputation. 
The  officers  were : 

(5.  v..  Will  in;;,  Jr.,  col.  i  Ituilnlph  Tilome,  liciil.-i-ol. ;  Oustav  Von 
llelini'irli,  ticut.  col. ;  Kii^cno  Kiltniin9C;;go,  ninj.;  (lusta- 
\'U9  M.  KlbcMt,  niDJ.:  I'Mwiird  lian^en,  niaj.;  !']intnic  AIos- 
aro.'*,  niiij, ;  .liiinc.^  V.  lUvight,  niaj.  ;  It.  (^  liudtow,  maj. ; 
(inslarnn  IlcinrieliK,  niiij. ;  Jiinics  I'',  nwight,  ailjt. ;  Ilnnn 
Hanson,  ailjt.;  .losclyn  S.  Foulkcf,  q.ni.;  JoHclyn  S. 
Fonlkc:',  q.ni. ;  Charles  A.  Snell,  coinniiE'riary  ;  lOinil  Schur- 
biicli,  commissary  ;  Henry  \V.  Nichols,  surg. ;  William  A. 
Wilcu.v,  siir;;. ;  Jacob  .AtTuMcr,  aBst.  8urg. 

The  Tenth  llegimont  of  Cavalry,  Slissouri  Volun- 
teers, was  organized  in  December,  18G2,  by  Florence 
M.  Cornyn,  at  Camp  Magazine,  near  Jefferson  Bar- 
racks, Mii-souri.     The  officers  were  : 

Florence  M.  Cornyn,  col.,  killoil  Aug.  10,  ISC'!;  Amlrow  J. 
Alcxaniler,  col.j  William  U.  liowcn,  licut.-col.  j  Thomas 
Hync!",  iniij.;  Frcilerick  W.  Ilcnteen,  niiij. ;  William  11. 
Liisk,  niiij.;  Thomas  Hynei',  mljt.;  Jereniiiili  F.  Young, 
ndjt. ;  Itonoan  McNicol,  q.m. ;  Albert  K.  Hull,  q.m, ;  Mi- 
chael llavoUl,  eommisiiiiry  ;  Kdwaril  L.  Feclian,  surg. ; 
William  L,  Tallnian,  as^t.  surg. 

The  regiment  distinguished  itself  in  tho  campaign 


The  First  Regiment  Cavalry,  Missouri  Volunteers, 
Msnuistered  into  .service  under  {.'ol.  C.  A.  Ellis,  on  '<  „f  the  spring  of  1803  against  Van  Dorn,  and  subso- 


Itlio  liili  of  September,  18(il,  at  Jefferson  Barracks, 
liisnii'iiibeisliip  being  largely  composed  of  citizens  of 
I  St.  Louis.    Its  officers  were  : 


ICjliiii  A.  Kllii'.eol. ;  John  F.  Rittcr,  col. ;  Freilerick  W.  Lewis. 
lii'iit.  C"l.;  .Icihn '!'.  Price,  lient. -col. ;  John  J.  Joslyn,  lieut.- 
oiil.;  J.  Jl.  Ilubbanl,  niaj. ;  Henry  Townslcy,  iniij. ;  Albert 
r.  IVubmly,  iiiuj.  i  Charles  Uanzhol',  niaj. ;  Henry  J.  Stier- 
liii,  mnj. :  .lolin  J.  Joslyn,  muj. :  Harry  Wilile,  ii'ljt. ;  Sam- 
uel Ciiiilwcll,  ailjt. ;  .loscph  Tinker,  loljl. ;  W.  T.  Hamilton, 
ajjt,;  .Iiilm  C.  Crane,  q.m.;  T.  J.  (JoMcn,  q.ni.;  .loscph 
K.  Lynch,  surg.;  W.  W,  Ilnilcy,  asst.  surg. ;  Thomas  W. 
Jones,  oli:i|ilain  ;  James  1'.  Crai;.;,  commissary. 


([uently  in  various  raids  in  Alabama  and  Tenne.«sec. 

Carondelot  Home  Guards,  Co.  A  (independent),  or- 
ganized in  June,  1801  ;  captain,  Henry  Nagel ;  first 
lieutenant,  August  A.  Blumcnthal,  Jr.  ;  second  lieu- 
tenant, William  B.  Putnam  ;  aggregate  strength,  one 
hundred  and  twenty-.scven. 

Sajipcrs  and  Miners,  Homo  Guards,  Co.  A  (indepen- 
dent), organized  in  May,  1801  ;  captain,  J.  D.  Voer- 
ster;  aggregate  strength,  two  hundred  and  thirty- 
throe.  This  company,  organized  by  authority  of 
Gen.  Lyon,  consisted  of  two  classes,  mechanics  and 
The  regiment  rendered  valuable  service  in  the  cam-  j  laborers,  and  the  duty  performed  was  partly  in  tho 
fiiiiis  in  Mi.s.siiini  and  Arkansas.  city  of  St.  Louis  and  at  tho  arsenal  grounds,  build- 

Tho  Fourth  Ilegiment  cf  Cavalry,  Missouri  Volun-  I  ing  batteries,  stables,  outbuildings,  etc.  At  Hoonvilic 
leers, WHS  formed  by  the  consolidation  of  the  Fremont  i  it  built  fortifications,  repaired  roads,  and  ferried 
lliisius  and  Benton  Hussars,  two  battalions  of  six  ;  troops  across  Grand  and  Osage  Rivers.  It  also  built 
pipimies  eaeh,  organized  by  authority  of  Gen.  Fre-  '  a  masked  battery  at  Ironton,  and  repaired  roads  irom 
or  in  tlie  fiill  of  1801.  Tho  First  Western  Cav-  Rolla  to  Springfield,  rind  continued  in  such  service 
ilrv,  Fremont  Hussars,  was  organized  at  tho  Abbey  '  until  August,  1801. 

rack,  St.  Louis,  and  under  tho  command  of  Slaj.  '       First  Regiment   Tnfatitry,  Missouri  State  Militia, 
leor.'c  E,  Waring,  Jr.,  accompanied  Gen.   Fremont  ;  organized  in  the  spring  of  1802 : 

in  his   Western    expedition.        In    January,    1802,  j  Fiki.h  vsn  St.\i-k.— John  B.  Gray,  col. ;  John  F.  Tyler,  col.: 

Johe   F.  Tyler,  lieut.-col.;   John    N.   Herder,  '.ieut.-oo!  ; 


i\o<Ki,s  battalion  of  Missouri  cavalry  was  consolidated  ! 

piili  the  Fremont  Hussars,  under  the  name  of  tho  \ 

>iiirih  Missouri  Caviilry,  and  ^laj.  Waring  was  com-  , 

inissioiiwl  eolonel   of   the    regiment.      Subsequently  i 

lnoj's  battalion  was  withdrawn  from  the  command, 

m  three  companies  of  tho  "  Hallan    Horse"  were  i 

IW.    Tlie.se  also  wore  finally  withdrawn,  and  the  i 

Mtoii  Hussars  were   then   incorporated   with   tho  1 


John  N.  Herder,  niaj.;  Charles  Hiehle,  mnj.;  William 
Fylers,  adjt. ;  ti.  H.  O.  KcUraann,  ailjl. ;  (umi.  II.  Steward, 
((lu.;  (iiistavus  U.  Spannagel,  ij.-in. ;  Thomas  McAIartin, 
siirg.;  Charles  H.  HukIios,  surg. ;  H.  \*".  Jones,  asst.  surg. ; 
Frederick  H.  I'helps,  asst.  surg.;  William  A.  W-leo.x,  asst. 
surg.;  Allcii  M.  I,ee,  asst.  surg. 
Co.  A.  — (jcorge  II.  Kversolc,  eapt. ;  Charles  C.  liyrne,  capt.; 
Hugh  iMcKnna,  1st  lieut.;  Amlrew  J.  Hughes,  l«t  lieut.  ; 
William  A.  Sluder,  2d  llcut. ;  Uenjamin  F.  Fish,  2d  liuut. 


t  1 


'fR^^fil 


,11 


-     .1 


.f  ■' 


m 


!i 


\ 

'i    '} 

1^ 

r 

ii 

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lit 

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li 

470 


HISTOllY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Co.  IJ.-  — Froderii'k  .1.  T.ubbL>rii)^,  I'jipt. ;  Fruilortok  IvruuttT,  1st 

liutit. ;  Wolrutl  Si'iMMiriiiiiiin.  LM  tioiit. 
Ci).  r.  -Diiviil    W.   Kosciietoin,  I'lipt. ;   Albert    X.  liuinson,   Ist 

lii'ut. ;  John  Dinshcur,  LM  liuiit. 
Cu.  I). — I'lUrick   F.  l.oiiKrgitn,  eiipt.;  Jolm  F.  !■.  .Iiiooby,  Ist 

Ik'iit.;   I.^niiu    II.  SIsson,    \fi   licul.;    Niiuc    II.  .'^i.'saii,  I'd 

lieiit.;  Jiiiiioa  C.  Dooth,  2(1  lii'Ut.;  Jiiiuus    II.   Wiiwsoii,  2(1 

llctit. 
Co.  K. — (.'linrlc.s  A.  M(!ycr,  ciipt. ;  (hislavus   It.  Spnnnngol,  Ht 

lioiit.;   Henry  Kollin);,  l.ttllout.;   Itoliort  .Mh(.'S,  2<l  licut.; 

i'liili|i  lluclin,  LM  litmt. 
Co.  V. — .lolin  I)i(;tri(;li,  uiipt. ;  Frimk  ISIueker,  Ist  lieut.;  Ilunry 

Dietrich,  2.1  lieut. 
Co.  0. — .Tiiinos  I).  Wiilters.eivpt.  ;  t'hiirles  ItichIc,  (-iipt. ;  .Toaopli 

AVcber,  eiipt.  ;  'rhnniiis  Thoiiiii!',  Ift  lieut.;  .Joseph  Wibur, 

Ist  lioul.;  John   Fe.'.'der,    Ist  lieut.;  John   W.  (liiriitt,  2(1   i 

licut.  ;  .John  i'"esslcr,  2(1  lieut. ;   Lewi-'J  Jerg(?r,  2(1  liout, 
Co.  II.— Jo.-^iiih  (".  Smith,  cftpl.  ■  .lohn  A.  Veilh,enpl.:  John  F. 

W.  Delle,  eiipt.  ;   Williurn  A.  I,"nl,  Isl  licut.  ;  John  F.  W. 

Dctto,  1st  lieut.;  John  (i.  llroein-^cr.  1st  lieut.:  Frjinci.s  M, 

Avey,  2(1  licut.;  J.  (1.  liroem.ser,  2J  licut.;   Feli.x  Uoulre- 

villc,  2(1  li(>ut. 
Co.  I. — (Icorgo  P.  Covert,  ciipt. ;  John  U.  Couipton,  c'lipt. ;  John 

A.  I'liyne,  cnpt. ;  John   A.   I'liyno,  Ist  lieut.  ;   Williiiin  AV. 

Ourris,   1st  lieut.;  John    K.  Complin.  2(1  lieut.;  Williiini 

W.  Burris,  2(1  licut.;  Alexnnder  S.  I'ilelier,  2(1  licut.  [ 

Co.  K. — John  Uupp,  c'.ipt.;  Fcrdiniind  \Vii;;enruchr,  1ft  lieut.: 

Alexnnder  ."'chriidcr,    Ut  licut.;  Alexander  .'^ohrader,  2d 

licut.;   August  Iloirbiiucr.  2(1  licut. 

This  regiment  was  foriiieJ  by  the  cDnceiitration  of 
the  various  infantry  coinpaiiios  of  3Ii.ssouri  State 
militia  whieli  had  been  raised  in  St.  Louis  and  other 
portions  of  the  State  on  the  VM\  of  May,  18(12.  It 
was  retained  in  St.  Louis,  performing  prison •5:;uard, 
proYo.st  guard,  and  other  duty,  until  early  in  Oeiobor, 
lStl2,  when  it  was  sent  to  Pilot  Knob,  Mo.,  with  a 
view  to  participating  in  the  tlien  expected  e.\pedition 
to  Little  Uouk.  Subsequently,  h(jwever,  all  but  two 
Cdiiipanics  (C  and  I)  were  placed  upon  bridge-guard 
duty  along  the  line  of  the  Iron  "juntain  Railroad. 
The  two  companies  above  referred  to  participated  in 
an  expedition  into  Arkansas  which  was  sent  out  from 
Patterson  to  Pocahontas,  Ark.,  in  the  month  of  No- 
vonibcr,  18()2. 

The  First  Kegiiuont  of  Enrolled  Slissouri  Militia 
(mainly  recruited  in  St.  Louis)  was  organiz(!d  in  the 
f;ill  of  18(52.  Its  officers  were  William  P.  Fenn, 
col. ;  Ilobcrt  C.  Allen,  lieut. -col. ;  Hiram  Iiiinan,  maj. ; 
.Alexander  McElhinney,  adjt.;  John  McDonald, 
f|.n).  ;  Leonard  Ii.  Holland,  q.m. ;  L,  D.  Morse, 
surg. 

First  St.  Louis  County  Battalion,  Enrolled  Mis- 
souri Militiu : 

Fit:i.n   AM)  ."^TAKK. — W.  J.   A.  ."^niitli,  licut. -col,;  .'^utnucl   T. 

Henley,  iidjt. ;    AVilliiim  K.  Viiugliiin,  q.m. 
Co.  .\. — Frederick  .^tcudeuiun,  Ciijit. ;  I'hiirles  I  iistello,  1st  lioul. ; 

Peter  .Nick,  2d  liciil. 
Co.  II. — John  li,  .\ubuclion,  ciipt. ;  John  Hclleville,  1st  licut. 
Co.  C. — Krederi(!k    Dcdrich,   cupt.;    Jo^icpU    CI.    Aubuclion,    lat 

lieut.;  Alfred  SbutT,  2d  lieut. 


I 


Co.  I>. — Jiiincs    Willoughby,  cftpl.;    I'etcr    Foster,    l-t  lm 

Williiini  U.  Viiughiin,  2(1  licut. 
Co.  !■;.— Nero  V.  Ilnll,  ciipt. ;  Henry  (Ibcrt,  Ist  lieul.;  II,,,:!  (, 

Siittlcr.  2(1  lieut. 
Co.  F. — Williiim    L.    Ilickmim,    ciipl. ;     John    Md  ;irtliv,  i.j 

lieut.;  Henry  .1.  Kuester,  2d  licut. 

St.  Louis  Police  Uattalion  : 

•T.  K.  1).  C()U/.ins.  ntiij. 

Co.  A. — ^ViHiIuu  I, CO.  dipt.;  II.  P.  Ibinning,  1st  lieu!.;  \Vii;:,, 

.■inulshury,  2d  licut. 
Co.  1!. — John  F.  Feiily,  capt. ;  Frivncis  Moliiir.  Ist  licut.;  .^j.  . 
Fnincis,  2d  licut. 
Unatt;iuhed  companies  Enrolled  Missouri  Miliii;,, 
St.  Louis  County : 

()L1>  (IrAiin— X.  II.  Clnrk,  Ciipl.;   Alfred   Mackiiv,  l-iii,,. 

Jiimes  Uichiirdson,  1st  licut. ;   .A.  (i.  I'Mvvurils,  'J^l  li.;ui,_  , 

<1.  Wells.  2d  licut. 
CiTV  PostIIavp.  —  Fnmk  I)oehni,  capt. ;  Frank  (JcrliJ,  l-i  li.,,, 

Jiic(d)  Stucek,  2d  lieul, 
I.NUKI'KMiKsr  Cavai.uv  CoMi'A.w. — Frederick  Wallers,  01,1 

Charles  Liciibcr^er,  1st  lieut. ;   Charl((s  Jciinc.  '.M  Hint. 
Coui'.x  (.K  Dktkctivks. — (ieorge  J.   Deagle.  eiipi.;  1;.  J',  r,.. 

dclla,  1st  licut.;   F.  II.  Ch Ilcr,  2d  licut. 

Tiie  following  statement  shows  the  niiinlicr  uf  iiim 
who  up  to  Dee.  HI,  1S(!3,  had  entered  the  .service  cf 
the  United  States  as  volunteers  from  St.  Louis  Ciiuniv. 
under  the  different  calls  of  the  President,  for  the  tcrni 
of  three  years  or  during  the  war  : 

1st  l^  H.  Reserve  Corps,  T'JI  ;  2d  t'.  S.  Ucscrvu  Corp»,  jO:;; 
^d  U.  .'<.  Keservo  Corps,  ,')4I  ;  -llh  V.  .S.  Ilcserve  Corps.  IHliJih 
II.  S.  Ucservc  Corps,  .IliS ;  2(1  Infantry,  Ot.j  ;  .'Id  Infantrj.  il-l; 
fith  Infantry.  I.SU;  7th  Infantry,  .dil;  .^Ih  Infantry.  ,.:i;;  W\, 
Infantry,  ,'17;  llth  Infantry,  .'):!;  12th  Infantry,  :.ti:';  lUiliI:)- 
fanlry,  Ifill;  l.itli  Infiuiiry.  ullO  ;  17tli  Infantry.  t!.V<;  ISiU;;. 
fantry.  i;iy;  21st  Infantry,  2;  2.'id  Infantry,  111;  '.'llli  Icfiiiiirv. 
711;  2.'itb  Infantry,  11;  2(Uh  Infantry,  2U:i ;  27th  Infiiilry,  !■:: 
2!Hh  Infantry,  lit:!;  .'iOth  Infantry,  j'-t ;  :!lst  Inl.iiiKv,  i;:. 
".2(1  Infanlry,  02;  lii'.d  Infantry,  M.'i;  M.'ith  Inl'ahliv,  M:  !•; 
Artillery.  1227;  2d  Artillery.  I'.ijl  ;  1st  I'avalry.  :;iij;  J.li'iv. 
airy,  s:i ;  ltd  Cavalry,  21;  Ith  Cavalry,  Il)(i2:  illh  Cavalry,  U'. 
7lh  Cavalry,  '.».'!;  Slh  Cavalry,  1  ;  lOlh  Cavalry.  217;  UiliCat. 
airy,  216;  12th  Cavalry, '.15 ;  Fngineer  Uc;,'iiii(  nl.  11;'.  I-rji, 
16,.'!  10. 

In  addition  to  those  were  tlie  follnwing  (jrpiiin- 
tions  of  the  Jlissonri  State  militia,  with  '})•:  numWr  | 
of  men  in  each  : 

1st  Infantry,  fiS"  ;  2d  Cavalry,  I  :  4th  Cavalry,  4;  Cth  Csr- 
airy,  2;  7tli  Cavalry,  Kt;  Sih  Cavalry,  4;  Idth  Caialry.l;  lilt,  j 
Cavalry,  8;    i:!th  Cavalry,  aflenvards  the  .ith,  2iil  :  Utli  Cu- 
nlry,  5;  2d  llaltalion,  4;  Westerberg's  oonipaiiy,  '.'.1;  Isl  Ui;- 
tory,  I.     Total,  1020. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  officers  of  v;irious  otliorj 
military  organiziitions  recruited  wholly  or  in  [larl  iu| 
and  near  Si.  Louis  : 

Ninth  Ilegiment  Infantry,  Missouri  Vuluiiteor.*: 

Fn:Li>    A.vip   ."srAi-T. — John  C.  Kelton,  eul.;    C.  II.  l''i('irifk,| 
lieut.  oul.;    1).   Mctjibbon,   iiiaj.;    .-Sydney   1'.  I'osl,  "uj-l 
Sydney  P.   Post,  adjt.;   Frederick   l!ra-lier.  (].ui.:  .Mi,*.| 
llaslelt,  surg. ;   II.  J.  ilaynaid,  as,-t,  .-ur-, ;  Natlciii  .-lid-r 
mate,  chaplain. 


THE   CIVIL  WAR. 


471 


Ilk  iMr'.i=.l-iliiii;. 


This  ivuiment,  wliii:li  wns  coinplutciJ  in  Sepicmliur, 
18()1,  |"'i'li"'iii<!'l  p"><l  sorvii.'c  up  to  the  date  u\'  its 
iransli'i'  li'  lliu  State  of  Illinuia  by  Spceiul  Onk'i's  No. 
4;;,  soli-  tS{12. 

KIcvtiitli  Ilo-^iriieiit  Tnriintry,  MisHouri  A'oliintcers : 

I'll  111  *"•"  •'^''^H'- — .'"'I'lili  "•  I'liiiiiincr,  "ul.;  J(>!«'|il  A. 
Jlowi  I-.  ccil.i  A.  .1.  W'obi'i',  L'lil. ;  'iViHiam  I..  Iliiriiuiii,  iiil. ; 
Williiuii  M.  raiuibaker.  lieut.-col.;  A.  J.  \\'t'ber,  licul.  col. ; 
\Villinin  Ii.  I'.iirnuiii,  lii'ut.-eol.  ;  llenjiimiii  I".  I.iviii;;."t()n, 
iii:ij.:  A.  ,1.  Wi'bor,  iniij.  ;  Kli  ISuwmt,  iiiiij. ;  Clmrlis  II, 
Ilpl..kill;;^  ailjl.;  liem-;,'i'  1'.  WcI.it,  iiiljt. ;  IJcur},'!!  W. 
Iliiirv,  c|.in.;  .Abel  0.  rickrcll,  ci.in. ;  Tbi.inii.t  Sriiitli, 
^iiri;. ;  M.  W.  V'ish.Kur);. ;  Kli  ItowviT,  ii.<^t.  siir;;. ;  Tboiiias 
S.  Iliiivli'V,  a^st.  siiri;.  ;  tlust'iili  Itmok:',  i.'liii|ilaiii :  Suiniiul 
C.  lialii'l);''.  elia|ilaiii. 

Tli'n  rcuiiiii'iit  was  raised  in  t'le  States  of  ^lis.souri 
;\iiJ  Illinois,  l)ctween  the  middle  ot  Juno  iiud  the  1st 
ul' Aui;ii-t.  18()1,  and  orfianizcd  tlie  Ist  (iC  Aui:ust 
>aim!  yi'iu-,  at  the  United  States  araenid  at  St.  Luui.x, 
Mo.  It  «:i«  rai.scd  as  a  rifle  rcjiiment  for  and  at  the 
roiiiU'St  iif  t'apt.  llufus  Sa.xton,  of  tlie  re^Milar  army, 
ttlio.  oil  hiini;  promoted  and  .sent  to  another  depart- 
iiiont  siHin  after,  did  not  take  coiiimand.  Capt.  David 
liavlcs  then  took  eoinmand  of  the  reiriment  as  its 
coli'iiol.  On  tlic  18tli  of  Oetober,  Col.  IMinnmer 
.uccceilcJ  Ciil.  liayles.  Subs<'quent]y  (in  18li,i-G4) 
iho  lii'M  and  staff  officers  were:  William  L.  Barnuni, 
imIoiicI;  Eli  Brower,  lieutenant-colonel ;  M.  J,  Green, 
iiiiijijr;  GeorL'o  P.  Weber,  adjutant;  Walton  II. 
I'iiii'li,  ailjiitant;  Abel  G.  Piekrell,  (]uarterniaster ; 
lloiiry  C.  Applegato,  quartermaster;  M.  W.  Fish. 
yw^mu ;  Thomas  S.  Ilawley,  assistant  surireon  ; 
Jiiiups  15,  I'arrington,  assistant  surgeon. 

Fourtoenth  Itejrimeut  of  JMi.ssouri  Volunteers.  Ilunie 
(liiarJs: 

linn  AMI  .'^lAi  F, — Itoberl  AVbitc,  odI.;  1!.  U.  (irnhain,  lieiit,- 
ool. :  .'.  v.  Tvler,  iiiaj,;   F,  Cooley,  siirg. 

Ciiinpnnies  of  this  regiment  were  organized  in  July 
aiiJ  August,  18i!l,  and  imiuediately  entered  upon  duty 
ai  Li'xinjiton,  Mo,,  where  they  remained  until  Sept. 
i^K  18()1.  when  tliey  were  captured.  The  oificers  and 
lucii  \wK  ,suljso(|uently  paroled,  and  were  diseharyed 
ai  St,  Louis  on  the  IDth  day  of  October,  1801. 

Kiglitcenth  Rej:imeiit  Infantry,  Missouri  Volun- 
teers ; 

I'liin  AMI  Sr.UF. — Miidisim  Miller,  col.:  .1.  V.  I'rfttt,  liciit.- 
Oul.:  L'liarics  S.  .'SIioiIdii,  licut,-c«I. ;  James  .\.  I'rice,  maj.; 
M'illiuiii  il.  Mintcr,  iii:.i,;  William  A.  Milgar,  ailjl.;  Kihviii 
.1,  Conway,  adjt. ;  D.  A,  ^'lulwoitb,  f|,iii. ;  Jl.  A.  Cmlwortli, 
q.iii.;  Xiinuan  .'S.  Ilumli  i,  .surg. ;  i^,  U.  Hants,  siui;. ;  S. 
1'..  Iliuiis  iis.st,  surg.;  F.  F.  Uttinlol|ih,  asjt.  surg.:  .1.  .M. 
'i;iriR'r,  fli:i|'. 

This  reiiimont  was  formed  in  Auf^ust,  18U1,  and 
list  larsrulv  in  officers  and  men,  especially  at  the  battle 

"f  .'<iiiiuii! 


Twenty-second  Ueuiment  Infantry,  Missouri  Vol- 
unteers : 

FlKi.ii  .\xii  .SruF, — John  I).  Foster,  lii'iit.aiil, ;  .ViiJn'W  II. 
Linden,  inaj,:  11  irain  11,  Foster,  ndji,:  Uaviil  .<<,  Iliin|ier, 
i|.in,;   Hugh  .Meredith,  a.^st.  surg.:  Janicii  Linden,  ehap, 

Thi.s_re;_'iinent,  which  was  composed  of  Fosters  bat- 
talion and  two  independent  companies,  after  jierform- 
iii'.;  some  service,  w:is  broken  up  and  distributed  to 
other  rej^inients. 

Twenty-fourtli  llej;iment  Infantry,  Missouri  Vol- 
unteers : 

FiKi.li  AMI  SrAFr. — ."ieiniironiua  H.  lioyd,  ool, ;  James  K,  Xlill.i, 
eol,  ;  James  K,  MilI^,  lioiit,-eol, :  William  H,  .'Stark,  lieut,- 
oiil,  ;  Fli  .\',  Weston,  niaj.;  Williiim  II,  Hiark,  niiij,  ;  Uoiiert 
W,  Fyan,  mnj, ;  .1.  C.  S,  Culby,  adjt. :  William  II.  Me.Vdams, 
ndjI,  ;  Sanford  ('.  Peek,  ij.m, :  .1.  <',  .^,  Colby,  n-m. :  I-'dwin 
T,  llobberscm,  surg, :  I.ennder  H.  linker,  surg,  :  ,1.  l.ittlis 
asst.  »urg, ;  Orson  H.  Cnuidall,  uast.  Burg.;  .Mired  H. 
I'liwell,  clui|ilain. 

Twenty-tifth  llegimont  Infantry,  Missouri  Volun- 
teers : 

Fli:i  II  AMI  Stmf,  —  Fvciett  I'eabody,  eol. :  Chester  Harding, 
.Ir,,  eol,;  Hubert  T,  Vanhorn,  lient.-col, ;  James  K,  Puivell, 
niaj.  :  Frederiek  C  Nielmls.  maj, :  Charles  AV,  (Irall',  adjt, ; 
Herman  lii&eke,  adjt.;  .1.  D.Henderson,  (},m, :  John  T. 
lierghotT,  surg.;  .lulins  lircy,  asst.  surg,;  John  l^  Kggles- 
ton,  asst,  surg, ;    1,.  C,  I'aee,  ehapluin. 

The  Twenty-fifth  Ue;;i!nent  Infantry,  Missouri 
Volunteers,  was  first  organized  in  June,  IStll,  at  St. 
Jose]ih,  Mo,,  and  w;is  then  known  as  tlie  Tliirteenth 
lu'giment  Infantry,  Missouri  Volunteers.  I'  was,  for 
the  most  part,  formed  from  the  Home  (iuard  bat- 
talions of  .Maj.  Peabody,  Miij.  Van  Horn,  and  Maj. 
Berry.  The  regiment  was  employed  in  guarding  a 
portion  of  the  line  of  the  Ilttnnibal  and  Si.  Joseph 
.Railroad  and  upon  garrison  duty  until  it  was  ordered 
to  Lexington,  in  the  latter  part  of  August.  Col.  Mul- 
likin,  wlio  commanded  at  Lexington,  surrendered  the 
post  to  Gen.  Sterling  Price  on  the  2IHh  of  Siqtteni- 
ber,  ISUl,  who  paroled  the  officers  of  the  Thirteenth, 
and  released  the  men  upon  their  oaths.  E.xchanges 
were  sub,se(|uently  efieeted,  and  the  regimcnr  was  re- 
organized as  the  Twenty-filth,  with  Everett  Peabody 
as  colonel,  Robert  T,  V;m  Horn  as  lieutenant-colonel, 
and  James  E.  Powell  as  major.  In  JIarch,  18(i2, 
the  regiment  was  sent  to  Gen.  Grant  at  Pittsburgh 
Landing,  and  was  brigaded  in  Mclvean's  brigade, 
Prentiss'  division.  It  participated  in  the  battle  of 
Shiloli,  losing  very  he;ivily  in  killed  and  wounded. 
Among  the  former  were  the  colonel  and  major. 

Capt.  Frederick  C.  Nichols  was  subsei|uently  jiro- 
moted  to  the  majority,  and  Chester  Harding,  Jr.,  was 
aji]iiiinted  colonel. 

Twenty-sistii  Regiment  Infantry,  Missouri  Volun- 
I  teers : 


\:  I   t1 


1 


111 


m 


-«'?. 


472 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


FiKi.n  aniiStait. — tlonrgn  D.  Ddoinnr,  ml. ;  llcnjnniin  I>.  Driin, 
col. ;  Jiilin  II.  Iliiliniin,  lieiit.  col. ;  Joliii  .McFiill,  lit'iit.-col. ; 
Ii.  [',.  Ki>iiiu!'7.i!yki,  iiiiij. :  Cliiirlcii  F.  Ilrowii,  niiij.;  Uobrrt 
(;,  Crinvi'll,  iiiiij. ;  Aliriihiiiii  Viiiilioincn,  luljl. ;  (Ii'Drgi^  W . 
Ilripwn,  iiiljl.  J  ('liiirli'.s  I',  llnnvii,  q.iii.;  Juiiie.i  T.  Dcrry, 
q.tn. ;  Juniitlinn  S.  Prout,  f*ur;^. ;  Cliitrlrs  V.  Ititrrrtt,  ucnI. 
mirg, ;  Joliii  L.  Ilryiiii,  ii.sst.  .xui);.  ;  ilo.M'pli  Wnrnii,  uliiip- 
lain. 

The  Twcnty-.sixtli  .Mi.ssouri  Infantry  was  orgiinizoil 

in  Dc'CcnibiT,  lS(!l,an(l  soon  aUcr  joined  llic  oxi>edi- 
tion  under  lien.  I'opo  ajjainst  New  M.idrid,  and  on 
llic  2(itli  raised  its  fliiL'  over  tlie  lower  l'or(.  April  il, 
18()2,  tile  Twenty-sixth  I'nrined  a  part  of  tlio  force  that 
captured  tlie  Confederate  artny  (lioOO)  at  Tiptonvilh'. 
On  April  L"Jd  it  reached  the  vicinity  of  Corinth, 
participatinj;  in  the  battle  of  Faruiiii;;ton  and  the 
final  capture  of  Corinth.  It  also  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  the  battles  of  luka.  Corinth,  Viek.sbur}:, 
and  otiicr  important  eiii;a^eiuents. 

'I'wcnty  sevirnth  Uegiment  Infantry,  Mi.ssouri  Vol- 
unteers ; 

KiBl.ii  AND  l^TAFF. — Tlioiiins  Curlcy,  (»)1. ;  .A.  .Incobson,  licut.- 
01)1.;  James  F.  Iliiw,  iiiiij.;  Albert  A.  jMdrey,  niljt.;  Wil- 
liam II.  Ilele,  ndjt. ;  Jolni  Welliiieyer,  mljt. ;  lliyiiii  Foley, 
i|.iii.  ;  I!.  N.  Iliinil,  Hiir^. ;  .lolin  .S.  Miii|)by,  usst.  sing.; 
.lobn  nuvviiian,  iit^st.  surj^. ;   Kihvin  A.  Casey,  a.«.-t.  »urg. 

Ilccruitinj!;  for  the  Twenfy-.seventh  Hejjiment,  Mis- 
souri Volunteers,  infantry,  was  coniinenced  about 
Aug.  1,  lSt!2.  About  the  2r)th  of  S<'pteinber  four 
companies  were  mustered  into  the  service  under  com- 
mand of  liieut.-Col.  Jaeobson.  Duriiifr  the  next  six 
wock.s  two  more  companies  were  filled,  and  Maj.  James 
F.  How  was  mastered  into  the  re^'iment.  The  or- 
jjanization  was  completed  by  the  assignment  to  it  of 
throe  veteran  companies,  which,  in  the  Fifth  and  Six- 
teenth Missouri,  had  done  good  service  at  Donelson, 
Shiloh,  and  I'ea  Uidgo,  and  by  the  muster  in  of  the 
tenth  conii)any  on  Jan.  8,  IStiii,  at  which  time  Col. 
Thomas  Curley  was  placed  in  command. 

Twenty-ninth  Ileuinicnt  Infantry,  Mi.ssouri  Volun- 
teers : 

FiKi.n  AND  ,'*TAKr. — .J()hn  .*^.  Cavenilcr,  col.  ;  .lames  Peekliain, 
col.;  Juiiies  I'eekbaiii,  lieut.-i'ol. ;  'riioiiiHS  II.  MeVicar, 
licut. -eol. :  Josrph  S.  *inge,  lieul.  eol. ;  Ilo^vnian  II.  Peter- 
son, inaj. ;  J<iS('|ili  ,S.  (iagc,  innj.  ;  Phili|i  II.  Mio'pby,  niaj. ; 
Eng  Voerster,  ailjt.;  Daviil  Allen,  adjt.  ;  K.  .M.,Ic)el,  ([.m. ; 
.John  C.  Morgan,  sutg. ;  .folin  II.  Stuinberg,  nsst.  surg. ; 
Daniel  Abbey,  as.-t.  .surg. 

The  Twenty-ninth  Missouri  Infantry  was  raised 
during  the  months  of  July,  August,  September,  and 
October,  18G2,  at  dift'ercnt  places  through  the  State, 
the  rendezvous  being  Honton  Barracks.  Among  other 
(■onspieuous  engagements  of  the  war  it  participated  in 
the  siege  of  Vieksburg  and  the  storming  of  Lookout 
Mountain, 


Thirtysocond  Regiment  Infantry,  3Ii»souri  \'iiliiri. 
teers : 

FiKi.i)  AMI  .Staif. — F.  II.  Mnnter,  eol.  I   II.  f.'.  Warmii'lijin,, . 
rol. :  Abrahioi)  ,1.  -"^eay,  niaj.  ;  ,Iosepli  P,  New.-li:iiii,  k.i  t 
Charlci"  A.  .^ingle,  (|.in. :  Tlionnm  .1.  Watfon,  nit,:. ;  W  \ 
Ily,le,  nfct,    wurg. ;     ll<  raeo     NewBll,   «K.st.    surg.;    .laiu,, 
Lester,  ehap. 

This  regiment  was  one  of  those  assigned  in  (Im 
Blair's  brigade.  It  was  organized  in  October,  ImIi' 
and  entered  the  field  at  once,  serving  in  the  .\niivif 
thi;  Mississippi,  and  subsequently  in  the  interior. 

Thirty  third  Regiment  Infantry,  Missouri  Vilim. 
teers  : 

FiKT.Ii  Avn  ."itAIF.  —  William  A,  Pile, eol.;   Williaia   II.  Ih  i- 

eol.;  William  II,  Heath,  lieut. -eol. ;  tieorge  Vanlji  rk.  imi 

KcJwaril   S.   Day,  acljt. ;    I.yman    II.    Itijiley,  q.ni.;   I.uiiifr 

Armstrong,  <i.in. ;  .Aureliiis  T.  Hartlett,  snrg. ;  .Mili,,ii  |;ii, 

as^t.  snrg. 
Co    A.— Wm.  M.  niake,  ea|)t.  ;  Pte|ibeii  J.  Ilurneli,  |.|  Ii.j,. 

■lames  .M.  Conner,  2il  lient, 
Ci).  II. — ,Iame.''  a.  Palton,  ea|it.;  tieorge  II.  Itapp,  Ut  lii'iii. 
Co.  r.—Ale.v.  .1.  Canipliell,  eapt. ;  I.nllier  I'   lOl.lriilge,  Isi  li,,|i|. 
Co.  I).— Wm.    P.    .MeKee,    eapt.;    .laeob   !S.    ilaker,   Ul  litm. 

Cbarles  I..  Draper,  LM  lieut. 
Co.  K.— 'I'bos.  M.  tlibson,  eapt. ;  Cbarles   I,,   DrapiT,  l-i  In,,;.; 

Frank  K.  I.oinbar,  -M  lieut. 
Co.  F.— Daniel  I),  t.'arr,  capl.:   Uobert  .M.  Itee.l,  l>t  lioiil.;  i:i. 

gar  Ii,  Allen,  LM  lieut, 
Co,  (i. — ,'^tinirt  Carkncr,  eapt.;    'I'liouias   Unilleilgc,  l.<t  liiui  , 

Moses  Red.  2il  lient, 
C".  II.  — Henry   Uo.-e,  eapt. :   Henry  Coeliran,   l.-l  lieut.:  l.ukt 

D'Ueilly,  2.1  lient. 
Co.  I. — (leorge  II.  'IVaey,  capf.:    Isaae  ,'^.  Coe.  l,-*!  lienr. 
Co.  K.— Elias  ,•<.  ,<i'benek,  eapt.;    II.  II.  Knowlton,  ^t  li.'iil. 

The  Thirty-third  Missouri  Infantry  was  ncniite.l 
under  the  j)atronage  of  the  Union  Mereliaiii.s'  Kx- 
change  of  St.  Louis,  and  was  therefore  styled  tli.' 
, '•  Merchants'  Regiment."  Its  origin;il  field  officors 
were:  Colonel,  Clinton  B.  Fisk,, secretary  of  ihe  .Mir 
chants'  Kxchangc ;  lieutenant-colonel,  \ViHi;iiii  A. 
Pile,  ciiptain  in  First  Missouri  Artillery;  iii:ijor.  Wii- 
li;im  II.  Heath,  adjutant  of  the  Kighteeiilii  llliiinij 
Infantry. 

By  the  energy  of  Col.  Fisk  it  was  the  lir<l  rigiiiioiii 
mustered  into  United  States  service  under  the  I're.-i- 
dent's  call  of  18U2.  It  was  ordered  to  llie  field  .•^i]L 
22,  18G2,  under  cuuiiuund  of  Lieut. -Col.  I'ile.  :iii'i 
niiide  several  severe  luiirch'  lliroi.  '  '"'lelps,  li.iit, 
Texas,  and  Wright  'w  ,  Mo.  lAmnlier  jllili 
it  returned  to  Decenibrr  '.'.".I.  Col.  l'l>\i 

was  appointed  i  gencr;il,  Lieni  I'ilo  «;i> 

made  colonel,  ain.  ;ij  Heath  'ieutenaiil  lolonel.  On 
the  same  day  the  regiment'  ,wd  by  stt';iiiier  to  ('"• 
lunibus,  Ky.,  that  place  In  ing  tlire;iteiiril;  .J;iii.  ii, 
18G:}.  moved  to  Helena.  Ark.,  ;iiid  took  ]i;nt  in  Goii. 
Gorman's  expedition  to  Duvall's  Bliifi',  Ark.,  leliira- 
ing  to  Helena  January  2(lth,  at  which  place  mure 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


478 


juri  N'uliii,. 
irmii'li.lii'ui. 

fWl'luiIll,  ikiljt. 

,  mirj;. ;  W  \, 
Hiiri;. :    .lamn 

ncd   to  (iin 

itdbcr,  ISii: 
tlii>  Army  if 
iiiti'i'iur. 
sciuvi  Vi'liiii. 

liulll    II.  Ill.i". 

Viinlii'i'k.iiiji 
',  q.iii,:  l.uiiii't 
;. ;  Milton  Kii'. 

■ni'tl,  ^t  livui.; 

p|i,  1-1  liiiil. 
.|ri.l;;i\  Istlini;, 
iiKi?)-,   Ut  lioill.; 

Inil'i'f,  1st  lirilt,; 

,1,  1st  licul.;  r.i- 

,U-.l-.>,  M  lirlll,, 

Isl  lii'ut.:  l.ulf 

I  Isl   lilMil. 

lion,  l-t  livul. 

vas  ncniiiiil 

I'lclltlllls'   I'lx- 

n>  stvli'il  til'' 

liclli    iiffu'lT* 

\Villi:tlli    A. 
■ ;  ni;ij"r.  \Vil- 

■  iir^t  ropimiit 

ll.lrr  till'  I'lVsi- 

llicfifiaSii'i. 
-Col,  rilc>.  ;ui.l 

ll'lps.  lli'llt. 

i,t.iii1mt  illlli 
•j:M.  Cul.  I'i't 
I'ilo  «-;b 
.1,1  ,,.|onel.  On 
sit'aiiii^r  to  C"- 
tniril;  Jan.  ■!• 
ik  jiait  ill  Cii'ii. 
r,  Ark.,  ivtiini- 
iL-h  [ilacc  uiiifo 


,|,,,i I' liiiiulrcil  iiicn  (lic!(l  rimn  i-xpo.surc  witlnii  onn 

iiiuijlli     l'"i'l)ruary   -•ill    roriiicil    |iiirt  of  (Ji'ii.  L.  V. 

Uii«.s'  r\|ii'iliiii)ti  to  Fort  I'i'iiiIktIoii,  Mi.s.i.,  known  tis 

ilii,  •■  VaziM)   Pass   I'xpcdition."     Tlio  rp;;iiiiciit  was 

umliT  I'm'  li'Tc  toi'  '111!  fi''>*t  time,  doinf;  cffuMcnt  cor- 

,i,.|.  ill  iiiii.striu'tiii;;  fi('l(l-\vork.>i,  nioiintiiij;  siej;o-;;uns, 

rcconMoitt'rinj;   tlic   enemy's  |io.siiion,   and   cii|)lui'iii^ 

liis  |mki't> ;  April  Sili  returnod  to  Hrleiin,  and   May 

.'nil  till'  II  ,nin'>'"t  wa.s  placed  in  cliarge  of  tlie  Cortili- 

f.itioii.s   ami    artillery    of    tliat   fiarrison,    iiiiinlierin^ 

oiolilccii   pioeo.s  of  heavy  and  liiilit  ealihro.      Fnder 

tlio  Miprtiiitendenco  of  Col.  Pile,  liu-  rej;iinent  leivned 

ill  twd  weik.s  to  handle  artillery  with  east:  and  aeeu- 

riiv.  and  so  stren^'theiied  and  improved   the  I'ortillea- 

limis  as  to  render  them  very  forniidahle.      Slay  22d, 

Col.  I'ile  wa.s  detailed  to  superintend  the  or;:anization 

i,r  ciileretl  regiments  and   onlered   to   St.  Ijouis,  and 

L';ipt.  (ie'ir^'e  W.  Van  IJeck  appointed  major.     The 

iviiniKiml  of  the   refiiinent   thus    fell    to   Jiieut.-Col. 

lloatli.    July  11,  18(!;J,  the  re<;iinent,  siipptn-ted  by 

Jrtiitlinieiits  of  the  Forty-third  Indiana,  Thirtylliird 

Iiiwa,  iind  Thirty  fifth    3Iissonri,    held   their   works 

a.Minst  ilie  eoinliined  forces  of  Price,   Holmes,  and 

Maiiiiadiike,  estimated  at  fil'leen  to  twenty  thousand 

iiion,  ri'iielliiiji  numerous  heavy  assaults,  and  sustaining; 

aaiiiliimeus  uiu.sketry  fire  fur  six  hours.     ISattcry  C, 

a  Miiiill  work,  iiiountinj^  two  brass  six-poundors,  was 

lanlured  hv  Pricii's  division  on  the  second  chari^o,  but 

llie  onciiiy  were  compelled   to  abandon  it  by  the  con- 

criitrak'd  fire  of  all  the  artillery  after  sufTerin;^  terrible 

lussos  ill  killed  and  wounded.     The  total  loss  of  the 

roiiiiiiciit  in   this  fii;ht   wa.s  40.     Total   loss   of  the 

'.arrismi  420.    Total  los^es  of  the  enemy,  about  3100  ; 

I'riii's  division  alone  losinj;  1100  men,  as  stated  in 

liiMifliLial  report.     Althoui-h  tlds  was  the  first  battle 

iiiwliicli  tlie  regiment  had  borni!  part,  their  intrepidity 

is  ,>uffi(.ioiitly  attested  by  the  terrible  punishment  in- 

tliin.ll  iipiiii  the  enemy  as  compared  with  the   small 

Ihss  .su>taiiied  by  the  reirimcnt.     Durinj;  the  entire 

ciiLM'^t'iiiont  the  iiuiis  were  worked  by  but  one  relief, 

many  of  the  men  fainting  at  their  jmsts  from  cxces- 

sivL'  heat.     March  10th,  Gen.  Jose|)h   A.  Mower  as- 

sumotl  coininand   of  the  division,  and   the  regiment 

uiuvt'il  fniiii  Viek.sburg  with  the  exjiediiion   to  lied 

River.  La.     JIarch  — th,  regiment  was   present   in 

I  TC.-irve  at  the  capture  of  Fort   De  Ku.ssey.      March 

M,  the  regiment,  in  conjunction  with  the  Thirly- 

i  fifth  Iowa,  captured   Henderson   Hill,  La.,  by  a  niid- 

I  nijlit  surprise  and  assault,  securing  the  Settond  Louisi- 

ianuTi;.;ors  (cavalry)  and  Kdgar's  Texas  btittery,  with 

^cs  arms,  ammunition,  and  colors  complete,  sur- 

amliiiu'  and  disarming  the  enemy  biifore   lie  had 

I  rcaivcd  any  alarm.     April  Otli,  regiment  took  part 


ill  the  gallant  and  overwliehning  defeat  of  the  enemy 
at  Pleasant  Hill,  La.,  etipturiiig  a  fivegnn  t)attery  in 
the  (intii  charge  and  joining  in  the  pursuit  for  one 
mile  and  u  half.  In  this  battle  Lieut. -Col.  Heath 
received  a  wound  in  the  lie.iil,  anil  the  command  of 
the  regiment  fell  to  Maj.  Van  Heek.  June  (illi,  the 
regiment  took  part  in  the  attack  upon  MiirmailukcH 
forces  at  Olil  Hiver  Lake,  Ark.,  Maj.  Van  Meek  by 
seniority  eoniiiianding  the  Third  Hrigade,  Mir  cr's 
division,  and  dipt.  A.  J.  ('anipbell,  Company  C, 
coinmtinding  the  regiment.  This  brigtide,  composed 
of  the  Thirty-third  Mi.ssoiiri  ami  Thirly-lirth  Iowa, 
was  ordered  to  chtirge  the  enemy,  who  were  strongly 
posted  on  the  opposite  side  of  a  baynu,  and  made  the 
charge  in  gallani  style,  passing  over  the  skirmi.shers 
of  another  brigaile  which  had  tailed  to  advance,  and 
moving  unflincliiiigly  forwanl  to  the  btiiik  of  the  bayou, 
which  Wiis  then  found  to  bo  unfunlable.  Notwith- 
standing this  obslaile  they  stood  up  bravely,  and  at 
forty  piiees'distiiiico  iioured  in  such  a  giiUing  fire  that 
the  enemy  broke  and  ran  in  eonfu.^ion.  The  regiment 
lost  here  in  a  few  minutes  forty-one  men  ;  enemy's 
loss  not  great,  but  the  fight  eoinpelled  the  withdrawal 
of  a  battery  from  Columbia,  Ark.,  which  had  seri- 
ously interrupted  the  ntivigation  of  the  Mississippi 
lliver.  June  lOlh,  the  regiment  arrived  ut  Mem- 
phis, Tenn.,  and  immediately  joined  an  expedition 
against  Lcc  and  Forrest  in  Missis>ippi,  Lieut. -Col. 
Heath  having  returned  and  assumed  command. 
'  Thirty-fifth  llcgimeiit  Infantry,  Missouri  Volun- 
teers :  , 

!  FiKi.n  .\Mi  Staki'.— Siiinucl  A.  Foster,  ml.;  Tlio'.  F.  Kiiii- 
Lall,  licut.-eol.;  JiiiiH'9  A.  (iri'a.'<on,  lii'Ul.-coi. :  llonico 
Filch,  lioiit.  LMil.;  Thus.  II.  I'lnny,  maj.;  Tlios.  11.  Pi'iiiij', 
iiJjt. ;  .laeol)  T.  Cliild,  iul.jt.  ;  Klliiiiiliam  T.  ll>atl,  luljt.; 
IKiir.v  C.  .M unlock,  niljt.  ;  A.  C.  .Miller,  q. in. ;  .Io.«e|)li  B. 
Lamb,  "iirg. ;  I'eny  t'.  II.  Uooucy,  »s«t.  sui;;. ;  Henry 
.SuUucniek,  asst.  surg. ;  J.iiiir:-  Sclioliuld,  elinplain. 

j       This  regiment  formed  a  part  of  the  brigade  raised 

■  under  the  direction  of  Gen.  Clinto<i  B.  Fisk,  and  left 

nenton    H.irracks,  .St.  Louis,  Dec.  22,  1S(!2,  serving 

subsequently  at  different  points  in  Kentucky  and  Ar- 

'  kansas. 

Fortietli  Uegiment  Inftmtry,  Missouri  Volunteers: 

FlKI.l>  .*Nii  ."'lAl-'i'. — Samuel  A.  lloluie.-*,  eol. ;  A.  (!.  llequein- 
biiiiij',  lioiit.-i'ol.:  (icnr^o  llolTiiiiin,  maj.;  Truman  A. 
Viifi,  mljt.:  .lolin  F.  Neville,  q.iu.:  Ilomcr  .Iiidd.  .«urg. : 
Homer  .)ii(M,  assl.  surg. ;  J.  F.  Sneed,  as.-t.  surg.  ;  I'liarles 
Liidwig,  nsst.  .'urg. ;  It.  Ilatliiigor,  ».«at.  surg. 
Co.  A.  —  Adam  liax.eapl.i  (ii'orge  A.  Daggt'll,  l.-l  lieut. ;  Frank 
Khode,  L'd  liiMil. 

'  Co.  IJ. — (icorge  W.  (Hiliinn,  eapt.;  Charles  A.  Uiggers,  Ut 
licut. ;  Julius  Nichaui',  2d  licut. 

I    Co.  C. — iMon roc  Harrison,  capt. ;    Kuiile  Thoina",  1st  lieut. ;  (i. 

'  H.  LolTcy,  :'d  lieu!,. 


I 


! 


474 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Co.  D. — Philip  Anderaun,  ciipl.  ;  Ilcnry  B.  Kcruno,  Ist  lieut. ; 

Jolip  Melville,  2cl  lioiit. 
Co.  K.  -IJorinnn  KuMinaii,  onpt. :  Willi.im  J.  Miller,  Ist  liout. : 

(ioorge  W.  Swacncv,  2ii   lient. ;    \V.   H.  Winkclmuiur,  I'J 

liout. 
Co,  F. — M.  tiricne,  oapt. ;  Jos.  Iliirri.'<on,  Jr.,  Ist  lieut.;  .Austin 

Oruke,  2tl  lieut. 
Co.  a. — Wui.  I.  iVliitwell,  rapt.:  T.  ('.  Coflinlinry.  li^t  lieut.; 

I'hilip  ]''.  Coghlan,  2.1  lieut. 
Co.  II.— 1).  S.  .'<tilliH),'er,  capt.;  Charles  I).  Smith,  1st  lieut.; 

Jj^iali  F.  Ilinton. 
Cm.  I. — Johu    llutli,  ca))t.;  Charles  .'«cep,    1st   lieut.;    Charles 

F.  Knoll,  LM  lieut. 
Co.  K.— Robert  ('.  Allen,  eiipt. ;  JiO\n  J.  Hobertson,  1st  lieut.; 

Wiiihehl  ."i.  Smith,  :M  lieut. 

The  rci»iment  Wits  r;ii.sed  in  St.  Loui.>:.  and  its 
orpaiiization  wu.s  coiiijiloied  on  tlie  7th  nf  September, 
18(14. 

Forty-first  llegiinent  Inttintry,  Missouri  Volun- 
teers : 

FiEi.ii  Asn  Staff. — .Io«.  Weyileu.'.ver.  eol. ;  Ciusav  Heiurieh, 

lieut. -ool.;    Henry    F.    IMet/.,   maj. ;    Henry    lluliu,   aiijt. ; 

Charles  A.  ^uell.  i|.tn. ;   l'!;-nest  ,Mihu.  sur^;. ;    Krucsl  Jahn, 

as»t.  surjT. ;   Ituslavus   >V:el.tn'l,  as<it.  surL'  :    liu^o   Kluler, 

n.sst.  surg. 
C>.  A. — Frederick   Crulj,  cnpt.  ;    Freileriek   Crul/.,    1st   lieut.; 

Michael  ItesI,  1st  lieut.;  Will-am  .^teuder,  '.'d  lieut. 
Co.  I!. —  August  Thorwald,  eajit.;    I.amiierl    Midir,    1st  lieut.; 

Willi'iui  Slender,  1st  lieut.;  William  Keely,  I'd  lieut. 
Co.  ('.— Henry  J.  liiseholl',  .apt.:  Hmry  J.  UiseholT,  1st  lieut.; 

.Maliliiaj  linrtli,  1st  lieut.:  Uietri.h  Feldlush,  'Jd  lieiil. 
Co.  D.— Feli.\  Laeis,  eapt.:  Julius  Fritscli,  1st  lieui.;  Utto  \'er- 

.n:iuu,  I'd  lieut. 
Co.  !■;. —  I'liililieit  .Meliuaud,  eapt. ;  Kinauuel  (!riv:iud,  1st  lieut. ; 

1'.  S.  Whitlaker,  L'd  lieut. 
Co.  F. — Christian    KIro.li,  eapt.;   (lustavus  Clenicn,  1st  lieut.; 

F.  F.  Lebaume,  Jd  lieut. 
Co.  i;. —  Ale.x.   Wiuduiuller,  capl.;    A.    K.ielter,    1st   lieul.  :    F. 

\VagenlVnhr.  -M  lieut. 
Co.  II. — .losi  ph   Schuljerl,  eapt. ;  .loseph  Schubert,  1st    lieut.; 

Jacob  Horn.  Isl  lieut.;  Charles  K.  .Moss,  L'd  lieul. 
Co.  I. — John  v..  Sunders,  ettpt. ;  John  K.  ."^andcrs,  1st  lieul.;  J. 

C.  F.  Iloyil,  1st  lieut.;  Itiinilall  li.  Iliittor,  2d  lieut. 
Co.  K. — Johu  li.  Uroemscr,  eapt. ;  John  ().  Hroemser,  Isl  lieut. ; 

Charles  Mueller,  1st  lieut. ;  Jacob  J,  Ilroeiuser.  'Jd  heiil. 

Tills  w;i''  one  ol'  the  rej;iinotit.i  riiL-^ed  in  St.  Limis 
under  the  term.s  of  General  Orders  \o.  liW,  !)e|i;irt- 
nient  nt'llie  .^Ii.s.s(ll^•i,  lor  twelve  iiidiiiIis'  .■seiviec  Us 
(ir};.iliil!;ili(>ii  W;is  eoiii|ileted  Sept.  ll!,  ISlil,  ;iiid  it 
was  employed  in  pert'onnin;j;  j^uard  duty  in  the  liiy  td' 
St.  Loui.'i. 

Korty-ihird  lle;j,iiiieiit  Infantry,  Mi.ssuuri  Volun- 
teers : 

FiK' u  AMI  STAKF.-Chesler  Hur.ling.  ,lr.,  col.  ;  .lohu  I'iuger, 
lieut.  col.  ;  Kerryiuan  K.  Iiavis,  maj. ;  Joseph  Thouip'oii, 
adji.;  Henry  It.  .MillK,  ailjl.  ;  Francin  lloilinan,  ipiii.; 
Joseph  Seliu.il/,  i(,iu. :  J.li.  ligglesliui,  surg..  .1.11.  Kgglu- 
4ton,  iissl.surg. ;  F.  W.  Pill,  asst.  si.rg. ;  W.  1.  lliaec, 
asst.  sui'g. 

The  oru;iiiiz;iliiiii  >A'  llii>  ri'L'iinent  a.*  ;i  twelve 
months'  reoinieni    was   eimipleted   ;it    St.   .Joseph    in 


September,  1804,  and  Col.  Chester  Harding,  Jr.  i  lor. 
inerly  adjutant-uencral  of  the  State),  was  comini.-siuiioj 
as  its  eolonel. 

Forty-iiinth  Infantry : 

FiFl.ii  AM)  Stafk. — 1).  1'.  Dyer,  lieul. -eol. ;  Kdwin  Sin;iii.  uin. 
Win.  It.  Hardin,  adjI. ;  T.  M.  (iiierin,  q.in. ;  Wiliiam  li 
Hush,  (1.111, :  Oscar  Munig,  .'urg. ;  Thomas  L.  Kiii.v.  a-, 
surg. 

Second   Ilejiinient  Cavalry  (Merrill   Horse  ,  Miv 
souri  Volunteers : 

FiKi.n  AMI  Staff.- Lewis  Merrill,  col.;  William  K.  .nImJ.. 
lieut. -col.;  Charles  II.  Hunt,  liout. -col. ;  .John  \'.  ('|>-|.j. 
lieut. -col.:  (ieorgo  C.  .Marshall,  ina.i  ,  Cha'h-  II,  11;,^, 
nui.j.;  John  V.  t^lopper,  maj.;  Harrison  Harki  r,  in.i|. 
Jabez  11.  Rogers,  maj.  ;  Joshua  W.  Utdier.  lulji. ;  i;(.„r;.,> 
.Merrill,  (pm. ;  It.  I!.  Hughes,  eonim'y  ;  Audrew  S.  I'l,,:,. 
comm'y  ;  S.  II.  Thayer,  surg.;  S.  £t.  Thayer,  siii;:  :  ||,],:, 
Douglas,  surg.;  W.  H.  Knickerbocker,  ass,,  sin.'.,  ||,,v 
Douglas,  asst.  surg. ;  A.  I).  Thomas,  asst.  surg.  :  .1.  \\," 
Snider,  asst.  surg.;    Kohert  W.  Laiidls,  chaplaii:. 

In  Auuusf,  Iwiil,  Cnpd.  Lewis  iMerrill.  ,><iv.iml 
Cavidiy,  luited  States  ariiiy,  reeeived  atiliiuriiv  IrMiu 
Gen.  Fremont  to  (II.  .iiiize  :ind  enneentrate  ;i  c,iv;i!rv 
re'iime'it  at  Henton  lliirraeks  for  iininedi;ite  scivicc  m 
the  field.  At  this  parlieular  juiieture  riiiiiiiiiu  f  r 
the  United  States  serviee  wtis  of  a  slow  :iiiil  ic,li, ,]. 
nalilic;  other  oflieers  iiad  received  sinii!:ii'  ;iidliiiri;v 
and  ;ift(!r  a  severe  efllort  al);indone(l  the  pvejcei  ;,>  im 
praeticalile.  Capt.  Merrill,  iiowever,  rc.riii'i.l  -.vA 
enlisted  over  ei,uht  hundred  men  in  less  i!,;iii  iii- 
month,  eoninieiieed  a  system  of  inilitarv  iiisiniiiiHii 
and  drill  as  s(Min  as  he  or;j;;inized  the  liist  .s.jiiiJr  n. 
and  by  vlint  of  liiiid  hiluir  siieeeeded  in  niisiie.'  tin 
reoimeiit  to  a  iiiiih  st;in(lard  of  discipliiio.  In  Si|- 
tcniher,  18(11,  heliiro  thoroti.nhly  oru'inizi'd  ;iiiii 
c(|uipped.  this  reuiiiKiit  received  (irdeis  rroiiMin 
FreiiKiiit  t(>  m;ireh  to  Sprinotield,  .^lll.  It  siiljsei|iieiiil\ 
iipei;ited  sucee.ssfiiiiy  a^iainst  (guerrilla  (irj;iniz;i!i  n- 
iii  (liirer;'nt  pdriimis  of  the  State. 

Third  Hii.'imeiit  (':ivaliy.  Mi.'ssouri  VnliMiicd-: 

FiiiMi    Avn  SriiF.  -.lolin    .M.  (fhner,  col.;   Walirr  l.  liim', 
lieul. -col.;    Holicrl   Carrick,  lieul. -col. ;  Tleuii:!.' ti.  I!i«ik. 
lieul. cid.;   Ilidicrt  Carrick,  maj. ;   Albert  D.  Uluvcr,  iiuj 
Henry  A.  (ialliip,  mnj.;  Jidin  .\.  I.euinui,  maj. :  .biiiic- T. 

Honland.    maj.;     Willjatn    S.    drover,  ailjl.     .lai 

.\gi,c\v,  ipui. ;  Willi: loliiisoii,  comm'y;  .lniiii  I..  I'o- 
lor,  surg. ;  William  W,  (iranger.  asst.  suig. ;  .linicj  l.ci'' 
chaplain  :    It.  H.  .McCoy,  chaplain. 

Sixth  He;;inii'iit  I'avalry,  iMiss.mri  \'nliiiitecis 

FiKi.n  AMI  Staff.     Clark    Wright,  cul. ;  S.   \    U' I,  liiiii  ■ 

eol.  ;  T.  A.  Swil/lcr,  lieul.  1  ol.:   Henry  I'.  llmMii'  iimj 
Samuel    .Moutgomury,  maj,  :     llacou    .Moiiig"Mii'ri,  lU'J 
.Malllicw    T.   Kirk,  iidji.;   Horalio   \.  Sliiiv  n.  .|.iii,:  .'It- 
plieu  M.  Wood,!).!!!.:    ■leriuue  II.  Jenkins,  coiiniA  :  liiii'' 

I..  Kiernan.  surg. :   II.  K,  ShirllilT,  surg. ;  .Im K  I's" 

low.  asst.  surg. ;  Thuma-  W.  .lohiison,  asst.  mhU  :  ''n  '"'■ 
llculy,  chuplain. 


11 

it 

■''I 

S':;r^ 

Ss^^) 

i 

1 

i 

THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


475 


,  Jr. 


i(ir- 


L'Onillli.->inlloJ 


vin  Sniiiit,  nvii. 
in. ;  William  li. 
i  L.  Itii^'v.  a-". 

Horsi'  i.  Mis- 

liniii  K,  .•*i'li;i!Ttr. 
)i>liii  Y.  n>\Yu 
Cl:,<W<  II.  Iljr,:, 
,n  Iliirl>i  r.  n:.v. 
i<r.  ii'ljt. :  ticiir;;^ 
UlilfW  .<.  l'llol|.^ 
yer,  J^iir^. :  llciirv 
,s*t.  ^lll■i.^ ;  liiiiry 
t.  ."urt;.  :  .1.  \V." 
liiil'liiir.. 

Slervill.  Sro.iid 
aulliiiriiv  Iniiii 
lltniti'  ;i  i.MV:i:ry 
ediato  i^i'ivkv  in 
re  riTn;ltlii:  I'r 
low  ami  iiili'i- 
milar  iiiilliniiiy 
le  JiViiji'l't  :i?  illl 

.  ri'i-rui'i'd  ;iiil 

(I    lc■s^   i!i;lll  "«■ 

iiarv  itisinuti"ii 
lii>t  s.|a;iJr"ii, 
ill  r;ii>iii':  ili 
iiH".     liiS.)- 

VLMIliii'll     'I'l'' 

I  In  IVmii  (I'l 
It  -iii]M'i|niiii.;. 
\  iii"^niiiz;i'.i"ii- 


■,lr 


Viilnnlt'ii'«: 

UilltlT    I  .   'ill'' 

■ll,..llliisli.lll«'* 
ll    11.  (llnllT.  m.i; 

,,11.  Ulllj.:   ■li""'"  ' 

:i,ljl.      ■I;ii"'-  ' 

y:     .I„1M1    1..    I-;- 
',..;    ,I.,I1H'J1.'-I'' 


Vulllllt'Vl- 

N.  W I,  I"  • 

1'.   Ilnwkill'   II" 
M.iiilKciiiii'n.  "I'J 

-llliv  II,  ■(. 


nii»l.  -11')! 


,1.;  ."It- 

,l:imi-K,llf 

Wil.iim 


Ninth  llogimeiit  Cavalry,  Mis.souri  VoluntutTs  : 

KiKi  II  \>ii  Stakk. — Williiim  D.  liiiwcii,  lit'iit.-(.'(il. ;  Diiniul  1". 
l';ll■^'|||lil,  ivilj'-i  Albert  E.  Hull,  i|.in. ;  lloriico  Nuwell,  as.st. 
-iir;;, ;   I>.  H.  Law,  iisst.  surg. 

i;ii'v,'i!i'li  llogiiiient  Cavalry,  Missouri  V'tilunteer.s : 

Kii;i  li  AMI  ■'^t.vf:'. — William  I>.  Wond,  oc.l. ;  .Inliii  W.Steplicns, 
liiMit.-ool.;  John  Vf,  Sti'|ilii'iis,  iiiiij.;  L.  I'.  I'lieo.  iniij.; 
J, .Illl  T.  Itoss,  niiij.;  Lyniiin  W,  Itrown,  iiiiij. ;  \Villi;itii  M. 
Wlieny,  iiiiij.;  Diinie!  1'.  I'lirsmi.s,  mljt.  ;  A.  J.  Newby, 
iiilil.:  Milton  Siintpo,  ((.in.;  Aiiii.^  X.  Currier,  coiiiin'y: 
.liiliii  W.  Sliule,  rfuig. ;  Jolin  W.  ,<l;iji',  iisst.  8»r){. :  Thomas 
l.iiwrciH'O.  ftsst.  i'ur(^". ;  Jonas  .\I.  StiiriH's,  ii:*st.  surj^. 

Tiiiiil  lU'iriiiieiit  EiiruUed  Mi.s.souri  Militia: 

Fii  I II  AM'  ,^T.\N'F.— Ailiil|ili  lIu;;o,  col. ;  Trpi!.  Va!ilk[iin|i,  col. ; 
.Joliii  ('.  Wocrncr,  lieul.-col. ;  (iuor;;c  Ha^.st'iirtlicr.  liciit.- 
oiil.;  Casper  Koi^hlcr,  lic'ut.  lol. ;  I'rcil.  \'alilkniii|i,  niaj.; 
Lciiiiaril  Wcinilci,  iiiaj.  .■  William  V'alJschiiiiill,  ailjl. :  John 
1'.  .M;i,k.  i(.Mi.:  Lco|,)lcl  Meyer,  sur),'. 

Fourth  liegiini'iit  EiiroUoil  Missouri  Militia; 
Fa  I II  iMi.">TAKK. — r.  D.  WollI,  col.;  Clirlsliaii  I'locscr,  licul.- 

cul. :  rliri:'tinn  tjocriscli.  tiiaj.;    Henry  \i.  Iiallijen.  a<l,)t,; 

llenj.  F.  tiemii|),  ailjI.;    Keidinana  Ca.«sel,  i|.ii:. ;    Williiiu 

T.  lien. lip,  sui«. 
Filth  llogiiiH'iit  Knroilotl  M',.-isoitri  Militia: 

Fin. II  AMI  .'^rAPr.^F.  T.  I*.  lioylc,  col. :  I.oiiis  I>ue.,'tro\v.  i'<)l. ; 
.loliii  ().  I'rallier,  lleiii.  col. ;  Jolni  Uiivli,  lieut.  eol.; 
I.i,ui«  l>uecrow,  iniij.;  Ilolicrt  .Incob,  iiiaj.;  Tbeoilore 
Kalb.  a,l.ji.;  11' bort  .lacobs,  ailjt.:  Augustus  Wetzel,  ailjt. ; 
tia-tave  Kobrs.  c|.ui.  ;  I'liurlOiS  I.inlnii;,  siir;;. 

Sixth  llefil'uciit  Kiirollod  Missotiri  Militia: 

Iinn  AMI  Stakk.— T.  Nieilerweiser,  ent.;  T.  Nieilcrweiser, 
lical.col. ;  A.  D.  .''loan,  lieut.  eol.;  A.  D.  ."^loan,  ina.j.  ;  F. 
A.  Huriiin,  inaj.;  Louis  Lippinaii.  ii'ljl.  :  l')niil  ILi. -Icr, 
.iiljl.;  lieorge  Seigel,  ([.111. ;  Kni-t  .laiin,  siiij.'.  ;  .\i|olpliu9 
Hciiwli.  .<urg. ;  Iloinor  Jinlil,  as-t.  .«urg. 

."Seventh  Rej^iiiU'iit  KiirolK-J  Mis.souri  .^lilitia: 

1  ill  h  Avii  ,"I|  Ml'.— l!eor);c    I).    Leigliloii,   col.:     i;.   r.    I'ikc. 

lii'iil.  cnl.;   Henry  .'^enler.   nuij. :    i:,l\vanl    IV    liice,    iiinj.; 

Klic'ii   ISiclinrils,  .Ir.,  ml.it. ;  (io'irffe    lloll'iiian,   ailjI.:   W  il- 

liaiii  (iroslion.  i|.ni. ;  (.'Lester  II.  Kiuin. '[.ni. ;   William   S. 

Dyer,  siirg. ;   .Murllmer  l>.  .'»eiiler,  furj;. 
'.  A.—  ilenry  Senter,  cnpi. ;  Kilivanl  Wilkcrson,  dipt. ;  (ieorRn 

F.  Miycis.  capt.;    Henry   Capin,   1st    limit.;   William  H. 

l'iil>ifer.  I'l    lieut.;    Oeoige    I).  V'Uing,  2il   lieut.:    Frank 

11.  Alexaiiiler,  ill  lieut. 
'i'i|.'iiii"l  Companies  .\  ami  •"  of  lliis  re);iiiieiit  were  eoiisoli 
i.ili',l  liy  iittaeliing  the  latter  couipiiiiy  to  the  loriner,  ainl  the 
iiiiinifiii,, lis  >if  the  then  existiiii,' onh'ers  vnealeil.  In  ciiipli- 
iiii'i' Willi  urtlers  issueil  tVoni  tli.^lril■t  beail'iintrlers,  jtii  clcclioii 
:'■'!  iiffii'iTS  ,,r  the  eompany  thus  I'ormcl  was  lieM  . I  line  i.l,  IS*»;!, 
ifulliiv  :is  r.illows  :  For  captain,  (ieorne  F.  .Meyer-,  t'ornierly 
•ii|'liiiinj|'  ('..iiipany  (';  for  Isl  lioulemint,  W.  H.  I'ulsil'er,  lor- 
iiirilv  l-l  lieolcmint  of  Company  .\  ;  fiu-  M  licuteiiaiil.  F.  1(. 
Al''\iiiiih'r.  formerly  sergeant  of  t'ompany  C. 

ll.-I'Mwa-^il  T.   Clark,  capt.;     William    I!.    I'nili,   capt.; 

lii''ir|;c   II.  .Morgan,  capt. ;    William    II.  fiull,    Isl    lieut.; 

■I'.lin   .M.  Wherry,  1st  lieiil. :  John    M.  Wlieny,  IM  lieiil.; 

li"ir)!o  II.  .Morgan,  :M  lieut.;  .'Jli'plion  Croivell,  '.',1  lieut. 
I".  ('.'— K.  C.  Pike,  eapt.i  tieor^'e  F.  Meyeis,  eapl. ;  .lolin  Kol- 

'  Aflorwardi  oonrulidntad  with  Compnnjr  A. 


ley,  capt.;  (Jcorge  F.  Meyers,  1st  lieut.;  William  \.  Nor- 
throp, 1st  lieut.;  Ilcnry  Capin,  1ft  lieut.:  (ieorge  IJorn, 
Ist  lieut.;  William  A.  .Northrop,  I'd  lieut.;  James  W. 
Uutter,  L'd  liciit. ;   I'eter  Cigrand,  'Jd  lieut. 

C(i.  I).— F.  1'.  liiee,  capt.:  K.  (!.  Fisher,  2d  lieut.;  Jacob  .■;. 
Williams,  1st  lieut.;  F.  .-!.  liidcn,  I'd  lieut.;  Thatcher  G. 
Conant,  '.'d  lieut.;   Frederick  I!.  Howe,  2d  lieut. 

Co.  K. — Ferdinand  Meyer,  capt.;  Charles  ."<.  Kintzin/,  1st 
lieut.;  Itichard  I).  Coiiipton,  1st  lieut.;  Uichard  I).  Comp- 
ton,  2il  lieut.;    Kmil  tjessler.  2d  lieut. 

Co.  F. — William  I!.  Parker,  capt.;  J.  C.  Dubuque,  1st  lieut.; 
!■:.  Mawdsley,  2d  lieut. 

Co.  (J. — llemy  Kleinachmidt,  capt. ;  William  L.  Uinghain,  It 
lieut.;  James  .Martin,  2d  Hunt. 

Co.  II.' — t'onslantine  .Magwirc,  eajit.;  Pnlrii'k  ."^ullivan,  lit 
lieut.;   Mavl  1  Woods,  2d  lieut. 

Co.  \. — 15.  Doran  Killiaii,  capt.;  J.  P.  Cuddy.  1st  lieut. 

Eiirlith  Kuoiiiiuni  KtiroUt'i!  Missouri  Militia: 

.   TiKiIi  A.Mi  •'sTAt'b'.— John   Knapp.  eol.;    Asa  S.  Jones,  liciit.- 

I  col.;  F'red.  It.  Holmes,  niaj. ;  William  L.  (.'alherwood,  niiij.: 

A.  tj.   Hei|ueinbourg,  adjt.;   Charles  C.  Whiltelsey,  (|.m. ; 

John  Lclireeht,  sioj;. 

Co.  A. — (ieorgn   Knapp,   capt.;  (icorgc  W.  liilson,  1st    lieut.; 

Ceorgc  W.  Puriiell,  2d  lieut. 
Co.  I!.  — It.  Woest 'mhick,  capt  :  James  .'^iiiitli,  1st  lieut.;  .Me.x. 

H.  Moore,  2d  iicul. 
C.i.  C. — liii'li  ipb  Wagner,  capt.:   Herman  ."'parkle,   Isl   lieal.; 

Albert  K.  Vcriiiaiin.  I'd  lieut. 
C".  l>. — William  i..  Ciilherwood,  capt. ;   I'.  S.  Sli'lliii'.'er,  capt. : 
Asa  ,s^.  , tones,  Ut  lieut.;  I). .''.  .sitellinger,  Isl  lieut.;  Charles 
A.  llohaniKoi,  1st   lieut.;   1>.  .'s.  .'Stelliiiger.  2d  lieut.:  John 
tlraliain,  2i|  lieut. 
I   Co.  F.  — M.  P.  Hawlliorn.ciipt.:  J.  U.  Hoggs,  Isl  lieut.;  James 
;  \,  Fisher.  2d  iie;:t. ;  Mosely  lireen,  2d  lii'iit. 

Co.   F  — -Jaiui'S    .Mitchell,   capt.:  .lohn  'F.    ll.ilmes,    l.-t    lieut.: 

i.oiiis  P.  Fuller.  2d  lieut. 
C.i.  li. — lohn  C.  lilceh,  capt.,    F.  W.   Ilirsdi,   1st   lieiiu;    II. 
Lagcrtiiaii,  2d  Meat. 
i  Co.  II.'— John   K.dley.  cap!.:   ilnrgc  liorii.    1st   I  cut. :  Julius 

I.efold,  2'1  lieut.;    I'eler  Cigrand,  2d  liiiit. 
,   C'l.  I.<      Daniel  (i.  Tiiylm-,  capt.;   It.  D.  Killian.  capt. ;  Charles 
W.  IIoio.  M  lieut.  ;  F.l«ai'l  llryne,  M  lieut.  :  J.  P. Cuddy, 
Isl  lieut.;   II.  D.  Killian,  2,1  lieut. 
Co.    K.' — Constantine    Magwirc,   capt.:    l'alri''k    Sullivan,    l.st 
lieut.;   Daniel  W Is.  2.1  lieut. 

Ninth  Uogiiueiit  l<)iirolli'd  Mi.ss(iuri  Militia: 

Kill  i>    AMI  Stait. — John   M.  Kri'iii,  eol.;    Henry  II.  Cather- 

wood,  eol.;    Henry    II.    Catherw I,   li.iit.eol.:    (Isear   F. 

Lowe,  lieut. -e.d.  ;   Henry   II.   Caihernoo.l.  miij. ;  ilsear   F. 

I, ..we,  niaj. :    IMwanl    .M.uriMUi,  iiiaj. ;    FrnesI   W.  Decker, 

ii.ljt. ;    Daoar    F.   Lowe,   <|.iii. ;    Charles    II.    Ilailey.    ipm.  ; 

Ilcnry  C.  .Martlicns,  surg. 
C.i.   .\.    -Henry   CIcvelan.l,   capt.;  John  (.    Porter,   l-t    liout.; 

Hiram  II.  .sileeHi.  2.1  lieiil. 
Co.  II. —  Filward    .Morrison,  capt. :  .lohn    D.   Ilea.ly.   1st    lieut.; 

John  tl.  .M'diana,  2d  lieul. 
Co.  C.     John   Kvill,  capt.;    Philip  C.  Taylor.  Isl    lieui.  :  S,  T. 

Chapniaii,   1st   lieut.;    William   0.    H.    Ilecker,    Isl    lieut.; 

.l..-epli  A.  Iliown,  2.1  lieut. 

"  l'..niMTly   Company  K.  I'.ighlli    liegiiuciit,  aiil   Iransferred 
t.i  this  regiment. 

■'  'I'raiisferre.l  1..  Seventh  IleL'iiiienl  as  C.iinpariy  C. 
I  *  'Iransferreil  toSeveiilh  Kegimenl  a,-  C.iiiij  any  I. 
'       '  Transferred  t.i  ."'eveiith  llegiment  as  Company  H, 


■» 


476 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Wj 


Co.  I>. — rtiinicl  M.  (!ii»iini,  <'n|it. ;  K.  J.  Montague,  1st  licut.; 

(Jtur^c  Mcl(.  I.ukcii,  *it  licut. 
Co.  E. — CliMilc'.s    K.  I.^'iiian,  ni|it.;  Gcorj?o    Lewis.   1st  licut.; 

Williiiii  A.  Albiitjht,  2J  liciil. 
Co,    K.-.'Munson     ]!c:icli,    cn|it.;    CImrlcs    Kliink,    Itt    licut.; 

(icorpc  T.    Lewis,    Ist    licut.;    (Jcorgc    Pcult,    2J    licut.: 

William  It.  Ilabcock.  LM  licut. 
Co.  (!. — Williaui  !l.  CvaH  I'mJ,  cajit. ;  .loliii  U.  I'icM,  1st  licut. ; 

A.  li.  l'cai>on,  2il  licut. 
Co.    H.  —  lluiili    McDcriiKilt,   ca)it. ;    Timolliy    Jl<;Nauiiirii,    Isl 

licut.:   llauiiuciiil  I'.  Karbcr.  2.1  licut. 
Co.  l.--\Villiaiu  .McICc,  ca|.t.;   llichai-,1  W.  Murau,  1st  licut.; 

Tlicoilore  C  Albright,  IM  licai. 

Si.xteciith  Ilc::inicDt  Enrolled  Mis.soun  I^Iilitia: 

riEl.n  AMI  Stai'F.  —  M.  W.  Warn  ■,  oil.;  W.  II.  Stunc.  licut. - 

col.;  0.  11.  Killcy,  uiaj.;    l).  W  ,  Wiirnc,  ailjt.;   1'.  II.  Hcar- 

UIU,  q.UI. 
Co.  A.-    Williaiu  II.  .'^Iiitic.  i';)l>t. ;  ileorgc  W.  I'islicr,  1st  licut.: 

William  (I'li.ian,  LM  licut. 
Co.   Il.--Ktcilciick    .Maurcr.   capl.,    Victor    Klalz,    1,-t    lieut. : 

.laiucs  .**\liac(Vcr,  LM  licut. 
C.i.  C.-riciaril  I!.  Allen,  capt.;  O.  II.  I'illcv,  1st  licut..   Albeit 

I).  Wcll.«,  2(1  licut. 
Co.  II.— Klijuh  Wells,  cnpl.:   M.  W.  Ilagaman,  1st  licut.;  .lames      i.',,,  „  ami  .<!takf.— Albert  Jackson,  eel.;  Samuel  P.  .< 

II.  Dunnicant,  2(1  licut. 
Co.  Iv — .Iiiiiies  II.  McCdiil,  oa|it. ;  .l.ilin   I,.   Mdon,    \-t   lieut.: 

■lames  K.  K(i.\,  2(1  lieut. 
Co.  I-'.— i:.  A.  Crbot,  capl.;   William  .1,  Tillay.  Ist   licut.:  (1. 

William  Kut/.uiig,  2(1  licut. ;  Charles  tiucilekc,  2il  licul. 
Co.  (i.— Itcbeit    liariiclt.    .'ipt,:     1).  I),  t'liaii'llei-.    Ut    licut.; 

Cliiirb"--  Ucmiii;;.  2il  licut. 
Co.  n.--.'^lc,  lieu  IJIass,  cant. ;   CliarUs   lla^'ur.  1st  licut.:   Uu- 

(l(il|>h  .lacksiin.  2(1  lii  ut. 
Co.  I. — I.iuiis  Iv'(iciiscliic(l,  capl. :  .Idlin  ('(ink.  1st  licut.;  Justus 

.<pccir.-,  2.1  licul. 
Co.    K.—  K.   .1.  .'^lerliiij;,  en;it.;    Juhn  J.  (irimslcy,    1st  licut.; 

Kdivard  I..i''iiu.  l-t  licut.;   I'.  J,  I'clers,  2(1  lieut.;    Henry 

S.  Ciinon,  2(1  lic:it. 

Si'voiiti  Tf.tli  Utu'iiucnt  Knnilli'il  Missouri  Militia: 

I'lKi  ;i  AMI  STArf.— Cliuvlcs  L.  Tucker,  cnl.;  ,S.  (J.  ,«oni!".  lieut. 
col.:  Jdiialhan  t).  Pcaicc.  iiiaj  ;  WiiliiuiiC.  Wllsdu,  a.ljt. ; 
(jleorgc  P.  Plant,  (|.ui. :    I'.  W.  White,  furg. 

Twotiivscciiiid  Uc;_'itii('iit  Kiiidllid   Mi.csdiiii  Mili- 
tii.  : 

FiKi.ii  AMI  .■'rAi  K.  'I'll. .mas  .Miller,  .Ir  ,  cnl. :  Juab  I.aHrcncc, 
licut.  c(.l. :  Nathan  Cole,  niaj. ;  .1.  !•'.  I'arsiiii--,  a.ljt. ;  li  11. 
I'earc( ,  (|.ui. 

L"Xiii:it  (ii:Nt:itAi,  (UiniMis  s...  ..ic.  -.vau  iumwui'mknt.  si:uiK.>i  isi;i. 

'  |i.(t<'.  Kiimn.  Hunk.  K.iul.  Ii'iiu  II.'riKuks 


'twenty-third  Regiment,  Knrolled  Mi.ssouri  Miliijii; 

I"m:i  11  AMi.STArf. — (ieorgoR.  Taylor,  col. ;  T.  McKissock.  Pent 
col.;   I'l.  W.  Wall'iee,  niaj.  :    Panics  W.  Way,  ndjt. 

Third  Rcuiiiiont  Cavalry  (t'orincrly  Tenth),  .^Iis. 
souri  State  Militia  : 

FiKi.ii  ASH  Ptafi-, — Edwin  ,<mart.  col. :  Ulchard  (J.  M' |.np 

col.;  Frederick  Mursey,  '.ieut.col. ;  Jnnics  O.  Ilidii.llioa.l. 
licut. -Cdl. :  Uichanl  (1.  WdOdsdn,  luiij. :  llciiiy  L  .M.Cun 
ncll,  inaj.  ;  Jaiiies  Wilsnn,  maj.;  11.  M.  .Mathews,  maj,; 
Henry  (".  Campbell,  adjt.  ;  John  F.  I,.  Jacoby,  qui. :  11.1!, 
WondrufT,  cdin.;  William  I,.  Short,  sur;;. ;  Wm.  I,.  Sli.ii|.ns<i. 
Burg. ;  U.K.  Jonc.>,  nsst.  surg. ;  James  llollistcr,  ai-t.  .ur:' 

Fifth  Rciiimctit  Caviilry  (formerly  Thirtcciiiji 
Missouri  State  Militia : 

Firiii  AMI  .SrviK. — Albert  Sigcl,  col.;  Josejih  A.  i;i.|-i.ir,, 
lieut.  (Mil.  ;  Jlavchind  Tompkins,  maj.;  John  1!.  Kiii-ci. 
maj. ;  Waldcinar  Fischer,  maj. :  (ieorge  E.  Iiclghldn.  maj.: 
Oliver  P.  Ncwbci-ry,  maj.;  M'illiam  C.  Kerr.  adjt. :  llciirv 
W.  Werth,  adjt.;  l.oui.s  llcrgcnn,  q.m.;  Louis  It.ii;(i,. 
c.iiii.;  Jdhn  Fctzcr,  surg.;  Julin  Fet/er.  asst.  surj-. ;  AIcv 
aiidcr  F>.Kctc,  asst.  surg.;  Jidin  H.  Williams,  nsst.  surg. 

Twelfth  Regiment  Calvary,  Missouri  State  .^Iiliii;i: 

iinpscn, 

licul.  col.;   liiix'   F.   La/ear,  li.'ui.  cil. ;  Kazel  F.  I.ii/car, 

maj.;   Frederick   W.    Uccder,  maj.  ;  lieurgo   E.   I,ei;;li|.ii]. 

maj.;  J.   A.  <!reason,  adjt.  :   Philip   It.   Van  Frank,  (|. id  ; 

H.    M.    Matthews,   surf;.:    II.    .M.    Matthews,  asst.  siir-.: 

Henry  I)dui,'hiss,  asst.  surg. 

I  The  r.ircg.'iug  lists  id'  dlTi-'crs  (if  the  .Missouri  rcgiiiicius  un-ic 

the  ditl'crciit  (irgani/atioiis  of  United  Stiitcs  ]{v!-\^     \    .-.riis-' 

lidinc   'lUards,    Missdiiri    \'olunteers,    and    Enrjii.  ,    .^Iis^M|u. 

.Miliiia,  were  compiled  from  oificial  sources,  but  are  ncius-arilv 

incomplete  owing  to  the  defective  ehnriietcr  of  the  returns  iiiiilc 

to  the  adjutant-general  of  the  State.     Owing  also  to  the  l.iok 

of  inroriiiatidii  in  the  adjutant  generarH  reports  as  to  Ilic  kipali- 

ties  t'roiii  whiidi  the  various  regiments  were  recruited,  .in.!  tlic 

fact  that  oiViecrs  and  men  were  l're(|iiciitly  traii^rcrie.l  ri.nii  .uc 

eiiinmaii'l  to  another  or  merge. 1  into  new  drgtiiii.tatidii:>,  it  i> 

iuipdssible  td  trace  out   all   the  (itlieers  whose  CdiiinaiiiN  wcie 

organi/.cil  in  St.  Louis,  but  it  is  believed  that  the  lifts  L'ivcii  arc 

as  full  and  accariitc  as  it  was  pos.siblo   to   make  them  witli  the 

material  in  our  possession.) 

The  fiillowiiitr  is  a  cdiniilite  roster  of  tin'  i'(imiii;iii- 
der.x  ili-i'hiff  and  their  slati;-,  major- ireiier;ils  ('(iintiiainl- 
in;;  and  >t;itl's,  and  liri;;ailier-i;eiieials  eiittiiiiaii.iiiiL' the 
.^Ii.■iSlltlli  Slate  Militia  and  Kiiidlled  Mi>siiiiii  .Miiiti.i 
and  iheii  stall's  from  ',S(il  to  Dee.  ^1,  ISlil  : 


Ann.    I'.>.  IM'.I     lb(iidlt..ii  ll.ii.iiiililc rdiiiiMiiii.l 'liii.ciii.r 


Aiijr.    "Jt.  Isdi    »,.■  .rue  tt  Siiiiili. 
X..V.    .10.  {-<■{     ni..»i,-(  ll.c.l.iiii,  Jr.. 

N..«.      2'l.  IM.J      .Inllll  r    lO.K       


Adi:      IT,  l«i.| 


Slllllll.'l  I 


It  1. 1.. 


|i,.  \'\,  IM:t     I'liiK  II   lliiiiiliaiii 

A"K  I,  iw.i      t.    A:i«..li  M..IC 

Nor.  t'-i.  IM.I      Ml. ..I  II.  t,i-|,iii . 

li.c.  '.',  Isol  K.  iiikhii  |i  iiiilciidcr 

Auk.  'Jo,  tS'l      II  .1111I1..11  C.iliil.lc 

S.|,|  17.  I<i|      Willi II   \V I 

lice.  lA   iMil  W,(ll.r.M    Siiinll»(i(Hl. 

Auk  -■'■  >"''l     WKIliiii  r   M.iMoh 

Aplll  I,  I  Hut    C.  U.  llHiley 


Ili.t'.i.l 

I'd) I  a'1.1    \ilii..^iMl  id'i.'.ial  . 

'  ('.,| I  iih.l  A(l.|ul(llM..I..'llll 

;  lliliiarli.  1  lii'iici.il  idi  I  ((  M  i;.'ii.'lnl 
I  (*d)..iicl  iiiiil  t/uait.'i  iiiid-l.  I  (i.'dcial 
:  C.ildiiel  nil. I  ()illt' lei  111.(^1. -1 -Id'tlClill 

'  I',. 1,(11.  I  aii.l  lii(.|i.'('|..r'li lul 

<'..|..i(el  an. I  I'lii'-t  ilKlliall.'c 

('.(|..(i(  I  1(11(1  Al(l'(l"-('(iui|. 

.  r..l I  I  M.I  .le  l'aiii|> 

:  t'.iloKcl  1(11(1  A  i(t-.l.--rauit.     

<'.  1,(11  I  (id.l  \i,|.,|e  i'.(iii|i.  Milllnry  H. 


All','.  I'l.  I'iid  liic.l  .till.    11,  IKill. 

I  AdjuMiil  licnci'l    Auk,  'JI,  iMil  It  sicuid  N..v.  Id.  IM.I . 

.\..v.  :l(i,  l.Sill  ItcslKUcil  A|.ill  Jl.  Is.lJ. 

\dv.  '.'II,  Islij  TiaiinU ncl  losl.dl  i;,.i(.|||..r  ll.dl. 

Ailu.  17.  Isiil  lle-l.4(ie(l  He.'.  IK,  ISill. 

He,  111,  IM.I  ll.'.IK.ie.l  Auk,  I.  l"''-'' 

Auk  I.  Isi:.'  TiiiikIcmcI  l.ist((n  li..veiii..r  lldl 

N(.v,  III,  IMM  ri»..sl('rrc.|  I..  sMIl  iHd('rii..r  llidl. 

He.'.  'J.  iMd  Tiaic crie.l  l.(  ftidl  i;..i('rii..l  Hull 

Aug.  'J.I.  IKIII  It  i.i|: I  l'(.|.ruiirv,  I,sii4, 

Scj.t.  17,  |M,1  II,, iK I  He,'.  14,  IMll. 

He.  .  t.\  IKl'..l  ll.'slK.O'.l  Kcl.,  17,  ImU, 

All.'  ■it,  |m;1  lt(-iK((.'il  ,1(111.  10,  IM'-I, 


,...!  M(ij..r  and  Ael  ile-C'iim|i,  .MIIllAI'y'Si'e...    A|>ill       I,  Ism     Truiinl.rieil  lo  »l.(fl  (i(.ver '  Mall. 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


477 


lUri  Militia; 

Ivissoeli,  I'ciil 
ailjt. 

entlO,  Miv 


1  fi.  W,..„l<ni,. 
().  Ilniii'llini'l. 
iiry  Ij  MfCtm- 
Iiillii'W*.  niiij.; 
by.c)  Ml.:  11.11. 
1. 1..Sli'iil.ns'l. 
istor,  ni^t.  sur;:. 

Tliirtc.iiili  . 

h  A.  V-nAvm. 
Idliii  11.  Kiiiscr. 
lAMslit"".  iiiiij-; 
rr.  {idjt. ;  lli'iiiy 

;      I,ouis    U'ljrlu 

fst.  surj*. ;  .Mi'S- 
iiiis,nH-t.  Mirf. 

^lat^;  Militia; 

mucl  P.  .-^impsiii. 
liiizi'l  !•'.  I.ii/r;ir, 
rgo  K.  l.ci-lilr.. 
I'lin  Friiik,  i|.m  , 
licKS.  iif*t.  siir;.: 

■i  rcj^iiiifnl'  unl'' 

•;iii  jli.  .    Mi**""i' 

ml  me  ni'Oi'J-urily 

f  IliL'  return*  limit 

uls.i  to  tin- lack 

Irtsu"  to  the  liirali- 

ruiteil.  all'l  lllf 

Vrretl  from  nnv 

iiiiiitii'iiN  il  '' 


IIOXOII.VIIY   ASn  K.  M.  M. 


'u  i'ciiiiri:lll 


llio  li^lSL'lVHla^' 


li  (lu 


iiUi-  llu'iu  nit 


,1'  tin'  oomuKiii- 
KM-iils  I'liiimiaii'l 
•iiimiiiiiiilii"-' ''" 


li,-siiiin 
ISiil; 


.Militi.i 


iiiiip. 


Nnnio. 


AiiR.  2'l,  ISfi'-  r.  P.  K.  .lolirnnll 

tiiiio  1,  l^ii'  Ml  Ivillc  SnwvtT 

I  jiiii  :i.  l-'i-  Philip T.W.'ip.l 

Si'pl-  '.  !'•''-  •'"'"'  ■■'■  ""li"-ii 

•    Sl'l't  --,1^''-  .filllH'M  O.  Iln'IlllJH'Uli 

il,l.  >.,  IMiJ  D.inl.'i  ti.  Tiiyl.M- 

Alii-  ■-"•.  I^i'l  Wlllmm  T.  M.ifliiii... 

il.t?  ll,  IMl-  .It'llll  KtiHU  iioy 

.lull.  I,  iMi;  .lolin  lii;;!.- II,  Jr 

pi'i .  r>,  l.'^lil  .Vii^lin  A.  IviiiK 

II,-.'.  '_*^.  t^ii-  .1:11111'.^  II.  Itiri'ii 

S..|ii  .;,  I.^i..!  ('\rimlt.  Itiiniliitiu.. 

K.I'  Jl.  l.-i.'.;  (H...iui'ti    I'ri.li' 

Scj.i  !•.  IMl-  Tiiniimti  T.  (Jtiiill...  . 

S.|ii  1-i.  IMi-  Willium  S.  M..s..|r>'. 

.\|.nl  14,  l.-i'.J  Williiilll  S.  IlillviT... 

,111111)  I,  l"!.'-  Miiliiii'l  I'.  Slimll. ... 

■  Fft>.  -i'»  I'll'-  Iiiiiie  I*.  Siifili'kfr... 


Iliuik  rnim 


Colnm-I  iinil  Pn.vnmstcr-(.onpinl ;  Aiir.  2:1,  Ififi-i 

l.li<iit.-('()1  III). I  lii'imty  Pii.viiiiiHlur-ljt.'ii.  .Iiiiiii  I,  1M.:l 

l',,l.»m.|  nil. I  Siirc.'.'ii.llt'iit'nil Jiiii.  ;i,  Im.J 

r..l.un-l  iiii.l  SiiiKi..)ii-lM-iii.riil .""I'lit.  1,  lMi-J 

i'oI.iiu'I  mill  .liiilni'  AiIv.iiuIi-(m' 111....  Si.|.|.  •li,  l.Mli 

C.liiiii.l  null  Ai'l-ili:-)'ani|i •  (lit.  S,  l.M.'J 

I'ol.iiii'l  mill  Ai.l.ilc-riiiiip I  Aiii;.  ii.  I'lil 

I'.'I.Mii'l  mill  Ai.|..li'-i',iiii|i IVI.  li,  IM'J 

Ciil.Hifl  iiii.l  Ai'.-.ti-('iiiii|i '  .Imi.  4,  IMiJ 

('..liiiii'l  mi.l  Ai,l-.li'.('iiiii|i :  III'..  •',.  Isr.l 

r.il.iKcl  mill  AM  ili'-l  iiliip _ Hit.  2S,  Isi;.! 

C.iliMirl  mill  Ai.l-.li. Cmiip Si-|it.  :l.  l.M,.; 

(■.il.iiM'l  mi.l  Ai.l.li, CiiiMp.  Ki'h.  'Jl,  iMii.: 

C.il.Mii'l  mill  Ai.l.ili'-Ciinip Si'pl.  !i,  IMiJ 

Ci.l I  mill  Aiil-.li.l'miip Sf.pl.  IH,  Idiij 

Cil.Mii'l  mill  Al.|..li'->'miip '  Aj.iil  H,  iM.i 

('..liiiii'l  mill  Ai.l.ili'.Cmiip I •  1,  \nil 

Sliij.ir  1111.1  Aiil.ik'i'miip Feb.  2(1,  ISd 


Iteiiiniks. 


Trmmrerrpil  li>  (.tntr  finvi'rnor 
TrmifJeiri-il  t.»>;nll  <;,>vi.i  ii.ir 

li.'^i;: I  .M.iv  111.  IMIJ. 

Timi»leiii..l  I.I  I.I..I1  i:  .viTiinr 
'rrmi.>l'.'rn'.I  to  t,liiM  (i.ivi'i  ii.ii' 
'^nlll^^  rie.l  I.iht.ttr  (Kiv.-ii.or 
It. 1.1.1:11. '.I  null  .Imiiiarv,  l»ill. 
Tl,iii>l.  rii'il  (....(all  (i..v..iii..r 
'l'riiii!.'.rii.il  III  *liill  (i.iM'i  I1..I' 
Trmii.ti'1  r.'.l  l.iNiiilT  (J.ixiTiior 
ll.'.-illii.'.l  AiiK  14.  \M\. 
'I'riilivlV-rri.il  l.i  ntall  (i.iviTimr 
'I'l-.ii.^t.-iri'.l  Iti  ulalf  (;..v,.tiit,r 
'I'lmi^li'iii'ii  t..  sdiM  C.ivriiuir 

'ri,lll^l','l  r.'il   1,1  htiltt    (miV|.||MII' 

TimihriTii'il  III  >t.ill  iMivi'iiiiir 
'I'lMii-li.'ieil  liihliiir  li..vi.ili,ir 
Timi(ileri'e.l  li>  Htutl  (ii.vei  ii.ii- 


I 


Hull. 
Hall. 

Hull. 
Hull. 
Hall. 

Hull. 
Hull. 
Hull. 

Hall. 
Hull. 
Hull. 
Hall. 
Mult. 
Ilull. 
Hull. 


K..I..  I. 
Miii.li-". 

.Mit.  1. 

I  M.iv  I'l, 

K,.K  17, 

.MlB-  ■■'. 

n.v.  •-', 

V,l..  I\ 

K,l..  I>. 

■Mill  IS 

.lull-  l."i, 

.Mii.l  1, 


INPKIl  fiKSKUAI,  (lltliEli.S   No.  90,   WAU   llKPAUTMK.ST,  SEIllKS   1801. 


!,«(',4  Willuril  P.  Hull (^inim.iiiili'r-iiiCliief. 

I.Mil  .li.lili  II.  (iiuy Ciliiiii  I  anil  Ailjulaiilllelierul  .. 

l..<iij  !■:   A  111". n  More r.,l..nel  mi.l  l^iuiteiinuster 

l>i;l  .M(..n  It.  Kai.to'1 ('.il.iiii-l  miil  Iiifp.>.'t..r'iit'iiciiil... 

l,Ml4  .'.jl  m  W.hmIh.iii ('..l..n.-l  mi. I  lii^pi'V-lor.'icni>nil... 

l.M,4  ,1.  M.ll.i-wit ('..!.. .  el  unit  liiKpeit.ir-lii'lieral... 

IM,I  Kiaiikliii  II.  Culleiiilcr I'nl.   ii'l  un.l  Cliii'l  Unlnmiie 

I.Mil  Alli'ii  P.  Iti.  Iiuiilf.ili ('..l.iii.t  un.l  Ai.l.l.'-Cmiip 

|M',|  Willi, nil  P   Hmris.iii r..|.iiit.|  mi.l  ..\i.|-'l.'-<'uiiip 

1-1,1  M.ii.leiul  (IliviT C.iliMiel  unit  A;.lil-('aiiip 

Im;4  C.  f.  Pulley l.ient.-i'iil.uiiil  A  l>.t'.,aiiil  Miliii 

IM'.I  t'.  t;  lliiiley .Major,  Ai.lili.-luiiip,  ami  .Milila 


Fell. 

l.isr.t 

)laii 

i2ii,  lMi;i 

Aiii;. 

1,  i.ti.j 

N.iv. 

Pl.  IS1,1 

K.'-laiii'.l  IMli  F.O.rnurv,  ISC4. 

Fell. 

17,  isiil 

K.'nitiiieil  4lh  AuiiUst,  1M,4. 

AiiK. 

,\  ISlil 

Hee. 

2,  1-1,1 

Fill. 

is,   |HI,4 

F.li. 

I-,  lsi;i 

lti«i-iieil  I2lli  Muy,  1804. 

.Muv 

1.1,  1M14 

.IlllV 

1.-.,    IMII 

Apnl 

1,    IMII 

Proni..leil  1)  I.ioiil..(".il.  aii.l  Al.l 

lU'-t'lDlp. 


I.l,    1. 

III.    ■:.'. 

IM 

1.      ^. 

l>l 

t,      11. 

1-1 

'1.       4. 

l.-l 

.Mi)t.    25,  li^iVJ    r.  P.  K..1.1I111-011 ('til..in' 

.iiii.,.      1,1.-111     Mi-lvill,.  .Su«,\er I.li-iil.- 

.l.ihiiT.  Il,..l;:eii I'.il  nil' 

.luiiieK  i>.  Ilri.u.ll.i'.i.l I'.iliiiii' 

liuiii.'lli.TujI.ir (•.,l..u,. 

.I"liii  Fl..iini..v l',il,,in' 

.l,,liii  lli^'i:i'ii..lr ('<il,,ii<' 

.\ii-liii  .\    Kiiii: ('.,|,in.' 

r\  I  111  II.  Itii,  iiliuiii ('"I.ii.i' 

:    cV.'in.'d.  Pri.l.' C.l 

!    TI...I11U''  'I'  (iuult  ''ill. nil' 

;    Willium  S.  M ev I'.'l.iii.' 

J  ,  Wllliuiu  .s.  HillM'r (■..l.ihi. 

.'    Mi.liU'l  P.  .Sniill I'.il.iiii' 

1  ;  All, 111  K   I'ji-liiii ('..I.iii,. 

I  i  C.'  .ini.   it.  .SI. nil'  ri.l.nii' 

1    .l.'liii   l\iiu|.|i C'l'iiii' 

t    .lu>ii.''<  Pi'rklimn IVil.ni. 

I     |i.  r.  till  I. V (',,1 

4     KI,.,H„I  Milli'i' 1,  eiil.' 

\'.     ':''.l-.|     Willi.iiii   ll.ii'l.k I.i.'iii 

1,.;,     :.'.!-' J    l«iu,   II  Sii.il.'k.'r MuJ..r 

"It     :;ii.  l-i'l    Willi  1111  .M   II  lii.'l..' MiiJ'ir 

I'.l.       4,1-1.1     Wiliimi  s.  Alli'ii  Miii'ir 

.1 1.  I-  .1     KIm.  P    \V,Ht  <'u|,|Mi 

\,  V.      :.,  l-ill    .l,,|iii  A    |l,.|iiiiili   I'.iplui 

\"i.      ■'.  l-ol    .1,'— 1>  H- Ni'Miiian  I'ui'liii 

M.IV     21.  1-1  I     .1,  M    llu.«"ll  I.ii'ilt.' 

Vl't.    -J'.i,  IM.I     K.  Willii'liiii MuJ'ir 


K.I . 
-  I'l 
>  I'l. 
-,.|.|. 
,,|.l 


,  l-i'J 
,  l-i,J 
,  l-i,J 
.  1-''- 
.  l-i 
.  1-1' 
.  IS. 
,  1-1' 


HilMlItAllY    AM)   E.  M.  M. 


I  unit  Puyniusler-llelieriil Aiip. 

r., I.  mi.l  |l.'|iiilv  Pu.Mniister  tii'ti    .lime 

1  unil  .Siiim'iiii  in'iii'ral S,'pt. 

I  m.  I  .lii,l>;"  ,\,lviu'iite-U(-lieial..      Sept. 

lull!  Ai,l.,le.l'miip lli'l. 

I  unit  Anlili'-I'miip lilt. 

I  nil. I  .Vi.l-.l.'.('aiii| lull. 

1  mill  Ai.l-'l.'.iump Hi'r. 

I  mi.l  Ai'l-.l.-r.ini| .Si'pt. 

I  unit  Ai.l  .li.rnlnp Fell. 

•I  mi.l  Ai.|.,l,'.(',iin| Si'pt. 

'1  mill  Ai.|..l.-ruiiip fi'pi 

■I  unit  .Vi.l-'li'.('uni| \piil 

'1  mi.l  .Xi.i-.l.'.rmnp htnii 

1  un.l  .\i.l-ilt'.  'mn| FrIi. 

'1  mill  .Vi.l-ili'.r:lMp Sept. 

■I  mill  Ai.l-'l.'-l'unip S.'pl. 

1  mi'i  Aiil-'li'-i'miil Si'pl. 

I  mill  Ai,|-,l  -rmnp Si'pt. 

nmit-riil I  unit  Aiil-ili"('unip.  ..!  Uct. 

ii.iiil-r,,|,ini  I  un.l  Aii|.ile  Cidnp  ...    Nov. 

unil  .\i,t.  Ir-rutnp Fell. 

mill  .M'l  ,1.' luiiip .Sept. 

mill  Ai.l-.l.-rmiip Oil. 

II  uti.l  .\i.l-'1.-i'.iinp lime 

noil  Ai.|..li' I 'unip '  Nov. 

un.l  .\i.|..li'-r,inip N.IV. 

iiuli|.r.il"lii'l  mill  .\i.|..!v-l'.inip...    Muy 
mill  .M>l-il.'*t'miip Si'pt. 


21,  lsr,2  ■ 

1,  l.so:i    AVitli  puv  anil  cniuluments. 
1,  IM.J 

22,  IHIIJ 
K,  IHI^'J  , 
0,  1.-.I12  ' 

4,  Im;2  I 

0,  lull  t 
:i,  l-ii:  ! 

21,  \M-i  I 

'.I,  IK02 

l.-,  tsiij 

14,  Im;2 

I  111.: 

21  IM4 

211,  1-114 

■.:'.i,  tsi,4 

211,  I.M4 

;iii.  l.»ii4 
f.,  i-m 

21,  I  Mi  I 
2'i,  IMi2 

;iii,  |M,4 
4,  tM;4 

1.  IM'4     nesicneil  lath  Jnlv,  ISM. 

:i.  IS.4 

'".,  iM,4 ; 

21,  1SI14  ;  App,  liiteit  I'ul.,  A.  D.  ('.,  un,l  Iinpor  Gen. 
2'.i,  l^«4 


iiiiLti 


"i'sr 

m 

m 


I  it.iii. 


r  11  ill 
I  Mill. 
>  Hull 


I  II.1II. 


COMMAMllSH   HENKltAI.    DEPAItTME.NT   OF   THK    JIIS.SDllU. 

Iii.l.r  Hnifnil  llrtUrt  .V.i.  0(1,  IPiir  Drji.irlraeill,  .>i.  I  in  ISIil. 


N.  .'. 

I'l,  IWl 

11.  W.  HulliH-k... 

-'■I'l. 

'.■:.  |i.r,.! 

Suiniii'l  II.  I'lirlin 

Mil 

l.'l. 

■-"1,  i-ii; 
1,  i-i'i 

'1.  M  S,  liiitl'lil... 
W.  S.  |{,,i*i*timi"i... 

Ii'i- 

1 1. 1-1. 1 

''r'-ntille  ,M.  H.kI 

|i','. 

4.  l-ill 

inlviii  \V.  Maii-li. 

N  "V 
li,'.. 

IT,  1-1,1 
'.1,  l-iil 

It.  A   Plii'Imi 

.luiiii'H  r.  |ii..lui.... 

IM 

7.  iMli 

('.,><.  Cliarliill 

11,.',. 

4,  lent 

Jiiltii  H.  (iiiiy 

ivt       H,  l(ir,2  Suniiii'l  S.  Cnrllii 

Ii"-.      4.  iMl.'  Il'.rnupl  li.  Furrur... 

M.r.li   1,  |.-r,i  II   li„  Wi'iiiliuin  ..,. 

,  SiH.   ■:»,  1111,1  I,   Furilliinii.l  Fix... 


M>i.iiir-Heni>ml ,  Nov. 

Mu.liir.lienelul I  Si  pt. 

MiiJ.ir  (leneial Muy 

Muhn-iii'iii'iul Fell. 

Miijiir-lti'lieml iler. 

I.ii'ilt   I'.'l   I  A»i-tunt  Ailjiltmit-lli'll.  Ilee. 

I, lent  .('.il.  anil  Ai«i-laiil  Ailjillaiilden.  Nuv. 

I.t'iil-lol   un.l  A— i-tuiil  Ailintant'lo'n  Hit. 

I.leiit.-I'ol.  unit  A-i-linl  A.ljiilHlit-lien.  Ilrl. 

I.lelll.-Ciil.  mill  Aiil'.li' r.iMlp Hie. 

Meiil.  Col.  mill  Ai.l-.le.Cainp Oel. 

l,lenl..rol   un.l  Ai.l-.li'l'uinp Hie. 

I.leiil  -C.il. I  Ai.l-il.'i'mnp Miireli 

Miijor  mill  Aiil'ite-('ain|i Sept. 


I!l 

ISOl 

2", 

isii: 

24 

lKli:l 

1 

ISI.4 

11 

IHi;4 

4 

iMil 

17 

l.-iil 

.1 

iMil 

7 

IMIJ 

4 

iMil 

fi 

IN02 

4 

isiij 

1 

icoi 

IteM,'Vi'il  l.y  (ion  ('nrll<,  2 
Iti'-lKlleil  2Mll  Ft'l.lll.ll>, 
V.n  .ti'.l  l.y  u|.|i,.iiilin'.nl  .i 
Viip.iti-il  l.y  Hpp..iiitiiienti 

lti'-ii:lie.l  Xiiv.  :!,  Islll. 
Vaiatu.l  Del'.  7,  lMi4. 

Ile.i'.;ne.l  Murell  111,  I  Mi'J. 
Apimlhli'.l   C'l  'lii'l    Inl  In 

Mmih  I.  1-112 
lli'.inni'.l  Ki'l.  2«,  ISiil. 
A|ip,.|nle<l  (ill.  .mill  Mo.  V 
H iru 


Mill  Se 

11411 1 

It.,  IHI!-'. 

nii'ii  1 

,t  (inn. 

t.i«"rruin, 
HoiIku. 

fiinlry, 
ul«  Oel 


MS  M., 

.  ;ill,  1802.  i 


l»,  IKM    lloiioiary. 


II 


V  i 


It 


V-''    '-  ) 


478 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


STAFF  OF  DIltOADIER-GF.NKnAL  .lonN  M.  SCIIOKIELD. 
I'luler  Gmrriil  Onlern,  A'o.  90,  ICcir  Ilfpurlmtnl,  Serin  ICOl. 


Dntc. 


Nnme. 


Rank. 


Rank  from 


Renmrkt), 


Xiiv. 

2(5,  isni 

N..V. 

•JH,  IW.l 

F.'l,. 

i;i,  ixw 

Aiij;. 

■J,  IHfti 

IV.:. 

4,  istii 

1I.I-. 

4,  IWil 

April 

1^,  i.sm 

April 

IS,  li.c;i 

Il.T. 

:!,  lKi;i 

n.'c. 

.'l.  l.SCI 

IllC. 

4,  IWil 

.lolin  M.  Sclmflolil... 

lliMiry  llPHCttx 

Kniiik  J.  Wliiti' 

(')iiirli'rt  S.  Sht'ltlon.. 

.liiliii  H.  (^riiy 

HiTuiinl  <i.  Farnir... 

Kilwiinl  lliiriliti^ 

K.  WilMiol 

Henry  MiCimnrll.... 

.Inlili  K.Tylfr 

Sanuiol  II.  .Melflier. 


llrlCTiWor-diMiiTul  Nov.  M,  Isnl 

.Mii.iiir  iinil  ANHiHtiint  Ailtiitiirit-lii'nt'nil..  Nov.  'JH,  Istil 

Miijor  iinil  AnsRiiliI  Aii,|utuiit-(:i'ncriil..  Ki'li.  I:t,  ISC-: 

Alitjor  iinil  .-Xstiibliiiit  A<ljntHiil-(i('ii4>nil..  .\ii^.  L',  ISti-J 

l.iiint.-Col.,  A.  II.  f.  niicl  A^Kl.  Ini<|i-i:cri.  liir.  4,  ISi'.l 

IJi'ni.-c..|.,  A.  I),  r.niiil  As.-.t.  Insp-Cion.  D.r,  4,  isr.l 

Miijoruihl  Coniinissiiiy April  Is,  lMi2 

Miijor  mill  (^narti-i-inantcr .\pril  Is,  Isf.ii 

MiOoriiiiil  Aiil  ili'-Ciinip Ih'C.  ;i,  Isci 

.Mii.jor  tiiiil  Aiil-ilo-t-'aiiip |t»'C.  :t,  Isi'.l 

Major  anil  Sur(;i*on iH-c.  4,  ISOl 


Kcsiunml  April  11.  isn,1. 

lii'aiKliril  .Inn.  '^4,  ISd'i. 

Appoinleil  M»J  Jil  llaltal.  'JMIl  Mav.  |«i;> 

ll<.»i).'ioil  Il.r.  4,  ISliJ. 

App..inlcil  Col.  I«t  luft..  Ma,,  i,  TS,  bfi; 

Appoinl>'ill'..l.;l(llli  Mo.  Volii.,(li'l    in  |.i.. 

KixlKMi'il  Apiil  II.  IKl'.l. 

Traiirift'rri'd  to  htaff  olden.  (Jiiif.tr. 

Alipoinli'il  .Major  liilli  Ki'k,  .lilni'  II,  |m 

Apiuiinli'il  l,itMil.-('nl.  Ixl  inl't.,>1;i\  1 1.  |<i' 

M iiRtiTi'il  out  Ipy  S.  O.  No.  SI.  scrii-  i>i;j  ' 


STAFF  OF   niUOAPIKn-GESEnAI.   RFV   LOAN. 
Vilder  Cenercil  Onlera  Xo.  90,  H'.ir  Dejmrlmeiil,  Srrirt  ISIil. 


Nov.     27,  ISOI  Ron  Loan 

Ffb.      ]:{,  Isi;j  .l.tliri  .■^everani-e 

Mart-h   .'>.  Isr.j  .Ihiiicm  UaiiiMforil 

April    IS,  l.Hl:  Henry  llriglit,Jr 


Rrljjailler.Oenernl...   I  PUinlMtpil  Ity  fjpn.  (^nl.  No.  112, serii-slNiU 

.Major  anil  A»»i'>laiit  Ailjntant-I.eiicral  .    Keli.       I:!,  ISII2     lte^i!:Mi'il  April  12,  ISfrJ 


Major  anil  ANsii-tant  Aiijiltant-lieru'ral..    Mareli    .'i,  lsi;2 
Major  anil  I'oniiniiMary ;  .April    Is,  ISO: 


Blay     17,1802     Joneph  Penny 5Iajor  anil  Qnaiternmster 3Iny 


.Sept.      I,1S02 
May     211,  IS02 


.lano's  TM.  Wilson 

Uolielt  1'.  liirllultlHol).. 


Major  anil  .Mil-ile-Cainp. 
^hijor  ami  Siil'^eori 


Sept. 
Miiy 


Tranf>reri'eil  to  staff  of  tien.  liiiitiir. 
I'isi'liar^'eil  l.y  (ieneral  dnler.s  N,,.  liT.  |i(~ 
partinent  of  MlsNuiiri,  Nov.  2.  l-xi;.!. 

17,  ISG2     tililereil  to  he  inilstereil  out  l-y  Sp.'i  i.i]  iij. 
(ler  No.  SI,  neriuM  lSO:t. 
1, 1S02     Ilonuniry. 
2(1,  1802    Tninsferreil  to  Htaff  of  (ien.  Ciiitar. 


STAFF   OF    llIUiiADIKR'CENKRAI.   .lAMES  TOTTKN. 

I'li.Irr  Cfiirrul  Hr.lci'  .V".  90,  ir.ir  Ih ji„rlrieiil.  tyrrin  1801, 


Fell.  19, 
Mardi  J.i, 
Fell.  IS, 
\pril  IS, 
AnK.  I, 
Oct.      lo, 

Mnv       1, 

.Marili  2s, 
Au);.  11, 
April  is. 
Nov.     2o, 


1862 
ISO  J 
I  SI  .4 
IsOJ 
IsiU 
18112 

180:1 

Hi.4 
l»i,2 
1.S02 
lsi.4 


.Ininen  Totteii niipnlier-t  General Fell.  19.  1802. 

I.ni'ien  .1.  Itiirnes M.ijor  anil  .X.sintant  .\iljtitaiit-l'eneral..  Marrli  2.'i,  1802     Iletiif;iieil  May  20,  1804. 

Waller  .MS Ilnoisl .M:ijor  ami  Ansihlaiil  Ailjniant-tielieral..  Fell.      Is,  1m;4 

K.  .\nsoii  >li're .Major  anil  roinnii)i.aiy \pril    Is.  isoj 

W.  .Marsh  1'aii.soii Majnt  :inil  Coliiniisriary Anij.        1,  ls02 

Henry  1).  Wooilsworth....  .Maj.o  an<l  I'olntnisHary Oct.       l.'s  lsti2 

.lames  CorninK Major  ami  t'oniniissury May        l,180.'l 

.lolin  li.  .Misire Major  utiil  I'oTiiniis.ary .Maiili2S,  IS04 

|i.  II.  lUrio's Major  ami  linarlirmasler Ant'-     I'l.  Is02 

Frank  . I.  Porter Major  ami  Siiriteun Apiil    18,1802     Resiirneil  Nov.  2.'i,  1,804. 

.loseph  D.  Smith .Major  ami  Stirgvon Nov.     2.'i,  1804 


IVoinoteil  ti 

g  M  -fJen.  Auc. 

,  Wi 

HesJillleil  Se 

It.  l:l,  lsii2. 

llnleleil  to  1 

e  mnslereil  yiit  l'\ 

.Sjieu, 

llii 

iler  No.  si 

series  I^IVS. 

Resigned  V\ 

h.  .'■i,  1804. 

STAFF  OF   IlRTnAMER-I.ENERAI.  EilllEHT  II.  RROWN. 
Vmlvr  iientnit  Ordiri  Xti.  90,  11  ar  7.fejjiir^)ieM/,  Hfrict  1801. 


May  1,1802  Kxhert  R.  Rrown..., 

May  2,1802  Jainen  M.  Stejjer 

1  May  7,  1802  HIdintil  II.  Melton. 

I   Nov.  29,  ls02  (M'orgei;.  See 


1   May       7,1802     .lanieHt'ornint; 

May    14,1802    ItoLcrt  11. 1'aihliuk 


llrlKaillirf'.eiipral May       1,  IS02     Refinneil  May  21,  ISfill. 

Alajiir  ami  AsmHtaiit  Ailjlltant'tiunelal..    May        2,  1S02     Onleteil  to  lie'  lnil.Htere<l  nut  hv  Sporiiil  or. 

ilel    No.  si,  serieH  ISOI. 

Majoraml  Cuniinin-nry May       7,1802     Ilesinneil  Nov.  2S,  lso2. 

Major  amlC niissary Nov.  29,  I8i;2  Onh-reil  to  he  innstereil  out  hv  Sfiiviul  Or- 
der No.  81,  series  I8ii;l. 

Majoraml  Qnai  terniiisler May       7,  1802     I'oniniis-i I  Majoraml  lliii;'elli'r  ijii,ir. 

terni.ister  First  jlriicinle. 

Major  mill  Sni-gpon May      14, 1802    Onleieil  to  In-  imisteieil  mit  hy  .S|ii'i-i«l  iii- 

I  iler  No.  si,  Heriei  I80;t. 


STAFF  or   RUKlAniEU  GENERAL  oIioN  lil'ITAIl. 
rii.lir  rt.iorol  Oii(n«  Xo.  90,  If.ir  /irj.iirdiidi/,  .'feri, ■  1801. 


June  27,1804  Oiloniluitnr IlriKaillei-Oeneral Iiino  27,180:1     lU-Blgneil  An((.  ,11,  lso4. 

AriK  :il,  1804  lleorue  II.  Hall llrliiailieMielieral AllK.  Ill,  1804 

Miiri'h   Ti,  1S02  .laini-s  Itaiiisroril Major  ami  .\s.sistiiiit  Ailjiituril-lielittrnl..  Man-h    .^,  1802 

A|iil  IS,  ls';2  K.  Wlltmil Major  ami  ginitt:  riiinnlei  April  18,1802 

Oil.  .■.,  Isi-sl  Chailes  E.  Clarke Major  nil  I  ColrimisHai-y tirl.        r.,  18li:l     Ror-innwl  Ilcv.  7, 1801. 

Ilee.  8,1804  ll    K..vt(irktoii Major  nllil  CiillllniKsnry He'.        8,1804 

April  -28,1802  Holier t  r.  Illrhalilnon .Major  ami  Srii-Keon „.,  Ap  II  28,  lHli2 


.All;;, 

AllR 
Ant. 
A|irii 
Aire. 
Arrir. 
Aire. 

.Si-pl. 

(let. 

Hot. 

iii-i 


llrl. 
ivt. 


M.mji-. 
Aj-rll 
lii-.- 

Wj.    : 
M.ii     I 
M.iv 
.-■l-t.    2 

1|:M| 

\|.lll    2 

o.  t.    : 


iii'l.  -_■: 

Nv.  I- 

.v.ii.  i; 

\.-v.  2: 

N-i.  17 

,1.11.  :. 

.V.it.  2:1 

■M.  -J.; 

.Iiino  21 


>|'l.  21; 

.V-i.  ::..  I- 

\..i.  2 
X.-v. 


lilt.    21,1- 


X.ii,    |-.,  1 

III-.-.    1. 1 

II"-    1,  i 

■iff.     I  1 

>i.v.  r..  1 

II"-.      1,1s 

'Ijrilr:.,,  i.si. 

>I'M'      s.  IM 

I-'      Mm, 

'-'     :.  u 

■*l'lll     ».  1j|.. 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


479 


jrih  >r.y.iM. 

iilH.,  CKI   •.".!■■; 

ri.  Citiilar. 

rilt.,>ti.vl.t.lwi 
SI,  Mlio  ISIIl, 


S'ti.  11-.  (itTii'SlM'^i. 

;iMi.  iliiiiiir. 
Pnl.-r«  S".  liT.  IV- 
,  Ni'V.  ■:,  iM'.i 
iMit  !■?  Sp.'.  i,\l"t 
1. 

liiMl.  (iuitiir. 


iKito. 


STAFF  OF  BRIGADIER-GENERAL  COMMANDIXfJ  FIRST  DIVISION,  E.  M.  M. 
Name.  I 


Ibiiik. 


Rniik  fram 


Remarks. 


Am. 

AilC 

Aiii:. 

Apiii 

An::. 

Am:. 

Alii. 

S.-|.l. 

Ilcl 

lll-l. 


(I.t. 
ll.t. 

Ilrt. 

not. 

Ilrt. 
.lill.V 
lilt. 


Jii,  1802 

■J I.  isr.J 
■J I,  isr.'i 

"1.  'Mil 

.1.  l-iv: 
■-•I.  iMf.: 
.1,  IM'-: 

.1.  I^l'.! 

111,1-1.-.' 

I.  i.<ii-l 

.'■:.  1M-.4 


ohii  11.  Oni.v... 


Ilrlgiiclicr-fJomTBl Aug,    19, 18(!2 


(Jo!) -(CO  F.  (Jlii/.iT Miijor  Hliil  ANfi^ttuit  Ailjtitniit-iiclienil..  .Vil^r,  21,  ISfii 

Allii  rt  I'l'iini' '...,.  Mitjur  titiil  QiiiiitiTtiiiiMliT tiiu.  21,  IKlii 

Kiiti  I  .^aiiiliT Miijor  hihI  IJiiuili'i'liiimU.r .\pril  2ii,  Isiil 

Siitiint't  T.  lliitrli MiiJ'ir  HiiiM'niiiniinHiiry ..  .\iic.  21,lMi2 

.f,.M'i\i  ('  CulKit Miijur  mill  Alil-ili-Ciilii|i Ann.  21,  lH(i2 

S.  11.  l.iiHiii .Miijiir  iinil  Aii|.<lt'-riitii|i Auk.  21,  lwi2 

II.  KiilKiiil Ciililiiili,  A.  l(.C,iiriilllrilTMilircntTlii.r..  Sipt.  24,  1SU2 

.liilin  11,111 1 <'ii|itiiiii  mill  Aiuistiinl  Aiil-ilo  Cnnip oi'l.  In,  1Mi2 

\V|lliiiin  lloDiimii Ciii'liiiii  iiiiil  Aiil'ili'-('iirii|i Oil,  4,  Il<li4 

Kilwiiril  .Scliilfllcr C'uiiliiiii  iiiul  Aiil-ili-Ciilnii Oct.  22,  Ibtii 


Reliovi'il  frnlti  rnnimuiitl  of  Vint  DIvlllon 
li.v  SiHTlul  OriliT  Ni).  ;I2,  18G2, 

Rovuki'd  Aiiril  28,181)4, 


STAFF  OF  URIGADIEn-OEXERAL  roMMANDIXO  FIRST  MILITARY  DISTRICT,  E.  M.  M. 


'_'•:.  I.'<*"i2  A.  IJ.  Kilwimlft Ilrfj^niljf'r  fJoncml. Ont. 

'J  I,  I>ii2  .VITri'il  Miu-kiiy Aliijur  uihI  .VnKit-tatit  AilJutHiil-Geticral..  ort, 

2.'i,  l-i'>2  ("mlofl  S,  Grei'Iy Miijiir  aiiil  (Juarlerniustcr oot. 

2.',  ]M'.2  riiilip  W,  UcriimiiK ^liijnr  anil  CiiliMuintinry Oi't. 

2*.  l?<i''2  Gi'nrup  r.  Strong Miijnrni-.il  Aiil-ilo-Canip Oct. 

1,  l.sikl  A.  S.  ltiirn(>!« Kliijiii  anil  SinKi-iiii Iiint 

:."•,  I.'*''i2  Siiniiirl  W.  KaiT'T,  ,lr <'ii|itaiii  iinil  .\iil-ili>-('anip Oil. 

Juiii' 


.liilit'   22, 18»i;l    Franklin  L.  ltiiii;i'l.v,  Jr..   C'ii|it.iiii  ami  Aiil-ili'-(.'atn|i 


21 , 1 802     Reslijnoil  ( lit.  2:!,  1  S(i3. 

2.1,  181.2     Iti'lieVHil  liy  Spc'iial  I iriliT  No.  IT.'i, Oct.  24, 

I8l.:t. 
2."i,  18C.2     Kflii'Vi'il  liy  Spiclal  I  inlir  No.  ITri,  (lit,  24, 

I8i',:i. 

2">,  1SI!2     RiIIi'VctI  liy  SpPclalOriliT  No.  17.'i,Ort,24, 

I  Mi.i. 
2'.,  18C.2     Ri'livveil  l.y  S.  (),  No.  IT'i,  Oct.  24,  ISfil. 
211,  I8r.:i    iti'lii.vi'il  i.v  s.  o.  No.  17.-1,  (lit,  24,  lNi.:i, 
2.'i,  isi;2     Itilii'vi'il  I.v  S.  o.  N...  I7,"i,  lilt.  24,  I8ii:;. 
1.'.,  180.)     Ki.lii.vi'a  l.y  S.  O.  No.  17.'.,  Oit,  24,  l.>ii;:l. 


STAFF   OF   intlGADIKH.GKNERAL  COMMANDING  FlllST    MILITARY   DISTRICT,  K,  M.  M. 


M.ii.li-". 

.M.iil  ■■■ 
|i,..- 

An;.  -'2, 

M.n  12, 

\|.iv  4, 

V|.l.  27. 

M.iil  7, 

Vl'lil  22, 

111.  21. 


1-tVl 
IM.4 
|m;4 
IM'4 
I. -114 
l-i;4 

IM.I 

l-.ii4 

I  Ml 

1-lil 


('.  I'Iko Rrleailier-GfiH'ral 

i.rui'  lliitlinan >Iii.j..r  ami  .■\rt>i-tiiiit  ,\iljiitiili(-ii<'iii'nil 

Williiirtit/ Miij'.r  mill  .\-tii-laiit  Ailjutiint-lii nil..  Dr 

K,  SliMkt.in Major  ami  Uuarti*ilnii!.ti-r Anj:, 

I*,  llanlliani Mii,ii.r  ainl  <'iiiiiTiiiK>aiy May 

r.  Martln-n.! Major  ami  Suiui'on Jliiy 

liilH  rit/inmi Major  ami  ,Mil-.li.-('iinip Srpt, 

iirli-s  11.  TillHoii ('ii|.tiiiu  ,111.1  .\iil-ili"l'iini|. .\prH 

liii  o'ltriiMi Captain  mill  .Aiil-ili'-raniii .^..  .\|.iil 

Wilkinaon (.'aptiiin  ami  Aiil.ili-Cunip Oit. 


Mar.li29,  l»fi4  I 

April     7,  1814  I  Ronlgnoil  Si'pt.  22, 18C4. 
7,  18111  I 
22,  18114  I 
12,  18111 
4,  I  Ml  I  I 
27.18(14 

7,  18(14  I 
22,  l.>.(14  I 
21,  18(14  I 


STAFF  OF  IIRIGADIER-GEXKRAL  COMMANDIXG  SEioNl)  Mll.ITAUV   IIISTIIKT,  E.  M.  M, 


Au}:.  l.lMVj, 
liuiit  I.v  8iii'U;il  1 


..|,,iill..v?|i'>iil"' 
iil.l. 

'.Ti..iitl..v  S|.i'.lalin 
iil;l. 
I  ami  lliiiii'liiT  1)11.1' 

!""''■■ 

..1..1II  l.\  >|"-i;ili'' 
ki.:i. 


Il't. 

l^r/^ 

\  •\ 

r 

l<>r<( 

S  V. 

•j'.i 

1m;-j 

\    V. 

IT, 

\>\\l 

.hn. 

IMH 

Vi.v. 

'J'.t 

IM'.-J 

"it, 

•_>.; 

\^tvi 

.111  IK 

■:\ 

lsu;t 

V.'V, 

2'.' 

'  ''(i 

iMi'l 

V    V, 

'!'* 

IHIJ 

\   .1 

■"1 

isi;.; 

N-v 

- 

lMi,l 

II.  I'.  Warnioiith llri(:aiIii'r-(IiMn'ral  . 


..lin  S.  KlIiriilK 

K.  W.  Itihh.ip 

Klii'iH'/.i-r  (!.  .M..isi. 

Charli'ii  I'.  Walki.) 

Iliiirl..«  1'.  Walki'i- 

Iliiiiiitl.ni  K.  I.attinrn. 
Tli.iimi-  I,.  Crawloiil.. 
Wallir  M,  Sluallw.ioil 


,Miijiir  iitiil  .Xnsi-tant  .\<ljutaiit-( 

.Miij.r  ami  (jniuli'linantiT 

Major  ami  ('<.luniiti.<iiry 

Major  ami  .\ii)-iii.-i'anip.... 

Miij.ir  ami  .\i<l-.li.-('iiiiip 

('aptiilii  anil  .Vid.ili*  rmiip 

lliiizailliT-Gi.m.riil 


Dii'ial. 


Ort, 
Nov, 
Nov. 
Nov, 
N..V, 
Am;. 
Nov. 
(lit. 


Major  anil  ,\Hsi-ilaut  ,\iljntunt-tii.ni'ral.  (lit. 

Cliiirli's  E.  Clarke Major  atnl  (iuarterinaster Nov. 

II   K.  Stoikt.in Miij..r  ami  ijiiiirti'iniiisler Oft, 

l^iiaiiiiK  lla/.i'l Mii.jor  ami  (jnaterinaNli'r .Sept. 

I».  WiilK.-r  Wear .Major  ami  A  iilile-C'iimi .Nov, 

11. . I,  l.iiik.y Major  anil  Ai.l-ili-Canii) Nov. 

(ii'oige  It.  .Miller Idt  l.ii-nleiiaut  mill  Aiil-ile-('ainp N..v. 


2:1,  1.-  ! 
1:1,  18(12 
l:i,  18(12 
21,  181.2 
1:1.  IMI12 
l;!,  18112 
211.  18112 
2:1,  18(12 
27,  18112 

2n,  1802 

2(1,  ISIVl 
2(1,  18(14 
2(1,  18(12 
2(1,  18(12 
2,  18(k1 


Relieveil  l.y  S,  O,  No,  4'.l,  Dee,  8,  18112 


('olnnilHHioneil 
(i..verm.|  V  o 

ConiniM  Miij  11 
Mi'Mouri  .'^ta 

Ul•^i^•nell  Aug 


C.lonel 
(all,  llei'. 

nil  Cniin 
to  Militii 
.  2,  181.4. 


anil  Aiil-ile 
2.'.,  l.<(i:i. 
y  S.I. .11.1  III 
(let.d,  I. -(ill 


Callili   ; 

ij-'ailp,  j 


STAFF   OK   lIUKiADIKR-GENEItAI,    lilCllAltl)  G.  STOCKTON, 
( 'iailM((Hi/tft|/   Thinl  MiUtiirit  Itixtrict. 


21, 18(12    Riclianl  O.  Stiickliin nrlKailier-aoneriil Oct 


Sv.    1.1, 1M'.2     Davlil  \V  SliepluKil.. 


Maj.iranil  A»«l»tant  AilJntaiitGenornl.    N 


\W.      I,  IKII2    .liin.l.  Iliiil.iii}:li .Major  ali.l  i^iarterilia-(e 

||.'.'.      1,  l.'«(12     liaiij.  1  S.  ilntt Ma,jor  anil  Ciiinnii!i.-ary., 

I,  I>'il2     ratiirk  Gilroy M.ij.n-anil  SniKeiiii,. 


Oct. 

2(1,  18(12 

Nov. 

14,  18(12 

llee. 

1,  18(12 

Dee. 

1,  18(12 

llee. 

1,  18(12 

Re,.|^neil  Dec.  8, 18(i2  ;  relieveil  l.y  Spei  iai 
Oilier  No.  48,  Dee,  ,^1, 1802, 


1*.,  IM12    .l..liii   \.  Frank Captain  ami  Ai.|-ile.('anip Nov.     14,18(1'. 

I,|M12     .lolni  .M.  Clewley Caplain  ami  Aiilile-Camp Dec,        1,  18'.'2 


STAFF  OF  lIRKiADIER-GENEllAI.  .1\MKS   U.  MeCORMICK, 

r<.iilta<ta./itl^   ThinI  Milil'iyil   hittricl. 


M«nli".,i,  18(11  .laniM  It,  McCurtiilck nilnadlerlleneiil MarelilD,  180,1 

\|.rii    «,  iw'l  (ieoiite  Iliiir Major  anil  Awiliitanl  AilJiitantOeniial  A|iril     :i,  I8n:i    Vacaleil  Oct,  8, 1804. 

••'       s.lM.t  T.  ILGoiililhiK >'aji.r  ami  Aiuinlaiit  Ailjiitant-(ii ral..  Hit,        8,  I8l'>4 

.1       T.  I>iil  ,l..|in  .1.  Sclieri  1,  .Ir Major  ami  i^iarterniaater (let,        7,1804 

Ai'iil    >.  I.Mill  Kellx  Layluii UiOuriinil  Aiil-doCuniii Apiil     11,  1 8(1: 1     Rpilgnol  Feb,  2(1, 1804. 


i 


480 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


STAKK   OK   BRlr.ADIKn-r.KNEUAl,   C.  II.  HOLLAND, 

CtnniuttHtliiitj  I'lmrlh  Military  Ilistrit-f. 


llalik. 


Itiuik  from 


Rcmarka. 


Oct. 

'J7, 

is(v; 

liii. 

IN 

I  Mt-.i 

Mi.v 

■IK 

lM.:i 

N..V. 

IS 

1  f^t'.-l 

N..V. 

■.:l. 

ISliJ 

Jim. 

111. 

1m;  1 

Jull. 

111. 

l^(>> 

C    n,  llnlliUI.I 

riiiiii.'H  siii'i>i>iii'(i.. 

'i'liDlllilS  J.  Itinllii]).. 

A.  I'.  (Jnivi'H 

MoniH  AI.MtCluLT, 

Dul.iu'.v  C.  Dii.tf 

SiinipJioii  S.  Clark.., 


nriKii.Ii.'r-tJciinnil Ort.  'J7.  lSr.2 

Miij<ii-an<l  AsKirttHiit  A<IJiitaiit'OeiU'riil..  N<>v.  A,  1*^11-2 

MiiJoniiKl  (jiiiiiti'iiiiKHU'r Ni»v.  ,".,  ]htV2 

Major  Hiul  <'ntniiiit(!iai'.v Nmv.  .%,  IHiii 

Miijoraii'l  Siirj:«'uii Nt.v.  l.\  l«(.a 

t'aplaiii  ami  Aid-tlr-Canip i>i<r.  '2'i,  \W\\i 

Cai'taiu  and  Aiil-tle  ».'.itu|i \hc.  'Z*J,  l»«i 


STAFF   OF   BKIGAPIEn-GKVEUAt   nit'llAUD   ('.  VAUGIIAN, 

Counnauding  Fi/lh  MiliUiry  ItUrui. 


Sept. 

r.,  isiij 

0,1. 

:i,  IMIJ 

o,i. 

:),  IM.-.; 

K,'l.. 

■J,  l.sil:! 

IKt. 

:),  im;j 

Kill. 

'-',  L^lll 

June 

l:i,  Isti^l 

HIrliaril  ('   ViiiiKlmn IJriKniIi,'l--0,'iirriil Si'|it. 

SliiM'S  rliii|>iiiiiii MiUiil'ilHil  AMi^Ialit  Ailjiltant-tii'lirml..  Sept. 

.\l>>xuiiili-r  3lilL-)i,'ll ^liiiiir  iitiil  l^iiiii  trrnm^lfr S<-)>t. 

\\  illiiiiii  .'^jinitl Miijiir  Kiiil  (jiiiti't'-rriiiiiili'r Ki*l>. 

11.  II.  \Vil«.ii .'Mii.iiir  Kiiil  Ai.lili-('iiiii|i .Si|it. 

fii-tiruti  M.  \'iiiif:liun Aliijnr  iiiid  Aiil-ili--riuii|i.. Kfli. 

Itk'lmi'il  U,  Viiiigliuii ^  L'u|ituiiiiiiid  Alil-df-Cuiii|i Muy 


fi,  isr.i 
'-■-,  iwi-j 

•J7.  IMIJ 

■-',  IHCtl  , 
•J7,  IMl  ■ 

'.;,  I  "I'll  I 
S8,  luiia 


I 


lC(>sif;iie(t  Jiinuiiry  20,  180;l. 

Ili'nii-iwil  A|iiil  II.  isii:i. 
UosigliuU  Miij-  21),  ISG,). 


STAKK   OK    linlGADIEn-GENERAL    WII.I.AKI)    1'.  HALL, 

('<.inmiiii(//ti^  .SVreii'/i  Mi'itiny  Difhirt. 


..' 

l.xrii 

Willuril  \>.  Hull 

All).'. 

:iii 

l.-i;j 

KilvMinl  Kiiliv 

A  lit!. 

:iii 

IM.J 

T  .1.  Cli.M,  .Ir 

Ami.'. 

.■ill. 

I.MiJ 

\N  illiiiiii  lt,-i'tiiini 

Mi'iit. 

in, 

Isti  i 

\Mlli.iiii  11,'itiiiiii 

AiiK. 

:iii. 

iMiJ 

.I.iliii  L.  Illlliiii.'1'r 

Oil. 

:i 

|!-i;j 

.I,,iiiilli:iii  M.  llaiiM'lt.... 

«lil.V 

r>. 

|,m;:i 

.laiiii's  lliiiiIiT 

J II  no 

•i*. 

iMil 

IVl.T  W.  Ki.'il.rii'k. 

niiuailiri-iiciHTal 

Ma.i<>raiul  Aiisir^tatit  AiljiKaitt-Cnicrul.. 

.Miiji.r  arifl  Qnartfnim'>tcr 

JIajiir  ami  Stiij;rnii 

Maj.ti- ami  Surm-ini 

Miijor  arnl  Ai<l-<li-('atn|> 

Majiir  ami  aihlitiiititd  AJ<I-(lc-<'aiiip 

.    Majtir  aii<l  Ai  i-ilt'-('arii|i 

<)ii>t  l.ii'utctiatit  ami  liiH|i<>rtur 


A. IK. 

•J", 

ISM 

All),'. 

:iii 

lHliJ 

All-. 

:»i 

l.sr.-j 

.\llL'. 

:iii 

isi.:; 

Antf. 

l:i 

\>i,l 

Auk. 

Ml 

iwi.: 

JlilV 

11 

lSi;:l 

.IlllIU 

I'.i 

I.SUI 

Vai'utfil  l>.v  acctiiwiuii  to  Guvc 


ltort)iiiiii[8i>iuiieil. 


UoHignod  Ui'ci'inbcr  '.*,  18G3. 


>!iiy 

10 

isi;4 

J,ll 

o.t 

1", 

1M14 

Inii 

»liiy 

111, 

I.m;4 

l.'ll 

Juno 

2:1, 

IMi4 

K.  S 

Jiincs  Cniiir 

I.'  It.  HiU.-v 

iiiilas  M.  Lawftiiii.. 


STAFF  OF    IlUr(iAI)IKU-GK\KU\I.  JAMK.S    (UAIG, 
G>iiiMi<iii(/i'i£;  Seventh  JUtU^arij  IHi-trict. 


I  HiiiindU'r-flcrirral Muy 

^tlijirr  ati>l  ('itiimiiHKiiiy ik-t. 

I  Majitraml  Al-l-ilc-iiimi) ,  May 

I  31ajiM-  uimI  Aiil-Ue-Cuiiip Jitiiu 


I'.i,  \W4 

17,  lf<l4 

111.   IWil 

21,  l'..< 

Aiij:.    IS,  IM'i    .I.iliii  Mi'NimI 

N..V.    Ill,  1.M.2     Ziiii  lli'iiiii-tt 

Si-|lt.      211.  iMiJ  II.   A^lll,■.V   (•■■lli'll., 

Si'|it.    21),  l»ii2  Jiilin  \V.  Hi  villi)  . 

i 


STAKK  OK  iiiii(;ai)iek.c;enkral  .ioiin  m.xeil, 

Coinimlmliwj  I'.i.jlilli  Milil.iril  llinlrirl. 

llrluiiiliiT-Oi'iiiTiil Auk.       (1,  l.sCii  I  Oun.. McNeil  rclicvi'd  lijS.O  .\"o.  2,  .I.iti.  I. 

Miij.ir  mill  .\s«i..t  lilt  .V'ljiitiiiii.ljciiiirat..    N,,v.       7,  lsi;2  [law. 

.M  ,.|,,r  ,111,1  Ai<l-,l,-'l'iiiuti Si'|,t.  21,  lsii2  j 

niaj'ir  ami  Al,l-,lc-rulll|i Sc|it.  21,  1M>2  { 


Dec. 

I',.  ISi;;i 

Il.c. 

11..  IM.2 

Do,-. 

li',.  im;j 

l),.c. 

ic.  im;j 

I'l',". 

11.,  I.-I.2 

II.,.-. 

1,*.  |Mi2 

Apr. 

2:1.  iKIil 

Junu 

12,  iMtl 

STAFF  OF   nntGADIKU-flKNKnAI.   T.  .1.  HAUTIIoroW, 

Ci'iitiwimttny  IH'jhih  M.liturji  lHi>lriil. 

T.  .1.  Uiirlhnlow BrlnaiHpr-Opnirn! '  !>(•«. 

M.  I  lav  ('iH-kcrill... I  Majnr  uritl  .\MHirt(aiit)Ailjutiiiit  (jt* iicral 

■lolin  ll.'I'nnii-r i  Major  ajul  (Jnatlfi  riiaKli'i' 

Ik.iiu-  I*.  VaiiKliti !  Major  atid  .'«iir(£<<>ri  

.lairii'o  NV.  I.<>»i4. j  Major  aixl  Ai<l-l--raiii|> , 

■lani'  rt  l>  Sm  jriiM-v I  4'a|>laiit  ami  .M'l  <!«•  (atiip 

Ili'iijiiiuiii  F.  l.iMtr.... {  Captain  aiiit  Aiil-<l<--('aiiip 

Noiinaii  Hi.Tiiar<l i  Captain  ami  .Vi<tiU>(.'ainp  


Dn:. 

I.-i,  ISfiJ 

It 

|)c. 

ii;,  iwi.: 

II 

1  li-c. 

Ill,  ISi-,2 

II 

lice. 

11-,.  lsi;2 

II.',-. 

ir.,  l.Mij 

It 

III... 

|i;.  IM-,.' 

It 

A|>lj| 

•jn.  IS,;  1 

Jllm; 

1,  lMi;i 

It 

MKiii"!  AiiK.  :m.  isr.i. 
~i)jiii-,l  Aii','.:;l,  1.m;i. 
niglicil  AllK.  ill,  ISliii. 

It,-i.lKni'il  Ma.v  2S,  isr,:l. 
^i^;ll,-,l  Maicli  -211,  l.Mi3. 

..IkiicI  Auk.  'II,  IBCI. 


STAFF  OF  BIIIOADIEHGENKIIVL  J    n.  DOUGLASS, 
ClillilliMiliiij  /.°,/'i'/i   MiliVnii  biiliitt. 


I 


Hi'|it.      I,  18C,:l    J.  II.  IIiiiikIiu'" DilKailliT-Gpupral  frpt.       1,  lfin:l 

M  i,.li2ii,  IsM     Kniiik  II  Kmimii >lii.|,,i' an,l  Am  utaiit  AilJutant.Uuiit'ral.    Miinli  2u,  IMi4 

Mai  ill '.'i;,  I^Ut  ,  l(.  U.  Lyi'll ,  Slaj.iraiia  giiurlii  niunli-r Mnrcli '.iU,  1(104 


Acifc'. 


IVI. 
(let. 
(k-l. 
Ui-1, 
Orl. 


■-I'l.   ■»,  ISM 

'I'.  ;ii, iKi;i 


'  t 

l,|H.''l 

-'-t. 

.1,  :.<i,i 

iicl. 

:i,  [fr4 

iki 

.",  ls,-,4 

(H 

:i,  I.m;.| 

nt. 

.■1.  ]s,A 

i>t. 

\».W.i 

>». 

3.1M1I 

THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


481 


STAFF  OF   nUKiADIKItCKN'KItAI.    LKWIS   MKUniLL, 

(.'u)rlm(tii(/tr)</  Xhilh  itUilMy  llialritt. 


Ii,„i.                         Name. 
Aug.     7.  I"ii'''-    liPwU  Morrill 


Itiiiik. 


ICiiiik  from      I 


RpiiiiirkK. 


Brlgnillor-Ofiieral 1  Auk.      7,  IW''-    Iti'llovcd  liy  Spwiiil  (InliT*  NnllH,  Ndv. 

IWiJ. 


isTAFF  OF.llKIOAnlKIlCENKIlAI,  ODON   (iCITAU, 
C'lmmutulintj  S'iitth  Mttibirif  Iii»trict. 

ii,.     i»   i-i.J    Oilcpii  Guiljii lliiKiidiiM -(K'neral Aii^.     1I,1HC2     lli'lii'vo.l  by  Siu'ciiil  drili'in  Nii. 'it,  Di'c.  10, 

'■       '  \mi. 

V'ov     li>  I'*'-     l.ntlicr  T.  iliiyniati Sliijnr  iintl  AHMir^laiit  Ailjiiliiiit-CtMii'iul.    N>iv.     10,  lb02     Ui-lii'vpd  hv  Spi'clul  Chilcii.  No  r>4,  lift,  l<i, 

1N(W. 
v,iv     17   I  I'i     UililMii  II.  Kciiipi'r Miijor  nii.l  Qimrlciiimsti'r Nov,     14,  IKlli     lii-lii'n-il  hv  Siu.ihil  OriliTs  Nm.."i4,  Dei-,  111, 

IWW. 


o  GovtTiiora  iliiir. 


Sept. 


STAFF  OF   IlUUiADIKll-aENKHAI.  JdllS   W.  DAVIDSON. 


■J7,  l«i'.J  .liiliii  W.  DBvlilmm Ilrlifiulli-r-Ocnonil .s,'|it.  27,180-2 

"4.  t-i.-i  .liiiTi- rt  .V.  IJifamin Miijiir  liixl  Aiwistaiit  AtlJiiluiit-lM'ncritl.  Oi-(.  4,  |sii'2 

I,  ls(.4  ^-.i..  K.  Mrt;imiH'(;lo.  .Ir..  Rfajnr  ami  Alil-it(-.('jini| Of(.  4,  IMfVi 

14  IMil  JaiucH  It.  iiray Major  ami  Ai<l'<lti-('aiii|t April  14,  l.Klil 


STAFF  OF    IlltlfiAllIKItCKXKIlAL    E.  ANSON    MoItK. 


,  1803. 


ii\  s.o. Xu. 'J,J"'  '■ 


June   l'">,  I-"*'''*     K.  Ans.tn  Blnri> HrlKacIipr.licnt'ral.. 


(VI. 
Wl. 
(H. 
IM, 


>i,  ls<>4  TliotmiK  T.  Ali>rt> .Miijnr  ami  AHsintaiit  A<ljiitai)t-1it>iit>nil.  Oi-t. 

fi,  lsc.4  Uixlntpli  I',MF>lin Maj.ir  atiil  QtiarlfriiiiiHlcr Oft. 

S,  Isr.l  (trvillc  .\.  Ui>K. Captain  ami  Aid-ile.l'ainp itrt. 

s,  IK<'i4  .1.  \.  Ti'rincit Captain  and  Aid-iti'-Catnp Oct. 

Pi,  lJ<(i4  Silnnt'l  \V.  Kapler Captain  and  Aid-di>.Canip Orl. 

IJ,  1X04  \V.  11.  Edgar I'aptain  un<l  .\ld  ili-Cunip Oit. 


.liiiiii    11;,  ISl'il 


s,  1KI14 
s,  1  S(i4 
S,  1 8li4 
8,  I8li4 
12,  1814 
1-2,  18(14 


STAFF  OF    llltKiAlilEU-GKNERAI.   MADISON   MIl.l.Ell. 


V|.l. 


I.S1I4 
181)4 
IMU 
lMi4 
ISdl 
\M 
iJ^lli 

i.«i;4 

IHil 

IM.l 


Mndi»<n  MllU'r 

V   II.  S.  llil.cr 

Clai.'iii-c  llr«i\vn.... 

A.  I..  I!il(!fild 

I'.Trv  E.  N.i.dl 

Eliv..,,d  Jlillor 

.1..    a  II.  Edrtaid... 
E.  11.  E.  .lanicHDli.. 

A.  K.  Xwlit 

A.  K.  Ni'»l.lt 

Jarni'M  .\.  Hilliiigit . 


Itricadior-Oi'Mi'ral Sept.  '28,  ISCl 

Mji.ior  nn<l  AM<i).tant  Adjnianl.licndial.  Oil.  :i,  ISi'i4 

.Majiir  and  A«»i»tunt  Adjutaiil-tii'ncral  (ki.  r.,  18(14 

Miijiir  and  (jiiarti'rniaKti'i Oil.  :i,  18(14 

M.ij.ir  and  SiMKi-nn Oit.  4,  18fi4 

Ma.iorand  Aid-d.'-Canip (lit.  :!,  l.S(14 

.Major  and  Aid-di-Camp Oct.  '24,  lMi4 

I'nptaitniml  Ai.l-di'Calnp Oct.  'JK,  I8i;4 

Captain  and  Aid-dc-Canip Oct.  18,  18114 

Lieutenant  aii<l  \id-ilc-Cunip Oct.  :l,  18H4 

Majitr  and  Conuniiwiry Oct.  :i,  18G4 


ItesiRned  Oct.  12,  1,8C4. 


TramirerrciltiistaffofConiniaiidei  iii-Cliief. 


*ri)nii>tcil  to  I'aplain  ami  Aid-dc-Ciinp. 


STAFF  OF    llKKIADlEIMiENEKAl,    I).   C.   I'Ol.EHAN. 


S|.t.  'j:!.  Isr.l    1>.  c.  Coli.nian 

>|i.  i'.i.  isiil     E.  E.  Fnrlicr 

'  t.     7.  IM14    ThoiiiaM  Forrester 


lliiundlor-Opncrnl Sept.    '2!>,  1801 

.Major  ami  A»sislalit  Adjutant- (ieiienil    Sept.     '2^1,18114     Ilo».ii;ned  Nov.  4.  18(i4. 
Captain  and  Aid-dc-Caliip Oct.         7,1804 


STAFF  OF    lUtlllAmEIMiENEKAr,  .lOSEIMI   S.   fiACE.' 


|o:i. 
1  l»ii3. 


lent. 


■^'I'l.   »,I.1f.4     .Iiwph  S.  (iauP llnnildier.Celu-nil Sejd.     2!>,  1804 

>-|t    J.i,lm.4    William  II.  I'nttI Major  and  A»«iaianl  Adjniant-deiiunil..  Seiit.    2'.t,  1H(14 


STAFF  OF   nUI(?ADIER-f!KNEKAT.  C.KOIIGE  F.  MEYERS. 


llvL 
IVI. 


I,l«i"i4    (lenrgo  F  Movors 

■\,\>tA 

3, 181.4 
;i.  ISil 


Ilrinnilier-tfi'iieral ,  Oct. 

F.  U.  Alcxatuler Major  ami  .\..^i!.|ant  Ailjntalit-Gi^llarHl.    Oct. 

s.  Cntw(dl Major  and  VinirteriiinHter Oct. 

Theodore  KleinHchllililt...    Major  and  ConitnixHary Oct. 

^1.  I>.  Senlrr I  r'.ijor  and  SnrtteiMi Oct. 


or '  .'.ijor  and  snrtteiMi Oct. 

:i.lMd    T.  W.  Itlacknmti 'Crt;*aiii  and  .Ud-de-Canip Oct. 

IS.lWl     I'ancal  r.  Child Cap!,  in  ami  Md-di'-Cainp Oct. 

'I.l.'<lil    A.  Tlmiiliergcr i  CaplHln  and  Aid.do.Camp Oct, 


1,  ISM  I 

:i,  1814 
:),  18114 
:i,  18m 
;i,  18(14 
;i,  1804 

18,  1804 
:t;  1804 


Itenigncd  Orl.  1,1,  18(14. 


482 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


(III. 

1, 1«r.4 

(lit 

•i.  ISIil 

Oct. 

:i,  l"iil 

Oct. 

:i,  ISI14 

(let. 

:),  1  'M 

(Irt, 

:t,  iMil 

ll.t. 

:i,  ISI14 

Jl.llT 

1  !s,  lwi4 

Nov. 

■.M,  1SIII 

Niiv. 

i;4,  lMi4 

Nutiio. 


STAFF  OF   IIIilCAIiIKII-GKNKnAli  C.   D.  WOI.F. 

lliiiik  from 


llimk. 


C.  1)   \V..lf '  nrlitnil 

Koiiiri  l.l|>itiiiii Mtijxr 

K.  \V.    IlrcliiT "' 

!■    K.  /.i.iiiiilil.l 

\v  T.  i:i'iii|i|i 

\V..I.  II.  ll.-.kiM 

lll'lll.V  II.  \V,.|liM'l> 

.IllllM'W  II.  Mt*-i  

Kri"liTi(  k  W.  lli'iiliMMi... 
Jiiliii  F.  rliili|M 


i>r.(i«'iif*nil 

Mil  ,\H-i,.tniit  .\<l,jtittiiit-(ii>iii-iiil 


Oct. 

(HI. 

IMii.)iit  tiiiil  (jiiiiili-iiiiii«ti-r I  (let, 

Miijiir  llhll  ('nlllllliHtilliy I  (Irt. 

Mnjiir  filtil  Siiiynin I  (lit. 

(  ii|>t:iln  iinil  Aiil-ili'-('iiin|i di'l. 

('iij'liiin  Hhil  .\i'l  ili>'('niii|> j  (III, 

ItliyililiiT-firlii'llll 
HliLJlilii'l-di'lirMll 


Itc>iniirkfl. 


Illiuil'lii  (-(il'lirlill 


1,1(1(14 
■-',  iw;4 
:i,  iMH 
:i,  l'i;4 
:i,  IMH 
;i,  iNiii 
:i,  I)*ii4 
Malrll  IS,  ICIvl  ncnlglli'il 
...i  Nii».     W,  IH(i4  ' 


Ili'signoilOcl.'j;,  1804. 
Jliiy  li,  18li4. 


Ni.v.     2\  IfM 


■'-.     I    I 


«    ^.i 


Confederate  Organization  in  Missouri.— Owinp 
to  the  facttlint  no  official  rccoriis  luivo  been  preserved 
(if  any  wore  ever  prepared),  it  i.s  inipos.siblc  to  prc- 
Ki'nt  a  eoniplcte  list  of  those  eilizeim  ol'  St.  Loiii.s  who 
became  officers  in  tlio  Confederate  service.  In  the 
folK)win';  li.«t,  liowcver,  of  the  field  officers  of  the  Mis- 
souri Stale  Guard  as  published  in  the  Missomi  Aniii/ 
Arffiis  (i.'^sucd  at  Pincvlllo,  SleDonald  Co  ,  Mo.,  Nov. 
IG,  ISOl),  will  be  found  many  well  known  St.  Louis 
iKiine.s : 

UpikmhI  .-it;in"iinil  Tinlil  Hfliccrs  iif  tli(>  Mi?.-<"iui  ,<tiitc  (iiiiinls,  ' 
Chiilioriic  K.  Jiii'ksiin,  (iiiviTtior  nml  I'lmiiiiiinili'r  in  cliicf;  j 
Tlioiiia.t  C.  IIpjiiiiIiIk,  I.uiiIimhiiiI  (lincinor;  IJii;;.  (Ji'ii.  Viiir- 
wiek  llmi;;li,  niljiiliinl  j^cni'nil :  ('ii|il.  Williiini  II.  Ilniinl,  iisi- 
sislaiit  ailjutniit-fjiMioral  ;  Itiij;.  (irn.  Jiiiiics  Hauling;,  i|iinrtLM- 
iiiiistt>r-^<  iii'ral  ;  Col.  .loliii  Uii'il,  C{)miiii.<i^ar>'-gciifi'al  ;  Col. 
Tliiiiiia.'4  II.  I'lii-e.  cliicf  of  oriInain:o. 

Aiil.«  til  llio  (iovcrnor,  I'ol.s.  M.  C.  (iooilli-t,  F.  T.  .Mitilicll. 
William  iM.  (.'ookc.  Hii'hanl  (iaiiii'.s  'i'lioiiias  I,.  .-Jmail,  William 
Jackson.  Kilivaiil  \V,  SlianJs,  I'.oliort  C,  Woinl!'. 

Sterliii);  I'lii'e.  major  KcniMal  anil  comnianikr  iniliief;  Col. 
llciiiy  l.itllo,  ndjulant-trint'ial ;  Col.  II.  II.  llranil,  in.<|iceloi-- 
(jpnoral ;  Col.i.  A.  W.  .lone-'  nnil  Uolicrt  WooJ^.  aidrn-ilo  t'nmji; 
Col.«.  U.  II.  DyiT,  Kilwanl  Ilaicn.  Jr.,  an.l  .Maj.  II.  A.  (iul- 
lihor.  nssi.-tant  quarti'rina.«li'r  jj''"'''"'''*. 

I'ii!i|  Divi.'ioii,  III  i){.  (ii'ii.  .\I.  .Ii'll.  Tlioni|i«oii. 

Scmnil  Ilivifioii,  Itiji;.  (iin.  'riioniii.s  .A,  Harris;  Col.  I!.  C. 
Uront,  iiiljiitant  ;;oncial ;  I.ii'ut.Col.  .T.  A.  Vaii>;liii,  fjiiailiT- 
nni5ti'r-;;i'iii'iiil ;  I.ii'nl  -"o'.  Julm  i-^.  Mellon,  I'oiiuiii.^saij- ;  I.icut  - 
Col.  I'].  II.  C.  Itallcy,  ilivision  yurgron ;  l.icut.  Col.  Hi. licit 
Sliucklcl,  iliii^ioii  inc|iciitor;  l.ifiit.-Col.  M.  MiKUiancv,  di- 
vi.«ioii  jiiil;;p-ailviu'a'(' ;  I.iiMil.'Ciil.  1).  C.  .Mi-llnnaM.  |iayiiiii^li'r  ; 

I.icMit.-CoN.  William  li.  I.iltlm iml  V.  W.  \o\vi'li',  aiilt"  ilc- 

oain|i.  Inraitlry  llaltalioii,  I-irnC^CoI.  S.  A,  Itawlin;;^  pom- 
imiiiilinj;:  iMaj.  C.  Ailanis  ;  (apt.  Jolm  Comli.-.  Inriinliy  Hal- 
talion,  .Maj.  J.  W.  lloliin<on  poimnanilimj  ;  Ca|i|.  MiI'IkmIpo, 
iiiljulant.  (?uvalry,  <'ul.  Maiiin  V,  (Srccn  coiiimainlin;;;  I.IpuI,- 
Cul.  J.  C.  I'orlcr;  Maj.  ItoliPit  .Sliapklill:  Capl.  W.  I'.  Dm  i.<, 
niljutiint.  Cavalry,  Col.  J.  Q.  Uuiliriilgc  loinnianiliiiK  i  l.ipiil  - 
Col.  K.  1!.  Hull:  Maj.  It.  II.  Dnypr;  Capt.  J.  T.  Tiirpin,  «il- 
jiitant.  Cavalry,  Col.  Thomas  Diiipp  pomniamling;  I.ii'ut.-Col. 
W.  C.  Pplauii;  Maj.  (!.  I!.  .Millon  ;  ('apt.  II.  .MiClnic,  ailjiitiint. 
(!avttlty,  I.iput. Col.  II.  W.  Hawkins;  Maj.  John  L.  Oivpn; 
C'lipt.  (iinr^p  K.  Iliilpli,  ailjiilant.  Ciualiy,  U.  II.  Franklin, 
(MiliincI  ;  Crtpl.  ('.  Whalpy.ailjulant. 

Tliiril  l>i\i.ii)n,  .luliii  II.  Clark,  Iiri;:ailipr-;;('n(>ral  coinmaml- 
iiig;  liipiil.  I'ul.s.  William  0.  Uiirton,  liiibirl  Walker,  ami  Jnsppli 
Finks.  aii|ps-ilp-pinnp  ;  Col.  Caspar  \V.  IIpII,  ailjutant -^xoiipral 
ilivislon;  Dr.  \V.  C.  Ilooiip,  ilivision  unrncon.  Cavalry,  Col. 
J.    I*.    Major;    l.ieul    Col.    llofkins;    Maj.    A.    II.   Cliuluicrs. 


First  Itpjiinipnl,  Col.  John  II.  Clark,  Jr. ;  I.ipiit.  Col.  S.  rarrin;. 
ton;  Maj.  Tlioinas  lloyoP.  Spponil  Ile;.'impnt,  Col.  ('.njirn 
Jackson;  l.ieut.  Col.  J.  I!.  While;  .Maj.  Joseph  Vainlin.  H,,,] 
Up};itnpnt,  Col.  Filwanl  Price;  l.icnt.-Cnl.  Ilyilc.  Knintli  lit-;;;. 
iiipnt,  Col.  McKinnpy;  Mini.  Col.  Singleton;  Miij.  j'ca.li,.. 
Fifth  Itcgimpiit,  Col.  U.S.  IJevicr;  l.ipiit.  Col.  .\.  J.  I'inj, 
Maj.  JaiiiPH  lioverii  ;  .^iirgpon  Dr.  II.  (i.  Dysart.  .^i\i|i  |li_. 
ment.  Col.  INiiinlcxtpr ;  Iiipiil.-Col.  Fori;  .Maj.  I'prkin*. 

Fourth  Division,  Ilrig.'dpn.  Win.  Y.  Slack  coiiiiaaniliiii,  (',}], 
A.  II.  Conrinv,  ailjiitant-gencial ;  I.ipiit.-Col.  William  llill,i|ii;i,. 
tcrmastpr;  Lieut. Col.  D.  11.  MeDonalil.  coinmissary;  l.iom.. 
(^ol.  Peter  Austin,  surgeon  ;  'jieiit. -Col.  William  Kciili.  iliviHin 
insppi'tor;  I*ieut.-Col.  W.  II,  Lyday,  jui|gp-aiiv(n';it(.;  |j,.||f 
Col.  William  I'cery,  |inyiiinster  ;  and  l.ieut.  Cols.  William  f; 
AValker  and  Walter  .Spotl,  iiides-dc  camp,  Fiist  Inrniitrv.  Ci, 
J.  T.  Hughes  piiiiinianiling ;  l.ieut. -Col.  .lames  A.  IVitr)):ir<l: 
.Maj.  William  Mirick;  ('apt.  S.  II.  McWilliams,  ;iiliiilniit.  .s 
Olid  Inlantry,  Col.  Thomas  Paiton  eommaniling ;  l.i'iM.  <'<.|, 
Itohert  A.  Ilenitt;  Maj.  William  li.  (iaiise  :  Capl.  J.  II.  I'„.k. 
adjutant.  I'^xtra  batialion  infantry  allaphid  to  I'l.l.  ||ii;'ii<' 
(rommand,  Maj.  C.  II.  Iloiisand;  Capt.  Churchill  Clark's  bat'orv, 
also  iittaelii'il  to  Col.  Hughes' command.  First  Cav:ilrv,  I).  A. 
Hives,  colonel;  I.eivis  llohannan,  lieiitcna  nt- colonel ;  Juhn  il, 
(Turner,  major ;  and  Capi.  F.  I..  Iluhl  ell,  ailjiilant.  I)\lralul 
taliiiu  cavalry,  I.icnl.Col.  Iliclianl  Chiles.  Maj   Julin  I'ntlnn. 

Fil'ili  Division,  lirig  (ien.  A.  K.  Stein  coininaniling;  Il 
D.  W.  Floiverree,  assistant  adjiitanl-gpnpral ;  I.ieal.  I'lil.  ?.  11. 
Shradcr,  qunrlurinasler  ;  l.ieut. -Col.  II.  Itoberts,  cinn  irj; 
I.icnl.Col.  CIumIi's  N.  I'aliner,  rurgciiii ;  C.  T.  Hint  aulHiii. 
S.  Wi  ight.  assistant  dii  ision  surgeons;  l.ieut.  Cid.  TlnHiia.*  W. 
.Shields,  iiispcctiir:  l.ieut, -Col.  Ale,\aniler  Harris,  jiiil;4fa<lvi). 
eatc;  I.ieut.-Ciil.  -lames  .\l.  l.iiugliborough,  payiinistrr;  Miail,- 
Cols.  Wright  .s^phaiimbiii'g  and  .lolin  ^V.  (iillc-picai-les  ilc  lmiiiI'. 
I''irst  I  i  eg  i  men  I  Iiifantry.C'oI.  .1.  I'.  .Saiidcis  com  man  I  in;;;  l.iriii, 
Cid,  W.  11.  CundilV;  Maj.  D.  Todd  Siimiicl ;  Adjl.ti.  II.  Slia,i 
leford  :  Asst.  Siirgs.  .lohn  .S.  Tc:isilalc  mid  A.  li.  .Vrplili'i.  Stv- 
Olid  HcgiuH  nt  Infantry,  Col.  .lohn  II.  ^ViIlstllIl  i-ntiiiiiini'lin.': 
l.ieut. Col.  W.  1".  Chiles;  Maj.  J.  Murphy;  Adjl.  Joliii  W.  llii-: 
F.  M.  .Iidinson,  surgeon  ;  II.  I'',  .lohiison.tissistaiit  ^ar;,'i'nii.  iliiil 
Hegiiiient  Inliiiiiry,  Col.  1..  M.  Lewis  couiiuaiuliiig;  l.ieut.  IVI, 
C.  C.  Thoinloii  ;  Maj.  (1.  W.  Tlionipsiin  ;  Ailjt.  (1.  It.  Iliwarl, 
Jr.;  Surg.  C.  II.  Sliolwell;  Asst.  Surg.  A.  1).  iiidjili,  Kir.l 
llatlalion  Infantry,  Lieut. C^d.  Jcdin  It.  Iloyd ;  ,Miij.  Jiilin  .), 
llaeh;  Ailjt.  S.  Qiiinan  ;  Surg.  0.  II.  Kno.le;  Asst.  Surg.  .<. 
T.  (irogory.  Fifth  Hegiiiient  In(aiilry  (iiioiinli-'i.i,  Cnl.  .A.  ^*. 
Shi\back  cniiiiiianding;  Lieut.  Col.  Welfrcy ;  ,Miij.  Fliirrme: 
Adjt.  John  Kemper;  Surg.  C.  M.  France;  As-i-l.  Surg.  11.  ■' 
Howard.  First  Hegiiiient  Cavalry,  Col.  J.  T.  I'iiriuiil  i'"i« 
mandiiig;  Lieut.  Col.  Klijali  dates;  Jlaj.  .Nay  Iln^liili :  A.ijl, 
J.  II.  Lawlliir;  Surg.  K.  McD.  Colley  ;  A.->t.  -urgs.  «.  W.  ■ 
Kelly  nml  \V.  F.  Stark.  First  llatlalion  Aiiillciy,  .Maj  Jlin 
I.nndis;   Adjt.  Toule. 

Si.\lh  Divisiuii,  lirig.'Uen.  M,  M.  Parsons. 


■^ 


lit. Col.  S.  Fiirriii;. 
ml,  CipI.  i'ungmi- 
|>li  Viiuilin.  lii.rl 

yile.    !■■ till;.-!. 

(in  ;   Miij.   IVirkr. 

('ill.   X.  .1,  l'in.l;i!!; 

i-iiiirt.     Sixlhllr.', 

nj.  I'lTlon*. 

c  (*oniiii;uiiiiii'.',  *'■)!. 

\Villi:>in  Ilill.'iuM. 
(imiiii-'iirv;  l.itui.. 
liiui)  Ki'ill),  ilivi«ir>n 
;e-iiiiv()i'»lp;  Lieut., 
it.  Cnls.  William  F.. 

First  Inrniilry. I'll, 
iiiiic  A.  I'rili'harJ; 

mil!',  U'Vl"'''"'-  ^■-'■" 
uncling;    l.iriit.  I'"!, 
c:  Cni.t..!.  11.  IVL 
lll'll   to  ('"I.  lliisliis' 
rliill  Cliuk's  bnfcry, 
ImisI  Ciuiilry,  II.  \. 
t-eoloiifl;  ,li,linr.. 
ol;inl.    lAlniliJl 
j    ,lolin  I'llllnll, 
imiiiiiniliiij:;  '■'■ 
;  l.i.Mil.-l'ul.?.  i;. 
\,.Mls  coll'        in; 
r.  Hurt  :llil«^n 
il.  Col.  Tliimix'^' 
liircis,  juil;4f  ailvii- 
|l;l_vlllll^t^■^i  l.ii"! 
|,iiMii'los  ili'C;ini|'. 
iiiinan  liii;!:  l.i'"' 
.\.ljl.(i.  n.  Sliji- 

A.  li.  Ni'lib'i''-  ■"''  ■ 
i^lon  o<iuiiii:ni<liii:; 
\.ljl.Joliii\V.lliJ-': 

^.liint.-iirL'i'iJii.  'll'i''l 

iiiiliiii;;  l.if"!- '"'• 

,\,|jt,  (i.  11.  Iliiw'.u'l. 

,.\.  I!,  It-il|.li.    fifl 

lioy.l;  Miij.  J"li"''' 

,„li.:   A.'>l.  SiirS-  '■ 

,„Mnli-.li.  <'"1-A"- 

r,  V  :    .Miij.  Kliiron"': 

A-.i-l.  Siirs.  1!.  ■' 

,1,  T.  Ciiiiiral  I'"'" 

\^>t.  -^|.r^'s.^V.^V.^ 
AilillcT.v,  >I;ij  J'l'» 


a\: 


II 


I'r 


!■ 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


48S 


gcviiil'i  I>ivis'"'i.  Bri)!.  (icn.  .1.  II.  MelJiiilc. 
Fiirlilli  l>iviHon,  Uri^ -*'i'i>' ■I<>»'<t'<  ^'  lliiin.",  noininiinding  ; 
Till  li.  A.  Mineliniii,  ncljulaiit  gonctnl ;  l,iciit.-('ol.  .lolin  Mo- 
.Muitrv,  (luiirti'ininslcr;  l.icut.-Cul.  Wllliiiiii  M.  Itiinn,  coiii- 
iiii'.'iiiv;  l.init  .Ciil.  (Icorgo  W.  Tiiylor,  surgeon;  Mciit.-Ciil. 
Williiiiii  I'  Arnolil,  ilivisiiin  ins|ii'c'tor;  l,ic\it.-('ol.  ticorgo  i**. 
I'llliliiiiii,  ilivii-ion  jiiilgc-ailmeiitcN  I.k'iit.-Cul.  Wiirncr  I.c'wis, 
livi.iion  |i:mni\st<'r;  Lieut. -('(il.".   U.  II.  Wiiodson  iinil  AVillium 

M  |)|.j^ :iiil('s  <lc-i'iiui|i ;  (k'orgo  W.  lliiynmki'ur,  sngeiint- 

miiiir.     I"!''  Infiiulry,  Col.  Tlmuins  II.  Hosser,  (■(iiiuniuiiling; 
Licul.-Coi.   Williiini  Martin;  iMaj.    Kngcnu  Knvin;   Ailjulant, 
t'iiiit.  J.  ''■■  llarwooil.     ."^d'oncl  Infantry,  t'ul.  Ucnjauiiii  Klliott, 
raiiiaiiiniliiij.';   Lieut. -Cul.  L.  W.  I'ounuilniiin  :   .Maj.  Samuul  F. 
iiivlor;  Ail.iulant,  dipt,  (icorgn  W.  l.eyi'is.     Tliiril   infantry, 
C(il.  Iv'piii'  ^'  llurst,  roiniuanding;   Lieut.  Col.  J.  L.  Traey  ; 
.Mui.  Froilrritk  Uoutli ;  Adjutant,  ('ii|it.  Uolicrl  (iil).<on.     Fourth 
Itifiinlrv.  l.iiut.-Col.  W.  S.  tt'Kanc,  ooninianiling;   Miij.  Kllicrt 
KiMslrT.     I'illli   Infantry,  Col.  James  Clarksun,  eouiuinncling ; 
Ucat.Col    I'loliert  W.  Crawford;   Miij.  Alexander  C.    Lainnr; 
\(ljuliinl,  Ca|it.  >I.   W.  Bu.«ter.     i^eeond  Cavalry,  Licut.-Col. 
,laiiic»  MiCoivn,  ciiinnianding;    Maj.   Mo,«c8  W,  Sniilli;  Capt. 
Williniu  •^'-  Kill)?-     'fhird  Ciivalry,  Col.  II.  L.  Y.  Peyton,  coiu- 
iiiaiiiliiiK:   l.ieiit.  Col.  Marlin  While;  Maj.  W..S.  Tyler;  Ad- 
iutiint.  Cupl.    I'.   II.  WilliaULS.      Fourth    Cavulry,  Col.  IL   F. 
Walkir,    commanding ;     Lieut. -Col.     II.     K.     Hartley;     Maj. 
Tliuams    II.    Ilaitley;    Adjutant,    Ca|it.    .laiues    L.    (iernian. 
Killli  Cimilry,  Col.  .le.'.ie  L.  Cravens,  commanding;   Lieut. Col. 
11.  iSloier;  .Maj.     W.   Langston  ;   Adjutant,  ('apt.   J.  II.   Wil- 
liams,   .^ixlli    Cavalry,    Col,    John    T,    Coffee,    eominaiiding ; 
l,irat.  I'ol.  John  W.    I'ayne;    Maj.  -M.  W.  Smith;  Ailjulant, 
(niil.  A.  Cliileult.     Seventh  Cavalry,  Col.  Hewitt  C.   llunler, 
,„iiimiiiiilin;,';  Lieut. Col.   liieliard  A.  Vuughan  :    Maj.  C.  W. 
lliilliiii;  Ailjiiliint,  Capt.  I),  0.  Weideiiieyer.     Kighlh  Cavalry, 
l.iiiit.-Ciil.  Owens,  niinmanding;    Miij.   It.   K.   Murrell;  Ailjii- 
t.iiit,  ('ii|il,  N.  U,  Short.    Ninth  Cavalry,  Lieut, Col.  Ciiminings, 
miiiaiiiiiii^;  Maj,  J.  Alexander  Smith  ;  Adjiilanl,  Capt.  II.  C. 
I'urctll.    Tenth  Cavalry,  Col,  Krwiu,  eoninianding  ;  Lieut, Cul, 
riiniiingliam;  .Miij,  Fleming,     Eleventh  Cavalry,  Col.  Talliot, 
(  inmaiiiling;  Lient.-Col.  I'earsey  ;  Adjutant,  I'apt.  A.  A.  IIus- 
Ifv.    (Iiniriil  Provost  (lUard,  Chief  Marshal,  Maj.  I'hineas  M. 
Siiciv;  Drpiity  .Marshals,  Ciipl.  lOdwaid  .\ldrieli,  and   Lieuts. 
I'arpill  Wood,  Henry  (,'.  Kerr,  and  John   V..  Urooks:    .Maislials 
■f  Military  Coumii-sion,  Carroll  Wood  and  John  Taylor. 

The  ilivisioiis  were  designated  from  the  uongressiontil  dis- 
u'kU  into  wliieli  the  State  wns  divided. 

The  Capture  of  Camp  Jackson  and  the  Events 
of  May  11  and  June  17,  1861.— Tlio  history  of 
.■^i.  LouL-i  would  not  be  coiHiilctc  witliuut  a  iccurd 
nf  the  exciting  events  of  llic  year  18til  which  pie- 
iiJi'iluiiil  ;ic'criiii[jaiiied  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  \v:ir. 
I'ublie  ii|iiiiiiiii  is  not  heated  now  as  it  was  then  ;  but 
it  i.s  probably  ns  much  divided  now  as  then  upon  tiie 
tkiraetir,  [iiiipriety,  and  policy  of  the  several  acts 
wliiili  were  done  duriiio;  the  period  from  the  lueetinj; 
of  lliD  Jli.ssouri  Ijegislature,  in  January,  18(11,  and 
tlio  diite  of  the  capture  of  Camp  Jackson  and  the 
i)ri;,iiiij;iliiin  of  the  Missouri  Stale  (juard.  It  is  not 
our  pruviiiiv  to  decide  where  lliosc  cliiefly  interested 
liavc  iij:rei'd  to  differ  ;  wc  will  therefore  confine  our- 
klvcs  .strictly  to  the  ta.sk  of  colleelin>;  here  and  ar- 
ranging ill  intelligent  cl  ronoUigieal  order  ''.le  facts, 


documents,  and  all  the  oilier  authentic  and  indispu- 
table evidence  upon  wliicii  jiublic  opinion  is  formed  in 
every  case,  and  upon  which,  in  the  end,  it  will  rest 
in  this  case.  Let  otliers  arjiue  as  much  and  liow  they 
please,  we  will  be  content  to  supjily  the  materials  for 
ar<;unient  just  as  they  exist,  and  no  inatlcr  which 
side  of  tlie  controversy  they  may  tend  to  make  or 
mar. 

At  tlie  bejiiniiin^  of  ISlJl,  while  there  was  ureal 
and  widespread  excitement  everywliero,  it  was  most 
inten.se  in  Missouri,  some  parts  of  whicli  had  been 
literally  converted  into  u  camp  by  the  border  troubles 
with  Kansas.  The  city  of  St.  Louis  was  Kepublican 
by  the  force  of  the  German  vote  ;  the  State  was  Dem- 
ocratic, and  pro-slavery  Democratic  by  a  large  'iiajor- 
ity,  thouj;li  the  influence  of  Sterling  Price  and  men 
of  that  stamp  had  enabled  Douglas  to  carry  it  for  the 

■  Pr'',si(leney.  The  leader  of  the  f-upporters  of  Jlr. 
1  Lincoln  in  the  exciting  struggle  of  the  Presidential 
.  election  was  Frank  Blair,  Jr..  a  man  of  intense  views 
I  and  impulsive,  violent  energy  in  enforcing  them.    The 

■  secession  movement  in  the  Soulherii  States  after  the 
I  election  liad  the  effect   of   preventing  the  political 

armies  from  disbanding.    The  "  Wide  Awakes,"  who 
had  borne  torches  and  banners  and  shouted  tliemsclvcs 

I  hoarse  for  Lincoln  and  Mamlin,  now  undertook  to  form 
Union  Clubs,  and  from  this  to  form  Union  Com- 
panies, and  call   the  muster-roll  and  drill.     In    St. 

I  Louis  Frank  Bhiir  and  the  Uermans  fraternized  and 
organized  with  terrible  intensity,  c;illing  themselves  the 
"  Black  Jiigi'i-.s,"  drilling  ;ind  practicing  rifle-shoot- 
ing. On  the  other  hand,  the  "  Minute  .Men"  of  the 
Dcmoeratic  party  kept  up  their  organization  and  their 
head(|uarters,  and  in  these  places  often  not  only  was 
there  drill  going  on,  but  recruiting  also  for  the  Coii- 

I  federate  States  army. 

Frank  Blair,  defeated  for  Congress  for  the  sliort 
term,  had  been  elected  lor  the  long  term  by  a  largo 
nnijority  over  the  regular  Demociiilic  ami  the  Bell 
and  Everett  candidatis.  The  mayor  of  the  city  of 
St.  Louis,  O.  D.  Filley,  was  an  energetic,  advanced 
llepublican,  and  afterwards  a  member  of  the  "  Com- 
mittee of  Safety"  of  the  organized  Unionists,  and  prom- 
inent in  tlie  Advisory  Committee,  to  wliom  Mr.  Lin- 
coln left  pretty  mueli  all  the  affairs  of  the  city,  civil  as 
well  as  military.  In. the  State  elcciions,  on  the  other 
hand,  Claiborno  F.  Jackson  was  elected  Governor, 
and  Thomas  C.  Reynolds,  Lieutenant-Governor,  by  u 
plurality  of  nearly  eight  thousand   votes,  which  ygt 

,  lacked  ten  thousand  of  being  a  majority  over  all  op- 
ponents. The  Legislature  was  strongly  Democratic, 
and  McAfee  was  elected  Speaker  of  the  House  by  a 
vote  of  seventy-six  to  forty-eight  for  all  others.     He 


;yr 


!|   I 


I;'  ■] 


11 


484 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


was  nn  nvowcd  Southorn  sympntliizer.  (Jovortior 
Jackson,  in  liis  inaiiu'ural  aildrpss,  Imil  docliirpi!  it  to 
be  tlic  duty  of  Missouri  imd  Kentucky  to  stand  by  ' 
tlip  South,  and  in  the  first  days  of  tiic  session  a  com- 
missioner from  tlie  Confederate  novernment  at  Mont- 
jromery,  Ala.,  bad  been  "received"  by  tbe  Legisla- 
ture. The  military  bill,  wliieh  would  probably  not 
have  passed  but  for  the  (!amp  Jackson  excitement, 
was  introduced  the  first  week  of  the  session,  and  at 
the  snmo  lime  a  bill  was  introduced,  which  speedily 
became  a  law,  i^ivinj;  St.  Ijouis  a  metropoliian  pulico 
Fvstem,  and  creatiiii;  a  board  of  police  comnii*sioriers 
nppoinled  by  tlie  Governor.  This  bill  deprived  the 
mayor  of  appointment  and  control  of  the  police,  and 
made  the  eonimissioner.s  custodians  of  the  public 
peace.  A  bill  was  also  pa.sscd  providing  for  the  elec- 
tion of  a  State  Convention,  which  was  to  deterinino 
the  destinies  of  the  State  in  the  crisis  whidi  every 
one  now  saw  was  npidly  approaching. 

In  tlie  mean  time  that  crisis  was  coming  more  raji- 
idl)  than  people  wished  or  expected,  in  con.sei|uence 
of  tlie  precautions  each  side  took  to  protect  itself  from 
tlic  supposed  dangers  which  gathered  on  every  side. 
Some  of  the  organizations  of  ininutc-men.  who  had 
their  lieadquarti-rs  at  the  Hcrthold  mansion  i  where 
later  the  Confederate  flag  was  hung  out),  were  re- 
ceived into  the  State  militia  as  regular  bodies  nf  uni- 
formed volunteers,  being  which  they  could  receive 
equipments  and  uniforms  from  tlie  State.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  "  Wide  Awakes,"  including  many 
Germans  of  the  Turner  and  other  associations,  ;il- 
readv  (/(('(.vi'-military  in  their  organization,  began  to 
form  regular  companies,  to  drill,  to  raise  money,  to 
buy  arms,  and  to  provide  themselves  with  ammuni- 
tion. The  secret  and  nightly  drill  of  all  these  varimis 
clubs  and  companies  could  not  but  cause  excitement 
,and  uneasiness. 

St.  Louis  was  a  military  position  of  great  impor- 
tance; it  was  a  military  station  of  great  value,  and 
in  the  event  of  war  both  parties  would  naturally  seek 
to  control  it  for  the  sake  of  tin-  advantages  which 
they  might  derive  from  its  possession.  The  place 
bad  been  a  centre  for  troops  and  arms  for  two  gener- 
ations, and  the  barracks  and  tlie  arsenal  were  treas- 
ures to  whoever  held  them.  The  arsenal  was  the  key 
to  St.  Louis.  Wlioevcr  held  that  held  the  city.  He- 
sides,  it  contained  military  stores,  arms,  and  ordnance 
of  "leat  value  and  in  great  quantity.  There  can  be 
no  doubt  but  that  both  parties  looked  with  eager 
and  hungry  eyes  upon  the  arsenal.  The  United 
States  government  licid  it,  and  the  Unionists  deter- 
mined it  sliould  not  be  wrested  away  from  them.  The 
States  rights  party  wished  possession  of  it,  and  would 


have  attempted  to  seize  it,  if  in  their  pow.r.  in 
occasion  of  the  first  overt  act  of  violence  or  iliotii.' 
State  act  of  Hcccssion.  Tliere  Is  no  need  U>  u'm  ii,' , 
the  mass  of  chiirges  and  replies  which  are  cvtani  ii, 
regard  to  the  possession  of  the  arsemil.  It  i>  eiii.ii.i 
to  know  that,  as  was  natural,  nay,  necessary  iniil,i  i|, 

circumstances,  the  arsenal  was  the  main  bone  uf  ( 

tention  between  the  opposing  forces  whose  iiiiii.',,!, 
ism  was  being  .so  rapidly  crystallized,  and  ilm  mr'. 
effort  made  fur  its  capture  would  inlensily  lli,.  ,1,., 
and  precautions  taken  for  its  defense,  and  riV,  |,,, , 
The  evidence  for  all  this  is  cumulative,  and  luusi  I,, 
taken  in  connection  with  the  action  of  the  bi'^i-ij. 
ture  and  the  State  military.  Jan.  T),  IStil,  thofullMt. 
iiig  letter  was  addressed  to  ex-l*resident  Hiicliaiiaii 

"  ,'^T.  I,iiri>.  .Ian.  0,  l>,ii 
*'  ///**  /urt  llriifi/  .fttnirt  /tiifltnititu  : 

"  lit: A 11  Sill.— In  llw  |iii-sciil  cxcilcil  iMniIili>rn  ,,f  (In. ,,.,, 

I  iMiiinot  lu'lp  I'cc'liii;;  ivinci'rncil  ill  'I'^uril  In  llic  siilulj  if  li,. 
I^ovcriiiiicnt  t'liinN  in  iii^v  iiiunl;',  if.'  arms  iiiitl  inunili<)ti<  .,1',,.,. 
wliii'li  all'  at  tilt'  ar.«i mil,  ami  witliiii  llio  limits  nl'  lliociiv. 

"I  mil  sali-licil  tliat  if  iMtlior  tlio  U<'|Hil>!ii'Mns  nr  liiovt,.. 
siiini.-tii  sluniM  st'izo  the  tirsfiial  here,  war  woiiM  nt  ,,iii.(. l„..ir 
in  tliix  BiM'ticm,  as  in'itlirr  woiiM  siiliinit  to  its  |mjsscs-Ioii  l,i  id,. 
iitliei'  iipacefnll^'. 

"  I  Imve  now  over  four  Iiunilroil  thiMisaiid  ilcillars»f  I'mrc 
ini'iit  moncv  nn  Iiami,  wliicli  ini;ilit  be  siizol,  aii'l  1  |i,i. 
Ilimi;;lit  |ini|ior,  iinilcr  all  tlio  cii'L'iimiitani.'1'S,  tii  suhmii  imi; 
wIk'IIhm-  it  is  not  lulvisable.  without  ilrlay,  to  i'0!icrnIr;iU'  if' ■!. 
at  tlio  arsenal  for  I  lie  |»rotCL>tlon  of  the  govciniiu'nl  iii'[.-(v 
tliorc  (wliii'li  I  think  \i  wiy  largcK  lunt  Iho  Iri'asiiri- in  ur,- 
cari',  if  it  shoiiM  lici'oini'  iiofcssary.  I  uiii  salisliivl  Ih.ii  Imi 
siilrs  here  have  iheir  eves  lived  ii|icin  those  two  |i"iiil-.  i!i, 
arsenal  aixl  treasury,  and  that  the  takiii;;  |)os>essinii  .>t  ihr'i: 
liy  either  will  lead  to  eoiillirt,  and  it  therefore  seems  to  nif  tin: 
the  sooner  |irovision  i-  made  to  jjuard  them  the  lieltor.  A  lilt!..' 
1  iter  and  the  excitemeiil  may  arrive  at  that  |i"int  here  lliat  ;iia 
siim^^eslioii  of  brinj;ini;  ii  foree  hero  for  their  itr«tt(*''Ii'i»  wuui. 
preeipitate  the  stdziiro  of  them. 

"I  wish  very  iiineli  that  the  atnoiint  at  this  |il.i,-i.  i .  :'. 
ereilit  of  dislmrsinsoniceri',  the  I'liiled  ."'latcii  lre«.siirei'.  iiiiJ  ih' 
I'osI  l>ftiec>  I)o|iiirtuient,  eould  ho  |iliioed  at  a  |Miiiit  wluTc  tlurv 
would  be  less  danger  of  its  seiiuro.  There  may  hu  nipiic  Im  . 
but  I  fear  there  is;  T  fear  wo  an?  arrivin;:  at  a  peiiit  iii-.ir 
Iroubles  that  at  thi.s  plaee  there  is  danger  from  hotli  >i'l<". 

"  I  should  be  glail  if  you  would  advise  me,  if  tlurr  .-lii;:. 
seem  to  be  iiiiiiiiiieiit  danger,  what  eoiirse  to  |MirsUC,  anl  "in! 
ofTieer  to  apply  to  for  proteetion. 

"  I  sympathize  most  deeply  with  you  in  the  tryiii:j  iinl  i- ■ 
eatt^  position  in  wliieh  you  are  placed,  and  iiutliiii!;  *ii:i1l  '".' 
wanting  on  my  part  to  remler  you  all  the  aid  I  can  iMuiiii.nii 
here  or  elsewhere. 

•'  I  am  most  respeidfully  and  truly  yours. 

"  IsAAr  II.  Sti  liio:o\, 
"  Antinlmil   Trt'itnttrtr  I'.  .S',,  Si,  /,."o«,  .!/■ 

In   response  to  tliis  letter  the  I'rcsiJciit  at  whv 

ordered  a  force  tube  placed  at  the  disposal  of  ili  ■ 

assistant  treasurer  in  this  city,  and  they  were  in;iivli.  i ' 

to  the  custom-house  and  temporarily  plaeoj  in  tin: 

'  building  by  tlie  military  authorities.    In  the  cvcuiii;, 


THE   CIVIL  WAR. 


489 


•    jiiiW'  r   III 
(•(•   iir  I  111'  tii-i 
eetl  1(1  Un  iiiii, 
iivc  cxtam  ill 

1 1    i-  IMII.II-I; 

i^ary  iiinlcril... 

II  biiiii'  111'  ii.i.. 

vlliKC    lllllipili. 

mil  ilitii  I'vor; 
iMisily  till'  -i(|. 
nil  J  n'li  r. ,.  I 
0,  ami  iiiusl  til 
(if  tlic  Ii(":'bli. 
8(11,  the  fill  It. 

III  Hui'haiMiii 
'IS,  ,Taii.  It,  bt;t, 

licll  "f  llic ii-", 

;ii  111!'  siilt'ly  "1  !V 
(I  liKlIlitioll'*  "[■  wr, 
lits  of  Ihi'  I'iiy. 
ilii'iiii'*  tir  till*  Mi:c. 
iV'iiiM  nl  I'lu'i' iiv^ii 
lis  jM)ii*i'S-.ioii  by  th'' 

111  ,l..llnis  nf  !•  lurr,. 

8i'i/.C'l,  aU'l  1  lui- 
!i'ii.  til  siiliiuit  |i;  !. 
loi'oni'i'nlniloirii- 
iivcrniiifnl  |'ri'|.fiy 

till'  IrCMiMiri'  111  II.. 
11  siitislic'l  lluil  li-. 
^^'  twu  luiint*.  tit' 

IlM^^.^',|^i"ll  "f  lilii 
t'ui-i'  sccm»  li'lllrlil  ■ 
Mill,.  l"'lt.'|-.     .Uill  ■ 

I  |,..inl  Ih'iv  ili;ii  Lii ; 
H'ir  (.riiti^L'ti'iii  «uu^. 


lit  llli.<  lila.T,  I'  •'■ 
s  li'i'ii.''iiii'i.  aii'l" 

,  jHiilll  wluTi'  lll'tt 

limy  Iji'  ii"iio  li''  ■ 

.,    lit    A    |Miillt    ill'  I 

.1111  bolh  >i'l'"' 
nil',  if  lli'Ti'  ill""'' 


1  111,.  tryiii:!:iii'l'i'''- 

iiii'l  nolliiiig  >li:ill  '« 

ivi.l  I  can  c.iuiiii'iiu 


ri  lli.KnV, 
S..  Si.  /."«'■,  ■"' 

l>l'i.si'lrlit   at  !'"« 
disposal  "I  'li' 
tlicy  were  inarrli"! 
irily  iilaci'J  in  '''■"  I 
s.    In  the  I'voiiii':- 


after  iniisultatiiin  with  tlio  uflic'cr  in  coiniiniiKl,  they 
ttorii  ri'iniived  to  tiio  ar.seiial,  wliiiru  it  wan  iliu  cli;.si^'ii 
.,,  first  I'l  liiivc  piucc'd  tlii!iii. 

Al't'i'  till'  polit-'"  '"11  I'liil  Im^coiiic  a  law,  Mr.  Stur- 
,_.,.,iii  wrnio  aj;uiii  to  llic  I'tcsidoiit.  and  ul.so  to  (ion. 
Scotl  (HI  tliu  subject.  WliL'ii  tlio  bill  providing;  [\<r 
liie  Stale  ('(invention  beeaine  a  law  and  the  matter  of 
[lie  eonvL'iition  beji;an  to  lie  eanvasscd  and  di.scn.^.fcd, 
lie  wrote  a  third  tiiuo  (February  Dtli )  to  Ocn.  Scott, 
iiP'iiii:  the  necessity  of  defending;  the  aisenul  with 
L'V(;ry  available  military  force.  Tlii.s  last  letter  had 
its  effect  upon  the  lieutenanf-'j;eiicral,  who  wrote  to 
(u'n.  W.  S.  Harney,  eomiuandiiij^  at  St.  Louis,  a.-» 
f'lllows : 

"  llK.\ii()r  \itTi:ii»  or  tiik  .\iimv, 

"  W  isMiMiro.v,  Fell.  Hi,  I'iCil. 

'■nillli.-'lf'^'    W.    S.    ILvilNKV,    ciiliiiii'niilill;/   ihi     /V/mi'/i/icMl    '/ 
(/,.    II''-'.- 

,.§lu,_Tlu,  rulloivini;  ili9|iiitcli  wiis  fiiit  ymi  li.v  ti'li'^'ri|ili 
ii.liiv:  'lliivc  you  In  tlio  St.  I,cpiii.<  urscnul  troo|i.'(  t'noii;;li 
I'Ji'fi'iiil  iiy  Ought  you  not  to  send  up  nil  the  nun  IVi'iii  .Ii'l'- 
fft.oin  lliuriu'k!' ?  Wimii/'l  Sinii.'  Tliu  niiicriil  in-i'liicl"  lU'siit'.- 
t'l  strt'ii^'tlien  tliiil  ilis|iiiti'li  l>y  callinL;  your  iilliMilloii  to  llii'<(' 
miniilcralliins :  tliat  it  in  best  to  niovL-  In  uilviincc  ul'cM'ili'inonl ; 
ihiil  it  h  |>'>^^'il>lt',  when  iin  I'lncrKcncy  iirlsi'S,  rcinrori'cinunlK 
iiiav  lie  cut  olT,  nnl  tliiil  all  lli«  force  nmy  now  be  nscfnlly  im- 
l'i'ly^l  lit  work  In  a<l  Iin;;  to  lliu  ilt'lVn.''C  of  tlio  iirscniil. 
"I  iiiii,  sir,  very  ri'.«|n'i'tfiiMy,  your  obt'ilioiil  ."cniint, 

"  (iKoui;!:  W.  Lav, 
"  Liifil.-Cul.  iiifl  .Mili-li'  I'aini,." 


This  was  reiterated  to  Gen.  Harney  in  other  .sliapes, 
I'lil  he  had  eoiiio  to  the  eoneliisioii  that  no  serimis 
niiivi'iuiiit  ae;aiiist  the  arsenal  was  contemplated,  and 
'liat  "tlie  secession  party  is  in  a  minority  in  St.  Louis, 
inil  tliire  \*  every  roa.son  to  suppose  tiuit  in  the  event 
I' a  inoveiiieiit  irom  any  (|uarter  upon  the  arsenal  its 
jirrisiiii  would  be  promptly  sutvored  by  an  ovtii-- 
tlk'hiiin;,'  force  from  the  city."  It  may  be  added 
;iiat  ahdiit  this  time  (February  Oth)  .Maj.  (afterwards 
liiii. I  Daviil  Hunter  WHS  in  St.  Louis  in  conference 
aiiii  Mr.  Stuiiieoii.  Hunter  was  known  then  and 
.aiurasthe  most  stalwart  of  nidical  generals;  ho  was 
a  his  way  to  Washington,  and  Mr.  Sturgeon  ini- 
['ressi'd  his  views  on  him  of  the  urf;eney  of  the  occa- 
>iiin.  While  they  were  lalkiiifr,  (Jen.  uhen  Capt.) 
Lvoii  came  in, — also  known  as  an  ardent  Ile]iublican, 
— aiiil  !-ui;o(>sted  that  hv  would  like  to  be  the  eoni- 
aijiiJiT  at  the  arsenal,  in  order  to  make  sure  of  its 
|iroicctii)n  and  defense.  The  appointment  of  Capt. 
i.viin  to  the  post  soon  after  Iliinter's  arrival  at  the 
aiiiial  makes  it  probable  that  Gen.  Hunter  had 
itiivdy  rcuoininended  it. 

liiiliiMiicanwliile,  to  show  the  animus  on  the  other 
^iJi',  the  folluwii)"  letter  is  now  in  order: 


"St.  I.oiis,  ,\lii.,  Jiin. 'JI,  ISiil. 

"Ills    MVCKI  l.KM  V    C.    F.    JlCKSOV,    fi'or,  ,'M,o'  ../'    Mi't'iKli: 

"  l»t;.\u  ,Sin,  —  [  Imvi'  jiMt  ri'lumi'il  IVoin  the  iii"i'iiiil,  vvlicni 
1  li.'ivD  liiiil  an  inlvrvii'iv  nith  M;ij.  Hull,  Ilia  eoiiiinanilin;;  oil), 
ecr  of  that  |ilac'i'.  I  fouml  the  iniijor  cvciytliiii);  tbnl  you  or  I 
coiilil  ilcsirc.  Ill)  iiK^iiri''!  nii'  that  ho  ooiisiiliri'it  lh.it  .MisHiiiri 
hnil,  whenever  the  time  eaino,  u  lif/lit  lo  iluim  il  ii«  heimj  ii/<oii 
liiituil.  He  aKferteil  bin  (Ulurmiimlion  to  ilcfeiij  it  nKainst 
any  iiinl  all  inT^ftfHmitite  inulm,  conio  from  whence  they  might, 
but  lit  the  »ame  tiino  gnvo  me  to  iimluratanil  that  lie  would  nut 
iitlein|>t  liny  (ielVn-o  againsi  tlio  proper  State  iiulli'iritieK. 

"  lie  pronii-eil  me,  iipuii  the  honor  of  an  olVicer  ami  a  gintlo- 
nian,  that  he  would  mit  siitVer  any  iirm»  to  be  remoie'l  from  the 
place  without  lirat  giving  nio  liimli/  iiij'iiniiiilinii.  iiml  I  in  re- 
turn |>roini-t''l  liiiii  that  I  would  use  till  the  force  at  my  eoin- 
iiiiin'l  to  pievent  liitii  Ipciiig  iitin'iyed  by  irresponailile  persons. 

"  1  at  the  Slime  tiiiup  gave  liim  iioli'-e  that  if  iilVairH  as.suiiie>l 
so  threatening  a  eliar'ieler  as  to  render  it  iin.^afe  to  leave  the 
place  in  its  eoiiipaialively  unprotected  contlitioii.  that  I  iiiighl 
come  down  aii'l  •|iiiirler  a  proper  force  there  to  protect  it  from 
tlio  iij»!»anlt:«  of  any  persons  whatsoever,  to  which  ho  aH.si'iitel. 
In  n  word,  the  major  i^t  willi  iik,  where  he  ought  to  be,  for  all 
Ills  worldly  wealth  lies  here  in  ,''^t.  I.ouis  (ami  it  is  very  large), 
anil  then,  again,  his  sympathies  are  with  us. 

"1  shall  lliereforo  rest  perfectly  easy,  and  nsu  all  my  intlu- 
ence  to  »t<ip  the  scnsationist'i  from  altraeting  the  pnrtieuhir  ut- 
tenlion  of  the  government  to  this  particular  spot. 

'*  The  telegraphs  you  received  were  the  sheerest  vtinnnU 
of  persons  who,  without  discretion,  are  extremely  anxious  to 
show  their  zeal.  I  shall  be  thoroughly  prepared  with  the  proper 
force  to  act  as  emergency  may  le'iiiire.  The  use  of  force  will 
only  be  re.'iortcd  to  when  nothing  else  will  avail  to  prevent  tho 
shiptiieiit  or  removal  of  the  arms. 

"  The  major  informed  me  that  he  had  arms  for  forty  thousand 
men,  with  all  tlic  appliances  to  manufacture  muiiitiuiis  of  ulmust 
every  kind. 

•'  This  arsenal,  if  priperly  looked  iifler,  will  be  everything  I'l 
oio-  ,><t!ite,  mo/  /  iiilihit  In  lifil,-  ii/iir  il,  very  ijiiietly,  however. 
I  have  every  eonlidenee  in  the  word  of  honor  pledged  to  me  by 
the  major,  and  would  as  soon  think  of  doubling  tlio  oath  of  the 
beat  man  in  the  communily. 

"  His  i.lea  is  that  il  would  be  disgraceful  lo  him  as  a  military 
man  to  surrender  lo  a  mob.  whilst  he  could  ib,  so  without  com- 
promising his  dignity  to  the  State  authorities.  Of  course  I 
did  not  .'■how  him  your  order,  but  1  informed  him  that  you  had 
authorizc'l  me  to  act  as  I  might  think  propci  I'l  protect  tho 
public  property. 

"  He  desireil  that  I  woiilil  not  divulge  his  |ieculiar  views, 
which  I  promised  not  to  do.  fj-rtpt  l*>  //<tnrHi'/f\  1  beg,  there- 
lure,  that  you  will  say  nothing  that  might  compronii.sc  him 
eventually  with  the  general  goieriiment,  for  thereby  I  would 
be  placed  in  an  awkward  position,  whil.st  ho  would  probably  bo 
remou'd,  which  would  be  iinfih  im'iut  t(»  our  interests. 

"(iriiiisley,  as  you  doubtless  know,  is  an  unconscionable 
jaeka.-s,  and  only  desires  to  make  himself  notorious.  It  was 
through  him  that  McLaren  and  (ieorge  made  the  mistake  of 
telegraphing  a  falsehood  to  you. 

"  I  shoulil  he  pleased  to  hear  whelher  you  approie  of  the 
course  I  have  adopted,  and  if  not.  I  am  ready  lo  take  any  oilier 
that  you,  as  my  eoinmander,  may  sugu'est. 

"  1  am,  sir.  most  truly,  your  obcilienl  servant. 

••  I>.  .M.  FiiosT." 


What  jiclion  Governor  Jackson  took  is  not  known, 
but  the  fullowini'  letter  from  the  President  of   the 


i 


'm 


Ml 


t'ii 


It  >' 
'11 1 


f:i  ■-;! 


■lii'i.  •Ii 
Mi 


486 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Is   •■«*■ 


1  •         I 


Sotitlicrii  ('(infodcr.icy  appears  to  bo  addressed  fo  liim 
in  atihiWcr  tu  one  un  tlic  sulijeet  ul'  the  urscnal  : 

"MoNTdciMKnv,  Ai.A.,  Ainil  2.!,  1801. 
"  IIlR  Exi'KI.I.BJCrv  r.  F.  Jaikkon.  (Iiivrnuir  n/  MiMiniiri  : 

"Hill, —  I  huvc  llir  lioiiiir  to  iic'liiinwlivlni^  jiiun"  of  tlic  I7lli 
in>taiil«hciriu'  by  Cii|il!<.  (Irci'ii  niiil  Diiko.  iiikI  liavi'  mhmI  cur- 
diiilly  wclL'KiMfd  tin'  frah'rnal  ii^'-'itnint'c.-'  it  brin^n, 

**  A  iiiifitliirc  I  hut  {;('tiori>ii9r<iiitiik-iu'0  ha^  (or  j'cars  |»ii.-t  pro 
vcnti'il  tlio  Siiiitlii'in  Stale-'  finin  making  ibp  {ircparatiMii  i«- 
<|uirt'(l  liy  till'  |»r('*('ut  rnuTi^cncy.  iiii'l  our  puwor  to  f*u|t|ily  you 
with  ortlnaiiL'o  [a  far  chort  of  the  Hill  to  "prvw  you.  Alter 
Icarniiif;  ai<  well  a"  I  rouhl  fioin  tlio  Kpnllciiieii  iii'creililicl  to  iiip 
what  wuM  iiio:<t  lu'oit'ul  for  the  iitlack  on  Ihr  iirKeiial,  I  )iav(> 
(lircctcil  that  ('apt'',  lii-i't'h  an  t  l>uko  hIiouM  ho  furiiit«hpil  vtitll 
two  rj  |)<uii)(l('r  howit/pr.4  aii<l  two  ',\'2  |Muin(lrr  uuii'',  with  thi- 
proper  nuttnunitioii  for  eneli.  Thrsc,  froni  this  couiiuandinL; 
hilli^,  will  he  ei1\-''livc  both  nKaln''t  the  ^arri.'ton  an<l  to  lu'rai-h 
the  iiicl<».Hin^  watl.^  of  tlir  pla<-i'.  1  i-oiicur  with  you  a.s  to  the 
(treat  iinportaiiii-  of  nipturiii;;  the  arsenal  and  fcciiriiin  its  sup- 
pliuJ,  riMKlcred  doubly  importaut  by  the  ineauH  taken  toobstrint 
your  eoiniiicree  un  I  render  you  iinnriiiel  vicliiiiH  lo  n  hustilo 
loviuiun. 

"  Wc  look  nnxiously  and  hopefully  for  the  day  wlien  Ibe  ntar 
of  MifSiiiirl  shall  he  added   lo  the  eoii'lellution  of  the  Coiiled 
riiile  State!  of  .Aiuericii. 

"  With  be-t  wishe?,  1  utii,  respe.'tfiilty  your.*, 

"Jkfkkiison   Davis." 

The  Capts.  Duke  and  Green  referred  to  are  tlie 
gcntleinen  named  in  tlie  following;  report  from  a  St. 
Louis  journal  of  Feb.  11,  ISlJl,  and  wlio  afterwards 
formed  part  of  the  I'oree  as.seinbled  at  Camp  Jaek.soii. 
Hasil  Duke  diirini;  the  war  was  seeoiid  in  eommaiid 
to  tien.  Joim  II.  Morgan,  tlic  independent  partisan  ; 

"The  Mii'sourl  MinutcMen,  who  for  tome  weekn  have  been 
drilling  iit  their  headi(UHrterK,  corner  of  Fourth  niid  I'ine 
Streets,  to  prepare  thoniselveii  for  scddieij  in  the  re;iular  iiiililia, 
were  lu:it  eveiiin;;  *worn  into  the  ner\  iee  of  the  State  by  lien. 
Frocl.  (Iiir  reporter  wa.s  not  permitted  to  willies.''  the  pr'ieeed- 
injS!",  nor  couM  the  'liEeial  list  of  idlieers  be  oblaincl ;  tberelure 
the  name!'  given  below,  kinilly  furni^ihed  by  an  outsi'ier,  may 
not  be  e'M-reet. 

"  Each  company  is  eonipus<.d  of  lllty  nun.  The  unif'irm 
iidopled,  we  Karn,  will  he  very  simple,  similar  to  that  used  in 
the  rnited  Stiili  s  ajiny. 

"  As  some  in  iceuraeies  appeared  in  our  ropiut  of  thi'  I'let'tion 
of  oBieers  in  ye-tenlay's  paper,  we  give  ihe  following  lorreet 
list: 

"  I'lim/miii/  ,t.— Captain.  Overton  W.  Ilarrctt :  lirst  lieutenant. 
Louis  !•:.  Kennerly  ;  seeond  lieutenant,  I'Mward  iileniierliiissctt ; 
third  lieutenant,  T.  ."iidney  llussell. 

"  <';m/iiiiiii  II. — t'aptain.  Ilasil  Wilson  I>uke;  first  lieutenant, 
Jninea  Kouglass;  second  lieutenant,  Anbny  I".  Howard;  third 
lieutenant.  John  V.  Sebmitt. 

"  i'liiiijtitiiii  V. — Captain,  .lames  1!.  Shaler :  first  lieutenant, 
W.  \V.  Sanford  ;  see. in. 1  lii'Utenanl.  Samuel  Farriiigton  ;  third 
lieutenant.  Kuberl  llufl'ey. 

'■  Viimiiiuii)  I). — Captain,  Colt'.n  lireen  :  first  lieutenant,  I'has. 

Throckmorton ;     second    lieutenant,    Harrington;     third 

lieutenant,  Alton  Long. 

"  Cnmiiiiii;/  !■:. — Captain,  li.  F.  Hubbard;  first  lioulenaiit, 
.7.  Ilammersly;  seeoiol  lieutenant,  .1.  II.  Champion;  third 
lieutenant,  W.  C  Poller." 


The  Mceret  nh'elinfjs  and  Hoerot  drillint'on  li.ili  ,ii|,i 
of  eitizen.s  of  tlie  same  cominiinily,  yet  ariniiij.'  |i:il|i;il,;i 
to  ent  one  another's  throats,  and  each  side  pri.roiiinllv 
io;Tinrant  and  profoundly  mistrustful  of  the  otliersin. 

I  tentioiis  and  actions,  must  have  tended  };ii;iilv  i 
complicate  tlic  sittiition  and  niigmcnt  its  inliricnt  ilj. 
fieultics.  About  February  1st  the  active  lininn  m,,, 
liad  a  tncetiiii;,  at  which  the  military  form  W;ih  tiimllv 
ai;reed  upon  for  all  oi'L:ani7,;itions  and  the  iiiiti;il  (..m,. 
paiiy  rcjiiiliirly  enrolled.  Frank  Hlair  was  iii;iiie  n,;. 
oncl,  provisionally,  of  llu!  force,  and  as  bo  i.\poi.|,| 

■  soon  to  have  to  }?•>  to  \Vashini;lon.  to  attcinj  ihe  ,  vin 
session  of  Conjiress,  the  advisory  Conitnillee  of  SiHiv 
was  .seleetecl,  to  act  in  bis  absence.  This  eiiinniiitrt, 
which  at  one  time  (Frank  Hlair  was  a  iiiemlier.r 
iiflii-iiA  ruled  llie  .St;ite  of  .^^is.sollri  almost  Hithnii; 
appeal,  with  Nalbaniel  Lyon  for  ils  liciiii'iiaiit  anl 
executive  olVicer,  consisted  of  ().  D.  Filley,  Jului  |[,.» 
Samuel  T.  Glover,  James  ().  Broadlicad,  ;iii(|  ,)  ,1 
Witzi;.;.  In  two  weeks,  accordinj;  to  IVckliam,  I  ,ii|. 
teen  hundred  and  Ibrty  men  were  enrolled,  diviJeJ  im.i 
companies  and  arr:ini.'cd  in  battalions.  Mihicvb,. 
raised  to  buy  arms,  and  the  arms  were  iniiiuicil  mi 
suiu^nled  in,  some  from  Governor  Yates,  of  IlliiiMi... 
The  money  r;iised  for  the  support  of  llie  viiliintur- 
by  contributions  in  every  part  of  the.  country  oxcailvil 
thirty  thousand  dollars.  Frank  Hbiir  wanted  tli^'  War 
De|';irtinent  to  jrive  him  uiivouclied  ciiiitrul  ut' nnc 
hundred  tbous;ind  dolbirs,  and  wrote  totioviriiursMnr- 
ton,  of  Indiana,  and  Yates,  of  Illinois,  for  coiitr.il  if 
men,  munitions,  ;ind  movements.  Hut  iIum'  iliiii.'< 
the  ."Secretary  of  War  declared  to  be  iii;uliiiissililc. 

JIareli  11,  18GI,  Frank  1'.  Hlair  c;ite-orit;ill.v  Jo- 
luandi'd  of  Secretary  Cameron,  in  the  ii;iiiii' of  "Miir 
friends."'  the  appointment  of  Capt.  Lyon  to  li;ivi'  luiii- 
inand  of  troojis  at  the  arsenal,  Maj.  Ilaoiier  i  In  unii' 
mand  ;it  the  time  i  to  control  only  tlieonliiaiiiv  'l.'jur: 
nient.  This  appoinlinent  was  aceordit|o|y  nuulc  M.inli 
llith.but  Lyon  chafed  under  the  restrictions  imtupun 
tlie  s]iliere  of  duty  to  which  he  f;incied  liiinsill' imIIhI 
in  some  special  manner,  and  in  bis  priv.iic  t;ilk  li- 
did  not  scruple  to  inform  "  our  fiiemN  "  nf  liis  iiiiiii- 
tion  to  resort  to  suiiinniry  proceediir.'s,  l.iw  or  no  l;iiv. 
In  fact,  those  who  urged  and  insisted  ii|)iiii  hv.ni'- 
liavin<;  tliis  coiumand.  .seem  lo  havi'  irmii'  piiiui|rilK 
iijion  the  idea  tli;it  he  was  the  ni;iii  to  do  soiiictliiii.' 
jiudacious,  soiiietbini;  out  of  the  pale  of  l.iw  ur  pri- 
cedent,  so  as  to  provoke  a  crisis  and  relieve  the  ciiii- 
inunity  from  ils  state  of  unnatural  and  iiii|iI(';kiIii 
tension.  Hy  successive  orders  Lyon  \v;i>  ;iuiliarizi'4 
fo  fortify  the  arsenal  strongly  (besides  utiileriiiinin!: 
it),  bo  was  hii'Lrely  reinforced,  he  was  L'ivi'ii  di-iTc- 
tionury  authority   to   muster  State    inilitui   iiilu  lii< 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


487 


jorvici'.  :iiicl  lie  bccanio  coinniiiiKlcriti-cInff  by  tlio 
f;i(.t  III'  (icii.  Iliiriify's  bi'iiij;  onlorcd  to  (lie  Mast, 
ii(iiiiiii;illv  to  1)0  exiiiiiiricd  upon  the  nifiilM  of  the  San 
Juan  till  I'lK-'"  controvcrMy,  upon  wliieli,  an  lio  liad 
,i.rri'.'il  vviili  laundry  publinliorM,  lie  was  to  write  a  book. 
The  Icli'-'niin  fruni  Adjt.-Gen.  Lorenzo  Tlionia.s  an- 
iiiiiimiiiu'  llii'*  measure  to  Gen.  Lyon  wa.s  couelied 
ill  us; 

"  .\l>.rrTANT-ClKNKIUI.'M   O^flCK, 

"\V\HiiiN(iTiis,  D.  C,  A|iiil  ai,  ISOI. 
'■('M'I.  \'.  1-Vi'N,  SWiniii  /n/itntrt/,  Hunt  St.  Ltntiit  ; 

"lion.  11.11  Mi'J'  li"»  lliis  ilay  licpii  rilifnd  frciiii  liis  c'iiiimiiiiikI. 
'I'lic  Sccrel:ir.v  "f  Wur  dirt'cl'  Hint  vim  iiiiinciliiiluly  cxerutu  iIks 
orilfr  liroi  i'Mi^ily  Kivcii  to  nriii  llio  loyiil  cilizi'iis  t"  |ir(iti'i4  llw 
laililir  l'i"|i('iiy  nnil  fXPi.'iitii  the  liin«.  Mu.«ti'r  I'unr  rcgiinuiits 
iriliJ  llii'  "in  ii-o." 

Dii  April  ItOtli,  by  speeial  order  of  President  Lin- 
,(ilii,  iiiddised  by  Secretary  Cameron  and  Gen.  Scott, 
iliis  powrr  (if  enrollment  {jjiven  to  liyon  was  niado  to 
iiajiide  ten  llioiisand  men. 

Bill  ilie  local  scene  must  bo  looked  at  again.  It  is 
iliarijcd,  in  evidence  of  an  old  and  maintained  plot  to 
wpture  tlie  arsenal,  that  so  early  as  ibe  8tb  of  Jan- 
uary Gen.  Fiust  i.ssucd  the  following 

"("iKM'llAI.    dllllKIIS    No.    I. 
"  IIk.\Ip1|I  AIITKIIS    FlllST    Mil  ITMIV    DlSTIIlIT, 

•'.St.  I.oi  IS,  Jim.  s,  jSI'il. 
"  [,  With  ii  viuw  to  rtinilitale  a  |irniii|it  iis.xciiibliijrc  of  tliu 
•:i.fi|i8  in  llii.<  iliftrivl,  wliL'ni'H'r  il  ii'.iiy  lie  nOL'i'f,''!iry  fo  to  ilo, 
ii  i<  hi'ii'liv  .inlcreil  tliiit  nil  oIlicTr.x  iiml  soldiera  in  the  coiii- 
luanil  "linll  ns-^i'inblc  at  tlicir  iiriiinrics  nnil  liciiilnunrtcri',  In 
fiill'IrcfS  iinifuriM,  ns  soon  «.«  Ilii'y  iiiny  lii'iir  llio  bells  of  tlie 
.liiiri'tK-!<  I'nuiiiliii.!;  a  continual  |icul,  iiiterni|ite(l  by  [inu.'^c.s  of 
tiie  iiiiuulca.  The  tioo|i,'i  having  thim  n.sscmlilcil  will  await 
III  ilicir  qaurler.'"  oiilcrs  fiom  tlicir  roiiiinninlin};  oflicen'. 

"II.  Ciimmnniliiig  odioers  of  ('or|i»  will  bo  hclil  i'e.<|ionKible 
ii.il  lliis  onlor  is  I'oiniiiunicatiMl  and  cxjilainoil  to  their  eoiii- 
lu.iiijs.  Ily  order, 

"  liiiici.-tiK.s.  l''iiiisT.  Cfiiiimiiiiiliiii/. 

■WiMMM     n.  W.ioll.   .I..l.^'." 

ami  that  lliis  was  only  the  revealed  part  of  a  plot 
to  bo  consiniiiiiated  in  January,  but  which  foil  through 
ill  cunsei(iioiico  of  mistakes  of  the  coii.spirator.Sj  or  un- 
wii.sdous  precautions  taken  by  the  defenders — regu- 
lar and  irregular  and  ."elf  constituted — of  the  arsenal. 
Lynn  liaj  scarcely  become  aci|uaintei|  with  his  posi- 
lii'n  at  tlie  arsenal  before  wo  Und  him  writing  the  fol- 
l"wiiiu'  lotur  to  Frank  Blair : 

".•^r.  1,111  IS  AiisuM,*!.,  Feb.  2.i,  I.SIil. 
II'V  F.  I'.  Ill  Aiii.  .Ir.,   ir.r«/(i'/iy(«ii,  /).  ('.  : 

"Ilioi  Sill,— I  have  rcoenlly  written  to  Maj.  Hunter,  who, 
viiu  iiiUMt  knuw,  acc'om|i:iiiicd  Mr.  Lincoln  to  Washiii;;tiin,  U|iipn 
tliiMMiiii.?  iif  the  service  hero,  and  with  the  hope  that  Ihrougli 
liif  emrgy  aiil  zeal  the  |irii|ier  nieiiiiurcK  iniKht  he  ndo|ited  to 
liicel  l'^i^lill]5  ouieigeiicieii  here.  The  subjeet-uiatter,  and  wliicdi 
I  •talcil  to  yiiii  verhiilly,  I  will  here  rcjieat,  for  sueh  considera- 
liiiii  anil  ni'tiiin  an  you  may  think  it  deserves. 

"It  ijuhiinuii  that  the  line  alunc  wall  incloning  our  grounda 


nlTiirds  »»  an  excellent  definno  npiin't  iitlaeh.  If  we  will  take 
advantiigti   of  il;    and    for  this  |iur|io*i(i    |iliitriiriio*    i*boiitd    b« 
I   erected  lor  oiir  men  lo  pland  on  und  lire  over;  and  that  artil- 
lery hIiouIiI  be  ready  at  llie  galen,  to  be  run  out  mid  i<ni'e|i  down 
a  himtile  force;  and  xand-liaKS  should  he  |ire|iared  and  iil  hand 
\    lo  throw  U|i  a  |iarii|iet  to  protect   the  pnrtien  at  these  pieces  of 
I   artillery;    inside,  pieces  should  be  placed   to   rake   the   whole 
I    length,  and  awecp  down   on  each  side  .i  party  that  should  get 
over  the  walls,  Iravorsea  lieing  erected   lo  protect  parties  at 
tlicso   pieces :  a    pretty    htrong    field-work,    with    three    heavy 
pieces,  shoiilil  1)0  erected  on  tho  side  Inwards  the  river,  to  op- 
pose either  ii  lloatiug  batterv  or  one  that  might  be  establislieit 
on   the   island;  and.  linnlly,  besides  works  about    our  houses, 
every  liuildin;;  should  be  mined,  with  a  Irnin  arranged  so  as  to 
,    lilow  them   up  sin*ccssi\  ely  ns  occupied  by  the  enemy.     .Mnj. 
Ilngner   refuses,  as    I    mentioned   to  you,  to  do  any  of  these 
things,  and  h-is  given  his  orders  not  to  lly  to  the  walls  lo  repel 
nn  approach,  but  to  let  the  enemy  have  all  tlie  advantages  of 
the  wall,  t.i  lodge  himself  bebiiid  it,  and  get  possession  of  all 
oiitsidu  buildings  overlooking  us,  and  lo  gil   inside  and  under 
shelter  of  our  outbuildings,  wliich  we  arc  not   to  occupy  before 
wo  iiiako  resistance,     't'his  ill  either  imbeeility  or  d~ d  villany  ; 
I  and   in  conteniphiling  the  risks  ne  run,  and  the  siieriliccs  wu 
!   must  make  in  case  of  an  nitack,  In  conlrast  to  the  vigorous  and 
effective  defense  we  are  capable  of,  and  which,  in  view  of  the 
'.   cause  of  our  country  and  humanity,  the  disgrace  and  degrada- 
tion tu  which  the  government  has  been  sulijecl  by  piisillnnimlty 
and  treachery,  we  are  now  called  upon  lo  make,  1  get  myself 
into  a  most  unhappy  state  of  solicitude  and  irritability.     With 
I   even  less  force  and  proper  dtspo.^ition.  I  am  confident  we  can 
,    resist  liny  furi'c  which  can  be  brought  against  us,  by  which  [ 
mean  such  force  as  would  not  bo  o\erconic  by  our  syiupathi/ing 
'   friends  outside.     These  needful  ilispo-itioiis,   with   proper  in- 
dustry, can   be  made  in  twenty-lour  hours.     There  cannot  be, 
ns  you  know,  a  more  important  occnsion   nor  a  bi'ttcr  opportu- 
nity lo  strike  an  ctVective  blow  at  this  arrogant  and  domineer- 
ing infniualioii  of  secessionism  than  here:  niid  must  thidall  bo 
lost  by  cither  false  notions  of  duly  or  covert  disloyalty?     .\s  I 
have  snid,   Mnj.   llagncr  has  no  right  to  the  cominnnd,  and 
'    under  the  si.xtv  second  nrlicle  of  wnr  can  only  have  it  bv  a 
'   special  assignment  of  the  l*rcsideiit,  which  I  do  not  believe  has 
been  made;   but  that  the  annuuncement  of  (ion.  Scott  that  thu 
coiumnnd  belongs  to  Mnj.  llagncr  is  his  own  decision,  and  donu 
'   in    his    usual  sordid  spirit   of   partisanship  and   favoritism   to 
pets  and  persoiinl  associates  and  toadies;  nor  can   he,  even  in 
the  present  straits  of  the  country,  rise  above  this  in   earnest 
devotion  lo  justice  and  the  wants  of  his  country.    If  Mr.  Lincoln 
chooses  to  bo  deceived   in   this  respect,  as  I  fear  he  will  be,  lie 
will  yet  repent  of  it  in  iiiisl'orluiie  and  sorrow,  for  iieilher  supcr- 
cilioua  conceit  nor  unscrupulous  tyranny  was  ever  n  veil  for 
patriotism    or    ability,       iMaj.    llagncr    is    not    accustomed    to 
troops,  and  nianages  tlicin  here  awkwardly;  but  tlii.s  is  nottiing 
e'lmpnred  to  the  great  matter  in  hand,  and,  as *I  lia\e  plainly 
told   him,  this  is  of  much  more  importance  tlinn  that   either 
be  or  I  should  conduct  it.     You  may  see  in  the  Mii*nn»ri  lU'iii- 
'  in'i'ttt  of  tho  TM\  an  account  of  our  defenses,  wliich  sets  forth 
what  ought  to  1)0  our  state,  but  not  what  it  is,  and  was  given  lo 
friglitcn  the  sece.«sioniste.     A  simple  order  coiintcrmaiiding  that 
assigning  Maj.  llagncr  lo  duly,  according  to  brevet  rniik.  would 
give  inc  command.     Witlia  vic«  to  defense  here,  it  would  bo 
well  to  add  that   1  should  assuiue  control,  and  avail  myself  of 
nil  means  nvailablc  for  the  purpose.     With  respect  to  those  men 
discharged,  either  an  investigation  should  be  ordered  or  all  who 
remain  tie  discharged;  this  latter  would  he  the  hotter  plan,  and 
save  government  nn  expense  for  which   they  are  rendering  no 
necessary  or  eoinpensating  service. 


It  i 


i 


IJ!| 


ii»;;! 


i(j 


488 


HISTORY    OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


*'  ir  1  shtiuM  hiivo  Odiiiiuiinil  I  wituld  Iiiivt*  iiu  tniolili'  tt'  arm   | 

any  iissistiiij;  party,  uixl  iifrliap",  by  In iiiiiij;  ri"*|"»ii?'ilil«  for 

tho  aniH,  vU\,  1  iniglit  tit  nut  tlir  ri'^lint'iit  we  oaw  at  the  garden 
tlu>  othiT  <lay  ;  but  uio.U  I  onnct-rn  iiiysi-Il'  with  a  vit'W  to  sustain 
llio  );f>vi!riitni>ut  lioru,  ainl  truft  to  sui-li  uii'aHuru.s  a.-*  may  be 
t(>uii>l  ava^labtu. 

**  ^'luirs  truly, 

"N.  I.\..N."       ; 

Tlii>  iiiatlcr  (if  till'  Stale  ( 'otivi'iilinti  liad  c'luiu'  to  1 
llio  rrii!it,as,s(i(iii  as  the  Iiill  |ias^<  <l,  ami  on  Fi'liriiary  Ith 
tlicri'  wa.s  a  muotiii;;  al  WaNhitiL'inti  Hall,  in  St.  Kouis, 
til  iioiiiiitutc  n  Uii'lDli  ticket.  After  iiiiich  iliseiis.siiiti 
a  (leirree  (iT  uiiatiiliiilv  was  .secured,  ami  an  "  I'ticoii- 
ililiotia!  I'lilo:!  ticket."  eiitii|iri-iii;;  iiieii  ul'  all  fciriiier 
|iiirties.  was  jiiil  iti  the  lieid  ami  elected,  Feltriiury 
l>it'i,  li_v  nearly'  si.\  llioiisaiid  liiajniity.  Tlie  Le;:!.*- 
lature  liad  app'iitilid  inace  eoiiiiiiissidiiers  Id  <ii>  tn 
Wasliitij-tdii,  utiiiiT  the  |irii\  isiniis  id'  ilie  Crillemluii 
('i)iiipn>tiiise  .Vet,  liiil  there  was  im  alialetiietit  ul'  the 
I  loial  piilitical  exciti'iiietil.  In  April  the  tijiitiii'i|>al 
elecliciti  eiiiie  idV  lo  elmose  a  siicces>or  In  .^Iaylll(). 
l>.  Fille}.  Oaiiiel  (j.  Tajldr-,  a  incMlerale  man  and  a 
eoiliproiiii.se  eatididale,  was  ele<'ti'd.  He  acliMJ  adniir- 
iibly  wi'll  .itider  verv  Iryiti;  circniii^tanecs.  A  lew 
days  alter  thi<  elecliciti  (invernur  ("lailiortie  I'',  .lacksnti 
^ave  the  tiill  fur  lln-  new  pnlici'  edinmissiniier  his  ap- 
proval and  tiained  the  eotninissinticr.s.  They  were 
Charles  Mel.ar.'ii,  Hasil  W,  Ihike,  .lames  H.Carlisle, 
and  .lidiii  .\.  IJr. iwnlie,  the  liiaynr  beiiij;  < .i  fj)iii,, 
prcHldent  ot'  the  hoard. 

The  new  hoard  proceeili'il  at  otice  I  i  oriraiii/.e,  and 
elected  .laliH's  Mcl)onoiiuh  chier  cd"  police.  The 
hoard  also  issued  a  variety  of  orilcrs,  of  which  the 
following  are  examples  : 

■    ro  Till':  I'lTI/.r.NS  OK  ST.   I.oi  IS. 

"  IlKHi  l:  nf   I  II)'.    r.il  h  I     ('ollM>M'>M  let 

I'ui  riiK  I'irv  iiK  ,<r,  Lm  i>. 
••/\|iiii  •.•:!,  isiii, 

"WiiiuKd,   III  ■■oii''iili'rati<'ii  nf  llio  ({real   I'Xi'ili  iiunt   |irr 
vailiiij;  tliiiiu;;li>iut  tin'  iinuMlry   aii'l   iu   tbi<  riiy,  ami  "f  llio 
ilniiKi'r  t<i  bi-  a|>|iri'lii'ii'li'>l  rrniii  iiK'b^  nt  |>;irii>aii-.  jiiil  lliiioui 
i<iM|iii!nl  ili'.-triii'tiuii  lit  lil'iMiinl  |<rn|MMiy,  aU'l  I'l  lliu  t'aci   llial 
Ibi-KH  ii»ii|;i'r.'<  are  uri'atiy  liK'rraiM"!  by  llii'  vaiicly  of  ruiiinrii 

aii'l  ri'|>iirl'>  lliiit  an iKlaiilly  bi'iiiK  iMrciilali'il  by  iU"<iifnir./ 

Iiarllnali'  uii'l  Ibuii^rlilii-SA  |>i'r!i<ui<,  iikI  by  iiii«ri'|iri'>uiilatiiini 
ibal  art'  inaib>  tit'  tlib  objc-ct'*  aiil  iiitciitiiutx  nt  tliu-<n  in  u  liu.tc 
I'Uar^^o  lbi>  pritiTliuii  ul'  :in>  <-iiy  liiM  bnii  |ila<-i"l,  it  i.4  ilnuii^lil 
|>r>i|M'r  llial  tlii"  biar'l  nhuuM  luaiiu  In  the  cili^tMi''  thin 

I'liiH  I.  VM  \rhi\, 

"Thai  all  law  abiiiinj;  ami  |M'ai'<'abli>  I'jIi/.iMi'  »ball  bi' pni- 
li'  Icil  III  Ibrir  |ii'rMiiiii  ami  |ini|u'rty  nu  far  a«  lliia  bnaril  liai< 
till'  |iM»i  r,  that  all  iiiuIik  or  rioi-  kIuiII  aiii  nill  be  iiii|i|iri>X''r<i  , 
aii'l  ibat  111  llic  ili!«i'liar((i' of  llu"<o  ilutii"<  ic*  ilii'i'i'iiiiiDalioit  »ill 
be  ina<li' a- a;(aiii't  >>iii' "laHn  of  litifcn- aii-l  in  fa.    r  ot  iiuotliiM. 

"Till'   |iri'«i Tvalioii   of  Ihf   |>oa f  llie   ■•ily   -I bl    l.c  llii> 

|>ai.iniiMi'it  objHrl  ot  all  noiiil  .■iti<i'ii«.  Our  lai*',  if  cnt'oriM"!,  | 
Hill  iillonl  aiii|il<  |irot<'('lioii  ^  tboy  can  mil  mil  bo  out,"  il  it  { 
our  uitidiis  »iil  I  Illy  HiK'oml  tlii'  ullori^ur  tliv  |iio|ii<r  li'^al  ulll 


ocrs.  To  tliia  eml  wo  cftrni-atly  and  Hiiloinnly  u|i|m  i|  |„ ,  , 
I'ili/.mH  of  St.  Iioiii.i.ii.i  I  bey  \aluu  Ilicii  liioaiol  tlicii  iimi.,  .,. 
to  iliscoiiiitniaiU'c  ill  every  iitauucr  tlic  a'<yfiiil>lii)<{,  m  i.in..  .,. 
ilrilliii);  III'  nun  ai'liu;;  willmul  autborily  ul'  law,  an. I  ,.,|,., 
i|ui'iilly  wiilioul  ri'.itiaiiil  ur  rcii|ion-iliilily  i  tliat  llici  Mili„|„, 
the  la»>  ot  tin:  State  aiol  tliu  oriliiiani'i'ii  of  tluii'i!i,  ;it|,|  ,p 
iluaior,  .so  far  an  iu  tlicir  |io\M'r  lie.-,  to  icaintiiiii  tin  |.i';i  ,  ^,  i 
dii'iiiiy  of  uur  city. 

■'.I,  A.  lliioH  M,i:i:,  l'i,,..i.„,    • 

'  Till'  need  for  .'•iieli  an  order  win*  oln  iiiu.i,  as  will  I,..  .,, ,,  |    , 

I  be  followin-;  |iara;X'a|ini<,  seleeled  from  litimlieriess  >  iIut 

nut  ill  tile  lie»>|ia|ii  rs  of  llle  day.      We  ){ive  tile  ilali",  liii|i, ; 
naliiiu;;  the   jourlialu  ; 

—  K'lll  rebriuiry. — "  .li'mi'ii./  y'.o' (/i.  Cmilli'l. —  W.-  l„ni.  .  , 
aulliiirily  lor  sliiliiiK  llial  larije  ijuantitie-  ornriiu'  nere  li.i,.!. 
u'ed  iu  larioiis  beer  sal"i,u.s  iu  tile  First  Ward  on  SiuMai  ;.i,( 
lloil  leailiui  bliiel,  lli'|uililiealis  weru  iu  atteliili.iii'v,  iiii.j  n;,; 
a  I'oii-iaiil  drill  wmk  ki'|it  ii|i  diiriin;  :lie  d.iy.  Ii|striii'iii,||.  ■,., 
issued  for  tbi'ir  f^iiidauce  between  this  tiinii  and  llir  d, -ii. ; 
and  a  ijreat  im|iroieiiieiit  is  |irouiised  on  llii' '  Wide  \»  li,. . 
or;;aiii/iitioii  III  lu-l  year,  wlieii  lli>Mi^aiid'  "I  I'laii'liijcui  ,  >  . 
were  polled." 

— 'J-'ld  Keliriiary.— "  .Wi'/i'/iii'y  /'ucoi/r. — Miss',1111  \,.|,iiii,.. 
.Militia,  I'irst  .Military  Histriet.     S'alT.   (len.  I).  M.  I  i.,.i  .  ,|„. 

lider  ol    llie   bri)(ade:    .Mai.    It.   S.  V'l  orbi>i,  uliii^  ncljiiliti 

t;eiieial:    Col.  A,   II.   Kaston,  eolouel    of   ibe  i''ir-l  lte;;ii ' 

I'apl.  Iliiebai'aii.  iidjiilaiil :  t'apt.  Iliilil iuuii--:iry  :  M.i;  | 

M.  Coriiyn.  M.I).,  siirL'i'on;  Col.  ,1.  .\.  I'litehard.  in.ij'.Hi! 
Iiilion  pni^ineer  corps. 

"  .Missouri  l>ra|;oous,  ('apt.  liaeircl,  lliirlv  live  in.  n,  .,n.i,  |,  i 
by  tlio  Jai'knon  t'or,iet  Hand. 

"  Kmiineir  Corp*.  National  (iuards.  .Maj.  .1.  N.  I'm  uri 
I'oinmaudin;;,  seventy  four  ineii.  rank  and  tile.  First  t',<iieu<v 
Capt.  Ila/elline;  Second  Coiiipany,  I.ieut.  I'ike,  nUi'r  i,  iti 
Ibe  Diexiiieer  Corp.s  Comet  Itiind. 

"St.  I.oiiis  Oiays,  ('apt.  Iliirke,  tliiiiy  men,  ino  iiiu.inin. 
lllflein  privates  and  one  si.|',{eaiil  :iO'  wllli  ill- .Si.iii|i«e  i ,  vp. 
dilioiii. 

"  .Viss.iuri  (iliard.  lleol;;e  W.    We-I,   follv    llnll.  tliri'e     ft",, 

and  two  nnisieians. 

"Imb'pendiut  lliianl,  Capt.  C.  II  Fii-lerli  k-,  Inmiv  i  c 
uH'ii,  loin  ollieiu';*,  two  niiisii'iiinii. 

"  Wa-binnlon  Illiies,  Capt.  Kidly,  Ibiilv  nine  iiii  ii,  r.u..  rl 
lib'. 

"  MontKnnieiy  (liiaid,  l.ieut.  KiisfiII. 

"I'liv  (iiianl,  Capt.  J.  .1.  .Morrison,  tliirtv  no  n  i'oiiiIiimI 

"Sai-tield  (Iliard.  Capt.  Ilouers,  tliirly  men,  laiik  iin  I  M'-. 

"  Waibiii)(toii  (iliard,  l.ii  ill.  Tiieker,  Iblrty  iiua.  H' im 
nieiaii"." 

'-,»tb  February.  —  "Military  pariole  and  revieviiil  ilir  Ilai'^ 
(iuard>    'ir  .liii'Kers.     A  wliole  ballal''<u  diilhn;.'.     I  rank  llu  ' 

till    Mtiic  iial'U'  of   till*  llloveilleol . 

^"  t.ir  an  eiuild  be  imeertaiiied  the  Mflicurs  ill  eoaiiii.in'l  »<-" 
ilie  follow iii){ :  .\|ajor  ot  tbe  tatiiiilion,  .1.  .'s.  Setuit'iu'i .  :i'iju 
tiiiil,  .siKinmiin.l  llornbiirK;   I'iiAl  Cuinpany,  .inalv  tio' iii'C 

I  apt.    Ilaliiuel  ;     tlml    livuhMiinl,    AllJ(ll«t     ItoeillMl  IM.     So   lil 

Co.iipmiy,  one  liiinilri'il  and  lliiily  eiixlil  iiiiin.  .•ii|'laiii,  t'lm- 
linn  (liieri-eb;  lirnt  livntonanl,  (jcornc  ,'strlekli'r.  Third  l'"ni 
paiiy,  one  liundred  men,  cuptaiii,  (i(<i>r(;e  Seluilliti;  llr*l  Ian* 
li'iiani.  C.  ^liaiiiK." 

.Manli     111.     "'riie   Fil'lli   Strcil  ev.  ili ni      Tlni  riiiii.iiij 

out  of  Ilie  •.<lnlc  Itiilil-'  Hair  from  lb.  M.-'oiiii  Miii'iti'  Vi-i- 
liruibiuiirier*  y«iilcnl.»y  proitucml  an  unii-u.tl  e\<iti'iiiii:t,  Tm 
bir)(e  crow.ii  of  people  that  eiiii^ie((atni  "ii  tittli  .''trrrt  ne- 
imllfd  tu||(>lli«r,  it  >i>(;iua.  inoru  liiiin  vunnsili   llian  I' "■? 


TIIK  CIVIL   WAR. 


I'lM  nini,  .III' II  l<  I 


4Ut) 
f 


law,  mi'l  o.n-c. 

..  1,  „ 

'• 

lilt  llii'i  nill..U» 
till-  <-i:\ ,  un.l  in- 

,'ll>  Hi.' 

llll'  .»llli 

1  1  V 

uiii  till'  |ii'iiiT  aiij 

tlinl  nil 

l..'ll»l.  ^. 

\- 

.K,    /•...,/.-. 

.Ivll.  :lli 

1                  !•)'     'illi'l 

1  h 

will  Im-  .fi'ti  fr-m 

1 

irrlt'S!"  •.lliiT'  rtr 

1 

llii'  .l;iii'.  nii.h,,;: 

1 

"OkKIiK    llK   TIIK    I'lll.HK    riillMI».1liiM.ll.; 

Knii  Tin;  ('ir»   of  St.  I.m  is. 

".\|.iil  1'.',  I.'^fil. 
*  ot'  nlisiilllti^  lli>i>r:i^il  V  t'lir  tlit>  pnifi:  hem)  <|iiirt  tif  tlio 
c  Inw  ill  r'.'HiMTt  tti  tlir  .'^aliltiilli.  outninunly  I'ulli-i) 
liiw,  (ilmll  1m»  ?»trii'tly  hIkht^imI,  ii  i>  hni'liv  (niit'ri'<l 
.t\.-<,  ^iillli-i*.  i-\)iiMtioii7>,  |ilii\>,  iilltl  ti^iilH  •>{'  niiili  iukI 
III'  )ii|iiiii,  or  otiirr  '  ii'littifiii  of  ?<aiil  \n\\  ■  urf  tot  I  ml. 
■  lii-i*  f^ivvn  ihiil  i[k>  |ii-iitiltir7<  a^aiii'l  tl>L>  vlolalinn 
-  will  lie  miiilly  I'liliiii  III. 

".1.   .\.    IllloHMKl.    I'i'mIiIi  III." 


'Il|>-lr|.:    Ill-    TIIK     Pol  II  I-.    ClilMIISMiiM  us 

loll   riiK  I'm   oK  .<!,  1.1,1  IS. 

".\linl  IJ.  ISi'il. 
"  ili'rr.il'ti'r  MO  pt'i'iiiils  or  luilliori/alioii  ot'  wliatr\t>r  iiattiro 
It  kiiiil  'iriii'ijro  |iarlii>s,  or  oIIht  asi<i'iiililii|;i'''  of  lu'.jroon,  nhiill 
III*  iiiiiiiiHl  liv  thu  rliinr  of  |iolii-i';  aii.l  nil  salimiii*,  nr  ]Mil)li(*. 
!iiiii?t'!i  "!'  wliiileviM*  I'hiiriu'l.T,  Kepi  or  owiinl  liy  rn'^^roi-a  aro 
f,irl)i.|iliii.  ami  will  111'  -ii|.iiri'»-i'i|. 

".I.. A.    I'llilWM  It  .    /'"  ni'iti  lit." 


OlKII  l:    OK    TIIK     I'll 

loll   I  UK  I'm   II 


\IMt^'>l'iN  I   IIS 
I,Ol   IS. 

". April  \J.  I'^i'il. 
"Cri'inl'' or  i>.''i'i'iiililiiK<'i"  oi'  i'lliT",  loal'iTii.  or  oiIhm"  mi  llir 
liriiiiiiiiilil  llioroiiKlifiiri's  of  llic  cily,  inli'rl'i-riiin  willi  tin-  I'n'i" 
mil  ItMiliiiiali'  iiHO  of  lh(>  piililii'  .^trrrts  itiiil  fiili'wiilk^,  iiiiil  lliti 
•afilv  iiii'l  Fwiiiily  of  lliu  (toiMJ  ami  orilutly  lili/i  iik,  an-  pin- 
iliu'ly  priiliiliili'il  I  mill  lln'  I'liii'f  of  I'olii'c  in  slrnlli  riijiniieil 
•inn- lliiil  llic  fpiril  of  this  orili'r  i<  riiror I, 

"  .1.  ,A.   llUilW  Mil',   /'...III'.  ,.i." 


I.i./r  |..  il'i  injury  In  llir  ilcfi'o  liMS  III  Miliil  lla}{.  .<iiliii-  ilnl  (;fi 
Hilar  iiH  111  fay,  ' 'I'liiil  lliiu  iiiiisl  I'oiiii'  down,'  jet  iioinu-  m-iiiiil 
•  iruiit  (ii  fiiiiiiiii'ni'i'  IliK  iillui'k  upon  it.     'i'h    iiiiiyor,  lliiiikiiii; 

irbail  roKultK  ung\\\  follow  Hut  aMiiiiiililiM;{  of  tlii<  I'loml,  ni'iil 

I  lillrr  III  Homo  of  llo'  luiniiii'  iiii'i;  a>kiii|{  lliiiii  wry  polilt'ly  lo 

rjkr  il  iluwii.     Tlii'y  (jiivc  liiiii  mm in-  niraci'iiuMil  llml   hin 

Kiflir*  slniiilii  bi>  Kruiili'il,  liul  up  lo  i>  vi<ry  lali'  lioiir  \»rt  iiiu'lit 
iir  till);  wits  'till  lliiiri'.'  'I'hi'  vnn  rrowil  ki-pl  'wa^  iiiK  to  iin>l 
r.i  nil  tlir  nfli'rnnoii  iiml  (>\  riiiii;;,  liiit  llicy  iliil  no  Intriii.  .\ 
"iiiii  |iiiii«r'l  liiii'k  aiiil  liirlh  on  llio  bali'miy  of  tin'  IIimtIioIiI 
iiiuiiMiiii.'  lull  llial  wa»  ilii'  mily  ap| ram f  IIkIiii:ii;  wr  ol) 

...rvfil." 

-  '  Manli  Gill.-  'I'liv  4iiK  at   (''ml  ll>'rlliol<l.     Viioilnr  llaK  uf 

iiiiliir  ilr-iriplioii  will"   lun   om    frmii   llii'    llrri'ki'iii  iilirv  ami 

11  liiMil'piiiilfr^,  or.  I.oi'iis'.  siriM't  lirlwn'ii  Tlunl  aii'l  Fhi.i  111 

•  iv     \  trw  f  iIhI  ii' *  ia»u*r*  ({ulln'rfil  itrnuml  to  uiliiilii'   llic 

.-  lull  mni'  oilioi,  11 1   lu  to  ilo  il  rt'iiTriu'i'." 

■•A(iril  Mill.— K«i'|i  oool.     Vinliriliiy  wn'  a   ilay    if  ((rral 


nl  III  ."l.  I.iiuIk.      It    «iia   kii 


:  hixl  II 


iMU'n  foiiiimMii'i' 


.1     liv  till'     I" 


ihtil  11  brisk  I'lliiiioli- 
•«  of  till'  ('..iifi'.li'niti' 
^iilm,  iiHili'r  llii>  i>otiiniaii(l  of  IJi  ti.  Hraiiri'tfiinl,  iiKitliint  Miij 
tiiili'ioiii.iiii'iiiiiiiiaiiil  iif  umiiiill  |iiiity  of  I  nilcil  .'■latin  lroop<  in 


fi.rt  ! 


II 


ili- 


pali'hiK  Mi'ro  liy  no   nican 


lilt  »>  n<||.iri|«  till'  iilliii'k  til 


iMf  was  no  qiii-^itiin 


« li'lt.  Ill 


I  lo  llll 


<iliali' 


I" 

i.r  till' 


^atUfacloiy. 
S :..,iiil 


'■IlKKIIK    OK    TIIK    I'ol.llK    CoM  11  ISSIONKII.S. 

">v.  1.1)1  IS,  .\pril  i:",  ISi'il. 
"  Cliiiri'lH's  for  ni'^roc's,  or  iliiiirln*  wlicriiii  ni>;ri.iH  or  inu- 

t.itti Ilii-iatr  i:j>  prcai'licri,  will  iinl  lo-  altnwnl  to  nprii   iiiiles.s 

all  iilVii'i'r  of  llir  piilii'i'  is  pri'si'Ut  ami  appointcil  to  lir  llivri'  liy 
till'  uiiili'rsi);iieil  or  tlii'  Cliiif  ot  I'olici'. 

",I.    .\.    llll.iWM.KK.    I'litiihlll." 
"(tKKII'K    1>K    TIIK     I'm. UK    CotlMISSIONKns 

Koii  riiK  C\r\   III   .^T.   1,111  IS, 

"  April  I'.'.  I  sill. 
"'I'lii'  rri(iiiiriiM'nt.''  Ill    law   in   rc;:aril  to  -lini-s  Itirinj;  Ihi-ir 
•  iwii  tiiiir.  Ill  violation  nl  laiv,  tvill  lir  ri'.;iil!y  rnforriMt. 

".I.  A.  llimwMKr,  I'li'iiliiil." 

'I'M  or  III     riiK    I'm. UK   i'ommissium  iis 
1  mi    I  UK  t'n  )    OK  ."^r.    I, III  I-. 

"April  I:',  Isi'il. 
'•  Noliip  is  liori-liy  ,;ivcn  tlial  all  I'm'  lu'jjroiH  foiiinl  williin 
ihr  liioiis  III  lliis  I'lly  witltmit   I'unir  frniii  iiml  iifli-r  yii  r  '/i'.y« 
I'roiii  tills  'liiif  will  III'  ili'iiit  with  nci'iiriliii);  lo  law. 

"  riiii  (llii  f  nt  I'olii'i'  if  oiilcri"!  Ill  arri'slnll  fici'  ii";'rins.  inu 
tlittors,  or  "lim'H    foiillil   st'Ilinj;    Itipior.   i.r   kri'piii/   any    liinl"^ 
wlinri' lii|iior  of  »n\  kiml   i-  solil,  iiiil   lo  i|ispi'r>i  all   mil  awful 
ii«-i'iiililatfrs  i;f  fri'c  m'l^roi's,  sliivi's,  or  inulallof!!, 

" 'I'lif  t'liii'f  of  I'olii'f  is  fiirllit'r  orilt'ri''!  tu  arrc"!  nil  pi-isnns 
ki'4'pin}( /'ii/'/fr  i/iiai/i/iii'/./ooiMi*  or  i-'joii(»  whi'n'in  );iiiiilitiiii;  is 
illinviit.  for  till'  purpose  of  brinifini;  tliciii  lo  trial  iimler  tlie 
l.iH<  of  liiis  .<liili'  ami  tlie  urlinanee.-  ol  ilio  illy." 

"OKKIIK   ilK    I'lllKK     iK    I'llKli  I  . 

"Sr.  I.oi  IS.  .Mil..  April  l:i,  |s|l|. 
"  .\ll  niulil  ,is«eniblii)!e^  of  neiroe-  iiml  iiiiilattiie>  in  IbiK  I'lty, 
eitlier  for  reli;;iini-  or  oilier   pni  pose-,  w  ill   liereiitt'T   be   pro 

llil'itnl. 

"  liy  orJer  of  lli.'  liniiiil  nl  I'liiiiinii'-iiiner-. 

".l(Ml~    .MrlliiMil  i.ll,  C/io/'./' /'"/or." 

"  NoriiK  Til  Kkki    N.  iiiiiKs  .»>>ii  .\|ii\rtois. 

"  Ily  oilier  aii'l  ilireilioii  of  the  prii-i'li'tit  "f  llie  I'liI Coin- 

niissliiiiers  i.f  llii,  eily  "f  St.  l,oui«,  1  hereby  notify  all  free 
lle^roe*  iili'l  nilllaltnes  wlln  lliive  no  lii-ens«',  or  lire  not  peilnilti'il 
by  lun  I  1  roji'li'  within  tin-  .'slale,  to  leave  IlieSi  iii-  Inrlliwitli . 
ami  all  "iieli  who  may  be  biiiiul  in  the  iili  of  Si.  I.miis  atli  r 
the  espiraiioi.  nf  the  .lays  frmn  lie  ilale  't  tlii«  mlii'e  will  he 
arrevli'il  ninl  ileiill  with  ai'i-onliii;;  to  law. 

•'.I.»MKS    Ml  ll.iM.l  1,11,   (■/,,,/  .,/  I\U,;. 
•  April  ;.',  IM'.I." 

"  lit  I  '.IK   I'K    llll    lull  I    III    I'll  UK. 

"Si.  l.iii  IS.  April  l.i,  ISlll. 
■   Ali  ne',{roe-  fiiiiiil  in  the  slnel  iifler  Iho  hour  of  ten  o'l'liM'k 
wiihi'iil  a  proper  pi^s  wilt   be  .iiiii'li-'l   ainl   liriiii);ht  bebire  Iho 

U'l-nrilrr. 

•■  .)  \%ll  S    .Ml  lloVOI  *!ll,    f 'An  /.■//',, /ill  ." 


I'll  ni'le, — Ibe    \ 
ill  II  pi.,iiii|iin,  if  nil  more,  the  foni"*  uioler 


Tl 


li'sf  VllfliillS    ;i|'.l 
Hull    111   llll'  I'liliini 


1    lull 


iiT   slniij.'rtil  iiiilri's  in  ri'ljl- 
wrri'  H.s  in'i'i'ssiirv,  |ii'rlia|in, 
|iriili'cliiiit  as   liiT  llll'  |itisri  valiiiii  111'  miliT. 


llll 


II 


a    ilniwii  virv  i'li»rlv  al   lliiil  lit 


li'iilibiici'.  —  ii  p.iiul  as  111   wliieli  lliera  wus  n  ui  nl  iliel  of 
nileil    '•tales    e'.iimiiitc   lliu 
M  ij     Viiiler.Miii 


III'  I'Xi'ilciiii'nt   ami  (>\as|ii'raiiiiit.      Hut   lln'  lti'|>iili!i- 
can-  iitiliirttliv  iiiaili'  lapilii  m 


It  111'  llirsi'  lltiii'js    wliii'li 


(Ili'V    riiiisltlli'ii    III    liii'iiti    ti'ir   III' 


lll'i 


•  iili.iiil  iiiloil  riiii(  mill  the  flalu-  of  a  pie  e\i-  lii^i  ariati.{i'         .\s  (':i|il.    I'lrkliaill  lias  sajil  ill  liis  liij;lll)   inlnl'iil   IIH' 


iiirnl.  IIII'I  ll "llfeilernle  Sillies  I'l'iiiniliK    lb  it  i    ipl.   I'nX,  in 

"iiini.ia'l  "t  a  'iij'ply  lessul.  Ini'l  amileil  himself  ot  his  po-ilmii 
'Di'l  III' "  h'lrl  Sii'nliii,  with  a   \ inw  "I   porfeetinK  it  plan  Inr 


ll'  (i 


I. 


Till 


riiiis|iiraliii''<  iiiiisi    III 


liarcii  wlial   tin'  I{i'|'iililii'aiis  liaii  i'iilii'''l\  iivrriiinki'ti. 


Ill  n  111  I  lit  till'  birl  bolli  in 


Iiml 


III'  III   (lie  l<iiiiiliisls   ill 


ll  al   lliat  ill 


ll"  ri!- 


vm 


MIII'iillH!! 


;■'  I 


■it 


^'\y 


n 


li    r 


:l!t  li 


J I 


400 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


lyiiiL'  upon  (lie  tlireo  or  four  iliou-aml  iiojrrois  in  tli(> 
city  fiir  as>istiinc(>  in  citso  of  iiriufii  rt'sistiince.  Tiio 
iiUtii  of  tllowiiip;  Saiiilio  lo  Cil'Iu  wari  a  later  develop- 
luont  of  tile  war.  " 

Till"  last  of  ihi'sc  jioliee  onlers  is  .is  I'oilows  : 

'    (IKFIIK    IIK     r!U:    I'm. UK    ('(IMMHSIIVKIIS 

Kim  T.IK  CiTV  OK  St.  I..11  i^. 

•April  'H,  I.Srtl. 

"  111  urUor  tliut  tl):^  l>i>.ki-il  iiiiiy  h.ut-  the  iiumih  uioru  cflVct 
uiilly  ti>  i<u|i|irv!>a  muli4  or  riuLs  iiml  tii  (.lulevl  ilio  Uvea  "nil 
|iri>|iorly  »(  tlio  |>«n|ilu,  it  hiw  Iiim'ii  iliHMiio.t  jinipiT  tn  .'iill  iipiiii 
ri*«|Miii!<iblu  ciii/.iMi.i  to  foriii  tlirii|.4i.l>-c8  into  ooinpniiic!!.  r\vvl 
otViorr^  'in. I  |icrt'oi'l  niifli  nn  (T^iMii/.a(ion  hs  will  ri>niler  tliein 
I'lTiM'ii.f  wlii'ii   (lii'ir  .*t'ri  ief4  iiiiiy   ho  re<|iiireil.      It   'n'  riv.mi 

int'it'livl  tliiit  tw iii|iiihioii  liu  t'.iriiio'l  in  (m--Ii  wur.l  iiiol  >H(ini 

into  till-  M*r\  i(M',  lo  act  itinlrr  ttir  onli'ry  ot'  iIiIm  buiirti  uiij  >t  the 
Chief  of  I'.ilii'o. 

'•  .'Ml  I'oiiiiiiii;!!'."  no  J'lrmo.l  jirr  n''|iu'-lf.l  Ti  rt'porl  al  on.-.'  iit 
till!*  olli.-f.  wiicrr  in^lriu-tixiM  iiioi  ■  in  •Ictiii!  will  bi>  fiiriiiiilir'l. 

•■,'.    .A.    liliOttM.KK,    /V..„/.,l(." 

••  Noriit.  ?o  I  iTL'Kvs.  — In  con-cninnoo  of  llu-  iiiiiui'roii> 
Inirjtliirii'S  ivliioli  of  lute  liiivo  Lt'iMi  -oinniitic<l  in  onr  city,  iiiitl 
wtiit-li  iin  iilirn>*t  ni;;litly  ocriiiTinjc.  It  i.-i  .'!mu;;1ii  n<Ui!*iililo  lo 
give  Ihn  ftiliowing  iin(i.-i.  In  onlio-  1..  |itevrnt  I'liini-.i,  if  not  iU> 
ItM'i  ilie  olTcniJt'ri' 

"The  (loliif  lui'   iiflrncti'il  lo  .«lop  .ill   |>i'r<oii!>  foiiiol  on  llii' 
•Irri'ls  or  liixliwny*  ilflur  Ihc  li^iir  ol    I   .i.-lork    ».M..  iiml  n' 
»|it'rlfully  ini|iiiri>ul  '.li.'iM  tlii'ir  ri'i-i  Itiiii',  iin.l  if  ni-rfiiMiiy  I" 
iii'>'iiin|i;iiiy   llii'io   liconi>.      I'it»oiij  not  niviiijj  »:ili.«t.irlory  1111 
iini'i*,  or  aKiiin<l  wli.nn  »ii-|iiii.oi   iimy  lo;  iiroiiMil,  mil  at  our 
111'  tllkl'll  to  the  |ioliii'  i.llii'c. 

'■  .1  Mil  s   M.   ;i.i\ol  (.11,   I  'lin /  •'/    I'.ili-i  ." 

Till'  riiiiHii't  liail  f.iitiy  iii'LTUii  now,  Kverv  one  ml- 
iiiitteil  iliai  It  wa^  war  win  n  l''''Vi  .^iimier  \va-<  llreil 
upon.  AreitiiiiiL;  to  tin  HepiiMic-m  iMiueption  of 
liiiims  lliere  lia<!  lieeii  war  III  lore  llial.  condneteil,  as 
Frank  Hlair  .said,  in  iiis  l>itter  and  exisficrutin;;  way. 
'•  liy  .slealiii'.'  eiiiply  I'orls  and  I'liil  lrea>iiries  "  Hnl 
no»  I  lie  appeal  to  anii"  liad  eoine  IVoin  botil  hides. 
Wliieli  one  would  .Mi.-soini  answer? 

The  I'lesideiil  e.illed  I'nr  seventy  tive  iImh. -and  volun- 
teers, and  or.lered  ,i'rsiins  in  arms  .e/ainsl  ilie  j;ov. 
etiiiiieni  lo  disliand  and  '_'o  lionie.  Missniiri  li.id  iier 
iplola  a.ssiL'ued  lo  lier,  lour  reL'inienls,  -iietweeu 
three  iind  lour  tit ms.ind  men.  (invernov  .laeksnn 
iiiiliiediately  ti'K'}.'raplied  In  WasliiiiLrlon.  iipun  readiiii; 
llii'  proelanialion.  that  ■  .N|i>sniiri  would  imi  ruriiish  a 
hin;:le  man  lo  NuhjUijaie  her  .sister  .*»i,ites  ol'  the 
South.  '  This  lan;;uai.'e  simply  showed  that  a  man 
may  souieiimes  he  a  ;jood  pHlliiei.in  without  liein.:  a 
(:oi)d  piiipliet.  The  Seerelary  of  War  sent  loljovernor 
•Jaek^on  an  estimate  oC  Mi.ssimri  .s  ipiota.  Ife  re 
^|pondl  d  at  onee 

"   liXKt  I    ll\  K    III  I'  tut  III  M     -ir    M-.-...0  III, 

••  Jkkkkiison  Cm  ,    V|>  il  17,  Isiil. 

"To     lion,     SlM'.V     C^MKIt'tV,     Stiitt'trif     'if      U.I)-,      Wi*»ftilt'JI'HI 

l',l!t: 
".S|ii,— V'liM    •liK|iili'li   of  llii>    l.'illi    lii-I  ,  III  ikiiiK  a  lall  on 
Miouuri  fur  lour  luifiuii'iil!  of  iiiun  lor  iiiinicluile  nrviir,  liiia 


Inu-n  roceiic'l.  Tliori-  can  lie.  I  apprrlicnil,  no  lioulil  1  ni  tji,.,. 
iiion  arc  inlumli"!  to  I orni  li  (iiirt  of  the  pronpnt  iiriny  i.i  im;,, 
\Tar  upon  tho  |u'o;)U  of  (ho  »imhmU' I  Stuto!'.  Your  ri'ijui^iiK.tj 
ill  my  ju<l;{ini.Mit.  'n  illcy.il,  iin  ■im.'lilational,  nnil  rovoliuiuiin 
In  il.i  oliji'ri'i  >nl  iiiiian  aiol  iliatiolicii*.  an.l  ciiniiot  bi>  '-oiuplK,! 
with.  Not  oni'  man  will  the  ."-'.ali'  of  Missouri  fnrnifli  1.1  car,, 
on  Biirli  iin  iinl\oly  ciiifaili'. 

"  diirrriiiii-  iij  .1/,, ..„„,,■ 

Fi.in'K  niair  returned  to  St.  Louis  on  the  ilav  ili'. 
an:iwet  w.is  written,  and  learniiiu'  its  eonteni-  1:  «,, 
puhl'-hed  immediately  1,  tele;iraplied  at  onee  lo  \\'a>l, 
iniilin  Hial  he  would  liealileto  I'nrnish  lour  re;;iiiiviii, 
forthwith  for  aetive  serviee,  if  an  (ifliecr  slioiil.l  1, 
sent  to  niuster  them  in.  On  the  same  dav  ;iiii|  il... 
next  (April  I7th  and  IStli)  Maj.  Sehaeffer  umiri, 
.Fohn  N.  IViti'hard,  Siiri;enn  Florcuci^  M.  ('imiivm  aui 
Adji  .}idin  S  Caveniler  peremptorily  resimu'il  rrnui 
the  St.  Louis  Slate  militia.  In  his  letter  nt'  re.-iiiia- 
lion  Maj.  SchaeH'er  used  the  followinj:;  la!ii;uiii;f: 

•■  1  eannot  reeoneile  it  with  luy  ideas  of  miliiarv 
fealty  and  diseipline  that  u  part  o!'  your  i'oiimiiih; 
lias  hoislud  unutlicr  fl.t<;  thaii  the  uiily  int  !!i.'n: 
these  I'liited  States." 

This  was  pronouneed  by  (len.  Frost  to  he  Sv.,,/,,,; 
iiiiirnrlliii  lit  nil  iijfiiir  mill  n  i/i  iit/i  iiiun.nni  tli.il 
oflieer,  in  eommand  of  the  I'^irst  Military  jli.slrii'l  ni 
.^Iiss^mri.  ordered  a  eonrt  niarlial  to  try  <li 
It  may  he  iiitereslin;_'  In  know  the  iiaiins  ,if 
sons  eoioiiiiiiiiii:  the  iMurl.  They  wrie  Cnl.  Allmi 
K.  I'lislon,  president  ol'  the  e.iiirt  ,  !,i.iil  IM  ,|..l,i. 
Knapp,  LieUl..(.'ol.  .lohii  S.  IJoweii.  .>I;ij,  .l;iiiir.  11 
Shaler,  ('apt.  .lo.seph  Kelly,  ('apt.  tleup,',.  W.  Wo-t 
C.ipl.  William  Wade.  ('apt.  >Lirlin  iiniki-.  ('.i|it 
Chailes  S.  Ko-ers,  ('apt,  William  li.  Il.izi  liiiie.  r,i|.: 
Charles  li.  Ftederiek,  Cipt.  Henry  W  Willi.un- 
juil;ie-advoeale. 

ALiJ.  Sehaeffer  refu-ed  to  aeknowled'.'e  llie  "rliT'' 
arrest,  and  eiilerin.'  the  army  aflerw.Mil-.  vv.is  kiili  i 
ill  eominand  of  a  hriirade  at   .\iiirrieesli<>ro  . 

The  letter  ol'  .>siii',xe,iii  Curiiyn  was  eeiiclinl  in -liii 
ilar  lan;:iiau'i'.  These  resiirnalions  were  l.tlloivnl  la  .. 
■general  stampede  of  the  aetive  I'liioii  men  ot' llie  rank 
and  lile .  hut  there  were  still  more.  liHivrvcr.  »li' 
eonliiiued  in  the  ."si.ile  mililia  and  pat.ideil  ,it  I'jiiil 
.l.ieksiiii  who  i'.l'lerw.irds  did  gallant  seniee  iniirili 
Fedi  lal  eolors. 

The  followin_'  eirrespoiiilellee  shows  lli.il  li  iViTIi 'f 
tlaeksiiii  did  iiol  tre.it  overtures  {''iihi  ilie  ('.niliiliiaii' 
UA  eiirllv  as  he  did  the  direetioiis  of  lli'  I'.'dfral  i^'^- 
einnieiil.      The  doeiimenls  ale  iilVii'ial : 

"  .MosriiouKMK  .Apnl  '.'li.  I'lil 
"  Hot  I  II  sun   C.  [■.  ,1  \i  hs  iw,  .Il  ffi  itiin  I'liii,  M" 

'■  C.tii  .\oii  arm  iiii'l  i"|iiip  ••iir  ir;;i'in*nl  of  iiitiiitry  f'l  •"•' 
>ii'i>  In  Vlr){oii».  lu  ii'ieli'tvoiis  at  llu'liiiionil '     rriiii'|'irl»li"» 


(Imil.t  I  lit  111.,, 
t  11  liny  <'■  limkf 

our    lI'MlllMtlnIl. 

il  rcviihiii'iiiiry, 
nut  111'  ■■iimplioi 
t'lirnish  to  c;itr; 

■  i.y'  iti'-'iiiri." 
Ill  till'  iliy  ill's 

inU'iii'    it  \va- 
mii'i'  i.i  \Va>!, 
t'uur  ii';;iim'iii> 
lii'iT  >liiiiil(l  U 
lie  clay  :iiiil  ill" 
iiii'lTi'i-  ami  I'l! 
M.  Ciiniyii  auil 
I  I'('si;jlli'il  IVi'Iii 
•ttiT  111'  roi:;!!:' 
;  laiiL'iiii,;:!' : 
lea.-   Ill'  iiiilii.irv 
your  ciiiiiiiiiiK 
only  I  nil-  tli-ii; 

t  to  111'  ■'  ri.iillifl 

'iiiiiii,"  and  thai 
litaiy  |)i-iriri  ■< 
1  try  ill     ; 

lllU'.i    lit' 

Were  ('ill.  Alinn 
l,ii'iit.-('il  .1"1m' 

,    M:lJ.   iIalllo«  1! 

11,'^rr  W.  W.-: 
Itiiiki'.  Cqii 

l.i/..liiiii'.  I'al'! 
\V     W nil  nil- 


l...,'lli,".|i'r'' 

ll-il-.   WM^    l^l'''■'' 

mrii  . 

Ci.iiclii'il  i»  ^ill'■ 
re  I'liliiiWi'il  liv  . 

Illl'll  of  till' ""'' 
lliiWCVlT.    ttl.i 

|..ir,iil.'il  at  Ciiiil 

.il'i'  lllll'Tl' 


V,  |l,,,l   1 1  iVi'll 

ili,'t'.iM:i'il''i''''' 
1 1,,'  I'V-l.Tul  i"^ 

al: 

ni.Ai.iil.'iV  l«i'l 
.». 

ii  .il  iiitiiilry  f'"  •'■< 

,i,.l       rniii<|"'ili"" 


TlIK  CIVIL  WAR. 


491 


nill  111'  iii'iviilmt  by  tlii;<  govirntncnt.    Tlip  regiment  to  elect  its 
itvii  iilti''-f'*.  iiixt  iiiui't  enliiit  tor  not  los:*  tliaii  twel\('  inoiUli)), 


uiil,.<.  .niiner  ili.«i'linrgcil. 


'  I..  1*.  Wai.kku. 


"  I';\i:i'i;tivk  DnivviirMKNT, 
",ri:Ki'f;iisii\   Tirv,  Mn.,  Muy  i'..  IMjI. 

'■  II, i\     I.     I'.  \V\I.KKII.   Sir,;t::r;/  .;/'    Ifoi'.    Mn,ll,/;l'irri/  • 

..^11,  .-Yours  of '.'lit  11  ulliiiiiM/.i  I,oiii»villi'  i.i  leei'iveil.  I  hiivo 
„„  i,.^;il  .iiilh'il'tly  to  fiirniuli  tlie  men  ymi  ilcsiie.  Missouri, yon 
kiiiiiv.  i-  111  unler  llie  tyranny  of  I/meoln's  govenimi'iit,  so  far 
■i(  loiiiit  a^  liirin!>;^o.  We  are  wofiilly  ijellrient  tiere  ia  nrniii.  ainl 
ciuinul  liiinisili  tlieiii  iit  present;  Init  so  far  as  men  are  I'oii- 
I'Otncil.  we  liiive  plenty  of  tlioiii  rciuly,  willing,  nnil  anxious  to 
niiiri'li  al  imy  nioinciil  to  the  defense  of  the  South. 

"Our  I.i'i;i''lalure  has  just  met.  an. I,  1   iloiiht  not,  will  i;i\e 

III,,  ,,||  II, iiry  aiilhority  over  the  matler.     If  you  eiin  arm 

till'  ini'ii.  tliev  Hill  jjo  whenever  wante,!  to  my  point  where  they 
inivbi' 111'"'  neeile,!.  1  sen,)  tliid  to  Memphi>  liy  private  liainl, 
Wiii'iili'ii'l  tiitriKtour  mails  or  telejiniph".  Let  me  hear  fmni 
v.iii  liv  the  same  means,     .Missouri  can  ami  will  put  one  liiin- 

l„,,|  il -inl   men  in  the  lieM,  if  reipiireil.     We  are  usini; 

fiiTV  iiii'iii-  I"  arm  mir  people,  aU'l   until  wo  arc  lielter  pre 
|,iri-l  iiui-t  move  eautiously.     I  write  this  in  eunfiisiun.     With 
iiiv  iiriiM'r-  I'lir  your  siieeess,  1  reiiiiiin, 
"  Very  respei'tfiilly, 

"  Your  ol.eiliint  servant. 
"  t'.  K.  ,1  \rKsiis, 

**  /iori','»oc  ,,/'  MinfiiHri," 

On  .\prii  -"til  till'  arsenal  t\t  Lilii^rty.  .^lo.,  w:\s 
iiiiifi'il  and  pluiiilorcil  nf  the  iiriiis  anil  iiniiiiiinitinii 
.'illieii'il  lIuTi',  and  it  was  stipposi'd  that  an  atti'iii|)t 
uiiulil  III'  iiniile  )i|>i)n  llu'  St.  Louis  arsenal  ilu;  next 
iii'^lit.  KviTV  preeautioii  was  taken  tor  its  safety,  and 
ilii'  rniiiii  viilnnteers  in  the  city  slept  mi  their  iiriiis. 
Arran'.'i'iiiiiits  were  made  for  iiiiisterin'.'  thoc  voliin- 
inrs  iiiiii  till'  reu'iilar  service  and  arniiii;:  thoin,  and  a 
|arl  of  till  111  weri!  aijniitted  into  the  arsenal  to  pro- 
villi  fur  its  tli'fense.  Kur  the  next  few  days  tliero 
iva«  smli  an  intense  «tate  nf  exeiteinent  and  so  many 
;i|i|irelirnsiiins  nf  violenee  on  every  .>,ide  that  even  so 
li'iile»  a  man  as  Frank  lliair  sent  his  fiinily  out  of 
I'lVM  lie  w.is  at  this  time  en<{aL'i'd  in  (inieeriii;^. 
iMiiiu,', anil  ei|iiippint;  his  four  re^^iinenls  and  haviii'.; 
il.i'ni  iiin^tenil  into  theserviee.  The  e.xeitcinent  was 
firiliir  ini'ieased  hy  ih'-  shipment  of  arms  from  the 
*'  l.ouis  arsenal  to  Kentiieky,  whieli  was  hitterly 
il'isiil  !iy  the  I'siiiitherii  element. 

•  hi  .\pril  L'Jil,  tiiiveniiir  .laeks.iti  issued  a  proela- 
I'liiion  MiinniiiiiiiiL'  the  Leoi.latiiii'  In  iiieet  in  the 
^  111' Tapiliil  nil  May  lid.  At  the  same  time  an  order 
>  i<  is.kiiei|  hy  liiiii  I'lir  the  State  militia  to  assemhle  in 

II  ii'speetive  military  distriels  on  May  ."id  and  ^o 
Mii'i  eilealiipini'lit  for  the  period  <if  nIx  diiys,  as  al- 
I  Weil  liy  law  The  (lOVerilor  also  i)orrowed  liftv 
llinisnnil  ijiillars  of  the  li.iiiks  to  arm  and  eipiip  the 
uiiiilia. 

Il  is  elaiiiii'ii,  oil  the  one  hand,  that  this  antiiial 
ilrill  was  i.n.    ej  at   tliiit   iiioppnrttiiie  time   for  the 


purpose  of  forcinsf  the  secession  of  IMis.sonri  and  eap- 
tnriii'.'  the  ar.senal  ;  that  it  was  an  overt  aet.  tn  whieh 
the  eapture  of  the  camp  was  a  proper  retort  in  the 
.seii.se  of  a  defensive  measure. 

It  is  ap.'Ued.  on  the  other  liand,  that  there  was  no 
occasion  for  interference  with  Camp  Jackson  ;  that 
the  muster  expired  hy  limitation  two  days  after  the 
seizure  of  the  eanip;  that  the  aet.  imt  warranteil  by 
the  President's  pro'.'lamation  (under  which  (ien,  Lyon 
claimed  to  act  1,  was  the  wanton  iilieit  aet  uf  an  am- 
bitious man,  and  its  efleet  wa.'s  to  |)liiii;.ie  Mis.soiiri 
into  the  civil  war  which  all  jiood  citiziiis  hoped  iniiiht 
be  kept  beyond  her  borders. 

We  will  sinijily  slate  tliesr  two  prupositiiins.  Nor 
will  we  ariiiie  the  i(Ucstion  of  the  pnliey  nr  expedi- 
ency of  a  military  cncamp'iient  of  hn'i.day  snldiery  at 
sui'h  a  time.  As  to  the  /<y,//(V//  of  ('amp  .laekson 
there  can  bo  no  dmibt  at  all.  There  has  never  been 
any  pretense  even  that  it  was  an  unlawful  assemblajie 
iir  an  illi".:itiinate  muster.  Ot\  this  point  the  statc- 
nieiit  nf  (leii.  Krost,  prepared  with  L'reat  eare  and 
published  ill  1S,'<2  in  the  Misimin'  h'' ini/'ficnii.  is 
accepted  on  all  bands  a-  substantially  accurate  and 
eoinplete.      lie  say.s.— 

"I". imp  .III' ..-"11  was  formeil  unler  nn'l  in  aeeorilanee  with 
tlie  reipiirements  of  a  hill  frameil  in  IS.'i.i,  with  the  iis-istanee 
of  tile  lion.  II.  lirat/.  Drown,  l>y  the  pel  son  who  eominiimleil  the 
eamp,  an,l  whieh  liei'ume  a  law,  after  many  \  i,'i-.-ilii<le9,  in 
Is,s. 

''The  inea-iiri'  was  urgeil  iip',ii  llie  I,i'.:islntiin,  ililriii;;  the 
yi'iirs  wliii  li  interveneil  lo'tween  its  iiitr<i,lti,-ttoii  uml  passai;e 
lis  one  whieh,  ill  view  of  the  Ihreiiteiiiiii;  relitlioiis  heiween  the 
N, II  III  all'i  ,'soull'  I  lie  I'unserv.ilive  view,  of  the  people  seemeil 
|o  ili'iiiaii'l. 

"  Missouri,  lieinij  a  lioriler  Stnte,  wouhl,  in  Ihi'  event  of  I 

lililii's  Ixtween  the  siietions,  lie  ninoiin  the  llrst,  iis  well  as  the 
(jreatesl  snlTerer. 

"  Her  people  were  alio  luaile  up,  in  nearly  e.iual  proportions, 
from  the  North  an  I  the  South,  mil  fir  holli  these  reasonn  iiii 
iiitei  ni'i'ine  strife  threiiteneil  her  with  pc'iiliiir  horrors. 

"'I'lic  law,  then,  WHS  inteniU"!  aiiil  re;;iir'leil  lioin  its  ineep- 
tion  hy  its  inovers  as  a  peai  •  uieasnre,--a  ii  ."asure  wliieh  it 
WHS  hopeil  aii'l  lielieveil  wultlil  he  inloph'il  hy  the  nth'  r  Itonler 
,^tatis,  aiiit  thus  eiiiihle  them  eaeh  to  raise,  orj^ii'ii/e,  anil  ilis,'i 
pllne,  iiii'ler  the  r,inslilutii>n  of  Ihc  riiilel  .siites,  a  militia 
f  ,i're  siit1i,'ii'nt  to  eoiiiniainl  an, I  eiiforee  the  peie-e  litween  the 
hoslile  se,'ti,in'.  Itut  its  p.iwer  in  .Missouri  for  the  main  ohjeel 
liail  ill  view,  \\i.,  a  laiife  I'liree.  was  ilestmyeil  hy  the  refusal  ol 
peeiiiiiary  iiiil  from  the  Stite.aiil  all  lliat  reinainel  of  its  value 
was  that  it  Kave  to  the  pnliiolie  eitiien  volunteer  the  pour 
pri\ile;;e  of  reKanlin;;  himself  as  a  mihlier  of  the  St  tie.  with  a 
State  law  t'l  ifiiverii  him,  whilst  ho  |{a\o  his  own  tiuie  tn 
iii-trii"tioii,  anil  his  own  money  to  his  e'|uipuient. 

"Siii'li,  then,  WHS  the  oii^in  itiol  truly  patriotie  iiiteiilion  ot 
the  law  iiiiiler  wliit-h  I'aiiip  .lii,'ks',n  was  lielil." 

.\nd  (ien.  Frost  adds,   - 

"In  lolir  to  a  hitler  eoiiiprehi'iisiiiu  of  the  Camp  .laek-oii 
ijiiistiin.  It  is  ,'oiisiilereil  necessary  to  say  comt-thiui^  of  iiri  pre 
e'ji'soi,  ('ain|i   Lewis.     Ily   a  provisiuii  uf  the  law  of  Isj.S  uii 


'i 


if 
I'll 


i'l 


II 


II  11 


'}    '! 


It. 


-I 


<  1 


w 


ki  1 


r  S, 


492 


HISTORY  OF  SAIiNT  LOUIS. 


tnrampnicnt  wiis  roquirpil  to  lie  liel<l  annually  in  iMicli  iiiililurv 
distrk't,  wlicnovcr  there  jImhiIiI  Iio  a  cerluin  iiuiiil>cr  <i(  uiii- 
funiiiMl  I'utiipunics  inii.olcred  into  Hcrvioo  in  tliai  tli>(ri<-t, 

"  llndiT  till'  ."tin'nlu.*  given  l>y  the  inw  act  In  niililiirv  cnliT- 
]>risp,  II  iiuniiMuiit  iiiiinliiT  iirooniiiiinii'."  hinl  hcen  "r;;iincjn'il  nml 
niu>li'ri'il  into  Ilio  nurvicc  "f  iho.Slulo  in  thi'  I'iml  Mililarv  Dis- 
trict ii'iiiliriiein^'  Ihi'  ■■il\  iin<l  I'lmnt.v  "f  ."^t.  Louisi  In  call  lur  !i 
brigmli'  t'oriiintinn  wilhiii  a  few  niniith."  iil'ler  il«  enacniient.  A 
brifrn-lier-gciuTiil  was  accnrilinjjly  cluisfii  hy  Ihnse  (><>Mi|panii'^, 
anil  ('(>iuiiii!>:*inniMl  a."  siii-h  liy  li(>\  rrnor  Knliert  .M.Stewuit  fin 
the  L'.'M  (lay  <»1'  Aiij^iift  of  llial  year.  Ihirini:  tlie  m-xl  year 
nican.^  were  I'imiikI  tu  !iiir(')iii.«e  the  ie<|ni>itr  eain|>  rt|iii|)aire,  and 
the  ailreiit  nf  Isi.ii  found  the  militia  "f  Ihe  di<liii't  ready  and 
nnxioii!'  to  enter  iiimn  the  xaried  and  )>lt':i.'<ant  duties  of  eanip 
life. 

"Tlic'Sl.  I. '>ui>  Agricultural  and  ^leilianical  Fair  A>-oci«- 
tion'  tendered  the  ii9eof  llieir  l>eiialiful  grounds  in  lite  tiul>ur)>9 
of  the  lily,  and  lliere  the  first  encain|inieiil  of  .MIssiniri  inililia 
vas  pitched,  and  was  naiueil  <*aiiip  Lewis,  in  Imnorof  the  great 


Gen.  Frost  further  cluttus  that 

"the  Missouri  Convention  had  been  elected,  and  a  luii,,,,:. 
of  ei),'hly  thousnnd  lur  Ihe  Tniun  vundidalcs  shonil  i|,:,t  ,. 
least  three  fourths  of  the  people  were  in  favor  of  |i..,r  i 
llieir  relatiuDM  with  Ihe  Fetler.il  rnion.  The  coinii-inn  i,,j 
met,  and  by  its  lir't  resolution  declared  with  iiui  a  -hi;;!!.  ,,,, 
senting  vole  against  sei.'ession." 

But  lie   is   ill  pnor  in  (•iiiiti'iiiliti^'  tluit  in  cm,, 
(|Ut'iit'{'  of  tills  tlicre  wa.s  •'  a  in'iiiunaiit  lalin    iii, \j 
iii;i  at   tlid  time  uf  tlio  issuaiioc  nf  the  mdi  i  li.i  il, , 
(iii'aiiipiiu-iit.      Wo  have  .shown  tlu^  eonlraiA, 

Till'  (■m'ampinent  wa.s  unleri'd  iiiiilcr  (Jem  i.il  (lri,r. 
No.  7  of  the  ailjtttaiit-fieiit'rHl  of  the  .*<tali  'W,, 
was  a  larue  and  uheerfii!  tiiriiuut.  Tiu'  I.  iit>  ivir, 
pitehod   in   Tiiiidi'il   (irovc.  imw  the   Fair  (Iruuii.l., a 


explorer  of  Ihe  West,  anil  Iherc  its  varieil  duties  wore  perforiiieil       Wdiiiled    Valli'V   near    llu^    intersection    of  Olive  .""Iroa 

wiiii  (irand  Avenue.     Gen.  Fro.st's  narative  si\.<,- 


for  the  period  limited  by  law.  .Many  of  iho  clll/.ens  of  .sit.  Louis 
will  duiibttess  .'till  reineniber  Ihe  pleasure  lliey  enjo\ed  in  wit- 
nessing i|s  gua-d  niiiuniini;s,  parades,  and  review-.  The  ele- 
ments of  Camp  Lewis  were  as  varied  as  the  nationalilies  and 
oecupatiiiiia  of  the  liti/ens  of  Ihe  eounlry. 

"An  event  nf  some  iiilerest  may  be  lucntiiined  in  1-0111111-11011 

with  the  lierman  element.      It  was    fntind  thai  sou f  tlietn 

could  not  eomprcliend  the  word  ofeoinmand  and  llii-  nieiliod  of 
e.xeciiijon  as  gi\en  in  the  l.ietics,  and  to  cure  that  dillicntty  it 
was  proposed  by  I'apl.  t'hris.  .^tifel,  eommaiider  of  a  cavalry 
enmpany,  that  a  synopsis  of  llietn  should  be  prepared  and 
printed  in  tin-  (icriuan  language,  and  al  Ihe  same  lime  be  -ug 
l^csled  .Mr.  Kranz  .s*igel  1  then  a  school  leacher)  as  a  person  i|uile 
ciimpclcnt  for  the  work.  He  .las  accordingly  employed  upon 
it,  and  gave  full  salisfaclioii. 

u  Ca/ufi    JarAxcn 

MfM./Sfi! 


i 


j_jj_i— IJ=L 


f_XJ_tL_XJJ 


wt'^nir.  •<•■ 


I'milli  .lieksoli  Mas  t.utrt-v 
Klei  sliiki'il  OIK  iiiiilri  Oe-  iliif-C' 
tl.oiot  Im'Ii  Kr.isliiiiill'ol.  JoIiii 
«  |l.,»i>li,Si'ii.iiil  lli-ulunnt,  by 
I'o,  A  I  N.il|..ii.il  loiiinli,  S-i  - 
oiiil  It.tiOii'  III  Mi->iiiiri  .siKle 
(iiiiiiils,  >Lo  -■  ^.  anil  -I  I'^'d 
K'lMiiril  ilnili^i-N  Siiv'ii..  Ku- 
KIM'i'l,  .■'laic  it   Mlaviuil. 


"  Tim-  did  that  suli-eiiuenlly  dislingiiished  general  n  iider  his 
lirst  ser\  ice  to  his  adopted  country  by  lacllilaiing  the  iii-lriie 
tioii   of   the    IriiopN  of  I  amp    Lewis,    the   precursor    ol    ramp 
Jackson. 

"The  existi'li-e  of  I'. imp  l.cwi'  Inning  lelt  none  Inii  plia-anl 
Inemmies  to  the  liihabiiiinh'  ol  thi*  city,  its  sucees-or  id  the 
fulliiHUij(  year  na>  lu<ik<  I  lurwaril  tu  u>  u  ileairublo  uveiil." 


"  This  point  was  ehoseii  in  preference  because  nl  tin-  c\i.',t,'> 
of  a  street  railway  leading  lowards  it.  which  atloidcd  tiKi  it,.. 
for  eili/ens  lo  visit  the  camp,  and  the  denizens  of  tlie  niiui.  1 
vi-il  their  liunies  from  time  to  lime  and  giie  at  Icist  nmi-iuiui 
alicntion  lo  their  various  professions,  business,  and  ha.lc, 

"  It  was  naniel  lamp  .Iiick>on,  in  honor  uf  Ihe  looiTiiiiri 
Ihe  .State,  who,  tlioiigh  he  afterwards  died  in  exile.  Has  liim 
probably  the  most  popular  liovernor  Ihe  .><late  had  had. 

'■'file  first  duty  peifonned  in  Ihe  eaiiip  »a-  the  li..i.|;ii|.,i 
the  I'liited  .States  llig  lo  the  tall  centre  p.de  of  tlie  e.iiiimai,l. 
iiig  olbeer's  lent,  from  which  it  eonliiiued  lo  wave  i|.  ijriin-iiil 
folds  iinlil  il  was  captured,  pulled  down,  .iiid  ^'.irriid  ulT  in 
triumph  by  the  captors  of  the  camp. 

"  Having  thus  inslalli  1  the  lliij  .1  th» 
riiiled  .Stales  in  the  place  uf  ImiiT,  an. 
the  Hag  of  .Mirsoiiri  in  a  •iili'inliiiali'i  .i 
lion,  Ihe  military  diilies  of  the  c:iiii|inei( 
enteie-l  upon  with  the  regular. t_\,  i-iita... 
an. I  precision  Ih.il  had  chaiacteiiii'iiili.H 
of  its  predecessor,  '  ramp  l.ciii-.'an.l. Iikt 
it-  pre.lecessor,  il  at  once  liicmue  1  |.io]. 
art  and  fashionable  resort  uf  sll  svi", 
ages,  classes,  and  eMndiiinhi  uf  I'liinii.. 
wlio  thronged  its  shady  aieinie*  uH  ik 
day  and  into  the  night,  until  llie  drutic 
bealliig  ihe  '  I  at  loo'  warned  ilieiiilio|r|4ft. 
"  Thus  happily  pas.sedllieh.uirfiiiiillti.' 
ilii\s  of  that  ill  fated  camp.  Ilir  H'U 
f.'chnjC  lioped  for  an.|exp<ct"i|iiMitlcMrii- 
ble  ineidi'iit  of  its  evistemc  was  hiM  Ir 
veloping  into  nialiirity  iMlnein  il'iiiem 
hers,  an. I  coiitinu'ed  t.i  iiicri-ase  iiiMl  ..' 
preiiialiire  and  Moleni  elnsiiucM  Knlii. 
Ihe  null  of  .May.  ' 

The  eainp,  in  f.iel,  was  lie;:iiti  cii 
May  I'M,  Fridav,  when  ilielim-wire 
Iraeed.  Il  was  laid  out  aeeordiii;;  to  luililarv  ruli>. 
and  .some  of  the  aviiiiies  were  named  \i\  ihesolii  i- 
after  men  |iriiiniiieiit  in  the  1  ausi  nl  ilic  Suiiilnfu 
Colifederaey.  as  lleaillei.'ald,  .lellersmi  Pavin,  hee.eti- 
The  fiilj'iwiii^  is  ilie  oiuani/.alinn  nf  ilic  ''"i'  '■ 
j;ivuii  in  I'e  kiiams  "  .^Ienlorial  of  tJeii   l..\"i' 


.«3p^TVl. 


'""'I , 

"'^■•liifnlii 

I   M.  Kuril.' 

"'  '•llllli-IUI 
"''•'nifHiHtf 

.1    M.  Ilen'i 
ii'iiletianl . 
-iiilllhi. 


■■  .V.yiiii./, , 
•SCiiiM 

'i.nilMiaiil 

"    /,'ll./»'lM 

'f  Xntliitnil  I 
liciitcmint : 
I'rmii,  Ihii 
ml  Hie. 

"''"'"I " 

'■in:  oiivi- 
Ibinl  Ijeutei 

■■'•■■■■•/ 

l''irly  Ihe  r.n 

••'•„,„,„. 
'I'fgaii  rni.|. 

"'""7 .'/ 

"jiHiii. 
■''"'.71.11.1, 

'  'IW^lll  If  1. 

"in.   .'•i.iiy.ti 

"''"W/MOiy 

bin.    Kiirly  . 

"''""7""'/  ' 
"""'■I,  iMplaii 

■•'•""7 

■'I''«in.    Kill 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


493 


1x1   ;i    Ui.ij.il/ 
lll«»i-l   lllill 

of  1  i«  Mr\  ■ 
(ni\  I :  'i.iii  ;, 

lilt  .1  - 1  .>_•;.■ , 


Iv.lt    ill    '.ili- 

■iilm    I'H  vi 
iirdir  r<'i'  ill  ■ 

tlMIV. 

Ji'iii  r.il  Oniit- 
Stall'.  Tli.t. 
hi'  lriit>  wvr, 
lir  llrniiii.'i..  ;i 
r  Olivr  Siri.i 
rativi'  .si}s.— 

ji'  111  llu-  fM«Ut.ei 
iilViir.li'il  laci'.itii- 
Slis  111'  llieoiiiii|.  v 

lit  li'  l^t  CHV;l-l.ilai 
ff,  IMI'I  Ilil'IC!. 

if  llif  i.uiiTii'ir "1 
ill  r\iU',  ff;i)>  uiiti 
itc  Ini.l  liii'l. 
rii4  I  In'  li"i'Iiii^ '■•' 
Ic  iif  till'  ouuiiiiaii I- 
III  Willi-  il-  stmilui 
Hiiil  o.irrii'l  uH  i'. 

,llil  ill.'  l'..iS"iit' 
net'  iif  iiMtl'it,  Jill 
iiliiiiiliuulr  {I  'I- 
.1  till'  i'illli|i»«i 
iuliirilj.riiiilii"- 
li.ii.u'U'nuiillii* 
|.  l..wi-,';iiiii.liV« 
lii'i'iiiiii- « |il>"i' 
,..„ii  ..f  nil  ''Af. 
iimm  iif  I'liiW' 
1\   .iiiMiiH'*  :i'l  '1'^ 
.1.  iiiitil  llii'  'I'l'"' 

|llirllll''lf|-ll' 

.,|ilivh..iit»iiiiilti' 
11111)1.     ilif  «"■'' 

\|„,-l".l:l-i|il('l"- 
.|r|li-l'  Will  1.1>1  'I 
y   licllU'llI   ilMllW 

,,  itu-ri-nMJ  mil. 
,.l,,,iiu""  f"' 


it 

\n'iiilii'liii''"»'''' 
111  milii:irv  mil-. 
.,1  lij  ilio  x'l'i''" 
,,t  till'  Smiilii''' 
111  IKivin.  Ill'' 

■f  ill.  1  "ii; 

Hi.  II   l.'.">' 


H|.HMVlliiV    lie    St»TK    Tlln.ll'S     AT     r.lMI'    JllKHIlX,     M\v    .I. 

ISlll. 

..  |;,i_.    ili'ii.   I'.   M-    Kriist,  I'ciiiiiiiniiiliii); ;    l.'iRiit.Ciil.   It.  ."', 

\,.iiilii'   .  :i'l.iiiliiiitK<""''"' •    '^'".i-  ^'  ^*  111' iiiiiiiniiiiry  ;   .Mnj. 

lli'iiiv  \V     Williuiiis,    niiiuioriiiiiflci-;   ,liis"|ili  Soiitt,  M.l)..  riiir- 
.11.11,    ^l.i.i    "illiaiii  I).  Woml,  iii.li'  ill'  i'iiiii|i. 

•  I'li-i  ItiMiiKXT. —  I.li'iit.  Cnl.  'iiliii  Kiiii|ip,  rniiiiiiaiiiling: 
iiiiil.  N  lliiiili,  -V-  Q.  M-  n»'l  ■\-  •  ^-  ''"I'l-  •'"'"'  "•  I'rew, 
iiiviii;i-ii'i :  l.ii'iit.  W.  ('.  lliicliiiiiiin,  ailjiiliiiit ;  A.  .1.  I',  tiii- 
rj„,|io,  ju.l).'!' uiliooiitc;  liuiiinT.  I'iiiiiii.  .M.l)., -urKi'oii. 

"/'..».'i.'""  A,  Si.  f.tiitin  iintifM.     .Martin  lliii  ki',  i'ii|itiiiii :  Sle- 

iitiPii 'I. ''"I"i"».  "■'■*'  l'f"l<'"i"i' ;    II    "•  "c".  ".'"'"nil  liculrii 

ml;    ''•   ^-    III'""'"'''    ll'if'l   liculcnunt.     Kiflyomi  riiiik   iiii.l 

fill-. 
,.,■„„,. ,,/,'.  .v.. )■««././  '■'imi-./«.—('liarli's    W.    It.i.l^i'lf,   i'ii|i- 

liiui  Tii.iiiiii- I'lii'l"'.^''  Iir>l  liuiitfiiimt   cili-riil  mi  Sciulliivr~leiii 

.•x|ii"li(iiin    :    Uii^'li  Mi'lliTiiiiitt,  fii'i'oiiil  lit'iiti'iiiiiil.     F.irlyslv 

nink  iUi'l  fill'. 

•■f  ■.,.(./. 'II. 7  '".  llm/ii'ii'//. ill 'i' 1(11  r'/#.  —  lliilliTl  'rili'kiT.  tir^t  Hl'U- 
1. 1,  lilt  '-..Miiiiiiii.liii;;  '  ;  'riiHiiiu^  Miiyliin,  .Hi'i'mitl  lii'iili'iiuiit ; 
r.iiiii'liii-   ll'lliiiKiii,  lliii'il  liruli'iinnt.     Fiirl>-i'i|;lii    iiiiik  iiiiil 

I'.ir. 
■•«'„i,ii.'iiii/  /'.  A'.i.iiK'  '»'iiii>i'«.— i'liili|i  W.  Ciuiii'.  i'n|itiiiii. 
••('.1,1.  .11../   /.',    11  .i«/ii'ii;/'"ii    ///«<«.— Jii.«i'|ili    Ki'lly.   I'liptiiiii ; 
I   M.  I'liiliii.  ii'i'iiii'l  lii'Uti'iiiint.    Fiirly  livii  rank  iiml  lilu. 
■'I',,.,.!.  11.1/  A'.  I.itilnli  6'iiii>i/«  — FnisiT,  i'ii|iliiiii. 
•(■..mil. 11..  '<■,  .l/("..iii'>  '<'ii<(r./«.— lii'iiriro  W.  Wi'it,  i'ii|ilniii. 
■•(•.,i/i/i..iii/  //,  ,/ii.' /.«■<.!  Iliim-'lt. — (leorgi!  W.  FlotiTliiT,  cii|iliiiii ; 
.1    .M.  lli'iiiiiii,;,   li:>t    lii'Uli'iiiinl ;    Williiiiii    Mnrniiy.    jin'iiinl 
.u'Oli'iiiiiil ;  J.iliii   lliill.'i'k,  lliir.l   liiiili'iiiiiit.       Fnriv  -ix   iiiiik 
ml  till'. 

'■'',. Id... 111./    /.  (tiimxii'ii  Utt'ii'h   (iirirniii/i'il   'riiui^.liiy    iii^rli*. 
Mil  :.'.  I>lil  .— It.  S.  Unit.  i'.i|iliiiii  ;    riiHiiiii-  Kiitli.  liul  liiii 
iin.iiil;    It.  ''.  Fiiini'V,  fri'mul   lii'iiliiiiint  ;   .Inliii   ilmsii,   IliinI 
iifiiliniilil.     I'liil.v  litilil  i»"l'  "»'l  'll""- 

'■('..ni;i.iiii/  A',    /l.ii-.'»  'I'li. "'.'.  — .IllllU'i'    l."ll;,'llL'lll;irr.   .■ii|it;iill  ; 
1..  Kri'tnliiiiiir.  firKl  lii'iilriniiil ;  :\.  llii|iliiii,  mi'iiinl  lii'iitiiniiil  ; 
loliu-  I.mliM'.  lliiril  lii'iili'iiuiit.     ,'»i\ly  Ihi'  riiiik  ami  lili'. 
■y.jn.i./.i.ii  <;;■  /i..i,'/ii.iii«.— Iliiiiiii'l  .Mill.iniil.i,  I'liiiliiiii. 
■ScriiMi  Keiinu>T. — Jnliii  .•<.  Ilmviii.  rnl.uHl ;  A.  K.  ."'tiiii, 
lii'iiti'iiiiiil  iiiloml :  .1.  It.  Slialor,  iiinjnf. 
"  f,'ii.(i'....  r  l\iri„  ../■  Xiilioiml  llniu-iln  (l..rim'r  Inn  .iilniiiiliiri 

.tSnliniuil  iliinriU  miTUPil  in  nnol.    -Williain  II.  Finin'V.  Im>i 
iiciitcniiiil :  Cliiiili."   I'uiriiii',  iici'iiiiil   lii'iili'mmt  ;   .l.iliii   .M.  iJil 
loDiiii.  Iliiril  liciitiiianl.     On  llii'  Kiiniiiil  .May  (illi  fmty  rank 
111  I  till'. 
•■i'.„.i/.....i(  .1.  /ii././K  11. /.'..(  '.'ii.rr./*.  — Cliarli'-  Kreili'rirk^, .  lip 

'liu;  iMinT   I'.illiiiK,   fri'.in.l    lii'iiti'iiant  ;    Cliarli'.'    .Mi'liunal.l. 
Iliml  lii'iili'iiiilit. 
'■(•i..,./....../    //,    Wi.i.i.i/i    f.. /./(.«.    -II.    II.    liarri'li.   i'a|itniii. 

r.rty  tile  rank  an  I  llli'. 

"i;,„il 1/  I' I  .\/.....(r  .U>iil.--Iliii.il   \V.   Huki'.  .aiitaiii    illii' 

M  nan  ranliTi. 

..111(1.1,11/    It,  \hl.nieii   liimi'lM  I  Wiiiii'.    Uiiii. — ."'an.lf.ir.l. 
Mill.    Si\iy  mil'  rank  anil  lili'. 

iM^miiV  h' I  Miiiiilt   .Will).— I'lillnn  Uri'ini'.  laplain. 
''tm/Hinif  /'.  Jin-Jt-mtii   fimtft  i  Mimitr  Mru\. — Itarliinil,  i'a|i 
iiin.    .>>i!(ty'fiM.'  riink  iinil  lllr. 

•■('..«i;.uiii/  (.',  liirir  lliuirilt  {.Wiiiiif. -.Willi.  -l'iiin|ilii'll.  ia|i 
bin.    Fiirly  riijlil  rank  nnil  llli'. 

■•''..ii.jMi.i/  II,  S^Hthf-ni  /iiiiin/.  I  Wiiiiiff    W. ..  .     .1.  II.  Sliai'k 
»ltiiil,  i.ii|ilain.     F.irty  livi-  rnnk  ami  Hlo. 

''ni;i.i.i/  I. i'fn„ii, Itlri  /^|||^I  1 1.— Jainin  M,  l..iiigliliur'iiii;li, 
^lin.    Fitly  rank  ami  lllc." 


''"1  I'l'i'kliiiui  gnyii,— 


"  Till'  Stntci  Inw.  itnilor  tlii'  oM  inililia  liill.  uiitliiiri7.{<il  llic 
nnniial  i'.\i.«triii'C  uf  iiiii'li  ii  camp  iin  llii«  in  ciioli  niililary  din 
Irii'l  fur  ?i.\  ilays.  Sini'r  .Iin'k«iiii  lia.l  i»«uiiil  liii  onlir  I'.ir  this 
^titlii'rin^  iif  tlio  inilitiii  llu'  l.i'>;i^latiiru  lia.l  iir;;aiii/i'(|,  iiml 
rvi'ry  inili.'alinii  puintril  In  a  ipri'ily  ai|..pli<iii  uf  tin'  iii'W  iiiili- 
tiiry  liill.  It  wan  rxpoi'li-il  lii  i  iiitinni'  tin'  laiiip  innli'r  tlio  pni- 
vijiiiini  i.f  till'  latliT.  Till' ilc.*i;4n  i.f  tlip  i'iin..*piraliirs  wa:*  to  (ill 
Camp  •lai'ksiin  with  !iei'ri"*iiini!»fs  frntii  llir  inlrrinr  i.f  Ihi.  ."^Iiitr, 
mill  tiiirli  iviTi'  r.in...liiiilly  arriving;  afirr  tlii.  fiirinatinn  of  the 
I'limp.  Ity  Thiir;*.lay  an. I  Fri.l.iy.  «ii  niuiirrnii..  ivi-re  Ihi'  arrival!., 
that  i(  wa iiti'iiiplati'il  f.irniiiii;  a  Ihinl  ri';;iiiii.iit." 

Si'Vcnil  of  lliosi' .>.I;itoiiii'iil<  dn  nut  ;i|i|u'ar  tn  have 
any  authuritv.  ami  ,«iiiiii^  of  ihi'iii  .siiiii  In  liavi!  |iio- 
eci'di'il  iirinripall}'  fri'ii:  ihc  writer  s  iiiia<iiiinlioii. 

I'nt  this  whii'h  liillows  rnmi  ihi'  saini-  suiirL'c  ran 
ho  I'liniiliiiiati'il : 

"iiii  \Vr.|iH'5.1ay  ni;:lit,  .May  siii,  ilip  >tpatnrr  'J.  i'  Sivon," 
jll^t  from  Nrw  ilili-iiii^.  liiiiilpil  Willi  iiiniii.  caniimi,  aiiil  aitimii 
niliiin  from  tlir  nr.'i'nal  at  llaloii  lioii^i',  I, it,  iwliiili  the  IraitorH 
linil  ."iirprisi'il  ami  I'aplnreil  fruni  llii'  rniliiil  Slali'a  ({oiern- 
ini'iili,  ili..'.'liar^i'il  lirr  fri'i;;Iit  at  lliu  Li'vcu  lit  St.  Lonis.  TIiu 
material  abow  ili'fi'rilii'il.  nliii'h  hail  liicii  olitaini'il  lliriiii)>li  the 
iigeni'y  of  Colliin  (Irreiie,  ai-tiii;r  iiK  an  !i;;i'iit  of  t'laili  ,Iiii'ki.on, 
from  till'  rebel  aiithniitii':*  of  the  ^et.c.lc^l  ,'*liileii,  wai*  that  Miiiie 
niiflit  ri'iiioie.l  to  Camp  ,l,ii'knon.  It  in  il.iti'il  tlial  frmii  lilty 
to  1.110  hiiii.lri'il  ilray-l.Mi.U  were  inelii.li'.I  in  lliii<  miirileroiiH 
freiulil.  ilre"ne  [.aw  the  uoiii|<  tali  ly  |i.il};i'il  iiisiile  the  camp, 
aii'l  on  the  iiioriiiii..;  of  the  Intli  nt  .Mti\ ,  lu-i'ntiipiinii-.l  liy  a  eoiii- 
paiiy  fr.iiii  the  e.iiiip.  he  proi'i-i-.le.l  on  the  ear.-  to  ,leller^oii  City 
iviili  .^otiie  of  the  i>liili'n  miinitioiis  of  war. 

"I,\..n  iva.i  e.i};tii/.  lilt  of  ilie   whole   p eeiliii;;.  iiii>l    ha.l    a 

..•troll;;  Il'ition  to  fvliv  the  limit  at  the  I.evee  l.e'ore  ^lie  eouM  iiii 
|..a,|  :  liiit  after  eonier-iiii:  with  Mr.  Itlair.  he  n^reeil  willi  the 
hitler,  ami  eoneluile.l  to  alloiv  the  iiiateriiil  to  he  rei'eiieil  in 
til.,  caiiip.  Ihim  fiiriro.liiii:;  aiMitiunal  eviileiice  of  the  trt'iisoii- 
al.le  iiaiiiie  of  the  .'amp.  The  .^iiti-ly  Commitiee  met  nt  the 
...line  liliie.  i.ii.l  weie  str.iii;;ly  iir^eil  |.i  lo-i/etli.'  propeity  l.efore 
il  .'.iiiM  he  taken  ''.  hiieleil  (imve.  but  they  uUo  ajfree.I  ivilh 
the  plan  a.lopteil  liy  l.yin.  Tli.'  latter  ha.l  alreioly  ili>ii;neil 
.'iiptiiriiii;  the  wliiile  .'aiiip.  Imt  the  oppo.'ition  uf  a  iiiajorily 
III  the  .""alety  Commiltei',  iip.in  a  iiieiely  le^al  point,  eaii.-eil  him 
l.ilelay  llie  muiemeiil.     lie  iiiw  fill  il  hi.<  iliily  to  ael." 

Thi'  ('iiliiiiiilli'L'  of  Safi'ty,  ami  I'spei'lally  ihiisc 
aiiivciiii:  Willi  Mr.  (jjovor,  timk  ti  li';.'al  \  ii'W  nl'  thr 
ra-i' ;  Tln'  i'iiiii|i  wouhl  ciul  .>oiiin.  Il  w.i..*  a  lawful 
assiinhly.  It  ili'l  im!  I'.m.ilituti'  a  ti-al  Miriiai'i'  tu  thr 
arM'iial.  Il  wiiiild  caiisi'  jinat  I'Miii'ini'iil  In  allaik 
it.  Hut  Iaihi  r^.^olvi'il  that  hi'  winild  nni  laki'  llu' 
lawvi't  s  Imt  ihi'  military  inati  s  \  ii'w  nf  it.  Ili' 
ihuiiuhl  riini]iiil>iiiii  ."hiiiild  hi'  u.-id  In  inaki'  llu- 
Siiuilnrn  -uii|iathizi'rs  ackiniwli'd;;!'  thi'  aiiihnriiy  uf 
llli'  Kriliial  oiivrriiini'iil.  Ilo  limki  d  ii|iiiii  ihi-  I'ainp'H 
I'xi^li'iii'"  as  an  iniiniidalimi  nf  I'ninn  iniii  Mr  wtis 
thcrrfnrc  vi'ry  ('a>:i'r  to  i,'ct  ("nl.  Ulair  in  ii-n  his  influ- 
cnci'  with  till'  Sal'i'ly  Cniianiltei',  wiilmiit  wlmsi'  .satic- 
ti..n  he  ciuild  ai'i'iiin|ilisli  linihiiiu'  Thi*  was  ifTrctrd 
liy  infnrniiii;;  thi'  rntninilti'r  iliat  liiii.  liariii>y  wniild 
nrrivi'  ami  rt'Minic  his  ciiniiiiand  m  Sumjay.  Wlnti 
he  heard  licit  I'Vrn  Mr.  (llnvir  .  ni'-i'iiti'il  In  ail.  ami 
.  Lynn  hi'gan  hi.s  iirciniralion.s  i'ortliwiili. 


i'if 


^ii  '^' 


494 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


If-I- 


m^ 


;t3'j 


Glmi.  Frost  knew  or  ft'iirej  that  Iiis  oaiiii)  would  be 
attiii'kcd  by  the  forces  under  (Jen.  Lyon,  which  also 
lio  knew  lio  had  no  moans  of  efTcctivoly  n'^^istin^. 
Lyon  had  arranj;cd  to  capture  the  canip  on  tlie  morn- 
ing of"  iho  Khli.  On  that  tuornin};  Frost  wrote  to 
Lyon.     As  he  says  in  bis  narrative, — 

"  llavin;;  known  rii|»t.  l.von  from  the  prihul  <if  liis  outh't^liip 
nt 'Vest  I'liirit  in  ISIII,  lliu  coinnianiU'r  "I'  tin;  l'iuii|i  bi/liiMeil 
hint  to  t>o  |ii(?^c!'>rit  of  ii  t'iiir  |ir»|iurtiun  of  jjootl  *ifii<i»,  :iinl  of 
that  consiTvalin'  |Mliiolisin  llial  lonj;  niilitary  -ei  \  i.-i'  Li'^cln, 
nnd  lis  ncillKT  j;o.i.|  li^'n^e  nor  (lalrioiisni  I'ouM  prompt  an  at- 
tack upon  his  lainp,  he  iliil  not  lielirvo  \n'  wouM  nnike  it,  and 
it  was  not  uiilil  early  on  the  morning  of  the  loili  tliat  a  private 
uomniuniiatioii  from  a  frit'ml  in  llie  I'unni'ils  of  the  <'on-pira 
torn  unJeirciviMl  him,  anil  he  wim  foreoil  to  llie  I'onilurion  that 
Lyon,  too,  hail  been  ftrioken  by  the  nu)re  tlian  niiilMinimor 
luailneyM  that  .«eemi'il  to  atllict  the  whole  conimnnity.  Xevcr- 
lliclee*  he  deterniineil  to  nuiko  a  'asl  elTort  to  avert  from  his 
State  the  horrors  of  anarchy  ami  civil  war,  which  he  foresaw 
the  capture  of  liis  camp  w^iuhl  necessarily  invoke.  Tlierefore 
he  hastily  penned  the  following  letter: 

"  '  Mr  »oyi  \iiTFiis  ('»MI'  Jvckso», 
•••  .Missorni    .\lii,iri\,  .May  Id,  IsCil. 

*''('A1'T.    \.   T*YilN',  ciiiniiuillilini/    I'.   »V.    7'co'iy,«    i*i    iitlil    Itholil    >'. 
/^nuiH   AiHtHitt  : 

'•'.■'III. —  I  am  constantly  in  receipt  of  iiiforination  lliat  yon 
contemplate  an  attack  upon  my  camp.  Whilst  [  umlcrstaiid 
that  yon  are  impressed  with  the  idea  that  an  attack  upon  the 
arsenal  and  I'nited  .<>tules  troops  is  iuleiidcd  on  llie  pail  of  tlie 
militia  of  Missouri,  I  am  j;really  at  a  loss  to  know  what  could 
justify  you  in  uttackin;.;  cili/.ens  of  the  I'liited  .'Stales  who  arc 
in  the  lanfiil  performance  of  duties  dcvolvini;  upon  tlicni  under 
the  Constitution  in  iiri;anl/,in$;  and  iiistrnctin'^  the  militia  ol  the 
is  tare,  in  obc  liciice  to  her  laws,  and  the  ret  ore  lia\e  been  disposed 
to  doubt  the  ciHuv'liic-s  of  the  inforiiiutioii  I  liav<>  reMi\rd. 

"  ■  I  would  be  ^lad  to  know  fri>ni  you  personally  whithci  ihcic 
is  any  trulh  in  the  •taleiiiciil«  tliat  are  coii^ianlly  poiiriie.'  liilo 
inv  ears  So  f,ir  as  regards  any  lioslility  being  intended  toward.s 
thii  I'nited  ,'-lates  or  its  property  or  reprcscnlaliies  In  any 
portion  of  my  conimand,  or,  as  tar  as  I  cm  learn  land  I  think 
1  am  liilly  iiifiirmeil  i,  of  any  other  part  of  the  .''t.ile  force.«,  I 
can  posiliwly  say  that  Ihe  idea  has  neier  been  entertained.  On 
tlio  contrary,  piior  to  your  taking  eoniinand  of  Ihe  arsenal  I 
j)roircred  to  .Maj,  Hell,  then  in  eoiiimaiid  of  the  very  few  troops 
eonslituiing  its  guard,  the  sei  \  ices  of  myself  and  all  my  com- 
nnind,  an  I  if  nei'i-sary  the  whole  power  of  the  State  to  protect 
the  I'nited  Stales  in  the  full  |io?se.<sion  of  all  their  properly. 
Upon  tlei'.  ilariicy  taking  couimand  of  this  department  I  inaile 
the  same  proller  of  services  to  him,  and  anthori/id  hi-  adjutant 
geiiciat,  ('apt.  ^Villiams,  to  coiumiinieate  the  la<i  that  such  had 

been  doui'  lo  the  War  l>cpartiiicnt.    I  have  had  i ca.«ion  sinie 

to  chaii'^e  any  of  llie  \  lews  I  eiilerlaine  I  at  that  time,  ni-ithcr 
of  my  own  volition  nor  Ihnuigh  orilcrs  of  my  constitutional 
eoiiimandi'r. 

"'Ill  ii-t  ihal,  aflcr  this  expin-il  slatcnicnl,  wo  may  be  able 
hy  full.N  uiidersliin  ling  each  other  to  Keep  far  from  our  horde  s 
Ihe  mi-firtiiiics  whbhso  unhappily  afflict  our  coininon  country. 
This  coinmnnicalion  will  bo  handed  to  you  by  Col.  Ilowcn,  my 
chief  of  staff,  who  will  he  able  to  explain  anything  not  set 
Tuith  in  tlie  foregoing.  I  am,  sir, 
'"  Very  respectfully, 

"  Vour  obeclicnl  servant, 

'"D,  M,  FiiosT, 

"  '  It'-tifniiic-O'lilpnit  CuiilHKtiniin'j  CtiiiiJ}  J<nk'9-ni/ 


"This  letter  was  dispatched  by  the  hands  of  Col.  .I,,),,,  < 
Itowen,  at  about  eleven  o'clock  a.m.  ls,,i,|)  after  niidd.iv  la- :. 
turned  with  it,  and  reported  tliat  ho  ha<l  protfcreil  u  i<i  |';,|,| 
I, yon,  who  hail  refused  lo  receive  it.  Ho  also  rcporlid  lli:ii  >,,, 
had  found  l.yon  mustering  his  forces,  with  the  cvidetii  ::itenti>.i; 
of  at  once  leaving  the  arsenal.  There  could  nr  loii:;i  i-  I  c  anv 
doubt  as  lo  his  iiilcnlion  of  marching  upon  the  camp,  aiiit  i>,. 
question  of  how  he  was  lo  be  ni'jt  was  considerfd.  The  i-iiciurii,. 
inciit  bin  iiiir  been  foi.i.ed  for  instriiclion  alone  and  iioi  Iw  lur. 
no  more  than  live  rounds  of  aiiini'inition  had  been  -a|>[>!i>  j 
and  that  only  for  Ihe  uses  id'  the  guard.  Ucsi-laiice.  iliiicf,,ri., 
being  out  of  Ihe  ipiest ion,  nothing  remaineil  but  to  calailv  ;eti.t 
e\'cnl.s.  In  the  mean  time  the  same  gentleman  who  had  a  f.., 
hours  before  gi\cn  the  first  autheiitie  iiiforiioilioii  of  |,v,i/. 
intentions  returned  in  haste  to  say  that  ho  was  on  llie  mai  ,, 
hut  thai  he  inlendcil  no  act  of  ininiediatc  bostilily,  ihal  ln'iij, 
aihaiieing  incicly  as  a  pomit  t-oiniltttitii  to  Ihe  rniieil  .«tati, 
marshal,  who  was  eoniiiig  to  make  a  formal  deniand  fur  n  ]„> ,{ 
arms  believed  to  hi  long  to  the  Inilcd  Slates,  ami  wliiri,  li,j 
been  depo.-ileil  on  Ihe  evening  of  Ihe  Sih  in  the  camp." 

Lyon,  in  fact,  liad  resolved  to  ca|iture  ll;,  i  amp  ;i< 
well  as  the  contraband  material  in  it,  the  siiliiicrs,. 
well  as  the  e.|iii|inicnts.  His  force  was  miiple.  |1, 
had  five  rejiinients  of  Missntiri  voliiiileers  and  tiv, 
reoinients  of  "  Home  (.iiiards."  then  cJli  il  ih,. 
'■United  Slates  Reserve  Corps."  lie  IlkI  mv:,1 
companies  of  tiie  old  '•  Cilizen's  (]iiard."  iiri;aiii/,i|  in 
January,  and  five  or  six  eompanies  ( neiirly  I'uur  Imi; 
died  men)  of  United  Slates  regular  iriiii|is,  \\i;h 
abundant  sup|ilies  of  artillery,  arms,  and  uiiiiiiiiiiiiin 

For  the  ea|dure  of  ("amp  Jackson  (Iiii.  l,\oii  hail 
made  elaborate  ]ireparations.  All  (lie  uriiiis  «,•,. 
j;ivoii  out,  every  colonel  inslruclcd,  and  i  vriv  ilciiii 
anaiiLted, 

In  order  to  secure  his  '•  mounts,"  .says  Cnl.  IVil,. 
ham,  ■■  on  the  I'tli  of  May,  some  111110  |iie\iuiis  in 
his  vi.sit  to  Camp  Jackson,  Capt.  Lymi  ili«|Kiltliui 
I/leut.  Thiirneck  with  a  note  to  (Jiles  V  Killiv  ro- 
(|iieslin;;  that  L'entleman  to  jnocnie  and  miiiI  lo  liim 
at  till'  arsenal  by  four  o'clock  P.M.  lliiilv  si\  limv.s 
Mr.  Filicy  called  at  oiico  upon  Mr.  Jaiins  ILiiLii.- 
((ilas^ow  &  ilaikness)  for  assistaiii'i!  in  pinelnisinL' 
the  burses.  Twiiily  two  were  ptirchascd  at  llic  >l:i- 
bles  of  Messrs.  (il.i>L'''W  &  llarkncss  and  t'onvaplii 
by  Lieut.  Tliuiinck  lo  the  iusenal,  wliile  .Nlr.vis.  I'li 
ley  and  llarkness  visited  other  places  in  oiilcr  10 
.secure  tile  balance  of  llie  desired  niiiiilirr.  I'!iieii:li 
were  bouiiht  to  in;ike  u]),  with  some  'ew  wliicli  Hire 
loaned  by  riiiiin  (ill/eiis,  lo  lill  the  onier.  aiiu '.iiu'^ 
F.  Filley  and  (t,  1).  Filley  imied  tlnir  naiiics  lis  w- 
curilies  to  .Mr.  llarkness  fii  their  paynioiii."  bvnn 
in  this  mailer  disregarded  army  riuiil.iiioii*  I'lraii.^i' 
of  his  personal  distrust  of,  .Maj.  .^l^Klllslly.  ilic  'it- 
parlincnt  chid  ipiartermiisler. 

The  rci:imciits  selecled  by  I-yoii  lot  llie  iiiiirili  i\i"l 
assault  were  the    Fir.-t,  Seooud,  TliiiJ.  iuiii  IVuiili 


TIIK  CIVIL  WAR. 


495 


f  Cot  .I..lni  ? 
initi'l  ly  hi-  :.■ 
reil   u  1"  I'liiit 

■  loni:*  I  to  ;uiy 

uiiiu|>,  ;uii)  ih<' 

I.    'IMh'  <'Ihmiii].. 

iind  ii"l  lor  vvnr, 

tinii'''.  lln-rcf'irp, 
I  to  fiilmly  ;iiriil 
I  wli-i  biiil  II  f>« 
iiiil'iini  "f  l.;^ll'! 

Irt  nil  tilt'  lliai'-h, 
ilil.v.  iliitt  111'  «ai 
he  I  iiilfil  >l:iit< 
iiiii\ii'l  I'lir  a  I'lti't 
■s,  uii'l  nliif'u  hill 

\|l'   lUlll|i.' 

re  tl.  cunip,  as 
,  till'  MililiiTS  ;,> 
i-;is  am|i!i'.  lie 
ll|t('t'l>   iiiiJ  livi- 

lu'll       l-.llllll     lli'' 

111'  liinl  M'V.nl 
ril,"  iiv:^;ini/.'il  in 
lu'iirly  I'liur  li'iii 
lar  iruni's.  «iili 
anil  ainiiitiiiiii'ii. 
I  (it'll,  l.yiin  li;iii 
till'  iiiilfrs  wii" 
uiiJ  iviT)'  Jiiaii 

'  says  ('ill.  IVl- 

lilllr    l'U'vi"ll<  I" 
IaiiII    tll-|i:lli.ll'>i 

ilfs  1".  Filli'V.  K- 

ami  Mini  t"  lli'" 

tliiily  >i\  Ik'1"' 

Juiifs  ll;iii"- 

li'O  ill   imii'li;!-"'- 

|lia-fii  at  till'  >''i- 

|.,<  ami   t''ivw:ifl"l 

Iwliilf  Mi^-iv  I'.i 

llat'i'H  ill  "!''''''  '" 

UllllllT.  1''."""-'' 
[,,  r,.\v  wliiili  w.ro 

onior,  aii't'"''* 
Itliiir  liallii'>  •''•  "'• 
lliayiiiini  "     ItV"" 

.jiilaiii'ii-  ''>''■"""■' 
|1,  Kiii~iiy.  ilio  'it- 

i;„-  tlio  nr.i^'l'  ;iml 
•liiiJ,  ami  IVuii'' 


>Ib>iiiiii  Volunteers  and  tlie  Third  and  Fourth  Home 
Guai'ls  The  other  troops,  with  liiu  regulars,  were 
Ici'i  ai  the  arsen.'tl  to  do  guard  duly.  A  few  of  the 
rc'iilai-.  under  Maj.  Sweeney,  aeting  as  hrijiade  eoin- 
iiiaiitli'V.  iiiarehed  at  the  front  of  ('nl.  Hlair's  regi- 
ment, which  approached  Camp  Jackson  by  way  of 
Liu'li'de  Avenue;  Col.  Hoi'rii.siein'.s  regiment  marched 
up  I'iiie  Street,  Col.  Scliiiltner's  up  Market  Street, 
Cdl.  Si;:i'l  !*  up  Olive  Street,  Col.  Hrown'n  up  Morgan 
Stri'tt,  aiiil  Col.  McNeil's  up  Clark  Avenue.  In  this 
way  till'  o;in'I'  would  he  hurrounded,  while  si.\  field- 
iiiiivs  were  jilunted  on  adjacent  lieights  so  as  to  com- 
iiiiiiiil  till  eamp.  Lyon  marched  at  tlic  liead  of  liie 
lialtaliiiii  iif  regulars.  The  marching  was  timed  so 
tli.it  tilt'  iieads  of  the  diti'erent  eoluuiiis  converged  at 
iliiir  tli>i illation  almost  .simultaneously.  As  was 
iintiiiallv  In  he  e.xpin'ted,  ureat  excitement  was  the 
roMiii  111'  ihe.se  unusual  inililary  mnvements.  i 

lu  a  I'ciiitcniporary  account,  written  fresh  from  the 
scone  fur  use  in  a  newspaper  the  following  uiorn- 
iiiL',  ami  thus  nut  biased  by  any  after-thoughts,  we 

read ; 

'■  Unusual,  and  to  .some  extent  alarming,  activity  pre- 
vailed early  yesterday  morning  at  each  reinle/vuus  of 
ilio  "  liiiine  Oiiard"  and  in  the  vicinity  of  the  ar- 
senal.    The  men  recently  provided   with   arms  from 
llie  arwnal  to  the  number  of  .se>.cral  thousand  were 
iiiilertti,  we  iiiiilerstand,  to  be  at  their  dilVereiit  iiosis 
;ii  twelve  o'clock,  in  readiness  to  march  as  they  might 
1:0  tuuiiiiaiitleil.     .V  report  gained  some  currency  that 
(!on.  llainev  was  expected  on  the  afternoon  train,  ami 
ili;ii  ilie  trniips  were  to  cross  the  river  to  receive  him 
mil  eseml  him  to  llie  city.      Very  little  rt  liaiiee,  how- 
I'vtt.  was  ]il,ieed  in  tiiis  explanation  of  the  military 
iiinvoiiieiils,  and  at  about  two  o'clock  I'M.  the  wlmle 
tnwn  lieeanic  greatly  agitated  upon  the  circulation  of 
till'  intelli',;ence  that  some  five  or  six  thousaml   men 
«oie  iiiareliing  up  Market  Street,  under  arms,  in  the 
iiroeiitiii  of  Camp  Jackson.     The  news  proved  to  he 
iiirreet,  except  as  to  the  number,  aiiti  in  this  ease  the 
ri'porl  rather  iiinlerestiinated  the  extent  uf  the  force. 
Acctitilim;  to  onr  best  information  liiere  were  probably 
lint  less  I  hail  seven  thousand  men,  under  ("apt.  Lyon 
ciinmianding  the  United  Stales  troops  at  this  post), 
with  abiiul  twenty  pieces  of  artillery. 

"The  trutips,  as  stated   idiove,  marehed  at   i|uiek 

time  up  Market  Street,  and  on  arriving  near  Camp 

JaeksoM  rapiilly  surrounded  it,  jdanting  batteries  upon 

1  nil  the  heights  overlooking  the  eamp.      liong  files  of 

men  vere  .statioiieil  in  platoons  at  various  points  on 

fvory  side,  ami  a  picket-guard  established  covering  an 

j  urea  tl'  say  two  iiiindred  yards.     The  guards,  with 

I  liioil  bayouuls  and  mu!-kets  at   hall  cock,  were   in- 


structed to  allow  none  to  pass  or  repass  within  the 
limits  thus  taken  up. 

"  By  this  time  an  immense  crowd  of  people  bad 
assembled  in  the  vicinity,  having  gone  tliitiier  in  car- 
riages, buggies,  rail-ears,  baggage-wagons,  on  iiorse- 
back,  and  on  foot.  Numbers  of  men  seized  rifles, 
siiot-guns,  or  whatever  otlier  weapons  they  eimld  lay 
hands  upon  and  rushed  ))ell-mell  to  the  assistance  of 
the  State  troops,  but  were,  of  course,  obstructed  in 
their  designs.  The  hills,  of  which  there  are  a  num- 
ber in  tiie  neighborhood,  were  literally  black  with 
people,  hundreds  of  ladies  and  children  stationing 
thcm.sclves  with  the  throng,  but,  as  they  thought,  out 
of  harm's  way." 

When  his  dispositions  were  fully  made,  (!en.  Lyon 
.sent  )Lij,  H.  (j.  I'arrar  to  Uen.  Frost  with  the  note 
which  follows : 

"  llK.4i>urAiiTKiis  I'mtim)  Status  'I'mitii'S, 
".■^r.  I.iii  IS,  .Mil.,  .Miiy  III,  ISIU. 

"GkV.   D.   M.    FlIllST,   rninniilll'lhnl   ('11111/1  ,/ini'vill  .- 

*',S|n^  —  Vimr  I'niiinitiinl  U  ri'^iinli'il  aa  t'\  iilt-iilly  Imstilf  In 
llic  giivcniiiiont  of  llic  I'niloil  .*»t«tc!i. 

*'  II  is  Itir  tliti  inti.'<t  |iarl  iniuh'  up  tif  thii«c  stn't'n..tiiinifU  win) 
Inn  tl  ii|ii'nly  avtiwctl  llioir  linstil.ly  In  llic  gt'iiiiial  gDviinnifiit, 
anil  liiit'c  lift'ii  |iliiltiiig  at  llio  !tci/.iii'i'  uf  il.-i  |irti|R'ity  iiiiil  tlio 
ii\  t'i'tliriiw  of  ill  aiilliiiritv.  Vnii  iu'l*  ii|ii'nly  in  fiMiiiniininatiiin 
Willi  till-  jtii  I'jillcii  .SiMitlii'in  (.'iinlViU'rai'y,  wliii'li  is  iiiiw  at  war 
with  thr  liiitfil  ,^t.il»;.s;  iiiiil  yim  art' rt"fi\  in;;  at  ymir  I'ttiii]) 
rrmii  siiiil  ('iiiil'i'ilorafy  an  I  uinlrr  itM  llii;{  liv^i'  .tniiiilit'S  nl'  thf 
iniiU'iiiil  111'  war,  inort  tit'  wliii'h  i?(  kiinwii  t<i  lit'  Itif  |irii{it'ity  nf 
tin'  I'niti'il  .'^taU's,  'J'hi'Sf  cMianriliniiry  |ii'i'|i  iiiiliniii  plainly 
iniliialt' iiiiiit'  iilliir  than  llii'  will  Kimnii  pui  pn'.i' nf  Hit' <iii\ - 
fiiii'iiif  thi.s  ,Stalt',  nnilfr  wlinst'  nrilori*  ymi  tiro  a'-liii;jr.  iiiul 
w  Iiiisi-  pnrpiisc,  ri'i't'iitly  fiitninunii'attil  In  Ihti  I.t';;islntnri',  lia.s 
jii-l  lii'i'ii  rt'Spiiiiilt'il  In  ill  'lit'  mil"!  uiipaialli'lt''l  lt'.;i.-liilnin, 
hiiviii;;  ill  ilir-'ol  \  ifw  liii>lilitii'.i  In  thf  gint'ial  gnu'riiiiiiTil  an. I 
t'u  tipt'taliiiii  with  iln  I'lii'iitii'.". 

■'  111  >  iiw  of  tliff  I'lin.-iilt'i'aliiin",  ami  nf  jnur  failiuf  to  ili.<- 
ptTM'  in  nlio  lit-nou  tn  tlu*  piiii'laiiialiun  nf  tlni  ProHiih'iit,  ami 
111  tlii'  t'liiiiK'iit  ncc't'!<^ilit'!t  uf  Stall'  pnliry  ami  wrlfart',  iiinl  tin? 
iilili;;iitiiinji  iiiipiitii'il  upnil  niti  liy  iittitruetitiiM  I'riiin  Wiothin;;- 
tnii,  it  i.t  my  tliily  tn  ilfiiiiiiiij,  iiinl  1  ilt>  lirrL'hy  ik'Hiiinil  nf  ymi, 
an  iniiiK'iliatt;  .^iirtt'iiilt'r  nl  your  coiiiiiiaiiil,  with  iin  nilit'i-  timi- 
ilitiiiii^  lliiiii  tliiit  all  pi'r.'.iiii'  yiint'Uili'iing  iiinliT  this  ilt'inainl 
-hall  III' liiiinaiit'ly  ami  Kiiilly  Iroalcil,  lltilit'v  in.;  iiivm'!!  pri'- 
part^ii  tn  fnTiiri'i.  Iliis  ilt'iiiiiml,  niip-htilf  Innir's  tiiini  In  I'-iio  ilcin;; 
sn  will  111'  uUnwt'il  I'nr  yniir  I'ninpliaiii'ti  iht-rfwilh. 

•  \ fry  ^^'^| Il'iilly, 

"  Vnur  nhfilit'iil  iii'i'\aiit, 
"  N .   I.vii\, 
"  Cnyifili'ii  Sifi'il'l  I'nil'it  Sliilt'i  fit/'iulri/,  Cninni'iniliu-/   Tut'ifiM.'* 

Gen.  Frost  then  had,  lie  says,  six  hundred  and 
hirty-five  militia  on  duly  in  the  camp.  The  news- 
jiapcr  aeeount  gne."  on  to  say  that  "  immi'diaiely  upon 
the  receipt  ol'  (Jen,  Lyon's  letter,  (Jen.  I'lost  e.illed  a 
hasty  ctiiisiillalion  of  the  officers  of  his  staff.  The 
ciinelusioii  arrived  al  was  about  as  I'nllows:  The  bri- 
gade was  in  no  coiuliiinii  to  make  resistance  to  a  fnree 
so  numerically  supeiiur ;  with  but  u  few  field-pieces 


jnlil} 


H 


l!' 


1     ( m. 


tfffl! 
•Win  .. 


i  I 


I 


m 


406 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


fi '.  li 


m 


nr.Hiiiall  ciilihn*.  and  with  l<'ss  tliati  n  dozen  rounds  of 
carlridi.'1's  for  liis  coniinund,  a  butlle  must  ncpcssiirily 
bo  of  short  duration  and  of  but  one  result, — the  total 
rout  and  defeat  of  the  State  troops  ;  to  have  withstood 
an  attack  would  hiive  been  sheer  recklessness  and 
erueliy  to  llu!  men  of  (len.  Frost's  coiiiinand ;  in 
short,  the  bri;^adi!  was  not  by  any  means  in  n  war 
eondition.  Gen.  Frost  stated,  moreover,  that  lie  had 
no  war  to  wage  upon  the  United  States  or  its  troops; 
that  be  was  only  aetin^  in  eheerful  ohedionue  to  the 
orders  of  his  .superior  otfieer,  and  in  eomjilianee  with 
the  laws  of  the  State;  that  he  had  anticipated  no 
conflict,  and  W(Hild  not  willin-rly  jeo|iardize  the  lives 
of  his  men  in  anything;  that  miLrht  he  construed  into 
hostility  to  the  I'nited  States  government.  Only 
one  course  was  to  be  pursued,  and  that  was  ((uiekly 
agreed  upon,  viz  ,  a  surrender." 

Gen.  Frost,  in  his  narrative,  says. — 

"The  I'M'iits  rclliiniii;;  llu'  ili'iiiioi'l  iilmvi'  rocili'il  iiiny  'n' 
lirii'llv  -lalr't  us  fnllnivs:  A  li:i«lv  I'lMniril  dC  llu- I'liict' crllicn  ■ 
wiin  nilinl.  ilir  tli'timiiil  rciitl  ti)  tliciii.  ini<l  tlit'ir  n|iiniiiii  n^-kfil 
t'tr.  A  iiiiiiiH'iilN  I'oh^idfM-iilion  at  our  h«i|n'IossI_v  iU'IVil-cIi'ss 
<Hiiiili<inii  IV  i.«  !iiinu'i>'iil  111  ilii'il  »  uiiiuiiiiiMii-  V"lf  lo  "inrriiilor. 
aixt  nplj-  wAs  luu'li'  iiii-or.[iii;;l_v  in  ll"'  lallnwiii)?  ivcjnl-,  In 
•vi(  : 

•••Cami' .1  n  KSM\.  Mil.,  .Miiy  111,  Islil. 
'•'t^npt.  N.   l,V'i\,  Cinunnintini/   t'.  S.    J'limf)'*. 

"*.'^ili. — 1  iit'Vfr  I'lir  n  iii*iiiii>n(  riiii"i<ivt'il  the  iilca  that  >-n 
illrgjil  iiikI  iuii'>>ii?'litiiliiiii:il  a  iltMiiiiiil  ii!<  [  liiivi'  jiint  nroivod 
rriiiii  Villi  Wdiitil  lii^  iiiii'li'  liy  nil  iilKi'iT  ul'  ilir  I'liili'il  ."^liiti'S 
iiriny. 

"  '  I  iim  wlmlly  iin|iii'|inri'l  I  i  id  I'lihl  my  I'liiiimainl  frmii  llii- 
ntiwitrraiili' 1   r.rtai'k.  iiihI   ^llall   tlirri't'iirc   Ih>  turrnl  tn  i'fitn|ily 
with  ymir  ili'iiiaii'l.     I  am,  sir.  very  rr*|iwlliilly, 
"  ■  \'i»iir  iilifilit'iil  h*'rva»t. 

'••|l.  M.  Fii.isr, 
■■■III-,;.   i;,„.  (•..,„. I.J.  t':n,i,,J,ul.;„n.  .W.I.. I/.'" 

The  edtiti'inpiir.iry  aeeoe.nt  pioeeeds  :  "  The  lieniaiid 
of  ('apt.  I/yon  was  aecordinjly  agreed  to.  The  State 
troops  were  tlieiefure  made  prisoners  of  war,  hut  an 
oflTer  was  made  to  release  them  on  eondition  that  they 
Would  take  an  oath  to  suppnrt  the  ('unslittitinn  .if  the 
I'liitid  States,  and  would  swear  not  to  take  up  arms 
against  the  government.  These  terms  were  made 
known  •'■  '''<•  sevev.d  commands,  and  the  o])piirtuiiity 
given  to  all  who  might  feel  dispnsed  to  accede  to  ihcin 
to  do  so.  Some  eight  or  ten  men  signiticd  ilicir 
williiejiM'ss,  but  the  riinaiiider.  aliout  eight  humlred, 
preferred,  under  the  circumstances,  to  heeome  pri.son- 
'  crs.  I  A  number  of  the  troops  were  absent  from  the 
camp  in  the  ciiy  on  leave.)  Those  who  declined  to 
take  the  prescribed  oath  .said  that  they  had  already 
sworn  allegia  .,e  to  the  Uiuted  States  and  to  defend 
the  government,  and  to  repeat  it  now  would  be  to 
admit  that  they  had  been  in  rebellion,  which  they 
^yu^ld  nut  concede. 


"  The  preparations  for  the  surrender  and  fii  in.ir,!, 
ing  as  jirisoiicrs.  under  the  escort  of  the  ar.scii.i,  irnnn, 
occupied  an  hour  or  two.  The  brigade  w.i-  il|... 
formed  in  line,  beaded  by  (Jen.  Frost  and  hi-  -tall.i, 
horscliack,  and  with  colors  (lying  and  drum-  1.  alin.- 
marched  through  tiie  wood  skirting  the  mail  ii|iiii,,i 
opening  that  had  been  made  in  tlie  fence  iii  ir  il,, 
turn]iiki'.  Mere  a  halt  was  ordered  for  sunir  vi  i-i.i, 
and  the  opportuiuty  was  improved  by  a  larLC  crnwil 
of  excited  citizens  to  draw  near  the  oflin  i- .,f  i|, 
start'  and  salute  them  with  cheers.  The  men  ;i|.|.i;irn; 
dejected  and  rather  sad,  but  evidently  were  nut  i-,.i,. 
scions  of  having  done  anything  cowardly,  (tiii  <: 
tlie  ofliceis  achieved  a  volley  of  deafening  lui/.z;i-  [.y 
riding  up  to  a  fence  and  backing  away  at  it  witli  hi- 
sword,  breaking  and  bending  it  so  as  to  rcmlirit  u,,. 
less.  It  was  a  very  liai'idsome  sword,  ci-tliiL'  mi. 
hundred  dollars,  and  was  a  recent  present  fr..iii  -..h,, 
military  friends.  Tlii.s  e.MiiiipIc  v,m:-  I'nlhuvi  il  !.-  ;1„  . 
amidst  shouts  of  applause." 

(Jen.  Frost's  narrative  is  clearer  and  ninro  i;i;i[.Lii 
lie  .says.— 

"  iir.li'r-  Here  al  .mi'i;  .-I'lit  I"  I  lie  i'iii)i|iaiiirij  i;lill  (■iigmi-.j  u 
llirir  iiulil.oy  i.M'ri'lx'M  In  miiroli  to  their  oaiii|i  f;i-.iiiii.|<, -la.A 
llieir  ai  ta.1,  ami  Inrni  into  line  liy  Imtt.iliony.  Tiux'  nr.lor-  bi 
inn;  lieeii  cxei'Uleil,  ('apt.  Thus.  W .  .'Swceiiy,  inili  lii<  rriiifcif, 
w«.-  ..'ehl  t'irwaril  liy  ('apt.  Lynii  to  take  p.i»i'--i..n  of  tlir  .mu,} 
an. I  Its  pr.iperly,  piililie  ami  private,  nloli<l  I,ii'Ut.,liiliii  M..s,'h 
tiel.l.  1. 1"  the  ri'^^ulars,  was  tlele^ate.l  to  eon. In. -I  the  priMiiH'r*..u: 
nf  tile  i-anip  nil  their  way  In  iniprisnntiient  in  the  iirscn:!).  I'l.' 
paral.irv  |.t  .leparliire  truiii  the  eaiiip.  Ilie  priMUHTs  IlvIImu 
I'oriiie.l  iiit.i  line.  Taeiii^  to  ilie  rii:ht  Hank,  .villi  llie  First  111:;. 
iiieiil  liiiilinj.  oh.sely  r..||.iweil  hy  Ilie  Seenn.l,  :iii  I  ill  III,.  ,.r,|r 
lliey  were  elnse.l  lip,  sii  tlial  llic  leailin;;  tiles  liuil  plISM'l  mil  ll;. 
ii.iilliea-l  eiiriier  of  Ilie  eaiiip  ^roiiii.l.  al  wlii.h  |  uinl  llu- iVn  ' 
hail  lieeii  lorn  .town  to  a.liiiil  of  egress  upon  the  nm.l.  iiii.l  |.r.> 
.-eeiloil  ahniil  a  liliii'k  ami  a  half  ulaii}^  olive  .street  IriiTiiril.  ibr 
I'.iy.  Tlieii  a  hall  was  onlercil,  unit  the  prisoners  .kept  .ttiiuliii.' 
ill  their  ranks,  iinarnied  ot'  ooiirso,  ami  in  u  line  iioiirti  |iiiral!v 
with  the  (Hive  Street  lonil,  anil  at  a  ilistan.'e  varying  fri.iii  a  fi« 
feel  to  perhaps  seventy  yanls  iliorvlVoni.  'I'lir  niuil  iinrlf  in 
o.'eiipieil  liy  a  portion  of  Lyon's  eoniinan.l,  .|r;i\Tii  up  in  litie..! 
Iial'le  faeliitf  the  line  of  prisoners,  anil  eMen.liii:;  I...1I1  i;i't  mil 
west  far  lievon.I  the  exlreinities  of  that  line.  Lieut.  srli"!if' 1, 
n  thor.iiii;li  sol. tier  im.l  poli-lieil  irenihiiian.  Inn  in;;  fiillill."ni  ■ 
orilers  in  tliii"  plai-iii:x  the  pri-i.nirs,  reniaiiii'il  liesiile  the  liir 
eallip  I'oiiilnan.ler,  who.  siirrounile.l  liy  his  liioiliile.l  sliilf,  f..riiiol 
a  small  eavaleaile  al  the  lieail  of  Ilie  eiiliiniii.  In  tlii.<  |H.sili..ii 
the  tr.u.ps  ami  prisoners  weie  hel.l  ^lalionary  fir  a  l.iiK  lioif. 

pr..l)al.l>    Iw Ilii.e  hiiiir-.   whilst  an  aii\i"iis  eoiifulliilwi: 

seenieil  to  he  111  pri.;<ress  Itetween  ihe  leiulinif  eiiplnrs. 

"  liy  Ihe  leriiis  of  the  snrremler  olliiers  were  prrniiiti'ilinit 
tain  their -i.le  arms, —  ,c.  their  swonls;  but  wlli!^l  the  pritoMe 
were  helil  at  a  hall  in  front  nf  l.yon's  troops,  11  (iiriiiuii'*" 
eanie  ilown  the  line  ilenianilin);  Ihe  swonls  of  nil  otli.pr., anl  . 
elaiininn  tn  »'''  •>)'  "rJiT  "f  <'iipt.  I'.vnn.  W  Inn  he  timilp  tti' 
ilemniiil,  ('"1.  Kiiapp,  of  Ihe  I'irst  lleKinient.  -ilial  uffi.'iT  "W  I 
at  his  si.le  a  valuable  weapon  that  ha. I  been  pre'eiite.l  t.i  bmi 

by  his  I iniaii.l,— liielin;;  reiiionstan.'e  again-l  Us  .•ciAun.'i.M.j 

avail,  ilelerniiiml  to  break   rather  than  surr.iilor  il  iiil"  I'"  | 


TIIK   CIVIL   WAR. 


497 


11(1  fill  niiiri'li- 
iirscii;!!  lriniii>, 
ule  \v,i<  tlioi: 
lid  hi«  ^laffuii 
(Initiis  lifatiiv: 
:  I'dUil  up  til  ail 
oiifo  iiiar  till 
r  soiiic  ri'asdii, 
ii  lirjt'  ornwil 

llfllnt-  lif  tl,. 
0  iiii'ii  ;i[iiii'ari'ii 

■  WcVi'    lliit  nili- 

ardly.  Om  .: 
'iiiii;;  linz/.;i>  ly 
ly  lit  it  willi  lii- 

tl)   rclulrf  it  llv- 

iird,  fi'~tiiiL'  "111 
ost'iit  riiiin  Miiui 
,!l„^v^llby  „!!,u, 

id  iiiiiri'  uvai.liu. 
ii'iM  i*iill  I'lisiiJi"!  It 


011111)1 


;iMMii.|>,  -l* 


Tlll'M'  iinlcr-  liiii 
y,  willi  111"  rr.'iiliif. 
i»!*!*t'!'!'iiili  of  till-  in»iii| 
^•u■ul..)ollllM.!^A 

ilui'l  lll«'llliMlll"'»«' 

ill  till'  nrM'iwI.  I'l'- 
I-  |lli^■llll•^s  liaillwi' 
,  .siiti  ilic  ^'lr^l  Iti: 
ml.  mil  ill  ''"•  ""'■ 

trs  liaap l""iii' 

|«lii.li  (iiinl  iliiliii 
„,ii  till'  riiiiil.  iiii'l  I " 
\\i-  Miriil  liiKiinl-  If 
is.iii.  r«  tirjii  •liiinliii; 
;i  lino  iH'arl.ii  |i:i'''l'' 
,.,.  viiiviiittlr""!'!''* 
Till!  ,„ail  ii'i'lf  «i- 
■  1,  .Irawii  ii|i  i"  I"""' 

liinlins Ii''»'i"»' 

,„.  l.ii'Ut.  Srli"Sf"i 
111,  liiiv  iiii!  fiilti"'""'" 
„„ii„.,l  l.«i.l.'  tilt  1"' 
„„„iiil,iil-tiiff,fi"i""' 
li.iiin.  iMlliiM'"-""* 
ry  fur  i.  lili|!  l!""' 
I,  aiiNiiiiii'  i'iiii»«'l»'i"'' 
ilini;  i'ii|ii"r^ 
>  wrri'  I'l'i 
,lml«li'.M"i>M"'-"""' 
,„„,,.,  „i;vimaii*«: 
,i,|.  „r  all.iiri-cr-..ir"i  | 

Wlii'ii  lie  iimili- 1''' 
1„',,„,  .Uia,  .*■.•'«•"■ 
1„„.„  ,,r.-.ul''l  "■  I"'"  I 
i.gaiii.lU^i'oi'ureiilii' 

,  ,«rr.'ii'lcr  it  i"'" '"  1 


iillfiiiii" 


.       |,         aiiliii'ii  whn,  liv  ivcn  iiiiikin;;  ttm  ilt'iiiiiiiil,  violiiteil 
,  ^,|i  I  lie  BoiMiriliiiKly  liniki'  llio  IiIiuIp  (ivnr  n  fi'in'f-|Hi«t, 

III,,,  I  .nliii);  till'  wi'a|mii.  I'siH'ciallv  viiliii'il  lis  ii  iiieiimiilii, 
friiiii  ii  -'  -1  !"■''  "'  I*  f"!'*'.'''  '"  violiilion  of  the  iii^'iirnin'c  |ir«- 
liouii!  i>i  n  ""•  '"  '"'*"'  ''"•■'■■  'wuiil^  from  'I"'  "IVhits  (if  tlio 
poiiiiiii"  •  f'"*  '"^  iliri'i'lt'il  iillc'iiliiiii  to  wlial  lliu  (iiTinan 
.(Ri'i'i-  "  "  'liiiiiBt  mill  iiiiiiii'iliali'l.v  iiftiT  it  nil  sivmils  tliiil  iil 
most  ii  I  '  >'  "  'alo'ii  ivcri'  ii-m  r<<\  In  tlicir  nwiU'iH  liy  llm  unliTH 
„f  I.liiil.  >■  liiilii'M,  "III)  Inn'  IxM'ii  iiiiiinilv.l  nf  llii'  Iitiiii  nf«iir- 

rciiii.ir  i  ■   ■'io.'i)iii|ii''i" I'l'-r- 

••  In  in,  hiiun  tinn'  Imnli'i  of  iiii'ii,  wmiu  ii,  ami  I'liililicii.  lii-iir- 
in'  iif  111  iimv 'iiiiint  lit'  Lyon'ii  rnmc,  oiiiiii'  llin'kiii);  iit'tur  it 
mil  lilli'i  all  til''  ftveniiuH  of  tlii'  ciiiiiii,  iTowilini;  iiroiiinl  tliv 
nrijiiiiii-.  i"il  tilling  III''  iiaiiDW  ■''I">''''  llmt  .«ii|iiiiat.',l  tlinn 
from  till  iMnipH  (ii'L<ii|iyiiiK  Hi"  Olivi-  Siri'tl  mail.  .\k  nil  ."^t. 
Loiii.i  ni-  iM'ili'il  t"  iiiiiiliH'.i."  tliiit  iliiy,  tliu  niituiiil  romill  of  nu 
lonijnliai'  in  the  iiiiilut  of  a  furimiii  imiltitiulo  simn  slmwcil 
itself.  IniiiiiiMii' "'111  iiisultiiig  leiiiaikH  wiTo  liiirN'il  friiiii  tlio 
,rowil  nitaiii"!  Lyon's  lriiii|i».  Tlu'ir  inililiiry  iiiipraniiii'P  wna 
.ritioisiil  :iii'l  riiliuiilfil.  Still  tlio  fatal  halt  (wliiili  has  iiovor 
Icen  I'.viiliiiiioil)  was  iiiniiitaiiieil.  wliilst  tlio  wilil  oxi'itoinoiit  of 
iho  untliiiil-ini;  ormvil  ami  Itie  iiiiiiiuisity  nf  llio  raw,  iiinlisoi- 
i.liiicil  ti'i"li-  wore  ia|iiilly  iiii-roasiii);." 

(ill.  r,i'kiiaiii  siiy.s  that  ''  Cajit.  C.  niaiiilow.-iki,  of 
(.'iiiiiiiativ  V  (Third  Mi.-i.smiri  Vnhiiiteors),  hud  boon 
nriliTi'il  witli  his  loiniiaiiy  to  i;tiard  tlio  wohtoni  iiiilo- 
wav  liailini:  into  the  ciiiiip.  Thi?  suiroiidorod  linops 
liad  i)as.<iil  mtt  and  wero staiiditij;  |iassivoly  liotwoon  tlio 
iiiilii«iiiL'  lino."  lilt  tho  road,  whoii  a  orowd  of  di.'^tiiiioti- 
i.t.s  tiioaii  hii.slilo  doiiioiistratioiis  ai:aiiist  ('otiipaiiy  V. 
At  fitst  llirso  di'inmisti'atioiis  oiiii.sisiod  only  of  viil^'ar 
,|iiiin'ls  ami  tho  most  almsivo  laii,i?tiai.'«' ;  hut  the 
I'lijwd,  eni'imfasiod  hy  tho  fofboartiiioo  and  tho  .siioiioo 
iif  the  I'Vilorai  .soldiers,  hoj;aii  liiirlini;  rooks,  hrick- 
!ial>.  ami  olhor  niL-^silos  at  tho  faithful  ooliiiiaiiv. 
Nitwitlistaiiilinj;  Kovoral  of  tho  company  woro  wori- 
..ii>iv  hurt  hy  llioso  inissilos,  oaoli  man  roinaino  1  in 
lino,  wliicli  .so  oinholdonod  tho  crowd  that  thoy  dis- 
liiarofd  jiislols  at  tho  soldiors,  at  the  saiiio  titiu'  yoil- 
iiii;  and  iJariiiL'  tho  latter  to  li;_'ht." 

Tliiii  oiiMiod  a  dreadful  sooiio.  'I"hc  tioojis  firod 
with  fiital  oil'oit.  .Many  woro  killed  and  woiindod, 
aiiil  a  fi't'litiL'  of  hitler  hostility  etiixendorod  which 
Ivt'ore  it  I'lii.lii  ho  allayed  desolated  hail'  the  State  of 
MissiHUi  with  lire  and  sword,  and  dolu|iod  it  in  the 
blond  of  its  lust  and  hravest  citizens.' 

'  An  I'vi'  lutiif^.*,  who  ivi'iit  u\or  tlio  oaiiiii  iiiiiiioiliatoly  aftor 
aivii.ra|aari'il,  say-,  after  tlio  tiriiij?  Iio^aii,  iiioii.  wimioii,  iiiul 
(liililrcii  wiTo  lii'lii'lil  riiiiiiiii};  wiM  iiiol  Iraiitioally  frmii  tlio 
wnc.  "  Miiiiy  ivliilo  riiiiiiiiii;  woro  8iii|i|oiily  >tniok  to  tlio 
1,'Tiiuiiil,  uiiil  llio  wiiiiiiiloil  ami  ilyiii);  iiiailo  tlio  liiic  lie:iiilifi|| 
liil'l  liiiik  liko  a 'lattlogroiiiiil.  We  wont  uvor  tlio  nn'mnl  iiii- 
mii|iiiti-ly  afliT  the  oooiirronoo,  anil  a  iiniro  foarfiit  iiiiil  >;liiistly 
Mjlit  isiailiiiiiii  Mill.  .Men  lay  gii.s|iiii>;  in  tlie  iipmy  of  iloath, 
aiiit  stitiaiii);  till'  groei)  ^riifs  with  thoir  bltioil  as  it  tloweil  trniii 
tWr  woainls.  (.'liililron  of  eight  or  ten  yearn  of  ago  wore  |iiilu 
■111  iiiiitiiiiili'iis,  as  if  iisli!e|)  iimlvr  the  trees,  and  wiiinen  erieil 
itiimin  a>  tlicv  laul  upon  tlio  groiiml.  One,  a  girl  of  fuiirloin, 
|irek-nti'il  a  iiHMinifiil  piotiire  iis  she  rooliiioil  against  a  stiiiiip, 


Col.  Peckliam  .says,  "  Not  until  one  of  his  men 
wiw  .shot  dcuil,  several  xevorcly  wounded,  and  liimself 
shot  in  tho  lej;  did  tho  captain  (  Ulandowski)  feel  it 
hiH  duty  to  retaliate,  and  nH  he  fell  ho  comiiinnded 
liis  men  to  fire.  Tho  order  was  obeyeil,  and  tho 
multitude  fell  back,  leaving;  upon  tlie  j;ra.s.soovored 
mound  some  twenty  of  tiioir  number  dead  or  dying. 
Some  fifteen  wero  instantly  killed,  and  .several  others 
died  within  an  hour.  Several  of  Sij^cl's  men  wero 
wounded  and  two  killed  " 

Ainotii;  the  woilndeil  were  Dr.  Koopkc-,  Thomas 
Meek,  .John  J.  \Voij.'art,  Michael  Davy,  Mr.  Chap- 
man. Jerome  Dnwney,  \V.  L.  Carroll,  John  Kieo,  C. 
Wilson,  John  Schorer,  Fred.  D.  Allen,  Mr.  Bradford, 
John  Mattiiows.  Niiiiibers  of  the  wounded  were  not 
offuially  reported,  ('apt.  liyon,  in  his  own  report  of 
tho  disturbance,  says, — 

'•  Tho  lir-t  tiring  was  .^uino  lialf'i|ii/.en  shuts  iioftr  tho  homl  nf 
the  culitiiin,  eoiiipusoit  nf  tho  first  Ko^inioiit,  wliioli  was  guaril- 
ing  the  prisniiers.  Il  iioourroil  in  this  wi-o:  Tlio  urtillory  wero 
statioiioil  upon  the  hlutf  iinitheii.-t  nf  t'liiiip  .Iiu-ksnii,  with  their 
pieoes  lioiiring  on  the  oiinip.  The  iiioii  nf  this  eiiiiiiiiami  woro 
iiinst  iiisnliinfily  troaloil  hy  tho  inni)  with  tho  I'milost  ipilliets, 
wore  pii.-lioil.  -tniek,  iiml  poltoil  with  siniics  ami  ilirt.  All  this 
wa-  paliontly  hnrne  iiiilil  nne  nf  (ho  ninb  ili-ohiirgeil  ii  revolver 
at  tho  men,  .At  tlii-  thoy  tiroil,  hut  nut  iiinre  than  six  shots, 
vvl.u'li  wero  -iillioiont  tn  ili-poi'-o  that  purtinn  ai  the  iiinh,  Nniio 
nf  the  I'irsI  Kegiiiioiit  (C'nI.  Illair'-l  liioil,  althniigh  iniitinually 
ami  shaiiiel'iilly  aliuseil  hy  linth  prisonem  ninl  the  mob.  Tho 
seonn.l  anil  iiinst  ilcstrintive  tiring  was  frmii  Iho  rear  of  tho 
onliiinn  giiai'iling  tho  prisonurs.  The  ninb  iit  the  point  intervon- 
iiii:  between  Ciitiip  .liieksun  anil  the  rear  of  tho  eoliiiun,  anil  in 
taet  nn  all  siiles,  were  very  iibutiive:  iiml  one  of  them,  on  being 

lior  tiii'o  inlil  ami  nliite  finiii  tlio -inliliii  Iniieh  nf  ileath.  \V« 
oniintcl  liltoiii  iloiiil  porsniis,  aiitl  half  as  many  wniimloil  lying 
iirniiml.  Till:  ..Illy  hn.lies  roi'ogni/eil  last  night  wore  ihn.-e  nf 
Walter  .Molinwoll,  living  mi  Klizalietli  Street,  killoil  by  a  -hoL 
in  the  teiiiplo:  1-jinily  .<oninieis,  a  girl  of  fmirtit'ti,  wlin.-e  pa- 
roiit,s  live  on  Carr  ami  .""oi  entoontli  .stnit-;  Thomas  A.  Ilareii, 
ri'siilemr  nn  .i^ixth  Street  above  O'Fallnii ;  ami  .Niiholas  Kiinh- 
liii-li.  an  artilleryman.  .\  son  of  (japt.  .\nilrow  loenhnwor  was 
killoil  by  a  giinslint  in  the  eliesi,  A  man  naineil  I'arl,  ii  Mrs. 
Mi't'aiilitV.  ami  u  nieehaiiie  at  the  I'milio  .MaehineShop,  t'hris- 
tiaii  Dean,  wore  roengni/oil  aftor  being  taken  In  llieileinl  house. 
"The  wniiiiili'il  whn  woro  unable  to  be  miiveil  wero  suitably 
oaroil  fnr  nil  the  grniiinls.  .Mr.  t'laibnruo  Wilenn  was  wnitntleil 
ill  the  thigh,  the  hall  entering  tlirongh  bis  onat  pookoi,  ami 
fnroing  a  liamlkori'hief  willi  it  into  his  b.  ^.  l)r.  Ivnepke.  liv- 
ing at  Ivleieiith  ami  .Mailiion  Streets,  was  wonnileil  in  llio  ^ille. 
Triiotnaii  Wright  reeoiviil  two  balls  in  tlio  hip.  Frank  Hal 
leu,  living  nn  Spriue  Street,  between  Sixth  anil  Se\eiitli.  was 
woiimleil  in  the  leg.  Lleiiis  Koliher  injiireit  in  the miiiio  manner. 
These  were  all  the  names  that  eniilil  bo  learneil  at  the  time, 
owing  to  llio  romoval  of  tho  injureil  by  theii  frieiuls.  Tho 
nioHt  of  thu  people  cxposeit  to  the  lire  of  the  siililiern  were  eiti- 
lens,  wilh  their  wives  ami  ohililron,  who  wero  merely  spectators 
ami  took  no  part  in  the  (lemnnstratioii  whatever.  As  night 
closotl  in  ami  liiil  the  ghastly  horrors  of  tho  scene,  a  (ierinan 
regiment  took  posiiessinn  nf  tho  blonil.-lainoil  eamp  ami  tho 
tents  of  the  State  sobliers." 


••    ill 


i; 


'^1 


r  » 


4tf8 


IIISTdllV    OF   SAINT    l.oriH. 


:|  -33  ^ 


ii\|i<iiitiilnle>l  Willi,  Im'i'hiiii'  lorv  liiHIitfi'riMil.  iIiiw  lii>  roMilviT 
mill  tirt'il  III  l.ii'iil.  SiiMnii.  'rii»  iiiiiii  nlin  iiiniiiii'iii'i'l  tlir 
lliJMt',  |iri|mriiliii  V  t"  u  I'Miilli  «linl,  liil'l  lii«  |pi-|iil  iu'r"i'K  lii< 
nnii,  mill  wii-  tiikiiiK  <l<'lil>i'i*itli'  iiiiii  at  Liriil.  Siixlon,  wlii-ii  lit* 
wiiH  llini>l  lliP'ii^'li  »itli  a  lia.V'ini'l,  aii'l  Hri'il  ii|m>ii  at  llw  ^'aiiii' 
liiiH',  lii'iii),'  killuil  in-iiiiiily. 

•'  Mt'i't!,  tlii Iiiinit   ol'  lriMi|ii4   tiiiviii^   iTci'i\  i-il   (lit*  i)r<l«r  ti» 

iiiaruli,  l.iiMit.  Suxli>M>  eiiiiiiiiitiiil  |iaiH<'il  nii,  imil  n  o<>iii|miii,v  in 
liin  rear  la'i'iiiiii'  tlu!  uIiJitI  iif  ii  riiriiiiii'  iilliii'k  triiiii  iUv  iiinli. 
Allcr  ni'veral  ul'  Ilium  nerr  iilint  llii'V  I'liiiii'  In  a  hall  iiml  llruU 
with  fatal  I'lTcrl.  Tlii>  iii"li  ill  letrciilieiK  I'nim  bnlli  niile?  iif  llio 
Mill'  ri'luriivil  llic  llri',  anil  tliu  lniii|>»  roplii'il  ii;(iiiii. 

"  Till' >ii<l  ri'iiillii  urn  iiiucli  In  liu  liiiiiiniti'il,  'I'hi' killiiiK  ul' 
iiiiiiM'i'ht  iiii'ii,  wniiii'ii,  mill  >  liililii'ii  i^  ileploi'iililt'.  'I'Iiiti'  ivha 
no  inli'iiliiili  I"  lin-  ii|i"ii  inaci'nlili'  cili/i'im.  Tim  riK'ilai 
triiii|if(  wore  ii\  cr  in  tliu  i'iitii|i,  Iii'^uipI  tint  iii>>h,  ami  in  ritiiiri* 
iif  till)  liriiii;.  'I'Ik*  tri)<i|i.'4  iiiMiiil'i-.xli'il  every  I'lirlieantiit'e,  iiiiil 
■t  'iinl  ili«eliarKe(l  tlie.r  gww*,  «liii|ily  Mlieyiiin  i'"'  imi'iil-''. 
Iialiiral  In  u»  all,  nl*  m-II'  'lel'i'ii-e. 

"  If  inii'itM'rit  irii'ii.  WMiiKMi,  anil  nhililnii.  «li'in'  euriiiKily 
|ilarei|   tliiMi  ill  a  ilaii);<'r<Mi!<  |iii.«iliiiii.  Milleri"!  »illi   lliii  ({iiilly, 

it    i>   nil  fallll   of    till)  IKinp^." 

(it'll.  Fiii.slM  narrative  nf  Ilic  uccurri'iK'e  is  as  fol- 
lows : 

"SinliK'Ulv,  aii'l   nitli..iil  wariiiiiK.   ""im'  ulinl-  "I    intiiikelry 

were  ilelivi  red  at  the  heail  uf  ll liuiiin  nf  |iriMiiier»  "f   l.'"l. 

Klia|i|i'ii  reniiiieiit.  Inil.ine.l  bIiiiukI  iiiwiie.lialily  Iry  inlley  after 
volley,  e.\ttMii|iii|{  ill  retfiihir  mn:.  '".'iiii  i|"»ii  llie  line  nf  l.ynnV 

tri>ii|i-  froiu  ea-l  In  west,  until   aiipn.        '         '    ''   lejji nl   liinl 

tllil-  'lireil  liy  enlii|ialiy.'  'I'liu  l.„.i.arllj  „.  I  |>  eiKliill  nf  tlie 
Drill;;  iii'liialvil  lieynml  i|iie-tinii  lliiil  it  nufilniie       nrile'    vaeli 

C'll|ilaill   re|il'a(ill|{   llle  enllllliainl  nl    llin  |irei|eee-!'nr. 

"Ill  an  ntfii-ial  ntaleiiienl  nf  tlii*  alfair,  Kiitlinri/.eil  l>y  \. 
I.ynn  ( I'ei'kliaiii.  pii^'i'  I'll.  «ill  ''«'  l"Uiel  llie-e  wniiln  :  '  Alter 
tevenil  nf  tliriii  were  .>liiii  they  eaiiie  In  a  hall  ami  lireil  wilh 
fatal  elTeel.     The  iiiiili  111  ictiealiii;;  Irinii  bnlh  -iile"  nf  llie  lines 

reliirneil  the  tire,  ami  the  lrnii|ii  re|.lieil  a){aiii.      The  c inainl 

mil'  then  ){i\en  hy  lien.  Lynn  tn  cease  liriii;;.  ami  the  nriler  wai 
prnlll|illy  nlieyeil,' ele.    .    .    .    A"  llie  liellllii'il  I  inmiliaml  In  '  eea-e 

tiring'  wan  mi  |irntii|iilv  nheyi'l,  llie  imler  In  •em uin-e  liiiii);' 

lUliy  very  |iro|ieil\    he  a-sniiieil  tn  lliive  |ireeuile<l  it. 

"  Itiit  attain  in  llie  |ia|ier  alinve  rel.Mreil  In  will  he  Iniiiiil 
tllPSe  wnnl'.  ■  There  wan  nn  inlelilinn  In  lire  ll|»i|i  |ie»eealil« 
citi/.en!i.'  I'lie  inlenlinii  In  lire  ii|inn  the  |iriMiiiers  nf  war  i> 
tlicrefnre  In  he  iiifi  rre.l  fmiii  <'a|il.  I.ynn'snwii  Mlalemeiil.  (Vr 
taiiilv  he  ilnca  mil  ihiiy  the  iiileiitimi  iinr  it<  eveeiilinii. 

"The  iiliKei  \atiniis  nf  llie  eiiiiimaiiiler  ttt'  the  •■iiiii|i  lei  I  him  tn 
helieve   ai   tliu  time,  .iml   he  still   heliev  e.",  that   tlio  timi^;  wa» 

■  tn|i|iei|  hy    l.iellt.  ,<ellnlio|i|,  W  lin.  Iieill;:  re|irnai'heil   fur  llllnwillt; 

unarnieil  iiriMineri"  nf  w,ir  In  he  iiiiinlere.l.  ){alln|nil  rapiilly  in 
the  ilireetimi  nf  the  firing,  wlm-h  eeaMHl  niily  nlieii  In-  leaiheil 
llle  seene  nf  it. 

"The  ruputeil  Hinfl  nf  ('iiiii|i  ,laek-<iii  hiiiiiii;  miw  been 
nvciiKn'l  in  'be  blnml  nf  liftui'n  eiti».ens  ami  iirisniiers  ileail  ii|inii 
the  ifrnuiiil,  iiii'linliiiK  a  hahe  in  ils  iiinlher'ii  arms,  ami  (itt  tho 
umial  ei,m|iiilMlinii  nf  live  In  iiiiej  at  luiisl  jevtiily-live  iiinre 
wiiiiiiilvil,  iinin.N  nf  »liiitii  alterwanl  illcil.  tliii  rxtrannlinnry 
halt  helnre  rclerrel  tn  was  ipiiekly  hrnken  ami  the  |irisnners 
were  ra|iiilly  iiianheil  helweiii  Iwn  re),'iiiieiit>  tn  llieir  |irisnii  in 
the  iiiseiial,  where  they  an  iveil   at   iliisk.     The   rank   aiiii   tile 

Weri)  .ill  limlilleil  Inuelller  ill  a  -ill;.'le  empty  slnrelniilll,  ea|ialile 

only  if  linlilinK  llieiii  when  stainlin;;  clnse  tii|;i<ther,  ami  exit 
frnm  whieli  fm  any  |pur|inse  whatever  wan  jireieiiteil  hy  iirmeil 
guarils.  \  niiiM'iiieiit  wa«  iiiiiii^iiiateil  hy  I.ynn,  us  snniiasthe 
iirisiinera  wore  nafely  seeuieil,  lunkinj;  tuwunls  ((etling  lia|i|iily 


rill  nf  i'ii|itivi's  whom  he  Innl   nn   law,  ei\  11  nr  mililai      i  .  | 
IIS  iiieh. 

'*  Tn  llial  einl  a  |>rii)M>-iliiin  was  muile  that   tlie\  .  t   ■ 

their  par  I  lie  lint  tn  hear  arms  iiiiii  ii"!  tin-  I'liiteil  Stai<       >:  i 
that  lie  releaseil.      In   reply  tn  tliiii  it  was  iis-ertei|   t      i  '     . 
^iieli  pariile  wniihl  leave  the  inlertMiee  that  there  vv:i        :,., 
lilii'ulinii  liir  their  eiiptiire.  ami  it  wa»  at  niiiie  rofiisi'i  tnii,,,, 

"They  were  iieennlinKly  rluiilly  ennlineil  to  tlieii  | „  ,,. 

kept  stiuiiliiijf  iill  ni>;lit  <  liei'Uiiiie  there  was  nnt  ronin  i  ti  i  *> 
even  if  the  tilth  wlileli  envereil  the  llnnr  bail  pi  mi||,.|  . 
Thus  were  the  rank  anil  llle  nf  the  prisniiem  buhl  fm  unnti  , 
hniirs  iilninsl,  witbniit  fiiml  nr  water  nr  UgUt,  in  nrilii  i..  ,„,. 
eniiie  their  nlislinate  iletemiiiialinii  tn  refuse  tn  ho  pin.iti-il,-.,,. 
tn  prniiiise  lint  tn  serve  against  a  ;;nveriiiiient  wlinti  tl„.;  i,| 
alri-inly  swnrii  to  support. 

"  Ai  the  eiii|  nf  that  time  the  per-iiasivu  elnijiii  n,,- ,,r  }|,, . 
prisnii.hniise  hail  leninveil  all  hesit.iiiey  a«  tn  the  iii:iuni>r,.t  a,i 
tin|{niil  nt  it,  wliieh  to  must  nl  them  bail  heeniiie  n  Mmii,,  . 
life  nr  ileal h.  anil  "n  nn  the  eveiiini<  nf  the  I  Itli  tin*  |i;ir"!i'  n,. 
;;ivii|i  ami  tliey  were  i|iseliiirt;ei|. 

"The  eniiniii^siniieil  ntlii-ers,  thankti  tn  fa  pis.  Tniii-n,  .s.nr  >i 
."Sweeny,  Srhnlielil.  anil   ntliers  nf   the   regular-.  iv,t»  a<  in 

Ireiiteil  as  tl iri'iimstiim-e-  nf  their  euptom  periiiiltptj.    jtirr 

sliiueil  with  tlieiii  their  ronins,  their  prnv  iHimis,  anil  ihr,,  |„..j. 
IK  fur  as  they  wniilil  gn,  nml  hit  for  the  nrineil  seiitliii  1>  iittli, 
ilnom  they  might  baye  faneieil  tbeinsvlves,  alllnnigh  riiiliirna. 
nierniis,  still  Imnnreil  ijiiests."  ' 

I  \n  event  nt  this  exeiting  anil  ileplnrahle  ehanii'tcrnlniii 
leinls  tn  niiieli  eiiiifii-inn  ni  staleinents.  In  the  e;iiie  nf  ( .mii, 
.liieksnn  there  was  a  enrniier's  iiii|iies|,  uml  a  gnml  niiiin  --:irl< 

itlsn  euilie  lint   finlll  eye  witnesses,       llelow    we    ifiveil  MlTiilliir\ 

nf  -iielinf  these  thill;:!!  as  seem  wnrtliy  tn  he  preservfl.  Htitl 
eniisiilui,.  part  nf  the  "  reoiiril  "  whieli  the  tiitiire  lii^t.irun 
will  iiei'il  in  nnler  In  fnrm  his  nwii  ji|il;;ineiil. 

Tn/i/.    HVst's    //.■/..,,(  I  .l/i'.«.ni.-/   It./luUI,,,!,,  .\lliy  I'ltii  , 

"  Mil.  rvsrlt  \t  i,,--Iii  eiiinplianee  with  my  iinti'  nf  tliism  t 
iiig,  I  herewith  siilimit  a  slatement,  iipnii  linimr.  nf  nlut  i:l 
iii'tmilly  neeiir  nn  the  right  nf  the  eumniuml.  vvlieri*  tlii'  ttr't 
tiring  Innk  phieu,  in  answer  tn  tbeatatemcnl  fiiriii>lii'il  t<i  >i{t. 
I.ynii,  as  piihlishcil  in  the  />•  iiimrdl  nf  Ibu  llitli  iiist. 

"  We  hail  been  niureheil  nut  nf  camp  ut  the  lieuil  "1  tl>i>fir>l 
lleginienl,  mill  were  halteil  nn  Olive  ."Street,  with  a  hill  "|i|iiitii( 
the  eentre  nf  niiV  enmpany,  nn  tile  mirth  shle  nl  Olivf.  mill  im- 
meiliati-ly  nppnsite  tn  a  briuk  ilwelling  with  :i  veniiiiU  i:i 
frniit,  ami  ilistaiieeil  tvvn  hiiiiilreil  ami  lifty  y:ir>l-  timii  ilicUi- 
iiiiiiu' nf  the  Dlive  ."'treet  llailrnail.  On  the  hill  iilmn' imn- 
tiniieil  wa^  |iii^teil  u  hisiy  of  men  wilh  innski-ls,  tlieir  r:irik* 
four  ileep,  and  eiiiiimuinleil  hy  a  (lerinan,  wlin  was  iiiMre^H<Ui 
imijnr.  The  artillery  were  ^tatimieil  in  the  irnr  ul  tins '"sli 
in  a  mure  eleviiteil  pnsitinii.  The  lirst  tiring  t  njk  pfii-e  ut  tbil 
hill,  ami  lint  aiiinng  the  artillery,  as  stuteil  in  t'apl.  I.ymi 
repnrt  tn  the  /)•  unit  i  nl. 

"  Tbe  we.st  I'mnt  of  thia  hill  was  ;iruile.|  to  ihe  luvi'l  if  ifcc 
street,  ami  on  the  level  spoen  in  frniil  nf  it  vv;i«  iiniit-rp^iiti'il  > 
nninlier  nf  men,  wniiien,  ami  ehihirvn,  wlm,  tngethir  iviili  liit 
ernwil  III  the  rear  nf  till-  enliiiiin  nf  trniips,  were  lii;i|iiiii! ujsiii 
them  a  gieat  aniniiiit  nf  wnrily  iiisnll,  hut  iml  :i  •Iml  wis  liivi. 

"  The  ntlii'er  ill  riimiiiaml  .swnre  that  if  they  i|i<l  iiil  "Hip  k* 
wnnlil  make  tliem,  and  the  ernwil  answered  hv   i  linHl,  aii'l  I'' 

nnleri'd  his  n  In  ehaige   baynnets  and  ohur  iliu  fruiiii'li  I* 

leading. 

"  Hi-  nrder  was  nlieyed.  and  wliil-t  llieiTnvvil.l  nn'ii,  wmoin. 
and  eliildren  were  lleeiin.'  helnre  the  liayniiel*  llieyfiml  ii|i"» 
them,  mil  six,  but  at  least  twenty  nr  thirty  shuts. 


Till';   CIVIL    WAR. 


»!ta 


iiitii 


lll'X 

Sliili 

ri  1  i;;    ' 

■li'il  1 

,  .,,..,. 

•»•  » 11 

itlll<    |U( 

riifu-' 

1"  1 1l.ll 

tlii'ii 

1   '  !•'  Il.ll 

room  ' 

■II    1," 

1,1  1.. 

'    111.'. 

M    I'M 

'\*clil. 

ill  XI' 

I"l  1.  ... 

1  l)e|" 

■  .'il-l, 

1    «|U' 

1,  tl... 

i'l'M|H'  I"  I'  "f  thiir 
llic  IniiilliT"!  I'l- 
M''-"lli''  a  tlintl'T  "f 
Itli  ll'"  I'ar'.l'H.. 

ilH.  'r"ili'ii,>.i»i'r.. 
ilnr.-.  "'-re  «'  »'.' 
I  |ii'iiiiitli"l.  lii-y 
111?',  uh'l  'tiPir  lif  1-, 
tipti  !<fiititi''U  idUu' 
iilll nil  riiilMri.a- 


ill'  i'li:iiii''i<'r;il«ii' 
II   I  III'  i;;i<i-  "II  amp 

I  II  ^ I  iiiiini  'irli 

wi'   li'we  II  MiiiiiiiirT 
l)C  |iri"<pni»l.  aiill 

till-   lul'IH'    ll"!    

|lll. 

11,  .Mil V  I  'll' 

null-  .illliisu'  -t: 
iiiii'ir.  iif  v^ll:ll  '  '■ 
i,l,  wliiTi'  till-  ii'-i 

liirni-lii''lt"iili 
K'.lli  iiirt. 

,.  lii.|i(l"l  llii'tir-l 
» illi  11  liiU  "(ll'""" 
I  ..I  Olive  nii'lim- 

,»il|,  1  lIT'llI:!  'I' 
4   ,1,1.  t|..lll  li.l'Wi- 

,,.  hill  111"'*''  ""■"■ 

Hski'l!'.  llii'ii'  '■'"'" 

ttliM  wii-ii'llrwl" 

I  ,.iir  111  llii»  '""'! 

„);t,«k  |il.l'i- .lU'-ii' 

i.'.l   ill  I'll)''-  I.*     ' 


,„  t|„.  Icvi'l  "II" 

I    «;ia  i"'iiirci:«H'l  » 

,.,.  LiHrthii  «'ii''« 

„i.|i-  liiii|.i"< iii"'" 


,,,,1     ;|     .ll.ll    \IV 


(vA. 


,|„.V  ili'l  ii"t 'I't  I" 

,..|  liy  .1   ll"»li  '"'•'  " 

^U-n  till-'  iir'Hiii'l' l'« 

,i„nil "I  ii'i'n.  "">""■ 
„„„„  ,|i.'.v  fti'-'l  "V""  ! 

I  V   -ll"'"- 


'I'll'   >t  III' killi'd  mill  wiiiimlcil  wiih  l:iri.'<>,  iiicluiliii};  inn  tVniii  tin'  I'll'i'd  nf  ilii'ir  ivininil'i):    l'liili|>  Li'isti'r, 

tliri',     '  ilii' ilisariiicd  prismiur.i.     In  udilitiiin  In  tlic  John  Swrikhiinlt,  ('a.>>|M'i'  II.  (ilciinii',  Williiiiii  Kiscii- 

1,1,111, -'!   ilic  woiiiiiii'il  jiivi'M  iiImivi' tiiiTc  wi'ii' killril  liiii'ilt,  I'.    I>iiiiin',  lli'iiry  .liiii'.:li',   WaltiT   Mi|)iiwrll, 

llic  I'l   mIii^  I  siiIIIO  1)1'  lliriii   ilyiii;.;  mil    iliilllciliilli'l}',  .NicllMlii.'*     Klinliliick,    Janili    Carlcr,     Klllliia    SiiliicrM, 


'>|  111,1  ,  li.iii'lv  ri'icil  III  liliii  til  "liip  lil'<  iiii'ii  I'rniii  kiliiiit; 
th'fi'ii'i ''  -  i»*  11  II"''  iiiiiiii'Hi  Hiiil  >i'l')i''l  tliiit  III*  viii"  iii'itttur  III) 
"flit'i't  1"  I  *i'l'lii'r  III  liiivi'  ^ivi'ii  "iii'li  11  iMiiiiiiiiiiiil.  Ill'  ur 
iji'ir'l  I  '"'II  '"!''''  '"  ''"'  loo'^i''  !">''  Iiiriiiiii.'  t'>  nil',  ili'iiii'il 
hiiiiiiK  .1""  llii'  unlrr  111  liro.  I  ii'|iliiMl  Ihiil  llii'  "fli'i-  tu 
''linr;,'i'  "  I-  "|iiiill.i  iriiiilniil.  I  tlii'ii  Imikril  iiji  iiinl  il'uvii  tin' 
Iilll' ill  III!  ll  "I"' "'"'"i"'! '"""'"""''"'  *'"""  '  kiii'"iiiiiJ  |i<'r- 
I'l'iviiii!  I'lijil.  .Iiiliii  S.  CiiM'ii'liir.  rri|iii'-li'il  liiiii  tn  ii|i|irimi'h. 
lloi'Uiiu' iiiiliiii  llii'  Iilll'*.  wlii'ii  I  liil'l  liiiii  llml  if  III- ii'Kiu-si'il 
tnv  t'i'i'liii:-"  I'l'  liiiiiiiiiiil.v  111  rr|iiirl  llial  nllii'iT,  iiinl  liini'  liii 
lui'M  arri-ii'il  liir  lliliitf  U|iiiii  ii  ri'ln'iiiiii>»  iriiwil.  Ili'  ii'|ili<'d 
llml  hi'  ifiil'l  ulli'iiil  III  il.  mill  "turlril  in  -I'lii'li  ul'  rii|i|.  Lvmi, 
ri'liiniilii;  III  n  l>'>i'  niiiniinln  nitli  liiiii. 

I' Vii  iii-jK'i'lii'ii  iiC  iiniiii  will  at  ihkm-  uiiIii  ril,  iiinl  iiliiUi  it 
wi- liilNinK  I'liii'ii  l'>i|>l.  li.Viill.  Ilniliii);  llml  tlii-v  llml  tlri'il  nilh- 
mil  I'liU'r-.  I  "intiiiin'li'il  lliu  iiflU'ur  In  iniii'rii  liii  men  hIV  llio 
miiinl- "III  ii'l'iii'l  liiinneiriinil  lliciii  iimlur  iiiri'Hl. 

1'  I  iviiiil'l  ii'lil  tliiit  wlii'M  lliuir  iiiitiiiniiiiiliT  lirml  mi  tlir  ''rimil, 
till'  i'11'iirl  I'll  I'litili  ^i'lo  lit'  iiiv  iiiL'ii  ritckuil  llii'ir  )>it>ri'.i  iitnl 
l.r"ii;'lil  iln'iii  I"  lii'iti  ii|i<iii  ii>,iiii'l  iiiilv  I'liiiii'liiii -liiiiilili'r  ivlirn 
i  .inli'ii"!  lliriii  I"  lliriin  up  ihi'ir  iiiii-ki'tK,  lul'liiii;,  '  ^  nn  in- 
t.iiii'iii-  ''''I'liti'lri'li'.  'I"  .villi    iiili'ii'l  III   lilt'   11)11111   iiiiiirini'il  pri.^- 

nlllTl'*' 

"  (iiiiiiiii:   \V.  \Vi;'<T. 

"r,./,Mi',i  c„.  11,  A'.iw  /.v./i, I  M.  r.  .)/. 

"!'.  S.-lii  U'Mili I  »ill  ii'I'l  llml  i  liiivi'  llii'  ><niiiii  >liili'- 

miiit  "I  iwi'iil.v  livi'  iiii'iilH'roiil  my  C"iii|i«iiy  t"  llic  I'urri'i'liiim 
.f  ilii'iioi'DUiil  »lii''li  I  Imvo  K'ivi'ii  111'  tlii>  iilViiir." 


('.|/i(.  .V'.i.r(..ir«  Shlhunint. 

••  .'^T.  I.iii  |»,  .Miiy  1  I,  I'll'il. 

'  in  i'"ii-ii''(iii'ii' t'.iiimr  ili'liiy  ill  lliii  inmrli  of  tin-  I'liliimn  ol' 

uliicii  lliu  Ijalliiliiin  nf  ruKulin    Biililii'ri   iiihIlt   my   i iiiiiinil 

f>rti,i"l  II  iiail.  my  t''iin|iiiiiy  Wiih  Inilteil  I'nr  ii  I'li'irt  timi'  iii'iir 
llic'cfiie  ill' till'  Miiii'ily  iiciir  t'iiiii|i  .lui'k'iin.  \l  tlial  jmint 
[,cr>"n*  ill  itiv  I'riiH'l  Iiuimiiiiu  vitv  iiiiiittiiii;iiii'l  iiljii.'ivc  tiiwiinls 
till' ■iii'liiT'.  iiiiiirr  my  ciimmninl  iiiiil  iiiyclt'.  tlirriiti'iiiii^  lo  kill 
la'-.  anil  <iilv-i''iiieiitly,  ii.-i  I  iim  '•ri''lilily  iiit'oiiin-'l,  .'«iiiil>  ivcru 
liwl  Ell  iiiycir,  wliii'li,  lorliimilrly,  iliii  niit  liiki'  I'lVrct.  Ono 
•ll  ll  iiwi'il  tliriiiixli  .•^I'lul.  Iluiliniii'."  i>ii|i.  Tlio  n'Kiiiar  "nliliiTH 
'li'l'taye'l  gri'iil  i'iiiiIiii.^k,  tuiil  iliil  nut  liro  iijion  Llm  inuli:  tlio 
uiiK  injury  inllioleil  liy  lliem  wiii  ti)  striki)  Jiiwii  willi  lln- 
i'4V"iii.'t  11  iiiiiii  wliii  nan  titkiii);  ilelilinriitc  aim  vvitli  ii  piitni  iit 
i:i|ii.  I  iltcii  iir  iiiyKull'.  I  wuH  miii'iliini,'  my  cnmpiiny  niitviinl, 
aiil  llir  linn.'  wii>  iiiinimuni'i'il  imiiiiiruiti'ly  uriirnanli  liy  tin- 
iiiUiT  ri'i;iint'iil  iiiinii.'iliiitrly  in  my  ii'ur. 

.'«i,;iii"l  I  "  I!.  S  \  \r.i\, 

■•  (•I,, I.  r.s. A." 

MivT  II  |Miiliai.'ti'<l  11 11' I  lliiii'iiii^li  .'^iftiiii;  lit'  tliu  nliiilt'  ('\  iilriiiiu 
I  |<r('»riiti''l  lit  tlu'  iiii|Ut'it,  tliu  l*iilliiwin;{  vvriUirt  wiu  ri'iiili>ro(l : 
I '  Fhiit  till!  -I'MTiil  viiitimd  III'  llir  iivi'iit,'*  wliii'li  Imik  pliu'O  at 
I  Ciiii|i.l:io!<iiiin  nil  llii>  Intli  nf  Miiy  I'Kini'  tu  tlmir  ili'iilli  fruiii 
l|iiii-li.it  miiiii.la  inlliulcil  liy  nui'iki'l  Imll-i  iliioliiii'^i'il  liy  i'it- 
I  Uiii  liiitv'l  ."^iiili-.  viiliinti'i'r.i,  nii'U'i*  tlui  I'liiiimiiiiil  uf  lien.  N. 
I  l..i'iii.  iiii'l  I'll!.-.  K.  I'.  Illiiir,  II.  Il'ii'rn^li'in,  ini'l  "IIilth.  " 

Till' vorli'l  in  llii'  I'li.ii'  of  .NiilniliiH  Kimlilii'li,  an  artillL'iy. 
I  nun.  t'liinil  ili'itil  in  n  it'iit,  wii.'i  Ih.ii  liin  ilratii  was  t'liiiT'l  liy 
I  frioiurc  111  llip  -kiill  ami  lin'cratinn  nf  I  In'  liiiiin.  i-aii-i-il  liy  Koiini 
||'>'iii»  iilikli'inii  I'l  llii' jury  ;   aii.l  in  llii'.'a f  I'liilip  l.i,-lur. 


tlial  III' I'Hiiie  III  liitt  ili'iilli   by  n  piil'il  .•Iml   thronu'li  llic  lirvaat, 
iiillii'li'il  liy  Miiiii'  unknown  I  iiion  llniiii'  lliianl. 

.Miidiiiiiir  ../■  />, .  ./../ill. (1.11. 

"Sr.  I s.  .May  I  I.  IStll. 

"  Kiiirnii  /i'./.ii/./..iiii,  ll  i,i  wiih  reisrrl  iiinl  "iirriitt  that  [ 
ri'fiT  111  lliii  Mi'i'iic  of  iin|irii\iiki"l  mni'li'r  ami  i-IiiiikIiIi'i  "f  nn- 
olVi'ii'lih);  iiiti'.rni  of  la-t  Kriilny  aflirn'mii.  I  li'l'l  my  ii'.'i'lini'O 
on  I'ini'  ."■tri'i't.  in-iir  'I'liirti-i'iilli.  t"  I'oiiii'  ilnivii  tnvvn  to  my  nlVu'c, 
liiit  on  reii'liiiiit  THiUtli  .-^Iiim'I,  my  nttinlion  «a.«  iliinli'il  to 
lilivr  .'^lii'iit.  Willie  I  Miw  n  I'oliimn  of  lolilii'ri  )!"''it!  wi'fl,  out 
OliM'.  I  immi'iliiili'ly  jnini'il  IImk  iiiliiiiin  of  -iililiiTii,  for  llin 
|iiir)iiii4i'  of  a.iiviiainin;;  what  was  ;roiii^  on,  wlirii  I  wai  in- 
fiirnn'il  by  ynnin  ^riillriinin  llml  tlii'  troops  from  tlio  ariii-Miil 
wiri'  on  llioir  way  to  laki'  (^aiiip  Jiii'k'iin.  I  lullowcil  tliia 
onliiiiiii  of  "iMI' !•,  mill  ii'ithiii;;  iiouurrcil  til  allrai't  my  allt'iilinu 
iinlil  HI-  col  lip  til  'I'winliitli  .'-'tri'i't,  when  a  sunn  nasulnick  up 
liy  Konie  "oliliir-  in  lirrman  i  for  to  nm  tln-y  all  moimiu'iI  lo  lie 
OiTiininm.  Wlioii  I  aikc'l  what  wa- llip  iniainiiiK 'if  llii",  I  wan 
nn-wi'ri>i|  thai  il  wim  ii  liorinnn  war-minK,  for  it  wiii  not  in  my 

laii)!iiHKi''     When  tin Ininn  lurin'il  at  tlio  i-iige  nf  iho  urovo, 

or  rii;lil  nppoiito  to  .Mr.  C'llinian's  Iiouhi',  part  of  tli Iiinin 

with  a  lialloiy  wii"  tUoil  oil'  inimo'liatily  to  Ilio  norlhoast,  with 
tlio  loft  ro.stini;  I'll  ruli'imiirs  lioiino.  Mnrini;  tho  wlioti'  nflhiii 
tiiiio  1  iliil  nut  hoar  lino  wni'l  friiiii  liny '-('fi'cf'ii  whi.'li  wa^  rali-ula- 
ti'il  tootTi'inl  I  ho  oar  of  any  i  ill  o.  I  now  imini'ilialoly  tiiriioil  norllt, 
aii'l  wlnii  I  arrivoil  mi  lop  of  llio  hill,  alinit  mio  hninlro'l  yanli 
frmii  H  horo  llio  liatlory  wa'i  phinkoil,  Iho  first  iIiiiil;  thai  al- 
Irailoil  my  allonlioii  mar  lliu  liuttiry  was  a  (iornian  "ililior 
hoatini;  a  yoitni;  man  with  lliu  sworil.  anil  on  iisi'i-rliiinin^  llio 
oaiiso,  I  fiiiiii'l  that  lio  iliil  not  iiinvo  lim  Imrso  ami  lMi;;:;y  .si,.,n 
onniiffh  111  sail  this  hriito  of  a  Hiiliiior.  1  now  lonkoil  lo  tlio  wust, 
'iii'l  s;i\\  ti  I'.ilitmn  .if  sol'liur.1  tiliii;;  into  (Mi\  o  Stroi-t  from  liriiii'l 
.\\  oniio.  This  o'llumn  inari'lio'l  iipiilivo  until  it  mot  tin*  I'oliimii 
alroaily  slatlonoil  on  <  ilivo.  I  tlion  loll  thu  top  of  tlio  hill  north 
of  illiio,  ninl  V.01II  iioiii  liniml  Avonne,  ami  jniiioil  the  onliimii 
in  tho  rear  of  i  i|i\  o,  ami  ivalkcil  I.eliinil  tlii^  I'liliiiiin  tu  tho  oiist- 
waril,  iicoiiiiiiiiiully  eonvorsin;;  with  tho  s'lhliurs,  ami  aliout  ono 
hiimlrr  I  ynnls  wo-l  of  tho  pmnl  I  stnppoil  a  Ion  nionioiit>  ami 
hold  a  slnirt  ouiii  or.>Hlion  uilli  an  olVnor  whom  I  took  lo  liolon^ 
to  tho  Uniloil  .-"tato.s  ii');iitar  si-ivioo,  wlm  spoko  ami  aoloil  liky 
a  ;:oiilli'man.  lint  how  ilitl'oroni  it  was  ivlion  I  arrivnl  iii  iha 
inl  nf  llio  I'oliiinii  mi  iilivo  .Streot  ami  imnioilialoly  nppnsilo 
.Mr.  Ciiloman'.s  Inmso.  More  I  lirst  Ion  inil  that  (amp  .link-nn 
Innl  Hiirroinloroil  liy  hoarinj;  n  lilllo  lii  iimin.  who  roally  hail  a 

HWonl  ill  hi-  Iniinl.  o.xrlaim  In  annthor  that   tho  'ilaniii  i< in. 

ilrol-  hail  Mirroiiiloro'l,  ami  that  thoy  ooiilil  liavo  mi  li|;hl.'  I 
replioil  111  this  iioiiphyto  N'apnlooii  mil  In  lio  nnoa.sy.  that  lio 
iiii^ht  liaif  liLrhliiii;  onniii^h  to  iln  yot.  ami  1  was  now  miirohoil 
ulV  ami  put  uinlor  ^ininl ;  but,  Inokily  fur  mo  ami  my  roui- 
|iuiiion,  I  happoiio'l  to  know  by  sight  Col.  lliiihnp,  whom  I 
oalloil.  an'l  ho  linnioiliaioly  liail  iik  roloai<oil.  .Anil  with  all  iliiu 
ilofirenoo  to  ('apt.  I. yon,  I  nin-t  s,iy  ilmi  j  ,|i,|  ||,,(  ||,.ar  any 
lili/oii  nso  ono  wonl  whioli  was  oaloiilatoil  |.i  insult  any  of  his 
snliliorn,  or  III  wniiii.l  ihoir  very  sonsitivo  l'ooliii;;s,  ainl  ovoii  if 
tlioy  liail  ii«o'l  all  tho  foul  laiii;iia);o  kinmn  to  Imth  tho  Dtiifli-h 
ami  liormaii  xnoniiihiry,  wmilil  this  liiivo  Ih'oii  a  oanso  siillt'-iont 
to  justify  Ilia  snl.iiori*  in  iMiitally  iiinriloriti;;  wnnn'ii  ainl  .'liil- 
ilron,  iiH  was  ilono  on  last  l''rii|;iy  iifiormi'iii  '  I  iinw  nppoal  In 
tho  snl'liors  aii'l  In  Ihoir  iiHii'or-,  Imlli   .North  iiinl  ,'<iiiitli,  in  tliia 


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Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

SVEBSTER,  NY.  14580 

(716)  872-4503 


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HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


John  Roepke  (or  Koeper),  Williuni  Jueiihower,  Wil- 
liam  Sheffield,  Williuiii   Patton   Summers,'  Putrick 


^  )fl 


U%y 


,-l 


unholy  and  unniitural  wnr,  to  spiiro  the  unoffending  women  and 
ohililren. 

"  William  Johnston,  M.P." 

Auolhei'  Slalpmelll. 

"  Wo  were  stiindiii<;  on  Olive  t-tri'ul,  imiiiediutely  in  the  rciir 
of  the  compiiny  who  cuiniiienocil  the  filing.  They  ncie  fiicing 
towards  the  south  side  of  Olive,  and  were  forming  in  ranks  two 
deep.  There  wjis  ii  dense  crowd  of  citi/cns — men,  wrnuen,  nnd 
children — lining  the  south  side  of  Olive  Sireet,  and  Vmck  on  a 
slight  rise  in  Lindell's  (Irove.  The  irowd  had  been  abusing 
the  soldiers,  cursing,  and  hnrntliing  for  .lelf.  Davis,  but  had 
not  llirown  a  stone  nor  tired  a  shot  at  the  soldiers.  They  had 
been  assailed  with  notliing  worse  than  words.  Finally  a  cilizen, 
slightly  ill  advance  of  tlie  crowd,  by  some  means  gave  olVense 
to  some  of  the  soldiers,  who  jumped  out  of  their  ranks  (some 
five  or  six  of  them)  and  pri'sunted  their  bayonets  at  him.  He 
tlirew  up  bis  hands  and  said,  What  are  you  going  to  do?  One 
of  the  soldiers  drew  back  his  gun  and  stabbed  him  with  the 
bayonet.  The  soldier  immediately  upon  bis  right  lired  at  the 
Banio  moment.  The  company  then  commeneed  an  irregular 
volley,  firing  right  into  tlie  densest  of  the  crowd,  who  turned 
nnd  ran  u])  the  bill  through  Lindell's  tirove.  We  stood  for  a 
few  mi.iutes  until  the  tiring  became  general  down  the  line,  and 
then  turned  and  ran  across  the  eomnion  north  of  Olive  ;>treet. 
When  we  were  about  twenty  or  tliirty  steps  distant  we  ('ould 
hear  the  bullets  nbistling  around  us  and  see  them  striking  in 
the  water  of  the  pond  just  aliead  of  us.  .Af'er  getting  over  on 
the  hill  we  turned  to  look  at  them.  The  soldiers  were,  some  of 
them,  still  pursuing  the  crowil.  We  saw  an  olhcer,  a  large,  tall, 
and  fleshy  man,  strike  a  man  who  was  down  twice  with  his 
sword.  We  do  not  kno.,'  the  ollicer's  name,  but  know  him  well 
by  sight.  He  wore  a  dark-blue  uniform,  and  Ind  been  mounted 
on  a  bay  horse  previous  to  the  eonimeiiceincnt  of  the  butchery. 

"  We  were  standing  only  some  live  or  six  feet  in  the  rear  of 
the  company  who  commenced  the  tiring.  It  was  a  (ierman 
company  and  not  in  uniform.  We  wc.e  looking  directly  at  the 
men  who  fired  the  first  shots,  and  again  state  ]iositivcly  that 
there  had  not  been  a  stone  or  other  missile  thrown,  nor  a  pistol 
fireil  at  them,  and  that  the  firing  was  not  provoked  by  anything 
more  than  words,  and  that  the  account  as  published  in  the 
Drmnciat,  that  they  were  assailed  by  rocks,  brickbats,  and 
other  missiles,  and  that  (listols  were  fired  at  them,  or  a  soldier 
of  Corps  II  was  killed  before  the  troops  tired  on  the  defenseless 
crowd  of  men,  women,  and  children,  's  untrue  in  every  par- 
ticular. 

"The  company  which  first  fired  was  the  rearguard;  imme- 
diately beyond  them  in  line,  towards  the  east,  were  the  prison- 
ers, who  were  in  the  centre  of  the  street,  with  a  rank  of  Federal 
goldiers  on  eitliei  side  of  them. 

"In  giving  the  above  statement  we  liave  desired  to  state 
nothing  but  the  plain  unvarnished  facts  ol  the  first  tiring  on 
tlie  crowd,  without  prejudice  to  one  or  tlie  oilier  party,  believing 
that  the  frutli  should  be  known  by  all,  and  we  do  not  believe 
that  imy  one  was  in  a  belter  position  to  see,  or  did  see  more  of 
the  ciunmcncemeiit  of  the  aflray  than  ourselves. 

"  We  did  not  bear  tlie  officers  of  tlie  company  give  orders  to 
fire  on  tlie  crowd. 

"VoLNEV  A.  WlJODrol.K. 

"  Patiiick  Connali.an. 

",I.  H.  llKNTIloltNK." 

'  W.  P.  Summers  was  shot  by  a  MiniC'  rlHo  hall  while  stand- 
ing some  distance  north  of  Olive  Street.     Ho  was  cushior  of  a 


Enright,  Capt.  Blandow.ski,  Armand  Latoiir.  .lulu. 
Waters,  Tiiomaa  A.  Hahrsii,  J.  J.  Jones,  Eric>  Wri -lit, 
James  McDonald,  Francis  Wheelan,  Charles  liodsm, 
Mrs.  Elisa  McAuliff,  Christopher  Dean,  Join,  UnJir. 
wood.' John  English,  Jacques  Yerdi,  Benjamin  Dumj, 
Frank  D.  Allen,  and  a  private  .soldier. 

Intense  excitement  very  naturally  folldwid  ihj, 
bloody  event.  Popular  feelings  had  been  wurkcd  up 
already  to  a  very  high  pitcli,  and  now  ."^t.  Luiii. 
seethed  like  a  volcano  in  eruption.  The  iiioli  liiliJ 
the  streets,  and  practically  usurped  the  fiinctioiis  of 
government.  Business  was  suspended  evcrywiitro: 
stores  and  even  the  fronts  of  dwellings  were  cImsciI 
There  were  numerous  collisions,  bloody  assaults,  and 
more  than  one  murder,  and  Col.  Peukhani  says  that 
on  that  Friday  night  and  the  etisuitig  Saturduv -it 
Wiis  a  bold  act  for  any  ktiown  Union  man  ii,  sliow  lii> 
face  on  the  street  north  of  Walnut,  south  of  Cas.. 
Avenue,  and  east  of  Twelfth  Street."  lie  adds,  aiiii 
with  apparent  justice,  that 

"fortunate,  indeed,  was  it  for  the  city  of  .'^t.  T.iiiii-  in  jtn 
eral,  and  the  proprietors  of  tlie  Min»i>uri  Ih iii'n nii'm  \rmmi- 
lar,  that  the  police  force  were  under  llie  ccui'rol,  ihiiiiii;  iliw 
troublous  times,  of  sneh  a  chief  as  James  .McL)i)iiuiigh.  ii'l);il- 
ever  may  have  been  his  syiupatliies  or  prcililcclions  iu  tlicjrMl 
political  issut's  of  tliat  day,  he  did  not  allow  Ihciu  to  iiilcrliK 
with  ills  otficirl  duties.  Ucgarding  himself  as  a  conservator  of 
tile  ]ieace,  he  struggled  to  prevent  violence  ami  eiiiurco  drilrr. 
On  the  night  in  (piestion  he  was  exceedingly  vi;;ilaiit,an>l  with 
admirable  foresight  bad  so  arranged  his  force  that  liccoiiH  fur- 
nish assistance  to  any  of  the  newspapers  wliicli  luiglil  be 
threatened  by  a  mob.  As  the  crowd  rushed  diavn  I,ui:ii>l  sirMt 
and  across  Second  Street,  they  were  greeted  by  a  |ilatoiiii  »f 
thirty  policemen,  who,  with  bayonets  tixeil,  were  in  line  ex- 
tending across  tile  street  and  facing  the  mob.  The  cliii-f  ^n- a 
gave  them  to  understand  tliat  his  duty  was  to  keep  the  |ince, 
nnd  be  intended  faithfully  to  discharge  that  duty.  TliccronJ 
refiected,  ami  hearing  orders  given,  in  case  of  rcsistan™,  to  use 
both  ball  and  bayonet,  set  up  a  shout  of  derisinn,  but  iliJ  not 
advance.  Finally,  convinced  they  were  wasting'  time  in  that 
locality,  they  turneii  around,  and  shouting  •  A'wl'jer !'  '.!"■ 
zeii/er  .''  moved  off  to  attack  that  ollice.  .Mcr..uii)ii(;h  liaj  soiiw 
of  bis  men  tiiere  also,  but  tliey  were  strongly  backed  liy  a  eoiu- 
pany  or  two  of  Sigel's  soldiers.  The  mob  then  iiiuvi'il  otl  to* 
wards  tlie  Planters'  House  and  the  licrthold  iiiiiii-inii,  and  until 
iil'ier  inidnightgroiips  were  stamliiig  in  ninny  |.l!iccslliruiii;bout 
that  portion  of  the  city,  engageil  in  boisterous  ci)ii\crsaliunu|um 
the  events  of  the  day  ami  cursing  the  *d — d  Ibitch."' 

bank  at  Newark,  N.  J.,  and  was  on  a  visit  to  >1.  I.ciii'.    H' 
went  to  (Janip  .lackson  through  curiosity. 

''  John  I'nilerwood  was  eighteen  years  of  a.'c  "  It  a|i|ii'ar-, 
says  the  llejiiihlii^iiii  of  May  IS,  1801,  "that  lie  »iis 'tabW  in 
the  tliigh  by  a  bayonet  in  Ihohands  of  the  I  uited  .'^laliMoi- 
iintoers.  According  to  a  statement  which  he  iiuele  previous  w 
his  death,  be  in  company  with  several  olllcl^  were  taken  |)ri*' 
o'lirs,  although  present  at  tho  caiup-grnnicl  as  *|ieetulori- 
After  being  taken  prisoner,  young  Umlcrnc  I  sat 'lowu  iip»n 
the  ground.  He  bad  been  seated  but  a  >h"ii  lime  "lull  il"' 
troops  suddenly  approached,  and  one  of  llici.i  laiiljeJ  liiiu  nil" 
a  bayonet." 


THE   CIVIL  WAR. 


501 


Latour,  Jdhii 
>s,  Eric  Wright. 
Charles  I'uilseii. 
,n,  Johii  UiidiT- 
3eiijaniin  Dunn, 

y   foUowciil  this 

been  worked  up 

now  St.  Louis 

TIU'    lllnll  tiili'j 

tlie  I'liiR'tioii.s  of 
led  ovtMjwlieri!; 
njis  Were  closed. 
ody  assaults,  and 
ukhaiii  .says  that 
lUjj;  Saturday  "it 
mail  to  sliuw  his 
It,  south  of  Cas> 
."     lie  adds,  anj 

if  St.  I."ui^  ill  gen- 
Oi-.miiiiiit  ill  iiiirtini- 
Udiitrol,  .liirin;;  lli« 
.MLai.iiiuiigli.    «'h,,|. 
lill■^■lil)ll^  in  llitiircat 
low  llicm  to  inUTlii« 
?ir  us  ii  i-iinscrvuliir'jf 
po  anil  I'lifurcf'  u"'''' 
|rl_v  vi^'iliuil.aii'lni'l" 
)n-flli;it  lit  ■■mil'l  I'lir- 
iiTs   whii'li  iiiiglH  bf 
,1  lUuvii  l.ucii-l  ^I'rt' 
•oli'il  li.v  11  liliilu""  "' 
x•^,  wi'i'o  ill  '""  "■ 
Lub.     'Chccliii'fwa 
Ivii-  111  ki'ep  llic !'««' 
|ikii  .iiil.v.     riii.-ci""' 

.  ul    li'sislllll''!-',  t'"'* 

ilf  ri^ion,  1)11'  I'i''  "''' 
iWii.^liiii;  liiii»  "'  '''■■'■ 

|m,-1;.iiioii8Ii1i:i'1*"|'" 
;|j-  liii.'iifill'.vai"* 
111  I  lien  lliuvnl  oil  to- 
il.I  iii;iii-ioll,iiiiilii"»' 
|„„j-,.|i,.T.<iliriiii|!li""' 
.„ii\i-i'^;ili"n"l'"" 
.,1  liiitili.'" 

;„  .s,.  l,„iii;,    H^' 

Jifir.-i'.  ■MiaiT"-'" 
|i:il  111'  was  ■liilil'"' '" 
111,  I  iiileil  ;*tatcs  «i- 
[,  Ir.  iiw.le|imiiia*» 
|l„.,.  ,v,Mi>  taken  V'i*' 

|;,„„l..l    «S    M"-*''"""- 

,.„,i.,.l  .int  ilowu  af" 
,|i,.ii  tiiiio  vvlien  * 
„,,„  .xM»\  liiiii  »'!'' 


Tlieri:  was  very  little  congrcfrating  on  the  street 
corners.  Everybody  was  on  tlie  move,  and  rapid  pe- 
dcstriaiiism  was  turned  to  account.  Thousands  upon 
thousatiils  of  restless  human  being.s  could  be  seen 
from  almost  evei/  point  of  Fourth  Street,  all  in 
search  of  the  latest  news.  Imprecations  loud  and 
Ion"  wiro  hurled  into  the  darkening  air,  and  the 
most  titiaiiii;  ous  resentment  w<is  expressed  on  all  sides 
at  iho  tiiaiiner  of  firing  into  the  crowds  near  Camp 
Jackson.  Hon.  J.  R.  Barret,  Maj.  Uriel  Wright, 
and  yllu'r  speakers  addressed  ti  large  and  intensely 
escited  crowd  in  front  of  the  Planters'  House,  and 
other  wi'll-known  citizens  were  similarly  engaged  at 
various  otiier  points  in  the  city.  All  the  drinking 
siiluons,  restaurants,  and  other  publie  resorts  of  similar 
diaractor  were  closed  by  their  proprietors  almost  simul- 
taiieiiusly  at  dark,  and  the  windows  of  private  dwell- 
ini'swere  fastened,  in  fear  of  a  general  riot.  Theatres 
and  other  public  places  of  amusement  were  entirely 
out  of  the  (|uestion,  and  nobody  went  near  them. 

Crowds  of  men  rusiicd  through  the  principal  thor- 
iindifari's,  bearing  banners  and  devices  suited  to  their 
suvcral  faiicies,  and  by  turns  cheering  and  groaning. 
i'oine  were  armed,  and  others  were  not  armed,  and  all 
seemed  anxious  to  be  at  work.  A  charge  was  made  . 
on  the  gunstore  of  H.  E.  Diinick,  on  Main  Street; 
the  dour  was  broken  open,  and  the  crowd  secured  fif- 
teen or  twenty  guns  before  a  sufficient  number  of 
jiolice  could  be  collected  to  arrest  the  proceedings. 
Chief  McDonough  marched  down  with  aboiit  twenty 
|ioliceiuet)  armed  with  muskets,  and  succeeded  in  dis- 
persing; the  mob  and  protecting  the  premises  from 
further  molestation.  Squads  of  armed  policemen 
were  stuiioiied  at,  several  of  tlie  most  public  corners, 
and  the  offices  of  the  Missouri,  /^"mocrn/  and  Aimiffcr 
(fo  lIV.s/iH.s  were  placed  under  guard  .''or  protection. 
A  L'rcat  deal  of  exeitemeiit  was  exhibited  in  the 
iii'ii;hb(irhooil  of  the  Health  Office,  where  the  bodies 
of  suiuo  of  the  killed  were  brought.  Others  who 
wre  wotitided  and  dying  were  also  deposited  there 
for  whatever  relief  could  be  administered  by  surgical 
aid. 

The  faitiily  from  which  Gen.  Daniel  M,  Frost, 
the  coniiiiaiiiler  of  Camp  Jackson,  descended,  emi- 
iirated  to  this  country  and  settled  near  Jamaica 
Plains,  I  ig  I.sland,  while  that  region  was  yet  a 
wilderness,  atiil  became  one  of  the  best-known  and 
most  influential  families  of  that  portion  of  Now 
York.  Uiie  of  his  grandfathers  .served  in  the  Revo- 
lutiuniiry  war,  and  his  (Gen.  Frost's)  father  was  a 
man  of  line  attainments.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
w;;islature.  and  was  the  referee  of  his  neighbors  in 
all  mutters  t('i|tiiiiiig  for  their  settlement  a  clear  judg- 


ment and  sound  common  sense.  Mr.  Frost  was  one 
of  the  most  accomplished  surveyors  and  civil  en- 
gineers of  his  day,  and  was  employed  by  the  State' 
to  survey  the  upper  part  of  the  Hudson  River,  and 
made  the  first  complete  survey,  soundings,  and  map 
of  that  stream.  He  was  also  engaged  by  the  State 
to  survey  its  wild  lands  in  the  northern  counties, 
and  located  the  railroad  from  Albany  to  Schenectady. 
He  raised  a  company  for  the  war  of  1812,  and  was 
very  active  in  his  services  to  the  government  during 
that  conflict. 

Gen.  D.  M.  Frost  was  born  in  Schenectady  County, 
N.  Y.,  Aug.  9,  182i{.  He  received  an  excellent 
coiniuon-school  education,  and  enjoyed  a  course  of 
instruction  at  the  Albany  Academy,  then  presided 
over  by  Dr.  T.  Romeyn  Beck,  a  noted  teacher  and 
author,  upon  whoso  recommendation  he  was  admitted, 
when  sixteen  years  of  age,  to  the  ^lilitary  Academy 
at  West  Point.  Here  he  graduated  in  1844  with 
high  honors,  being  the  first  up  to  that  time  in  the  in- 
stitution who  had  been  "  among  the  first  five"  in 
every  branch  he  had  studied.  lie  was  also  conspicu- 
ously proficient  in  fencing,  wrestling,  and  the  other 
athletic  accomplishments  which  form  part  of  a  soldier's 
training. 

Among  his  fellow-graduates  and  intimate  acquaint- 
ances at  West  Point  were  many  young  men  who  be- 
came famous  subsequently  in  the  civil  war  and 
otherwise.  Among  the  best  known  may  bo  men- 
tioned Gens.  Grant,  McClellan,  Rosecrans,  Franklin, 
Beauregard,  and  Lyon.  Stone  Pasha,  the  flgyptian 
celebrity  of  recent  years,  was  a  member  of  his  class. 

Upon  graduating  young  Frost  was  assigned  to  the 
First  Regiment  of  artillery  as  brevet  second  lieutenant, 
and  passed  two  years  in  uneventful  .service,  at  the  ex- 
piration of  which,  learning  that  his  regiment  was  ex- 
pected to  guard  sea-coast  points,  and  desiring  a  more 
active  career,  he  was  at  his  own  request  tr.msferrcd  in 
184G  to  a  regiment  of  mounted  rifloineii,  which  he 
joined  at  JeflTerson  Barracks,  St.  Louis,  and  in  the 
siime  year  went  to  Mexico,  and  fought  under  Gen. 
Scott.  Upon  entering  West  Point  he  had  pre.sinited 
a  letter  to  this  great  soldier,  who  had  received  him 
kindly.  Scott  always  took  a  more  than  eoinmon 
interest  in  the  young  cadet,  often  encouraged  niin  by 
friendly  coiumondation,  and  paid  him  numerous  little 
attentions,  naturally  very  flattering  and  cheering  to  the 
young  soldier.  Frost  had  the  good  fortune  to  he  near 
Scott  in  the  bloody  battle  of  Churubusco,  and  even 
now  cannot  recall  without  emotion  the  demeanor  of 
the  old  hero  on  that  critical  occasion.  Lieut,  Frost 
participated  in  all  the  engagements  from  Vera  Cruz 
to  Mexico,  and  at  Cerro  Gordo  was,  on  Gen.  Harney's 


^  "Til;  fi 
"  'Si 


'  I'' 
I 


,1 

i 

if 

li  n'  sr 

f 

1,1 


502 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


recniiiiuendiitioii,  brevoted  first  lieutenant  for  gallant 
and  meritorious  conduct. 

Peace  liavinj;  liecu  declared  he  returned  in  the  fall 
of  1848  to  St.  liOiiis,  and  in  the  spriiij;  of  1849  was 
ordered  with  his  reginn'ut  across  the  plains  to  Oref^on, 
beiiiji  char<;cd  as  regimental  quartermaster  with  the 
conduct  of  the  iuimense  train  which  accompanied  the 
expedition, — a  must  arduous  and  important  service, 
which  he  performed  to  the  entire  satisfaction  of  the 
commanding  officer.  The  ncKt  year  he  returned  to 
St.  Louis,  and  in  April,  ISol,  married  Miss  Graham', 
granddaughter  of  John  Mullanphy,  and  daughter  of 
the  late  Maj.  Graham,  a  brave  soldier,  and  one  of  Gen. 
Harrison's  aides-de-camp  in  the  war  of  1812. 

Lieut.  Frost's  judgment  and  ability  had  always  been 
held  in  the  liigbost  regard  by  his  superior  officers, 
and  on  the  reconiraendation  of  Gen.  Scott  he  was  dis- 
patched to  Europe  to  gather  inlbrmation  concerning 
cavalry  drill  and  discipline.  In  1852  he  returned  and 
joined  his  regiment  in  Texas,  where  in  pursuit  of  a 
band  of  marauding  Indians  he  was  seriously  wounded 
and  nearly  lost  the  sight  of  one  eye. 

In  1853  he  returned  to  St.  Louis,  and  considera- 
tions of  a  domestic  character  induced  him  to  resign 
his  commission  ;  but  his  interest  in  military  matters 
still  continued,  and  he  was  soon  after  elected  and  for 
five  years  was  commander  of  the  Washington  Guards, 
an  organization  then  forming  which  afterwards  became 
locally  famous. 

From  this  time  for  some  years  ho  engaged  largely 
in  business,  fir.st  in  the  lumber  trade,  and  later,  under 
the  title  of  I).  M.  Frost  &  Co.,  in  immetise  fur  opera- 
tions on  the  upper  Missouri,  having  numerous  large 
trading  stations  throughout  that  region. 

In  1854  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Senate  as  a 
Benton  Democrat,  serving  four  years.  Ho  was  active 
in  shaping  the  legislation  of  that  period,  but  took 
especial  interest  in  two  measures.  The  first  was  a 
bill  to  secure  the  closing  of  all  beer  gardens  and  saloons 
in  St.  Louis  on  Sunday  IJcing  then,  as  he  is  now,  a 
strong  opponent  of  sumptuary  logislaticui,  Mr.  Frost 
energetically  combated  this  measure  and  succeeded  in 
defeating  it. 

The  other  measure  was  the  military  bill  under 
which  the  famous  "Camp  Jackson"  was  organized  in 
May,  18til.  As  a  student  of  the  political  history  of 
his  country,  and  particularly  of  the  exciting  contro- 
versies on  the  slavery  f|uestion,  Mr.  Frost  had  be- 
come convinced  that  war  between  the  North  ami  South 
was  sooner  or  later  inevitable  ;  and  at  an  early  period 
of  his  canier  in  the  Senate  he  delivered  a  speech  pre- 
dictieig  that  in  1850,  or  at  the  latest  in  18H0,  the  dif- 
ferences between  the  two  sections  would  culminate  in 


bloodshed  unparalleled  in  history.  He  argueil  ilmt  ju 
the  event  of  such  a  catastrophe  Missouri,  Ijrinir  ., 
Border  State,  would  be  among  the  first  and  the  ^ivatest 
sufferers,  and  that  civil  war  would  visit  li,  r  wiili 
peculiar  horrors.  In  order  to  avert  the  war,  cir  ;u  IftM 
to  lessen  the  chances  of  its  precipitation,  (ii  n.  Kmst 
conceived  that  the  Border  States  should  niLMnizr  a 
militia  sufficient  to  command  and  enforce  ilie  rieat,. 
between  the  hostile  sections.  At  one  time  ihrre  wa. 
reason  to  think  that  Kentucky  and  Marylioid  wmilij 
fall  in  with  this  view.  The  bill  was  framcil  liy  Gin, 
Frost  and  B.  Gratz  Brown,  solely,  as  this('X|il;iimtioii 
shows,  as  a  sort  of  police  measure  between  the  Siatis; 
but  Frost's  Cassandra  prophecies  fell  on  deaf  ears  M\i 
his  warnings  were  unheeded,  and  it  was  not  uniil 
1858  that,  after  many  vicissitudes,  the  bill  hwiimo  a 
law,  and  then  only  after  having  been  shorn  of  tii.it 
which  would  have  made  it  effective,  namely,  iliu  pro- 
vision  appropriating  sufficient  money  to  rais(^  an  offt'c- 
,  tive  force.  But  the  patriotic  intention  of  tlu'  law  was 
[  none  the  lo.ss  clear,  and  should  not  be  forgotten  wlion 
i  the  incidents  of  the  capture  of  Camp  Jackson  come 
;  to  be  considered. 

j       Upon    the   passage   of    this    measure    Mr.   I'r.ni 

I  was  elected  brigadier-general  commanding  tlio  First 

i  Military  District  of  Missouri,  embracing  the  citv  aiiJ 

\  county  of  St.  Louis.     While  acting  in  tills  ca]iiiiitv 

i  he  was  in  charge  of  Camp  Jackson,  in  .Alay,  1S61, 

;  when  it  was  captured  by  Gen.  Lyon.     "  Probablv  im 

I  single  event  of  the  war,"  says  a  friend  of  (ion.  Fnu-i 

'  from  whom  we  received  the  material  factsof  iliisskittli, 

I  "  has  ever  been  di.scusscd  as  this  has  been,  ami  alilmudi 

more  than  twenty  years  have  elap.sed,  the  all'air  is  yet 

misunderstood  by  many,  who  persist  in  deolariii'.'  iliat 

the  camp  was  established  to  aid  Governor  Jaiksdii's 

secession  designs,  thtit  Gen.  Frost  and  his  (■oniuiainl 

.sympathized  with  the  South,  and  had  trcasiuialilo  tie 

signs  u]ion  the  arsenal,  and  that,  conswjiiently.  it  W- 

came  Gen.  Lyon's  patriotic  duty  to  break  it  ii]i.   Tlii' 

latter  conclusion  would  follow  legitiniatrly,  pcrliap-v  il 

the  facts  were  as  alleged,  but  Gen.  l'"ro>i  iknlcs  tln' 

premises  as  stated  above. 

"  The  camp  was  established  by  virtue  ol'a  law  pass'ii 
in  1858,  in  the  hope  that  all  the  Herder  Siaii's  wmild 
unite  in  raising  a  body  of  militia  si  mug  t'niin;.:li  to 
keep  the  peace  between  the  North  tiinl  .'^"iiili- 
Whether  that  result  would  have  been  ,iriiiiii]ill«lieil 
'  by  such  means  may  be  questioned  ;  Imi  tlicre  Is  no 
doubt  that  such  or  similar  united  aetiiiii  im  ilu' part  ul 
those  States  would  have  exerted  an  incalculaUe  indtal 
influence  on  the  two  sections,  and  woulil.  Iji'VoihI  Jis- 
pute,  have  compelli^d  an  adjustment  of  ilir  iliituiiltioj; 
for  had  it  been  well  understood  that  .Missduri,  Ken- 


,!l',     1 


ir^upil  iliiii  in 
iouri.  !iriii;r  ;| 
id  tlir  iiviitest 
liaAt  1m  r  wiih 
(Viir,  (ir  111  least 
jn.  (iiii.  I'rnst 
uld  iiri:;iiiizi;  a 
brce  I  111!  peace 
tiliic  llii've  wa- 
laryhvnil  wmilj 
franu'd  by  Gen. 
thisi'X]il;iiiaiiiin 
een  tin'  Slatrs; 
m  dt'uf  ears  and 
;  was  not  until 
le  bill  Ijcciinie  a 
1  shorn  of  tliat 
naiui'ly,  ilie  pro- 
to  ruisi'  ail  I'ffi'C- 
n  of  the  luff  was 
!  fora)tten  wlion 
p  Jackson  (.-imie 

sure   Mr.   I'l'i-t 
aiidins.'  the  First 
cing  llie  city  anJ 
:  in  this  capacity 
|i,  in  May.  l^til, 
''  Probably  ii" 
of  Gen,  Fn-fi 
lets  of  this  ski'tcli. 
ii,andiiltliou!:li 
the  affair  is  ytt 
11  deelariii;;  tliai 
ivernor  .Jaeksmi- 
,1  his  eiiiiiuian'l 
treasonable  'Ic- 
sei|iiently.  it  bl- 
eak it  uji.    Till' 
iti'ly.  perhaps,  if 
I'ro-t  ibiiies  till' 


'I 


Ii' 


luoofalawpassi'ii 
rder  Stales  wmilil 

-iiniiii.'  eniiiiJ'  ''' 
„.,),  ;„„1  Seulli. 
(•111  iieioiniilislicJ 
liiit  there  is  iw 
i.oiuli  the  part  itl 
iiiuak'ulablc  inew' 
,mbl.  b.'yon.l  ilis- 
„ftl,eai«ieiilti'- 
It   Missouri,  Ken- 


') 


502 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


r'i'ointneiiilalioii,  bri'vutetl  lirst  liouionatit.  for  galtmit 
(luii  nirrf'i.irioiis  cunduct. 

Tmi  •;  liaving  I'Wtti  ik'i'lavnl  hi:  roiuiiitMl  in  tl).;  fali 
o  8t  lx»iii»,  ftiid  ill  tljf  spriiijj;  of  184!)  was  \ 
,  ;    ■   I  nitli  liis  rouiiii^-nt  across  tin;  plains  t(i  Or  . 
Iiiiiiii  iVmigi'i!  ;i-   !••  ;"!i  v'lii  ("•■!ri.  rtiirisior  wii 

OOlK.'UCt  of  til'  i-l/lupulliiil  tlio 

(iXpfdiUufl, — a   i:in-i      ••,11;-    .in:    iMi|"irlaill  M-lvicf, 
wliii  li  ho  fierfonm-ii  f.i    "li"  "iitirc   -  ii-i"*'!!',  'i-m  <■*'  th>'  '• 
ciiiiiiimiuliiig  iifficct       "  ! 

Si.  L,)ui!<,  1111(1  in  Ar"il    .■••     1:1  >tr].i.  ,1 ,  ■..i.ii:'.i, 
{jruiiiiJaufihii'.r  i)(   .l-.liii    ^I'll'iiijiiiy,  nixl  (iHU^;liti'- ni' ■ 
the  l!\:(>  Miij.  Grnli..  .     1  •m)v,  iiii'l  one  ot'Ueti.  ' 

Hiiirihiiu'.i  :iido(i-ii>»-.  ■  >'ij    :)  li..   (Vnr  of  ISJiJ.  : 

Lieut.  Pro.st'ts  ii>.lijiiii)n(  atid  ability  liitil  alwaj'.s  bfteu  ; 
lield  ill  Uie  hi,:jhi«t  rt'^'-rd  Uy  liis  buperior  officers,  j 

;iiid  on  th'.'  r''i'iimniuii(i;ir;'iii  of  Oon.  Sivitt  he  wa.»  dis-  1 

'  •    •  •  I 

jaichi'd  til  Kufif?  fi    'Mf iinr  iiiforiiiiition  eoiiferniiis^  , 


i:ivalr,  drill  u  . 
j.)iiu'.d  his  rev;iiiii  u  ■ 
Imiid  of  mar.'iiuiin^- 
and  fu'firiy  lout  th> 

l.iil,- 

l.'i.-i    1:0111 11' 

Ulill    OctllH.ii.  .j.     :,  .. 

fivo  yours  .vhs  contiinii 

:..'■■  ■      ■    Mil  11  I'll 


111  ls52  he.  roluniod  and  ■ 
.  whi-ri?  ill   pursuit  of  ;i  . 
'  was  soriou.'jly  woui)dt;d 
le  ey«. 

K'uU.  and  corisidera- 

!'  ■•'•'!   I<>m  '"  lesion 

.;-.:4llfrH 


aiiorwHTfitlKoiame 


i..Ci,l,_,     1. 

Ffotn 
in  liu.siiK's.''  rir.-ic  in  the  liiiu!    ' 
ili«  title  mC  I).  M.  Frust  Ai,  t.v  , 
ti(ii>»  on  (lie  upper  Missouri,  wvinsi  miuierou.s  large 
ir-i.liii     ^tatiiju>  liirouf^hout  liuit  rijgiiin. 


iicrniri'il  Inrg'^ly  . 

i  Mlidcir  ; 


'.11   ;  v"!    ' ■  ■  olei'tftj 

-'   ;U'  Senate  as  a 

lli'i"   1,  :                 .I'rviiijT  f  >  . 

Ml'  was  active 

i.slittion          \ 

liiid,  1)111    took 

,-;.   ,                                    •     •     ■:            .\ 

tu-  fin-t  was  u 

l.ill   .                               1 

.l•tl^  and  stdoon.-j 

111  H:.   I                                                     \ 

iw  he  in  now,  a 

SI  run.;    •  .                                                       1 

.  Mr.  Kro^t 

•.-in-rtri'li'- 

■c-iidt'd  ill 

'.1  (■' . 

rill-         'i!l'-:       . 

1                      lull     IHldl'f 

whi>di  the  fan 

Miiiiiy.cii  ill 

.M    .    '••(11.     Asa-'tU't' 

I       ■           ■-       ..      : 

;:ii).  mid   partic\i  n  _v 

I    .     .  1,  ii.  :    1  ..[ilni 

1   Ml'!  •'luV'Tj   ..)iii*t"  ' 

^      I'rwi  had  be- 

1 ihiit  wuf  bvc 

rth  and  .South 

it        ''!r!y  ptfriod 

1             .uooh  pre- 

(',  th/  dif- 

!».-;.                          ■                                            ; 

1       ..liuiitiate  h' 

bloodshed  uiiparalloli-d  in  history,     llii  m  .• 
till)  (^Vf'iit   of  auch  a  ratastrophu   Mi.^H  1. 
Bordi'r.-^tiitc,  would  bo  iimotig  thu  firnt  an' 
!»ufit!ivin,  and  that   civil  war  would 
.   'ulii!  •  hoiTor.-i.     Ill  ordiT  tti  «•■"■■  1 ' 

I'.^iii  thft  I'iianci'.s  of  i(i<  pii 
itoucf  ivod  that  thi)  Border  Status  ..-l..  > 
militia  stifljcii'm  t"  eoniiuani!  and  iiii. 
b({tvvi'i!ii  till!  hostiiu  snuliori.".      At  oni-  -i'; 
voaNon  to  think  that  Ki;iitinkv  and 
fall  ill  with  this  view.     The  bill  w^i 
Ft'Wt  ami  B.  Ofitz  Brovrn,  Muliily,  .1 
-shows,   .  '  polioe  UHiasure  b^'^v^l,v• 

bul  Fii  .-t..'  1  ii^MAiidra  prophoi'ii.w  fi'll 
hi.<   warnings  wen;   uuhcuded,  and  .■■ 
18")8  that,  afl«r  inuiiy  vicis.situ  i 
law,  and  then  only  afti;r  liavinu   '■! 
which  wjiuld  havi'  made  it  oftV-i'Vi    ■■ 
vision  appropriiuinji  imffii'ionr  v.i 
live  forc''.     But  the  patriotic  iiiii^ii. 
none  the  leas  dear,  and  shiiuld  not  t- 
tho  incidenU)  of  the  capture  of  Cai. 
to  bo  considered. 

Uiwii  the  paB.-sa^ii  of  this  iii(>:-  • 
WMH  ciecicd  brijradii'r-jrcneral  coiun.  . 
^lilituiv  rUstrict  oC  Mi^.^imri,  cuibi.      ,. 

lutiiv  oC  St  Louis.     While  art'ii 
ill'  WH.S  in  charge  of  Camp  Jacks'  . 
nhuii  it  wa.<i  cafitiirnd  by  (Jen.  l.\" 
sin;;k'  wvont  of  ih'   '.var,"  says  a  fri 
froai  whom  we  received  tho  niateriai 
"  has  over  been  discij.ssed' as  thit;  V- 
more  thar*  twciitj  year.'-  Iiavi-  il  ; 
lui.sHiiderstood  by  tuuiiy,  who  ptrsi^'  . 
the  caiup  was  eeiablished  to  ni.i  • 
sci —iijiKii  dc-iitrnn,  that  Gen.  Fi  • 
■"yiupiithizcd  with  the  riouili,  u\ 
M>M''  upon  the  ar.soind,  and  il;.ii. 
Ciiiuc  I'liiii.  L\on's  piitriotic  dui^  t. 
latter  conelti- ion  would  fo'' 
the  Aicis  »  ■«■:    a.s   ilK't'-'d 
prtini.s'.'S  a^  ,>.a!id  alovc. 

''  The  camp  wn.s  C'.tnbli.'>li('.i 
ill  IB.^H,  in  the  hope  thai  •■  -  ■' 
nnil"  in  rai-siiiji  a   body  ■ 
the    peace.  Ijetwec 
\i  .1  ilier  that  result  woi. 
by  such  mcanf  may  be  ij  . 
doubt  that  Hiicli  or  .siiiiilav  U'li!. 
tJio^c  StaH.M  would  liavi-  I'.VfirU-i.  m  n  •  .1 
influence  on  the  two  scctiuo-   md  vr'iii'i 
jiutc,  have  compelled  an  loii 
'' 11-  '  :!  !'  li.;en  well  undr  -■       : 


:.iil 


THE   CIVIL   WAR. 


5oa 


tuekv.  '•'iririnia,  and  Maryland  would  not  secede,  the  | 
Smith  i  ^uredly  would  not  liavo  taken  the  fatal  plunjio 
iiilii  si'i   ->ion,and  the  war  would,  for  u  season  at  least,  I 
liiive  bi'  II  stayed.    At  any  rate,  the  object  of  tiie  law 
was  niiiiiotic;  and  who  can  now  .say  that  the  result  j 
wiiulil  II'  •  have  been  what  Gt>n.Fro.st  anticipated  had 
thi'dtln  r  IJordcr  States  joined  in  such  action? 

'I  lIiidiT  this  law  eiicani|inientshad  been  held  in  pre- 
viiiiis  vars,  and  the  a.s.seiubling  of  troops  at  Camp 
JaekHoii  in  ISfil  was,  tlierefore,  in  pursuance  of  well- 
known  law  and  established  custom.     Tiie  camp  was 
named  in  compliment  to  probably  the  most  popular 
(toveriiiii-  Missouri  ever  had.     It  was  organized  May 
(),  18111,  and  was  composed  mainly  of  citizens  of  St. 
Louis,  iiiiiiiy  of  whom  had  long  served  in  the  militia, 
and  wliii  liad  thus  a.ssembled,  as  they  had  done  before, 
■if  a  matter  of  military  obligation,  and  without  the 
sliditcst  reference  to  the  existing  agitation.     While 
no  doubt  .some  of  them  .sympathized  with  the  South, 
there  is  no  proof  that  the  great  body  of  them  did  so 
to  a  iiroutcr  extent  than  might  have  been  predicated 
of  iiieu  gathered  from  a  city  so  closely  bound  to  the 
South  a.s  St.  Louis  had  always  been.     However,  its 
iiierabcrs  were  serving  under  an  oath  to  support  the 
('iiiistiiution  of  the  United  States,  and  they  were  pre- 
sumably '  loyal ;'  the  Stars  and  Stripes  waved  com- 
nian(lini:ly  above   the  flag  of  Missouri,   and   to  all 
oxtoriial  appearances  the  camp  was  a  loyal  gathering, 
assciubled,  as  it  had  a  right  to  assemble,  under  the 
laws  of  Missouri. 

•  It  was,  however,  reported  in  Union  circles  that  the 
Confederate  flag  was  displayed  over  the  camp ;  that 
RiTuits  in  large  numbers  were  being  mustered  in  for 
service  in  the  Confederate  armies.  It  was  also  charged 
that  even  tin;  streets  of  the  camp  were  named  after 
Davis,  Beauregard,  and  other  Confederate  leaders. 
(iin.  Friist  explicitly  denies  that  there  was  ever  to  his 
kmiwleilL'!'  a  Confederate  flag  in  the  camp,  that  troops 
Wire  ev  r  enrolled  for  the  Southern  service,  or  that 
the  streets  were  named  as  alleged,  except  as  may  have 
been  done  through  the  whim  or  caprice  of  .some  hu- 
monius  soldier.  In  any  proper  encampment  the  streets 
are  never  imined,  and  in  Camp  Jackson  they  were  not 
named  by  any  authority.  Supposing  '  the  boys,' 
either  playfully  or  in  earnest,  to  have  designated  any 
of  tho  streets  after  Southern  leaders,  Gen.  Frost  would 
have  regarded  it  as  a  matter  quite  unworthy  of  his 
iiiiiice,  and  would  not  have  paid  any  attention  to  it 
fuhsci(uently,  but  that  it  was  prominently  assigned  by 
Gen,  Harney  as  one  of  the  reasons  why  the  camp  was 
liruken  up. 

''  .\s  til  the  graver  allegation  that  he  had   designs 
upon  the  arsenal.  Gen.  Frost  submits  the  following ; 


lie  had  no  force  for  that  purpose,  the  troops  under  his 
command  numbering  only  six  hundred  or  seven  hun- 
dred men.  The  camp  having  been  fonncd  for  instruc- 
tion and  not  for  war,  it  was  practically  without  am- 

[  munition,  there  being  but  five  rounds,  and  that,  which 
was  exclusiv(;ly  for  the  guards,  had  been  nearly  ex- 
hausted. Now,  had  he  actually  entertained  designs 
against  the  ar.senal,  he  submits  whethi^r  an  officer  of 
his  experience  would  have  contemplated  .so  grave  a  step 
against  a  place  so  well  guarded  as  the  arsenal  then 
notoriously  was  with  such  an  iimdei|uatc  force,  and 
with  one  so  inadequately  equipped  for  suoh  an  under- 
taking? 

"  But  it  is  further  charged  that  the  camp,  even 

1  thougli  conceded  to  have  been  lawfully  convened,  was 

I  still  intended  as  a  nucleus  for  hostile  demonstrations 
upon  the  government  property  at  St.  Louis,  and  that 

'  its  capture  by  Lyon  was  a  strategic  necessity.  Had 
it  been  designed  as  a  centre  for  oft'ensive  operations, 
however,  would  it,  Gen.  Frost  asks,  have  been  lo- 
cated in  a  valley,  where,  as  was  shown  when  the  cap- 
ture took  place,  it  was  easily  commanded  by  cannon 
on  the  hills  on  every  side?  Such  a  location  seems 
to  have  been  singularly  chosen  if  the  design  was  to 
mass  a  large  body  of  troops  at  Camp  Jackson,  either 
to  proceed  against  the  arsenal  or  overawe  the  loyal 
sentiment  of  St.  Louis. 

"  Furthermore,  Gen.  Frost  asserts  that  the  camp  was 
easy  of  access  to  all  who  chose  to  visit  it ;  that  it  was 
daily  thronged  with  people  from  St.  Louis,  and  that 
Gen.  Lyon  or  any  of  his  subalterns  had  the  amplest 
opportunity  of  learning  the  condition  of  affairs  there. 
He  could  easily  have  convinced  himself  that  no  such 
alleged  hostile  preparations  were  being  made,  and  if 
he  believed  such  to  be  the  case,  he  came  to  the  con- 
clusion only  through  blindness  to  well-known  and 
notorious  facts. 

"  When,  on  the  10th  of  May,  Lyon  proceeded  against 
Camp  Jack.son  with  eight  thousand  me'.i,  planted  can- 
non on  all  the  neighboring  heights,  and  demanded  its 
surrender,  Gen.  Frost  could  only  submit ;  but  he  made 
a  manly  and  energetic  protest  against  the  illegality 
and  unconstitutionality  of  Lyon's  action,  who,  with- 
out the  color  of  authority  or  excuse,  as  he  (Frost) 
viewed  it,  had  undertaken  to  make  war  upon  the  State 
of  Missouri  by  attacking  an  encampment  of  her  mi- 
litia, assembled  not  in  hostile  array  but  for  purposes 
of  instruction,  as  had  been  done  annually  under  a 
law  of  many  years'  standing. 

"Gen.  Frost  was  a  witness  of  the  deplorable  slaughter 
which  took  place  later  on  that  memorable  day,  accom- 
panied his  men  as  prisoners  to  the  arsenal,  and  joined 
in  the  parole  that  Lyon  exacted  of  them  as  the  read- 


i'l; 


I   < 


;«^   '      liJil: 

{      i   ■!   I 


r.oi 


IIISTOIIY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


i  if' 


icst  way  out  of  tliu  cxinliii^  ilifBculty,  altlum^'li  ho 
prutn.ited  a<;ain.><t  it  an  fal^4(.'ly  u.ssiiiiiin<;  that  hu  had 
boriio  arms  agiiiiist  tlio  [IiiitcJ  StatoM.  His  parole 
lasted  until  thu  lattor  part  of  ISGl,  when  he  was 
exchanjied  for  Col.  Mulli};an." 

lie  then  entered  the  Confederate  i-rniy,  serving 
until  the  latter  part  of  LSOIS,  and  was  in  the  battles 
of  Poa  Ridjio  and  Pruir'e  drove.  Ilis  services  in  the 
field  were  witliou  marked  distinetion,  but  by  the  in- 
troiluetion  of  a  system  of  drill  and  discipline  in  the 
Army  of  the  Trans-Mississip])i  ho  rendered  the  Con- 
i'ederaey  e.^^sential  service.  As  commander  at  liittle 
llock  he  had  cliar<;e  of  the  Federal  prisoners,  and 
diseharjjfed  the  delicate  and  responsible  duties  of  his 
position  in  accordance  with  the  instincts  of  a  liumane 
und  j.'enerou.s  gentleman. 

During  the  war  his  wife  (who  hud  reuininod  on  the 
plantation  near  St.  Louis)  was  "banished,"  lier  only 
offense  being  that  .slii'  had  a  husband  in  the  Confed- 
erate army,  and  the  fact  that  she  and  her  live  little 
children  were  homeless  and  unearcd  for  induced  Gen. 
Frost  to  tender  his  resignatiiiii.  in  the  fall  of  IStilJ,  to 
Gen.  E.  Kirby  Smith.  It  was  accepted,  and  Gen.  Frost 
went  to  Montreal,  where  he  was  joined  by  bis  family. 
lie  remained  in  Montreal  until  the  latter  part  of 
1865,  when  ho  returned  to  his  farm  near  St.  Louis. 
lie  was  actively  engaged  in  the  management  of  this 
property  until  1870,  when  he  retired,  and  since  then 
his  chief  care  has  been  to  look  after  the  estates  of 
his  cliildren. 

Gen.  Frost's  first  marriage  has  been  mentioned. 
His  second  wife  was  the  daughter  of  Jules  Chenier, 
the  granddaughter  of  Antoine  Chenier  and  the 
niece  of  Henry  liustave  Soulard.  His  third  wife 
was  ( like  the  first)  u  granddaug'i.  er  of  John  Mul- 
lanphy. 

Gen.  Frost  has  eleven  children  living.  Public  in- 
terest attaches  to  one  of  them,  the  son,  who  when  the 
war  broke  out  was  a  mere  boy,  and  who  is  now  the 
lion.  II.  Graham  Frost,  member  of  Congress  from 
one  of  the  St.  Louis  districts. 

Nathaniel  Lyon,  who  commanded  the  forces  that 
captured  Camp  Jackson,  was  born  at  Ashford,  Wind- 
ham Co.,  Conn.,  on  the  1  hli  of  July,  1811>,  and  wits 
the  son  of  Ania.sa  Lyon  and  Keziah  Knowlton.  Two 
members  of  his  mother's  family,  Thomas  and  Daniel 
Knowlton,  were  distinguished  in  the  Revolutionary 
war,  and  his  father  was  a  respectable  farmer  and  a 
leading  member  of  the  community  in  which  he  lived. 
Nathaniel  worked  on  a  farm  and  attended  the  village 
school  until  his  eighteenth  year,  when  (July  1,  18;57) 
he  entered  the  Military  Academy  at  West  Point,  from 
which  he  graduated  in  1841,  being  the  eleventh  in 


order  of  merit  of  hi.s  class.  On  leaving  the  a  ..letnv 
he  was  appointed  second  lieutenant  in  tiie  Secoii  '  \\^,,•\. 
nient  of  infantry,  and  was  ordered  to  Florida,  wl  .n.li,. 
served  ill  the  latter  jiart  of  the  St'ininole  wn.  I[^, 
afterwards  served  at  various  posts  in  the  westin,  n»[\,. 
try,  and  behaved  with  conspicuous  gallantry  linin.- 
the  Mexican  war.  He  took  part  in  the  boinli:.i.liiit.|,f 
and  (capture  of  Vera  Cruz,  and  at  the  buttle  ■!'  ('i-rrn 
Gordo  bis  company  was  the  only  one  to  ii  i  h  il,,, 
crest  of  the  hill  in  timc^  to  engage  the  Mc.m  ,iii.s  1,,,. 

fore   their  retreat.     At  Contreras  his  regi t  i.,  r. 

formed  important  service  in  repelling  a  cavalr\  iluirje. 
and  his  own  company,  held  in  reserve  in  the  icnir'; 
of  the  hollow  square,  acted  with  great  cooIiu'-s  aii-i 
courage.  On  the  following  day,  at  the  hind  uf  1,1; 
men,  he  pursued  the  fleeing  Mexicans  ami  ia|itiiri.l 
several  pieces  of  artillery.  He  also  distinguislied  liim. 
self  at  Churubusco,  and  the  commander  ul'  his  ri';;i. 
ment  in  his  report  on  the  action  recoiuniendiil  him  t , 
the  special  notice  of  the  colonel  commanding  tlie  bri- 
gade. He  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  brev.  t  ciijiiain 
for  his  behavior  in  this  action,  and  in  the  a.-sinilt  ujiuii 
the  City  of  Mexico  again  distinguished  hiruMlf,  liiiii.- 
wounded  while  fighting  near  the  Belen  Gate.  Alii-r 
the  war  with  Mexico  Capt.  Lyon  was  ordered  to  Jif. 
ferson  Barracks,  St.  Louis,  and  in  1847  was  dispatclipj 
with  his  regiment  to  California,  by  way  of  Ciipu  Hf,rii. 
He  remained  in  California  until  1851!,  his  time  biin.- 
chiefly  employed  in  fighting  Indians  in  California anJ 
Oregon,  and  was  afterwards  employed  in  similar -r- 
vice  in  Kansas  and  Nebraska. 

During  the  slavery  agitation  in  Kansas  lie  timk  mi 
active  part  in  favor  of  abolition  j)rinciples,  :m\  in  lii,- 
summer  of  1860,  while  .stationed  at  Cani|i  Hiliy.  Kan.. 
contributed  a  series  of  articles  to  a  local  [i;i|iir.  \\w 
MiuthdltdH  E.rprt'ss,  advocating  the  election  uf  .\bra 
ham  Lincoln,  which  were  afterwards  colliLicil  anJ 
printed  in  a  volume  entitled  "  The  La.^i  I'dliiiial 
Writings  of  Gen.  Nathaniel  Lyon."  In  tlie  .-|'riii.' 
of  18(51,  Capt.  Lyon  was  in  command  of  tlio  Uiiitil 
States  arsenal  at  St.  Louis.  On  the  7th  of  Mav  tlic 
j)oliee  commissioners  of  the  city  deinaiulod  the  re- 
moval of  United  States  troops  from  all  iilacts  uiTiipisJ 
by  them  outside  the  arsenal  grounds,  'fiie  (kiiiana 
was  refused  b;.  Capt.  Lyon,  and  the  niiiiter  «a.i  re- 
ferred by  the  commissioners  to  the  Goveninr  and  tW 
Legislature,  the  position  taken  by  the  cipiniiiis-ioiieri 
being  that  •'  Missouri  had  sovereign  ami  c.\clu>ive 
jurisdiction  of  her  whole  territory,"  and  "  liiiil  dele- 
gated a  portion  of  her  sovereignty  to  the  Inile'l 
States  over  certain  tracts  of  land  for  military  pur- 
poses, such  as  ar-senals,  parks,  etc."  Th  ■  loiidujion 
was  that  the  United  States  government  liinl  no  riirlit 


THE   CIVIL   WAR. 


&U5 


tooi'i'ii;  iiiiy  portion  of  tlic  soil  of  the  f^ovi'riiiiiciit 
except  <'.'i  wliicli  IiikI  bouii  ceiled  to  it,  and  tliul  the 
presciiC'  "!'  troops  should  therefore  be  restrietcd  to 
tho  nr-' ''  il.  Ca]it.  Lyon,  antieipatinj;  that  an  at- 
tempt 111  :lit  be  made  on  the  \nirt  of  tiie  State  troops 
asscuibl'  i  at  Camp  Jackson  to  seize  the  urseinil, 
eoliecif'l    I   larj,'e    force  of    Home    (Jnards,   and,   as 


y  / 


/'    >-l 


already  stated,  took  possession  of  Camp  Jackson, 
and  made  the  State  troops  prisoners.  On  the  14th 
of  May  the  first  four  regiments  of  United  States 
vuluntc'ors  were  formed  into  a  briirade  as  the  First 
Brigade  Missouri  Volunteers,  and  tCapt.  Lyon  was 
eli'iti'd  briL'adier!.'eneral.  The  next  day  he  sent 
an  expeditiiiM  against  the  secessionists  at  Putosi,  and 
the  troops  routed  a  Confederate  cavalry  company, 
oaptuied  fifiy  prisoners  and  a  Confederate  flag,  and 
Jestroyed  a  lead  manufactory.  In  the  latter  part  of 
Mav,  Geii.  Lyon  ordered  the  steamer  "  J.  C.  Swon" 
10  bo  seized  at  Harlow's  Landing,  below  St.  Louis, 
and  tukoii  to  the  arsenal,  his  reason  for  this  action 
beinj;  tlie  allegation  that  the  vessel  had  transported 
arui.«  from  liaton  Rouge,  La.,  to  the  Missouri  troops 
under  (Ion.  Frost  at  Camp  Jackson.  About  five 
thousand  piiutids  of  lead,  said  to  be  on  its  way  to  the 
South,  wns  also  seized,  in  accordance  with  Gen.  Lyon's 
orders,  at  Irontnn,  on  the  Iron  Mountain  Railroad. 


On  the  31st  of  May,  (Jen.  Hariioy,  in  eomniaiid  at 
St.  Limis,  was  relieved,  and  (Jen.  Lyon  wa.i  left  free 
to  prosecute  his  vigorous  policy.  An  interview  with 
him  was  sought  by  (lovernor  Jackson,  Oen.  Sterling 
Price,  and  other  secession  leaders,  and  wiw  granted. 
In  the  course  of  tlio  conversation  which  ensued  and 
whi<h  lasted  four  hours,  the  Oovernor  and  his  a.ssoci- 
ates  demanded  that  no  I'nited  States  troops  slnmld 
march  through  or  (|uarter  in  Missouri.  (Jen.  Lyon 
refused'to  accede  to  this  ilcmaml,  asserting  that  the 
government  po.ssessed  the  right  to  send  its  troops 
wherever  it  phsased,  and  announced  his  intention  to 
protect  all  biyal  citizens  and  to  attack  all  disloyal  ones 
wherever  he  founil  them.  (Jovernor  Jackson  returned 
to  Jefferson  City,  and  learning  that  Gen.  Lyon  was  on 
his  way  with  a  strong  force  to  take  possession  of  tho 
capital,  withdrew  on  the  morning  of  the  1-1. h,  to- 
gether with  the  members  of  the  Legislature  and  tho 
Static  troojis,  to  Roonville.  (Jen.  Lymi  folloW(Ml  in 
pursuit,  and  in  a  sharp  skirmish  defeated  and  dis- 
persed the  Confederate  troops  under  Gen.  J.  S.  Mar- 
niaduke  on  the  17th  of  June.  On  the  .'id  of  July 
he  left  Boonville  witii  a  force  of  about  two  thousand 
men  for  the  southwestern  portion  of  the  State,  where 
the  Confederate  forces,  under  Gens.  Sterling  Price  and 
McCullough,  Were  rapidly  augmenting.  Gen.  Lyon's 
little  army,  however,  received  large  accessions  as  he 
advanced,  until  on  the  20th  it  numbered  about  ten 
thousand  men.  After  his  arrival  at  Sj)riiigfiold  his 
force  decreased,  owing  to  the  expiration  of  the  time 
for  which  many  of  the  men  had  enlisted,  and  on  the 
1st  of  August  it  had  diminished  to  six  thousand. 
Anticipating  an  attack  by  Gen.  McCullough,  who  was 
reported  to  have  an  army  of  fifteen  thousand  men, 
Gen.  Lyon  moved  to  Crane  Creek,  ten  miles  south  of 
Springfield.  On  the  morning  of  the  2d  the  column 
reached  Dug  Spring.s,  where  the  Confederates  were 
found  drawn  up  in  line  of  battle.  After  a  short  en- 
gagement the  Confederate  force  retreated,  but  on  the 
Gth,  Gen.  Lyon,  being  confronted  by  a  large  force, 
determined,  after  consultation  with  his  officers,  to 
retire  towards  Springfield.  His  position  was  now 
critical,  and  lie  applied  to  Gen.  Fremont  for  reinforce- 
ments, but  they  were  not  forthcoming.  On  the  even- 
ing of  the  fJth,  the  Confederate  forces  under  Gen, 
McCullough  and  (Jen.  Sterling  Price  having  effected 
a  junction,  established  a  camp  on  Wilson's  Creek, 
about  ten  miles  from  Springfield,  on  the  Fayetteville 
road.  Gen.  Lyon  formed  a  project  of  surprising  them 
by  night,  but  afterwards  abandoned  it.  On  the  9th 
he  determined  to  attack  them  simultaneously  at  either 
end  of  the  camp,  which  extended  about  three  miles 
along  the  banks  of  the  creek.     Gen.  Sigel  was  in- 


'1   i' 


111 


■fi:  '!  !l 


rmr 


606 


IHSTOUY   OF   SAINT    LUI'IS. 


1    .1. 


strtu'lml  to  iimlot  tlio  nftiick  on  tli«  cxtrt'ino  left,  mid 
flcti.  l,yoii  li'd  till!  iiiiiin  iix.saiilt  on  tlic  riglit. 

Tlio  wliiilc  iiriiiy  left  Spriiij-tu'lcl  almut  Miiisft  nf  ilio 
!)tli,  lliu  li'I't  cdliiiiin  taking  llic  Kavi'llt'villo  mad,  aixl 
the  rii;lit  tlic  road  leading  to  Mount  Vcnioii.  Marly 
on  till'  nioriiiiig  of  tin?  Idtli  tlicy  <'aiiii'  iijioii  {]k  cii- 
ewy  siroiijrly  |)oNlcd  on  WilHon'n  Crct'k.  A  dcspt'ratu 
und  Ntuhbornly-i'onti'HtwJ  en^rauctni'iit  f'ollowi'd,  and  at 
a  critical  juni'turc  (u'li.  Lyon,  wiio  had  alrrady  hc" 
twice  wounded,  |iia('«;d  iiiinseH'at  tiic  head  of  an  fowa 
ru-^iinoiit,  wIiohu  colonel  had  fallen,  and  led  it  to  the 
cliurjr<',  crying,  "  Forward,  men  I  I  will  lead  you!" 
VVhile  thus  advancing  he  was  struck  in  the  hreast, 
just  above  till!  heart,  by  a  rifle-ball,  and  lell  dead  from 
his  horse.  Maj.  Sturgis  then  look  command,  and  after 
the  conflict  had  waged  fiercely  for  some  time  with  dis- 
astrous results  to  the  Union  forces,  orderiMl  a  retreat 
to  S|iriiigUeld.  Sigel's  column  was  also  badly  routed 
and  coinjielled  to  fall  back.  It  is  said  that  for  sevcrul 
days  before  the  battle  of  \Vils(ui's  Oeek,  Gen.  Lyon 
appeared  much  depressed,  and  that  on  one  occasion  ho 
said  to  a  member  of  his  staff',  "  [  am  a  man  believing 
in  presentiments,  and  ever  since  this  night  surprise 
was  planned  I  have  had  a  feeling  I  cannot  get  rid  of 
that  it  would  result  di,sastr(,,'.sly.  Through  the  refusal 
of  the  government  to  projierly  ■  'iuforce  me  T  am  com- 
pelled to  abandon  the  country  If  I  leave  it  without 
engaginir  the  eiiomy  the  public  will  call  me  a  coward. 
If  I  engage  him  I  may  be  defeated,  and  my  command 
cut  to  pieces.  1  am  too  weak  to  hold  Siiringfield,  and 
yet  the  people  will  demand  that  I  bring  about  a  battle 
with  the  very  enemy  I  cannot  keep  a  town  against. 
How  can  this  result  otherwise  than  against  us?" 

The  body  of  Gen.  Lyon  was  temporarily  interred 
on  the  farm  of  Hon.  John  S.  Phelps,  near  the  battle- 
field, on  the  afternoon  of  the  llJth,  and  on  tlw  26th 
it  was  taken  to  St.  liouis  on  a  special  train.  It  was 
met  at  the  Fourteenth  Street  depot  by  a  detaehnient 
of  Col.  McNeil's  Home  (Juards,  and  conveyed  to  an 
undertaker's  c.vtablishmeTit.  On  the  2r)tli  the  I'ollow- 
ing  orders  in  relatiiui  to  the  battle  '  Wil.-cpu's  (Vcek 
and  the  death  of  Gen.  Lyon  were  issued  by  Gen. 
Fremont : 

"(iKSKIlAI.  OltllKlls   No.  A. 
"  llKAfiyl   AllTKIIS  WksTKIIN    HkI'A  IITM  KNT, 

'•St.  I.ciiis,  Mil..  ,\ii)?.  :!j,  ISlll. 

"  1.  Tilt'  ofliL'iiil  i'i'|inr(.''  of  the  (;i>iiniiatiiliti>;  onioer  of  tlic 
forec.i  t'n);iij;(;il  in  tlio  linttli'  iiciir  S|ii-iiio;ML'lil,  .Mo.,  liiiviiij;  been 
rec'civcil,  tliciimjur  ijciiL'nilcoiniiiiiiiiliii^niiiiouiK'i'.'  lo  llir  tiunjis 
eiiibrnei-il  in  h\»  ooiiiniiinil  witli  pride  inul  ttii'  lii^liur't  coiiinion- 
dntion  tlif  cxtniorfllnury  scrvics  to  their  country  und  Hag  ron- 
dered  by  tlie  division  ol'  the  bravo  and  lainontcd  <ion.  Lyun. 

•'  For  thus  nolily  biililiii>;  lor  tho  lioiior  ol  llioir  Hiij;  ho  now 
I'liblicly  dosiros  to  e.xipross  to  the  ollicers  and  ^oldiorn  liis  onrdiiil 


"  I  Mh.il, 
"   «  till. 

MM  r„ii, 
•■'■ f 

I'illwr 


Ihiinks,  rind  ininnnnda  tlii-ir  inniliiol  iif  an  i'\fuii|>l 
iilu»  wliciici  or  ontfaiji'il  auuin-t  the  onoiiiio*  ol'  i 

"  ()|i|H  •oil  by  iivorKlioliniiiK  iniisso!'  of  llio  ent'iii, 
niorioal  (iii|ioriorlty  of  uimardi  of  twenty  llioniiand  a;: 
lbou»ani|  tlireu  liiiii<lrod,  or  noarly  llvo  lo  ono,  llio  •: 
our  trM.i|i.  witc  novorllioli-n  nulliiionlly  niiirki'd  to  ^:i 
ox|dolli'  iJMi  iiioiiij  otI'oi.(  id'  n  \  iotory. 

"  2.  The  Koiioral  uoniniaiidiii;,'  hiinonlK,  in  ^yiii|ialliv  win,  |j,,, 
ooiiiitiv,   llio   lo.-«  of    llio   iiidoiniliiblo  (ion.    Nailiiiiiil   l.v,,,, 

HiH  fa iniiot  bo  lii'llor  oiilo){i/od  tbiiii   in  thoiio  «    id.  i„.,„ 

.no  ollioiiil  roport  of  his  xiilbiiit  •iiooo^'sor,  .Maj.  .><tiii;;i..  I'nii,,! 
.'<talo-  Cavalry,  '  Thiii.  xiilbinlly  foil  ax  Iruo  a  aiil.li.  i  ii.<  n,,, 
drew  a  -woid;  a  man  h  hi>«o  liom-ty  of  purport' waa  in'ncrlpiiir 
11  iioblo  patriot,  and  ono  who  hold  hi,"  lilo  as  nolhim;  nlicul,,, 

oonnliy  di indod  it  of  him.'     t.ot   -ll  omiilato  lii.i  |,i.,\vr..  mi 

iindonyiii;;  dovo'lon  to  his  duty. 

".'1.  Tlio  ri','iiiioiit'<  and  corps  cuKaj^od  in  tliis  bii'lo«i||  i,, 
pirmillod  to  nave  'Sprinnfu'ld'  oinbla/.oiiod  on  tlioir  oiiloriin 
disliiiL'iiishi  1(5  nicniorial  of  Ihoir  services  to  tho  niili"ii 

"1.  Tho 'iiinien  of  tho  onioori"  and  aoldiers  nionti"Mod  in  ih.. 
ollicial  roi.iMts  as  miokI  di«liii){ui.s|iod  for  important  mrviiT.  ;ii,,| 
niiirket  Kulhinlry  will  lie  on  ..'iiunicatcd  to  the  W:ii'  liciniii. 
liiei  ■  for  the  consideralion  o.   [ho  ;:overniuent. 

";'i.  This  order  will  bo  road  at  the  head  of  evoiy  i'iMii|iiiny  ii, 
tlii.s  depart iiiont. 

•'  Ily  order  of  Maj. -lion.  Froinont. 

"  J.  C.  Kki.ton, 

''  Amillltttlit  .ilfjllfinit-fn  lit  nit," 

(ien.  Lyon's  remains  were  removed  I'rutii  tlie  im 
dertaker's  to  Gen.  Fremont's  headquarters  on  llio 
27th,  escorted  by  (Company  K  of  Col.  Mc^"  ■'' 
regiment,  and  on  tiie  following  day  the  lollowin:; 
orders  were  issued  by  Gen,  Fremont: 

"  St'Kii.vi.  OuiiKiiH  No.  lis. 
"  llKAiigrARTKiis  \V|.:.i»TKiis  Dkimumim, 
"St.  I.ons,  Mo.,  Aii);.  LM,  |kc,i. 
"The  remains  of  tho  late  nrijj.-lien.  Nathaniel  I, yon,  I'ninl 
Plates  army,  having;  arrived   in  this  city  on  tho  way  i;:nl,  mil 
bo  osoortod  with  proper  ceremonies,  at  one  o'olork  lliis  afln- 
noon,  from  the  qiiartor.s  of  .Mnj.-(lon.  Fremont  tii  the  ilfiiut  i.f 
tlio  Ohio  and  .Mist^issippi  Railroad,  where  they  will  hr  ililiviTel 
to  the  Adams  Ivxpress  Company,  to  bo  conveyed  Ktt^l  iinLr 
escort  of  ollicers. 

"The  escort,  comtnanded  by  Brig, -lien,  SiL;ol,  will  I'mi-i-tot 
dipt.  Tielinnn's  and  C'a]it.  /.agony's  eompanios  of  ciimiiy,  .i 
foetion  of  ("apt,  (Jtrlin's  batlory  of  artillery,  and  the  Firit 
Itegimcnt  Mis.souri  Volunloers, 

"The  following-niiined  officers  will  act  a.s  pall-hearers; 
"Col.  Ulair,  Col.  Albert, 

Col.  Osterhan.s,  Col.  Wolf, 

Maj.  .Siiirgis,  Maj.  .Schotielil, 

.Maj.  Conant,  Maj.  Sheplieid. 

"  .As  many  ollicers  now  present  in  this  oily  !i>  ran  lies|inr'i 
from  their  duties  will  join  the  procession  in  iinit'..rMi  with  A'k- 
arms. 

'•The  city  judges,  the  mayor.  Common  Coiincii.  city  iifticor!. 
and  citizens  are  invited  lo  attend. 

"The  roar  of  the  iirocession  will  bo  closed  by  a  swim  '! 
Capt.  Carlin's  battery  and  tlio  Third  Regiment  Initol  ^laif-' 
Keservo  Corps,  Col.  McNeil. 
"  By  order  of  (Jen.  Fremont. 

".I.  C.   Kl  l.ToS, 
"  Ani'iiilillll  .\lljllhut-linlirilV' 


\k 


TIIK   CIVIL    WAR. 


r.(i7 


l'\!UII|lll'    '.1  lllii, 

iiW'  •<(  Hi"  liii»i,, 
1'  oiifiiii  III  i\  nu. 
ukiiikI  11;:  'iiittf.iiir 

H',  till!  "11  '■!'!'«'«  iif 
k.'il  tn  t-i..  Iiillni, 

*yiii|iiilli.>  «iiii  iiiu 

.     Nlllhlltinl    I.Vnll. 

1  (lii'««  w  'I'll*  I'n.in 
liij.  Srniiii'.  l'niip.| 

t'    a    ?lo|ilirf   llii  tViT 

iw«  wiiH  |ii'inorliial: 
If  iiiilliiiiK  whrnlii' 
ate  hl»  iniinB-mnJ 

1  tliin  IjiUliMtill  1,, 
im  llii'ir  i''i|"r"ii'a 
I  the  niiii"!! 
MS  ;iii'iili"iu'i|  ill  the 

|iiirtiint  mivi mil 

U)  tlio  Will   |io|iiiri- 

I'lit. 

)!'  uvcn  i''ini|iiim  in 


C.   KKl.rnN. 

\iljiltiint'lini'mi" 

s'od  from  the  im 
(l(|UartL>r.s  (in  ihf 
of  C..1.    Mc^'' 
lay   till'    I'dlliiwiir: 

t 

Its. 

r.iiN  Diimumisi, 
All;:,  l!^,  ISOI. 
tlmiiicl  l.yon,  Vniiel 
11  tho  wiiy  VmI  "ill 
ii«  u'l'loi'k  ttiis  ofU't- 
iiii.iit  to  thf  ilefol  ot 
llhcy  will  lip  lU'livtreJ 
Ic'oiivfycil  K»«t  uniliT 

■;iHiO.  will  rnii>i-tot 
jiimnii'!'  iif  ciiviiliy,  .i 
lillory,  iiii'l  the  I'ir-t 

li!>  |iiill-lji.'un'rs: 

JlTt, 

'11'. 

]5llllliPlll, 

lii'|iliei>l. 

ily  ll^  I'llll  liesimrel 
liii  iinil'"riii  Willi  ri'le- 

I'liiinoii.  rily  iiHi«"' 

liisca  Ijy  II  soolion  4 
Iriiiu'Dt  Vniteil  ?l;ii<'* 


Ic.  Ki'.i.tms. 


111  .;,  -  niilllliri'  willl    tll('^^('    nlcli'lN,  tlu'  n'lllllillM  WtTU 

p^,.,,ii,u  til  the  railnnul  (It'poi   iiiiii  fnrwHrdtnl  tlu'ia-i! 

Ill    Ivi-'l'ii'il,   C'liiti.,    wliiTu    tlicy    wtTi'    iiiti'i'rcd    in 

tin'   I'liiiilv   l)iiriul-j;riiuii(l.      At    St.    lioni.s,    Cinciii 

iiiili.  I'i'i-lMirj;li,  New   Vurk,   iiinl   Hartford  (Coiin.) 

till'  ri'iii  iiii'l  I'ly  'I'  i^tiiti!.  and  were  vieitud  liy  tliou- 

siiiil.'<   "'    IK'opli".       At    Kastford    llu!    fniuiral    oh.stv 

,iuii7i  \\  ii'  of  tho  iiioKt  impuHin^  charnetor,  and  iid- 

Jrcssi's  wiTc  di'liverod   by   lion.   lialiiMlia   A.  (Irow, 

(Spcakif  iif  tlio  Fnitcd  States  IIoilsc  of  IJcprcsiMita- 

iivt'S',il'ivi'rnor  Buckinf^hain  (of  Connecticut),  Oov- 

criMir  SiiniL'iii'  (of  Kliodt!   I.slnnd),  and  otlu-rs.     On 

rcadini:  lii-"  will  it  was  discovered  that  Goii.  Lyon  had 

liiiiai'iiilii 'I  thirty  thon.sand  dollars  (nearly  tho  whole 

III' his  istaic)  to  tho   United  States  {;ov<!rninont  for 

the  iinisi'eiition   of   tho   war.      'I'o    Nathaniel    Lyon 

niiM  111'   asirihed  the  eliit-f  share  of  credit   for   tho 

iiroicrviiiiiiii  of  Mi.s.sotiri   to  the   Ilnion,  his  enorfiotic 

MU'iisaios   havint:   contrihnted   immensely   to    inspire 

ilic  I'liiiiii  piirty  in   the   State  with    coiifidonoe  mid 

Cdiinijre,  and  to  bafflo  and  disheatten   the  secess'.  i 

leiulors.     lie  was  an  ardent  patriot,  u  man   of  rnr 

cnerjry  nnd  decision  of  character,  and  an   able  and 

iiitri']ii(l  ciildier. 

Ill  ISCiS  a  public  ineetirj-of  tho  adniirei.^  of  Gon. 

IjVom  was  lii'hl  at  tho  St.  Louis  court-liou.se,  nml  an 

;issiui;i;i(in  was  formed  for  the  purpose  of  erecti'ij;  a 

iiiiiiiuiiiciit  to  his  memory.     Al  out  fifteen   tliousani 

ilnlliiis  was  raised  by  private  subscription   and  by  a 

:r;iiit  riniii  the  eoiiiity  court.      In    1870,  I.  Wil.son 

Miiciliiiuihl  was  selected   as   tlie  artist  and   intrusted 

willl  the  execution  of  the  work.     Conjiress,  by  the 

lu'iiif  July  25,  18t)8,  amended   March   li,  1869,  and 

July  11,  187(1,  granted  that  portion  of  the  {rrounds 

III' the  St.  Louis  arsenal   lyiiii;  between   Carondelet 

Aviiiuc  ami  l''ourth  Street  to  the  city  of  St.  Louis  as 

a  |iuliHe'  iinmiid,  lui   condition    that   tlie   city  should 

within  three  years  complete  the  erection  of  a  monu- 

niont  thereon  to  the  late  Brij;.-Geii.  Nathaniel  Lyon. 

Thi'si' I'lu'ts  were  eiimniunicated  to  tlie  mayor  by  Isaac 

T.  8lu']';i'd.  secretary   of  the   Lyon    Monument  As- 

<tn'i;itinn,  as  the  Secretary  of  War,  William  W.  Hel- 

kiiap,  had  rei|Uesteil  to  be  informed  whether  it  was 

■'till'  intention  id'  the  city  authorities  to  accept  the 

s;r;int,  and,  if  so.  whether  steps  are  beinn'  taken  to 

fiiiiilily  with  the  coiulitions  thereof  within   tho  time 

li.XL'il  hy  Coiifiress."     Mr.   Siiepard  showed  that  all 

|i;iynieiits  and  subscriptions  Itad  been  made,  but  for 

till'  c'liuiplctiou  of  the  statue,  with   its  pedestal,  more 

liiiiils  wi'ie  needed,  and  added   that  as  fast  a.s  they 

woiL'  received   the  work  would   !  n  pushed   to  com- 

pli'tioii. 

The  Jay  following  tlie  capture  of  Camp  Jackson 


(May  llthj  there  was,  if  pnssible,  greater  excitement 
and  more  bloodsiiud,  as  must  always  happen  if  tmrps 
raw  and  undisciplined  are  permitted  to  march  in- 
discriminately throujjh  erowcls  of  excited  citizens.  In 
ihis  ease,  as  in  that  of  Camp  Jaekson,  there  are  con- 
tlictinii  accounts.  (,'(d.  i'eckham  says  that  the  troops 
W('re  assaidteil.  stoned,  and  lired  at,  and  beeanu'  bis 
wildered.  We  can  well  believe  it,  but  this  does  not 
explain  why  they  should  Ix!  marching  at  will  throut;h 
the  streets,  a  re;iimeiit  just  mnslered  in,  of  whom 
some  had  never  handleil  a  musket  in  their  lives.  A 
tnporary  account  lA'  this  terrible  alfair  is  as  fol- 
lows: 

".Miilmut  liiilf-|iiii't  llvu  ii'rloi!l<  on  .'^iiliinlry  I'Vi'iiinit,  .Mii> 
lull,  II  liir^c  body  of  the  tleriiiaii  llnnit'  tiiiiinls  ciiti'ix'il  tliu 
city  tliroiii;h  Tliird  .■'trout  IVmn  tho  arsoniil,  wlieru  Ihoy  Imd 
boon  cnliKli'il  iluring  tho  diiy  iind  riirniclieil  with  iiiinB,  Laigu 
crowds  (.(dlci'ted  to  wihu'?'..'  tht'ir  iniiri'li.  iind  they  pnsspil  iiiiino- 
Icntcd  iiliiii)^  until  thoy  rciiolu'd  Waliiiil,  when  llioy  tiinicil  U|i 
tlint  "tioi't  Mild  piocuoili'il  wi"<twaril.  L.irgo  omwdH  were  ool- 
li'L'lud  on  thi'Kociiinur.".  who  Imolod  and  hissed  as  I  he  ouuipanios 
pasRcd,  nnd  luio  inmi  Mtandiii};  on  tho  ^lops  of  tho  chnii-li  lirod 
a  revitlvoi  into  Iho  ranks.  A  sohlier  fell  dead,  when  two  inoro 
Khnts  woro  Orod  t'roiii  tho  wiii'lowi*  of  ii  lioi.t*''  iirar  l.y.  .At  this 
tiiiio  tho  head  of  tho  ooliiiiin.  whioh  reaohod  i*D  f'lr  aH  .'^oveiith, 
suddenly  tf.  i,  d  and,  levolini;  tlu-ir  ri(los,  liri'd  down  tin;  street, 
and  proi,  'eiKiusly  anioiii;  tho  spectators  w  ho  lined  (lie  pave- 
inr..t. .  Slumtinjc  as  they  did,  directly  towards  their  own  rear 
ranks,  thoy  Icilled  some  id*  their  men  as  well  as  tlio-e  coinposing 
liio  iT'iwd.  'I'ho  shower  of  Imllols  was  for  a  moment  terrihie, 
and  the  only  wonder  is  that  more  lives  were  not  lost.  The  inig- 
siles  of  lead  entered  tho  windows  and  perforated  tho  doors  of 
private  residences,  loarinj;  the  ceilings  and  llirowinj;  splinters 
in  every  dire -t'on.  Tho  house  nf  Mr.  Mathews  was  entered  by 
throe  bullets,  and  Mi.  M.uhows'  daughter  was  struck  slightly 
by  a  spent  ball.  On  Iho  street  the  scene  preseiilod  as  the  sol- 
diers moved  olT  was  sad  indeed.  Si.\  nion  lay  dead  at  dilTeient 
points,  and  several  were  wounded  and  shrieking  with  pain  upon 
the  piivenients.  The  clcad-earts,  wliieh  luve  become  fniniliar 
vehicles  since  the  siM'nes  of  the  last  two  days,  were  soon  engaged 
in  reniuving  llio  corpses  from  the  ground.  The  woundeii  were 
carried  to  the  Health  Ofliie.  Four  of  the  men  killed  were  mem- 
bers of  tho  regiment,  and  two  wcr.  citi'/.ens.  Last  night  the 
former  had  not  been  rccogni/ed.  .Terry  Switzelan,  an  engineer 
on  the  river,  was  passing  by  the  door  of  .Mr.  II.  (Hover's  resi- 
dence, on  Seventh  Sireel,  next  to  Walnut,  when  a  ball  struck 
him  in  the  head,  and  scattered  his  brains  over  the  dour  au  ( 
walls,  A  pool  of  blood  marked  the  spot  where  bo  fell  afli  r  his 
body  had  been  removed,  Joremiah  (lodfrey,  a  hired  man  of 
Mr.  Co7.«ens,  county  surveyor,  was  working  in  the  yard  of  Mr. 
Co/.zens  at  the  time  of  the  occurrence.  Wii,le  st. toping  over  in 
the  act  of  fastening  some  llowers  to  a  frame,  tl  je  soldiers  en- 
tered the  gate,  and  approaching  williin  the  yard  lired  throe 
shots  into  his  body.  Fortunately  none  of  tlieiu  were  fatal, 
being  all  llesli  wounds.  The  family  witnessed  the  iifl'air,  and 
says  that  the  man  bad  not  been  out  of  the  yard,  and  was  un- 
aware of  tho  approach  of  liis  assailants  until  stricken  down  by 
their  bullets.  Charles  II.  Woodward,  a  cleik  in  I'omeroy  & 
Uonton's  store,  was  shot  in  th-j  shoulder,  and  will  have  to  have 
his  entire  arm  amputated.  He  was  carried  into  the  residence 
of  Mr.  .Mathews  and  kindly  eared  for.  Jar  s  F.  Welsh,  living 
at  No.  18U  Wash  Street,  between  Fourteenth  and  Fifteenth 
•Streets,  was  shot  through  the  foot.'    Michael   Davy,  residing 


508 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


botwcon  O'Fiillon  nml  Oiiss  Avemio  and  Sixth  niul  Sovonth,  ro- 
ooivod  n  bull  lliroiigh  llio  iiiiklo,  iiiid  ninpiitnlicin  will  bo  nooo!- 
8ftry.  Joliii  Nolu(<  wiis  wihiihIcmI  in  tli«  cheok.  Suvonil  otliorfl 
wore  injured  slightly,  'I'lic  IniuMcs  on  tlu'  right  side  of  Walnut 
from  Fifth  to  Seventh  weroeonsiderivbly  injured  by  bulli'tx,  nnd 
the  ininiites  '.  several  eiises  hud  very  narrow  vscaiiex.  At  a 
Into  hour  in  the  night  the  bodies  of  .lohn  (iiirvin,  whoso  brother 
kco|is  II  livery-stiiblc  on  Market  Street,  William  Cody,  ft  book- 
]ieddler  from  New  Orleans,  and  .lohn  Dick  were  recognized 
among  Iho  dead.  Immense  crowds  of  people  llllcd  the  strcetn 
after  the  occurrence,  and  tho  whole  city  presented  a  scene  of 
excitement  seldom  witnessed. 

"  Mayor  Taylor  miide  an  address  to  tho  people  from  tho  steps 
of  the  church  on  Fifth  and  Walnut  Streets,  orhorling  them  to 
disperse  peaceiibly,  and  promising  that  thoy  should  be  fully 
protected  from  violence.  The  address  evidently  had  a  good 
elVect,  and  tho  streets  became  nioro  (|uiet.  The  action  of  the 
soldiers  in  retaliating  upon  two  or  three  individuals  by  tiring 
recklessly  among  tho  crowtl  and  into  houses  excited  universiil 
indignation." 

A  ninvspupcr  correspondent  the  next  day  vi.sitod 
the  seene  of  (•oiiflict  on  Walnut  Street,  and  described 
it  us  follows : 

"The  seen*!  of  Saturdtiy's  fatalities,  on  Walnut  and  on 
.Seventh  Streets,  was  visited  during  the  day  by  inullitudes  of 
people.  T'he  appearance  of  tho  resiliences  on  the  niu'th  side  of 
Walnut  and  west  side  of  Si'venth  was  the  subject  of  a  great 
ileal  of  animated  conversntii>n.  The  sides  nt'  tho  liouses  W(mo 
ticarred  in  dozens  of  places  by  niches  in  tlio  briidi  oi'  stone  and 
mortar,  made  by  the  .Mini/-  tmllets,  whilst  slnitters,  iloors,  win- 
dows. iMiil  casements  were  shattered  liy  the  same  terrible  in- 
struments of  ilestrui'liim.  Tho  force  of  these  Iciulen  mcsseniiors 
was  truly  astonishing.  Notches  large  cmuigh  to  hold  a  nuin's 
fist  were  maiie  in  solid  stone.  In  nniny  spots  whole  bi-ieks  were 
crumbled  to  fragments.  Shutters  and  ivimlow  sashes  were  rid- 
dled into  splinters,  Panes  of  glass  were  perforated  by  balls, 
leaving  holes  as  nicely  cut  as  if  done  with  a  diamond.  Some 
forty  or  fifty  marks  of  this  kind,  by  as  many  bullets,  upon  tho 
walls  and  sides  of  ilwellings  showed  what  fearful  work  powder 
nnd  lead  are  capable  of  doing;  and  the  universal  wonder  on 
surveying  these  mute  testimonials  was  that  there  had  not  been 
11  much  greater  auiount  of  fatiility, 

"  l)n  the  corner  of  Seventh  and  .Market  Streets  lay  the  car- 
cass of  a  iiohle-looking  gray  horse,  which,  having  received  a 
terrific  shot  in  the  forehead,  had  fallen  dead  hi'iu'iilh  his  rider. 
The  latter  escaped  by  lying  down,  with  great  presence  id  minil, 
behinil  tho  prostrate  animal.''' 

'  As  a  part  of  the  record  cd'  this  tragical  uollision,  we  have 
deemed  it  of  sunieicnt  importancoto  append  the  following  state- 
nicnts  from  other  contemporary  accounts  : 

"  St.  IjOI  is,  .May  K),  I 
"  N.  I'AsciiAi.i,,  I'.SQ.  : 

"  Dkau  ,"<iu,  — Having  been  an  eye-witness  of  the  oommencc- 
nient  of  the  tragical  atTair  on  Walnut  .Street  on  last  Saturday 
afternoon,  and  not  having  seen  in  the  papers  of  this  city  any 
correct  re|)ort  of  the  siiiiie,  I  am  induced,  iit  the  riMjucst  of 
luaiiy  citizens,  to  send  toyoti  for  publication  a  brief  statement  of 
facts  as  they  occurred.  In  proceeding  from  my  ollice  to  my 
homo  on  Seventh  Street,  between  Walnut  and  Klni,  I  in.d  the 
liead  of  a  column  of  soldiers  called  the  '  Home  lliiaid,'  march- 
ing west  on  Walnut  Street,  ami  walked  on  the  north  side  of  tho 
street,  nearly  opposite  tho  head  of  the  column,  until  I  got 
nearly  uppoeito  tho  door  of  Mr.  .Mathews  (sumo  three  or  four 
buildings  from  the  oornor  of  Sixth  and  Walnut,  on  the  north 


Tho  innyur  issued  ii  proclaiunlion  on  this  nioiu  Mtim.; 
Saturday  inorniiio;  which  was  oalculatud  to  |  roumt,, 
quiet  und  tend  to  reduce  the  nuiltitudes  tliroiiLiiio  tlio 
Htreets,     It  was  in  the  terms  here  set  fortli : 

side  of  Walnut),  1  stopped  at  tho  point  mentioned  i  -w  if  | 
coulil  recognize  any  porsims  in  the  ranks,  as  they  pi  .,,|  n,,. 
with  whom  I  was  aci|uainte>l,  in  order  to  ascertain  w  li.  il,,,,- ii,,, 
troops  were  citizens  of  St.  I.oiiis  or  not.  Having  recp^nii/pl  n 
number  of  familiar  faces  as  citizens  of  St.  I.oiiis,  my  :illciiii,,|| 
was  drawn  to  the  crowd  of  persons  collected  at  the  cnrncr  „f 
Fifth  and  Walnut,  many  of  whom  I  could  see  slandiii;  im  i!,,. 
south  end  of  the  church  steps,  on  tho  northwest  eoriici  nf  |;f,|, 
and  Walnut.  There  was  at  this  time  eonsidemble  iHiniin..  jnj 
abusive  language  used,  and  a  pistol-shot  fired  from  Ilir  ^teii. ,.f 

the  church,  as  I  supposed  fnun  the  Hash  and  smoke.     Im || 

ately  after  the  liring  of  the  pistol  from  the  crowd  on  tlii'>it|,. 
of  the  church,  a  man  stepped  out  from  the  ranks  ol'  tlic  troi.iis 
and  returned  Iho  tire  with  a  pistol,  which  was  almost  immrli. 
ately  followed  by  a  general  fire  from  tho  rear  ranks  of  imni., 
which  I  supposed  dispcrs4'd  tho  crowil  on  Fifth  Sl-ccl.  .imIh. 
lire  of  the  whole  body  of  troops  (at  this  time  extiMidiiii.'  In.iii 
near  Fifili  Street  to  Seventh)  beeanie  general,  the  liic  \f';i,f 

miiinly  diiected  to  tho  north  side  of  Walnut  and  h\<  SimIi | 

Seventh  Streets,  altboiigli  there  was,  so  far  as  I  couM  di>.iiv,r, 
nothing  to  lire  at  but  a  few  i(uiet  men,  woiueii,  and  cliiMirnr, 
be  seen  on  Walnut  Street,  and,  1  have  been  told  also,  on  .sjmIi 
and  Scviuith,  wlio  Innl  gathered  to  see  the  soldiers  piiss.  I  ijj 
not  leave  the  spot  I  occupii'd  on  Walnut  Street  iit  lliin'oiiiiiiciici'. 
meiit  of  the  tiring  until  the  troops  had  nearly  all  iliseliui.'i  i 
their  pieces  and  retired,  some  down  Sixth  Street  to  Kim,  ani 
some  through  the  alley  between  Sixth  and  Scvenlh.  Iml  ilm 
main  body  rallied  at  the  church  on  tho  ccu-ner  id'  Kiglilli  aiiii 
Walnut,  and  commence'!  reloading  their  guns,  at  ahiili  liiur 
I  entered  the  house  opposite  to  which  1  hail  been  slaniliiig.iiil 
observed  what  was  going  on.  I  heard  a  few  .scattcriiij;  .-li  i|< 
about  the  tiino  I  entered  the  house,  and  aflerwaidn  iiscerlaiinl 
that  a  man  was  wounded  in  Mr,  Cozzeu's  giirdeii,  and  aiiMllnr 
I  saw  brought  up  ^Valnut.  My  children  and  servants  won' 
jiursucd  in  the  alley  between  Seventh  and  Kiglith  Streets  vviili 
pointed  bayonets  by  the  *  Home  IJuard.'  and  I  siipiiosi'  wore 
not  shot  in  conseipicnce  of  their  guns  being  dis.-har^'eil.  TIio 
report  of  persons  tiring  from  windows  of  houses  in  tin-  iii'li;!!- 
borhood,  unless  it  toidt  place  after  the  general  tiling  e'lniiiriii'i''!. 
1  know  to  be  untrue,  and  it  is  not  at  all  |)rotiali1e  anrlliiii,:,'  :' 
the  kind  took  place  at  any  time  during  the  tiriiii;.  I  iiisu  kii'iw 
the  statement  to  la?  untrue  that  any  person  was  stint  liimnaiii 
killed  from  the  tiring  id'  ii'iy  pistol-shol  from  the  uniivii  iit  tlie 
corner  of  Fifth  and  Walnut  Streets.  If  any  |iers"ii  «as  liuil 
by  the  lire  from  tho  crowd,  they  were  able  to  hhIU  iiwiiv.aiil 
have  died  since,  and  if  suoh  is  the  fact,  t  have  not  luoii  in- 
formod  of  it.  I  have  not  made  this  statement  ttilli  iiiiy  liiviii 
create  more  excitoment  than  now  exists.  I  ile|iii.iitellu'iiiili! 
erotions  of  persons  in  a  mob  firing  upon  the  sojilicrs,  tliini.'ii 
(iod  knows  the  shooting  down  of  innocent  noiiu'ii  iiiiil  ililMno 
would  seem  to  be  at  least  some  palliation,  and  if  l.ingiiaceiVMuil 
serve  me  to  express  tho  loathing  or  abhorrence  I  liiivi!  for  tli'i.H' 
who  would  deliberately  do  such  an  act  (witlioiil  iiii.V  |iruv'NM- 
tion),  or  their  apologists,  and  those  who  actually  ii|i|iii)H' "f 
their  acts,  I  would  at  least  make  an  elTort  to  reindi  tlu'ir  wn- 
sciences,  hut  I  think  the  hot  iron  has  long  sin. e  l'iiini|'|ili"l 
to  them,  and  they  are  seared  beyond  all  hope  d'  iiiiiliiii)!  a  "'ll 
spot,  unless  it  is  by  bullets  and  bayonets,  nilli  wliiili  llioyaro 
so  ready  to  act, 

"  MoiiriMi  II  Ki:vM  IT." 


THE   CIVIL   WAR. 


509 


,lii8  niuiii'iildus 
tod  to  pr.inuitii 
s  throii;j.in^rtlio 
forth : 

ntioni'il  I  I  -CI'  if  I 
s  tlioy  iMis-,'.l  iiip^ 
crdiiii  wlirtlier  (he 
iviiig  iTCH,'ni«'la 
iiiiiis,  in.v  iilli'iitinn 
I  nt  till'  I'linuT  .if 
I'O  i'tiin'rui;;  on  tlie 
ie."l  eoniiT  nf  I'ifih 
L'lublc  linniiii;'  aii't 

■ll   IVlMII    111!'   -Il'|.-.f 

I  siniiki'.  Iiniiii-ii 
iiiowii  on  t)u'  sti!|i» 
r;mks  iit'  lln-  tniii|is 
viis  almost  iuiiiicili- 
nv  fuiiUs  uf  Um\". 
I'Mftli  Sfucl,  ii«  tlip 
iiu'  oxti'iiiiinj;  frimi 
lonil,  tilt'  lirt'  lii'lrig 
It  iiml  up  i;i.\lli  mid 
lis  I  I'oiiM  ilis'iiiir, 
lu'ii,  mill  I'liil'iii'ii  1 1 

I  lulil  iilsii.  oil  SiMli 
siililii'is  puss.    I  ill 

(.'ft  111  tluu'lMlllllllll'i'- 
li'llllv  nil  .li>i'll:ir.-i  i 

II  Stii'i'l,  ll'  Klin,  an  I 
nil  Si'vfiilli,  I'lil  llii' 
iiriii'i-  III'  Kislilli  iini 
L^iiiis,  nl  wliii'li  liiuv 

liwii  sliiii'lius. ;iiil 
iilli'iiiij;  sli"t< 
iwuiils  iisoTlaiiH'l 
nnlvii,  iiii.l  iiii"iii'T 
ml  -eivuiils  «i't' 
•'.ii;lilli  Stivi'H  ivith 
ml  I   siippiiso  «TO' 
,r  ,li<,.liiii;;i'il.    Tlie 
ill  tlic  iii'isjli- 
I  liiiii^MMinniriuTil, 
i.liiiMi'  iinyiliinj   ; 
liriiiH.    1  iils'i  I'll"" 
«;is  slmt  iloivnanl 
III  I  111'  oinwil  111  I'"-' 
V  pi'i-siill  was  Imtl 
III  niilli  iiiviiv,  mil 
lull  I'  li'il  I'l'i'ii  in- 
Ill  «illi  uliv  >ii'»''i 
li'pni'ntrtlu'in'li!- 
lli.'  siil.licrs,  llii'iiili 
Hiiiiii'ii  mill  I'liililf" 
,|  iri;iii)?iiiiKo«""''l 
i|iei'  1  liavi'  I'Tlli""' 

itliniil  iiii.v  pr'i' '• 

iii'liiiillv  ii|'|irovi' I'f 
t„  ii'iii'li  tlii'ir  >■""• 
.,  sim-r  I'f'"  "It""' 
j„,  „f  i-vn,'li.n)!:i!"fl 
Willi  vvliii'lilln'y"" 


ipi 


"Mayoti'h  Ofpick,  City  IIam,, 

"Miiy  11,  1861. 

i<  III  \  II  w  i>r  tlio  pruviiiliiig  exiiitcinonl,  imiO  fur  tlio  piirposo 
of  iTiii  "'"Bi  "■"  '"■'  ""  l"'""'!"'!'!''".  I'll  <'iii"'i^8  of  aililitiimiil  irri- 
latiiiii.  lui'l  of  nmiiitiiiiiiii);  thu  (luiitic  pciic.o,  I,  Diiiiiol  (!.  Tiiy- 
liir  iiiiivor  of  till)  iMly  of  .St.  Ijoiii?,  licrrby  rcspoi'tfiilly  rui|iie8t 
nil  iiwiii'i's  iiiiil  keepers  of  liiirs.  ilrinkiii^-.slinpii.  Iioer-lioiisna,  iind 
otlici-  pliu'i'-''  wlieiu  iiitoxiiiiitiiiK  lliiiioi'.s  iiru  Holil  to  close  tlio 
j,,iin,  f.irijnvitli.  anil  keep  tlieni  eloaeil  iliiiliig  the  cnnlinuiinuo 
of  till,  pirsi'iit  e.\elteiiiciit. 

..  I  |,|„,,  l,y  virtue  of  tlio  power  in  ino  ve-stcil  liy  act  of  the 
Li'i-isliitiiri',  ri'iiiiire  all  minors  to  keep  witliin  iloors  throe  diiy.i 
ni'Sl  siir.  leiliiiK  the  issuing  of  this  proelamution.  t  also  re- 
(Hii'wi  iifiill  goiiil  eili/.ens  to  remain  within  ilooi-s  after  nightfall, 
a-  fur  lis  piiielicii'ile,  ami  to  avoiil  all  tumultuous  ;;iitlierin);s  or 
inwtiii«s. 

•'  Itiiviii','  iipiiii  tlie  loyalty  ami  gooil  ,iuil,;mont  of  his  follow- 
citizciis-  llii'  iinilersigneil  ooiilidenlly  expects  a  cordial  coiiipli- 
iini'c  Willi  these  miuests. 

"Dasiki.  a.  Tavi.iik,  Miiij'ir, 
"Atlesi:   U')i.  .S.  ('i;iiiiv,  Cily  IliijiKler." 

ijiit.  licsiilos  the  riotiiisr,  thcfc  was  much  to  disquiet 
and  (listiiil)  the  ])Coplc.  Troops  wore  iiiarchinji  iuid 
c'liuMtoriiiarehiiif;  in  the  city,  tiiid  the  diiufjer  of  a 
"I'lKiiiil  ciillision  hetween  theiu  iiiid  the  citizens  was 
tcniiily  iiiiiiiiiient.  Thoy  seized  upon  what  seemed 
ll)  lie  .stnitoijic  jioints,  and  it  was  feared  that  in  a  mo- 
iiu'iitiif  I'Xiisperation  a  j^eiicral  conthigration  and  mas- 
saiTc  would  result.  Tiio  depot  of  tiie  I'aeilie  lliiilroad 
w;is  scizi'il  by  tiiem,  as  the  following;  correspondence 
slunvs ; 

"  I'Ai'irii:  IlAir.iioAii.  I'iiksiiiknt's  Ofiick, 

"St.  liOuis,  May  1'.',  ISHI. 
'■rm,.  .I.iiis-  MrN'mi.: 

.-Sill,— I  have  the  honor  to  addresfi  you  as  the  preniilent  of 
till' I'licilii'  liiiilninil  Conipiiiiy,  having  licen  referred  to  you  liy 
iiic  iif  the  "llieers  uiuler  your  eomiiianil.  I  learn  that  nrmeil 
trmiiw  aniler  your  ciimiiiund  have  taken  ]iossession  of  nml  arc 
.•iiiirli'iTil  III  the  depot  and  freight  huildings  of  this  eoiupiiny, 
siliuli'.l  ..a  V  lurtoenth  .Street,  and  the  purpose  of  tlii.s  nolo  is 

"The  ■.ilis.'iiliiTs.  re^iilenlH  of  AViiIiiiit  .Street,  betiveeii  I-'ifth 
an. I  Sixth,  eye-witnesses  of  tho  iiiehiiu-lieiy  tninsaelion  of  .Sat- 
iinliiy  oveiiiiig,  assert  in  the  most  positive  iiiaiiiier  that  there 
iv.is  mil  a  pisl.il  nor  liny  other  arm  tired  from  the  ivimlows  of 
inn  hiuisi'  ill  iiiir  square  on  either  si. le  of  the  street ;  llial  the  only 
lirmi,'  mil  done  hy  the  troops  or  persons  in  the  street  was  one 
sliDl  fruMi  a  pistol  by  a  hoy  from  the  chiireh  ste,is,  am)  there  is 
11  ilill'iTi'iiee  of  opinion  among  us  whether  that  was  tired  in  the 
aimr  nt  the  IVoo|is. 
■'.\.  MilUaberger,  U.  P.  Hall,  W.  T.  Mlllei,  Uobert   A.  Heilly, 

It,  C.  Shiiikelf.inl,  It.  M.  Uiinyan,  \V.  A.  Doaii,  ,Tohn  .Mat- 

llleiys,  .Ir."' 
Tliii  ooiiim'r's  jury  of  tho  Walnut  Street  tragedy  returned  tho 
f.ill.iviin/ veiilist:  "That  six  of  the  persons  shot  on  Walnut 
Sirti't  L'liinu  1.1  their  death  by  gunshot-wounds,  inllieted  by 
nmnki'i-liiills  .li>eliurged  by  volunteer  United  States  soldiers, 
uniliT  llie  oiiiiiuiiiiid  of  certain  ollicers  unknown  to  tho  jury; 
lliiit  iK.i  of  the  parties  shot  at  the  same  time  eamo  to  their 
ilciitli  liy  pistol  shots  fired  hy  persons  unknown  to  tho  jury," 

Tlie  jipy  was  eomposed  of  Riehitrd  ivors,  foreman;  N.  1'. 
TliiiyiT.  Itiiliai.l  Owen,  .lames  V.  Maude,  .1.  II.  llrecd,  and  .1. 
flioyer. 


to  rospcelfully  inquire  tho  object  and  purposes  of  those  men  in 
possessing  themselves  of  private  property.     You  will  greatly 
flhiigc,  by  allaying  tho  exeitcinent  of  the  traveling  public  and 
tlio  anxiety  of  the  ollieers  of  this  road,  by  an  early  reply. 
"  I  have  the  honor  to  be,  your  obedient  servant, 
(Signed)  "  (i.  H.  Tavi.ou.  I'lcaidnii:' 

"  IlKAii(jiiAitrt;iis  II.  S.  IIkskiivk  Coiii'S, 

"  May  r.',  ISIil. 
"Sm, — In  response  to  your  nolo  of  this  morning,  I  will  state 
that  tho  only  object  which  was  aimed  at  in  occupying  the  Four- 
teenth .'^troet  depot  of  your  railroad  company  was  to  aid  in 
preserving  tho  peace  of  tho  city. 

"Tho  ordinary  business  of  tho  road  was  loft  to  be  conducted 
as  borotofore,  and  no  interferenco  therewith  will  take  place. 
"Very  respoetfully,  etc., 

"  CiirsTKii   IIaiiiiinii,  .In., 
"  A'-liniJ  A'h'I  Ailft.Grii.   I'.  S.  /tmrm;  (Jnrps. 
"To  (iKiillilK  It.  Twi.oll,  I'ri-iiihiil  Piirijic  Uailmiiil," 

There  was  an  ulterior  object  in  this,  of  course,  viz., 
to  [trevent  militia  from  the  country  from  coming  in  to 
add  to  tho  excitement  and  perhaps  attack  the  arsentil. 
Troops  were  al.so  busily  en};!io;cd  all  day  in  reinovine; 
the  captured  military  stores  I'roni  Camp  Jtickson  to 
the  ar.senal,  ii  proeeodiny  which  did  not  tend  to  pro- 
mote the  public  quiei.' 

That  night  at  Jelfcrson  City  the  military  bill  was 
passed,  and  the  whole  State  was  thrown  into  an  uproar, 
the  enrollment  of  State  troops  lieirinninji  iit  (ince,  and 
attended  with  m;i,sterinf;s,  l)ridi;e-hurniiio;s,  seizure  of 
railroads,  arsenals,  etc.  But  tliat  ni<;ht  Gen.  Harney 
returned  to  St.  Lotiis,  and  a  measure  of  ((tiiet  and  con- 
fidence returned  with  him.  None  too  soon,  for  many  of 
the  best  citizens  of  St.  Louis  were  preparing;  for  Hight 
and  contemplating  the  necessity  of  expatriation.' 

t  Those  stores  and  iiiunitions  were  considerable.  .Among 
0,'iier  things  carried  otV  were  the  following:  Three  tliirty-two- 
poiinders;  three  iiiortiir-beds ;  a  largo  (piantily  of  balls  and 
bombs,  in  ale-barjels ;  artillery  pieces,  in  boxes  of  hea\y  plank, 
the  boxes  miirked  "  iiiarhle,"  "Tamaroa,  care  of  tireeley  ,t 
Uale,  St.  I.oiiis — Iron  Mountain  llailroml;"  twelve  liiiiidred 
rifles  of  late  model,  United  Slates  iniiiiiifaetiire ;  tents  and 
camp  ei|iiipage;  six  brass  held  pieces;  twenty-live  kegs  of 
powder;  ninety-six  ten-inch  bomb-shells;  three  hundred  six- 
inch  lionib-shells;  six  i-rass  mortars,  six  iiielics  dinineler;  one 
iron  mortar,  ten  inelies;  three  iron  cannon,  six  inches;  fivo 
boxes  of  oiinlster-skut ;  lifly  arlillery-swords  ;  two  linndred  and 
twenty-seven  spades;  tliirtyeiglit  hatchets;  eleven  mallets; 
one  linndred  iiiid  ninety-one  axes  ;  forty  horses  j  several  boxes 
of  new  muskets;  a  very  large  number  of  musketstocka  and 
musket-barrels;  together  with  lots  of  bayonets,  liayonet-soiib- 
bards,  etc. 

'  A  rumor  was  current  in  the  city  that  there  was  a  revolt 
among  the  lieriiian  voluni'iors  against  (icn.  Harney's  authority, 
and  that  a  iletiu'liment  of  f  iiir  hundred  regulars,  who  had  beef 
ordered  for  service  under  'he  eoinmand  of  the  |iolice  eoinmis- 
sioncrs  for  the  preservati.m  of  the  peace  of  Ihe  city,  would  not 
I  be  allowed  to  .Icjiart  ironi  the  arsenal.  This  iillegod  'ebellion 
against  the  peiiecful  ineasiires  of  tlen.  Harney  prodiieed  tho 
greatest  eonslornatioii  and  dismay  among  the  citizens,  and 
inaiiy  hastened  tu  leave  the  city. 


ilil 


1 


i 


i 


I  , 


I  ( 


■i  »♦,! 


510 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Gen.  Harney's  first  efforts  upon  his  return  to  St. 
Louis  were  directed  to  arre.stini;  panic  and  allaying 
excitement.  He  was  fortunate  in  pos.sessing  tlie  con- 
fidence  of  tiie    majority  of  tlie   citizens,   especially 

"  Fii'iuieil  imaginiilions  ihldi'il  oxtriiisie  tcinirs."  says  the 
Jiepiililifdii,  •*  to  fvi'ii  tlio  most  oxaggeratoii  ruimirs,  and  the 
wililcst  conjeotuics  wcru  inrlulgcil  in  an  to  wliiit  niidlit  he  I'X- 
))0('tcil.  In  some  (iiiilii  of  the  cit.v  a  ju'rloct  panic  jirevailoil. 
llail  there  hoen  nutiee  of  u  ilestruetive  hurricane  or  iiii  earth- 
(juaku  about  to  visit  tlie  city,  there  could  scarcely  have  been  a 
more  disturbed  sense  of  iui|iending  [leril  than  exi.'ited  in  msiny 
^quarters.  Trunks  were  hurriedly  |iiuked,  and  directions  jiiven 
for  an  immediate  departure.  Vehicles  of  all  descriptions  were 
In  sudden  demand,  the  railroad  ticket ollii'cs  throngeil,  and 
steamboat  clerks  kept  busy  in  registering  the  uaiue.s  of  ]iassen- 
gera.  Hasly  adieus  were  exchanged  iunong  relatives  and  friends, 
and  from  three  to  six  o'ldock  in  the  aftei-noon  the  streets  pre- 
sented much  the  same  appcai'ance  as  on  the  last  (hiy  of  one  of 
our  great  fairs.  We  can  hardly  underestimate  the  extent  uf 
the  stampeile  by  placing  (be  number  of  persiuis  fleeing  the  city 
at  about  four  thousand.  The  windows  of  dwellings  were  like 
picturc-fi-amcs,  groups  of  people  being  there  congregateii  to 
view  the  preparations  in  the  .>treets  for  this  lerrilied  hfijirn, 
Capt.  -MclJiuuiugh,  chief  of  police,  hearing  of  the  facts,  posted 
messengers  about  to  (pudl  the  alarm,  and  assure  the  citizens 
that  there  was  no  danger  by  contradicting  the  reports  in  circu- 
lation. 

*•  About  si.x  o'clock  Mayor  Taylor  rode  in  amongst  the  rail- 
road omnibuses,  crowded  with  passengers,  which  were  ready  to 
start  from  the  Planters'  House,  aiul  addressed  the  people  as 
follows  : 

'"CitiztiiK  iif  St.  LuuIh, —  I  am  extremely  sorry  to  observe 
such  a  stampede  uf  citizens  frcjm  tlic  eily,  as  I  have  convinced 
myself  thai  you  need  fear  no  danger  from  any  ipiarter.  Tiie 
rumor  which  has  been  extensively  circulated  this  al'ternoun  in 
all  parts  of  the  city  that  there  is  much  insubordination  among 
the  armed  men  known  as  'Home  (iuards'  is  entirely  with- 
out fiuindatiun.  These  men  are  all  under  the  command  of  their 
officers,  and  there  is  no  probability  thai  there  will  be  riot  and 
bloodshed.  I  assure  each  and  every  one  of  you  that  no  danger 
threatens  your  persons  or  property  at  this  time.  There  is  im 
disturbance  at  the  arsenal,  and  the  regulars  are  already  in  the 
city  for  the  juirpose  of  aiding  the  police,  if  necessary,  in  pre- 
serving peace  and  (piietness  and  restoring  confidence  to  our 
citizens.' 

*'  The  address  was  received  with  long-coiitiuiietl  cheering  from 
the  crowd,  and  the  railroad  coaches  drove  olf  on  their  way  across 
the  river." 

To  close  out  the  history  of  ("amp  .Jackson,  it  may  be  added 
hei'e  that  all  the  prisoners  were  dischargeil  on  parole  between 
five  and  six  o'clock  Paturd.'iy  evening,  excepting  ('apt.  Kuimet 
McDonald,  who  insisted  upon  a  free  di-charge,  and,  that  being 
denied  to  him.  sought  his  legal  remedy  in  a  writ  ai  huf>r'tn  fnr- 
pim,  lie  refused  to  give  his  parole,  on  the  ground  that  he  had 
already  taken  the  oath  of  allegiance  and  had  never  been  guilty 
of  any  act  of  disloyalty.  When  the  writ  wr.s  served  at  the 
arsenal  the  return  of  iio/i  unl  was  made,  lie  had  been  spirited 
iiway  aerusB  the  river  to  Illinois,  to  prevent  the  i|ueslion  of  the 
legality  of  bis  imprisiuimeiit  from  being  tested  in  the  ecnirls. 
He  was  taken  from  the  arsenal  on  Monday,  .May  l.'Uli,  in  a  skiff, 
under  tile  escort  of  four  siddiers  and  Cupt.  (aiIc.  An  attempt 
would  have  been  made  fo  rescue  him  had  be  not  forbi<lden  his 
friends  to  do  anything  of  the  sort.  The  boat  nearly  sunk  in 
crossing    the   river,   but    finally  t'aseyville,   111.,  was    reached, 


amono;  tlie  thinking  and  influential  class.  -  ](,. 
brought  the  four  companies  of  regular  soldii  ,s  tiiim 
the  arsenal  into  the  heart  of  the  city,  and  cxpivsjul 
his  determination  to  put  down  all  rioting  mil  l,l,„„|. 
shed  with  the  strong  hand.'  At  the  saiiir  tiineht 
avowed  liimself  a  firm  upholder  of  the  gdveiniii,!,. 


where  there  was  u  large  enc-ampiuent  of  Federal   li.  ,|k  ,||,,|,,, 

Col.  .McArthiir.     (Jen.  Harney  made  answer  to  th'-  |.| ,.=.  • 

the  court,  .saying  that  he  was  not  in  eommnnd  when  Ihc  |,ii..,n, 
was  taken,  and  (hat  McDonald  was  not  in  his  custody,  a.l.lii  . 
however,  with  characteristic  frankness,  that  "whil.  [  ;ii,|  „„, 
therefore  responsible  for  the  proceedings  at  that  ■  -imii,  „  | 
under  ordinary  cireiimstanees  should  not  feel  at  lilieitv  t.iv.ii.. 
ment  upon  thein  ollicially,  I  am  not  disposed,  in  the  cxiMiui; 
state  of  things,  to  shrink  from  the  responsibility  of  ackriuil. 
edging  that  my  ]iredec-essor  in  command  saw  in  the  pio.laiin. 
tiun  of  the  President  of  the  I'niled  ."States  ordering  lliedi'ifr. 
sion  of  all  armed  rebels  hostile  to  the  L'nited  Slates,  !.^  .loM.fjij. , 
in  the  proclamation,  a  high  and  iuiperalive  duly  iiiin..M',|  iii,  ; 
him  with  respect  to  the  i-amp  in  question,  the  evidiiui-  „f  j;. 
treasonable  purposes  having  been  to  his  mind  iiidis|iiii,,iii, 
clear.  His  action  in  the  premises  I  recognize,  therefore,  n,  ji, . 
posing  upon  me  the  obligation  of  assuming  the  cousequtiice?  f 
his  proceedings,  so  far  as  to  abstain  from  pursuing  any  uum.t 
which,  by  implication,  might  throw  a  doubt  upon  the  suflicivnin 
of  bis  authority. 

"Upon  looking  into  the  cireiimstanees  attendiin;  ijio  (jiien. 
tion  of  Emmet  .McDonald,  I  find  they  are  such,  it  I  IjaJ  Mm  it 
charge,  that  I  could  not  give  orders  that  might  set  hhu  lU  lar-., 
unless  scune  siifliclcnt  evidence  should  be  furuislicd  thai  l.c  ivi. 
not  of  the  number  of  those  in  ("auip  .lackson  who  gavet'iilui 
camp  its  character  by  which  it  came  under  the  class  uf  ilisji. 
fected  men  hostile  to  I  he  government  of  the  I'liilcd  .<talc.. 
accoriling  to  Ihe  terms  of  the  proclauiatlou  rel'ericd  tu." 

.Another  writ  was  served  upon  Col.  Mc.\rthar  and  tlKM.iljrr 
officers  of  the  Illinois  camp,  but  they  refused  lo  rcsjiect  it.  s.i.v- 
ing  that  they  had  no  orders  from  the  government  to  rclca-ellu' 
prisoner,  tioon  after  this,  however,  (,'apt.  .McDonald  w.is  J;'- 
charged.  'I'lio  rest  of  the  paroled  prisoners  were  re;,'iibrlv 
exclianged  in  December,  ISIll,  by  (Jen.  Price  for  I'e.h'ral  |iii.. 
oners  whom  be  had  taken.  This  was  to  preveni  pns-iUe  >  n; 
]dications,  for  (leu.  Harney  bad  said  that  if  he  caught  :i  pur, 1.1 
Camp  .lackson  prisoner  with  arms  in  his  bands  hi'  iniul.l  !]:ii : 
him  on  Ihe  spot, 

'  In  consequence  of  tlie  general  panic  which  spreiid  aiii-.n.'  i 
portion  of  the  citizens,  ("iipt.  .McDoncMigh  and  ,Mi.  Ilnamli.: 
president  of  the  board  of  police  coiiiuiis>ioneis.  lui  .Suii<lav, 
May  iL'lh,  made  arrangciuents  wilh  tieii.  Ilariicy  fur  dclMli- 
ments  of  rnited  ."<lales  regular  soldiers,  to  he  stall. and  iu  l!it 
central   portion  of  the  city,  to   insure   the  pivscrvalam  "f  lio 

|iublic  pea.'c.     .Acc.u-.liugly,  late  in   the  alien ii  -cviral  .k- 

ta.'hments  of  tro.ips,  amounting  in  all  lo  aboiil  f.ar  liiuidn'i 
regulars,  left  Ihe  arsenal  an.l  marche.l  up  ('ar.jud.del  an. I  Fuuuli 
.Streets  tu  the  I'liion  Arin.u'y,  over  Thornton's  liicry  slabli',  ..n 
Walnut  Htreet,  bolweon  Third  and  Fourth,  ivli.ri'  lli.y  iv.ie 
statione.l.  The  .dVicers  in  ciuninan.l  of  the  regular-  HercC.i|ii. 
.Fames  Tolton,  id'  the  Second  Artillery;  Capl.  Sv\cciie.v,i.f  ll.e 
.'■^ocon.l  Infantry  ;  Capl.  II.  Saxti.ii,  of  Ihe  Fuiirlh  .\ililli'i) :  aii.l 
I.ii'Ut.  I.atlirup,  of  the  I'..iirlb  Arlillery.  They  had  l'..ar  |.it«! 
of  artillery,  which  were  place.l  in  Ihe  archwa.\  "t  tin' limv- 
stable,  in  readiness  for  si'rvi.'C  at  a  moiiii'iit's  naming.  CnaV'h 
of  people  lined  Ihe  streets  IhriMigh  which  llie  ngiHai's  ii^uvlieL 
and  general  appi.diallon  was  manifesteil  at  llicii  ajipianin'O. 


eliisst-.  He 
r  soldir.s  fiinu 
and  (■\|'rcssHl 
iiig  iiii'l  hluijj. 
;  saiiii-  time  ht 
ho  t;i>v.TiMmiii 


lOnil  lr...ii><  iiii.lvr 
It)  thf  pi-'ii-t'ss  .,1' 
wlii'ii  till'  iiri'ijiitr 
9  ouslody,  a'lilinj, 
;  "  whili.'  I  :im  ni.i 
it  thiit  i':iUL|i.  niM 
1  nt  lil'eilv  ti>f.(iu. 
<eil,  in  tliccsi-tiug 
iljilit.v  (if  aeknowl- 
w  ill  I  lie  ]iroi'laiiia- 
irilering  tlie  Ji<|ier- 
Stiitoi^,  5.-;  Jescribi'i 
duty  iuip'isfil  u].oii 
he  eviilfiice-'  of  it; 
niinil   iii'lis|iiit.ili|y 
zo.  therofiiii',  a?  in;- 
tlu'  CMii>f(iiH'iioe>  "f 
mrsuiiii^  :iiiy  i;i>iihv 
iip'iii  llu'tiilViciincv 

iitti'Miiiiii;  the  dvieti- 
iicli,  if  I  liail  lilm  in 
f;lil  -el  him  at  lar;;', 
ilrlii.slie'l  that  heni' 
(ill  wlio  gavot'thil 
ttie  elas.-'  "f  disii!- 
10  riiitc(l  State*, 
'erred  to." 
luir  1111(1  tliootlitr 
ti)  r('!»|iect  it,  say- 
iitent  to  ri'lea'e  the 
(•lioiialtl  \va*  (I;-- 
-   were  re(,'iilariv 
for  Fe.leral  liii- 
t-nt  |»o>."ilile  I'.iti;- 
.■:uij;hta|i:(ril.-l 
U  he  «'"iil'l  !iai..' 


til 


•d  I 


Ik 


,li  spread  iiiiciii.:  ( 
;,i,d   Mi.  llroKiiKc. 

HllCI.«.     "11     SUII'IJ.I. 

lliiriicy  f(ir  delaoli- 

l.c  4atioiieJ  ill  tlie 

piv.«urviition  of  llie 

•tcriiooii  several  de- 

iiliout  four  huu'lri'l 

.iiidcletaiid  Kuiirlli 

iii'.s  livery  stable,  en 

h,  where  they  Mere 

rc;.'iilin>  nereC.ijt. 

,pl.  Svvceiiey.of  ll* 

Mirth. \rtillerv;iiuJ 

licy  had  four  |ii«('S 

■liwiiy  of  ihe  livery- 

'.:  wiirnini!.  '■'i'""''' 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


511 


and  its  'iieasures,  but  willing  to  employ,  in  extraordi- 
naiv  II  I  '■^,  unusual  racaihs  for  accomplishing  his 
oliicci 


quiet  I' 
at  oiKv 
apprcci 
As  tli<.' 


.,(1  aim.     In  fact,  his  mere  presence  restored 

-tinging  back  conlidence,  and  people  returned 

'  .  their  ordinary  avocations  as  soon  a.«  they 

:,  .1  the  fact  that  the  reign  of  terror  was  over. 

j.ross  said,  "A  confident  Itelief  is  expressed 


,1.  reftiiliir*  I"'"' 
1  iheir  ii|i|"iii'iii''' 


■Awl 


tliat  lii>-  rdvernment  of  the  department  will  be  pro- 
ductivt  'I  the  greatest  good  to  tlie  greatest  number. 
A  servii'  ft'  forty  years  in  the  regular  army,  and  the 
lijch  clianioter  for  energy  and  impartiality  which  this 
('cntleiiiaii  sn  ju.stly  bears,  nitiy  well  inspire  confidence 
that  \i\>  'ii'.st  efforts  will  be  used  fur  preserving  the 
peace  III' iIh'  city  and  protecting  old  friends  and  neigh- 
bors. Let  otir  citizens  continue  to  put  a  proper  value 
upon  lii.'^  experience  and  ((ualifications,  and  second  his 
phitis  t(i  the  best  of  their  abilities.  Such  a  course 
will  iiimicdiately  restore  nuiet  and  safety  to  tdl." 

On  the  second  dtiy  after  his  re.>*uinpti(in  of  coni- 
luiitid  Goti.  Harney  issued  the  following  proelama- 
tiiiii : 

"  MlI.ITAIlV    DkI'AUTMK.VT    (IK    TlIK    WKST. 

"St.   I.diis,  .May  II,  ISBI. 

"To  TIIK   I'EOi't.K   Ol-'   TIIK   St.vtk   HP    MlSSOIHII  : 

"On  my  return  to  the  duties  of  the  enminiiiid  of  this  dcpiut- 
meiit,  I  find,  greatly  to  my  ustonishiiient  and  mortiriention,  a 
most  extraordinary  state  of  things  existing  in  this  St'itc,  deeply 
affcttin"  the  .stability  of  the  government  of  the  United  States, 
a-  well  as  the  governmental  and    other  interests  of  Missouri 

it-elf. 

■'.\s  a  citi/cii  of  .Missouri,  owing  allugiaiiee  to  the  United 
Slates,  and  having  interests  in  common  with  you,  1  feel  it  my 
-iiitv,  a.s  well  as  privilege,  to  e.xtend  a  ivarning  voice  to  my 
fellovt-citiieiis  against  tlie  common  dangers  that  threaten  us, 
aiiil  to  appeal  to  your  patriotism  and  sense  of  justice  to  c.\ert 
all  your  moral  power  to  avert  them. 

"  It  is  with  regret  that  I  feci  it  my  duty  to  cull  yoiK  .»,.n.„- 
tioii  to  the  recent  act  of  the  (ienerul  Asseiiilily  of  .Missouri, 
known  as  llie  iiiililary  bill,  which  is  the  result,  no  doubt,  of 
the  temporary  excitement  that  now  jicrvades  the  |iublic  mind. 
riiisliill  cannot  be  regarded  in  any  other  light  than  an  indirect 
,.'.■* j(«i'.iii  iirdin'tnii'f  ignoring  even  the  forms  resortoil  to  by 
"llicr  States.  .Manifestly  its  most  material  provisions  nie  in 
MiiHict  with  the  Constitution  and  laws  of  the  United  States, 
To  this  extent  it  is  a  nullity,  and  cannot  and  ought  not  to  be 
U)ihe|.l  or  regarded  by  the  good  citizens  of  .Missouri,  There 
lire  oliligations  and  duties  resting  upon  the  liusincss  people  of 
.Mi--"uri,  under  the  Constitution  und  laws  of  the  Unitcl  States, 
wliii'h  are  paramount,  and  which  1  trust  you  will  carefully  con- 
sider and  weigh  well  before  you  will  allow  yourselves  to  bo 
carried  out  of  the  Union,  iiiidor  the  t'oriu  of  yii'lding  obedience 
to  this  military  liill,  which  is  clearly  in  viidation  of  your  duties 
ascitiiens  of  the  llnited  Stales. 

"It  nmsl  he  apparent  to  every  one  who  ban  taken  a  proper 
anduahiased  view  of  the  subject,  that  whatever  may  bo  the 
tciuiiniitiimof  the  unfortunate  condition  of  things  in  respect  to 
the  (0  called 'Cotton  States,'  .Missouri  must  share  the  destiny 
"(tliernion.  Her  geogrnpliical  position,  her  soil,  and,  in  short, 
all  her  material  interests  point  to  this  result.  We  cannot  shut 
(iiir  eyes  against  this  controlling  fact.     It  is  seen,  and  its  foi-ce 

islcll  Ihrouglouit  the  nation.     So  impiirtant  is  this  rcgardcil  to 


the  great  interests  of  the  country,  that  I  venture  to  express 
the  opinion  that  the  whole  power  of.the  government  of  the 
T'nited  States,  if  necessary,  will  be  exerted  to  maintain  Mis- 
souri in  her  present  position  in  the  Uni(ui.  I  expre.is  to  ymi, 
in  all  frankness  and  sincerity,  my  own  deliberate  convictions, 
without  ass.iming  to  speak  for  the  government  of  the  United 
States,  whose  authority,  here  und  elsewhere,  I  shall  at  all  tiirics, 
and  under  all  circumstances,  endeavor  faithfully  to  uphold. 

"  I  desire,  above  all  things,  most  earnestly  to  invite  my  fel- 
low-citizens dispassionately  to  consider  their  true  interests,  as 
well  as  their  true  relation  to  the  government  under  which  we 
live,  anil  to  which  we  owe  so  much, 

"  In  this  connection  I  desire  to  direct  attention  to  one  sub- 
ject, which,  no  doubt,  will  be  made  the  pretext  for  more  or  less 
popular  excitement.  I  allude  to  the  recent  transactions  at 
Camp  Jiicksdii,  near  St.  Louis.  It  is  not  proper  for  me  to  com- 
ment upon  the  ollicial  conduct  of  my  piedecessur  in  command 
of  this  depurtinent,  but  it  is  right  and  proper  for  the  people  of 
Missiiuri  to  know  that  the  main  avenue  of  Camp  .lacdfson.  ic- 
eeutly  under  eominnud  of  Gen.  Frost,  had  the  numc  of  Duvis, 
and  a  principal  .street  of  the  same  camp  that  of  Heauregard, 
and  that  a  body  of  men  bad  been  received  into  that  camp  by 
its  communder  which  had  been  notoriously  organized  in  the 
interests  of  the  secessionists,  the  men  openly  wearing  the  dress 
and  badge  distinguishing  the  army  of  the  so-calh'd  Southern 
Confederacy.  It  is  also  a  notorious  'act  that  u  ([uantity  of 
arms  hud  been  received  into  the  cuiup  which  were  unlawfully 
taken  from  the  United  States  arsenal  at  liatoii  liiuigc.  and  sur- 
reptitiously passed  up  the  river  in  boxes  niurked  'marble.' 

"  Upon  lucts  like  these,  and  having  in  view  what  occurred  at 
Liberty,  the  people  can  draw  their  own  inferences,  and  it  can- 
not be  dlHiciilt  for  any  one  to  arrive  at  u  ciurcct  conclusion  as 
to  the  character  and  ultimate  purpose  of  that  eneanipinent. 
No  government  in  the  world  would  be  entitled  to  respect  that 
would  tolerate  for  a  moment  such  openly  treasonable  prepara- 
tions. 

"  It  is  but  simple  justice,  however,  that  I  should  state  the 
fact  that  there  were  many  good  und  loyal  luoii  in  the  camp, 
who  were  in  no  muiiner  responsible  for  its  treasonable  cliur- 
actei". 

"  Disclaiming,  as  I  do,  all  desire  or  intention  to  interfere  in 
any  way  with  the  prerogatives  of  the  Slate  of  .Missouri,  or  with 
the  functions  of  its  executive  iir  other  autborities,  yet  I  regard 
it  us  my  plain  path  of  duty  to  express  to  the  people  in  respeot- 
ful,  but  ut  the  same  time  decided,  language  that  within  the 
field  and  scope  of  my  cotiiinund  und  authority  the  'supreme 
law'  of  the  lund  must  und  sliull  be  maintained,  and  no  subter- 
fuges, whether  in  the  forms  of  legislative  nets  or  otherwise,  can 
be  permitted  to  harass  or  oppress  the  good  and  luw-nbiding 
people  of  .Missouri,  1  shall  exert  my  authority  to  protect  their 
persons  and  property  I'ldui  violations  of  every  kind,  and  I  shall 
dei'iii  it  my  duty  to  suppress  all  unlawful  combiiiiitions  of  men, 
whether  formed  under  pretext  (d'  militury  organizations  or 
otlicrwi-c. 

"  \Vm.  S,   Hauxkv, 

"  Hii'/.-dfll.    r.   S.   Ann;/,  ('n,ililiilli(liii;l." 

The  in'Xt  day  the  following  significant  papers  ap- 
peai't'il  in  the  newspapers  : 

"Mii.irAiiV   liKi'uir\ii;vr  oi'  TIIK  Wiisr, 
"Sr,  Lot  IS,  .May  15,  l.Siil. 
"  .My  attention  has  been  called  to  publications  in  several  of 
the  city  papers  to  the  elfcct  that  the  volunteers  under  my  com- 
mand at  this  post  were  disorderly,  and  that  they  wore  acting, 
,   to  some  extent,  in  detiunce  to  tlie  discipline  of  the  army, 

"  I  deem  it  my  duty,  und  it  atl'ords  iiic  great  pleasure  to  say 


-Jli  i 
t  ■ 

11 


£i;Ji, 


}  ! 
r  ' 
I  '  *i 

m 

hi' 

m  \ 

IF''    ^ 

J!' 


512 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


that  there  jiublicntions  are  wholly  unrounded  and  do  great  in- 
justice to  the  volunteers.  These  troops  have  submitted  cheer- 
fully and  nith  alacrity  to  tlio  discipline  of  the  service,  and 
niithing  has  come  under  my  observation  or  been  reported  to  nie 
that  should  subject  thoni  to  the  injurious  publications  to  which 
T  hiivo  alluded. 

'•  1  beg  to  express  my  entire  disapproval  of  such  unfounded 
publications,  as  they  arc  only  calculated  to  injure  the  public 
service,  and  create  disquiet  and  ill-feeling  in  the  community. 

"W.  P.  IIaunky, 
*'  Uri'tj.-Geu.   U.  .S*.  Army,  CommttmUmj" 

"To  THi:  RiiwAN  Catholics  of  St.  Louis  : 

"  Dklovki)  liuBTiiHKy, — The  deplorable  events  which  have 
lately  occurred  adinonisli  me  to  renew  the  exhortation  I  ad- 
dressed you  on  a  former  occasion,  and  recall  to  your  minds  the 
great  principles  of  our  holy  religion,  as  the  only  clTectual  means 
of  calming  the  excitement  that  prevails.  In  no  case  is  the  Chris- 
tiiin  justilied  in  forgetting  the  precept  of  universal  ••harity  in- 
culcated in  the  teaching  and  exhibited  in  the  practice  of  the 
Son  of  Uod.  Listen  not  to  the  suggestions  of  anger,  but  banish 
from  your  thoughts,  ns  well  as  from  your  hearts,  every  feeling 
incompatible  with  the  duty  of  subjecting  it  to  the  dictates  of 
reason  and  religion.  It  is  not  in  the  excitement  of  the  moment 
that  you  can  hope  to  find  the  remedy  of  tlie  evils  from  which 
the  community  is  suffering,  and  which  have  brought  so  much 
berCHvemcnt  and  distress  to  individuals. 

"  Remember  that  any  aggression  by  imlividuals  or  bodies 
not  recognized  by  the  laws,  from  which  tlie  loss  of  life  may  fol- 
low, is  an  act  of  murder,  of  which  every  one  engaged  in  such 
aggression  is  guilty,  no  matter  how  great  and  galliugthc  provo- 
cation may  have  been  ;  and  bear  in  mind  that  under  the  inllu- 
ence  of  such  unholy  feelings  a.s  load  to  such  acts  the  innocent 
are  confounded  with  the  guilty,  or  those  who  are  presumed  to 
be  such. 

"A  linn  reliance  on  the  superintending  care  of  Providence, 
an  huinlile  submission  to  His  will,  which  has  permitted  the 
present  trial  to  befall  us,  doubtless  for  our  eorrcelion,  and  to 
remind  us  of  our  dependence  on  llim,  and  a  generous  sacrifice 
of  every  feeling  incompatible  with  that  spirit  of  brotherhood 
with  which  all  men.  imd  especially  the  inhabitiints  of  the  same 
city,  should  be  aninnited,  arc  dispositions  which  will  be  more 
efBcaeious  in  restoring  public  tnini)oillily  and  maintaining 
order  than  the  promptings  of  vindictiveness,  which  would 
surely  increase  and  aggravate  our  evils.  'Dearly  beloved,  let 
us  love  one  another  ;  for  charity  is  of  tjod.  And  every  one  that 
lovcth  is  born  of  God,  and  knowcth  God.  He  that  loveth  not 
knowetb  not  God  ;  for  God  is  charity.'     (1  John,  iv.  7,  S.) 

"  I'KTKn  KiciiAim, 
"  Aiihhhhop  of  St.  Loiiii." 

Meat)  time,  liowovi-r,  State  aHaif.s  were  approaohing 
a  crisis.  The  new  military  law  began  to  be  put  in 
force  with  vitior.  It  was  first  proiuulgnteil,  and  next 
the  following  general  order  was  published : 

"  IlKAIigi'AUTKHS    Of    TlIK 
"CoMMANDIMllX-l  IIIKF   OF   TlIK    I'oHCK.S   OF    MiSSOlllI, 

"■Iffffhsox  City,  May  Ifi,  isfll, 
"(leiirrtil  Orilem  A'o.  1.'. 

"  Ist.  For  the  purpose  of  carrying  into  cH'eet  the  militia  laws 
of  the  Stale,  the  brigadier-generals  in  their  respective  ilistricls 
will,  w  ith  the  least  possible  delay,  proceed  to  organize  the  militia 
lice<uding  to  law,  and  hold  them  in  readiness  for  active  service 
should  the  emergency  arise  to  require  it. 

"  2d.  The  brigadicr-gonerals  will,  as  soon  as  possible,  forwanl 
to  the  adjutant-general  of  the  State  full  returns  of  the  strength 


of  their  respective  districts,  and  will  appoint  for  tem|  rurjitr. 
vice  such  staff  officers  as  may  bo  necessary  to  aid  thon^  in  ram. 
ing  into  effect  the  foregoing  orders. 

"3d.  The  militia,  when  organized,  will,  until  furtlir  orim 
remain  in  their  respective  neighborhoods. 

"4th.  All  offieers  and  soldiers  of  the  militia  are  'njoinedto 
use  every  lawful  authority  and  means  in  their  powc  („  |,f„|„,j 
the  persons  and  property  of  the  citizens  of  the  Stiic,  iviilum 
reference  to  political  opinions. 

"fith.  The  object  of  organizing  the  militia  bein;  .«iiiiii|v  i, 
protect  the  people  in  their  rights  under  the  Constitaiion  of  ilij 
State  and  of  the  United  States,  all  officers  and  soliiirs  uf it, 
militia  will  be  careful  to  avoid  collision  with  any  ai  uii-il  I,(,.|j^ 
unless  in  an  emergency  it  should  bo  necessary  to  proicvttheliifj 
liberty,  and  property  of  the  people. 

"  Gth.  The  only  flag  to  bo  used  by  the  militia  will  In'  tlic  g^. 
f  the  State  of  Missouri,  which  will  be  furnished  ti  ilic  rc;r.«. 
tive  districts  from  these  headquarters. 

"Stehi.ixi;  I'rircK. 
*^Commaniier-'ii-tlt<ii'." 

This  was  speedily  succeeded  by  anotliiT  j;ciii;tji 
order,  officering  the  army  which  Goveriinr  Jatkscn 
intended  to  call  out.  These  appointrat'iii.f  were  as 
set  forth  below : 

"  Aiui'tant-Gf.nkiiai.'s  l^^^■\,  c, 
"  Jefffuso.n  City,  Mo.,  M;i,v  JI.  \v':\. 
*'Getiei'(tl  OrderH  Xa.  1(1, 

"The  following  appointments  by  thcGovemur  .if  tlu'Sin.'  a 
the  '  Missouri  State  Guard'  are  announced  for  general  infomj. 
tion.  The  ollicers  appointed  will  take  rank  in  oriler  anj  froia 
the  date  set  opposite  their  respective  names  : 

"  Gfnkuai,  Staff. 
"7*0  be  Majnf-tieiif  Vdl  CoinmtiuiUtnj, 
"Steiling  Price,  May  18,  181)1. 

"  7'o  he  lirujadicr-OeHeriih,  Commnmlinij  Di^trku. 
"  M\  District,  A.  \V.  Doniphan,  May  14,  Isiil. 
"0th  District,  M.  M.  Parsons,  .May  15,  ISGI. 
"Sth  District,  .lames  S.  Ilains,  May  16,  ISOl. 
"IHh  District,  M.  L.  Clark,  May  16,  IS61. 
"M  District,  .lohn  13.  Clark,  May  Hi,  1S6I. 
"  1st  District,  N.  \V.  Watkins,  May  U,  Isfi!. 
"2d  District,  licv.  llandolph,  -May  17,  IS6I. 
"4th  District,  W.  Y.  Slack,  .May  18,  ISfil. 
"Tth  District,  J.  H.  McUride,  May  18,  ISfil. 
"  7'o  lie  Amthtntlt  Atijiitaiit-Oenernf,  tcith  tbc  ll>i»J;  ■■/  {jtonfl. 
"  Henry  Little,  May  18,  1861. 
"  7'o  he  Aitlen-tfe-Cttiir^i  tn  the  \fajor-tieuertii       iitiimu(ilu^,Ki'\ 
the  litntk  of  Lieittenilut'Colnuet. 
"  Alfred  W.  .lones,  May  IS,  1861. 
"  Uiclmrd  T.  Morrison,  May  18,  1861. 

"  7'ti  he  Surifeiin,  tcith  the  Hti»k  »/  /.ieuten'uit  Cnl'iiul. 
"W.  X.  Snoilgruss,  May  18,  I86I. 

"7*0  he  AnnUtimt  Surgenn,  with  the  litttih  ../* /'(J/iNi/h. 
"  Honry  W.  Cross,  May  18,  1861. 

"Wahwick  Honai, 

•'AiijiitiiHi-Oiiur'ti  M.  s.  a." 
The  Slime  day  on  which  this  order  wii,s  promul- 
gated, Gens.  Harney  and  Price  had  a  eoiiference  in 
St.  Louis,  at  which  a  mudit.i  I't'i-endi  was  happily 
established  between  them,  us  the  cumotii]ioiary  ac- 
count of  the  interview  shows :  "  An  iiiiporiuut  inter- 
view took  place  yesterday  in  this  city  ln'twceii  Gen. 


THE  CIVIL   WAR. 


513 


I  for  Iciiii  i  iiry  <«. 
)  aid  their  in  nm- 

lutil  furli  rr  orltn, 

litia  lire  ■  njoineJiii 
leir  power  tu  )iMt«t 
f  the  Sta'c,  witlini 

itia  boin  ;  .-iin|ilv  r, 
I  Constitii'iiin  of  lUi 
anil  fol'iivrs  uf  il( 
th  any  uimu'.I  bolis, 
•y  to  jiroiirlthf  |iv(!^ 

Hitia  will  \w  llic  lig 
■nishcJ  t'l  llic  rei|«. 

TEIII.INII    I'lUlK, 

nmaiider-!n-Chiej," 

f  amitlicr  pcnctal 
Governor  iiAm 
Dintrai'iit.s  wore  as 

5KEnAi.''i  Oti'i' i;, 
Mo.,  M:iy  L'l,  b?l. 

overii'T'if  the  Si.itoin 
il  for  goiH'ral  iii!i)rma- 
link  in  tinier  aiiJ  from 
1C8 : 

ntlin'j  District*, 
I,  iMil. 
ISfll. 
i,  ISIii. 

[ill  I. 

,1S(!1. 
ISf)!. 

Istil. 

ISIil. 


|lVll(l'llclll(    C::l'illil. 

Illll'(ill, 

1,(.^' -..f  If.  >■.''■." 

iinlcr  was  proimil' 

ltd  ;i  (■iiiirtTi'nce  ill 

Iriidi  was  liavpily 

coniouiimrary  ac- 

111  imiinrtaut  iiiler- 

I  city  ln'tween  Gon. 


s;  Price  of  the  Missouri  State  Guard,  and  Gen. 
Uarnev,  "f  tl'e  United  States  army,  for  which  pur- 
pose Gtii.  Vr'iCfi  left  Jefferson  Cily  the  day  previous. 
The  intorview  was  a  lonj;  one,  a.jd  .^suited  in  the 
auoplion  of  n  dechiration  which,  if  seconded  by  the 
pcnnle  nf  the  State,  and  faitlifully  adiiered  to  by  the 
iieople  ol'  tlie  United  States,  as  we  have  no  doubt  it 
will  bo,  must  end  in  restoring  peaceful  relations 
throuL'liiiui  our  borders.  Of  course  a  friendly  and 
full  inttrciianjie  of  sentiments  and  opinions  was  in- 
,lul"ed  in ;  !>iid  beinj;  thus  po8.se.ssed  of  each  other's 
views  littlt'  diinp;er  need  be  apprehended,  while  they 
have  tlie  direction  of  military  aifuirs,  of  any  real 
Jisturbain'c  of  the  public  peace.  The  arran}jement 
thus  entcrod  into  h;is,  as  will  be  ob.served,  the  sanc- 
tion of  Governor  Jaek.son ;  and  we  take  it  for  {jranted 
that  the  State  troops  now  encamped  at  Jefferson 
I'itv  as  well  as  in  any  other  encampments,  will  be 
Jisbaiiili'il,  and  that  no  incursions  of  the  United 
Slates  forces  into  any  section  of  the  State  will  be 
iiocc.s.sary  or  authorized : 

"'Tin;  DKcr.vn.vTios. 

"'St.  Lonis,  May  21,  1 80 1. 
■■■The  un>lcr.«i):n<'il,  officer.'!  of  the  I'niteii  States  government 
aii.l  ufthc  governiiR'nt  of  tlic  State  of  .Mis.^ioiiri,  for  tlie  imrpoao 
,.f  rcinovin),'  ini.^'appi-eliensioiis  iind  alliiyin);  pul)lie  exeiteincnt, 
ilfcm  it  proper  to  ileehirc  piiblioly  that  tliey  liavo  this  ilay  liaci 
ji.cr.wnal  inlorview  in  thi.s  city,  in  wliieh  il  has  been  iinitually 
uii.iorsloiMi.  witlioiit  the  .seinblaiioe  of  di.<.sent  on  cither  part, 
li.atcach  of  tlii'in  has  no  other  than  a  eoininon  object,  equally 
inierf'tini!  mi'l  important  to  every  eitizen  of  Missmiri,  that  of 
n-tirinj  pia.e  ami  K"""'  order  to  tlio  people  of  the  State  in 
..ubipnlinulioii  to  tlie  law.s  of  the  general  and  the  State  govern- 

meiilf. 

•■  •  It  hfin,'  llnis  umlcri'tood,  tlierc  seein.s  no  rea.^ni  why  every 
liiiicii  slioiihl  iiiit  confide  in  the  proper  officers  of  the  general 
an  1  ^lale  jiuvernincnts  to  restore  quiit ;  and,  as  the  liest  means 
il  olTeiiiii,'  no  couiiter-inHiienee,  wo  mntually  recommend  to  all 
|.iT!iin>  tu  respect  each  other's  rights  throughout  the  State, 
making  no  attcuipl  to  exercise  unauthorized  power.*,  as  it  is  the 
■itvrminiUion  of  the  proper  authorities  to  suppreiis  all  unlawful 
jrua'Ciling!,  which  can  only  disturb  the  polilic  peace. 

■"iji'n.  Price,  having  by  eoiniuission  full  authority  over  the 
miiiliii  of  the  .'stuto  of  Missouri,  undertakes,  with  the  sanction 
..I  the  (iovermir  of  the  State,  already  declared,  to  direct  the 
itlmlc  poivcr  of  the  State  officers  to  maintain  order  within  the 
Mitf  amoiij;  llie  people  thereof  J  and  (ien.  Harney  |mbliely  ito- 
(jri'S  that,  this  object  being  thus  assured,  he  can  have  no  occa- 
Mii.a.^'  he  has  no  wi.-li,  to  make  military  inoveiuents  which 
ii,i,'lit  iithorvvise  create  e.\citements  and  jealousies,  which  ho 
II,  ^t  canicslly  desires  to  avoid. 

■■'We,  the  aiidcrsigned,  do  therefore  mutually  enjoin  upon 

Uio|,ee|,k' of  the  Stale  to  attend  to  their  civil  busille^s,  of  what- 

!'i\ el- suit  it  may  be;  and  it  is  to  be  hoped  that  the  unquiet 

(liuienti  Hhicli   have  tlircateued   so  seriously  to   disturb   the 

liiUio  peace  may  soon  subside,  and  bo  reiuoinbared  only  to  bo 

■iqilurcd. 

"•  Wm.  S.  IIaunkv, 

"  '  Ittiij.-(iijli.  t'liutinmltiinijt 

" '  Stkiii.ino  1'kick, 

"  *  MtiJ.-Gen.  MiaHouri  Stttte  Guard/ 

33 


"  As  one  immediate  effect  of  the  arrangement  be- 
tween Gen.  Harney  and  Gen.  Price,  we  hear  that  the 
prisoners  taken  by  the  United  States  troops  at  Potosi, 
and  since  confined  at  the  arsenal,  will  be  discharged. 

"'To  TiiK  Pkopj.k  or  thk  Statk  op  Missoihi: 

"  '  I  take  groat  pleasure  in  submitting  to  you  the  above 
paper,  signed  by  tJcn.  Prine,  commanding  the  forces  of  the 
Stato,  and  by  myself  on  the  part  of  the  government  of  the 
United  States,  ft  will  be  seen  that  the  united  forces  of  both 
governments  are  pledged  to  the  maintenance  of  tho  |jeaco  of 
the  State  and  the  defense  of  the  rights  and  property  of  all  per- 
sons, without  distinction  of  party.  This  pledge,  which  both 
parties  arc  fully  authorized  and  emjiowored  to 'give  by  the 
governments  which  they  represent,  will  bo  by  both  most  re- 
ligiously and  sacredly  kept,  and,  if  necessary  to  put  ilown  evil- 
disposed  persons,  the  military  power  of  both  governinents  will 
be  called  out  to  enforce  tho  terms  of  the  honorable  and  amicable 
agreement  which  has  been  made,  I  therefore  ask  of  all  persons 
in  this  .Stale  to  observe  good  order  and  respect  the  rights  of 
their  fe. low-citizens,  and  give  them  tho  assurance  of  protection 
and  security  in  tho  most  ample  manner. 

"•Wm.  S.  Hahskv, 
"'  Brig. -Gen.  VnmitHiniiiitg.'  " 

JMaj,-Gen.  Sterling  Price  was  a  native  of  Vir- 
ginia, born  in  Prince  Edward  County,  Sept.  1-4,  180S). 
After  a  .school  and  academy  course  he  was  sent  to 
Ilampden-Sidney  College,  and  there  graduated  at 
the  aiio  of  nineteen.  For  two  years  after  this  ho 
.  acted  as  deputy  in  the  clerk's  office  of  his  native 
county,  getting  thus  a  knowledge  of  business  and  of 
legal  forms.  Having  attained  his  nnijority,  he  obeyed 
the  impulses  of  an  enterprising  and  energetic  dispo- 
sition and  went  West,  arriving  in  Missouri  in  1830, 
and  settling  in  the  Boon's  Lick  country,  his  permanent 
residence  being  made  in  Chariton  County.  Soon  after 
he  became  known  to  his  fellow-citizens  he  was  ap- 
pointed brigadier-general  of  the  State  militia,  and 
having  passed  the  bar,  entered  into  politics.  He  was 
an  ardent  and  active  Democrat,  and  us  early  as  1836 
was  elected  to  represent  iii.s  county  in  the  General 
Assembly  of  the  State.  He  made  a  useful,  practical 
member,  not  given  to  declamation,  but  knowing  and 
helping  to  promote  the  public  interests.  In  1840, 
and  again  two  years  later,  he  was  member  of  the 
Legislature  and  Speaker  of  the  Assembly. 

In  1844  he  was  elected  to  Congress  from  the  then 
Third  District  of  Missouri,  entering  the  House  of 
Representatives  in  time  to  support  tho  administration 
of  President  Polk,  The  Mexican  war  breaking  out, 
he  was  autliorized  by  President  Polk  to  raise  a  regi- 
ment of  cavalry  for  service  in  Mexico,  was  mustered 
in  Aug.  12,  1846,  and  early  in  the  war  maiched  to 
Santu  Fe  with  one  of  tiie  best  volunteer  cavalry  regi- 
ments raised  during  tho  war.  It  was  known  as  the 
Second  Missouri  Mounted  Volunteers.  Col.  Price 
soon  distinguibhed  himself  by  the  prompt  luanner  in 


514 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


.1 


which  he  suppressed  the  insurrection  of  the  New 
Mexicans  and  Pueblo  Indians  in  his  district  of  Gen. 
Kearney's  Department  of  New  Mexico.  The  insurrec- 
tion bc<;an  on  Jan.  14, 1847,  with  tiie  murder  of  Gov- 
ernor Charles  Bent,  at  San  Fernando  do  Taos.  The 
news  of  this  and  other  outrages  reached  Santa  ¥6  on 
January  20th,  and  Col.  Price,  with  three  hundred  and 
fifty  men  and  four  twelve-pounder  guns,  marched  to 


V      ! 


i      i 


MAJ.-QEN.    STERLING    PRICE. 

punish  the  organized  insurgents.  He  came  up  with 
their  main  force,  munibering  fifteen  hundred,  on  Jan- 
uary 24th,  near  the  small  village  of  Canada.  Price  at 
once  opened  upon  thoiu  and  their  village,  and  after  a 
brief  struggle  the  rebels  were  dispersed  with  a  loss 
of  thirty-six  killed  and  a  largo  number  wounded. 
Price's  loss  was  only  two  killed  and  six  wounded. 
The  pursuit  was  continued  up  the  valley  of  the  Rio 
del  Norte,  and  on  January  "JDth,  at  Lafaya,  another 
serious  blow  was  inttieted  upon  the  insurgents  by 
Price,  adding  largely  to  the  number  killed  and 
wounded,  an<l  to  the  demoralization  of  the  enemy. 
On  the  3d  of  February  Price  had  reached  San  Fernando 
de  Taos,  the  scene  of  Governor  Bent's  murder.  He 
found  the  insurgents  in  possession,  strongly  fortified, 
and  awaiting  un  attack.  Price  assaulted  the  position 
on  the  4th,  and  succeeded  during  the  night  in  occu- 
pying some  abandoned  houses  commanding  the  rebel 
position.  The  enemy  sued  for  terms  next  day.  Price 
demanded  and  received  the  persons  of  the  chief  in- 
surgents, and  hu'  g  them  a  few  days  subsequently. 


This  brief  campaign,  which  would  to-day  bt^  cmi-iJ. 
cred  so  insignificant  as  to  hardly  deserve  reoitil,  niaji- 
Price  a  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  his  rimimi.. 
sion  dating  July  20,  1847.  His  second  l.;ittlf  in 
Mexico  is  known  as  that  of  Santa  Cruz  dy  Kus;il.>, 
and  was  properly  a  siege.  The  principal  l]:itilt.  if 
the  siege  was  fouglit  March  1(3,  1848,  again-i  a  vm 
superior  force  of  Mexicans  under  Don  Aiiinl  Fn.j>. 
Governor  of  Chihuahua,  and  resulted  in  the  c';i|itur.jfi|' 
the  place  and  the  entire  garrison.  Price  was  woudJc] 
in  the  engagement  at  Canada,  Jan.  24,  1847. 

At  the  next  general  election  after  his  reiuni  hm 
Mexico,  Price  was  elected  Governor  of  Mi:?siiiiii.  wiih 
a  majority  over  his  opponent  of  fifteen  thousniul  vott-. 
He  was  the  compromise  candidate,  the  one  luuii  on 
whom  the  factions  in  the  party  originating  in  UlmiIod  > 
course  on  the  slavery  question  were  capable  ot"  uiiiiin.'. 
He  filled  the  executive  chair  during  four  years,  froii 
1853  to  1857,  with  great  credit  to  himself  and  to  the 
State.  He  was  afterwards  bank  commissioiiL'r.  Du- 
ring the  excitement  in  the  early  part  of  tho  year  l^iJl, 
Gen.  Price  was  a  stap"h,  earnest,  and  devoted  Union 
man,  using  the  whole  of  his  powerful  infliK'iice  in  op 
position  to  the  secession  of  this  State  from  the  Uuion, 
He  was  elected  a  delegate  from  the  Chariton  district 
(where  he  lived)  to  the  Constitutional  ("onviMitioD. 
and  such  was  the  pronounced  oiiaracter  of  lii.s  Union- 
ism that  he  was  elected  president  of  that  body  bvi 
vote  of  seventy-five  to  fifteen.  This  coiivciition.  after 
refusing  by  a  most  decided  and  almost  uiianiuiou- 
vote  to  adopt  resolutions  setting  forth  that  there  wi< 
adequate  cause  for  the  secession  of  Missouri  t'ruin  tli.- 
Union,  adjourned  on  the  21st  day  of  .M  ircii,  ISiU. 
to  the  third  Monday  of  the  following  Deooiiiber. 

A  military  bill  had  been  pending  in  the  LoL'islature 
of  Missouri  since  the  beginning  of  the  ses.-imi.  In 
the  whirlwind  of  excitement  which  followed  tliecaj- 
ture  of  Cauip  Jackson  and  the  bloodslio  1  aitoiiJatii 
upon  that  movement  this  bill  became  a  law.  It  con- 
ferred upon  Governor  Jackson  very  large  and,  iiidccJ. 
almost  sweeping  powers,  and  he  proeeeilod  at  once  to 
exo'cisc  them  by  appointing  Sterling  I'riiv  iiiajor- 
gonerul  commanding  the  State  Guards  ol'  Mi<«ouri. 
Price  was  well  fitted  for  a  military  caroor.  tliou'^ii  \k 
never  had  the  West  Point  education  wiiieli  wa-  bv 
many  deemed  essentia!.  Ho  had  the  warrior  |lre^0IlCc 
and  the  warrior  tact,  the  soldier's  pleasiiro  in  cam- 
paigning, and  the  born  command'^'s  oari  riil  and  ten- 
der solicitude  for  the  health  and  couifort  uf  iiis  luon, 
besides  wliich  he  was  as  brave  a  man  as  over  wallioJ. 
He  had  strong  native  powers,  remarkable  en..!!:-,."  ami 
presence  of  mind,  and  he  had  learned  nmeh  while  in 
Mexico,  where  ho  was  often  thrown  eiiiirely  upon  his 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


515 


own  it>i>nrces.  In  the  lanjjuage  of  the  late  E.  A. 
Polliinl.  "  lie  had  a  coinniandiiij;  presence;  his  plain, 
licaitv  uirtiiuer  endeared  him  to  the  popuhice,  and  the 
strt'ii'zth  and  virtue  of  his  personal  character,  the 
Caii>-li'"''  purity  of  his  life,  gave  him  influence  over 
all  ehi>>i's  of  men.  He  was  over  six  feet  in  height, 
with  11  frame  to  match,  full,  but  not  portly,  and  as 
siraiLilit  as  a  son  of  the  forest.  His  carriage  was 
marked  with  dignity,  grace,  and  gentleness,  and  every 
motion  bespoke  the  attitude  and  presence  of  the  well- 
bred  ueiitleman.  lie  had  a  large  head,  covered  with 
a  nrowtli  of  thick  white  hair,  a  high,  broad,  intellect- 
uiil  foreliead,  florid  face,  no  beard,  and  a  mouth  in 
whose  latent  smiles  lurked  the  good  humor  of  the 
man  while  its  straight  and  clear-cut  line  bespoke  the 
precise  mind  and  the  exacting  will." 

Price  was  very  anxious  to  preserve  the  peace,  thoU{.;ii 
his  niinil  was  filled  with  forebodings  after  the  Camp 
Jackson  affair,  and  after  the  failure  of  his  armistice 
with  Gen.  Harney,  in  consequence  of  the  removal  of 
that  officer  and  the  commissioning  of  Capt.  Lyon  as 
bri'juiier-general.     But  he  sought  to  make  an  accom- 
modation of  some -sort  with  Lyon  also.    On  the  11th 
of  June,  1861,  a  conference  was  held  at  the  Planters' 
House,  in  St.  Louis,  between  Governor  Jackson  and 
Gen.  Price  on  the  one  hand,  and  Gen.  Lyon  and 
others  on  the  other,  with  the  ostensible  view  to  the 
preservation  of  the  peace.     Its  result  was  unsatisfac- 
tory to  the  State  authorities,  who  at  once  returned  to 
Jefferson  City  and  made  preparations  to  resist  what 
were  called  the  encroachments  of  the  national  power. 
Gathering  many  of  the  archives  of  the  government 
and  collecting   as   many    men,    horses,   equipments, 
etc.,  as  possible.  Governor  Jackson,  accompanied  by 
Gen.  Price,  fled  the  capital,  the  latter  issuing  a  proc- 
lamation calling  upon  the  men  of  Missouri  lo  fly  to 
the  standard  of  the  State.     Gen.  Lyon  quickly  pur- 
sued with  his  troops,  and  overtook  the  State  militia  at 
Boonville,  where  (June  18th)  the  first  battle  of  the 
war  occurred.     Gen.  Price  was  not  present  in  person, 
he  havinj;  proceeded  to  the  neighborhood  of  Fayette, 
and  only  jiiining  his  forces  after  the  defeat.     Ho  was 
pursued  by  Col.  Franz  Sigel,  whom  he  encountered  at 
Carthaiie.  July  5th,  and  after  an  engagement  of  two 
hours  succeeded  in  opening  his  obstructed  route,  and 
continuing  his  flight  towards  the  southern  counties  of 
the  State.    Here  he  collected  a  large  force,  which  was 
soon  alter  so  strengthened  by  Gen.  Ben  McCuUough's 
furees  that  Gen.  Price  was  enabled  to  off'er  Lyon  battle 
at  Siirinufield,  and  succeeded  in  defeating  him.     He 
advancid  farther  north  into  Missouri,  gaining  strength 
daily,  and  >ii  September  16th  began  the  siege  of  Lex- 
iugion  by  a  brisk  bombardment  of  that  city.     This 


place  and  its  garrison  of  three  thousand  five  hundred 
men  were,  after  three  days'  fighting,  captured  on  Sep- 
tember 20th.  This  was  the  last  triumph  of  Gen. 
Price's  Missouri  campaign  of  1861,  as  soon  after  ho 
was  forced  to  retreat  by  Gen.  Fremont,  and  was  sub- 
sequently driven  out  of  the  State  by  Curtis  and  Hal- 
leck. 

During  this  time  Price  was  not  regularly  in  the 
Confederate  service.  On  his  expulsion  from  Missouri 
he  wt)s  entered  on  the  list  as  major-general  and  placed 
in  command  of  a  division  of  troops.  This  division, 
with  that  of  Van  Dorn,  was  transferred  in  April, 
1862,  from  Arkansas  to  Corinth,  Miss.,  and  partici- 
pated. May  9,  1862,  in  the  battle  of  Farinington. 
He  retreated  with  the  rest  of  Beauregard's  forces 
from  Corinth,  and  remained  at  Tupello,  Miss.,  until 
the  following  September,  when  his  division  and  that 
of  Van  Dorn  were  moved  to  luka.  Here  a  portion 
of  Gen.  Grant's  forces,  under  Rosecrans,  attacked  and 
defeated  them  after  a  hard  fight,  the  Southern  loss 
left  on  the  field  being  one  thousand  four  hundred  and 
thirty-three  men.  Oct.  4, 1862,  Price  and  Van  Dorn 
attacked  Rosecrans  in  Corinth  and  met  with  a  signal 
repulse.  Price  labored  under  this  trouble  for  many 
months,  being  idle  for  the  greater  part  of  1863. 
Feb.  6,  1864,  he  again  assumed  command  of  the  De- 
partment of  Arkansas,  relieving  Gen.  Holmes.  In 
the  following  month  (April  19th)  he  attacked  and 
captured  a  foraging  train  of  two  hundred  wagons  be- 
longing to  Gen.  Steele's  command  near  Camden,  Ark. 
In  August,  Price  was  relieved  by  Gen.  Magruder 
of  the  command  of  the  District  of  Arkansas,  and  be- 
gan his  last  and  most  memorable  invasion  of  Missouri. 
Of  this  campaign,  which  was  the  last  attempt  made 
by  the  Confederate  forces  west  of  the  Allcghanies  to 
carry  the  war  into  the  Border  States,  Price  himself 
said,  in  his  ofiicial  report: 

"  In  conclusion,  permit  me  to  say  that  in  my  opin- 
ion the  results  flowing  from  my  operations  in  Missouri 
are  of  the  most  gratifying  character.      I  marched 
fourteen  hundred  and  thirty-four  miles,  fought  forty- 
three  battles  and  skirmishes,  captured  and  paroled 
over  three  thousand  oflicers  and  men,  captured  eigh- 
teen pieces  of  artillery,  three  thousand  stand  of  small- 
arms,  sixteen  stand  of  colors  (brought  out  by  me,  be- 
sides others  destroyed  by  our  troops  who  took  tliem), 
■  at  least  three  thousand  overcoats,  large  quantities  of 
blankets,  shoes,  and  clothing,  many  wagons  and  teams, 
;  numbers  of  horses,  and  great  quantities  of  subsistence 
]  and  ordnance  stores.     1  destroyed  miles  upon  miles  of 
I  railroad,  burning  depots  and  bridges.      Taking  this 
into  the  calculation,  I  do  not  think  I  go  beyond  the 
truth  in  saying  that  I  destroyed  in  the  late  expedition 


■J'i' 


I:* 


516 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


to  Missouri  ten  million  dollnrs  worth  of  property.  On 
the  other  liand,  I  lost  ten  pieces  of  artillery,  two  stand 
of  colors,  one  thousand  stand  of  sniall-urnis,  whilst  I 
don't  think  I  lost  over  one  thousand  prisoners,  in- 
cludin<;  the  wounded  left  in  their  hands." 

The  invasivin  was  ended  by  a  sinjile  blow  dealt 
Price  at  Newtonia  by  Gon*.  Blunt  and  Sanborn,  and 
Price  was  glad  to  retreat.  Gens.  Marniaduke  and 
Cabell  were  captured,  and  the  Confederate  army  badly 
dispersed.  Price  retired  to  Arkansas,  where  ho  col- 
lected the  remnants  of  his  corps  to<;ether,  but  there 
was  nothing  afterwards  at  all  brilliant  in  his  career, 
and  the  above,  we  believe,  includes  the  maiei  features 
of  his  military  history.  That  ho  was  a  general  of 
great  ability  no  one  can  doubt,  yet  it  does  not  appear 
that  he  was  properly  appreciated  at  llichmond. 

Price  was  an  especial  and  prime  favorite  with  his 
soldier.s,  who  loved  him  devotedly  and  had  the  most 
unlimited  confidence  in  his  ability  and  generalship. 
They  used  to  say  they  would  rather  die  under  hia 
command  than  fight  under  any  other,  and  they  nick- 
named him  with  all  sorts  of  whimsical  but  endearing 
epitheta,  such  as  "  Old  Dad  Price,"  "  Old  Pap,"  the 
"  Old  Tycoon,"  etc.  He  was  always  accessible,  always 
just,  and  he  was  kind-hearted  to  all. 

After  the  war,  feeling  like  a  man  whoso  heart  was 
broken  and  his  homo  lost.  Gen.  Price  retreated  into 
Mexico  and  entered  the  service  of  the  Emperor  Max- 
imilian, attempting,  but  unsuccessfully,  to  organize  a 
wholesale  scheme  of  colonization.  His  people  in- 
vited him  back  to  Missouri,  and  finally  he  returned, 
but  with  broken  and  debilitated  health.  Ho  dwelt, 
after  coming  back  to  his  old  State,  in  St.  Louis,  where 
he  died  on  Sunday  morning,  Sept.  2'J,  1807,  at  two 
o'clock  A.M. 

Not  many  men  in  public  life  have  had  fewer  eno- 
niios  than  Sterling  Price.  Few  have  had  so  many 
warm  and  devoted  friends.  Hi.s  generous,  benevolent, 
impulsive  nature  had  a  magnetism  about  it  which  at- 
tracted every  one,  and  none  were  repelled  by  anything 
discordant  between  his  noble,  dignified  presence  and 
his  character  ancl  abilities. 

The  arrangements  entered  into  between  Generals 
Harney  and  Price  on  May  2 1 ,  ISO  1 ,  gave  great  offense 
to  the  Union  people  of  St.  Louis,  especially  to  the  more 
exiguous  class  who  preferred  the  "  thorough"  policy 
of  Gen.  Lyon  and  Col.  Frank  Blair.  Lyon  had  now 
been  duly  commissioned  as  brigadier-general  of  the 
Jlissouri  Volunteers,  and  an  active  intrigue  had  begun 
in  Washington  between  the  men  who  wished  Harney 
retained  in  command  in  Missouri  and  those  who 
sought  to  have  him  superseded  by  Gen.  Lyon.  .  In 
the  Federal  city,  indeed,  this  contest  assumed  the  char- 


acter of  a  struggle  for  influence  between  Atti,rnev- 
General  Bates  and  Postma.ster-Gencral  Blair.  Hatej 
had  Scott  on  his  side  and  much  conservative  iiilliiencu 
from  St.  Louis;  but  the  Blairs  were  active  au'l  IihIo. 
fatigable,  and  they  were  supported  by  every  ruilial 
influence  in  and  out  of  the  army,  as  well  us  by  ilii, 
Secretary  of  War  bini.«elf  They  stood  to  win.  oi' 
course.  The  same  envelope  which  covered  Lyon's 
commission  as  brigadier-general  of  volunteiis  con. 
tained  a  special  order  of  the  War  Department,  datej 
May  IGih,  and  Higned  by  the  adjutant-genonii,  tn 
the  effect  that  "  Brig.-Gen.  W.  S.  Harney  is  ivlievnl 
from  command  of  the  Department  of  the  West,  anj 
is  granted  leave  of  absence  until  further  (iidtrs.'' 
This  order  in  effect  relieved  Harney  from  the  inusput 
of  further  service  upon  the  field  of  action.  It  was. 
however,  not  delivered  forthwith,  for  it  was  acrota- 
panicd  by  a  letter  to  Frank  Blair,  as  follows ; 

"  Wa.simnc.ton,  D.  C,  May  Is,  isiil. 
"Hon-.  F.  p.  IIt.mii: 

"  Mv  |>E.VII  Sjh, — We  lii'Vc  a  ;;oo(l  deal  of  anxict.v  licienboul 
St.  Louis.  I  iinilor.'tiiiiil  nii  onlcr  ha?  gone  I'niiii  lUv  War  Dt- 
partmeiit  to  you,  to  bo  dt'liverdi  or  witlilielil  in  yonr  lii^cietinii. 
rpliiniii);  (ii'ii.  Harney  from  his  eonmiand.  I  w.is  n.ii  qniu. 
."atistieil  willi  lljo  onler  when  it  was  made,  though  on  tlic  wliolo 
1  thought  it  be.it  to  malio  it;  but  since  then  I  liiivc  biToiui' 
more  doubtful  of  its  proprifty.  I  do  not  write  now  to  roniiltr- 
mand  it,  lint  to  say  I  wi-h  you  would  withhold  it,  unli'>.-  in  vour 
judgment  the  neocs-ity  to  the  eontrary  is  very  urj;ont.  'flicre 
are  several  reasons  for  this.  We  bettor  have  liiin  a/,;<u,/tluD 
an  enemy.  It  will  dissatisfy  n  good  many  who  otherwi.<iMniiilJ 
bo  (juiot.  More  than  all,  we  tiist  relieve  l.iru,  then  reslinoltim; 
and  now  if  we  relieve  him  again  the  public  will  a.-k,  'Wliviill 
this  vacillation?' 

"Still,  if  in  your  judgment  it  is  Indhpeninhh,  lit  it  bcM. 
"  Yours  very  truly. 

'•    A.     iilNl  .![  \, 

"(Private.)" 

But  this  letter  only  caused  a  delay  of  a  few  days. 
l)is(]uietiiig  rumors  ctime  to  St.  Louis  of  invasion  of 
Missouri  from  Arkansas,  and  on  May  HOtli  lilairscnt 
the  special  order  to  Harney.  The  next  day.  having 
to  appear  in  court  in  connection  with  tlio  .^KUonalJ 
habeas  corpus  case  (according  to  the  irpori  of  a  .St. 
Louis  newspaper  at  the  time),  "Gen  niiiiicy'saiiiondHi 
answer  to  the  writ  in  the  caseof  Cajit.  .Mcnonald  was 
read,  in  which  ho  stated  that  on  the  prcvimis  ovi  iiIml' 
he  had  been  relieved  from  the  coniinaml  of  iliisdo|Mii- 
ment  by  an  order  dated  at  headquartcis  tm  tio'  lliili 
of  May,  but  which  was  not  nnide  ktniwii  In  liiiii  iiiiiil 
the  time  stated.  Where  it  has  been,  or  Imw  dolayoil, 
are  matters  about  which  the  [)tiblicciiii  kimw  niiiliin'.'. 
and  we  have  not  inquired.  Gen.  Ilaiiicy  assiniml 
command  of  bis  de|)artme!it  on  the  12iii  of  .^la.v. 
immediately  following  the  occuiTenci\s  im  llio  lUtli 
and   11th   at  Camp  Jackson  and  on  Walnnt  Street. 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


517 


feen  Atinriiey- 
1  Blair.     Hales 
native  iiitliieiico 
jtive  aii'l  imk- 
r  every  rmlical 
well  as  hy  tW 
ood  to  win,  of 
covered  Ijvoh's 
voluntorvs  con- 
partiui'iit.  (latuJ 
itaiit-iri'iioviil,  t» 
irney  is  vclicvcj 
f  the  West,  and 
further  mdiTs." 
roui  the  iiriispi.tt 
aetioi).     It  was, 
r  it  was  ai'coui- 
foUows ; 

v.,  Muy  IS,  \m. 

f  iinxii'ly  liore about 
10  trnlil  the  Why  Dl- 
lil  in  ydiirdi^cicli"!!, 
J.  1  w^is  U'li  quill' 
tlioiigh  on  tlic  wlirtl.' 
tttcn  I  liavo  bi'i'cuii' 
ivrile  now  lo  omiiiler- 
liold  it,  imli'>>iii  your 
very  iii'iient.    'I'iicre 

liiin  i\/.;Mi.(tli;in 
lio  olherwia'  \v"iilJ 

,  ilii'ii  icsloreliim; 

will  ii>li,'\Vliy  all 

»ii/,/c,  li-l  il  l)c«. 
Illy, 

••A.   I.IN'.'IV. 


iiy  of  a  I'l'W  Jays, 
iiis  of  invasion  (if 
y  liOth  IJlair  ."t'lit 
next  day,  Inivin;: 
th  the  McDoiiaW 
\e  re]ioi't  of  a  >t, 
Ilaniey'saineniii'ii 
t.  MrPoiiaW  w;i^ 
iireviiius  uviMiiii; 
aiidortliisilopart- 

irters  on  ilii-'  1''''' 
iiiiwii  til  liim  until 
■11,  or  hiiw  (li'layoil, 
t-aii  know  nollii":-'. 
.  Uaniey  ussuimii 
he  l:iili  of  Mii.v. 
lices  111!  tlie  I'llli 
oil  Walnut  Street. 


On  Sunday  he  issued  a  proclanmtion  tending  to  quiet 
the  o.\(iteiuent  whicli  pervaded  the  public  mind,  le.>^t 
other  excesses  should  be  committed  in  St.  Louis. 
Each  liav  thereafter  witnessed  some  action  which 
served  til  restore  confidence,  and  on  the  21st  he  and 
(Jen.  I'rice  had  the  interview  which  resulted  in  the 
arranijciiieut  that  itavc  peace  to  the  State.  Since  that 
time  a  lii'tter  and  more  secure  feeliiij;  has  prevailed, 
and  nil  one  doubted  the  ability  of  the  two  jienerals, 
bv  the  understanding  and  confidence  reposed  in  each 
other,  to  maintain  perfect  (juiet,  Tlie  reason  for  this 
order  fur  relieving  him  of  the  command  here,  without 
assisnini:  him  to  duty  elsewhere,  at  a  time,  too,  when 
the  I'dvorninont  is  sadly  in  want  of  experienced  offi- 
cers, is  ninv  known,  and,  of  course,  comment  is  pre- 
cluded; but  this  we  will  say  for  Gen.  Harney,  that 
liis  eiiilitceii  days'  service  was  of  infinite  benefit  to  St. 
Louis  in  reinstating  the  peace  of  the  city,  and  that 
he  has  tiie  thanks  of  the  people  for  his  judicious  and 
unweaiicil  efforts  to  secure  tliat  end." 

It  is  not  eiinipatible  with  the  .scope  of  this  work  to 
I'ive  more  than  a  rapid  sketch  of  the  long,  adventu- 
ruus,  and  highly  honorable  career  of  Gen.  William 
Selliv  Harney.  He  was  born  in  David.son  County, 
Tcnn.,  Aug.  22,  1800,  and  was  the  youngest  of  eight 
cliildien.  His  father  was  a  man  of  groat  resolution, 
as  was  shown  in  a  controversy  with  Andrew  Jack.son, 
then  a  judge,  in  which  ho  won  Jackson's  respect,  and 
wliich.  111)  doubt,  was  the  cause  of  the  friendliness 
wliicli  Jacksou  .■showed  for  Gen,  Harney  throughout 
his  whole  cireer, 

Young  Harney's  elder  brother  was  a  surgeon  in  the 
arniv,  and  the  boy  was  early  thrown  into  the  compan- 
ionship of  men  of  arms,  and  made  the  acquaintanee  of 
such  courtly  members  of  the  jirofession  as  Seott, 
Mai'oinli,  Wool.  (Jaines,  and  Brady,  then  fresh  from 
the  war  of  iS12.  His  youthful  imagination  became 
filed  liy  an  ardent  longing  for  a  career  such  as  theirs, 
and  in  ISI 8  his  wish  was  gratiHed,  he  having  been 
appointed  by  President  Monroe  a  lieutenant  in  the 
First  Uegiuieiit  of  infantry.  His  command  was  then 
stationed  in  Louisiana,  and  Harney's  first  military  ex- 
perience was  gained  on  an  expedition  against  the 
notorious  pirate  Lafitte. 

Several  years  of  rather  uneventful  service  followed, 
extending  from  the  lakes  to  the  Gulf,  and  from 
Maine  to  I'lorida,  In  182i}  he  visited  St.  Louis,  on 
his  way  to  Council  Bluffs,  where  an  Indian  outbreak 
Wits  anticipated ;  but  the  war  not  taking  place,  ho 
wintered  at  Hellefontaine,  near  St.  Louis,  and  the 
next  year  aceompanied  a  peace  coiumission,  composed 
of  Gen.  .\tkinson  and  Maj.  O'Fallon,  to  the  upper 
Missouri,  where  treaties  were  made.     Upon  this  ex- 


pedition he  met  Gen.  Ashley,  the  great  fur-trader  of 
St.  Louis,  and  Ashley,  who  was  greatly  pleased  with 
the  young  soldier,  propo.sed  to  Harney  to  fit  out  a 
trading  expedition  to  the  Yellowstone,  Harney  to  have 
charge  of  it  and  to  receive  half  the  profits,  The 
young  lieutenant,  who  possessed  no  fortune  except  his 
pay,  no  doubt  found  it  hard  to  decline  the  tempting 
offer,  but  ultimately  did  so,  preferring  to  remain  in 
the  profession  of  his  choice,  which  ho  was  destined 
so  conspicuously  to  adorn. 

From  this  expedition  Harney  returned  to  Council 
Bluff's,  where  (in  1824)  ho  was  made  a  caiitain.     In 

1827  he  was  ordered  to  Jefferson   Barracks,  and  in 

1828  participated  in  an  excursion  against  the  Winiie- 
bagoes  in  Wisconsin.  In  the  fall  of  that  year  he  was 
ordered  to  Fort  Winnebago,  Wis.,  where  ho  spent 
two  monotonous  years. 

At  this  time  Capt.  Harney  was  one  of  tlie  hand- 
somest men  in  the  army,  six  feet  three  inches  tall,  of 
a  slim  and  graceful  figure,  with  dark  red  hair,  ex- 
pressive eyes,  and  a  clear,  ruddy  complexion.  Jefl'er- 
■son  Davis,  who  was  stationed  at  Fort  Winnebago  in 
1829,  wrote  of  iiiiu  in  1878  as  follows: 

".Mississii'i'i  CiTV,  Miss..  .Tiinuary,  I87S. 
"  ^.   V.  Uearii;  IHi'i.,  Si.  Luiiin,  Mo.  : 

"Sill, — It  gives  lue  pleiisuro  to  comply  witli  your  roqiiPSt  of 
the  ;iOtli  ult.  lor  soiiie  reminisconoo  in  connection  willi  my  olil 
frieml,  tien.  W.  !s.  Harney.  In  the  spring  of  1S21)  I  icportcd 
as  brevet  second  lieutenant  to  the  coininitinling  otliccr  iit  Fort 
Winnebago.  (Jen.  Harney  wiui  then  shilioncil  at  llial  po-t,  and 
enptain  of  Company  K,  First  United  States  Infantry.  At  that 
periotl  of  his  life  lie  wa.s,  phys-ieiilly,  the  finest  man  I  ever  saw. 
Tall,  straight,  iniiseiihir,  broad-chested  anil  gauntwaistcd,  he 
was  one  of  the  class  which  'frchuvncy  describes  as  'nature's 
noblemen,' against  whom  llie  plague  in  the  Kast  'never  made 
an  attack.'  Had  be  lived  in  the  time  of  Homer  he  would  have 
robbed  Achilles  of  his  sobriiiuet  of  the  'swift-footed,'  for  be 
would  run  faster  than  a  white  man,  farther  than  an  Indian,  and 
in  both  showed  that  man  was  orf;anized  lo  be  master  of  the 
beast.  To  elucidate  the  last  clause  of  the  preceding  paragraph 
reniiires  the  recital  of  an  anecdote.  Capt.  Harney  carefully  at- 
tended to  hia  company's  garden,  which,  on  the  frontier,  was 
necessary  for  the  comfort  as  well  as  the  health  of  the  men. 
The  beds  had  been  carefully  spaded  and  roped,  when  one  of  his 
numerous  dogs,  a  half-grown  mongrel  hound,  came  walking 
across  the  carefully-|irepared  ground,  aii.l  the  captain,  i-torining 
at  him  in  tones  and  language  not  suited  lo  the  pupil,  frighlened 
the  dog  so  that,  instead  of  going  out  by  the  walk,  ho  ran  across 
the  bed  towards  the  gap  in  the  fence.  The  captain  started  in 
full  run  afler  the  dog,  which  bad  to  jump  on  the  fence  and  then 
off  it,  fatal  disparity  to  the  dog  !  for  the  captain  cleared  tho 
fence  at  a  Vioiiiid,  wliioh  brought  bim  a  jump  nearer  to  the  dog, 
and  then  began  an  even  run  up  the  long  slope  which  led  to  the 
fort,  before  reaching  which  Harney  mastered  tho  do^,  and 
'  Uover'  suffered  in  proportion  to  the  length  of  tho  chase.  Capt. 
Harney  was  also  a  bold  horseman,  fond  of  tho  chase,  a  good 
boatman,  and  skillful  in  the  use  of  tho  spear  as  a  fisherman 
Neither  drinking  nor  gaming,  ho  was  clear  of  those  rocks  and 
shoals  of  life  in  a  frontier  garrison,  and  is  no  doubt  indebted  to 
this  ttbstiiieneo  for  much  of  tho  vigor  ho  has  possessed  to  his 


518 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


present  advanood  ngc.  ]\y  lunf;  sorvioe  on  the  Indian  rrnntior, 
t<i){clher  witli  the  practk'o  sinou  which  to«H  all  tliuory  by 
ncliiiil  ubsorviilion,  lie  has  arqiiircd  tliat  Ifnowledgo  iif  Indian 
oliariiotor  whiuh  in  often  eonapicuously  oxiiibited  in  his  military 
oaroor. 

"Of  tlio  incidents  thus  gonornlly  raferred  to  you  have  so 
many  other  simncs  of  infornnition  that  it  would  bu  ncoillons  for 
mo  til  enter  into  dotai),  but  I  siiould  du  injui<ti(^u  to  tlio  subject 
of  this  letter  if  I  did  not  call  your  attention  to  tlio  project  of 
the  Tnilian  treaty  he  made  witli  the  Sioux  in  IS.'i.'i  or  IS;>().  I 
think  it  eonnlituied  the  beat  ]iiiAn  for  iin  arran;;cment  between 
the  United  State^<  f;ovcrnment  and  an  [ndian  trilio  llial  has  ever 
been  devi.sed,  and  if  curried  out  would  impress  the  Indians  with 
their  res|iousibi]ily,  and  bind  tliem  to  more  faitiifut  obHcrvanco 
of  it  than  ever  did  any  of  those  verbose,  miscalled  treaties  which 
are  to  bo  found  spread  over  tlio  records  of  tlie  United  States. 
"Very  respectfully, 

"Jkfkkiison  Davi.s."' 

Cnpt.  Ilarnoy's  next  conspicuous  service  was  in 
tlie  Black  Hawk  war,  in  which  he  coniiucted  himself 
with  great  distinction.  This  being  over,  he  obtained 
leave  of  absence,  which  he  spent  at  St.  Louis.  The 
handsome  young  captain  always  greatly  enjoyed  the 
elegant  and  polite  society  of  St.  Louis,  and  iiis  gal- 
lantry and  graces  of  person  and  manner  made  him  an 
especial  favorite  with  the  ladies.  During  one  of  his 
visits  to  the  town  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Mary 
Mullanphy,  daughter  of  Hon.  John  Mullanphy,  the 
distinguished  citizen  and  philanthropist,  and  in  Jan- 
uary, 1833,  he  married  her. 

From  this  union  resulted  John  M.  Harney,  still  a 
citizen  of  St.  Louis ;  Eliza  Harney,  Counicss  de  Noiie, 
whose  hu.sband  is  a  general  in  the  French  army ;  and 
Anna  B.,  married  to  the  Viscount  de  Thury,  an  officer 
in  the  French  navy,  who  served  under  Maximilian  in 
the  invasion  of  Mexico  in  1864.  Mrs.  Harney  died 
in  Paris  in  18G1. 

In  1832,  Capt.  Harney  was  appointed  a  paymaster 
with  the  rank  of  major,  and  soon  after  President 
Jackson  promoted  him  to  a  lieutenant-colonelcy. 
When  the  Seminole  war  in  Florida  broke  out,  Harney 
was  dispatched  thither,  and  served  in  several  cam- 
paigns with  conspicuous  energy  and  courage.  On 
more  than  one  occasion  movements  of  great  responsi- 
bility were  entrusted  to  him,  and  he  always  acquitted 
liimself  with  prudence  and  credit.  His  previous  ser- 
vice on  the  Northwestern  frontier  had  given  him  a 
knowledge  of  the  Indian  character  that  was  utilized 
to  great  advantage  in  this  emergency.  The  Seminole 
war  was  one  of  the  least  .satisfactory  and  least  glorious 
wars  ever  waged  by  United  States  troops.  The  ablest 
generals  of  the  country,  who  had  successfully  fought 
Wellington's  veterans,  and  who  later  covered  them- 


■  From  the  Life  and  Military  Services  of  Oen.  William  S. 
Harney,  by  L.  U.  Keavis,  St.  Louii,  1878. 


selves  with  glory  in  Mexico,  were  bufiied  ami  Im. 
luiliated  by  the  adroit  and  able  leaders  of  the  Hiiv{ii:(j 
but  there  seems  to  be  no  doubt  that  Col.  Hiirncy'i 
services  were  more  efficient  than  those  of  almost  anv 
other  officer  in  the  field.  In  April,  1841,  Im  vn 
breveted  colonel  for  "gallant  and  meritorious  ciiinlud 
in  several  successive  engagements  with  hostile  Imiiaiij 
in  Florida." 

Years  of  peace  followed  until  the  Mexican  wjt 
gave  the  soldiery  something  more  to  do.  In  ilig 
struggle  Col.  Harney's  exploits  were  of  the  nnistbril. 
liant  character.  At  the  outbreak  of  hostiliiios  lie 
was  promoted  to  the  colonelcy  of  the  Secimd  Dra. 
goons.  Gen.  Taylor  at  first  placed  him  in  cuniiiiaiii] 
of  the. troops  protecting  the  Texan  frontier,  liut  lit 
position  was  unendurable,  as  he  was  separiiiid  Iron 
his  regiment,  and  had  no  share  in  the  enguL't'iikiiii 
which  marked  the  advance  of  the  Unitrd  ,<iairf 
forces  into  Mexico.  He  demanded  periiii»i,iM  h> 
rejoin  his  regiment,  and  having  received  iiislruc- 
tions  to  do  so  reported  to  Gen.  Scott,  by  wlmui  k 
was  ordered  to  return  to  Taylor.  For  rcrusin:'  to 
obey  this  order  he  was  court-martialed  and  scnteiictJ 
to  six  months'  suspension  and  a  reprimaml.  ijiit  t!i> 
sentence  was  never  executed,  and  Gen.  Scott  finallv 
directed  him  to  join  his  regiment.  He  subsw|iiontl; 
participated  in  all  the  leading  engagements  on  tin 
memorable  march  to  the  City  of  Mexico.  His  dn 
goons  were  ever  in  front  and  on  the  flank  of  the  uiaiu 
army,  constantly  making  reconnoissances  tinil  Ik'Hii: 
for  the  enemy  and  pricking  him  up.  At  Madt'liiie, 
contrary  to  Gen.  Scott's  commands  not  to  cnoii^'e  ilw 
enemy,  he  turned  a  reconnoissancc  in  I'ono  into  :i 
fight,  routed  the  enemy,  and  gained  an  iiii|)(iitanl  ad- 
vantage. Gen.  Scott  forgave  this  brilliant  act  of  Jiv 
obedience  in  consideration  of  the  results  acliii'ViJ 
Gen.  Frost,  of  St.  Louis,  who  was  mucli  with  Har- 
ney in  that  campaign,  asserts  that  the  winlj  never 
saw  such  fighting  as  occurred  in  that  war.  Cul.  Har- 
ney's participation  throughout  was  chaiaiteri.'-iidiy 
impetuous  and  dashing.  His  storming  Ccrio  (iiirJo 
was  one  of  the  most  desperate  of  his  many  ilccils  of 
daring,  and  stands  out  in  bold  relief  as  uno  of  the 
conspicuous  events  of  the  war.  For  his  cmidud  in 
this  cngiigeiuent  he  was  breveted  brigadiiT-oeneral  iii 
July,  1848. 

The  capture  of  the  City  of  Mexico  terininaied  tlie 
war,  and  from  1848  to  1852  Gen.  Harni'V  was  .sta- 
tioned at  Austin,  Texas,  where  he  organized  sevoral 
expeditions  against  hostile  Indians.  Ho  was  tlicn 
granted  leave  of  absence  to  spend  some  tiinewitii  "is 
family  abroad  ;  but  soon  after  a  general  Indian  mt 
was  threatened,  and  he,  being  regarded  as  liie  nianot 


iitJ 


..-«^%w     ^ 


a  biifflod  iiml  In. 
ei'8  of  the  Hiivii'.'P! 
but  Col.  Ilarnn'i 
liose  of  nlmn>t  ant 
pril,  1841,  lie  was 
iiei'itoi'iiius  ((iniluoi 
villi  hustiic  liidiaoi 

the   MexicMu  m 

0  to  do.  Ill  tliii 
ire  of  tlio  must  Iril. 
k  of  hdstiliiies  he 
if  tlie  Secoinl  Dr). 
id  him  ill  eiiiiiiunnil 
nn  frontier,  tiui  li; 
WHS  scparuifd  rroiii 
in  the  enjia'.'i'iiii'iiii 

the  United  SiaUi 
ided  periiii.->i.in  ii 
ij;  received  inslruc. 
.  Scott,  by  wlioinlie 
r.  For  n  rii>iii^  lo 
tiided  iind  sunteiictJ 

1  reprimand,  but  tlie 
d  Gen.  Seott  fiiiall; 
t.  He  8ubsi'([ueiii!j 
lengiii^eiuents  on  tliv 

Mexico.     His  lira- 
lie  flank  ol'  tiie  main 
aissances  and  Mm 
up.      At  Madeline, 
ids  not  to  oiigiijie  'lio 
Hice  in  force  into  ;i 
lied  an  iiniKU'taiit  aii- 
brilliant  act  id'  di;- 
results  aeliieveil. 
us  much  with  Har- 
at  the  wdild  "fvor 
hilt  war.    Col.  liar- 
,vas  cluiracterislirally 
tormiiig  (Vrro  GurJo 
if  his  many  deeds  of 
relief  as  mn;  of  tlw 
For  his  I'ondud  in 
brigadier-^xi'iicral  in 

exico  terminated  tlie 
en.  ILirney  was  sta- 
he  organized  several 
ians.  He  was  'li'" 
some  time  witli  his 
general  Indian  mr 
garded  as  the  man  of 


Jr- 


■c. 


//   y 


><     C.H. 


^ 


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11 


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I  II 


mil 


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j:i 


i  ■( 

(T  ' 

i     \ 

1 

'• 

1 

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1  i 

r  ' 

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r'r 

•i!  --] 

ik  £^ 

Ji^ 

518 


FllSTOUY  OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


t.yi.'i-.ii   nlil  ;i    tliwry  I'V 

■>      Iimirt.ll  , '  ...      •'    111  ],  .  . 

1 1  ii  r  itliiuh  H  iiflrn  I'Oniipit'lMiiutljr  rxlilhlti-il 

■  .1  Ini'idcntt  Ihun  i;«ti«ra)lv  •   ■'       ' 
iiii'.v  111  iiir  mvnri'i's  of  InfuriaHlion  ll... 

in»  t'l  on'i'r  iiiMJ  ilutitil,  ^ul  I  «li<>ultl  ' 

•if  (liiD  lottfir  il"  I  <lhl  ii<it  mill  ,viiir  »i:   ■  '      t 

till;  rnililin  trti.iir  hi>  ninili-  wilh  lli(      .      .  I 

III'  .  '  ■•.• 

1„ 

ty,      .  ,      ,  •     ■  .       . 

of  if  tnun  t'v«T  ni't  lit  ii 

Rfe  til  lit'  t'liunU  'I  ri'    . 


Oilpt.      lliU'llcy'^     11.   \  I      l'lJll,-pM.:llluljl     .-(IM'-.l       t,l>    'ill 

t)ii<  l!l!i'-k  ll'iwi   war  in  wliioh  h(»  cutKim'tcil  l/'uixjlf 
wi'  ■  '  '.  ■  This  bcini?  oviT,  lie  (ililiiiii'tl 

Km\'    ■.!     ;ili  !>   In?  rilit'Dt    at    St.    I  '''f.O 

ll)in'l-i>tlK*  \  ■   "    "HlvVi'V*.    i/rnmlv  in 

iihJ    polf 


\  in  •  -  1.1  ilid  town  he        '  V 

Mulliu     ■ 

'.Iwilh  1  ... 

iiury,  Irt.jii,  tin  mai'r)e<i  h«r. 

From  this  union  resuUeil  Jdlii.  .i  liiui..; ,  .■  .  ,  . 
(■itizi-n  C'l'St.  Loui»i  VA'tr.i  Uariioy,C(iiuitc8s' (.!<.!  No»>e. 
wlhisi'  hu.sb;ind  is  a  ^i-iierai  in  tho  FieiK^li  army;  and 
Aiiiiii  B..  mtrried  to  i,hc*  ^''iscoant  deTliiiry,  iin  (ilRe«T 
in  lUc.  I'i'ench  navy,  who  strvod  under  Miixiiiiiiinn  in 
tlte  invasion  of  Mesiou  in  lSt54.  ■  Mn».  Harney  diiv. 
it;  f':ir\K  in  JHfi.i. 

ill  I'ti'.i'Z,  Cipi     n.-irii.  \   Willi  n|)j»<iti<cri  H  ''■sviO'i'-lor 


''  '■vimI  in   soyctitl  cuui- 

■I  '  "  •'.irat'<^  On 
at  ro.«|.i>i!i.i- 
Iways  aoqnitiiM]" 
•lis  pri'vioui»  tiv.r- 
•d  given  liini  it 
kritiwlcdgfi  of  the  tndtuji  litani.stf-r  rlini  wn.-  utilizud 
fo  nieai  udvantaiTii  in  this^  c  ■  ■-       Tlio  Scininolf; 

war  wiui  i.me  of  the  loast  m':-  .utd  \<;Ml  jjioritiua 

warn  ever  waged  liy  United  Statt's  lioaps.  Tin;  ablest 
genfvals  of  tlw  country,  who  had  succc-.sHfnlly  fonidit 
Wi'llinaton's  VfteraiiH,  and  win'  hifor  cnvoriHi  th<;ni- 


■..ith   th 

a  rKi 

k   . 

.iilllcSK  1 

\VI„.., 

VM    d 

paiiroH 

niorti  i! 

biliiy  w 

•re  <!B?ni 

hinitieir 

with 

pr.i 

vn'con 

the 

N'br 

i 


L, 


iiu.l    .MiliCiri 


■•II.    'iVill, 


llii-nvy.  I.)   <     \'.  lli:»vi!',  St.  Tionit,  I87H, 


:^.•\vl}.^  wall  ({lory  in  Mrxit-u,   -vorc  bafH<*d 
miliutoil  liy  lh<)  adroit  and  al'l"  li'iidoni  of  thi 
Imt  thiTf-  hPoins  t(i  he  iin  doni.t,  that   Cid.  • 
.  rviinw  wore  niyrr  cfBiiicnt  than  tiiiM-  of  » 
•tlu'r  (irticcr  in  tlio  fi«ld.     In  Apid,  IS  I 
iiviiv'jti'ii  ciil  iiii'l  for  "iralliint  and   ■ 
ill  tiiiverul  •■lMl■.•.•^^.•l!  i  ii'_'.i'.^'i  im  llt^  > 
in  Florid. I 

Yvjarc  ol  |>i'i»i'  li.'iiiWi.i  iiiiiil  ili.i  y 
uavt!  the  Noldicry  .ni.im -iliin  hn:,.  o  ' 
"•truyL'Io  (,'ol.  II^ii"\  ' 

lianl   chainiMl.'r.     At    ilic   t,!i  iu .ak   ..! 
iviw  |irouirii.d  to  the  coloncli'y  of  thi 
mons.     fliin.  Taylor  ni  Brat  plucvd  hiiii  ■ 
"f  tlii>  .irnop.!*  pfiiKfi-fin;!;  thu 'i'oxiin   fin 
ji'inilii.in  w.i.s   uiH'ihlurable,  iia  liii  wan  .-  i 
hi.>«  rofiinieni,  and  had  no  i^hare  in  lii 
which    inarliiid    iho    advancf   uf  the    ' 
fiirceft    inti.    M'>xic'o.      I  to   di^niand.;.! 
rrjoin    hi?   regitnrnt,  and    having;    - 
'lonH  to  d.i  so  reported  t*.  Ocn.  Sih.i; 
.vai«  order.jd  to  rotiirn  to  Taylor.     I-'. 
obox  this  order  he  vras  court -niari  in 
•    iniititlis'  su.tiMMisioti  and  a 
i;>i  was  novor   executed,  and      • 
od  him  tojoia  hi»i  regiitiuui.     il 
ipAled  in   all   tlie  leading  i'    !  . 
, .  .rabic  march  to  thti  City  of  '■■ 
^iMjiis  wor<'  fVir  in  iVotttaud  oh  the  tin. 
army,  coiistaiulv  making;  rctionnnl-  . 
for  the  cut'iny  and  pricking  him   . 
contrary  to  Gen.  Scott's  coinuiand- 
t-neniv,  he  turned 'a  reciinn<        • 
li!:,hi.  routed  tho  eneinv,  and   : 
i'antaj;.  .     (Icii.  Scutl  forj^ave  lhi« 

•  ■■  ncc  in  considcraiion  tX 
i'ro.-il,  of  St.  t/ouii>,  wli 

^y^'i  that  caiii|>aiiin.  a.-.'-t-rl 
■>aw  .such  fightin>;  a.H  oc'iuned 
H'j  K   iiartioipatiou   tliroii_i;hi.. 

ii;i<:iu(ia!'  and  da.shin;j.     (I 

ai  .'lie- of  the  ni'>-<t  dci-pcr:. 
<.   lii<K,  and  slaiid-j  out  in   I 
c  'ispitiitiius  eveiila  of  ili 
tl  d  onsjaajenient  ho  was  bn 
J I  y,  1843. 

'lie  capture  of  the  C.i 
wa    and   from    13-t^^  to 
lioi   d  at  Au-tiri,  Tcxni- 
exp   lition.s  afiainst   ho^  '  M 

trrai    <d  leave  of  ab.icncc  in  *:  ■•r 

i'uiii      abroad ;  hut   soon  afi 
wai<  I    reatened,  and  iie,  bein  •• 


'/3^^^> 


"I 


m 


'  t 


vim 
was  w 
on  I 
beiii 

llis  L'ill 

ultiiu 
ill  aril 
slioiik 
luilfd 
diaiis 
art  of 
ILini 
to  kc( 
Secret 
"  modi 
nenoo, 
tioiis  V 

Goii 
sas,  til 
questii: 
that  he 
faction 
avertOL 

Duri 
oidercc 

blc8  til' 

ary,  stf 
lie  loan 
Indian.' 
was  en 
FortV; 
brewin;, 
Juan, 
for  prol 
season, 
the  Bri 
harbor, 
a  war 
peace  v 
the  trcn 
ersliip  ( 

of  tllo 

States  V 

thus  coi 

Duri 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


619 


all  oiliors  to  bring  it  to  a  successful  conclusion,  was 
recalk'd.     On   his  arrival  in  Washington    President 
Piorco  said  to  him,  "  Gen.  Harney,  you  have  done  so 
iiuicli  tiiiit  I  will  not  order  you  to  the  frontier,  but  I 
do  wish  you  would  assume  the  command  and  whip 
the  Indians  for  us."     In  two  campaigns  he  brought 
the  liiiliaiis  to  terras,  and  although  he  had  no  autho- 
rity to  iivat  with  them,  he  ventured  to  make  a  treaty, 
wliifli  was  ratified  by  the  United  States  Senate,  and 
was  warmly  approved  in  all  quarters.     It  was  based 
on  tho  fact  that  the  character  of    the  Indian  was 
belli!:  irroatly  modified  by  the  increasing  scarcity  of 
his  uaine  supply  of  food,  and  that,  therefore,  he  would 
ultimately  have  to  betake  himself  to  labor,  but  that 
in  order  to  make  a  beginning  it  was  necessary  that  he 
should  have  help.     This  Gen.  Harney  agreed,  on  be- 
half of  the  government,  to  supply  by  furnishing  tho  In- 
dians with  tools,  seed,  etc.,  and  instructing  them  in  the 
art  of  aiTvieulluro.    The  Sioux,  on  their  part,  granted 
Harney's  demands  for  past  grievances,  and  promised 
to  keep  the  peace  in  future.     Jefferson  Davis,  the 
Secretary  of  War,  subsequently  described  it   as  the 
■■model  treaty;"    but  unfortunately  for   it-s   perma- 
nence, the  government  was  lax  in  fulfilling  the  obliga- 
tions whieli  it  had  voluntarily  imposed  upon  itself 

Geu.  Harney's  next  important  service  was  in  Kan- 
sas, then  seething  with  excitement  over  tho  slavery 
(|Ucslion.  lie  acted  with  such  sagacity  and  prudence 
that  he  sueeeod"d  in  preserving  peace  between  the  two 
factions,  and  tiio  danger  of  a  bloody  outbreak  was 
averteil. 

During  President  Buchanan's  administration  he  was 
Oidercd  to  proceed  to  Oregon  to  put  down  Indi:\n  trou- 
bles there,  and  with  Father  de  Stuet,  a  noted  mission- 
ary, started  thi'lior,  but  on  arriving  at  San  Francisco 
he  learned  that  the  dread  of  his  name  had  induced  the 
Indians  In  make  peace  as  soon  as  they  hoard  that  ho 
was  eoMiin^;.  lie,  however,  proceeded  northward  to 
Fort  Vancouver,  where  trouble  had  for  some  time  been 
brewing  with  the  British  over  the  ownershin  of  San 
Juini.  Being  appealed  to  by  the  American  residents 
for  protection,  he  took  posse.s8ion  of  the  island,  just  in 
season,  no  ihnibt,  to  prevent  like  action  on  the  part  of 
tlie  British  eonimaiider,  who  had  a  large  fleet  in  the 
harbor.  This  bold  cniij)  threatened  for  a  time  to  cause 
a  war  between  the  United  States  and  England,  out 
peace  was  Lniiintained,  and  years  later,  when,  under 
the  treaty  of  Washington,  the  question  as  to  the  own- 
ersliip  of  the  i.sland  was  submitted  to  the  arbitration 
of  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  the  clnim  of  the  United 
States  was  sustained,  and  Gon.  Hari.u'y's  judgment  was 
tlm.s  eonspieuously  vindicated. 
During  th(^  period  preceding  tho  i  utbreak  of  tho 


civil  war  Gen.  Harney  was  at  Washington,  and  con- 
ferred with  President  Buchanan  daily  on  the  situation. 
Buchanan's  vacillation  dismayed  him,  and  it  becoming 
apparent  that  the  President  was  giving  ear  to  other 
counselors,  Gen.  Harney  lost  patience,  and  remarked 
to  Mr.  Buchanan  one  day,  "  Some  one  has  your  ear 
who  is  neither  a  friend  of  the  Union  nor  of  yours." 

When  the  war  began  Gon.  Harney  was  stationed 
at  St.  Louis,  and  was  a  keenly  inlerested  and  anxious 
observer  of  aflfuirs.  His  own  loyalty  to  the  Union 
was  not  disguised,  but  his  Southern  birth  and  associ- 
ations caused  some  who  little  knew  his  patriotism  to 
affect  to  distrust  him.  On  his  way  to  VVashiiij^iton, 
in  April,  18G1,  he  was  arrested  by  the  Confederates 
at  Harper's  Ferry,  but  was  soon  released,  and  it  was 
represented  in  the  press  that  he  was  a  willing  prisoner 
of  the  Stute  of  Virginia,  and  intended  to  throw  up 
his  commission  in  the  United  States  army  and  follow 
Lee  and  Beaureg:;rd  into  the  Confederate  service.  In 
order  to  disprove  these  as.sertions  Gon.  Harney  ad- 
dressed a  letter  to  Col.  John  0' Fallon,  in  which  he  elo- 
quently proclaimed  his  devotion  to  the  flag  under 
which  he  had  fought  for  forty  years,  and  warmly  im- 
plored his  fellow-citizens  "  not  to  be  seduced  by  de- 
signing men  to  become  the  instruments  of  their  mad 
ambition  by  plunging  the  State  into  tho  vortex  of 
secession."  Many  Southern  officers  had  left  the 
United  States  service  for  that  of  the  Confederacy  on 
the  plea  that  their  first  allegiance  was  due  tj  their 
States,  but  in  his  letter  to  Col.  O'Fallon,  Gen.  Harney 
combated  this  doctrine,  and  declared  that  "  the  sol- 
dier's and  citizen's  primary  duty  is  due  to  the  United 
States  government,  and  not  to  tho  government  of  his 
State." 

On  the  10th  of  May,  18t)l,he  was  appointed  to  the 
command  of  the  Department  of  the  West,  and  on  the 
following  day  arrived  in  St.  Louis.  He  found  the  city, 
as  we  have  before  stated,  in  an  indescribable  state  of 
excitement  over  the  capture  of  Camp  Jackson  and  the 
scenes  which  followed.  Gen.  Harney's  arrival  inspired 
confidence,  and  he  received  the  cordial  support  of  the 
intelligent  and  prudent.  The  situation  was  critical 
in  the  extreme,  but  Gen.  Harney  was  thoroughly 
convinced  that  there  was  no  need  of  firing  a  gun  in 
Missouri,  and  that  a  policy  of  firmness  tempered  with 
prudence  and  moderation  would  suffice  to  allay  tho 
agitation.  Governor  Jack.son  was  undeniably  in  favor 
of  secession,  and  was  reported  to  be  preparing  to  use 
the  State  militia  to  force  Missouri  out  of  the  Union  ; 
but  the  improbability  of  his  having  a  strong  following 
was  ehown  in  the  fact  that  the  State  by  eighty  thou- 
sand imijority  had  declared  against  secession.  In 
view  of  such  an  ovorwheliuing  senlimont  in  favor  of 


li? 


n 


m:  n 


620 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


the  Union,  and  in  the  absence  of  uny  overt  act  on  { 
the  part  of  Governor  Jackson,  it  seoiued  to  Gen.  i 
Harney  sufficient  for  the  present  simply  to  keep  the  j 
peace ;  tlierefore  on  the  14th  of  May  lie  issued  his 
famous  proclamation.  This  document  denounced  the 
''  military  bill"  just  passed  by  the  Lej;islaturo  as  in 
efteet  a  secession  ordinance  in  disjruise,  and  un- 
worthy, therefore,  of  obedience  by  the  people.  The 
capture  of  Camp  Jackson  was  approved,  because  in 
Gen.  Hartley's  opinion  the  treasonable  nature  of  the 
encampment  could  not  be  doubted.  He  urged  the 
people,  however,  to  use  prudence,  in  order  to  avert 
the  danj^er  which  threatened  the  State,  and  showed 
them  how  their  interests  were  indi.ssoIubly  bound  to 
the  Union.  In  addition,  he  resolutely  affirmed  it  to 
be  his  purpose  to  maintain  the  authority  of  the 
supreme  law  of  the  land,  and  to  suppress  all  unlawful 
and  treasonable  combinations  of  men. 

Gen.  Ilarney  then  addres.>ied  him.self  to  the  work 
of  pacification,  but  a  party  which  be  then  thoujilit 
and  now  charges  was  led  by  Col.  Francis  P.  Blair 
was  di.ssatisfied  with  his  policy,  and  .sought  to  .secure 
his  removal.  His  course,  however,  was  approved  by 
many  of  the  leading  eitizons,  who  sent  two  of  their 
number,  Messrs.  Gamble  and  Veatman,  to  Washington 
to  impress  on  the  I're^idoiit  the  probability  that  Har- 
ney's policy  would  cft'ect  a  ]ieaceful  solution  of  the 
difficulty. 

The  next  stage  in  this  controver.-iy  was  the  celebrated 
agreement  of'Gen.  Harney  with  (Jen.  Price,  command- 
ing the  MLssouri  State  (iiiard,  which  is  to  be  found  in 
full  el.>iewhere.  This  compact  began  by  reciting  that 
the  two  had  met  and  agreed  that  they  had  only  a  com- 
mon object,  namely,  to  restore  peace  and  order  under 
the  laws  of  the  national  and  State  governments.  To 
eifeet  this  (Jen.  I'rice  undertook,  with  the  sanction  of 
the  Governor,  to  direct  the  whole  power  of  the  State 
officers  to  maintaining  order  within  the  State,  and  this 
being  assured  Gen.  Ilarney  declared  that  he  had  neither 
occa.-'ion  nor  wi>h  to  make  military  nnivenients  that 
might  create  excitement  and  jealousy,  which  he  most 
earnestly  de.-ired  to  av)id. 

This  agreement  was  hailed  with  general  approval. 
and  the  JIi'sKimn'  JJemocnit,  t'.o  organ  of  the  udininis- 
tration,  .said  tiie  terms  of  the  negotiation  would  give 
satisfaction  to  all  but  traitors.  It  congratulated  Ilarney 
on  having  concluded  a  peace  which  would  keep  Mis- 
souri in  the  Union  and  guaranteed  ample  protection 
to  every  Union  citizen,  and  invoked  a  curse  on  the 
hand  that  should  first  be  raised  to  violate  tiic  compact. 

On  the  !H»t  of  May,  Gen.  Ilarney  received  a  special 
order  relieving  him  from  the  command  of  th<;  Depart- 
ment of  tlie  West.     '-Johnson's  Encyclopedia"  says 


he  was  relieved  for  making  an  unauthorized  tiiK^c  wiih 
Gen.  Price,  but  this  is  an  error,  for  the  agrecinn'  7Jt|, 
Price  was  published  May  21st,  while  the  onl  r  uf  ro- 
moval  was  dated  May  Kith.  It  is  asserted  ihat  the 
removal  was  the  work  of  the  Blairs,  and  tli;it  Mont- 
gomery Blair  prepared  the  memorandum  on  wIul'Ii  the 
order  was  issued.  President  Lincoln  signed  ilio  order. 
but  evidence  goes  to  show  that  he  did  so  with  ;rreat 
reluctance.  It  arrived  in  St.  Louis  May  ..'ilth.  ainuiir 
dispatches  for  Francis  P.  Blair,  wiio  withiielii  it  until 
the  31st.  Among  the  literature  on  the  suiij.'et  i<  a 
letter  from  Mr.  Lincoln  to  Mr.  Blair,  exprosini:  die 
hope  that  events  would  not  render  it  noce.ss;iiy  to  serve 
the  order  upon  Gen.  Ilarney,  and  presenting  reasons 
why  his  removal  would  be  unwise.  Ileadinj;  this  re-  ' 
markable  letter  "  between  the  lines,"  it  is  iijijiarfm 
how  aver.se  he  must  have  been  to  the  action  uri;eil 
upon  him  by  Montgomery  Blair,  and  how  conscious 
he  was  of  the  character  of  the  indignity  to  which  lie 
had  been  persuaded  into  subjecting  the  trustv  soldier 
and  patriot,  Ilarney.  When  Gen.  Scott  hoard  ■.!' 
Harney's  removal  he  said  it  would  cost  ilio  i.'iivern- 
ment  immense  treasure  and  thousands  of  lives.  Pn-i. 
dent  Lincoln  is  reported  to  have  admitted  that  it  «;is 
one  of  the  greatest  blunders  of  his  adniiiiistraiimi. 

Why,  then,  was  he  removed?  This  reason  isa,,- 
.signed:  His  p(-''cy  was  yielding  golden  fruit :  c.iiti. 
deuce  and  traiu(uillity  were  rapidly  icsuniini:  >\v;iv, 
and  those  who  were  anxious  for  war  in  Missuini  saw 
ihe  opportunity  fast  slipping  away.  They  are  >ail 
to  have  filled  the  President's  ear  with  (li.iiiits  of 
Harney's  loyalty,  and  to  have  carried  to  hiin  eiirj- 
ling  tales  <'f  the  outrages  to  Union  peojile  whieli 
his  policy  was  bringing  forth.  Aniuiig  the  iles|iei;iie 
means  resorted  to  by  his  enemies,  as  Gen.  llarnev 
charged,  were  manufactured  reports  of  indi^niiios 
heaped  upon  Unionists  by  secessiinii.sts,  the  luaiii- 
fest  intent  being  to  prove  that  Missouri  was  a  dis- 
loyal State,  and  should  be  treated  as  siieh,  and  iliat 
Harney's  policy  of  conciliation  was  sini|dy  sireiiL'tli- 
ening  the  secession  designs  of  Governor  .laeksuii. 
On  the  other  hand,  there  seems  to  he  no  doubt 
whatever  that  Gen.  Harney  was  fully  [■re]iari'd  lo 
fight  the  secessionists  if  a  conflict  beeanie  nnaviil- 
able,  but  ho  strove  to  postpone  bloodshed  as  Ioul'  iW 
po.ssible.  In  fact,  he  was  "  between  two  iiros."  tliv- 
eriior  Jackson  was  endeavoring  to  take  .^I i.«i.«imri  mil 
of  the  Union,  and  seemed  to  be  anxiously  wiiiiiiiL' for 
some  act  of  Federal  aggression  (like  that  of  the  lap- 
ture  of  Camp  Jack.son)  as  an  excuse  for  a  lio-'tilc 
movement,  while  the  radical  Unionists  were  oi|uallj 
anxious  to  precipitate  u  conflict,  suspecting  (iiivenitr 
Jackson  of  an  intention  to  proceed  to  extreiniiies.    A 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


521 


liss'iiin  wiis  u  Ills- 
s  s\u'h,  iiini  iliit 


b:'CilUR'   miilV.'lll- 

kIsIioiI  ;is  lull;.'  as 


tiiko  .Missouri  nut 


Ike  that  of  the  «[•• 


iiists  wc'iv  I'liualiy 

jpoeiiii;:  (ioviTiuir 

Ito  extu'iiiiiii'S.    A 


collisiii'i  probably  could  not  have  been  prevented  but 
for  till'  prudent  and  patriotic  course  of  Gen.  Harney. 
In  the  interval,  under  the  beneficent  operation  of  his 
policv,  tlie  sentiment  of  loyalty  to  the  Union  continued 
to  iTCiw  and  strenf^then,  and  every  day  served  to 
render  iiu-re  and  more  apparent  the  hopelessness  of 
the  ilesiiiiis  of  the  secession  leaders.  But  the  ex- 
tremists among  the  pronounced  anti-Southern  men 
could  not  wait,  and  Mr.  Lincoln  deputed  Col.  Frank 
Blair  to  remove  Harney,  if  necessary,  with  the  result 
already  stated.  Under  the  circumstances  Gen.  Har- 
ney was  justified  in  feeling  that  he  had  been  made  the 
foot-liali  iif  designing  politicians,  but  he  gave  no  sign 
of  iuipatieiice,  having  learned  the  soldier's  duty  of 
Bilent  obedience.  He  might  have  erred  in  the  trying 
period  under  consideration,  but  his  motives  were  un- 
questioned, and  he  never  doubted  that  his  fellow- 
citijens  of  Missouri  would  one  day  do  him  justice. 

This  tf]d.sode  ended  Gen.  Harney's  military  career, 
and  soon  after  the  war  he  was  retired  on  half-pay. 
After  layiiiL'  down  the  command  of  the  department  to 
which  Missouri  belonged  he  retired  to  a  farm  which 
lie  liad  ])iireh.ised  in  Jefferson  County,  Mo.,  and  en- 
L'aL'ed  actively  in  agricultural  life.  During  the  years 
«iiich  followed  he  .-^imply  waited  for  orders  from  his 
military  >iipcriors  that  never  came,  although  the  Presi- 
dent was  strongly  importuned  to  place  him  in  com- 
mand of  the  l)e]iartmenf  of  the  Pacific.  The  general 
remained  in  Jefferson  County  for  two  or  three  years, 
and  then  established  himself  on  a  large  farm  which 
he  liad  biiught  near  Mount  Olive,  Mo., and  the  "hero 
of  a  hundred  fights"  might  have  been  seen  outiing 
hi?  way  tlirough  the  brush  and  building  new  roads, 
ete.  lie  ne.\t  purchased  a  rarin  of  eighteen  hundred 
aens  in  ('rawf(jrd  and  Pranklin  Counties,  where  he 
huilt  a  large  eastle-like  liouso  with  twetj'y  rooms  and 
co>tin<.'  niany  tlumsand  dollars.  He  liv  d  there  until 
about  1.'<7''-Sil,  when  his  great  age  and  the  state  of 
his  health  impelled  him  to  seek  a  more  southern  cli- 
mate, and  he  settled  at  Pass  Christian,  La.,  on  the 
Gulf  of  Mexieo,  where  he  has  one  of  the  handsomest 
villas  in  the  South,  which  he  makes  his  winter  home, 
spendnig  the  summer  in  visits  to  St.  Louis  and  the 
North  and  East. 

Gen.  Harney's  closing  public  service  was  rendered 
in  ISil,"),  whei!  he  .served  as  a  member  of  the  Indian 
Peaee  Coiniuission  which  established  the  Sioux  res- 
oi'\ation,  He  brought  to  this  task  the  rich  stores  of 
forty  years  of  intimate  ac(|uaintance  with  the  savages, 
and  >ueli  was  the  confidence  of  the  government  in  his 
honesty  and  judgment  that  warrants  were  drawn  for 
one  million  dollars  of  supplies  for  the  Indians  on  his 
bare  rei|uisition  without  exuminatiun. 


Gen.  Harney  inherited  from  his  wife  large  estates, 
located  chiefly  in  St.  Louis,  and  he  himself  has  pur- 
chased property  at  various  times  in  Texas,  Florida, 
and  Mississippi.  The  appreciation  of  most  of  this 
property  has  added  largely  to  his  wealth,  the  care  and 
management  of  which  form  the  chief  occupation  of  his 
declining  years.  The  storms  and  toils  of  eighty-two 
years  iiave  dealt  lightly  with  him.  His  tall  form  is 
but  slightly  bent  with  age,  and  his  bearing  is  still  as 
gallant  as  ever.  Only  failing  eyesight  and  a  treacher- 
ous memory  warn  him  that  he  is  growing  old.  The 
nation  has  never  sheltered  a  nobler  or  more  unselfish 
heart  than  that  of  William  S.  Harney.  A  born 
leader,  he  is  one  of  nature's  captains,  whose  tall  plume 
was  always  in  the  forefront  of  battle,  and  of  him  it 
has  been  eloquently  written  that  he  possessed  all 
those  elements  of  manhood  which  in  earlier  times 
produced  the  patriarch  who  combined  the  functions 
of  the  warrior,  the  legislator,  and  the  judge.  He 
lias  made  laws  for  savage  tribes,  and  has  governed 
them  with  justice  and  moderation.  Vexed  questions 
of  diplomacy  have  como  before  him  for  settlement, 
and  he  lias  found  for  them  a  ready  solution.  He 
has  been  the  valued  companion  and  as.sociate  of 
chieftains,  explorers,  travelers,  sciiolars,  statesmen,  and 
divines,  and  was  the  friend  and  adyiser  of  every 
President  from  Monroe  down  to  Gen.  Grant.  In  his 
green  old  age  there  is  no  man  in  the  whole  country 
who  enjoys  a  larger  measure  of  well  earned  and 
thoroughly  merited  popular  respect. 

In  a  few  days  after  the  removal  of  Gen.  Harney 
from  the  command  of  the  Department  of  the  West, 
followed  Governor  Jackson's  proclamation  calling  out 
the  militia  and  plunging  Missouri  into  the  civil  war: 

"To  Till:   I'koi'I.i:  of  Missoiiii: 

*' .\  sorios  of  iiuprnvoki'ii  iii'-i  unpitrjilloldi  outnij^o!*  liiivo 
hcon  infl'u'tcd  upon  tiic  jifaee  iinil  di^iiity  "C  tliis  Cointiioinvt'iiltti. 
iiikI  upon  till'  riiilits  ami  libi'itius  nl'  its  proplc.  h\  wii-kcil  iind 
unpriiK'ipk'il  nicii  prul'i'ssing  tn  net  iinilui-  llii'  iiutliurilv  of  tlie 
riiiU'd  iSlati's  guvi'rniiu'iit.  'I'ho  suleniii  t'liaclnioiits  of  j-onr 
Lc^isliiluri"  liftvo  bwn  nullilii'il;  your  volunlccr  soldier.' Iiftve 
buun  tiiiten  prisont'is  ;  your  ounnnerce  with  y<uir  f-i.-itt-r  ."Slntus 
has  bt'cn  su.'^pondi'd  ;  your  trade  willi  your  own  feUow-citizcua 
lias  been,  and  is,  subjecti'd  to  the  liarassinj;  oioitrol  of  an  nriiicd 
soldiery;  pciieefnl  eilizens  have  been  iinprisoucil  nilhout  war- 
rant of  hiw;  nnoffcndinj;  mid  defenseless  men,  women,  ami 
ehildren  liavo  been  ruthle'^sly  sliol  down  and  murdered  ;  and 
otlier  unbearable  indijjnities  have  been  heaped  upon  yourt"tnte 
and  yourselves. 

"To  all  these  outrages  and  indignities  you  liave  subinilled 
with  ft  patriotic  furbearanee  wbieh  lias  only  cne>Mira>;ed  iho 
perpetrators  of  these  ^jrievous  wrongs  lo  atlempt  still  boliler 
anil  more  during  usurpations. 

"  It  has  been  my  earnest  endeavor  under  all  these  embar- 
nissing  eireuiuslanees  to  aiainlain  the  peuee  of  the  ISlate,  and 
to  avert,  if  possible,  from  luir  borders  the  desolatint;  elTeels  uf  a 
civil  war,     WitU  that  object  in  view  1  iiuthor;/ed   MuJ.-Oeu, 


w 


522 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


:  !:  ! 


a    " 


Prioe  several  weeks  ngo  to  arrange  with  Gen.  Harney,  command- 
ing the  Federal  forces  in  this  Stale,  the  terms  of  an  agreement 
by  which  the  peace  of  the  State  might  bo  preserved.  They 
came,  ou  the  21st  of  Miiy,  to  an  understanding  which  was  made 
public.  The  State  authorities  have  faithfally  labored  to  carry 
out  the  terms  of  that  iigrcement.  The  Federal  government,  on 
the  other  hand,  not  only  manifested  its  strong  di.><approbiition  of 
it  by  tlie  instant  dismissal  of  the  distinguished  offieer  wlio,  on 
its  part,  entered  into  it,  but  it  at  once  began,  and  has  uninler- 
mittingly  carried  out,  a  system  of  hostile  operations  in  utter 
contempt  of  that  agreement  and  in  reckless  disregard  of  its  own 
plighted  faith.  These  nets  have  latterly  portended  revolution 
and  civil  war  so  uniuistakably  that  I  resolved  to  make  cmo  further 
effort  to  avert  these  dangers  from  you.  I  therefore  solieiled  an 
interview  with  Ilrig.-Oen.  I.yon,  comnmuding  the  I-Y'deral  army 
in  Missouri.  It  was  granted,  and  on  the  10th  inst.,  waiving 
all  questions  of  personal  and  official  dignity,  I  went  to  St.  Louis, 
accompanied  by  Mnj.-Gon.  I'rice. 

"We  hail  an  interview  on  the  I  lib  inst.  with  (len.  Lyon  and 
Col.  F.  I',  lilair,  ,Tr.,  at  which  I  subniitte<l  to  them  this  ])ropo- 
sition  :  that  1  would  disbaml  the  .'^tatc  (iuard  and  break  up  its 
organization  ;  that  I  would  ilisarm  all  the  companies  which  had 
been  armed  by  the  State:  that  I  would  pledge  myself  not  to 
attempt  to  organize  the  militia  under  the  military  bill ;  that 
no  arms  or  munitions  of  war  should  be  brought  into  the  Stale; 
that  I  would  protect  all  citizens  cijually  in  all  their  rights  regard- 
less of  their  political  opinions  :  that  I  would  repress  all  insur- 
rectionary movements  within  the  State;  that  I  would  repel  al' 
attempts  to  invade  it  from  whatever  quarter,  and  by  whomso- 
ever made;  and  that  I  would  thus  nmintain  a  strict  neutrality 
in  the  present  unhappy  contest,  and  preserve  the  peace  of  the 
State.  And  I  further  proposed  that  I  would,  if  necessary,  in- 
voke the  assistance  of  the  United  States  troops  to  carry  out  these 
pledges.  .Ml  this  1  proposed  to  do  upon  condition  that  the 
Federal  government  would  undertake  to  disarm  the  Homo 
Ouards,  which  it  has  illegally  organized  and  armed  throughout 
the  State,  and  pledge  itself  not  to  occupy  with  its  troops  any 
localities  in  the  State  not  occupied  by  them  at  this  time. 

"  Nothing  but  the  most  earnest  desire  to  avert  the  horrors  of 
civil  war  from  our  beloved  State  enuld  have  tempted  me  to 
propose  these  humiliating  terms.  They  were  rejected  by  the 
Federal  otiiccrs. 

'They  demanded  not  only  the  ilisorganization  and  disarming 
of  tlieSi;-.te  militia  and  the  nnllilicalion  of  the  military  bill, 
but  they  rcfuseil  to  disarm  their  own  Home  (iuards,  and  in- 
eistcil  that  the  I'cderal  government  should  eojoy  an  unrestricled 
right  to  move  and  Himlun  its  troops  throughout  Iho  .'tate  when- 
ever and  wherever  they  might,  in  lli<:  niiiniim  n/  ila  njHi-irii,  bo 
necessary,  either  for  the  proleelion  of  the  '  loyal  subjects'  of 
the  I'Vderal  government  or  for  tile  repelling  of  invasion;  and 
they  plainly  announced  that  it  was  the  intentiiui  of  the  ailmin- 
istration  to  take  military  occupation,  under  these  pretexts,  of 
the  whole  Stale,  and  to  reduce  it,  as  avowed  by  tJen.  Lyon  him- 
eelf,  to  the 'exact  condition  of  .Maryland.' 

"The  acceptance  by  me  of  these  degrading  terms  would  not 
only  have  sullied  the  honor  id'  .Missouri,  but  would  have 
aruuscil  the  indignation  of  every  brave  citizen,  and  precipi- 
tated the  very  conlliet  which  it  has  been  my  aim  to  prevent. 
We  refused  to  accede  to  them,  and  the  conference  was  broken 
up. 

"  Fellow  citizens,  all  our  eti'orts  towards  conciliation  have 
failed.  We  can  hope  nothing  from  the  justice  or  moderation 
of  the  agents  of  the  Federal  governuieiit  in  Ibis  State.  They 
are  energetically  hastening  the  execution  of  their  bloody  and 
revolutionary  schemes  for  the  inauguration  of  a  civil  war  in 
your  luidst,  for  the  military  occupatiun  of  your  State  by  the 


armed  bands  of  lawless  invaders,  for  the  overthrow  nf  vonr 
State  government,  and  for  the  subversion  of  the-'  liWnid 
which  that  government  has  always  sought  to  protect  :  ami  Ok, 
intend  to  exert  their  whole  power  to  subjugate  you.  i:  |"i!,ii,|( 
to  the  military  despotism  which  has  usurped  the  {mwrr.of 
the  li'cderal  government. 

"  Now,  therefore,  I,  C.  F.  Jackson,  fiovernor  of  tie  .-it.ile  of 
Missouri,  do,  in  view  of  the  foregoing  facts,  and  by  viiiuc  if 
the  powers  vested  in  mo  by  the  Constitution  and  hiw  nf  i|,jj 
Commonwealth,  issue  this  my  ])roclamation,  calling'  tiii<  niilid] 
of  the  State,  to  the  number  o(  fi/li/  thoiimiiiil,  inti  tlic;idii» 
service  of  the  State,  for  the  purpose  of  repelling  .-:imI  iii\a..i,,ii 
and  for  the  jirotection  of  the  lives,  liberty,  jind  ]ir"|iiTtv  of  iln 
citizens  of  this  State.  .\nd  1  earnestly  exhort  all  l-  ..ji|  liii,,.,,, 
of  Missouri  to  rally  under  the  flag  of  their  Stale  lor  ihcit,. 
tection  of  their  endangercil  homes  and  firesides,  aul  fur  the  ,|e. 
fcnse  of  their  most  sacred  rights  and  dearest  libortits. 

"In  issuing  this  proclamation,  I  hold  it  to  bo  inviolniio 
duty  lo  remind  you  that  Missouri  is  still  one  of  the  liiiicl 
States;  that  the  Executive  Department  of  the  Stale  ^'ovi'rnm«i 
does  not  arrogate  to  itself  the  power  to  disturb  tliat  rimtii.ii' 
that  that  power  has  been  wisely  vetted  in  a  cunv.'iitinn,  \tbich 
will,  at  the  proper  time,  express  your  sovereign  will;  iinililm 
meanwhile  it  is  your  duty  to  obey  all  f  ,oii«t/tii(.'.,ii,i/icmiir;. 
ments  of  the  Federal  government.  Hut  it  is  equally  iiiv  .lutvto 
advise  you  that  your  frst  allegiance  is  one  to  your  dwn  ;?*;ite- 
and  that  you  are  under  no  obligation  whatever  tu  obevtlie 
hiiriiiiHliliilioiial  edicts  of  the  military  despotism  wMdi  Im 
enthroned  itself  at  Washington,  nor  lo  submit  In  iho  in. 
famous  and  degrading  sway  of  its  wicked  iniaions  in  |i,ii 
State.  No  bravo  and  true-hearted  Missourian  will  oliev  ilie 
one  or  submit  to  the  other,  llise,  then,  and  drive  nut  i™- 
luiniously  the  invaders  who  have  dared  to  desecriuo  tlio  sil 
which  your  laimrs  have  made  fruitful,  and  whi.h  iscuiiscrraie-l 
by  your  homes  1 

"Given  under  my  band  as  Governor,  and  under  the  great 
seal  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  at  .Jefferson  City,  this  l'2th  Jjv 
of  June,  1861. 

"  lly  the  (iovernor, 

"  Cl.AMlilUNK    I'.    Jm  KS'N. 

"B.  F.  Ma.sskv, 

"  Secretiiri/  o/'  Stnte." 

June  17th  was  another  day  of  exeitomciit  and 
bloutlahcd  in  St.  LouLs,  caused  by  tlio  uiKlisi.'ipliiUil 
"  Hotue  Guards."  As  the  Mmonri  RrjMiHioiH  saiJ 
in  its  comments  on  tliis  affair,  "  The  vitnl  principle 
of  all  military  bodies  is  discipline.  Wliiit  kind  of 
soldiers  are  tiio.se  wlio  pay  no  regard  to  tlie  orders  of 
tlieir  superiors,  but  who  are  seized  witii  it  p;iiiic  the 
moment  an  explosion  of  fire-arms  tiikos  ]iiace,  lilie 
so  many  timid  women  ?  If  a  battalion  of  timr  or  five 
companies  can  be  thrown  into  such  iittiT  eoiilusiiin 
and  anarchy  as  were  witnessed  on  .^Imiday  bv  'li« 
accidental  discharge  of  a  gun,  or  even  s;iy  a  pieiuoiii- 
tated  |)i8tol-shot  from  a  window,  what  would  be  llioir 
conduct  on  the  field  of  battle,  amidst  the  continuous 
rattling  of  bullets  and  the  thunders  of  lioiir,<c  ciniiou? 
If  our  troops  cannot  learn  to  behave  themselves  like 
.soldiers,  let  them  doff  the  garb  of  .soklier.s.  At  all 
events  they  should  see  to  it  as  Honic  Guard!*,  dkm- 
ized  to  protect  the  hearths  and  family  circles  of  our 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


523 


s  of  lioiirsc  camion! 


citizi'iiR,  they  do  not,  on  every  pretest,  send  grief  and  ! 
poiirn;iiit  affliction  into  the  hearts  of  parents  and  i 
wives  :iml  children  by  taking  away  precious  and  ! 
imiociMit  lives." 

Thi'  (Kcurrence  happened  in  this  wise,  to  follow  , 
once  iiHue  a  contemporary  narration :  "  An  unpro- 
voked and  wanton  outrage,  involving  the  lives  of 
several  I'laeeful  citizens,  was  yesterday  committed  on 
our  streets  by  a  battalion  of  Col.  Kallmann's  '  Home 
Guards.'  We  shall  not  attempt  to  find  any  excuse 
orpailiatiiin  for  it  in  the  character  of  the  cause  in 
(Icvotioii  whereto  these  men  became  possessed  of  tlie 
means  to  comnii*.  it.  We  can  never  sanction  ':>'\ 
brutal  and  murderous  acts,  nor  shelter  them  under 
any  apoloiry  whatever.  Their  conduct  was  ill  advised, 
rash  and  culpable  to  the  last  degree,  and  we  feel  that 
in  so  deiiouueiiig  it  we  are  but  performing  a  duty 
which  would  be  almost  criminal  to  bo  left  undone. 
Wlicn  we  shall  have  stated  the  facts  without  bias  or 
prejudice,  every  fair  reader  will,  we  think,  agree  with 
us  in  this. 

"  About  ten  o'clock  yesterday  morning,  a  detach- 
ment ol"  Col.  Kallmann's  regiment,  returning  from  a 
trip  up  the  North  Mis.souri  Railroad,  whither  they 
had  been  under  orders  to  guard  the  bridges,  passed 
down  Seventh  Street  to  their  rendezvous  in  the 
lower  part  of  the  city.  As  usual  in  cases  of  military 
movements  in  the  city,  curiosity  prompted  large  num- 
bers of  people  to  iLssemble  on  the  sidewalks  and  at 
tiie  doors  and  windows  of  residences  to  survey  the  j 
mameuvres  of  the  troops.  Their  passage  was  in  no  ' 
way  interrniited,  and,  as  far  as  we  can  learn,  there  were 
I'o  exhibitions  of  any  kind  calculated  to  arouse  the 
least  reeling  of  hostility.  There  was  no  hooting  or 
abu>ive  hinjiuage  on  the  part  of  the  spectators.  On 
the  contrary,  while  many  cheered  the  men  as  they 
marched  along,  those  who  did  not  feel  disposed  to 
join  ill  these  demonstrations  remained  silent  and  pas- 
sive observers. 

•'On  reaching  a  point  midway  between  Olive  and 
Pine  Streets,  the  centre  of  the  column  showed  signs 
of  extraordinary  commotion,  consequent  upon  an 
explosion  ol'  fire-arms.  Immediately  afterwards  the 
troops  in  advance  wheeled,  and  almost  simultaneously 
a  volley  of  bullets  was  showered  upon  the  houses  on 
the  east  .side  of  Seventh  Street,  extending  the  whole 
lenjith  of  the  block,  from  Pine  to  Olive.  The  greater 
part  of  the  fire  seems  to  have  been  directed  towards  j 
the  balcony  of  the  recorder's  court,  situated  in  the 
second  story  of  the  building  known  as  the  Missouri 
KiiL'ine  House,  where  a  number  of  persons,  officers 
of  the  court,  policemen,  and  others,  were  standing. 
The  marks  of  seventy-two  bullets  were  counted  upon 


the  walls,  doors,  shutters,  and  windows  in  the  neigh- 
boihood,  but  it  is  supposed,  from  the  indiscriminate 
and  awkward  character  of  the  firing,  that  a  much 
larger  number  of  guns  were  discharged,  the  balls 
pa,ssing  above  the  houses.  The  disaster  from  tliis 
volley  was,  under  the  circumstances,  comparatively 
small,  and  almost  miraculous.  Four  persons  were 
instantly  killed,  two  mortally  wounded,  and  a  few 
others  slightly  hurt.  The  crowd  was  of  course  seized 
with  a  panic,  and  fled  in  every  direction.  Prepara- 
tions, we  believe,  were  made  for  a  second  fire,  but 
this  was  withheld,  as  by  that  time  there  was  no 
enemy  in  sight. 

"  Meantime,  Capt.  J.  W.  Bissell,  who  had  assumed 
command  of  the  battalion,  made  himself  busy  by 
warning  persons  in  the  neighborhood  to  remove  their 
valuables,  etc.  He  told  a  young  man  in  attendance 
at  Armfield's  drug-store,  corner  of  Seventh  and  Olive, 
to  take  out  all  the  books,  money,  and  papers,  for  they 
would  blow  up  the  engine-house  adjoining  in  less 
than  five  minutes.  The  same  warning,  we  are  in- 
formed, was  extended  to  the  proprietors  of  a  grocery 
and  provision  store  next  door.  For  some  reason, 
however,  the  threat  wa.s  not  carried  into  effect. 

"  It  was  reported  that  the  first  shot  previous  to  tlie 
wheeling  of  the  head  of  the  column  was  fired  upon 
the  troops  from  the  balcony  of  the  recorder's  court, 
and  this  would  seem  to  explain  the  attentions  of  the 
Home  Guards  in  that  direction.  But  we  have  the 
most  positive  and  convincing  statements  of  trust- 
worthy witnesses  that  such  was  not  the  case. 

"  The  scene  in  the  recorder's  court  was  frightful. 
Dead  men  lay  on  the  floor,  and  pieces  of  the  iron  bal- 
cony in  front  of  the  windows  and  .splinters  of  wood 
covered  their  bodies,  and  were  stained  in  the  blood 
that  had  flowed  from  their  wounds.  I'ools  of  gore 
were  collected  around  the  recorder's  desk  and  near  the 
witness-stand,  and  the  whole  interior  of  the  room 
looked  as  if  a  mob  had  been  wreaking  their  fury  upon 
it.  Those  who  were  in  the  court  at  the  time  state 
the  scene  as  frightful  when  the  terrible  Minio  mis- 
siles came  whizzing  through  the  windows,  striking 
down  people  on  every  side. 

"  The  number  of  those  killed  are  four,  and  wounded 
two.  The  names  of  the  former  are  N.  M.  Pratt,  a 
policeman,  who.se  home  was  on  Eleventh  Street,  be- 
tween Cass  Avenue  and  O'Fallon.  Mr.  Pratt  had 
been  on  the  police  force  since  1850,  and  was  one  of 
the  most  skillful  officers  in  the  city.  Keren  Tracy, 
an  Irishman  by  birth,  was  also  killed ;  residence  on 
Gay  Street,  between  Fifteenth  and  Sixteenth.  Charles 
Cella,  an  Italian  fruit  dealer  on  tlie  corner  of  Seventh 
and  Pine,  and  a  man   named   Burns  completed  the 


m 

»* 

|(|| 

't 

lii 

i 

624 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


■:'-in 


m, 


victims.  Officer  Pratt  wiis  killed  by  u  ball  entering 
his  side  and  passing  through  his  heart  as  he  stood  at 
the  window.  Keren  Tracy  received  a  ball  in  his  left 
side,  from  thence  it  passed  over  to  his  right,  and 
lodged  in  his  shoulder.  Oella  was  killed  by  a  ball  in 
his  breast,  and  Burns  received  one  in  his  head,  which 
passed  completely  through  it,  tearing  the  skull  to 
pieces.  Deputy  Marshal  Frenzel  was  mortally  wounded, 
receiving  three  balls  in  his  left  and  one  in  his  right 
leg.    There  wore  one  or  two  others  slightly  wounded."' 


'  "  K.  fl.  HiniikL',  (Ippiit y  eity  miiislinl,"  snys  the  liipuWirnn, 
"titiitcs  tint  h«  WHS  i^liiiuliii);  on  the  buliMiny  in  front  iil'  tlio 
recorder's  ouurt.  lenniii};  agiiinst  tlie  suntli  wiiulow,  looking  iit 
the  troops.  When  tlie  iirst  sliot  wns  iliselnirf^ed,  lie  was  look- 
ing lowarils  the  nouthncst  corner  of  Olive  iind  .'<c\M'nlli  SIrocls. 
Tlie  liend  of  llic  column  was  then  near  I'inc  Street.  Marshal 
Urookc  observed  the  troops  '  obliquing' aronnd  a  wagon  that 
was  hacked  up  a;;ainst  the  curbstone.  While  they  were  going 
through  this  inanivuvre,  ho  saw  a  gun  discharged  friun  the 
ranks,  saw  the  blaze  from  the  inu/zle  and  the  smoke,  and  then 
turning  towanis  fine  Street,  lie  saw  the  front  ranks  turn  in 
cuMsiilerable  disonlcr  and  level  their  muskets  at  the  balcony. 
Then  stepping  inside  the  court-room,  Marshal  lirookc  gave 
the  alarm  to  the  persons  in  the  room,  who  immediately  has- 
tened out  of  the  range  of  the  volley  lliat  in  a  nnnnenl  after 
thundered  along  the  street. 

"  Othcer  I'ratt  was  standing  on  tlie  balcony  in  front  of  the 
north  window  ;  he  was  shot  below  the  licarl,  the  ball  passing 
through  his  body,  and  never  spoke  afterwards.  Marshal 
lirookc  states  most  positively  that  the  first  ami  only  firing  was 
done  by  the  Home  (iuards.  He  pronounces  the  report  that 
some  one  tired  a  pistol  from  the  recorder's  court  balcony  a  lie. 
There  were  two  or  three  other  persons  on  the  balcony  besides 
Jirooke  and  I'ratt. 

•'  When  the  commotion  took  place  in  the  recorder's  court, 
the  prisoners  in  the  dock  in<{uired  what  they  should  do.  Mar- 
shal Krooke  told  those  who  bail  been  aricsleil  on  trilling 
charges  to  leave,  hut  reipiircd  tliose  arrested  on  ."^late  idiarges 
to  remain.  There  were  two  or  ttirec  of  the  latter,  among  whom 
was  ."^t.  Clair,  held  for  niuriler.  They  rushed  for  the  windows 
to  escape,  when  Deputy  .Marshal  Frcn/.el  followed  as  far  as  the 
balcony,  but  was  mortally  wounded  in  the  legs,  receiving  four 
bulls. 

"  Dr.  Newman,  who  lives  in  the  lirst  house  north  (d*  Olive 
Street,  ami  snw  the  wholeaH'air,  says  ho  was  sitting  on  the  steps, 
and  had  been  counting  the  soldiers  as  thc.v  Jiasscd  his  house. 
Wliilst  doing  so,  they  commenced  capping  theirguns,  when  the 
lou<l  clicking  of  the  locks  alanned  his  wife,  and  she  got  up  and 
asked  him  what  it  iiicnnt.  He  told  her  not  to  be  alarincil,  all 
was  i|uiet,  and  there  was  no  danger.  Immediately  after,  and 
just  as  tile  rear-guard  had  passed  his  house,  !ie  observed 
the  discharge  of  a  musket  in  the  ranks.  At  once  the  whole 
body  wheeled  and  lircd  into  the  recorder's  court  and  buildings 
ad.joining.  There  was  not  a  shot  previous  to  the  general  tiring, 
except  that  (d'  the  soldier  in  the  ranks.  If  there  had  been  he 
would  have  noticed  it.  \o  disorder  id'  any  kind,  not  even  a 
word  addresseil  to  the  soldiers,  was  indulged  in.  as  far  as  he 
could  see,  by  anyone  inlhi)  vicinity.  The  troops  as  they  passed 
his  house  exhibited  n  good  deal  of  ilisorder.  Mrs.  Newman 
and  her  daiighler  also  witnessed  the  alVair,  and  saw  the  musket 
discharged  by  the  scddier,  and  were  positive  no  other  shot  was 
fired  in  the  vicinity. 


Jefferson  Barracks.'— Under  the  Spani-h  iv,;,,,, 
the  troops  stationed  at  St.  Louis  occupied  tli-  liarrail. 
erected  fur  their  ucccnnmodation  in  the  incliisiirekiiiatn 
as  the  "  Fort  on  the  Hill,"  which  was  boinul,.,]  i,,. 
what  are  now  Fourth,  Fifth,  Elm,  and  Mark,  i  .SircHi- 
The  barracks  were  located  near  the  liin  ,i|'  Kjfii, 
Street,  and  parallel  with  it.  After  tiie  transl'iT  uf 
the  country  to  the  United  States,  in  18(11.  tli,.  lu,. 
racks  were  occupied  for  about   two  year.s.  wlu.n  ij,, 

"Mrs.  Hough,  the  wife  of  the  president  of  the  Mnriiic  |i;. 
aurance  Cmnpany,  witnesseil  the  commcncenicnt  nf  tlii>  tirji,. 
She  was  sitting  in  the  window  <if  hor  house,  gazing  al  tlic  ir.oi 
as  they  ]iassed.     While  d(dng  so  her  daughter  asked  wliv  ilirv 

were  cocking  their  guns.     Inimeilialuly  after  >hi    saw .,;' 

the  muskets  pointed  up  into  the  air  anil  discharged.  t'ollouvHv 
a  general  tiring  from  the  whole  ranks.  She  at  oiu-c  ilretv  ki-k 
from  the  window,  when  a  hall  struck  close  to  the  sill,  t,urii.. 
away  a  brick.  She  knew  no  shot  preceded  the  general  lirin.', 
except  the  discharge  of  the  musket  by  the  soldier,  us  lier  tt ;. 
dence  is  sitiir.tcd  close  to  where  the  occurrence  tnnk  iilac,. ;ii,i 
she  would  have  noticed  it.  She  was  positive  no  pistuj  ,,r  i,!},,, 
weapim  was  discharged  from  any  place  in  the  viciniiv. 

'•  Mr.  Will.  H.  T.angilale,  whose  store  is  dirci'tly  »|i|«,.ii,ii]t 
place  where  the  firing  occuned,  says  ho  was  .standinj  in  lie 
door  when  the  troops  passed;  he  saw  several  patliii:;  i-jij.>,,|i 
their  guns.  The  man  who  fired  tlie  shot  he  saw  gi't  a  i^aii  \wm 
a  soldier  on  his  right,  and  after  placing  it  on  his  uiu-ktt.  nj, 
doing  something  with  the  lock  when  the  piece  went  utl".  The 
sergeant,  who  was  only  a  few  feet  from  him,  turned  uitit  njri- 
maiided  him  sharply  for  it.  He  then  looked  up  tiiesln-t'l.iiii'i 
saw  the  head  of  the  column  turn  around  in  disonlir  uiiL4>i. 
The  olficers  did  not  give  any  coininand,  but  seeiiicl  to  An  al!  in 
their  power  to  prevent  the  tiring.  He  was  positive  tlicri-tis'l 
been  no  other  shots  tired  wbatever.  He  was  slanilitii;  in  lii; 
door  at  the  time,  iiml  the  shot  fired  took  plan*  directly  in  i'r'>iit 
of  him,  and  only  distant  a  few  feet,  so  tliat  lie  iniiM  iini  to 
inistakeii. 

"  The  reporter  of  the  tCi-rnin;/  Xeir^,  who  was  in  tlic  rccitriirr'* 
court  at  the  time  of  the  tiring,  gives  the  following  statoiciit^ 
obtained  immediiitely  after  the  occurrence: 

"  Henry  Siebcrl,  a  liennan,  who  was  staiiiliii;.'  un  tlie  sili- 
walk  near  the  drug-store,  southeast  corner  of  .'scvcittliati'l  Uliie. 
states  positively  to  us  that  as  the  rear  riink  of  the  licta'-lnihiit 
passeil  the  point  wliere  lie  stood,  one  of  the  toliliers  took  tii< 
rille  from  his  shoulder  and  seemed  lo  be  placing  a  cap  "ii  !li( 
tube,  or  doing  something  else  to  it.  While  liuldiiig  his  (jniiiii 
this  position  it  was  discharged,  apparently  by  arciiloiit.  Iiii- 
mediately  thereafter,  Mr.  Siehert  says,  he  heard  snaietliingKf 
an  order  given,  but  is  not  certain  wliethor  it  was  a  ceiiiiiiaitJtJ 
lire  or  not.  At  any  rate  the  detachment  coiiiiiicn.cl  liiiiig. 
chictly  at  the  engine-house  in  which  the  rccunlcr's  roiirt »'! 
sitting,  and  at  the  houses  near  by. 

"  Mr.  .folin  0.  I)ii  ,  clerk  of  the  recorder's  court,  was  stanJ- 
ing  on  the  balcony  at  the  second  story  of  the  ciigiiii'liuu* 
overhanging  the  street,  as  the  soldiers  passed  by.  lli.*sl:ii*' 
luent  coincides  with  that  of  Mr.  Siebert.  lie  savs  hi' salt  llie 
gun  discharged,  apparently  by  accident,  in  tlic  raaii-.  «i""'i 
volley  was  discharged  at  the  engine-house." 

'  The  author  of  this  work  is  greatly  indebted  to  Col.  .^H*" 
(1.  Ilraokett,  of  the  Third  Cavalry,  V.S.A.,  in  cliiirKC  of  .Iff- 
forson  Barracks,  for  much  valuable  material  ami  iiii|'Wi»nl 
assistance  furnished  in  the  preparation  of  tlic  invoinpan)" 
sketch  uf  the  barracks. 


■I 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


!  Spaui>li  riji'im 
pied  til''  liiirnnk. 
3  ineliisiui'kiinwii 
was  bumidcil  In- 
d  Mark.  I  Striri-, 

10  lillr  .if  Fil'lli 
r     tllU    IIMIIsl'iT  i.f 

11  ISlll.  til,'  bar- 
years.  wIk'II  lllr 

it   111'    till'    MlUillill; 

coim'iil  ..r  till'  liriii.', 
_',  gnziiiKnl  tlii'lp"].. 
jliU'V  nsko.l  wliylli,; 
afliT  .-lie  Siiff  "III-  if 
iiii'lmrgcl,  l'iillo».»lly 
lie  lit  imee  ilrew  b;i-k 
na  to  the  sill,  tearii.; 
ed  till'  ).'i'neriil  lirin;, 
e  soliliiT.  us  her  te-i- 
■rriiec  t.mk  |>lac.'.aiii 
itivL'  no  |'i>t.tl  ..roih.r 
1  till'  vi.'iiiit;.'. 
s  iliri'.'tly  oii|t.iMt.i!i.' 
o  Wits  stall. liii;:  in  tie 
everiil  pulling'  .-iil'-'ii 
ho  saw  ;:i't  ;v  .Ml.  liui 
it  oil  liis  iiiii-lit'l.  w,i> 
0  pii'.M'  wnit  ..tl".   '\U 
him.  turiK'.l  iiU'l  r.|ti- 
okc.l  ii|i  tlie  stri'fl.  aiil 
ill  (lisorikriin.l .*>■.. 

Jill.    fULMIIl'll  to  ll"  ill!  ii. 

s  p.isitivc  tlitr.'ln'l 
Kiis  stiin.liiig  in  l.i' 
;iliu'i'  ilirwtly  iiilr.-ni 
tliiit  111.  .Mill.!  n.il  !.« 


WHS  in  llu'roo..r.lfn 

nil. .Willi;  slllt.'li.lll*. 


slaii'lin^'  ..n  tlie  ."1>- 

■  olSoveiitlKiii'lOliK, 

mil;  of  til.' .ii't:i.'lim>« 

the  fol.li.'rs  t....kl»' 

pluciii;;  ii  cup  ..n '!i' 

il,-  li.il.liii.shissunio 

llv  l.y  iiivi.lonl.    !■-■ 

.  1.1'iir.l  <.iiiH'tliin;lik( 

IM    il    WU-  il  0.1111111101.111 

,.nl   .•oiiiiii.'iKcl  f'l'H'' 
11..  ii.,'.irai'i'»  .'.'iirt "' 

U'l's  .■.lurl,  «:i-  -li""'- 

of  the  cnsiiH'-li*'' 

|,;,.si..!  l.y.    lli*.-w<- 

llo  siiy*  ll"  «i" ''" 

.  inlh.'  lunks.  ivh.n» 


in,l,.blnlt.ir.il..*rt 

..\.,  ill  fliiirsi'  '■'■''''■ 

nat.'iiiil  aii.l  imi""""' 

,,!•  till'  mv.)nip:in,viiig 


troops  wcro  removed  to  the  cantonment  at  Bcllefon-  ] 
laiiio  .  -:,ililislicd  by  Gen.  Wilkinson.     Subsequently 
tlio  c.iuiiuuiulaiit's  house  and  the  .stone  tower  situated 
in  till'  iiH'liisure  were  u.sed  by  tlie  court.s.     The  bar- 
racks :it  Ui'llcfoiituine  were  tlie  buildings  which  had 
belon"L'(l   to  the  old  Spanish   i'ort  of  "St.  Charles 
tli.i  Priia't',"  ai"l,  «*'  elsewhere  stated,  from  six  hun- 
dred to  a  thousand  American  troops  were  usually 
(iiiiirtiTi'.l  tluTC.    These  barracks  continued  to  be  u,sed 
until   iIh'   completion  of  Jefferson    Barracks.     The 
latter  I'ainnus  in  the  traditions  of  the  United  States 
army,  mid  cherished  in  the  affections  of  the  older 
ariiiv  I'fluers,  are  situated  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
Mi.^sisi-ipl'i  lliver,  on  the  St.  IjouIs  and  Iron  Moun- 
tain Uailr.iad,  about  three  miles  south  of  the  limits 
..t'tiie  city  of  St.  Louis,  on  a  tract  of  land  containing 
sivcntocii  hundred  and  two  acres,  belonging  to  the 
I'nited   Statos    government.       The   buildings    were 
iTOteJ   in    1820   and   1827,  and  are  of  limestone, 
wliicli  is  rciidily  obtained  hero,  the  whole  barracks 
r.'.<tiii,L'  oil   extensive    ledges    that  extend  nearly  to 
tlie  river-bank,  .several  of  these  ledges  having  been 
worked  down  so  as  to  admit  the  building  or  construc- 
tion of  roadways  and  laying  of  railroad  tracks.    The 
croiitids  are  most  eligibly  situated,  being  high,  airy, 
and  well  drained  on  all  sides,  and  commanding  a  fine 
view  of  ilie  river.    Gen.  Albert  Sidney  Johnston,  who 
was  stationed  at  the  barracks  for  a.  number  of  years, 
once  wrote  in  a  letter  to  a  friend,  "  The  position  is  a 
jood  one,  and   particularly  excellent    in  a   military 
imiiit  of  view  because  of  the  facility  of  transporting 
troops  to  any  other  position  in  the  We.st.     The  celer- 
ity of  the  recent  (1827)  movement  of  the  First  and 
.•^ixili  Regiments  up  the   Mississippi  and  Wi.seonsin 
fiifficicntly  attests  that.  .  .  .  The  site  of  the  barracks 
rises  ..'radtially  from  the  river  and  swells  to  a  beauti- 
ful Lluif  eovercd  with  oak-  and  hiekory-trees,  almost 
far  oiioiii.'li  apart  to  permit  military  manaiuvres,  and 
with  no  u'ldergrowth  to  interrupt  a  ride  on  horseback 
ill  any  direetion." 

The  War  I)o[iartment  liaving  determined  to  estab- 
lish an  extensive  cantonment  in  the  West  for  a  cor/is 
de  r(wnr,  Worn  which  detachments  could  be  sent  to 
roinforce  or  relieve  the  garrisons  stationed  on  the  lakes, 
ilie  Missouri,  Mississippi,  Arkansas,  lied,  and  Sabine 
Rivers,  and  at  New  Oilcans,  Maj.-Gen.  Jacob  Brown, 
\  ilie  connnanJcr-in-chief  of  the  American  army,  so- 
iected  the  site  of  Jefferson  Barracks  for  that  purpose. 
The  jirouiui  being  a  portion  of  the  extensive  com- 
mons belongiiijj;  to  the  unincorporated  villa<,e  of  Vidc- 
IWhc,  now  kiunvn  as  Carondelet,  application  was 
I  maJe  to  the  authorities  of  the  town  for  tho  lease  to 
i  the  jjovcrniiieiit  of  the  tract  now  occupied  by  Jeffer- 


son Barracks.  Accordingly,  in  1824,  the  village  of 
Vide-Foche  leased  to  tho  United  States  that  portion 
of  its  commons  known  as  Jefferson  Barracks,  embrac- 
ing over  seventeen  hundred  acres.  The  object  of  the 
Vide-Pochers  in  effecting  the  lease  was  to  secure  the 
market  for  their  products  which  would  result  from 
the  locatiim  of  a  military  piv.i  at  this  point.' 

The  buildings  were  planned  and  their  erection  was 
commenced   in   1826,  under  the  superintendence  of 

*  Al'torwiiril,  when  Viilo-l'ocho  was  ini-oi|ioratcil  iis  CnriinJo- 
U'tf  the  forporati.iii  desired  to  sell  ii  portion  of  its  commons, 
and  in  order  tu  bo  able  to  give  a  clear  title,  it  was  d'-emcd 
essential  that  a  patent  lor  tho  groun.la  should  ho  pioeured  from 
tho  govorniiient.  A)iplication  for  sueli  |iiiteiit  was  aeeordingly 
inudo  to  tho  department  of  the  Interior,  but  JetTerson  llavis, 
who  was  then  .s'eoretiiry  of  War,  advise. I  tho  .^'eeretary  of  tho 
Interior  to  witlihol.l  the  patent  for  that  portion  of  the  Curon- 
dolet  comnuins  oeeiipied  by  the  government  us  a  biirrneUs,  on 
tho  ground  that  the  government  shoul.l  maintain  control  of  it 
as  an  important  military  position.  The  pat(>nt  was  granted  for 
the  halaneo  of  tho  coinin.ins  on  eon.lition  that  tho  town  of  Car- 
ondelet shouM  give  to  the  I'nite.l  States  a  (|tiit-claim  for  the 
portion  oeeu)iieil  by  .letferson  Harraeks.  The  corporation 
elaimed  that  it  was  entitled  to  the  whole,  but  eventually  ae- 
ceptc.l  the  partial  patent,  giving  the  rei[uire.l  i(uit-elaiin  under 
protest.  This  protest  \  .s  serve. 1  on  the  Preshleiit  ot"  the 
I'niled  States  (Franklin  IMeree),  the  .sieeretiiry  of  War,  an. I  tlio 
Secretary  of  the  Interior. 

In  IH,')2  suit  was  commenced  by  the  town  of  Carondelet  in 
the  Court  of  Claims  at  Washington  against  the  I'nited  States 
for  the  roeovery  of  the  barracks  triu-t,  but  there  was  a  di\  ision 
of  opinion  in  the  court  as  to  whether  a  suit  eould  bo  brought 
against  the  I'nite.l  .States,  and  as  there  was  not  the  requisite 
majority  on  tho  attirmative  of  the  proposition,  the  case  was 
thrown  out  of  court. 

The  following  bill  was  then  drawn  up  and  presented  to  Con- 
gress for  the  jiurposo  of  authori/iug  the  Court  of  Claims  to  try 
the  ease,  but  no  definite  action  could  be  olitiiine.l  then,  ami  the 
bill  dragged  along  until  JIarch,  IS".'!,  when  lion.  Krastus  Wells 
succeeded  in  bringing  il  to  a  vote,  and  it  was  carrie.l  without 
opposition  : 

"  A.s  Act  ^;  cmi/rr  jitn'mlii'tian  utt  tht:  Court  of  CUiimit  to  hfiir  tiiul 

ileteniiiiic  the  Mitit  of  Corondvfef  rn.  the  United  Sttitca, 

\       "  H7i«ifri«  doubts  exist  touching  the  jurisdiction  of  the  Court 

of  Claims  over  the  suit  now  pen. ling  in  sai.l  court  against  tho 

I'liitcl   States  f.ir  the  recovery  of  a  tract  of  land  claime.l  to  be 

a  Jiart  of  the  commons  of  Carondelet,  iiistituto.l  by  the  .-ity  of 

i   Car'^'.i.lelet ;  therefore  he  it  enacteil  by  the  Senate  ami   llouso 

of  Reprcsentiitives  of  tho  Unite.l  States  .if  Aineri.'a,  in  Con- 

.   gross  assembled,  that  Jurisdielion  he,  an. I  hereby  is,  L^rimted  to 

:   tho  Court  of  Claims  to  hear  an. I  .letormine  said  ease,  aii.l  tlie 

I   matters  in  controversy  therein,  subject  to  tile  right  of  appeal 

by  either  parly  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  I'nite.l  States  ;  and 

that  the  depositions  hei-etof.u"    taken  in  said  case  may  be  read 

at   the  trial  thereof,  with  the  same  elTect  us  if  taken  after  tho 

passage  of  this  a.-t." 

Approved  March  3,  IS7.'!. 

The  ease  is  now  properly  before  tho  Court  of  Claims,  and  a 
decision  will  bo  reached  in  time.  It  is  said  that  no  able  lawyer 
entertains  any  doubt  as  to  the  suit  terminating  in  favor  of  tho 
plaiiititV.  Carondelet  having,  since  the  eonimencnient  of  tho 
suit,  been  incorporated  into  St.  Louis,  of  course  the  property, 
if  reoovered,  will  belong  to  the  latter  city. 


V. 


il     H 

f  'I 


K 


iil 


526 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


if:  t  J  i 


■  .11 


Brovet  Bri<i.-Gcn.  Henry  AtkinsoD,  and  they  were  so 
far  completed  in  the  following  year  as  to  admit  of  their 
occupation  by  the  soldiers. 

The  first  rejjular  troop.s  sent  here  were  those  be- 
longing to  the  First  liegiment  of  infantry,  who  were 
followed  by  the  Sixth  Regiment  of  infantry  in  the 
summer  of  1827,  under  Col.  and  Brevet  Brig.-Gen. 
Henry  Atkinson,  Sixth  Infantry,  who  had  been  sta- 
tioned far  to  the  westward  at  Council  Bluffs  (now 
Fort  Calhoun),  Nebraska.  It  must  be  understood 
that  the  original  Council  Bluffs,  named  by  Lewis  and 
Clark,  belongs  in  Nebraska,  and  not  in  Iowa.  Gen, 
Atkinson  immediately  commenced  work  with  the  men 
of  his  regiment,  and  did  a  great  deal  towards  beautify- 
ing the  grounds  and  rendering  the  barracks  comfort- 
able dwellings  for  the  men.  Most  of  the  older  officers 
with  Gen.  Atkinson  had  served  in  the  war  of  1812, 
and  had  been  retained  in  the  army  on  account  of  their 
superior  military  qualities  and  attainments.  The  main 
buildings  of  the  barracks  were  constructed  chiefly  of 
limestone,  and  a  considerable  portion  of  the  masonry 
was  erected  by  the  soldiers.  The  parade-ground  at 
that  time  was  six  hundred  and  eighty-four  feet  long 
and  two  hundred  and  eighty  feet  wide.  The  quarters 
of  the  ofiScers  and  soldiers  were  built  on  the  north, 
south,  and  west  sides  of  the  parade-ground,  the  east 
side  or  front  being  left  open  to  the  river.  There  were 
four  blocks  of  officers'  quarters,  one  of  which  was 
situated  on  each  eastern  extremity  of  tiie  range  of 
buildings,  and  the  other  two  formed  the  western 
boundary  of  the  parade-ground,  with  a  sally-port 
between  them.  They  were  all  two  stories  high,  with 
garrets  and  basements,  and  with  porticos  in  front. 
The  first  two  were  each  one  hundred  and  ten  feet  by 
thirty-six,  with  sixteen  rooms  in  each ;  the  others 
were  each  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet  by  thirty-six, 
with  twenty  rooms  in  each.  The  quarters  of  the 
soldiers  extended  east  and  west  between  the  quarters 
of  the  officers,  and  were  one  story  high  with  base- 
ments in  the  rear.  The  barracks  were  originally 
intended  to  accommodate  twenty-two  companies,  but 
during  the  civil  war  several  thousand  men  were 
quartered  in  them  very  comfortably.  About  five  or 
six  hundred  yards  from  the  '.  'rracks  to  the  north,  on 
a  ridge  parallel  with  the  one  on  which  the  barracks 
were  built,  was  situated  the  hospital,  a  fine  building 
of  brick,  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet  by  twenty-four, 
surrounded  with  porticos.  It  stood  in  a  large  yard, 
inclosed  and  shaded  by  trees,  and  was  divided  into 
four  large  wards  and  two  smaller  ones,  a  dispensary, 
store-rooms,  mess-rooms,  etc.  It  was  capable  of  ac- 
commodating eighty  or  ninety  patients.  On  the  same 
ridge  with  the  hospital  were  two  large  houses  occupied 


by  the  chaplain  and  sutler.  The  conimandiii'^  'Mwt'i 
quarters  were  near  the  river  and  north  of  the  luirrackj 
in  a  handsome  house  built  in  cottage  style.  A  little 
to  the  south  of  the  barracks,  on  the  river-lank,  w^j 
a  substantial  building  ninety  by  thirty  feet  imd  (»„ 
stories  high,  affording  ample  room  for  the  -lorai-c  of 
subsistence  and  quartermaster's  stores.  There  «aj 
also  at  the  post  stabling  for  a  large  number  df  luirses. 
There  had  been  expended  on  the  buildings  prior  to 
1840  about  seventy  thousand  dollars. 

On  the  1st  of  January,  1827,  a  ball  was  given  at 
the  barracks,  to  which  many  of  the  pmniinont  I'ami. 
lies  of  St.  Louis  were  invited,  and  in  return  a  Ijalj 
was  given  to  the  officers  by  the  citizjns  at  the  rtsi- 
dence  of  Governor  Clark,  which  is  described  as  havinj 
been  a  very  brilliant  affair. 

Before  the  Mexican  war  Jefferson  Barraekswasa 
grand  rendezvous  for  the  troops  in  the  West,  ani 
soldiers  and  munitions  of  war  were  generally  iljstrib. 
uted  from  this  point  to  the  frontier  garri.sons.  Many 
of  the  most  important  military  and  exphiring  ospe- 
ditions  made  the  post  their  starting-point,  and  when 
unemployed  the  reserve  of  the  Western  anuv  \nb 
usually  quartered  at  this  salubrious  atnl  attractive 
place,  where,  in  tlie  midst  of  a  country  abuiidaiitiv 
supplied  with  provisions,  the  troops  were  supporleJ 
at  very  little  expense. 

The  wife  of  Gen.  Atkinson,  the  commander  of  the 
post  for  many  years,  was  a  daughter  of  AlexaiiJer 
Bullitt,  one  of  the  original  settlers  of  Louisville,  Kj, 
and  the  eldest  of  a  family  celebrated  for  beauty,  wit, 
and  charm  of  manner.  Mrs.  Atkinson,  aided,  after 
the  lapse  of  some  years,  by  her  brilliant  and  beautiful 
sisters,  made  Jefferson  Barracks  something  more  than 
a  mere  military  post,  and  transformed  it.  into  a  de- 
lightful and  elegant  home  for  the  gay  and  gallant 
young  soldiers  serving  here  their  approiitieeship  in 
arms.  The  barracks  were  near  enough  to  St.  Louis 
to  allow  the  officers  to  mingle  freely  in  its  gay  and 
hospitable  society,  in  which  the  iufliicmie  of  the  old 
French  element  was  still  predominant.  The  de.<ceml- 
ants  of  the  first  settlers  had  preserved  in  theif  eidonial 
isolation  some  of  the  best  features  of  the  old  regime, 
lost  even  in  France  itself  through  tlio  Kevoluiion. 
To  innocent  sprightliness  was  joined  deudiuui,  and 
the  inherent  grace  and  polish  of  the  French  race  vrcre 
united  with  the  cordiality  and  generous  fVecdoui  of  in- 
tercourse which  mark  a  young  and  prospeninseoniiuu- 
nity.  The  Chouteaus,  Cabaim(58,  Piattes.  Soulards, 
Menards,  Oratiot-s,  Sarpys,  Valles,  Cerirs,  and  many 
other  French  families  among  the  descendants  of  the 
early  83ttlers  were  erudite,  accomplished  people,  vfho 
would  have  felt  at  ease  and  whoso  society  would  hare 


unndini:  (iffiter's 
of  the  iiiirvatks, 
style.  A  little 
}  river-l  link,  \j;is 
■ty  I'cct  ;iii(l  titD 
i>r  the  .•^tonijie  ot 
res.  Til  ere  las 
lumber  uf  hum. 
uilJing"  prior  to 

ball  was  given  at 
prrtmiiieiit  km- 
in  return  a  ball 

tizjns  iit  tlie  rtsi. 

escribed  as  havinj 


ou  Burraclis  was  a 
iu  the  Weft,  anj 
3  generally  (listrib- 
'  garrisons.  Many 
id  explurinj;  espc- 
ig-poiiit,  and  when 
ATcsterii  anuy  was 
ous  and  attrattiw 
iountry  abunilaiitk 
)ps  were  supportcil 

>  coniiuaiulor  uftte 
;hter  of  AloxanJci 
of  Louisville,  Ky.. 
Led  for  beauty,  wit, 
|kinson,  aided,  after 
lUiaiit  ami  beautiful 
imethiun  more  tlian 
irmed  it  into  a  dt>- 
lie  gay  and  irallaiit 
Ir  approntieesliip  in 
nouiili  to  St.  Liuis 
eely  in  it.s  ,::ay  aoil 
luflueiiee  of  llie  oU 
laiit.     The  descend- 
Ived  ill  their  eoloiiiJ 
of  the  did  cfyi'mc, 
;h  the  Kevoluiion. 
lined  deenrum,  and 
lie  Freiieh  raee  were 
lerousfroeiloinufiu- 
prosiii'rou.s  coimnn- 
I    Praltcs.  Soulardi, 
1   Oerres,  and  many 
desooiiilanis  of  tlic 
IjiUsIkhI  people,  who 
sucioiy  would  have 


1l  t 


I   1 


I",  I !» 


PJ.. 


North  View  from  Barracks. 


Rear  VicK^Buhacks. 


jeffersowarr 

ST.  L^  MO, 


1  ,  ■'.'■;»^; 


:*7^ 


»  a_  "^ 


^ ..» ■- ' 


Tv^v 


M\ 


^^v^*'^ 

v**?---"^""" 


...t 


.y«u 


*^.. 


£-i^ 


"^m^^.r 


ir:.v-^ 


S^tSs*^^ 


■iluE 

m 


.■!; 


"■  .^:!i:' 


'^sm 


'.^at>^g^^T 


IP'r.' 


isiilaHs!' 


;^^-*f?"'t'^i5.^a 


laiii  I 


■"^i-i*'    *- 


I    1 


REAR  V'EI^BUIIACKS. 


South  View  from   Bahhacks. 


Ieffersowarracks, 

ST.  A  MO. 


i' 


f 


TUK   CIVIL   WAR. 


B8T 


bft'ii  cdVi'tod  in  thu  u'»y  miloons  of  I'aris.     Tlio  lieiie-  '  hcrMulf  fiir  tlio  iiKwt  part,  iw  u  iiiattur  of  clioict',  to  tho 
fits  aiiii  I'lijoyiuent  of  such  n  Hoeiety  wore  tli(jrouf,'lily     uduciition  of  hU  <lau};litur  Hoiirifltu,  thun  u  lilllc  nirl. 


appri'twi'''  ai'J  keonly  nsliHlied  by  tlio  officers,  whoso 
cunmii^^-iiii'x  ill  that  liappy  day  of  tlio  republic  accre- 
Jitcd  tlii'iii  to  tlio  boHt  Hoiiety  every  whore.  Many  of 
tho  youii;,'  officers,  without  nllowinj;  theiiiselvos  to  fall 
into  fasliimiable  dissiputloii,  iiidulj;ed  freely  in  the 
plciisuri'.s  and  amusements  of  the  city,  and  found  in 
St.  Louift  attachments  wiiich  lusted  during'  life 


The 


Miss  I'rcston  was  visiiinj;  these  relations  in  St.  Louis 
wiieii  she  met  Ijieut.  Johnston,  and  the  interest  which 
she  at  once  inspired  was  reciprocated.  Thinr  mutual 
uttaehnient  continued  unbroken  ;  and  Liimt.  John- 
Hton,  huvii';^  been  sent  on  recruiting  service  to  Louis- 
ville, Ky.,  where  Miss  Preston  resided,  and  where  ho 


remained  for  a  }^roat  portion  of  tho  year  182.S,  becamo 
O'Fallu'i"*.  tho  Clarks,  the  Ucntons,  tlio  Chouteaus,  ]  cn^a^ed  to  her.  They  were  married  Jan.  20,  182!). 
theOruii"'"  the  Mullunphys,  tiio  Lucases,  and  other  On  tho  1st  of  April,  1832,  Brifj.-Gen.  Atkinson, 
noted  mill  estimable  families  were  :imon<;  the  chosen  then  coinmandin<!  the  ri;,'lit  win^  of  tho  Western  l)e- 
aiiil  reiiiciiibcrod  friends  of  the  accomplished  and  '  partmoiit,  received  an  order,  dated  March  17th,  from 
ilashinn  ofiicers  stationed  at  Jefterson  Barracks  from  j  the  head(|uarterH  of  tho  army,  announcint;  that  the 


lS26tn  ISOO. 

At  a  ball  at  Mr.  Chouteau's,  Liout.  Albert  Sidney 
Joliiwluii  met  for  the  first  time  Miss  Henrietta  Pres- 
loll,  who  afterwards  becamo  his  wife.     She  was  the 


Sacs  and  Foxes,  in  violation  of  tho  treaty  of  Prairio 
du  Chien  of  18U0,  had  attacked  tlio  Menoinonees, 
near  Fort  Crawford,  and  killed  twenty-five  of  that 
tribe,  and  that  the  Mcnomonces  meditated  a  retalia- 
tidcst  cliilJ  of  Maj.  William  Preston,  a  member  of  i  tion.  To  preserve  the  pledged  faith  of  tiie  govern- 
tiie  Virginia  family  of  that  name,  and  an  officer  of  i  ment  unbroken,  and  keep  peace  and  amity  among 
W;ivnc's  army,  who  had  resigned  and  settled  at  those  tribes,  he  was  rnstructed  to  prevent  any  movc- 
Lduisvillf,  Ky.  Maj.  Preston's  wife,  Mrs.  Caroline  I  ment  on  the  part  of  the  Menomonees  against  the  Sacs 
Hancock  Preston,  was  the  daughter  of  Col.  George  and  Foxes,  and  to  demand  of  the  Sac  and  Fox  nation 
Hancock,  of  Fincastle,  Va.  (an  aide  to  Pulaski,  a  ,  eight  or  ten  of  the  party  engaged  in  the  murder  or 
colonel  ill  the  Revolutionary  war,  and  a  member  of  ,  the  Menomon^'os,  including  some  of  the  principal 
the  Fourth  Congress),  and  belonged  to  a  family  distin-     men.     For  these  purposes  he  was  empowered  to  em- 


guislied  for  beauty  and  talents.  Mrs.  Preston's 
youn^'csl  sister  had  married  Governor  William  Clark, 
of  .Mi.^suuri,  and  her  husband's  niece  was  the  wife  of 


ploy  the  regular  force  on  the  Mississippi,  or  so  much 
as  could  be  dispensed  with  after  providing  for  the 
security  of  tho  several  posts.  The  remote  position 
Hon.  Tlionias  IL  Benton.  Governor  Clark  was  one  '  of  Fort  Snelling,  at  tho  Falls  of  St.  Anthony,  sur- 
ofthe  foremost  men  of  tho  West.  A  younger  brotiier  I  rounded  as  it  was  by  powerful  bands  of  Indians,  pre- 
of  the  {;icat  George  Rogers  Clark,  he  possessed  the  |  eluded  tho  possibility  of  withdrawing  any  portion  of 
latter's  Luldness  and  sagacity  without  his  infirmities,  ;  tho  yirrison  at  that  point.  The  expeditionary  force 
and  reaped  the  legitimate  rewards  of  energy  and  in-  i  therefore  would  have  to  be  made  up  of  such  of  tho 
tellt'Ct  from  which  unthrift  debarred  the  hero.  He  1  troops  as  could  be  spared  from  the  slender  garri.son  at 
had  early  in  life  obtained  great  celebrity  by  his  ex-  Prairie  du  Chien,  the  troops  at  Fort  Winnebago,  at 
ploriitioiis,  in  conjunction  with  Lewis,  of  the  sources  the  portage  of  the  Fox  and  Wisconsin  Rivers,  and  at 
of  the  Columbia  River  and  in  tho  far  West.  He  was  1  Fort  Armstrong,  at  Rock  Island,  and  the  companies 
GiiveriKjr  oi'  Mi;s.souri  for  many  years,  and,  as  Indian  '  of  the  Sixth  Regiment  at  Jefferson  Barracks,  amount- 
awnt,  justly  enjoyed  tho  confidence  both  of  his  gov-  :  ing  in  all  to  about  four  hundred  and  twenty  men.  In 
eriinioiit  and  of  tho  Indian  tribes.  With  wealth,  in-  !  compliance  with  his  orders,  Gen.  Atkinson  set  oft'  for 
telli;.;once,  an  elevated  character,  and  popular  manners,  the  upper  Mi.ssi.ssippi  with  six  companies  of  the  Sixth 
liewa.s  well  fitted  for  his  place  as  a  leader  in  a  young  Infantry  (two  hundred  and  twenty  men),  which  were 
Kpublic.  His  first  wife,  Miss  Julia  Hancock,  was  a  '  embarked  at  the  barracks  on  April  8,  1832,  in  the 
woman  of ominent  graces  and  singulvr  beauty.    After     steamboats    "Enterprise"    and    "Chieftain."'     The 


Iher  death  he  married   her   oousin,   Mrs.    lladfoid. 

IGuveruor  Clark's  descendants  and  collateral  relations 
ire  pioiuiiieiit  citizens  of  St.   Louis  and  Louisville. 

Illiuinas  H.  Benton's  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Col. 
James  McDowell,  cf  Rockbridge  County,  Va.,  and 
isier  of  tlii;  eloquent  Governor  of  Virginia.  She  was 
he  niece  and  favorite  kinswoman  of  Maj.  Preston, 
fld  speut  four  or  five  years  iu  his  house,  devoting 


troops  arrived  at  their  destination  in  due  time,  and  in 


'  It  is  a  uotoworiliy  iind  somewhat  reniarkiiblc  coinuiilenee 
tlmt  thus  eiiily  in  life,  ami  while  of  iiilVrior  rank  in  the  army, 
there  sliould  have  met  as  co-workers  in  this  remutc  llelil  four 
men  who,  thirty  years  later,  measured  swords  in  a  contest  whieli 
shook  the  worhl, — I.iouts.  Albert  Sidney  Johnston,  N.  J.  Kat.in, 
Ilobc;t  Anderson,  and  .lefTcrson  Piivis. — Li/i:  a/  Albeit  Siflney 
Julmntou,  Ijy  his  son,  William  Preston  .Fohnston,  p.  ISO. 


w  ,:;{; 


m^^mmm 


,rl 


18    I 


I   il 


528 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  1.OUIS. 


an  cn<!a^cinent  with  tlic  Indians  under  BInck  Hawk, 
near  Bud  Axe  lliver,  on  Aiifi;.  2,  1832,  the  savaj^cs 
wcro  subduc'ci,  and  their  principal  chiefs,  ineludin<^ 
Bhick  Hawk,  were  captured  and  detained  as  prisoners 
of  war  in  JolTiM'son  Barracks  fo  await  tlic  orders  of 
the  jiovernnient. 

Upon  the  cessation  of  hostilities  the  Sixtli  Infantry 
returned  to  I  lie  barracks.  While  stationed  here  some 
of  the  younger  officers  were  somewhat  hot-blooded, 
and  Second  Lieut.  Charles  O.  May  was  killed  in  a 
duel  on  the  I'.tth  of  January,  ISIiO.  ' 

Ai'ter  the  close  of  the   Black  Hawk  war  Conj^ress  j 
dociucd  it  necessary  to  add  a  rejrifiient  of  drajjoons  to  | 
the  military  estahlishiuent  for  service  afrainst  the  In-  ■ 
diaiis  on  the  plains  and  in  the  Uoeky  Mountains,  and 
in   the  spiini;  of  ISiJH   the  First  l{ei;iment  of  dra-  | 
•iooiis,  now  First  Cavalry,  was  orjraiiized  at  this  point 
under  Col.  Henry  Dodire,  Lieut. -Col.  Ste])heii  Watts 
Kearney,  and  Maj.  Ilichard    B.  Mason.     Among  the  [ 
cajitaiiis  were  David  Hunter  ivnil   Edwin  V.  Sumner,  ' 
afterwards  colonels  of  cavalry,  and   Nathan    Boono,  a 
son  of  the  famous  Daniel  Boone,  of  Kentucky.     Jef-  1 
fer.son    Davis,  afterwards   I'residi'iit  of  the  Southern 
Conleileracy,  was  a  lirst  lieutenant,  as  was  Philip  St. 
George  (Jooke,  subscipiently  colonel  of  cavalry  and  1 
briiradier-gencral.     .\  portion  of  the  Seconil  Dragoons, 
now  Second  Cavalry,   under  Col.   David   E.  Twiggs, 
was  organized    hen;   in    18;i(),   and    in   the   following  '[ 
summer  marched   hence  to  participate  in  the  Florida 
war,  where  it  rendered  exci'llent  service.      William  S. 
Harney,  well  ktiown  in  St.  Ijouis,  was  lieutenant-colo- 
nel of  this  regiment. 

In  the  autumn  of  1842  the  heailmiarters  and  all  of 

tlu!  companies  of  the  Fourth  Ini'aiitry  were  at  Jeffer-  ; 

.  '  .  .    ' 

son     Barracks,    where   the    regiment   remained    until 

May,  1814,  when  it  went  to  Louisiana.  The  regi- 
inciil  had  been  serving  in  Floriila  against  the  Semi- 
nole Indians,  an<l  was  sent  to  the  banaeks  for  a  brief 
rest. 

(Jen.  .\tkiiisciii,  who  was  from  North  Carolina,  dieil 
at  Ji4Versoii  Barracks  on  .lime  14,  1842.  He  entered 
tie  army  as  ea] 'ain  oi'  the  Third  infantry,  .July  1, 
18tll),  and  was  appointed  assistant  inspector-general 
with  the  rank  of  major,  and  inspector-general  with 
the  rank  of  colonel,  .Vjiril  25,  LSI, "J.  On  April  15, 
1814,  be  was  appointed  colonel  of  the  Fortyiifth  i 
Begimeiit  of  infiiitiy,  and  in  the  same  month  was 
Iransfen-ed  ;o  the  Thirty-seveiilh  Infantry.  Upon 
the  reorganization  of  tln^  army  be  was  retained  us 
colonel  of  the  Si.\th  infantry.  On  May  111,  1820,  I 
he  was  promote  1  to  the  rank  of  brigadier  general,  and 
decliiu'd  June  1,  1821,  the  position  ol'  adjutant-gen- 
eral with  the  rank  of  colonel.     In  August,  1821,  lio 


was  retained  as  colonel  of  tlie  Sixth  Infantry,  wiih  il,, 
brevet  of  brigadicr-f;eneral  commanding  the  W'csiai 
urmy. 

Another  distinguished  officer  died  at  .Irircrsiij 
Barracks, —  Brevet  Brig.-Oon.  Ilichard  B.  Mawn^ 
colonel  of  the  First  Ilegiment  of  United  Staiisiln. 
goons,  who  expired  nt  his  headquarters  at  llu'  |,ar. 
racks  on  July  25,  1850,  of  cliolcra,  leaving  u  ,yjf( 
and  two  daughters.  Gen.  Ma.son  was  a  native  dlStaf. 
ford  County,  Va.,  and  was  descended  fioin  a  laiiiiiy 
eminent  i'or  tlicir  .services  in  the  war  of  tlie  luvulu. 
tioii.  On  the  2d  of  Scptcmiier,  1817,  he  was  an. 
pointed  from  civil  life  to  a  second  lieutenaiuy  in  tlie 
old  Eightii  Kegiment  of  infantry,  and  in  ilic  sum 
month  was  made  first  lieutenant.  In  .luly,  ISlll,  Ik 
was  nnide  captain,  and  in  May,  1821,  upon  tliclmak- 
iiig  up  of  llie  Eiglith  Ilegiment,  lie  was  traii^rcrmlio 
the  First.  In  1825  and  182t)  he  was  with  ilnfumj 
that  a.sccnded  the  Missouri  to  the  mouth  of  the  Vol. 
lowstone.  In  fact,  his  wliole  service  in  tln'  ;iriiiy\v:is 
spent  on  the  Northern  and  Western  frontiers.  Vm 
his  return  from  the  expedition  he  was  engaged  in  il-e 
erection  of  .lefferson  Barracks.  In  May,  1S:!_',  iliirin:; 
the  Black  Hawk  war,  he  was  appointed  o.i|it;iin  il 
ordnance,  which  position  lie  declineil.  On  tlic  nr- 
ganization  of  the  drago(uis  he  was  appoiiiinl.  .^I,lrl•ll 
4,  18;!;{,  major  of  tlio  First  ilegiment.  lb'  simii 
througli  tlie  Black  Hawk  war,  and  sub.-icqiii'iiilv  \v:u 
for  several  years  stationed  at  Fort  Gibsim,    On  tlic 

•Ith  of  July,  18;5(),  he  was  made  lieuteiiaiil-cul 1  of 

tlie  First  Dragoons,  and  colonel  .Iiinc  !!(!,  Hlil. 
For  two  years  ])revious  to  the  Mexican  war  1;imv;is 
stationed  in  the  iOast  on  recruiting  fKiviee.  Whci 
that  war  broke  out  ho  joined  Gen.  Kearmy  in  ('i!i- 
I'ornia,  when;  he  was  made,  in  1847—18,  niilitarv  .■m- 
maiider  and  civil  Governor  of  the  'i'eiitli  'Cal mrniaj 
Department,  lie  was  breveted  brigadier  giiicral  "fir 
mcritoriinis  conduct"   in    March,   18111,  in  diili' Inmi 

May  i!0,  1848.      He  was  relieved  fnnii  his  1 iiiaiiil 

in  184!t,  anil  enjoyed  but  a  short  resjiilc  rinin  iliity 
with  bis  family  before  he  died. 

During  the  Mexican  war  many  troops  wi  r.'liiii'ilniit 
at  Ji'H'crson  Barracks  and  de)iarlcd  lur  iln' miihhI' 
hostilities.  TIk!  regiment  of  inoui^'  d  lillfiiiiii,  mn? 
Third  Cavalry,  originally  intended  for  the  piniociim 
of  emigrants  on  the  way  to  Oregon,  wa>  ni;;aiiiz''il 
here  in  the  summer  of  184(1,  and  after  In  iniriaivl'iilly 
trained  by  Maj.  Sumner,  started  i'nr  the  liaiilc  lii'Msuf 
Mexico.  Maj.  SumiKT  did  not  beloiii:  1  "  tin'  f'V- 
ment,  but  had  been  specially  deliiileii  m  jive  it  ilie 
preliminary  training,  as  the  colonel  an<l  liiiiii'iMiiit- 
colonel  were  both  absent  in  the  field.  The  ii)iii|iaiiii's 
were  recruited  iu  dilfe'rcnt  portions  (il'tlic  I'liimi.aiiJ 


TIIK   CIVIL  WAR. 


529 


nfantry,  with  tie 
liii";  the  Wcstwa 

icd    at   .I'lTtrsoi 
hard    B.   Masmi, 
nited  Stiitrs  ilra- 
irters  at  I  lie  liar- 
■a,  loavini:  u  ,vife 
ii«  a  native  111' Sill!'. 
lod  i'loiii  a  lamiij 
ar  of  till.'  Itoviihi- 
1817,  ln^  was  ap. 
lieutoiiaMcy  iii  tlie 
,  and  ill  tln'  same 
III  July,  1  Sill,  lie 
iljUpoii  till! Iirrak- 
•  wa.s  traiL'-ri'iTctlio 
was  with  iliidiirns 
mouth  of  ilio  Yel- 
CO  ill  the  ariiijMM 
•n  rroiitiiM-.>;.    V\m 
wa.s  f'ii;.;aL'i'il  in  tU 
May,  is:!j,(iiiriii.,' 
ipoiiitoil  ea|itain  il 
lined.     On  llu-  or- 
s  appi'inli'il,  Marrli 
jinu'iit.     Ill'  MTVi'ii 
Id  subsi'qiu'nlly  Will 
1,  Uilisiin.     On  tlie 
ieuli'iianl-cnliindof 
■1    Juno  ;!ll,  l^^lii. 
<!xii.'aii  war  ln' wiu 
|ng  sH'ivici'.     Wlii'i 
iM.  Kcaniry  in  I'lli- 
7— IS,  luililary  -'""i- 
Tenth  ((.'al-liTiiia) 
iua(lii'r-|;ciii'ral"f"r 
181!),  Ill  ilati'  IVum 

IVnin  his  ( iniaiiJ 

i-c'spiif  IVcni  'liity 

l-iiiilis  wri'i'lilli'ilnUt 
led  lor  till'  MvniMil' 
\f  (1  ritli'iinn,  miw 
[\n-  till'  iirniwiion 
jirdii,  \v:i-  "r;;aniZ''(i 
IfH'r  liriiij;i'aivl'nlly 
I  (lie  lMlili'lii'M8''f 
IcliiiiL'  I'  ill"  r<'|.'i- 
ll.s!  I.,  juv  it  lli« 
|,.l  aii'l  linilrnanl- 
,1.  Tl»'  i'>Mi|ianio3 
,,1'llir  l'iiicin,aiiJ 


iho  mill  "I'fo  SL'iit  lii'i'o  to  bo  oiiihodiod  and  iimpcly     Sle[itoo,  and  .sorvod   willi   it  until   the  cvacua'ion  of 

Jiillt'il.     At  the  same  lliiio  tho  jilaoc  was  used  a.s  a     llio  country  hy  the  army.     DuiiiiL;  tlio  sicj^o  of  Vera 

iji'pdt  I'ur  recruits,  and   was  kojtt  well   filled.     The  ]  Cruz  lie  was  detached  with  a  body  of  troops  under 

ri"'iim'iil   lif    niouiiteil  rifleiiieii   became    famous    in     (Jen.  llaiiioy,  and  partiei|iated  in  the  alfair  of  Medi;- 

ilio  Mi'Niiaii  war,  and  participated   in  wveral   liard-  j  liii,  "  for  ^'allant  and  meritorious"  conduct  in  which 

|iiii"lit  liallles.     Several  of  the  infantry  reuimeiits,  or     lie  received  the  brevet  of  captain.      lie  was  also  dis- 

niirlioiis  of  them  at   least,  wen?   here   fri,in   liuio  to  1  tiii^uished  in  the  battle  oi'  Cerm  Gordo;   and  in  the 

lime,  and  many  of  the  older  officers  remained  here  j  valley   of  Mexico,  while  attached  with  his  company 

r,ir  liin'.:i'r  or  shorter  i)eriod.s.     After  the  close  of  the  1  to  Cicn.  Quitman's  division,  served  in  tlic  liattlo  of 

Mcxii'aii  war  the  iSeveiiih  was  at   tho   barracks,  sue-  i  ("hapiiltepee    and  the  attack   ii]ii.ii   the    I{elen   (late. 

wiliil  I'lir  a  lew  years  after  hy  the  Sixth.    The  Fifth  i  Soon  al'ter  ho  returned  from  Mexico  he  was  ajipointcd 

Jill'   l']i'.;lilli   were   Ikto   also,  for  n  brief  sea.son,   as     adjutant  of  iiis  re';iment,  in  wliieli  capacity  he  served 

iiImi  was  llir  Third,  all  of  which  liad  done  excellent     until   1851,  when,  alter   a   brief  sojourn    in    IJoston 

MTviie  ill  Mexico.  Harbor,  be  was  ordered   to   duty  with   '^ol.  !{ia;_'f;'» 

Shiirilv    idt*^''    t'"'    '^''*''    I'revet     Col.     Braxton  ;  battery,  and  died  near  the   close   of   liis   period   of 

1ii:i'.:l'.  who  aflerwarils  became  a  disliiij:uislieii  j;en-     servic(?  willi  it. 

(lal  in  tin;  ('iii)federato  army,  was  (udered  to  Jefler.son  In  1 85li  and    1 850,  (Jen.  Joseph  K.  Johnston,  the 

liaiiaiks,  where  he  organized  his  famous  flyin.i;  artil-  eminent  soldier  and  statesman,  eommaiided  tho  post. 
K'ly  ciiiiipany,  which  jiiaeticed  firiiii;  at  a  tari;el  on  '  He  was  then  lieulenant-coloiiel  of  the  First  Cavalry, 
ilii'  ,il!i('r  side  of  the  river.  His  lieuleiianls  were  ^  which  was  stationed  at  I'ort  licavi^nworih,  commanded 
1,01  SIT  and  Ayres,  tlio  latter  of  whom  is  now  a  dis-  :  by  Col.  Kilwiii  V.  Sumner.  It  is  said  that  a  little  bad 
iiii:uislieil  L'eiieral  in  the  United  States  army.  ;  feeiiiij;  spraiii;  up  between  Sumner  and  Joluisloii  at 

'I'lio  ;;iiii  shells  used  by  the  battery  are  now  stand-  I'ort  Leaveiiworlli.  which  was  tlie  cause  of  Juliiisloii 
111.',  iliiiii'.;li  imt  in  i.'ood  condition,  time  haviii};  i  bciiii;  put  in  command  at  Jentr.son  Barracks.  This 
wnikiil  coii.'-ideiable  eliaiii;e  in  their  appearance,  ill  feeliiii^  is  lhoiii:ht  to  liavi^  existed  to  the  day  of 
Tliiie  was  not  a  very  irood  drill~j;rouiid  near  by,  the  Sumner's  death,  and  was  i!specially  vented  in  the  bat- 
Mirl'.ne  beiiii?  broken  by  ravines  and  covered  with  a  j  ties  of  Fair  Oaks  and  Malvern  Hill. 
lliiik  ;;inwlh  of  bushes  and  trees.      UnileriK'ath  there  While  (jeii.  Johnsluli  was  eiijoyitii:  the  einolilineiits 

«a>al;iii^Kd  mass  of  viiics  and  Weeds,   forininj;   in  ;  of  shoulderstraps  at  the  barracks  in   18")7,  there  wa.s 
Miiiii' [ilaiis  all  inipcnelralile  jiiiij;lo.  '  an   huniblo   farmer   who   suinetimcs   vi>iteil  the    post 

III  \^;i',\,  Bii'vct  l!rij;.-(jieii.  Niiwmaii  S.  Clarke,  with  ii  \vai;iindoad  of  "  j.'ardeii  sa.'-s."  or  ]ieiliaps  now 
(hIiiiicI  8i.\tli  liifantry,  I'liiiimandiii!^  the  Sixth  Mlli-  .  and  then  a  eoril  id'  wood,  who  has  somewhat  oiit- 
tary  Depart iiieiit,  had  bi.s  headipiarters  at  Jefferson  li^iired  the  military  individuals  imted  ahuve.  Tlial 
I'liiiaiks.  and  with  him  was  his  adjutant,  Winlield  S.  farmer  was  no  less  a  peisonaj;e  than  ljly.'s.>-es  S.  Ilraiil, 
llaiiinck.  who  has  since  become  so  famous  thriiUj^lioul  who  ictually  sold  wood  by  tho  load  at  the  barracks 
llu,'  iiinililie.  This  military  department  llieii  com-  during  the  coinmaiid  of  Col.  Jo.seph  K.  Johnston. 
liisnil  a  cDiisid.'tahle  portion  of  the  West.  Jell'erson  Davis,  tlie  late  I'lesideiit  of  llie  Cniifedcratu 

(111  llie  'J'.'d  III'  .\ui;nst,  IS;")!?,  occurred  the  dealli  at  i  Slates,  has  also  been  an  inmate  of  the  banaeks.  Be- 
Jilliismi  IJarnicks  of  Brevet  (Japt,  Ilachaliah  Brown,  j  fore  tho  i^Iexican  war,  while  Davis  was  a  lieiiltnaiit 
first  liiuii'iiaiit  of  t',11'  Third  Beeiinent  of  artillery,  j  in  tlii!  regular  army,  his  company  remained  for  a  cun- 
iii  llie  tliii'ly-lirst  year  of  lii.s  aj^e.  Cap!.  Brown  ,  siderahle  lime  at  tlie.se  barracks  ;  and  visitors  are  now 
I  srailiiatcd  at  \hi\  Military  Academy  in  '812,  and  showii  ■hero  tlie  chief  of  the  jireat  UebcHion  knelt  in 
I'liti'ii'il  the  si'vvice  as  a  brevet  second  lieiitenavr  in  i  pray"''  'he  chapel.  In  the  same  chapi'l  tin' Joln- 
ilii'  I'liuiili  Ite.'.inu  ill  of  anillery,  in  which  lie  ton-  |  slon;<  ant  I/'JO  attended  divine  worship.  There  no 
!inni'(l  III  serve  uist'l  March,  1845,  when  lio  was  I  tliosi;  Htill  remaining:  at  tho  barracks  who  well  i' col- 
iransl'tricd  by  promotion  to  the  Thi-d  Artillery.  lie  |  leet  the  appearance  and  manner  of  (Jen.  Ijcc,  iii^d  ho 
rtiuaiinil  (III  duly  on  the  Atlanlio  sea  board  for  soii'o  i  is  remembered  as  a  mild,  all'able,  and  elej^aiit  ^oiitle- 
liiiio  nl'tcr  the  ouinmcnccnieiit  of  hostilities  between  ,  man  of  tbo  old  Hchool. 

ilio  I'iiiti'd  States  and   Mexico,  and   r  ;eeived  orders  Visiters  are  also  shown  a  lar^e  locusltree,  which  is 

fur  till!  field  shortly  al'ter  the  administralion  had  de-  ,  much  stooped  and  bent,  lhou;j;h  still  (irowiii;;.  and  are 
,  lonniiicJ  upon  a  new  lino  of  operations,  bejiiiinin;.;  '  told  th.at  when  (|uite  a  sapling  it  was  prostrated  by 
«iili  Vera  Cniz,     lio  joined  at  Tampieo  the  batt.d-     (ien.    Mansdeld    liovell   (of  Now   Orleans  .surrender 
lun  iif   li;J,t   iiifii.iry   under  tho  command  ul'    Col.  ■  memory^,  who,  attempting  a  disjilay  in  arlidviy  prae- 


'Af, 


V  I 


V- 


ij.ii4ii..  !y,iwi.i'^w!W!Bppi|p 


r^l 


C30 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


ticc  before  some  hidios  wlio  vcre  present,  drove  a 
caisson  over  it. 

Col.  Francis  Lee  wa.s  another  of  the  distinguished 
officers  wlio  were  stationed  at  Jefferson  Barraeivs. 
At  tlie  time  of  liis  death  in  St.  Louis,  on  the  lOth  of 
January,  1859,  ho  "^'as  colonel  of  the  Second  llegi- 
ment  of  United  States  Infaiitry.  His  funeral  services 
were  lield  at  the  Second  Presbytorian  f'luirch,  corner 
of  Walnut  and  Fifth  Sticots,  and  the  remains  were 
escorted  by  his  regiment  to  the  barracks,  accomnanieu 
by  the  general,  regimental,  and  battalion  st.3fis  and  a  i 
large  number  of  citizens.  , 

Col.  Lee  was  born  in  Pennsylvania.  April  !;>,  1802,  '. 
At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  entered  the  Military  Acad- 
emy at  West  Point  as  a  cadet,  and  lour  years  after- 
wards, July  1,  1822,  received  his  commission  as  ■ 
second  lieutenant  ot  the  Si  venth  Infantry.  Two 
years  later,  in  September,  1824,  he  was  promoted  to 
•A  first  lieutenancy,  and  from  May,  1S2(),  to  May,  ' 
18H4,  was  as-^i.-tar.t  quartcvMiaster.  TTpon  the  re- 
organiziition  of  the  army  in  .-ieptcmbcr,  IHIiG,  he  was 
made  lirst  lieutenant,  and  captain  in  July,  lS:i8. 
Upon  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  with  Me.\ico,  in 
1840,  ho  was  appointed  chief  engineer  of  the  army 
commanded  by  Brig.-Gen.  Wool,  and  on  April  18, 
184",  while  in  command  of  the  Fourth  Regiment, 
was  breveti'd  major  "  for  gallant  and  meritorious  con- 
duct" in  tiie  battle  of  Cerru  Piiirdo.  On  August  27th 
he  was  breveted  lieutenant-colonel  ''  for  gallant  and  ' 
ineritoiions  eoruhict  in  the  battles  of  Contrcras  and 
Churubuseo,''  and  colonel  on  September  l!!tb  of  the 
same  year  for  similar  conduct  in  the  battle  c)f  Cliapul- 
tepee,  in  which  he  was  wounded.  He  had  previously 
distinguisbed  himself  at  the  siege  of  Fort  Drown,  and 
his  conduct  on  the  occasion  of  the  taking  of  the  City 
of  Mexico  was  also  highly  meritorious.  He  was  made 
superintendent  of  the  West  Point  Jlilitary  Academy 
Sept.  1.  IS;" 2,  and  succeeded  to  the  colonelcy  of  the 
Second  Regiment  of  infantry,  Oct.  18,  IS')"),  which 
rank  he  hold  at  the  time  of  his  death.  He  was  com- 
mander of  the  Deiiartinent  of  the  West,  stationed  in 
St.  liouis,  until  the  fall  of  1858,  when  ho  was  relieved 
by  Col.  K.  V.  Sumner.  His  sciviei's  in  the  war  with 
Mexico,  wherein  be  earned  such  deserveil  renown, 
were  not  without  their  sacrifices.  Like  many  others, 
he  contracted  a  disca'^e  which  undermined  his  eonsti- 
lulion  and  evcntuilly  brought  him  to  his  death-bed. 

Col.  Lee,  besides  being  a  gallant  officer,  was  in  all 
respects  an  upright  and  honorable  man.  His  iniiny 
amiable  traits,  his  sociable  disposition,  and  his  frank, 
punctilious  integrity  won  the  regard  of  all  with  whom 
he  wa.s  brought  in  cont.iet. 

One  of  the  most  interesting  evuut.s  uunncctod  with 


Jefferson  Barracks  was  the  organizatioti  there  of  tlio 
famous  Second  Regiment  of  eas'alry,  which  \v;is  \^. 
tended  for  immediate  service  in  Texas.    It  was  fornicj 
in  185;")  by  Jefferson  Davis,  then  Secretary  of  \V;ir.;iiiJ 
was  known  as  "  Davis'  pet  regiment."     It  is  dniihtfu 
whether  any  other  regiment  furnished  an  ei|ii,il  tmiii- 
ber  of  dibtinguislied  officers  to  the  two  eontomliii; 
armies  during  tlu  great  civil  war.      .\lbert  .^NiJiKv 
Johnston,  a  briiv    and  skillful  soldier,  was  aiiiioiniij 
colonel  of  the-  regiment,  with   rank   from  March  3 
1855.    Johrston  was  a  native  of  Kentucky,  amj  after 
gri'luating  at  West  P'int,  and  serving  some  lime  in 
the  Sixth  Infantry  Regiment,  resigned  and  offorcd  lii< 
.services  to  the  republic  of  Texas.      They  were  ac- 
cepted, and  he  passed  through  the  varinus  graJcsiif 
brigadier-general,    general,   eommaiider-in-tliicr  ini 
secretary  of  war  of  the  republic.    On  accoum  ()['<m- 
misunderstanding  in  relation  to  the  conimaiiil  nf  ili. 
army,  he  fought  a  duel  with  Gen.  Felix  lliiusion.was 
wounded,  and  always  afterward  walked  a  'iiilo  laiii.v 
He  became  a  planter  in  Texas,  bui  u^ion  tlu  brcukin; 
out  of  the  Mexican  war  ho  wa.s  chosen  eolnncl»fii 
Texas  infantry  regime  it,  and  served  some  tinic.  Tlii. 
regiment  was  disbanded,  and  lie  coiitinueil  in  j;.rvi 
on  Maj.-Gen.  William  0.  liutler's  staff  as  ai'iiii.'  in 
spector-general.     While  thus  serving  he  paiii-iiiai.,! 
in   tiie  battle  of  Monterey,  and  shortly  alicr  w,i>  ;ii 
pointed  a  paymaster  in  the  regular  aiii'v.  wiili  ilio 
rank  of  major.     In   1S55,  as  we  have  statnl.  lie « 
appointed  colonel  of  the  Second  Itegiinciii  Cavalrv. 
and  although  afterward  breveted  brigadier-'.'c.'eial  I'^r 
I'.is  services   in   Utah,  was  in   fact  the  licaih,'' tlu; 
regiment  when  the  civil  war  broke  out,  ami  wlion  '■ 
resigned.     He  was  kilh'd  while  in  coiiniiaiRi  cf  ilk' 
Conl'oderato  army  at  Sliiloh.     Gen.  Jnllli^t(,|l  wa' a 
very  gentlemanly  man,  and  a  chaste  and  fliiiiiMTriicr 
He  had  a  fine  military  presence  and  carriiij  ,  >r;t!n'. 
most  gentle  and  winning  manners. 

Brevet  Col.  Robert  E.  Lee  was  l!i-  iieii^iiin'ir  i.ili- 
nel  <if  this  regiment,  and  afterward>  i.  ■  ..iiio  ia.  'joui- 
mander-iii-chief  of  the  Confederate  army,  lli'  >■...- 
Virginian  by  birth,  and  a  graduate  of  tlie  We-i  ' 
Military  Academy.  He  was  first  in  the  ciigiiuv-.a;  ; 
for  some  time  was  engaged  in  deepening  liii  cliaii 
nel  in  the  harbor  of  St.  Louis.  He  gaiimi  a  liii' 
reiiuiation  during  the  Mexican  war,  at  the  cle^o  '! 
which,  altliough  but  a  captain,  he  had  the  bit  vol  rank 
of  colonel.  For  somr'  years  be  was  snpcriiiloiKioiit  at 
West  Point,  and  in  1855  was  I'ronmkHl  li.uti'iiam- 
colonel  of  the  Second  Cavalry.  I-  (rvod  .sonic  tiiin' 
in  Texas  with  the  regiment,  anil  ''jr  i  tiuii'  liad  I'oiii- 
mand  of  that  department.  This  g,:.-  -  I'ior  ii"! 
Oct.  12,  1870. 


iToinototl  Ivulfiiam- 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


531 


I,ce  was  a  refined  American  <;cntlenian,  courteous 
anil  affiiblo  in  liis  deportment,  and  kindly  in  his  feel- 
iiics.  His  personal  appearance  was  strikinj;,  and  im- 
iircssed  cno  with  the  idea  that  he  was  a  great  soldier, 
;is  lie  iiidvcd  liimself  to  bo.  He  was  wounded  at  Cha-  ' 
pultopcc,  in  Mexico. 

Miii.  and  Brevet  Lieut.-Col.  William  J.  Ilardee, 
of  iliis  ri"jiincnt,  became  afterwards  a  lieutenant  gen- 
eral ill  '!"•  ("on federate  armj-.    He  was  a  Georgian  by 
birth   and  a  graduate  of  West  Point.       "  Hardee's 
Taitic?.    .''o  called,  is  a  translation  from  the  French. 
(ieiHi-'c  H-  Thomas,  the  major  of  the  regiment,  was 
al^i-rwaids  a  distinguished  general  in  the  Union  army. 
II,>  WHS  born  in  Southampton  County,  Va.,  .July  31, 
ISlC,  and  died  in  San   Francisco,  Cal.,  March  'IH, 
ISTO.    Ho  graduated  at  West  Point,  and  won  great 
i;i4!iicti')M  in  the  army  during  the  war  with  IMexico, 
ami  during  the  civil  war  of  1SG1-C.5.     At  the  close 
(if  ilic  latter  war  he  was  made  major-general  of  the 
I'liitcJ  Slates  army  from  Dec.  15,  18C4.     On  March 
H,  18(1'),  lio  received  the  thanks  of  Congress  for  his 
eminent  services  during  the  war,  and  from  the  Legis- 
laiuroof  Tennessee,  Nov.  2,  18Go,  a  vote  of  thanks 
and  a  gold   medal.     In    February,   18(58,   President 
.liilinson  having  offered  him  the  brevet  of  lieutenant- 
'Mioral,  111'  (lecliiicd  the  coinplimtnt,  saying  he  had 
vi'ip  untiling  since  the  war  to  nii'rit  such  promotion. 
I   II.  Thomas  was  remarkable  for  simplicity  of  char- 
ai  or.  modesty,  stability,  and  discretion. 

The  next  in  rank  in  the  Second  Regiment  of  cav- 
alry was  Capt.  and  Brevet  Maj.  Karl  Van  Dorn.  He 
w,i.<hiirii  ill  lMi>sis.si[ipi  in  1821,  graduated  at  West 
I'ui'it,  and  wa.s  killed  by  Dr.  Peter.s  at  Spring  Hill, 
Teiin.,  May  8,  18(53.  He  served  with  distinguished 
L'allantry  in  the  Mexican  war,  and  in  the  Confodoratc 
a,.iiy  as  a  major-general. 

Eumuiid  Kirliy  Smith,  another  captain  in  the  regi- 
ment, wa.^  born  in  Floric'j  about  1825,  graduated  at 
\Vest  Point,  and  served  with  distinction  in  the  war 
with  Mixico.  He  resigned  his  commi.ssion  April  0, 
b')l,  and  joined  the  Confederacy.  He  received 
variuus  iiroinotions  in  the  (^infederato  army  until  in 
Oetiihcr,  1>S(!2,  he  -vas  appointed  lieutenant  general. 
Karly  ill  18(5!)  he  took  comtnaiid  of  the  Trans-Mis- 
4>i|iiii  iinny.  wl'ich  he  surrendered  to  (Ion.  Canbj 
May  2(5,  18(55. 

The  other  cap(ains  in  the  regiment  were  the  follow- 
ing distinguished  oflieers  ;  (Jeorgo  Stoneman,  born  in 
New  York,  Aug.  8,  1822,  graduated  at  West  I'oint 
in  1S4()|  and  .served  throughout  the  civil  war  in  the 
I'nion  army,  lie  was  chief  of  cavalry  of  Oon. 
Hooker's  army,  and  at  the  close  of  the  war  was  made 
kovct  raiijor-gcncral  United  States  army,  and  retired 


in    1871.      He   is    now    (1883)   Governor  of  Cali- 
fornia. 

James  Oakes,  a  thorough  Union  man  during  the 
war,  was  from  Pennsylvania.  lie  served  with  dis- 
tinction in  Slexico,  and  was  wounded  in  an  Indian 
fight  in  Texas.  On  account  of  this  wound,  which 
disabled  him,  he  was  obliged  to  decline  a  brigadier- 
generalship  tendered  him  by  the  President. 

Innis  N.  Palmer,  of  New  York,  was  a  brigadier- 
general  of  volunteers  in  the  Union  army.  Ho  served 
in  Mexico  as  lieutenant  of  rifles,  and  was  severely 
wounded  at  Chapultepec. 

Theodore  O'Hara  and  Charles  E.Travis  wore  origi- 
nally appointed  in  the  regiment,  but  served  with  it 
only  a  short  time.  The  former  was  from  Kentucky 
and  the  latter  from  Texa.s.  Travis  was  the  son  of 
Col.  Travis,  the  hero  of  the  Alamo,  and  died  in  ISCI). 
O'Hara  served  in  the  Cuban  expedition  under  Lopez, 
and  was  severely  wounded.  He  was  aide-de-camp  to 
Gen.  A.  Sidney  Johnston  at  the  battle  of  Shiloh. 
AVilliam  R.  Bradfuto,  of  Tennessee,  left  tli,-  Federal 
service  and  joined  the  Confederates.  Ho  served  in 
Mexico,  and  was  considered  a  very  brave  man. 

Albert  G.  Brackctt,  of  Indiana,  is  ,i  colonel  in  the 
regular  army.  He  served  in  the  Mexican  war,  and 
was  wounded  by  the  Confederates  in  Arkansas. 
Charles  J.  Whiting,  of  (!alifornia,  served  faitlifully 
during  the  war  on  the  Union  side,  and  was  major 
in  the  Second  Cavalry,  formerly  the  Second  Dra- 
goons. Richard  W.  Johnson,  of  Kentucky,  was  a 
distinguished  Union  officer  during  the  late  civil  war, 
and  retired  with  full  Tank  on  Oct.  12,  18(57.  as  brevet 
major-general  of  the  United  States  army.  Nathan  G. 
Fvans,  of  South  Carolina,  was  a  major-general  in  the 
Confederate  service,  and  fought  at  Biilis  Run,  Ball's 
Bluff,  and  Hatcher's  Run.     He  died  Nov.  3(1,  1868. 

Among  the  first  lieutenants  wore  Mc.\rthur,  Charles 
W.  Field,  Garrard,  Jenifer,  M'illiam  B.  Royall  fwlio 
became  a  colonel  in  the  i''gular  army).  Cliambliss, 
I'lagle.  Swert,  Sliaaf,  Cosby,  W.  W.  Lowe,  and  J.din 
B.  Hood;  and  second  lieutenants,  Witlierell,  Minter. 
Gibbs,  Major,  Pliifer.  Harrison.  Porter.  Owe  ns,  Fitz- 
hugh  Lee.  Kinimcl,  and  Cunningham. 

Keiiner  Garrard,  who  was  horn  in  Kentiuky,  snb- 
seqiiontly  distinguished  himself  in  the  Union  army, 
being  at  its  close  a  brevet  major-general,  United  States 
army.  He  resigned  Nov.  !>,  18t;(5.  W.  W.  Lowe 
graduated  at  West  I'oint  July  1,  1853,  and  was  as- 
signed to  duty  in  the  Second  Dragoons.  IIo  was 
afterwards  transferred  to  the  Second  Cavalry,  and 
toc.k  an  active  part  in  recruiting  ai.d  organizing  the 
regiment.  During  the  civil  war  ho  commanded  the 
'  Fifth  Iowa  Cavalry,  and  the  posts  of  Furls  Hen-y, 


632 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Iliiidinan,  and  Donclson.  IIo  was  a  brevet  bri,i,'adicr- 
pcneial.  3IuArlliur,  Ilarrisun,  Owens,  AriioKl,  and 
Swcrt  I'cniuinod  true  to  tlio  Union.  Lieut.  Jplin  J. 
Swort  was  killed  at  tlio  battle  of  Gaines'  Mill,  Va., 
June  27,  ISlii.  Liouts.  Cliaiubliss  and  Pliifer  were 
penerals  in  the  Cont'oderato  aiiiiy,  and  Cosby,  Jenifer, 
Sliaaf,  Field,  (Jibbs,  Major,  Miiitcr,  and  Kiiuuiel 
served  in  the  same  urniy.  Jolni  B.  Iluod  was  bom 
in  Bath  County,  Ky.,  about  1830,  and  graduated  at 
West  Point  in  1853.  He  resij^ned  his  eoiunii.ssion 
April  IG,  ISGl,  and  entered  the  Confederate  servieo, 
in  whieli  he  soon  rose  to  the  rank  of  lieutenant-gen- 
eral, lie  died  in  Now  Orleans  after  the  war.  Filz- 
liuiih  Lee  was  born  in  Virginia,  and  graduated  at 
West  Point.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  eivil  war  ho 
resigned  bis  couiiuission  and  entered  the  Confederate 
service,  where  he  acquired  the  rank  of  luajor-gencral 
of  Ciualry. 

Til  r'jcond  Uegiment  of  cavalry  was  rapidly  re- 
cruitcil  r  ■■  composed  of  farmers'  sons  and  other 

daringyu  ii.   Tts  euuiplenjeiit  (eight  hundred  and 

fifty  men)  m-  'lade  up  about  the  middle  of  August, 
185"),  and  the  recruits  wore  rendezvoused  at  Jefferson 
Barracks,  under  the  comiiand  of  iNlaj.  Hardee,  with 
orders  to  march  to  the  frontiers  of  Te.\as  in  October. 
Cols.  Johnston  and  Lee  had  been  directed  to  proceed 
to  Fort  Leavenworth  to  sit  on  a  i.>'iieral  court-martial, 
to  be  held  SeptemLir  lilth.  'liiey  were  relieved  eaily 
in  October,  and  joined  their  regiment,  which  started 
for  Texas  op.  the  liTih.  Its  mute  of  march  from  Jef- 
ferson Barracks  lay  tlirough  the  Ozark  .Mountains,  in 
Southwestern  Missouri,  and  passed  by  way  of  S])rl'ig- 
field  and  Neo.sIio  into  the  Lidian  Territory.  It  reached 
Tahlequah  November  li8th,  and,  proccctling  by  way 
of  Fort  (Jibson  and  Fort  Washita,  enlired  Te.xas  at 
Preston  on  the  15lli  of  December.  From  Preston 
the  column  moved  to  Belknap,  and  thence  to  Fort 
Mason,  its  destination,  where  it  arrived  Jan.  14,  1S5G. 
Four  eouii)anies  were  left  on  the  Clear  Fork  of  the 
Brazos,  under  Maj.  Hardee. 

The  regiiuent  I'o-  ght  the  Comanche,  Lipan,  Apache, 
and  Kiowa  Indians  over  forty  times  between  the  years 
185t)  and  1800,  and  in  nearly  every  light  was  suc- 
cessful. 

While  the  Tcgiment  was  at  Green  Lake,  Texas,  after 
the  ordinance  of  secession  bad  passed,  and  prior  to 
starting  for  the  Nortli,  Van  Horn,  then  a  colonel  in 
tlie  Confederate  .service,  visited  it  and  tried  to  induce 
some  of  the  oflicers  and  men  to  join  the  Confederates. 
It  is  said  tliat  not  u  man  left  tlie  regiiuent. 

During  the  civil  war  the  regiment  did  excellent 
service  for  the  Union  cause,  and  shed  its  blood  on 
uiuny  a  welli'uught  field.     When   the   Union  army 


crossed  the  Potomac,  in  May,  18G1,  the  only  eavjlrv 
force  with  it  was  three  companies  of  this  riuiiiji.in 
and  at  the  battle  of  Bull  Run  four  out  of  the  sevca 
cavalry  companies  on  the  field  belonged  to  it.  Iii^j 
noteworthy  fact  that  in  that  terrible  battle  tlio  I'uim 
cavalry  force  did  not  number  much  over  three  liuiiJaJ 
men. 

Licut.-Col.  Edwiti  V.  Sumner,  who  was  sii[jciin. 

tendent  of  the  mounted  ri.'cruiting  .service,  wns  >ia. 

;  tioned  at  tlie  barracks  in  1855,  and  upon  bciii'.' iiro. 

niotcd  to  the  colonelcy  of  the   First  (now  I'Vunli 

'  Cavalry,  in    that  year,  went  to   Fort  Leavomvurili, 

j  where  ho  formed  his  regiment.     He  was  sarccodiJ as 

'  superintendent  by  Brevet  Col.  Charles  A.  .'NIav. 

I       Tile  barracks  continued   to  be  used  as  a  cavalry 

j  depot  for  several  years,  during  which  lime  iiiiiiiv  re- 

j  cruits  W'jre  sent  from  it  for  service  in  the  far  WVst. 

I  It  remained  an  importan't  military  post  until  tlio  nivnt 

I  civil  war  broke  out  in  18G1,  when  it  was  iiiiii.-luimj 

,  into  a  general  military  hospital.    The  site  w;is  ilnujit 

,  to  be  jiarticularly  ada])ted  liir  tlie  treatnuiit  of  dis«i>is 

as  well  as  wounds,  and  some  remarkable  roemdis 

certainly  were  made.     The  quiet  no  dmiht  uiUl-J  iii 

its  sanilaiy  condition,  and  steanibuat  aflir  .stiaiiiljui: 

i  loaded  with  men  who  had  been  broken  dinviiinilic 

j  South  were  landed  here,  and   received  inciijr.il  iixa;. 

niciit.    In  those  days  many  steamboats  were  ivuiilniv 

I  fitted  up  as  hospital  boats. 

In   the  bill  of  18Gli,  by  (nder  of  the  guvcriiiiuiit, 

the  work  of  erecting  addiiional  buildings  liir  im-piial 

wards  was  eommeneed,  and  by  the  fullinviii.'  .-|iiiii; 

;  they  were  completed,  and   many  other  liuiliiiiiLrs  an,! 

(piarters  arranged  and  adajited  tti  the  piir|iM-iMi|  a 

hospital.      The    most    elaborate    iinpiuveiiu  iits  wore 

made.     The  new  buildings  eompiiM'd  nine  iiiio>liirj 

liouses,  six   hundred  and  ten   feet  in  leiigtli,  in  llnir 

position  forming  nearly  a  half  circle  of  about  liall'a  mil' 

j  ill  diameter.     These  liuildings  coiupri.^ed  ward-,  mu- 

*  geons'  (piarlers,  nurses'  rooms,  .secondaiv  (li«|ii'nsarii". 

i  cook-hoiises,  etc.,  and  were  kept  in  a  slate  of  iii">i 

I  perfect  neatness  and  order. 

j       About  the  cenire  of  the  grounds  was  llio  walir- 
works  building,  eontaining  four  iron  tank.'^,  wliklilhl'l 
I  one  thousand  gallons  of  water  each,  wliieli  was  iiiiiii|.i'J 
from  the  river  by  a  steam  engine.    This  ie.Mi\oir  dis- 
tributed water  to  every  building  on  I  lie  ;.;riaiiid',  aiiJ 
was  an    admirable   convenience.       The   Wdiks  tust 
twenly-seven  thousand  dollars. 
]       The  cajiacity  of  the  entire  institution  was  fur  llirec 
'  thousand  patimts  ;  but  in  February,  lS(i4,  lliercwi'rc 
but  few   patients  there    tliuugh  (piiti'  a  niiiiilior  df 
convaleseeiiLs.     Among  tlie  mo>t  notewniiliy  cdiiviii- 
I  icuccs  at  the  barntcks  at  this  time  was  a  jiriiitiiig  ufliiv. 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


533 


wliicli  was  kept  poin^  by  the  convaloscont  soldier?, 
wliere  all  'lie  priiititij];  of  the  liospital  was  done.  This, 
wliifli  was  ronncrly  no  mean  item  of  expense,  was  in 
18114  an  ciilire  savinf:,  willi  the  exception  of  the  cost 
of  papi'i'  :i"J  •"''•  '^'"^  printers  also  coinniencod  the 
issue  ul'  a  small  weekly  paper  called  the  Conmkscenf, 
a  very  'n'''^  '•"'"  sheet,  tlic  first  number  of  wliieh 
,vas  published  Feb.  14,  18G4. 

Tliore  was  on  the  grounds  a  hotel  for  the  accommo- 
Jalion  lit'  persons  visiting  sick  friends,  with  a  ten-pin 
allcv  and  Mlliard-rooni  attached.  Near  this  was  the 
nostdfliec.  which  sent  off  twenty-tliree  thousand  let- 
ters iluriii;:  the  month  of  January,  1804. 

Near  the  centre  of  the  grounds  was  a  neat  and  coni- 
nioilious  chapel,  where  relitrious  services  were  held. 
Mtuelu'd  to  this,  and  occupyini»  the  vestibule,  were  a 
library  and  rcadin<;-room,  the  latter  containing  all  the 
piineipal  newspapers  and  periodicals  of  the  country. 
Tlifrc  was  also  a  branch  library  in  each  ward. 

The  Kcv.  Mr.  Fish  \^as  at  this  time  (^February, 
1SG4)  the  post  chaplain,  and  had  served  in  this 
fapaeity  iVir  more  than  ten  years. 

SiiP.'CDii  -lohn  F.  llandoli)h.  United  States  army, 
iiiok  cluirirc  of  the  hospital  in  February,  18(!3,  and 
coinmandcil  the  post.  lie  was  a  native  of  Virginia, 
ami  was  one  of  the  few  army  officers  from  that  State 
wliii  remained  true  to  the  Union.  lie  liad  been 
aiiiiilieil  to  (he  army  for  more  than  ten  years,  and  in 
bfil  retnrnrd  from  a  long  period  of  service  in  Ore- 
con  anil  Calil'ornia.  The  following  assistant  surgeons 
311(1  iillii'crs  of  the  post  wore  all  men  of  the  highest 
i|ualifnaiiiins,  and  manifested  the  deepest  interest  in 
the  operations  of  the  hospital : 

A-sl.  Sin;;.  11.  K.  Tilton,  U.S.A.,  executive  otTicor. 

I  .i|i|.  A.  li.  Sinilli,  U.S. v.,  coiMiiiisaiiry  of  sulisi^tcnM. 

I  ipl.  .1.  II.  Ciii'iis,  U.S. v.,  comiimiiiling  roiii|mn.v  K,  Eighth 
Uciinieiit  In-uliil  ('oi|is,  loul  assistiiiit  provost-mnishiil. 

Srtoiiil  l.ii'iit.  S.  C.  Wililiniui,  Si'Ciinil  Illinois  Ciiviilry,  coni- 
iniiiiiliiig  Sixly-scemiil  Cuuipaiiy,  .*<i.","ond  Dattaliun  Invalid 
Crps, 

Itcv.  ,1.  \V.  rish,  r.S..\.,  post  phnpluin. 

liov.  Sauiiii'l  I'l'tligiow,  U.S.A.,  hospital  chiiplnin. 

Ai'lingns-isliOil  sur;;pons,  II.  I.athani,  U.S.A.  ;  W.  II.  Martin, 
l*.A.;  A.  I..  Alkn,  U.S.A.:  T.  F.  IIuinl)ol(l,  U.S.A.;  T.  W. 
Jiauliur,  U.S.A.;  S.  I.eslio,  U.S.A. ;  J.  A.  l!..ll.»,  U.S.A.;  \V. 
M.WAh,U..S.A.;  J..).  Marston,  V.:'.A. ;  I'.C.  McUane,  U.S.A.; 
IM'.  11.  a u'V,  U.S.A. 

ll'S|iiliil  ^li'wanls,  S.  Uavenburg,  U.S..\.  ;  H.  J.  Thompson, 
l.\A.;  i;.  W.  Klipslein,  U.rf.A.;  11.  II.  Dawson,  U.S.A. 

l'\ir  I  sliiirt  time  after  the  closo  of  tlie  war  the  bar-  j 
nik»  were  ;ig!iin  used  as  a  garrison  for  troo|is,  were 
siiiiii  then  after  abandoned,  and  finally,  in  the  autumn 
"M  81)7.  Wire  transferred  to  tho  engineer  corps  of! 
till' aniiy.  to  he  used  as  an  engineer  depot,  rtnd  gar- 
risoned by  one  company  of  the  engineer  battalion, 


commanded  by  Brevet  Lieut. -Col.  P.  C.  Hains.  Tho 
instruction  of  the  eniiineer  soldiers  was  similar  to  that; 
of  the  infantry,  and  in  addition,  they  were  taught 
something  in  regard  to  siege  operations.  Karthworks 
were  thrown  up,  and  the  siege  of  a  place  imitated  on 
a  small  scale,  and  drill  taught  on  pontoon-boats. 

In  the  mean  time  a  great  deal  of  ground  had  been 
set  aside  for  the  Ordnance  Department,  and  a  large 
depot  for  storing  gunpowder  formed,  which  was  for  a 
time  under  command  of  Col.  Franklin  D.  Callender, 
brevet  brigadier-general, 

A  large  national  cemetery  is  also  located  on  a 
portion  of  the  ground  close  to  the  barracks,  and  the 
cemetery  itself,  carefully  kept,  is  a  beautiful  placf  in 
summer.  The  remiiins  of  more  than  ten  thousand 
soldiers  who  have  fiUen  in  our  wars  hero  find  a  resting- 
place  on  a  gentle  elevation  overlooking  the  Mississipjii 
River.  There  are  several  handsome  monuments  that 
have  been  erected  by  relatives  of  deceased  individuals, 
and  regulation  headstones  liave  been  provided  by  the 
government  for  others. 

The  engineers  retained  possession  for  a  limited 
period  of  time,  when  the  whole  place  and  reservation 
with  the  exception  of  the  nation;d  cemetery  passed 
into  the  hands  of  the  ordnance  corps,  and  .so  reiniiined 
until  July,  1878.  For  a  time  Oapt.  James  II.  Ui '- 
lins  had  command,  who  was  sueeeeded  by  Capt. 
Lawrenre  S.  Babbitt,  who  was  followed  by  Maj.  Jnhu 
W.  Todd. 

Maj.  Todd  was  thrown  from  liis  buggy  on  Jlay 
7,  187'.t,  and  received  fatal  injuries,  from  which  ho 
died  on  the  10th.  lie  was  born  in  ISoO,  at  Bowl- 
ing Green,  Ky.,  and  gradtiat(!d  at  the  West  Point 
Military  Academy  in  1852.  As  second  lieutenant  in 
the  Ordnance  Department,  be  was  first  assigned  to 
duty  at  tho  St.  Louis  arsenal,  whither  he  repaired  in 
company  with  a  das-mate,  S.  V.  Benet,  afterwards 
Gen.  Benet,  chief  ordnance  oflSccr  of  the  United 
States  army  at  Washington.  He  had  been  on  duty 
at  Augusta  arsenal,  at  C<ilund)ns,  Ohio,  Watervliet 
arsenal,  near  Troy,  N.  Y.,  Detroit,  Mich.,  Baton 
Rouge,  and  other  )ioints. 

In  1850-00  he  \veii'  <m  leave  of  absence  to  Kurope, 
and  visited  the  jiri-u'lpid  estidilishments,  ae(]uiring 
information  of  service  to  tho  profession.  He  was  in 
command  of  Baton  Rouge  arsenal  at  the  time  it  was 
surrendered  to  the  Louisiana  State  troops,  sent  from 
New  Orleans.  Ilis  mother  was  with  him  at  the  time, 
and  was  taken  prisoner.  The  eoi\ditions  of  tho  sur- 
render allowed  the  major  to  nuirch  out  with  his  colors 
and  his  men,  and  he  reported  at  the  St.  Louis  arsenal. 
During  the  civil  war  he  was  iilso  on  duty  at  the  Dry 
Tortugas  during  the  lionibardmcnt. 


r  utf 


58 1 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


::' 


lai 


i'   ' 


He  removed  to  St.  Louis  from  Indianapolis  in  1876, 
rolicving  Oapt.  L.  S.  Babbitt,  in  eomiuand  of  Jcffer- 
sciii  Barrat'lvS.  Maj.  Todd  was  a  man  of  su])erb 
figure,  being  si\  foot  one  inoli  in  stature.  lie  was  a 
man  of  extensive  reading,  and  well  posted  by  study 
and  a  wide  expcrionoe  in  his  profession.  By  his 
suavity  and  kind-hearted,  generous  hospitality  lie  be- 
came endeared  to  u  lio.st  of  friends  wiiile  in  St.  Louis, 
both  among  the  military  and  eivilians.  Tlic  major 
was  a  relative  of  the  Underwoods  in  Kentucky,  and 
of  numerous  members  of  the  Todd  family  in  that 
State  and  Missouri,  but  ho  was  not  a  relative  of  Mrs. 
Lincoln,  who  also  was  a  Todd,  as  has  boon  errone- 
ously stated. 

After  the  death  of  Maj.  Todd,  Maj.  James  R. 
MeGiniio.ss  took  command  of  that  portion  of  the 
reservation  known  as  the  powder  depot,  where  there 
is  a  detachment  of  ordnance  soldiers.  There  arc 
several  large  buildings  on  tlu  ground,  in  which  gun- 
powder is  stored. 

From  what  has  already  boon  said  it  will  be  seen 
that  the  barracks  have  at  different  times  been  garri- 
^''ned  by  men  of  the  ordnance  corps,  engineer  corps, 
caval'.y,  artillery,  and  infantry,  and,  as  has  been 
shnvn,  many  of  our  most  i'aiuous  officers  Iiavo  served 
at  'bo  L.ii  racks  and  have  kindly  recollections  of  the 
place.  Gen.  Grant  was  here  as  a  subaltern  for 
some  time,  besides  others  who  have  achieved  great 
fame.  In  fact,  in  old  times  it  was  considered  a 
most  desirable  station  on  aeeount  of  its  proximity 
to  St.  Louis  and  the  comfortable  ijuarters  provided 
for  officers  and  men.  The  fine  roads  near  by  ren- 
der carriage-driving  a  pleasure,  and  there  are  many 
points  of  interest  within  oa.sy  access  of  the  place. 
The  stone  houses  built  by  Gen.  Atkinson  over  tifty 
years  ago  are  in  as  good  condition  as  they  ever  were, 
jirobably  better,  as  the  ordnance  eorjis  when  in  pos- 
session of  the  place  put  in  many  modern  improve- 
ments, in  summer  tlie  eastern  ]>ortion  of  the  parade- 
ground  is  really  beautiful,  being  adorned  willi  trees 
and  rare  flowers.  Here,  too,  is  a  bandstaud,  and  an 
excellent  band  performs  every  afternoon  when  the 
weather  is  good,  excej)ting  Saturdays,  and  there  is 
dress-parade  of  'he  troops  three  times  a  week.  The 
greatest  care  is  taken  to  keep  the  place  in  good  order 
in  summer  and  winter,  and  it  always  presents  a  hand- 
some appearance. 

On  the  1st  of  July,  1878,  Brevet  Biig.-Gen.  John 
1.  Gri^gg,  eolonol  of  the  Eighth  Cavalry,  who  was  at 
that  time  supcriutendent  of  the  mounted  recruiting 
service,  moved  tlie  cavalry  depot  down  to  Jefferson  Bar- 
rucks  from  the  old  St.  Louis  ar.senal.  The  arsenal  was 
altogether  too  small,  and  was  almost  surrounded  by 


dwellings  and  shops.  In  fact,  it  was  totally  unlittiij 
for  the  purposes  for  which  it  was  used,  ami  a  more 
roomy  place  became  absolutely  necessary.  The  War 
Department  wisely  moved  the  depot  to  the  IjMiraili! 
where  it  had  been  in  former  years,  and  when'  ijiere 
was  ample  shelter  for  the  recruits  that  are  I'dniiJ  jj 
different  places  throughout  the  Union.  Brrvot  Maj.. 
Gen.  Cuvier  Grovor,  colonel  of  the  First  CaViilrv,  sue. 
ceeded  Gen.  Gregg  in  command  of  the  depot  on  11,5 
1st  of  October,  1878,  and  Grovor  was  succeeded  bv 
Brevet  Brig.-Gen.  Thomas  H.  Ncill,  colonel  uf  ik. 
Eighth  Cavalry,  on  the  1st  of  October,  I8S11.  Gen 
Noill  remained  here  two  years,  and  was  relieved  hv 
Col.  Albert  (J.  Brackett,  of  the  Third  Cavaliv  ,  whoi^ 
still  in  charge),  on  the  1st  of  October,  1882. 

The  ordnance  grounds  are  separate  and  ilijiinci 
from  tliose  of  the  barracks,  although  on  the  siiik 
reservation.  The  recruits  are  embodied  in  a  battiilimi 
of  four  companies,  and  receive  such  drilling:  as  oas 
be  imparted  in  three  or  four  months  before  they  are 
sent  to  the  regiments  on  the  frontier.  This  koq., 
everybody  busy,  and  as  there  are  usually  IVmii  six  t... 
seven  hundred  recruits  at  th(!  place,  no  one  iiecdcuin. 
plain  of  its  being  dull,  especially  in  good  weailki. 
when  the  men  can  be  drilled  on  the  parade. 

Decoration  Day  is  the  great  event  of  the  year  a 
llie  barracks,  when  people  from  all  portiniis  uf  ilit 
country  flock  there  to  decor-  te  the  graves  nl'  tlie 
soldiers  in  the  cemetery.  The  exercises  are  uf  the 
most  touching  character,  and  after  it  is  over  tlh 
wlude  ground  looks  like  a  garden  of  rare  and  «• 
quisitc  flowers.  Thus  is  kept  green  the  nieiuorjil 
those  brave  men  who  sacriflced  their  lives  in  tlieiii- 
fense  of  the  republic. 

The  United  States  Arsenal  is  situated  11 
the  west  bank  of  the  Missi.'-sippi,  in  the  sdiiiliorii 
portion  of  St.  Louis,  and  within  sight  of  Jelleisiii 
Barracks.  The  establishment  of  tlie  arsenal  at  :>i, 
Louis  was  determined  upon  in  accordance  with  ilio 
recommendations  of  the  following  re|)iirt,  whieli  (Hs 
rendered  to  the  War  Department  in  the  sprin;:  jI' 
182tJ: 

"  I  linvc  the  honor  to  .«tato  Unit  nn  niseinil  nt  .""I.  Loiiij'rti 
vicinity  is  consiilcroil  to  \>v  vory  m'COfi<:iry  lit  tliis  linn'. 

"All  tlie  iniiitiiiy  posts  on  the  Missonri  iiiiil  llic  l'|i|'«i' '^'i'- 
sissi|i|ii  Itivers  ninst  lie  8U|i|>lic'il  I'mrii  tlie  ile|i'it  in  lliiil  itviiit 
of  the  I'onnlry.  Miiny  of  llieso  ]iosl*  nro  so  reniolf  tiial  l!if 
supplies  anniinlly  sent  to  them  are  fonviirdi'il  Inmi  St,  I.mi! 
'nrly  in  the  spring,  eoininonly  in  Ihe  moiitli  of  .M:ii(li.  V'triie 
reason  it  is  necessary  that  the  su]iplies  should  bi'  plao'  d  in  Ji|i'ii 
at  .'^t.  Lonis  the  previous  antninn. 

"  It  WHS  fonml  necessary  iniiueilinlely  ul'lor  the  iln.-T  il  l!"' 
hite  war,  in  1SI5,  to  cslahlish  a  military  depot  in  tlial  jirtiiil 
the  country  for  tlio  supply  of  the  new  po.'ts  then  ahmit  t"  lif 
establishvil   in   that  quarter.     An  old  canloniucnt,  lousiiling 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


835 


ivas  totally  uiifuitil 
i  used,  ami  a  nior-; 
icssary.  'I'lic  War 
)t  to  the  l)arrat'lii, 
s,  and  wlioro  iliere 

tliat  are  tbunj  in 
ion.     l?i-i'vet  JIaj,. 
:  First  Cavalry,  sue- 
f  tlio  depot  on  the 
r  was  suci-ocdcj  bv 
[eill,  colnni'l  of  ijic 
tobcr,  18S(l.    Gen 
nd  was  reliovudliv 
lird  Cavalry  nvlioi- 
iber,  1882. 
parate   and  ili.-ilni' 
Kiu,i;l)   on   llu'  >aiii, 
)odied  in  a  batlalinii 
null  drillini:  as  « 
ntlis  befori'  tiny  ar; 
•onticr.     Tliis  knii. 
usually  from  six  i., 
CO,  no  one  need  ci'in. 
y   in  good  weatliir. 
ilio  parade. 
;vent  of  tlie  yoar  at 
I   all  portions  of  the 

tile  firavos  iif  tile 
exercises  are  of  tlit 
lifter  it  is  over  tliv 
leii  of  rare  ami  os- 
reen  tlie  nu'iuory  uf 
heir  lives  in  tlit  ir 

lal  is  situatod  <•[[ 
pi,  in  the  .southern 
sight  of  JetlWsiiii 
the  arsenal  at  ^i, 
aeeordaiiee  with  the 
g  reiiort,  which  wa.- 
Ill  in  the  spriiii:  «f 


spiiiil  nt  ?l.  I.oiiij"rii! 
lary  at  lliis  tiau'. 
oiii:  mill  the  I'lfer  Mi;- 
llic  .li'|iiit  ia  that  iivlion 
arc  sii  remote  lliiit  lie 
nvaiae.l  from  .«t.  lrai» 
.intli  .>f  Mareh.  Forte 
sliHiiMbe|.lao.ilinaf|M 

y  nlier  llio  elo,e  tf  Hit 

v.l.|.ol  in  llmt  ffi'li"!!"' 

pofls  Hun  alioal  t"  !>« 

eautonineni,  eousUlinii 


cniirelv  "f  lof^  buildings,  at  ncllufontaiiic,  on  tbo  Missouri,  five 
,iill(,,  fp.iii  its  jiinetion  with  the  Mis»issi|i|ii,  was  inndo  use  of 
for  that  purpose.  Tliii'  position  was  soon  found  to  be  bo  v*Ty 
un!aital>le  and  inconvenient.  The  town  of  8t.  Louis,  which  is 
litcritv  Ihiee  miles  distant,  had  of  necessity  to  be  resorted  to 
ffluni'vir  l>"ats  were  required  to  transport  supplies  to  any  of 
ilio  aiiper  pi'sts;  and  tlio  approach  to  liellefontainc  by  water  i.s 
vtry  ililli'Olt.  if  not  dangerous. 

"  It  was  proposed  as  early  as  1810  to  erect  a  permanent 
(jtaljlisliaicnt  nearer  to  .St.  Louis,  but  as  the  stores  were 
iilrcrttly  livpositcd  at  IJollefontaine,  and  as  that  place  could  bo 
mnilc  t"  iiii<ncr  for  a  lime,  nothing  further  appears  to  r'ave 
Ilia  done  than  to  c.\plore  the  country  with  a  view  to  se'..ct  a 
siiitiible  sile. 

"The  inconvenience  of  Bellefontaine  has  proved  so  manifest 
lliiit  storehouses  have  been  rented  in  the  town  of  St.  L'uiis, 
for  several  years  past,  for  the  storage  of  all  such  military 
.iiiiiilies  as  were  destined  for  an  early  shipment  to  the  upper 
,,„>ls, 

"The  reason,  however,  why  a  new  establishment  is  called 
fi.rliv  the  exigencies  of  the  ser\iee  at  the  present  time  is  that 
[tie  loi'  buildings  at  IJellefnntainc  have  Itecoiiic  so  niu(dt  tiecayed 
that  a  I'art  of  them  have  recently  fallen  down,  and  the  re- 
niainiler  arc  so  rotten  that  they  can  be  kept  up  but  a  little 
;,,n"cr.  There  is  a  considerable  quantity  of  arms  and  other 
niililiirv  >tores  now  at.  liellefontainc.  which  arc  so  insecurely 
.kltircd  in  these  log  buildings  that  it  is  feared  they  will  sulTcr 
iiiateriiil  injury  if  not  soon  belter  i)rovided  for. 

■■Aiiosition  in  the  linmediatc  vicinity  of  ,St.  Louis  is  pre- 
torrcJ,  beeaasc  it  is  tbo  only  principal  jilace  of  business  be- 
tivcca  the  Ohio  and  Mis.souri  lUvers.  It  is  the  place  of  de- 
ii>il  and  of  departure  of  all  sup|ilie.«  destined  for  tho  remote 
niioas  of  the  Upper  Mississippi  and  Jlissouri  llivers,  wbether 
iiiililiiry  stores  or  articles  of  merchandise  and  ti  de.  It  is  the 
place,  iherefore,  which  possesses  the  most  abund  nt  means  of 
trati.'p'Uting  supplies,  and  would  be  re-sorted  to  for  that  purpose 
inn  if  the  arsenal  should  be  establishol  at  a  distance  from  it. 

"An  extensive  establishment  is  not  considered  necessary  at 
.St,  Louis.  One  suitable  for  tbo  exigencies  of  the  service  in 
tiial  section  of  country,  it  is  conceived,  would  consist  of  the 
I'l'Ilimie;:,  vi/. : 

•■One  building  for  an  arsenal,  to  be  about  thirty  by  eighty 
tt'it.  ti)  C'lulain  small-arms,  accitulrenieuts,  and  artillery  criuip- 
ffiinl>;  a  magazine  for  gunpowder  and  ammunition  ;  adwelllng- 
iiuiise  for  an  ollieer  and  a  military  store-keeper;  two  small 
iiurk>hops  fur  repairing  arms,  lixiiig  ammunition,  etc.;  a  small 
liiiililing  for  a  few  artificers  and  laborers  ;  a  shed  for  artilleiy- 
arringcs:  and  a  store-house  about  twenty-six  by  si.Vly  feet, 
\<itli  a  wharf  adjoining.  The  latter  will  be  required  inoro  par- 
tii'ulatly  for  the  subsistence  and  the  quartermaster's  depart- 
inoiils,  and  will  be  used  for  the  reception  and  storage  of  pack- 
ifo!  in  balk  received  from  the  interior,  am)  designed  for 
traiiMaisjion  in  the  same  st  ite  to  the  frontier  posts.  An 
i-tablishinent  upon  this  scale,  it  is  believed,  would  be  fouml 
■ullicirnt  for  the  present  e.\igciicics  of  the  service.  It  woulil, 
liimcver.  be  advisable  to  secure  a  site  of  sufficient  extent,  and 
to  tirraiigc  the  buildings  in  such  manner  as  to  admit  of  any 
future  e.vtcnsion  of  tho  works  which  the  exigencies  of  the 
strvice  may  hereafter  render  necessary." 

On  the  2d  of  August,  1827,  it  was  announced  that 

ilu'cointnissioncrs  appointed  to  select  a  site  whereon 

to  lut'atc  at)  ar.senal   have  purchased   the    beautiful 

I'laccof  Mr.  A.  Rutgers,  .-.ituated  mi  the  river-hank, 

about  three  miles  below  the  city.     The  proximity  of 


this  situation  to  the  new  military  position,  JefTor.<!oii 
Uarracks,  gives  it  a  decided  .'superiority  over  any  that 
could  have  been  obtained  above  the  city." 

The  erection  of  the  buildings  was  eoinmenccd  iu 
the  autumn  of  1827,  and  was  continued  from  time  to 
time  until  about  ISlt),  when  they  were  finished  and 
really  for  use.' 

They  arc  constructed  in  the  most  substantial  man- 
ner, and,  except  the  laboratories  and  siicds,  arc  of  stone 
with  slate  roofs.  The  arsenal  proper  is  one  hundred 
and  twenty  feet  in  length,  and  forty  feet  in  widtli, 
and  is  three  stories  high,  besides  a  cellar  and  attic. 
In  addition  to  the  arsenal  there  is  an  armory  or  work- 
shop for  repairing  small-arms,  iiieluding  smiths' 
forges,  etc.,  a  smith's  .shop,  shop  fur  preparing  tho 
iioM  and  wood  of  artillery-carriages,  and  a  large  steam- 
cngiiut  for  the  heavier  work.  There  are  also  a  .store- 
house for  ijiiartermastcr's  stures,  three  hiboratories 
for  manufacturing  fixed  ammuiiiticn  and  pyrotechnio 
])rcparations,  a  magazine  of  the  same,  barracks  for 
the  workmen  and  oSieers'  (piarters,  office,  etc.,  a  gun- 
carriage  house,  timber  sheds  or  houses,  and  a  large- 
powder  magazine  about  half  a  mile  liom  the  arsen  il. 
Tho  arsenal  commands  a  beautiful  view,  and  is  kept 
in  the  very  best  order.  It  was  iu  its  day  by  long 
odds  the  largest  and  fine.st  arsenal  iu  the  Unite"! 
States.  The  walls  of  ma.ssive  limestone  inclosing  tho 
grounds  are  ten  feet  high  tind  three  feet  thick,  and 
surround  some  thirty-eight  or  forty  acres  of  betiiitiful 
sloping  land,  extending  fioni  Carondelet  Avenue  to 
the  Jlississijipi.  The  trees,  lawns,  paths,  and  walks 
are  neatly  kept,  and  equal  those  of  any  gentleinan's 
park.  The  foundries  and  store-houses,  soldiers'  bar- 
racks, hospital  and  prison-house,  powder  magazine, 
dragoon  stables  and  officers'  dwellings,  with  their 
hijndsomo  yards  and  gardens,  make  up  a  perfect  vil- 
lage in  size.  These  buildings  are  of  elegant  archi- 
tectural designs  and  proportions,  and  even  the  sentry- 
boxes  arc  constructed  in  a  tasteful  and  orn^imcntal 
manner.  The  grounds  are  drained  by  sewers  running 
to  the  river,  and  abound  in  wells  of  clear,  pure  water. 
The  whole  arsenal  property  is  worth  to  the  govern- 
ment a  large  sum  of  money. 

During  the  late  civil  war  all  the  arms,  etc.,  were  re- 
moved for  greater  safety  to  Jefferson  Ikrracks.  Tho 
work  of  removing  the  muskets,  cannon,  and  cartridges 


'  On  the  3tlth  of  October,  1841,  tho  Itrpiihlicnn  announced 
that  "  the  gentlemen  appointed  by  tho  President  to  constitute  a 
board  for  the  selection  i>f  the  site  of  the  western  armory  aro 
now  in  the  city.  Urig.-ticn,  Annistead  arrived  day  before  yes- 
terday from  the  u]iper  Mississippi;  Lieut. . Col.  II.  S.  Long  ar- 
rived iu  this  city  from  the  .South  some  days  ago;  Surg.  Gen. 
llr,  T.  Lawson  lias  arrived." 


.!! 


1^ 


mmmim 


I'  11 


>]   i 


MM . 


53G 


HISTORY  OF  S.AINT  LOUIS. 


was  done  wliolly  by  tlio  officers  in  garrison,  nidi-d  by 
tlic  volunteer  reiiinients  wliich  cnciiniped  in  April, 
1801,  witbin  tbc  arsenal  walls.  During  tlie  exeiting 
times  in  i^t.  Louis  in  April  and  May,  1801,  earth- 
works were  thrown  up  at  nearly  all  available  jioints, 
and  mounted  with  colunibiads  and  mortars.  A 
lingo  new  buildint:,  erected  just  out.sidc  of  the  main 
jratc  on  Carondelet  Avenue,  was  occupied  by  two  eom- 
panics  ol"  regulars,  who  constructed  a  strong  earth- 
work, topped  with  .^and-bags,  and  mounted  with  f'or- 
midal)le  pieces  of  ordnance.  Other  elevated  positions, 
.some  of  them  a  quarter  of  a  mile  from  the  arsenal, 
were  occui>ied  by  volunteers  as  outposts,  and  after-  , 
wards  were  intrenched  and  mounted  with  cannon. 

In  ISOO,  Hon.  J.  11.  Harrct,  member  of  Congress 
from  St.  Louis,  succeeded  in  procuring  the  passage 
by  th(!  House  of  llepresentatiics  of  a  bill  authorizing 
the  location  of  the  arsenal  at  Jefferson  IJarracks,  and 
providing  for  the  sale  of  the  arsenal  grounds,  some 
thirty-live  or  forty  acres.  In  announcing  the  fact  the 
h'ij>iili/iniii  said,  •'  There  is  not,  wo  apprehend,  a 
man  in  St.  Louis  who  will  not  rejoice  at  the  success  of 
this  measure.  At  the  time  of  the  location  of  these 
public  buildings,  no  one  supposed,  we  imagine,  that 
for  many  years  yet  to  como  the  ar.senal  would  be  ' 
within  the  precincts  of  the  city,  and  therefore  not  so 
agreeable  to  the  eitizi'ns.  Hut  it  has  so  turned  out,  , 
and  it  is  not  surpri>ing  tliat  many  thousands  of  per- 
sons signed  petitions  to  Congress,  praying  for  the  re- 
moval of  the  establisliment  to  Jefferson  Barracks." 
The  measure  failed  to  beeotne  a  law,  but  in  the  sum- 
mer of  ISOS  an  act  authorizing  the  sale  of  the  arsenal 
grounds  was  passed  by  Congress  and  became  a  law. 
This  law,  however,  was  never  carried  into  effect. 

The  arsenal  is  now  used  as  a  military  recruiting 
rendezvous  and  clothing  depot,  and  is  occupied  by  a 
ftnall  garrison  of  soldiers  under  the  command  of 
Capt.  W.  r.  Martin,  I'.S.A. 

Naval  Operations  at  St.  Louis  in  the  War  of 
1861-65. — Among  tiie  successful  operations  of  tlio  i 
civil  war,  none  wore  more  gallant  or  more  skillfully 
conducted,  and  none  contributed  more  substantial 
results  for  the  restoration  of  the  Union,  than  those 
executed  by  the  gunboats  of  the  .Mississippi  sf|uadron. 
Immediately  upon  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  tiie 
government  became  convinceil  of  the  military  impor- 
tance of  the  Western  rivers  and  waters,  and  in  Ai)ril, 
1801,  Attorney-General  Bates  wrote  to  tlie  distin- 
guished civil  engineer,  James  B.  Kads,  of  St.  Louis, 
who  had  been  engaged  in  removing  obstructions  from 
the  Mississippi  and  its  great  tributaries,  respecting 
the  use  of  steam  gunboats  upon  those  rivers.  Sir. 
Kads   immediately  responded,  and   his  plan  was  re- 


ferred to  Commodore  Paulding,  who  reported  fav,:, 
ably  upon  it,  and  Capt.  John  Rodgers,  a  distiii-uij||j,j 
officer  of  the  United  States  navy,  was  detailed  to  ;„ 
to  St.  Louis  and  consult  with  Mr.  Kads.  Tlu;  resu!; 
of  this  conference  was  that  in  the  latter  part  of  Jjjv 
and  in  June  the  steamers  "  Conestoga,"  '•  Tayl.ir,  "anj 
'•  Lexington"  were  secured,  and  altered  at  Ciiuiiiii;i;j 
Ohio,  and  fitted  out  as  guidjoats.  These  steatiibnai, 
were  not  plated,  but  were  protected  by  oak  i]nl\T;iil;. 
against  musket-balls.' 

'  .\t  tin-  limeof  llic  liiuni'li  of  the  ;;iniljoat  "  Wiiiiiilj.i.M."  ^ 
July  .'),  ISO.'l.  lion.  Ivhviinl  llatrs  ininlo  n  S|ieccli.  in  nljul)  1,, 
relericd  in  very  com|iliincntui'y  10110.1  to  tlio  servii'Ci  ipiiilrcl 
by  Jamc8  I!.  Kiida  in  eonslruL'tinj  the  nnvnl  vcs.«(.'ls  whielilul 
rcmlpreil  ."och  (;ooil  scrvieo  on  the  M'cstt'rn  waters  in  iIc|kii:i,; 
tho  Cont'eiloratt'S.     Mr.  ICatl!«,  in  reply  to  Mr.  Bale.-.  <:ii.J.— 

"  (1i;nti.i;mkn  of  tiik  IIxion  IiniN-WoiiKs.^Vou  ilo  n<ii  kn>». 
as  I  flo,  how  appropriately  your  i;ift  ooine^  to  the  Iniipii  [r:,. 
Works  thronirh  .Missouri's  honored  ftatesnuin.  n^ir  •!  1  v  ;; 
know  how  niueh  more  dearly  I  value  the  t,'ift;  but  it  isii;lii 
that  you  ^honld  know  that  to  no  one  man  i8  the  naliiin  uw^ 
iudebleil  this  day  than  to  .\ttoi  ney-tieneral  Hates  lor  tljv  "ki 
ous  inland  navy  that  has  won  sneh  imperishable  lame  U|iiiii  li:c 
Mississippi.  This  is  a  fact,  end  I  utter  it  in  no  fnl.-otni' iirai-v, 
but  as  a  truth  that  will  bo  vindioatod  by  history  when  tliuwli'le 
record  of  this  war  is  n  rilten.  .*oarcely  had  the  gun<  ot  Cliatl.s. 
ton  startled  this  onoo  liappy  land  with  the  first  lerror.-uf  iVaiii 
ciilal  war  than  I  rooeived  from  the  attorney-general  a  Kiitr 
upon  the  subjeet  of  pnilin;;  armed  vessels  upon  ihf  Mi^>i-.i|.i; 
Kiver.  Very  soon  afterward  I  was  summoned  to  Wa.|iin:tc.i, 
by  teles^rapli,  at  the  time  traitors  had  prevented  loyal  int'ii  Irum 
pa.-sini;  through  lialtimore.  and  1  was  forced  round  \i\  Annapi- 
lis,  ;;oingainl  eomin^.  AVlien  I  rcaehod  M'ashin.ntnn  1  Icaimi 
that  the  cabinet  had.  at  the  eariust  solicitation  of  Atturiivv- 
t^oneral  TJatcs,  called  me  to  that  city  t(»  ;;ive  my  views  as  to  tlic 
practicability  of  altcriii};  some  of  our  Western  slcandinuis  into 
gunboats,  and  on  other  matters  cnnneoteil  with  tlic  pla'iii^'': 
armed  vessels  on  the  Mississippi  River.  The  .ScMit  irv  nf  War, 
Mr.  Cameron,  told  me,  somewhat  sneorinijly.  that  the  ]iutiin;''I' 
(gunboats  on  the  Mississippi  and  the  military  ocoupali'MHitCair-i 
was  Mr.  lialcs'  holdiy.  The  matter  was  referred  to  llie  |irc<i'iil 
able  Soi'ictary  of  the  Xa\y.  to  whom,  with  other  nieiHlier-i'f liip 
cabinet.  I  was  introdui'cd  by  Mr.  liates,  witli  pr.aises  far  Iji-vnirl 
my  merit:  anil  after  consultation  with  Mr.  Welles  and  lunaiii' 
dore  Pan'dinjr,  w!io  was  then  assistintr  him.  an<l  both  "f  ivlitaii 
enterou  most  heartily  into  the  matter,  the  preliminary  sle|is\tcic 
soon  arranged  fco- placini;  armed  vessels  n|iiui  this  river.  M' 
Cameron,  who  at  first  thon!.'ht  so  lightly  of  the  ciince|ilii'n'if  .Mr 
Hates,  then  claimed  that  the  execution  of  flic  scluinc  |in|icrly 
belonged  to  his  department,  nnd  .Mr.  Welles  eourteoasly  yitlilcl 
the  point,  and  in  11  polite  letter  referred  nic  to  the  War  llcpail 
nicnt.  This  delayed  the  nmltor  for  some  time,  hat  the  aliiniM 
general  rode  his  hobby  so  energetically  that  the  SciMeiary.if  War 
had  no  peace  until  ho  had  undertaken  to  |iut  arriud  Mssil-n|»n 
this  river,  lie  (iressed  the  matter  so  persistently  and  willi  -urli 
determination,  that  the  .■Secretary  of  Win-  tidd  him  to  wrilelii: 
own  order  for  the  purpose  :  and  that  order,  which  i-on  file  in  tlio 
War  Department  at  Wasliinglon  to  day,  scntl'apl..bilin  II'-Il'oi^ 
to  the  West,  and  authorizing  the  I'onsiruclion  cd'  the  lir-I  lliw 

«■ len  gunboats,   the  '  Conestoga,' '  I.esinirl'm.' an.l  'Taylor.' 

was  blocked  out  in  the  hainlwrifing  of  the  allurney  general.  1 
know  this,  for  my  own  name  was  in  the  order I  it  nas  sliovvn 


THE   CIVIL  WAR. 


537 


10  rcporti'd  Hiv,,.. 
;rs,  a  distinL;ui).lii,i 

WHS    JctaillM.1  lu  ;;, 

Kiids.  Tin;  roul; 
hitter  part  nf  Jluv 
2;a,""T.iji<'aiii 
(•red  at  Ciiiciiiiu'j 
Tliose  sli'a'iibiiai. 
1  by  oak  Imlffait^ 


lOut  "  Winn.lja.'ii."  : 
;i  fin'coli.  in  wliiili  i.,. 
tlio  scrvifc-'  ri'ntk'rci 
\v«l  vcssi'ls  vvliicli  lui 
rii  Hiilei'!'  in  ili-fciiin; 
I  Mr.  lliilc^  Siiia,- 

KS, — You  ilo  nui  kii'  a 
net*  to  tlio  riiinii  Ir .;.. 
iitofnmn,    nnr  An  \:, 
0  f^ift ;  hut  it  ijt  ri:l;t 
liiii  is  tlu'  niitii'ti  ni'^r-; 
nil  r.ulfs  liu-  llic^l.iri- 
risiiulile  I'aUM-  u|i<>ii  I'l.c 
it  in  U"  fulriMiii'  |i:;ii.., 
hi^itory  wln-n  tliuwli";? 
1(1  till'  gun'  iirOlnuk-. 
10  first  teii'(»r>oriV;iiii- 
l(irni\v-gi'ni'riil  a  liiii- 
■Is  iijinn  tin'  Mi>-i"i|t! 
iniuioil  tn  NVii^liin.'l"!, 
vcnlt'ii  liiyal  iiicii  rr^m 
■I'l'il  inuii.l  l)v  AniNi|ni- 
\Vasliiu;;tini  !  loainti 
liiMtali^u  nf  AltorlH'v- 
ivc  my  vit'ws  as  to  tlio 
osliMU  siciiiiilirailsinto 
I'll  with  till'  |i!a'';ii;"; 
'I'lie  ,<i','iil:iry  uf  War. 
ly.  tlial  lli.'lialliiii'f 
iiry  iii'LMi|'aiiiiii"l  Ciiir" 
rilVni'd  t.i  lliu  |iic<riil 
li  ntliiT  iiifiiilii'r>('f  ilie 
villi  prai.-i's  far  Im'HUi'I 
Welles  ami  r.aiiini'- 
11.  iinil  liutli  "(  Kh'« 
|iiTliuiiuary  sli'l'siiorc 
i]...ll  lliis  liver.    Mr. 
llieeiiuee|iliiin"f  .Mr. 
if  the  sellellie  |il"pctl.v 
-  e.iurleiuisly  yiflilrl 
e  In  the  War  lle|iait- 
me.  Imt  Iho  alt^iriu'v- 
t  tlieScMelaryufWar 
lit  anneal  \essil-a|i"n 
-leiilly  aU'l  "illi  «">■•' 
t.il.l  him  til  wrili'lii- 
Hhieh  is  Mil  tile  ill  tilt 
,itCa|,l..)Minll.»li:"< 
•  liiuiipl'  Ihelirsi  tlirtf 
iiiL'tmi.'  an>l  'Tayh>r.' 
alloriiey  .m'lier.il.   I 
,ler,  ail  I  it  WHS  iho«i' 


III  Jiilv  followiiiLr,  Qtiartoriiiastor-Ocnornl  iM.  C. 
Mt'ii-'s  iidvortised  for  proposals  to  construct  a  niimlior 
of  piitiiiiy  new  ironclad  cunboats  for  .«ervico  on  tlie 
Mis-i.s^i|'|'i  River.  Tiic  contract  was  awarded  on 
Aiiinist  Till  to  Mr.  Eads,  wlio  ajirecd  to  construct  tlie 
fcvcti  vessels  decided  upon  by  the  department  accord- 
in"  to  till'  plans  and  specifications  furnished  by  Capt. 
I'lukors.  who  was  to  superintend  the  building  of  ''a 
tliitill:i.  The  contract  specified  that  the  boats  were  to 
In'  fiiiiii'loti'd  and  delivered  at  Cairo  by  the  5th  of 
Odiilit'f,  I'^til,  under  a  forfeiture  of  two  hundred 
(lulhiis  pc'f  day  on  each  boat  until  the  contract  was 
fullillea.' 

The  utmost  dispatch  wa.s  required  on  the  part  of 
Mr.  Kuds  to  linish  the  }:;unboats  within  the  time  speci- 
tioJ  in  liis  ciintract,  and  to  insure  success  three  of 
iho  bntils  were  built  for  him  by  Messrs.  llaniblcton  & 
C'l'llior,  at  Mound  City,  and  the  reniaii'ing;  four  were 
niibtnicted  at  liis  marine  railways  at  Carondelet, 
South  St.  Louis.  The  energy  and  perseverance  of 
K:ids,  Rogers,  Foote,  and  others  at  tliis  trying  period 
liki'  lliiit  of  Chaunccy,  Perry,  and  McDonough  on 
iho  hikes  ill  the  war  of  1SI2)  can  only  be  estimated 
U  tliiise  whose  experience  has  enabled  them  to  form 
siiuie  iiloa  of  the  magnitude  of  llio  undertaking  which 
tlicsi;  iiic'ii  had  to  e.\ecute.  With  the  excejition  of  a 
fow  iKival  officers,  all  those  to  whom  wtis  intru.stcd  the 
iiiiislruiliMii  of  the  flotilla  were  ignorant  of  naval  af- 
fairs, and  tliev  encountered  also  the  additional  disad- 


lomehy  hiiu.  to  know  if  it  was  cninpli'tc  in  every  dcliiil.  This 
Has.  I  l.clicve,  in  April  or  May,  ISdl. 

"Viiu  -ee.  thcreruio,  gentlemen  of  llio  I'liinn  Iron-Works, 
h.nta|i|ir"priatc  it  is  that  your  ^ift  to  this  rstalilislinient,  liiiilt 
f'r  tlic  |iurpose  of  conslructinj  war  vessel!",  shouhl  reach  it 
llir"n;;li  tliehonorecl  luiml  of  llie  allorney-;;eneral,  that  it  shonlil 
. iiiii-' tlir-»ii;,'li  liiiii  wliose  .«aj;aeious  iniiiil  g-'^c  the  lirst  impulse 
nliii'li  iT?iilIi'il  in  the  ercation  of  a  navy  that  has  limie  so  umeh 
t"  save  ^lissMiiri  and  tlie  Northwest  from  harm,  to  iiphoM  the 
inti'irrityof  the  I'linstitiition.  to  lulorn  history  with  gallant  ileeils 
ar.tl  ii'iMe  tiaiues,  iiiul  to  strike  terror  to  the  hearts  of  the  eno- 
mii'snf  till'  lepuhlie." 

'  III  the  lueiin  time  (len.  I'remont,  tlie  eoiumaniler  of  tlie 
Western  llepartiuent,  was  not  iiile  in  or^iini/.in;;  nn  army  at 
I'aim.  ami  on  July  2'.lth  consiileralile  e.\eiteinent  was  eroateil 
on  llic  I.cvcD  at  St.  Louis  by  the  extensive  preparations  inailis 
b;  ilic  govornnient  for  Iransportin^  troops  hy  slcamlioat.  The 
f'lliiBiii;  biials  were  eharlercil  hy  the  government  for  this  pnr- 
f»i!o:"(i.  W.  (iiaham."  Oapt.  .John  ,\.  Semliler;  "New  War 
EagV,"  Capt.  II.  1..  White ;  anil  "  Kinpress,"  Cnpt.  .lames 
Aliiaui?.  The  " City  of  .Alton,"  Civpt.  liiirnes,  aI.so  eame  from 
A'lun  ivilli  troops  on  board.  The  "  I'ity  of  Louisiana"  left  fur 
t'airii  Willi  troops  on  the  2Sth,  anil  the  "  I).  A.  .laniiary," 
i'a|it.  Ilpi'lie.  from  (Jiiiney.  hristleil  with  bayonets  lioini'l  for 
till' same  pninl.  On  August  Ist  the  steamers  iiientioneil  above, 
lO'Mlior  with  the  "Jcauie  Deans,"  Capt.  V,.  A.  .<heblo,  ami  the 
"Warsaw,"  L'apt.  ,1.  W.  Miilin,  left  St.  Louis  with  suldicr.s  for 
Cairo. 


vantage  of  having  In  contend  against  sectional  disaf- 
fection on  the  one  hand  and  vacillation  on  the  ]iart  of 
the  army  and  navy  authorities  on  the  other.  Thus 
the  difiiculty  of  procuring  outfits,  arinainents,  and 
ammunition  at  a  point  so  remote  from  the  navy-yards 
and  arsenals  was  very  greatly  increased.  Notwith- 
standing all  this,  however,  the  bui  ding  of  the  seven 
gunboats  was  begun  and  carried  forward  by  Jlr.  Eads 
with  immense  energy,  and  the  vessels  were  finislicd 
and  ready  for  armament  within  one  hundred  days 
after  tlie  signing  of  the  contract.  The  gunboats  thus 
constructed  were  about  one  hundred  and  seventy-fivo 
feet  long,  fifty-one  feet  beam,  six  feet  depth  of  jiold 
in  the  clear,  and  when  ready  for  service  drew  about 
five  feet  of  water,  and  made  nine  miles  per  hour. 
Th(!y  had  five  five-flued  boilers  twenty-four  feet  long 
and  thii'ty-.six  inches  in  diameter,  and  two  cylinders, 
each  twenty-two  inches  in  diameter,  with  seven  foot 
stroke.  The  shaft  was  made  of  wrought  iron,  worked 
by  both  engines.  A  casemate  inclosed  the  wheel, 
wliicli  was  placed  in  ,a  recess  near  the  stern  of  the 
vessel.  The  hulls  were  made  of  wooil,  the  bottoms 
of  five-inch  plank,  and  tlie  sides  of  fmirinrli,  and  the 
vessel  was  sealed  all  over  with  two-inch  plank.  The 
sides  projected  from  the  bottom  of  the  boat  to  the 
water-line  at  an  tingle  of  about  forty-five  degrees, 
and  from  the  water-liiio  the  sides  fell  back  ;it  about 
the  same  angle  to  form  ;i  casemate  about  twelve  feet 
high.  This  slanting  casemate  extended  across  the 
hull  near  the  bow  and  stern,  forming  a  (|uadrilateral 
gun-deck.  The  casemates  were  made  of  three  inch 
plank,  and  well  fastened.  The  knuckles  of  the  main 
deck,  at  the  base  of  the  casemates,  were  iinide  of 
solid  timber,  about  four  feet  in  thickness.  The  boats 
were  calked  all  over,  both  insiile  and  outside,  and 
sheathed  on  the  outside  with  fwo-and-a-half-inch  iron, 
thirteen  inches  wide,  and  rabbited  on  the  edges  to 
make  a  more  perfect  joint.  The  plating  covered  iho 
casemates  above  and  below  the  water-line.  The  boats 
were  bulkheaded  info  compartments  to  prevent  their 
sinking  in  case  of  damage  to  any  partiitihtr  part. 
The  gun-deck  was  about  one  foot  above  wtifer,  and 
the  vessels  were  pierced  to  carry  thirteen  heavy  guns. 
Three  'J-  or  Kl-inch  guns  were  jilaced  in  the  bow, 
four  smaller  ones  on  each  side,  and  two  snitiller  ones 
astern. 

The  first  of  these  gunboats,  and,  indeed,  the  first 
United  States  ironclad,  with  her  boilers  and  engines 
on  board,  was  launched  from  Mr.  Eads'  shi|)-yard  at 
Carondelet  on  the  12t!i  of  October.  ISlil..  She  was 
named  the  "  St.  Louis"  by  Admiral  Foote,  but  when 
the  fleet  was  transferred  from  the  control  of  ilio  War 
Department  to  that  of  the  Navy  J)epartment,  this 


miS\ 


538 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIfi. 


I  ■  'r  J 


I       \ 


name  was  changed  to  the  "  Dc  Kiilh,"  there  being 
aiiuthcr  coininis.siuiieJ  vessel  nt  that  time  numed  the 
"  St.  Louis."  Tiieii  followed  the  "  Curonddet,"  "  Cin- 
cinnati," "LtMiisvillo,"  "  Mound  City,"  "  Cairo,''  and 
"  Pitt.-iburf.'h." 

Shortly  after,  in  December,  ISCil,  tlie  most  power- 
ful vessel  of  tiieni  all,  and  one  whieh  j)layed  an  im- 
portant p.irt  in  the  war  as  the  flag-ship  of  Admiral 
Foote,  the  '•  l?cnton,"  was  alteied  and  plated.     The 


1' 


I      1 


TlIK    IKO.NCL.M)    "  ItK.NI'UN." 


"  Benton"  was  at  first  the  United  States  snag-boal 
"Tom  Benton,"  and  afterwards  Messrs.  Kads  it  Nel- 
son's submarine  wreekinj;-boat  "  No.  "."  She  was 
.sold  by  Messes.  Kads  &  Nel.son  to  the  government  for 
the  sum  of  t\venty-si.\  thousand  dollars,  and  Gen. 
Fremont  then  ordered  her  to  be  changed  into  a  gun- 
boat by  Me.s.srs.  Morse  &  Daggett,  of  the  St.  Louis 
Dry  Dock  Company,  the  work  to  be  done  under  the 
su])crintondcnce  of  James  B.  Eads. 

The  "  Benton"  was  one  hundred  and  cighty-si.K 
feet  long  on  deck,  and  seventy-live  foet  wide  at  the 
beam  ;  her  hold  was  eight  and  ontvhalf  feet  in  depth, 
and  she  drew  about  live  feet  of  water.  She  had  a 
double  hull,  with  the  wheels  working  in  tlie  recess 
near  the  stern.  Iler  hull  was  of  four-inch  plank  and 
timbers  eight  by  ten  inches,  and  was  divided  by 
five  fore-and-aft  bulkheads  and  thirteen  cross  bulk- 
heads, making  forty-five  water-tight  compartments. 
The  deck-frame  beams  were  ten  inches  scjuare,  and 
the  main  deck  was  planked  with  four-and-one-half- 
inch  plank.  The  forward  casemate  ran  down  to  the 
two  feet  water-line,  and  was  of  twenty-four- inch  tim- 
ber, all  sheathed  with  two-and-oiie-third-ineh  iron 
plating.  The  entire  boat  was  sealed  with  three  and 
fbur-ineh  oak  plank,  calked,  and  made  perfectly 
tight.  Casemates  extended  around  the  whole  vessel, 
and  was  made  of  twelve-inch  timber.  At  the  knuckle 
on  the  main  deck  the  timber  was  IVom  three  to  four 
feet  in  thickness. 

The  "  Benton"  was  pierced  for  and  carried  eighteen 
heavy  guns,  from  32-poundcrs  to  42-pouuders  calibre. 


some  rifled  and  some  smooth-bore.  Tlicre  w.ti;  ali, 
two  nine  inch  Dahlgren  guns  in  the  forward  |.arti,f 
the  boat,  and  two  smaller  ones  at  the  stern. 

The  machinery,  boilers,  etc.,  were  all  undrr  ili» 
deck.  The  eylindlTS  were  twenty  inches  in  ,];. 
amctcr,  with  seven  feet  stroke.  There  Wi  ic  f;,;,, 
boilers  twenty-four  "eet  long  and  forty  indu.- in  ,]i 
aincter,  double-flued,  The  wheels  were  twiniy  f,,. 
in  diameter,  with  nine-aiid-onc-half feet  bmkii,  i|:f 
wheel-house  being  j)rotcctcd  by  timber  frdiii  ^iv  i 
eight  inches  in  thickness  and  sheathed  wiiii  Ii,:irv 
iron.  The  pilot-house  was  protected  by  Iwilnin,; 
oak  tin)ber  placed  at  an  angle  of  about  thirty  (]i-i,,, 
with  the  upper  deck,  and  was  conical  in  .-iia|ii.  n:,] 
sheathed  with  heavy  iron. 

Her  crew  consisted  of  about  two  hundred  niiij  lit  v 
men  in  all,  and  Capt.  John  Scott,  a  well-kimwii  |-;, ; 
acted  as  sailing-master. 

Capt.  Andrew  IL  J''oote,  of  the  I'niied  Siiiii- ii;ivv, 
was  appointed  on  the  itOth  of  August,  l^^lll,  i.  il,, 
command  of  the  naval  operations  in  the  Woiun, 
waters,  and  was  ordered  to  proceed  to  St.  Lnui,<  wiili 
all  practicable  dispatch,  and  place  hiniscll'  in  coniimi 
nicalion  with  Maj.-(«en.  John  C.  Frcninnt.  I'.S.A 
who  commanded  the  Army  of  the  West. 

Upon  his  arrival  at  St.  Louis,  Capt.  Foutc,  mi  Sip'. 
G,  18t)l,  assumed  eouimand  of  his  flotilla,  wiiiilu-i:- 
sisted  of  three  wooden  vessels  in  serviee,  i)invli;i>a!, 
equipped,  and  armed  as  gunboats  by  CuiiimoJi'rc 
Rodgcrs.  There  were  also  nine  ironclad  liiiidiuutisaii.l 
thirty-eight  mortar-boats  in  process  df  liuiliiiiig.  ."^iVvii 
of  these  gunboats,  as  we  have  seen,  had  hwn  uii- 
tracted  for  with  Jame.s  B.  Eads  by  Qii;iricriiia-lir 
Gen.  Meigs,  under  authority  of  tin;  War  I)i.|kiiIukhi. 
and  the  two  remaining  boats  were  purdia.se'l  aii'i 
converted  into  gunboats  by  order  of  Maj.-(jeii.  I'rc- 
mont.     The  thirty-eight  mortar-boats  were  alsn  biiiit 

I  by  order  of  Gen.  Fremont.  They  were  eonstiutkJ 
of  solid  timber,  without  motive-power,  aiul  wore  caili 
designed  to  carry  a  single  mortar,  ("apt.  Fodto  ai 
once  infused  new  vigor  into  the  work  oi'  i.ru'aiiizin: 
his  sijuadron.  Material  improvements  were  iiiuJi'  in 
the  plating  and  arnniment  of  the  vessels,  the  ca.-iiii.' 
of  the  guns  at  Pittsburgh  was  hasteneil.  ninriar*  and 

.  shells  were  contracted  for  to  a  large  extent,  and  many 

!  other  things  were  dosii^  to  expedite  the  H(jik  iif  |iri'|ii 
ration.  Finally  the  flotilla  was  compleleil,  under  ilie 
successive  com'mands  of  Uodgers  aird  I'onte,  esptviallv 
the  latter,  who  brouglit  the  original  idea  tu  iieifaiiin 
and  carried  it  into  operation.  The  fleet  eiiiiji.-ttJ  il 
twelve  gunboats,  .seven  of  them  ironclad,  and  able  in 

;  resist  all  except  the  lieaviest  sulid  shot,  and  ei'Siiiii'. 

'  on   an   avenigo,  cighty-nino   thousand  didlars.    Hio 


THE   CIVIL   WAR. 


539 


Tliero  Were  als.) 
10  forward  ym-i 
ic  stern, 
cro  all  uikIit  ilif 
ity    iiiclic-   ill  (ii. 

There    wcru  fuu; 

f(irly  ini'lii's  indj. 

were  Iwiiily  {n\ 
If-feet  Kiirk.i,  \k 
imlier  IVnin  .i\  i 
rallied  wiih  Ihmiv 
tcJ  by  twi'lvc-iin'j 
bout  tliii'iy  i(-jm 
iiieal  in  .-!ia[if,  anj 

>  bundred  ;iiiil  |i|':v 
u  Well-klliiWII  i-i;.;. 

United  Slutoiiavv, 

Ui;Ufif.   ISOl.  1,1  tl;,. 
IS    ill     lllC    Wr-ttTIi 

d  to  St.  I,n;iis  w'd 
binisi'lr  ill  cniiiiiiii- 
'.   Freiuoiit,  I'.S.A 
e  West. 

)u]1t.  l'\lutl'.  111!  .*•,■[''. 

S  flotilla,  wliifh  en- 
•serviee,  iiiiivli;biJ, 
at.s   by  (','niiii"il,'ro 
uiielad  uiinlii'atsaiil 
f  billMiii;.'.  Si'Viii 
en,  bad  lnvii  inn- 
by  Qiiarirnua-iir- 
War  l)i'|iaiuiKiit. 
re   ]iui-flia>fl  rA 
of  Maj.-llcii.  I'lv 
it.s  were  alsn  liil.t 
were  ciiiistiiii.-uJ 
wer,  and  were  larli 
("apt.  Tuiilo  at 
work  cif  i,ri.Miaziii.: 
nriils  wciv  iiiaik'  ill 
vessels,  tlie  nwiii.' 
sleiied.  iimrtar.*  iiiiJ 
ee.xti'iit.  and  many 
tlie  work  nf  iiiv|',i 
uniiiloti'd,  iiiiJt'r  till' 
nd  Kiiiitc.  oiKvi.illv 
il  idi'a  to  lu'i-fi'di-Jii 

It       flv'l't    CMll.-i>t«l"l 

ruiielad,  and  aWi  t" 
d  sliol.  and  ivii'ws. 
sand  dullars.    The 


ypjsels  were  built  very  wide  in  proporliun  to  their 
len"lli.>"  that  on  the  smooth  river  waters  they  iiiij;bt 
liave  aliii'i't  the  steadiness  of  stationary  land  batteries 
when  di-i'liarj;in}^  llieir  heavy  },'uiis.  This  flotilla, 
earrviiiu'  one  hundred  and  lurty-threo  guns,  was  as 
Ibllows  ;■ 

"  Hi'iilon,"  l(JiruD.s;  "St.  Louis,"  KJ  guns;  "  Ks- 
scx"  (.built  at  CarondeKi),  l)  guns;  ''Mound  City,'' 
i;i  iiniis;  "Cincinnati,"  13  guns;  ''Louisville,''  115 
,'iiiis;  "  Carondelet,"  115  guns;  '•Cairo,"  115  gtins; 
"  I'itisbiiigb  "  (built  at  Carondelet),  13  guns  ;  •'  Lc.\- 
limlon,"  !•  guns;  "  Conestoga,"  9  guns;  and  "  Tay- 
l.ir,"  D  ^:n'is.  Sonic  of  tlie.so  guns  were  (I  l-pouiiders, 
some  7  iiieli  rifled  guns  carrying  a  shell  weighing 
I'i'.'lily  puuiuls,  and  none  were  le.ss  tlian  32poundcrs. 
H.icli  boat  also  carried  a  Dahlgren  lO-ineh  shell-gun. 
the  "  IJi'iitoii,''  Foote's  ilag-ship,  having  two  of  these 
ill  lier  forward  battery. 

•'  Foote's  flotilla  '  rendezvoused  at  Cairo,  and  the 
•Hciiten"  and  "Essex,"  formerly  called  the  "Now 
Kia, "  left  St.  Louis  for  that  port  on  the  3d  of  De- 
cember. ISdl.  In  the  fight  at  Fort  Henry  a  32- 
iiiiunJ  sliol  struck  tlie  "  Esse.\  "  just  above  one  of  her 
liow  guns,  killing  a  young  oflicer,  Samuel  B.  Brittaiu, 
luasliMs  male,  then  passing  into  the  flue  of  the  cen- 
iro  boiler,  occasioning  an  c-eape  of  the  steam  and 
hot  water  which  dreadfully  scalded  all  on  the  forward 
'jiiiidfck  and  the  two  jiilots,  who  were  almost  imnie- 
iliatuly  over  the  front  of  the  boilers.  Twenty  men 
anil  uffieeis  were  instantly  killed  or  scalded  by  this 
I'Siilusioii,  Among  the  injured  was  the  commander 
d' the  vessel,  the  gallant  Capl.  W.  D.  Porter.  The 
•  Ksse.\"  was  completely  disabled  and  was  obliged  at 
oiue  to  withdraw  from  the  combat. 

After  the  cajiture  of  Fort  Henry  the  "  Esse.v" 
returned  to  St.  Louis,  on  the  23d  of  February,  for 
repairs.  She  was  lengtliened  forty  feet,  her  boilers 
and  iiiauliiiiery  were  placed  below  the  water-line,  and 
her  casemates  were  raised  from  six  and  a  half  to 
seven  and  a  half  feet  in  height.  She  received  en- 
tirely new  boilers  and  was  generally  reconstructed. 
riii.s  was  the  third  reconstruction  the  boat  had  un- 
iiei!;i)iK'.  and  altogether  her  cost  to  the  government 
at  this  time  amounted  to  ninety-one  thousand  dollars, 
which  was  twenty  thousand  dollars  less  than  that  of 
any  other  of  the  gunboats  built  '.i  the  West. 

The  officers  of  the  "  Essex"  were  Capt.  W.  I). 
Porter,  commander;  Robert  K.  Riley,  first  master 
and  exoeutive  officer;  G.  W.  'Valker,  .second  master; 
D.  P.  liosenmiller,  third  i.,ister;  S|)encer  Kellogg, 
fourth  master;  Joseph  II.  Lewis,  paymaster;  Thomas 

Kiee,  suiucon ;  Joseph   Ileep,  chief  engineer ;  

iiierus,  first  assistant   engineer ;  J.  Wctzcll,  second 


assistant  engineer;  Thomas  Fletcher,  third  a.ssistant 
engineer;  Matthew  Snyder,  gunner;  J.  II.  Mammon, 
boatswain;  E.  H.  Eagle,  boatswain's  mate;  Thomas 
Steele,  carpenter.  Ortieers  and  crew  numbered  one 
hundred  and  fifty  men. 

Ilcr  armament  was  as  follows :  three  9-ineh  Dahl- 
gren sliell-guns,  one  10  inch  Dahlgren  shfll-giin,  two 
GO-pound  rifled  Dahlgren  guns,  one  long  32p(mnder, 
and  one  24-pound  boat  iiovvii,.  . 

The  defenses  were  specified  as  follows.  "  Her  for- 
ward easement,  of  wood  thirty  inches  thick,  is  plated 
with  India-rubber  one  incli  thick  and  one  and  three- 
fourths  inch  iron  ;  side  casemates,  of  wood  si.xteen 
inches  thick,  jilatcd  with  one  inch  India-rubber  and 
three-fourths  inch  iron.  The  roof  is  bomb-proof.  The 
pilot-bouso  is  of  wood,  eighteen  inclies  thick,  plated 
with  one  inch  India-rubber  and  one  and  three-fourths 
inch  iron.  She  Jia.s  false  .sides,  which  render  it  im- 
possible for  anything  like  a  steam  ram  to  attack  lier 
cfVeelively.  Her  bull  cannot  be  reached  by  any  such 
contrivance,  and  even  if  it  could,  the  water-fight 
compartments  into  which  the  ludd  is  divided  by  bulk - 
beads,  being  forty  in  number,  would  render  the  sink- 
ing or  otherwise  disabling  of  the  boat  by  collision  an 
impo.ssibility.  If  one  or  mme  of  the  compartments 
should  be  broken  into,  the  disadvantage  to  the  craft 
from  taking  water  would  be  comparatively  .slight. 

"  The  '  E.ssex"  is  two  biindrcd  and  five  feet  in 
length  and  sixty  feet  in  width.  Her  ludd  is  five  and 
a  half  feet  in  depth.  She  is  provided  with  two  en- 
gines, with  cylinders  twenty-three  inches  in  diameter 
and  six  feet  stroke.  She  lias  three  boiler.s  twenty-sis 
feet  long  and  forty  two  inches  in  diameter,  working 
two  wheels  twenty-six  feet  in  diameter  and  eight  feet 
bucket.  She  has  much  more  power  than  any  of  the 
other  Western  gunboats,  will  be  proportionately  faster 
than  any  of  tliem,and  having  two  wheels  adds  greatly 
to  the  precision  of  her  movements." 

The  gunboat  and  ram  ■'  Fort  Ilonry"  was  launched 
from  the  Marine  Railway  Company's  yard  at  Caron- 
delet on  Sept.  22,  1S(J2.  Tlie  "Fort  Henry"  was 
two  liundredt  and  eighty  feet  in  length  and  about 
forty  .""ect  in  width.  She  was  designed  by  ('apt.  Por- 
ter, ('•::  rly  of  the  "Essex,""  and  carried  six  or 
cigb.  •_:!i-,i.  She  was  constructed  more  especially  to 
be  used  as  a  ram.  The  "  Choctaw,'"  another  gunboat, 
was  designed  by  Capt.  Porter  and  laun(died  a  few 
days  before  the  "  Fort  Henry."  The  '•  (^hoctaw''  was 
two  huiidred  and  twenty-five  feet  in  length,  and  was 
originally  designed  for  a  turret  and  two  heavy  guns. 
She  was  afterwards  altered  so  that  she  could  be  used 
either  as  a  ram  or  gunboat.  The  ram  on  both  ves- 
sels were  two  feet  in  length,  made  of  be  '.  metal. 


I 


;* 


>,t 


&(0 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


Tlio  jtroprii'tora  of  llio  Unimi  M;ii!iic  Works  iit 
CiiroiidclL't,  Messrs.  JaiiK's  H.  KaJs  fc  Co.,  Imvin;;  a 
contruct  with  tlio  jjovorniiipnt  to  huilil  five  new  triin- 
boats  for  llie  Western  rivers,  lainielied  another  <:wi- 
boat  on  the  llith  of  .Ii'iiuary,  l.'^iil!.  Tiiis  ve.ssel  was 
naiiiod  the  "  Osag  •,''  unJ  wn.s  tlic  .sinalle.st  of  Iter  chiss. 
Siio  was  one  liiinJroJ  and  eiL'hty  feet  lonj;  by  forty- 
five  feet  wide,  with  four  feet  di'iitii  of  liold.  and  liad 
nn  iron  hnii  divided  into  six  e()ni|iartineiits.  Wiicii 
fully  coin|ileted  and  armed  sb('  had  a  draft  of  only 
three  and  a  lialf  feet  of  water.  She  was  of  tlio 
monitor  pattern,  and  carried  two  lonLr-rani:o  eleven- 
inch  <:nns  plieed  in  it  turret  on  the  forward  deck. 
Her  hull  was  strcn;;tlieiu'd  on  the  outside  and  two 
feet  below  the  water-line  by  a  j)latinj;  of  four-inch 
iron.  Her  deck,  the  outer  edj;es  of  which  extended 
but  twelve  inches  above  the  water,  was  slij;htly  oval, 
instead  of  bciin:  flat,  as  Was  the  case  with  the  other 
gunboats  built  on  tlu^  Mississijijii. 

The  other  four  boats  then  buildinj^  at  the  rnioii 
Works,  Carondelet,  were  named  the  "  Neosho," 
"  Milwaukee,"  "  Chickasaw,"  and  '•  Winneba^'o." 
The  three  last  named  were  propcllcf-.  The  '•  Win- 
nebai;o"  was  launched  July  5,  ISli;'.,  and  the  '•  Chick- 
u.saw"  Feb.  1(1,  ISC.l.  The  launchin-  of  the  '^  Chick- 
nsaw"  was  attended  with  a  distressini;  calamity,  which 
is  thus  described  by  an  eye-witness  : 

"  Al  liiilf  |Ki.-t  ten  o'lliK'k  llir  .sluva  were  lit  luose  iiml  llii'  iia- 
iiiciise  inin  ytrni'lio'ir  ."li'l  fniai  tlii'  nays  nii'l  |iliiiii!i'(l  iiild  tlio 
riviT,  risiii;;  ii^'iiin  iind  tlimtiiij;  liki'  a  cmk.  Noiirly  nil  I'vcs 
wore  tuiiH'il  towaul  the  rii  or  tii  nv  the  olTivt  of  tlie  iiwl'iil 
Iihin,;^t'.  -unl  (tnly  those  foriiiin;^  the  iniinetiiiitc  party  iiruinul  , 
iMi.<8  .Stewart  ^vilne^:..iOll  the  eei-emoiiy  nt  lii-ciikiEi;;  llie  wiiie-ljot- 
tlc  anil  iiioiiin;;  the  Imal.  whieli  was  neverllielesa  ilnne,  ami  the 
'  Chiekasa'v'  was  liapli/eil,  lieiiij  nameil  with  a  heautil'ul  iiaiiic 
by  a  beaiitilul  laily.  liut  the  lauiieh  was  ni)  suoiier  fairly  iitleat 
than  a  ery  lit'  alarm  was  heai'il  Trom  tnc  b  iw,  ami  a  eniiluseil 
imivciiienl  nuticeable  ainniin  tliuse  stalimieil  there,  'riiecxellc- 
iiieiil  ereatoil  liy  llie  launeli  was  now  iiiereaseil.  The  anelnir  was 
jerki'il  overboanl,  and  the  inniicnsc  rope  was  beiiij;  paid  oat  w  ith 
fearl'iil  rapidity.  The  hii^ceoils  swept  everytliiii;;  liel'orc  tlieni.  | 
Miss  Ji'iiny  I'iads,  daughter  of  .1.  li.  Eads :  .Mis.s  .Mary  Sla- 
Ruire.  daughter  of  .Mr.  .lohu  Mu,'uire;  .Mr.  0.  I!.  l''illey.  son  of 
Mr.  O.  I).  I'illey.  and  Mr,  and  .Mr?.  Win.  1'.  Itradlcy  were  ear 
ried  overboanl  almost  inst.inily;  others  were  knocked  down 
and  savefl  by  Ihe  merest  ehanee.  The  eliair  on  which  .Miss 
Stewart  sat  was  pulleii  into  Ihe  river,  and  slio  herself  thrown 
on  Ihe  e  >il  nf  ropes,  where  she  was  gra-ped  by  two  genllenien 
and  liler.illy  dra;.'ged  away  from  the  rope.  The  iiiifnitiinale 
persons  supported  tlienisel-es  in  the  wiiI.t  by  getting  hold  of 
pieces  of  timber,  until  two  skill's  pushed  out  into  the  river  and 
pi(!ked  them  up,  all  save  Mrs.  liradley,  who  was  supposed 
to  ha\e  been  stunned  by  striking  one  of  the  timbers,  and 
drowned." 

Tn   ISfi.'?  the  >:ovorninpnt  decided  to  build  at  St. 
Louis  two  liuht-draft  ironclad  monitors  of  the  Kricsson 
pattern.    The  contract  was  awarded  to  >Iessrs.  Me-  ' 
Cord  &  Steel,  of  the  ''National  Iron- Works,"  aud  the  . 


construction  of  the  monitors  "  Kthih"  and  "  Shjloli " 
was  imtneilialely  beuuii,  iinderlhe  snjiervision  nt'  P.t; 
Wells,  >;overniiH'nt  cnjrinoer.  These  vessels  wero  (,f 
tlie  class  then  known  as  "  liu'ht-draft  inoiiitni«,"  f,,, 
twenty  of  which  the  Navy  Pcjiartinent  contr.irteil  j„ 
ISli;!.     The  keel  of  the  "  Ktlah"  was  laid  in  Aii-iw 

of  that  year,  but  owiiii:  to  alterations  found  n «arv. 

from  actual  eyperiineiits  with  monitors  of  this  t.];is( 
the  completion  of  the  vessel  was  delayed  hcNniii]  |||,. 
original  contract  time.  Tin.'  "  I'lllah"  was  the  hir.'i'ii 
vessel  ever  built  on  the  Mississippi  up  to  that  limo, 
and  when  -'s  launched,  on  July  2,  18(1,'),  a  vast 

concourse  oJ  to  witness  the  trial. 

The  "  I'ltlali's"  weight  was  abotit  eiu'lileeti  liiiiiijr.i.i 
tons.  The  two  ve.«scls  carried  two  irims,  one  11  imli 
Dahlj:ren  and  one  ir)(l-pouiider  rifled  I'arrott.  Their 
extreme  leri<;th  was  two  hundred  and  twenty  five  feet; 
breadth  of  beam,  forty-five  feet ;  depth  of  lioM,  elovon 
feet;  thickness  of  side  armor,  three  indips;  lliitknoss 
of  deck  armor,  one  incli ;  internal  diameter  of  turret, 
twenty  feet;  thickness  of  turret,  eijjht  inches;  inter- 
nal diameter  of  pilot-house,  six  feet ;  tliickiioss  nf 
pilot-house,  ten  inches;  ntiinber  of  inotive-oiiL'ino-. 
two  ;  diameter  of  cylinders,  twenty-two  inches;  leirjili 
of  stroke,  thirty  inches;  propellers,  two;  diaiDclornf 
propellers,  nine  feet. 

Messrs.  McCord  k  Steel  had  eonsidorahlc  ilitfuuliv 
in  lannchinjr  ''u>  "  Sliiloh,"  but  she  was  (inallv  L-otten 
into  the  w-  This  vessel  was  built  in  three  st'|i;ir:ito 

divisions  i  <rtmeiits.     Her  turret  was  cnmposoi] 

of  oite  Imnaiia  and  sixty  plates  of  iron  one  inch  in 
thickness  by  forty  inches  in  width  and  nine  feet  liiL'li 
each  plate  weighing;  about  twelve  hniidied  pouiiils 
The  plates  were  riveted  toirether  by  bolts  of  mic  aiiil 
a  half  inches  in  thickness,  which,  with  the  arraiiL'e- 
ment  of  the  [ilaned  joints  of  the  plates,  rciiileiod  it 
Olio  solid  mass  of  iron  weii^hins;  over  one  liuinlreJ 
tons.  The  turret,  when  occasion  re(|uired  it,  was  re 
volved  by  two  turret  engines,  and  nuivnl  ii[ioii  a 
stationary  riiiir. 

The  services  performed  by  the  gunboats  Imilt  nt  St. 
Louis  in  the  military  and  naval  operations  against  Fori 
Henry,  Fort  Donelson,  Island  No.  Ill,  Lucas'  lienJ 
Fort  Pillow,  I'ittsburgh,  Tenn.,  Vickshurg,  New  Or- 
leans, and  Mobile,  and  the  expeditions  and  rocon 
noissanccs  on  the  Ohio,  Cumberland,  and  Tentio,<?ee 
Rivers,  belong  more  properly  to  the  liistnry  of  the 
country,  but  we  eatniot  refrain  from  alhiding  li>  iho 
gallant  and  meritorious  services  perrorinoil  liyinanynl 
the  iMi.ssissippi  pilots  from  St.  Louis  ihiiiiig  tlic  eivil 
war. 

Itnmeiliately  upon  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  the 
services  of  the  Mississippi  [lilots  were  brought  into 


THE   CIVIL   WAU. 


&41 


Itlah"  nn.l  "  Sl,il„V' 
suiHTvisiondt'  1^.(1. 
licso  vcssi'l't  wore  iif 
-ilnift  iiioiiitois,"  fi,r 
rimoiit  (•(intiactod  in 
was  laid  in  Au;:usi 
idiiH  found  niMv^nurv. 
iinilorn  of  tiiis  diw, 
I  dflayi'd  l)i'V(iiiii  llic 
lllali"  was  till'  lar.-i'st 
dppi  up  to  tliiit  linio. 
July  2,  ISCi,"),  II  viist 
ho  trial, 
out  eiiilitcoii  ImniIrM 

rt'O  •runs,  (111''    1 1  illrl; 

rifli'd  I'arriitt.  Tiicir 
1  and  twenty  livi' foot. 
depth  of  luilil.  I'levci 
ri'i'  ini'li("< ;  tlii(.'kiies< 
lal  diaint'tcr  nf  turret, 
t,  cifjlit  inches;  inter- 
X  feet  ;  lliiekii'.'ss  "f 
er  of  mcitivo  I'li'^iiiov 
iity-two  inches ;  1oip:i1i 
lers,  two  ;  ili;iiiK'tor  "f 

eoni-iilerahlc'  ililfuul;; 

she  was  (iiKilly  '.'iilt'ii 

liuih  in  three  M]i;iriilo 
turret  was  emiipwil 
(if  iron  line  iiiili  in 

Ith  and  nine  feet  liiili 
ve  htmdrcd  poiiml!, 
r  by  holts  of  micaii'l 
h,  with  the  iirr;iii;;i- 

he  plates,  remleroJ  it 
ij;  over  one  Iminlroil 
n  rei|uireJ  it,  w;is  re 
and    nuived   upon  a 

■  rjuiiboats  liuilt  ;it  St. 
operations  aLMiii^t  1'"" 
No.  lit,  I.lu■ll^■  lU'llJ. 
VioksliurL'.  Now  Or- 
xpeditions  ami  reci'ii 
.'riand,  and  Teiiiios.sei' 
to  the  history  of  the 
from  alhiiiiiiL'  to  tlie 
perioniiod  liy  many  nf 
Louis  diirlii;:  tlie  eivil 

in;:  out  of  the  war  the 
its  were  brou|;lit  inl'' 


roiiui.-ilion.  and  the  very  oHieient  aid  rendered  liy  these 
Pii-ii— olieii  under  eireuiiistanee.i  of  the  ^'reatedt  diffi- 
iMiliy  all  I  li:ud.sliip,  and  always  with  a  hii^h  de-rreo  of 
natriutie  ilir-intere.stediie.ss — entities  the  pilot.s  of  the 
Western  llotilla  to  huiiorahle  ineiiiioii  in  every  worli 
tirofes-iiii:  to  rulutc  the  jjullaiit  deeds  and  self-deiiyini^ 
iiravery  il  that  eventful  era  in  the  eivil  war.  li.irton 
Vble  ill  ilie  eapaeity  of  master  of  transportation  under 
(Jcii.  Jell"  ^-  I'Vemont,  was  en^ja^'ed  in  the  prepara- 
tory or^.iiiiziitioM  of  an  auxiliary  foree  of  armed 
tli.iiuers  de.signed  lor  the  work  of  keeping:  open  the 
nuvi'Mtiun  of  Western  waters,  and  reiulered  effeetivu 
asMstiiiKv  to  the  government. 
A  writer  upon  thi.s  .subjeet  says, — 

•'It  liii'  liocn  iillcgivl  lliiit  tlio  |iiliil9  (it  llic  Missii'."i|ipi  loul 
Oliiii  Itivi'i'^  ivoro  iliMlojal  (<>  tin'  gnvcrniiii'iil  in  tlio  tiinu  u( 
tlic  lato  llilii'lliiin.  In  lliu  dark  lioiiis  uf  lsi;i,  wlii'ii  a  rull 
WM  luiiili'  I'"!'  liili)t»  l"  S'>  ">  t''"  wooden  giMil)ii;il»  '  'I'vloi-,' 
M.cxin 'I'lii.'  ii"'l  't'liiK'NliiKi''  (tlirii!  vi'.'.icla  wore  milto  woocli-a 
tlioll.'.  Iiii>lil.v  (jiitti'ii  up,  anil  wuro  prunoum'oil  by  oven  'loyiir 
i.,lilor>  111  liL'  notliinu  iimro  limn  sliiuglitcr-pt'iiK),  cverithing 
tliiil  ciiulil  lie  liiuuglit  t(i  bear  to  prevunt  or  Jilur  pilola  or  cn- 

jjii,;.i-j  fi linking  their  Uvea  in  tlieni  was  bioiiglit  furwiint 

|,v  till' ii|i|i"-iiig  cleiiieiil  in  oiir  iniilst.  Yet  more  lliiin  dnulile 
ill'.'  luiiiilji'r  reijiiired  lo  pilot  thonu  vesselM  eiiiiie  funviinl.  oll'ereil 
llii'ir  >cri  i''i'.-i.  and  went  in  thei<u  ),'i"'biiats,  well  ktiowiiig  Hint 
tlii-v  wiiiild  be  u  fpei-iiil  iiiiirk  tor  tlie  eiieiiiy's  . -lmrpe.it  prae- 
tire,  r.ir  til  kill  llie  pilot  would  bo  ei|uiviilelil  I"  di.H.iblilig  tlio 
vi.-hI.  Tlie  pilot  house,  beiiij;  ii  t.irget  for  'le  eiiein.v,  was 
IniK-niniel  the  slioe^hler-pen  ol'  these  );uiil"ialy.  In  the  fall 
.-1  1m;;  a  Villi  was  iiiaile  lor  lil'teeii  pilots  to  go  in  the  (so-ealled) 
ir.iii.lail-.  and  in  ii  lew  ilays  the  llii^'-ollieor  reeeived  over  lil'iy 
:i|i|ili..-,ili"iis  for  the  po.siiion.  Ill  tlio  b.iltio  of  riot  lleiiiv  l«o 
|.i|.i:;  were  killed,  .Marsh  Koid  mid  .lames  .Mi'l'ride:  in  Hie 
liiiilo  111  Fort  lionelson  two  more.  Frank  Uiley  and  William 
lliiitua.  ami  others  were  woun  leil,  two  ..I  our  gunboats  drop- 
{ iiij  ual  111  the  notion  partially  on  that  ueemnit.  Anotlior  pilot 
w.i-  l,i;iel  ju.-'t  abovu  Fort  Donulson.  .Many  disliiigui-bed 
iniiiM  iiii;;lit  bo  adileil  to  Ihoso  nienlionod  wliii  wore  killed  or 
»'.iiii.lel  ill  lliest-  pilot  boii,«os.  Among  the  killed  were  Ciipt. 
Il  W.  liiiil^ers  and  1'aynia.stor  Woodburry,  and  the  wounded, 
ijiiimiiiliiiea  Footo  and  Kiliy,  of  our  own  navy,  and  Captsi. 
Ilii  li.iii.iii  and  .1.  .N.  Urown,  of  the  ('onlederiito  navy,  with 
l:iiii  |.iliit-  ill  eaeli  ease.  It  wiis,  theref.iie,  siillieienlly  piiivcd 
lliat  tlie  piliit-hiiu.-'O  was  always  the  ino>t  diingoniiia  part  of  the 
ii'?>t'l,  while  it  was  at  the  s.inio  limollie  only  plaee  IVoai  wbeneo 
mo  {iiliit  oi-  eaplawi  eould  see  bow  to  niunagu  the  giiiibuat. 
XuliviilisMudiiig  pilots  eaine  forward  voliintiirily  lo  till  tlio 
|il.kTS  1.1'  tlie  j;:illaiit  men  who  hud  sealed  their  loyalty  with 
lliiir  lives,  and  nambera  wcio  olamoroua  lor  uppointmcut  as 
I'ilul'  in  llio  .Mississippi  llotilla." 

The  Western  Sanitary  Commission  was  the  out- 
firuwth  uf  tlie  military  operations  iti  Jlissouri  during 
the  eivil  war.  In  the  summer  of  18G1  the  battles  of 
liijouvillo.  Dug  Spring,  Carthage,  and  Wilson's  Creek 
Wire  fuuoliL  in  this  State.  The  battle  of  Wilson's 
I'rcek  was  one  of  the  most  desperately  contested  on- 
pgeiucuts  uf  the  war,  and  the  number  of  killed  and 
WuuudeJ  was  very  large.     The  wounded,  numbering 


seven  hundred  and  twci«lyoi»c,  were  transported  all 
the  Way  from  the  lialllo  field  (ab<mt  twelve  miles  .south 
of  Sjiringfield,  near  tlio  Fuyttteville  road)  to  Kollu 
in  amhuiniecs  and  army  wa:;ons.  .iiid  llii'iiir  by  tars 
til  St.  Louis,  The  lirst  bundiid  arrived  at  night,  and 
were  plaeed  in  furnituu'  wagons  and  earriiMl  to  ilio 
"  New  Iloiisc  (d'  lu'fu'j;o  Ilospif  il,  "  wliii'h  had  been 
establi.-ihed  and  o|i('nril  by  the  government  on  the  1st 
of  August,  1801,  uiidrr  the  supervision  of  Medieal 
Direetor  De  Camp,  wiib  Dr.  ISaili  y  in  ehargc  Thi.s 
hospital,  situated  about  two  iniks  south  of  St.  Louis, 
was  soon  filled  beyond  its  eapaeity  with  sick  and 
wounded  .soldiers,  and  as  the  in  rivals  eonlinuetl  it  was 
ncee.ssary  that   otlier  aeeomniodations   should   be   ob- 

\  tained  without  delay.  All  the  uvailablo  wards  of  tlio 
St.  Louis  Hospital,  which  w,is  undi'r  the  charge  of 
the  Sisters  of  Cliarity,  and  of  the  City  Hospital  were 
iiuiiiediutely  taken    and    tilled,  but   there   was  still  a 

I  pressing  need  of  additional  facilities. 

The  sad  and  neglected  condition  of  the  soldiers  who 
had  boon  brought  from  Siningfield  and  the  interior  of 
Missouri  excited  the  benevolent  and  patriotic  .sympa- 
thies of  the  Union  citizens  of  St.  Louis,  and  they 
resolved  to  form  the  Western  Sanitary  Commi.ssion, 
for  the  purpose  of  ministering  to  the  jihysieal  and 
spiritual  wants  of  the  I'nion  soldiers.  At  the  sii"- 
gcstion  of  Mi.ss  D.  L.  Dix,  the  ]ihilanthropist,  who 
was  then  in  St.  Louis,  Mrs.  Jessie  Heiiton  Kreniont, 
and  other  persons  of  humane  ami  patriotic  motives, 
>Lij.-Geii.  Fremont  was  requested  lo  give  his  approval 
of  the  Sanitary  Commission,  which  was  to  act  in  aid 
of  the  Medical  Department.  Gen.  Fremont  inime- 
diutely  approved  the  suggestion,  and  on  the  .jtli  of 
September  issued  the  following  order,  appointing  the 
Western  Sanitary  Commi.ssion  and  defining  its  duties 
and  sphere  of  action  : 

'•  Its  general  object  shall  bo  to  earry  out,  under  the  properly 
eonslituted  military  uuiboiilies,  mid  in  eoinpli.-ini'e  with  their 
orders,  siieb  s:initiiry  regulations  and  reforms  as  the  well  being 
of  the  aoldiois  demand. 

"  This  eomiiiission  shall  have  authority,  iiiii/.r  (Iw  ilii-nliniiH 
II/  Ihi:  iiiiilii-iil  ilii-irlnr,  til  selei-t,  lit  up,  and  riirnisli  siiil.ible 
buildings  for  army  and  brigade  hospitals,  in  saoli  phiees  and 
in  sueb  manner  as  circuiiistaiices  rei|uire.  It  will  iiltend  to  tliu 
selei-lion  and  appoiiilment  of  women  nurses,  under  tbo  au- 
thority and  by  the  Uirentioii  of  Miss  D.  I,.  Di.v,  general  super- 

!  intondent  of  the  iiurfea  of  military  hospitals  in  tbo  Inited 
States.  It  will  co-o|icrate  with  the  surgeons  of  the  several  bus- 
pitnis  in  providing  male  nurses,  and  in  whiitovcr  manner  prne- 

]  ticublc,  and  by  their  eonsent.  It  shall  liiivo  authority  to  visit 
tbo  diflercnteaiups,  toeoii.>ult  with  the  oumiiiiinding  ollieera  and 

,  tbo  eoloiicls  and  other  ollieers  of  the  several  regiments  with 
regard  to  the  sanitary  and  general  oondilion  of  the  troops,  and 

!  aid  them  in  providing  proper  means  for  Hie  |iroservation  of 
health  and  prevention  of  .-iekness  by  supply  of  wholesome  and 
well  cooked  food,  by  good  syftems  of  drainage,  and  other  prae- 

i   ticablu  methods.     It  will  obtain  from  the  oouimunily  at  largo 


>t       I 


I     !■ 


VM 


r.  !<: 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


such  iidililio'iiil  mc«nii  of  incrmsiii);  the  ciinifiMt  ami  inoiiLdliiiR 
Mio  mnriil  ami  toeial  wollari'  of  tlio  iiu'ii  in  o:iiii|i  ami  licis|iitiil 
iiH  ina_v  ^*'  iK'i'iIoil  ami  eimiuit  lie  turnishoil  by  ;;i»\  crnnu'iit  rc^^u 
lalioiiH.  11  will,  fiiim  lime  to  liim'.  ru|uirt  dirrcllv  to  llic  I'o'ii 
iiiiimlcrin  I'liicf  i>l'  the  ilo|M\i(iiu'iit  llic  .■■iiiililinii  nf  llu'  oaiii|is 
iim!  liii.«|iilals,  Willi  wui'li  siiu^t'slioiis  as  I'aii  |iriiiiiMly  lio  inui'.c 
by  a  sanilary  boav.l. 

"  Tills  ciniimi-»i"ii  is  nol  inlcmlcl  ill  any  way  li>  iiiliMlcro 
witli  llio  iiU'clical  slalV  or  ullii'r  nHii'i'is  ul'  llic  iiiiiiy.  I"il  to  oo- 
o|u'iat('  Willi  llu'iii  ami  aid  llicni  iii  tbc  (liM'baim-  nl'  llirir  |iits 
i'lil  ariliiiiiis  anil  oxlriinr»liiiiiry  ilutios.  It  will  bo  tiT.ilcd  by  all 
iifliii'is  of  till'  uriiiy,  bolli  rouiilai  and  voliiiiti'or,  in  lliis  ilciiarl- 
ini'iit  nilli  till"  ii'!i|ioi't  iluo  to  llii'  liuiiianc  and  |iatriolU'  niolivi-s 
of  llie  nicnibcio  ami  to  tlir  aullioiity  of  tlii'  I'oiniiianiei  ■in- 
fhiff. 

"Tliis  Pnnitaiy  roininission  wi.l  lor  tlii'  iirosont  consist  of 
JiiniiJ  v..  Ycalimin,  Ksii.,  ('.  S.  (Jipcloy,  Ks(|.,  J.  li.  Joliiisoii. 
M.I).,  lii'.irgi'  I'arlridKC  Ks';.,  ami  Hie  lie,.  Williiini  (i.  lOliol, 
D.D." 

As  soon  a.s  this  ordor  was  is.'iuiHl  tho  gonllcinoii 
iiuniod  in  it,  acting  iis  a  SaiiitiM'y  Coininission,  coni- 
I'lont'cil  tik'ir  lalurs  id  I'dniioction  wi'li  the  Mciiical 
Dc'iiartmoiit.  T'u'ir  liist  iinportant  woriv  was  tin-  fi'tiiie; 
up  of  a  now  iuispital  siifficiontly  lame  to  accoipinodat',! 
at  least  fivu  Imndroil  jialiiMits.  and  tic^oliatioiis  wero 
oppiK'd  for  rt'iillng  llic  laruo  livo-.story  niarhlc  IVontod 
biiildin;^  corner  of  Fiftli  and  riiostnut  Sircets,  wtiii-li 
was  secure''  at  a  reasonable  rent.  Necessary  altera- 
tions Wire  made,  arran,i;iinents  for  balliing  introduei  d, 
specii'l  diet  kitdiens  were  (i'ted  up,  and  tbe  wliole 
buiiiiini;  I'urnislied  with  beds  and  beddinjj;.  On  the 
Idih  ol'  September  it  was  opened  'or  the  reception  of 
patients,  under  the  charge  of  Surgeon  John  T.  Hod- 
gen,  United  States  voluiueers,  witli  a  eoniiietent  c.irps 
of  assistant  surgeons,  aimtheeary.  steward,  ward-mas- 
teis,  niirs's,  etc.,  under  the  title  of  the  '•  City  (Jeneral 
Hospital." 

li  \>as  rapidly  filleil  with  pati'Mits.  and  eontinned 
as  a  military  hospital  until  the  autumi;  of  ISliU,  under 
the  charge  of  l>r.  llodgei;,  whose  able  and  faithful 
services  ami  great  surgical  skill  were  i'ully  recognized 
aiid  ajipreciatcd  by  the  Medical  Departnicnt  .oid  by 
the  Western  Sanitary  Cominissicin. 

Heing  loiated  in  a  ecntrd  part  of  the  city,  cnnven- 
iciit  to  the  raili.iiid  depoH  and  the  river,  it  was  thi; 
phice  of  reeeplion  of  nearly  all  the  severely  wounded 
and  the  hopelessly  sick  on  their  arri\al. 

It  was  in  this  building  that  the  Western  Sanitary 
Coinri.-siuii  cnnnicnecd  its  useful  and  arduous  labors, 
having  its  cillic  in  a  small  room  at  (be  left  of  the  en- 
trance, in  tho  second  story,  and  a  store-room  for  sani- 
tary goods  in  the  basement,  its  memberH  meeting  every 
day  for  eonsultiilion  and  action  ;  its  president,  .lames 
E.  Y'orttinnn,  };iviiiK  lii*  wliolo  time  to  the  work,  and 
having  only  one  luaii  to  act  af,  store-kcper.  porter,  and 
'j.ork  j   ouch    muiiibcr  of  tlie   cummibdion  lending   a 


helping  hand,  boxes  of  sanitary  stores  arrivin..-  fr,,,,, 
New  !"]iiglaiul,  and  from  tlie  various  towns  .uni  liiii^ 
of  the  West,  prepared  a'ld  forwarded  by  the  willii,,. 
hands  of  tlio  wive.s  and  mothers  and  dauglitii-  of  il,,, 
land,  and  being  distributed  ns  needed  to  the  lhi.s])i(;i|> 
and  camps  and  regiments  in  and  around  St.  I-uiiis.  amj 
at  niore  distant  jiosts  in  the  interior  of  the  Sine. 

I'Vom  September  iL'th  to  September  L'lst  nccurri'il 
the  siege,  the  battle,  and  surrender  of  Lexiii'.i  n,  Jl,, 
which  throw  some  three  liiindred  more  wi  iin.l.d  im-ii 
upini  tho  hospitals  of  St  Louis.  Huriiig  ijie  !«,, 
Uionths  in  which  those  events  happened,  hesiile.'i  ih, 
hospitals  already  named,  several  more  were  aililni.  ()„ 
the  io!h  of  Sepleinbor  ''le  hospital  near  Canip  Itcnlnii 
was  op-'ued,  and  on  the  ITtth  llio  Good  Saiii;irii;iii 
located  at.  the  corner  of  O'Fallon  Street  ami  I'niiii 
Avenue.  On  the  L'ltb  of  October  the  new  liii(,.i 
liiiildingon  Fourth  Street,  between  Morgan  aiiii  Fiunt 
lin  Avenue,  was  converted  into  a  hospital.  The  Ho- 
ceiving  House  on  S[iruce  Street  between  Sevenili  ;iiiil 
Kiirhth  was  used  by  the  Sanitary  Uommissinii  lorri. 
ci'iving  and  giving  temporary  shelter  to  the  sick  :ui.l 
woundi'd  soldiers  arriving  at  night  by  the  respectivo 
niilroails.  but  was  taken  possession  of  Xnvemlnr 
■lib  by  the  medical  director  and  coiivertcil  inin  ;, 
liospilal.  aiid  naniod  the  Pacific  Hos])iii,l.  The  \Vini. 
em  Sanitary  Commission  also  fitted  up  a  miiiilier  if 
hospital  cars,  furnished  them  with  beds,  iMukiii'.'  slmv- 
aiid  nurses,  and  s!i]i]ilie(l  all  necessary  slures,  in  reiiilu 
the  transit  of  tho  patients  over  the  railreails  as  emii 
fortable  as  possible. 

In  the  same  monlh  extensive  additimis  were  iii.kI, 
to  the  Si  alliiox  nos[)lta!  on  Duncan's  l-lami ;  aiui 
the  Hickory  Street  Hospital  was  opened  fnrtliees|»'- 
eial  use  o'   the  lies(>rve  (\)rps  of  State  tin  .|is. 

Miirio  ,  thomonthsof  Heeenibor  and  Jatuiniy.lSdj 
the  ".iinbcr  of  sick  and  wounded  in  .ill  the  linspita!- 
,ii'  St.  Idiuis  and  vicinity  liad  reaelu'd  ovi  r  iwn  llimi 
sand,  and  the  labors  of  the  Sanitary  Coiiin:i.ssieinv,r. 
greatiy  increased.  Meetings  were  held  every  few  ilay> 
frii)uent  inspections  were  made  of  all  the  Inisjiiials  aiM 
camps;  reports  were  prepared  and  siibniitiej  to  ih' 
commanding  gem'ral  ;  improvements  were  iiilinilimil, 
and  supplies  were  forwarih'd  wherever  neeileil. 

In  \he  enlargoment  of  its  woik  it  became  iircessary 
for  the  Sanitary  ('ominission  to  i:roeiiri'  adilitioii.i 
sljire-room  for  goods  and  to  emiiloy  a  secretary  I'lr 
a  period  of  three  months  this  |iosilion  was  lilleil  hy 
Rev.  J.  <r.  Korman,  of  Alton,  ill.,  wlni  resigned  ii 
to  enter  u]ion  his  duties  as  chaplain  of  the  Thinl  Mi- 
souri  Volunteers,  ami  li,  H.  Ripley  succei'deil  liim  I'ei 
several  months,  wh'ti  ho  akso  resigned  and  liccaiiio  tin' 
quartermaster  of  the   Thirty-third   M i.vsoiiii  Vulun- 


THE   CIVIL  WAR. 


543 


's  iirriviiiL-  fniin 
Idwns  ainl  ni'n> 
il  by  ill''  vvilliii'j 
Jau^liti-rs  III'  ilic 

I   111   till'   iMSpit;!!- 

ml  St.  I-'iiiis, ;iiiii 
[if  tlu>  Slate. 
pv  'J  I  St  oci'urml 

Ijcxiir.  r  II,  Mii 
iro  W(.iiiiili'(l  imii 

Piiriiiu  tlio  i«i. 
cMi'il,  bi'siilc*  ilii 
'  were  aiit'.i'il.  tin 
oar  ('aiii|i  liciitmi 

(jood  Sainariliiii, 
Street  ami  I'rnlii 
'!•  till'  new  liiili' 
Iori;anaiiil  Frank- 
osjiitiil.  The  Ko- 
wocii  Si'vcnlli  aini 
'omiiiixsioii  fur  ri. 
IT  tt)  till'  >ii'k  ami 

liy  the  n's]H'clivo 
ion    111'   Niivcinlirr 

coiivcrti'il  iii'ii  ;i 

spitlu.      Till'  WfM- 

'(1  up  a  iiuiiiliiT  i'' 

'(Is.  ciiiikiiiL'  sliivi- 

ry  siori's,  in  ri'ii'l'i 

railniails  as  cimi 

lllitlntlS  WiTl'  lllllll 

■ail  s   Islaml ;  aini 

I'llCll   fur  till'  t"^|ii- 

iti'  tiv  'ps. 
iil.laiiuarv.bii-. 
all  ilu'  linspita!- 

il  (iVrV  IWil  llmu 

CiiliiirisMMii  w.ri 
111  I'Vi'iA  i'l'w  ilav< 

tlic  liiispiiaUaii'i 
sullllliltnl   til  ill' 

WlTl'  illlliiilllCI'il, 

(cr  lu'i'ili'il. 
li;'('aini'  iH'i'i's^iiry 
in'riivi"  aiMiii'iii.i! 
a  si'cri'tan.  l''"t 
tiiiii  was  lilli'il  I'} 
,  wlui  ri'-i':iii'il  i' 
(li'tlu'Tliinl  Vi-- 
siu',',.,'ili'il  liim  li'i 
icd  ami  lii'caiiic  tlio 
Missouri  Vulun- 


(^■eis.  Ill  May,  ISCil?,  lli^v.  Mr.  Formaii  n};ain  bc- 
(,;,ini'  prim  iiciitly  socrotiiry  of  llu;  coiiiniissii^n.  In 
I'l'liiiiaiv,  1SI12,  the  small  rcioiii  in  the  Kiflli  Street 
ilosiiital  was  vaeiitod  for  the  larger  rooms,  No.  10 
.\-„rili  Kil'tli  Street. 

in  |)('ii'iiilier,  the  Medieal  Director,  Surgeon  l>e 
I'aiiili,  wiili  wliom  tliceninuiissioii  bad  labiuvd  in  estab- 
li-liiii'.'  ami  (itiing  up  the  new  military  bnspital.s,  was 
siipLT.<.'.i"<l  by  Dr.  J.  J.  15.  Wri-bt",  U.S.A.  The 
(■iiiniiiis-iiiii  undertook  the  laboriuu.s  task  of  birinj; 
siiilalile  iiiMsi^s  for  llu  lii).'*]iitals,  and  was  "speeially 
in-itnuiiriiial  iu  introdueinii;  female  iiurse.s  in  tlieiu,  a 
svstoiii  lint  recognised  in  tlio  army  and  hospital  rcgu- 
jaiimis  111'  till!  Ueited  States,  but  which,  tbrinigh  the 
a.bncai'V  and  iiiflLiiice  of  Miss  |)ix,  found  favor  with 
ilii'  ilii'ii  Secretary  of  War.*  Mr.  Cameron,  an  i  was  ap- 
piiiveJ  liy  the  I'l-e.sident. 

Dii  the  li'itli  of  March,  1S()2,  a  Soldiers'  ilome  for 
.jisiliai'.'cd  ami  furlougbed  soldiers  passing  through  the 
I'iiv  was  estailishcd  by  tbo  Western  rom\iii.ssioii  at 
:;ilS(.iilli  l''iiuilli  Street,  St.  liouis,  capable  of  aeconi- 
III  I'liiiii','  iViiin  lil'iy  to  one  hunilrcd  soldiers  daily.  It 
wa-i  jilaci'il  ill  charge  of  Rev.  Charles  IVabody  as 
^iipi'i'iiiciideiit,  with  Miss  A.  Ij.  Ostrain  as  niatron. 
Iiiiiinu'  ilie  lii'-'l  two  years  of  its  existence  tlic  Sol- 
il>i>'  lliiinc  ai  St.  Louis  furnisbed  nicals  and  lodgings 
1,1  iwi'iily  thousand  eight  liundred  and  forty-six  sol- 
li  i>,  iii'isi  of  tbeiii  invalid:  partially  restored  to 
lualili.  parsing  on  furlough  to  their  homes  or  return- 
mi.'  Ill  ilii'ir  regime. its. 

Tlit'  iiiiiiiiicr  of  meals  furnisbed  to  .siiiiiii  .  .  for  the 
l\v,i  yi'ars  ciuliiig  March  I'J,  IHlU,  was  eighty  live 
iliiiiisaiiil  iiiiK'  liuiidri'd  and  iiinety-two,  and  the  niini- 
1,1'  111'  Imlgiiigs  for  the  sami;  period  was  twenty-four 
tli'iii-aiiil  iwo  hundred  and  ninety.  In  no  case  was  any 
I'iiai^i'  iiiaile  to  any  oftbe  guests.  Besides  these,  many 
near  rcla.ivi's,  fathers,  mothers,  and  wives,  of  si''k  or 
liirliiii;;lied  soldiers,  ae"onip:.iiying  them,  received  the 
li!i>pilarily  of  the  home,  of  which  no  account  was 
iiiiulc. 

The  e.speiise  incurred  by  the  eommission  in  main- 
laiimig  this  iii>liiutiim  was  about  three  thousand  (!ol- 
Lirs  a  year,  iiiid  the  value  of  the  rations  and  fuel 
riiriii>lieil  by  the  government  was  about  two  th.-iisand 
ilillars  inure. 

Uiiriiig  the  year  18(52  three  military  hospitals  were 
■I'lili'il  lo  tliiiso  already  established  in  St.  Ijouis, — the 
Marine,  the  .jeireison  Barracks,  and  tlio  Lawsun  IIok 
]iiials.  The  necessity  for  thi.<!  arose  from  tlic  large 
iiiiiiiIhm'  111'  sick  brimglit  by  the  hospital  steamers 
I'li.iu  the  armies  of  the  frontier,  the  Southwest,  the 
roiiiic'ssee,  and  the  Mississippi. 
The  Marine  Hospital  wus  a  government  in.slitution. 


originally  intended  for  persons  engaged  in  the  naviga- 
tion of  the  Mississippi  River.  Tt  was  a  four-story 
stone  and  brick  edifice,  surrounded  by  extensive  and 
well-shaded  grounds,  and  a  garden  in  which  the  con- 
valescent pati'Mits  performed  a  part  of  the  labor,  and 
had  every  conveiiieiiee  of  ■;  model  hospital. 

It  vas  opened  as  a  military  hospital  May  1,  1802, 
and  then  liad  accommodations  for  one  hundred  and 
fifty  patients.  From  that  date  till  May  I,  18(11,  it 
had  received  fifteen  luindred  and  .scvciity-fonr  pa- 
tients, and  its  ]iercentage  of  deaths  was  nine.  During 
the  summer  of  18(11!  its  aceonimodations  were  enlarged 
for  one  hundred  more  patients  by  the  addition  of 
wooden  barracks. 

The  olficers  at  the  bos]iital  were  Assistant  Suigco!i 
James  II.  reabody,  ll.S.V.,  in  charge,  L.  II.  Cal- 
loway. M.D.,  acting  assistant  surgeon,  and  Rev.  Jai..es 
A."  l*age,  cha]ilain. 

In  April,  18G2,  Jed'erson  Barracks  was  co'iverted 
into  a  hospital.  Resides  the  old  buildings,  the  gov- 
ernment, during  the  summer  of  18(1'_'.  erected  others 
on  the  ample  grouud.s  belonging  to  it  on  the  west 
side,  so  as  to  afford  ac<'omn)odatioiis  for  two  thousand 
five  hundred  ]iatients.  These  new  buildings  were  one 
story  high,  in  trijile  rows  six  hundred  feet  long,  divided 
into  winds  of  three  luindred  feet  each.  Thee  were 
tlnci'  groups  or  sets  of  these  new  ho.spitals,  some  dis- 
tance apari,  the  entire  grounds  in  every  direction 
being  beaiitil'iilly  shaded  bv  large  oak-trees,  '/'hey 
weve  so  arranged  that  eaidi  group  had  the  centri'.l  row 
appropriated  to  a  dining-room  and  surgeons',  nurses', 
and  stewards'  ([uarters,  the  outside  rows  being  for 
sick  wards,  Resides  these  im)iriivemeiils,  a  .system 
of  water-works  was  introduced,  with  reservoir  and 
]iipes,  by  which  the  w.iter  of  the  Mi.-sissippi  was  car- 
ricil  through  all  the  buildings. 

The  institution  was  in  charge  of  Surgeon  .).  I'. 
Banlolpb,  U.S.A.,  as.sisted  by  Dr.  II.  U.  Tiltun, 
rS.A.,  and  V.  V.  McLane,  Ml).,  A.  L.  Allen, 
Ml).,  T.  V.  Bumbold,  M.I).,  Hiram  Latham,  M.D,, 
S,  Leslie,  .'M.D.,  and  ,1.  .1.  Marstim,  M.D.  The  post 
chaplain,  licv.  J.  I'\  Fish,  liau  been  stationed  here 
many  years,  and  continued  his  services,  in  connection 
with  Rev.  S.  I'ettigrew,  hospital  chaplain. 

The  number  of  patients  receiveil  and  treated  in 
this  hospital  in  two  year.s,  ending  .\pril  .'ttl,  l,'^(j  I,  was 
eleven  thousand  four  hundred  and  tbirty-liinr. 

The  Lawson  Hospital  was  situated  on  the  corner  of 
Broadway  and  Carr  Streets,  and  was  fitted  up  during 
the  latter  part  f  the  fall  of  18(12.  The  edifice  was 
originally  intended  for  a  hotel,  was  seven  stories  hi"h, 
and  was  divided  into  eight  wards,  besides  office-rooms, 
iitirscs'  quarters,  linen-room,  kitchen,  dining-hall,  and 


m 


m 


,.!.,  uiji  i.r  J  giiimfm^fmfnniii 


n% 


I  ;s 


..^ 


.144 


IirSTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Btorc-roouis.  It  was  opened  Jan.  17,  1S63,  and  was 
in  cliar;;e  of  Suij-'eon  C.  T.  Alexander,  U.  S.  Army, 
osH.-ted  by  W.  U.  Bradley,  M.D.,  L.  li.  Bottomlcy, 
M.D.,  and  William  Fritz,  M.D.  llev.  ]'liilii>  McKin. 
was  liosjiital  (:lia))laiii. 

About  the  latter  part  of  December,  18C2,  the  large 
amphitheatre  building  in  the  old  Fair  Grounds  at  Ben- 
ton Barracks,  a  few  miles  northwest  f;om  St.  Louis, 
and  i.'orth  of  the  St.  Charles  road,  was  taken  pos- 
session of  by  the  government  for  hospital  purposes. 
It  was  inclosed,  provided  with  windows,  floored,  parti- 
tioned, divided  into  ward.s,  thoroughly  whitewa.'-lied, 
furnifhed  with  iron  bedsteads  and  good  bods,  and 
converted  into  one  of  the  largest,  most  thoroughly 
ventilated,  and  best  hospitals  in  the  United  States, 
capable  of  accomuiodatiiig  two  thousand  five  la  ...ed 
patients.  Numerous  other  buildings  near  the  main 
edifice,  on  the  same  grounds,  formerly  used  by  the 
Agricultural  Society  for  its  exhibitions,  were  used 
for  olBccrs'  (piartcrs,  medical  dL-^pensary,  commissary 
rooiMS,  special  diet  kitchens,  etc.,  and  the  fine  walks 
and  splendid  shade  added  much  to  the  beauty  and 
attractiveness  of  the  place. 

The  institution  was  at  first  placed  in  charge  of 
Surgeon  Ira  liu.ssell,  U.S.V.,  uiiilcr  whoso  adminis- 
tration it  was  conducted  with  entire  success.  It  was 
opced  March  1.  ISUH,  and  during  the  following 
three  niunths  received  two  thousand  and  forty-two 
patients.  From  June  1,  ISOIJ,  to  May  1,  1SG4,  there 
were  four  thousand  eight  hundred  and  ninety-eight 
patients  received. 

For  a  few  months  ot'  the  autumn  of  ]S(!3,  Surgeon 
Ilussell  was  relieved  by  Surgeon  J.  11.  Grove,  U.8.V. 
In  the  winter  of  ISlllJ-Gl,  Benton  Barracks  became 
u  recruiting  station  for  colored  troops,  and  hospital 
acconiinodations  being  needed  for  the  sick  of  the  col- 
ored regimc'ts,  .several  of  the  wards  were  appropriated 
for  their  use.  Dr.  Grove  having  been  assigned  to 
unothei  position,  Ur.  Itussell  was  again  {ilaeed  in 
charge. 

Besides  the  general  hospital,  there  wr.s  also  a  post 
liospital  at  Benton  Barracks,  likewise  in  charge  of 
Surgeon  iiussell.  During  the  fall  of  ISti;]  and  winter 
of  18tJ4  many  of  the  sick  of  the  new  colored  regiments 
were  treated  tlierc^  The  whole  number  of  patients 
received  was  six  thousand  one  hundred  and  forty. 
Female  nurses  were  provided  lor  this  hospitjl  by  the 
Western  Sanitary  Commission,  liiu  guvernment  only 
allowing  them  to  the  general  hospi'als. 

>i'otwithbtanding  these  cxtcn»ivu  arrangements,  the 
accommodations  for  sick  and  wounded  soldiers  proved 
insufficient,  and  several  new  hospitals  were  established, 
— one  ou  Hickory  Street  aud  one  at  Benton  Barracks, 


I  the  Gratiot  Prison  Hospital  and  the  Smallpnx  IIos. 
pital  on  Duncan's  Lsland.  The  first  of  tln.se  ^jg 
originally  a  general  hospital,  and  there  was  Ifiriiiorlv 
a  post  hospital  at  Schofield  Barracks,  in  the  iiaiiitJiaif 
vicinity,  on  Chouteau  Avenue,  which  was  coiisullJatei] 
with  it  Nov.  1, 1SG3.  The  whole  number  of  iMiicm* 
received  at  Hickory  Street  to  that  date  was  I'lie  iln.u. 
sand  eight  hundred  and  twenty-six,  and  at  SLlmfi^lj 
Barracks  the  number  of  patients  received  was  two 
hundred  and  six.  At  the  Military  Prison  ll(i>|,iial 
in  McDowell's  College,  Gratiot  Street,  the  inimbi.'rof 
,  patients  received  up  to  May  1,  18G4,  was  throe  tliou. 
sand  five  hundred  and  fourteen,  and  the  pcreciitj'.'o  uf 
deaths  eleven  and  four-tenths.  The  .surgeon  iiicliar^e 
was  B.  B.  Breed,  U.S.V.  The  number  uf  jiiiticiiis 
received  at  the  Smallpox  •Hospital  to  June  1,  lsi;:j, 
was  eight  hundnd  and  seventy-one,  and  the  piianta-e 
I  of  ■  s  twenty-two  and  nine-tenths.  The  nuiiiWr 
I  of  p.  joners  received  at  the  same  institution  fur  ilie 
same  period  was  one  hundred  and  sixty-two,  and  die 
percentage  of  deaths  thirty-four  and  one  half 

The  number  of  patients  treated  at  the  post  liospital 
on  Hickory  Street  from  Nov.  1, 18G."],  to  May  1, 1SI14, 
was  one  thousand  four  hundred  and  twelve.  Tlio  in 
stitution  was  in  charge  of  Frank  W.  White,  .Ml'.,  .\, 
A.  Surgeon,  U.  S.  A. 

The  Good  Samaritan,  the  Fifth  Street,  the  Kiiit. 
and  the  New  House  of  Refuge  Hospitals  wurc  dis- 
continued. 

The  whole  number  of  patients  treated  in  llm  Ins 
pitals  of  St.  Louis,  including  those  at  Jelfirsuii  aiij 
Benton  Barracks,  up  to  May  1,  ISo',  was  til. 711, 
the  number  that  died  was  51)84,  and  the  iioraniagi 
of  deaths  'J. I. 
\  The  military  prisons  of  St.  Louis  from  the  liepn- 
^  niitg  of  the  war  received  the  constant  alteiitiun  of 
the  Western  Sanitary  Coniiuission,  and  saiiit;irvsioM 
were  issued  to  them  in  all  cases  of  urgent  mclJ  u|'oii 
the  requisitions  of  the  surgeon  in  charge. 

I  The  f'dlinving  gtnurnl,  post,  and  ro>^iniLMitiil  lins|iil;ils  wore 
aiiiiiiijr  ihu  iiuiiibL'i'  lliat  wuru  !<ii|i|ilieil  by  tliLs  euiniiiijHuii: 
■Niw  lliiuse  of  Krl'iigo,  i^t.   Louis  ami  Cily  llosiiil.ils,  lluiiTai 

;  llos|iit:il  (t'oinor  of  l''il'lli  iiiiil  Olu'^tiiut  Stitii'ls),  lloml  Siimaii- 
tan,  lOliot  (Kourlli  Strcel),  I'.icilk,  llii^kuiy  tili-i'ct,  JvWvriM 
Itiurai'ks,  .Miiiiiu<,  liciiton  liiirraokii,  Liinyun,  lui  I  Siiiall|Hi\ 
llos|iii,ils,  )i(ii<|tiialti  HI  Ariiot'H  tuiil  Tliurntuii  \  I'ioi'L'f'd  liiiii<l- 
inj;s,  ."Scliulu'lil  Itjiriiickti  iinil  A!il:t;try  I'rison  ;  lin>|tit;il..  iiiCairu 

;   mill  .Mounil  ritv,  Hi.;  at   I'aclmiili  luul  i^ol.iiiibii'.  Kv,;  Pill;- 

I  bnrjili  Litnilini;.  I'niiin  ('i!y,.lut:k,'*nn,  I.iigrnn,:;e,  .Mi'iiiphts.  Nasli 
villc,  :unl  .Muifriusbiio',  Tunn.;  I'urlntb  anil  ViL'k-biii-;^.  .Mif'.; 
Ilunt-'ville,  Abi. ;  ilflt'nj  C'lioonilun,  IIichmm  illc.  liuiali 
lllulV,  l''iiyilleiillo.  Siilcni,  nn.l   I.itlle  Itock.  .Vik. :  furl  lihiMi, 

!  CbiTokof  Naliftn  ;  Voiin.a;'.-*  I'l'ini,  iMillikm's  llcn.l.  (bwilii'li* 
l.iiiulin;;  nml  Duckpiirl,  l.a.i  ',  ofpiliil,"  cpf  ihcSiMli,  flilrlorirh, 
Kourli'i'iitli.  l-'ilifL'ii;h,.'^i.\li'Cnfii,iui  I  Sovfinoinlh  .Viiii.v  ('ur|w; 
unJ   of   yiiiiuby'8,    liuvey'*,    .'^Ifulf's,    l.u,'iiir.',    .Mol'liiisuii'.-. 


lisUiiit   :iltoiilluii  lit 
i\iul  Miiiiturploios 


ntiil  li'i.-l'iliil*  were 
liV  Uiir^  fiimiius-i'iii: 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


545 


ililiiAniiv('Dr|i': 


IlerronV.  Kimbnll's,  MoArthur'a,  and  Blair's  divi^ionr;  and  of  ' 
Thnvpr^'  I'ving'f,  WHdci'", snd  the  marine  brigndo;  hospitals 
j^Oltervilli",  I'ttoilio  Cily,  Kolln,  Pt.  Joseph,  Kulpbur  Springs,  | 
Scdalb,  Tipton,  Commerce,  St.  Charles,  fronton,  I'ilot  Knob, 
Cape  Oiriiiilcan,    Lebanon,  I'attorfon,  JefTerson  City,  Kansas 
CitV  Springfield,  Ml.;   Fort  Scott.  Fort  Leavenworth,   Kan.; 
Fart  Iliillcck,  Idaho:  Uvansville,  Ind.j  Quincy,  III.;  and  Keo-  ' 
kuk,  !<)»■'>•  I 

Al-ny  stores    were    also    issued    to    convalescent  i 
aM\-.9  and  personally  to  large  numbers  of  convalescent  ; 

foldier^.  } 

Tlic  Iiospifal  steamers  supplied  by  the  Western 
Sanitary  Comniigsion  were 

llic"Cily  "f  liOuisiann,"  fitted  out  March  20,  18(12,  but  after- 
ward! refitted  and  named  the  "  R.  C.  Wood,"  the  "  D.  A.  Janu-  : 
iry  "  the  "  Ki'.iprcss,"  the  "  Imperial,"  the  "  Crescent  City," 
Ihc "  lied  Rover,"  the  "  City  of  Alton,"  the  "  City  of  Memphis," 
llie"Xnehville,"  and  of  the  transports  conveying  tho  sioli  and 
wounded,  tho  "  Ruth,"  the  "Glasgow,"  the"  Dianii,"  the  "  N'c-  ' 
braska,"  the  ''  Champion,"  and  tho  '  Baltic." 

Of  the  gunboats  of  the  Mississippi  naval  squadron, 
supplies  were  sent  to  nearly  all,  among  which  the  ful- 
lowing  may  be  named : 

Tlie  "Louisville,"  "Mound  City,"  " Carondelet,"  "Chilli- 
collic,"  "Judge  Torrcnce,"  "  Lafayette,"  "  Naumkeag,"  "  Rat- 
lcr""Autoenit,"  "  Black  Hawk,"  "  Petrel,"  "  General  Price," 
"  llomc","  "  Choctaw,"  "  Benton,"  "Avenger,"  "  Tyler,"  "  Mon- 
arch,' "Switzerland,"  " '^awpaw,"  "  Tawba,"  "  Key  West," 
and"X».  11." 

In  this  connection  it  may  be  appropriate  to  mention 
the  names  of  those  female  nurses  who,  by  long  and 
I'litiiful  service  and  special  devotion  to  the  care  of 
the  sick  and  wounded  soldiers  in  the  St.  Louis  hos- 
pitals, earned  the  gratitude  of  those  who  were  the 
objects  of  their  kind  solicitude  and  self  sacrificing 
labors.    The  list  is  as  follows : 

Mrs.  M.  [.  llalliird,  Mrs.  K.  0.  Gibson,  Mrs.  L.  D,  Aldrich, 
Wri.  lliiiighlon,  .Mrs.  S.  A.  I'lummer,  Jliss  Carrlo  C.  McNair, 
HtJ.  Harriet  Cullax,  Mrs.  Sarah  A.  Barton,  Miss  Ida  Johnson^ 
Miss  Clark,  Mis.  A.  L.  Oalrain,  Mrs.  Lucy  IC.  .Starr,  Mrs.  Olive 
FiMiuan,  Mrs.  Anno  .M.  Shattuck,  Mrs.  1).  C.  Brendell,  Mrs. 
i:.  J.  Munis,  Ml.".  Dorothea  Ogden,  Mrs.  K.  C.  Witheiell,  Miss 
N.  A.  Slicplierd,  tho  Sisters  of  Charity  at  the  New  House  of 
Ikfugn  Hospital,  Miss  Kmma  L.  Ingalls,  Mis.*  Kmily  I).  I'ar- 
fonf,  .Miss  Fanny  .Marshall,  Miss  Louisa  Maert?.,  Miss  Harriet 
N,  I"  illips,  Mrs.  Kliiabeth  A.  Nichols,  .Miss  Uebccca  Craig- 
lifiJ,  Mrs.  II.  A.  Haines,  Mrs.  H.  A.  Held,  Miss  lliitlio  Wis 
wall,  .Mr.'.  Uicsc,  Mrs.  Maria  Brooks,  Mrs.  Mary  Allen,  Mrs. 
lli.kcrdikp,  .Miss  Cornelia  M.  Tompkins,  Mrs.  M.  A.  Stcller, 
Mi«,  Clinic  Gray,  .Mrs.  .M.  .1.  Dykuian,  Misses  Marian  ami 
Cliim  MeCliiitock,  Mrs.  Otis,  Mrs.  Sager,  Mrs.  I'oabody,  Mrs. 
RtWivi  S.  Smilli,  Miss  Melcei-ia  Klliott,  Mrs.  C,  C.  Ilagur, 
.Mr*.  J.  i:.  Illekox,  Mrs.  Lucy  L.  Campbell,  Miss  C.  A.  JLir 
«iKid,  .Miss  lii'bornli  Daugbcrly,  Miss  I'hebe  .\llcn,  Mrs.  Wells, 
Mrs.  Ferris,  anil  .Miss  Lucy  J.  Kissell. 

The  Union  refuj^ees  also  received  a  share  in  the 
labowofthe  Western  Sanitary  Commission.  During 
the  full  and  winter  of  1861-G2  many  refugees  were 
driven  by  the  Cuufuderates  from  the  interior  and 
8.> 


southwest  parts  of  Mis.souri  to  St.  Louis,  and  were  in 
k  condition  of  want  and  suffering.  A  home  on  Kim 
Street  was  opened  for  the  most  helpless  and  destitute, 
and  others  were  assisted  according  to  their  necessities. 
John  Cavender,  an  old  and  respectable  citizen,  emi- 
nent fur  his  integrity  and  Christian  character,  devoted 
his  whole  time  to  their  care.  A  fund  was  raised  at 
first  by  a  call  of  the  Western  Sanitary  Commission, 
amounting  to  about  three  thousand  eight  hundred 
dollars,  besides  a  large  amount  of  clothing.  A  further 
sum  of  fifteen  thousand  dollars  was  raised  by  an  order 
of  Maj.-Gen.  Hallcck,  by  assessing  the  wealtliy  class 
of  Southern  sympathizers  in  St.  Louis  for  this  object, 
and  from  this  resource  Mr.  Cavender  was  able  to 
render  very  important  aid  to  these  destitute  people. 
For  two  years  iio  took  almost  tho  entire  charge  of 
this  work,  in  which  he  had  the  counsel  of  the  mem- 
bers of  the  commission,  and  was  sometimes  aided 
with  funds  for  the  purpose  when  other  sources  failed. 
During  the  winter  of  18G3,  Mr.  Cavender,  whose 
health  had  been  failing,  was  taken  sick  and  died. 

In  August,  1803,  there  began  to  be  further  arri- 
vals of  destitute  refugees  from  Arkansas,  Tennessee, 
Mississippi,  Alabama,  Louisiana,  and  Texas.  Many 
of  them  were  women  with  small  children,  poorly 
clad,  often  barefooted,  brought  up  the  river  on  gov- 
ernment steamers,  and  landed  in  St.  Louis  without 
the  means  of  procuring  a  place  of  shelter  for  a  single 
night.  There  was  no  alternative  but  to  open  tinother 
refugee  home.  The  president  of  the  comaiission 
rented  tho  house  3f)  Walnut  Street  fur  the  purpose 
on  the  1st  of  September,  and  from  that  date  to  May, 
18G4,  not  less  than  fifteen  hundred  refugees  were 
sheltered,  provided  for,  or  sent  on  their  way  to  friends 
or  places  of  employment  in  the  free  States.  By  an 
arrangement  with  Gens.  Schuficid  and  llosecrans, 
rations  and  fuel  were  allowed  from  the  government, 
and  the  rent  was  paid  by  the  quartermaster,  but  tho 
incidental  expenses  of  the  home  and  the  charities  in 
clothing,  money,  etc.,  were  provided  by  the  commis- 
sion. The  home  was  under  the  superintendence  of 
Rev.  Mr.  Forman,  the  secretary  of  the  commission,  and 
its  domestic  arrangements  were  coDdueted  by  Miss  M. 
Elliott  as  matron,  who,  in  a  spirit  of  true  sell-sacrifice, 
devoted  her  time  and  strength  to  the  service  of  the 
poor  outcasts.  The  expenses  and  charitic.-i  of  tho 
homo  and  for  destitute  refugee  fiimilies  in  the  city, 
and  to  those  going  beyond  St.  -Louis,  were  about  one 
thousand  dollars  in  six  months,  beyond  the  aid  re- 
ceived from  tho  government  in  rations,  fuel,  rent,  and 
transportation. 

The  resources  of  tho  Western  Sanitary  Commis- 
sion were  made  up  of  voluntary  contributions  from 


m 


Tmfmmmm^mm 


546 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


tlic  people  of  tlic  loynl  States.  Men  and  women  in 
the  leading  towns  and  cities  of  New  Kn<;land,  in  the 
Northwest,  and  in  tlio  cities  of  Boston,  Providence, 
New  York,  and  Phihidelphiu  gave  liberally  of  tlieir 
means  to  support  the  conimi.-^sion  in  its  noble  work. 
Bcside.i  all  this,  the  city  and  county  of  St.  Louis  and 
the  Lcgi.shiture  of  Missouri  acted  with  great  generos- 
ity. In  addition  to  the  liberal  contributions  of  the 
citizens,  the  Convention  of  IMissouri  appropriated 
fifty  thou.sund  dollars,  and  in  the  winter  of  1864  the 
Legislature  of  Missouri  made  another  appropriation 
of  twenly-five  thousand  dollars  to  the  commission  to 
be  used  in  the  same  way,  and  the  county  court  of  the 
county  of  St.  Louis  made  a  donation  of  two  thousand 
dollars.  Besides  these  gifts  there  was  rai.sed  at  the 
Merchants'  E.\change,  St.  Louis,  a  liberal  subscription 
of  money  and  goods  to  the  commission  for  the  army 
of  Gen.  Grant  during  the  siege  of  Vicksburg,  amount- 
ing in  value  to  about  five  thousand  dollars,  and  Dec. 
:J5,  1803,  a  committee  of  merchants,  of  which  Jo- 
seph C.  Cabot  was  ebairnian,  raised  another  subscrip- 
tion of  twenty-five  thousand  dollars  additional  for 
the  general  purposes  of  the  commission. 

Besides  a  constant  flow  of  contributions  from  Bos- 
ton and  neighboring  towns  and  cities  of  Massachu- 
setts, that  city  at  one  tin)e,  through  a  committee,  of 
which  K.  C.  Greeiileaf  was  treasurer,  in  response  to 
an  appeal  from  Ilev.  Dr.  Eliot,  on  behalf  of  the  com- 
mission, contributed  fifty  thousand  dollars;  and  the 
distant  State  of  Calii'ornia,  stimulated  by  the  elo- 
(|ucnce  and  jiatriotism  of  the  lamented  Thomas  Starr 
King,  subscribed  fifty  thousand  dollars,  being  part  of 
a  donation  of  two  hundred  thousand  dollars,  the  bal- 
ance of  which  went  to  the  United  States  Sanitary 
Conimi.-sion.  Thesu  contributions  ;if  money,  with 
the  gifts  of  friends  in  New  York  City,  through  James 
A.  Boosevelt,  and  from  other  towns  and  cities  of  the 
loyal  States,  amounted  in  the  aggregate  to  two  hun- 
dred and  seventy-five  thousand  dollars,  while  the 
stores  contributed  from  the  .same  sources,  and  from 
the  Ladies'  Union  Aid  Societies  of  almost  every 
village  and  city  from  Maine  to  Minnesota,  and  from 
Boston  to  St.  Louis,  coMsi>ting  of  blankets,  comforts, 
sheets,  pillows,  jiillow-slips,  socks,  slippers,  mittens, 
bandages,  lint,  salves,  cotton  and  woolen  shirts  and 
drawers,  hospital  garments,  dressing  gowns,  dried 
nnd  canned  fruits,  tomatoe^:•  jellies,  'l<>!:,^.,;;c  wines, 
blackberry  cordial,  biftter,  vegetables,  (^tc.  amounted 
in  value  up  to  May  1),  1S()4,  to  more  than  a  million 
nnd  n  quarter  of  dollars. 

The  grea'  success  which  had  attended  the  fairs 
lield  in  the  large  cities  of  the  East  and  in  (^hicngo 
aud  Cinciuuuli  in  aid  of  tho  United  State:   Sanitary 


Commission,  as  we  have  seen  el.sewlicre,  Mi-L;L\<tcJ 
the  idea  of  a  Mississippi  Valley  Sanitary  Fair  at  Si. 
Louis,  for  the  benefit  of  the  Western  Sanilaiy  Cmu. 
mission.  The  net  proceeds  of  this  fair  anKnintuii  in 
over  five  hundred  and  fifty  thou.sand  dollao.  wliidi 
was  used  in  the  sanitary  work  of  the  army,  iiml  in 
furnishing  supplementary  supplies  to  the  lnL^pitals 
and  to  the  troops. 

A  generous  contribution  was  made  to  the  fair  Lv 
the  St.  Louis  County  court  of  the  Smizer  I'.iriii,  ilio 
proceeds  of  which,  as  a  part  of  the  combinntiuu  «lts, 
amounted  to  forty  thousand  dollars.  Considcriii,'  tlio 
source  of  this  gift,  and  the  large  amounts  riceivoj 
from  St.  Louis  in  other  ways,  it  was  thought  proper 
by  the  Western  Sanitary  Commission  to  estaljlj.li  a 
soldiers'  orphans'  home  near  the  city.  Acc(irilin:;lv, 
the  building  and  grounds  previou.'-ly  known  as  Wcbsiir 
College,  near  the  Webster  Station,  on  the  I'aiitic  I!;ii|. 
road,  in  St.  Louis  County,  ten  miles  west  uf  tlio  litv. 
were  .secured  at  a  cost  of  twelve  thousand  and  sixiv diii- 
dollars.  The  property  consisted  of  a  large  .--idiic  iditiio 
and  twenty  acres  of  land,  admirably  suited  to  this 
purpose.  The  sum  of  five  thou.sand  dojlais  was  al^o 
appropriated  towards  the  expenses  of  fiirni.>liinL'  iho 
institution  and  providing  its  first  supplies,  and  tlio 
property  and  the  management  of  tlie  Imiiu'  wm 
placed  in  the  hands  of  a  committee  uf  tiio  hailiis 
"  National  League"  of  St.  Louis,  and  an  adviM.rv 
committee  of  gentlemen  associated  with  ilieiii,  wiili 
the  offer  from  the  commission  that  the  wlmle  >liimlJ 
be  conveyed  to  a  board  of  trustees  of  tiicir  (nvn  si- 
lection,  on  condition  of  their  raising  an  cmiovviiiiiit 
of  fifty  thousand  dollars  and  assuming  the  ^l's|Hlll^i• 
bilities  of  the  trust.  A  public  meeting  was  luKl -liii 
after;  an  organization  was  effected,  and  ilie  iimloilak- 
ing  commenced.  A  portion  of  the  nimiey  was  .-iniii 
raised,  and  the  State  Legislature  up|>i'i>|>iiaioil  five 
thousand  dollars  a  year  for  ten  years  towauis  ilic  >ii]i- 
port  of  the  institution.  Snbs<(|uetit'\-  tlie  lumiiiis 
sion  expended  an  additional  sum  of  twmiy  iliMU.-aiiJ 
dollars  in  new  buildings,  so  as  to  enlarge  tlio  acciiu- 
modations  of  the  home  for  one  hnndrod  and  tiliy  !■!■ 
phans,  and  offered  an  appropriation  uf  ten  tlinii^uiui 
dollars  Additional  funds,  provided  the  trusioos  wuiilJ 
complete  the  fifty  thousand  dollars  oiiiinwiiuiii  liiiiJ 
by  the  22d  of  February,  ISllti,  niakiii- a  Mini  iiiuro 
than  cf|ual  to  the  amount  received  IVuni  tiio  git'i  ol 
St.  Louis  County  in  the  Smizer  fanii. 

On  the  7lh  of  January,  18t>.").  the  Lovi.-lutuio  it' 
Missouri  passed  an  net  incorporating  llie  inslitulioii, 
by  the  title  of  "  The  Soldiers'  Orphans'  lluino  of  f'l. 
Louis,"  and  on  the  iUst  of  the  same  iinmili  iiiailo  tlio 
yearly  oppropriation  already  mentioned.    The  lullow- 


THE   CIVIL  WAR. 


547 


licrc,  su_'i;e»lcd 
lary  Fair  ;\t  St. 
Siinitaiy  Cum- 
111-  ami  milted  to 
1  dollai>,  wliiili 
le  army,  :inil  in 
;o   till!   iKispiials 

c  to  till?  fair  Ijv 
Imizov  farm,  tlie 
DmbiiiatiiJii  sali<, 
CoiiJ-itlcriii^'  tlie 
mounts  n-ceivoti 
3  tlioui;lit  proiuT 
m  to  L^laUisl;  ;\ 
y.     Afeiirdindv, 
iiiowii  as  WfbsitT 
)  tliu  l'ai-ilii.'l{;iil- 
1  west  of  tlic  diy. 
:aiul  and  sixty mii' 
lari;e  sionci'diticc 
)ly   suited  t(i  this 
id  dollars  was  al.-o 
of  furnisliiiiu  tlie 
sup])lii's,  and  llio 
r    the   lioini'  wi'iv 
CO  of  tlie  Ladiis 
and   an  advi-nry 
with  iheiu,  with 
the  whole  slmuld 
of  thoir  own  sf- 
hi;  an  eiiJowuicM 
|niiiiL.'  the  resfmnM- 
jtinj;  was  hild  si'i'ii 
and  tilt!  uiidcit.ik- 
'  inoiipy  wi'S  «'^"' 
aiipropriatod  fiu' 
Irs  lowauls  tlu'  slip- 
I'lilly  the  ouuinis- 
if  twenty  tliuUMiiid 
liilars;e  the  accmii- 
iidred  and  fiHv  "t. 
Ill  of  tell  tliuusiml 
the  trustees  would 
s  eiidiiwiiHiit  luiid 
liakin;:  a  mh"  lU'"'-' 
|1   from  till'  i:il'' "'" 
Ini. 

Jtiie  Le^jislatuio  -i 
t„,,  ihe  instimlii'ii, 
Ihans'  Howe  of  !*t 
lie  niniitli  made  the 
l.iied.     The  i»llo«- 


ii,,r  iiiei'rporators  wore  named  in  the  act  as  the  board 
of  tiust(  es,  and  the  following  members  of  the  Ladies' 
•National  Leai^ue"  as  a  board  of  lady  managers: 
" /;,„!.  7  ./  Tni»leeii.—  E.  W.  Fox,  X.  C.  riia|iinnn,  A.  S.  W. 
i;„„,i»iii.  II-  '!•  "'"!•',  Dwi.s'ht  Durkec.  T.  It.  VAgnr,  Jiihn  U. 
Kijso,  lliiiry  Ki'Diieily,  M.  \i.  I.iiiton,  John  II.  I.iglitncr,  S.  II. 
l.iillin,  .'lonr,'  Itii'liardsoii,  Ilcnry  S.  liecil,  Ilonry  A.  Iliiiiu'yci', 
,111(1  Ihcir  fUi-cc»sors. 

■■I.ii'li/  .Wnimi/fC". — Mis.  .Miiry  A.  RanlctI,  Mrs.  Ucl)eccii 
Wibb,  Ml--  I'li'linn  C.  Diciiiiison.  Mrs.  Miiry  E.  Allen.  Mrs. 
I'hM  C.  rmtriilgc,  Mrs,  Aiinii  K.  Fillcy,  Mrs.  Siisannn  Ware, 
Mr!.  Klizuiiilh  W.  Cliirke,  Mrs.  Mnry  L.  Wooilriift',  Mrs.  .Scipliia 
('  iii)oil«iii.  Mrs.  l^ntharino  U.  .S|iriiif,'cr,  Mrs.  .Mt'liiHla  J.  How, 
Mrs.  llinrii  ttii  E.  Ciiiiiiingliaiii,  Mrs.  .'So|ilii-oniii  liiirlli,  Mrs.  J. 
0, 1'icTcc.  -Ml*.  Mary  t!ui]]|i|i,  Mrs.  Charity  Barnunl,  anJ  Mrs. 
s.imIi  U.  Avor.v." 

The  Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home  thus  provided  for 
and  oriianized  was  opened  in  the  winter  of  18G5  with 
-ixty  oriilians,  under  the  care  of  Mrs.  S.  A.  Plummor 
,13  niairoii,  and  Miss  S.  V.  McCracken  as  teacher.  In 
ilie  lidlowiii;;  spring  it  was  dedicated  with  appropriate 
coreiuuiiies,  consisting  of  prayer  and  addresses,  by 
Itcv.  W.  G.  Eliot,  D.D.,  and  Ilcv.  H.  A.  Nelson,  D.D., 
ol'  St.  Louis,  on  which  occasion  a  large  company  of 
I'liiiids  of  the  institution  were  present. 

In  con,sei|nenec  of  the  inva,sion  of  Missouri  by  the 
(.'oiil'eJerate  forces  under  Gen.  I'rice,  there  was  a  great 
iuiieasc  ill  the  number  of  destitute  Union  refugees 
ill  the  fall  of  ISG-l,  who  came  from  all  parts  of  the 
State  to  St.  Louis.  For  a  while  it  w;is  necessary  to 
transport  them  in  wagons  (on  one  day  fifteen  goverii- 
lui'iit  wagons  were  thus  employed)  from  St.  Louis  to 
lionton  Harraeks  for  shelter,  but  in  the  winter  of 
hil.'i  the  Lawson  Hospital  building  in  the  city  was 
pniiured  as  a  temporary  home  for  them,  and  re- 
iaiiK'J  for  their  use  until  the  following  July. 

In  the  snniiner  of  18(54  the  Soldiers'  Home  of  St. 
Louis  vriis  removed  from  No.  29  Soutli  Fourtli  Street 
to  the  building  formerly  known  as  the  Pacific  Hotel, 
on  Spruce  Street,  between  Seventh  and  Eighth 
Strools. 

The  whole  number  of  soldiers  entertained  at  this 
home  iroiii  its  establishment,  March  13,  18()2,  to 
IVo.  31,  ISOii,  was  seventy-one  thousand  uud  fcv- 
cnty-seven.  The  whole  number  of  meals  furnished 
was  three  hundred  thousand  nine  hundred  and  scv- 
ontytvvo.  and  the  whole  number  of  lodgings,  eighty- 
fivo  thousand  and  fifteen. 

On  the  -Ith  of  October,  ISGI,  Rev.  Charles  Pea- 
body,  who  had  conducted  tiio  home  from  the  begin- 
iiino,  liaviiig  resigned,  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  William 
Bradley,  whose  wife  became  the  matron. 

The  accommodations  at  Henton  Barracks  being  un- 
siiitcd  to  their  purpose,  the  Western  Sanitary  Com- 
iiiitsiuu  addressed  a  cummunicution  to  the  military 


authorities  on  the  subject  in  November,  18(i4,  and 
the  building  formerly  known  as  the  Lawson  Hospital, 
on  Broadway,  fitted  up  for  this  purpose  by  the  gov- 
ernment, being  empty,  was  secured  for  a  refugee  and 
freedmen's  home,  and  made  capable  of  receiving  six 
hundred  persons.  It  was  entirely  furnished  by  the 
commission,  and  placed  under  the  superintendence  of 
the  secretary.  Rev.  J.  G.  Forman,  who,  as  a  chaplain, 
was  also  assigned  to  the  same  duties  by  the  depart- 
ment commander. 

The  Ladies'  Union  Aid  Society  and  Ladies'  Freed- 
men's  Relief  Association  also  gave  their  eo  operation 
in  the  inanagemont  of  the  institution.  Mrs.  H.  M. 
Weed  was  appointed  matron,  and  Jliss  Jones  and 
Mi.ss  Catharine  ihinning  for  a  time  were  in  charge 
of  tlie  freedmen's  department  of  the  home.  Miss 
Richardson  was  afterwards  assistant  luatroii.  Miss 
Samantha  Monroe,  Miss  Peduzzi,  and  Mi.ss  Esther 
Orton  fulfilled  the  duties  of  tetichcrs  to  the  white  and 
colored  refugee  schools  in  the  building  ;  Mrs.  Mary  A. 
Whittaker  kept  the  registry  of  the  home,  and  de- 
tached soldiers  took  charge  of  the  commissary  de- 
partment of  the  building,  and  filled  the  stations  of 
steward,  guards,  watehmcn,  etc.  The  Ik  ..pital  depart- 
ment of  the  home  was  in  charge  of  surgeons  em- 
ployed for  the  purpose  by  the  medical  director,  and 
was  frcf(uently  visited  by  Surgeon  William  Carpenter, 
M.S.V.,  medical  director  of  the  district. 

For  nearly  six  months,  from  Feb.  1,  ISG."),  to 
July  10,  ISti."),  this  institution  gave  shelter,  food, 
medical  care,  cloiiiing,  and  instruction  to  several 
tho'  i  refugees,  freed  people,  and  their  children, 
commcneing  with  8i.\  hundred,  continuing  so  for  the 
greater  part  of  the  winter,  and  gradually  diniinishing 
to  three  hundred  by  the  next  July,  with  hospital 
treatment  to  two  hundred  sick  refugees  and  frecdmeu 
at  one  time.  The  whole  number  taken  into  the 
home  and  discharged  or  furnished  with  transporta- 
tion either  to  the  free  States  or  to  their  homes  in  tho 
South  was  not  less  than  three  thousand.  On  the 
lOtli  of  July,  l&lJ.'),  between  two  and  tliice  hundred 
remaining,  cither  sick  or  helpless,  were  admitted  by 
the  city  authorities  and  the  county  court  to  the  city 
hospital  and  the  poor  farm,  and  the  institution  was 
closed. 

In  the  management  of  the  internal  afT.iirs  of  the 
home,  the  furnishing  of  material  for  elothiiig.  and 
tho  making  of  it  into  garments  to  supply  the  desti- 
tute inmates,  most  valuable  aid  was  rendered  by  Mrs. 
Alfred  Clapp,  president  of  the  Ladies'  Union  Aid 
Society,  and  a  committee  of  ladies  of  the  same 
society  (of  whom  Mr.«.  Jo.seph  Crawshaw  specially 
devoted  herself  to  this  work),  and  by  Mrs.  Lucieu 


I  ! 


648 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Eaton,  president  of  the  Ladies'  Freedraen  Associa- 
tion, aQd  Mrs.  N.  Stevens,  and  other  ladies  of  tliis 
society,  who,  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Ycatman  and 
Mr.  Forman,  the  superintendent  of  refuj^ees  and 
frccdmcn  for  St.  Ijouis.  devised  tlic  plan  of  the  insti- 
tution. A  portion  of  tlic  time  tlic  superintendent 
vas  assisted  in  hi«  duties  by  Lieut.  Charles  E.  Moss, 
of  the  Thirty-6rst  3Ii.s.souri  Infantry,  and  by  his 
clerk,  the  venerable  Henry  C.  Weatherby,  of  the 
Thirtieth  Iowa  Infantry. 

Among  the  organizations  of  iadie.s  in  St.  Louis  en- 
gaged in  ministering  to  the  sick  and  wounded  and  to 
destitute  refugees,  the  Ladies'  National  League  was 
conspicuous  for  its  energy  and  zeal.  About  the  time 
of  the  battle  of  Wilson's  Creek  the  Ladies'  Union 
Aid  Society  was  formed,  and  through  efficient  man- 
agement attained  an  influence  for  good  which  was  felt 
not  only  in  St.  Louis  but  in  the  camps  and  ho.spitals 
throughout  the  South  and  West.  Its  membership, 
however,  did  not  embrace  all  the  loyal  women  of  St. 
Louis,  and  with  a  view  of  ascertaining  their  strength 
and  extending  their  influence,  it  was  ])roposed  that  an 
organization  called  tlie  Ladies'  National  League  should 
be  formed.  For  this  purpo.se  a  meeting  was  held  in 
the  hall  of  the  Mercantile  Library  on  tlie  2d  of  May, 
1863.  Twelve  hundred  names  were  enrolled  as  friends 
of  the  government,  j)ledging  their  sympathies  and  labor 
in  behalf  of  those  who  were  struggling  for  its  defense. 
At  a  suLsequent  meeting  officers  and  managers  were 
chosen,  and  a  star  was  adopted  as  a  badge  of  loyalty. 
Although  the  league  was  not  originally  designed  as  an 
active  organization,  its  menibcrs  were  ever  ready  to  aid 
the  cause  to  which  they  had  pledged  themselves.  By 
various  means  the  sum  of  two  thousand  and  eighty- 
four  dollars  and  ten  cents  was  raised  during  the  first 
year,  a  portion  of  which  was  appropriated  to  the  Union 
Aid,  Freedmen's,  and  Uefugees'  Societies.  When  the 
sanitary  fair  was  inaugurated  it  was  proposed  by  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Eliot  that  the  league  should  assume  its  man- 
agement, but  as  a  society  it  declined  the  responsibility, 
and  with  the  desire  that  it  should  be  more  catholic  in 
its  character  a  new  association  was  formed  for  the  pur- 
pose of  conducting  the  work,  in  which  the  members 
of  the  league  labored  with  untiring  zeal. 

At  the  first  annual  meeting  of  the  Ladies'  National 
League,  held  on  the  Ist  of  July,  18G4,  the  following 
officers  and  managers  were  elected ;  President,  Mrs. 
T.  M.  Post ;  Vice-Presidents,  Mrs.  George  Partridge, 
Mrs.  F.  P.  Blair,  Mrs.  R.  P.  Clark,  Mrs.  Wyllys  King, 
Mrs.  Charles  D.  Drake,  Mrs.  Charles  W.  Stevens; 
Treasurer,  Mrs.  R.  H.  Morton  ;  Secretary,  Mrs.  A.  M. 
Debenham  ;  Managers,  Mrs.  A.  W.  Dean,  Mrs.  Henry 
Stagg,  Mrs,  S.  M.  Breckenridge,  Mrs.  F.  H.  Fletcher, 


Miss  Ellen  Filley,  Miss  Olive  Partridge,  Mrs.  K.  Chcc. 
ver,  Mrs.  J.  Van  Norstrand,  Mrs.  E.  M.  Web,  i,  Mrs. 
Adolphus  Meier,  Miss  Belle  Holmes,  and  Miss  Klla 
Drake. 

During  the  winter  of  1805,  Congress  passed  the 
act  creating  a  Refugee  and  Freedmen's  Niitional 
Bureau.  The  position  of  commissioner  of  iliia  hu. 
rcau  was  tendered  to  Mr.  Yeafman  by  President 
Lincoln,  through  the  Secretary  of  War,  but  declined, 
Maj.-Gen.  O.  0.  Howard  was  aflerwards  ajipuintcd, 
and  in  answer  to  his  request  for  information  from  all 
associations  and  individuals  who  had  been  in  any 
way  engaged  in  aiding  the  refugees  and  IVcediucn, 
Mr.  Yeatman  addres.sed  him  a  communication,  ijivin- 
many  facts  of  interest  to  the  bureau  concerning'  tliea' 
people  in  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi. 

Among  the  great  labors  of  the  Western  Sanitarv 
Commission  on  behalf  of  the  freedmen  was  the  pjr- 
cha.se  of  suitable  property  for  a  Freedmen's  Orphans' 
Home  in  St.  Louis,  on  Twelfth  Street  between  Ca,ss 
Avenue  and  O'Fallon  Street,  at  a  cost  of  seven  thou- 
sand dollars,  and  the  appropriation  of  four  tliousaiij 
dollars  additional  to  furnish  the  home  and  a.ssist  in 
sustaining  it  the  first  year.  This  purchase  was  made 
in  June,  186-1,  and  on  the  breaking  up  of  the  Rcfa- 
gec  and  Freedmen's  Home  on  Broadway  the  cciloroil 
orphan  children  of  the  institution,  nunibLM'iiis  twcniv- 
four,  were  removed  to  this  new  iiisiiiution.  i,, 
August  eighty  other  colored  orphans  were  bi(iiiL.'lii 
from  Helena  by  order  of  Brig.-Gen.  Sprague,  aiidrf- 
ceived  into  this  home. 

The  management  of  the  home  was  placed  in  liie 
hands  of  an  association  of  ladies  called  the  Freedmen  < 
Orphans'  Home  A.ssociation,  of  which  Mrs,  AlfrJ 
Clapp  was  the  first  directress.  The  matron  uf  ili- 
home  was  Mrs.  H.  M.  Weed. 

The  home  had  a  school  in  connection  witJi  it,  in 
which  the  teacher,  Miss  Hess,  was  sustained  iiy  tin 
commission. 

Besides  this  school,  the  commission  during'  ili' 
school  year  ending  in  September,  18(15,  approfiiialoJ 
one  hundred  dollars  per  month  to  aid  the  coloroJ 
people  of  St.  Louis  to  sustain  schools  for  tiicircliil 
dren.  An  excellent  high  school,  in  the  basement  of  i 
the  church  on  the  corner  of  Locu.st  and  Ei^'lii 
Streets,  was  taught  through  the  same  year  by  .^li's 
Anna  E.  Wall  and  Miss  Ida  M.  Eliot,  of  Xew  iU 
ford,  the  latter  a  daughter  of  the  Hon.  T.  D.  Eliot, 
member  of  Congress  from  3Iassacliusctts,  Tli' 
school,  which  was  for  tho  advanced  scholars  amoii;  j 
the  colored  people,  numbered  from  fifty  to  sisi;  i 
pupils,  and  was  equal  to  tho  same  grade  of  schoolj 
in  any  city  of  tho  Union,     It  was  sustained  by  fiimi* 


p'ontjeli 
('.  S. 
tridu'e 
li,  ,' 
K.  Vea 


■ippnipri 
the  hum 
years  i 
and  to 
ciidowim 
usefiilnes 
of  deeoa 
pletcd  i 
of  .May, 
ilio  Hum 
orphans. 
Tl„.  . 
Jurini;  t 
of  .May, 
I'arc  bey, 
indigent 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


649 


..Mrs.E.Clice- 

M.  Web.r, Mrs. 

and  Miss  Ella 

;ross  passed  tlic 
linen's    Nutioiial 
)ner  of  iliia  lu 
in  by  rrc'sident 
'ar,  but  ilodincd. 
ivards  aiipoiutcd, 
irmation  from  all 
lad  been  in  any 
!9  and  IVecdiucii, 
iunieatioM,i;iviii^ 

concerning  tka 
ipi. 

Western  Sunitary 
men  was  the  jijr- 
■cdnien's  Orpliaiis' 
:rcet  between  Cass 
!Ost  of  seven  tliuu- 
a  of  four  tliousaiiJ 
lorae  and  assist  in 
pureliasc  was  luailo 
1"  up  of  tlic  Uefu- 
roadway  tlic  cniore! 

nunibevin;;  twenty- 
w    instiiutioii.    Ill 

bans  were  broiiiln 

>n.  Spraiiue,  and  ro- 

was  placed  in  tiie 
id  tbo  Frecdmorii 
wbicb  Mrs.  AlfnJ 
Tbo  matron  uf  tli> 

onnection  with  it.  in 
as  sustained  lij  ''"• 

iniission  diitin;:  tin 
•,  ISt)'),  aprri'Fi*! 
to  aid  tbe  culoro'l 
cbools  for  tlicircliil- 
^  in  tbo  basement  of 
Locust  and  KiL'litli 
same  year  by  5iK' 
Eliot,  of  New  IW- 
,c  Hon.  T.  D.  Ek 
Jassacbusctts.     Tli' 
meed  sebolars  amoii? 
from   fifty  to  sisiy  I 
inme  grade  of  schwb 
,as  sustained  by  funJi 


eontrilmtcd  from  friends  in  Masaacbusctta,  through 
Kev.  I'r.  Eliot,  of  the  Western  Sanitary  Commission. 
At  the  close  of  tbo  war  there  were  five  schools  for 
colored  children  in  the  city,  taught  by  colored  teachers, 
and  supported  by  tuition  fees.  These  schools  con- 
tained about  four  hundred  pupils.  Although  the 
colored  people  were  taxed  for  the  support  of  the  public 
schools  of  St.  Louis,  there  had  been  up  to  that  time 
no  provision  made  for  the  education  -of  their  chil-  j 

drcn.  I 

Soon  after  the  death  of  President  Lincoln,  a  re- 
markable and  spontaneous  movement  commenced  with  I 
a  colored  woman,  named  Charlotte  Scott,  at  Marietta,  j 
Ohio  and  was  taken   up  by  the  colored  soldiers,  to  ; 
erect  a  monument  at  AVasbington  to  the  memory  of 
Abraham   Lincoln,   to   be   called  "  The  Freedmen's 
National   Monument."     The   contributions   for  this 
uliject  were  placed  in  the  hands  of  the  Western  Sani- 
tary Commission  at  St.  Louis.  i 

On  the  1st  of  January,  1873,  the  whole  amount 
received  and  in  the  hands  of   the  treasurer  of  the 
commission,  C.S.  Greeley,  was  nineteen  thousand  six  ' 
hundred  and  tbirty-four  dollars  and  thirty-four  cents.  ; 
After  the  war  closed  tbo  Soldiers'  Orphans'  Home,  | 
at  Webster,  reverted  to  the  Western  Sanitary  Com- 
mission, owing  to  the  resignation  of  the  first  board  of 
trustees  and  board  of  lady  managers,  and  in  conse-  \ 
micnce  of  an  act  of  the  Legislature.     A  new  board 
of  trustees  was  then  created,  consisting  of  the  mem-  ' 
bers  of  the  commission  with  the  addition  of  two  other 
;:cniieiHon,  and  was  as  follows:  James  E.  Yoatman, 
(',  S.  Greeley,  J.  B.  Johnson,   M.I).,  George  Par- 
trid;ze,  William  G.  Eliot,  D.D.,  E.  W.  Fox,  and  T. 
li.  l']d;.'ar.     On  the  organization  of  this  board  James 
E.  Yuatinan  was  elected  president,  and  T.  B.  Edgar 
secretary  and  treasurer. 

After  this  organization  was  effected  the  commission 
appropriated  $25,000  for  tbo  future  maintenance  of 
the  Imine,  wbicb,  added  to  the  85000  a  year  for  ten 
years  (S.'iO.OOO)  appropriated  by  the  State  Legislature, 
and  to  the  §20,000  subscribed  by  individuals  as  an 
endowment,  and  placed  at  interest,  secured  the  future 
usefulness  of  the  institution  for  the  destitute  orphans 
of  deceased  soldiers.  The  new  buildings  were  com- 
pleted in  April,  18G5,  and  were  occupied  on  the  Ist 
of  May,  1SG5,  making  the  entire  accommodations  of 
the  home  sulBeient  for  one  hundred  and  sixty 
orpiians. 

The  Siddiors'  Home  of  St.  Louis  was  continued 
Juiihi;  the  winter  of  1800,  but  was  cloised  on  tbo  1st 
of  May.  Anangeinents  were  made  to  continue  the 
tare  beyoml  that  date  of  sonic  twenty-five  disabled 
indigent,  discharged  soldiers,  for  whom  the  military 


authorities  set  apart  quarters  at  Jefferson  Barracks,  at 
tbo  request  of  tho  commission ;  leaving  it,  however, 
to  meet  the  other  expenses  of  their  support  until  tho 
general  government  made  further  provision  for  such 
cases. 

The  commission  also  employed  Mrs.  S.  A.  Plum- 
mer  and  Miss  N.  A.  Shepard  as  relief  visitors  to  the 
families  of  invalid  and  disabled  soldiers,  through  whom 
it  continued  to  extend  relief  to  this  class  of  sufferers 
by  the  war.  The  labors  of  these  noble  women  proved 
very  useful  in  this  work,  and  they  carried  not  only 
physical  aid,  but  often  spiritual  comfort  (of  an  un- 
seetarian  kind)  to  many  sad  homes. 

Such  were  some  of  the  ways  in  which  this  noble, 
self-sacrificing,  and  patriotic  commission  expended  the 
balance  of  funds  lefl  on  hand  aller  the  close  of  tho 
war. 

Tho  whole  amount  of  cash  received  by  tho  com- 
mission for  sanitary  purposes  during  the  war  was 
$770, 998. 55,  and  the  estimated  value  of  sanitary 
stores  received  was  83,500,000,  making  a  total  of 
$4, 270, 908. C5  cuucributcd  to  this  commission  from 
private  benevolence  for  sanitary  and  humane  objects, 
and,  except  the  balance  on  hand,  reserved  for  the  com- 
pletion of  its  humane  work,  distributed  by  this  com- 
mission as  stated  above. 

Much  of  the  success  with  which  the  labors  of  the 
commission  were  crowned  was  due  to  the  fidelity 
and  skill  with  which  its  finances  were  managed  by 
the  treasurer,  Carlos  S.  Greeley,  who  also  devoted  a 
large  share  of  his  time  and  labor  to  a.ssisting  the  gen- 
eral work  of  tho  organization.  Mr.  Greeley,  as  wc  have 
seen,  was  one  of  the  original  members  of  the  Commis- 
sion, and  served  as  its  treasurer  from  the  date  of  its 
appointment  by  Gen.  Fremont,  in  September,  1861, 
until  it  disbanded  in  ISGG. 

Of  tho  heavy,  harassing,  and  exhausting  work 
which  devolved  upon  this  body  Mr.  Greeley  cheerfully 
performed  his  share,  as  a  duty  from  which  a  loyal 
citizen  with  time  and  means  could  not  shrink  ;  and  ho 
feels  a  just  pride  at  having  had  tho  inestimable  privi- 
lege of  laboring  with  such  noble  and  self-sacrificing 
meu  in  such  a  cause,  and  of  having  his  name  asso- 
ciated with  theirs  on  tho  page  of  history.  As  trea.s- 
urer  there  passed  through  his  bands  seven  hundred 
and  seventy-one  thousand  dollars  ;  and  of  this  amount 
five  hundred  and  fifty-four  thousand  five  hundred 
and  ninety-one  dollars  was  turned  over  to  him  at  one 
time,  being  the  net  roecipts  of  tho  3Iississippi  Valley 
Sanitary  Fair  in  May,  IbOl;  and  such  was  the  con- 
fidcnco  reposed  in  Carlos  S,  Greeley  that  nobody 
thought  of  asking  a  bond  of  him.  In  its  final  report 
the  commission,  while  averse  to  speaking  of  tbo  iudl- 


'  i'''f 


Hi' 

,.U1 


^mmmmimmmm 


h'  '■I 


mm 


550 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


vidunl  labors  of  its  own  nicmbors,  coulil  not  forbear 
remarking  that  '•  its  fiiiuls  liavo  boon  iccpt,  and  its 
finances  niana^^cd  with  great  care,  faithfulness,  and 
fiood  judgment  bv  its  treasurer,  Carlos  S.  Greeley, 
Es(,." 

After  the  war  Mr.  Greeley  was  one  of  the  trustees 
of  the  Sdldiers'  Orphans'  Homo  at  M'obster,  and  of 
several  similar  institutions  established  by  the  commis- 
sion. He  is  yet  prominently  interested  in  several 
benevolent  enterprises  founded  by  funds  appropriated 
by  till!  Sanitary  Commission,  or  assisted  by  moneys 
which  the  commission  had  on  hand  when  it  ceased  its 
labors  as  a  sunltarij  eonimissinn.  For  years,  in  com- 
mon with  his  colleagues  on  the  commission,  Mr. 
Greeley  left  his  business  and  gave  his  whole  time  to 
the  work  in  hand,  serving,  as  they  all  did,  without 
com[iOiisation  other  than  the  consciousness  of  having 
faitld'uily  tried  to  serve  his  country  in  a  tremendous 
crisis. 

Carlos  S.  Greeley  also  enjoys  the  distinction  of  being 
at  the  present  time  at  the  head  of  one  of  the  largest 
wholesale  grocery  houses  in  the  United  States,  and  his 
long  and  highly  successful  career  presents  many  points 
of  interest.  He  was  born  at  Salisbury,  N.  H.,  jf  n 
family  descended  from  the  Knglish  pioneers,  and  his 
ancestors  on  both  sides  were  well-known  and  influen- 
tial people  of  that  region.  His  uncle,  3Io.»es  Greeley, 
was  prominent  as  a  politician,  and  was  a  man  of  in- 
fluence, while  his  nioihcr's  family  were  noted  for  their 
enterprising  and  energetic  qualities. 

His  father,  Benjamin  G  reeky,  was  a  farmer,  and  the 
boy's  life  was  that  of  a  farmer's  son  of  that  period, — 
working  on  the  farm  in  the  summer  and  attending 
school  in  the  winter.  He  received,  however,  an 
academic  education  at  Salisbury  in  addition  to  that 
afforded  by  the  common  country  school. 

In  the  spring  of  1832,  when  twenty  years  old,  ho 
started  for  the  West,  having  become  satisfied  that  no 
money  was  to  be  made  at  farming  in  New  Hampshire, 
and  that,  as  the  saying  went,  "  New  Hampshire  was 
a  good  State  to  emigrate  from."  Besides,  his  ta.stes 
iticlined  to  mercantile  life;  he  liad  a  Yankee  boy's 
passion  for  "  swapping,"  and  when  he  left  home  all 
the  money  he  possessed  (less  than  one  hundred  dol- 
lars) had  been  maiie  by  trading  steers  and  other  stock 
that  had  come  into  his  possession. 

He  began  his  business  career  at  Brockport,  N.  Y., 
as  clerk  in  the  retail  grocery-store  of  I'ettingill  & 
Sanborn.  Mr.  Pettingill  is  now  a  prominent  resident 
of  Peoria,  III. ;  Mr.  Sanborn  will  appear  again  later  in 
this  sketch.  One  peculiarity  of  this  establishment 
was  that  it  would  sell  no  li((uor, — an  unusual  course 
in  those  days  when  the  use  of  liquor  was  much  more 


common  in  that  section  than  at  present,  and  when  die 
legitimacy  of  its  sale  was  questioned  by  very  fow. 
Young  Greeley  remained  in  this  capacity  \\,x  t„M 
years,  and  then  an  opportunity  occurring  of  ijiivin;. 
out  Pettingill's  interest, — a  quarter-share  in  the  ljii>i. 
ne.ss, — he  borrowed  the  money  from  his  fatlicr aiil 
made  the  purchase. 

This  connection  proved  a  jirosperous  one  ami  lasicii 
until  183C,  when  Sanborn  sold  out  and  reniovwj  to 
St.  Louis.  Greeley  remained  behind  at  nriick|iiiit 
for  a  few  years  to  elo.se  up  the  business,  and  tluu  in  tl,^ 
fall  of  18H7  he  was  induced  by  Sanborn  to  fojluw  Jijui 
to  St.  Louis.  During  the  winter  he  visited  his  (iitlni-, 
who  had  removed  to  Tazewell  County,  liliiinis;  anl 
in  March,  1SI58,  having  returned  to  St.  Jiduis  unJ 
spent  some  time  in  looking  over  the  situation,  lie  cdiii- 
meneed  the  wholesale  grocery  business  with  Mr.  San 
born.  Soon  after,  Mr.  Gale,  an  old  aequaintanco  tr"m 
Salisbury,  N.  H.,  came  on  and  bo'ight  Mr.  Siiiiijiirn's 
interest,  and  Greeley  &  Gale  continued  the  IjusIiios,., 
Mr.  Sanborn  engaged  in  speculation,  became  a  wrll- 
known  stock  dealer,  and  died  some  years  later.  ltlmiIv 
respected. 

Greeley  «&  Sanborn  began  business  on  the  licvoocii 
a  very  moderate  scale,  Mr.  Greeley's  contiihuiiiMi  i> 
the  business  being  less  than  five  thou.saiij  ddllap. 
They  repeated  the  ]$rockport  experiment  of  siHin.' 
no  liquor,  a  conclusion  they  reached  IVoni  a  linn  Ik- 
lief  that  the  use  of  liquor  was  destructive  of  lioaltli 
and  morals,  and  its  sale  was  therefore  wrong.  Tlicii 
convictions  were  laughed  at  by  their  rivals,  and  alum- 
dant  predictions  of  their  failure  were  made;  iitvir- 
theless,  although  the  only  house  in  this  city  that  iliJ 
not  sell  liquor,  their  business  prospered  beyonil  piu- 
cedent,  and  by  close  attention,  economy,  ami  jHTM'Vir- 
ance  they  made  money  every  year,  and  somi  occnpii"! 
a  very  commanding  position. 

The  partnership  of  Greeley  &  Gale  lasteil  uniil 
about  18.")8,  when  C.  B,  Burnham  (  nmv  pre.viik'iit  nf 
the  Bank  of  Commerce)  was  given  an  intiicst  in  ilic 
firm,  and  the  house  continued  under  the  naiiio  (if  (.'. 
B.  Burnham  &  Co.  until  187G,  eondiieiing  tlu' saiiio 
business  ami  on  the  .same  tenqierance  iiriiiciiilos  as 
before  mentioned.  In  187(5  the  title  was  iliuii;:oil 
to  (Jreeley,  Burnham  &  Co..  and  in  1.S71I  itn'  tinii 
was  incorporated  as  the  Greeley- burnham  Grmor 
Com|)any,  with  C.  S.  Greeley,  president ;  C.  li.  Burn- 
ham, vice-president;  Dwiglit  Tredway,  secretary ;  C 
B.  Greeley,  treasurer  ;  A.  H.  Gale,  assistant  .sccivtarv 
and  this  is  the  existing  organization. 

Although  the  house  has  passed  thnmgli  sivcral 
panics  and  through  a  period  of  social  and  |iiiliiii'al 
agitation   unmatched   in   iiistory,  its  career  luis  been 


"»}; 


t,  and  wIhmi  tlie 
1  by  Very  few. 
ipacity  Inr  t«„ 
rriii;j;  of  biiyin;; 
Hire  in  ilie  Ijusi- 

I  his  futlicr  ;iiiil 

,s  one  mid  iiistcii 
and  rLMiiovod  tn 
id  at  Hruckport 
;,  and  tliuii  in  tin; 
irn  to  liiUiiw  him 
,'isited  Ills  fatlici'. 
ty,  IHiiiiiis ;  aivl 

II  St.  Liiiiis  iiiiJ 
ituatioii,  he  uinii- 
ss  with  Mr,  Sail 
c((u:iiiilani.'u  IVum 
ht  Mr.  Siuiborns 
ued  till!  IjusIirv 
111,  bccaini'  a  Will- 
^■cars  lator.  greatly 

IS  on  till!  Levee  I'li 
-'s  ciiiitribiitioii  to 
thousand  dollar-. 
•riiiieiit  of  selliii; 
;(1  IVoiii  a  firm  Ke- 
truetivr  of  liealili 
wniiii;.    Their 
ivals,  and  abuii 
■c  made ;  never- 
his  fily  that  ili'l 
i'i!il  beyond  pre- 
V,  and  persi'ver- 
mil  soon  oceiipieJ 

lalo  lasted  until 
iiiiw  iiri'Milent  !•', 
HI  intelesl  ill  the 
the  name  of  f. 
idiictiiig  the  same 
nice  priiieiples  as 
itlo  was  elialiueil 
I,  IST'.I  the  iiriii 
Bunihain  Groeer 
eiit  ;  ('.  H.  Bu'"- 
wav,  seeretary ;  i- 
issistaiit  .seeretary; 


or 


/^ 


// 


/ 


thiMiigli  several 
iicial  and  poliliwl 
IS  eareer  lias  boon 


1     i: 


65 


IIISTOPV   or   SATVT   LOI'TR 


vii  M.    !ilii..«.it  i.-  ..,.,    iii.i...  I  'i,  .  >iiui  iiiii   ...,,....■ 
rO'iinfl^ina   thill    '•  it  ■   t'iiml.'<   Iiuvh  Wn   krpt,  niid  it- 


U?; 


fit 

E 


(rrt!tii    •laro,  raiiliCuUiiSii  atul 

-.    C-vi...   '•    c 1..  ■ 


;li>.>  war  iMr,  <.«r(";i«;v  wiiH  otw  oi   tlif  lrll^>tl 

0  .  .•■iildiors' Orpl'i.'  '  T1.  .  |,t  \Vut»st(rr.  iiiid  .i 
snvcnil  hiniii.a  iii«<iiiii'  ■  i.ihoil  hy  cho  cuunuiii 
si  ii).  Ho  i.i  yi-'t  priiuiiiii'ritiy  in'cix'stcil  ia  .^I'.vct.il 
b-    ■■^-  ]'"^^  t'i)l>'r|>riscH  /ootvli-d  hy  tundi*  appropriiitt  1 

1  •  Mioitiirv  CoiiiinUsiui),  •,  r  nssistod  Uy  moneyi!  ! 
Willi:,    ill'-  '•nuillii^-iiini  li:»(l  on  huil.i  wllOli  it  Oiii-nd  its 

I    <  •      ■  r.  ' 

lalmij  n.-.  a  .iii.iitjDi/  eoiuiiiissiiiii.  Jsir  y.iars.  iii  row- 
iiiuii  will)  liis  culii«aj:ues  on  tliu  coimiii.sai<iii,  Mr 
Gri'tfk'y  loft  liis  bu»in<'«s  nnd  gaWk  lii.^  wIcjIo  tiiiio  to 
till!  woik'  ill  hun<i,  «orvin'»,  as  tiny  nil  did,  \»ii.li.iiil 
eonumnwiioii  other  lliaii  iho  cmiaciousuo..-.*  o(  Iinviiij? 
fai:'  .1  to  st-rvc  hia  country  in  a  frciiendunr'  ' 

<:r,  '..■. 

Ciirlds'  S.  0  Tfi^'i^v  also  (.'iijoys  llio  di- 
nt ilio  jirf^wiit  fi',.-.>  lit  tho  lifud  (if  M 
wliolo;..:!'  •     • 


long  iiii' 

I'f  llltl  Cl.- 


.1':. 


rill-  .  -.1        ■     /.         ■    ■    .  1 

t    il   ;  .i..;i(.|l.       Ilia  ulivlti,  ii^tWi,- tilr.C-i    .  , 

V.  I-  ji   !■  : a  pi'littcian,  u'ld  v.    ii  titnn  of  ii. 

rtiii'in'c,  wliil-.:  lii<  uioiliors  faiiiily  wcvi  liotcil  lor  tiieir 
ftn( uprising:  and  •.•ncr^^fru;  fH«'iilio!». 

Hi-  '';i;;i  V,  BoiijaDiiii 'irf'-'ley,  wiisa  r.irmor,  and  the 
)>f>  tinit  u!'  a  luriihT's  sou  of  that,  puriod,— 

wi-ikiti!.;  >Mi  (li(j  ('■"•>!  ill  llio  »iimiuer  and  atli'iidtiig 

ucll'  .   '      j.        l\\,-      ■MI!,!  Ij.        -■■.,■    '.i        I     ,>V.   I  .   .        SI. 

•m:.  !     •  :    , 

•iffl.Kr  .1  l.y    i  il.    c.  Uiliv 

In  :' "  spriiiv' of  Ih.'....    .i.  . 
stm-it'J  (..1    (|>..  \Ve»t.  liaviiiiT  tocimi 

■_'    ill  Now  <  (■..ll)p?lliri:. 

-     .    .,     ,.        Now    II :  '■  '.     "  .. 

:i  :        .  oiiifrati'  fii.ni."      I' 

'    '  !i;j(i  i\    Viuiki'i!  imy^ 

,;>..■.   .'  .  ..    \ijk.'U   lit'   ii'ft  liiinic  iili  ; 

the  money  h  ■•;  tliaii  nw  liiitidrcd  dol 

!nl-      ll.ld  b(!«!ll    III  I  I 

ihul  li;id  C'lliij  ir:.i  ...     ..  ■ 

ihi  be'tnii  liis  biisinns*  on  ir.x-kport,  N.  Y., 

a^'lerk   in   tlip  ri-tail  jjriH-oryst.jri'  nf   I'ottifi'^ill  &  j 
i*,i'!l)otn.      Mr.  IV,ttiii;:ill  is  now  «  pr  jminMit  rcsidotit 
<if  IVoria.  111.  .   Mr.  Sunburn  will  apptjiir  Jicam  laii'i-  in 

'     '  .         :'  tilts  iwtitbliisliinoiit  : 

was  that  it  wtmld  soil  no  liquor, — an  uiiu.-.ii;il  ._■■ 
in  these  days  when  the  u.se  of  liquor  was  tuueh  more 


legitimacy  «f  tf»  Hide  was  f|U(!,stt'in<;di ' 
Vouuj;   (in-eloy  lomainod    in  thin  fap.n 
•■'>f'  and  tlii'n  nn  oppoi'luui^y  oc".'' 
'■•ttin<;iirN  iiiti'mxt, — a  qiiarlc 
lio  1)1.1  r.iwi'il  tho  rnoti'iy  i'r  ■ 

;ii('  piiruli!i>i'. 

Thi.*  i'oiiiit.'<.ti"iii  p;.  >.<pi'rou^  (i 

until  IS.'iO,  whou  .^:Illblln!  f.ld  n^v 
Hi.   L'.iui.<.      Gro'-'l-y  rciuainol  '        ■  . 
for  a  fiw  yiwrst  to  oloso  up  the  I 
fiill  of  1S:{7  he  WHS  iiidiu..^l  b 
to  Si.  r.miis.     Uiirih'.- thfluii: 
v\li.i  had  reiUDVi'd  to  Tuzowt  1         i 
ill   .Miirnb,   HMS.  Imviii'^  returned   i 
sjmut  sinnt;  tiiuo  in  Iciukiiigover  tlr 
niiinofid  tho  wholemdi*  frroocry  bu^'i 
boni.     Soon  yflcu',  Mr.  Oalo,  nn  uld  :i 

■  Jl>'.iT'     V   {(.,  cinie  ou  and  bon 

.?ol«'y  &  tiaic  <^imi  i  • 
Mi'.  8iirii.iirii  lUpii-'od   in  sp>.|.|iliiii.i 
l^naw'ii  sti'.'l-  di  d  •      iiid    l!.'.i'.iii.     • 

■  .ffpocted. 

(rri».'lcy  \'  Sitiii'i'iii  b.}i..,ui  iiii?>lii  • 
,.    1.  ...lernlo  ecatc,  Mr.  <i'' <i.  • 
-M  being  less  than  !'■ 
limy  r.  |"-ati'd  tlio  lirockpurt  .  \i. 
no  liipior,  u  cunciii-'ioii  thvy  rf.:  '.:■  . 
lii.'f  thai  the  n8e  oi  liquor  w^^  'if^Liii.  i 
and  iiiunil.s,  Ohd  i(.<  sah  was  ;  * 
cviivietions  wore  iiiuglied       1 
daiit  prediction?  pf  tht  •: 
tbtdcs.s  nlthoui-'b  the  (Hiiy  In/ 
Mol  W'J!  li.juor,  (li.  •'■  liii-Iii.-- 
■I'dont,  aod  b\  . 

liny  iii.ido  iitoiu.')  i»\i> 

.,.}  coiiiiM.indinji  pi«i!i"» 

The  paitiii'f.'Uip  of  (1 
u.'iout.  IS.'iS,  whon  ' 
■he  Bunk  of  (!iiiiim. 
iinii,  and  thf!  bou,.io 
B.  .Uiirnham  &  Co.  >iiiu. 
btisiutjs.s  and  on  th"  ■■:" 
Iwforo  mi.'i)tionjd. 

i.'ocicy,  Buniiiuiii  (\ 

acorporatod    .t'    '' 

{Jouipany,  wiili  C  S  • 
hum,  vice-pre.^iideiil  ; 

U.  ( trei'loy,  treas.iror :    

ami  thi.s  is  tho  exi.siinj.'  ors/aii: 

Aliliouijh  the  bouKO  ! 

y--^    "mJ    ,!..■ 1,    ■:    ,.. 

agitation  uiiiiiatehed  in   lll^'lol^,  i..>  ....- 


' ', 


(inc 
Till 
the 
oiil; 
affo 
(iro 

SCV( 

mill 
nliii 
Imt 

Vl'll 
illL'. 

mill 
sevo 
foe! 
of  0 

r^'T 

ihcl 


Ilium 
clevu 
piwi 
Ilk'Ilt 
plilla 
ciiipl 
Ai 
iiwy 
ally  c 
>:iiul  I 
ill  .<o 
']•  nut 
it  i'^  t 
Lmiif 
Mi-  I 

pli.-llO 

Mr.C 

llU'lIt 

S|)Ortl 
Will..' 
nor  li; 
lins  hi 
nrifina 
lii'liev 
iTacii 
W'cimi 
Mr 

was  11 
way.  ;i 
iiiiero: 
liiioffr 
Mr.G 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


551 


nnc  of  uninfprrnpfod  imd  rcinnrknlilo  prDnpiTity. 
The  (ii'lv  iiicidi'iit  of  nn  uiifominatc:  churiictcr  was 
lhc(ii'>ii'>iL'ti<Ji'  of  iu  Htoro  by  firu  in  Febiiiiiry,  1881, 
onlailiPL'  a  lieiivy  losx,  but  nut  in  tlio  sliu'htest  dnfirco 
iiffocliii'-'  tiio  soiinilncss  of  the  ostabli^liincnt.  Mr. 
Grcclcv  iniinodiatcly  rebuilt  tbo  stori'  at  ii  cost  of 
scveniN  fivo  tbouwand  dollars  fur  building  and  irround. 
anil  ii'iw  lioasts  of  occtipyini;  not  only  tlio  iariiest 
wlidii'siili'  <;roccry  cstabliMliinont  in  the  United  States, 
liut  iiriiiialily  tbo  most  perfectly  e(|uip|)ed  and  con- 
vcnii'iitlv  arranfied  of  any  in  tlie  world.  Tlie  build- 
in",  wliidi  is  situated  at  tbo  corner  of  Christy  Avenue 
mill  Sc'i'nnd  Street,  is  a  fivestory  brick  structure 
sevcnty-llireo  and  a  half  by  one  liundrcd  and  fifty 
foet  ia  arcii,  with  u  deep  cellar,  and  has  a  floor-room 
of  over  six  acres.  The  foundations  were  laid  with 
proper  ri'iraid  to  solidity,  stability,  and  the  storaj^e  of 
the  licaviest  stock.s,  while  tlie  arrangctnents  are  de- 
Mi;ncil  til  allow  of  the  receipt,  liandlin<r,  and  shipment 
of  L'odd.'*  in  liio  most  economical  and  the  speediest 
niiiniier.  Two  large  engines  supply  power  to  two 
elevaUTS  that  are  constantly  eniployrd  in  sbifcing 
c'oods  wlioro  occasion  may  demand.  In  tlio  nrrango- 
iik'iit  (if  wardrobe,  lunch-rooms,  etc.,  a  proper  and 
pliilantliiiniie  tboiightfulncss  for  the  comfort  of  the 
empiiiyi''M  lias  been  observed. 

An  idi'ii  of  the  magnitude  of  the  business  of  the  firm 
may  be  obtained  from  the  fact  that  tlie  house  continu- 
allv  cSrrics  from  two  liundred  and  seventy-five  tbou- 
simltotlirec  hundred  and  twenty-five  thousand  dollars 
ill  sloik.  The  financial  standing  of  tlie  establishment 
i-  not  oxfi'lled  by  that  of  any  house  in  the  ciiuntry,  and 
it  i<  as  well  known  in  foreign  markets  almost  as  in  St. 
Louisas  one  of  irreproachable  honor  and  unimpoach- 
aMo  streiiL'th.  This  grand  result  lias  been  accom- 
]ili>licd  by  close  attention  to  business  on  tiic  part  of 
Mr.  Grci'loy  and  bis  able  associates  and  the  nianage- 
monl  of  its  affairs  in  the  most  economical  manner. 
S|ici'«lation  has  been  avoided  ;  there  lias  been  no  gam- 
HiiiL'  in  "  futures"  or  anything  of  that  .sort ;  no  part- 
ner has  f\er  lived  beyond  bis  means.  In  short,  there 
has  licon  only  a  steady  and  faithful  application  of  the 
ri!inar\  and  honest  principles  of  business  by  men  veho 
lilicc  that  "  honesty  is  the  best  policy,"  but  who 
iractice  honesty  for  its  own  sake,  and  not  merely 
Wtaiisc  it  is  the  best  policy. 

.Mr.  Gicoley  is  a  public-spirited  citizen,  and  has  been 
nwairod  ill  many  important  public  enterprises.  lie 
WIS  a  pioniiiiont  subscriber  to  the  Kansas  Pacific  Rail- 
way, and  ill  1878  sold  to  Jay  Gould  the  controlling 
interest  that  made  him  owner  thereof.  As  is  well 
known,  this  road  extends  from  Kansa.s  City  to  Denver. 
Mr.  Grcch>y's  connection  with  it  lasted  from  1865  to 


1878,  and  for  much  of  the  time'  ho  was  treasurer  of  the 
company  an<i  bail  charge  of  its  financial  atfairs.  In 
this  capacity  lie  was  largely  instrumental  in  lifting  it 
out  of  its  [K-ciiniary  embarrassments  and  finishing  it 
and  putting  it  in  successful  operation.  Ills  connec- 
tion with  the  liiK!  involved  tlio  building  of  several 
important  "  feeders"  to  develop  the  western  country. 
Mr.  Greeley  also  assisted  in  building  the  railrotid  from 

'  Sedalia  to  Warsaw,  and  for  some  years  retained  a  con- 
siderable interest  therein.  lie  is  now  a  director  and 
largely  interested  in  the  St.  Louis  and  Illinois  llail- 

!  road  and  Coal  Company,  and  more  recently  has  pur- 
chased an  interest  in  the  Jladisnn  County  I'Vrry  Com- 
pany,    lie  is  now  president  of  the  Washington  Land 

I  and  Mining  Company,  and  president  of  the  Union 

'  Mining  and  Smelting  Company,  the  two  representing 
thirteen  thousand  acres  of  mineral  and  agricultural 
lands  in  Washington  County,  Mo.     lie  is  also  largely 

I  interested  in  banks  and  bank  stocks ;  is  the  largest 
stockholder  but  one  in  the  Hank  of  Commerce;  is 

'  president  of  the    Provident   Savings   Institution,   a 

!  director  in  the  Hoatiuen's  Savinirs-Uank,  and  a  trus- 
'         .  .  .'  .  . 

tee  in  the  State  Savings  Association.     He  is  also  a 

1  director  in  the  Belcher  Sugar  Refinery  Company,  the 
St.  Louis  Cotton- Factory,  and  the  Cry.stal  City  Plate- 
'  Glass  Company,  and  is  president  of  the  National  Land 
'  Company  of  Kansas,  a  concern  that  originally  held 
!  two  hundred  thousand  acres  of  land,  and  which  yet 
has  fifty  thousand  acres  unsold.    In  addition  to  these 
I  be  is  a  director  in  many  other  companies,  among  which 
may  be  mentioned  the  State  Mutual  Insurance  Com- 
i  pany,  the  Mutual  Insurance  (\iinpany,  the  St.  Louis 
\  Gold-Mining  Company  of  Colorado,  and  the  Greeley 
'■  Mining  Company  of  Colorado.     These  busine.ss  asso- 
ciations, so  varied  and  embracing  so  many  important 
[  interests,  indicate  that  he  is  a  man  notonly  of  unusual 
activity,  but  one  thoroughly  awake  to  whatever  has 
seemed  likely  to  conduce  to  the  prosperity  and  ad- 
vancement of  St.  Louis.     For  nine  years  he  was  a 
member  of  the  board  of  education,  being  president  tbo 
,  last  year ;  and  for  many  years  he  has  been  a  director 
'  of  Washington  University,  St.  JIary's  Institute,  etc. 
jSIr.  Greeley  has  been  for  many  years  a  member  of 
the  Second  Presbyterian  Cliurch,  and  is  chairman  of 
its  board  of  trustees.     lie  is  also  a  trustee  in  the 
Drury  College,  at  Springfi(dd,  ^lo.,  and  the  Linden- 
wood  Seminary,  at  St.  Charles.  Mo. 

In  1841   he  married  Miss  Robbins,  of  Hartford, 

Conn.    Two  children  resulted  from  this  union, — C.  B. 

'  Greeley,  who  is  a  member  of  the  firm,  and  a  daughter, 

'  who    married    Dwight   Tredway,  the   secretary   and 

managing  partner  of  the  Greeley-Burnham   Grocer 

'  Ccaipany. 


I 


I 


552 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Mr.  Greeley  'u  a  gentleman  of  quiet  and  unassuming 
:uaDDer.>i,  and  his  career  b  an  illustrition  of  die  fact 
that  quiet  and  persistent  work,  honestly  and  fuithfuliy 
applicil,  is  sure  of  its  reward. 

In  self  sacrificing  devotion  to  duty  James  K.  Ycat- 
man,  C.  S.  Greeley,  J.  B.  Johnson,  George  I'artridgc, 
and  William  G.  Eliot,  the  nicmburs  of  the  Western 
Sanitary  Commission,  were  not  in  the  least  behind  the 
bravest  herocson  the  battle-field.  With  hearts  full  of 
sympathy  for  their  fellow  man,  they  answered  every 
call  for  aid  and  assistance,  and  never  hesitated  tu  sacri- 
fice themselves  when  they  could  alleviate  suffering  or 
minister  to  the  comfort  of  others. 

James  E.  Yeatman,  whose  distinguished  services  as 
prosideui  of  the  Sanita.'y  Commission  have  been  nar- 
rate-^  aus  born  in  Bedford  County,  Tenn.,  Aug.  27, 
1818.  His  fatiicr  was  a  morciiaut,  man-jfacturer,  and 
banker  in  Nashville,  and  the  son,  who  was  reared 
amid  the  surroundings  of  affluence,  enjoyed  the  ad- 
vintages  cf  a  libertd  education.  His  studiea  were 
shaped  with  a  view  to  engaging  in  commercial  life, 
and  immediately  after  leaving  school  he  began  his 
business  career  in  the  manufacture  of  iron  ut  Cum- 
berland, Tenn.,  and  in  184'J  removed  to  St.  Louis  and 
opened  an  iron  house  as  u  branch  of  t!ie  Nashville 
establishment. 

From  1850  to  18CI  he  engaged  •uccessfully  in  the 
commission  business,  and  in  1850  assisted  in  organ- 
izing the  Merchants'  Bank  ( now  the  3Icrchants'  Na- 
tional Bank),  of  which  he  was  one  of  the  first  direc- 
tors. In  IStJl  ho  devoted  himself  exclusively  to  the 
bank,  and  for  many  years  has  been  its  president. 

Meanwhiin  other  public  enterprises  had  eng.iged 
his  attention.  lie  served  us  member  of  a  commis- 
sion appointed  to  obtain  from  tho  Legislature  the 
pa.ssagc  of  an  act  authorizing  the  city  to  subscribe 
five  hundred  thousand  dollars  to  the  Ohio  and  Mis- 
sissippi Railroad,  was  one  of  tho  incorporators  of 
Bellei'untaino  Cemetery,  assisted  in  the  establishment 
of  Washington  University,  and  for  many  ye.irs  has 
been  a  trustee  of  that  institution,  and  was  (he  first 
president  of  the  Mercantile  Library.  He  has  also 
been  active  and  prominent  in  promoting  vaiious  pub- 
lic charities,  among  them  the  Blind  Asylum,  much  of 
whose  u.sefulness  (if  not  its  very  existence)  is  due  to 
him.  He  was  the  first  president  uf  that  institution, 
which  for  nearly  thirty  years  has  been  the  object  of 
his  watchful  solicitude  and  care,  and  to  hundreds  of 
its  hapless  wards  he  has  proved  a  kind  and  bountiful 
protector. 

Throughout  the  trying  period  preuediiig  and  during 
the  civil  War,  Mr.  Yeulman  was  a  strenuous  supporter 
uf  the  Union,  but  labored  earnestly  fur  peace  and  tccun- 


ciliation.     His  mothers  second   husband  was  JuJin 
Bell,  of  Tennessee,  the  candidate  for  President  of  the 
United  States  on  the  Union  ticket  in  18G0,  ami  Mr 
Ycatman  belonged  to  tho  Union  suhool  in  jiDlliics, 
When  war  could  no  longer  be  avoided  h:  strove  to 
avert  its  horrors  from  Missouri,  and  was  deputed  by 
some  of  the  most  loyal  and  honored  citizens  of  St. 
Louis  to  accompany  Hon.  II.  R.  Gamble  to  Wiisliiii;;toii 
to  lay  the  situation  in  Missouri  before  PrcsiJi'iii  Lin- 
coin.    Gen.  Harney  was  then  in  command  of  tho  Do- 
partmcnt  of  the  West,  and  his  policy  was  the  suliji'ct  uf 
much  contention  before  'he  President.     Messrs.  Yeat- 
man and  Gamble  were  firmly  persuaded  tlmt  it  vv.^s 
the  only  one  that  would  lead  to  a  peaceful  .solution  of 
the  problem,  but  they  failed  to  impress  Mr.  Lincoln 
with  this  view,  and  Gen.  Harney  was  soon  reinovej. 
and  the  vigorous  counsels  of  Francis  P.  IJiair's  party 
adopted  by  the  government.  Mr.  G.imble  sub.soi|U(Mitly, 
ai  Provisional  Governor, served  the  State  anil  tiio  c'l;;,. 
try  through  a  period  of  unexampled  diffuuliy  with 
great  ability,  while  Mr.  Yeatman  pcrfornioJ  tho  nmst 
arduous  and  self-sacrificing  labor  in  connoution  with 
the  Western  Sanitary  Commission,  whicli  was  ciilleJ 
into  existence  by  Gen.  Fremont  in  September,  18(11, 
in  order  to  mitigate  the  horrors  of  the  war  tlioti  nutu 
ally  in  progress  in  Missouri,  as  well  as  iti  the  more 
Southern  States.     As  previou.sly  stated,  Mr  Yeatman 
was  president  of  the  commission,  and  is  uiiiveis.illv 
conceded  to  have  been  its  guiding  spirit  tlirou'ghnut 
the    war.     Indeed,    from  the    very    nionioiit  uf  liis 
aceeptance  of  this  delicate  and  saerod  trust  he  [.iit 
business  and  home  and  friends  behind  liiin  ainl  inn- 
sccrated  himself,  in  the  true  sacrificial  siiirit.  uniinK 
to  tho   noble  work   of  relieving  di.slre.ss  and  niiscrj. 
His  task  was  dual  in  its  character,  for  ho  was  callrj 
upon  to  systematize  the  impulsive,  disorder!),  and  un- 
informed sympathies  and  efforts  of  the  lo\ai  pooplo  tit' 
the  We::t,  and  then  to  make  effective  with  the  ll•a^l 
waste  of  time,  labor,  and    money  the  aiioncies  cili- 
ployed   for  tho  relief  and  care  of  sick  and  \Vi  unJoJ 
soldiers.     In  this  great  emergency  .Air.  Yoatuiaii  es- 
hibitod  a  capacity  and  aptitude  for  organiz.ition  on  a 
largo  scale  scarcely  eijualed  and  certainly  iicvor  os- 
celled  in  tho  history  of  the  country.     His  dulios  Ini 
him  all  over  the  war  stricken  regions  of  llio  South- 
west, wherever  men  were  suffering  or  wore  likelj  to 
suffer  and  to  need  relief    Like  Howard,  hr  must  ln-'k 
with  his  own  eyes  on  tho  misery  he  was  cliar^oil to 
relieve,  and  it  has  been  well  said  that  '  ilio  lio^iiie 
armies  were  filled  with  a  new  feeling  -that  uf  toiiiii't 
ncss— as  they  beheld  his  unselli.sh  ellorls." 

In   fact,  a  reference   to  the  preeodin'.;  iw^'i-i  will 
show  that  tho  nuirativc  of  Mr.  Vcaiuians  lalwrj  in 


M 


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552 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


!i:ii:b«w,  an  !  !ii»  crii-cHr  is  (ii.  iliiii'tnition  'ii'  ili<t  fuct 
il-v.  <jui.'  .1  ■]  fciM  :.:)H.  A..tlr, 'loncsliy  and  (':iiiif':llj 
■i{,j)!lc'ii,  !/      '.  ■■'■'  il,s  rd<i«aul. 

In  boIl ••■  •      .  ■    .  J.'.Virtii.m  to  li.ity  Janip*  K.  ''cut- 

!'in!i,  V.  S.  U.  ,.■;,!),  J.  15.  k>hi,:*...n,  (mm .-j.^'  l.'..rtriJ;.'.5, 

;iii  V;ii:mni    y.  Kiiot,  tho  iiMtnb.rs.if  i.l.i   V/..'f.i'Tu 

I'-iiiDitnfj'  C<i(umia«iirii,  wore  no<  i»  tin*  loiitt  ii;'t;n(il  dm 

li-.    — '.  U.-iynMUii  li'       .        ■■     i'.'i.      Will,  liir.trf^iUli  i:t' 

■  ,ti.|.,:h_v  f'lr     :ii.;;    ■  ..;!;.  ;'.,.;  l»l;^ft^.  i'xl  cx.iv 

■  uii } 't  .lid  .uul  ;  •iinia<ivv>r  tii'AJtafij'l  t'ja.^ri 
tji:n  t;,ouj«clv,<  •.'h. ..,  i,,..  y  e.iila  uilevtyjij  'itiftV.ri'i^  g. 
niifi.tt'r  to  !ii«  <'f.ui('; !    iif  '.■•  )>.'t<. 

^■r, -.  i -li'  I'l     :•.•■■■      ;     :    ■      :  I'l  |n>-i>  Loi-M  iiui 

-.'!•  ■    •••   -  ': '      .    ■-  '!'•>;.      Ay-.  ^7, 

i  ■   '      Hi*  tad (for,  i»nd 


[. 


.A  '»•    :.'     IN:.. 


i.nii    i,.i     Mill,    W.I.J  \v.i3    a\Hrf . 


.   li.  i   I'.if;  '  ixri-.' '.r.  iiM^i  of  ain.iuDCii,  «lijoy-."l  t^o  iij- 
v.intffj^e.^    /'    u  iiboral  tsJut'otion.     His  MuJlir/j  wpro 

■'"1  .■  •     •  !-]    ...I, 

'''•':    '  ■  ■..■'-     ,    ;.,•    .vL-aa   liiri 

■  u-iui-.s  •  .  :k'.  :rt.>nufrtoi«rc  <iI''  m(i  Kt  (''nro- 

.   'i   ■'      ..    .':.  ■  In  rvj-r  •  ■        ■.     i    ■■       i- 


Pi)]).  !■(  Ti'ii»iW)-w,  (ti;-.  iiaiuliJ.ite  fyr  '.  ■ 
1ji;il<f!  J^!:u>!s  <M  l''.Q  iJnimi  lii-lid!  '..  ; 
Vciiiuiun  billy' .iU'd  to  tlie  lJiii.ii\  •,■■}.■  :■ 
^  )h-'    w.  r  liquid   uo   lf.ii'».T  I—  iwoi.:    ■. 
nVOrt  'IH       .   :  ■'  .         ■,irj  lyi.;;.. 

*Oluo  (pf  .        I...  .    ,._.M    ,  ,,,;     Hin^)!^■'i 
^.lui!.^t.,at■^r^.|»f..l)l^  IJ.jr,  Jf.  U  CJ.-.iuU,. 
li-  it)  I  lie  !.i'ii!iii  1.  ti;  Mis-:. in,  lie '.KM  j 

Olliil.      «.Ji:ll     !i.(M'    ■>         ■'.    ■      ■,     ••■.    ^        ••■;,■■ 

l>artuii;ni  if  tho  VV  ,  . 

i.tf,ii,,ii  r.ifMj!i>'ii,i:ii!  bt.i  .r- iliu  iA\'^!ii>ti.-, 

'tl    ■'  •■       :!Ul!o   vViC    liniily    j.r-.  : 

.    i:;it  roi-'il  Knfl  u'        ■!. 
.ii>;  jif'.'.-m.  !  Ill  '.!■•;.'  <a:''(i  to     .ii)i:..-. 
witl.  .'hit  'tew,  nnJ  Klvis.  i\.\mc-'-  •'■.■<■■ 
duii  till*  vifi'iii.ua  C!)'.!i).sf]s  vi   Pr  ■  . 
ulnpicui  Iv  tli,''!>ovi'i!"iii;ii!.    Mi.i 
JisProvis''  ;     i  ■',!■  I  ,'1       •    '■"  ,    ■'  ' ; 

\i\  tiir 

atii      .    .-1.. .  •: ..  r .:  •'.;     ;  .•■.■.■ 

ih»;  "-<.'-:i'r:    8.uiilm"> 

•  •        •■i..iii.'i..  by  (.),'ii.  I''ii4ini>i»t  \n  ■ 


■  ••:■•■'.  iuu'i.:---;:,'' 
fi.viik  I  HOW  till-  i^i  ■ 


.■^Hii.f.v"'  • 


was  tJuil  in   iu  i-Iuf 


!;t:.-.: 


',  tl    mi', 

,!•    .        .ifP   i 


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fi 


MM' 


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■    Vll.'    ,  «■!•  -  I,.  ■ 


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III.  I  ilii   Mvtr  (in»  wur  : 

'V'    ■■■  ■■     ■     III    ■      " 


rut.'!''.!) 


jhoH  lllttl  lllO   linn.iU'   ■    lif 


■k  ill 


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,*i' 

THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


553 


this  connection  is  identical  with  the  history  of  the 
coinniis^iiin  itself.  In  the  West  the  work  of  the 
Saniiary  Ctiraiuission  assumed  nn  eminently  practicul 
cliancicr.    The  commission  established  hospital  .steai.v 


and  business-like  judgment  that  never  squanders. 
Amongthc  more  rccentohjccts  of  hisbcncvolentintercst 
is  the  "  Memorial  Home"  for  aged  and  infirm  people, 
lately  established  in  St.  Loui.s.  But  the  good  which 
oi's,  fiiunded  soldiers'  homes  and  homes  for  their  i  he  has  performed  will  never  be  fully  known,  as  mucii 
cliili'.roii,  »nd  took  the  earliest  steps  to  relieve  the  |  of  it  has  been  done  in  so  quiet  and  unostentatious  a 
frcciiiucn,  whom  they  promptly  rucogniziid  ns  the  manner  as  not  to  be  apparent  to  the  outside  world. 
"wurdj  I'f  the  nation."     They  sent  them  teachers,     His  long  and  stainless  life  is  illuminated   with   an 


iiunses  iind  physicians,  and  the  labors  of  the  commis- 
.'wn  ill  ciinricction  with  the  frcednien  during  18C4-G5 
\rorc  quito  us  arduous  to  Mr.  Yoatman  and  his  asso- 
ciates as  wore  those  during  some  of  the  pei  iods  in 
((liicli  t!ie  great  battles  of  the  war  had  been  fought. 
The  IVeedinen's  Bureau  was  organized  on  the  plan 
Jevist'd  bv  Mr,  Yeatman,  who,  once  a  holder  of 
.Iavc9|  now  became  a  benefactor  of  the  negro  race. 
His  report  to  the  Western  Sanitary  Commission 
favoring  tiio  leasing  of  abandoned  plantations  to 
frcetiineii  was  declared  by  the   Xorth  Ainrriaiii  Re- 


active  benevolence  that  is  unmatched  in  the  history 
of  St.  Louis,  and  his  charities  throw  a  golden  lustre 
on  the  city  of  his  adoption. 

The  Mississippi  Valley  Sanitary  Fair. — The 
great  success  attending  the  sanitary  fairs  which  hud 
been  held  in  several  of  the  large  cities  of  the  country 
suggested  a  similar  enterprise  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis, 
with  the  view  of  replenishing  the  funds  of  the  West- 
ern Sanitary  Commission,  and  of  the  kindred  and 
co-operative  associations,  so  that  they  might  prosecute 
their  noble  and  philanthropic  labors  during  the  con- 
iiVii' (April,  18G4)  to  contain  in  a  single  page  "  tl'.e  \  tiuuancc  of  the  war.  The  great  fairs  hold  in  the 
final  and  absolute  solution  of  the  cotton  and  negro  j  large  Eastern  cities  and  in  Chicago  in  aid  of  the 
iiuostions."  Mr.  Yeatman's  report  was  so  favorably  United  States  Sanitary  Commission  had  contributed 
received  that  he  was  sent  to  Washington  to  lay  his  ■  nothing  to  the  funds  of  the  Western  Commission. 
views  before  the  government.  The  President  was  Illinois,  Indiana,  and  Ohio,  neighboring  States,  trans- 
:mtly  impressed,  and  urged  him  to  accompany  a  mittcd  their  great  and  generous  contributions  chiefly 
i.',ivernnieiit  oflBcer  to  Vicksburg  to  put  them  into  j  through  that  channel  and  their  own  agencies,  while 
olfi'cl.  Tliis  Mr.  Ycatman  did,  although  he  declined  ;  the  reports  of  the  Western  Sanitary  Commission  show 
111  iiffici:il  appointment  in  that  connoction.      When      that  the  regiments  of  those  States  were   the  constant 

care  c**  the  Commission,  both  in  the  field  and  in  its 
I  .soldiers'  homes  at  St.  Louis,  Columbus,  Ky.,  Mem- 
phis, Tenn.,   Helena,    Ark.,    Vicksburg,   Mi>s.,  and 
Duvall's  Bluff,  in  Arkan.sas.' 

With  large  and  increasing  demands  upon  its  treas- 
Tlie  S.mitary  Comniis.''ion  di.sbur.sed  .seven  hundred  ury  and  supp'iL's,  the  resources  of  the  commission 
aiiJ  seventy-one  thousand  dollars,  and  distributed  over  had  begun  to  fail,  and  on  the  1st  of  February,  18t>4, 
throe  and  a  half  million  dollars  worth  of  goods.  It  a  large  preliminary  meeting  of  "  the  loyal  men  and 
Ms  brou^ilit  into  very  close  relations  with  the  military  women  of  St,  Louis"  was  held  at  Mercantile  Library 
auihurities,  yet  its  uflfuirs  were  managed  so  discreetly  Hall  for  the  purpose  of  effecting  an  organization  for 
that  all  the  generals  in  the  field — Grant,  Sherman,  holding  a  grand  Mississippi  Valley  Sanitary  Fair  in 
rrcmniit,  IliiUeek,  Curtis,  Sehofield,  and  lloseerans —  '  St.  Louis.  George  Partridge  called  the  meeting  to 
■"creuii  the  nio.st  friendly  and  confidential  terms  with  order,  and  ou  his  motion  Chauucuy  I.  Filley,  mayor 
itsagcnts,  and  did  their  utmost,  by  means  of  military  I  ' 

orders  and  the  exercise  of  their  personal  influence,  to  j 
aJvaiice  tlieir  humane  work.     When  it  is  considered 


the  Froi'diuen's  Bureau  was  instituted  President  Lin- 
oilii  offered  him  the  conimissioncrship,  but  he  de- 
ihncJ,  di.<liking,  possibly,  the  semi-military  features 
ofihe  ostablishinent.  Its  main  features,  however,  ho 
heartily  approved. 


'  Tho  e.xtont  uf  thu  bcnoflt  conrcrri-il  on  llio  Union  i^olilicri 
by  tho  suldiura'  liiimi-s  HUHtiihioil  iinil  coniluetej  by  tlio  Weslo'n 

that  ;he  histtry  of  war  att'ordcd  no  precedent  for  sani-  :  .><iinitiuv  Ci.inuiis»iun   inu;.    i>o  iipiirteuitud  l)y  niiting  liow 


Sary  work  among  the  soldiers  on  so  large  a  scale,  the 
rjiuuituje  III'  thu  labor  of  the  commi.ssion  and  the 
bfleiidur  (if  its  success  are  tho  ni'ire  conspicuous. 

Wlioii  till'  war  closed,  Mr.  Y<almaii  returned  to 
Ills  Lusiik'ss  and  his  charities.  There  is  hardly  an 
iiisiiluiioh  ill  thu  city  that  has  not  been  blessed  by 
liislieniTai'iiiins,  which  have  always  been  bestowed  in 


'  truly  eaihulio  spirit,  yet  guided  by  a  discriminating     jwriuU 


many  oulJitTii  sliuriMl  tlieir  ti<>s|Mtiility  during  tlic  war.  Aililing 
tliti  8lali.'-lio»  tnjjollii'r  from  tlicir  (illk'ial  ri'iiiMl.",  \\v  liml  timt 
thcKfi  lioini'H  cnti'rtaini'il  fuur  litinilreil  ami  Incnty-Dnc  tliuunanJ 
i<i.\  liiimlrcil  iinil  tixlecn  hulilivrH,  t'uiiiidlicil  niiiu  liundrud  ami 
tM^lity-tvvu  tlhtmianJ  fivu  hunJri'il  anil  nimiy-twu  mtalts  and 
I'liiir  liumlrO'l  iiml  lin  llii>ii<and  tni>  liiindnd  and  liTlv  two 
Iiid)(in^ii  williiiiit  >'liar)(i'.  Tlio  lionin  at  ,"^1.  I.iiui!.  cnnlinncd 
nt'tur  tliu  war,  and  I'ntcrluincd  an  nvi-r»i;i!  »!'  twi>  thiiu«»nd 
guuxls  |>vr  niontli,  buni);  as  usul'ul  anil  nuei'siary  as  at  any  luruier 


111;. 


5;4 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


of  tho  nity,  was  unanimously  cliosen  to  preside.     On 
motion  of  C.  S.  Greeley,  Samuel  Copp,  Jr.,  was  ap-  i 
pointed  scerotary.    Ilev.  J.  J.  Porter  opened  the  pro- 
ceedings with  prayer,  and  Rev.  Dr.  William  G.  Eliot, 
at  the  request  of  the  cliairuian,  explained  the  objects 
of  the  meeting.     On  motion  of  Edward  Wyraan,  a 
committee  on  organization  was  appointed,  which  soon 
after  made  a  report,  which  was  adopted.     Tho  pur- 
pose in  holding  the  fair  was  to  rai.-se  a  sufficient  fund 
for  the  sanitary  uses  of  the  armies  of  the  Mi.ssissippi 
valley,  and  for  the  relief  of  the  sick  and  wounded  [ 
under  the  general  direction  of  the  Western  Sanitary 
Commission,  whose  headipiaiters  were  in  St.  Louis.  ' 
Speeches  were  made  by  the  mayor,  and  by  Rev.  Wil-  , 
Ham  G.  Eliot,  D.D.,  Brig.-Gen.  C.  B.  Fisk,  Maj.-Gcn. 
W^.  S.  Rosecraiis,  Maj.  MeKee  Dunn,  and  Professor 
Amasa  McCoy.     A  letter  was  read  from  Gen.  Grant, 
in  which  ho  said, —  1 

"  The  grattiitoiis  ofl'crings  uf  our  loynl  citi/.cii!*  at  home  to  our  \ 
bravo  soUliors  in  tlic  fielil,  through  the  aj^eiiey  of  sanitary  coni- 
niissions,  liave  been  to  them  tlie  nio^t  eneouraj^in<j  and  gratify- 
ing evidence  tlint  whilst  they  are  risking  lil'o  and  liealtli  lor  the 
BU)>|irc3sion  of  this  most  wicked  reliellion,  friends,  who  cannot 
ns.-ist  with  musket  and  sword,  are  uilii  tiieni  in  sympathy  and 
heart. 

"  Tiio  Western  ."^anitary  Commission  lias  distrit)uted  tons  of 
stores  (amonntiug  to  tliousands)  t<>  tiie  armies  under  my  com- 
mand.    Its  v<duntary  offerings  have  made  glad  tho  hearts  of 
many  tliousands  of  wounded  and  sick  soldiers,  who  otherwise 
wui Id  have  been  subjected  to  severe  privations.     Knowing  the   , 
benclils  already  cnnf      ed  on  the  army  by  the  Western  Sanitary   ' 
Commission,  1  hope  for  a  full  and  enthusiastic  meeting  to-mor- 
row night,   and  a  'fair'   to   follow   Hhicii  will  bring  together 
many  uUl  friends  who  have  been  kept  apart  for  the  last  throe  i 
years  and  uuilo  iliem  again  in  one  eoiuinnii  cause, — that  ipf  their   ; 
country  niid  peace."  I 

i 

The  following  officers  and  committees  were  then  ' 
elected  to  organize  and  conduct  this  great  enterprise : 

Maj.  (ion.  W.  S.  Kosecrnns,  president;  (Jovernor  Willard  I'. 
Hall,  first  vice-president;  Mayor  Chauuccy  i.  Killey,  second 
vice-president:  llrig.-lien.  Clinton  li.  I'isk,  third  vice-president 
(afterWiiriU  Mayor  James  .S.  Thomas  was  made  fimrth  vice- 
president,  ami  Itrig.-lien.  .1.  W.  Uavid.'on  liflh  vicopresiilent) ; 
Samuel  Copp,  .Ir.,  treasurer;  Maj.  Alfred  Mackay,  correspond- 
ing sei'retary.  ' 

lliniiirini/  Mriiihrrn. — His  Kvi'ellency  Abraham  Lincoln, 
I'residenI  of  tho  I'liiteil  .Stales:  Hon.  Hannibal  Hamlin,  Vice- 
I'rosident  of  tho  I'nited  ."-tales;  the  Ijovernors  ()f  the  several 
loyal  States;   .Maj. -lieu.  ('.  .*-.  (irant.  commanding,  cic. 

Sttiit'fintj  finiintittrr  (members  of  the  AVestcrn  Sanitary  t'om- 
missiim). — .lames  K.  Veatman,  Willi:iin  II.  Kliol,  (ieorgc  I'ar- 
tridge.  Carlos  ,S.  Ifreeloy,  .lolin  li.  .lohn-on. 

A'j-f cK^'rc  ' ''iinmithcti/ h'riitlcunii, — .James  !■'.  Yeatmaii  (cha'r- 
maii),  .1.  H    I.ighlner,  K.  W.  Fox.  Simiucl  Copp,  .Ir.,  IJeorgc  I). 

Hall,  S.   It.   Filley.  Charles  It.  Hubbell.  .Ir,  James  llhick n, 

William  Ifljemdi,  William  Patrick,  J.  O,  Pierre,  llustavus  W. 
Dreyer,  II.  C.  Homcvcr,  II.  It.  Iloiincr,  Adolphus  Meier,  Charluji 
Speck,  William  Mitchell,  William  Adriancc,  tieorgu  K.  Leigh- 
ton,  Al.  L.  Liiitoii,  William  II.  Uontuu,  Mwiglit  Iiurkce,  Amudoe 


VnllC,  Wyllys  King,  George  P.  Plant,  Morris  Collins,  .I.e.  Caboi, 
X.  C.  Cbnpmnn,  John  D,  Perry.  S.  H.  I.nflin,  Jamc-  Ward. 

Exfrutire  f'omttiitti'e  n/  Ltnlit^H. — Mrs.  Chauncoy  I.  Fillcv 
(president),  Jlrs.  Anna  M.  Dobenhani  (recording  .-n-rctary 
Mrs.  lien.  V.  1'.  Van  Antwerp  (coirespouding  secrctaiv  ,  Jlr-, 
Phobo  W.  Couzins  (corresponding  scerotary),  Mrs.  llnlHrl  Kt- 
dcrson,  Mrs.  (Seorgo  Partridge,  .Mrs.  J.  K.  1).  Coii/ins,  Mrs.  K. 
M.  Weber,  .Mrs.  Truman  WoodrulT,  Mrs.  Clinton  li.  I'isk,  .Mrs 
F.  A.  Dick,  Mrs.  Alfred  Clapp,  Mrs.  llr.  K.  Hale,  Mr-,  A.,<.  W. 
floodwin,  Mrs.  H.  T.  IJlow.  Mrs.  Amelia  Ueihl,  Mrs.  N,  ('.  Cliat,. 
man,  Mrs.  Washington  King,  Mrs.  S.  A.  Uanlett,  Mr-.  T.  1; 
Kdgar,  Mrs.  C.  S.  (Jroeley,  .Mrs.  W.  T.  Hazanl,  Mr-.  Charlf. !;. 
Hinke,  .Mrs.  Dr.  llaeusler,  Mrs.  Samuel  C.  Davis,  .Mrs.  .MiKte 
Dunn,  .Mrs.  I!  IJratz  llrown.  .Mrs.  William  .McKcc,  Mrs.  (I,,, 
William  S.  Kosccran-,  .Mrs.  Dr.  O'Reilly,  Mrs.  S.  I!.  KHI.;... 
Mrs.  S.  A.  Collier,  .Mrs.  W.  A.  Doan,  Mrs.  Isaac  I!  i-cnft'l,!,  Mr.. 
Samuel  Copp,  Jr.,  .Mrs.  F.  P.  HIair,  Mrs.  Kliialicili  W.Clark, 
Mis.  H.  Dreyer,  Mrs.  llrich  liusoh,  Mrs.  Jcdin  Wolir,  .Mrs,  Wai. 
tenburg,  .Mrs.  Jchn  J.  IIop|io,  Mrs.  ,\dolphus  Alalls,  .Mrs,  c. 
Piper,  Mrs.  R.  H.  Morton,  .Mrs.  William  D'Ocndi,  .Mrs.  J,  f. 
Rust,  Sirs.  .Ailidpbus  .Meier,  Mrs.  Ilernard  Poeppini;.  Mrs.,I.4iii 
C.  Vogel,  .Mrs.  U.  Ilarth,  Mrs.  H.  C.  (icmpp,  Mrs.  ii,  |l,  Killn, 
Mrs.  Henry  Stagg,  .Mrs.  K.  W.  Fox,  Mrs.  Charles  Kg^'crs,  ,\lri, 
A.  8.  Dean,  Mrs.  Roinbauer, 

Various  subordinate  committees  were  :iftcrwiirij> 
appointed,  representing  all  the  trades  and  liiiiticlics fif 
business  in  St.  Louis,  and  a  committee  was  iippointO'l 
to  conduct  a  dejiartment  in  tlie  fair  for  llic  bi'iatit  of 
freeilmen  and  Union  refugees,  so  that  cuiKriliiiiiiiii.i 
miglit  be  made  for  this  charity  by  iLself.  iiiiii  kcpi 
sepal  ate  from  the  general  sanitary  work  of  tli«  army. 

Appeals  were  iuiniediately  sent  out  to  tlio  \m\!\v 
of  the  Mississippi  valley  and  to  the  whole  country, 
the  newspaper  press  of  St.  Louis  lent  its  coluiiiii* 
witii  great  genero.sity  to  tho  proinotioii  of  tlio  outer- 
prise  and  published  largely  in  its  iiiteivits.  and 
'riendly  papers  abroad  gave  it  all  the  pulilicity  liia! 
could  be  desired. 

The  merchants  and  private  citizens,  the  noble  uitn 
and  women  of  St.  TiOuis,  took  hold  of  the  oiiti'r|)riso 
with  generous  zeal,  and  determined  to  iiuikc  it  ;i 
decided  success.  Sympathizing  frieiiils  in  l!ii,<l(in. 
New  Bedford,  Piovidenee,  Salem.  Woici'stcr.  .Now 
York,  Brooklyn.  I'liiladelphiti,  and  m;iny  -iiuillir 
cities  and  towns  made  handsome  donations,  :inil  smiio 
of  them  sent  representatives  to  aid  in  ilic  work. 
JIany  valuable  trophies  of  the  war  and  diMKiiioiis  in 
money  were  received  from  the  army.  Fiftei^n  gold  ;in'l 
silver  bars,  amounting  to  over  forty-five  tli(ius;in(l  li'l- 
hirs,  were  received  from  Nevada  Terrilorv.  ;iml.*t'Vor;i! 
shipments  of  goods  wore  sent  also  from  Eiiulami  iiiiJ 
(Jerniany  by  generous  symniithizers  in  tlio  aii-o. 
Besides  these  contributions  in  goods,  two  liiinilr'i 
tliousand  dollars  in  money  was  givi'ii  toward*  tlic 
object,  of  which  iniicli  the  largest  purtion  laiiio  liimi 
the  citizens  of  St.  Louis,  a  city  that  pnili;ilily  siiffcriii 
more  from  the  war  tiian  any  other  city  i«f  iIil-  I  iH"" 


^ 


THE  CIVIL  WAR. 


555 


While  tlicso  labors  were  bein^  performed,  a  splendid 
liuilJiiij;  was  erected  on  Twelfth  Street,  from  Olive 
Street  ti>  ^t'  Charles  Street,  five  hundred  feet  lonj; 
and  line  liiindred  and  fourteen  feet  wide,  with  wings 
on  liOCii.-l  Street  one  hundred  feet  each  in  length 
li.voiul  tlie  main  building  and  fifty-four  feet  wide, 
siilwin  octagon  centre  seventy-five  feet  in  diameter 
anil  fifty  ''^■'''  '"'o'*'  ^'"^  whole  was  arranged,  deeo- 
raleJ,  iliviilod  into  apartments,  and  filled  with  con- 
tributions IVoui  art  and  nature  of  the  most  valuable 

kinds. 

I  In  tlic  l"lh  of  May,  18(U,  this  immense  building, 
filloii  wiili  it^  splendid  contributions  of  merchandise, 
art. am'  iiiuiiufiictures,  ornamented  with  flags,  trophies, 
mottoes  afbors  of  evergreens  and  flowers,  and  super- 
inieiidid  by  fair  ladies  and  noble  men,  was  opened  to 
'l.epublii'  with  appropriate  ceremonies,  on  which  oc- 
casioii  speeches  were  made  by  (ren.  Jlosecrans,  Gov- 
ernor Hull,  and  Gen.  Fisk.  The  attendance  was  very 
lirst'  from  the  start,  and  for  three  weeks  the  influx 
(f  people  from  St.  Louis  and  the  neighboring  country, 
ami  I'loiii  the  towns  and  cities  of  the  adjoining  States, 
cintiimed  in  a  steady  stream. 

The  biilding  in  all  its  departments — its  refresh- 
niont  saiomis,  its  gallery  of  fine  arts,  its  counters  for 
the  sale  of  mereliandiso,  its  floral  park,  its  room  for 
the  exhibition  of  trophies  of  the  war,  and  its  display 
i.fai'ricultural  implements,  of  sewing-niachine.s,  of 
trurks  uf  art,  and  of  the  gold  and  silver  bars  iVoni 
.Vcvada— was  filled  with  multitudes,  who  passed 
ii'K  the  various  walks  and  avenues,  purt,i.ising  and 
iiliuiring  what  tlioy  saw,  from  morning  till  l.  ening. 
up  to  the  close  of  tlie  fair  in  the  early  part  of  June. 

No  written  description  can  begin  to  do  justice  to 
liio  ,i;raiid  exhibition,  but  it  will  long  be  remeiu- 
lierod  liy  those  who  participated  in  its  labors,  and  by 
till  liiimircds  of  thousands  of  visitors  who  gave  their 
frsi'iKV,  their  sympathy,  and  their  money  to  aid  the 
noble  object  for  which  the  fair  was  held.  Among 
these  Were  many  of  the  leading  nierehants  and  baiik- 
01*  iif  ."^t.  Liiuis,  who  were  tbo  main  stiength  and 
>n|i|nirt  III' the  undertaking;  the  eoinmanding  gen- 
tral  ot'ihe  ili'partiuent  and  other  oflii'ers  of  the  army, 
siaiiiined  at  St.  Louis,  or  co-operating  from  their  dis- 
tant posts;  the  members  of  the  Western  Sanitary 
l'i'Mimi»ioii ;  the  Union  hidies  of  St.  Louis,  including 
:iie  iiioiiihors  of  the  Ladies'  Union  Aid  Society,  the 
heediiien's  Aid  Association,  the  Ladies'  Loyal  League, 
aii'l  the  teachers  and  pupils  of  the  universities,  the 


colleges,  the  female  academics,  and  the  public  schools 
of  the  city,  all  of  whom,  in  their  several  spheres,  con- 
tributed to  the  grand  results  of  the  fair. 

The  net  receipts  from  the  fair  amounted  to  five 
hundred  and  fifty-four  thousand  five  hundred  and 
ninety-one  dollars,  being,  it  is  believed,  greater  than 
those  of  any  sanitary  fair  that  has  ever  been  held 
in  the  United  States.' 

St.  Louis  had  occasion  to  be  proud  of  this  result, 
and  3Ir.  Yeatman,  chairman  of  the  executive  com- 
mittee, in  his  official  report  of  the  fair  said, — 

"The  city  of  St.  Ijouis,  situiiteil  coin  piirn  lively  upon  the  fron- 
tier of  loyalty,  iia.i  raised  about  three  liollars  anil  fifty  eent.s  for 
each  inlialiitiint,  wliile  the  cities  of  Nciv  York  nml  I'hilnilelphin, 
at  their  fairs,  raisnl  about  one  dollar  and  si.vly-sevcn  cents  for 
each  inhabitant." 

The  generous  support  extended  by  the  Union  citi- 
zens of  St.  Louis  to  the  armies  of  the  Union  during 
the  civil  war,  their  .sympathy  and  aid  in  sanitary  and 
religious  work  for  the  sick  and  wounded  soldiers,  and 
the  relief  aflforded  by  them  to  the  freodmen  and  home- 
less Uniiin  refugees,  are  without  a  parallel  in  history. 
Besides  the  liberal  contributions  from  the  people  of  St. 
Ijouis  to  the  Mississippi  Valley  Sanitary  Fair,  the 
Western  Sanitary  Commission  was  the  recipient  of 
hundreds  of  thousands  of  dollars  in  money  and  sani- 
tary goods  from  the  same  patriotic  sources  contrib- 
uted from  time  to  time  during  the  whole  progress  of 
the  war. 


'  The  Hepiihllciiii  of  July  Bth  contained  the  following: 
"  .1  Lilirr  I'rmn  di'ii.  Iliiiii-iifk. — Wo  )iiil>lish  below  ft  letter, 
kindly  furnished  ua  tiy  Mr.  Yeatman,  received  last  Saturday 
from  ^Iiij.-tu'n.  Uaneoek,  acknowlodgin;;  tlie  receipt  of  the 
niagnitii'cnt  Jeweled  sword  voted  by  his  former  fellow-citi/eni 
at  the  aanitary  I'liir:  .  .  . 

"'  llK.MiylAllTKIlS    SkI'OMI    AllMV    CoKI'S, 

"•.luni'.'r,  isrtl. 
"  '  Dkau  ."lit, — Your  favor  of  the  ISIh  instant,  int'orinini;  mo 
tiiiit   the  handsome  swiird   dnniited  to   the   Mississippi   Valley 
.Sanitary  Fair  has  been  awarded  me,  has  liecn  received,     ."Such 
a  inai'k  of  considcnition  from  the  citizens  of  ."^t.  Louis  is  truly 
Kintifyin)".  and  hiniiij;  married  in  that  city  an<l  resided  there 
for  many  years,  F  regard  it  as  a  home,     iinly  tlie  .soMiers  can 
fully  appreciate  the  benctit  of  y«ur  nolile  efforts  in  liehatf  of  the 
.Sanitary  C'oniinission,  and  the  effects  of  its  kind  oflices  in  the 
Amelioration  of  our  wants  and  suffering  are  felt  with  grateful 
romembriincc  throughout  every  part  of  our  vast  army. 
"  '  I  um  sir.  very  ..'spectfully 
,  '■ '  Your  obedient  servant. 

•"  \V.  S.  Uaxcoik,  Miij-Ceii.  C.S.A.' 
"'To  Jamks  E.  Yk.atm.4N,   K«g.,   Chniniiaii   n/  ilic    KrttHtiit 
Committee,  W'enttni  ,S(init<trif  f/o'iiiiii'«4('uM,  .Vf.  Aoin'a,  .Uo.' " 


ill 


J 


656 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


CHAPTER   XVII. 

POLITICAL   PIIOOUESS.« 

Upon  the  cession  of  Louisiana  to  tlic  United  States, 
Capt.  Amos  Stoddard  succoedcd  the  Spanisli  command- 
ant at  St.  Louis,  and  in  1804,  by  act  of  Conj^ress.  March 
26th,  tlie  Territory  was  divided  into  the  Territory  of 
Orleans  (uflterwards  the  State  of  Louisiana)  and  the 
District  of  Louisiana  (known  as  Upper  Louisiana), 
which  became  the  Territory  of  Missouri.  The  same 
act  provided  that  tlie  Territorial  government  of  In- 
diana should  be  extended  to  the  District  of  Louisiana 
(Missouri),  and  the  Governors  and  judges  of  Indiana 
were  empowered  to  frame  laws  for  th(^  new  district. 
Gen.  William  Henry  Harrison  was  then  Uovernor  of 
Indiana,  and  associated  with  him  were  Judges  Griffin, 
Davis,  and  Vanderberg.  On  the  'M  of  Moreh,  18(t5, 
Congress  pa.ssed  an  act  transforming  the  district  into 
the  Territory  of  Louisiana,  ond  Gen.  James  Wi!kin.son 
was  appointed  Governor,  with  Jo.seph  Browne  as  sec- 
retary. The  legislative  power  was  vested  in  tiie  Gov- 
ernor and  tlie  three  Territorial  judges,  J.  B.  C.  Lucas, 
John  Coburn,  and  llufus  Easton.' 

The  first  Legislature  of  the  Territory,  composed  of 
the  Governor  and  judges,  assembled  on  the  11th  of 
June,  180(!,  and  continued  to  exercise  its  functions 
until  tiio  9th  of  October,  1811,  when  it  adjourned 

sillC  </('{■.' 

At  the  time  of  final  adjournment  the  members  were 
Frederick  Bates,  Secretary  of  the  Territory  and  acting 


'  Tlic  liijtorv  (if  the  Ti-rritorial  Kovernmotit  liiis  been  fully 
narriiti'd  in  ii  procciliiig  cliiiplcr  of  this  wcirk,  but  in  order  tu  a 
clcur  underslunding  of  the  |iolitioal  development  uf  ."^l.  Luiiis 
and  .MisKoiiri  the  prineip:il  fiiuld  nre  rceiipituliited  here. 

2  The  eoininiyriiinej."  toexuniinuland  titles  were, I.  !!.('.  Liienif, 
Clement  H.  I'enroso,  and  Jnnic."  L.  DoniiKlson.  In  1307.  Freder- 
ick lliitcs  was  siib.>lituted  in  place  of  Donaldson. 

'  This  Lc;;isliitiiro  was  called  to  assemble  on  the  .'td  of  .[une, 
but,  as  stateil,  did  not  meet  until  the  I  llh.  The  records  of  Ed- 
ward llempi'teail,  clerk  id'  the  Legislature,  show  that  , lames 
Wilkinson,  (Jovcfhor,  Uelurn  .1.  .Miigs,  nn>l  .lohn  11.  C,  Lucas 
composed  that  body,  Itufus  Kastun,  luie  of  the  judges,  not  being 
present.  Ouo  of  tlic  earliest  entries  on  the  records  is  ii  spicy 
corri'spondcnce  bctivecn  the  Uovernor  nnd  Juilge  Luciks  as  to 
the  pioper  manner  >d  calling  the  Legislature  together.  After 
many  iliLiys  an  1  adj^iurnments,  the  Legislature  met  on  the  'JJth 
of  June,  and  proeeeiled|o  the  election  of  a  clerk,  liohert  Wes- 
cott,  Anilrew  ,'^teel,  and  Kdward  Hempstead  were  placed  in 
numiuatiiin,  but  there  was  no  election  uniil  the  L'sih,  when  .Mr. 
Ileuip-tead  was  elhi-en.  In  the  record  id'  the  projce, lings,  on 
the  I'i'.th  of  .lune,  il  is  ,-tati'd  that  a  law  re^peiting  the  District 
of  .\rkansas,  which  was  then  a  portion  of  the  Territory,  had 
been  discussed  an  I  ngrc>e,l  to  and  onleied  to  be  engrossed,  and 
that  tlie  Legislaliiie  had  under  consideration  a  law  to  prevent 
the  discharging  of  fire-arins  in  the  town  uf  t;t.  Louis. 


Governor,  and  John  Coburn  otid  Otto  Strader.  ju(]"cs, 
Judge  Lucas,  however,  was  still  in  office. 

Frederick  Bates,  who  hhd  been  appointed  ."^ecn'tarv 
of  the  Territory  May  7,  1807,  was  born  in  Hcliudin 
Goochland  Co.,  Va.,  of  Quaker  parents,  Jmi,.  j,; 
1777.  He  did  not  possess  facilities  for  uliiiiiimi;  j 
liberal  education,  but,  like  many  others  oC  liis  iiiiu>, 
educated  liinisclf  in  the  pursuit  of  the  pruiiial 
affairs  of  life  by  the  exercise  of  his  acute  ]iiiwers..f 
observation.  He  thus  developed  the  charai.icr  wliid: 
distinguished  hiiu  througli  life,  that  of  a  clriirlieaJtJ, 
energetic  man  fully  competent  to  grapple  wkh  ili,. 
difficulties  which  he  encountered,  and  to  give  Jinclijii 
to  the  circumstances  by  which  he  was  surroinnli'il. 

He  was  one  of  a  family  of  seven  brotlii.'r.s.  four  of 
whom,  including  himself,  pa.ssed  several  jears  in  tlio 
offices  of  the  clerks  of  the  Circuit  Court  in  their  iialiie 
State. 

At  the  age  of  twenty  he  went  to  Detroit,  wlitrolii' 
engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits,  and  ho  was  lor  a  limo 
po.stmaster  at  that  place.  Frequent  iiitcrenurso  nitli 
the  French-Canadians  enabled  Iiim  to  boi'iJine  to  sninc 
extent  acquainted  with  the  French  latigiiau'c.  Tin 
knowledge  thus  acquired  was  improved  Lv  sub-i.|ii'iit 
study,  and  proved  of  great  advantage  to  liim  duriii: 
his  residence  in  Missouri.  In  18(1.")  he  wasnppoiniJ 
by  President  Jefferson  the  first  United  .States  jiil.'v 
for  the  Territory  of  Michigan. 

In  1800  he  removed  from  Dolroit  to  St.  Lmiis. 
From  the  time  of  his  arrival  in  Missmiri  until  it; 
admission  as  a  State  he  was  in  .suiiie  capacity  a  Torri. 
torial  officer,  and  during  inn  years  was  Sctrelan  uf 
the  Territory, and,  as  we  have  seen,  was  aeting  GuvoriiHr 
part  of  llis  term.  He  also  occtipied  .several  j  iilicial  :ii;J 
legislative  positions,  and  in  1808  conipile'l  tlic  Lw- 
of  the  Territory  of  Louisiana,"  printed  liv  .Iu>'|li 
Charless,  tlie  first  book  printed  in  St.  Luiiis. 

Ill  1824  he  was  elected  Governor  of  the  .><iale  ■! 
Missouri,  to  succeed  Alexamler  McNair,  tlio  Gr.*t  i: 
cunibent  of  the  office.  On  the  4tli  of  Aiiiust.  b^V 
lie  di«d,  having  administered  the  gDVeriiiiKtit  cniv 
about  a  year.  He  was  an  earnest  adiiiinT  orTlioiiiis 
Jefferson,  and  held  offices  in  the  Tetiituiy  uiiIt 
Presidents  Jefferson  and  Jladison.  It  is  wnrtiiv  of  | 
remark  that  he  was  elected  Governor  witlioiit  suliciii' 
tion  or  effort  on  his  part. 

He  was  married,  .March  4,  ISIH,  M  Nancy  BjH.  | 
dau,.;hter  of  Col.  John  S.  Ball,  of  St.  Luiiis  t'ouiin'. 
and  took  u]i  his  resilience  in  iJotilininiiie  lo\vii.<liip 
Tliey  had  four  ehildieii,  of  wluiiii   the  elilest,  .Mr- 
Emily  Walton,  of  St.  Charles,  and  the  sei li,  W*' 

Bates,  survive.    The  latter  lives  on  the  old  ImuasitaJ 
where  he  was  born. 


to  StradtT.  judges. 
oflicc. 

ppoiiitcd  Secretary 
born  ill  Ui'lnidiii 
parent-*,  Junu  :';!, 
,ic8  for  iilitiiiiiiiiL'  1 
jlliers  of  liis  linic. 
,   of   the   jirai'iical 
lis  acute  jMiwcrs  nf 
,hc  cliarailor  wliiih 
it  of  a  clfiir-licaiW. 
0  grappU'  '.villi  ill./ 
mil  to  ;_'ivi.  dircclijii 
was  suiTDiiiidi'd. 
'cn  brotliers,  four  of 
several  years  in  ili.. 
Court  in  tliciriuti.v 

to  Detroit ,  wliwoli.; 
ml  lio  was  lor  a  link 
cut  intcreiiurse  ivitli 
m  to  beeuuic  tu  si.iiic 
nch  iatij:u:e,'e.  Tli.; 
srovcd  by  subsfi|ii..nt 
ntaijc  to  liiiii  diiriir: 
805  be  was  a]ii)i.ini..i 
United  States  jii'l^c 


L 


troit  to  St.  l/i'i'>. 
Mi.ssiiiiri  until  i'- 
iiiie  eapai-ity  a  'IVrri- 
.ars  was  Si'erctarv  uf 
,  wasactiir^Giivoriwr 
■il  several  j  idiciiil  ai;il 
eoliipile.l  the  Liw> 
printed  liy  .Iw.]!! 
St.  Lniiis. 
iiuir  of  the  Slate  ft 
McNair.  tlio  ru>t  in- 
ill  of  Air.'ust.  l^ll 
;be  ^overimieiil  .ii;) 
,t  admirer. if Tli"iiiii 
llif  Terriiiiiy  uii.ivr 
ioM.     It  is  w.'rtliv ')f 
;riior  wiiliout  s.jlitiu- 

sr,).  to  N.iii''y  I'"'' 

,r  St.  li.'iiis  Oiiii')' 

|!„|ill<'I.Ull..'    tOlVM-14 

.,,10    llie  eldest,  Mr.-. 
„atl,..^ee.,iid,LuL*'l 
^,,1  il„   ,.Kllioliiu-l»lj 


'-J1 


ilt»'«> 


•<t 


,1    .,     iJJ"^  V,^' 


'i'l 

' 

j'lj 

i 

)i| 

I 

ii 

ji 


i  ^Al;>.i 


tiToTOPV   nv   S4TVT   T.01TTS. 


ti:M,  I'luxiKFhs.' 
,,^r.^  tV.c  cr.Mon  or  iHrniM.-x.....)  tl.c  rnilod  Siak-.t, 

Mil  .il  .St.  i|.iHi-,:i'iti  II)  l!i«l».|i>  at 
"titli    tlio  Tviril.TV  wilfi  <l>*'i<lt>'l  >" 

•■       ;a  of  I....u.iatui  a      ..  .         t|>l»^r  I.<m.s.u.in), 
,,     1,  )^p^.,,,,,  .1,,.  r-rriKirv  nt'  Mi^co'jri.     Tli-^  mu"-' 

•  iim<'iii  of  In- 
,      .       r.f  li"Mi.-.iiiiia 
,rs  nnd  jiiili;i'^  <!  ludlitiia 
.^^  r„r  lilt    '\'<v  ilMU-iiH. 
..  1  WW  th.  II  (i<>ve:nof  of 


n,„-(  tlw  <}o\«'r' 


,S 


■■■•  :r. 

iV.linnu'  i.i.l  .u*.iia.,-a  w.tli  him  wm-    uiigcB  Griffin, 

U.,.i..  :uul  VaniU-rWr^.     On  iIk.  •(>)  <>(  M«..>h.  l^Of., 

'     .,  acit  triiB;«r«Frmiii.:;  ill'- •li'n""''' """ 

,»iiinn.  nna  Hou  Jauion  Wilkinson 

I'.  .       ■ 


Joltii  «J<)tnirii 


.-■niio?i-:» 


Uovunior,  and  J»ji>"  C'*'""'  !"<1  '  *■ 
Juilt:<'  lAU'as,  howov.'r.  was  -till  i-.       • 
FriMli'iipk  Btit.e.M,  «lMil_in.n>''<i>  npp-' 
of  ilu  Territory  Mny  T.'l^i'V,  w«^  I" 
(loochlui.d  Co.,  V«.,  of  Q'>V.  ■  r   ,., 
1777.     Ho  iliil  iif't  possL*: 
Ubtral  eJuctilioii,  l.ut,  Uk.>  u. ..... 

,.auo.ii.:<i    ;>im»olf   .ti    lAie   purMn.    ■ 
uirairK   'f  lil'o  I'J  >'"■  «scrMS'^  of  I  ■• 
obwrviition.      Ilctlus  (l«v.>l*p.  i    ' 
'  (li.siin,.zuisl)<'.(l  him  lluoii|;U  li''    '■ 
'  om;i::olic   "uiii   fully  comji 
aiffu-uVio.swl.iclihc  CT1-.-.UI- 

10  ilip  (•iri!uu..stancci.  l>.v  v'" 
He  w;tf  <iiii  of  a  famil) 
vlif-m,  iHclii.liiig  luiii'^'ir,  1 
...ilk-csof  thoolrrV.Hprili.-i  .• 

'  Statu. 

'       At  ibn  a^o  '.r  uvoiity  ln'^  w.:it'  '  ■ 
j  coifiif-'fl  >"  nii!re«<nlilo  purtui's.    : 
f.r.?tnuhUT  !it  tliat  place.     Fif  n 
i; ,   Frouoli-Cniia'lianx  I'liablod  In 
..;>-n<   a;'.|U:iitit(id  wit':i  flie   '"' 
Liwledgctliusafciuired  Wtt8  'i"  - 
■n:,ly,  ait'i  proved  of  i;rfiai  ii.lv.ui 


<|:ll 


.  't)l. 


.  r    1R11     -.vli.  i:  it   a-linurncd 


Ai  iho  time  0.  linai  «di..nn.iii<  i.i  ;!'C  tucI1;i■cr!^  '.vi 


Vi'di'fl- 


ifil,..  r  rnlorv  .lud  aetii:? 


!'  lIlO 


c«irr(tfn 


...I't,    A I 


1  1..  u...! 
I   ulUcr  "^.^ 


•  II  iiroviiit 


llre.arniB  in  i^o  lu**!  wt  Bt.  Lmui. 


-idfinci;  in  MUsouri. 
^idunt  JoffcrAon  »'-.o  fii.-   ' 
lor  the  Terri lory  of  Mit::'  ■ 

lu  ISOO  ho  rpQi'.v.  i   ' 
i'r.oin  the  lini"  '>'   '' 
adidWiou  as  11  Siat«'  h^  •         ' 
f.,ri..l  officer,  and  during  i 
iho  Territory,  and.as  wo  1, 
'  ,rt  of  his  term.    Tie  uI^'Mm-o. 

■j;isl!itivepoMlioii»,  .11.:!  ii'  1"' 

,f  ihe  i'«fnuir,v  oi      • 

;haiU-si*,  the  t.n-.<ii.  !>■  ■ 

\li!ii<yuri,  10  suci-ocJ  Alcsaiii 

iiuilK'nt  of  (ho  ufli  .~.     Oil  ii 
■.;..  A],^}    1    .ill"   .i.liuini.>ii«ri 
•     .;  ,    ,  ! '     ivfti<  an  e.i:" 

,)i'iir.rbM»,  aod   l.oiil    oni. 
i'roMdtn'-  Jfffcvsoii  u!'      ■ 
i  remark  l*;t  h<i  was  olcetwl  Ciovi-to^r  » 
lion  nr  eftun  i-n  his  p:iri 

Hi  WM?>  married    March  4,  1 
,iui|ihtor  of  Col.  J-ihti  8.  Ball.  »' 
and  took   up  hi.'*  ; 
The)    had   fuiir  i  li,, 
Kiuily  Wiiltoi.,  ..rSi.  Ch.irl. 
Bales,  survive.    Tlio  l.i"  ■ 

^},,....    I.,      !,«•■»»   V.llll! 


L 


pr 


miii 


i  I 


( 

lur 
In 
Co 
In 
Me 
anil 
orm 
Ilci: 
llh 
ISl 
siiic 

RTV 

IS, 

of  J 
I8l: 

IT 

•■/ 

unit, 

Untie 


of  An 
pruvii 
liavc 

Rllk'll 

I'CIIlb* 

■■I 

wunii 
I'opnti 
ihe  re 
liilc  t( 

■•Tl 
r.Mcr, 
bt!«o( 
i-ount) 

■•  Tl 
the  im 
I'l.iin 
I"  tlic 
purilui 

till'  l-OL 

"Th 

liB  lIlC 

A|tlc 
line  to 
"C't  bj 

lieiioii 

"Th. 

[  limit  u: 

"i-l  bj 

kv  iliat 

I  Cipc  (ii 

the  boi 
'IhiTci 


POLITICAL   PROGRESS. 


557 


Of  till'  other  members  of  tlio  Tcrrititrial  Lej^i.-tln- 
ture  Iliii  *)""  Strader  lind  succeeded  Judge  Meigs. 
In  ISd",  Ciipt.  Meiiwctlicr  Lewis  was  appointed 
Governur  of  ll'o  Territory  by  President  Jefferson. 
Ill  Jane.  1808,  llie  Legi.slatiire  was  composed  of  Hon. 
Mcriwtilu'r  Lewis,  Governor,  and  Jolin  B.  C.  Lucas 
,,i„l  Otid  Si  rader,  judges.  Upon  the  deatli  of  Gov- 
oriior  l.iwis,  in  ISOlt,  President  Madison  appointed 
I)oiij:iiiiiii  Howard  Governor  of  Louisiana  Territory. 
His  lir?t  legislative  act  was  dated  Oct.  25,  ISllt.  In 
1S13  he  resigned  the  G(jvcrnorsbip  to  accept  the  po- 
sition of  brigadier  general  of  Hangers,  in  which  he 
>orvcJ  with  great  credit,  and  died  in  St.  Louis,  Sept. 

IS,  1814. 

By  an  act  of  Congress,  June  4, 1812,  the  Territory 
of  Missoiiii  was  created,  and  o..  the  1st  of  October, 
l>'lL',(iuvi'rnor  Howard  issued  a  proclamation'  divid- 


I  Tlie  li'Xl  iif  tlio  (lovcinor's  prooliimntion  is  ns  follows  : 
'■  llu  llfi'iiiiiit  ll'iieani,  (larcnuir  iif  the  Terrihuy  <•/  f.iniiai- 
,1,(1.  vmtimmlcr  inrhirf  of  the   mililin   there"/,  and    nKpeiin- 
IriJtiil  "/  lii'I'i'ii  "Jf'tif  "•  "'"'  '"'"■  thrtamt, 
"A    I'llOCI.AMATION. 
"In  ilijchnrgo  of  tlioio  duties  enjoined  on  tho  (lovornor  i>f 
lliis  TiTritiirv  iiy  iin  act  of  tho  Con;;rci'8  of  tlio  I'liitod  Stiitcs 
if  AiucriiM,  iipiirovc'd  tlio  -Itli  of  Juno,  1812,  entitled  '  An  Act 
ir.u'ling  fur  ilic  government  of  tlie  Teiritory  of  Mi.isouii,'  I 
l.wciiiiiilc  tlic  fi)Moiving  nvrnngements  preparatory  to  the  new 
irMiiiuliunol);ovcrmiioiit  to  be  inntitiited  by  I  lie  said  lut,  mid 
njii, li  will  luiiiiiicnoo  its  operation  on  tlio  firft  Monday  of  l)v 
ocinWrncxI;  llmt  i*  to  fay. 

•'Ilijvc  (liiided  tlio  future  Territory  of  Missouri  into  fivo 
wiinlics.  c'Xi'luilin;;  from  the  civil  jurisdiction  of  each  of  said 
■luiiiic.'  liny  tract  or  tracts  of  country  wliicli  amy  fall  wiiliin 
ihc  rcMifi'tivo  general  limits,  an  lieioinulter  set  forth,  tiie  Indian 
lull  lu  iiliiili  limy  not  have  been  extinguished. 

Tlif  |Mirlion  of  territory  situated  north  of  the  Missouri 
r.inr,  mid  usually  known  by  tho  name  of  tho  l''oi!>  ,  as  lying 
bclmcn  lliiit  rivi  1  iind  tho  river  Miseissippi,  shall  ..oinposc  ono 
lounly,  ;iiiil  sliiill  bo  called  the  county  of  St.  Charles. 

"Tliat  |"iiiiiin  of  territory  bounded  bytho  Missouri  Uiveron 
IheniTlli,  liy  llic  Mississippi  on  the  cast,  on  the  south  bytho 
I'l.iiii  Crcik  Iroin  its  mouth  to  its  source,  thcnoo  by  a  west  lino 
iiitlic  Missouri  Kivcr,  or  to  tho  western  boundary  of  the  Osage 
fiinliase,  iinil  on  the  west  by  tho  said  wcstorn  boundary  of  the 
0!a;c  pUK'liusc  shall  compose  ono  other  county,  and  bo  called 
ilicrouuly  III'  .St.  I.ouis. 

"That  portion  of  territory  bounded  by  the  county  of  St.  I.ouii 
on  ilic  nurtli,  un  the  east  by  the  Mississippi,  on  tho  south  by 
,\{>{<lc  Crccii  from  its  niuuth  to  its  source,  Ihcnco  by  u  duo  west 
line  t<i  the  wcsloni  boundary  of  the  Osage  purchase,  and  on  the 
<(.t  liv  tlic  suiil  western  boundary  of  tho  Osago  purchase  shall 
ixmiiojc  Olio  other  county,  nnd  bo  called  tho  county  of  Ste. 
Ijeiicvicve. 

"Tliot  [lorlion  of  territory  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  south 
limil  uf  the  county  of  Sto,  (ienevicro,  oast  by  tho  Mississippi, 
•it  b.T  the  western  boundary  of  tho  Osage  purchase,  and  south 
1  b)'  that  line  which  formerly  separated  the  commanderies  of 
Cijic  liirardcuu  and  New  Madrid,  and  known  moro  recently  as 
the  bounilnry  between  those  two  districts,  shall  compose  ono 
[  other  county,  and  be  called  the  county  of  Cape  Qirardoau. 


ing  tho  Territory  (which  had  previously  been  divided 
into  districts)  into  five  counties,  and  ordering  an 
election  for  representatives  to  the  Territorial  A-ssem- 


"That  portion  of  territory  bounded  north  by  tho  south  limit 
of  the  county  of  ('ape  liirardeau,  east  by  the  .Mississippi, south 
liy  tlio  tliirty-thii'd  degree  of  north  latitude  (the  southern 
boundary  of  this  Territory,  as  gettlcd  by  act  of  Oongrcss),  west 
by  the  western  lioundary  of  the  Usage  purchase,  and  from  llio 
southern  exlreiiiily  thereof  to  the  thirty  third  degree  of  north 
latitude  iiforesiiid,  sliall  compose  one  other  county,  and  bo  called 
the  county  of  New  Madrid. 

"  And  1  do  hereby  make  known  and  declare  that  elections  uf 
representatives  to  serve  in  the  (Icneral  Afsemlily  of  the  futuro 
Territory  of  .Missouri  shall  be  liolden  throughout  the  Territory 
on  the  sccoiiil  Monday  of  .Noveiiilier  ne\t  at  the  respective 
seals  of  jiistico  of  the  present  diitricts,  which  are  hereby  de- 
clared to  be  tho  seats  of  justice  for  the  several  fiitiiio  counties 
respectively,  except  tliiit  the  town  of  New  Madrid  shall  be  the 
scut  of  justice  of  tlie  future  coiinly  of  New  Madrid,  which  said 
future  county  will  comprehend  the  present  districts  of  New 
Madrid  .ind  .Xrkiinsas,  to  wit:  at  llie  town  of  ."t.  Charles  for 
the  future  county  of  St.  Charles,  at  which  time  ami  place  there 
will  be  chosen  for  tlio  said  county  two  representatives;  at  tho 
town  of  St.  I.ouis  for  llio  future  county  of  St.  leniis,  at  which 
time  and  place  there  will  be  chosen  four  represenlalives ;  at  the 
town  of  Ste.  tjevevive  for  the  future  county  of  Ste.  Oeneviove, 
lit  which  tiiuo  and  place  there  will  be  (dioseii  for  the  said  county 
three  represenlalives;  at  tho  town  of  (,'iipe  liirardeau  for  the 
fiiliiie  couiily  of  Cape  (iinirdcaii,  at  which  time  and  place  there 
will  be  chosen  for  the  said  county  two  ri  presentatives ;  and  itt 
the  town  of  New  .Miidri  I  for  the  futuro  county  of  New  Madrid, 
at  which  tiii:e  and  place  there  will  be  chosen  for  the  said  county 
two  representatives. 

"  And  r  do,  moreover,  iiiiike  known  and  declare  that  on  the 
said  second  Mon  lay  of  November  next  an  election  will  also  bo 
hidden  at  the  several  seats  of  justice  aforesaid  for  n  Torri- 
toriul  delegate  to  the  Congress  of  the  United  States.  And  I  do 
enjoin  and  require  that  these  elections  be  liolden  by  the  sheriflii 
uf  the  present  districts,  or,  in  their  absence  or  inability  to  net, 
by  the  coroners  respectively  ;  that  the  said  sheiilfs  or  coroners 
shall  take  the  polls  of  those  quulined  to  vote ;  tliat  the  clerks 
of  the  courts  of  the  present  districts  or  their  deputies  shall  re- 
spei'lively  write  down  the  mimes  of  the  voters  in  a  fair  and 
legible  manner,  and  that  the  presiding  judges  of  the  courts  uf 
the  present  districts  respectively,  or,  in  case  of  absence  or  in- 
ability to  act,  the  next  in  eommission,  shall  attend  and  be 
judges  of  the  qualification  of  the  voters;  that  the  said  election 
shall  be  opened  at  the  respective  seats  of  justice  aforesaid  on 
or  before  nine  o'clock  in  the  morning  of  the  .salil  second  Monday 
of  November,  and  close  at  sunset  of  that  ilay. 

"And  the  shorilTs  or  coroners,  respectively,  after  having 
caused  Oic  procrt  rerlml  of  said  polls  to  bo  signed  by  tiio  clerks 
or  their  deputies  who  may  have  respectively  committed  tho 
aainc  in  writing,  and  countersigned  by  the  judges  respectively 
who  may  have  attended  tho  elections,  will  themselves  certify 
the  same,  explicitly  stating  at  largo  tho  names  of  the  persons 
elected  lis  representatives,  nnd  tho  name  of  the  person  having 
I  tho  greatest  number  of  votes  ns  a  delegate  to  Congress,  and 
make  immediato  return  thereof  to  tho  Uovornor  of  tho  Terri- 
tory. 

"And  I  do  lastly  enjoin  and  require  that  the  representatives 
of  tho  several  futuro  counties  so  as  aforesaid  to  be  elected  du 
convene  in  the  tuwn  of  St.  Iiuuis  on  the  first  Monday  of  Decem- 
ber next,  as  provided  by  the  act  of  Congress  aforesaid. 


■i! 


If 


lE'i 


558 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


!   ! 


«  .U! 


If.  5 


J^ 


biy,  uiiJ  of  ii  delPixate  from  tho  Territory  to  Coiiuress.  roseiitativosof  tliirtoen  inenibcrs  elt'Cted  by  llir  |,o,.|.l,. 

Till!  oiniliilali'.s  for  iyej;ate  to  Coiign'S!*  wore  Eihviiril  hiuI  a  Comicil  or  Senate  of  nine  nominnlil  liy  ii,^ 

Ilenipslcad,   Hufus  Kaston,  Sannu'l   llaniuupuil,  and  President  of  (lie  United  States  and  c-mifnincil  liy  il,r 

Matthew  Iaoii.      Hdward  Ueiiifislead  was  cleeted.'  Senate.     The  House  elected  in  November,  HlLMi.ij 

The  Lej-islatiire  was  composed  of  a  House  of  llep-  its  Grst  ineeiiiii;  in  ib.e  bouse  of  Joseph  llMKi,!,,,^. 


"  In  tpslimiiny  wliiTouf  I  liuve  rniiKt'd  llii'  soal  of  tliv  Tirii- 
ti>ry  of  I,(iui»iaiiii  t"  be  Iwn'Uiito  iiflivi'il. 

"  (iivfii  iiihliT  my  liaiiil  at  llic  town  nl'  St.  I.oiii".  Ilu'  first  ilnv 
of  Oet'ilici,  ill  tlir  villi-  iif  our  I.oiil  out-  llioiisiiinl  liclit  hinulriMl 
mill  twi'ln',  mill  III'  llif  iiiilc|iciiilencc  ol'  tlu'  I'liitcil  Sliili'.i  of 
Aiiii'iiiii  tlif  tliirly  .M'veiilli. 

"  Hk.N.I  (MIN    IloWAItll." 

'  A  full  Kki'lfli  of  till-  lilV  iiiiil  inrvicec  of  liilwiiril  llciii|i,«liiiil 
in  (jivcn  elsi'ivht'ii'.  Miiltlicw  l.ycui,  one  of  liis  iirini'i|iiil  I'oiii- 
|irlilor.»,  was  born  !ii  Witklow  Ooiiiiiy,  Irclam),  HinI  lia\in){ 
ciiii){rali'il  to  this  couiilry  wlii'ii  thirtci'ii  ymrs  oKI,  iiartii-ipalfil 
to  soiiiu  I'Nii'iil  ill  lliu  Itcvolulioiiiiiy  stiii;j'{U',  having  ill  1777 
bi'i'ii  a|i|ioiiitt'<l  li'iii|iorary  |i.iyiiia.«irr  of  ilic  Nortbcni  iiri.iy,  anil 
ill  177S  il,|oity  Mvirlary  of  tin'  (iovi'riior  of  Vi'nii..iil.  ami  at 
till-  fame  tiiiK-  cliTk  of  the  Coiirl  of  ('oiilisiMilinii.  Ill'  M'llbcl  in 
Vurmoiil  aftir  tlir  war,  aiil  was  ili'itiol  a  iiii'iiibi'r  of  tlu'  ."'lalj 
J,(');islaliiii'  ill  17'J'.I  ami  tlio  llirui'  follow  in;;  ynus.  Ill  17'■•^  m- 
foiiiiili'.l  llii'  Ihwii  iif  l''aiiliiui'ii,  wlicru  lo'  built  >aw-iuills,  c  .>t- 
iiiills,  oslabii-bi'il  a  I'nim'  or  inui  liiuiiliy.  iiiaiiiifarturi'il  j  i|ifr 
friiiii  bassivouil,  aiiil  I'stablislu'il  a  m'wsiiapor  imIIi'iI  Tfie  tm-m- 
cm'  l.iliriiii/.  Ill'  siTM'il  that  tonn  ill  llio  Li'^i.-laliiii' ti'U  .I'ars 
In  )7SB  ho  was  assistuiit  juil);i' of  Uulhiml  t'ouiily.  11'  wa-  a 
ropri'si'iitalivi'  in  I'onjjieiss  fioiii  Virmoiil  from  1711','  lo  1^111, 
unit  it  was  iluriii);  his  first  li'rin  that  hit  hiul  a  |ii'rsona  ililVuully 
on  thi'  floor  of  ('oii);ii'ss  with  Itogi-r  (iriswolil,  of  (Joiiui'iiiiiit. 
when  an  iinsm'i'i'sslul  I'llort  was  inaili'  to  liavo  him  rNpi'lli'il. 
'I'liii  fait  of  bis  nil  iiiK  till' voti'  that  iiiaili'  .lilfi'i.soii  I'lisiileiit 
is  wt'll  kiKiwii,  iiiiil  I'aiisi'il  him  miiih  |ii'rsi'i'iilioii.  At  tlii'  iiil 
of  Ins  si'i!iiiii|  liriii  as  a  r<'|U"  I'lilalivc  IVoiii  Vi'mimil  lo'  ri' 
iiiovoil  III  Kiiitiiiky.  SI  TM'il  twoyiara  in  tlir  I.t'irislatiiii' nf  thai 
.Stall', aiiil  was  a  ri'|iri'si'iitati v»'  ill  t'oii^ri'ss  from  tluil  Stall'  Irotii 
IMi;t  to  IMl.  On  .No\.  l:i.  Isll,  till'  S|uaki3r  of  ihi-  Hmiim' of 
Hi :|iri>si'iilaii\i'8  |iiusi'iili:il  i>  |>i'lili  III  fnuii  hiiii.  silliii;;  I'oitli 
that  lie  bail  many  yi'ars  bi'firi'  bci'ii  |irosi'uiili'il  ami  I'oiii  ii'liil 
uiiiliT  lliu  si'ililion  law  of  .lobii  Ailaiu",  hail  bi-t'ii  maili*  to  pay 
tbi'  sum  of  Sliiiiil.'.lii,  ami  tliat  hi'  w.slii'i!  to  liavi'  Ihi'  nnuKy  ii'- 
funilril  to  him.  On  .hily  I,  1^10,  ii  law  was  |iassvii  pay  in){  I'ui'k 
to  bis  lii'irs  ilii'  s|ni'ilii'il  sum,  with  iiiti'ii'sl  Imuii  Kibriiary, 
17'.!'.'.  which  inaili'  bi'twci'ii  lliri'i'  iiml  four  tboiisanil  il..llai«. 
It  was  wliili'  111'  was  in  primm  at  VurKinni'«  tbiil  liu  was  I'li-eti'il 
to  t'ungri'ss  from  Vi'rmoiit,  iinil  ill  Ihr  i-liisu  uf  bin  svn  ii'ca  ni) 
(:l>llKll'^slllall  fi"iu  Ki'iiliii.'ky  bo  was  i'iiipli>yi'<l  lo  l.iiibl  i;uii- 
bouts  till  till'  war,  but  hi'iami'  baiikriipl  from  tl.i>  spi'.'uhitinii. 
In  l^l-'O  111'  was  appoiiiii"!  a  fai'l'ir  anion;;  tln'  Imliaiis  lo  \i 
kansas.  Winn  thai  i'lrritory  was  or^'iiiii/i'il  III)  .«.is  nlri'lii  ilo' 
llrst  ili'li'Ki'ti;  to  t'o'inirss,  but  iliii  iml  live  lo  ink'  In-  sial, 
haiini;  ilinl  at  Sp.i.lni  lliull,  .\ik.,  Au^.  I,  IHl'.'. 

.Malllnw  l.yoii  ii'iinn'l  to  SI.  I.oiiis  h  in  Ki  nlinky,  but 
only  ri'iiiaini'il  a  short  time,  iliinni;  whirh,  as  slali'il  a>>oM  .'  In 
bi'iamu  a  I'hiiilolali'  for  CoiiKross. 

W  bill)  liiiiiK  III  Vi'rinonl  br  lunl  a  son  horn,  whom  In  mimvil 
('bitti'nli'ii  I.Min.  afli'r  till' ilisliii;;uislii'il  man  ol  that  iniini'  in 
that  ,^latr.  ill' also  bi't'iiini' 11  niiuitbi'r  of  i'>in>(rrs]i  from  Ki-n 
tui'ky,  ami  mim'I  Iruni  llu'  yuurs  lSl!r  to  ISIl.'i,  ami  ilii'l  ii 
Ki'i.lio'ky. 

Kinlui'ky  homiml  .Mallbrw  l.yon'ii  ini'iiiory  by  naminit  a 
county  allir  liau,  "  1.)  on'  County,  on  'I  nnbl  bank  nl  tin 
IJuuibuiluiiil  lilM'r. 


3  JiiM'pli  Itobiiloux,  at  whoso  hotisii  thi' 'rorritoiial  l.i  iisUtu.f 
iissnnbli'il  on  Ihi?  7lli  of  Ib'i'i'inbi'r,  ISl'J.  was  born  in  St.  |.„||:,_ 
.Aug.  Ill,  li"s:t,  of  l<'ri'iirli'('ana>li.in  paroiitagi',  .Mimii  Isiiii j,, 
mailo  his  fust  v  >ya|;o  up  tho  .Aiissouri,  in  sonroii  nf  ii  riivnr 
ablo  looalion  to  tistjiblisb  ii  tiailiii;;-post,  sloppiii;r  at  tliv  .  i* 
of  tho  prosoiit  oily  of  SI.  .losopli.  Mo.,  but  inoiitiiiilly  iininic; 
toCouneil  Illulfs.  After  four  yoam'  Iravolinj;  ami  trailing' nmn' 
tho  Inilinn  tribes  of  the  West,  lie  roturncil  unl  ii|iiiioi|  u 
Inilian  tri;iliii};-store  iinmoiliiitvly  iilmvo  the  llhuk  Saakilli;:, 
at  tho  mouth  of  Hoy's  llr  null,  in  the  intorosi  of  tho  .Aiiii'iimii 
Fur  ('oinpany,  for  wliioli  ho  was  a^oiil.  At  a  lator  .tiiv  lio  rp- 
inovoil  to  the  inoutli  of  the  IMaok  Snako,  anil  built  a  >l<irt'  n 
or  near  t''  .-.lie  of  tho  -Obi  Itolii.biiix  How."  In  hi,)!,,,  „, 
'.lined  lo  St.  Joseph  aiiil  laid  nil'  thai  oily,  and  p<'|.iil.ili'iii  .^ni 
wealth  sonn  siltlod  in  llio  plaoc.  I'roi  ions  tu  oimhiii,.' In  .•', 
.losi'pli,  .losopli  Hobidnii.x  looato'l  Bt  f'bioaifo,  or  ratluT  un  n.- 
present  site  of  that  oily,  but  was  pliindorod  by  Indi.iiis  ami  In; 

At  the  iijiv  of  ei;;l:teeii  ho  tnaniod  l']u;;oiiio  l)i-iiii'Io,  hi  ."'. 
I.oiiis,  by  whom  hu  bad  two  oliildron.  At  the  tiiin' nf  In. 
doiitll.  ill  .May.  1  ^l)'<,  but  one  of  bis  ohiMitn  hy  lit<  tiril  hi.. 
.losopli  K.  Knliiiloiix,  of  St.  .Insoph.  was  III  iii^.  I'.nn- hmt.  /  . 
tho  marriage  of  .losoph  Kobiiloiix  his  wifo  iliod.  Inl'l  ... 
was  marriod  lo  .Vii);olii|ue  Vaudry,  who  died  in  Si.  ,l..ii;, 
Jan.  17,  1SJ7.  Tbioe  of  bis  sons  hy  his  liL.-t  mi,-  .lul,,  i ., 
I'Mipund,  and    Folix    lloliidoiis —survive  1   him  in   Sl.Jii'i|A, 

and  a  dau£;hti3r,  iMrs.  Sylvanin   Iteauvais,  rrsblod  in  -"1.  1 • 

lie  loft  also  thirty  two  Kranduhildren. 

.losepli  Uobidoiix  was  possessed  of  a  j-emarkiihly  i|ri>t. 4 <■'>&. 

slitiilior.      l''or    tliiily  yiiiis    before    his    doalli  lio  w.i tr 

iinwoll  for  more  lliiiii  a  day  nr  two  at  a  time,  'f In- 'lav  U-lMfL- 
his  donth  ho  walkod  llie  streets  of  ."^t.  .'usopli  as  eroot  ;nMl  silli 
a^  steady  and  olastii-  stop  'is  most  iiioii  of  forty-liv.'. 

His  brother,  Anloine  llobidoux.  died  at  St.  .l<i><  jiii  n  u- 
L".>lh  of  .AuKusI,  iM'ili,  alter  a  \<>ng  illness,  in  llio  -i\ii  •tih 
year  of  I  is  a>;o.  Mo  was  limii  in  .""t.  Louis  in  i;'.'t,  .oil  .1 1- 
possosseil  of  a  .ipriL'hily  inlolloot  ami  a  spirit  nf  ailMiiluii. 

When  not  more  lliaii  twenty-two  yoiir.<  td'  ujfv  lie  iii ij.i- 

i  d  tiun.  .Atkinson  to  the  ilieii  very  wild  and  'listaui  ii'}(h.n<>t 
the  Vullowslouo.  .At  tho  i\gv  of  tttonty  ei^jiil  hr  iii-ul  I"  .Mn 
ion,  and  lived  lliere  llltoon  years,  lie  then  iiiiiriii'il  a  im  ii>- 
teresliii^j  .Mexioan  lady,  who  relurni'd  with  liiiii  M  llio  ^'aif 
I'Nir  many  years  ho  tiadid  extensively  with  llio  .\  i>:iM«  in 
Apaehoa,  In  IMil  he  'einoiel  to  Si  Joseph  null  in-  Uiii  .1 
and  rosidod  there  uiiti'  his  death.     In  l*-!.!  he  mm  >'ul  '      - 

nioiititains  mi  a  liadii';;  ovpodilinii  and  wii«  i-iiiii!lit  In  il 

leiriblu  stoiui -,  wbii-ii  oauaed  the  death  of  one  la  lii  >  Ii'IIiI'M  j 
1.1   his  horses  and    slopped   his  pio^^ioss.     Ilis  hr'>lli)-r  .Ihmj 
the  founder  ol   tli.  oily  ol  .-si.  .losopli,  .■out  in  Ins  it.||,|  ml  i, 
liiin  broii;;lit  in.  or  be  would  bale  porisliod.     lb-  ii-i-  I  'Im  • 
a  nio-t  doplo:  iblu  ooiidiiinii  and  sued. 

Ill  Ism   he  uooompaniod  lion.  Koiirnoy  iis  iniiTi'teiir  ml  1 
KUide  to  .Mexioii.     In  a  b.iltio  with  the  .Mi  xioaiis  lie  iins|'iii.i-l  I 
with   hinces  in  tlircu  pbioes,  but  sunned   his  iioaii-ls  iiial  r'- 
liirnod  to  St.  Joseph  in  I'LIII.     Sunn  ;;fier  thai  ho  miit  I"  '  1 
firiiiii,  and  reiiiainod  until  IH.il.     In  IS.i.>  ho  leiiini'il  I"  N'' 

.Met with  bis  family,  and    in    Is.ill  ho  went  In  tV.irliiii:^* 

and  iruiained  tliero  u  year,  iirranging  .-ome  loi-nii'ss  "lib  I" 
Koioinmeiil.       Ilv    llion    loiurnod     10    .-t.    .I'..i|'!i,  nlii'"'  «' I 
loinaimd  to  tho  time  of  111-  di'iith. 


POLITICAL  PROGRESS. 


559 


;tcd  by  ilif  ]ieii|.|(. 
iionrnmti'il  Ijy  \]], 
,  coiiiirinfil  li_v  ilir 
embor,  l^l-.tuil 

losopll    linllillliUX. 

I'lTI'lloliul  l.rii.l;i|ii-» 
WU?  boll!  Ill  >!.  I.H11,. 
itllKl'.       Ali'MII  bill';,. 

ill  !<iM>ri;li  "f  a  fai.i' 
,  Klupiiill;;  lit  till'  < 

[    (IVflltllillly   irill'H;!,; 

n^  iiiiiltriiiliii:;aiii"ii^ 
iiriiiMl  mill  ii|>i'iicil  III 
Ihu  lUiu'U  SiiiiU'lli;:. 
[ori'^it  iif  till-  .\iiioii..Mt 
At  11  liiliT  'liiy  Ik  tf 
,  !in»l  Imil'  II  *i"rv   ii 

How."       Ill   I'li'i  111'  ti 

\,  ami  |i<'|'Ul.ili"ii  mii 

ions    til    i-'illlllll.'  t.i  .*', 

ii'iii^ii,  itr  nit'itr  mi  tii. 
-imI  by  li|.|i.iii'i  iitiil  It'H 
Migi'iiii'  Di'iili'lc,  in  N. 
Al  till'  timi'  nf  III- 
Mirii  by  lii"  lir<l  kiV. 
Iiviii);.  |-''iiiryi'ar<iiliii 
wilV  .li.'il.  Iiil-I.  i" 
bo  ilifil  ill  ."^1.  •'"•'li'. 
li-  l:.?t  »ilf  .liil'"  ' 
,■0  I  llilll  i"  ^t.  J..N|.',. 
i-,   rr.>i'li''l    Ml  .-1.  I.'ii!. 

1  ■.■iiiuikiilily  .tri'i,; r..ii. 
iilli  li>.  \iii<  'I'ltr 
iiui'.     Till' 'liiv '»'l"''' 
.{ill  II.'  I'I'i'i'l  :iil'l  Uilli 
r..r(y  liv. 
Ill  Si.  .!...'  |ili    n  ill' 
M",  in  till'  -iMy.iili 
nil"  III  IT'.'l.  .iii'l  "'■ 
liril  iif  iiiliiiitiiii'. 
.if  ugr  I"'  iii'.-'ii>|'»". 
.1  mill  'li-lmil  ir>!i"ii'! 
rlljlil  111'  mill  I' Vi" 
It'll  iniimi-'l  u  ii'^i  "*■ 
nil  1,1111   I'l  ilii'  ^'.''>' 
ll,   till.   .\,iia,I..''<  ii'i 
.,  {,|i  mill  111-  '"<"■}■ 
[.- 1.1  111'  HI  111  "Ml  '^'''* 
I  «:i«.-lllli;lll  !'>  tll'lil"'' 

,,r  Mill'  111  10  1  I I"'  I 

|||«    b|..llllT  'l'"'!* 

Ill  In  bi*  ii'li'l  '"'I'" 
1„.,|.     II..  11.1-  l"iii'i  *  ' 


,„.y  in  ii,i.T|.ii'"  ."" 

M. AU-lllK  Ill'KllM'''"''' 

,.,l  lii»  tt.iiiiiil'  nnJ  "'• 
n'l  ibiit  III' »"'il  ••"■'''■ 

>.,..  Ill' I I'll  I"  '*'* 

bo  lU'iii  1.1  W.ifliiii;'.« 
„,„i,.  1,,1-iiii'x  "iili  '" 
J...i|.ll,   will'".'  ■" 


lioivretii  Walnut  iiiid  Kim  Strcot.s,  on  the  7ti»  of  I)u- 
oi'iiibor   1.^1-,  thu  following  belli;.;  the  nieiiibor.s : 

>lt.  Cliaili's,  Juliii  I'iltiiKin,  Robort  Sponcor. 

St.  Li'iii.'*,  Diiviil  Musiok,  ISei'iianl  G.  Farrar,  Wil- 
liaui  C.  t'lirfi  """'  Rifliaril  Caulk. 

Ste.  Ciriii'vievc,  Goor^e  IJullett,  Ricliard  S.  Thuinas, 
l.:iiK'  Mcliri'a.ly. 

(\\nti    (liiaidouu,    Gooij^c    F.    Uulliiij^er,    Sponcor 

liyrJ. 

Now  Madrid,  Jcliu  SliradiT  and  Samuel  Pbillips. 

The  iiiitti  was  admini-stcred  by  John  H.  C.  Luca.«, 
iiiic  of  till'  judf^os.  Williaiu  C.  Carr  wa.s  floctfd 
SiicakiT,  mid  Tnoma.s  I'',  lliddii'k,  clerk  jno  tnn. 
Andrew  Scolt  was  elected  permanent  clerk  before  tbe 
ilose  III'  tlie  session. 

The  lloMso  of  Uepresentntives  then  jir'Hveileil  to 
iiiiiiiiiKiic  I'ii-hlcen  persons,  from  wlnim  le.  l^v.iidcnt 
,i|' iIk'  I'liited  States,  wi  the  Senate,  wii"  to  .>ielL'et 
nine  f»r  the  Coiineil,  tind  out  of  the  number  thus 
ii;iim'Jllie  I'resident  and  Senate  ciiose  the  fiillowin;:: 

.liiiiies  Klaiijiherty  and  Itenjainin  Knimons,  of  St. 
Cliurles;  .\uj:ii>te  Chouteau,  Sr.,  and  .S;imuel  llam- 
iiiiiini, of  St.  Louis;  John  .'^eiilt  and  James  .Ma.wvell, 
i.f  Ste.  tJeiievievo  ;  William  Neely  nnd  Joseph  C.ive- 
ii.r  of  Ciipe  (iiravdiaii  ;  and  tIo.«eph  Hunter,  ul' .S'ew 
Mmlriil.  Samuel  Hammond  was  eho.>eii  prehident  of 
llii'  Cmuieil. 

Iliiveriior  liiiward  was  succeeded  by  ("apt  William 
I'i.irk,  the  iii.Nliir.;ui>licd  e.xp'.oier,  and  the  as.-neiate  of 
L'tvlH  ill  ihi'  famous  licwis  and  Clark  expedition. 
Till'  nilmiiii-iratiun  of  Governor  Clarl.,  whieli  eom- 
luiiiicJ  ill  l.SKS,  eonlinued  until  the  .iilmi>siiin  uf 
Mi.voiiri  as  a  State,  when,  beiiiL'  iioniiiialed  lor  (inv- 
.riiiir  withuill  hi-i  ennsetii,  he  was  defeated. 

Iliiriii'.:  llio  inti'ival  between  the  resii.>iiatioii  of 
IGuveiunr   llii'vanl   and   the   i|Ualilyin^  uf  Cinveriior 

''iarii,  iVeJiii. '     H..ies,   Secretary   of  the    Tiriitory, 

j'.-ain  ui'ixii  as  (i,  veriior,  and  on  the  lirsl  .^Iotlllay  of 
|ilal>'  in  tursua'icfi  of  ti  call  i.xsiied  liy  liiiii.  llie  Le^is- 
1'   '.  and   Goseriior   Clark   enti'ied    iipim    the 
iMiiir^o  III  liin  duties. 

I.;iws  ri}.Mllatinj»  wei)»hls  and  measures,  fixiiiL-  the 
Idiivami  duties  of  .slierifls,  iind  the  iniuh'  o''  'akiiii: 
lilio  wnsiin.  I'Ma'oli^hini;  tlie  seals  of  jiisiiie  in  loun- 
liii"t  und  ili'liiiitii;  llieir  boundaries,  providiiej;  i'or  I'le 
piniiKMnaiinii  iif  officers,  delinin^  er'';;'j..  ami  ]iunisii 

Ml.  IvutHil.im  Hii.i  II  vrry  rciiiiiikiil  lu  iiiiii;,  -l.ill,  >]i*iiiler, 
liibiilii',  iiii.l  iij;ilt>.  1U>  ititAM'fi^i.il  till'  I'loht  j^ni.'r'iil  iiiiij  |. It'll!) 
In.' iiiiiniiiTii.  iiii.l  iin  iiili'lli'il  of  1.  i-uiK'rior  I'liliT.  In  I'li-ry 
lfiui{.iiiiy  III'  niiK  iiHiibli'.  Kriii'i'Tiil,  iiii.l  bi)ibly  |ili'ii>iiit(.  Hi' 
l^||llrl^atl..|l  nil.'  iilnir  '  iiiluriKliiix  iiiiil  iiii.lnii'tii  >,  iiiiil  lio 
|K'<"'iiI  luiiny  111  ibii'K  i|uiiliii<'it  nlni-li,  it  lu'  li.i.l  r<'iiiiii|iv<l  in 
IttcMaci.  niiiil.l  liuvu  riiiaiil  biin  to  |iuiiitiuii»  ul  iliitiiieliuii. 


mcnts,  and  ineorporatinp;  the  IJaiik  of  !^t.  Louis,  were 
passed  at  tJMs  session  of  the  liegislalurc.'  The  coun- 
tie.s  into  wliieli  the  'IVrritory  was  divideil  were  St. 
Cliurles,  St.  Louis,  Ste.  Genevieve,  Cape  Girardeau, 
and  New  ALidritl.  At  the  same  sessioti  a  part  of 
Ste.  Genevieve  County  was  formed  into  Washini;ton 
Couirty. 

At  the  election  for  delej;ate  in  181  I  the  candidates 
were  Rufus  Kaston,  Samuel  Haminoml,  Alexander 
.Me.N'air  afterwards  (Jnvernor),  r.iid  Thomas  ]•'.  Hid- 
dick.  Mr.  Hempstead  declined  re  election,  and  Mr. 
I'laston  was  chosen  by  u  small  majority.  'I'he  candi- 
dates to  represent  the  county  of  St.  Louis  in  the 
Territorial  |jej;i>latureand  their  respective  votes  were  : 
Caulk,  :i7t!  ;  Carr,  .•'.(CI;  Harris,  ;{,')2  ;  Emmons,  282; 
Simpson,  Itlt'i;  and  Caldwell,  L'U. 

At  the  election   for  dele^tite  to   Coufircss  in  181(1, 

I  .At  till'  aeiiFion  tbi'  I'lilliin  iii)(  law  culaliii^iliiii);  llii'  liiiiinilari(.'ii 
•  if  .*t.  I.oiiis  liiid  .^t.  Cbiirltii)  Coiiiilii's  will*  riiiii'ti'il  : 
"  ..\.il  Aer  t'Hlut'liMflimf  fuitnlu'n  tttiit  i-Dinltif  linrn. 

"  III-  il  imtviml  by  ibi-  tieiieial  Asi-i'iiibly  nf  the 'I'oiriloiy  nf 
Misjiiuri.  that  all  lliat  |iiiriion  of  ti'rrilury  lyiiiK  iiuiili  of  tbi' 
liii'i-  Mir'niiii  unit  liiiiiiiili'.l  n»  rillowi',  lo  ivil  :  lii'^'inninL'  at 
till' .jiiiiction  uf  till' liviT  .Mil'.'iiiiri  nilli  Ibi' liii'i  .Mis^i^'iiiiii ; 
tlii'iu'i.  ii|i  till'  Jli^^lllll'i  Itiii'i,  ill  till'  main  ilianiii'l  oftlu'  .'ami', 
111  a  iiiiiiil  imiiu'ili.ili'ly  o|iiio,..i.'  |.i  ibi'  inuiilli  of  Ibi'  tiasronailo 
ISiMT;  lliiiii'ii  in  a  iliri'i'l  liin'  so  an  to  sliiki'  Ibi'  i  in'r  .Ii'>'iion. 
at  till'  iliitaiii'u  iif  lliiriy  mill'.'  from  it.'  moiitli ;  tlii'iiui>  ilonii  ihi' 
iiaiil  .li'-iiiiii  I!ivi'~  to  till-  .Mi'!iiMii|i|ii  llivir;  lluMi.ii  ilowii  'aiii 
iivi'i  Mi.--i'fi|i|ii  in  tlii'  main  ebaiini'l  of  tbi'  sanii'  to  Ihu  |ilai'0 
of  bi'jiiiiniiiK.  I'bal!  ei..ii|iiiM.'  a  cmiiily  ami  -ball  In' lulU'il  iiml 
known  by  the  niiiuc  of  tbn  I'liunty  of  ,St.  ('barlt's;  |iio\  iiiiil, 
ni'ii'illii'li'M,  lli't  if  tliu  In.lian  title  i>liall  bii  p.xtiiigiiiKlii-il  In 
any  lainl  linriiiTiiig  on  tin-  nnrlli  or  wiiit  of  tbe  rminiy  of  St. 
t'liarli''.  in  Ibi'  rci'i"  of  tliu  liinoral  AcFi'inlily,  it  fliall  bf  Ilio 
'Inly  i.l    till!  (iiivi'iiiur  at   lln'   tniii'  bi.iii;;  by   |iioi'lainatioii   to 

ai \  till'  nanii'  to  Ibi'  -.liii  I'oiiiily,  ami  llii'  li'i  i  iloiy  'u  aiiui'M'l 

-li.ill.  1.1  all  inti'iit'  nii'l  |'iir|ioKi'',  bi'  witliin  tlir  liiiiitr  iiikI  I'oiii- 
|iii!'i'  a  jiait  of  till' I'oiiiily  of  St.  t'liarliii. 

"All  llial   |iiiiliiin  III   ti'iiitiiry  li.iiiinli'il   iiniili   by  tin'  Miiitli 

In f  till'  loiinly  "f  Si.  Ibaili'ii,  ea^l  by  Ibi'  main  ilianni'l  of 

till'  liiei  .Mi'.-i'-i|i|ii.  "iiilli  by  a  lini'  In  i inu'iiii'  in  tin'  main 

ebaniii'l  of  tlic  Mir>i"i|i|ii  immi'iliali'ly  n|i|iniiiii  m  tbi'  ii|i|irr 
line  of  a  trart  of  liiinl  owiiuil  by  \ii);u>ti'  i  liniiiiau,  wliirli  it 
iibniil  ball'  nay  betuuin  tlir  imnitliii  of  tbi'  rialtin  ami  .loaeliiin 
liiierK:  tliiiiii'  riiiiniii|{  in  n  iliieil  line  to  a  |ioliil  on  ibr  ili. 
vilinif  ii'liri'  lii'lHi'iii  Ibn'i'  naliTK  wbeie  Uiinlil'ii  i-.iail  filli 
mill  llie  rna<l  b'ailintf  fniin  thi'town  of  lli'renlani'iiiii  loibi'  inino 
at  Hull. HI  1  Ibi'iifi-  aloni!  Miiil  mail  tu  n  (loiiil  ilii.||..iii  iiiiiiiiili- 
ati'ly  i.|i|i.iriii'  II  fpriiiK  lallcil  llic  l>i|i|.iii|;  S|ii  iii^j.  ivliicb  '|ii  iiiK 
Ik  ^illlnt^ll  iibont  two  biiii.lri'il  yiirib.  to  tin'  mmiiIi  ..f  I'm. I  loinl ; 
ibi'ni'iMin  n  ll'  I'll  loiii'-i'  to  tbe  inoiitb  of  .Mimial  I'mk  nf  liiuii.l 
IliviM-;  tlirni  -  fut'b  II  i'Oiiri<i'  ai<  Kball  lea\i'  nil  lbi>  |i('rMiii.<  now 
i-i'ttleil  in  tliat  Ki'tlbniinl,  iiMiaily  known  by  tliv  naiiii'  nf  Itiili. 

» I  -I'tlbiiiint,  t'l  tbe  imiilli  i.f  -iibl  .oiirM'  or  lim'.  aii.l   m  Mie 

I'lMinly  nf  WiiKbin^tnii  .  tbein'r  nonibwe-t  In  ilii.  wri.|i'in  lioiinil 
ary  of  tbe  dmi^ti' I'lii -basi' ;  tbcni'i'  iinilbHanlly  on  miiil  liiii' In 

llie  liiii  iMi i ;  lilt  iii'i-  lln  w  11  -a  ill  liii-r  .Mi'in in  tlir  main 

I'baniiul  nf  ibi'  riiiiiu  In  llii'  miiiHiwi 't  enrner  of  ilii'  I'nnnty  .if 
."^l.  I  bill  lea  i-liall  i'niii|io<i'  oiii.  ennnty.  anil  uliull  \w  .allnl  ami 
known  by  llu'  name  nf  ilu'  eounty  of  .><l.  Luiiin." 


m 


660 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


the  honor  passed  from  St.  Lo'iis  to  Ste.  Gonevievo, 
John  Scott,  of  Sto.  (jcncvieve,  deft'atinf.r  Mr.  Kaston. 
Mr.  Scott  continued  to  represent  tlie  Territory  unt'l 
Missouri  wiis  admitted  ni*  a  State.  Tlie  returns,  as 
foot-d  up  by  Governor  Clark,  under  the  law,  iravc 
Scott  ISKJ  iiiid  Kaslon  ISOl  votes,  a  Majority  of  (5 
for  Scott  in  a  total  »'ote  of  'M\'.  lie  received  the 
certificate  of  eledion,  and  took  his  seat  in  the  Four- 
teonlh  ('oip.rcsi-  l\'c.  2,  ISIG.  His  election  v?as  con- 
tested liy  KaNlon  on  the  scure  of  fraud.  The  case 
was  referred  to  the  Coniniittee  on  Elections  of  the 
House,  who  /ciMirli'd  that  Kaston  was  elected  hv  7 
Votes,  they  havinj;  thrown  "iit  as  illeual  22  voles  cast 
for  Seott  in  a  certain  precinct.  The  House  refused 
to  ciincur  !n  this,  ami  adopted  a  res(>luli'ni  ihal  tiio 
cleeti(>M  was  Void  and  the  sieat  vacant. 

A  special  election  took  place  to  fill  the  vacancy  on 
Auu'.  4,  lSt7,  at  wliich  Scott  received  2KM;  and 
Easton  2l»14  votes;  majority  for  Scoti,  ,'!D2  ;  total 
vole,  442(1 ;  inercas  ■,  22]  percent.  This  election  was 
of  }:reat  int.>rest  to  the  politiciaus  and  immediate 
friends  of  the  rival  candidates.  Heretofore  the  clec- 
tionti  had  been  uniformly  conducted  in  a  quiet  and 
peaceable  manner,  but  on  this  mcasion,  aceordinj;  to 
Mr.  Chailess.  editor  of  thi  Mixsuu-i  '.'....,'.'•,  ••  was 
quite  the  reverse.  The  eleciiin;  in  St.  Louis  was  held 
at  Haird's  lar^o  old  frame  Imuse  on  South  Third 
Street.  '• 'I'lie  I'liited  States  then  ki:|)l  up  a  recruit- 
in;!  rendezvous  in  ihi.s  place,  (in  the  day  of  the 
election  the  soldiers  were  tnar^'hed  several  times  around 
the  jilaei!  of  election  a  [lart  of  llie  town  they  seldom 
visited  when  recrui(:n<.r)  wilii  music  and  tickets  on 
their  hats,  liurrahin;.^  for  Scott."  Hiotnus  alterca- 
tions oeeurred  about  the  polls,  in  which  prominent 
individuals  of  tlic  place  participated. 

The    Missni.ri    (•'ii-.rH,'    if  .\u;,'.  It,  I.S17,  thus   de 
scril  es  the  scenes  attoiiinjr  the  election: 

**  Tlip  ni^lit  iirt'cc'liiif;  tiir  clrctiMii  ttic  loMiri'^  iinti  inusii-  of 
n   r(Truiliii(?   |mrly  |  arudnl   tlie    ^l,(•l•l^   in  tlut  \  ii'inily  of  llin 

I'Ul'lil'll  <tiliil|.|,  iiImI  rutlv  nil  .Mullil^iy  ihl'  rillllil^rl,  Hilll  lill)('l»  iir 

lii'ke'  ..II  titi'ir  riipH  nil  hIiIcIi  wiif<  |Miiil(*il  '.Juliii  St'tifi.'  «Ic., 
wi'ic  in  |>o.ii*i'«!'inii  (it  ihc  ^toiin  I,  wiili  Ivvo  .^^Iniitls  of  I'liiti'il 
Stiili'"  I'lilorfi,  on  wtiirh  '  'I'nio  Itt'|uib1iriiii  n<)iiiiii:i(iiiii,  .folin 
S(*olt.'  wu(<  priiiO'd  t)r  piiiritrl.  \  liirifo  hIkmI  coveirj  with 
ImiiiI  i-aiU  wiif  oircltMl  ity  i«iiiiit  nf  llio  lI'tviTiinr'n  fiiiiiilv  ni)>l 
oIIk'ik  iii'iir  ihi'  <l"iir  <i(  tlip  ilivlinn,  umliT  wliioli  wii.s  "piiMnl 
liklilin  ciim'iimI  Willi  whi-liry.  I'liv,  iiml  iit  wliii'h  |iri'!>ic|i'il  the 
ni'iHt  thiiii;*httr.in  ii»siMiibhi);<>  vvvr  ^vitn('!«r«cil,  uiiihm)  with  «lii};- 
giTii,  |ii!'l<ili<,  loiil  i'l>i))«,  inKiiUiiiK  r\ory  prriKin  whniii  thi'y 
lii-lietcil  would  volo  fur  Oul.  Kii>tun,  nml  in<liiciii|t  lh«  inct 
liurii'nci'il  til  ilriiik  itnleiit  rpirils  until  Ihi'y  nuuld  vole  for 
(lii'ir  iiiimliiliili'.  \  gii'i\l  iMiinljcr  of  |>i-r.<iini'  who  inlemlvil  to 
iiii|i|ior(  t'ni.  Kiut'in  wiTc  ilt'li'i  if<l  from  ii|<|M'urin);  it  the  eiro 
lion,  |iii'li'irin|j;  (hu  icliniiiii'liiiiriit  ot  thiir  ri)(lit  of  uleotlvo 
rntnoliix'  thiin  to  rink  thv  iliiggi'i,  |<i  lol,  ot  oluh. 

"  FiKliling,  ttiihbin):,  ..nd    i'u<l);i!liii|{   ooourri'il.     The  street 
ni'ftr  lh«  I'uurt-huunu  ilovr  and  whitkcy  (.ibltm  wurc  lo  cruwdvJ 


l.y  the  inoh  thnt  a  pcrpon.  in  pushin);  through  IIib  .nmj, ,„ 
in  <liiDgcr  of  being  nsisiufyiniitLMl  without  knowing  nhn  Ji,|  ,| 
Covcrnor  Clark  himself,  iis  if  willing  to  cxeitc  the  lliiiiic.ii 
cliiitiioil  in  a  loud  voieu  (alilioujh  wo  vote  by  biilluii  ilui  k 
voted  for  John  .'<eott  for  Con;;res8. 

"The  timid  and  uninfurnicd  male  |io]>ulntion  wore  Ijrnunb; 
in  like  nhecp  to  the  ."laughter,  under  eonvoy,  niani  iin.lcr  h 
inlluenee  of  fear,  and  more  i;;noRint  of  the  cnnsc'iiunccsui 
vote. 

'•  .\  lieutenant  of  the  regular  army  having  alt:i'  kri|  a  „,,. 
ehaiiie  of  this  plaee,  a  nephew  of  (iovernor  Clark  -lalilic.|  hi. 
With  a  dagger,  and  afterwards  bcggei!  hi*  pardon,  sajin;.,, 
had  mistaken  him  lor  one  of  Kaslon'n  friend*.' 

"  We  lielieve  that  in  despotic  Kngland  the  la«<  ordain  n,; 
the  military  fhall  retire  three  milen  from  any  elcciiun.  Hot 
dilTereiit  the  pracliee  here! 

"  Sinee  the  cleilion  attaeks  and  elubbing  has  been  the  orltr 
of  the  day,  aggve.'.-ion  always  eoming  from  the  above  iiipniiooN 
perfuns. 

••  .\  few  days  ago  one  of  liovernor  Clark's  nopliewj  asfsiM, 
eiti/.'  n  of  this  plaee,  who  would  have  sent  him  'to  iliai  b.purtf 
from  wbenee  no  traveler  returns'  had  nut  his  pistol,  aim,,!  ^ 
bis  breast,  llashod. 

'•  We  have  seen,  we  have  heard  of  many  oiitrnjiP!  at  i;,,. 
lions,  but  we  uever  nxpeutcil  to  live  to  see  llii'  fla>  nf  li,. 
I'nited  Slates  I'roslitiited  to  ileelioneering  purpo>e»,  uiij  ilm- 
olheers  and  soldie.s  ■  observing  the  -aino  ends. 

"  We  have  not  been  able  to  procure  correet  eii-eiinn  rflurij. 
(Iwiiig  to  the  eauses  above  a.ssigiieil,  .Mr.  SeotI  gcjl  in  i|ii.|„«(. 
ship  two  hiindreil-niid  lllly-eight  and  Mr.  Mjslon  iiiii,i;.irr,( 
votes." 

A  writer  in  the  Gur.rtif  r''  •Vo  same  is.^uo  ilm- 
narrates  his  experiences  on  t!  i-,  <  •<•,  t'ul  ilay: 

■  Will. out  attempting  to  dcseribe  the  seenes  of  .M-imLiv  ;.„i 
I  ^hall  liriftly  lel.ite  some  transaetioiis  in   wlitrli  I  iv.i*  luian 
diately  eciiieerned.  leaving  for  more  able   prli^  a  dr.-ciiiiiii.n./ 
till' extraordinary  proeeediiigs  of  that  day,     I  «;is  nlmnt  fw 
town  on  .Monday,  the  day  of  eleetion,  until  two  o'elm'k,  HI™  ; 
reliinie.l,  I  was  advised  not  lo  go   to  the  rleelioii  gMuill.i!  ; 
Has  pinhable  I  should  lie  insulted.    I  ansnered  that  a»  an  juir 
pindeiil  \otir  I  w.oild  run  all  risks  in  theevereijeuf  mj  rv'lit. 
and  aeeordingly  prmeeded  to  the  plaee  where  llio  i'ImIimci  •• 
held.     Tberii  wa.s  a  I'onsiderablo  eoneourse  of  people  mlii  iii 
at  I  he  door  of  the  bouse,  the  I'niled  Slates  Hag  Has  Htmn.  n  | 
wlii.  li  was   inseribe  1  the  words  '  Inio  repabliiiiii  iiuiiiiiialin. 
.Iidin  Seiilt  for  Congress,'  near   whieli  was  one  or  iiwrc  lib'd, 
wilh  whiskey,  porter,  cte.     In  Iho  erowd  I  saw  sivinil iiiiiiir;  | 
olheers.      I  made  my   way  into  the   house,  gave  in  iiij  li  Itl. 
and    was  slaiidiiig  eonversing   with  a  geniliiiiaii,  wlicn  !<>iii<  I 
pet  -on  gave  me  a  eon-iderabte  jo.-tlu  as  he  pasM- 1,  Hlnmi  I  jf 
terwards  re-ognii,  d  lo  be  ('apt.  .Iidui  O'Kalloii,  mI  ilic  lii:i-!J 
States   aiiiiy,   nephew  to  llie  liovernor  of  the    Perrilur;.  Ilii 
asked  me  if  I  took  it  as  an  ill^ull  ;   I  answered  liiiii,  '  N",  iir 
assure  y<oi  I  did  mil.'     lie  llieii  said,  '>Sir,  I  ino  ii  Icil  il  u  »| 
insult.'      .My  lir't  iinpiil<e  was  to  sliool  hnii  nn  lli> -jiui;:!  I'M 
relleetion  eonviioeil  me  the  provocation   was  nut  fuffimiil  ' 
justify  my  taking  the  '''u  of  ft   fellow  being,  ami  alihoui!!!  !| 
was  iiiueh  agitated  at  being  insulleil  by  a  man  I  ^oarl'(I.v  Uf>  | 
I  ealinly  replied  that  I  sliould  notice   his  conduct  in  snullirr| 
way,  and  after  some  inoinents  I  reMiiiied  my  e  ioer!i,itiiin  silhl 
the  gentleinnn  and  we  walked  out  together.     I  aai  liTt  iinltl 
the  necessity  of  iiolieing  the  eondi  el  of  aiiollier  offiiaT  uf  tbtl 
ariny.      Al  the  iiiomcnt  of  my   receuing  the  iii.-ull  llni  oflioitl 
sprang  from  his  seat  and  placed  biinselfatiiiy  iiglit  ■i'lc  'Hill 
his  iiilentiuni  were  I  know  not.      I   am  cliaiiiallc  cnoujih 'T 


!« 


POLITICAL  PUOGllKSS. 


561 


High  llic  iTimJ. «], 
kiuiwii)?  will)  M  II. 
excite  tlw  lliimt.  ■! 
;u  by  bu\li.i  I  Ihm  i, 

ululino  wiTi'  \in\if:.\ 
v<iy,  iiKin\  iiiiiler  !^' 
the  con9C({iK>nces  of « 

ivin;»  atl:i  linl  i  n.t. 
lOr  I'liirk  -lalilwl  h;a 

ill    pivnluil.  JBVlDi'D' 

einl?.' 

1  ilie  Iii»<  iird.unthit 

in  liny  fU'i'imn.    lU* 

ng  hus  Ikhii  tlic  orit: 
111  tli«ub"\i'-iiifnli»tw 

rkV  nephews  nfoiWj 
nl  hiin  '  t'>  tlliit  biiUfDf 
lot   hit*  I'i^tol,  aiuicil  a; 

inimy  ipulrn^'es  ,il  il.v 
to  see  thf  lliij  .'I  It,, 
'■"B  iinrpose^,  unJ  lli'i* 

0  ellltf. 

corriM't  cu-otiiin  rcturf, 
r.  Si'oll  got  ill  llii<l"»ii- 

1  Mr.  l'.a!t,,ii  niiu'tv-„i:( 

iho.  same  issue  \\m- 
-  vi-,  .I'ul  (lay: 

i,ne:i  of  MutiiLiy  i,i»i 

in  whiili  I  «,i<  imiw 

|,cn>  II  ,lr>,-ri|,ii„n  .,■ 

;iy.     1  *'■,"'  lll"^i'llt  ''■''^ 

Mill  two  oVUoli,  WImii', 

he  .■le.'li'Oi  gruuii  i,  i!  , 
nstteie,!  that  aJ  an  "'I' 
lhei'\eri'iwutiiiyrijla'. 
wlicre  the  elcclmn  "»• 
iirse  uf  |ieo|ilc  oulir  iw 
1.1 1, ■>  llag  viii!  Iljini(."« 
,,|,nlilii'iili  iiomiiuli"0. 
,^a^  olio  or  iiwrt  Ub'n 
n,\  I  Hi«  several  iiiMl"'.'  | 
,iii»e.  gave  in  iiiy  li'^<'' 
gelilhlliali,  win"  """  I 
he  |ul?M-l,  «li"l»  I*' 
(r|,'alloll."l  ll»'  I'l''''] 
,r  of  Ihe  Ternlar;.  lit 
,ns«ere,lhim, 'N"."'  I 
•Sir,  1  iniiii'Mi'""! 

liinionlh,  -I'"'''""' 

i„n   wa-  11"!  '"*>■'"" 

„  b.'ing.  aiul  allhmi|l!i  ! 

,.  ainun  I  fcurwly  U" 

'lii,  coiiiiiia  in  »'"■''"'! 

..1  my  e,iniT<ali""«'i''j 

ether.     I  "'"  •""  ""■''' 1 
of  anollier  „flioiT  «t  lb" I 

,„„  (be  „.Milltlii'"«'"l 

.|f„tinyn<l'"*  """| 

mil  eliaiil:>''l"' 


,„„me  tlov  were  pure.     After  witnegjiiig  necner*   I   never  ex 


a|>|' 


aieil  t"  •'■''  I'cali/.oil  in  this  rcpiililie,  the  eleetive  l'raiielii.''c 

.'•,iiii|ilelel>  •le«lroyeil.  iiii,l  the  |mlilie  vuii'e  e.introlle,!  ami  ,,ver- 

»f,l  hv  a  .'oiiibinalion  of  oxeeiilive  anil    inililiiiy  iiillueiiec, 

;,|p,l  liv  lio  po"'"' ;!'"'  "hinkey,    I    relireil  « itii  a  frien,!,  who 

es4aiiiiiil  a<  »o  walkeil  on,  •  (in  id  liml !  arc  llicyc  the  blenniiigs 

fareioil'iii''     i^  the  majesty  ,,1'  the  law  to  be  tliut  trainplej 

,iilivtlio'eappointe,l  to  (rnanl  llieiii .'    Are  these  the  aJ vantages 

,t,.  lire  to  ,lerive  from  the  seat  of  g,,veriiiiient,  the   i-apital   of 

\lii.(inri?     If  Ml,  may  thoKe  who   ivaiit  it  take  it    with   all   its 

111,1  mlage-.  and  all  good  and  pcaeefiil   eitiieiis  will  say  aiiieii. 

■•  f.i  ntiiiii  10  inysell',   on  the  morning  iiller   th  i  election   I 

..,.ivo,l    IVoiii     Hen     ll'l'allon     (another    of    the    Governor's 

neiihewf!   a    ""'■"   doniaii.ling    a    personal   interview,  whieli   F 

,i,,,|,.,l  |,i>  frienJ  to  tell  him  I  kIioiiIiI  deeline  granting. 

"iln  \Ve,liie-day  morning  I  was  .standing  in  the  street   near 

iiiv  J"i)r.  iiiiiveising  with  a  friend,  when  ('apt.  .lohn  O'Kallon 

Miiiv  lip  aii'l  deiiiamled  wliy  I  had  not  noticed   him   as  proni- 

i.,,1;  I  answiieil  that  1  inteiidcl  to  lake  legal  in  tieo  of  him, 

|iul<hoiil,M,',line  it.     ile  ininiedialeiy  said,  ' 'I'lien  1  pronoiini'o 

vnua  liar  nii'l  a  I'owaril."     I   stepped   back  one   step  and  tobl 

liiiii  ho  w«*  a  liar.     The  captain  ha, I  in  his  hand  a  large  .-tick, 

iitlv  ciil  tor  the  purpose  uf  ai'ling  liiiii  in  the  eliaractur 

i,e|i,Tfiriiio,l  ,111  the  Monday  before,  with  whidi   he  strio-k  at 

iiic.  iiirliaps  hit  nie.      I  had  my  big  coal  thrown  over  an, I  bnt- 

Miiel  acro.-.<  my  shonldcrs,  from  which  1  could  not  conveniently 

eUrioate  uiv«'ll.     I,  however,  sucoeeiled  in  getting  my  pistol 

i,f,!enti-d  mtliiii  a  few  inches  of   his   breast,  lint,  forlnnatdy 

l.rhim  it  llislied,  and  saved  mo  the  nl'ter-rclleclion  of  having,' 

Hilt,  unprepared,  a  liuninn  being  to  another  world. 

"Till'  captain  was  an  innch  occupied  in  endeavoring  to  strike 
inv  i.i-l,il  from  my  hand  and  avoiding  its  contents  that  1 
...cijie'l  unliarl." 

In  tact,  till'  iiu'idoiit.s  of  tin-  election  reciill  some  of 
the  most  tufliulciit  deuioiistrulioiiii  on  similar  oceti- 
'iiiiis  it)  till'  recent  lii.stiiry  of  Ainericiin  politics,  and 
tho  scsiiivfiuisii  displayed  by  Mr.  I!liarle8.s  ut  ilie 
iiri'iieiicc  of  troops  ut  the  polls  finds  a  parallel  in  the 
iii'lL'iiatit  pniti'sts  fretjueiitly  recorded  uf^aiiist  similar 
i([f  wliicli  are  doubtless  still  fresh  in  the  memories  of 
i,ur  renders. 

Till'  ai;it;ition  for  the  adnii.ssioii  of  Missouri  as  a 
Slate  bi'i;aii  in  1817,'  but  it  was  not  until  the  session 
olH'onuri'sii  in  181!(-20  that  the  i|iiustion  of  udini.ssion 
kvauic  I'liuiplicated  with  thtit  of  slavery.  .\l  the 
pvious  sossiun  a  bill  had  been  introduced  for  the 
*iiuissiiiii  111  the  State,  and  Mr.  Tallmadge,  of  New 
York,  iinivi'ii  an  ametidineiit  prohibiting  the  I'lirtliPr 
ininnlm'tioii  uf  slavery  within  the  Tcrrito.y,  and  re- 
i|uiriiii;  that  all  children  born  therein  after  its  admis- 
fini  slioiiiil  be  free  at  the  age  of  twenty-five  years. 
Tlie  aiiK'iiiliiietit  was  adopted  by  the  House  of  liepre- 
siilaiivcs  liy  a  vote  of  seventy-three  to  sixty-seven, 
mil  lii'iii;;  ilinu^reed  to  in  the  Senate,  the  bill  was  lost 
ii  that  session.     Upon  the  receipt  of  information  in 

'"W,.  Iiave  »ei'ii  in  the  liut  A.'(>ii;/r-iii(  the  copy  of  a  petition 
I  il«l»J  ta  l,e''riie  Meinorial  of  the  Citiiens  of  .Missouri  Terri- 
|irayiii|;  to  be  ndmtlteil   into  the  Cnion  of  ,Stato>  within 
I  liiuiti. "  — .WiMvuii  f<'iis«(«,  Uut.  II,  ISI7. 

;iii 


St.  Louis  as  to  the  action  of  the  House,  public  opinion 
wa.i  frrcatly  aj^itated.     "  It   has  been  reserved  for  the 
Hou.se  of  Ileprcseiitatives  of  the  present  ('onjjres.--," 
said    the   Mlssmiri  GanUt'  ol    April   7,    l.^Ut,    "to 
commit  the  most  ^ross  and  barefaced  usurpation  that 
has  yet  been  coiuniittcd.     They  have  ingrafted  on  the 
bill    for   our  tiilmi.<<siiiti    into   the    I'liioti  a  pmvi.-^ion 
that  '  the  State  Constitutiuti  .-^ball  jiroliibit  the  further 
introduction  of  slavery  ;  and  that  all  nhildren  born  of 
slaves  shall   be    free  ..t   the   ajie   of  five  and  twenty 
years.'      Bear  in  liiii.l,  fellow-citizciis,  that   the  i|ues- 
tion    now  before   you   i.s   not    whether  slavery   shall 
be  permitted    or   prohibited   in   the   future  State    of 
Missouri,  but  whether  we   will   meanly  abandon  our 
rijihts  and  suffer   any  earthly  |iower   to   diet;ite  the 
terms  of  our  Coiistitntioii.' 

At  the  .\pril  term  of  the  '_'raiid  jury  of  the  Circuit 
Court  f()r  the  Northern  ('ircuit  of  Mis.souri  the  liillow- 
inj:  presentment  was  made  : 

"  .\t  a  Circuit  Court  for  the  Nurtliern  Circuit  ,.f  (he  'I'l-ritorj 
of  Missouri,  begun  an,l  held  at  the  town  uf  St.  hoiiis,  ivithin 
and  lor  the  euunty  of  St.  Louis,  before  the  lion.  Nathaniel  Hev- 
orly  Tucker,  jiidgo  of  saiil  circuit,  the  grand  iii<|iie«t  for  the 
boily  of  the  county  of  St.  Louis  return  here  iiit lurt  the  fol- 
lowing preser.tnieni,  whieli  is  ordero'i  by  tlie  eoiirt  to  be  spread 
r  am  the  record  in  the  following  words,  to  wit: 

"At  a  Circuit  Court  begun  an, I  liel,|  for  the  county  of  St. 
Louis,  In  the  town  of  St.  Louis  an, I  Torrilor,-  ,,l'  .Missouri,  on 
Monday,  the  .'itli  of  April,  ISI'.i,  we.  the  grainl  juiy  fi',,iii  the 
body  of  the  county  aforesaid,  beg  leave  to  present  to  the  lioin.r- 
ftble  court  that  they  conceive  it  not  only  tliiir  privilege,  lint 
their  solemn  duty  t,i  present  all  grii>vaii,M>s  whatever  of  a  pub- 
Itc  naliire;  that  among  those  the  greatest  which  they  have  ever 
witnessed,  and  wliiidi,  through  a  sense  of  duty  to  theiii-elves 
iintl  the  good  poople  generally  uf  this  Territory,  they  an*  now 
U(,nstraincd,  however  painfully  anil  reluctantly,  t,i  aiiitua,|\  ert 
upon,  do  present  that  the  late  lillenipt  by  the  Congress  of  the 
I'nitcd  States  to  restrict  lis  in  the  free  exercise  of  rights  in  the 
furnintion  of  a  Constitution  and  form  of  State  government  fur 
ourselves  is  an  unconstitutional  und  nnwiirranlablfi  usurpation 
of  power  over  our  inalienable  ri^  hts  and  privileges  as  a  free 
people;  that  these  privileges  ,|o  lot  now  ilepeinl  upon  tli*<  will 
of  Congress,  or  any  other  power  or  laiily  p,ililic  whatever,  since 
loir  eintiii'  ipalion  fi,,m  Itritish  tyri.nny  r.i>,!  oppression,  but  wor* 
virtually  and  I'ssentially  secured  t)  us  b,  ihe  original  Itedara- 
tion  uf  American  [n.lepcn,|cn«'e,  is  set  forth  in  our  Hill  of 
Kiglits,  anil  secuicil  to  us  by  the  i  onstitiition  of  the  llnitod 
States:  that  it  is  a  restriction  an, I  ai  oimption  ,,f  power  never 
before  attempted  or  assumed,  as  it  regards  any  uf  the  ulher 
Stales  or  Territories,  an, I,  UMreover,  is  a  viuhiii,,n  of  Ihe  third 
arlide  of  the  treaty  of  cession  between  the  I'liitd  States  and 
Kranee,  which  guarantees  that  we  shall  be  maintained  and  pro- 
tected in  Ihe  free  enjoyment  of  uur  liberties  and  property,  and 
that  we  shall  be  a.|mitlcd  into  the  I'niun  upon  the  sainu  terms, 
and  with  all  the  rights,  privileges,  and  imiiiiinities  of  the  utiior 
Stales.  Although  we  deprecate  anything  like  an  idea  of  dis- 
union, which  next  to  our  persuiiiil  liberty  and  security  uf  prop- 
erty is  our  dearest  right  ami  privilege,  and  ,-aiinot  entertain  t'ur 
a  moment  Ihe  most  ,list»nt  probability  of  such  an  event,  yut  we 
'  reel  It  our  duly  to  take  a  manly  an  I  ,ligiiiile,|  stuioi  Cir  our 
I  ri||his  and  privileges,  as  far  as  is  warranleil  by  lliu  L'onstitutiua 


Ill  UlUBIHW^WIPWWg^^WW 


lli  :!i 


i     <♦ 


662 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


of  the  Unitvd  Stnto  niid  the  not  iifraision,  iinJ  from  which  wo 
will  not  ili'iinrt,  iiinl  renucst  thiit  llif  clurk  nf  Iho  court  iniiy  be 
iliricteil  til  liiinil  this  In  thu  prinlirK  in  this  town  fur  publica- 
tion. 


'  .liihn  MrKni;;lit,/'»r*(»(M». 
John  11.  liuj. 
Wni.  M.irtin. 
N'icholii"  Long. 
Af.  .Iiinics. 
K.  Ilei'bo. 
T.  8a|>|iinj;ton. 
.Iiinii'i'  .Mi'Knighl. 
(ii'orge  Si|i. 


A.  Iliiniiltnn. 
John  .-i.  Hull. 
.lanlc'^<  Mnoliuy. 
•Iiihn  Itrnwn. 
Wni.  li.  Long. 
Joseph  Walton. 
Kli  .Musirk. 
liOiii^  Yo.^ti. 
JjiMu'K  Uii'harilrion. 


A  memorial  from  the  people  of  that  part  of  \\.i% 
chuscttH  which  now  form.s  ihc  State  of  Maine,  [.rj,. 
iiig  aJmi.ssion  into  the  Union,  was  prcHcntiMJ  in  ('„, 
ffccan  Doc.  7,  1810.  and  the  advocati>.s  of  t'ic  uwl 


Htricted  adniissioo  of  Missouri  iiumediatciv  wW^i 


ii|.. 


"  Alli'.-t,  .\iiiiiinAi.n  Gamim.k,  I'H." 

Dtirinu;  the  Kamu  niontli  (April,  IKIO)  the  grand 
jury  of  the  Superior  Court  made  the  following  pro- 
sentnicnt: 

"  The  (rninil  .jnniri  of  the  ."'nperior  Court  for  the  Territory  of 
Missouri,  aillin);  lit  .*^I.  Loui",  lor  the  norlliern  eireuit,  April 
term,  Isl'J,  aviiii  theniflelve.^  of  their  a^^enll)lll^^e  tue\pre.«s  their 
Kenlinicnt^  on  llii^  lute  iittenipt  in  the  t^lngl'e>tl  of  the  I'nited 
.'^lilies  lo  ilielali'  iin  nrliele  in  the  (^ln^<litulion  of  Ihe  future 
.'^tiite  of  Missouri. 

"  They  woulil  view  nueh  un  nitionpt  um  fraught  witli  diinger 
to  (he  .'^mte  ttovereigntics  if  carried  into  efl'eot  in  thu  niottt  in- 
eun<^i<leruhlc  artiele,  but  in  the  one  propO!«ed,  the  pr<ihibition 
uf  the  fuithor  intruduetion  and  continuance  of  slavery  in  tlio 
future  .'^tate  of  MiHsuuri,  they  believe  that  all  the  Blavchold- 
in;;  .State."  are  vitally  menaced  and  threatened  with  eventual 
de-trUL'tion.  us  the  transition  is  easy  and  ilireet  from  prescrili- 
int;  a  (Constitution  in  a  new  Slate  to  that  of  altering  it  (for  the 
same  cause')  in  an  old  one  ;  and  if  it  is  conceded  to  be  ant i- republi- 
can to  hold  slaves,  it  will  then  become  thi'  duty  of  t'ungross,  as 
the  ;;uarai)tee  of  Uepublican  Constitutions  to  all  the  States,  to 
inake  war  upon  those  whi>se  Constitutions  admit  of  that  iloctrine. 

"They  further  view  the  attempt  in  the  House  of  Itepresen- 
(atives  a.<.  a  ilireet  violation  of  the  treaty  of  cession,  and  so  un- 
friendly to  the  slaves  lhem^elves,  by  eonlining  them  to  the  plant- 
ing regions  of  thu  Siuilh,  instead  of  letting  them  spreiid  to  the 
agricultural  countries  of  the  North,  (hat  they  are  at  a  loss  to 
conceive  how  such  an  attempt  enuhl  have  been  advocated  by 
seventy  light  men  in  Congress,  nitbout  believing  that  the  in. 
tnrested  motives  and  political  views  of  some  tiesigning  char- 
acters had  taken  adtanlage  of  the  honest  intentions  of  many 
who  oppose  -la\er\  on  principle  ti>  ai-iay  them  in  favor  of  a 
measure  nomin.illy  an  abridgment  of  slavery,  but  in  fact  an 
aggiavation  ot  all  its  hardships. 

"They  believe  that  the  'I'erritory  of  .Missouri  bad  a  right  to 
be  admitted  at  the  last  se<^sion  ot  Congress,  to  lorni  a  Constitu- 
tion on  an  etpial  fooling  with  the  original  States,  and  that  un 
adherence  to  their  votes  by  seventy-iighl  ineiiiliei-s  in  the  House 
of  Itepreseutatives.  by  wbidi  the  .Missouri  Siute  bill  was  lost, 
was  a  gross  v  lolation  ot  this  right,  and  they  believe  it  the  duty 
of  the  people  of  .Missouri  to  inake  it  known  in  the  most  puhlio 
manner  that  they  are  acipiainted  with  their  own  rights  and  are 
determined  to  nuiintain  them,  for  the  better  manitV-tation  of 
whiidi  in  this  country  tbey  would  reeiiininend  a  public  meeting 
of  the  cili/eus  at  the  court  house  in  SI.  l,(oiis  on  .Saturday,  the 
l.ith  day  of  .May  iii'Xt.at  f<oir  i>'cloek  in  the  ev  I'niug  ;  and  leipiest 
tills  eioirl  will  diiei't  the  publieatioii  of  (his  presentment  in  the 
ni-wspapers  printeil  in  tins  tomi, 

"In  behall  ot  (be  grand  luiv . 

"  t'li.  W.  Ill  Nirn,  Fui-riitnu. 

"Ht.  liOin,  April  ;HI,  IMll." 


it  as  a  means  of  eftecting  their  ohject.     Tlio  .|,(,,|,  | 
ai:d  excitement  incident  to  tbi.K,  tiie  first  gii  ii  -ir,; 
gle    between   islavery  and    anti-slavery,  arc    to,,  ,, 

;  known  to  rcifuirc  description  in  this  work.    Tl.nj-v  | 
miiiated  in  the  famous  "  Mis.soiiri  Comprntni-c,   ,t,i  i 

,  the  State  wos  admitted  without  restrictiou  of  am  Li.ri 
the  act  of  Congress   being  approved  on  tlio  i)i|,  ;{ 
March,  182(1.     The  advocates  of  unrestrieinl  .ulni,. 

.  sion  based  their  demands  not  on  the  (;iinstiiiitiiiii]|it,| 

I  of  slavery,  but  upon  the  inherent  right  of  tl 
to  be  absolutely  free  from  all  restraint  from  ;i;iy.>.  ^^i 
in  framing  a  State  Constitution.     They  claimeil  iL; 
under  both  the  Constitution   and   the   troaiv  tnijs»j 
Louisiana   to   the    United    Slates   they   ivijovod  ilsl 
right,   and    that    (/Ongress   could    nut    iiii|iair  iiij 
imposing  conditions.     The  treaty  providiij  thai  ;l. 
iniiabitants   of  Louisiana  were   to   be   '' iMcoi'|u.nt~i 
into  the   Union,  and  to  be  admitted  as  mioh  as  i.s.| 
sible,  according  to   the   principles  of  ilir   ('oi,.;,;]| 
tioii,  to  the  enjoyineiil  of  all  the  riolii.s,  aiiviiiii,i> 
ami  immunities  of  citizen.^  of  the  Unitcii  Siai.-    ,j| 
it  was  argued  tliat   Coiigress  ctmld  nut  in  L'omi  ',:)| 
abridge  this  provision  or  impair  it  by  iinpn-in  ■  i-t 
condition  whatever  upon  tlie  people  of  I  lie  ,'^iale,  :',: 
the  locol  policy  of  a  State  was  lieyoml  ilic  idim;,. 
tionul  province  of  till'  Federal  goveniiiieni  ;  iliiiv. 
Constitution  dtflared  that  "the  jiowers  imi  iIiIijimI 
to  the   United   Stii'.es  by  the  Consliltiiinn,  m.r  ii.| 
hil  ited  Ity  it  to  tlie  States,  are  reserved  to  tin  Su:- 
rc'iiHJclively,  or  to  the  people;"  that  ilie  ri'.-lit  to  liJ 
slaves  was  one  of  these  rights,  and  the  ouarmtv  i« 
plitnl  to  new  States  as  well  as  to  old  States;  that  I'frl 
giORs  might   refuse  to  admit  the  State,  Imt  coiiMkiI 
impose  a  condititm  upon  (he  Constitutinii  of  the,<ii]:t| 
The  "Compromise"  posijioned   the  final  coiitlii't  b*! 
tween  slavery  and  aiiti-sliivery  fur  iiinre  lliaii  haifj 
century,  but  was  declare<l  unconstitutional  by  ihi'.'i^ 
preiiie  Court  of  the  United  Stales,  wliiili  deeisi'ti  i 
the  Dred  Seolt  case,  cnnfirnieil  the  [lu.siiion  laliiiiM 
Missouri  and  her  friemls. 

The  news  o(  the  aetimi  of  Cmigress  ailiiiiiiiiiL'Mij 
souri  was  reoeiveil  with  great  lejoieini;  in  .'^i.  I,i';a| 
'• 'I'lie  tnwii."  We  are  inlbrnied  by  a  lucal  ihrmii  i 
"was  generally  and   splendidly   ilitiiniiiite'l     • 
traiisp'ii'eiicies  were  displaved,   ainutiL'  oiIot-  ,i 
handsome    one    displaying  (lie    .Vnierieaii  ia::i' 
Hiolllitilig   llie    Irish    harp,  ainl  almtliei  iv|ii'i'seiitin.'| 
slave    in    great   spirits,   rejuiciiig    at    tin    jutidi" 


'     m ' 


'  that  part  of  Mi.^  ' 
talc  of  MaiiH',  pw. 
as  presciitc'l  in  ('t- 1 

VOCatl^M    of   till!  ui* 

mediately  seiz.'il  u|.( 
object.     Till'  ililu;> j 
the  first  tilt  It  -ir.; 
slavery,  are    lun  »,. 
this  work,    'fl.ivifl. 
iri  Conijjroiiiiv,   ,u  i 
■e!<trietioii  of  iinvki!::  | 
[iroved  on  ill''  'itii 
iif  unrestrifii  il  mk- 
11  the  eoiistiiiitiiiiii!'.'.;| 
•lit  rij^lit  of  tlu']i..i< 
itrainl  from  '.imv  >>  .;> 
11.     They  cl;uiiicil  lUI 
and   the   treaty  oi'ilij!! 
ites   they   eriji.yt'il  'I.:.] 
uld    not    iinii:iir  n   ;. 
eaty  jiroviilrii  ili;i'  v. 
•e   to  he  ''iiiciiiiinniril 
initted  ai*  mh'Ii  :i>  l-» 
L'ijilcs  of  thi'   Cui.v'il 
the  riichls.  inlvaii'i:-  | 
the  United  Slat.-    ■■) 
eoiild  not  in  'jnmi   >- 
pair  it  hy  iini"-iii.  v.- 

ifopleof  thr  Slilti',  "..i 

its  heyond  ili n-i'' 

il  i_'overii!ni'nt  ,  iliai'iJ 
hi-  jiowers  iml  iltli'pMl 
P  ('.iiifttitntiim,  nor  pj 
re  re.'^erved  In  tln'  ^iiiil 
;"  that  tlif  li^'lit  tiitiil 
t«.  and  the  ;.'uarintjiJ 
to  old  Stall's;  iIkiiI'*! 
the  Stale,  liut  i'ihiMmI 
"oiisiitiiiiiin  (if  ilii'StJ-l 
,;\    the   final  I'mitiii'!  Wl 
ry  for  nmri'  than  l:i:'i| 
'i.iistilutioiial  by  111' 
'Jlatei*,  wliii-li  ili'i'i'i' li  • 
1  (he  i"i>iiiiiii  i;il>'''i 

Cipii^'resi  aiiniiiiiiiii'li 
l-i'jiiieiie^  ill  •'^1  li' 
,,.,1  l,y  a  liii'al  '■'"■""'' 
idly  irminiiiaii"!  *< 
,'d,  ainoni:  "iln'f  ■' ' 
ill.'  Anieriiaii  ta-i'  ■ 
,i„l  anollii'i  niii'*'""=' 

.icilli;     HI     III'     l"f""" 


/ 


// 


II   "• 


'^mmmrmm 


■■BBmj 


ii' 


H    r 


1,1! 


If 


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.1 


602 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Vi'u  i.-'    J  u':i 


'^    111    ,'ijariiii 


.V    !...  ;!1'.'.''  ^.    U  Jill   till    |'i;i>(r  •  '«t    <r 
■   :u;K«'t.t«>   wllirll     IlilW   fiirill.-    ih  •    Si;. 

i(ij{  uiliiii>.sinii  ititn  tbe  t'lii'ili,  wilh  ( 


tbcil-  lihy 


Ni.ii'  1      '  '.-.'I.      The  iM'..     ii>  •• 
nil,).  lii«..,l  tv."ir  d-m;!!!'!-'  ""' 


'.h«  Coiwditii 

■    M      IL.      tl  '  ■       i         ••    . 

iii'l    thni 

illclitioDD.        I'lii 
...    ii.iri:-    of    iiOirsmuH    rt>-; 
;.)  (lin   I'nW'n,  uiiil  tu  lie  imId 

Ui  the   princiiiU:.'' 
I-.,    .■njuytnt'fit  >."l 
DUiiitii.s  oi"  citi^"'!- 

■  will  'omii'ii  iiiMi  *' 

I  .,.;  .     .y.y  ■^■^vi«i(lll   111    iiiii' 
■  .r  upon  iht^  }•-  ■, 
...  'if  (I  hlat'- 

■  i;  ji  ii'  ,ii<.-  iiC  tllr    Ki'i'. 

•iistitiiiion  diTl.irofi  tlti:! 

.-11.  <(.iiini  111  thii     f«  till'   fJiiiJod   Stiiti 

«r..  Ill   I  i.    .  I       s.u  ...  t  1.,   ;.  .     -1.     -    . 


^tf-^i  ^ 


<(. 


m 

s.m\A 

11  '\  '- 

r  '■' 

ln*'l  )" 

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w 

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,L-        .;. 

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,'                j 

M 

■                ■}■ 

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\\i 

'k 

Pif 

ylA 

,;   \r. 

3Jm  i^ 

V\ 

Ifl 

'l..!e 


:!!'ii 


"■'^l 


iranlc 

eoiliiti' 

At 

prevcii 
(if  sliiv 

.JllS('|lll 

wore  ti 

■'l>i. 
in;  iiiti 

l^reseiit 
"I'd. 
•liouM  h 
til  Ibo  I 
Liiunly  li 
■ibjecl. 

".U  - 
I'rajjo  t" 

lIlCIII  UIK 

'lujtriuijf 
nur  libel 
lion. 

Nih. 
!iir  a  «'» 
lite  10  I 

)lllt  ^Ul>ll 

M.rt..,l.- 

.Missd 
Ulili  .if 
II  asseiii 
■i»  tim  ( 
Slrtrln, 
»as  0(1111 
t(.rn  cull 

'''/■■  '-■ 

<>i"iit«i 

'■■■.;.,'■. 
/'„„<■/, 
ire,.,,,  ,r„ 
ll'>lrit,,i 
J.f,... 
I.u.,.,l„. 
tfi.iKy.., 

1/.,./ 

.Vnr  l/„ 
I'.l.;.-^ 
-'.  ri„, 

Si..  I,., 
II.  I.  Hr..,i 

■>'.  /. 
'''!i:i.(ii.  I; 
:..>rl  I'r,,. 

ir.,. 


Tlic  In 

■r  ill,.  ,, 

Irmii  I'lt'v, 


POLITICAL  PROGRESS. 


sea 


"nmtuil  ^y  ConjireM  to  bring  Hlnvcs  into  so  fine  u 
coiinlr.v  :is  Missouri." 

Ai  a  iiiii'tiiif;  in  April,  1820,  of  "about  one  hun- 
ilred  (•iiii'.<''iH  of  tlie  town  of  St.  LouiH,  wbo  wisli  to 
iiri'vcni.  a!*  ''iirly  u"  possible,  the  further  inlroduution 
of  slave.-*  into  the  new  State  of  Missouri,"  at  whicli 
Jiisoiih  Cliarless  presided,  tlie  following  resolutions 
wore  nnaiiiuiou.sly  adopted : 

..{,l,  i;.  .,:lreil,  Thnt  this  meeting  i>  iloriilnlly  iip|iiiKril  to 
Jilt  iiitcili  rciiii'  Willi  tlie  nJBves  now  in  tlu'  'IVrritorv.  .Iiintico 
ul  i'S|ic' lit'iiuc  ilumniiil  that  thfj'  xhoiilil  bu  lott  in  tlieir 
|.re<eiit  niiKlitiun. 

"■.'J.  /,'>•"/!'"/,  That  the  further  intrii<lucti<in  iif  nhives 
•liuuM  Ih'  !'t<>|>|iei|  aK  early  a*  |iiiii!>ible,  ami  that  wu  recnniiui'ml 
■,  iho  iiicnilicrs  when  olccteil  tu  the  convention  from  this 
I'lunly  to  u.'io  their  moKt  xeuloui  eRi>rta  to  eft'cct  au  duirablu  nn 
.l.ject. 

"3il.  I!r'"lie'l,  Thnt  liny  attempt  to  rsatriet  the  right  of  suf- 
:riij;c  1"  IroelioMerii  anil  election  hy  n'lo  loic,  thereby  giving 
ihriii  uriluc  welijht  in  the  ooininunity,  uml  rumlering  the  in- 
lii^lriwuA  |i<ii)i-  iiiiin  a  tiliive,  iit  ariHtueiiUiual  unil  subversive  of 
iir  lihirtie-,  aixl  hIihII  always  meet  our  <lceiclo<l  dinapprobu- 
liipn. 

"4lh.  A'f"</>"/.  Tlint  this  ineoling  ilo  roquest  the  oandiilateii 
:<ir  a  will  ill  llie  convention  to  deelare  their  aenliineuts  rcla- 
\\\e  I'l  (lie  iiliove  ruaolutionx,  and  that  in  our  opinions  none 
Mil  'urh  |>vr^oll9  as  do  express  their  opinions  ought  to  be  sup- 
i..irli-,|.' 

.MisKdiiii  atlojilcd  her  State  Constitution  on  the 
UKh  ,il  >luly,  1820.  The  convention  which  framed 
II  as.sc'mbl('.l  in  the  Mansion  House,  afterwards  known 
w  ilu'  Cii)  lliiiel,  at  the  corner  of  Third  and  Vine 
Strect.s,  iSt.  Liiiiis,  on  the  12(h  of  June,  1820,  and 
K.IS  ciiiupiised  of  the  following  delegates  from  the  fif- 
teen ciiuijtics  into  which  the  State  was  then  divided : 

I'lift  itiranlrnu. — ;>te|dien  Hyril,  James  Kvans,  Klehard  S. 
n»iiiii«,  Alexander  llucltner,  .loscph  MeFcrroD. 

>'../..r.— Kubcrt  l>,  riarli,  llobert  Wallace,  William  l.illard. 

;V.i„(/m<.— .lulin  (I.  Heath,  Nicholas  ,<<.  Iliirekhartt,  Dull' 
Irn'n,  .IiiIjii  Itiiy,  Jonathan  R.  Kimlliiy. 

//..iniii^— llvnjamin  11.  Iteoves. 

././rriMii.-  Suiiiiiel  llainmiiiid. 

/.i'i'«/ii. — .Mitlcolin  Henry. 

V>riir^.,niri'v.— Joiiiithaii  llani.iey,  James  Talhott. 

.V'f'/i  1(1,1, — Nathaniel  Cook. 

S'\c  .lf>i'/ri>'  —  Itoliert  I>.  Dawson,  Chrisloplier  (i.  IIouIk. 

/Mi.--.Stc|ilii!n  Cleaver. 

Vi. '/mo/x.— Itenjaniin  Kmiuons,  Nathan  Uooiic,  Hiram  II. 

I'ilifT. 

St*.  Ufttriirtf. — .John  D.  Cook,  Henry  Dmige,  ,Tohn  .*^cot(. 
R.T.  Brown. 

if.  /...iii«.— Diivid  llarton,  Kdward  ilateH,  Alex,  MeNnir, 
IWIliiiiii  lleelor,  John  (^'.  .Siillivnii,  I'ierrn  Chouteau,  Jr..  Her- 
innl  I'r.illi',  Thiiniii*  K.  Kiddiek. 

H'ik/oim/I..  I,— Joliii  lliee  Joiii'H,  Siiniiii'l  I'erry,  John  lliili'h 
iii«., 

Hiijiir.     l:ii|iih  Ileitis, 

The  liilliiwinn  was  the  return  of  votes  for  inenibers 
m1  the  coiivi'iiiiiin,  an  made  to  the  Kxecutive  office 
troiu  elevcii  (if  the  counties : 


Vut€«,  Vutca. 

New  Madrid .'iU     IMke tlt2 

Cape  lliriirdeaii 837    Cooper 71*7 

Washington 4.').'l  ;  Howiird 1735 

Jelleraon 2fi.i     Franklin 

Si.  Charles «:'8  |  

.Moiitgomeiy liall        Total (1128 

l.iiieoln '-'IH  I 

David  Hurton,  of  ^l.  Louis,  wax  elcctcil  presiding 
officer,  and  William  (}.  I'etlus  secretary.' 

William  Grymes  Puttiis  was  one  of  the  ino.st  prom- 
inent among  the  early  citi/.eiis  of  St.  Louis,  and,  as  in- 
dicated by  the  fact  that  ho  was  chosen  secretary  of  its 
first  Constitutional  Cimvenlion,  one  of  the  leading;  men 
ill  the  then  infant  State  of  Mis.S(iuri.  He  wa.s  born  in 
Mecklenburg  County,  Va.,  on  the  Slst  of  December, 
17'J4,  and  was  the  second  son  of  William  Pcttiis  and 
Klizabeth  Poiiidexter.  His  parents  were  born  in  the 
same  uounty  in  17G4,  and  were  married  in  1789.  At 
the  age  of  eigliteen  Mr.  Pcttus  served  as  a  volunteer 
in  till'  War  of  1812,  and  soon  after  was  appointed 
deputy  clerk  of  Lunenburg  County.  Va.  In  1818 
he  removed  to  St.  Louis,  in  company  with  Gen. 
Walter  Taylor,  United  States  senator  from  Indiana, 
taking  with  him  a  letter  of  introduction  to  Governor 

j  William  Clark.  The  long  journey  was  made  on  horse- 
back, and  Ashland,  the  home  of  Henry  Clay,  being 
on  the  route,  Mr.  Pettus  spent  several  days  with  that 

:  distinguished  statesman.  On  his  arrival  in  St.  Louis, 
Mr.  Pettus  became  at  once  identified  with  public 
affiiirs.  In  June,  1818,  he  cnt«rcd  the  Mis.souri  land- 
office  at  St.  Louis,  as  assistant  under  Alexander  McNair, 
register,  and  continued  to  serve  in  that  position  until 
McNair  was  chosen  first  Governor  of  Missouri  in 
1820,  when  ho  was  appointed  private  setiretary  to  the 

j  Governor.  In  June,  1820,  as  we  have  seen,  the 
convention  to  frame  a  ('oiist.itution  for  the  new  State 
of  Missouri  met,  and  Mr.  Pettus  was  eliosen  secre- 
tary   over    three   other  competitors,  viz.,  Thompson 

'  Douglas.  Archibald  Gamble,  and  J.  V.  Gamier. 
The  vote  on  first  ballot  stood:  Douglas,  three;  Gam- 
ble, twelve;  (Jarnier,  two;  and  Pettus,  twenty-one. 
At  the  clo.sc  of  the  convention  a  complimentary  reso- 
lution, introduced  by  Mr.  Jones,  was  adopted  unani- 
mously, thanking  iieir  secretary  for  the  faiiliful  and 
correct  manner  i.i  which  he  had  performed  the  duties 
ol'  his  (iffiee. 

Ciimpliments  of  this  character  were  seldom  be- 
stowed by  U'gislative  bndies  at  that  day,  except  for 
meritiirious  .services  aetiially  ri'iiilireil.  Winn  tlio 
('(institution  was  finally  ado|di(l  by  (lie  Cdiiveiiliiin  it 
was  necessary    that  it  shoiiid  lie  eiigmssed  mi  par,  h- 

1  Tile   i.x|ien.<e9    ol'  .Mr.   I'ltlns,  I'or  slationiry,   iiikH,   |oi|iir, 
liook!<.  ete.,   Hiiioiiiilcd    t"   lninly-»ix   dollurs   and    IweiHy  live 
'  contd. 


I 


564 


HISTOUY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


iiipnt,  on  wliicli  it  was  very  dillicult  to  writo.  Mr. 
Pultiis  ('(iiiipicti'd  tliu  wliulo  iiistniiiu'iit  in  a  sinulc 
uijiht,  and  in  the  iiiornini;  dulivered  it  to  Mr,  Fiiid- 
luy,  oliairnian  of  tli<>  I'oniniitlet!.  When  llic  convi'h- 
tioii  ri'a.sscnililcd,  Mr.  Finiilay  ('"''ft'iittMl  tlii!  Cori.ttitu- 
tioM  to  tlic  ronvuniion,  .sayiii;..:, — 

"  It  hiLH  I n  cnrolliMl  on  piirrlitiirtit  hy  vniir  snTi'tary,  iiinl 

porinit  iiic,  Mr.  lM't.>^illt■Ill.  tu  iiilil  tliut  n\y  lm.'*ii]i'.^H  I1118  Kim-ii 
for  iiiiiiiy  je:ir^  to  rciil  |ircpiil'«liti'ir.,  liiiviiiK  I'lcn  11  m'w.«|iii|M'r 
I'diliir,  iiii'l  I  mil  (rev  to  kiiv  IIikI  I  iii'Vir  ^'ll^v  -iioli  11  |iii|pi'r  as 
tliJK.  TluM't'  id  Mot  nil  intcrlint-iition  :  IIhtc  i*  iioi  one  word  iiiii'- 
K|ii>lli'<l,  thi'ii'  i."  not  u  '  t'  iiiKTostiMl  nor  iin  '  i'  umloltol  in  lliu 
nliolc  in.slninu'nt,  iiiul  m-  .hiicIi,  iip<  iliiiiriniin  of  llii'  (.'oniniittii', 
I  prt'.xcMit  it  to  tilt;  convention  lor  >i^natiirr!i." 

In  1821,  Mr.  Pctliis  held  tlic  office  of  flurk  ol'lhu 
Stipri'ino  Court  and  Court  of  Chani'pry.  from  whifh, 
in  Juni;  of  liiat  Ji'nr,  lie  wa.s  a|i]ioiiiti'il  S"fictary  of 
State,  which  office  he  letained  during  the  aiiininiHtra- 


|i('lled  hint  to  n'.>ti<;ii.      lie  died   on   the  2r>t)i  uf  |),. 
eeinher,  llStiT,   h'aviiij;  a  widow,  four  daii;iiil' i  v  anj 

two  HOILS. 

iti  all  tlie  relalioiijt  of  lite  Mr.  I'eitns  wa-  Jisiin. 
gtiished  hy  an  unwaveriti;;  intej^iity,  };reat  iniiii«iry, 
and  a  wurtn  uiid  generous  lienevuicnee,  lli>.si>|j,j 
wortli  of  eharueter  wa.s  hi'ld  in  the  highei>t  e.-lci m  \,^- 
tiie|ieo|ile  of  St.  Ijoiii.s,  atid  tliruughoiit  lii.s  C'lriir  li,' 
enjoyed  the  fullest  confidence  uiiil  respect  ol'  ih,-  l,u,i. 
iicss  coiniuunity.  Tiiat  he  was  a  man  of  iiimi<ii;i! 
ea|iaeity  and  superior  education  is  denion.slrati  >1  l>v  ili^ 
fact  that  while  8till  very  young,  and  a  <'otii|>,iraiiv.' 
straii^'cr  in  tlic  country,  he  was  cho.sen  .>*ii  iiMurVdf 
the  first  (Jonstilutional  Conventin'  and  at'iiiwarj.i 
occupied  u  number  of  prominent  positions  i'>'i|iiiriii.' 
^reat  intelligenc4',  reinforeed  liy  thiirinioli  and  inui. 
prehcnsive  knowledge  of  public  affairs  atid  an  intiinaic 
ac(|uaiiitance  with   uicu.      As  a  man  of  pinliity  mi 


OOVKIlNOIl   MlNAIIl'S   MANSION. 


tioii  of  Governor  McNair.      In  1.S24  he  was  elected  culture,  lie  was  always  miught  and  esteemed,  and  lii» 

secretary  of  the  State  Senate,  <luring  (lovernor  Fred-  influence  was  e.xerted  only  for  good  ami  Hnrihy  nl.- 

erick  Bates'  administratioti,  and  subseipiently  was  ap-  jects.     There  are,  in   fact,  few  names  ait l'  llnwil' 

pointed  by  Governor  Bates  judire  of  the  t'robate Court  the  early  business  men  of  St.  Louis  which  i:irr_v  wiili 

of  St.  Charles  County,  which  office  he  retained  until  '  them  as  marked  a  suggest! vene.ss  of  liigli  ;inii  liiiiinr- 

September,  1820.     On  the  'Mm  of  December  of  this  able  principles  eonsiKtcntly  applied  tliroie.'In'Ut  ;i  Ion: 

year  he  married  Caroline  11..  daughter  of  Maj.  James  and  active  life  as  does  that  of  William  (i.  I'liius. 
Morri.son,  of  St.   Charles,  and   entered   into  business  When     the    Missouri    Constitutiniial    Convoiiiiiii 

at  St.  Charles,  where  he  remained   for  several  years,  i  a.ssembled    on    June    12,   1820,  tmch    im  iiiiier  tool; 

During  his  residence  at  St.  Charles  he  was  elected  to  an  oath,  admiidstered  by  Judge  Silas   Meiit.  to  sii|i- 

the  Slate   Senate,  ami  served  during  the  .session  of  port  the  Constitution  and  to  faithfully  p.  rforni  ilir 

18:{2-,'{3.     From   lS;tl  to   1842   he  was  engaged  in  duties  of  his  office.      Samuel   Ilamninnil.  of  .Iilfir- 

mercantile  and  banking  business  in  St.  Louis.     Later  son  County,  and  Thomas  F.  Uiddick.  ul   ."^i.  Ii"ui-, 

lie  was  appoitited  secretary  of  the  St.  Louis   Floating  were  chosen   respectively  presidetit  and  .socrclary  ^if" 

Dock  In.surancc!   Company,  and   cotitinued   to   act  in  tmi.,  and   Messrs.  Thomas,  Kmnions.  Joins,  Couk,  "t 

that  capacity  until  18.')r),  when  he  accepted  the  position  Madison,  and  Kiddick  were  appointed  a  ciniiinitti'c  to 

of  secretary  of  the  Uiiite<l  States  Insurance  Cctmpany,  draft  and   report  rules  and   regulations  fur  tin' nrk 

which  place  he  filled  until  1802,  when  ill  health  com-  and  government  of  the  convention.     Tin-  bullut  for 


POFilTICAL    IMlOdUKSS. 


666 


iicrraniii'i'  preni(lent  rcsuUcd  iis  fnllov/s :  David  Bur- 
ton, -^  '■  John  llic;c  Joni*,  If ;  Uiclinrd  H.  Thoinns, 
(1;  Siiiiiiu'l  llanniKiiul,  1.  The  doorlforppr  wiih 
(it'orp'  W-  FiTiiiisoii.  Till'  CniiHtitiitioii  was  fraiiiod 
and  riililiud  in  duo  time,  and  a  limited  nuiiilnir 
„|'  i'ii|'i' "  |>i'iiit>'d  in  paiii|ildi't  t'cirin  l)y  Jmiathan  { 
Smitii  Fiinilay,  of  Fraiililiii,  Mo,  On  thn  2iitli  nf 
June,  IH2I,  the  Oonornl  Assembly  of  Missouri  for- 

miillv  I [ilitMl  with    tlie    provisions  of  ilic    nut   of 

(Vii'Tcs!'  "I'  Marcii  2d  of  that  year,  providing  for 
the  uduiisKion  of  Mistiiniri  as  a  State,  and  mi  iliu  lUth 
III'  Aui-'iist  till'  following  prnrlamation  was  issued  ; 

"Now,  ilierc'lcprp.  I,  .liimoK  Moiinie,  I'ri'niilcnt  <>(  the  tlniliil 
Sillies  in  I'urfliiiini'o  of  llu'  rcHiiliilicin  i)l  ('(iiigro^n  iit'iircH.iiil, 
lisio  'w\m\  lliix  my  |ir<>c'liininlii>ii.  iiiinoinii'iiiK  the  I'lU'l  lliiit 
Ibc  0tii'l  Stiilo  of  Ali.^^uMi't  liiiM  cuii'^fnttM)  tu  tlio  funilitiiifitliil 
c„ni|itioiiH  D'niiireil  hy  the  rt'i<<>luiioi)  (if  Conj^rot-f  iiforeHiiliI, 
«hiTiMi|ic'n  the  iicliuiJi'i"n  "!'  Ilie  Miiil  .""liitu  nf  Mi.^Hciuii  iiitii 
ihi'  fnii)n  i.'  iIitIiiiciI  Ici  1 ini|ili'ti'." 

i'rior  to  the  formal  admission  of  Missouri,  liowev(>r 
uM  lilt' -"^ih  iif  August,  1,S2(»),  an  eleelion  was  held 
f,.r  (iovi  rriipr,  iiieutennnt-liovernor,  representative  for 
ilii'  ii'iiiiiiiidrr  ,if  the  iSixti'enth  ('oiifiress  and  one  for 
ill,'  .""ivintcctilli  Congress,  meiubers  of  tiie  Legislu- 
ture,  unci  slicritl's  and  coroners.  The  eandidutcs  for 
lidViTiiiir  Wife  Williiun  Clark,  then  Governor  of  the 
IVrritiin.  and  .Mcxander  McN'air;  and  for  Lieutenant - 
(luiriiiir.  William  II.  A.^hley,  Nutliaiiiel  Cook,  and 
lliMin-  Kllinti.  The  vote  resulted  ns  follows  :  For  Gov- 
.rn»r,  .NIiNair,  t!.")7ti ;  Clark,  2551);  MeNair's  ma- 
jority, 102(1.  liieutenant-Governor,  Ashley,  ;{i)t»T  ; 
CiKik,  :;212  ;  Klliott,  IC'.I  ;  Ashley's  majority  over 
Cwik,  G'.I5. 


i;iivi;it.Niiii  .M.i:xANiii:ii  st.N.MU 


Ali'xuinl.r  .NIeNair,  a  native  of  I'liiii.sylvania,  was 
i>H"'iiilfil  lii'iitenaiit  of  inliiniry  in  ITlMt,  hut  his  ro-i- 
iiiii'iit  liiivihi;  heen  dii-liiiiidcd  in  the  followin;^  year, 
111' riiiKivtil  to  Missouri,  and  in  lSI2was  appointed 
"iljiiiaiit  :\u:\  iiispeetor-<;eneral  of  the  territorial  forces. 


In-1H1S  he  was  made  eoloncl  of  a  regiment  of  Mis- 
souri  militia  in  the  servioo  of  the  Utiiti^d  States,  and 
suhsef|uently  held  an  important  ottiee  in  the  Indian 
l)i'|>artnient.  As  we  have  m-vn,  he  was  elected  first 
(iovernorof  Missouri  in  1S2(),  ami  died  in  May,  1820. 

At  tlio  saini'  election  J(din  Scott,  who  was  already 
Territorial  delef,'ate,  was  elected  representative  to  both 
the  Si.\tecnth  and  Seventeenth  (^)nj»resRes.  The  Gen- 
eral Assembly  ehoseii  at  this  eleelion  met  at  the  old 
Missouri  Hotel,  situated  oti  the  southwest  corner  of 
Main  and  Mor^ran  Streets^  St.  Louis,  oti  the  lUtb  of 
September,  IH20,  and  oriranized  by  the  election  of 
James  Caldwell,  of  Sle.  Genevieve,  Speaker,  and  Jidin 
McArthur,  clerk  of  the  House.  LieiiUMiant-Governor 
Ashley  was  the  presidini;  officer  in  the  ,Senate,  but 
Silas  IJent,  of  St.  liouis,  was  chosen  president  pro 
litn. 

(lovernor  McNair  made  the  followinjr  appointments, 
which  were  confirmed  by  the  Senate:  Secretary  of 
State,  Jo.sbua  Barton  ;  .State  Treasurer,  I'eter  Didier; 
Attorney-General,  Kdward  Bates  ;  Auditor  of  Public 
Accoutits,  William  Christy, — all  of  whom  were  citi- 
zens of  St.  Louis.  At  this  session  of  the  Iie^'islaturo, 
David  Barton  and  Thomas  II.  Betiton  were  chosen 
United  States  senators,  but  were  not  admitted  until 
December,  1821,  owin<;  to  the  fact  that  the  bill  for 
the  admission  of  Missouri  as  a  State  did  not  pas» 
(.'oiif^ress  until  March  2d  of  that  \var.  niter  a  pro- 
tracted and  cxeitini;  debate.  Mr.  Bartoti  was  elected 
without  much  opposition  ;  but  Mr.  Benton  was  bitterly 
atita};onized  by  Jud}:e  John  B.  C.  Lucas,  Henry  Kl- 
liott.  dobn  11.  ilones,  and  Nathaniel  Cook,  all  of  wIkuu 
Were  candidates  for  the  place.  Mr.  Barton  irave  his 
support  to  Benton,  and  it  was  finally  discovered  that 
the  latter  could  be  elected  with  the  aid  of  one  mora 
vote.  Marie  Philip  Le  Due.  a  iiieinbi'f  of  i'^t.  Louis 
County,  who  had  previously  opjiosed  Benton,  was 
liiially  indiieed  to  tratisl'er  his  vote  to  him  ;  but  when 
this  was  aceoiiiplished  one  vote  \vas!>lill  laikiiii:.  owiiii; 
to  the  seiioii-  illness  of  .lolin  Kails,  one  of  the  Ben- 
ton inember>  Mr.  Balls,  however,  was brouirbt  down 
stairs  in  bed  and  voted  for  Briiton.  thus  seeiiriiii:  his 
eleelion,  but  died  soon  aflrr.  In  honor  ot  his  nii'iii- 
ory  the  Leijislaluie  named  a  new  eniinly,  orL'anized  at 
that  ."ession,  aHer  hiiii.  B.ills  Couiily.' 

I'rior  to  the  I'lesideiit's  |iroelaniation  of  Aul',  lO, 
1821,  the  I'rcsidential  election  of  182(1  had  been  held, 
and  an  act  had  been  pas,sed  anlhori/.iiiL;  the  (ii'iu-ral 
Assembly  to  select  threx!  persons  as  elei'lois  to  vote  for 
President  and  Vice-Pii'sidcnt,     The  eleetois  cho.sen 


'  "  I'uironiil    Hcciilleetiiiiis,"  liy  .lulin    V.  Iiiirliy,   |i|),  ,'ill,  DI, 
.12,  :i3. 


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566 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


were  John  S.  Briukey,  John  Shannon,  und  William 
Christy.  Objections  were  made  to  including;  Mis.souri 
in  the  count  of  electors  for  Pre.sident  and  Vice-Pres- 
ident, because  the  State  had  not  been  formally  recof;- 
nized  as  admitted,  and  the  vote  was  not  counted. 

In  1822  an  act  was  paH.«ed  dividinj;  the  State  into 
three  districts  for  the  election  oF  Presidential  electors 
in  each  district. 

The  First  District  included  the  counties  of  Clay, 
Ray,  Chariton,  Howard,  Boone,  Callaway,  Cole,  Sa- 
line, Cooper,  and  Lillard  (Lafayette). 

The  Second,  Ralls,  Pike,  Lincoln,  Montgomery, 
St.  Charles,  St.  Louis,  Franklin,  and  Gasconade. 

The  Third,  Ste.  Genevieve,  Jeiferson,  Perry,  Cape 
Girardeau,  Scott,  New  Madrid,  Wayne,  Madi.son,  St. 
Francis,  and  Washington. 

In  1824,  David  Todd  was  nominated  and  elected 
Presidential  elector  in  and  for  the  First  District;  David 
Musick  in  the  Second,  and  J.  Logan  in  the  Third. 
Todd  received  1111  votes,  and  his  o|iponent,  John 
Bull,  610  ;  Musick  received  004,  William  Smith  230, 
and  Ruluff  Peck  ITiO ;  Logan  received  327  votes,  to 
317  cast  for  David  Armour,  and  32  cast  for  R.  J. 
Dawson. 

At  this  election  the  candidates  for  President  of  the 
United  States  were  Henry  Clay,  John  Quincy  Adams, 
and  Andrew  Jackson. 

In  St.  Louis  the  candidates  were  David  Musick  as 
the  Clay  elector,  Ruluff  Peck  the  Adams,  and  William 
Smiih  the  Jackson  elector.  Henry  Von  Phul,  Hu- 
bert Guion,  and  Thomas  F.  Riddick  were  judges  of 
the  election,  and  John  J.  Doubcrman  and  L.  A.  Be- 
noist,  clerks.  Thompson  Douglass  was  the  justice  of 
the  peace  who  administered  the  oath  of  office  to  the 
clerks  and  judges  and  prefixed  hi.s  verification  of  that 
act  to  the  poll-book.  The  names  of  two  hundred  and 
ninety-five  voters  were  recorded.  Among  those  voting 
were  the  following : 

For  the  Clay  elector,  George  F.  Strother,  a  lawyer 
of  note,  and  afterwards  a  representative  in  Congress; 
John  Simonds;  Luke  E.  l^awle.ss,  afterwards  judge 
of  the  Circuit  Court ;  Henry  S.  Geyer,  afterwards 
United  States  Senator;  ILiiiry  Von  Phul;  L.  A. 
Benoist;  Spencer  Pettis,  killed  in  1831  in  a  duel; 
Elias  Rector,  once  surveyor-general  of  Illinois  and 
Missouri;  Peter  Lindell;  H.  G.  Farrar ;  Col.  Thomas 
H.  Benton;  William  Christy;  William  C.  Carr, 
judge  of  the  old  Court  of  Common  Pleas ;  James  Wil- 
gus,  brother  of  the  late  Asa  Wilgus ;  Elkanah  Eng- 
lish ;  Francis  Duehouquette ;  Charles  S.  Hempstead  ; 
Gabriel  Paul ;  Matthew  Kerr,  father-in-law  of  Hon. 
Samuel  Knox,  of  Massachusetts ;  Thr  nton  Grims- 
ley ;  David  B.  Hill ;  Samuel  Willi ;  A  .toine  Chenie ; 


Robert  Wash,  once  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court; 
Alexander  McNair,  Territorial  Governor  of  jMis- 
souri ;  Phineas  Block,  John  B.  Sarpy,  J.  B.  Bilcour. 
Francis  Te.sson,  Charles  Keenile,  Pascal  Cerrc'.  ^Vil- 
Ham  K.  Rule,  James  Gt  Soulard,  and  Augustc  lirj. 
zeau. 

For  the  Adams  elector,  John  Simkins,  Jr.,  Arclii. 
bald  Gamble,  postmaster  under  President  Fillmore; 
Edward  Charless,  ono"  co-proprietor  of  the  Mimmi 
Repiih/ican  ;  Josiah  Spaulding,  a  priminent  iiieinbit 
of  the  bar;  Sullivan  Blood;  Hamilton  (ianilJi. 
afterwards  judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  and  Guvernji 
of  Missouri ;  Edward  Bates,  afterwards  thi'  distin- 
guished jurist;  Alfred  Skinner;  Joseph  Cliiirlti!, 
Jr.,  murdered  while  president  of  the  Meulianic; 
Bank;  Edward  Tracy,  afterwards  city  auditur;  CI 
J.  B.  Brant;  Beriah  Ololand,  remembered  us 'the 
bard  of  the  West;"  Jesse  G.  Lindell,  John  D.  Da... 
gett,  Benjamin  Wilder,  Daniel   Hough,  J.  11.  Gav 

;  Frederick  L.  Billon,  Daniel  D.  Page,  John  OFallnii, 

!  William  Risley,  and  George  K.  McGunnegle. 
For  the  Jackson  elector,  Andrew  Kllidtt,  ('.  B 

,  Penrose,  Jr.,  afterwards  a   prominent   ]){)liiiciaii  of 

I  Philadelphia  and  office-holder  at  Wa.shingtijii,  fiib 
Bent,  N.  B.  Atwood,  Jo.seph  C.  Laveille,  AiigustU' 

i  Kerr,  and  David  Shcppard. 

i      The  vote  summed  up :  For  Clay,  1 25  ;  Adams. li','; 

I  and  Jackson,  71.' 

I  -     -  -  ^ 

'  Of  the  two  liundrml  and  ninety-flvo  who  votcil  (inly  tnfiiiv. 
nine  were  known  to  be  living  in  1866,  as  follows;  AmlniiKI 
liott,  Sullivnn  Blood,  ,\.  Skinner,  L.  A.  licnoiiil.  Hiil|jli  CI.im.i. 
lOlkannh  English,  D.  It.  Hill,  F,  L.  Billon,  I).  11.  I-Mg,.  I'liiiid, 
Block,  .funics  (i.  Souliird,  (J.  K.  AloOunneglc.  Danal  llmi 
■Ianu•^'  C.  ."^ultoii,  Archibald  Oainble,  Edward  Hales.  Ilciiry  V.i  j 
I'hiil,  Frederick  Dent,  John  D.  Daggett,  ,Iohn  II.  (lay,  S.  Will! 
Ben  Ames,  Emanuel  Block,  William  K.Riilo.  David  Slii|i|nri  I 
Bernard  I'ratte,  Charles  ,S,  Hempstead,  John  B.  Bilciinr,  l>aiii  | 
Dcshler, 

Mr,  Frederick    Ti,  Billon  relates   the  folli>v.inj;   iaiinMiu' 
reminiscences  of  the  Presidential  eleclion  of  ISL'l : 

"  When  the  first- Presidential  election  in  Missoari  icok  |i|jft. 
Nov.  1, 1824,  we  had  hut  three  votes  in  the  electoral  cclligf,  fji| 
our  two  senators  and  one  representative  in  Confrrc^s,  iiii<l  f' 
thai  purpose  were  divided  into  three  electoral  disiricls. audi 
somewhat  singular  circumstance  connected  with  that  lirst  ela- 
tion is  the  fact  that  each  one  of  the  three  candi<la(<<<4  tur  tbtl 
ofHi-e  for  whom  an  elector  presented  himself  in  our  "nri  SiaK-l 
Clay,  Adaun,  and  ,Iaokson — carried  a  district,  ."hnwin);.!  nrarl.tl 
equal  iliversily  of  opinion  in  our  .State  as  to  (he  thrcecanililal"! 

naineil.     For  the  fourth  nauio  then  before  (he  [ pi' — thiit  v.'| 

William  II.  Crawford,  of  (leorgia,  one  of  the  intot  i"iim!Rrii 
of  the  day  in  Ciuigress,  and  with  those  who  kne\\  liiai  |iprf' 
ally,  as  is  evin<'od  by  his  receiving  the  largest  \o|e  in  tlu'i.'ori-l 
g'   ssional  caucus — no  pidls  were  opened  iii  oar  .'^liitD.  iiih«'| 

I  having  presented  himself  as  his  elector, 

'  "We  had  but  three  municipal  townsliiips  la  narPl-t*-'! 
County  at  that  period,—,''!.  T.ouis,  extemling  S""ili  I"  im| 
mouth  of  the  Maraniec  ;  St.  Ferdinand's,  along  ""  tlir  Mill 


Iii 


the  Supreme  t'uun; 
ial  Governor  of  Mi,. 
i.  Surpy,  J.  B.  Bi  Icuur, 
nlc,  Pascal  Cerr('.  Wil- 
ard,  and  Augusts  Brj. 

hn  Sinikins,  Jr..  Arclii- 

er  President  Fillraorf: 

prietor  of  the  Miasm: 

g,  a  prominent  ineiiiljtr 

d ;    Hamilton    (ianiUt 

me  Court  and  Guveninr 

afterwards  thc^  distin. 

aner ;    Joseph    ( 'liurkij, 

nt   of    the    Muflianb 

sards  city  auditor ;  CJ. 

d,  remembered  us  ''ile 

.  Lindell,  John  1),  Da.-. 

liel   Hough,  J.  II.  Gav 

D.  Page,  John  O'Falliin. 

K.  McGunnegle. 

Andrew  Ellidtt,  (',  B 

prominent   jiolitician  uf 

er  at  WashinL'tmi.  !^ik 

h   C.  Laveille,  Aumu- 


.:*«< 


}i  i' 


V  Clay,  125;  Adams. 9li: 


Ly-flve  who  votcii  niily  twc-u'}- 
1866,  as  fcillows:  Andrew  G 
L.  A.  Iicni>i8l,  Kiilph  Cla;i"i. 
[i.  nillon,  D.I).  I';ige,l'liiiie.. 
MoOuniio){li',  Diinirl  llouA 
ble,  Edwiuil  Hiito!',  lli'DryWn  ] 
nggctt,  John  II.  (;:i.v,.';.Wil!, 
Inm  K.  Kiilu.  Ua\ M  ."'lu'iii'iti  I 
stead,  John  B.  H(-l(M)iir,  l>;uii  | 

tos   the  I'oMiiv.  inj;   inlmHiM'  | 
1  vlection  of  1.'<-I : 
Icution  in  Missouri  lunk  (ilm.  I 
ite»  in  tlio  electoral  ciillogc,  i : 
enlutivo  in  Coiigrcj?,  mil  f  ■! 
llireo  olootoral  clistriol*.  aiiJil 
connected  witii  tlnii  (iift  t\i-\ 
the  three  canditl.ilia  liirtliii| 
teil  hiniscir  in  oui  "vvii  Slale- 
cd  a  district,  pliowiiit;  .i  niMil; 
State  as  to  tlio  thircciiiiili'lii'" 

hen  hefore  tlie  | |rl..— ihal  .!| 

.  one  of  the  iiio-l  |Mi|iuUr »» I 
1  lhi>so  who  kni'w  liim  |ier!J>l 
ij!  tlie  hirttcst  i.'l^'  inllicfot.r 
9  openeil  in  oiii'  Slati'.  In)  »l| 
elector, 
III  townslii|ps  ill  iMii-  Si.  l."ii'l| 
,iiii.»,  uxteiiilins!  ^""'li  •"  *'l 
rdinnnd's,  nhmf  »n  tliv  M*l 


■:^' 


mmmmm 


mmmmmmmm 


'•■\'  ;■ :  ^;H;' 


i-SM 


H  ; 


'.^ 


3:i^ 


i'^ 


Kfia 


HTHTMpV    OT7    QiTVT    J  <^TTT« 


Wen:  Jniiii  8.  JJiii-!ii\v,  Joiii'  Mi'iiiii'M.  .iiid  \Vi;ii-»m 
Ohristy.  Obiwftionii  w<re  uimic  to  inchiiliu}:  Missui,  i 
in  ilie  count  of  iilcctors  for  President  ami  Vice-iVw- 
idunt.  bciNiur"'  ilie  tjtate  liii'i  ndt  iici'ii  formally  rccoji- 
uizrtd  as  udmittnl,  anil  ihi'  vole  •*;)•■<  'U't  ooimtcJ. 

In  J 822  a.i  act  was  passwl  iliviiUnjf  thu  Siaiu  into 
thr.;e  ilisMitits  for  th'i  '•Icctinn  i>f  )'ri*i<l«iitiii!  olccrors 
in  oiir-h  tli.-lriirl. 

The  First  District,  inciufifd  the  CDunfi-.-  i-f  Oiay, 
Kuj,  rh;irit.on,  Hqwunl,  Bo.mi-.  fall  ivw...  .  ' '  !■  ^''i- 
liiic.  Cooper,  nnd  LillBtd  (_!vdl'rfv<ri(»)i 

Tbe  S'Jftond,  Halls,  Pik«.  lAnwlii,  Moniftouietv, 
•At.  CliarUis,  St.  Loaiss  Vrni-  '  ■  'i fj-oiiado, 

Tho  Tliini,  ISti-  Oom^v  mi,  }'.)rr, .  Cftp«  i 

(tirardeau,  5^««'t.   \i\v    >^.  aid,  W  :)jiie,  Madiwm.  i-'t.  i 
Fiinuns,  :iud  V.  .•.,>l»in;:i  '=i. 

In  1824    l>;ivid  T-dd  was  iwmutiaiod  niid  elMflicd 
l're?id(niti>i!  .•I<!(!ti;ir  in  and  for  the  First  Di' (riot ;  liavid 
Mu<ii4  h<  *h«  .'^fti'ond,  and  J.  Lot;s".i  in  llu.  Third. 
Ti>ud  n.'doivcd    I  111    Votcf,  and    h  •  oppont'iii.  John  ^ 
Bull, 010 ;  Musielf  rw('i'..-.l (5(14,  Willifti!  ;:•, 

tuiij  Hulufl  P'ok  '    :      '     ■■Hi  n'Wiiffd  :  . 
1>!T  (■«>!  '•'.>■   ihi:  ^f  Mij'i   ;i:;  ■!• - 

AS-  '■'':■  -IK'  C!ir.;ilii.'>'''s  ''''i    1  :■<:••  I i.ti-1),  i.'l'  'iiu 

(Iriti';.  ra  Hriiry  ClflV.  Jiilii.  Qniiipy  Ad:U!is,  i 

uud  AndriJw  JaukiiOii 

I'l  ;!t,.  Ijouit;  till' ciaiidiMviicfi  »»fr<  i.iv;  li.-'i^:!, 
iliv:  Clay  wlc.-tov,  Kuiuir  i'ttl  thu  Adams,  .td  Will;:.. 
Smiih  r,hi>  .Jaek.sou  debtor.  Henry  Voti  I'hul,  Ua- 
hert  Giii>>n,  ard  Tliouiniji  F.  Iliddic-k  were  jndjri's  of 
ll;i;  t,!ffiii>ij,  aud  Jidin  .1.  Duiit.i.'riiian  and  J^.  .^.  l<i'.- 
noisi.  L'Icrks.  Tliomp -on  I)oU'.;lasa  was  ihi;  justice  f 
(.1  ;  lio  iiduiinistcred  »!«'  oath  of  >>ftiw  t<i  Ihn 

V  '  .    iiil^;i's  iiud  preBxcd  liiK  vt-rificatioti  uf  thiu 

act  to  rhc  j>i)lt-b.->ok.     Tlie  naujtw  >'f  two  hundnd  and 
votcTH wore retMirdrti      .A.'nun;:  '•   ■•••.•■ujj 
iiiwin',-; 

Vcjt  •  ■■    <'lay  tddct'ir,  (ior>rf:i'  F.  Siruther  »  lawyer 
of  M'i'.i  :    I'wards  ;i  r«pieHontalivi' ill  I'ongroBK; 

John  '■  •  ik'-  K   l/.iwlnis.  afterwards  judjio 

i)f  tl>'^  <'ii\.  i'lury  S.  Oeyor,  nfferwiird« 


(■idled    "^Mt-.     . 

B'tl'IIHt,      S[I<I!UN  '       I 

Kli&s   Hf'itor.  (nic«   - 
Missouri ;  I'eler  Lindoii ; 


irv    Von   JMiul;    h.  A. 

t  ii.    l^'iJI    in  a  dui,'), 

'■1  •       i    IlliniiiM  and 

'.  r-.rrui ,  «'oi.  Thomas 
H.  Ik'uton;  Willinm  ('hrlw' .  Wil'imu  C.  Carr, 
jud)»i'  of  the  old  (Smrl  of  Omius'w  '^i«:<fl  ;  ffiinuw  Wil- 
giiH,  lirrtli.-r  of  the  h.te  Asto  Wiii.::--'  I'JUiiitli  Eiip- 
li.^ir,  Krancin  l>ui-!i()uquiute;  Cliafl.->  >.  Hi'mp«t(;ad; 
Gabritd  I'mil ;  Miittliov.-  Korr,  fithrr  in  ia*  of  Hon. 
4'?oiDunl  Knosi,  f  Mii(ts.K;hii<foti»< ;  Tlionitop  Gmivs- 
b'y;  David  U.  iiili;  .■^miiuolAVilli ;  Antoinfl  Chenie; 


liobt  rt  Wu>li.  "iicc  jud,!.re  o!    tht;  Siiprein^ 
Alexander    McNair,   'J'lrritotial    tJovernoi 
.stniri;   I'liint-iui  IJloiik,  John  B.  Sarpy,  J,  W 
I'raneis  Tessou,  C'barU'S  Keomlo,  Cuwal  ' 
liiiu!  K.  Ilule,  danuMS  <i!  .Soulanl.  and  A 
zeiui. 

For  tint  Adams  i;li>ctor,  John  .'r.iiukins,  •■ 
bald  Gaidole.  po.-'tma.itt.'r  under  Presidaiii 
Edvviird  (.^liarless,  onw  eo-propriiuor  of  In- 
Rcpiilifioiii ;  Jo.«iiili  ,Spuul(iin«,  a  proniir>v 
of    the   bar;    Sullivan    BlooU ;     flnunit 
alVorwaid.'*  judj/o  nf  the  Supremo  Court  »'; ' 
of  Mijiiiouri;    Edward    liate^:,  ai'tcrward.'  ' 
sjuifhed  jurist;    Alfred   Skinner;    .)os.i'f 
Jr.,  nuiidured    while   presidnnl    of   thc- 
Baiik  i   IvJward  Tracy,  aftc  wavds  oity 
J.  ,1?    Bnint;    lioriah  (.'lelaud,  n'oiotn!' 
bjrd  of  thi'  West;"    Jesse  Q.  lindeil.   ' 
ptt,  U  njainin  VVildor,  Daniel   Hougi.. 
Frederick  L.  IJillon,  Danitsl  D.  PajiC,  Js't 
WiHia.iJ  RiKley,  and  Genr.ce  K.  Met.Juiv 

F,>r  the  JackHui   elector,   Aiidr.'W 
l'ctir).se,  Jr.,  afterwards   a   pr.iiiiineti.' 
i'hii'tiiclfdiiu   and   offii-i^-holdif   at   W;-. 
!><!i!    N.  B.  Alwoi-d,   Josepli    ''     L;;.. 
Kerr,  and  David  Sheppard. 
^  The  vote  summed  up :  For  Oky.  I 
^'■■  :'     1;  -t>    71.' 


'  Hi  ili«  two  immlrBj  ivii'l  niinn -rtvevfhc  ■ 

nine  were  ku""'»  I"  h"  livins  in  ISBfl,  a»  t 

liolt,  iStiillvan  Blond,   \.  Skinner,  r..  A.  \u 

E(k.iii,ili  Eiiglisli,  I).  It.  Mill,  F.  r..  Iiil!,>. 

IJloL'k,  .liiinos  (t.  i^oulard..  tj.  K   .Vt<iUro  • 

tlimuw  C.  Satton,  ArchilKvtd  Ouiiilil"  F  >  ■ 

t'lml.  l'r»idi<rlok  Uiint.  jMhn  D.  Du; 

Ik'o  .\iini!',  Bniftniii-I  tJlouk.  Williin.. 

Ilcnincd  Pi^ltc  Chnrlm  S.  Ilpinii.'f     : 

ni-hlfir. 
Mr.  KreileHek    li.  Billon  rflBt'-*    ■'(■■- 
i  irtiiinisoBUOiis  of  ttio  I'rCTM-niiftl  I  !• 
"  When  tho  firal  IVniilentiul  <i.i.. : 

Nov.  ^,  1P2I,  re  !md  but  thrw  v.  ic.   I 

our  t»,>  senator?  ati  I  one  rc|«i!*<!a: 
'    lli.'it  pvii-'i.-'e  wcif  ilirldi>i|   into  ll. 

itirnc^li   t  ^illgulllI  oircuinelnniw  I.'  . 

tion  i»  llip  faut  that  nacli  'nie  of  ' 
\  oflii'o  IVpi  nfioui  an  clwlor  iiri;*?n;. 

Clay,  .\(Inmii,  itud  .riirkiioti-  -.anii- 
'  efpial  diversiiyi'f  upioicn  in  »ur(?  . 

»ium:'l.     for  Hip  fuiirlh  minui  tl    ■ 

Willittm  JI.  Crawford,  of  fJO'irgin, 

of  I  lie  dii.v  in  t'oiigreii*,  and  will  ' 

nl'  ,  H'  i«  cvlni-od  by  lii»  (erolvlii- 

Hn  «»>oniil  cmmm— HO  |>o|l«  «<■(*■ 
•   lii'Vinu  prcrtenlrd  liiiu»c!f  ii" 
I       "We   had    bill   tbr.ie  muM      .'Hil"  I""'; 

Coaily   111    Hint    (loriod,-- .xt.   1...,!  -.   okten'l  . 

mouth  of  tho  Mmniaii!;  St.  Fordinanrt'*.  i>l  > 


v-l 


V. 


V//^/^ 


OktMl'lillS 

Illl'O.    Ill""/ 


|i 


I'-S?!'" 


M 


All 
the  I'l 
ihis  I 
<oiial 

suuri ; 
miinty, 
til}-  iif  ■ 
St.  lim 
been  in 
elec'tioii 
grr??iii; 
jtntp,  ii 
liic  pel 
Stall's  \ 
Loui.*  I 
iiileti'-i 
tlie  |iu 
Jay. 

■■  1  wc 
li.i-  v.itc 
licH-  It] 

Fri.lay, 
west  i'i>r 
plafteroi 
anii  tliei 
mayor,  t 
[wraiily, 
at  tlio  w 
rtanJ  f"i 
lary.  T 
twenty  n 
the  ilill'i'i 
tlie  inecti 
same  brc 
views. 

"Th,- 

opiiiiun  i 

foiial  |ir>' 

parlicula 

confuMiiii 

some  ')tip 

:  sliouM  ili 

I  (oraers.  a 

I  pnipo'ilic 

I  frame,  no 

aclly.'  an 

I  fe'fufliis 

[  mentoftli 

I  Bosej,  ili( 

I  It  all  c\  0 

J  t,iin  the  r 

I  titC'l.luri 

!U'l*-kl 

"This 
«illi  the 

I  liroi-fe.lin 
"f  .Anilrc\ 
l're-ii|ent 
L,f, 

!  "i- ill  all 
.>:,.ia.w.l 
!"»  fiiy, 
>'■':■[>•',>.  . 

I  Ki  other! 


POLITICAL  PROGRESS. 


667 


Aiii'im;  tlios(!  who  wore  i)rominently  identified  with 
the  idiiiiiiorcial  and  imlitical  history  of  St.  Louis  at 
iliis  tiiiii'  was  Peter  Lindell.  Ho  was  ti  warm  por- 
-oiiiil  iiiid   political   friend  of  He-iry  Clay,  and  took 

Biiiiri:  iiimI  nunhuiniiio,  cnibriioiiig  tliu  biK'k  ])()rlinn  of  tlio 
wimlv,— with  liiit  one  voting  prcuinnt  in  cadli  tuwiit<lii|i, — the 
cilv  i)f  St.  Tiouis  anil  the  villages  of  Flori.-.sant  and  Manclicfiti'i-. 
ft.  I.'Mii-  liail  jii8t  then  leuchud  the  dignity  of  a  city,  having 
befii  in'"r|iorated  as  such  the  year  ]>receding.  Wo  had  had 
elections  Ihtc  for  some  twenty  years,  of  various  degrees,  jiro- 
Crr^^in;;  imward  from  town  and  Territorial  to  trity,  county,  and 
"Ijlc,  iinii  generally  they  had  excited  but  little  interest  with 
lilt  people ;  but  an  election  for  a  President  of  these  United 
States  wa-^  an  entirely  new  sensation,  which  the  voters  of  St. 
Louis  liii'l  not  as  yet  experienced,  and  occasioned  con.-^idei'ablo 
inlcrcft  in  the  people  at  largi^,  and  no  little  excitement  with 
till-  politieians,  of  whom  wo  had  our  full  share  even  at  that 

JilV. 

■I  well  remember  on  one  occasion  a  general  assemblage  of 
llie  voters  at  large,  called  to  take  some  action  and  express  their 
views  upon  tlic  momentous  subject.  The  meeting  was  held  on 
Fri'liiy,  May  7,  1.S24,  in  the  oM  Ibiptist  Church  at  tho  south- 
ret  nirncr  of  Market  and  Third  Streets  (an  unlinished  and  un- 
plastercil  room  of  forty  by  sixty,  abandoned  by  the  Baptists, 
auJ  llicn  used  for  all  purposes).  Our  then  newly-inado  worthy 
iMjor,  the  late  Dr.  W.  Carr  Lane,  was  culled  to  preside  lem- 
]wrarily,  and  to  k  his  position  on  a  small  temporary  platform 
lit  llic  west  end  of  the  room  that  had  originally  served  as  a 
<l.iinl  for  tho  preacher,  and  Amos  I.  liruee  was  named  na  seero- 
tary.  Tlierc  might  have  been  present  some  one  hundred  and 
Inraly  or  thirty  persons,  of  all  shades  of  opinions  in  regard  to 
tljL' 'liHeretu  candidates.  After  a  time  quite  a  tumult  arose  in 
ilic  nioetiiig  from  various  proptisitions  offered,  nearly  all  in  the 
5aine  breath,  ea"h  aiming  at  tlio  adoption  of  his  particular 
views. 

"Tile  ilillieiilty  in  the  way  was  not  so  much  diversity  of 
opiiiion  in  political  sentiment  as  it  was  to  reconcile  the  per- 
fOiial  prefeivnecs  of  those  at  the  meeting  in  respect  to  their 
pariicuhir  candidates.  Finally,  .ifter  considerable  noise  and 
cunfusiuii,  which  tho  presiding  officer  was  unable  to  suppress, 
some  one,  in  a  hmd  voice  above  th^-  tumult,  proposed  that  we 
ilioulililividc,  the  friends  of  each  retiring  into  one  of  the  four 
corners,  and  the  strongest  party  keep  the  house.  Upon  which 
froposilion  one  of  our  prominent  residents,  a  man  of  niusi'uhir 
frame,  not  very  limg  since  deceased,  said  'this  suited  him  ex- 
;i  !:\,' aiitl  prepared  at  once  for  the  conflict  by  divesting  Iiim- 
'  '"t'lii^  e.iat  iind  rolling  up  his  sleeves,  to  the  infinite  amusc- 
aiil'.l'tlieir.ceiing.  After  several  inclVeetUftl  attempts  to  '  count 
DIM'S  the  .liicksimites  present  being,  if  not  the  most  numerous, 
«I  all  cveuts  the  most  noisy  and  vociferous,  were  allowed  to  re- 
hin  the  nioiu,  much  the  largest  portion  of  the  others  havini;  re- 

■  1  liiriii;,'  I  lie  tumult,  a  few  only  remaining  as  spectators  in 
':■(  M'-k  rniiiii. 

"  Ihis  piirty  then  proceeded  to  reorganize  their  meeting 
"iili  the  siiiiie  ollicers,  some  thirty  or  so  participating  in  tho 
It  ivlings.  and  adopted  resolutions  expressive  of  their  choice 
1  Aiilrtw  .l.iekson  and  .lohn  C.  Calhoun  tor  tho  positions  of 
I'le.iOent  and  Vice-President.     This  meeting  was  mainly  eoiu- 

'"f  politicians,  prominent  among  whom  were  Duff  Green, 

''!  ■  111  lifter  years  contributed  so  largely  to  the  first  election  of 
•li.liiii  ,liiel<sim  by  the  establiahmcnt  of  his  paper  at  Washing- 
' "  'iiy,  1111(1  Patrick  II.  Ford,  both  newspaper  editors,  l)r. 
i  ■'■•«']<>■%  John  Shade,  .1.  C.  I.aveille,  Uocheblavo,  Elliott,  Kerr, 
'sJoihcrs  whose  names  do  not  recur  to  me. 


an  active  interest  in  his  ciinvass.  He  was  descended 
from  an  Kiif^lisii  <;entlenian  wlio  settled  in  Worcester 
County,  Md.,  early  in  the  last  century,  on  a  tract  of 
land  granted  by  the  lord  proprietary.  Upon  his 
death  the  first  settler  bequeathed  this  property  to 
his  son  John,  who  uiana<;cd  tiie  estate  successfully, 
aird  was  regarded  as  one  of  the  luost  skillful  farmers 
of  that  rejrion.  John  Lindell  had  a  large  family,  the 
eldest  son  being  Peter,  afterwards  a  resident  of  St. 
Louis,  who  was  born  March  26,  1776. 

Until  he  attainted  his  majority  Peter  Lindell 
Worked  on  the  farm  and  attended  the  schools  of  the 
neighborhood,  but  owing  to  tiie  unsettled  state  of 
afl'airs  resulting  from  the  Revolutionary  war,  the  colo- 
nists were  able  to  pay  littlo  attention  to  educational 
matters.  Whatever  may  have  been  the  deficiencies 
of  his  early  education,  however,  he  more  than  sup- 
plied them  in  later  life,  as  opportunity  enabled  him 
to  indulge  his  taste  for  reading.  He  possessed  a  fine 
library,  and  was  very  well  read  in  most  matters  of 
general  interest. 

At  ttie  age  of  twenty-one  he  went  into  business  on 
Ills  own  account,  and  for  some  years  conducted  a  store 
in  the  neighborhood  witli  considerable  success.  Then, 
with  his  brothers  Robert  and  John,  he  was  seized 
with  tho  prevalent  fever  to  go  West,  and  the  three 
started  out,  reaching  St.  Louis  in  December,  1811. 
It  seemed  a  promising  place,  and  as  they  had  no  ])ar- 
ticular  point  in  view  they  concluded  to  settle  here, 
and  established  a  general  mercantile  concern  on  Main 
Street,  with  a  larger  stock  of  goods  than  had  ever 
been  opened  in  the  town  before,  and  very  soon  were 
doing  an  extensive  business.  Peter  Ijindell  was  the 
resident  partner,  and  his  brothers  represented  the 
liouse  \broad.  This  was  before  the  days  of  steam- 
boating,  when  c^oods  had  to  be  transported  by  wagon 
from  Philadelphia  to  Pittsburgh,  and  thence  by  flat- 
boat  down  the  Ohio.  The  Lindells  transacted  busi- 
ness on  such  a  scale  that  they  found  it  to  their  inter- 
est to  own  their  boats,  and  when  steam  navigation 
came  into  u.se  they  also  owned  and  managed  their 


"This  meeting  took  place  in  the  early  part  of  May,  fully  six 
months  before  the  day  of  election,  giving,  one  would  suppose, 
ample  time  for  tho  anxious  politicians  and  those  )iersonally 
interested  in  Mie  matter  to  marshal  their  forces  and  prepare  for 
the  contest.  Yet  when  the  day  of  election  linully  arrived  tho 
total  number  of  votes  cast  at  St.  Louis  precinct  was  but  295,  of 
which  Clay  received  12,'),  Adams  99,  and  Jackson  71,  exhibiting 
a  very  meiigro  vote  in  a  population  of  about  61100  souls  and  a 
voting  population  of  not  less  than  700,  for  St.  Louis  precinct  in- 
cluded at  that  day  all  of  what  is  now  Carondelet  township  and 
11  large  portion  of  Central;  and  of  these  29.')  voters,  but  117  were 
of  the  original  native  French  stock,  evincing  the  little  interest 
taken  by  that  portion  of  our  population  in  political  matters." 


\ 


I!" 


568 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


own  craft,  and  cstablisliod  tlio  first  jiackct-line  to 
ri^'tsburfjh.  From  tlio  extuTil  and  varii'ly  oi'  tlieir 
operations  the  name  of  tlie  Lindells  became  famous 
tlirousihoiit  the  entire  West. 

After  some  years  Robert  Lindell  married,  and, 
havinf^  heeomo  wealth v  withdrew  from  the  firm  and 
removed  to  Pittsburf^ii.  Peter  then  sent  for  Jesse,  a 
younijor  brother,  whose  father  had  died,  and,  takinf; 
him  under  his  charge,  sent  him  back  to  Philadelphia 
to  complete  his  education,  and  then  admitted  him  to 
the  firm.  Eventually  Peter,  in  whom  family  affec- 
tion was  stronir,  collected  the  whole  family  in  St. 
Louis. 

Iiong  before  this  Peter  Lindell  was  recognized  iis 
one  of  the  most  substantial,  safe,  and  enterprising 
business  men  of  the  place.  He  had  built  up  a  splen- 
did fortune  on  strong  common  sense,  integrity,  indus- 
try, energy,  and  temperate  business  habits.  Upon 
his  .settling  in  St.  Louis  the  place  wiis  but  little 
better  than  a  town  of  log  cabins,  and  Lindell,  soon 
afler  his  arrival,  created  general  astonishment  by 
building  three  brick  houses,  which  were  long  the 
wonder  of  the  place. 

In  that  early  period,  when  steamboats  were  unknown, 
and  when  the  merchant  went  Ea.st  to  buy  goods,  he 
had  to  perform  a  long  and  fatiguing  journey  of  one 
thousand  miles,  either  on  liorseback  or  by  the  slow 
and  tedious  keel-boat,  Lindell  had  his  share  of  such 
experiences,  which  were  not,  indeed,  unfraught  with 
danger.  He  was  then  in  the  prime  of  a  splendid 
manhood,  and  his  strength  and  courage  were  often 
put  to  the  test  in  the  wild  regions  through  which  he 
was  obliged  to  journey. 

He  continued  as  a  merchant  until  1824,  and  then 
turned  his  attention  to  the  purchase  and  improve- 
ment of  property  in  St.  Louis.  By  buying  land  at  a 
low  figure  and  holding  it  for  a  ri.so  in  value  as  the 
city  grew,  the  Lindell  brothers  became  enormously 
rich.  On  one  occasion  Peter  Lindell  purchased  for 
one  dollar  and  seventeen  cents  an  acre  two  hundred 
acres  of  land  which  is  now  in  the  very  heart  of  St. 
Louis.  Jesse  died  in  1858,  leaving  his  widow  two 
millions  of  dollars  for  life ;  and  Peter's  estate  when 
he  died  (in  18G1)  was  thought  to  be  worth  six  mil- 
lions of  dollars,  and  was  the  largest  that  up  to  that 
time  had  ever  been  divided  in  St.  Louis.  It  em- 
braced about  forty  blocks  in  the  very  centre  of  the 
business  portion  of  the  city,  and  about  twelve  hun- 
dred acres  (unimproved)  in  the  suburbs  (West  St. 
Louis),  now  in  the  city,  and  a  great  part  still  un- 
improved. 

By  that  magical  power  which  some  men  pos.sess, 
whatever  he  touched  turned  to  money  ;  and  from  his 


great  wealth  (phenomenal  in  an  age  when  larui'  mtn. 
mutations  of  fortune  were  comparatively  rare  i  he  l,e. 
came  almost  as  well  known  throughout  the  West  aj 
the  great  river  that  washed  the  city  and  once  linatej 
his  boats. 

He  was,  as  might  be  inferred,  a  public  >j,i]i.,i 
man.  He  was  one  of  the  incorporators  and  ilinciurs 
of  the  old  Missouri  Insurance  Company,  uml  w;b 
also  one  of  the  directors  of  the  Bran  ;h  Hank  ,,('  ii^, 
United  States  in  1835.  His  name  is  perpctuntiij  in 
the  "Lindell  Hotel,"  the  greater  part  of  liic  blml; 
on  which  it  stands  having  been  donated  for  tliut  imr- 
pose  by  himself  and  Jesse  Lindell.  He  was  ulsu  the 
largest  stockholder  in  the  old  "  Lindell  Hotol."  In 
the  improvement  of  his  immen.se  estate  he  kilt 
many  houses,  and  dedicated  many  streets  to  tlio  iiul. 
lie,  and  was  never  (as  so  many  land-owners  li;iv,j 
been)  an  obstacle  to  the  progress  of  the  city.  "  Lin. 
dell  Avenue,"  the  hand.somest  and  most  fasliidiiiible 

I  boulevard  in  West  St.  Louis,  was  named  in  jmin" 
tribute  to  his  memory  by  his  heirs,  who,  puLlic. 
spirited  like  himself,  presented  it  to  the  city. 

In  politics  Mr.  Lindell  was  an  Old-Lino  WliJ!;  a* 
long  as  the  party  existed,  and  then  beciinio  a  Dtuii.- 
crat.  He  was  a  slaveholder,  but  was  a  tluiU'.'iiil'iil 
and  kind  master.  He  was  brought  up  under  .Mfihu- 
dist  influences,  but  never  co!inected  hinisilf  wiili  ilie 
church,  and  nevir  married.  Mr.  Lindell  Wii,s  a  ii),i:i 
t)f  great  natural  warmtli  of  lieart,  as  wa.s  evinced  bv 
his  treaii.ient  of  less  fortunate  members  of  iiis  finiiilv. 
In  his  business  he  was  scrupulously  exact  in  fullillin:' 

'  his  obligations  to  others,  and  insisted  with  ri^'or  upon 
his  dues  from  them,  yet  he  was  very  lonsidinito  ti 

,  the  unfortunate  but  honest  debtor,  and  did  many  an 
act  of  kindness  to  such  of  which  the  wmld  nivi-r 
heard,  and  of  which,  also,  the  living  wiiin'ssr-  ;iri- 
now  few,  for  he  survived  nearly  all  tlicso  wlm  wire 
associated  with  him  in  the  work  of  building  up  St. 
Liiuis.  Of  all  his  intimate  conipaiiions  (ady  t'lie  is 
left,  the  honored  Henry  Shaw. 

Born  just  before  the  Declaration  ol'  Indipondi iice 
was  promulgated,  he  lived  to  .see  his  idiiiitiy  inu- 
vul.sed  in  the  throes  of  civil  war.  Despite  his  gvat 
age,  he  was  in  harness  to  the  last,  peixmally  super- 
vising his  large  estate  and  adding  to  it.    lie  diwl 

I  Oct.  26,  181)1.,  lull  of  honors,  closing  a  inn;:,  well- 
spent  life  with  pious  resignation,  and  was  ivirretieJ 
us  one  of  the  most  una.ssuming  as  well  as  ImnnrcJ  ana 
respected  citizens  of  his  time.  He  was  biiriid  in  hi* 
own  family  burying-ground  in  the  contio  id'  tiio  lariie 
farm  that  had  so  long  been  the  pride  of  Ids  luiuiliooJ 
and  the  consolation  of  his  declining  years. 

His  honest,  industrious,  and  temperate  life,  and  his 


re  when  hw^v.  uetii. 
atively  rai-c  i  iio  lie- 

JillDUt    lllO  Wl'.'I  u 

ity  and  otiec  Hnateii 

J.   a   publii' -iiirit.il 
jratora  and  dirccturs 
Conipiiny,  and  was 
3rau  ;h  Hiiiik  nf  tlic 
JO  is  pcvpi'tuiilcd  in 
ir  part  of  I  lie  blntk 
lunatcd  fur  that  [nir- 
ill.     He  was  iilsij  ilie 
Lindell  Hcitol."    Id 
use   estate   lie  liuili 
ly  streets  In  the  [mli- 
iiy  land-owners  haw- 
i  of  the  city.    "  Lin- 
[ind  luost  lasliiiiiiiiUe 
jras  named  in  liiviii<; 
i   heirs,  who,  public- 
I  to  the  city. 
xn  Old-Line  Whig  as 
then  became  a  Denin- 
)ut  was  a  thiiu<;litful 
light  up  iiiiiler  Mi'llii)- 
cted  hiin.self  with  ilie 
Ir.  Lindell  was  a  ni.i:i 
,rt,  as  was  evincwl  by 
mbers  uf  his  ftiuily. 
:ly  exact  in  I'ultillin;: 
sisted  with  rii;iir  upon 
very  cdnsiilerutc  to 
tor,  and  did  iiiiiiiy  an 
iiieh   the  world  iiov.r 
living  witnesses  arv 
■ly  all   these  wlm  vfrt 
riv  of  buililini;  up  N. 
impanidiis  luily  one  is 


m 


m 


yr^ 


m 


I    ■li! 


Iition  of  liiilciieinl'iiw 

sec  his  eiiuiitry  ('""• 

ir.     Despite  his  L'Vt.it 

last,  pcrsiiiiaily  suin-t- 

ding  t.)  it.     lie  J'l'l 

elo-siii;;  a  l"ii^',  «'«"■ 
on,  and  was  res:rette<l 
as  well  as  hniieved  anJ 

He  was  buvieil  i"  lii*  ■ 
the  centre  of  the  law 

pride  of  his  niiuihooil 
iiiing  years. 

temperate  life,  and  1"- 


368 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


i  J*" 


I 


t":\ 


l.Wll     ITiUI.    ilTIil  I     I  !;■      11:-  '    Kin'     In 

l'i't!<tn(pi»li       Ki  :imd  iiuil  !    'hrir 

■'{lor.itions  thi.   uunic  of  Itui  Liniiul: 
tiirniijlniut  tl;:;  enlilt'  Wi'St. 

Afl'T  jiwini'    yvurs    li(ih«rl    LinJcll   iii;imi.  .         ; 
hiivinp  becoini-  wi'ilthy,  withdti'w  tVimi  ilu-  firm  w  ■ 
'I'luiiv.J  f>i  f'irtsl  urgli.     Fctcr  tlicn  writ  fi-r  .IcHhi'.  ,i 
.'iiiii;;ii  l.i.thfT,  wl    "(e  fiith'T  \y  '   't'-t,  ami,  inkiii'/ 
Jiini  llmlov  his  criiaii;'*,  soiit   him  '  :  !■ 

to  CUI' j.lcU    ■  •  '■       .■      I'  I  I    li-vl    Ijil."    11. 

til"  tirtr..      1  I  •'»ii'"  -ifl-  (>- 

iM    ^v:l•    -'I'la.';,   '  olii'ci 'i. 

.iii(f  of  tho   niAsi    suMiiiitittt    ■  •  iitiirpniiiii:; 

i'liMiiem  rm'ti  of  tht'  j.lu^-s'.      I'     i  .  ■.  "yi.t  up  »  sjiiini- 
•ii'l  f'Tiiiii''  liii  Rlrni.;-  f(num'.  »"•  ji«n(*e,  i(iU!j!;ri'-y.  iii'liis 
1  ;iiiU  torapt^iTHtft   buHiiioM   I'.iibita.     I'pon 

ill   i^l.  L<>ui>   chc.   pluco   was   hut    iittle 
b'  .  I  li)'*'n  I'f  irg  cnhiii«    iitiH    l,iiiu.-.ll,  sooii 


:.<vl 


at   hy 

■a  lb.' 


uf'ti.T    i\ih    aiiivil,  t'!« 
l.uiiidiii'.'   •!  ■    ■    '  ■ '  ■ 

III  ihui  C-.    ■ 
HI!'-}  when   il.-'  i.  ■  i'.,  ■      w, ,:.,'.   . 
h.ni  ")  j'criVirui  :\  iitiis^    imi   I'h! 

{hoasiir.d  uiili.w,  nivhf.r  jn  hi/iVfeD.icii  i>r  by  iix;  slow 
uml  loiiimis  kfif'  ho:it.  Lunlell  ha(i  his  shart-  uf  MXih 
ovt".irii'.iii:i'(i,  which  \irni  not,  indeed,  i)iifr!iUf,':hi,  with 
d.in:riT.  Ilf  was  then  iti  ihn  primn  of  a  xplendid 
iiini.ho(!d,  and  his  .strensib  'I'ni  courapte  Wcru  ofwu 
}iut  to  tho  t/'st  in  the  wild  regions  (linVusfh  whicii  im 
wu"  "l>liged  til  jiiurncy. 

Wii  c'lntinuod  Its  a  iiiBix'liani     '  '    ...i.i 

♦urni'jd  \\w  nrioiiiioii  Ui  r,h('  i        • 

iiii'iif  ■>!' property  in  St.  Louis. 

!ow  (i.iUi(v  liiid   holdin'?  it  for  ,.     ■-    i       m-.-  I. 

city  pvi'W,  tho  l>irirl<>ll  brother.*  bt'fwim-  (>fiorin.iii';lv 

rii!       (_)n  Oil','  i>tio;iaioii  PtUer  Liii  • 

'Hill  d..li:ir  ftiid  .*evHiH'cn  wni.H  III)  «i.o.     ..■■   .   i    .i.  i 

aenti  .if  Imifi  w.iirh  if!  nrtw  in  tin*  very  hem!  <;.-;'  Si. 

Loiii-  iviiii:  iii.T  willow  iwu 

K.ii'    '■•  ..■•:     .:.       i    .1      .    .;:  .     .n.l     i'l.'l'V        '  ■\-Vr    V  ' 

!...    '  ,,    '■.'-'M)  «;)i«   ■lio.hrbt     .1    ■ 

lioiiii  vS'  doiiHi-^,  and  .. 
fituo  hfld  fViT  been 
br;\(^id  iibout   f'irty  b; 
bu.-iii''*"  1  ortion  •'('  t! 
Jreti  sMes  (uiiimprosi 
Louis\  now  in   thi!  city,  mid 
iiiij^rr  vtd. 

I.?y  thai   iii'iirimd  po    t.i  win  ►    "i  ui'.-   ;u.  n   jii'^sec-, 
whiit«v('r  b'»  loiicbid  turiifd  to  mouny ;  in; »  from  bi.n 


lint   up  'O   ill  r 
'     •■        ft  ••lii- 

•   of  tht! 
■      -.veite  liiiu- 

■\\"     •    - 


Ji,!!'  II     HVIlilh    I   pilfll''im''lllil    HI    110    .I!-.'    Willi 

Ujuiatioiis  of  fortmio  wen  t'oi()|,;iri.iivi'iv 
.  :irn>'  uhnor'l  11.1  well  ktiuwii  ilirou^liotu   . 
■ho  L-roai  river  that  wusli'd  t'lin  city  «!• 

•    WHS,  ii«   inijiht    !■      ■        • 

iprin         Ho  W;l8  Olji!  oi'   till    111' oij -'0  ' 

of  III    old    Missouri     lii.suniiu;o   s..'oinp. 
m'.so  oiii'  •){'  tlio  diroeiois  of  lh«  BritD(!!i 
Uiiii<'d  Stiiti'"  ill  mnri.     Hi-'  ti.itiio  in  I 
tho  '   Lindcl!    HoU'I,''     ho  grmoot    (mt: 
111  wiiifh  it  »t!iij<)«(  hnviitjj  bi'cn  d'liiiUi'd 
|.oB(!  bv  bim'elf  uiid  Jos-so  liindf!!       i' 
liirj.;<>.'~t  >;!ick holder  in  ibo  old  ''  1.  ■   . 
the    iiiiprovcmt'iit    of  lii»  iniimi 
inuh,'  liousi-H,  and  dt'dicated  inimj  >:^,'-. 
liij.  and   vm    iifivor  (as   so   many  litiri 
been)  rin  obstiiole  iu  the  progri'ss!  of  tb 
doll   .Vvouui',"  the  h:tiidM>i)icst  and   ii. 
boiiltviird  ill  West  St.   Louis,  wiw  n  ■ 
tribute    10  .his   iijoiiior/   l»y  his   li    • 
spiiittid  like  bimsell',  prcm'titod  it  i'    ' 
In  ]i(ilit.ii.'.s  Mr.  Lindoll  wus  an   '• 
;•>  the  pitrty  evietcd,  and   tb<'  ■ 
..I  ,      [Its  witv  a  .slaveholder,  but    ■ 
lud  kind  lunf tor.     He  wa.t  broi;;,h 
di.^t  influfuct's,  but  n«vi-r  fonnctt  ■ '. 
chiiroli,  and  never  niiirried.     ^m'. 

■  of  great  nutiiral  wannth  of  i: 

,  hift  liv-aini  ■III  of  j.'.as  fo  i 

i  In  hi.s  busiiios.'i  ho  W;!.-;  ■-■     ,, 
hisi  obltjruti^,  nsi  to  otbt.TK,  iiod    :  ~. 
hiu  duM  from  thwin,  yet  he      •  • 
'hv  uufortiinale  but  hoii'  -'    '  ■■ 
i<'.t   of  kindoe.ss   to  .sucli 

!.   .iiid  of  whiidi,  ai  ,11,  'i 
,..  ,   I'uvv,  lor  he  .surviviid  11' .1  . 
tisniuint.'d  with  him  in   tho  w 
.-.     (H'  all  hi*  iulii' 

-.1,  ibc  lujiioreil  Hi;nry  .  

liorn  jiL^t  lififore  the  Di'^I^ 
w«8  proiiiiilij:rtti'd,  he  lived  1 
'.  iil.«cd  ill  ilie  lliroi'S  of  oivil  ' 
.,'^:\  b(!  iras  in   '       n.'ss  to  I' 
■;  his  hiFsio  estnte  land 
t)>      L'fi,   18(;i,  full  of  hon.r 
.spent  life  with  piun.t  ri.siui;^.^ 
U8  one  of  the  most  un:i,-«iHi.inji;  a»  wi^li  ■■■ 
•I'speeted  citizens  of  his  lime      He  Wi'- 
iwn  family  biiiying-frronn'i  in  tb.i'  een''. 
I'.irni  thai  h:n.'  .so  lonjr  busn  tlie  pride  of  !:■ 
and  tho  conHobuion  of  his  d;-olininj!  Vi^ar'^ 
Hi.s  bone*t,  indu:<triouK,  and  tempi  i^.^ie  ii 


%  "i 


n.i'i  ■•■  ■ 


1  iiiing  ye"-* 
I  ifiupf-i-uie  ; 


«y''h/tWfl«'*-" 


111!.!.,, 
il 


■ 


i 


POLITICAL  VHOGRKSS. 


seo 


lonu'.  sinsiiliirly  porHistfiit,  mid  Bii(;f(>Nsfiil  bu.siiii'.ss 
I'lirivr  iil"iiiii<!  in  useful  Icsmoiis  for  coming  ;.'cnorii- 
liiiH,  mill  (liM^rvc  long  to  bo  liold  in  Innioruhlu 
r,'iii('iiilir:iti(U'. 

,|('ssi'  1 1,  liindcll,  wliimo  niinii>  is  inseparably  nxso- 
ciiited  wiili  timt  of  IVtcr  Lindnll,  his  older  brother, 
was  l)(irn  en  iho  Kustorn  Hhore  of  Miiryliind,  \)i'c.  I  (J, 
I7111I.  Tlie  oirounistances  under  \(hieh  ho  was  reared 
iii;\V  be  interred  from  tho  above  skoteh  of  Peter  Lin- 
(Icjj,  mid,  ewinn  to  tho  brotherly  generosity  and  over- 
ji.;|it  (if  I'eli'r,  ho  enjoyed  tho  advantagos  of  an  ox- 
(. '  •  ediieaiion  and  received  a  good  start  in  business 
l'.  At  iV'ter's  solieitation  ho  removed  to  St. 
Lduis,  luid  for  HevornI  years  was  as-'ocdated  with  him 
ill  the  diviroods  business  on  Main  Street.  He 
broui.'lit  tlio  eiiorey  of  youth  to  tho  enter|prise,  atid 
ciiiitributid  bis  full  share  to  the  groat  prosperity 
wliicli  iiiii'iided  tho  wido-sprond  undertakings  of  tho 
Liiiduil  brotbors.  In  1825  he  abanduned  tho  merean- 
lilu  busiiii'.".'!  and  engaged  in  operations  in  real  estate, 
of  wliich  bo  made  large  pundia.ses.  Ho  was  a  firm 
Wlii'Vi'r  in  tho  future  of  St.  Louis,  and  had  tho  satis- 
liiciinn  of  secdng  his  judgment  vi>idieated  by  tho  t,  • 
voliiiis  rise  in  values  from  1825  10  1850  and  later. 
''('liile  lie  was  noted  as  a  shrewd  and  careful  .nanager, 
and  by  bis  forosight  accumulated  u  large  estate,  ho 
tlimi;.dit  less  of  making  large  acquisitions  than  did  hi.s 
Imiiier  I'eter,  and  often,  when  rallied  upon  lotting  a  de- 
sirable opportunity  to  make  money  escape  him,  would 
reply  tliiit  bo  bad  real  estate  enough. 

Like  I'cter  Liiidell,  ho  was  connected  with  nearly 
all  ilii  important  enterprises  of  tho  day.  His  public 
iDiitribiitiiiiis  were  numerous  and  liberal,  among  the 
best  leiiu'uiborod  being  the  gift  by  him.^olf  and  his 
lirntlior  of  a  large  portion  of  tho  block  on  which  the 
Liiulill  Ilutt'l  stands.  Besides  this  princely  donation, 
k'  subscribed  many  thousand  dollars  to  tho  old  hotel. 
He  WHS  a  director  in  the  old  Missouri  Hank,  the  Mis- 
-I'liri  I'aiitic  liailroad,  ami  many  other  of  tho  great 
lii^tniic  i'iit('r|iriscs  of  his  generation  ;  and  the  recol- 
liTiiiiiis  111'  bis  active  and  useful  citizimship  are  fresh 
ami  vivid,  iiltbough  a  quarter  of  a  century  has  elapsed 
siiirelu'  pusscil  away. 

On  til, ■  lltli  of  December,  1825,  Mr.  LindcU  mar- 
riiJ  .Mis.  Jciuima  Smith,  widow  of  Oliver  Smith. 
This  Hiiiuii  was  childless.  Mrs.  LindcU  is  still  living, 
ami  is  fund  of  relating  tho  interesting  experiences  of 
Her  early  life  in  St.  Louis.  She  is  a  native  of  Ken- 
tuiky,  mid  canio  with  her  parents  to  tho  city  when 
I  lui  six  years  old.  Her  family  was  tho  -■  :th  Engliah- 
siieakiii;,'  one  that  settled  in  St.  Louis. 

Jesse  LiTulell  was  of  a  retired  nature,  with  strongly- 
[niarked  domestic  tastes,  and  spent  the  greater  portion 


of  his  time  during  the  latter  years  of  his  lilo  in  tho 
rational  enjoyments  of  homo,  where  his  warm  and 
genial  disposition  manifested  itself  without  restraint. 
His  doors  were  always  opiiii  to  tho  homeless,  and 
many  wero  the  young  peo|>le  whom  ho  thus  befricnilod 
in  the  ah.'<encc  of  children  of  his  own.  Ho  ditul  on 
the  2d  of  February,  1858,  in  tho  Kpi.scopal  faith,  of 
which  chnrcli  ho  was  a  eommunicant. 

Tho  gubernatorial  doction  of  1821  excited  very 
great  intorest  in  St.  Louis.  The  candidates,  Fred- 
erick L,.„  and  Oon.  William  H.  Ashley,  wero  men 
of  pcr.xoiial  po|iularity,  each  of  whom  had  done  tho 
State  good  service.  Frederick  Bates,  long  a  resident 
of  St.  Louis,  had  discharged  the  duties  of  important 
jilaces  under  tho  Territorial  government,  and  was 
well  known  and  highly  esteemed.  Gen.  Ashley  had 
pushed  with  daring  intrepidity  into  the  wilds  of  tho 
Koeky  Mountains,  carrying  the  trade  of  the  city  into 
I  I. explored    ronions,    and,    awing   the    savages,    had 

I  opened  profitable  fields  for  tho  adventurous  spirits 
ef  .St.  Louis.  Such  services  among  a  darling  and 
enterprising  peor!"  wero  calculated  in  balance  tho  ties 
of  long  resideii  :-j  and  familiarity  with  executive  duties. 
The  eleoiion,  however,  proved  that  the  substantial 
vlriiuv'  of  probity  and  fitness  were  not  to  be  eclipsed 
oy  heroic  and  romantic  adventure.  Mr.  Bates  was 
elected,  but  died  August  4th  of  the  following  year. 
Abriibam  J.  Williams,  president  of  the  Senate,  acted 

'  aa  Clovernor  until  ibo  special  election  to  fill  the  va- 
cancy, hold  in  September,  at  whieh  (ien.  John  Miller 

I  was  elected  over  Col.  Uufus  Easton,  Hon.  David 
Todd,  and  Wm.  C.  Carr;  and  Col.  B.  H.  Reeves 
was  chosen  Lieutenant-Governor. 

David  Burton  was  re-olected  to  the  United  States 
Senate  on  the  25th  of  November,  1824,  and  John 
Scott,  candidate  for  Congress,  reco'-'ed  501(1  votes, 
against  4258  cast  for  George  F.  Strother,  and  1125 
cast  for  Hon.  Robert  Wash.  Not  one  of  the  votes 
cast  for  the  three  candidates  had  been  given  with  any 
expectation  of  the  election  of  Mr.  Adams.  Mr.  (,'lay 
was  the  favorite  in  Missouri,  and  Gen.  Jackson  num- 
bered many  friends  both  in  St.  Louis  and  'be  Stiite. 
Missouri  bad  expressed  her  preforenco  for  Mr  Clay, 
both  at  the  polls  and  in  her  electoral  college.  Twenty- 
four  States  then  composed  the  Union,  and  the  confi- 
dent expectation  was  that  Mr.  Adams  would  receive  • 
the  votes  of  twelve  States,  Jackson  those  of  sevea 
States,  and  Crawford  those  of  four  States,  requiring 
a  second  ballot.     When  tho  appointed  day  arrived, 

'  the  expectation  of  a  lo;ig  and  protracted  sti  ^glo  was 
general,  and  great  was  the  astonishment  and  disap- 
pointment when  John  Quincy  Adams  wi's  declared 
to  have  been  elected  on  the  first  ballot.     "  It  was 


1 


i  tl 


1 


I'i  l!  ■  i     1      I; 


670 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


evident  at  a  <rlBnce  that  Missouri's  representative 
(Mr.  Scott)  liHcl  disappointed  her  expectations,  and 
had  seized  on  the  pillars  of  the  temple  of  hope  for 
any  other  candidate  and  pulled  down  the  whole  fab- 
ric, and  buried  iiia  political  life  beyond  the  power  of 
resurrection  in  Missouri  in  the  di'bris  of  the  down- 
fallen  political  faith."'  At  the  election  in  182G  Mr. 
Scott  was  defeated  for  Congress  by  Edward  Bates. 

Tho  State  Legislature  met  in  Jefferson  City  for  the 
first  time  on  the  20tli  of  November,  182G,''  and  on 
tlie  29th  of  JJeceniber,  Col.  Thomas  H.  Beaton  was 
re-elected  United  States  .senator. 

At  the  Presidential  election  of  1828  tlie  candidates 
for  electors  were  : 

Andrew  Jackson  electors,  Dr.  Jolin  Bull,  of 
Howard  ;  Benjamin  O'Fallon,  of  St.  Louis  ;  Ralph 
Dougherty,  of  Cape  Girardeau. 

J.  Q.  Adams  electors,  Benjamin  H.  Reeves,  of 
Howard ;  Joseph  V.  Brown,  of  St.  Louis  ;  and  John 
Hall,  of  Cape  Girardeau. 

The  vote  for  the  Jackson  electors  was  8272,  and 
for  the  Adams  electors  3400. 

Governor  John  Miller  was  re-elected,  and  Daniel 
Dunklin  was  elected  Lieutenant-Governor. 

The  State  being  still  entitled  to  only  one  congress- 
man, there  were  three  prominent  candidates  for  the 
position.  These  were  Edward  Bates,  William  Carr 
Lane,  and  Spencer  Pettis.  Mr.  Bates  was  the  Whig 
candidate,  and  Lane  and  Pettis  the  Democratic  can- 
didates. So  nearly  were  the  friends  of  Lane  and 
Pettis  balanced  that  the  question  as  to  who  should 
run  was  submitted  to  Benton,  who  promptly  decided 
in  favor  of  Petti.s,  and  his  election  was  secured  by  a 
large  majority. 

Tliomas  H.  Benton  and  David  Barton,  both  resi- 
dents of  St.  Louis,  still  represented  Missouri  in  the 
Senate  of  the  United  States.  While  these  .senators 
did  not  always  agree  in  political  matters,  they  main- 
tained their  respective  views  so  ably,  and  their  charac- 
ters for  sincerity  and  honesty  were  so  well  established 
with  thoir  constituents,  that  each  retained  the  con- 
fidence of  his  fellow-citizens. 

In  1827  or  1828  a  meeting  was  held  by  Senators 
Barton  and  Benton,  together  with  other  leading  poli- 
ticians, for  the  purpose  of  devising  measures  looking 
to  the  extinction  of  slavery.  Tho  meeting  was  com- 
posed of  about  an  ei(u«l  number  of  Democrats  and 
Whigs.     Tt  was  unanimously  agreed  that  a  memorial 

'  Note,  .SIio|)iinl's  "History  of  St.  Louia  iind  Missouri,"  page 
70. 

2  The  lirst  I.cgisliituro,  as  wo  linve  soon,  hiid  met  in  St.  Iiouls 
in  18211,  but  ttio  sent  of  government  was  afterwiirds  transferred 
to  .St.  Clmrles,  and  tlionco  to  .Icffcrson  City. 


opposing  slavery  bbould  be  prepared,  and  that  both 
parties  should  exert  themselves  to  obtain  sijjiiiiturcs 
throughout  the  State,  but  the  project  was  defeated 
owing  to  the  popular  excitement  created  by  tlio  pub. 
lication  in  the  newspapers  of  a  statement  that  Arthur 
Tappan,  of  New  York,  had  entertained  .siinic  ne"ro 
men  at  his  table,  and  that  they  had  ridiltn  in  hi; 
carriage  with  his  daughters.  The  Barton-Bonioa 
meeting  had  taken  decisive  action  in  favor  (il'oiuaiici. 
pation,  which  it  was  hoped  might  be  securi'd  under 
the  leadership  of  the  two  great  senators,  Imi.  owiiii; 
to  the  excitement  in  Missouri  caused  by  tlu^  Tappan 
episode,  the  idea  was  abandoned. 

In  November,  1830,  Alexander  Buekner  was 
chosen  United  States  senator  in  place  of  DaviJ  Rar. 
ton,  the  vote  being,  Buekner,  thirty-four ;  .Idiiii  .Millir, 
twenty-.seven  ;  W.  H.  Ashley,  two.'' 

During  the  same  session  the  Legislature,  in  antici- 
pation of  an  increase  of  one  member  of  (.'oniire.'-s  and 
one  elector  under  the  census  of  1830,  provided  for 
their  e''j;;tion.  The  member  of  Congress  was  elcttcj 
at  large,  and  the  electors  by  districts,  as  lieretofuro. 

In  1831,  ex-Senator  David  Barton  was  a  oaiulidaie 
for  Congress,  but  was  defeated  by  Spetieer  i'cttis.  lie 
was  afterwards  elected  a  member  of  the  State  Senate 
from  St.  Louis  County,  and  served  four  years. 

Mr.  Pettis  having  on  the  27th  of  August  foHowin;; 
his  election  lost  his  life  in  a  duel  with  .^laj.  liiddle, 
the  State  was  left  without  a  representiitive  in  Cdii. 
gre.ss.     William  H.  Ashley  was  elected  to  ilie  vacancy 

'  Alexander  liucliner  nt  one  time  ninlieil  lii);li  as  a  politi-iiii 
in  Missouri,  partieuliirly  in  tlie  snutlicrn  |iart  hI' Ihe  Stale.  He 
WHS  l)orn  in  IjS,'),  in  Jefi'crson  t^oiint^y,  Ky.  I. idle  is  known 'tl' 
his  earlier  tile,  but  in  ISI'2  he  was  in  Indiana,  hail  eiitoruil the 
law,  and  was  liuilding  up  (piite  a  praetiuo,  Kij;lit  years  later 
he  reaeiied  .Missouri,  indueoi  to  nuilie  this  nio\  e,  il  is  s;ii(l,  bv 
reason  of  a  duel  in  whieli  he  Inul  become  iiivolvctl.  He  bmi;^lit 
a  farm  in  Capo  Oirariieau  County,  pracliceil  hiw,  seMoni,  lum- 
ever,  in  the  St.  Louis  courts,  anil  entered  the  pulitieal  lueita. 
He  was  a  circuit  attorney  for  a  short  time.  The  .Inrkmn  /wp;;'', 
noticing  his  deatli,  which  occurred  the  litli  "t  .lime,  I s;i:i,  sum! 
up  the  salient  points  of  his  life  as  follows  :  "  In  IS'.'O  lie  iras 
elected  a  member  of  the  convention  wliich  fonncil  IheCoiisliliilion 
of  this  State;  siibser|uently  lie  was  elected  to  the  Sliile  Scniile. 
and  in  ISliO  to  the  House  of  Ileprcsenlatives;  whilt  in  liia! 
body  he  was  elected  to  the  Senate  of  the  IJiiiled  Stales,  in  wliieli 
capacity  lie  served  two  sessions.  Since  the  icsi.U'in'c  of  .Mr. 
liucljner  in  this  county  he  has  invariably  been  eleiieJ  (never; 
(dlice  for  which  he  olTcred.  Tlie  loss  of  Col.  liiickner's  service! 
in  the  Senate  of  tho  United  States  will  fall  willi  |ieeiili!ir  for™ 
on  the  soutliern  end  of  this  State."  The  same  jnuniiil  slale? 
also  lliat  he  died  of  an  epidemic  wliieli  then  |iii\ ailed  eslen- 
sively.  and  that  his  wife,  who  had  iircnioniioiy  sviniitoinfofllis 
same  disease,  would  nut  leave  his  bciisidc,  and  earal  lor  liim 
with  intense  devotion.  AVhon  he  died  she  yicl.lcj  to  llie  it- 
siroyer,  surviving  her  husband  hut  little  over  an  hour.  lol. 
nilol<nor  was  genial,  industrious,  a  good  speaker,  nail  in  every 
sense  a  growing  man  in  bis  community. 


POLITICAL  PROGRESS. 


671 


ircd,  mid  tliiit  both 

0  obtain  sii.'ii:itur« 
•oject  was  ilcfoated, 
jreated  by  tlie  pub- 
itement  tlwt  Arthur 
irtiiined  some  negro 
■  hiid  ridilcn  in  his 
The    Barion-lJentoD 

1  in  thvor  nl'  emanci- 
ht  be  seciiri'il  uiidw 

senators,  Imt.  owiiii; 
lused  by  tlie  Tappan 

iider     IJuclimr   was 
place  of  DiiviJ  liar- 
ly-four;  .Iniiii  Millir. 
ivo;' 

[jefiislaturc,  in  iiiuici- 
lubiM'  ol'  ('on;j;rc>s  anJ 
if  1830,  priividod  for 
Con};res8  was  elettcJ 
ricts,  as  luTcturdre. 
artoii  was  a  candidate 
y  SpuiiciT  I'dttis.  Ilu 
ir  ol'  the  State  Senate 
,'cd  four  yiars. 
It  of  Aumist  folinwiiis: 
uel  with  Maj.  liiJdle, 
lipreseiitaiivc^  in  Cmi- 
elected  to  tlic  vacancy 

uikcil  lii^li  as  ;i  |«ililKiM 
cm  ]iiirt  .it' the  Stair.    He 
Ky.     I.illlc  is  liiioi'ii"!' 
InJianu.  Iia>l  iiitomilhe 
■tice.     l';i;;lit  viar.'  I.ilir 
tliis  luciM',  il  i-  saul.ljv 
e  inviilvi'.l.     Ilolimijlil 
I'licM'il  law,  fi'lil'iiii,  Iw- 
tcrcil  llii^  (iiililiwil  imM. 
lue.    I'lii'  ./"■■<'«""  '■'";/''■ 
mil  ul'  .Imiic,  I ••X'.,  SUlll! 
ilhuvs:  "  In  isjn  lie  «»■' 
lif„nnc.ltlii"IV'ii.'lin"i"n 
•cloil  to  tlie  Stale  Scnalf. 
iOiiluliK'!';   «lii'''  '"  '""'' 
I,.  Uiiiti'.ISlatw.inwliifli 
n.M-  llic  P'M'lnii'C  of  Mf' 
Oily  l>oi'n  i'lctti'ill"C"''.>' 
,r  C.il.  lliickni'r'ii  wrvif" 
,11  full  Willi  piruliarfoM 
riic  Mime  jimnial  »l«li'^ 
ioh  thfii  i.iTvailfil  ft™- 
m(iniiiii-y.->iii|iiiii">"flkt 

ilsiilc,  ami  <■»"'''  ''"!■  '"'" 
d  8liu  yk'l.lwl  to  tlui  ,le. 
liltl..  OUT  an  liour.  W- 
loci  ii|...alii'r,  auiliiK'Vcrv 


almost  without  opposition,  and  was  also  elected  to  the 
next  Coiiiiress,  defeating  Robert  VV.  Wells.  Gen. 
\shley  was  born  in  Powlmtan  County.  Virfzinia, 
and  eniiL'iated  to  Mis.souri  in  1808,  settling  near  the 
lead  luii'c^-  I"  1 822  he  projected  the  scheme  of  the 
■'Moniitaiii  Kxpedition,"  by  combining  the  Indian 
trade  ill  tlie  Rocky  Mountsiins  with  the  hunting  and 
irappin}:  biisiiiess.  He  enlisted  about  tliree  hundred 
adventurous  men  in  the  business,  and  after  experi- 
cnciii"'  many  reverses  and  meeting  witli  many  ro- 
mantic adventures  he  and  his  associates  ama.ssed 
handsome  fortunes.  Ho  was  the  first  Lieutcnant- 
GiiveriKir  of  Missouri  after  its  admission  as  a  State, 
and  a  Representative  in  Congress  from  18H1  to  18;}7. 
He  died  near  Boonville,  Mo.,  March  2G,  1838. 

In  1S;>2,  at  the  August  election.  Dr.  John   Bull 
was  the  additional  congressman  elected.     The  Presi- 
dential electors  cho?on  at  the  November  election  wore 
Jiiel  U.  Iladen  in  the  First  Electoral  District,  William 
Bliikeyin  the  Second,  John  Hume  in  the  Third,  and 
(icor;:e  Bollit'ger  in  the  Fourth.     They  cast  the  vote 
of  the  State  for  Jackson  and  Van  Buren.    When  the 
ilittiirs  in  tliiisi!  days  failed  to  attend  at  the  capital 
to  east  the  vote,  the  absence  was  reported  to  the 
Led-lature  and  the  vacancy  filled  by  it.     Tiie  Whig 
or  Clay  eaiidiilates    for   electors  this   year  were  E. 
Ituttcr,  I*.  H.  Prattc,  B,  G.  Farrar,  and  John  Wilson. 
As  elsewhere  stated,  the  veto  of  the  Bank  bill  by 
I'rcsiJent  Jaekson,  July  10,  1832,  created  an  excite- 
ment without  parallel  in  St.  Louis,  and  produced  more 
aiiiniaieil  discussions  throughout  the  State  than  almost 
any  political  act  that  had  agitated  the  public  mind 
since  the  settlement  of  the  country.     A  meeting  of 
the  eiti/.eiis  of  the  city  and  county  was  at  once  called 
to  express  their  disapproval  of  the  action  of  the  Presi- 
dent.   A  laiL'e  meeting  was  convened  at  tlio  eourt- 
lidtise,  and  among  those  who  participated  in  the  pro- 
ivediiiiis  were  some  who  had  been  his  most  sincere 
Iririids  and  supporters  for  many  years.     Dr.  William 
lair  Lane  presitled,  and  James  L.  Murray  acted  as 
socreiary.     A  committee  com])oscd  of  Edward  Bates, 
I'iei re  Chouteau,  Jr.,  George  Collier,  Thornton  Grims- 
|iy.  Henry  S.  Geyer,  and  Nathan   Ranney  was  ap- 
loiiiteil  to  ilrai't  resolutions  expressive  of  the  senti- 
ments of  tlie   meeting.      This   committee    reported 
riMiiutions  lii>;li|y  commendatory  of  the  conduct  of 
lieiiffieers  iif  tiu'  United  States  Bank  and  censuring 
ilie  aetioii  of  tlic  P'.sident.     The  meeting  was  ad- 
JresM'd  by  Dr.  (Icorge   W.  Call,   Frederick    Hyatt, 
Matthew  Kerr,  Asa    Wilgus,  Thomas   Cohen,   and 
j  Richard   MeOill,     These   extraordinary    proceedings 
I  aiiraeteil  the  attention  of  the  friends  of  the  President, 
Jiiil  eallcd  forth  counter  action  in  tlie  form  of  another 


meeting  at  the  City  Hall,  over  which  Dr.  Samuel 
Merry  presided,  with  Absalom  Link  as  vice-president, 
and  Gen.  William  Milburn  us  secretary.  Col.  George 
F.  Strother  addressed  the  meeting  in  support  of  the 
President,  and  a  committee  composed  of  Edward 
Dobyns,  John  Shade,  James  C.  Lynch,  Llewellyn 
Brown,  B.  W.  Ayn^s,  John  11.  Baldwin,  and  Philip 
Taylor  reported  resolutions  indorsing  his  course. 
President  Jaekson  was  sustained  by  the  Mi8.souri 
members  of  Congress  in  ordering  the  removal  of  de- 
posits of  public  money  from  tlie  United  States  Bank, 
and  their  action  was  ratified  by  their  constituents. 

The  "  great  debate''  between  Webster  and  Hayne, 
in  which  many  other  senators  participateil,  took  place 
in  183U,  and  in  it  was  made  the  fir.st  distinct  enun- 
ciation of  the  doctrine  of  nullification, — i.e.,  that  a 
State  while  a  member  of  the  Union  could  by  her  au- 
thorities declare  a  law  of  Congress  null  and  void,  and 
forbid  its  execution  within  her  borders.  Its  advocates 
professed  to  find  their  authority  for  the  new  theory  of 
constitutional  law  in  the  nature  of  the  Federal  Union, 
and  in  the  resolutions  of  1798  and  1790  of  the 
States  of  Virginia  and  Kentucky.  The  "  Foote  reso- 
lutions," which  were  the  ocetision  of  the  "great  de- 
bate," were  oB'ered  on  the  29tb  cf  December,  1829, 
and  from  the  next  day  until  tlie  21st  of  May  fol- 
lowing were  discussed  by  the  senatore.  The  object 
of  the  resolutions  was  to  confine  the  sale  of  public 
lands  to  those  already  surveyed  and  brought  into 
market.  They  were  vigorously  opposed  by  Senator 
Benton  of  Missouri,  on  the  ground  that  their  passage 
would  check  emigration  to  the  new  States  and  Terri- 
tories and  limit  their  settlement.  The  senators  most 
familiarly  associated  with  the  debate  were  Hayne,  of 
South  Carolina,  and  Webster,  of  Massachusetts.  The 
policy  of  the  government  as  to  the  disposal  of  the 
public  lands  was  discussed  from  different  stand-points, 
the  one  view  being  that  it  bad  been  just  and  lib- 
eral to  the  new  States,  and  the  other,  embracing  all 
the  Western  senntors,  that  the  new  States  had  been 
treated  by  the  government  in  the  spirit  of  a  task-mas- 
ter. Mr.  Hayne  having  given  to  his  objections  the 
form  of  an  expression  to  the  effect  that  the  very  life 
of  our  system  was  the  independence  of  the  States, 
and  that  no  evil  was  more  to  be  deprecated  than 
the  consolidation  of  the  governments,  was  replied 
to  by  Mr.  Webster  in  these  famous  words, — 

'"  Con.solidation  ! — that  perpetual  cry  of  terror  and 
delusion, — consolidation  I  When  gentlemen  speak  of 
the  effects  of  a  coinnion  fund  as  having  a  tendency  to 
consolidation,  what  do  they  mean  ?  Do  they  mean, 
or  can  they  mean  anything  more  than  that  the  union 
of  tlio  States  will  be  strengthened  by  wliatever  fur- 


■^Wililillili—W— 


572 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


( 


nishes  inducements  to  the  people  to  hold  tojjether  ? 
This  is  the  sense  in  which  the  frnniera  of  the  Consti- 
tution use  the  word  consolidation,  and  in  which  I 
adopt  and  cherish  it.  They  tell  us  in  the  letter  sub- 
mitting the  Constitution  to  the  consideration  of  the 
country  that '  in  all  our  deliberations  on  this  subject 
we  kept  steadily  in  our  view  that  which  appears  to  us 
the  greatest  interest  of  every  true  American, — the 
consolidation  of  our  Union,  in  which  is  involved 
our  prosperity,  liberty,  safety,  perhaps  our  national 
existence.'  .  .  .  This,  sir,  is  Gen.  Washington's  con- 
solidation. This  is  true  constitutional  consolidation." 
Mr.  Webster  also  laid  down  the  propositions  that  the 
Constitution  was  not  a  compact  between  the  States, 
but  a  government  by  the  people,  in  which  the  Su- 
preme Court  was  the  final  arbitrator  upon  all  laws 
enacted.  Mr.  Benton  thought  the  power  claimed  by 
Mr.  Webster  for  the  Supreme  Court  was  no  less  than 
a  despotic  power.  That  court  was  called  Supreme  in 
reference  to  inferior  courts, — the  District  and  Circuit 
Courts, — and  not  in  reference  to  the  States  of  the 
Union.  A  power  to  decide  on  the  Federal  constitu- 
tionality of  the  State  laws,  and  to  bind  the  States  by 
the  decision,  was  a  power  to  govern  the  States. 

While  the  "great  debate"  ranged  over  the  whole 
field  of  constitutional  construction  it  settled  nothing, 
so  far  as  legislation  was  concerned,  the  resolution 
which  was  the  occasion  of  the  debate  being  merely  a 
matter  of  regulating  land  sales.  But  the  principles 
of  constitutional  construction  announced  on  both  sides 
became  vital  and  of  supreme  importance  when  the 
tariff'  of  1832  was  under  discussion. 

The  •'  protective  system,"  again.st  which  the  doc- 
trine of  nullification  was  directly  leveled,  took  its  first 
decided  shape  in  the  tariff  of  181(5.  Calhoun  and 
Lowndes,  of  South  Carolina,  were  among  the  most 
zealous  advocates  of  nullification  ;  Webster  and  the 
New  England  members  were  e(|ually  emphatic  in  op- 
po.sition.  Clay  then,  as  always  afterwards,  was  in 
favor  of  ]irotection.  Great  excitement  was  produced 
at  the  South,  particularly  in  Georgia  and  South  (/'aro- 
lina,  by  the  tariff"  di,>*cu.«sion  and  legislation  in  1827 
and  1828.  The  popular  indignation  again.-*t  the  tariff 
laws  found  vent  through  public  meetings,  the  press, 
and  the  action  of  the  State  Legislatures  in  terms  of 
extreme  violence,  and  memorials  to  Congress  were 
adopted  entreating  that  body  to  "save  them,  if  pos- 
sible, from  the  conjoined  grasp  of  usurpation  and 
poverty."  The  citizens  of  Columbia  and  Richland, 
S.  C,  in  their  appeal  said,  "  We  exist  as  a  member  of 
the  Union  merely  as  an  object  of  taxation.  The 
Northern  and  Middle  States  r.re  to  be  enriched  by  the 
plunder  of  the  South."     Retaliatory  lueasures  were 


proposed,  such  as  the  prohibition  of  the  intiniluetif,ii 
of  horses,  mules,  hogs,  beef,  cattle,  bacon,  Miid  |,|,,,. 
ging  from  Ohio,  Kentucky,  Tennessee,  and  Indiana 
whiskey,  beer,  cheese,  etc.,  from  New  York  ami  Km. 
sylvania ;  and  also  the  laying  of  a  muni,  ipal  ty 
amounting  to  prohibition,  on  all  stock  in  t mdi'.  con. 
sisting  of  goods,  wares,  or  merchandise,  tlu-  produce 
of  those  States.  As  yet  these  were  the  mvw  m'm- 
tions  of  an  e-xcited  and  injured  people.  No  official 
action  by  the  State  was  taken  until  at  the  session  rf 
1829,  when  protests  from  the  Legislatures  nt'Georsia 
and  South  Carolina  against  the  tariff  act  uf  (he  pre. 
ceding  session  were  laid  before  (,'ongress.  The  slijlit 
reductions  made  in  the  tariff  act  of  1 8!i  1 -;i2  were 
not  unsatisfactory  to  the  friends  of  protection,  and  were 
regarded  in  the  South  by  the  Union  jmrty  as  co  ict- 
sions,  but  by  the  State  rights  party  as  no  loss  o  jec- 
tionable  than  the  former  laws,  and  the  aiititiiriff  ex- 
citement was  continued  without  abatement.  Public 
meetings,  especially  in  South  Carolina,  the  iiddres>ej 
of  McDuffie,  Hayne,  Hamilton,  and  other  hi.!h  nffi. 
cials,  and  the  acts  and  proceedincs  of  the  Li'ijislature 
kept  the  public  mind  in  a  state  of  efffrvosceiKv, 

The  Legislature  of  South  Carolina,  convened  on  tli; 
22d  of  October,  1832,  passed  an  act  eallin;j;  a  conren- 
tion  on  the  third  Monday  (the  U)th)  in  Niivenilnr. 
On  the  24th  an  ordinance  declaring  the  tarift'act  passed 
by  Congress  in  1832  null  and  void  was  lulopted.  lie 
action  of  the  Legislature  to  take  eft'eot  Fidi.  1,  K'S. 
Other  ordinances  to  carry  the  same  into  effect,  and  to 
protect  State  officials  and  citizens  in  rciuloiiu;,' oheji. 
ence,  were  also  adopted.  The  intelli^rcnce  nt'  the  pi-. 
sage  of  the  ordinance  reached  Washington  just  as 
I'resident  Jackson's  nies.sage  to  Conirrcss  was  diliv. 
ered.  On  the  llth  of  December  the  t'annnis  procla- 
mation combating  the  doctrine  of  iiiilliliuation  was 
issued  by  the  President.  Governor  lliiyne  respondfj 
in  a  proclamation  rea.sserting  "  nulliticatidii  as  a  ri.'lit- 
ful  remedy."  The  I'resident's  ines-saire  of  tlie  lliih 
of  January,  1833,  suggesting  the  adoption  (d' nirts- 
ures  to  meet  the  crisis,  caused  the  intiodiictinii  nl'ilie 
"Force  Bill."  Virginia  assumed  the  oHiee  ol'ratdi 
tor,  and  .sent  Benjamin  Watkins  Leigh  to  interoiile  | 
with  the  authorities  of  South  Carolina  ;  while  .Mr. 
Clay  brought  forward  and  secured  tlio  pa.ssage  "f 
"  the  Compromise"  act.  South  Carolina  aceepted  the  | 
measure,  and  the  nullification  ordinance  was  repealed. 

The   people  of  St.  Louis  watched  these  alariiiiii2 1 
proceedings  with  great  solicitude.     At  a  lucetini!  ut  [ 
the  citizens  held  at  the  court-house  on  .Saturday  evei 
ing,  the  29th  of  December,  1832,  the  asseinhhe.;i' was  I 
called  to  order    by   J.   Newman.     l>i-.   K.  Simpson 
nominated  A.  L.  Magouis  as  chairman,  and  he  w« 


liil'. 


POLITICAL  PROGRESS. 


573 


of  the  intinJuotifin 
;le,  bacon,  and  1^. 
tiessee,  ami  Indiana; 
Jew  York  ;ind  Vm. 
of  a  inuniripiil  tai, 
1  stock  in  tiiido,  ooii- 
handisc,  tlu'  proJuci 
'ere  the  mere  sugses- 
people.     Ni)  offiriil 
ntil  at  ttu'  scssioml 
egislatures  (ifGcorsiia 
tariff  act  nl"  the  pre- 
I'ongress.     The  sli^'M 
jct  of  lH:'.l-a2were  \ 
)f  protection,  aud  were 
Jnion  iiarty  as  co  !»• 
party  as  no  loss  o^^jec- 
and  the  anti  tariff  ex- 
it abatement.    Public 
Carolina,  the  addroj-ei 
1,  and  otluT  \)vA  <■&■ 
insrs  of  the  Legislature 
3  of  effcrvostenci'. 
irolina,  convonod  mi  il,; 
an  act  oallinc;  a  conveii- 
he  19tli'i  ill  N"vemKir. 
ring  the  tariff  act  pa«>eJ 
I  void  was  adopted,  tie 
ke  effect  F.d).  1,1^M. 
same  into  effect,  and  to 
icns  ill  reiuloriug  nbeJi- 
intelli^ii'iico  of  the  piv 
id  Wasliiiijilon  just  as 
to  Conjrress  was  deliv- 
iber  tlie  famous  profla- 
Ine  of  imlliliealion  was 
[ernov  llayno  rosponJed 
nnllilication  as  a  riilit- 
's  mc.ssa;ie  of  the  liiili 
the  adoption  of  nie;is- 
the  introilii''ti""  nftlie 
med  tlio  office  of  media- 
ins  Leidi  to  interwJe 
(Carolina  ;  while  .Mr. 
leetired    the  passage  "f 
,li  Carolina  accepted  the 
ordinaiK'f  was  vejioaled. 
iitclied  these  alatiuin! 
ude.     At  a  meeting  of 
house  on  Saturday  even- 
!2   the  assombliige  W 
iian'.     Dr.  R-  S™P*° 
chairman,  anti  1"^' '''' 


unanimously  elected.     J.  L.  Murr.iy  was  chosen  sec- 
retary. 

H.  II.  Gamble  stated  the  object  of  the  meeting;, 
and  su"L'ested  the  propriety  of  a  committee  to  draft 
resolutions  expressive  of  its  opinions  and  feelings; 
and  on  motion  it  was  resolved  that  a  committee  of 
seven  should  be  appointed.  The  chair  named  as  the 
persons  to  compose  the  committee  Dr.  G.  W.  Call, 
II.  8.  Gever,  William  Milburn,  P.  Walsh,  H.  Chou-  j 
teau  11.  Simpson,  and  J.  Newman.  Afterwards,  on 
motion  of  H-  L.  Hoffman,  J.  C.  Laveille  and  H.  R. 
Gamble  were  added. 

The  committee,  after  having  retired  for  a  short 
time,  returned  and  reported  resolutions,  which  being 
I  before  tlu'  meeting  for  its  coi\sideration,  James  S. 
Maytield  arose,  and  after  a  few  remarks  proposed  a 
piearablc  and  series  of  resolutions  in  lieu  of  those  re- 
ported. Mr.  Mayfield,  after  his  resolutions  were 
seconded,  supported  their  adoption  by  some  further 
remarks.  Dr.  11.  Simpson  said  a  few  words  sustain- 
iuL'  the  resolutions  prepared  by  the  committee  and 
asainst  the  substitute,  and  on  the  question  being 
taken  Mr.  Mayfield's  substitute  was  rejected. 

Dr.  J.  Woolfolk  then  proposed  a  series  of  re.solu- 
tions.  to  be  added  to  those  reported  by  the  committee. 
Their  adoption  was  opposed  by  Mr.  Geycr  at  some 
length,  and  on  the  question  being  taken  they  were 
rejected. 
The  following  resolutions  were  then  adopted : 

"1.  Ilei'ilrcd,  That,  in  the  opinion  of  this  meeting,  the  prcs- 
mt  Mate  of  affairs  in  South  Cnrolinii  exiiibits  a  erisis  of  fearful 
inicreil  to  the  people  of  the  United  Stiilcs,  as  thrcivteninj;  us, 
nest  tu  the  loss  of  liberty,  with  the  worst  of  ovils,  a  'dissolu- 
ibnof  the  Union.' 

"2.  Rttuh-i'il,  That  at  n.  period  so  full  of  peril  to  tho  repub- 
lic, so  fraught  with  ilanger  to  the  cause  of  civil  liberty  through- 
out tlio  norlil,  it  becomes  the  indispensable  duty,  as  it  is  the 
aiiJoulited  right,  of  every  eitiion  to  express  his  sentiments  on 
the  miimcntous  question  now  at  issue. 

".I  Ittsidvejl,  That  while  wo  sincerely  regret  that  any  por- 
I  timof  our  felloweitiiens,  whether  in  South  Carolina  or  else- 
1  »lit'e.  should  e.tperienoe,  or  believe  that  they  experience, 
I  Kiious  injury  I'roiH  the  course  of  legislation  pursued  by  the 
I  F«J(r«l  government,  we  cannot  coincide  with  thoni  as  to  the 
Hfeiliciicy  or  constitutionality  of  tho  remedy  which  they 
h«vc tliouiiht  proper  to  adopt;  that  we  solemnly  deprecate  the 
I  nt'iNf  ffhioh  have  been  used  to  defeat  the  operation  of  tho  laws 
[  01  ilie  United  .States,  and  view  with  dread  and  abhorrence  the 
I'M'Mi)  which  they  lead. 

"1.  Itfi'ilfC'1,  That  tho  power  to  annul  a  law  of  the  United 
IStites,  as!uaic>l  by  one  State,  is  inoompatible  with  the  existence 
I  of  the  Union,  contnulioted  expressly  by  tho  letter  of  tho  Con- 
Iitilutlon,  unaathuriied  by  its  spirit,  Inconsistent  with  every 
jpiinclpleon  which  it  was  founded,  and  destruotive  of  the  great 

ibjectfnr  whii'h  it  was  formed. 
"S. /ioodf,/,  That  wo  concur  in  the  opinion  expressed  by 
llki  President  that  tho  Constitution  of  tho  United  States  forms 
I'tovernment,  not  a  league;  that  each  State  having  expressly 


parted  with  so  many  jiowera  as  to  constitute,  jointly  with  the 
other  .States,  a  single  noti.in,  cunnot  po.ssess  any  con.-ititutional 
right  to  secede  from  the  I'nion. 

"  (1.  Ilenohrtl,  That  in  the  legal  and  constitutional  discharge 
of  his  executive  authority  in  enforcing  a  just  observance  of  the 
laws  of  the  Union,  tliu  l're>iidont  of  tlie  United  States  at  tiiis 
conjuncture  ought  to  receive  tho  uid  and  hearty  support  of 
every  American  citizen. 

"  7.  Hemilicd,  That.  .«ii  f:ir  as  depends  on  us  ami  our  ell'orts, 
the  Vonstitution  of  the  United  States  shall  descend  as  wc  have 
received  it,  unuorrupted  by  sophistical  construction,  to  our  )ios- 
tcrity;  and  tho  sacrilices  of  local  interest,  of  State  |)rcjudiees, 
of  personal  animosities  that  were  made  to  bring  it  into  exist- 
ence shall  again  lie  unrcserveilly  ofl'cred  for  its  support. 

"8.  Heaiilred,  That  wo  warmly  sympathizo  with  that  portion 
of  our  countrymen  in  South  ('urolina  dcnoininatcd  the  Union 
party;  thut  we  admire  the  liriuness  they  have  di.-iplayed,  and 
have  entire  contiileiice  that  they  will  remain  true  to  their  prin- 
ciples and  nnshalfen  in  their  support  of  the  Constitution  of  onr 
country. 

"II.  /lemilfcd,  That  ii  copy  of  these  resolutions  be  forwarded 
to  the  I'rcsidcnt  of  the  Senate  and  Spealier  of  the  House  of 
Representatives  of  the  General  Assembly  now  in  session,  to  bo 
laid  before  their  respective  Houses,  with  the  reijuest  of  this 
meeting  that  the  Legislature  of  the  State  will  tender  to  the 
President  of  tho  United  .*^tatc3  that  support  whicli  the  State  is 
bound  to  give  and  the  head  of  tlie  nation  is  entitled  to  receive 
in  the  present  exigency. 

"10.  UcHolipil,  That  a  copy  of  the  foregoing  resolutions  be 
transmitted  to  the  President  of  the  United  States. 

"On  motion  of  Mr.  Geycr,  tho  tenth  resolution  was  adopted 
by  tlie  meeting  and  added  to  the  report."' 

Before  the  terms  of  office  of  President  Jackson  and 
Vice-President  Calhoun  expired  it  was  apparent  that 
these  two  names  would  not  appear  again  together  on 
the  Democratic  ticket.  The  "  caucus"  system  had 
been  abandoned,  and  that  of  the  convention  adopted. 
Gen.  Jackson's  popularity  made  his  renomination  cer- 
tain, and  a  convention  called  to  select  a  candidate  for 
the  Vice-Presidency  assembled  in  Baltimore  in  May, 
1832,  and  nominated  Van  Buren.  Mr.  Clay  was  the 
Presidential  candidate  of  the  opposition,  with  John 
Sargeant,  of  Pennsylvania,  for  Vice-President.  The 
aggregate  Democratic  vote  was  overwhelming  in 
every  district  of  Missouri  for  the  Democratic  candi- 
dates. 

Missouri  was  represented  in  Congress  on  the  4th 
of  March,  1833,  by  Thomas  H.  Benton  and  Lewis 

I  '  In  its  notice  of  the  meeting  the  Jiepiiblicnn  (Jan.  I,  183.')) 
said,  "Tho  meeting  at  the  court-house  on  Saturday  evening  to 
respond  to  the  sentiments  of  the  President's  proclamation  wai 

I   the  uioF.  numerous  ever  held  in  this  city.     It  was  composed  of 

:  oitiieni  of  both  tho  late  political  divisions  of  the  country,  and 
the  best  spirit,  n  passionate  devotion  to  the  Union,  seemed  to 

I  animate  the  assembly  almost  to  a  man.  An  attempt  was  made 
to  substitute  a  proposition  for  a  general  convention  of  the 
States,  but  the  resolution  fov  tbi^  purpose  met  the  marked  dis- 

I  approbation    of    tho   nieelng.      The   resolutions   which    were 

I  adopted  express  the  senli'uents  of  the  people  of  the  State  nt 
largo,  and  they  are  mistaken  who  expect  that  we  can  be  brought 

'  to  approve  of  nuiunoatlon  in  any  form." 


ii 
li 

;i| 


■t 


574 


HISTORY  OF  dAINT  LOUIS. 


if:' 


n!i; 


in 


p.  Linn  in  the  Senate,  and  by  Wm,  H.  Ashley  and 
John  Bull  in  the  House  of  Representatives. 

Dr.  Lewis  F.  Linn  was  elected  United  States  senator 
to  succeed  Senator  Buckner  on  the  death  of  the  latter 
Henator.  Dr.  Linn  was  a  man  of  remarkable  abilities,  and 
throughout  his  political  career  was  identified  with  the 
interests  of  the  Mississippi  Valley,  which  he  advocated 
with  8i<;nal  ability  and  success.  He  was  born  near 
Louisville,  Ky.,  Nov.  5, 1796,  and  was  descended  from 
a  highly  respectable  family,  who  emigrated  to  Ken- 
tucky at  a  very  early  period.  His  mother  was  born 
in  Carlisle,  Pa.,  and  was  the  sister  of  George  Hunter, 
who  at  one  time  represented  Scott  County,  Mo.,  in  the 
Legislature.  She  emigrated  to  Kentucky,  and  was 
first  married  to  Israel  Dodge,  at  the  Iron  Banks,  at 
that  time  a  military  station.  She  was  afterwards  mar- 
ried to  Ashael  Linn,  the  father  of  the  doctor,  who 
was  born  in  Virginia,  and  who  had  emigrated  to  Ken- 
tucky with  his  father,  William  Linn.  William  Linn 
had  rendered  important  services  in  the  army  during 
the  Revolution,  having  joined  it  when  but  fifteen 
years  of  age.  On  his  arrival  in  Kentucky  he  was 
elected  colonel  of  a  regiment,  and  afterwards  one  of 
the  judges  of  the  court,  then  first  organized  in  the 
country.  When  on  his  way  from  his  station  to 
Louisville,  to  take  his  seat  at  the  first  court  then  to 
be  held  at  that  place,  he  was  killed  by  the  Indians, 
leaving  several  children,  all  yet  very  young.  Col. 
Pope,  the  father  of  John  Pope,  Ir.te  member  of  Con-  i 
gress  from  Kentucky,  became  the  guardian  of  Ashael 
Linn.  When  residing  in  the  family  of  Col.  Pope,  an  j 
incident  occurred  which  was  very  near  changing  the 
entire  destiny  of  his  life.  When  on  a  hunting  ex- 
cursion, in  company  with  his  older  brother,  William, 
and  two  other  young  men  of  the  name  of  Brashear 
and  Wells,  they  were  captured  by  the  Shawnee  In- 
dians and  taken  captives  to  their  village.  These  four 
boys  remained  with  the  Indians  in  the  interior  of  the 
country  (now  Indiana)  upwards  of  three  years,  adopt- 
ing their  language,  manners,  and  customs;  and  indeed 
Ashael  Linn,  who  was  the  youngest  of  the  four,  had 
adopted  a  father  and  mother,  whom  he  afterwards  left 
with  tears  of  regret.  The  three  older  boys  finally 
availed  themselves  of  the  favorable  moment,  when  all 
the  warriors  of  the  nation  wen;  out  on  a  hunting  ex-  ; 
pedition,  to  make  their  escape,  taking  Ashael  with 
them.  To  effect  this  they  were,  however,  compelled 
to  kill  the  adopted  father  and  mother  of  Ashael,  who 
had  charge  of  the  captives.  Ashael  Linn  often  spoke, 
many  years  afterwards,  of  the  feelings  which  he  ex- 
perienced at  the  time  of  this  occurrence  as  the  most 
painful  he  had  ever  fell  in  his  life.  The  brave  boys, 
after  making  their  escape  i'rom  the  Indians,  had  to 


surmount  another  great  difiiculty  before  tlicy  eoulj 
reach  their  families.  When  they  got  to  ilio  Oiiio 
River,  opposite  to  Louisville,  they  ascertiiiuod  tlm 
they  had  no  means  of  crossing;  and  to  renj:iiii  un  i||.. 
other  side  during  the  whole  night,  they  ran  Lrivat  ri>k 
of  being  recaptured  by  the  Indians.  The  iliioe  iilJcr 
boys  were  able  to  swim,  but  Ashael  was  imi  yuu^j 
and  yet  they  were  unwilling  to  leave  him  btjiind 
Having  taken  a  gun  with  them  when  tlioy  effected 
their  escape,  with  it  they  killed  a  bear,  ami  iiiiikinira 
kind  of  a  sack  with  the  skin,  they  placed  Ashael  in 
it,  and  with  grapevines  attached  to  it,  they  suceeedoJ 
in  swimming  over  the  stream,  and  pulliii;:  the  bear. 
skin  with  its  contents  across. 

Ashael,  on  his  return  to  his  family,  was  iilaciJ 
under  the  care  of  a  carpenter,  for  the  purpose  rf 
learning  the  trade.  He  lived  in  Louisville  or  iu  en. 
virons  up  to  the  time  of  his  death,  leavini.'  heliiuj 
him  three  children,  viz.,  Mary,  Lewis,  ami  Willian. 
Lewis,  at  the  time  of  his  father's  death,  was  about 
ten  years  of  age.  William  died  very  youtijr,  on  his 
way  to  West  Point,  to  which  place  he  had  receivtd 
the  warrant  of  a  cadet.  Lewis  had  the  advantaite  of 
such  schools  as  were  at  that  early  day  kept  in  Liui>- 
ville,  and  at  the  requisite  age  began  the  studv  of 
medicine  under  the  instruction  of  Dr.  (jalt. 

His  half-brother,  Henry  Dodge,  aftcrward.s  delegate 
from  the  Territory  of  Wisconsin,  haviiii;  bcon  ar^ 
pointed  by  Governor  Wilkinson  sheriff  of  Ste, 
Genevieve  County,  he  was  induced  tn  visit  Mis- 
souri as  early  as  the  year  1811  or  18L'.  He, 
however,  returned  to  Louisville  to  finish  the  .<tudv  of 
his  profession.  When  prepared  to  practice  he  nm 
went  to  Missouri  and  settled  in  Ste.  Genevieve 
about  the  year  1815.  On  his  arrival  there  he  was 
placed  by  his  brother  Henry  in  the  oflice  of  Dr.  llmv 
Lane,  a  gentleman  eminently  skilled  in  his  professioo. 
and  with  whom  he  shortly  afterwards  Conned  1- 
uership. 

From  this  time  up  to  the  time  when  he  wa-  a[- 
pointed  one  of  the  commissioners  under  the  act  4 
Congress  of  the  9th  of  July,  1832,  to  investigate  ani  j 
report  on  the  French  and  Spanish  claims,  he  devoie^i  | 
himself  with  great  assiduity  both  to  the  study  aiidilic 
practice  of  his  profession.     The  profe.ssionul  bretlirrn  I 
of  Dr.    Linn   all   bore  testimony  to  his  leariiiiii;  atj 
skill  in  his  profession.     For  its  practice  he  fcwA  to 
have  been  especially  calculated  by  nature.    TliefeM 
no  doubt  that  he  impaired  his  health  ami  ahridged liL< 
life  by  a  too  clo.se  and  rigid  discharge  ufilie  dutieM'fl 
his  ])rofession.     His  reputation  exteniltMl  overtln  lBO^Il 
of  the  southern  counties  of  the  State ;  he  was  laiini  I 
upon  to  visit  the  sick  ut  all  seasons  of  tlu  year,  atil  I 


POLITICAL  PROGRESS. 


576 


y  before  tticy  wmlj 
[>y  got  to  ihe  Oliio 
ley  ascertained  that 
inJ  to  reiii:nii  on  the 
t,  they  ran  L'roat  ri.<k 
ns.     The  iliree  older 
shael  was  ion  .younj, 
)  leave  tiim  behind. 
Q  when  thi>y  effctied 
a  bear,  ami  uiiiliin};  a 
hey  placed  Ashuel  in 
1  to  it,  thi;y  succeeded 
and  puUiiVJ  the  hour- 

is  family,  Wiis  placed 
r,  for  the  iiurpose  of 
in  Louisville  (ir  itj  en- 
death,  loavini;  behind 
If,  Lewis,  anil  William. 
tier's  death,  was  ahom 
ied  very  youni;,  on  his 
plaee  he  had  received 
is  had  the  advamam  cl" 
sarly  day  kept  in  Louis- 
oe  began  the  study  of 
a  of  Dr.  Oak. 
idge,  afterwards  delewe 
ionsin,  haviiii;  been  ap- 
inson    sheriff  of  i>te, 
induced   to  visit  Mi.- 
1811    or  1811    H(, 
lie  to  finish  the  study  ut 
d  to  practice  he  mn 
ed    in    Ste.    Genevieve 
his  arrival  there  he « 
n  tlie  office  of  Dr.  Uewy 
skilled  in  his  rrofes-ioii, 
terwards  formed        t- 

time  when  be  was  if 

ioners  under  the  act  -i 

1832,  to  investigate  aoi 

lanish  claims,  be  devote.!  ] 

)Olh  to  the  study  and  itc 

The  professional  brctliM 

_()ny  to  his  leamin'j  d 

its  practice  be  scoir.oJ  !■) 

tod  by  nature.    There  l- 

s  health  and  abridged hii 

lischarge  of  tbe  .liitieM-f 

)nextcnde.l  over  the  111*1 1 

the  State;  he  was  eaU 

seasons  of  lb.)  year.  a»l 


frequently  compelled  to  travel  fifty  to  sixty  miles  on 
horseback  over  rough  roads,  and  not  unfrcquently  in 
the  ni"ht.     Some  time  before  he  abandoned  his  prac- 
tice be  lieiran  to  feel  his  constitution  giving  way,  and 
he  became  satisfied  of  the  necessity  of  changing  his 
mode  of  life,  if  not  altogether  abandoning  the  practice 
of  his  profession.     When,  therefore,  the  appointment 
of  coniini.'^.'sioner  under  the  act  of  the  9th  of  July, 
1832.  was  tendered  to  him  he  readily  accepted  it. 
Belicviiif;  that  the  salary  would  enable  him  to  remove 
from  Ste.  Genevieve  to  St.  Louis,  where  the  practice 
of  medicine  would  not  be  .so  arduous,  he  accordingly 
removed  to  St.  Louis  in  June,  1833,  and  formed  a 
partnership  with  Dr.  E.  H.  McCabe.     From  this  time 
up  to  Octidjer  following  he  devoted  himself  with  great 
zeal  to  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  his  ofiSce.     At 
the  first  meeting  of  the  board  of  commissioners,  com- 
posed of  liiuiself,  Hon.  Albert  6.  Harrison,  and  Fred- 
erick II.  Conway,  it  was  important  to  settle  the  prin- 
ciples which  should  guide  them  in  the  investigation 
of  the  titles  of  the  different  claimants,  and  Dr.  Linn 
accordingly  introduced   ten  resolutions,  laying  down 
the  p(dicy  pursued  by  the  Spanish  government  in  the 
granting  of  land,  and  the  policy  which  should  be  pur- 
sued by  the  government  of  the  United  States  in  the 
Glial  confirmation  of  these  grants.     These  resolutions 
are  a  monument  to  his  wisdom  and  liberality,  and 
would  alone  entitle  his  memory  to  be  respected  by  all 
classes  of  people.    In  September,  1 833,  his  old  friends 
atSte.  Genevieve,  who  were  severely  afflicted  with  the 
cholera,  requested  him  to  pay  them  a  visit,  and  he,  in 
obedience  to  a  call  from  such  a  source,  abandoned  his 
own  business  in  St.  Louis  to  visit  them.     He  found 
them  in  the  greatest  affliction  ;  the  cholera  was  seat- 
terins;  death  iiinoiig  them  ;  he  had  ventured  there  for 
the  purpose  of  administering  relief,  and  to  this  benevo- 
lent object  he  devoted  himself  with  increasing  as.oid- 
uity.    While  at  Ste.  Genevieve  he  was  called  to  visit 
the  Hon.   Alexander  Buckner,  at  Jackson,  in    the 
County  of  Cape  Girardeau,  who  had  been  prostrated 
liv  this  fell  disca.se.     He  arrived  there  too  late;  he 
either  found  liim  dead  or  .so  far  gone  as  to  be  beyond 
the  reacb  of  medical  skill.     He  returned  immediately 
to  Ste.  Genevieve,  and  it  was  then  his  turn  to  be  pros- 
trated with  the  same  terrible  disease.     He  suffered 
long  and  acutely,  and  it  is  more  than  probable  that  his 
constitution  received  such  a  shock  at  this  time  as  never 
lo  have  entindy  recovered  from  it.     Ho  was,  however, 
appointed  by  Governor  Dunklin,  in  October  of  this 
year(^lS.'i:ii,  to  supply  the  vacancy  in  tht-  Senate  oc- 
casioned by  the  death  of  the  Hon.  Alexander  Buckner, 
and  he  look  bis  seat  in  this  body  at  the  session  of 
l*u3-34.    lie  was  elected  nearly  unanimously  at  the 


session  of  the  Legislature  of  1834-35,  and  re-elected 
by  a  large  majority  at  the  session  of  1 83G-37,  and  again 
by  a  large  majority  at  the  session  of  1842-43.  His 
services  as  a  senator  will  long  be  remembered  by  the 
people  of  Jlissouri.  Although  he  had  never  made 
politics  his  study,  he  soon  acquired  a  high  and  honor- 
able position  in  the  Senate.  Firm  yet  conciliating, 
candid  yet  courteous,  he  sat  in  that  body  during  a 
time  when  party  spirit  ran  higher  than  at  almost  any 
other  time  in  the  history  of  our  government ;  and 
without  abandoning  a  jot  or  tittle  of  the  principles 
upon  which  he  had  been  elected  to  that  high  station, 
ho  maintained  terms  of  personal  friendship  and  re.spect, 
with  one  exception,  with  every  member  of  the  Senate. 
As  a  senator,  he  knew  neither  friend  nor  foe,  willing 
alike  at  all  Hmes  to  serve  his  constituents,  belonging 
to  whatever  party  they  might.  [lis  industry  was  un- 
tiring, and  it  was  not  confined  to  the  Senate  chamber, 
but  extended  to  the  different  offices  and  departments  of 
the  government.  For  the  last  five  years  of  his  life  his 
mind  had  been  much  preoccupied  with  the  settlement 
of  the  Oregon  Territory,  and  he  labored  assiduously  to 
promote  the  organization  and  settlement  of  the  Terri- 
tory. He  died  on  the  3d  of  October,  1843,  and  on 
the  11th  a  meeting  was  held  at  the  court-house,  at 
which,  on  motion  of  Judge  James  B.  Bowlin,  Hon. 
John  M.  Wimer,  mayor  of  St.  Louis,  was  called  to 
the  chair,  and  Nathaniel  Paschall  was  appointed  sec- 
retary. In  his  address  on  taking  the  chair.  Mayor 
Wimer  characterized  the  death  of  Senator  Linn  "  as 
the  greatest  loss  and  the  severest  chastisement  ever 
inflicted  upon  St.  Louis."  On  the  motion  of  Lewis 
V.  Bogy,  a  committee  was  appointed  to  draft  rosolu- 

'  tions  of  respect  to  Senator  Linn's  memory,  and  during 
the  absence  of  the  committee  Senator  Benton  deliv- 

'  ered  an  address,  in  which 

I       "  lie  said  thai  great  na  the  grief  of  ull   preBont  wa.^,  he  hail 
more  to  lament  than  uny  one.    As  a  citixen  of  the  Stuti-  he  felt, 
in  common  with  all  other  citizens,  the  pnrrow  which  oppressed 
their  hosonis  ;  as  a  senator,  still  having  some  time  to  serve,  ho 
felt  the  loss  of  a  colleague  from  whoi:i  ho  always  received  the 
kindest,  the  most  cordial,  the  most  efiicient  aid ;  ns  a  friend,  ho 
had  to  lament  the  loss  of  one  of  his  earliest  friends.     He  (.Mr. 
Benton)  had  arrived  in  Missouri  ahove  a  quarter  of  a  century 
'  ago,  while  the  lamented  deceased  was  still  a  youth  at  school,  and 
'•  from  the  flrst  moment  of  his  arrival  had  fouml  in  him  and  in 
all  his  connections  the  most  generous  friendship,  never  inter- 
rupted  for   nn  instant,   and  which  never   glowed  with  more 
warmth  than  in  the  last  interview  a  few  weeks  before,  when 
they  spent  the  day  together.     The  loss  of  such  a  i-ollengue  nnd 
of  such  a  friend  was  to  him  the  addition  of  a  private  to  a  pub- 
lic loss,  and  doubled  the  weight  of  the  grief  which  ho  fell. 
"The  worthy  mayor,  said  >lr.  Benton,  who  jiresides  on  this 
I   melancholy  occasion  bus  opened  the  subject  with  just  and  ap- 
I   proprinto  reumrks.     The  respectable  committeo  ivliicli  has  been 
j   appointed  will  report  resolutions  which  will  cover  the  merits  of 
the  deceased  and  attest  our  feelings ;  and  some  one  of  the  com- 


^  J';p „ 

I   -ir  'i 


;  W 


576 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


■f  I 


1       .5 ' 


mittee  will  doubtloiig  bo  dosignatcd  to  illustrate  with  his  obscr-  ! 
vations  thu  resuliitimis  which  shall  bo  siibmitlod.  Ho  would 
not  trench  upon  lii»  jirovincc,  but  would  confine  hiinsolf  to  points 
in  the  |iublie  life  and  character  of  his  dcccasod  friend  anil  col- 
lea);uo  iem  gonoriilly  known,  but  equally  honorablo  to  the  man 
anil  the  Heiiiitar.  Ho  would  xpcak  of  his  generous  kindness  and 
anienily,  which  conciliated  good  will  from  all  parties,  which 
softened  the  acerbities  of  party,  which  coinpoaed  many  differ- 
ences, and  wliich  flow  to  the  sick-bed  of  every  member  without 
regard  to  party,  and  joined  the  assiduities  of  nurse  and  friend 
to  the  profound  skill  of  tho  accomplished  physician.  He  would 
speak  of  his  punctual  attcnilanco  in  his  place  and  liia  faithful 
discharge  of  every  public  duty.  Ho.  would  speak  of  his  in.«lant 
and  ready  attention  to  every  call  from  his  constituents,  whether 
opponents  (for  ho  had  no  foes)  or  supporters.  He  would  speak 
of  his  success  in  carrying  great  measures  whioh  could  not  have 
been  carried  by  any  one  save  himself.  T liere  was  a  charm  in 
the  goodness  of  his  heart,  the  gentleness  of  bis  manner,  and  tho 
amiability  of  his  temper  which  gave  power  to  talents,  and 
enabled  him  to  do  for  his  State  what  none  but  himself  could 
liavo  done. 

"  He  was  not  using  tho  language  of  eulogy,  but  speaking  the 
wiirils  "f  truth,  and  saying  that  which  should  pass  into  history. 
Perhaps  the  most  important  measure  ever  carried  in  Congress 
for  the  benefit  of  Missouri  was  tho  acquisition  of  that  superb 
territory  known  as  the  i'latte  country, — the  lamented  Linn  was 
tho  author  of  that  measure.  True,  ho  was  supported  by  his 
colleague,  but  they  could  not  have  carrieil  it'.  His  colleague  in  ■ 
the  Senate,  older  than  himself,  and  who  now  luldresses  you, 
could  not  have  carried  it.  It  required  not  only  sagacity  and 
tact  and  discretion  to  carry  that  great  and  delicate  measure, 
but  it  required  also  the  sweetness  of  temper  which  wins  hearts, 
and  which  our  deceased  friend  so  eminently  possessed.  As  an  his- 
torical truth  which  should  be  known  now  and  forever  to  every 
Missourian,  this  statement  is  now  made  on  this  solemn  occasion 
to  this  large  and  rci^pectuble  assembly  that  the  knowledge  of 
it  may  be  .'4[)read  as  wide  and  last  as  long  as  tho  acquisitioi;  of 
the  Pluttc  has  been  ausi)icious  and  glorious  for  the  State. 

"The  old  inhabitants  of  this  country, — those  who  viewed  all 
the  now  emigrants  with  such  kindness  on  the  change  of  govern- 
ment, and  whoso  grants  of  land  from  Spain  and  France  had  in 
80  many  instances  suffered  from  want  of  confirmation, — these 
old  inhabitants,  and  all  claiming  under  them,  owe  a  debt  of  . 
gratitude  to  the  illustrious  deceased  ;  for  to  him  is  owing  the 
passage  of  tho  last  act  of  Congress  which  has  done  so  much 
towards  the  final  and  equitable  acknowledgment  of  these  long 
delayed  grants.  ' 

"  This  is  not  the  time,  said  Mr.  Benton,  to  enumerate  tho 
services  of  the  deceased  J  another  occasion  will  present  itself  for  . 
that  act  of  justice.     To  mourn  the  loss  of  a  statesman,  a  patriot,  i 
a  friend,  a  good  man — to  weep  for  him  rather  than  to  speak  of 
his  public  acts — is  now  tho  feeling  of  every  one.     Hut  how  can 
we  omit  tho  last  great  act,  as  yet  unfinished,   in  which   his 
whole  soul  was  engaged  at  the  time  of  his  death  ?     Tho  bill  for  , 
the  settlement  and  occupation  of  Oregon  was  his  ;  and  ho  cur- 
ried it  through  the  Senate  when  his  colleague,  who  now  addresses 
you,  could  not  have  done  it.     This  is  another  historical  truth,   ' 
fit  to  be  made  known  on  this  occasion,  and  which  is  now  declared  > 
to  this  large  and  respectable  assemblage  under  all  the  circum-  ' 
stances  which  impart  solemnity  to  the  declaration.     He  carried  i 
that  bill  through  theSenate,  and  it  was  the  measure  of  a  states- 
man.    Just  to  the  settler,  it  was  wise  to  the  government.     The 
settler  has  a  right  to  have  a  home  in  the  new  country  whioh  he 
reclaims  from  the  wilderness  and  the  savage;  the  government 
of  tho  United  States  onn     .ily  save  its  domain  on  the  Oregon  ' 
by  planting  its  citizens  thou.     Land  is  the  inducement  and  ' 


the  reward  to  emigration,  and  that  land  was  granliil  by  the 
bill,  liberally  granted  to  the  wife  and  tho  children,  to  I  In.  vi,,,^, 
man  and  the  widow,  as  well  as  to  the  husband  and  tin'  faiher 
That  bill  is  tho  vimlication  and  tho  assertion  of  the  Aniericun 
title  against  the  daring  designs  of  Ungland,  and  it  wii-  ili|.  „„|, 
way  to  save  tho  country.  It  was  carried  through  tin  -.iiin,  ,( 
tile  last  session,  and  its  author  was  preparing  to  carry  ii  nf.^ji, 
Called  this  summer  to  the  Atlantic  Slates  on  privni'  Ini'ln;., 
he  availed  himself  of  all  opportunities  to  collect  fresh  uMitpriali 
for  the  support  of  his  darling  measure.  The  last  in  that  Ik 
spent  in  this  town,  only  threu  weeks  ago,  on  his  rctii  u  Irum  tit 
East,  he  spoke  of  those  nuitorinis,  of  the  daring  pn  ri'n.i(,nj„f 
England,  and  of  his  determination  to  push  the  uie.i-ure  ivhicli 
was  to  save  the  country's  rights  with  renewed  vi^or  at  the 
ensuing  session.  Alas !  that  be  should  not  have  hern  s|iar»l  ij 
put  tho  finishing  hand  to  a  measure  which  was  in  ie\iari|  ibt 
emigrant,  to  protect  his  country,  to  curb  Englanil.  ;inil  to  en. 
noct  his  own  name  with  the  foundation  of  an  oiii]iire.  Ilui  ji  jj 
done,  tho  unfinished  work  will  go  on  ;  it  will  be  I'limritaH, 
and  the  name  of  Linn  will  not  be  forgotten.  Tlml  namcuin 
live  and  be  connected  with  the  Oregon  while  its  Iraiilis  bean 
plant,  or  its  waters  roll  a  ware. 

"  A  great  man  of  tho  early  days  of  the  French  Kovululi  n 
died  while  he  had  a  great  measure  depending;  it  was  .MIralieaa 
who  was  surprised  by  death  while  his  bill  for  the  ilivi-ionit 
estates  was  still  depending  bcforo  tho  Logishitive  A-nmbh. 
Tho  terrors  of  death  could  not  stifle  his  regard  fur  liis  kill,  ||e 
made  a  bequest  of  it  to  a  friend.  He  willed  the  unlinislicl  \m„\ 
to  the  celebrated  Talleyrand;  and  this  deputy  reml  to  the  As- 
sembly the  speech  prepared  for  the  occasion  by  tlii!  gmit  oraior, 
and  carried  tho  measure.  If  inexorable  fate  had  all.iwoil  a  lc» 
minutes  to  our  departed  friend,  ho  would  doubtless  have  Ine 
the  same.  Death  had  no  terrors  for  hiai,  and  a  iiujimni  iv vul]  I 
have  been  snatched  from  the  agonizing  cares  of  fricn  I.  ani 
family  to  have  oommendcd  and  committed  tho  crownini' imai. 
are  of  his  life  to  tho  faithful  hands  of  a  successor,  lie  liaJ  n  -i 
that  time, — not  a  moment  to  think,  nor  to  spenk,— iin.lii.jitiiie 
whole  representation  from  Missouri,  tho  whole  ilcleguliiiii  frum 
the  Great  West,  must  constitute  themselves  his  politienl  legatee-, 
take  liis  great  measure  to  themselves  and  carry  it  through. 

"Mr.  Benton  would  still  confine  himself  to  |iuinis  nit  so 
generally  known,  and  among  those  was  the  creul  ilevelii|iinnil 
of  mind  which  their  lamented  friend  was  umlcrgoing  atiln 
time  of  his  death.  Of  the  nine  years  he  had  -scrveil  in  tlit 
Senate,  the  last  two  or  three  were  fullest  of  iiiipnivenicntt) 
himself  and  benefit  to  his  country.  His  I'aeulties  were  iiiaturir, 
every  day,  and  his  delivery  becoming  truly  lioiiuiilul,  llwl;! 
a  profession  which  did  not  admit  of  public  displays,  lie  rei|iii:tl 
practice  to  perfect  and  develop  his  powers ;  ami  prin-tioo  mi 
doing  its  part  in  perfecting  genius.  A  natural  j;!!'!  l-.r*|ieak- 
ing  wa-s  improved  into  eloquence ;  a  luiml  originally  prai  nil 
enriched  with  tho  acquisitions  of  study  and  oi)ser»iilion.  Thii! 
improved,  he  spoke  without  effort,  and  secuiiiidly  wiihoiii  acwi- 
BoiousncsB  of  tho  power  and  beauty  of  his  own  ilis 'nurse.  Tlif 
Senate  listened  to  him  with  astonishment  and  admiralion.ul 
some  have  been  hoard  to  exclaim,  the  man  i'»  in-inml.  Afm 
years  more  would  have  doubled  his  powers.  That  suili  a  niin 
should  have  perished  in  the  meridian  of  his  days,  unl  fosuJ 
denly  and  unexpectedly,  is  forever  to  be  dctilnrcd-  He  bv 
down  to  sleep  a  few  moments,  and  awoke  no  more,  It  mimIii 
sleep  if  death, — sleep  converted  into  death, — etenml  sleep.  Ill 
died  unseen;  and  ho  whoso  skill  had  saved  -^u  miiDy, who!« 
sympathy  had  carried  oonsulation  to  so  many  ilciith-beii"  »"• 
without  help  and  without  consolation  until  the  mortal  siruggit 
was  over  and  the  inanimate  clay  bad  become  insensible  to  ibt 
efforts  of  skill  or  the  sorrows  of  friends  and  family. 


vnd  W118  grantiMl  bj  Iht 
10  chiMrcn,  to  llu'  yming 
husljiinil  anil  th"  I'aiher. 
sertioii  of  tla^  American 
Innd,  and  it  wii-  ilionnlv 
cJ  through  thu  Somite  at 
sparing  to  carry  it  again, 
itcs  on  privah'  limine!!, 
to  collect  frcsli  iiiiilfriali 
■0.  The  last  il:iv  that  Ik 
;o,  on  hisrt'lM  ii  Inniithf 
,ho  daring  pn'k'n>iiMi'i.f 
push  the  nic.i-iurc  wliicii 
th  renewed  vigor  «t  iht 
d  not  have  been  spiireil  lo 
which  wius  1(1  rcivanltlit 
lurb  England,  and  tocn- 
in  of  an  empire.  Km  il  ii 
n ;  it  will  bn  cMm|ileiH, 
)rgotten.  Tlmt  namcBill 
>n  while  its  Imiiks  bran 


)f  the  French  liov"luli« 
pending;  it  wa-^  Miraliean, 
ia  bill  for  thi'  ilivi^innrf 
;ho  IjOgislative  A-'omijIy. 
lis  regard  fur  liis  bill,  lie 
willed  the  untinislicil  vn 
lis  deputy  leiul  lo  thc^s- 
ccasion  by  the  grpal  orator. 
iblo  fate  had  atloneil  afen 
rould  doubtless  have  i'De 
■  him,  and  a  moment  iwulj 
liiing  cares  of  frionJ-anl 
mitted  the  crowning' mcai- 
f  a  si'i^cessor.  lie  liadn.t 
nor  to  spciik, — iinil now  [Iii 

the  whole  ilclegationtriiiii 
selves  his  pnlitieal  logaites 
I  and  carry  it  tliroii.'h. 
)  himself  to  puints  not  •,> 
was  the  great  develii[iiii(Gi 
ind  was  undorgoing  at  tlie 
ears  he  had  derveil  in  tt» 

fullest  of  iiiiprdvoinmtt.i 
His  faculties  were  maturi' , 
ig  truly  lioautiful.  lirt'l!) 
public  displays,  be  renuiri-l 

powers ;  and  priu'tice  "i! 
A  natural  gift  lor  speak- 
t  mind  originally  ■;'*'"' 
udy  and  observiiiinn.  '[llu^ 
nd  seemingly  without  aMi- 
of  his  own  dis.'niirse.  Th( 
hment  and  admiration, ar.l 
the  mini  i»  in'iiiml.  .\  ft" 
1  powers.  Tliiil  sucli  a  niai 
an  of  his  days,  anil  so  siil- 
•r  to  be  denlorcd.  He  lij 
awoke  no  nioro.  It  itislbt 
0  death,— eternal  sleep.   Ill 

had  saved  so  many,  "k"* 

to  80  many  dcuthbed"  "•■ 
on  until  the  mortal  flmggli 
lad  become  insensible  to  lb( 
■nds  and  family. 


I'! 


it! 


ill 


1  1 


I,!-' 


(^^ 


POLITICAL  PROGRESS. 


677 


Mil.i'  I  mils  of  lilt  cr/vii!!.  . 
I  till.'  li;uv  uf  ill:'  '(• 


...•    I- 


■li.    1.1 


;i!-  f-siC!    :•!    III. 


>.,-t 


;  0)  1 1 


(       !■■  I     ;  •  ;-.Hi|lli!!l.-. 


Ii|iir 


w 


l.iniiSUl   III 


i.i*OHv**rKv' 


V.i'ij  I  i!i;l)h-<..  (I'll.; 


ie,  ttiiH  :i  iialu 


iii."iiin   U>  di'-   I'iVlliO   Will, 


l)..a: 

("sai'lv  clia;   w 


a.-"  "\i  •■    I'C- 


Hint  coumn 


i.      H'^r  i^l.i 


•.mnalDii  Iwj:  i)rp«ii)tej  Itself      '■>  '    •I'li.iit.tjroiJ.-.  l.Ypn,  '-M' 


li  !..■■•  li 


sitij  Ini  cj<ialh  (»f  Id*  )I"(R. 


10  vBtBivinI  (U'  Kiui  liitilljl' 

;;  ....  '■  •  ■  ■ .  ii'.  f'ipii,  . 


•lO  ill  x.iiircli  ;if  i;  <viJ»i'  (j.- 
.  l.Mik  ..fiht'  M,     ■ 
!    :.;.!  l..i:;.ti")i    ■     -■ 


I  iliiiiitii. 


■utH!.  ;■  ;ic 


III   iiu  ,.;   ii: 


tiy.t  ■..! 


...  !   ,;h  ).:!' '!«  =i:>ti»n.  '>y  it  rai'- 
.1-1.'  ;. ;;!■..'  '  ,ir     phi    r-r  •■  '.•(.-  f^.-v 


ifiilinii   -ii; 


lillclll 


ll'W  i'.  ilil 
.1.1     rX       . 


1.  Vt)jO  l!('.l013'.'i.-  j   I 


Owwi)  t  ■ 


f^iowin  f.  l.Inn  u. nlUair.  iii^ii 


.1  liiO  li-Sl.lil 


t  "t      J  •i.>,ai;>   lii  1 1'(.  »H- 


'd'j.'M     ■;,,.;:  1 


*,;.';.! 


.■tni  !» 


'ii'h  wiirinl'tiTWiiriis  ,•:■..■  ■  ....;.■ 

i.t     .--ll'.'h     I'.irmivi     .1     i.  |M!..j|.l'W     li.i      llll-:lJ^^l^    :iu;!f/l'll.' 

,       ,        ,    ,:.,.;  ''.v  -;.    Mi.vii  .1  r... :.■.,);.,,■  „•;  .i,  j...  ,-i,jov-:J 

' :i.;uili-.i    ..1    llii.     ti;'i(|  vf  (N'nu 

.        ...1  >.:..■;:■.;.    .,,.;   .    ..     r.      -I 

■  '..iritrwi:.  ■  ^M\'.->  ••  I'  • 

!  s>Hi;i,  li,ii))i..._v,  ■■  .    '  '        •        ,     ;.  .      .,    -,.....•.•.  u 

.',,]■-  Q<:!.iihiti*'.                     t,..       ■.  ,  •   ;     • ;  ...      ,.     vv-.;.;  ■■.     ■     , 
I. "Wis  ^'.  Bai;y.  and  T.  B.  Hoit.  '  w|j»o  .'moci.!  v  FUtalscth      


...   ...    L..J  .l..;.,..        i/,.iy     p.,i,|l 


I'    I'll!) 

i    (l  '  I 

'  ,1! 

ii} 


n 


<   <l    I 

lis 


POLITICAL   PllOOIlKSS. 


m 


"  (In  ai"illi«r  owii»ioii,  Mr.  Ilcnlcm  i-iiiil,  il  wmiM  Im  lii<  privi- 
1fiicl')»l"'"'<  1111)11' 'li'liliiiniti'ly  iif  llii)  merits  111'  Ihi'  iliirimni'il ; 
•I  iirent'iil  till  niiiy  fulloivt'il  tlio  iiii|iiili«iH  ol'  tlio  lifiiit  in  f{iv'in^ 
vent  111  Ici  liiiK*  iif  siirriiw  nml  iilVri'tinii  whirli  I'liiinil  ii  riiHpiinni' 

1,^,111 iii<,  :in<l  wliii'h  I'll  ninny  liml  met  lliin  night  In  niimi- 

fi»l." 

Mr.   liii'-'Vi  f''"'"   ll't'  t'oiiiinitfi'o  For  that  jiiir|i(isi', 
rt'iiiirti'il  I  III'  fiilKiwiiii^  prcamblu  tiiiil  icsdlutioiis  i'lir  \ 
til,,  ncii I' till!  im-etiiif,':  1 

■Will  i:i  1-.  lli<^  "iifily  mill  iiro.ipprity  nfour  cimiitry  mniiily 
(Iviii'iiil  nil  '111'  ^  irtiii'  'itiil  iibility  of  tlio  .itiiti'.-iiii'n  ami  rrprc-n-n- 
liilii'Cii  III  wliHiii  iIki  iliitii's  of  !;iiviii'iiiii>'nt  iiini  tlip  mukliiK  "f 
liini  lire  ilrliuiiloil  liy  tlio  pi'iiplf;  iinil  wliuioiiii,  wlii'ii   I'rovl-  • 
Jonee liu- nuinvi'il  fniiu iimiinK^I  ii''  I" iiimtber  iiml iv bolter  wnrlil 
^,,r,|-i.^(.|i(;iliv(Mil'  I'liiini'iit   iiicrit,  il  lieciiineM  uur  iliity  to  ile- 
cliiro  in  a  I'li'ilii' iiii'l  lolemn  nmiiiicr  our  rcspci't  I'nr  his  uipni- 
(in  siiil  mil'  !ii'ii-i'.  "itii  111!  aiiliiiii^,»ion  to  tlin  Diviiid  Will,  nf 
llicl"«*  jii'tuiiii'ili  iiii'l  wliiirpiia  nil  ouuiiKion  liiis  prcmMiteil  itsi'lf  j 
of  jo  tciitil'viiif^  our  sriitiiiii'iil^  ill  the  .suihlon  doiilii  of  the  lion.   | 
l.rwj!  K.  l.iiin;  il  in  thiTi'fore  | 

■' lltmilriil,  Tliiil  WO  hiivo  recclvoil  the  ciiil  llilingn  of  the  rn- 
ciiil  siiiliUii  iliiri'imn  of  the  lion.   Iji'win   V.  Linn,  one  of  tlio  | 
senalorj  friiiii  tlii."  Sliito  in  the  Congrcsn  of  the  Uniteil  .'^tiites,  j 
nitli  I'lulinjjs  iif  |irol'oun(l  rcjjrct,  iind  ileploro  the  event  iia  a  | 
|.illilii;llli>riiltllllf. 

■I  ;,'(«"/ii''/,  That  Iho  ciiniliict  anil  ilcportiiicnt  of   Lewis  F. 
I.iiiii  ilurlnj!  his  Ino  brief  cxisti'iii-i'  wn.i  iliatiii);uii<hril   in  pri-   I 
valriiinl  piofi'ssiiinal  lift',  as  ill  high  piiblii;  station,  by  a  raro 

,. liinaliiiii  of  iiiialitice,  cuinmaniling  our  ro?puct  while  thiiy 

B.iiniiir  allVi'tiiiiis:  anil  that  our  laini'utod  senator  \n\*  givon  to  ! 
tliusi'  vtIio  -ImiII  Mii'i'i'i'il  him  in  the  eounuils  of  tlio  nation  a  salu-  | 
ury  :iiiil  brijilil  evaiiiple. 

■■/,'.. I, /;,./,  flial  ill  his  senatorial  aeliou  on  the  relation  anil 
inlcll•^ls  of  tlic-e  Unileil  States  ami  Territories  in  their  whole  1 
ij.iesimnse.  from  Ihe  Lake  of  the  Woods  to  Ca|ie  Sable,  ami 
iv'Wi  Iho  gliures  of  llie  Paeilic  Oeean  to  the  boiindiiry  line  of  ! 
Jliiiii!  anil  .Vew  lirunswick,  wo  acknowledge  and  appreciate 
tacitisil.iui,  energy,  and  high  sense  of  national  right  and  honor  | 
isiiililieil  by  Lewis  V.  Linn.  | 

•  /.'(«.//■( </,  That  the  elTorla  of  Lewis  F.  Linn  to  obtain  justice  ! 
f  r  lliiil  |iiirliiiii  i.f  our  population  whose  rights  nf  property  ' 
mrerj|iiTialIy  giiaraiiteeil  to  them  by  the  treaty  of  ees.sion  of  '■ 
llif  Miilli  April.  ISim,  alone  entitle  his  uicniory  to  the  respect  of 
fviry  Amrriran  eili/en  who  eivn  appreciate  the  value,  to  the  ' 
in'liv'Miial  or  tu  Ihe  mass,  of  national  good  faith  and  honor. 

" /,'f.«/if./.  'fliai  wc  respoetfully  tender  to  the  bereaved  and 
iBIi'loil  lamily  of  our  deceased  senator  the  assurance  of  our 
•.Mi!|.;Uliiis,  and  llial  a  copy  of  the  priH'ceding.s  of  this  inceling 
L'  I  iWiinlcil  lu  his  widow  by  Ihe  chainuan,  with  an  appropri- 

.1:.    t\h-\" 

The  ri'puit  liuvini;  been  adopted  by  the  Tncetiii>r. 
Gill.  Iknney  offered  a  resolution,  which  was  afterwards  , 

Di^ilified  to  read  as  follows  :  | 

■'/,'.<„/,,./.  Thai  a  coinmitleo  of  three  persons  lie  appointed  ! 
'    inoliairniau,  whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  select  some  person 
iiliiiTiia  appropriate  address  on  Ihe  occasion  of  the  dentil 
^>>u:tl>ir  binii,  and  to  appoint  a  time  and  place  for  its  ile- 


Tlie  cliiiir  appointed  Messrs.  Rannoy,  Hudson,  and 
ili'iiiit'iliasselt  to  act  as  this  coinniittee. 
Judiie  Lawless,  Lewis  V.  Bogy,  and  T.  B.  Holt 


then  in  suecessiiiii  adilre.^sed  the  niectini;  in  cloi|ucnt 
culii;!iuinH  oC  the  deeeasoil. 

At  the  liiiK"  of  his  dealii  Senatiir  Linn  ici't  several 
relatives  livitii.'  in  Missouri,  anionir  wimiii  was  his 
nephew,  the  late  tfoseph  \\.  Cmin,  one  of  tlu^  best- 
known  inerehants  ul'  ,St.  Ijoiiis.  Mr.  Coiiti  was  also 
u  nephew  of  lion,  llemv  Poiljii',  who  represented 
Wisconsin  in  ihu  United  States  Senate  at  the  time  of 
the  death  of  Senator  Linn.  Mr.  Cnnii  was  born  in 
(,'ineinnati,  Ohio,  abont  the  year  IHKi.  and  was  the 
son  of  Joseph  ("oiiii,  who  einij^rated  at  an  early  day 
fniiu  I'ennsylvaiiia  In  Cincinnati.  His  nintlier.  .N'aney 
niidi;e,  was  n  native  of  Kentiieky,  and  lielon^ed  to  a 
family  that  was  ever  ready  to  serve  lis  country  in 
fleld  and  council.  Her  father,  Israel  Dodf.'!!,  was  of 
uii  adventurous  type,  and  lelV  his  hoiiie  in  Kentucky 
ubout  1800  in  search  of  a  wider  tielil  of  usefulness 
on  the  western  bank  of  the  Mississippi  lliver.  Ho 
found  a  suitable  location  at  Ste.  Genevieve,  at  that 
time  under  Spanish  domination,  and  far  in  advance  of 
St.  Louis.  In  these  days  tif  luxurious  travel  it  is 
almost  iin|)ossib]e  to  fully  realize  how  much  of  s]iirit 
and  determiinition  such  a  journey  involved,  yet  there 
still  remain  some  descendants  of  those  ctirly  pioneers 
who  have  heard  from  their  lips  recitals  of  their  stir- 
ring adventures,  which  now  read  like  the  incidents  of 
roiuance.  The  settlement  of  the  country  demanded 
men  of  a  dauntless  spirit,  and  such  a  man  was  the 
elder  Conn,  who  belonjied  to  the  class  that  pluck  suc- 
cess from  danger,  anil  whose  hardy  spirit  led  him  to 
make  repeated  voyages  as  early  as  1800  down  the 
Mississippi  to  New  Orleans,  returning  overland  to  his 
Ohio  homo.  It  .seems  a  small  matter  >iow  to  make 
this  holiday  jaunt  by  steam  and  rail,  but  it  was  a  very 
different  undertaking  at  that  far-off  day,  and  reriuired 
a  steady  nerve  and  great  endurance  to  journey  alone 
through  those  solitary  forests,  haunted  by  the  wild 
beast  an(J  tlie  wilder  Indian.  On  one  occasion  the 
elder  Conn  and  his  party,  returning  from  New  Or- 
leans, were  attacked  by  Indians  and  robbed,  etich 
escaping  with  oidy  a  blanket. 

Of  Mr.  Conn's  early  life  little  is  recorded.  Ho 
came  to  St.  Louis  in  1835,  and  for  forty  years  was 
identified  with  certain  prominent  interests  of  the  city. 
He  soon  earned  a  rc]nitatioii  for  business  integrity 
and  for  sincerity  and  fair  dealing  which  ho  enjoyed 
without  interruption  to  the  day  of  his  death.  He 
very  soon  became  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Conn, 
Sprigg  &  Greene,  a  large  auction  and  commission  en- 
terprise, and  afterwards  a  partner  in  the  house  of  An- 
derson &  Conn,  ill  the  boat  stores  business,  his  asso- 
ciate being  a  son  of  Maj.  Williaiu  C.  Anderson, 
whose  daughter  Klizabelh  he  had  married  in  1837. 


I 


11 


.1  'I 


578 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Miij.  Aiidi'i'siiii  wiiM  II  Ciiieiniiiitiiiii  who  Imd  n'liinvuil 
to  8t.  Louis.  SiiliK(<(|ii('iitly  Mr.  Conn  was  a  inunibor 
of  tlu'  firm  of  Ciirtor  k  Coiiii  ( Wuhcr  |{.  Ciiiti'r), 
wlio  woiv  al>i)  in  llic  boat  stores  Im.Hiru'.s.s. 

Mr.  Conn  was  csscnliaiiy  u  business  man,  and  was 
possosscil  of  more  iban  ordinary  abilities.  Cnifonn 
siu'cess  atlfudcd  all  bis  Vtnlnii's  until  tim  later  years 
of  liis  life,  wlien  be  met  with  serious  reverses.  His 
firm  was  largely  intert'sted  in  tbe  lied  Kiver  trade  as 
owners  or  part  owners  ol  xnnii  ei^lit  or  ten  vessels  ply- 
in^  in  tlmse  waters,  but  tbe  sinking  or  exploding  of 
several  of  tbeso  vessels  i  wbieb  ebaneed  not  to  be  in- 
nured  I  entailed  JKiavy  los.ses  on  the  company  and  on 
biinself  personally. 

Mr.  Conn  was  a  man  of  no  commoti  amiability  of 
ubaraeter,  and  (bis  witb  an  ardent  temperament  and 
unrestrained  (geniality  caused  iiiiu  tu  be  held  in  the 
liiL'best  esteem  by  u  very  larfie  eirele  of  loving  friends. 
He  was  of  unostentatious  ebaraeter,  and  never  soui;lit 
place  or  jireferment,  and  altboiij;li  often  uijied  to 
accept  otViee,  ebiise  ratliertbe  jirivate  station  wbieb  be 
was  eminently  fitted  to  adorn,  lie  died  suildcnly, 
May  7,  1874,  of  beart-di.sease,  leavinj;-  a  wife  and  sLt 
cbildren  and  .several  sisters.  In  jiolitics,  Mr.  Ceiin 
was  a  lifeloiisj;  democrat,  and  to  tbe  very  last  c.xbib- 
iled  tbe  deepest  interest  in  tbe  puliticul  questions  of 
tbe  day. 

Amon<:  tbe  (jucstions  in  which  Missouri  was  most 
particularly  interested  about  ISiJI)  was  that  of  the 
removal  of  tbe  Indians  from  her  territory.  In  that 
part  of  tbe  State  beyond  tbe  old  west  line  of  Mis-  ; 
souri  and  tbe  Mi.ssouri  River  was  ii:cluded  territory 
tliut  afterwards  constituted  seven  counties,  unsur- 
passed in  point  of  bealtlifulness,  beauty,  and  fertility, 
but  which  was  then  in  the  possession  of  the  Indians. 
The  transfer  of  tbe  savai^es  farther  westward  was  a 
labor  that  has  bad  no  parallel  in  the  political  history 
of  the  State.  It  embraced  two  propositionni,  both  of 
which  presented  obstacles  that  were  generally  sup- 
posed to  be  insurmountable, — tbe  one  to  ciilarLje  the 
area  of  slavery  by  adding  to  it  free  territory,  and 
thus  to  alter  the  line  of  the  Missouri  com]>romise  ; 
and  the  other  to  remove  the  Indians  from  lands  they 
had  just  received  in  exchange  for  tbeii  former  po.sses- 
sions  to  others  in  a  more  distant  region,  where  they 
would  have  no  river  like  tbe  Missouri  to  protect  their 
feeble  remnants  from  tbe  incursions  of  their  more 
powerful  neighbors.  Notwithstanding  these  difficul 
ties,  such  were  the  indelatigabie  efl'orts  of  tbe  Jlis- 
souri  delegation  in  Congress  that  they  succeeded  in 
accomplishing  the  task,  and  in  enlarging  the  area  of 
slavery  without  exciting  tbe  animosities  of  its  ene- 
mies.    In    1886    the   Senate   confirmed   the  Indian 


treaty,  by  wbieb   .^li•<souri  was  IVi'e(l  from   ili.'  t,,,, 
onco  of  the  .savugi;  tribes  within  her  borders. 

In  I8;!l,  William  II.  Ashley  (anti-Van  Itmvn, 
and  William  II.  Harrison  (Van  Hiireo)  weir  vWh] 
to  Congress,  defeating  James  II.  Hinli  mii  \';ii, 
Rureii)  and  (Jeorge  V.  Strotber  i  Van  Hmiimi 

III  ISIt.'i  till!  I/i'gi>l:iture  again  redisliniKJ  i|„ 
State  into  liinr  electoral  districts,  and  beiiiu  in  dniilii 
as  to  tlu!  number  of  electors  to  wbieb  ihc  ,<ij;,. 
might  be  entitled  in  tbe  new  apporlionnietil  iiinlinL,. 
census  of  lHli5,  autbori/.ed  tbt;  tiovernor  tn  ii(li>ir;,t 
it,  if  necessary  to  do  so,  between  then  ain!  tin.  ;;(.|i. 
eral  election.  This  authority  has  b(^<'ii  cdiiiiiimil  in 
the  statutes  of  the  Statu  ever  since,  altb(>ii:;li  iliiiiiir. 
poses  of  it  have  long  since  cca.scid  to  e.'ii.t.  b  jj 
found  in  tbe  present  statutes,  and  is  niiniliiicii  .^iriiuii 
r)120.  Tbe  Governor  never  had  any  aiitlimiiv  tu 
district  the  State  into  congressional  districts,  iinnlij 
he  at  this  or  any  other  time  divide  it  inicj  clLvtural 
districts.  This  act  and  section,  after  the  |p:i>s;ii't  i,f 
the  act  of  18()4,  became  a  nullity,  then  iis  ikiw. 

In  IHliU,  Albert  (1.  Harrison  and  .lolm  Millr 
were  elected  to  Congress.  George  F.  liciJIinL'ir  «:i, 
chosen  elector  in  tbe  First  Flectoral  |)i>lri(i,  Alri 
ham  Bird  in  the  Second,  John  Sappinijiuii  in  il" 
Third,  and  William  Monroe  in  the  I'\jiirili.  TIm', 
cast  the  vote  of  tbe  State  for  Van  Huieii  and  .1  I,ii 
son. 

John  Sappington,  who  was  thus  chosen  Pwiiirii- 
tial  elector,  was  a  prominent  figure  in  llie  iiulitiiil 
and  social  afl'airs  of  St.  Louis  at  tins  tiini'.  Ai  ;i 
very  early  period  John  and  James  Sa|i|iiii^l"ii  cam 
from  England  and  settled  in  Marylaml.  Juliii  iS]- 
pington  (2d)  removed  to  Kentucky,  ami  lliciv  .J"liii 
Sap]iington  {•kl'),  the  subject  of  this  sketcli.  was  lini 
May  28,  17!JU.  He  was  one  of  a  family  uf  ei^liicii 
children,  one  of  whom  died  young.  The  .si'vciiirn 
others  became  heads  of  families  in  Missouri,  tu  wimli 
State  they  came  with  their  father  in  lyilt!.  stiiiiii.' 
on  a  tract  of  six  hundred  and  forty  acres  wliiili  lie 
purchased  in  Carondelet  township. 

On  arriving  at  his  majority,  Mr.  S;i]i|riiiL'ti'n  pur- 
chased  tbe  tract  of  land  on  which  his  .siiii.Tlii'iiias  J. 
Sappington,  now  resides,  near  Sappinginii  jKistotiiiv. 
He  subsenuently  added  to  this  other  tracts,  aaiMiiiii- 
ing  in  all  to  two  thousand  acres,  all  of  wliidi  is  oivm'l  j 
by  his  five  surviving  children.  In  1815  ho  estali- 
lished  on  his  farm  a  tannery,  the  capacity  ef  wliiik 
was  increased  until  it  came  to  have  thirty  vais.  and  | 
which  he  conducted  in  connection  with  his  fariu  uiiiii 
1845,  when  he  discontinued  tbe  business  of  tanning  | 
and  devoted  himself  to  farming  alone  duriiii,'  tlierf- 
luainder  of  his  lile.     As  a  fanner  he  was  lii^lil}' •«• 


,.(•(1   rnmi   111"  |,ri'.. 
kt  Imiii1<i> 
r   (niiti-V;iii   liiiivii 
IJilM'li )  Well'  cli'cli'il 

I.  Hiiili     iiniiViin 
Vail  Hiircn  '. 
aiii    voiliHtrirtril  iIk 

iili<l  liciiiL'  ill  ilmilit 
111  wliicli  I  111'  Sijii' 

lll'tlollllll'lll    lllnll'l'  lll>' 

ili)Virriiiii'  In  ri'ilislrkl 
I  then  mill  tlu'  m- 
\s  boiMi  i'iiiiliiiui.'il  in 
\w,  iiltliiiii;^li  ilii'|iiir- 
iiisod  til  fxi^t.  li  i< 
1.1  is  iiiiiiilii'rt'il  Si'riiiiii 
luiJ  iiiiy  iiulluiiiij  to 
iiiiiiil  districts,  imriliii 
iviilo  il  into  I'letiid 

II,  iiftnr  till!  p;i>»a;;i.' Ill' 
ity,  then  us  imw. 
isiiii    mill  'IhImi  Milkr 

lor^i!  V-  liiillili'-'i'l'  «a- 
iloctoral  Pi^trid.  \U.\- 
iliii  Suiiiiiiigloii  ill  ill" 
in  llio  l'\iiiiili.  Tli'V 
Van  Buivii  mid  -I"""- 

thus    cllOSlMl  riY>i'l<li- 

fi'^urc   ill  tlie  imiitiiJ 

is   at  this  tiiiu'.    Ai  i 

James  Saiiiiiiiiitmi '"""'' 

Marylaml.    .Inlm  >''\- 

itucky,  iiiui  ilii'iv  J-lm 

,)t'  this  slii'ti-li.  «;isli.rn 

lot'  a  rainiiy  .if  iM'Jiti"ii 

(iun;_'.     Tiu!  M'Vrtiii'11 

js  ill  Missiiiu-i.tu  wiiirii 

Llu-r  ill  ISHCi.'ii'ii"- 

Li  r.irty  !ii-ivs  wliii-li  lie 

iliip. 
Ity,  Mr.  Suitiii;:!""!* 
(liieli  liissiiii.TIi""!''-''- 
Sajiiiiii'-'i'i"  I'l'-i-"''''''-' 
iiis  (ither  tia.-ts,  Mmml- 
cs,  all  of  wlii'-lii>  ""'""' 
|en.     In  181. i  111' ^'^t^'''- 
•,  the  eapiu-iiy  nl'  "''i''' 
to  have  tliiity  vats.  aiiJ  | 
jtioii  with  his  t'uriu  i 
the  husillo^so^•ta■,lW2! 
L  aloiif  ilm-iiii:  ''"""■ 
imei-  he  wns  liiglilj  -uc- 


M 


Ih 


//     / 


:!:  t 


'•|i     ill*' 


57>< 


iiirrrouY  OK  SAINT  Lours. 


Miij.  Aiiili'isdii  W1I-.  ;i  ('iiiuiniDitiiiii  wiio  had  remove; 
M  St.  Liiiiis.  Stit.is(i|iioiitl_Y  Ml".  Conn  wii.s  o  luomlmr 
o{'  iJio  firm  of  Cnrtcr  .t  Conn  {  Wiiitci'  H.  r.'irliuO, 

w'.i)  w,  I  ■  u!  ■,)  in  (he  b(i:\t  slori.-s  l.iiisiru-'-. 

wHH  esseruiiiily  n  busiof- < 
1 -i^  1   -i.i  oi   tnoic  limn  orUinarv  abili'i  .-.      i  . 
s,:-      .-i  ..M,  ,i,lcil  nil  Ills  vrntvii'-.'*  iiiitil  llii'  hid- 

■  11  ii'-'  np't  Willi  siuiimm  ii'vorscs.     U' 
lii:.i  u.i.-.  ,.;s.:L'ly  iii^i'ri'.^loiJ  in  liw  iii'i'  ■      i  >  ' 

■  '.V  il-  I-  CM-  •  .Mt  .".Tlk'!"  oi    rt.lU''    ''u'i!    '■ 


jlr.  !  'ni:::  \>:i.H 
.•h.ii-!.  I-  '■    .;   H  t'li 


l.i: 


.11   jmiil'Hi;^    ■ 


jKil'iical  n^MM- 


Ai'ii'n-  t!  r.  qif^rioi''    in  w'.iicli  Mi>«i»un  vvus  wwt 

p.ii.  bout   1831!  Wiis  tiint  of  ihy 

rtj'in)...:  ui   till    Li.u;  .ii«  friiin  her  leniiiirj.'.     In  ihat 

fi.ii'  of  ill'-  Slaio  hoyumi  the  dM  we.st  lino  ol  Ali.- 

(i.i  I'.i    ;..'  iMiws.nui  Itivur  wa?  in.Jntiud  terri(oiy 

[i   It    a'l..i  w:n(l.'?    (•till>UtUt(.>fl    w-VtMl    (OHUlios,    im.snr 

I.;i^.-i'^!  li,  •:   ;til  rX  lnM!l!irulM".«s,  t'l  rjn       r'?  ft-r'Hilv, 
I  ■,>     •.['.„  .  -H  ill  tin:  I 


■\  iiioh   Mi.s.Houn  wa«  freed  fiv 
emu-  of  the  (ittvaji'i!  tribes  •Aliiiiii  iu>r  hot'^ 

in    IHIi!!,   Wiiiiam    U.   A^lli.•y   :;.ii 

ruil  ^\'ini,ini  II    H.itrison  (^Van   Biu    i 

li'iitiij:  Jamas    U.    Bii 

'    .i_ii  I  r.iU  li  oi-jrc  !•'.  Stnith«r  i  Van  H 

'ii    I -•';'. "i    til:'   Li'jii.sliiuim  ajfuin    i'- 

^•'ctimil  tiistriota,  and  I  ■ 

I'l     tt!l.'      IMUiiUt    ilf    c'lcctol '^ 

^•!iT  !ii'  cMtitu'fl  ill  till-  I'-nv  :i| 

!  ,    .     ■       .     ,    .'(I,  r.ri  ■vT.;i,    I  !i 

'tlLTity  Iv.s  l„ 

I  :!•!  statulOH  of  tli(>  ^>l   : 

"f  it   havu    Ion;;    -i;!!'!    i-m-    a 
I  HI  'hi-  M"-i"ir    t.-itn'  ■>■  fi'-i!  i-  ■• 

'.21).    :th 

Jiitlict  till'   >'•    ■!'■      '1.1    .    r,.ll;.-|     >  ■ 

ti!>  at  ilii-^  or  'iiiv  I. '!,'•••   iinio  lir.  ■  .. 
!  mion,  all 

.  '  M/i  i.t    :  >(i  I,  iiri   ii.i  :i  nullity.  (■ 
!■     18:.if),   Allien    •'      Hnv,;..„! 

:<it'tod  U)  (.'ui.,. 
.'■    ■  f.lci'liii'   ill   iIh'    i-  >   1    1-.; 
•iri    IJli-d    JO   tlk-  St'Cdl  il.   .1    ■■ 
.iiid  Williaui   Mo'i 
•;,•■  iiK!  vole  of  the  SUito  loi'  \ 

r:(!ft. 

John  Sappiniitoii,  who  was  llj';      '  ■ 
lial  I'liMilor,  was  n  [ironiinent    <\ 
and   .-oi^al     .iTairs  nf  Si.  liiiu.-. 
\'o.ry  i-aily  j'.'iind  John  and  .1.  • 
from  Kii;5liiiii.l  and  nijldud  in  " 
piiif:loii  ''.*d,i  reuiiivfid  lo  K^ti 
-  i()pinf;t"ti  (I'd),  tlu!  sul'j     . 
■  lilt.     He  wa-i  .. 

ot  whoiii  i! 

Iier«  bocaino  heudn  of  Ikmili. 
.•^liiU'    '  with  i'.. 

w:    a    '  •  C    l-Dt.iiv.    I 


'..;    ■    ililj  .-    'M-   ■  ;  ■  )•,[      i;'       ,11^..    ;il     111?    llljji'.'' 

iinin  IiIII'Ih  thi'V  ciiiiJiud  tliu  iiaet  of  lain!  on  w,  i 

•     iiiiT  [ii).wi'8-  Sappinuion,  now  roidea,  iicnr  8»{-(' 
i    •              ■!,  wlii'iv  llu'.y  J   II..-  .-.ubsiMioi  nily  lulde.i  I'l  ihi-   )i.l|.  .  - 

;         •   .  i^>  ]noli:ct  llu'ir  iiii.^  in  all  to  two  lliutiMOlil  luir-s.  :,!i  ,  ; 

i  iicir  iiioro  by  his  five  HUiviving  tdiitdriM       I 

.Ni';n  UiL'so  difltoul  lislicd  on   hi^  larni  u  (aiini'ry.  i:i       '    ■ 

(i.t...  .^U'.li    V  i     till'  indclHli;..  iiHof  |,li«!  Jilts,  wiw  iiiitreascd  until   it  raino  to  iuv      i 

',  ':  'I  Coiigrr-.sg  that  they  ttuuccodiid  in  which  ho  (ainduutcil  in  I'.unin.-i'iioii  with  ii 

:ic'i'nniJi-'!i!!i^  L!K.  la.'ik)  "lid  in  c  'liiMtrfaof  1^15,  when  hi'  di.scdniiniii'ij  <\-  liii-.iii, 

fin'i,"  i.-'li  .u-   r\  :-ir_    t!;!-  v  ^  ■'  •'■■  r.'ic  vh'   i.-.M-.|  M'l.^tir  ;i,  iaru...;^  aloii>   li... 

niies.     ill    IKilG    ihu    Hcnatu    uoiitiriiied   iho  Indian  iiiainddi' of  Iii.s  lil'i'.      As  a  farnicr  ho  \v:is 


Wi  ulil  li:i"."  !• 

I'ciM..  roMinanis  from 
I'liivurl'iil  ivivhbofs 


liuhlvw- 


^/fU.^^'' 


C    i  1 


.if 


,,1111 '"!>  «'•''  '' 


«ura,mrvlKMV.>sliii:lilv*i 


mmmm 


POLITICAL  PROGRESS. 


679 


co.wfiil,  iiMil  in  1859  received  from  tho  St.  Louis  Ajj;- 
riculturiil  mid  Moclianical  Associution  a  premium  ibr 
..,lie  iiiiMicl  t'itrm." 

Ill  till'  war  iif  1812  he  was  a  volunteer,  under  Col. 
Natliaii  limine,  son  of  Daniel  Boone,  the  Kentucky 
iiiiiiioir,  :iMil  was  the  first  one  of  the  fifteen  hundred 
lioi-seinon  In  l>lunj^e  into  the  Missis.>iippi  River  and 
li'aJ  the  way  across  to  Illinois,  whither  they  went  to 
join Govoiniir  Edwards.  He  was  held  in  hij;h  esteem 
liv  Govenmr  Howard,  and  was  one  of  the  trusty 
iftuis  ^*'"'  "''^'''^  ■'*''"''  '"  "Jvance  of  the  army  to  de- 
tect auilnisii  and  apprise  it  of  dan<rer. 

Ho  aiwavs  felt  a  deep  interest  in  the  advancement 
of  aLTiciiliuro,  and  was  active  in  the  or-^anizatiun  of 
ilie  Aiiiiiiiit'iral  and  Meuhunical  Association.  He 
ms  a  Wliii:  in  jiolitics,  and  was  three  times  chosen  to 
rfinvscnt  Si.  Luuis  County  in  the  State  Legislature, 
liis  services  in  which  body  met  the  entire  approbation 
of  lii.s  constituonts. 

Ho  was  married  Jan.  8, 1815,  to  Miss  Sarah  Wells, 
liaiiiilitor  III'  Jo.seph  Wells,  of  Carondelet.  They  had 
eleven  ciiilclien.  of  whom  five,  Tyrie  Sappington, 
Mr>.  Klizalic'tli  .^lanro,  Mrs.  Jeminiu  Stcrnhauer,  Mrs. 
Jlaiv  Lmij.',  and  Thomas  J.  Sitppin<;t()n  are  now  liviiifj;. 
Mr.  Sa|ii)iii;;t(in  died  JMarch  17,  1804.  His  wife 
liatldied  im  llie  iilst  of  August,  18lil. 

Juliii  F.  liiiiig,  who  married  Mary  Nelson,  daughter  of 
11(111.  Jdlm  Sappington,  is  a  member  of  a  family  which 
I'.iiiuany  years  has  been  conspicuously  identified  with 
ilie  liusiiiess  and  social  interests  of  St.  Louis,  and  has 
iiau|iied  many  positions  of  trust  and  honor  under  the 
iimiiieipal  u'ovornmcnt.  Mr.  Long  lias  tilled  tlie 
I'iliees  of  chief  of  police,  county  marshal,  general 
tuiifiiiiteiuieiit  of  roads  and  bridges  (for  eight  years;, 
nieiiiLer  of  ilic  City  Council  and  of  the  school  board, 
jii'Le  of  the  county  court,  and  surveyor  and  c  ilector 
if  eiisioms,  in  all  of  which  he  has  acquitted  himself 
li"iiiiral)lv  and  to  the  satisfaction  of  all  good  citizens. 
ili>  aiiiialilo  wife  is  a  member  of  the  Second  Baptist 
riiinvli.  anil  Mr.  Long  of  the  Conipton  Avenue 
I'l'-liUeriaii  Church. 

The  pioiiocr  of  the  Long  family  in  St.  Louis  was 
r;i|it.  Jiilin  Long,  one  of  the  earliest  residents  of  the 
M\\\.  lie  was  born  in  Port  Royal,  Va.,  in  1755, 
\v;i<  Q  soldier  in  the  Revolutionary  war  under  Oen. 
I.alayeite,  and  engaged  in  the  battle  of  Brandywino. 
Ill  1781  lie  married  Elizabeth  Bennet,  of  Pliiladei- 
[Ilia,  and  rai.<ed  a  family  of  four  children, — Isubellu, 
itife  of  Ciiiit.  James  Mackey  ;  Nancy,  wife  of  Eli 
Mii.>iek;  William  S.,  and  John  Long.  After  the 
Ileviilutionary  war  Capt.  Long  was  commander  of  tlie 
I  vismI  "  Dolphin,"  which  plied  between  Philadelphia 
auJ  Liverpool  some  five  yeura.     lu  1794  ho  removed 


with  his  family  to  Kentucky,  and  in  the  fall  of  179G 
with  several  otlior  families  removed  to  St.  Louis  and 
settled  upon  Spanish  grant  No.  415,  near  Boiihomme, 
issued  by  Don  Zeiion  Trudeau,  Spanish  commandant 
at  that  time.  St.  Louis  was  then  a  small  village  of 
Spanish,  French,  and  Canadians,  numbering  some 
seven  hundred  inhabitants,  and  the  dwellings  were 
nearly  all  of  logs  or  poles  sc'i.  on  end  and  covered 
with  boards,  the  openings  being  plastered  with  prairie- 
grass  and  mud.  The  out-houses  and  barns  wore 
thatched  with  straw.  A  few  stone  and  some  frame 
houses  were  also  standing. 

In  1807  he  removed  to  Gravois,  on  survey  No.  9, 
where  he  led  the  life  of  a  farmer  until  182G,  when 
he  died.  His  associates  comprised  many  of  the  gen- 
erous and  noble-hearted  French  residents, — the  Chou- 
teaus,  Soulards,  Cerrcs,  Sarpys,  Gratiots,  Dr.  Sau- 
grain,  the  Lucases,  etc.,  together  with  the  Kents, 
Conways,  Eastons,  and  Carrs.  During  Gen.  Lafay- 
ette's visit  to  St.  Louis  in  1825,  John  Long,  in 
company  with  many  others,  called  upon  him,  and  the 
reception  accorded  them  by  the  general  was  of  the 
most  cordial  character.  Deep  feeling  was  e,\hibitcd 
on  the  one  side,  and  affectionate  respect  and  grat- 
itude for  the  venerable  soldier  and  statesman  on  the 
other,  eliciting  tears  from  both  parties.  John  Long 
was  widely  known  as  a  man  of  honesty  and  integrity, 
and  as  one  whose  life  was  above  reproach. 

William  S.  Long,  his  son,  was  born  Feb.  2(t,  1789, 
in  Viiginia,  and  with  bis  father's  family  arrived  in 
St.  Louis  in  1790.  In  July,  1808,  he  married 
Elizabeth  Sappington,  daughter  of  John  Sappington, 
also  a  Revolutionary  soldier  under  Gen.  Greene. 
He  located  upon  a  part  of  survey  No  9.  where  he 
erected  a  comfortable  frame  iiouse,  still  standing,  and 
now  owned  by  Gen.  Grant,  and  known  as  White 
Haven.  In  1813  he  volunteered  as  a  soldier  under 
Gen.  McNair,  was  appointed  a  lieutenant,  and  fought 
the  Indians  in  Illinois  and  Missouri,  from  Cap  Au  Gris 
to  Fort  Madison  and  Sutro  Island.  In  1818  he  jmr- 
'  chased  of  Antoine  Soulard  survey  No.  iJ73,  on  the 
Maramee  River,  established  a  farm,  and  laid  out  the 
town  of  Fenton.  In  1820  he  removed  with  his 
family  back  to  a  part  of  survey  No.  9  and  fractional 
section  17,  where  he  successfully  cultivated  a  largo 
farm,  on  wliich  was  situated  a  spacious  and  comfort- 
able house,  always  open  to  his  relatives  and  I'rieiids. 
Among  the  latter  were  the  Soulards,  Cjrres,  Saugrains, 
Chouteaus,  Sublet tes,  Bateses,  Geyers,  Gambles,  Ben- 
tons,  Bloods,  Von  Phuls,  Hawkses,  Browns,  Dr. 
Simpson,  etc.  William  S.  Long's  recollection  of  the 
early  times  and  events  in  St.  Louiv  was  remarkably 
'  vivid,  and  he  could  relate  incidents  with  great  precision 


!t 


%f 


WTsI 


r..! ! ) 


580 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


ami  rare  liunior.  Anionjj;  other  reininiscencos  of  tlie 
c;irl^v  period  ho  was  wont  to  state  tliat  the  French 
wairons  ami  earts  for  luuilini:  prodtiee,  wood,  or  other 
articles  were  destitute  of  iron,  not  a  tire,  band,  pin,  or 
nail  of  in. II  beiiij;  used  in  the  whole  structure.  They 
oiled  the  axles  with  tallow  or  bear's  srrease.  There 
wore,  however,  some  tine  two- wheeled  jrius  (iron- 
bound)  from  Pittsburjih,  owned  by  Dr.  Sanurain, 
Judi;e  Liieas,  and  the  Chouteaus,  and  used  for  riding 
and  the  doctor's  medical  practice.  During  the  cholera 
scourge  of  lS4tt.  Mr.  Long  visited  a  sick  friend  in  the 
city,  and  a  few  days  after  was  attacked  with  that  dis- 
ease. His  wife  was  also  taken  ill,  and  died  on  the* 
3d,  he  on  the  9th,  his  daughter,  Mrs.  Dr.  Brown,  on 
the  lOih,  and  his  son's  wife,  Mrs.  II.  S.  Long,  on  the 
14tli  of  July,  184it.  His  children  then  living  wt're 
Mrs.  llitehey.  Harrison  L.,  Mrs.  J.  Long,  John  F., 
Mrs.  Berry.  Thonuts  S.,  Mrs.  T.  E.  Wright,  and 
Miss  Clarion,  afterwards  Mrs.  Brown. 

Lilburn  W.  Boggs  was  elected  Governor  by  the 
Ileniocrats  over  William  II.  Ashley,  the  Whig  candi- 
date, by  a  vote  of  14,S15  to  13,057. 

In  anticipation  of  a  visit  from  Daniel  Webster,  the 
friends  of  that  statesman  in  St,  Louis  held  a  meeting 
at  Masonic  Hall  on  the  11th  of  June,  1S3T,  for  the 
purpose  of  making  arrangements  for  his  reception. 
William  S.  Johnson  called  the  meeting  to  order,  and 
Jonathan  Thompson  was  elected  chairman.  The  fol- 
lowing ]ier.<ons  were  chosen  vice-presidents:  John  I. 
Lanagh,  John  Barstow,  Egliert  Benson,  James  II. 
Braine,  Jacob  Drake.  Samuel  Iloonie,  Joseph  N. 
Lord,  J.  G.  Rapelje,  John  Ilemick,  Barzillai  Wyer, 
Farris  Finch,  Nathaniel  Weed,  William  Bakewell. 
Joseph  Tucker.  Richard  Barnes,  Edward  Dayton, 
Charles  Colgate.  Thomas  Fes.senden  and  William 
I*.  Disosway  were  appointed  secretaries. 

In  accordance  with  resolutions  adopted  by  the  mect- 
iiiL',  when  it  was  known  that  the  steamboat  "Robert 
Morris,"  on  which  Mr,  Webster  was  expected,  had 
passeil  the  mouth  of  the  Ohio,  a  committee  ajipointed 
for  the  purjiose  proceeded  to  meet  him  on  the  steam- 
boat "  II,  ii.  Kenney.'  At  a  point  below  Jefl'er.son 
Barracks  the  eoinmiltee  boarded  the  "  .Morris,'  and 
were  introduced  to  .Mr.  Webster.  The  two  steamers 
then  proceedeil  to  Market  Street  landing,  where  Mr. 
Webster  and  his  family  were  escorted  to  the  N'aiiomil 
Hotel,  afterwards  tlie  St.  Clair  Hotel,  where  they  sjx'Ut 
several  days.  The  admiration  entertained  for  .^L•, 
Webster  by  (he  people  of  St.  Jiouis  was  attested  by 
one  of  the  grandest  demonstrations  that  ever  took 
place  in  this  country  in  honor  of  any  public  man.  (hi 
June  Lith,  in  a  beautiful  grove,  where  the  Lucas 
Market   was   afterwards  located,   over  live  thousaud 


persons  as,senibleJ  at  a  "barbecue"  to  wliirl,  J],. 
Webster  had  been  invited  by  a  committee  c  iiniHiscl 
of  R.  Wash,  H.  S.  Geyer,  Beverly  Allen,  an!  (ith,.,.. 
Col,  Charles  Keemle  acted  as  chief  marshal  iissisicl 
by  a  number  of  aids,  and  Gen,  Ashley  presi(li'(|.  wjii, 
Richard  Graham.  William  Carr  Lane.  .Inlm  |j 
Sarpy,  John  Perry.  James  (Memens,  Jr.,  ainl  .lam,; 
Russell  as  vice-presidents.  Mr.  Webster  \v:i.<  m-,.. 
ent,  and  acknowledged  the  honor  done  him  in  , 
speech  of  unusual  power  and  felicity  of  ix|,r,>si,iii 
"  He  was  fre(iuontly  cheered  by  the  eiitlui>ia>ti,. 
crowd,  who  in  their  fren/y  .seemed  desir.ms  ul  bear- 
ing hiiu  aloft,  if  not  to  the  skies,  at  least  as  lii^-ji ;,. 
their  hands  could  carry  him,  and  were  onlv  ivstiaiiiiil 
from  attempting  it  by  a  desire  to  have  him  coiiilnu,. 
the  flood  from  the  same  fcmntain,"  '  Frnm  .'>!t.  f,,,,,:^ 
Mr.  Webster  went  to  Alton,  III,  being  aa'iiiiiii:iiii,.J 
by  a  committee  from  both  cities. 

Among  those  at  this  time  who  took  -  ■:  'iitl,iii;,!i, 
earnest  part  in  politics,  ind  were  deejilv  ainl  aiiiv,  i 
interested  in  the  guidance  of  [larly  ends  and  aims,  inn 
without  seeking  or  looking  for  office,  was  Julni  B, 
Sarpy,  then  one  of  the  nn)st  active,  influential,  imj 
enter])rising  citizens  of  St.  Louis.     He  was  iin  •OM, 
Line"  Whig  of  deep  and  strong  convictions,  iiko  IVtr 
Lindell,  Thornton  Grimsley,  James  G,  Soularil,  Ihnrv 
Von  Phul,  Col.  John  O'Fallon.  and  so  inaiiv  imi,   ;' 
the  prominent  business  men  of  St.  Louis  in  tluiso  ■;.«.] 
old  times,  and  we  find  his  name  in  connection  witii 
many  of  the  leading  political  movements  of  tlu'peri  i 
Mr.  Sarpy  was  a  warm  persomd  and  political  IViiii i . ;' 
Henry  Clay,  Daniel  Webster,  and  many  otlior  (li.*i;ii. 
guished  men  of  his  day,  some  of  whom  uiiulo  las 
house  their  home  when  visiting  St.  Louis,     \kAh 
being  a  vice-president  at  the  great  festival  and  b;iii.f 
cue  given  in  homu-  of  Daniel  Webster's  vi.-it  tn  ,•>;. 
liouis   in    ISo",   he  was  the    next  year  a  ]priiiiiiiiiii! 
member  and  worker  of  the  I'amons  Whig  "  Vi;:ilaii,v 
Committee"   which   "organized  victory"  fer  Wiliiaiu 
Henry  llarri,son  in  1840.     John  B,  Sarpy  >  paiiriui , 
grandparents,  Charles  Sarpy  and  wife,  whose  inaii  n  I 
name  was  Suzanne  Trenty,  were  residents  nl  Finn :. 
near  Agen,  on  the  river  Garonne,  which  in  tliiil.n- 
of  the  iinciiii  ri'ffimc  formed  part  of  the  pniviinv I'f I 
Gascony,  in    France,      Gregoire    Herald  iSaipy. 
tiither  ol'  John   B,  Sarpy,  born  at  the  almve  jilaci' in  I 
the  year  17G4,  was  one  of  several  brothers,  twu  uf  I 
whom,  John  B.  and  Silvestre  ]>,,  had  jireeeiled  liiuii> 
Louisiana,  where  John  B,,  the  eldest,  was  otalilisliid 
as  a  iniTcliant  in  New  Orleans  prior  to  the  t'oiiiidiDi' 
of  Si.  Louis  in  17t!4, 

'  Slic|ifti(l'«  History  of  Si,  I.ouis,  .M..^,  p,  l^r. 


POLITICAL   PUOGUKSS. 


681 


•cue"  to  wliirh  Mr. 
eoimuittce  i-  ■mimx.i 
•ly  Allen,  anl  i  it  her-. 
Iiief  inurslial.  ;issist,.l 
\shley  pvosiil.i  wiili 
!irr  Liino.  •l"lni  11. 
iiions.  Jr.,  aii'l  ■laiiirj 
r,  Webster  was  ].iiv 
)nor  done  liiiii  in  ;i 
telicity  of  cxiiri^sinii, 

by  the  omluiMa-ti' 
iiied  desirous  ni  brar- 
;ii'S,  at  least  as  lii-h  a- 
id  were  only  ivsivain^i 

to  have  liini  i'Hmiii!i> 
in.'' '  ProMi  ."^t,  l.imi- 
lU.,  being  aceoiniiaiiii'.] 

3S. 

ivlio  took  ■■  '^-'iitli'iiiaii- 
i>re  dee]ily  ami  aitiv,  v 
larty  ends  and  aims. 'mii 
'or  offiee,  was  J.ihii  B. 
iictive.  infliuMitial.  atl 
luis.     lie  was  an  "Oli 
\\X  convictions,  liko  IVt : 
(aiuesG.  SoularJ,  llmry 
)n,  and  so  many  im.u-  -  f 
f  St.  Louis  in  tliiw;;-! 
Kline  in  oonni'i'tiuu  wit;i 
novenientsol'  ilio  iieri-A 
111  and  jiolilii'al  tVioii'l  >  f 
:ind  many  ollior  ivv.v.- 
0  of  whom  ma'io  li- 
ini;  St.  Lmiis,     liosi'i- 
reat  festival  ami  I'arV- 
A  Wi'bsler's  visit  l-  v.  i 

next  year  a  i.r.miiii.ii: 
inious  Whii:  "  Vi.:il:ui>' 
.1  victory"  tor  \Vi!li,iin 
ohn   B,  Sari.y's  patenui  ! 
iiid  wife,  wlinsf  iiiaiin  | 
ere  residoiits  oi  Vuni  ■  ] 
ronne,  whifh  in  tli''  'I.')- 
1  (lart  of  the  iivovimvl 
lire    Herald   ijarpy,  \\k 
rn  at  the  alwve  iilarfin  I 
several  hrotli.Ts,  t«H  .f ' 
I).,  had  piavoiL^aiiim:'] 
,.  eldest,  was  e-ialil!>W 


I 


ms  prior  to 


the  tlinmv.ni:  I 


;i.  l,oui».  .M'.i"  I'- 


'I'liis  .l.ilin  15.  Sarpy  came  tip  to  St.  Louis  in  ITtil!, 
ami  was  one  of  the  earliest  nierchaiits  of  the  place, 
iH-iiis;  e\'ensively  entrasred  in  business  here  fur  a 
poriml  .A'l'edinfr  twenty  years.  He  never  married, 
iinl  inoniually  returned  to  New  Orleans,  where  he 
ili.tl  in  IT'.'?^.  Silvestro  Delor  followed  his  brother 
to  Jit,  liiinis  some  years  thereafter,  remainiiiL;  here  but 
a  oiiuinaraiively  brief  period,  and  then  returned  to 
Xow  Orlc.uis,  where  he  married,  and  at  liis  death,  in 
IV'.'ll.  loll  several  eliildren,  two  of  his  daujihters  havinj; 
l.eaiino  the  wives  of  the  two  brothers  Biirth.e,  from 
Paris,  prominent  o;enth:meu  of  New  Orleans  in  the 
,,!,!  I'riMU'li  days.  About  the  year  17815-87  a  third 
hriiilu'r  of  tlu'  above  liregoire,  Pierre  Lestamp  Sarpy, 
arrivwl  in  St.  Louis,  and  died  Oct.  8,  1788,  at  the 
a;;,,  iif  iliirly-three  years. 

liroL'oire  Herald  Sarpy  (born  in  17C4"),  father  of 
.inliii  1?.  Sarpy,  came  to  St.  Louis  about  the  year 
l>i!.  a  voiin;i  man  of  twenty-two  years,  married  in 
;T',i7  at  thirty-three,  and  died  May  15,  1824,  aged 
-ixiy  years. 

hi  aililiiion  to  tlicse  four  brothers,  who  came  at 
iilioroni  periods  to  St.  Louis,  a  fifth  one,  J.  B.  Lille 
jaipv,  was  in  New  Orleans  in  the  year  180i) ;  and  a 
fisih.  Pierre  St,  Marc  Sarpy,  together  witli  four  sis- 
iiTs,  .NIadames  Suzanne  D'Alverny,  Theri^se  Noirit, 
lli'liiii'  ]<anaus.se,  and  Marie  Laporte,  spent  their 
livi's  in  tlioir  mitive  France. 

Oil  the  mother's  .side,  John  B.  Sarpy  was  a  great- 
CTandson  of  Madame  Marie  Th^rdse  Chouteau,  ui'c 
Hj'iirseois.  the  6rst  white  lady  that  settled  in  St.  Louis 
ill  17li4,  his  descent  from  this  lady  being  as  fol- 
lows ; 

Silvestro  Labhadie,  Sr.,  son  of  Doininir|uc  Lab- 
l.iJii'  and  .\nne  Baclac,  his  wife,  was  born  in  the 
[arisli  of  St.  Jean,  town  of  Farbes,  capital  of  Beam, 
ail  aiiiiint  in'ovinee  of  the  south  of  France.  He  was 
an  laiiy  niorehunt  of  St.  Louis,  and  married  Pelagic 
('li"iiioau.  the  eldest  daughter  of  Madame  Chouteau, 
iliily  -'.  177G.  Tliey  were  the  parents  of  the 
I  f'iluwing  children : 

1,  Eiuilie  Sativeur,  born  in  1778,  married  to  Ber- 
[narJ  Trattc,  17!I4. 

'1.  I'olauio,  horn  in  1780,  married  to  Gregoire 
J^;H|iy,  17!)7. 

:>.  Silvostre,  born  in  1785,  married  to  Victor  Gra- 
\\M.  1S07, 

I.  A  son,  horn  in  1787,  died  in  1790,  aged  three 

•V  Au;.:uste,  born  in  1788,  died  in  1794,  aged  six 
I  y^'a^, 

li  Marie  .\inie  Sophie,  born  iu  1790,  married  to 
lAjL'.l'.  Chouteau  in  1809. 


7.  Marie  Antoinette,  horn  in  179!?;  married,  first, 
to  John  \V.  Honey  in  1810  ;  secondly,  to  Jo\u\  Jiittle 
in  ISlll. 

Silvustre  Labbadie.  Sr..  died  June  IS.  1794.  at  the 
age  id' about  forty-three  years,  hut  a  short  month  fol- 
lowing the  marriage  of  his  eldest  daughter,  Kmilio, 
leaving  his  six  children  all  minors.  ,  He  left  i|uite  a 
handsome  estate  for  those  days,  which  he  had  ac- 
((uired  in  a  successful  business  career  id'  some  twenty 
years.  His  widow  survived  him  about  eighteen  years, 
and  died  June  0.  1812,  at  the  age  of  about  fifty-live 
years. 

(iregoire  Berald  Sarpy,  as  stated  above,  was  mar- 
ried to  Pelagic,  the  second  daughter  of  the  foregoing 
Silvestro  Labbadie,  Sr..  and  his  wife,  Pelagic  Chou- 
teau, on  May  1.  1797.     Their  children  were, — 

1.  John  B.  Sarpy,  born  Jan,  12.  1798, 

2.  Susanne,  born  Oct.  28,  1800,  died  young.' 

S.  Pierre  Abadie,  born  in  1805,  died  unmarried. 

4.  Thomas  Lestang,  born  in  1810,  and  some  others 
who  died  in  infancy. 

John  Baptiste  Sarjiy,  son  of  Gregoire  Sarpy  and 
his  wife  Pelagic,  aged  twenty-two  years,  was  married 
to  Adele,  daughter  of  John  P.  Cabanne.  and  his  wife, 
Julie  (iratiot,  aged  fifteen  years,  on  Sept.  14,  1820. 
They  were  the  parents  of  some  five  or  six  children, 
Mrs.  AdMe  Sarpy  died  March  27,  18H2,  at  the  early 
age  of  twenty-seven  years,  leaving  but  one  surviving 
child,  a  daughter. 

After  a  few  years  of  widowhood  John  B.  Sarpy 
married  his  .second  wife,  Martha  Jane,  daughter  of 
James  Russell,  of  Oak  Hill,  St.  Louis  Co.  They 
were  married  April  14,  1835,  by  the  Rev.  William 
S.  Potts,  pastor  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of 
St.  Louis. 

Tliis  lady  died  in  Now  Orleans  in  the  winter  of 
1845-4G.  Her  remains  were  brought  up  to  St.  Louis 
and  interred  in  the  Catholic  cemetery  at  the  corner 
of  Jeff'erson  and  Franklin  Avenues,  and  subsequently 
removed  to  Calvary  Cemetery. 

John  B.  Sarpy  survived  his  second  wife  about 
eleven  years,  dying  at  his  residence  at  the  northeast 
corner  of  Olive  and  Sixth  Streets  on  April  1,  1857, 
in  liis  sixtieth  year,  leaving  by  this  second  wi.''e  two 
children. — 

1,  John  Russell  Sarpy,  who  died  unmarried  in 
France  in  the  year  1808.  Ilis  body  was  brought  to 
St.  Louis  in  1869  by  his  half-sister,  Mrs.  Virginia 

'John  11.  Siirpy,  liia  sister  Siisiinno,  nml  llie  lirst  I'liilii  of 
.lohn  r.  Cal)iuini'',  nnineil  al'tcr  his  sponsor,  Itiiptistf  (irogoirci 
horn  Foh,  s,  isod,  wcro  nil  linptizpil  at  oiu'  ooroiiiony  on  Feb. 
22,  1801,  by  I'lilhi'r  .Iniiln.  thu  jmrisli  I'linitc. — Cnlheilrnl  Heg- 
iiter. 


I    1 


ft 


V. 


i  I  i  I 


m  I 


U  ;      i 


I 


582 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


Bcrthold,  and  interred  in  his  father's  family  lot  in 
Ciilvary  Cemetery. 

2.  Julia  Anne  AilMo,  present  wife  of  Col.  James 
Lowry  Donaldson  Morrison,  to  whom  she  was  married 
April  10,  18(51,  by  Rev.  F.  J.  Gare.sehe,  S.J. 

Mr.  Sarpy  left  u  large  and  produetive  estate  to  his  , 
surviving  children.  ' 

John  B.  Sarpy  entered  very  early  into  business, 
and  continued  an  aclivo  and  energetic  man  of  af- 
fairs for  forty  years,  during  whieli  time  he  was  promi- 
nently identified  with  the  loading  enterprises  of  the  i 
young  and  growing  city.  It  was  the  custom  of  the 
merchants  of  those  days  to  take  an  active  part  in  the 
volunteer  fire  companies  and  the  volunteer  militia, 
and  Mr.  Sarpy  was  a  fireman  in  the  old  Union  Vol- 
unteer Fire  Company  No.  2,  and  being  an  accom})lished 
and  skillful  horseman,  and  fond  to  enthusiasm  of  the 
saddle,  he  became  a  member  also  of  Capt.  Gabriel 
Paul's  troop  of  horse,  "the  St.  Louis  Ciiasseurs,"  at 
one  time  the  pride  and  boast  of  the  city.  He  was 
from  the  beginning  a  leader  in  benevolent  and  chari- 
table undertakings,  and  liis  name  is  most  frequently 
found  in  the  old  sub.scription  lists  at  those  times  when 
"  tlie  cheerful  giver"  whom  the  Lord  loves  is  also  in 
particular  request  among  men. 

Mr.  Sarpy,  in  1817,  when  only  nineteen  years  old,  ' 
became   the   partner  of   Auguste  P.   Chouteau   and 
Julius  DoMun  in  the  fur  trade.     These  young  men 
had  been  upon  a  fur-linnting  and  trading  adventure 
to  Santa  Fe,  and  were  taken  prisoners  and  detained  ■ 
some  time  in  confinement  in  Chihuahua.    Upon  their  ' 
return  to  St.  Louis  they  succeeded  to  the  business  of  : 
the  firm  of  Bcrthold  &  Chouteau,  which  expired  by 
limitation,  taking  the  brick  house  occupied  by  that  , 
firm,  the  first  brick  building  erected  in  St.  Louis,  ■ 
under  the  firm-name  of  Chouteau,  DeMun  &  Sarpy. 
In   1819  the  firm  was  Chouteau  &  Sarpy,  and  the 
place  of  business  the  building  next  to  "  the  Indian  ; 
council    house,"   adjoining  the   residence  of  Sarpy's 
father,  Gregoirc. 

The  next  year  he  was  married,  and  in  1821  he  is 
named  in  Paxton's  first  St.  Louis  directory  as  u 
"  merchant,  place  of  business  11  North  Main  Street." 
Continuing  here  for  .some  years,  Mr.  Sarpy  finally 
a.ssoeialod  himself  with  Pierre  Chouteau.  Jr.,  and 
Joseph  A.  Sire,  at  first  as  clerk,  afterwards  partner 
in  the  firm  of  *'  P.  Chouteau,  Jr.,  &  Co.,"  for  many 
years  the  most  eminent  liou.se  in  the  West,  if  not  in 
the  whole  country,  in  the  fur  trade.  John  Jacob 
Astor  at  one  time  was  a  member  of  this  firm,  which, 
indeed,  was  the  Mi.ssouri  and  the  American  Fur  Com- 
pany, rivaled  only  by  tlie  Hudson's  Bay,  the  North- 
vestern  and  the  Rocky  Mountain  Company,  the  last 


of  which  was  a  home  competitor  for  this  lucraiivo 
trade,  sometimes  under  the  conduct  of  Manuel  Lisa 
and  Sublette,  sometimes  under  Gen.  Ashley  :ui(l  Maj 
Ben  O' Fallon. 

Mr.  Sarpy,  at  this  time  in  the  prime  anij  vi^'nrof 
early  nninliood,  was  a  man  of  striking  and  ImjikImih,,. 
presence,  active,  well  knit,  sinewy,  and  slni|nlv  |i;;urp 
of  a  little  above  medium  height,  erect,  ami  siiiiii;;  ||j< 
horse  like  a  centaur.  He  became  the  finanrial  iiMiia- 
ger  of  the  wealthy  firm  with  which  the  bo^t  pun  i,f 
his  active  life  was  spent,  and  whicJi  owed  >o  i.iucjuif 
its  wealth  and  its  extensive  business  operaf  ionsiind  imh. 
ncctions  to  his  management,  and  thesteadfast,  univiuit- 
ting  energy,  fidelity,  integrity,  and  tact  and  juil^'inoiit 
with  wiiich  he  conducted  its  affairs.  Vne  c()in|i:iiivi:rail. 
ually  came  to  depend  upon  Jlr.  Sarpy  to  nnniiiL'c  all  its 
internal  concerns,  just  as  it  looked  to  Pierre  C'liouiuau 
for  the  management  of  its  external  reliitinns.  anil  iiu 
great  concern  was  ever  better  served  llian  it.  with 
Pierre  Chouteau  in  the  Rocky  Mountains,  at  I'.n 
Pierre,  or  Bcrthold,  or  Benton,  or  Casper,  or  at  (ll'al- 
Ion's  Bluff  or  South  Pass,  while  J.  B.  Siirjiy  ki|it  tlio 
counting-room  in  order  at  home.  One  by  one  ilie 
partners  died, — Bcrthold  in  1831,  Pratte  in  IS.'i;. 
John  P.  Cabanne  in  1841, — and  the  ydiiniiiT  iiiiu 
who  came  in  to  take  their  places,  Joseph  A.  SiivaiiJ 
John  F.  A.  Sanford,  would  naturally  defer  more  aiij 
more  to  the  tried  and  skillful  judgment  ol'  tlitir 
seniors. 

The  community  had  learned  to  trust  ami  r(>|.iii 
Mr.  Sarpy,  as  his  business  partners  did,  ami  tocuiMilt 
him  in  public  matters  of  importance. 

In  1839  John  B.  Sarpy  and  George  ("ullier'  wire 
lected  aldermen  to  represent  the  Third  Ward  in  tlie 
Municipal  Council,  and  they  both  serv((l  with  ;;riat 
acceptability  to  their  fellow-citizens,  but  cdiiKI  not  lie 
prevailed  upon  to  serve  for  another  term.  Tlie  iiaiii'' 
of  Mr.  Sarpy  is  now  preserved  in  Sarpy  .Vvonui'.  J^t. 
Louis. 

1  (it'orj^c  <.'o!lit'r  whs  born  on  tlio  Kai<tern  ^how  (if  Marytiini, 
on  the  I7tli  of  March,  17'J6,  nml  arriveil  in  Miv-"iiri  in  i>li'', 
whither  he  hiiil  been  |ireecilcil  by  an  eliler  brntlier,  .Inlin  W- 
licr.  lie  setllcd  In  .St,  Chiirle,",  ami  I'limlui'li"!  ii  nioroaiilile 
biisine.^.i  in  a  liinitej  way.  'n  1S'.'7  lie  reiMnviii  to  ."'t.  I.i'ii ', 
where  he  bceaine  a  hirge  anil  succe'iisrul  nu'rcliaiit.  Alwiil  l"« 
years  before  his  death,  whieli  oeeurrcil  in  .Inlv.  IS.i^Mii'rilin-i 
from  aelive  business  life,  ami  occiipieil  liiiii-ell  cliicllv  in  llie 
creelion  of  biiiiilinss  nml  in  siipeiintemliu^'  his  lariio  islalf. 
Mr.  Collier  was  married  twice,— the  lirst  lime  l»  a  iliia.L'lilerof  i 
James  Morrison,  of  St.  Charles,  by  wlioiii  he  linil  nv.i  cliiMrcn, 
who  survived  him,  and  the  second  time  to  a  claii;;lilir  "I  •I"''" 
Bell,  of  Pittsburgh.  Tlie  fruit  of  the  hitter  iiiaiiin^'i.'  «a<  li'e  i 
ehildrcn.  lie  left  a  fortune  estimated  at  mu-  niiiliun  t»"  l.im- 
drcd  thousand  doUiirs,  which  in  those  days  »:is  wnfuii'inln'i 
enormous  sum.     The  bulk  of  his  estate  was  hit  to  his  iviffunl 


jr  for  this  hicralive 
liict  of  Miimu'l  Lisa 
en.  Aslilcy  mid  Mnj. 


,!  jmiiK'  ami  vp.'cirof 
•ikinjl  ami  liamlsdmo 
y,an(l  sliii|iily  li'^urc, 
erect,  and  siitiiiL- his 
le  the  finaiuial  iiiaiii- 
lich  the  host  part  nf 
lich  owed  >(i  i.mdi  i.f 
ass  operations  ami  iviii- 
thesteadfast.uinvniii- 
tid  tact  and  jmlu'iuoiit 
•8.  'ineconi|uiiiyL'raJ- 
jarpy  to  nianaL'i'  all  iis 
ed  to  Fierre  Ciioultaii 
■riial  relations,  and  no 
'  served  tlian  it.  wiili 
cy  Mountains,  at  r.ri 
or  Casper,  or  at  O'Fal- 
le  J.  B.  Sarpy  kqit  llie 
ime.     One  by  hiil'  \\k 
1831,  Pratte  in  IS:'.;. 
-and  the  y(mn;.;c'r  iiioii 
e.s,  Joseph  A.  Siiv  aiiJ 
Uurally  defer  niorf  ami 
[ul  judjruiont  (if  tliiir 


to  trust  ami  vospnt 
nersdid,  ami  tocoiijuli 
iiiice. 

Georjre  Cnllior'  wne 
le 


riiird  WarJ  ill  the 

both  served  with  veA 

zens,  but  nutld  ii»t  he 

ther  term.    Tliu  name 

in  Sarpy  Avemn'.  !*!. 


v.vjr<e:'.j*;-.?Jsit#.,- 


l^^- 


MmM 


v'.  S' 


'.•-■!■>.    .■.•■,■■ 


■I 


Ae\\i  ShuriM.I'  Manlalll. 

veil  in  MUfMn  i"  1^'*' 
11  oilier  l.iruthor,  Julm  ^'"'■ 
1   iMiii.Ua'te'l  II  iiiereamile 

lio  rcin.ivccl  toSt.  1.W1'. 
fill  iiicri'lianl.  AMit  live 
,1  in  .lul.v.lS.ii,lii''elir>-l 
,ic.l  luniM^M  fliidly  ill  <li« 
ntonilin;,'  bi>  lurRi-  '-"^<- 

lirst  timet"  II '111"'-''""" 
wlinmlK-l.aaiw-'liil'l"'"' 

iiiio  m  11  .iiHi^l'ff  "'■  ■'".''" 

lllttlM-    lUlllliill-'l-'  IVilJ  lll« 

.,.,1  at  .in.'  niilli.'ii'«"l'""-| 
ose.li.}-s«ii.'i".n»i.leie'l«» 

„tB  «i.8  lift  I"  lii»  "if""' 


I.J  ip.iiiiiini^pwwiWHipiillW 


r 


■i  ,l! 

;■     t 

S  ii      r 

!!•!■'  ': 

Mi-  \  '■■[ 

''  ■'  ■ 

I'  ■  I  ■ ' 


ii    .1  • 


|Kfe 


i'l 


"I  'ii 


-i           ■     . . 

i 

i 

1     '   . 

1'  '' 

1 
J 

i 

582 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Bfrtlinld,  and   interred  in  his  father's  fiimilv  lot  in     of  whicii  was  a  home  competitor  for  thin 


J.    >Jiili!r  •                      ;.ri>'rn!  wm;  i.t   i  nl.   Jul, 

iiMlVVV  )'■  •  .■■....,,-  II,  .,i\»l)ei|!:    ■'      •(■;-  !•■    ■■ 

Al^ril"  •  '     '..y  Km.  F.   A    r..„ 

>:i    •  ■  ■    '          ■          :    !■ 

•.Mi-vii  ; 


iiicnuive 


■ny  null' 

j.K'UflH".-,  ..... 

•  I'  11  !iti;>  h'vi. 


■Ill'  ill  l,l)r 

man  oi  .stn' 


UH'i    i:.  !ltiii 


,^   iiJfi.i."  I    Hi;- •   •''.    ('..jil.    iiiL.M..      in  tin.'  iiii.iriu' ii.r-ii: 
■.  ■.,     •'•  Ii:-    i^       iiiii-    CU.i  ^.nr-'    '1'      ■•;.'   i      ■.    ■■  ■      .    \v:. 


i''-.i:.>  III.    1,.. 
:;.l    ■■  ■..i.j.-r> 


-  >"JI  ..■!..    1        lli 


:')iipv,  111 


'  d  traiJinp  ii'  • 

Ai!..   ■n't.i.i.    jjisr.inor?   iiml    'ii  ..iiii'^d  !i  i;«'   ti-uilUiitn.  <   U:u: 

limih  1.'  ill  •■  hihiialiiia.    Ui    m  iliri'      'iJv  Hni'i". ,  a.f  Lin  l.;i.>!iii' 


Lull?};  f' 


iittd  to  til 


/  ! 


i;,.     .!■  i 
Ulli:'   :( 

1.1 
1  , 


'lini  ill  j^iiMi''  uiait'T:-  >•{' 
III   irt.i!)   .Iiihri   15     •. 
■•  cl(-'<l   nlijin    ,■   1    •      '•■  ;  '•. 
Muiii(.-i);i; 


l:..M'     v 


Ui-. 


liiiiiiH' 


.1,.    A.,.       .,    ,     .,       .        ,  I'lir 

A-fii!     il    I'll'.'    Illir  V,  .1-.  a   I, .villi'    , 


liU  CVfnj'.i 


or  for  this  liieiaihe 
1..1   A-' 


F3! 


J  liV> 


i.*  J      J^ 


POLITICAL   PROGKKSS. 


68:^ 


At  till'  time  of  the  great  flood  in  1844  he  was  <:ivcn  a 
nroiniiii'it  I>'"*'<^  "P""  '''•>  iiilvisory  and  relief  coniniit- 
tces.  In  lS4(i,\vlieM  ilie  Missouri  volunteers  were  start- 
iijirdiit  lo  tiLilit  the  buttles  of  tlieir  eountry  in  Mexieo, 
Mr.  S;ir|iy  wa.s  one  of  the  most  prominent  of  the  sub- 
scriber.'* to  tlic  fund  for  e(|uip|>in<{  and  supplying  these 
iiilhmt  soldiers.  He  had  always  been  conspieuous  for  his 
intcrost  i"  public  improvements  and  the  devt'lopment 
iit'intoriial  eonimunieation  and  transportation  I'aeilitios. 
llewu.siiiii'  of  the  foundersof  the  Missouri  Pacific  llail- 
roiid.  Tiie  first  memorial  to  Congress  in  1850  on  this 
subject,  asking  for  a  land  grant  and  the  right  of  way 
tbroUL'h  the  public  lands  of  Missouri,  and  the  first 
list  of  incorporators  both  contain  the  name  of  John 
IJ.  Siirpy.  along  with  O'Fallon,  Pago,  Meier,  Brunt, 
Lucas,  Walsh,  Yeatman,  Waymun  Crow,  Collier,  P. 
Uhouteau,  Jr.,  Campbi^ll,  Henry  Shaw,  Pratte,  An- 
SclroJl,  anil  Benoisf.  It  was  among  these  men  that 
Mr.  Sarpy  properly  stood  as  a  merchant,  and  us  pronii- 
iiiut  as  any  of  them.  Unhappily  he  did  not  live  to 
see  ibc  eoniiiletion  of  this  great  ruilroad  enterprise, 
the  advancement  of  which  he  had  so  much  at  heart. 
."^iveral  years  before  his  death,  owing  to  the  infirm 
state  of  liis  health,  he  retired  from  active  busincs.s. 

Mr.  Sarpy  was  a  nnui  of  very  domestic  habits  and 
regular  life.  The  time  ho  could  spare  from  Jiis  busi- 
ness, to  which  ho  was  faithfully  attentive,  was  devoted 
III  his  family,  and  he  knew  no  higher  pleasure  nor 
waiiiid  one  more  exciting  than  the  quiet  eryoyment 
iif  lirusidn  comfort.  His  social  qualities  were  of  a 
superior  order,  but  he  never  cared  to  display  them 
isicpt  in  that  small  inner  circle  of  clo.se  friends 
whom  he  admitted  to  his  intimacy.  His  home  was 
ihecontroof  his  affections  and  of  his  daily  life.     He 


had  three  residences  during  his  life  in  St.  Loui.s  be- 
sides his  father's  Innise,  in  which  his  youth  was  spent. 
In  ISliti  he  bought  a  lot  of  forty  fiiet  front  on  Main 
Street,  south  of  Vine  Street,  from  John  U.  Cabann^''. 
On  this  he  built  two  store-houses,  occupying  the 
upper  )>art  of  the  building,  as  was  then  the  custom,  us 
his  own  rosidciiee.  Ten  years  later  ho  bought  a  fourth 
of  block  No.  117  from  I'etc-r  Fer;/uson,  and  built  on 
it,  on  the  .southeast  <torner  of  Olive  and  Sixth  Streets, 
a  large  mansion  of  brick,  a  double  hou.se,  fifty  feet 
front,  and  having  extensive  back-buildings  and  do- 
mestic offices.  Into  this  building  he  moved,  and 
continued  to  make  it  his  residence  until  the  time  of 
his  death. 

Only  two  daughters  survive  of  Jlr.  Sarpy's  nu- 
merous children, — Virginia,  first  the  wife  of  Frederick 
Berthold,  deceased,  of  St.  Louis,  and  ut  present  mar- 
ried to  Armuiid  Peugnet,  residing  in  France,  and 
Julia  Anne  Adole,  wife  of  Col.  J.  L.  D.  Morrison, 
one  of  the  leading  lawyers  of  the  St.  Louis  bur. 

In  18l}8,  Messrs.  Harrison  and  Miller  were  re-elected 
to  Congress  over  Beverly  Allen  and  John  Wilson, 
Whigs.  Mr.  Harrison  died  before  the  expiration  of 
his  terra.  In  18159,  John  Jamison  was  elected  to  the 
vacancy  over  Thornton  Grimsley,  Whig.  Van  Burcn 
and  John.son  electors  were  chosen  this  year. 

In  1840,  John  Miller  and  John  C.  Edwards  were 
elected  on  the  Democratic  ticket  to  Congress,  defeat- 
ing E.  M.  Samuel  and  George  C.  Sibley,  Whigs. 
Under  the  census  of  this  year  the  State  became  enti- 
tled to  fi^e  members  of  Congress. 

In  this  yeur  the  carnival  of  mimic  log  cabins,  cider 
barrels,  gourds,  coon  skins,  stag's  antlers,  beaver-traps, 
hunting  shirts,  etc.,  made  so  familiar  by  the  Whigs  in 


1] 

>4 


cliililiin,  hut  ho  al.'io  bcquoatlied  ten  (lioii.«nnJ  dollars  to  the 
Mi'llimlift  Kpiseoiml  Church  South  for  tho  8t.  (Jhiirlef  College, 
aiij  live  thuu.'uiicl  iloUiirs  to  tho  Protestant  Or]ihftn  A.«yluiii. 
Ilf'liii!j|.<  iif  vui  iiiii."  siiins  of  from  one  thousand  to  ten  thousand  | 
■lllars  were  also  nindo  to  ilifTurcnt  relatives  and  friends.  Dur- 
ing life  .Mr.  Collier  studiously  avoided  all  ostentation,  and 
in  hi*  will  requested  that  his  remains  miglit  he  interred  de- 
otnlii  witliout  vain  (lis|diiy,  enjoining  upon  his  executors  that 
Ihrre  sli.iulil  bo  no  extravagant  adornment  of  his  last  rcsting- 
llii'iMiiiil  tliiit  the  cost  of  tho  monument  erected  to  his  memory 
'liiiiM  lie  limited  lo  two  thousand  five  hundred  dollars.  Mr. 
Ciillici's  l)ci|iie.«l.s  to  charitable  objects  by  no  means  represented 
tiic  nmoinit  of  good  of  which  ho  was  tho  willing  and  cheerful  in- 
slruiiient,  fur  throughout  his  business  career  he  was  n  ready  and 
goncrnus  euutrihutor  to  objects  which  he  considered  worthy  of 
liiiWiicfiiclions.  lie  was  esi)ecinlly  liberal  in  his  donations  to 
tl.Clmrles'  (jillego,  even  before  the  acquirement  of  great  wealth 


L\r(~-^-^ 


WHIG    LOQ   CABIN. 


hail  iiiaiie  such  coniribuiions  nut  only  a  pleasant  but  an  easy  '  the  Harrison  Campaign,  overran  the  surface  of  St. 

lask.    On  the  i;2d  of  February,  1S6S,  Mr.  Collier's  sons— John  t       •         i-.-        u    ^    .1       o.   ^      1     11    r    »    •      »i      T» 

h  Will      1,    %.  ,>  ■  I .       A  „  .  Louis  politics,  but  the  State  held  fast  to  the  Derao- 

l..«illiiiiu  I!.,  M.  Dwight,  and  Thomas  K.  Collier— i)re8entcd  *^  '  .      ir       t, 

tie  !iuii  of  iweuiy.fivc  thousand  dollars  to  Washington  Uni-  |  <"■""«  Pa«"'y  "'"^  "ast  her  Vote  ior  Van  Bureu.     A  "  log 

TOsity  iia  a  |icrinaiient  endowment.  '  cabin"  was  erected  by  the  Whigs  on  the  square  in 


!"1 


il'  : 


ft84 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


front  of  Mrs.  Ashley's  ninnsion,  and  tliu  (Mitliusiustic 
clil'iiiiic'k'r  luUh  tliat  "  ilicy  luivo  f.'ri'iif  plcasmc  in  testi- 
fying to  the  wnrni  (>nc()iii-ai;ein(;iit  Mrs.  Ashley  fj.ivo 
to  the  ])r(iposed  celeliration." '  lion.  Thomas  il. 
Benton  said,  "  IiO<:  eahins.  eoon  skins,  and  hard  eider 
Were  tnkcn  as  symbols  of  the  Whij;  party,  and  to 
«h<)\v  its  ideMtilloatlon  with  the  poorest  and  hninhlest 
of  the  people;  and  thes('  eaiiins  were  actually  raised 
in  the  public  parts  of  tho  richest  cities,  ormimonied 
with  coon-skins  after  tho  fashion  id' frontier  huts,  and 
cider  drunk  in  them  oitt  of  ^'ourds  in  the  public 
nieetinus  which  L'atheri'd  about  them,  and  tiie  virtues 
of  these  cabins,  these  skins,  and  this  cider  were  cele- 
brated by  traveliiiL;  and  stationary  orators.  The  wiiolc 
country  was  put  into  eoinmotion  by  traveliuf:  parties 
and  public  iratherinirs.  Steamboats  and  all  public  emi- 
veyances  were  crowded  with  jiarties  siuL'ini;  dotrjierel 
ballads  made  for  tho  occasion,  accompanied  with  the 
music  of  drums,  tifcs,  and  fiddles,  and  incited  by  in- 
cessant speakiiifi.  A  system  of  public  i;atherinji;s  was 
got  up,  which  jicrvaded  every  State,  county,  and 
town,  which  took  place  by  day  and  by  niirht.  aceoni- 
panicd  by  every  preparation  to  excite,  and  many  of 
which  gatherings  were  truly  enormous  in  their  num- 
bers, only  to  be  estimated  by  the  acre,  attempts  at 
counting  or  computing  such  ina.sses  being  out  of  the 
question."  i 

Nathaniel  Paschall  and  Charles  G.  Ramsey,  in  their 
newspaper,  the  AVw  Km,  rendered  ett'octive  aid  to  the 
Whig  party,  already  elated  with  its  success  at  the 
municipal  election  in  the  montli  of  April,  1840,  at 
which  the  Hon.  John  V.  Darby  had  been  re-elected 
mayor.' 

At  the  election  in  the  fall  of  this  year,  Thomas 
Reynolds  was  elected  Governor  over  John  B.  Clark, 
the  vote  standing  2!i,G2o  for  Reynolds  and  22.212 
for  Clark,  and  M.  M.  Marmaduke  was  chosen  Lieu- 
tenant-Governor.  The  Democrats  elected  a  decided 
majority  of  the  members  of  tho  Legislature,  but  St. 
Louis  sent  a  Wliig  delegation.  The  electoral  vote  of 
the  State  was  cast  for  Murliu  Va?  Buren  for  Presi- 
dent.^ 


'  Rcpublioiin,  .Apiil  27,  1840. 

'  In  tlic  iiinntti  of  May  of  this  year  tho  laboring  population 
of  St,  ijoui)*  furcutl  upon  tlu'ir  omploycrs  the  adoption  of  the 
tcn-liuur  system.  Tlte  niovenient  originated  witli  tho  brieli- 
layers,  but  soon  ixtemlfd  until  it  oiubrai'cd  tliu  journeymen  of 
all  trades. 

*  The  .\ative  American  association  nominated  in  1841  the 
following  ticket  for  tlie  General  Assembly  as  candidates  fur 
the  August  election:  For  senators,  Adam  L.  Mills,  Presley  Cor- 
dell;  for  representatives,  .lohn  Simonds,  David  li.  Jlill,  Alfred 
Trucy,  Thomas  .^appington,  Oley  Williams,  George  II.  Lanham, 
Fremon  Uehiurie. 


In  IS  12,  James  M.  Hughes.  Jainfs  ||.  |{|,||;. 
•lames  It.  Howlin,  and  (i.  M.  lirown  were  ilo'  ,.,„|. 
gressiuen  elected.  They  were  really  the  (juK  c;,!,,]!. 
dates.  Some  votes  were  east  for  Jolin  I'.  t'iin|,|„.|| 
\V.  Ranney.  and  William  Gilpin,  Whigs,  TIht.' 
being  som(!  (|ileHtion  raised  as  to  the  legality  >'\'  An-\. 
ing  the  congressman  at  large  under  the  conL'ris>iuiiii| 
apjioriionnient  hill,  tht!  Wliigs  declined  to  ni:ikc  imv 
nominations  lor  Congress  this  year.  The  ap|iiirtiiiii. 
ment  under  the  census  of  1S4II  had  been  ilcluvt^l 
until  1842,  and  then  the  act  was  so  fraini'il  ili:,i 
there  was  much  difliculty  in  determining  wliai  wiiii!,| 
be  proper  to  do  at  the  aiiproaching  eleelinii.  ii.i  th( 
State  had  not  been  divided  into  districts  edrrcsiitniil. 
ing  in  number  with  Ikt  then  a]iportioniiieiii,  \l,<x. 
ever,  the  election  was  ordered  under  the  e.xinin:; 
general  ticket  .system.  The  ballot  system  was  ii(|iimiil 
in  the  same  year.* 

Ill  1H4;{.  David  R.  Atchison  was  elected  Iniitil 
States  senator  fnnn  Missouri,  and  contiinietl  tn  wrve 
until  18.')."). 

In  1844,  for  ('oiigress,  liie  "  Hards''  (ir  liL'nloii 
Democrats  inimimited  John  S.  Phelps,  wlm  ww'wtil 
ill  the  election  which  followed,  .'!t),(l2.'>  votes;  :^wr- 
ling  Price,  .'!ri,128;  James  II.  Relf'e,  li,'), 1(1(1;  .Jnniw 
B.  Howlin,  l{r),r)r>(l ;  anil  I).  (!.  M.  Parsons,  IS, s.iii, 
Mr.  Parsons  died  a  short  time  before  the  eleitinn, 
which  accounts  for  his  small  vote  and  the  eleftimi  i.f 

The  ticket  stood  politically  divided  thus:  Ihc  two  si;ii:U(p;; 
and  four  representatives  were  Whigs,  and  tlio  Ihrce  otiim 
were  Heiiiocrats. — lti')iiililiiiiii,  Hec.  I,  IS4I, 

*  ,\niong  the  incuibors  of  the  ."^tate  Legislaluii' in  hi:' mi 
William  Shields,  who  represented  Cooper  County  in  llif  lloiw 
of  Ki'pri'sentatives.  He  was  born  on  the  IMli  nf  liliriian, 
ISOS,  nianicd  .Miss  Ann  ii'Ii.  .Mclnlyrc,  in  Vii-;;iniii.  Nm,  ■'., 
Ism,  cinigriili'd  to  Mi.'soiiri  in  IS.'lll,  anil  setllcd  at  lluimvilli. 
After  serving  in  the  House,  he  represented  the  dislrici  iifiilii'h 
his  county  forineil  part  from  1844  to  IS4S,aiid  in  |s|5  ifii.frnt 
as  a  delegate  from  his  county  to  the  .state  Con.'OitiilliiMal  Om- 
vention.  In  IS.'ili  he  was  selected  as  one  of  the  t|clt';raiL':^  l'r"iit 
Missouri  to  the  National  Democratic  Convention,  and  ii!  tl"; 
breaking  out  of  the  war  espoused  the  cause  of  the  ."^duiIhtii 
(,'onfederacy.  For  some  years  prior  to  ISliO  he  hud  bei'ii  en- 
gaged in  the  banking  business  at  Le.vington,  anil  when  nar 
between  tho  States  became  imminent  he  was  iip|miiitct|  l)v  (ijv- 
ernor  .lackson  fund  i-ommissioner  and  payni:i.^tcr-,^i'neral  "f 
the  State  forces.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he  iniidi'  lii-  hmnein 
St,  l.ouis,  and  became  the  8ecrel.^ry  of  the  .Atlas  Kirc  In  uranof 
Company.  Subsequently  ho  was  appointed  cashier  of  llic  Wc-l' 
ern  Savings-Bank,  and  afterwards  cashier  of  tlie  Inion  .N'a- 
tional  Hank  and  linally  receiver.  In  l'<74  he  was  clnlfjcil.v 
auditor.  In  1.S77  he  was  appointed  by  Ma.vor  Ovcr.'tuh  O'l- 
lector  and  assessor  of  water  rates,  which  otiico  lie  rctainod  antil 
his  death,  tho  latter  occurring  Dec.  '.W,  I87S.  The  dociaseJ 
left  a  widow,  lour  children,  and  nineteen  grandihiMreii.  Tin 
children  wore  dipt.  Thomas  W.  Shields,  of  St.  lauiif:  .Mr.'.  H. 
10.  C'Bannon,  of  St  l,oui.s;  Mrs,  A.  M.  Klliott.of  IVtti.<  tniiiil,v, 
Mo.;  and  Mrs.  H.  M.  Hatch,  of  (Jalvcston,  Texas, 


POLITICAL   PHOGHKSH. 


585 


f~ 

.Tiiiiu'.i  II.  Itflf,., 
own  wi'i'i'  I  111'  cnn. 
illy  ilic  iiiil\  iMinli. 
,)(ilin  I*.  ('.iiii|ili('ll, 
II,  \Vlii^;s.  'I'luTi. 
ho  lopility  III'  ilvt. 
(>r  the  i'oii'.'i'i'>«iunal 
•I'mt'd  to  iiiiiki'  ;iiiy 
:ir.     Tlie  iiii|iiiriiiiii- 

)  luid  lu'l'll  ilrlllVt'l 
VIIH    M)    IVmiiii'iI    iIiiiI 

rininiiii;  wli;ii  wmiH 
liiiij;  L'lci'liiiii.  us  the 
districts  (•(irrcs]iiii|.l- 
portioniiiciii.  Ilnw- 
uiiiU'r  the  I'xislini: 
t,  system  was  iiilnpicil 

WHS  clinMi'il  Lniii'ij 
id  C'oiitimicd  tn  sorve 

"  Hards''  iir  ik'iitnn 
I'lli'lps,  whip  roecivivl 

H(),()2:$  votes;  Siit- 
[lelf'f,  ;ir),llllt;  J;im« 

M.  I'arsons,  H.N)". 
u  twlbre  the  clirti"!!, 
)te  and  tiie  t'lt'ctidii  nf 

il  thuH :  till'  two  sciiuUii! 
.,  mill  tlie  thire  other! 
,  IS  II. 

l.enislllluii'  ill  l-l'-'i"! 

pjicr  (.'i)iint.v  in  tlu'  Iloiifo 

11  lliu   ISth  ul'   rcliruary, 

tyir,  in  Virginiu.  X»v.  fl, 

iiii.l  siatli'il  at  limiiivillf, 

nteil  tlieilislrictiif  "lii'li 

ISlS.Ull'l  ill   1S|5  \V!l>MTlt 

:tuti-  ('mi.«litiiliiiiiiil  ^'''t- 
me  of  Mu'.li.'lf:.'iili-'*l>"i» 
ic  Ciinvt'iiliiiii.  ii'i'l  I"  '■" 
he  emisu  i)f  the  ScuiIktii 
la  18(10  ill!  lin'l  liw"  ™' 
,e.\iii(!l"ii,  :i"'l  "I""  "" 

111'  WllSlllll"'illll''l  ll.Vli'-"' 

,11.(1   im.vniii.'^ti'r-.i^i'iicml  "f 

war  ho  mini''  lii-  '"""^''' 
jf  till'  Atla^Kiri'  In  uranff 
oiiiteil  eiii^hiiTol'ilii'"''^'- 
ciialiicr  of  tlio  fnion  X«- 
1S74  hi'  wns  clOTtf'l  i-'i'!' 
1  by  Miivor  Ovi'r.-tolz  t«\- 

i,'h  olh.'O  hi'  retiiineil  until 
",(1,  1S7S.    Tlio  ili'i'Ki'i'l 

icon  gniii'ii'liil'lri.'"-  "" 
ilcis.  nf  St.  l,niiiii;Mf*'"' 

I.  KllintI,"!' I'ettisCiiiinl.'' 

•cston,  Ti'.vii.^. 


I,  11,  Siiiims,*tho  leading  candidatG  on  tho  "'Soft"  or 
I'iilliiiiiM  tirkct.  Siimiis'  Hs.Ho(iiui('N  mi  tlit-  '•  SolV 
tickt't  H'i't'i'  Tiioiniis  H.  Hudson,  Ati^tistiis  .loiios,  |{iii|ili 
iJiiDiii:,  mill  •!•  Tiionitoii.  Tho  voto  Tor  this  (ickot 
;iv,raiii'ii  l'n»"  -'7,l»(M»  to  "i!),!!!!!!.  Tho  Wliii.'s  hud 
no  I'iiiiilidiitos,  hut  goiHtriilly  vntod  for  tho  caiidiiJatcN 
on  till'  "  ''^iil't"  liokot.  Gen.  Hrico  having;  rosiiinod 
til  ;;ii  til  Nli'xico,  the  viicaiaiy  wa.s  fillod  hy  tho  oioo- 
liiiii  III'  William  McDaiiioi,  Doiuourat.  Tlio  Hovon 
voti'ii  of  iliis  Stato  'his  yoar  woio  oiust  for  I'oik  and 
llallas,  At  lliis  olectioii  tho  voto  oust,  in  8t.  Louis 
«as  tlu^  iii't'iitest  over  };ivon  at  any  oioction  thoro. 
Tlu'  wlioli'  iitimlior  of  votos  was  IStit). 

hi  ISlf)  tho  Loj;isiaturo  c'liaiii;i'd  tho  niodo  pro- 
vi"iisly  i'olliiwt'd  for  tiio  oloction  of  ini'iiihors  of  Coii- 
':rws.  iitul  diviiiod  tlio  Stato  for  tho  lirsl  timo  intooiui- 
irossiiinal  districts  us  follows:  First  District,  tho 
cjiiiities  of  St.  Louis,  Jotforson,  St.  Frunoois,  Ste. 
lietievieve,  I'orry,  Madi.soii,  Shannon,  Capo  Girardouu, 
Wiiviie,  .Siinidard,  Scott,  Now  Mudrid,  iind  Kipley; 
Si'i'oiiJ,  .Marion,  Rails,  Piko,  Audrain,  Calluway, 
Miititgoiniry,  Lincoln,  Wurron,  St.  (Miurlos,  Frunklin, 
(lasciHiailc,  Osau'o,  Pulaski,  Crawford,  und  Washing- 
inn;  Tliirii,  Scotland,  Chirk,  Lowis,  .Monroe,  boone, 
Ijinvaiil,  Cliurlton,  llandolph,  Miioon,  Shelby,  Coopor, 
Morpiti,  Colo,  Millor,  and  Canidon ;  Fourth,  Aduir, 
Linn,  Grundy,  Livingston,  ('urroll,  lluy,  Caldwoll, 
llaviess,  Clay,  I'latto,  Clinton,  Bui-hanun,  Androw, 
anil  Holt;  Fifth,  Juckson,  Lafayette,  Saline,  Van 
l!iiroii,  Cass,  Johnson,  Pett.is,  Henry,  Bonton,  Hates, 
,"^1.  (.'lair,  Dallas,  I'olk,  Dade,  Jasper,  Greene,  Newton, 
Ham.  Tiitiey,  Wright,  Decutur,  and  Ozurk. 

In  tlii.s  year  tho  Stute  was  also  divided  into  seven 
ek'Ctoial  di.striets  for  tho  election  of  one  Presidential 
eloL'tor  in  each. 

k\  the  election  in  St.  Louis  on  the  4th  of  August, 
bl.'),  fur  delegates  to  the  Siatc  C'onstitutional  Con- 
vintiou  the  vote  was  a.s  follows : 


N;itivi'  AllHTicull  Ticllft. 


PemoLTatic  Ticket. 


iam|.bi'll 

Wriglil , 

liiall 

KctlT 

llas'CtI 

.I'iroiin 


2(145  I'olk  2595 

2(1(18  l.oslic  2.)58 

2020  Kilmonsoii  2547 

255S  Wise 2489 

20511  Watson 24S4 

2502  Mead 24(13 


The  I'oiivotition  mot  at  Jefferson   City  Nov.   IT, 

Ij^i.").  and  organized  by  the   election   of  llobort  W. 

Wells  as  president,  Claiborne  F.  Jackson  vice-presi- 

[  <iint.  atiil   11.    Walker  .secretary.     The  Constitution 

I  adopted  by  this  convention  was  rejected  by  the  people 

i  at  the  election  in  August  of  the  following  year  by 

j  niiii' thousand  intijority.   Among  tho  measures  adopted 

by  the  convention  was  one  for  the  cession  of  St.  Louis 

I  and  adjacent  territory  to  the  United  States  as  the  site 


of  tho  iiatlDnal  capital.  Tho  ti'-jiiili/iriiii  of  Jan.  20, 
IKIti.  iiiiiior  I  ho  heading  of  '  A  'iidu  iilous  Kluiidor," 
thus  I'l'fei's  to  tho  proposition: 

"  I'lirint;  'II"  rei'i'iil  ^eii-ion  of  the  con\'i'iitiiti.  u  |»ri(|iiir.ilinn 
was  riiii'leanil  tinullv  rntertiiineil  to  I'eile  ."*(.  I.oiii*  urnl  a  Kuoilly 
i|tiiiutity  iif  tei'iitory  I'oiitii^iioiM  In  il  *  for  the  |iiii'|i(ir"  oT  )o- 
i'atiii)(  anil  koepin);  thereon  the  .>eiit  of  Kovernniuiil  <  >'  tha 
llniteil  SluleH.'  'I'liere  are  those  anions  iih  who  think  tlint  thoy 
limy  live  jonK  i'MoU);h  to  Kee  iiii'h  a  eoii^uniniiitioii.  iiml  tn, 
iloiibtlcKii,  thoii|{ht  Ihe  L'oiivenlion,  or  they  noiilil  iml  iiavv  in- 
i^erteil  :<uch  a  eliiiiie  in  the  I'oiiHtiliilioii.  'I'liere  it  is;  llioy  ilij 
iitloiii|it  to  ueilo  .""t.  Iioiiin  to  till'  )(eiienil  government,  aiol  no 
iloiilit  llioii^lit  ihey  were  lining  so,  Init,  iiiit'ortiinalelv  for  tlieiii 
Mini  for  ii«.  tlio  nicies  iiinl  liiiiuiil.'<  sei  toilli  with  so  iiiie'li  |ire- 
ei'«ioii  i|ii  nor  hii|i|ien  I"  touch  .'St.  l.oiii..i.  The  ni>iirir.«t  iipiiroaeli 
t'l  our  city  i-  tlie  township  line  whieli  »trike»  the  I'liiteil  .states 
nr'<eiial  tnirl  below  the  eity.  The  seetioii  of  eoiiiitry  eeilcil 
takes  in  the  aiieient  ami  renoivneil  eity  of  ViiUi  I'oelie,  otlier- 
wise  ilenoiiiiiiiiti'il  eiiipty  pui'ket,  mill  reiu'liis  nearly  to  .lelVer- 
»on  llarrai'ks.  Whatctleet  this  strange  liliimler  may  haw  upon 
the  two  towns  we  leave  to  those  interesteil  to  tinil  nut,  eertaiii 
of  one  thinn  only,  that  X'idel'oehe  ami  not  .St.  F.oiiis  is  to  bo 
the  future  soiit  of  tho  nalionni  i{overiinieiit  if  the  terms  of  our 
t'onstilution  are  to  he  rexanleil." 

About  this  timo  the  at:itatioii  for  the  abolition  of 
slavery  began  to  a.ssunio  a  formidable  >hape.  At  a 
public  meeting  of  the  citizens  of  St.  Louis,  held  in 
Sejitember,  184{),  a  eoininitteo  of  one  hundred  was 
appointed  to  consider  and  adopt  measures  "  for  the  pro- 
tection of  slave  property  against  tho  evil  designs  of 
tho  abolitionists  and  others."  On  tho  uth  of  Ootobor 
a  large  concourse  of  citizens  assembled  in  the  rotunda 
of  the  court-houso  to  roeoive  the  report.  John  IL 
F'orguson,  chair»!an  of  the  former  meeting,  presided, 
and  Henry  B.  Belt  acted  as  secretary. 

Mr.  Norcoiu,  ehairiuan  of  the  committee  of  ono 
hundred,  presented  tho  report  in  tho  shape  of  a  pre- 
amble and  constitution  of  an  anti-abolition  society, 
v/bich  was  read,  considered,  and  adopted. 

The  committee  also  reported  a  list  of  oflficors  pro- 
vided for  in  the  constitution,  which,  on  being  read  to 
the  meeting,  wore  unanimously  approved  and  elected. 
They  were  as  follows : 

For  President,  John  0' Fallon. 
l7ct'-/'(r)i('(/(.'»As.— County :  St.  Louis  township,  F. 
Norcom  ;  St.  Fordi-mnd,  A.  Sanford  ;  Central,  Thomas 
Skinker;  Carondelet,  William  L.  Long;  Marumec, 
Henry  Tyler;  Bonhommc,  W.  H.  Doisett.  City: 
First  \Vard,  J.  H.  Ferguson  ;  Second  Ward,  T.  Grims- 
ley;  Third,  Adam  L.  Mills;  Fourth,  J.  B.  Brant; 
Fifth.  J.  M.  Wimer;  Sixth,  P.  G.  Camdon. 

Cuinmilice  of  Flmuirr. — St.  Louis  township,  II. 
W.  Hunt,  James  Russell,  11.  I.  Curie,  II.  M.  Shreve, 
L.  D.  Martin  ;  St.  Forilinand,  James  Bissoll,  Olley 
Williams,  W.  McKoIvy,  F.  Hytitt,  Fnink  Utz ;  Cen- 
tral, John  Lay,  J.  II.  Douglas,  John  Marshal,  James 


^^(■^•■mi 


wmmmmmt^ 


H^ 


tl 


,'  S;  !  ! 


Hi 


I  ■  i 


t  J 


586 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


McDonald,  Tliomas  Wash  ;  Cnrondelet,  F.  Dent,  John 
Sap|)irii;ton,  William  Pipkin,  Antuine  Barada,  Jolin 
Binirbain  ;  Miiianicc,  F.  Tippitt,  H.  (r.  Brown,  W. 
Boxly,  W.  A.  Hereford,  William  Berry  ;  Bonhomnie, 
Jud^e  Ilifijiins,  William  Bassctt,  W.  Berry,  John 
Hempstead,  William  B.  Blackburn. 

Coiiiniiltci'  (if  Fliiiitue /mm  llir  ( 'lit/. — First  Ward. 
Henry  Pilkin^ton  and  Samuel  Black;  Second  Ward, 
Joseph  S.  IVase  and  Charles  Rubb  ;  Third  Ward, 
R.  MeO.  Blcn.s  and  Knoeh  Price;  Foui.h  Ward,  II. 
Renard  and  J.  W.  Beaehboard ;  Fifth  Ward,  J.  B. 
Cur.soii  and  Jdin  Leach;  Sixth  Ward,  J.  J.  Child.s 
and  S.  V.  Farnsworth. 

BIr.  Norconi,  from  the  same  committee,  then  sub- 
mitted the  followinj;  resolutions,  which,  he  paid,  had 
occupied  the  attention  and  received  tiie  simction  oi' 
the  committee,  and  which  they  recommended  for  the 
adoption  of  the  meetinj; : 

"  litMnlveil,  Tliat  the  prosiilt'nt  of  tliLs  ii.s.^ociation  request,  in 
tlic  niiiiio  (>r  this  nieelin;^,  ttie  city  authorities  to  adopt  such 
onlinnuc'cs  us  uuiy  be  ncoessiiry  to  prevent  all  neijnies  from 
leaving  the  homes  of  their  nia.'<ters  after  dark,  whether  with  or 
without  |it'ruiiseion  of  their  owner  or  einployer  ;  and  that  proper 
signals  bo  given,  in  at  least  three  points  of  the  eity,  annouiie- 
ing  the  hour  for  negroes  to  retire. 

"  tifi'ilrr'l.  That  our  fellow-eiti/ens  throughout  the  State  be 
reijuested  to  organize  similar  societies,  an'l  adopt  like  means 
with  our  own,  for  the  more  eifietiial  prideetion  of  their  slave 
propirty,  and  tlie  execution  of  laws  against  the  abiluetion  of 
slaves. 

"  ilvnolvrti,  That  this  meeting  consider  all  '  negro  preaching' 
and  '  negro  teaching'  dangerous  to  the  liappini'ss,  (|uiet,  and 
safety  of  (uir  slave  population,  in  view  of  which  wo  earnestly 
retpiest  the  city  authorities  to  enact  ordinances  etlectually  to 
prevent  the  continuance  of  these  evils." 

The  resolutions  were  severally  adopted.  The  cotn- 
mitlee  iilso  presented  for  the  consideration  of  the 
nieetiiij;  a  memorial  to  the  Lejjislattire  settinj;  forth 
th.e  necessity  for  the  pii,ssao;c  of  additional  laws  on  this 
subject.     The  luemoriiil  was  read  and  adopted. 

On  motion  of  Mr.  Whittelsey,  it  was  ul.so 

"  'Irmilrril,  ''_'>^<}t  l!)0  sherilf,  marshal,  and  constables  id'  the 
county  be  ei|Uesled  ti.  put  in  force  the  laws  now  existing 
againr't  frej  negroes,  and  '"'at  the  county  court  bo  reijuoatod  to 
appidnl  ,1  patrol  lor  the  county." 

Pendiii;;  the  eotisideration  of  the  resolutions,  Wil- 
lis L.  Williams  addres.sed  the  niectino;,  ur^iiif;  the 
necessity  of  prompt  measures  '•  to  put  an  end  to  tin; 
evils  arisinj;  from  the  .success  of  the  efforts  of  the 
abolitionists  in  this  State." 

In  IS  Id,  James  B.  Bowliti  (Democrat)  was  elected 
to  Con;:ress  in  the  First  District  over  William  Mil- 
burn  ( Dcmocrtit)  anil  Uriel  Wright  (Wliii;);  John 
Jamison  in  the  Second  over  Preston  P.  Bradley ; 
James  S.  (Jreeii  in  the  Third  over  John  0.  Miller; 
Willard  P.  Hall  in  tlio  Fourth  ovorJumoa  II.  Birch; 


i  and  John  S.  Phelps  in  the  Fifth  over  John  I',  ('ann,. 

'  bell. 

In  March.  1847.  the  distino;uishedstatestiiiti  111.!,,-,- 
Clay    visited  St.    Louis.      Jlr.   Clay    had  didiii,.,]  j,, 

'  advance  the  official  reception  with  which  it  U-m]  In,,,,, 

,  proposed  tu  honor  him,  stating  tlitit  his  visit  was  i.,,. 
tirely  oi"  a  private  character,  and  undeitakcii  fir 
business  reasons.  On  his  arrival,  howevrr,  he  «;|, 
fireeted  by  an  immetise  assemblage,  and  wa>  (nnvovfj 
in  a  ctirriaire  with  four  fine  bay  horses  dowti  Cotimior. 
cial  to  Vine  Street,  down  .Main  to  Chestnut,  aiiil  ii|< 
Chestnut  to  the  Planters'  House.  He  roiiiiiimii  in 
St.  Louis  some  time,  and  durinij  his  stay  ;i  snlri,  ujs 
oiveii  in  his  honor  at  the  Planters'  House. 

In  1848  Messrs.  Bowlin,  Green,  Hall,  tiiiil  I'lidp 
were  re-elected,  and  W.  V.  N.  Bay  elcetivl  in  tin. 
Second  District.  The  electoral  vote  of  tlio  State 
was  cast  this  year  for  Ca.ss  and  Butler.' 

In  1850  the  congressmen  elected  wiiv  .Jolm  p 
Darby  in  the  First  District,  Gilchrist  Pi)ricr  in  the 
Second,  John  G.  Miller  in  the  Third,  Wilhinl  I'.  IM 
ill  the  Fourth,  and  John  S.  Phelps  in  the  Fil'ih. 

On  Jan.  15,  1849,  Claiborne  F.  Jaekxm,  wimtor 
from  Howard  County,  reported  to  tli(!  Senate  of  Mi*. 
souri  a  series  of  resolutions  on  the  subject  dj^-lavrrv, 
which  asserted  that  any  attempt  on  tlu^  part  ol'  (.'nn. 
f:;ress  to  legislate  on  the  subject  so  as  to  ellocl  lli, 
institution  of  slavery  in  the  States,  in  the  Divtrlit "!' 
Columbia,  or  in  the  Territories  was  "  a  vinLiiimi  .J' 
the  principles  ujion  which"  the  Coiisiiiiilioii  ins 
founded ;  that  the  Territories  oujrht  to  be  L'ovcrii'il 

'  for  the  common  benefit  of  the  people  of  all  llic.'^iati-. 
and  that  any  oriianiziition  of  Territoriiil  L'livertiiiiini? 
which  excluded  the  citizens  cif  any  ptirt  ultlic  I'niwi 
from  remttvino;  to  such  Territories  with  tlieir  ]iro|nriy 


'  The  vole  of  .St.  Ijouis  City  aiul  Counly  was  as  fcilliHT<: 

I'rcciiicls.  Taylor.  Cntta.        I.arkhui>l.  Itill. 

First  Ward l.'iS  7'-'.5              :><■  K 

Sec.md  Ward IL'I  .'iS-t  Tl\  T.) 

Thiril  Ward 1177  7.^0  7iil  at 

Fourth  War.l III77  till  INI  :i« 

Fifth  Ward IllMI  7.^H  il.V.I  4..1 

,   ,<i\lh  Ward 4:M  711  l:".l  I'M 

t'l'iitral  .'i.>  SL'              L'l:  IS 

St.  Ferdinand 120  SI               IIS  » 

llridgeton ;i7  Sll               I,  C« 

.Manchester 1:il  111               2i;  -'J 

Caronilelet 7S  bt)               H!  -i 

(iravois »,'>  KKi                '.'  <■ 

I   Maraaiec  .'lO  ,51                5  -I 

Washingl.in  House 00  II              -"2  * 

!    Prairie   Mouse :i.^  21!               I'.l  I' 

Helleiirove aS  20                ■■  "* 

l.anliaiu's  Store 5  !> 

Total 1817         1801  2171  2* 

]        Si.x    voles   for  Taylor   and    Fillmore   were   rcjc-ti'J  I'V  ikt 
judges,  the  voters  simply  ilepositing  Taylor  and  rdlin"iTlirliil', 
without  a  list  of  tiie  electors.     These  votes  incladivl,  lla' '^k' 
'   majority  in  the  oily  will  bo  one.— lit iiiihlirnn,  Nov.  U,  I8I>. 


I  lli 


1  over  John  IV  (' 


iiiiif. 


shed statcsiii  111  ILnrv 
Clay  had  dfcliiu.il  in 
ith  which  it  luul  hv,n 
tliat  lii.s  visit  Was  (i|. 
,   and    undnlaiion  fur 

ival,   llOWUVrr,  lie  \V;|, 

a<je,  and  wa>  cuiivovcj 

horses  down  Coninier- 

to  Chestiml,  ami  ii|, 

ISO.      He   rrinaiiicii  in 

ijr  his  stay  a  x'lln',  was 

:ers'  House. 

recn,  Hall,  iiiul  l'liii||is 

s'.  Bay  elcclcil  in  ihc 

iral  vote  nl'  tlio  Siatc 

IJutler.' 

eiectod  wciv  Julin  F. 

rilchrist  I'uricr  in  ilio 

Tiiird,  Willaidl'.iy 

helps  in  the  Fil'iii. 

le  K.  Jaek^iii,  senator 

1  to  the  iSeiiate  nl'  Mis- 

I  the  subjeet  »!' slavery, 

pt  on  the  part  iil'  C* 

iect  80  as  tip  efi'eet  tlio 

tates,  in  the  Di^triet .  f 

es  was  "  a  vinlatiim  "f 

the    Ciinslitution  was 

oujzllt    ta  be  irilVenii'J 

people  (if  all  llloSt:lte^, 

erritorial  <rovcriiiiieiii< 

my  part  of  tlio  I'liieii 

ies  with  their  ]iviiiieriy 


:;uuuly  was  ii>  I'lillnw 


CllSH. 


I.iukhiiel. 


r.si 

'.':'! 

n't 

TfiG 

ml 

;;',ii 

(ill 

ISI 

;|,l 

T.-.S 

:'„'>',i 

U 

711 

rj'.i 

i",ii 

s:! 

LM 

\') 

SI 

IIS 

111 

so 

111 

L'l; 

!IJ 

.■■.0 

Hi 

!Ij 

KM) 

5 

i2 

It 

,>-> 

« 

■■:i 

l',l 

II 

LM) 

:; 

10 

ISIII 


yft 


■ilTI 
loru  were  ivje'leJ  V  l'" 
■Hiyleniiel  lMlliii"ielicl-ft!, 
»«  volos  iueliele.l,  llie  « tij 
!,,,i,lili.;„i,  Nov.  U,  ISIs. 


POLITICAL  PROGRESS. 


^Pdiild  lie  an  excrci,se  of  power  by  Conj^ress  incon- 
jjiteiit  with  the  spirit  of  the  Constitution,  insulting 
to  tlie  States,  and  caleulated  to  di.ssolve  the  Union; 
that  llie  conduct  of  the  Northern  States  upon  the 
siiliject  (if  slavery  liad  praetically  abrogated  tlu;  Mis- 
souri ('iiinpromise  of  1820,  but  that  Missouri,  for 
liarinony.  would  sanetion  the  application  of  thut  coin- 
proiniM'  10  territory  acquired  from  Mexico ;  that 
slavery  can  only  be  prohibited  in  any  Territory  by  the 
people  in  the  formation  of  a  State  Constitution  ;  and 
thai  Missouri  would  heartily  co-operate  with  the 
slavelinlding  States  in  such  measures  as  they  may 
Jeeiu  necessary  for  mutual  protection  against  con- 
iiressioiiiil  legishition  upon  tliis  subject.  These  reso- 
lutions, adopted'  by  a  vote  of  53  to  27,  encountered 
ilio  bitter  opposition  of  Senator  Benton,  who  on  the 
iliiliof  May,  184!),  opened  a  canvass  against  tliem. 
In  the  prosecution  of  this  appeal  from  the  Legislature 
lo  (lie  pet'ple,  Senator  Benton  canvas.sod  the  entire 
Slate  dining  the  .spring  and  summer  of  184!>. 

One  of  the  immediate  consequences  of  this  "  appeal" 
was  a  division  of  the  Democratic  party  into  "  Ben- 
inn' and '•  aiiti-Benton"  tactions.  In  this  crisis  the 
Wlii!;  parl'^'  leaned  towards  Benton,  ri:tlier  tlian  liis 
|ariy  op]iiincnts.  In  the  Legislature  the  Whig  repve- 
sentaiives  had  opposed  the  Jackson  resolutions,  and 
liei'ore  the  people  they  maintained  the  pro-Union 
irineiples  which  had  always  beep  advocated  by  tliat 
lariy.  The  Democrats  of  the  Legi.slature  were  di- 
viiieilintii  "  anti- Benton"  or  "  Hards,"  and  Benton  or 
"Sorts;"  and  even  among  the  Whigs  tliere  appeared 
lleniiiii  and  anti-Benton  Whigs. 

The  joint  convention  to  elect  a  senator  met  on 
■Ian.  Ill,  IS.'il,  and  from  day  to  day  until  tlie  22d. 
On  the  liMtieth  ballot  tlie  rt;sult  stood,  for  Henry  S. 
ileyer,  Whig,  80;  Thomas  H.  Benton,  55 ;  B.  F 
Slriii;;rellow,  18;  scattering,  4.' 


'  '■  lleiiiMii  is  lioaii'ii !  Willi  liii-  niinouneiHu  lit,  .'iiM|)le  in  il8 
tniis.  Iiut  lull  (if  iui|Hirt,  \vc  K'l  e  to  the  imliHc  the  result  iif  the 
i'aiivii>s  ill  lliis  State  I'or  Ihp  lust  twelve  niuiillis.  It  is  liiinlly 
nm^Miiv  1.1  ii/oapiluliite  the  {,o.«itlon  of  |iai'tie.s.  It  is  ki.uwii 
llial  ('ill  Diiilciii  iip|iuiileil  tci  t'le  peiipio  of  Missuiiri  iiKiiiiisI 
I't'viain  in>liiietiniis  pu.K,seil  hy  the  I,ej»i,, liitiire  two  years  siiiee. 
it  IS  also  kiiiiim  lliiit  the  iiieiiil.ors  of  the  r.cgisluturc.  nnil  ii 
ai'i.iurily  of  (he  Deiiioornlle  par fy,  took  issue  with  him  (ipon 
liiiit 'apl.eiil,' anil  in  I'avor  of  the  iloelriiies  eniiiieiateil  in  the 
Macknipn  lesoliitions,'  nnil  it  is  fiirthcrniore  knmvn  ihiit  the 
Wliiu  |iiirly.  sliinilinn  upon  their  own  );roiinil,  as  they  have  «1- 
»iiy- Jniie,  fiiii^'lit  to  uleel,  iinil  iliil  eleet,  a  gior.'or  niiiiiher  of 
nii'iiiWrs  of  Ike  present  I.oifisliiture  tlnui  cither  of  thoi.ther 
|,itliis.  'I'liey  iliil  fi\  nilhoiit  any  eoneeiilineiil  of  their  prinei- 
|ili'f.  'I'liey  amweil  llicir  intention,  if  pnisilile,  to  soeuro  the 
fliuii'c  uf  a  sollieient  nuiiilior  of  senators  and  repre«eii(iitivi'S 
lovii-fla  Wliijr  sena'or  in  the  CoiiKi-ess  of  the  I'nileil  States, 
111  tlii"  Ihej  laileil  hy  fifteen  or  sixteen   volei.      But   they  w,  re 


I  This  defeat  ended  the  thirty  years'  scnator.ship  of 
Thomas  II.   Benton.     The  Jackson  resolutions  con- 

j  tinned  to  be  a  source  of  discord  and  division  in  the 

I  politics  of  Missouri.  At  tlie  special  session  of  the 
Legislature,  beginning  Aug.  HO,  1852,  which  wiw 
divided  into  Benton  and  anti-Benton,  Free-Soil  and 

:  Slave-Soil,  Whigs  and  Democrats,  the  contest  for 
Speaker  of  the  House  was  long  and  bitter,  prescnt- 

:  ing  scenes  of  excitement  never  surpassed  in  the  his- 

I  tory  of  Missouri.' 

I       The  contest  terminated   with   the  election  of  Dr. 

I  Reuben  Shelby,  a  Benton  Democrat,  on  the  resolu- 
tion of  Wm.  D.  Maupin,  of  Saline,  a  Whig.  In  the 
regular  session  (.f  the  Legislature,  beginning  Dc,  27, 

:  1852,  the  same  division  of  parties  was  exhibited,  and 
similar  bitterness  in  the  election  of  Speaker.  After 
many  ballots  Reuben  Shelby  was  re-elected. 

About  1850-51  St.  Louis  was  the  favorite  rendez- 
vous of  the  Mormons  on  their  way  to  the  West.  In 
its  i,ssue  of  ^Liy  8,  1851,  the  Rcpiihllcaii  said, — 


and  are  tlie  preduininant  party  in  the  Tiesi^'lature.  First  in 
point  of  numbers,  though  reprcsenliii);,  as  is  eonteioleil.  a  less 
nnmbcr  of  the  pnpiihir  votes  than  their  party  opponents,  staml 
the  friends  of  Col.  Ilentnn  ;  and  elose  upnli  tlieiii  and  liitter 
represented,  heeause  of  their  superiority  in  tact  and  talent,  may 
he  elassed  the  anti-1!entoiiites.  For  nearly  t'vn  weeks  these 
parties  have  been  engaged  in  tlio  electicm  iif  ,i  seiiiilur  of  the 
United  Statei  in  plaeo  of  Col.  IJenton.  It  was  perli'etly  euin- 
pelenl  at  any  time  for  tlie  Whigs  and  anti-Heiilnniles  In  have 
seeured  an  eleetion,  but  as  there  was  no  :\thliiiliiin  liitween 
them,  e.xeept  in  the  desire  to  beat  lienton,  very  little  was  doiio 
I'tlier  than  to  vote  for  the  eaiididates  id'  the  respective  parties. 
This  position  was  maintiiined  until  all  e.xpedients  tn  biiiiLr  the 
Kenton  ami  anti-lienlon  parties  liigether  liiid  failed,  and  until 
II  palpable  triek  had  developed  to  the  latter  the  heartles.-ness 
and  insineerity  uf  the  former  party.  Then  it  WU3  that  thero 
WHS  an  appro.\imation  to  an  eleetion, and  on  Wednesday  morn- 
ing, and  on  the  fortieth  ballot,  the  eleetion  was  enusunininted. 
The  vote  is  thus  deehired  by  the  7'e/';/ni/i/(  .•  For  (ieyiT,  80; 
Benton, o.'ij  Strin;;fellow,  IS  :  (!reen,2;    Dniin,'.';    INilk,  !. 

"  Mr.  (Jeyer,  we  su|ipo8e,  in  the  absenee  of  telegrapbie  dis- 
patehes,  reeeivud  the  votes  of  fifteen  anil-- Itenton  men  and  one 
Ilenton  man.  The  whole  of  the  Whig  parly  adhered  to  liim, 
and  ihe  votes  of  a  majority  of  the  iinti-llenton  men  were  given 
for  ditVerent  g  'leinen.  Of  the  entire  Legislature.  I'oniposing 
Mne   hundreil  sixty   members,  saving  tlie   absentees,  .Mr. 

lienton  reeei  eil  vlive  votes,  a  little  over  une-third  "f  the 
members,  and  repiesenting  less  then  that  ratio  of  the  popular 
voice  of  the  Statu.  Benton  is  beaten,  not  by  any  eomiilnation, 
but  by  the  voice  of  the  people,  and  if  at  iiny  time  he  lias  exer- 
cised inllueneu  with  the  eili/.ens  of  Missouri,  that  iutliiiiiue  it 
now  ijone." — Itijnililiinii,  ,}i\n,  21,  ISal. 

2  .los'ph  A.  Ilay,  Whig,  of  Lewis  County,  oflered  Ihe  Inllow- 
ing  resolution  ; 

"  IttHitlvrtt,  That  a  veil  ho  hung  over  the  poriniit  of  Col. 
!le>itoii  now  banging  in  (be  Kepresentiitive  Hall,  that  Claib 
.!  inksoii  ').;  reijuested  to  absent  himself  froin  the  House,  and 
that  the  meinbers  drink  no  morn  grog  till  a  Speak  or  is 
olceted." 


588 


HTSTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


i: !!  ■  i 


:  i  J :  I 


hi ,..    i 


''Some  two  liiinilred  Mormons  loft  our  city  yoaterday  on  the 
stcuincr  '  Stiitosiiiiin'  lor  Council  lllulTs,  whore  the"  will,  we 
learn,  prot'eeil  iiiiiiieiliately  Ui  Salt  T.akc. 

"Althoii(,'h  HO  liiive  no  Mormon  Churcli  in  St.  liouia,  anil 
thougli  iheso  peojile  have  no  other  ch\>^'  or  permanent  |jOH.ses- 
-sion  or  pormancnt  interest  in  our  rity.  yet  their  numeri^'al 
slron^^tli  here  i.^  greater  than  may  be  imagined.  Our  eity  irf 
the  greatest  recruiting  point  for  .Mormon  emigrants  from  Eng- 
land and  the  Kastern  States',  and  the  former  e..ijioeially,  whoso 
funds  frenerally  heeome  exiiausted  by  the  limo  they  roneh  it, 
generally  st(»p  licre  several  months,  ami  not  unfroi"iuentIy  re- 
main among  us  a  year  or  two  pending  n.  resumption  of  tii''ir 
journey  to  the  Salt  Lake.  Thoe  from  the  Eastern  States  ordi- 
narily leave  their  homes  only  when  they  have  entlieient  means 
to  take  them  through  tiieir  entire  jmirney,  and  for  that  reason 
rarely  stop  here  over  a  few  days,  or  at  most  a  few  weeks.  'I'hore 
are  at  this  time  in  St.  liouis  about  three  thou.sand  Knglisli  Mor- 
mons, nearly  all  of  whom  are  masters  of  some  trade,  or  have 
ae(iuired  experienee  in  some  profe-ssioii  which  they  follow  now. 
As  was  said,  they  have  no  church,  hut  they  xtten  1  divine  ser- 
vice twice  each  Sunday  at  Concert  Hall,  and  tht'y  celebrate  their 
feasts  and  perform  their  devotional  duties  with  the  same  regu- 
larity, if  not  in  the  same  sty'e,  ns  their  brethren  in  the  valley. 
They  upprehcitd  none  of  tho  m  >lestation  here  with  which  for- 
merly and  elsewhere  they  were  visited.  I)  mg  the  past  winter 
they  have  not  been  behimlhaml  with  their  fellew-citi/.cns  in 
deviling  modes  to  spend  the  time  pleasantly.  We  heard  fre- 
quently of  .Mormon  balls  and  parties,  and  Concert  Hall  was  on 
several  occasions  tilled  with  persons  gathered  to  witness  .Mormon 
theatrical  pcrfornninces.  We  have  witnesseil  the  congregation 
as  it  issued  finun  the  hnll  at  tho  religious  meetings  on  Sundays, 
and  certainly  wo  think  it  ilocs  not  compare  unfavorably  with 
the  other  eongregatitins." 

Ill  continuation  of  liis  "  appciil,"  Ool.  Benton,  de- 
feated for  tlie  ,S'jn:ite,  became  a  candidate  in  1852 
in  the  First  Coiijrre,ssioiial  District  for  Coni;ress,  and 
wa.i  elected.'  A.  W.  Laniblin  wa.s  clio.sen  in  tlio  Sec- 
ond District,  John  (!.  Miller  in  the  Third,  M.  Oliver 
in  the  Fourth,  and  John  S.  Phelps  in  tho  Fifth. 

The  distiiio:ui.-ihed  lawyer,  politician,  and  statesman, 
Thomas  U.  Benton,  opened  a  law-office  in  St.  Loui,s 
in  1815.  A  fireat  flood  of  emigration  set  in  about 
this  time,  and  the  interior  of  the  State  bejian  to  be 
settled  rapidly.  Col.  Benton  was  retained  in  .several 
important  lantl  suits,  and  won  imnicdiatc  reputation. 
His  ])tiblic  services  in  afttir-lifc  have  become  matters 
of  national  history.  Thomas  H.  Btuiton  wa.^  born  near 
Hillsborouoh,  N.  C,  March  14,  '782.  His  parents 
were  Jesse  Benton,  a  respectalile  lawyer,  and  Ann 
Gooch,  of  flanover  County,   Va.,   and   he   was  the 

'  ''Tho  elfictiim  is  over.  The  uatlle  has  been  fought,  and  wo 
have  been  very  eomi'lelely  beaten.  There  is  no  use  of  com- 
plaining ove.  what  cannot  be  remedied.  Itenton  has  made  a 
Duke  of  Wellington  alTiiir  of  it, — a  perfect  Wat"rloo  defeat  to 
us, — ami  that,  loo.  we  believe,  solely  by  tho  aid  of  liluclior  and 
the  I'russian  forces. 

'•The  smoke  and  dust  of  the  baltio  having  passed  away,  wo 
can  taki'  a  calm  survi'y  of  tho  field. 

"Smdi  u  contest  has  never  been  witnessed  in  tiie  I'nited 
States,  iind  (^jI.  Ilenton  has  a  rigiit  to  claim  as  great  a  con/) 
d'rtttt  as  l.ouis  Napoleon." — -Urpntilirttit,  Aug.  ;">,  |S52. 


j  eldest  son  of  tliat  marriage.  His  mother  u;is  du. 
niece  of  Col.  Thomas  Hart,  of  Kentucky,  ml  was  j 

I  cousin  of  the  wife  of  Henry  Clay.     His  fatlur,  «ii„ 

I  died  when  Thomas  was  eiirht  year.f  old,  had  a  inirt 
of  valuable  land,  some  twenty  thousand  acr.s  lyj,,^, 
twenty-five  miles  to  the  sovth  of  Nashvilii.  Tcim., 
and  to  this  ret^iow  his  mother  removed  with  her  iWd 
suns,  Thomas  Hart  aru'  Je.sso.  Soon  arierwanls 
Thomtis  H.  was  educitcJ  at  Chapel   Hill   llnivcrsiiv, 

'  North  Carolina;  t^-.ugl'.t  school  in  Middle  Tuniic.j.* 
in  189(5,  was  admitted  to  tlie  bar  in  18(18,  ami  u\,nK\ 
an  office  in  the  town  of  Fraiiklin,  but  slmrtly  iiftw 
removed  to  Nashville.  In  1811  he  wa.s  clcelod  if, 
the  State  Loijislature,  and  diiriiij;  his  tciin  nf  si\r:\n: 
.secured  the  passaire  of  a  law  for  the  rcforiiiii'ion  ot'iliii 
judicial  system  of  the  State,  and  another  by  wliii.li  tli,. 
right  of  trial  by  jury  was  given  to  slaves.  Ilcjdiiihi 
the  army  in  1812,  and  was  Gen.  Jack.son'saido-ilc-aniii 
until  shortly  before  the  personal  encounter  hctwon. 
them,  in  which  Jesse  Benton  parti'-ipafci;.  Ic  ilnii 
became  colonel  of  a  Tenncssc'  n  iii.iicnt.  The  lift, 
work,  and  character  of  Col.  I'.Milon  ii.ue  hi.'en  sulc 
jccted  to  alternate  eulogy  and  ciiti'-i-in,  Hcw;i>a 
man  of  ftroiig  intellect,  and  a  natural  lisulcr  of  luiti. 
Though  sometimes  amusingly  egotistic  tiiid  disn^'n.'. 
aLly  overbearing,  he  could  e.xert  rare  wiiinin:;  fn.iii. 
ties,  and  bis  probity  was' unimpeachable.  His  "Thliiv 
Years'  Viev/'  will  alwtiys  be  one  of  the  li.ioks  tlim  i 
student  of  American  history  must  read,  lor  l.ciiii.iis 
contemporaries  were  Webster,  Clay,  Callumii,  ."fowarl, 
Sumner,  Douglas.  Crittenden,  and  men  of  aliui'St 
e(|U.'d  eminence ;  and  in  his  prime  tln^  jicuplo  of  the 
West,  even  including  his  political  oppoiient.s,  haJ  ;i 
right  to  be  proud  of  their  representative.  Foote,iii  iiis 
interesting  volume  upon  the  "  Bench  and  Biir  of  the 
Southwest,"  lays  peculiar  stress  upon  (.'ul.  liciiinii^ 
industry,  perseverance,  and  fertility  of  resource.  Va 
adds  that  the  great  Missouri  senator  was  "  I't  ini.w 
plcnteously  endowed  with  the  dictatorial  .•i|/i  '  :i  ii: 
with  the  geiitle  graces  of  persuasion,''  aiid  ilnii  In 
voice  was  always  "  harsh  and  untuiiaMc,  lii.s  aMiou- 
lations  clumsy  and  ungraceful."  Bui  Fnotc  iniilsihai 
Col.  Benton  could  express  him.self  on  piipcr  in  a  sim- 
ple, nervous,  and  idiomatic  Knglisli  style  wliicii  fciv 
men  of  his  time  could  etjual. 

He  was  engaged  in  two  personal  ciicdiiiitcrs,  one 
of  which  has  been  mentioned,  the  oilii'r  bcim:  the  «J 
and  ftttal  duel  with  young  Lucas,  in  1817  b'  rcl^r- 
encc  to  the  first,  the  noted  conflict  with  (it:'  'ndi'" 
Jackson,  I'arton  throws  the  chief  bliiine  cj'u.i  Ci 
Benton.  It  is  proper,  therefore,  to  giv,  ll.c  iiiioirsn: 
letter,  printed  by  Col.  Benton  a  few  days  u'  \  inn 
affair,  and  republished  in  the  St.  Louis  RqiM'mi, 


POLITICAL  PROGRESS. 


589 


Au2. '--  1*^81.  It  is  as  follows,  and  j^ives  a  curious 
iiiiture  tit'  the  possibilities  of  daily  existence  in  that 
Juelistii;  age,  when  certainly  life  could  not  be  termed 

ninih.toiiotis  : 

"FiUNKi.iN,  Tksx.,  Sept.  Ill,  18IH. 
•';V  (lilVtTi'tR'o  wliieh  hiid  Ijeen  for  some  inontli.-J  brewin;^  hc- 
tffecn  ('»■"■  -f:!  'li-^on  a^i'*  niyst'lf  jiroiluffMl,  on  l^uturilay,  the 
4th  iust.,  in  lln'  town  of  Niislivillc,  the  mjst  oiitrngcou.s  iiirriiy 
„jj.rBitnis^i''l  in  a  civilized  country.  In  eomniunicatin;^  t'lis 
ilTiiir  to  I'^v  ffii'nds  iind  fellow-citizens,  I  'iniit  myself  to  the 
slateiuent  of  a  few  l(;adinj;  facts,  the  ti'utli  oi'  wliieh  [  am  ready 
l„cstal)li-h  liy  judicial  proofs: 

"  firit,  'I'liat  myself  and  my  Iirother,  Je-'se  Benton,  arriving 
in  ^'n^llvilU'  on  the  morningof  the  afl'ray,  and  knowing  of  (ien. 
Jackson's  threats,  went  and  took  onr  lodgings  in  a  dill'ere' 
liimscfiom  the  one  in  whieh  lie  stayed  on  purpo.^'e  to  avoid  him, 
" .S't'c'wir^  'fhat  the  general  and  some  of  his  friends  came  to 
till' house  where  we  bud  put  up  and  eommcnceil  the  attack  by 
leveling  a  pistol  at  uic  when  I  IkiiI  wi  wki/ioii  flrnwn,  ami  ad- 
viuii^iiiif  itiMin  me  at  a  quick  pace  without  giving  me  timo  tu 
Jnov  "He. 

"  T'liii'l.  'fhat  seeing  this  my  brother  tired  upon  (jcn.  Jaek- 
ion  wlii'i  lie  had  got  within  eight  or  ten  feet  of  ine. 

■'iniirlh.  Thai  four  other  pislcils  were  tired  in  (|uiek  succes- 
si,,ii,  line  liv  lien.  Jackson  at  me,  two  by  me  at  the  general,  and 
one  IjV  Col.  Coti'ee  at  nic.  In  the  eimrse  of  this  firing  (ien. 
Jaekwii  was  h-ought  to  the  ground,  but  T  received  no  hurt. 

"Fil'lli.  fliat  daggers  were  then  drawn.  Col.  ColTec  and  Jlr. 
.Alcxiinilcr  Donaldson  made  at  me  and  gave  me  live  slight 
niiiiiiils.  ('apt.  Hammond  and  Mr.  ."^tockley  Hays  engaged  my 
lirntluT,  who,  being  still  weak  from  the  ell'ects  of  a  severe  wound 
lieli«ii  liitcly  '"ceivcd  in  ft  duel  was  not  able  to  resist  two  men. 
Thov  got  hill  down,  and  while  ('apt.  Hammond  beat  liim  on 
the  licail  tu  i  ako  him  lay  still,  Mr.  Hays  attempted  to  stab 
liim.  ai.d  wcniided  him  in  both  arms  as  ho  lay  on  his  back  par- 
rving  tilt,  thrusts  with  his  naketl  hands.  From  this  situation 
:i  L'eiR'-iiiis-liearted  citizen  of  Nashville,  Jlr.  Sumner,  relieved 
liii".  lle'tiirt  lie  lanio  to  the  gnuind  my  brother  clapped  a  pistol 
1  tiicbiciist  of  .Mr.  Hays  to  blow  liim  through,  but  it  missed  lire. 
"Si.itli.  My  own  and  my  brother's  pistols  carried  two  baits 
Kill,  I'iir  it  was  our  intention,  if  driven  to  our  arms,  to  have  no 
■iiiM'spliiy.  'J'lie  pistols  li red  at  me  were  so  near  that  the  blaze  of 
:iie  iiiii//.lt  of  one  of  them  burnt  the  sleeve  of  my  coat,  and  the 
"!iii  aiuiiil  at  my  head  a  little  more  than  arm's  length  from  it. 
Sireiilh.  Oapt.  t'arrcdl  was  to  have  taken  (lart  in  the  atVray, 
li:i;  «s  nils.  It  by  the  permission  of  Hen.  Jackson,  as  ho  has 
■  ti  e  |irovcd  by  the  general's  eurtificaie, — ii  certilieate  which 
nil'Ti?  I  ki.oiv  not  whethor  less  honor  upon  the  general  or  upon 
'   ptniii. 

' .''  7"''t.  Tliiit  this  attack  was  made  upon  me  in  the  house 

ic  llio  judi;e  of  the  district,  .\lr.  Searcy,  has  his  lodgings. 

'  iilllearc  the  laws  and  its  ministers  respected.     Nor  has  'ho 

itil  iiuthoiily  yet  taken  ecgnizar.co  of  this  hoirible  outrage. 

"These facts  are  sullieient  to  fix  the  pulilic  opinion.     ]''or  my 

""11  |iiirt.  I  think  it  scandalous  that   such   things  should  take 

|il;ne  111  any  lime,  but  particularly  so  at  the  present  moment, 

'li'ii  the  |iiiblii'  -ervioe  requires  the  aid  of  nil  its  citizens.     As 

iTtlic  iiiiaie  of  .■oiiiage.  Ood  forbid  that  I  should  ever  altempi 

I'l^iiin  it  by  hei'oiiiiiig  a  Inilly.    Those  who  know  me  know  full 

null  that  I  would  give  a  thousand  times  more  for  tliu  reputa- 

tiirn  i.f  Criigluin  in  defending  his  post  than   I  would  for  the 

;'l"itiili"ii  of  all  the  duelists  and  gladiators  that  ever  appeared 

'liMae'eot  the  earth. 

"TiioM.vs  H.viir  Hkntii'*, 
"  I.itHlpitaHt-foltititl  Thirttj-niutk  /n/auti't/,'' 


I  Tliere  will  always  be  divortreiit  views  about  this 
afiair.  A  writer  in  the  Repuhlicnn  of  Nov.  5,  l'^44, 
says,  "Thomas  II.  Benton  came  to  Mi,>isouri.  I  think, 
in  1815,  much  in  tiie  character  he  left  North  Carolina, 
as  a  fujjjitive  from  justice,  having  cast  his  Parthian 
arrow  behind  him  in  a  letter  iiiviiii;  an  account  of  the 
bloody  aft'ray  between  liim  and  Gen.  Jackson." 

The  difficulty  seems  to  have  originated  in  a  por- 
;  sonal   controversy   between    Gen.   Jackson   and   Col. 
I  Benton's  younger  brother  Jesse.     Gen.  Jucksiin  re- 
i  ceived  a  painful  wound,  and  from  that  time  until  the 
i  development  of  his  policy  as  President  in  relation  to 
!  the  United  States  Bank  and  nullification  he  and  Col. 
Benton  were  strangers.     Finally,  however,  they  were 
brought    together   and    reconciled    by    the   force    of 
political  sympiithies. 
I       The  duei  with  Charles  Lucas  occurred  in   1817. 
I  The  trouble  grew  out  of  political  controversy  and  ex- 
i  citcniont.     In  August  of  that  year,  Lucas,  a  .son  of 
j  Judge  J.  B.  C.  Lucas,  and  a  young  attorney  of  promise, 
'  challenged  Col.  Benton's  vote  at  the  polls,     Benton 
called  Lucas  an  insolent  puppy,  was  challenged,  and 
I  a  duel   took   place   August  12th  on  Bloody  Island, 
.  L.   E.    Lawless  being  Benton's  second,  and  Joshua 
Barton   .^ei.'ond  for   Lucas.     They  exchanged  shots, 
j  and  Lucas  was  shot  in  the  neck  and  Benton  in  the 
knee.      It  was  thought  the   aflFair  would   terminate 
here,  but  disparaging  rumors  and  gossip  angered  the 
i  princiiials  to  such  an  extent  that  a  .second  encounter 
took  place  September  27th.  in  which  Lucas  was  mor- 
,  tally  wounded  and  died  in  half  an  hour.     It  is  said 
that  mutual  friends  could  by  proper  exertions  have 
prevented  this  meeting,  but  at  that  time  it  was  sanc- 
tioned by  public  opinion  ;  and  though  Col.    Hcnton  • 
was  opposed  to  dueling,  he  was  not  willing  to  lose  his 
place  in  public  life  by  refusing  to  accept  the  cliallence 
of  Lucas   in   the   first   place,  K,t  by  refraining  from 
'  uhalleiiging  hint  in  turn. 

'  Judge  J.  B.  C.  Lucas  published  a  statement  in  the 
MuiSDiifi  Gozctte  of  Nov.  1,  1817,  in  which  he  .says 
that  his  son  made  a  motluidical  statement  in  writin" 
previous  to  the  first  meoling.  It  is  to  the  efeet  that 
in  October,  181G,  Col.  Benton  and  himself  were  em- 
ployed on  opposite  sides  in  a  case  and  gave  each 
other  the  lie.  Benton  then  sent  Lucas  a  elialleno-o 
which  the  latter  declined,  and  nothing  further  oc- 
curred till  the  election  of  Aug.  4,  1817.  Judire 
Jiin'as  states  that  his  son  was  the  challenged  party  in 
this  case  also,  ami  there  is  a  conflict  of  authorities  on 
the  subject.  After  Lucas  was  wounded,  Benton  de- 
vnamled  a  second  meeting,  but  aftei'vvards  waived  this 
right.  The  rest  of  the  ticcount  agrees  in  the  main 
1  with  that  previously  given. 


Ir  ''i 


Sfi'tll 

I   I*  '  .!< 


\y !' 


|iM 


'I 


590 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


But  the  etjtiru  subject  was  reviewed  at  great  lun<;tli 
on  the  cvoninir  of  March  14,  1882,  tho  one  hun- 
dredth birthday  of  tlio  great  statesman.'  On  that 
occasion,  before  a  large  nssenibhige  in  Jleinorial 
Ilall,  Hun.  Thunias  T.  Gantt,  by  request  of  the  Mis- 
souri Historical  Society,  delivered  an  address  upon 
Benton's  life  and  character.  It  is  not  likely  that  any 
more  complete  and  able  account  from  friendly  hands 
can  ever  be  given  to  the  public.  Col.  Gantt  drew 
largely  upon  the  reminiscences  of  Judge  Lawless  in 
his  story  of  the  Lucas  duel,  and  showed  how  the 
natural  antagonism  between  the  old  French  fainiiiea 
of  influence  and  the  bustling  new-comers  was  fos- 
tered, how  political  and  social  elements  combined  to 
intensify  it,  what  causes  urged  on  the  high..spirited 
Lucas,  and  how  absolute  was  the  demand  of  society 
that  the  "  code  of  honor"  should  be  observed,  else 
were  a  mai'  .iisgiaced  forever.  Altogether  it  was 
one  of  the  s.,!  1.  ■-'  !  ■  'cdies  of  the  West,  and  Benton 
never  ceased  to  .  -  ilie  fatal  shot;  the  Lucases 
never  forgave  it. 

Col.  Gantt's  version  of  the  tragedy  is  as  follows: 

"Cliniles  laiejis,  ii  ."on  of  .rutlge  I.ucv  s,  was  n  young  iiiiin  of 
unu^uul  proiiiisc,  both  as  a  lawyer  ai  d  a  politician.  To  liini 
Ills  father  looki'il  as  tho  ie|ircsenlativu  of  his  interests,  ami  on 
bini  Has  inipiseil  tho  ilnly  of  taking  aggressive  measures  to 
drive  lienton  from  tlie  political  field.  I  apeak  as  I  have  al- 
ready said,  from  information  received  from  i  ol.  Lawless.  Ac- 
cording to  him,  there  was  no«Ioaljt  in  his  own  or  licnton'a  mind 
uf  the  plan  ])r'>posed;  anil  of  eonr.se  no  one  can  doubt  of  the 
fierce  opposition  likely  to  be  made  to  it  by  Uenton,  He  was 
throughout  his  life  the  enemy  of  compromises  and  half-meas- 
ures, and  wilhout  the  least  injustice  he  may  be  called  an  ex- 
tremist, lie  was  a  fast  friend,  but  a  billcr  enemy  ;  and  when 
lie  drew  the  sword  he  east  the  scabbard  away. 

•'It  was  a  somewhat  perilous  enterprise,  that  of  ilri\ing  Iten- 
ton  from  the  political  tield,  wliitdi  means  from  .•^t.  Louis,  sup- 
posing it  to  iiavo  been  really  entertained.  What  was  done  in 
the  execnlion  of  it  was  not  judicious.  It  was  resolved  thai 
Charles  Lucas  should  challenge  his  vole  at  the  August  election 

'  At  the  lienton  centenary  celebration  there  was  a  notable 
gathering  of  the  leading  men  of  St.  Louis.  Seats  on  the  plat- 
form were  ocenpied  by  C'id.  P  jorge  K.  Leigliton,  Silas  bent, 
John  I'.  Darby,  Peter  L.  I'oy,  tieorge  Ki.ipp,  \V.  (i.  Kliot,  ])'■. 
Stevens,  Richard  Dowling,  and  Wayman  Crow. 

The  in' cling  was  I'alleil  to  onler  by  Col.  Leigliton,  who 
Btateil  that  in  the  absence  of  Edwin  Harrison,  president  of  the 
society,  the  duty  of  presi.ling  devolvid  upon  him.  The  place 
of  lienton  in  the  history  of  the  State,  of  the  Mississippi  valley 
find  the  country  had  been  already  fixed.  The  events  of  the 
past  thirty  years  had  removed  them  so  far  from  the  slate  of  society 
in  which  he  lived  that  the  llisturioal  Society  had  dcemeil  it 
proper  to  recall  some  id'  the  events  in  the  life  of  the  great 
ttutesinan.  Tho  society  had  therefore  asked  one  of  lienlon's 
most  appreciative  friends  to  address  tlioiu  that  evening,  and 
the  spe.iker  had  the  pleasure  of  introducing  lion.  Thomas  T. 
Ganlt.  Col,  (Jantt's  address  was  an  exhaustive  sketch  of  Hen- 
ton's  career,  and  an  eliiipieiit  tribute  to  his  services  in  behalf 
of  .Missouri  and  the  Inion. 


in  IS17,  and  sluiiild  allege  as  the  ground  of  his  challiii',.  ii,,, 
lienton  had  not  ]iaid  his  taxes,  ("ol.  Lawless  stalcij  iliiu  ii,;, 
course  was  agreed  upon  al  a  conference  of  the  Lncas  tni-ti  .,,j,| 
that  the  choice  of  Charles  Lucas  as  their  spokesmiin  was  ^i^. 
termlncd  by  lot. 

"  When  tho  challenge  was  made  lienton  denied  tlic  irrminl  i,f 
it,  and  on  its  repetition  by  Charles  Lucasdemanded  I'l  liiv-n,,,,, 
as  the  law  directed.  Ileaihanced  hauglilily  to  take  iln' nail, 
saying  to  Charles  Lucas,  '  Out  uf  my  way,  you  pup|.v  1'  Tl,,. 
byslanders  iiiterfcreil,  but  in  that  day  there  could  !«■  Ijin  ,,„„ 
issue  to  such  an  altereatiim,  Uenton  had  uueipiivniMllv  ida,,  i 
what  is  teidinieally  called  the  oimi  on  Charles  l.iua,,  «|,, 
promptly  ehalleiiged  liiin.  They  met,  with  pistols  a«tlii'aniii 
and  ten  paces  as  the  distance,  on  llloody  Lsland,  ii|i|>usiic  Si 
Louis,  and  (.'harlcs  Lucas  was  dangerously  wounile  I. 

"Judge  Lucas  was  greatly  disappointed.  His  i  xasjioralion 
was  extreme.  Ho  had  hoped  for  the  death  of  lienlon,  ami  n  ii 
his  favorite  son  was  dangerously,  and  it  was  at  lir-l  btlitn.  I 
mortally,  wounded.  The  symptoms  improved,  however,  anil  ili» 
sutVerer  was  soon  pronounced  out  of  danger,  Smne  nt  lni 
friends  spoke  of  his  soon  being  able  to  renew  the  fcdit  with 
Iteuton.  '  [  have  no  light  to  renew,'  said  Charles  Liums:  'Hen. 
ton  could  not  have  done  otherwise  than  he  did.  I  ilm,'!  |,|;,|„j 
him  in  the  least.  In  fact,  I  and  my  friends  have  been  cnliidv 
ill  the  wrong  in  this  matter,  I  am  glad  I  am  getiini  ivi'll.  Inn 
1  have  no  iiuarrcl  with  lienlun.'  It  was  told  In  llenti.n  fcv  a 
eomniiin  friend  of  lioth  that  Charles  had  thus  e\pie-.-fi|  him- 
self. Uenton  authori/.ed  this  gentlemiin  to  say  to  Cliarli's  I.iicas 
that  he,  lienton,  deeply  regretted  the  iiieeling  ami  il<  I'un.u- 
qiieuces;  that  he  was  delighted  that  these  conseipu'niTS  »m> 
less  serious  than  he  had  at  first  feared;  that  his  l)c<l  ackiniul. 
edgments  were  due  for  the  manly  frankness  with  whirli  Cliarli. 
Lucas  had  spoken,  and  that  no  one  more  sincerely  than  liiiii.i;i' 
wished  for  his  early  and  complete  recovery.  This  iiies>ai:i'» as 
delivered,  and  Charles  Lucas  expressed  himself  iimoli  j^ralitii'l, 
and  sent  word  to  lienton  that  as  soon  as  he  left  hi<  sioK-r-nm 
lie  would  oiler  him  his  hand,  Benton  was  muck  niiiiiiil,  lie 
said  that  if  .Mr.  Lucas  would  permit  him  he  would  l>c  gla<l  b 
a^'icipate  the  period  of  complete  cure  and  in  pci-Miii  c\|i;e.i 
liis  own  feelings.  Charles  Lucas  replied  that  siu-li  a  vInI 
wiiiild  give  him  great  pleasure,  and  lienlon,  aci!iiiii|iaiiifil  bva 
fi  lend,  wailed  upon  him.  Some  friends  of  .Mr.  Lucas  iviTt'a!si 
prc'cnt,  and  the  interview  was  most  salisfaetory.  Tlie  rei'":i- 
eiliatiiin  appeared  to  bo  complete. 

"  It  appears  that  Judge  Lucas  had  not  been  talieii  iiilN  tie 
ciiiinscis  of  his  son  on  this  occasion,  and  when  he  bcniiiii' aware 
of  what  had  passed  his  wrath  was  great.  He  was,  as  nrnrk 
ev<>ry  one  is  when  in  a  violent  passion,  uureasoiiiibIi>  aiiil  im- 
just.  He  proclainieil  that  cowardice  had  been  lieiiliin's  nmlin 
in  seeking  a  reconcilialion  with  his  son;  that  lit'iilmi  wuii 
practiced  duelist,  eonlidcnt  of  bis  skill,  but  alVaid  ul'tlu' iIiM'II.v 
terms  as  to  distance  on  which  Charles  had  iiilcininl  In  mio" 
the  war,  and  that  lie  had  by  abusing  Charles'  gi'iuTo.-iiy  ani 
making  abject  professions  of  regret  extorted  a  paciliiatiiJii  iiliicii 
was  his  only  means  of  safety.  Very  soon  kind  friemls  nl  llie 
class  from  which  the  Spanish  proverb  declares  it  a  lia|i|iiiic<.' 1) 
be  saved  repeated  to  Uenton  these  utterances  of  .lii>lj;o  I.iiiM'. 
lint  lienton  was  deleriiiined  to  pay  no  allcniioii  I"  wlial  .liii;'« 
l.neas  said,  and  so  declared,  greatly,  of  course,  to  tlie  ili>'np- 
pointmenl  of  the  friends  spoken  of,  and  of  Judge  hart!  Iiim- 
self.  .Indgu  Lawless  said  that  Judge  Lucas  fa^  riiiinaj  nlicD 
he  heard  Benton's  resolution  ;  he  repeated  that  lleiilnii  «a<  a 
poltroon,  and  added,  'and  Charles  lays  so  too  '  Tlic  fricnli 
performi'd  their  ollieo  as  before,  and,  greatly  li  tliecliajtrin  "( 
lienton,  ho  perceived  that  tho  matter  was  bucoii.'ii;,'iMiii|iliiaieJ 
in  tt  most  annoying  degree.     At   lirst  he  hc-iia     ';  but  lliii 


POLITICAL  PKOGUESS. 


S91 


of  his  clialli'iis,'!'  tli.n 
iiwless  stiitiMl  ilial  tliii 
if  the  liUCiis  iiK'iiiiiivl 
'ir  spokcsuiiiu  was  .le- 

1)11  ilciiii'il  till'  sinjiin'l  (it 
isilciinimli'il  III  bi'SHiini 
ghtily  to  l.ikc  (lie  Mill, 
iviiy,  you  liiilt.v"    Tin 
■  tlicro  foulti  bi-  lint  (int' 
uJ  iiiii'nuivcii-ally  iiliwl 
on   Cliinlos   l.iioa^,  win 
witli  l)ii"tols  u"  tlii'imii! 
loily  Isluml,  "iiiiii'iio  >i, 
iisly  woiiiiili'il. 
iiteil.     Hi*  i-.\as|ioratii)n 
eatli  of  liuiit'in,  ini.l  n  ii 
it  WHS  lit  lii-l  bflicnJ 
provcil,  liiiwovi^r,  iinilllif 
f   ilungLT.     i^iiiiii;  "f  111! 
to  riMicw  till'  IIl'IiI  "ith 
iiiil  riiurlcs  I. "IMS:  '  ilcn- 
lu  lie  dill.     I  ili'ii'l  lilniif 
IVieiuls  liiive  lict'ii  eiilire'y 
liul  I  iviii  Ki'tli":.?  "cll.  lull 
was  tolil  to  lii'iiluii  by  ii 
hail  thus  i'.\|iiL-<M>il  him- 
lan  to  :iay  to  Charlcii  Lucas 
10  incoting  iiml  its  miiir 
t  those  couseiiiieiUTsiirtf 
il;  that  his  best  iickiiwl- 
inkness  with  whii'b  Cbarlt- 
iiorc  sincerely  tliaii  him-tli 
covery.     'I'his  niesMi^rnis 
Iseil  hinisi'lf  nnioli  gralilitl, 
as  he  left  lii*  sicK-riviii 
WHS  iiiuoh  iiimoil.    11" 
liiin  lie  w.iulil  buglii'llJ 
re  an. I  in  |iersiiiieiiiire-' 
■eiilied  that  saeb  a  vbu 
lentiin,  aeeiiiii|'.iui«lbya 
lis  of  Mr.  I.iieas  ivvrea's! 
iitisl'aoliiry.    Tlii'  U'.'n 

nut  liri'ii  lalien  into  IM 
mil  when  he  beisimr  a««e 
meat,     lie  was,  as  iiriuly 
,  unreasonable  aiul  im- 
:  luiil  been  Henl. Ill's  mAM 
is  son  ;  that   lienimi  was  a 
,l,l,,italraiilottlie.li*lly 
U.s  hail  iiilemieil  t"  rene" 
„m;  Charles'  neiieriisil.v  ani 
..iLlorleilaiiiieilieatioiiivliicli 
siiiin  kiiiil  IVieii.ls  nl  llie 
rliileclaresit  a  bal.|ii>ic-sl' 
iilteraiiees  of  .lu.lse  I.i«'. 
no  attention  t- «liat  .hii;« 
y,  of  course,  to  llie  .li.«l'- 
'■.ami  of  Judge  l.u.Ml.i"'- 
ivlicn 

Deiiimi  "^1'  ' 


^e  tiueas  ra-  I'l'i'"" 
•peated  that 


only  stean  I  to  irritate  to  inndncsa  Judge  iiUuas,  who  repealed 
in  every  eniiipany  his  injurious  remarks  icspeeting  Kenton,  and 
•iieil  Cliiirbs  IiUeas  as  eoneurring  with  liiiii.  Obviously  this 
oonlil  not  la-l.  IJenton  addres.«eil  a  note  to  Charles  Lucas,  say- 
in.'  ihiit  be  had  heard  that  sonic  persons  elaiiuing  to  be  his 
frieiuls  bill  imputed  the  expression  of  such  opinions  to  liiui 
I'liarles  l.ueas) ;  that  he  { lienton)  was  satisfied  that  he  (Charles 
bueasi  bud  said  nothing  of  the  kind,  hut  that  it  was  neeessiiry 
dial  be  I  lleiiton)  should  have  the  means  of  elVectually  disprov- 
iii.r|be  ruiuiir,  and  that  this  means  eould  only  eonsisl  in  the 
milieu  iiiiib'oity  of  Charles  l.iii'as.  He  begged  Charles  Lueiis 
U,  enable  biiii  In  make  this  disproof. 

"On  reeeiving  thi.s  note  Charles  Lueas  expressed  in  words 
lii*  re"ret  ibat  any  sueh  rumor  should  he  in  eireiiliitioii,  and 
Iflaie.l  it  to  be  groun. Hess,  adding  (hat  he  would  furnish  licn- 
ti.ii  with  a  uritteu   statement    to  that  elfeet.     lieiittin's  friend 


oxp 


■esseil  biiiiself  highly   gratiiied,  and   the   interview  elosed. 


lays  so  111 
I,  greatly  i'    t 


■|'|,e  I'rifil'l' 
be  ebaiirin  "f 


asbee.iii 'iigi'"'"!' 


\km\ 


rst  he  he-it" 


;  but  tliii 


Tlial  ibiy  passed  and  the  next  williout  the  promised  letter  being 
uril'eii  bv  Charles  Lucas,  and    licnton's  friend   ealled   again, 
("liarlos  l.iieas  put  him  olT  to  the  following  day.     On  that  even- 
in.- Jnib'e  l.aivle.«s  said  that  Cliarlcs  Lueas  and  his  father  were 
;ieii  walking  bai'kwiirils  and  forwards  on  the  open  ground  west 
if  wlitie  tbe  Planters'  House  now  stands.     The  elder  man  we:, 
ifliemcnt  hi  bis  gostienlalion  and  apparently  earnest  In   his 
Hiceeb  t'l  tbe  younger,  who  said  little  and  appeared  to  be  in 
Iseii  Jeiectii'ii.     What  was  actually  said  no  one  knew  but  the 
sieakers  tbeinsclves.     Next   inorning,    when    Benton's    friend 
oiltel  for  tbe  ivrilten  ftateinenl,  Charles  Lneas,  still  appearing 
ili'eiilv  ilejeeteil,  told  him  that  he  eould  give  no  sueh  stalemeni, 
aiilaiblcil  Ibat  if  lienton  wished  for  his  blood  he  eould  have  it. 
"  Benton's  friend  was  .hnlge  Lawless.     When  he  brought  to 
lii-  |iriuel|ial  this  answer  of  Lueas,  lienton  was   strongly  e.\- 
ciiol,  and  remarked  that  from  that  point 'all  the  moves  were 
f  mil.'     Ho  sent  at   onee  a  pointed  cliallengo  to   Lucas.     He 
•ml  Ihal  Lnca.s'  refusal  to  disavow  the  infamous  language  iiu- 
iiiietl  (iihiiii  eoinpclled  lienton  to  treat  hini  as  its  author,  as 
■hir'inj;  liiiii   (lienton)   with   eowardiee,  etc.;    that  he   thus 
:  lie  it  neressnry  that  they  should   meet  again,  and,  wiili  a 
van  (if  enabling  Lucas  to  make  the  terms  of  tbe  meeting  as 
iiilly  ns  lie  was  alleged  to  wish,  he  (lienton),  by  challenging 
liiin.  ennl'errcd  on  him  the  privilege  of  dictating  the  weapons, 
liii'ili'lania',  plaee,  etc.     fii  short,  everything  needed  to  nniko 
ill' li,!lil  ilespenite  was  done.     Lueas  named  pistols,  six  paces, 
3nl  alt  early  day.     It  was  very  warm  weather,  perhiips  early 
ill  Sr|ileinbi'r,  but  on  this   point  1  am  speaking  eoiijccturally. 
Luk'j-  was  tbe  seennd  of  lienton,  Miij.  Clemson  the  second  of 
Ucas.    The  parties  met  at  Bloody  Island.      Both  were  dressed 
iiiblaek  fiiiek  eiiuls.     It  was  agreed  that  the  contestants  should 
stainl  fueing  eacli  other,  with  an   interval  of  six  paces;  Ibat 
one  of  tbe  seconds  should  usk,    'Ocntlemen,  are  you  ready':'' 
ll  nil  reply  were  given    it  would   be  assumed  that  both  were 
realy. ami  then  the  words  should  be,  'Fire!  one,  two,  three,' 
I'lt  tiring  to  be  after  one,  nnd  not  after  (A/tc.     Lots  were  cast 
lu  ilolerniiiio  ivbieh  of  the  seconds  should  give  the  word,  and  it 
Wlto.Maj.  Clemson. 

"ilio  cdiabalants  were  moving  toward  their  places,  when 
llfiilen,  ivliii  was  sutVering  extremely  from  the  heat  of  iho  day, 
H'laimeil.  '  1  ean't  stand  this,' and  stepped  towards  a  pitcher 
(f  viiilor  and  basin  which  had  been  brought  to  the  griinnd 
il  tbink,  but  mil  not  positive,  that  (^d.  Lawless  spoke  of  an 
iffliucket  nlsdi,  llirew  olf  his  coat,  rolled  up  his  shirt  sleeve.s, 
>«||liatliei|  bi- bauds  and  face  in  water.  He  was  still  drying 
tlimwitb  tbe  (dwel,  when  Maj.  Olemson  asked,  '  (Jenllcnien, 
're  yiiu  ready  y  lienton  turned  sternly  towards  liiiii  and  ex- 
tlainifil,  ■  Uim'l  you  see  that  I  am  not  ready  ;'" 
"Itbapiieneil  that  his  undershirt  was  of  rod  flannel,  and  this 


was  exposed  by  his  baring  his  arms  for  the  purpose  of  bathin); 
them.  He  hurriedly  and  only  partially  adjusted  his  dress, 
stepped  to  his  place,  received  his  pistol,  and  turning  to  Clem- 
son, said,  '.Voir  I  nni  ready.'  Col.  Lawless  said  that  Clemson 
seemed  disconeorlod  by  his  own  blunder  and  Benton's  rebuke 
of  it.  In  a  somewhat  broken  voice  ho  commenced  coiiiiiing, 
'  One,  two,'  etc.,  without  uttering  the  command, '  Fire !'  Kvery 
one  was  astonished.  Iteiitun  started  and  looked  toward  Cloiu- 
son,  as  if  to  interrupt  liiin,  when  'one'  was  pronounced,  and 
Col.  Lawless,  a  highly-impul.-ivc  man,  suspected  foul  play  on 
Clenison's  part,  and  expecting  to  see  Benton  shot  before  tho 
proper  word  was  given,  resolved,  in  that  event,  to  shoot  Charles 
Lucas  ;  lint  just  before  the  word  '  two'  was  ealled  Charles  Lueas 
raised  bis  pistol.  lienton  raised  his  own  and  tired  'like  a  Hash 
of  lightning,'  to  use  the  expression  of  Col.  Lawless;  the  pistol 
of  Lueiis  was  discharged  iit  nearly  tho  same  moment,  but  Ben- 
ton's bullet  passed  through  Lucas'  body,  while  Lucas'  bullet 
wliolly  missed  Benton.  Lucas  felt  that  be  was  mortally 
wounded.  He  caiisi'd  lienton  t.i  bo  brought  to  liim,  expressed 
biinself  perfectly  .'atislied  with  lientoii's  conduct,  and  took  on 
himself  the  blame  of  the  meeting.  Benton  was  choked  with 
oinotion.  lie  pressed  tbe  band  of  tho  dying  man  and  withdrew 
from  the  spot.  That  to  the  day  of  his  dealh  he  regarded  tho 
death  of  Charles  Lucas  as  a  supreme  misfortune  to  himself, 
second  only  to  tho  alternative  of  being  liimself  killed,  is 
notorious," 

Sliortly  after  liis  renioviil  to  St.  Louis,  Col.  Benton  es- 
tablished a  newspaper  (afterwards  the  Enqiinrr  i  in  op- 
position to  tbe  Missouri  Guzettc.  and  soon  beeanio  eon- 
spieuous  as  an  editor,  lawyer,  and  politician.  In  1820,  as 
we  have  seiMi,  when  Missouri  was  about  to  be  admitted 
to  the  Union,  be  was  elected  United  States  .■senator  as 
tho  eoHeajjuc  of  David  Haiton.  lie  was  chosen  only 
after  a  fierce  and  obstinate  struirjile,  his  chief  com- 
petitor tlieii  as  afterwards  bein^  Judjio  J.  B.  C. 
Lucas,  and  the  contest  was  waned  with  tjiieat  bitter- 
ness on  both  sides.  Thus  amid  thestonn  of  personal 
and  party  strife,  which  was  often  afterwards  to  beat 
about  him,  bej.'an  the  senatorial  career  of  Col.  Ben- 
ton, destined  to  continue  witiiout  interruption  for 
thirty  years.  At  this  time  be  was  in  the  jirinie  of 
luanbood,  temperate,  industrious,  resolute,  and  in 
every  way  fitted  to  represent  the  interests  of  the 
fireat  West.  In  bis  public  career  Col.  Benton  ac- 
complished many  worthy  reforms,  and  won  many  po- 
litical triumphs.  He  never  fort^ot  tiiat  the  interests 
of  a  frontier  population  were  iniru.-ited  to  liis  care, 
and  he  sympathized  with  tl.'ar  demand.s,  tbouuh  ho 
showed  at  times  tiiat  he  wusuble  to  withstand  a  popu- 
lar cry  and  resist  even  his  own  constituency.  The 
bard  times  tbrou<;bout  the  country  in  1820  were  es- 
pecially felt  by  tbe  Western  land  buyers,  .and  Col. 
Benton  ur>^ed  measures  for  their  relief.  In  1824  be 
j  broufiht  forward  in  the  Senate  a  measure  providing 
,  for  tiie  (irantine;  of  pre-emptive  rijihts  to  actual  set- 
tlers, a  pi^riodical  reduction  in  the  price  of  ]iublie 
land,  and  a  donation  of  homesteads  to  certain  per.sons, 
'  and  advocated  witit  the  ardor  and  pcrsistenco  so  char- 


;•!•> 


-■^^■■.i'.  >«v^''^'^mmmmnim 


■I 


m 


iiil 

iU 

m 

IH 

U 

Wm 

v'ii 


in  il 


li'     i! 


1     I 


-  ! 

1    "  ' 

^^'    H 

i         !  f; 

&.''■' 

'If 

' 

4  Ja 

n 

'l 

1 

692 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


ncteri.stie  of  him  a  bill  embodying  these  features,  until 
at  la.st  it  was  approved  by  Gen.  Jackson  in  one  of 
his  niessap's,  and  enacted  into  a  law  by  Conirross. 
Tlirou^h  his  efforts  also  the  saline  and  mineral  lands 
of  Missouri  were  thrown  open  to  occupancy  and  the 
salt  tax  was  repealed.  He  was  one  of  the  earliest  as 
lie  was  one  of  the  most  earnest  advoeates  of  the  con- 
struction of  a  railroad  to  the  I'aeific ;  and  assisted 
larjrely  in  the  formation  of  Western  exploring;  expe- 
ditions, and  in  the  development  of  trade  with  New 
Mexico,  the  extension  of  inland  commerce  and  postal 
facilities,  the  establishment  of  military  stations  in  the 
West,  and  the  cultivation  of  I'riendiy  relations  with 
the  Indian  tribes.  Throuiihout  his  senatorial  career 
he  was  the  ablest,  most  energetic,  and  mo.st  influential 
repri'seiitative  of  the  interests  of  the  Missi.ssi]ipi  val- 
ley. His  most  elaborate  speeches,  however,  and  tho.-<e 
on  which  his  fame  as  a  thinker  chiefly  rests,  were 
made  during  the  currency  disputes  about  the  charter 
of  the  Bank  of  the  United  States.  Throughout  liis 
life  he  supported  a  gold  and  silver  currency  as  the 
only  rii'htful  medium  for  government  disbursements 
and  receipts.  From  this  financial  policy  ho  obtained 
the  sobriijuct  of  ''  Old  IJuUioii."  He  was  the  mover 
of  the  fi..iious  •('.solutions  by  wliich  the  vote  of  cen- 
sure pii.'.sod  by  the  Senate  upon  Gen.  Jackson  was, 
in  1SI57.  expunged  from  the  journal.  From  1841  to 
1852  be  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  debates  with  re- 
gard to  the  ■'  Oregon  boundary,"  and  during  the 
Mexican  war  period  he  was  the  earnest  advocate  of  a 
vigorous  ])olicy.  At  one  time  I'residont  Polk  jjro- 
posed  that  the  title  of  lieutenant-general  be  conferred 
on  bini,  and  that  he  be  given  entire  charge  of  the 
military  operations  in  Mexico,  but  this  idea  was 
abandoned.  Col.  Benton  had  always  been  an  uncom- 
promising oiipiiiient  of  the  doctrine  of  nullification, 
and  was  the  most  formidable  Democratic  antagonist 
of  John  C.  Calhoun  in  tlic  Senate. 

liiit  it  was  iji  tlie  famous  slavery  agitation,  eora- 
meneilig  in  1841*,  that  Benton  figured  most  conspicu- 
ou.sly  before  the  people  of  Missouri.  On  the  IStb  of 
January  in  that  year,  as  already  stated,  Claiborne  F. 
Jackson,  senator  from  Howard  County,  reptirted  to 
the  State  Senate  from  llu^  (Committee  on  Federal  lle- 
lalioMs  in  a  modified  form  a  seri"s  of  resolutions 
which  had  been  introduced  by  Carty  Wells,  senator 
from  Marion  County.  These  resolutions  as  re|)orted 
began  bv  asserting  that  the  Federal  Constitution  was 
the  result  of  a  compromise  between  llu;  cnnflieting 
interests  of  the  States  that  formed  it ;  that  in  no  part 
of  that  instrument  was  to  bc^  found  any  delegation  of 
power  to  Congress  to  legislate  on  the  subject  nf 
elavery,  excepting  some  special  provisions  having  in 


view  the  prospective  abolition  of  the  Afriem  slave. 
trade,  made  for  .securing  the  recovery  ol  I'li'.-iiivi 
slaves,  and  that  any  attempt  on  the  part  of  ('.ihhi-,.,, 
to  legislate  on    the   subject,   so   as   to  afl'eit   tl^.  j,,. 

I  stitiition  of  slavery  in  the  States,  in  the  Ui^tiiit  n' 
Columbia,  or  in  the  Territories,  was,  "  td  siiv  tli. 
least,  a  violation  of  the  principles  upiui  whiili  iliat 
instrument  was  founded."     The  resoluticiTi>  funi,,, 

alleged  that  the  Territorit's  "  acquired  by  tlie  bl | 

and  treasure  of  the  whole  nation  ought  to  ln'  ^iiwint.,] 
for  the  eonimoii  benefit  of  the  people  of  all  ihf  Static 

I  and  any  organization  of  tlie  Territorial  govi'niiii.iii< 
excluding  the  citizens  of  any  part  of  thii  I'nidii  rr.m 
removing  to  such  Territories  with  tlieii'  iirninrn- 
would  be  an  exercise  of  power  by  Congress  iiin.H.ji, 
tent  with  the  spirit  upon  which  our  Federal  cuiiitot 
was  based,  insulting  to  the  dignity  and  .sovert'ii;iitv(,f 
the  States  thus  affected,  calculated  to  alii'imlc  ni|. 
portion  of  the  Union  from  another,  and  tenilin^' u];;. 
mately  to  disunioi: ;"  also    that  "this  (ifiioial  A- 

,  sembly  regard  the  conduct  of  the  Xorllieni  8tai(>..ii 
the  subject  of  slavery  as  releasing  the  shivehdlJin. 

;  States  f'r(Un  all  further  adherence  to  the  basis  uUm- 
promise  fixed  on  by  the  act  of  Congress  of  Manli  il. 
1820,  even  if  such  act  ever  did  impose  any  i,lr|i;;a. 
tion  upon  the  slaveholding  States,  and  autlKjrizo.-tlieiii 
to  insist  upon  their  rights  under  tin;  Cunstitiiiinii: 
but,  for  the  sake  of  harmony  and  for  the  jiri'MMvaiim 
of  our  Federal  Union,  they  will  sanction  tlie  ii|i|)liKi. 
tion  of  the  principles  of  the  Missouri  Ciiiii]iiiiiiii-t  i 
the  recent  territorial  ac(iuisitions,  if  by  sucli  eniiLi-i un 
future  aggressions  upon  the  equal  rights  of  tiicStatos 
may  be  arrested,  and  the  sjiirit  of  aiili-slavciv  I'aiiaii. 
cism  extinguished."  The  resolutions,  iiKiri/nvtr,  ,,<■ 
sorted  that  ''  the  right  to  ]jroliihit  slavery  in  am 
Territory  belongs  exclusively  to  the  jieiiple  tli.ivil' 
andean  only  be  excrci.sed  by  them  in  liuiniiiL' tl  ir 
Constitution  for  a  State  government,  or  in  tlieir  -..vir- 
cign  capacity  as  an  indepemlent  State;  iliai 'in  iIk 
event  of  the  pa.ssage  of  any  act  of  Congress  eniitlictiii.' 
with  the  principles  herein  expressed,  Misseiiri  Killln' 
found  ill  hearty  co-operation  with  the  slavelmli 
States  in  such  measures  as  may  be  deeiiiei!  nowssiry  | 
for  our  mutual  protection  against  the  einnKicliiiMiij 
of  Northern  fanaticism  ;"  and  "  that  our  seiiatiir- in  I 
Congress  be  instructed  and  our  represeiilative,- Wrt- j 
fpiested  to  act  in  conformity  to  the  I'oreLiuiii;  ii.> 
tions." 

In  the  Senate  the  resolutions  were  prniii|iiiyj 
adopted,  but  in  the  House  an  ett'ort  was  mnile  I'lj 
pa.ss  a  substitute.  This,  however,  falleil.  aii'l  iln-'l 
Jackson  resolutions  were  finally  adujiled  liv  ;i  vniuj 
of  fifty-three  to  twenty-seven. .  Seiiaior  lieiitmi  li.iJ| 


POLITICAL   PROGRESS. 


■  tlie  AfriiMii  slave- 
eciivcvy  oi'  UvMm 
lie  |j:irt  of  ('"ii'^w; 

as  to  llfiVrt  tllo  ill- 
's, in  the  I'Mrictof 
s,  was,  "  til  siiy  ill,. 
lies  upon  wliiili  tlm 
c  resolutions  I'lmlur 
C(\»ircd  by  tin;  l)l'««l 

I  OUgllt  to  111'  UllVl'lllfJ 

;ople  of  iiU  llii'  Stau-., 
.'Vi'itoi'ial  ;j:iivoniiiii'ms 
jvt  of  the  Union  I'min 
with    tlioiv  priipiiiy 
•  by  Coiigivss  iiifiiii-iv 
li  our  Fedcviil  cmiipatt 
nity  and  sovom;;iity  (,f 
uliited   to   Lilieiiate  mi.' 
jtbor,  and  tomlinL'  ulii- 
lilt   "  tliis  (uMioral  A-- 
tho  Noi'tlicrn  Stiiti'M.u 
eusin};  tlie  slavelKililin: 
mco  to  tlie  basis  iil'ivim- 
f  Coni-'i'i'^^  "1"  ^1''"'^'''  '*■ 
did  imiiosi'  any  "I'lia- 
ates,  and  aullniiiiostlicm 
under  tin;  ('iJiislitulimi . 
1  and  for  tbc  iirosorvaiinii 
will  sanction  tlio  aiipliti- 
Missouri  Coiiiiirnmijd  t 
ins,  if  by  siieii  ciiiiti'S>ii)» 
i|Ual   lii;lits  riftlifStato* 
it   of  anti-slavory  limali- 
solutions,  nmreiivor,  ;iv 
,r„bibii  slavory  in  ms 
to  llio  lieuiile  tliiwif, 
iy  tiieni  in  rnvniiiis;  tlnir 
•iinient.or  iMtlieivfiiver- 
■nt  State;  iluit  "in  ilie 
-t  of  ('ongres-soimiliiiiii: 
.{m'ssed,  Missimri  «illW 
„  with  the   slavi'liiiWin': 
nay  be  deeiued  iiecossiry 
raiiist  tlio  I'licroiieliumiis 
i,l  "  tliat  oiiv  soiwtor>iu| 
,„r  vcin-i'scntatlvos  be  re- 
■  to  tlio  foro^oin;-;  r.-iJu- 

olutions   NVO.I"    I'f""'!*] 

an   effort   was  uuulo  loj 

.lowever.   failoil,  uud  M 

Inullv  adopted  liy  a  vnicl 

L   .'Sonatiir  IViiton  Wl 


bocn  iirniiiunoed  and  uncompromising  in  his  opposi- 
linn  til  iIk!  resolutions  from  the  outset,  and  on  tlip 
•'(ith  lit'  May,  lS4i),  he  opened,  in  the  ludl  of  the 
lliiuse  111  Ui'presentativcs  at  JefFer.son  City,  a  popular 
cuiivass  Muainst  them,  wliieh  soon  stimulated  the  pub- 
lic mind  III  lever-heat.  He  denounced  the  resolutions 
ill  the  stroufjest  terms,  and  asserted  tliat  in  them 
lurked  tlio  spirit  of  disunion  and  nullification.  He 
ilso  maintained  that  they  were  in  conflict  with  the 
Jliwouri  (Compromise  of  1S20,  and  that  their  ulti- 
mate iiurpiise  was  to  disrupt  the  Union.  Col.  Benton 
uiaile  one  of  the  most  vigorous  and  exiiaustivo  can- 
vasses rociirdcd  in  the  political  history  of  Missouri, 
or.  indeed,  of  any   State.  ^_ 

Durini;    the    spring    and 
summer  ho  labored  inces- 
,,.,nily,    delivering    many 
ablespeeelios,  and  exerting 
i„  the  utmost  of  his  ability 
the  iiumeiiso  personal  in- 
fluence which  he   had  so 
li.ni:  wielded  in  Missouri. 
The  result  was  as  disheart- 
eiiini;  to  hiai  as  it  was  un- 
expected.   Slavery  was  as 
vittiiostroni;  for  even  his 
re?iiurces.   and   he    found 
it  iuipossiblo  to  carry  his 
party  with  him.  TheliCgis- 
lature  cluisen  in  1850  was 
divided  into  three  separate 
[lartics,—  Whigs  and  Ben- 
ton and  anti-15enton  Dem- 
(icrats,— and  at   the  elec- 
tion in  the  winter  of  1851, 
Col.  Benton  was  defeated 
ami  Henry  S.  Geyer  elec- 
,  III!  United  States  senator. 
Benton,  however,  was  not 
i  tlieman  tosubmit  patiently 

I  to  such  a  rohuff,  and^in  the  following  year  he  pre- 
sented liiiusidf  before  the  people  of  his  district  as  a 
caiiilidate  for  Congress,  and  was  triumphantly  elected. 
During  his  term  of  service  in  the  House  of  Repre- 
jalatives  he  at  first  sustained  the  administration  of 
[President  Pierce,  but  subsequently ,  in  view  of  the 
JKeiidency  of  the   Calhoun    party  in    its   councils, 
hithdrew  hi.f  support.     The    Kansas-Nebraska   bill 
jus  earnestly  opposed  by  him,  and  one  of  his  most 
lueiiniriiblc  speeihes  was  made  in  opposition  to  the 
At  the  next  election — 185-1 — the  new  Araeri- 
Im  party  combined  with  his  old  opponents,  and  ho 
|»a  del'eated.    In  1856  he  was  persuaded  to  run  as 


an  independent  candidate  for  Governor.  His  wit  and 
(doquence  drew  immense  crowds,  and  the  campaign 
was  a  brilliant  one.  but  there  were  three  candidates  in 
the  field,  representing  the  Benton  Democrats,  Na- 
tional Democrats,  and  Native  Americans,  atid  Trusten 
Polk,  the  National  Democratic  nominee,  received  a 
small  plurality.  It  has  been  cited  as  an  example  of 
Benton's  unselfishness  that  in  185G  he  supported 
B'.ehanan  as  President  in  opposition  to  his  own  .son- 
iu-'aw,  Fremont,  thinking  that  the  former  would  re- 
store Jacksonian  principles,  and  the  latter'.-i  triumph 
might  cause  sectional  parties,  but  he  afterwards 
changed  these  views.  The  last  two  years  of  his  life 
were  devoted  to  literary 
~3^  >-  pursuits.       His    "Thirty 

V^ears'  View"  was  com- 
pleted, and  he  then  under- 
took to  revise  and  con- 
dense the  "  Debates  of  Con- 
gress." Kven  on  his  death- 
bed he  dictated  portions  of 
this  work,  which  was  pub- 
lished under  the  title  of 
"An  Abridgment  of  the 
Debates  of  Congress  from 
1789  tol8.-)6."' 

In  his  later  years  Coi. 
Benton  became  reconciled 
to  many  of  his   bitterest 
political  antagonist.s.      His 
popularity  with  the  people 
of  his   State  was    idways 
great,  and  towards  the  close 
of    his    senatorial    career 
no    Democratic   candidate 
could   be   elected    to    the 
Legislature  without  pledg- 
ing himself  to  support  Ben- 
ton's re-election.    Person- 
ally he  was  reserved,  and 
even  austere,  but  his  zeal  to  originate  and  carry  out 
measures    in  the  interests  of  the  settlers  gave  him 
i  power  over  his  constituency.    His  wife,  Elizabeth,  was 
;  asister  of  Governor  McDowell,  of  Virginia.    She  died 
I  in  Washington,  Sept.  10,  1854.     Col.  Benton   had 
four  daughters. — Mrs.  Jessie  Fremont,  wife  of  Gen. 
!  Fremont,  Mrs.  William  Carey  Jones,  Mrs.  Sarah  B. 
i  Jacob,  and  Madame  Susan  B.  Boileau.     One  of  his 
,  grandsons,  Carey  Jones,  graduated  at  the  University 
of  California,  and  now  holds  an  honorable  position  in 
^  that  institution. 

j       Col.  Benton  died   in  Washington,  April  9,  1858, 
I  aged  seventy-six,  and  both  houses  of  Congress  imme- 


i-il   ''I 


1 

\\m 


iTTi 


594 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


(liately  adjourned.  He  liad  for  forty  years  filled  a 
large  place  in  the  public  estimation,  and  with  one 
voice  the  leading  journals  expreb.sed  their  sense  of 
national  loss.  The  citizens  of  St.  Louis  met  at  the 
court-house  at  noon  April  10th  to  j>ass  i.ppropriute 
resolutions.  The  preliminary  committee  consisted  of 
Col.  John  O'Fallon,  Hon.  H.  K.  Gaml.lo,  Edward 
Walsh,  Charles  F.  Meyer,  Charles  D.  Drake,  S.  M. 
Brcckenridge,  and  Franklin  A.  Dick.  John  Brady 
Smith  was  chosen  chairman  of  the  meeting,  and  John 
O'Fallon,  II.  S.  Geyer,  Hon.  O.  1).  FiUey,  Col. 
Robert  Campbell,  Henry  Von  I'hul,  Kdward  Walsh, 
and  Adolphus  Meier  were  vice-presidents.  | 

The  resolutions  were  drawn  up  by  Hons.  Henry  A. 
Clover,  James  R.  Lackland,  Charles  B.  Lord,  IJ. 
Gratz  Brown,  Samuel  T.  Glover,  A.  S.  Gitchell,  S.  M. 
Brcckenridge,  and  Franklin  A.  Dick,  and  expressed 
in  fitting  terms  their  sense  of  the  loss  the  State  had 
sustained.  A  committee  consisting  of  the  following 
citizens  was  appointed  to  take  charge  of  arrangements 
for  the  public  funeral  exercises:  Hon.  O.  D.  Filley, 
Hon.  John  M.  Wimer,  Hon.  Edward  Bates,  Hon. 
Wayinan  Crow,  D.  A.  January,  Col.  Thornton  Grim.s- 
Icy,  Col.  Charles  Keemle,  Col.  D.  D.  Mitchell,  John 
A.  Brownlee,  Wyllys  King,  Capt.  J.  W.  Pritchard, 
Hon.  John  How,  Capt.  Henry  Almstedt,  Edward 
Eggers,  Hon.  B.  Gratz  Brown,  Joseph  Charless,  John 
C.  Rust,  Alexander  Kayser,  II.  1.  Bodley,  P.  T.  Mc- 
Slierry,  Dr.  M.  L.  Linton,  John  Doyle,  N.  Holmes, 
S.  H.  Gardner,  A.  S.  Mitchell,  Robert  Bartli,  Hon. 
Lewis  V.  Bogy,  Dr.  J.  OF.  Farrar,  Hon.  Samuel  Re- 
ber.  Dr.  William  Webb,  Hon.  Thomas  Allen,  Henry 
Boerii>-tein,  C.  D.  Drake,  William  D'Oench,  William 
Lindsay,  Dr.  Charles  A.  Pope,  Dr.  Ellsworth  Smith, 
Charles  Dai'iizer,  S.  M.  Brcckenridge,  Franklin  A.  Diuk, 
Col.  Robert  Campbell,  Col.  A.  D.  Stuart,  Col.  Robert 
Reuick,  Col.  George  Knapp,  John  II.  Lightner,  Hon.  ^ 
Wm.  S.  Allen,  R.  J.  Howard,  Ferdinand  Gottschalk. 

On  the  al'ternoun  of  the  Hth  of  April  the  remains 
arrived  at  the  Mi.'^sissippi  River,  in  charge  of  Col.  j 
William  Carey  and  Richard  Jacobs,  sons-in-law  of  the 
deceased,  and  were  received  by  Mayor  Filley,  ex- 
Mayor  Wiuier,  members  of  the  City  Council,  city  offi- 
cers, and  a  (.(imniiitee  of  citizens  coni])osed  of  J. 
Brady  Smith,  Andrew  Elliott,  John  D.  Daggett,  Adol- 
phus .Meier,  Thomas  Andrews,  William  T.  Christy, 
Bernard  Pralte,  Sr.,  John  II.  Lightner,  B.  W.  Alex- 
ander, William  Finney,  Sr.,  G.  K.  McGunnegle,  Asa 
Wilgus,  iM.  L.  Cerrc,  Henry  Kayser,  Edward  Eggers, 
John  F.  Darby,  John  McNeil,  William  Bennett,  J.  B. 
S.  Jjcnidine,  Henry  T.  Blow,  Jacob  Blaltner,  William 
Carr  J/me,  John  II.  Gay,  James  Castello,  Dr.  Prout,  i 
Samuel  Willi,  George  R.  Taylor,  S.  II.  Gardner.  \ 


The  remains  of  Col.  Benton  were  escorted  l.y  t],,. 
National  Guard  to  the  residence  of  Col.  J.  B.  liiant, 
his  brother-in-law,  and  the  next  morning,  cscurtcil  l,v 
all  the  military  companies  of  St.  Louis,  were  liikcn  to 
the  Mercantile  Hall,  where  they  rested  in  state,  L'UankJ 
by  the   Washington  Blues.     On  the   16th  uf  April 
the  funeral  ceremonies  took  place.     The  Cliamlier  uf 
Commerce  adjourned,  and  business  was  goiuinillv  mis 
ponded   throughout  the   city.       The  judges  uf  the 
courts  and  the  members  of  the  bar  marclud  ju  tlm 
procession,  as  also  did  the  mayor,  the  City  Cmimil, 
the  directors  of  the  public  schools,'  and  the  iiiciiiUrs 
of  all  the  benevolent  societies  of  St.  Louis.    The  rn- 
mains  were  taken  to  the  Second  Presbyterian  ('Imnli. 
where  Rev.  John   F,  Cowan   preached    the  scriiniii 
The  cortege  again  formed  for  the  march  to  UcIIoI'mh. 
taine  cemetery,  and  the  St.  Louis  journals  uf  tliu  ITih 
stijtc  that  the  procession  contained  890  iniliiaiv.  7v' 
persons  belonging  to  a.ssociations,  and  IJ84  pcismij  in 
carriages,  or  a  total  of  205(5.     At  least  40.0(1(1  pniii,:. 
watched  the  procession  pass.     At  the  grave  tlii'  K|,i.. 
copal  burial  service  was  read  by  Rev.  Mr.  Scliuvl,.r. 
The  pall-bearers  were  the  following  getiiJcnuMi:  Cul. 
John  O'Fallon,  Frederick  Dent,  William  Can-  l.in  . 
Kenneth   Mackenzie,  Robert  Campbell,   ("nl,  A.  IK 
Stewart,  John  Shade,  Bernard  Pratte,  Si.,  T\mu:\> 
Watson,  Sr.,  Edward  Walsh,  Judge  II.  K.  (iiiml,],. 
John  Brady  Smith,  Judge  R.  W.  Wells,  llemv  V.n 
Phul,  O.  D.  Filley,  Andrew  Elliott,  John  1),  Iteiii, 
Thornton  Grimsley,  G.  K.  McGunnegle.  .Idlm  Hmr. 
John  M.  Wimer,  Sanmel  Hawken. 

Col.  A.  R.  Easton  acted  as  chief  marshal.  |)iiriii; 
the  day  all  public  buildings  were  draped  in  imniriiiii.'. 
the  flags  in  the  harbor  were  at  lialf-ma.st,  bells  www 
tolled,  and  the  great  city  that  over  forty  years  IwWiw. 
when  it  was  a  small  town,  had  received  the  vnuii:'. 
fiery,  and  eloquent  lawyer  into  cilizcn.slii|),  m,mm\ 
with  heartfelt  sorrow  his  death. 

On  the  22d  of  April,  Edward  Walsh,  J,,liii  ()l";il- 
Ion,  John  How,  M.  L.  Linton,  and  John  Brady  Siniili 
issued  a  "call  to  the  public"  for  a  nu'ciinir  to  tako 
steps  with  reference  to  erecting  a  muiiuiii.iit  tii  i\w 
memory  of  Col.  Benton.  This  meeting  was  litld  Aiiiii 
24th,  and  the  final  result  was  the  colossal  slaliu'  f 
Col.  Benton,  by  Harriet  llosmcr,  which  imw  slaini- 
in  Laliiyette  Park. 

The  Benton  centenary  speech  of  Cul.  (liiitl.  r.- 


'  Mtiwnnl  ^VvulHIl,  .\.  Carr,  ainl  .F.  I'lalii-r  iw'It  ;t|i|i"iiiii'i  i 

OdiiiuiilUM'  to  roprosnit  llio  bitant  of  |iiili(it'  m  I Is  in  tiiopn'- 

ct'ssioii,  Tim  resolution  of  llii'  lioanl  laliinu'  llii- acli'in  iliJ- 
closes  the  fact  tliat  Col.  Itcnlon  was  a  iiiciiil'er  oC  llie  (ir.-l 
school  board  orj;iiiiizeil  in  f^t.  Louis,  ivml  the  (irsi  suori'liiry  if 
thai  boiirj. 


POLITICAL  PKOGRKSS. 


595 


crc  escorted  I'V  lliv 
)f  Col.  J.  H    UlMlll. 

uorning,  esooiti'il  liy 
[jduis,  were  lakfii  to 
sti'd  in  stiito,  'iuankil 

the  ItJth  ul'  Ajirii 
e.  Tl>e  ClwiinliiT  of 
ss  was  jieiu:r;illy  >iis- 

The  judfii's  uf  tlic 

bar  inarchi'd  in  tlic 
or,  tlic  City  (.'uuiifil. 
lis,'  and  the  moinbirs 
['  St.  Louis.    There 
Presbyterian  Cliurrli, 
)rcached   the  sermon, 
lie  inarch  to  15ellot'"ii. 
is  journals  of  the  ITih 
ned  890  niiliiary.  'i-^'l 
IS,  and  ;584  prrMHis  iu 
At  least  4(1.01111  i^mi'ic 
At  the  grave  the  Kin- 
by  llev.  Mr.  Sehuyli-r. 
)winj;  iientleiiK'ii:  ('"1. 
it,  William  C'arr  I.iiH'. 

CainphcU,   Col.  A.  1>. 
rd  Pratte,  Sr.,  Tliiiiii;i> 

Judsic  II.  U.  GamWr 
1  W.  Wells,  ileiivy  Vnu 

Uiott,  John  I).  DaKiti. 
cGunne'ile.  J"hii  Uow, 

ken. 

chief  niar>lial.     IHiriii': 

aro  draped  in  iiumrniii:. 

at  half-mast,  liells  wtiv 

over  forty  years  \kUi\ 

,d  received  the  ym:. 

to  cilixcnshiii,  nmmi 

ard  Walsh.  .lohnO'l'iJ- 

and  John  Br:i>ly  Siaiili 

for  a  meet  in;-'  I"  '''l^^' 

a  monunieiit  tci  tin' 

<  meeting  wiis  lielil  Ajiri 

the  colo>>al  statue  "f 

siner,  whieh  now  Amvv 

eceh  of  Co!,  (lauit.  iv- 

,1.    llllkiT    KIT.'   .lit'""''"'" 

„f,,ul.lic  ,,lm..l,on  tlie  r- 
,,„.,,  ,,,Ui„^r  ,hisi..'ti.mai<- 
J  «-«s  ,.  i.M'iMl.er  of  llie  Crsl 
ii.  aii.l  tlH'  rn>l  HvreM>.v..t 


cenlly  referred   to,   gave   rise    to   much   discus.sion 

throuiiliont  the  State,  and  revived  many  Benton  re- 

uieuiliranecs.     As  time  rolls  on  the  animosities  and 

bitter  hatreds  of  those  fiery  days  are  forgotten,  the 

ciroater  storms  of  the  war  having  swept  them  out  of 

sji'ht.     .Vn  historic  character,  a  passionate  lover  of 

his  coiiniiy,  a  giant  in  warfare,  his  clea.--cut  features 

jiifieii  more  and  more  into  fairer  outlines,  but  lose 

little  III'  their  heroic  strength.     Only  students  of  con- 

cirL'ssiiiiial  history  can  realize  how  large  a  share  of 

national  legislation  (or  thirty  years  bore  for  good  or 

for  evil  iho  impress  of  Benton's  powerful  thought. 

And  yet,  though  west  of  the  Alleghanies  there  wa.s 

none  to  cope  with  him,  he  Wi\s  overthrown  and  his 

serviees  lost  to  the  nation  because  a  certain  enormous 

arvo'.'anee.  superb,  pompous,  ungovernable,  and  always 

inipiilitie.  wrought  his  ruin,  and  winged  each  shaft 

thai  weaker  men  hurled  against  him.     Few  men  of 

..'reater  mental  power,  however,  have  appeared  in  any 

"eneration.     ''  Tom"  Benton,  it  is  said,  could  sit  at 

his  desk,  after  reading  upon  a  subject,  and  write  his 

siiiech,  witluiut  change  or  erasure,  throwing  the  num- 

bired  paiies  on  the  floor,  and  without  another  glance 

at  the  writing  would  the  next  day,  or  the  day  after, 

Juliver  his  speech  verhalim,  crammed  with  figures  and 

hlazing  with  invective.     With  all  his  faults  it  will  be 

lonL'  lief'ure  Mis.souri  possesses  another  such  leader. 

Under  the  census  of  I.SoO  and  the  apportionment 
liill  whieh  subsei)uently  passed  Congress  the  State 
li.canie  entitled  to  seven  members  of  Congress.  Tiio 
LeL'islatnie  which  met  in  18515  districted  the  State 
into  seven  congressional  districts,  as  follows  : 

I'irst,  llio  I'Duiilv  of  St.  Louis. 

Socoh'I,  iIic  counties  of  Marion,  Kail.-',  Mwiiroo,  Pilic,  Au- 
Iniiii.  Diionc,  Calhiwny,  Jluntgonicry,  WarriTi,  Lincoln,  and 
Si.  I'liarU's. 

iliiiii,  Li«i?,Claikc,  Scotland,  Knox,  i^liclby,  Hciwavd,  Uan- 
Aliili,  .Macnii,  .V.lair,  .'^chiiyler,  Putnam,  Dodge  (now  part  of 
riiiimiiii.  :»iilliviin,  Linn,  Chaiiton,  Carroll,  [iivingston, 
iiiuiulv,  iiuil  Mercer. 

Fourlli,  llii.v,  Caldwell,  Uavie.ss,  Harrison,  (ientry,  Delvulb, 
t'liiiloii,  Cloy.  I'latle.  liiielianan,  .Vndreiv,  Nodaway,  .\tcliison, 
iii'l  Mult. 

Filili.  Jackson,  Cass,  ]lenry,  Johnson,  Lafayette,  Saline, 
I'eltis.  Ronton,  Morgan,  Moniteau,  Cooper,  Colo,  and  Miller. 

?i.\tli,  Hates,  Jasper,  Xewton,  MeUimalJ,  Harry,  Lawrence, 
Dalo,  Cellar.  St.  Clair,  Hickory,  I'olk,  Urecne,  Stone,  Taney, 
ojatk,  Wiiglit,  Hallas,  Laclede,  Camden,  tjiascoinule,  Of^age, 
I'lila.-ki,  Te.\a>,  und  Oregon. 

.•^I'Vcnlli,  I'loiiklin.  Jell'crsou,  Ste.  lienevlevo,  Washington, 
inovforcl.  llent,  Shannon,  St.  Franyois,  I'orry,  XLolison, 
lltviKilils,  Cape  llirardeiui,  HoUinger,  Wayne,  Scott,  llipley, 
Mi-<i-si|.|.i.    Iliitler,    Stoddard,    New    Madrid,     Diiuklin,    and 

I'tluiti'iil. 

The  eiini;res,smcn  elected  in  185li  being  residents  of 
the  First,  8econd,  Fourth,  Fifth,  and  Sixth  Districts, 


the  act  provided  that  in  185;J  elections  should  be  held 
in  the  Third  and  Seventh  for  the  two  additional  mem- 
bers. At  this  election  James  J.  Lindlcy,  Whig,  de- 
feated Claiborne  F.  Jackson,  Democrat,  in  the  Third, 
and  in  the  Seventh  Samuel  Caruthers,  Democrat,  de- 
feated English,  Democrat,  Jack.soii,  Democrat,  and 
Uozier,  Whig.  In  1852  the  State  east  her  electorid 
Vote  for  Pierce  and  King.  Tiie  Denioeratic  electors 
were  E.  D.  Bcvitt,  Henry  F.  Gary,  C.  F.  Jack.son, 
C.  F.  Holly,  Alexander  Kayser,  W.  D.  McCracken, 
John  D.  Stevenson,  J.  M.  Gatewood,  Robert  E.  Acock, 
and  J.  F.  Jone.s ;  and  Tliomaa  L.  Anderson,  J.  A. 
Brown,  W.  A.  Cunningham,  ('liarlcs  B.  Gibson,  Robert 
A.  Hatcher,  D.  E.  Ferryman,  Ben  Tompkins,  and 
John  S.  Waddill  the  Whig  electors.  The  popular 
vote  of  Missouri  for  President  stood  :  Pierce,  I58,;{r);{ ; 
Scott,  29,984.  For  Governor.  Sterling  Price,  Demo- 
crat, 40,245;  James  Wintoii,  Whig,  82,784. 

In  1854,  Samuel  Caruthers,  L.  M.  Kennett,  Gil- 
christ Porter,  James  J.  Lindlcy,  M.  Oliver,  John  G. 
Miller,  and  John  S.  Phelps  were  elected  to  Congress. 
Mr.  Phelps  was  the  only  straight  Democrat  elected. 
Mr.  Caruthers  claimed  to  be  u  Democrat  during  this 
campaign,  and  denied  being  a  Know-Notliing  at  any 
time. 

In  1855  the  State  was  again  divided  by  the  Legis- 
lature into  congressional  and  electoral  districts,  but 
only  a  few  changes  were  made  in  the  districts  as  formed 
in  1853. 

In  1856  the  members  of  Congress  elected  were 
F.  P.  Blair,  Jr.,  J.  L.  Anderson,  James  S.  Green, 
James  Craig,  Samuel  H.  Woodson,  John  S.  Phelps, 
and  Samuel  Caruthers.  This  year  Thonnis  P.  Ackers 
was  elected  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of 
John  G.  Miller,  and  in  1857,  John  B.  Clark,  Sr.,  was 
elected  to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  election  of 
James  S.  Green  to  the  United  States  Senate.  The 
vote  of  the  State  in  185(5  was  cast  for  Buchanan 
and  Breckenridgo. 

In  1855  the  divi.sion  of  parties  in  the  Legislature 
was  so  cquiil,  standing  anti- Benton,  fifty-six  ;  Benton, 
forty ;  Whig,  fifty-nine,  that  no  election  of  .senator 
could  be  imule,  and  after  many  incH'ectual  ballots  the 
Legislature  adjourned,  December  IHtli,  without  elect- 
ing a  senator.  In  1S5(),  James  S.  Green,  anti-Ren- 
ton,  was  elected  ;  and  to  succeed  Senator  Geyer,  Trua- 
teii  Polk  was  chosen. 

The  celebrated  Dred  Scott  case  entered  into  politics, 
State  and  national,  tibout  this  time.  Tlie  inii)ression 
has  been  created  that  the  case  was  got  up  and  pushed 
to  a  final  conclusion  in  the  Su|irenie  {\)urt  by  the 
friends  of  the  administratiiui  as  a  party  movement. 
The  true  history  of  the  matter  seems  to  be  as  follows  : 


Mf 
;  i!!' 


I 'I 


596 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


V'     ! 


M'    'ii 


!■  ' 


■'hS!  ■*  { 


iii;  J-  Ml 


Svott  instituted  u  suit  in  tliu  Circuit  Cuurt  of  Mis- 
souri to  obtain  a  discharjre  from  servitudo  for  liiniaelf 
and  funiily.  On  the  trial  it  was  proved  tlnit  lie  had 
been  originally  a  slave  in  Missouri,  tbat  his  master 
first  took  him  to  the  military  post  at  Roek  Island,  in 
Illinois,  and  subsequently  to  Fort  Snullinj;,  in  Minne- 
sota, at  a  point  north  of  the  Missouri  Comproniisu 
line,  and  that  he  and  his  family  subsequently  returned 
witli  him  to  Missouri.  It  was  contended  in  his  behalf 
that,  inasmuch  as  his  owner  had  voluntarily  taken 
him  to  places  where  slavery  did  not  exist  by  law,  both 
he  and  his  family  became  free,  and  roinaincd  so  after 
returning;  to  a  slaveholding  State.  The  Circuit  Court 
decided  in  his  favor. 

On  appeal  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  Missouri,  that 
tribunal  held  that  he  and  his  family,  on  returniujj;  to 
the  State,  continued  .«lave.s.  Between  the  announce- 
ment of  the  opinion  of  the  court  and  the  filiuf;  of  its  ' 
mandate  in  the  Circuit  Court,  Scott  voluntarily  dis- 
missed his  suit  in  the  State  Court,  thus  evading;  the 
decision  a<;ainst  him,  and  thereupon  instituted  an- 
other in  the  Circuit  Court  of  the  United  States.  In 
this  court  the  (jucstion  of  jurisdiction  depended  upon 
his  beini^  a  citizen  of  Missouri,  and  the  defendant  a 
citizen  of  another  State.  If  the  court  should  be  of 
opinion  tliat  he  was  a  citizen,  then  he  claimed  that  lie 
was  free,  because  his  owner  had  taken  him  to  Illinois, 
and  also  to  part  of  the  Louisiana  Territory  north  of 
the  Compromise  line. 

The  Circuit  Court  rendered  final  judgment  against 
him,  and  thereupon  he  appealed  to  the  Supreme  Court 
of  the  United  States.  The  case  came  to  trial  in  May, 
1854,  and  the  saine  questions  were  raised  and  twice 
argued  by  his  counsel,  and  also  determined  ugaiust 
him.  The  cause  was  last  argued  by  George  T.  Curtis, 
brother  of  Judge  Curtis,  and  Montgomery  Blair,  son 
of  Francis  P.  Blair,  Sr.,  for  the  plaintiff,  Scott ;  and  by 
Senator  Geyer  and  Reverdy  Johnson  for  the  defend- 
ant. Messrs.  Curtis,  Geyer,  and  Johnson  were 
Whigs,  while  Mr.  Blair's  political  sympatliies  were 
understood  to  be  with  his  father.  On  the  first  argu- 
ment neither  Mr.  Curtis  nor  Mr.  Johnson  took  part. 

The  fact  that  the  court  ordered  a  reargument  is 
ample  proof  of  the  importance  of  the  questions  in- 
volved and  the  difliculty  of  solving  them.  On  the  last 
argument  the  court-room  was  filled  with  intelligent  and 
anxious  listeners.  The  court  took  time  to  deliberate 
and  prepare  their  opinions.  Each  judge  formed  and 
expressed  his  own  convictions,  and  the  resusons  upon 
which  they  were  founded.  The  owners  of  Dred  Scott 
did  that  for  him  which  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
United  States  decided  the  law  would  not  do, — they 
made  him  a  free  man.     Tiiis  favor  was  accorded  to 


liim  May  2(),  1857,  in  the  Circuit  Court,  wluii'  Tav- 
lor  Blow  appeared  and  entered  on  record  the  iman 
necessary  to  secure  the  freedom  of  l>red  Sidit,  hij 
wife,  Henrietta,  and  his  two  daughters,  Kliza  and  Jane. 
Mr.  Blow  was  merely  the  technical  owner  dI'  i||^, 
slaves,  having  become  so  in  order  to  comply  wjtli  the 
law  of  Missouri,  which  rc(|;.ired  that  a  per.suii  mmm. 
mitting  a  slave  siiould  be  a  citizen  of  the  Stuto.  To 
constitute  him  an  owner  the  title  must  have  pussuil 
from  Dr.  Chaffee,  his  wife  and  her  child  or  eliildroii 
and  therefore  they  sold  these  slaves  to  him  for  a  iiuiu. 
iual  consideration,  perhaps,  but  still  they  were  sulil. and 
by  such  means  Dred  Scott  and  his  wife  and  cjiiliirdi 
were  set  free.  Tiie  ownership  was  in  Dr.  ClinRWauJ 
his  family,  pending  the  trial  in  the  courts. 

In  1856,  Trusten  Polk,  Democrat,  was  elcctid 
Governor,  receiving  46,!)93  votes,  as  against  tl),5si) 
cast  for  Robert  C.  Ewing,  American,  and  liTjil'^  Hir 
Thomas  II.  Benton,  Independent.  In  1857  a  s|iiTial 
election  was  held  for  Governor,  at  which  Kuljort  M. 
Stewart,  Democrat,  received  47,975  votes,  and  .laiiiri 
S.  Rollins,  Whig,  47,(541  votes. 

In  1858,  J.  Richard  Barret,  Thomas  ]j.  .VnilcrMiii 
John  B.  Clark,  James  Craig,  Samuel  II.  \Vh(jJ<,,ii. 
John  S.  Phelps,  and  John  W.  Noel  were  electod  lu 
Congress.  The  candidates  in  St.  Louis  were  .Mo>,>r<, 
Barret,  Breckenridge,  and  F.  P.  Blair,  iiiid  iliiir 
votes  were:  Barret,  7057;  Blair,  (SGiil  ;  lirockfii- 
ridge,  5728;  Barret's  majority,  42G.  .Mr.  IJIair. 
however,  contested  the  seat  of  Barret  and  wisud 
him,  but  Mr.  Blair  upon  taking  his  seat  tendered  hi; 
rosignalion,  to  take  effect  on  the  day  of  the  next  min- 
eral election  in  I860.  At  this  election  Mr.  liairii 
was  elected  to  the  vacancy,  and  to  the  seat  frmn  wiiidi 
he  was  ousted,  and  Mr.  Blair  was  elected  as  .^Ir.  Bar- 
ret's successor.' 


'  In  1S.J9,  U.  S.  Grant,  iiflorwiirds  the  (listin^'iii'linl  ;iiifr;il 

nnil   Prc^iilent  of  the  United   States,  npiilicil  tn  ilii riiiiji<. 

sioners  of  St.  Louis  County  for  the  nppuintnicut  nf  coMuty  *(ir- 
veyor.  In  a  note  to  the  editor  of  the  .l//«»(i«r/  /.'./...'.('ku, 
dated  Feb.  26,  18S1,  Hon.  .John  V.  Darby  gives  llif  loil.iivini 
account  of  tlii.s  episode  in  Gen.  GruntV  career: 

"  In  your  obituary  notice  of  Henry  li.  licit,  l)-(|..  in  this 
morning's  liepiitifinni,  in  speaking  ot"thc(leceiiM'd,  iiimtiijj'dhor 
things,  you  suy,  '  He  was  one  of  the'judges  iif  (lie  ictiiitv  c.iurl 
from  IS.'il  to  1S56,  and  was  oi.o  of  tlie  two  juiiges  that  volel 
favorably  on  the  application  of  U.  .'!.  lirant  tor  the  ;i|i|i"ini- 
ment  of  county  surveyor.     The  other  judge  was  Phil.  I.:iiiliam.' 

"  Vou  have  been  misleil  in  above  statement.  It  is  inlirelv 
untrue.  U.  S.  Grant  never  applied  to  the  county  court  furilie 
appointment  of  county  surveyor.  In  18.09,  after  the  coanly 
court  of  St.  Louis  County  had  been  aboliaheil  by  he  l.rjisLi 
ture  for  alleged  misconduct,  and  a  now  court  estublishcJ  bv  Ian 
for  St.  Louis  County,  called  the  county  coiiiiiiissiuiiers'  court, 
comiiosed  of  Lighlnor,  'laussig,  Farrar,  Kaston  and  Tiifel,  i. 
S.  Grant  did  apply  to  the  county  eominissioiiir.-'  enurt  for  the 


Court,  wluiv  Tay- 
record  the  iiiipm 
of  Dred  Sc.iit.his 
crs,  Eliza  ami  Janv. 
liciil  owner  nl'  ili,. 
to  comply  with  the 
,\\&t  a  perxiiii  iiiaiiu- 
n  of  tlie  State.    'I'o 
B  must  have  jiassiil 
•r  child  or  eliildreii; 
B8  to  hiui  for  a  iiom- 
II  they  were  sdlil,  ami 
,18  wife  ami  (.'liililron 
18  in  Dr.  Chiiffee  anj 
le  courts. 

mocrat,  was  elcrtiil 
!8,  as  against  10,589 
ricau,  ami  27,018  fur 
t.  In  ISoT  a  s]»Ti;il 
at  which  Rnbert  .M. 
1)75  votes,  and  JaiiU'S 

Thomas  L.  Amlir-Mii, 

Samuel  H.  WiuiJjhh, 
Noel  wore  eU'ctod  to 

5t.  Louis  wore  Mi»r-. 
P.   Blair,  and  tlkir 

ilair,  (!G;n  ;   Urwk.n. 

ty,  420.      Mr.  lilair. 

f   Barret    and   uii.-iid 

r  his  seat  tendered  lii> 
day  of  the  next  ''tw- 

is  election  Mr.  Barivt 
:o  the  seal  rnmi  wiiiili 
as  elected  as  Mr.  Bar- 


the  distiiigni.*liHl  griieral 
?,  ni>|)licil  to  tliP  ■■■■uinii!- 
Ilipuintincnl  "f  ■■KiMity  -.ir- 

the  Mi^tiinri  /,Vy,n'.iV m. 
|l)iirby  gives  tlie  follo»ir.j 
It's  careiT : 

li-y  1!.  licit.  l'.-i|..  ill  'li- 
IrthedeceiiM^J,  iiiii"iij;"tM; 

|ju(lgM"f  the iniy'"iiil 

Itho  two  ju.lg.'s  lli;il  VDtel 
y.  (inint  for  tlic  ii|i|'"ii"' 
IjuagewiislMiil.  Ljiiliiiai.' 

statem.'iit.     It  i«  '■n'i'fl;' 
|t»  the  county  court  fur  the 

in  IS.'itf,  "f"'f  ""■  """'•' 
fttboliBhcl  hy  Im  l>c,?''l»- 
L  court  ,.:.tahlislicJ  by  lavr 
linty  coimniseioii"*'  ««'"'■ 
lir,  E.istnn  Mi  Tnr''  '■ 
Lmissiun.Tf'  court  for  the 


POLITICAL  PROGIIKSS. 


597 


Tn  ISfiO,  P.  P.  THair,  Jr.,  James  S.  Rollins,  John 
\l  Chirk,  C.  H.  Norton,  John  W.  Iteid,  John  S. 
I'licliis.  and  John  W.  Noel  were  the  members  of  Con- 
cress  elecited.  Messrs.  Clark  and  Rcid  beinj:;  in  sym- 
patliv  "''1'  '''•^  Confederate  cau.sc,  and  havin<;  entered 
the  Confederate  army,  were  expelled.  Mr.  Clark  lived 
to  see  his  son  elected  and  scrvinj;  his  fifth  term  in  the 
hall  friini  which  he  was  expelled.  William  A.  Hall 
was  eleeicd  in  place  of  Gen.  Clark,  and  Thomas  L. 
Price  til  the  Reid  vacancy.  The  nine  electoral  votes 
of  the  ."^late  were  cast  this  year  for  Douglas  and  John- 
son. 

F»li(iwin<;  was  the  vote  in  St.  Louis  at  the  Presi- 
dential election  of  1860  : 


ll.inllS  .\MI  I'UKlINCTS 

)  K.  P 112.-. 

fW.  1' 'M 

E.  P ll«l 


Iiiiieoln.    Bell. 


First  Wiuil... 
Sccunil  Ward. 


)  W.  I'... 
I  i:.  F... 

Thiril  Ward r  ^y_  p_ 

^      ,   ...     ,         1  K.P.." 
F.iirib  "iird ■  ^y  p_ 

I  i;."i'.!!] 

I  W.  I'..., 
I  K.  1'.... 
I  W.  P... 
I  K.P.... 
I  W.  P..., 
E.  P.. 


Fifth  Ward 

.•i.«th  Ward 

?cvcnth  Ward. 


Eii'lith  War.l j  ^y  ,;_'_'_■"    ,^,, 


:.;i2 

IIU 
Sill 

mi 

hi:; 

21!8 

:i74 
21; 

4411 

12;! 

SSI 


Niir 


E.  P... 


3i:! 


"'  "■""' w.  p'.'.".'.'.'  IfiS 


Tnilli  Ward 


J.ilui  liravV 

Ilar|..M^ 

WnMr-f 

l;.^:cliHlt'.< 

I'.ilit.:' 

Iliili'iton 

I'iiivell  l.inli'a 

Manclioter 

Ulip  House 

Fint'in 

(in  Ihdl 

Mehl'<  Store 


)  S.  P 


S2:i 

4(11 
71 
Jill 
12 
30 
37 
22 

59 

13 

3 

.".lO 

y7 


.■;i|f  iii.'toriV 13 

e-.-cn.Miiitli's 

.^llfulon 

."iK-.Milc  House  

.Alikv 


l,"lU-i 

Neiir* 


Toll-Gate., 


4S 

4» 

5 

;>2 

2f> 
37 
63 


01 

IS 
2111 

111 
4111 

(ill 
7ll.'i 
140 
781 

II 
3.^7 

.'►.') 
377 

54 
231 

431 

i;io 

«4 
57 

in 
9 

4i 

39 

93 

7 

17 

23 

.3 

20 

Sf) 

4fi 

24 

11 

6 

2 

l,i 


9940       4931 


Doiiglnf* 

405 
71 

42U 
101 

4«:i 

49 
Sll 

100 
732 
i9S 
098 
22 
010 

I  no 

7S4 

204 

731 

707 

500 

270 

43 

88 

25 

23 

100 

77 

20 

79 

20 

44 

220 

24 

23 

34 

IS 

53 

54 

59 

20 

28 

9275 


II 


kcn- 
ridgu. 
12 
5 
13 

37 

3 

71 

5 

144 

11 

107 


0 

30 

.'! 

17 

10 

15 

10 

3 

3 

3 


15 

1 

4 

1 

14 

12 


609 


The  news  of  the  operations  of  Montgomery,  the 
abolitioni.st  leader  from  Kansas,  on  the  southwestern 
horder  of  Missouri  having  been  auther  licated,  Gover- 


apiiiiniment  of  surveyor  of  the  roftds,  etc.,  in  St.  Louis  County 
a.'ain^t  Mr.  Solouion.  I  and  other  gontleio  .1  ndvoeivlod  (Irant's 
claim.  Solomon  was  ap|iointcd  by  the  le  of  Taussig,  I/iglit- 
iiir.  and  Furrar,  and  Tippet  and  Kiston  voted  for  Grant. 
l'«ii»|ucntly  lielt  and  I.anham  were  not  on  the  bench,  and 
nfver  voted  upon  any  application  for  appointment  by  U.  iS. 
Ijrant.  The  records  of  the  .St.  Louis  County  commissioners' 
court  show  this." 


nor  Stewart  at  once  issued  orders  calling  out  the 
militia  "  to  prevent  the  threatened  depredations  upon 
the  lives  and  property  of  Misaourians.''  The  military 
ordered  to  report  for  duty  undar  command  of  Brig.- 
Gen.  D.  M.  Frost,  with  Col.  J.  S.  Bowen  as  assistant 
adjutant-general,  wore  Col.  A.  R.  Kaston's  regiment 
of  infintry,  Maj.  Schaeffer's  battalion  of  cavalry, 
Capt.  Jackson's  battery  of  artilli.  'lur  pieces),  and 
Maj.  Pritchard's  battalion  of  engineers.  Lieut.-Col. 
John  Knapp  eommanded  the  First  Regiment  of  In- 
fantry. 

At  the  State  election  of  18(50  the  vote  for  Governor 
was  as  follows:  Claiborne  F.  Jack.son,  Douglas  Demo- 
crat, 74,44(j ;  Sample  Orr,  American,  G4,58,};  Han- 
cock Jackson,  Breckenridge  Democrat,  11,41');  James 
B.  Gardenhire.  Republican,  (iliSf).  Jack.son's  majority 
over  Orr,  08015.  Thomas  C.  Reynolds  was  chosen 
Lieutenant-Governor.  The  popular  vote  for  President 
was:  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  Democrat,  58,801  ;  John 
Bell,  Union,  58,'i72  ;  John  C.  Breckenridge,  Demo- 
crat, 31,;517;  Abraham  Lincoln,  Republican,  17,028. 
Douglas'  majority  over  Bell  is'J,  and  over  Brecken- 
ridge 27,484.' 

'  Mr.  William  Ilyde,  of  the  Miinmiri  ItrpnhUviiii,  relates  the 
following  interesting  reminiscences  of  the  political  campaign 
of  I  still  in  Xlis.soiiri  : 

.VnthanicI  Paschall.  the  editor  of  the  Jiepiililicnn,  had  been 
the  warm  friend  and  advocate  of  a  liberal  policy  on  the  part  of 
the  State  towards  the  railroad  enterprises  then  in  progress, — 
the  Nortli  Mi.-souri,  the  .Missouri  I'aciOc,  the  Iron  .Mountain, 
and  the  .Southwest  Branch, — to  nil  of  which  State  aitl  had  been 
cxiendeil  by  guaranteeing  the  interest  on  their  bonds.  The 
question  of  tlie  completion  of  the.'e  road.s  through  the  State  or, 
on  the  other  hand,  the  sale  of  them  for  forfeiture  was  a  vital 
one  to  the  commerce  of  St.  Louis  and  to  the  people  at  large. 
Claiborne  V.  .lackson  was  the  recognized  anti-railroad  candidate 
for  (lovernor.  lie  also  belonged  to  the  e.\treme  Southern 
school,  and  was,  besides,  bitterly  opposed  to  Douglas,  to  whom 
Mr.  Paschall  was  waVmly  attached  personally,  and  whoso 
( Douglas')  aspirations  for  the  Presidency  were  strongly  sup- 
ported by  the  li^fpuhfiran, 

I'reviou.s  to  tlie  .State  Democratic  Convention,  which  was  held 
early  in  .April,  for  the  purpose  of  nominating  candidates  for 
(lovernor  and  State  ollicers  and  of  sending  delegates  to  the 
Charleston  Convention,  Mr.  Paschall  harl  decdared  boldly  that 
his  paper  would  .support  no  gubernatorial  eamlidato  in  favor  of 
the  sell-out  ji  -iu;  respecting  railroads,  or  who,  as  (lovernor 
Stewart  ha  '  ■'■',**■  would  \et(»  or  use  his  inllnence  to  withdraw 
from  them  tlie  State's  loan  of  its  credit. 

The  Hannibal  and  St.  .loseph  Uailroad,  to  which  the  State 
had  loaned  three  millions,  was  the  only  coinploteil  road  in  Mis- 
souri, and  it  was  used  as  a  feeder  to  the  trade  of  Chicago.  Its 
agents  were  abroad  in  all  sections,  and  it  was  charged  that 
they  were  "  setting  up  the  press"  for  Jackson.  At  all  events, 
Maj.  Jackson  was  nominated  for  Governor,  and  the  convention 
placed  a  plank  in  its  platform  quite  equivocal,  and  non-assert- 
ing relative  to  internal  improvements.  Of  course  ti  )  llepub- 
i  //can  promptly  "  kicked  the  platform  overboard,"  to  aso  Mr. 
Pascball's  expression.     Moreover,  it   had   not  a  v  ,fd  to  say 


598 


IlISTOKY   OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


H*  r 


M'  mn 


i:-l' 


Tlic  (ieiu'ral  Assciiilily  iiu't  at  JofftTHnii  City,  Doc. 
31,1 8()(),  uiiiiur  peculiarly  i'iiil)arras;*iiij,'  circuinHtaiici's. 
Soutli  Carolina  had  .sciccilcil  fniiu  tiio  IJiiidii,  and  Mi.s- 
Bissippi,  Fiurida,  Alabama,  and  (iic<)r<;ia  were  uunluin- 

rolnlivc  li)  .liii'kson's  niiiniiiiitiiui.  Tlierc  wi\»  iki  liivc  Icisl  hu- 
twceii  l^a.^chall  luid  Jackson.  Past'hall  disliked  •lackstm,  uiid 
Jacksiin  hated  I'aMchall. 

Things  went  nii  in  tli|<  way,  nn  nolinc  hping  taken  nf  llie 
Stale  eiini|iaign,  and  iinworl'nl  ailielrs  enniinx  I'niin  I'aschall'.i 
|ion  every  nminin;;  for  tlio  nnininatinn  iif  UiiUKla.s,  until  the  l.il 
of  May.  (In  that  day  llicri'  a|i|)earecl  in  the  leailih);  edilorial 
column  a  slateineni  of  tlio  posilion  of  MaJ.  Jaekson — that  ho 
would  not  veto  any  nieasuro  of  Sinli!  aiil  I(j  the  railrond.s  paKsed 
by  the  l.e^^ishiture,  )>ut  would  use  his  hest  endeavors  to  keep 
tho  conlrol  of  the  road«  within  tlie  State — coii'-lndin;;,  "Tlieso 
dcelaratlon.s  of  Maj.  Jaekson  are  calisfiietory  to  ns."  .\nd  on 
that  day  thi'  lull  Detnoeralie  tieket  was  Kwung  lo  tlic  hrccze  at 
tho  llr/i(il,lii-i(ii\  oilitorial  niaal  head.  That  eireumstanee  told 
tho  story  :  ,Iack8on  had  surremlored. 

Kroni  th(^  adjournnient  of  tho  Cliarleston  Convention  till  the 
reassenihlini;  at  lialtiniore  in  June  tho  l!<iiiih/i<iiii.  slill  hat- 
tliiifr  \i;,'oniusly  for  niju);las,  poured  hot  shot  into  the  seees- 
(•ionisLs.  Jaukfion  had  lieon  makinjj;  a  tliornui;h  eanvass  of  the 
southwest,  and  liad  returned  lo  Central  Missouri  wh(Mi  the  new.s 
was  rceeivcil  of  the  ni>niinalion  <if  Douglas  and  the  subsec|uent 
nmnination  of  Hreekenridge  hy  the  seeeders.  Jaekaiui  was  in 
sore  distress,  lii.s  heart  was  with  liroekenridge.  The  whole 
State  was  in  eoininotion.  Senators  tireen  anil  Polk  at  oin'o 
took  the  gi'ound  that  neither  Douglas  nor  IJreekenriilgo  was  the 
regular  nominee,  anilthnt  Denuicrats  were  at  liberty  to  support 
cither  without  disloyally  to  tho  parly.  In  St.  Louis  slops  wore 
taken  without  delay  lo  induce  .Maj.  .lackson  to  espouse  tlieunuso 
of  lireikenridge,  aecoinpiinied  with  the  tlireat  thai  in  ease  of 
refusal  his  friends  would  bring  out  another  Deinouratie  Slate 
tiekot.  At  Washington  llic  Missouri  seinilors,  together  with 
Wui.  A.  Pilee,  I'eter  S.  Wilkes,  Wni.  Harris,  and  John  S. 
Plielpa,  issued  a  eirenlar,  addressed  to  .Missouri  Democrats,  rec- 
ommending a  convention  at  .letlerson  City,  .September  17th, 
"  to  ailopt  measures  to  insure  unity  of  action," — -all  tliese,  ex- 
cept Phelps,  having  already  declared  for  lireekenridge.  liut 
meanwhile  Xathaniel  Paschall  was  not  iille.  He  had  caused 
notice  lo  be  serveii  upon  Jackson  and  lieynoMs  i  the  latter  can- 
didate for  Lieutenant-IJovernor)  that  they  must  not  expect  to 
protit  by  u  hasty  nomination  in  their  own  cases  and  ut  the  same 
time  wilhliold  from  Mr,  Douglas  the  advantage  a  nomination 
was  expecLcil  to  give  him. 

Maj.  Jackson  was  billed  to  speak  at  Versailles,  June  L'7tli; 
California,  2Mh  ;  Hoonville,  L'yth  ;  and  Fayette,  :10th.  He  had 
not  opened  his  mouth  on  tho  subject  of  the  Presidency,  but  do- 
voted  his  whole  time  to  .State  issues.  Mr.  Hyde  had  boon  sent 
out  by  Mr.  Paschall  with  loiters  to  Jaekson,  and  instructions  to 
follow  him  up  and  make  confidenlial  reports  of  the  progress  of 
the  campaign.  At  CalilVrnia.  Mr.  Hyde  occupied  the  same 
room  with  .Maj,  Jaekson,  and  during  tho  night  of  tho  LTth  of 
June  the  gubernatorial  candidate  was  awakened  and  summoned 
to  "  important  business  outside."  The  messenger  was  John  M. 
Ijoughborough,  who  had  ridden  on  liorseback  frinn  the  railroad 
terminus,  and  who  was  the  bearer  of  a  letter  from  tho  adminis- 
tration ollice-Iioldcrs  of  St.  Louis  and  others,  imperatively  de- 
manding instant  anil  faithful  adhesion  to  Jtrockenridge.  A  long 
conrerenee  ensued,  and  when  Maj.  •lackwn  returned  to  his 
room  he  was  in  a  terrible  state  of  e.\citoment.  He  paced  the 
floor  till  near  morning,  uttering  bitter  imprecations,  now  upon 
Paschall  and  then  upon  tho  Breckenridge  leaders,  for  putting 


platin<{  the  siunu  autii)ii  iinniudiatuly.  Four  imlitinl 
[lartii'H  woru  reprcnoiited  in  the  General  Asseinbif 
Tlie  Senate,  cimsi,>(tiiii;  of  thirty-three  ineniliirs,  wia 
divided  into  Uruekunridj^u  Denioerat.s,  15;  llmiijlaj 
Deiuocrats,  10;  Union,  or  Bell  and  Everett  Wliip, 
7;  Hepubliean.s,  1.  The  llou.sc,  consisting;  uf  i;j;; 
niemhers,  .stood  :  Hreelvcnridjje  Democrats,  47;  Dou.'. 
la.s  Demucratii,  iUi ;  Union,  or  Bell  and  Everett  Whii.'s, 
157;  Uepuhlicans,  12.  (iroat  bitternessof  li'olin^'iti,, 
developed  between  tiie  Union  and  Southern  rleiiienis 

•  and  many  excitins;  episodes  occurred. 

John  F.  Me,  Shelby,  a  decided  pni-.slavorv 

Democrat,  was  jd    Speaker  of  the  lioiisc,  aiij 

Claiborne  F,  Jaeksim,  elected  Governor  at  tlir  prewj, 
iiij;  election,  was   inauf;urated    Jan,    4,    ISill.     \j 

.  chairniai)  of  the  committee  which  reported  iln'  i;,. 
mou8  "Jackson  resolutions"  of  1S1!(,  (inviiinjr 
Jaekson  was  not  expected  to  abandon  the  issue,  iimv 
imminent,  which  he  had  so  boldly  invited  when  limiii. 

I  ing  up  in  the  distance.  In  his  inaugural  iii('ss,'|i,'t<  Ik 
insisted  that  the  destiny  of  Mi.ssoiiri  was  idiiitiiul  wi'li 
tiiat  of  the  Soutliern  States,  that  her  line  toiilii  nnt 
bo  separated  from  tlieirs,  that  in  the  event  of  a  lailiiio 
to  reconcile  the  conflict  of  opinions  wliicli  tlirr:iiiii,J 
the  destruction  of  the  Union,  interest  aiiil  syiii|iatliv 


him  in  llie  dilemma  ''  having  to  choose  between  ilie  wiirriii; 
factions,      [n   his  •■  tho  next   day  at  ('alif'onin,  .lack-n 

was  still  silent,  i  s  private  conversation  HouM  hc.|, 

more  than  depre  ibappy  divisions  of  tlic  party.    Mr. 

Paschall  by  dispatch  authorized  him  to  be  notilied  iliat  in  .-i.-e 
ho  did  not  ''come  out  for  Douglas,"  either  at  Calilurnia": 
Hoonville,  tho  llfpiililimn  would  take  his  nitnie  iluwii  aiil 
proceed  to  organize  for  a  straight-out  Douglas  ticUet.  llvlMi 
time  Reynolds  had  joined  his  chief,  and  his  cIVorls  were  in  ihe 
direction  of  a  public  recognition  of  Douglas  and  .l"liii'"iia<  the 
regular  ['residential  nominees.  Jaekson  appealed  fur  iii'ire 
time,  saying  he  wished  to  consult  witli  (icn.  Clark  at  ravflli': 
Gen.  Clark  having  been  a  member  cd' the  Italtiniore  Coii,otiti"D. 
and  then  at  home.  Mr.  Paschall  granted  the  extension  ■: 
time,  and  awaited  what  might  take  place  after  the  ex|Hri<  1 
conference.  The  result  was  that  in  their  speeches  at  tlie  Fiiw 
ettu  court-house  both  .Jackson  and  Keynohis  utie(piiviira1l,r<i'' 
ch. ui  for  Douglas,  A  dispatch  to  this  elVect  was  son!  ly 
mouiiied  messenger  in  hot  haste  to  IJoonville,  the  iicare?! 
telegraph  station,  in  time  to  be  transmitted  to  the  /.'■/i«Mi™« 
that  night  for  publication  the  next  morning.  It  sliiiok  inn 
sternation  into  the  breasts  of  the  lireekenridge  phalanx,  ivlw 
for  two  days  disputed  its  authenticity,  and  then.  .Inly  .'A,  liya 
mass-meeting,  launched  into  tho  field  new  camli'lales  fur  (in*- 
ernor  and  Ijicutenant-Oovernor  in  tho  persons  "fi •en.  Ilan'i'k 
Jaekson  (United  States  nmrshal),  and  (ion.  .M.  .M.  I'arsnii'. 
There  werenow  four  candidates  for  (iovcrnor  bef'iie  llio  |ic»|ilo. 
there  being  beside  the  two  Jaek.sons  the  licll  anil  Kvcrett 
candidate  (Sample  Orr)  and  the  Uopublican  cunilidalc,  lianlcii- 
hire.     The  result  of  the  contest  was  the  eleetion  of  .lackson. 

ft  takes  no  very  lino  analysis  of  the  vote  to  show  that  tlic 
course  of  the  llepublkaii  carried  Missouri  for  Imth  Dongkis 
and  Jackson,  and  the  moving  power  was  Xatliaiiiel  I'aicliall. 


POLITICAL  I'UOGUESS. 


61)9 


itety.  Four  i-nlitinl 
>  Giiiiorul  A^iinWy 
-tlireu  inonilii  IS,  wm 
itiiTiitrt,  15  i  l''iimk< 
luul  Kvercti  \Vlii|:«. 
11',  cdiisistinu  ot'  Vii 
lomocriits,  47  ;  Duu;- 

II  and  Kveroli  \Vlii;:s. 
itt(!i'nes»()f'  ti't'linL'wa< 
id  Soutlioni  cloiiieiiiv 
irrod. 

a  docidt'd  iim-slnviTv 
!r  of  thu  llmisf,  mil 

lovi'i'iior  at  til'  jiri 1- 

Jan.    4,    ISCl.     As 
hich  i-o(ii)rioil  tlu'  I'l- 

of      is  HI,     (inVlTllur 

iibandoii  the  issue,  now 
Idly  imvuimI  wliL'ii  limiii- 
s  inaugural  uh'sshiil' li^; 
isouri  wasiJfntii'alwi'h 
that  her  laio  umiM  imt 

III  the  oveiii  nl'  :i  liiiliiiv 
nioiis  wliii-li  tliiiairiii'il 
,  interest  ami  .-viiii'utliv 


|lli>i)SC   llctwi'lMl    iIh'  «;nrili.' 
1  (lay  at  t'alif'Miiia,  ,Iack-'n 
Minvorsiili"!!  wmiM  lie  1' 
visions  of  lln'  liarty.    Mi. 
to  b(!  notilii''!  Ili;il  ill '■■!*' 
itlii'i-  lit  C;ilil«rni;i  "i 
;il<o    his    nillllf  'I'lWIl    :"'■' 
,ut  Dougliis  tioUi't.     liyil'i' 
mill  liis  ulV.nl!'  were  in  llw 
l)oiis,'liis  luiil  .|.iIiii-^"11ii'11k 
iiclison  nii|ii'iileil  l'"r  iii^re 
til  Oi'ii.  Cliiik  ill  I'Xvi'lli-; 
il'tlii.'  liiilliiii.ireC.iii.ciilii'n. 
^^■uiilc'd   lliu  c'Sti'nsion  "' 
ill,,  iiliieo  iiliLT  llif  >siHviiJ 
llicii-  spoei-lii's  111  ll't  ?•')• 
|l,._vnol(l3  iiiii'(|iiiv.«'ally'li- 
,)  tliis  clVwt  vviis  .<oiil  I'V 
to   lioouvilU',  ihc  mnir«'t 
insinittcdto  the  lt',Mi'<n 
X  morning.     It  stvutk  ''""■ 
l!recliiMiri.l|,n'  i.liiilunv.  «'» 
t.v,  lUul  then,  .liily.M.liya 
•111  new  ciinili^laiMlorll"!- 
tho  persons. .r  I  ■'■"•ll™"'"'^ 
,„ul  (ien.   M.  .M.  l'"^""*- 
(iovernorlii'l-.ii-otliolicl*. 

ons  the  Hell  111"!  I''i-"«" 
^,„l,li>-,.n.'iii,.li.liilc.t:^"'l'-"" 
IS  the  clerti.m  "('■I  «'!<!'>"'■ 
the  vote  1"  ^hi.w  lli.ll  * 
Missouri  lor  h-ih  l'""l!l»' 
„er  wiis  Xiitlii..ii.'l  l'.i.eli.ill. 


0|ll 


iiliko  ilriniinded   that  ttlie  nIkiuUI  unite  \w.t  fortuneH 
willi  liiiisi'  lit'  tlie  siavelioldini;  States,      lie  urged  the 
I,i...'i>l.iiiii'e  to  eall  ii  eonventioii  of  the  people  of  the 
Stiite  Ik  take  into  eonniderution  (ho  eonditioii  of  tlie 
Slate  iiiiil  tlu!  I'liioii,  and  to  pn^paro  for  einergeiieien 
(vliiili  iiiii'lit  and  probably  would  arise.      In  aecord- 
iiiico  wiili   these  suggestion.s,  a  bill   was  intniduoed 
Jan.  IT.  IStil,  '"'d  subscijuently  boeaine  a  law,  calling 
uiKiii  till'  people  to  oicet  delegates  to  a  convention  to 
.j.^iii'iiilili'  February  28th.     The  bill  provi<led  that  no 
(inliiiiiin''  changing  tho  relation  of  Mi.ssouri  to  tlie 
I'liited  States  should  take  effect  until  subniitted  to  a 
Viite  (if  the  jieoplo  and  ratified  by  a  majority  at  the 
iKilis.    This  proviso  was  intended  to  prevent  the  en- 
fiiroenieiit  of  any  ordinance  of  seoossioti  that  might 
1)0  iiassi'il  by  the  eonventioii  .severing  IVIis.souri's  con- 
iiortion   with    the   Union.     The   Legislature  entered 
heiirlily  into  the  efforts  which  were  made  to  prevent 
;ioil]isi(in  between  the  United  Slates  and  tlie  South- 
ern Stales.     To  tills  end  Waldo  P.  Johnson,  John 
1).  Coulter,  N.  W.  Doniphan,  Harrison   Hough,  and 
A.  H.    Uiickner   were    appointed    delegates    to    the 
■  IVacc  Ciiiigre.ss"  to  a.sseinble  in  Washington,  Feb. 
1,  18(11.     While  tlius  holding  out  the  olive-branch 
111  the  Union,  the  Senate  of  JIi,s.souri  also  adopted, 
Maicii  II,  181)1,  the  Dent  resolutions,  instrii.   mg  the 
si'iiiitois  anil  requesting  the  representative-^  in  Con- 
gress fruiii  .Mi.s.souri  to  oppose  with  voice  and  vote  all 
i;rant.s  of  men  and  money  designed  to  be   used   in 
coercing  the  Southern  States,  and  providing  for  the 
Kitliiiiiiwiil  from  Congress  of  the  members  from  Mis- 
siiiiri  if  any  such  laws  were  pns.sed.     These   n-olu- 
tions  were  not  acted  upon  by  the  House  of  Delegates. 
Waldo  r.  Johnson,'  a  Breckenridge  Democrat,  was 
cktoil  Mareli  15,  18G1,  to  the  United  States  Senate, 
10  succeed  James  S.  Green,  whose  term  had  expired. 
Hon.  James  S.  Green  was  born  in  Fauquier  County, 
Va.,  Fib.  28,  1817,  !ind  in   183G,  with  no  fortune 
beyond  a  eoiuinon  school  education,  removed  to  Ala- 
bama, where  he  remained  one  year.     He  then  took 
up  his  re.sidi'iiee  in  Mi.s.souri,  with  whose  interests  he 
VMS  afterwards  identified.     He  was  admitted  to  the 
bar  in  1840,  and  soon  became  a  prominent  figure  in 
Missouri  politics.    In  1844  he  was  chosen  Presidential 
elector,  and  in  1845  was  elected  a  delegate  to  the 
State  Constitutional   Convention   of  that  year.     In 
lS4t)  he  was  elected  a  member  of  Congress,  and  served 
ITO  terms.     By  appointment   of  the   Governor   of 
Missouri,  he  argued  a  boundary  dispute  between  Mia- 

'  By  resolution  of  Mr.  Foote,  of  Vermont,  Jan.  10,  l,Sli2,  Mr. 
Johnson  was  expelled  from  the  Senate,  n»  well  as  Trii.sten  Polk. 
Ihevnoanek'j  were  filled  by  the  appointment  of  Robert  WiUon 
•nJJohn  li.  Henderson. 


souri  and  Iowa  bi'fore  thi'  T*t(iti>il  States  Supreme 
Court,  and  in  IS  (II  timk  ilir  stuni])  against  [{on. 
Thomas  II.  Benton.  In  185:1,  Pronident  i'lerce  ip- 
poiiiti-d  him  rh'iii/i'  il'ii(Tiilfi »  miil  iirierwonlM  minis- 
ter resident  at  Bogota.  New  (irauada.  In  lH5ti  ho 
was  again  elected  to  Congress,  hut  before  taking  his 
seat  was  chosen  ITnitcd  States  senator,  eontinuini;  to 
serve  as  such  until  1S(J|.  He  died  at  St.  Louis  on 
the  lilth  of  January,  187(1. 

As  liiiM  already  been  desirribed  in  tlu^  preceding 
pages  of  this  work,  the  news  of  the  bomhardinent  of 
Fort  Sumter  and  its  surrender,  which  soon  followed, 
went  through  the  country  like  a  flame  of  fire.  There 
had  been  some  expectation  of  violence,  but  ilie  actual 
shock  came  like  a  elap  of  thunder.  The  people  of 
the  towns  and  cities  poured  into  the  streets,  and  the 
country  folk  flocked  to  the  villages  to  gather  the 
tidings  and  to  comment  on  the  coming  conflict.  (Jray- 
haired  men  talked  gravely  of  the  deed  that  was  done, 
and  prophesied  as  to  its  eonse(|uenees.  Public  opin- 
ion in  both  the  North  and  the  South  was  rapidly  con- 
solidated. The  surrender  of  Fort  Sumter  produced 
in  the  North  a  coalescence  of  the  Union  and  anti- 
slavery  elements ;  in  the  South  it  irresistibly  carried 
whatever  Union  sentiment  existed  into  secession. 

The  garri.son  of  Fort  Sumter  lowered  their  flag  and 
marched  out  of  the  work  on  Sunday,  April  14,  18(il. 
Next  morning  appeared  the  proclamation  of  the  Presi- 
dent of  the  United  Stales,  calling  fort.i  the  militia, 
ii]ipealing  to  the  people,  and  sumiuoning  an  extra 
session  of  Congress. 

The  Governors  of  all  the  Northern  States  at  once 
responded  to  the  proclamation,  and  their  action  in- 
fused new  energy  into  the  administration.  To  an  eye- 
witness there  was  something  very  impressive  in  the 
action  of  the  Union-loving  people.  A  foreign  observer 
remarked,  "  With  them  all  is  sacrifice,  devotion,  gran- 
deur, and  purity  of  purpose, — with  the  poor,  if  possi- 
ble, even  more  than  the  rich."  In  the  large  cities 
great  meetings  were  held,  in  which  men  of  all  parties 
united.  Party  lines  vanished.  There  was  none  of 
that  frantic  delirium  which  was  manifested  in  the  ex- 
treme Southern  States,  but  a  solemn  acceptance  of 
what  was  clearly  recognized  to  be  a  fearful  but  un- 
avoidable duty, — "  Faint  not,  falter  not ;  the  republic 
is  in  peril." 

In  St.  Louis  the  Union  men  intuitively  saw  the 
true  position  of  affairs,  and  that  the  only  course  to  be 
taken  was  an  energetic  support  of  the  government. 
Under  the  leadership  of  Frank  P.  Blair,  Giles  F. 
Filley,  James  0.  Broadhead,  0.  D.  Filley,  S.  T. 
Glover,  B.  Grntz  Brown,  William  McKee,  Francis 
Whittaker.  John  J.  Roe,  Edgar  Ames,  Henry  Ames 


600 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


'l!  '     Mi' 


^i       1 


Hi 


11 


Henry  T.  Blow,  Huilsoii  E.  Bridge,  B.  G.  Furrar, 
Henry  Hitdioouk,  T.  T.  Giintt,  Clmrles  Gibson, 
Burton  Ablo,  and  otlier  patriotic  citizens  the  Union 
men  of  St.  Louis  were  roused  to  rosistam-e,  and  active 
preparation.-?  were  made  for  the  suppression  of  treason 
to  the  govern  men  (.  Arms  were  pureliased  by  priva'e 
subscription  aisd  troops  e(|uipped,  and  on  every  side 
were  beard  the  notes  of  preparation.  Misi:<ouri  was 
a  slave-liolding  (,'oninionwoaltb,  but  was  retained  in 
the  Union  by  tlie  vigilance  and  activity  of  its  Union- 
loving  citizens.  Tlio  soccs.siotiists,  however,  were 
numerous  and  powerful ;  the  Governor,  as  we  have 
seen,  favored  their  cause,  and  the  State  became  a 
battle-fielu  for  the  contending  parties. 

As  it  iiS  a  part  of  the  plan  of  this  work  to  give 
brie."  biographieal  sketches  of  loading  ai\d  representa- 
tive men.  living  and  dead,  who  have  borne  an  active 
part  in  the  various  enterpri.ses  of  life,  and  wiio  have 
become  closely  identified  With  prominent  events  in  the 
history  of  the  city  and  county  of  St.  Louis,  we  can- 
not oveilook  the  services  of  a  few  of  those  who  \\ero 
most  active  in  support  of  tiie  Union  during  this 
eventful  period.  TIio  achievements  of  the  living  must 
not  be  forgotten,  nor  must  the  memories  of  those 
who  have  passed  away  be  allowed  to  perish.  Their 
deeds  are  recorded  for  the  benefit  of  those  who  follow 
them, — -tl'oy,  in  fact,  form  part  of  the  history  of  their 
conimutiities,  and  tlieir  successful  lives  add  to  the 
glor\  of  their  city  and  State, 

Foremost  among  tlio.sc  in  St.  Louis  who  never  tired 
in  aiding  the  government  in  support  of  the  Union 
were  the  Fdleys. — Giles  F.,  Oliver  D.,  Chauncey  I.. 
E.  A.,  and  S.  I!.  Filley. 

(liles  F,  Filley  was  born  Feb.  15,  1815,  in  what  is 
now  called  BloomficM,  Gmm.  His  boyhood  was  spent 
on  a  farm,  and  his  early  education  was  rather  limited, 
being  restricted  to  what  was  known  as  the  common 
school  system  of  the  New  England  Stales,  He, 
however,  spent  three  terms  at  Wilbraham  Academy, 
Wa.s.saeliuselts,  where  the  higher  branch(;s  were  taught. 
Both  his  parents  were  natives  '  f  Connecticut, 

In  18iM  young  I'illey  removed  to  St.  iiouis  to 
icarn  the  tinner's  trade  with  iiis  brother,  (Miver 
I)wi<.;lit  Filley,  whii  liad  preceded  him  in  1821).  After 
learning  the  trade  hv  became  a  partner  with  his 
brother,  a'-,d  continued  thr  manufacture  of  tinware 
until  1841,  when  he  sold  his  interest  to  his  brother 
and  went  into  the  crockery  business,  in  which  he  f-on- 
tinucd  until  18l!(,  In  that  year  he  sold  out  to  Ed- 
ward A.  and  Samuel  II,  Fiiley,  his  cousins.  Both 
these  business  ventures  were  succi'ssful. 

While  in  the  crockery  trade  Mr,  Filley  w,is  in- 
duced, from  tho  wonderful  abundance  of  potter's  clay 


j  of  all  kinds  in  Missouri,  to  believe  that  oarlln'Mwar.. 
might  be  profitably  manufactured  at  St.  Lmiis,  an| 
in  18-14  he  went  to  England  and  brought  out  siwrai 
English  workmen  and  established  a  pottery  Fi,rj 
season  the  experiment  seemed  likely  to  succeed.  Ks- 
cellent  samples  of  earthenware  and  some  vciv  hwi- 
tiful  specimens  of  wbiteware  ("stone  chiiiii'i  wvrii 
produced,  but  the  men  gradually  drifted  away,  nml  ;i>ii 
was  impossible  to  fil!  tlieir  places  except  at  gieui  t'  ,iili|,. 
and  cxpen.se,  the  works  were  abandoned.  Tlie  p.xpiri. 
nient,  however,  was  not  in  on  senae  a  failure,  fur  j; 
lasted  three  years,  long  enough  to  prove  thiu  ciiriliiij. 
ware  could  be  profitably  manufactured  in  St,  iiiuiis. 
In  184k,  iMr,  Filley  buiiu  what  were  known  as  ili,' 
"  Exeelsiiu  Stove- Works,"  for  the  manullicturc  i.( 
stoves,  Tlie  start  was  made  in  rather  a  small  \u\. 
the  employes   numbering   twenty-five   moiiKliTs  and 

'  about  twenty  men  in  other  departmeiils  Tliir 
works  have  been  extended  and  enlarged  IVim;  lime 
to  time  until  tli(!y  now  employ  two  luiinlicil  anj 
thirty  moulders  and  about  three  hundred  and  twciiiv 
men  in  other  departments,  five  hundred  and  lil'ty  in 
all  at  the  works  proper,  which  cover  two  large  hWh 
in  North  St.  Louis.  In  18G5  the  works  weri'  iiinr- 
porated  into  what  i.-.  known  as  tho  "  Excelsior  .Maiiii- 
faetiiring  Company,''  and  the  business  now  ini'iiiJcs 

;  the  furnishing   of  tinner's  supplies   as  well  as  tlif 

\  making  of  stoves,  and  the  whole  number  of  eiii|iliiyi> 
is  about  six  hundred  and  fifty. 

In  1851,  Mr.  Filley  invented  what  is  knuwn  as  ilic 

I  "Charter  Oak  Cooking  Stove,"  which  Ini-  sino'  h,'- 
come  popular  throughout  the  country,     lb'  liiis  al>o 

'  originated  aim  introduced  many  iinprovenienls  in  liic 
methods  of  stc 'e-making,  and   is  regarded  as  ononf  ] 
the  most  wide  awake  and  successful  maimfaitur.'r.s  nf 

I  stoves  in  the  land, 

I       Notwi'astandi'ig  the  successful  superinliniliiifonf  I 

!  t'uoe  large  works  might  be  thought  siiHiciiiit  di  i'"iii- 
pletely  occupy  the  time  and  attention  of  iine  niuii.  .^Ir, 
Filley  has  oflen  engaged  in  other  business  enti'i|inscs 
of  a  nature  likely  to  advance  the  interests  el' St.  Lnui.s. 
and  has  made  an  enviable  iword  as  an  cnliiiiii.sinL' I 
and  ]iublic-spiritcd  citizen,      lie  fuiiiislied  the  stum' 
for  the  "great  bridge,"  and  is  glad  ti  be  iciiii'iiilnrt'l 
in   eonneclion    with   that  gieiit  work.     l'i'rli;i|^  liisj 
most  prominent  undertaking  was  the  bu'iiiiii',;  ul'  tliel 
Kansas  l'aeiH(^  Railroad,     .Vnioiig  his  ci  lli'iiirucs  worej 
Adolphus  Meier,  John    1),   Ferry,  Carlos  S.  (iivik,! 
and  others  of  e((Ual  worth  and  proniinencc     Oiiiyl 
Ihuse  intimat'-ly  conversant  with  the  liistnry  o(  tlnitl 
enterjiriso    know    amid    what    gia.it    dilVn'iiliii'^  Mr.l 
Filli^y  and  his  friends  took  hold  of  the  pmitTi  a:ui 
pushed  it  forward,  and  it  cannot  bo  gaiiisiiiil  ilii'  '" 


It    I 


ievo  tliiit  uiirllii'Mwar' 
il'i'd  iit  St.  Ldiiis,  ani 
id  brought  oul  scvriai 
lied  a  pottery      Fun 
ikfly  to  Hiiocccil.    Ks- 
>  and  some  vcrv  litaii- 
("  stone  cliinii"  i  were 
■  drifted  iiway.  ami  as  it 
lexceiaatsireallr.iihlv 
lundoned.    Tlie  cxptri- 
senae  u  failuri',  fur  it 
to  provt!  thiu  I'iirtlicii- 
Pictured  in  Si.  ijimis. 
■Imt  were  kiKuvn  as  ilio 
r    the   iniiniil'acluri'  »( 
in  rather  a  small  way. 
(iity-fivo   indiiKlors  ainl 
depurtnienls      Tii.-i- 
lid  enlarged  IVmi;  liiiio 
jloy   two   liuiiilivil  aiiJ 
■ee  hundred  ami  twmiy 
e  hundred  and  til'ij  in 
1  eover  two  laiirc  hloi'ks 
I  the  works  wori'  iuii.r- 
i  the  "  Fi.Xfelsidr  .^lalm• 
!  business  now  incluilis 
upplies    as  wi'll   as  lli.- 
ole  number  of  emplovis 


;d  what  is  kimwi 
whieh  lia-  sli 
eountrv.     Hi'  I 


;  llio 


ly  im|ir(iV('iiioiits  in  llio 

is  reiiarili'tl  as  diic  hI 

e.ssi'ul  inaimt'actnr.Ts  n\ 

sful  superinti'iiduiiaMif 
jusiht  suiru'ii'iil  til  i'"iii- 
b'litioii  iii'iiiu'  man.  Mr. 
Ilier  busiiioss  i'iiii'r|irisi'* 
lie  iiiteivstsol'S:.  Lmiis. 
lord  as  :'.ii  ciilti'lini'i"!-' 
lie  i'uvnisliiil  iln'  -tmiej 

.'lad  I  >  li>'  ivnii'iiilii'ml 


>t   wor 


I.    r.ri 


I'  till! 


t  till'  lmiiiin'.i  oi 
)<_'  his  fi  lli'K'.'iu's  wore! 
(iivi'li'vi 

Oiiiyl 
if  ihatl 


ry 


Carlos 


lid  proniiiiciifi'. 
ith  tl 


10    IllsldVV  I 


I'ia.it    ilitlu'iiliics 
L)ld  of  llie  lii'i'ji'i' 


:)t  b 


ie  it. 


mis: 


I  ami 


liil  lh:it  li* 


M. 


mv  •:■     . 

Hcn-yT.   [11.>«       * 

flf.ry    II:     '  .        i 

M-(   n  Al- 

.  St.  Ltu' 

1     ■]l:I^;l!'urll^' Win-'.    )i::i'li:  j'.. ,    '  !!■ 

to  (lit-' v^iiviu-nni'.-nt       Arm?  \m  • 

uub.si'rijitioii  aiT(l  tror;,'S  o'.iuij.ii  !.   .iiid  .11  <••  <  ry 

AT.>.".'  tirtari!  ihii  nokj'  ot  jirt-j.ai.'riiin. 

'1  .■Hl.ivc-li.'lJiujj  ('oinmonui'siliii.  hul     <•.. 

tlifi  Uuioii  by  tbo  vigilance  riv.i  pn'-'r 

k'vins.:   citizens.      T!  "    .  r, 

ntiuieniiis  :iiiil   p'lWi . : 

8CHIJ,   fiivorea  tlieir  !.'su«. 

ij,.fi!'--')('lil  (■.'!;  '      :  . 


■  V  dAUi'l'    LUVlr 

•iouri,  u*  ;■ 

'.i::il;iy    nihlUjUl'.;:.: ,  ...     il    M 

Knj^IL'ih  Wiirknitu   iiiid  nslablirih- 
•  exporiniciil  '    ; 

'  ■  nit'l.'"?   .  ('  ciiri 

WllitPWilr 


'  ■  .    r,    ui 


\. 


!. 


VIV"    ;t..  :i 

p:iri  ill  ih'' 


nrlil,   iKI'".  vi:r    '-VLi,^    I!  /■  .    ,   ■: 

a.-fi:d  r'lii;.'  yeir's,  i  iiiu;  . .  11  •. 

varo  (.'ouiil  b^  proiii.iMy  iiiaiiutiiuluroii 
^11  IS4'J,  Mr.  Killuy  built  \u,:,i    >, 
ilxirli'iiii    Slave- Worlci,"    for      ;,. 
•  Tliti  riiiirt  wiW  mu'f")  i;i  Mihi 

.  i.;ii.  .lumlii^ritiu'   t\Vi'n*\ -11' •■ 

.     '  ■  ■  ■;'    iwi      ,■    iiioii    in    ittliiir    il.'!  ; 

veuto  in  flio     w.irkb  have  been  oxtaiiilci!  hiiiI  >  . 
'  ;.io   I. iit.il    ihfsy   nijw   t'l-  '  ' 

;,  ?uuiii<Jcrii  and  iihoui  .     . 
■     tuMi  m  (ithtT  (kjjiiniiionts,  tivt)  h 

■  '      "     '■      ■•     ; ',  ■  I  .'Mpc,!'.  wliich  0"-  ■ 
.      Ir.  IHOO   tl 
^  .lint  is  kiioiTii  !u  tin 

omiiaay,"  !\,,  '     ' 
■■f'.iftt:   of  tiiiii  ■ 

.11(1  tha  wli 
i>  .ill    ,      '\  i.',!i..ir>'ii  anil  fill v 

lu  l>"il,  Mr.  FlUiy  iiuutiri 'i  ■ 
'Charior  Ouk  f'ookinR  Siovc, 
'<  ■  jiopul:;  ifirr.'U;.'ii  ■'.' 
;  ii.iood  ui>i[  iiitnxlu' 
i'lda  of  Biove-mrikiii 
■    '  widi-Bvviikc  iiiKi    '1 
:hr  l-vi.l. 


-('ill   ijves  adil 
rif*!!''"  wh"  i»>-vi'r  ti'-"1 

ft.  in  vvIm.' 


1,        V 


'niui!')  iiittli 


M.- 


will- 

lUiL't  JvfollUIUMit  'III.' 


m-l  olbtTs  of  fijuiil  worth 

•  ',y  I'lvnV)  . 

,,T     -Hii.: 


While  in  the  crocki-ry  trade  Mr.  Filley  was  in-     Killcy  and  his  friends  took  Imld  nf  tin' pinjici  aiiJ 
duocd,  from  tiio  wonduri'ul  abundance  of  potter's  clay     puBJied  it  lorward,  and  It  eaiir,,)t  be  gainsaid  1'  '  ii' 


lik. 


I   I 


for    tli«: 
i  ill  rutin 

nuii   '   ' 


ti<i   '• 


SH\-\ 


Ik  iitiia  oi"  tiic  iii".i' 


itiir 


jt  bo  j:ains 


i.l  ti' "  1" 


^-lirii 


1 1 


I', 


',    ' 


ii 


POLITICAL  PROGRESS. 


601 


these  ciitTf^etic  men  the  country  owes  the  completion 
of  this  ui'cnt  link  in  the  chain  that  unites  the  Atlantic 
ami  I'lii'ific  States. 

Mr.  Fiiloy  has  kept  aloof  from  the  strife  that  ut- 
tenJfl  office-seeking,  but  althoui;h  never  elected  to 
office,  he  has  in  his  day  played  quite  an  interest- 
in:;  ivic  ill  the  politics  of  the  city.  He  is  a  man 
of  iiitoii.sc  earnestness  of  conviction,  and  in  1848 
ns  one  of  the  adventurous  band  that  formed  the 
•  Free-Soil"  or  "Liberty"  party  in  Mi.ssouri,  and 
prominently  assisted  in  establishing  the  Barnburner, 
yet  well  reniciubered  us  a  Free-Soil  orjran. 

Later,  Mr.  Fillcy  was  interested  in  an  association 
which  founded  the  Uuinn,  the  paper  established 
(iiiriiii:  the  war  as  a  national  Union  paper  to  support 
Mr.  Lincoln  in  opposition  to  the  Democnif,  which 
w  the  "  organ"  of  Gen.  Fremont ;  and  he  was  also 
fur  some  time  interested  in  the  Dispu/ch,  which  was 
the  lineal  successor  of  the  ^^/nV)(i,and  which  was  ulti- 
Diatelv  nieruod  into  the  present  I'ust-Dt'spirlcli. 

Mr.  I'illey  was  also  prominent  in  the  stirring  politi- 
cal ;i;.;itiuion  that  preceded  the  breaking  out  of  the 
war.  He  was  intimately  associated  with  Hon.  Frank 
Blair  in  all  his  eflforts  to  build  up  a  Free  Soil  party, 
and  in  18.5(5  he  east  one  of  the  four  electoral  votes 
which  were  given  by  Missouri  for  Fremont,  the  Ile- 
]'uljliean  candidate  for  President.  When  the  war 
laiiie  he  was,  as  we  have  before  stated,  one  of  the 
fiavii)o.st  and  most  active  of  the  anti-secession  party, 
ami  armed  a  company  of  one  hundred  of  iiis  em- 
[l.ves  to  help  Gen.  Lyon  in  defenditig  tlie  arsenal. 
The>e  were  aiuoiig  the  first  volunteer  troops  equipped 
ill  tl,.' whole  country  for  the  suppression  of  the  seecs- 
.<iijn  movement.  Later  during  the  war  he  served 
III  till'  conimis.sion  to  as-sess  fines  against  Southern 
^ylllpathizers  in  St.  Louis, — a  very  unpleasant  duty, 
niiieli  he  [lerforined  witli  rcluclanee.  Only  one  or 
twii  assessments  were  made,  and  to  his  great  relief  the 
t  iiiiiiissiun  was  of  short  duration.  Of  late  years  he 
lii^  heeii  ilisposed  to  act  independently  in  politics. 

in  Se|iteinber,  1844,  Mr.  Filley  was  married  in 
llarifunl.  Conn.,  to  Jlaria  M.  Farrington.  Nine 
cliililren,  all  hoys,  .sprang  from  this  union,  six  of 
rtnui  are  living. 

.\lihou;.'li  Mr.  Filley  is  Hearing  the  psalmist's  limit 
of '■  threescore  years  and  ten,"  lie  is  still  actively  at 
the  head  of  hi.>,  large  and  intricate  business,  with  ap- 
parently little  diminution  of  the  energy  of  liis  younger 
vtars.  The  "  tinner  boy"  of  1834  can  now  look  back 
over  a  business  career  of  nearly  fifty  years,  which 
pave  heen  emini'Utly  characterized  by  an  energy,  in- 
siry,  and  rectitude  that  have  not  only  brought  Mr. 
lley  the  .satistying  return  of  a  very  large  compe- 


tence, but  the  general  esteem  of  the  community  as 
being  one  of  the  most  upright  and  honorable  citizens 
of  St.  Louis.  Mr.  Filley  has  given  a  remarkable 
proof  of  high  commercial  honor,  and  one  that  has 
seldom  been  equaled  in  the  business  annals  of  the 
world.  During  the  years  rang'ng  from  1864  to  1867 
he  had  been  a  heavy  indorser  for  a  gentleman  well 
known  in  the  city,  and  whose  financial  and  business 
character  was  above  suspicion.  Mr.  Filley,  with  other 
friends,  lent  this  gentleman  his  assistance,  and  indorsed 
for  him  heavily.  Finally  this  well-known  citizen 
failed,  and  Mr.  Filley  found,  somewhat  to  his  sur- 
prise, that  his  obligation  as  an  indorser  closely  ap- 
proached one  million  do'lars.  There  were  no  assets 
applicable  to  any  portion  of  this  indebtedness.  Mr. 
Filley 's  friends  advised  him  to  go  into  bankruptcy, 
and  promised  him  such  aid  as  he  might  require;  for 
his  re-establishment  in  business,  but  he  decidedly  and 
energetically  resisted  every  suggestion  of  this  kind, 
and  declared  his  intention  of  paying  every  dollar  of 
this  enormous  debt  if  the  creditors  would  only  give 
him  reasonable  time.  This  was  generally  acco'lud, 
and  for  some  years  he  applied  him.solf  to  his  .eroio 
task,  one  sufficient  to  unnerve  and  drive  to  the  wall 
any  man  of  common  mould.  In  1881  he  had  the  su- 
preme satisfaction  of  seeing  the  last  dollar  of  this 
mountain  of  obligation — now,  with  interest,  one  mil- 
lion three  hundred  thousand  dollars — lifted  from  his 
ledger  and  from  his  heart.  In  all  that  period  Mr. 
Filley  not  only  kept  the  business  of  the  company  in- 
tact but  Ip'  j  extended  it.  He  justly  regards  this 
exploit  as  the  crowning  triumph  of  a  life  distin- 
guished for  its  successes.  On  the  successful  consum- 
mation of  the  heroic  struggle  his  fellows  in  the  Na- 
tional Association  of  Stove  Manufacturers  presented 
him  with  a  bcwl  of  sterling  silver  as  a  testimonial  of 
the  honor  he  had  reflected  upon  their  branch  of  trade 
through  his  unflinching  devotion  to  principle. 

Among  those  selected  as  a  Committee  of  Safety  in 
St.  Louis,  to  whom  was  confided  the  guidance  of  all 
movements  in  the  interest  of  the  Union,  was  the  dis- 
tinguished lawyer  and  statesman,  Hon.  James  O. 
Broadhead.  Mr.  Broadhead  was  born  in  ('harlottes- 
ville,  Albemarle  Co.,  Va.,  May  2!1,  181!).  His  grand- 
father, Jonathan  Broadhead,  emigrated  from  York- 
shire, England,  during  the  Revolutionary  war,  and 
settled  in  Albemarle  County.  His  father,  Achilles 
Broadhead,  held  many  important  public  ofliees  in 
Albemarle  County,  and  was  captain  of  a  company  of 
volunteer  troops  from  Virginia  in  the  war  of  1812, 
and  served  during  the  war.  He  was  a  plain,  earnest, 
sensible,  religious  man,  and  was  trusted  in  every  re- 
lation of  life. 


1 

;  i 

I 

I  1 1 


602 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


The  iiiotlier  of  James  0.  Broadhead  was  Mary 
Winston  Carr.  She  was  of  Scottish  oriijin,  and  her 
ancestors  occupied  hiri;o  estates  in  Virginia,  where  they 
settled  at  an  early  day.  James  was  the  oldest  son  ; 
another  was  tlie  distinguished  geologist,  Garland  C. 
Broailliea'l. 

The  parents  belonged  to  the  upper  grade  of  country 
life,  and  were  distinguished  for  their  piety,  staid  in- 
tegrity, and  general  public  usefulness,  with  other  high 
mental  and  moral  characteristics,  which  they  trans- 
mitted to  their  descendants. 

Young  Broadhcad  received  a  thorough  classical 
training  at  the  hands  of  his  uncle,  Dr.  Frank  Carr,  a 
highly-educated  gentleman,  and  at  the  age  of  sixteen 
entered  the  University  of  Virginia,  supporting 
himself  a  year  there  wholly  by  his  own  exertions, 
and  then  was  engaged  as  teacher  of  a  private  school 
in  Baltimore.  Meanwhile  his  father  had  removed  to 
St.  Charles  County,  Mo.,  and  in  June,  1837,  he  fol- 
lowed the  family  to  Missouri,  and  settled  in  St.  Louis. 
He  first  obtained  uiuployment  us  a  tutor  for  the  chil- 
dren of  the  Hon.  Edward  Bates,  and  his  gentlemanly 
bearing  and  excellent  attainments  secured  the  confi- 
dence and  regard  of  that  gentleman,  and  indeed  of  all 
with  whom  he  was  associated.  While  so  employed 
he  was  the  law  student  of  Mr.  Bates,  and  spent  three 
golden  years  under  the  guidance  of  that  great  lawyer 
and  cultivated  man. 

In  1842  he  was  licensed  to  practice  law  by  Judge 
Ezra  Hunt,  of  Bowling  Green,  Mo.,  and  began  his 
practice  in  that  circuit,  opposed  to  a  bar  of  eminent 
men,  to  contend  with  whom  required  not  only  extra- 
ordinary exertions  but  extraordinary  abilities.  The 
large  and  lucrative  practice,  however,  which  the  young 
lawyer  .soon  enjoyed  demonstrated  his  unusually 
thorough  c(|uipment  for  the  duties  of  his  exacting 
profession.  He  also  took  a  prominent  part  in  public 
affairs,  and  his  popularity  and  the  general  appreciation 
of  his  ability  were  shown  by  his  election  to  the  Con- 
stitutional Convention  of  1845  from  the  Second 
Senatorial  District.  In  1847  he  was  chosen  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Legislature  from  Pike  County,  being  elected 
as  a  Whig,  and  against  a  decided  opposition  majority, 
overN.  P.  Minor,  a  popular  and  influential  Democrat. 
In  1850  ho  was  chosen  to  represent  his  district  in  the 
State  Senate,  after  a  canva.ss  of  unusual  warmth.  The 
strength  which  he  exhibited  in  these  struggles  con- 
firmed his  hold  upon  the  public,  and  the  ability  with 
which  he  discharged  his  public  duties  demonstrated 
the  wisdom  of  the  popular  choice.  In  hia  legislative 
career  he  proved  to  be  an  accomplished  debater,  and 
establi.shcd  an  enviable  reputation  aa  a  gentleman  of 
character  and  worth. 


In  1859,  Mr.  Broadhead  removed  to  St.  Louij 
where  he  formed  a  law  partnership  with  F.  ('.  Sliarpe 
and  immediately  secured  a  large  and  reiiiuiiorittive 
business.  He  has  continued  in  legal  pviU'tico  ev.r 
since,  except  when  engaged  in  public  service,  ani] 
when  there  have  devolved  upon  him  responsibilititi 
of  unusual  importance. 

In  the  winter  of  1860-61,  in    the  niiilst  nf  the 
agitation  preceding  the  war,  Mr.  Broadhead  was  pmin. 
inent  in  the  vigorous  measures  then  uiiiliitakcn  llr 
the  purpo.se  of  organizing  and  con-soliilatin:;  \'t]\.,^ 
sentiment,  and    to  defeat  the  alleged   cnnspiiacv  ti 
sweep  Mis.souri  into  secession.     In  Fcliniarv.  1m;1 
it  was  detern)ined  that  force  should  be  met  with  r.,iiv. 
and  to  this  end  steps  were  taken  to  orgaiii/c  with  arm. 
for  the  protection  of  Union  men,  and  to  nsi^t,  ifinvil 
be,  a.ssaults  of  Southern  sympathizers.     At  thelii'ail'if 
this    movement,  as  previously  stated,  was  |iia(o.l  a 
'■  Committee  of  Safety,"  and  at  the  suggest  inn  i,f  |I„||. 
Francis  P.  Blair.  Jr.,  Mr.  Broadhead  was  niionftlie 
five  persons  selected  to  act  in  this  impoitaiit  caiiaiiu, 
and  was  made  .secretary  of  the  comniiitui'.     Winn 
the  committee  was  organized  there  were  Imi  two  enic- 
panics  of  United  States  troops  west  of  tiic  Mi<«i.^i|i[ii 
lliver,  but  it  acted  so  promptly  and  sucicssrullv  tlut 
six  full  regiments  were  soon  mustered  iiitd  the  serviw 
of   the  United  States  and  a  most  cflicicnt  militurv 
organization  was  perfected.     This  doi'isivo  -Mm.  in 
doubt,  saved  Missouri  to  the  Union.     In  tiiis  w-A 
Mr.  Broadhead  was  conspicuous  for  his  at'iivity;  aiil 
such  was  the  confidence  repo.sed  in  liis  iiatiidtisiii  an! 
judgment  that  at  a  public  meeting  of  IJiiinn  iiioii  lie 
was  nominated  as  one  of  fifteen  candiilatos  in  iv|.r.j-  I 
sent  them  in  the  Constitutional  CoiivoiitiDH  wimh  liaJ 
been  called  to  determine  the  attitude  of  .Missniiii  in 
the  impending  struggle.     He  was  electod  liy  iieailv-is 
thousand  majority.     In  that  convciitinii  he  stniiwly 
advocated   prompt  and  decisive  action   as  tlie  "iilv 
means  of  .saving  the  State  and  the  riiinn.    Il' was 
chairman  of   the    committee  which,  in  'luly,  I'^'il. 
reported  in  favor  of  vacating  the  offices  iil'(i(ivorii"r, 
etc.,  on  the  ground  that  Governor  fracksmi  ami  liii 
colleagues  had  left  the  State  to  join  the  Coiili'iioiate; 
and  the  next  day  his  recommendation  was  aihiptiJ.  I 
and  a  provisional  government  was  established  ffiili 
Governor  Gamble  at  its  head. 

In  the  same  year,  and  at  its  most  exuitiii):  pcrioil, 
Mr.  Broadhead  was  appointed  United  States  district  j 
attorney  for  the  Eastern  District  of  .Missmiri,  to  I 
the  vacancy  occasioned  by  the  death  of  .Vsa  Jonei,] 
and  in  the  discharge  of  the  duties  of  iliis  ofliee.  it  iil 
said,  discovered  much  important  evidoiiee,  iiiniiaskingl 
the  plans  of  Governor  Jackson  and  his  associaiMij 


moved  to  St.  Louis, 
lip  with  F.  (".  Siiarpe, 
ge  and  reinuiioriitiTe 
in  legal  prai'tice  cvor 

I  public  sorvico,  anj 

II  biin  rcsiiiiiisibiliiits 


in    the  miilst  nf  ilie 
Broadiioail  w;is  prom- 
i  then  umlrvtakon  fur 
1  consolidatini;  Uiiion 
allejiud  ciiiisiiiiMcy  to 
In  Ft'lu'iiary.  Y^i'A. 
ould  bo  met  witlil'irf.', 
n  to  oriiiuii/.i'  with  arm- 
in,  and  to  rosi-'t.  il'iieoj 
ibizcrs.     At  tlielii'ail"f 
r  stated,  was  iilacoil  a 
;  the  suggeslidiiiif  ll"ii. 
)udheail  was  mic  nt'ilio 
this  iiupiirtaiit  apatily. 
he  coniniittci'.     Winn 
there  were  Imt  two  fmr.- 
i  west  of  till'  Missi"i]ipi 
tly  and  sulm-i'ssI'iiHv  ilwt 
uustcred  into  the  >orviiO 
most  oftleieiit  military 
Tills  dot;isive  action,  no 
Union.     Tii  this  w..rl; 
iiu.s  for  his  activity;  aii'l 
led  in  hi.-s  iiatfintisiii  aii-l 
ctiiij^of  L'niiiii  im'ii  lie 
een  cuiulidatcs !» ivprc- 
lal  Coiivoiitioiiwliiili  liaJ  I 
attitude  of  Mi.^smiri  in  i 
waH  elected  by  nearly  >is 
eonventinii  lie  strmiL'ly 
ive  acliitii   as  the  cii'v  | 
|nd  the  I'liioii.     lb' "aj 
which,  in  -lulv,  l'^'''' 
the  offices  nriiiivonint, 
ivernor  .lacksmi  ami 
o  join  the  CutitWlcralcf;] 
liiuendatioii  was  ailnpti" 
Int  was  cstabiisiiod  niili| 

[its  most  excitiii;:  poviii'l 
Id  United  States  district  I 
Itrict  of  .Missouri,  w  m 
Ihc  death  of  Asa  Jon.s,! 
lutiesof  this  office,  in*  I 

fant  evidence,  uinnnskinSJ 
kson  and  bis  associal«i 


■■■w 


■% 


■:'fe 


M. 


y 


^r"  ;^:;/i-^y>^.  y 


5    I   ■     :  I 


f'i 


i! 


ill  '  "" ' 


:iir 


■ '  !>; 

1 

Hi 

1 

ill 

;:'^|  i^ 

1 

602 


niSTOUV    OF   SAINT    LOUIS. 


TI 


Wi 
a' 


'        THiik  <'iirr.  .1 

<  .tt,  i;  .■.  .ij;c  !>f  sixtwu 

^'iri  :nii.     h'.ip^Kprtiliii 

'VII  rxurtioiis, 

iur  <il   ;i  priviue  scIkhi! 


f  Jumcs  0,  Broiidlieu'i  wns  Mary 

f  \vii.fc  of  Hi'ofiish  oriirin,  and  her 

■  ■  r  [lUos  ill  Virjjiiiia,  wherr;  thoy 

Jam™  was  tlici  (ilrli.'.st  sini ; 

.iigii!.<lii!ii  iteotDpist,  (jarlaiul  V. 


,iita  boioiiijocl  t  •  th<'  iipjM-r  t>rmlt;  M  oitnntry 

'       ..il  '.von;  ilistiiii;ni.slieil  I'"!'  thr'ir  pi>-ty   -r.iid   iu- 

vjirity,  ;itid  treiioiul  public  ii^'Ciilu^jiH.  with  utlior  liii'h 

mi.'iital  and  moral  i'liarai:te"istirs,  whi  b  i1h>v  trans- 

'.nilU'd  to  their  di'-OiMidaut- 

Y  iini^    ISruitdhcad    n- 
nMiiiiti<;  at  ilii)  huiiti«  onr 
hii;lily(;dui"it(-d  irrniKimaii, 
I'lll.T  'il     th'-      Tmi!  .  .i-i'v 
hill  >■'.!!'  a  yiMf 
an^i  'iii'ii  v/!\A  iMi..^i il  ;j     ; 
ill  I?  iitinn'ri!.      >lt!anwhii<   I'is  Cufricr  had  leiuovi^d  to 
.St    Chnrhsi  (\mi!ty,  Mn  .  -."ul  in  .Iiiiio,  ]«37,  he  fol- 
iijwi'd  (hi!  familv  to  '.Mi.'.Hi;iiri.  and  nottied  in  St,  L'-iuia. 
lit-  tiist  obiAiiivvi  fm|il.)ynieiii  'Xj  i;  tutor  for  tho  i-hil- 
dreu  of  the  U>io   Edward  B«t<!M,-aiid  his  gimtwfnaidy 
i'.'i' •  I!.'  iivi  1  Mi'"-*  K;  !it  (ittniriiu 'nif  H<'ciir"<d  f'! 
di.ii.,.  and  ri^jjutvl  .  I'thtit  g- niU'inuii.  and  iiidci 
wii.ii  whom  hi  wivi  uMiD'-iiatijii.     While  m  fniplo. 
!:  'iw  si.id..-.u  of  Mr.  T{;it('s.  and  -pont  tin  •..•. 

;;  !     unlcr  thv  iiiiid.irii'i:  of  tli  i;.  :."V:il  'iuvyi 

and  ciihivacod  nmn. 

1  (  1842  ]tv  vva.s  iiciiiMui  to  praciioc  la-./  by  Judj:': 
lli'in  Hunt,  of  Uowlins:  (Jri'on,  Mo.,  a*id  boir.in  his 
pnictiou  in  that  cinMiil.  ■•nposcd  to  a  bar  of  oujiiicnt 
trirtii,  to  I'  Ml  tend  with  whom  rc<jtiiri>d  iii>i  only  extm- 
uiciinaiy  tixortinn.s  but  exir.iordinai'y  abiiiti('.«i.  Thv 
larguatid  jin'ral^ve  pmcticu,  howi-vpr,  which  the  young 
i.wyi'i     tdinii    fiijoud    doinon-tralod    !ii»    nnuii'ially 


tl'ii!vnt.b  I'lipuidiit  tor  tbi-  diitiiv*  of  lii»  y.\ai;tinj; 
j.  He  aiKo  took  n  }.i'oiuiiiunt  part  in  public 

all  iii>  Aiid  )ii>  |.npolarity  and  tin."  lioiktr!  appri'oiation 
of  bis  abiiily  \vt;r<!  »hown  1\y  bi.s  uiertioii  to  tlie  Con- 
siitmioMil  (^invuntion  of  184r>  fioin  ib.-  SoucmJ 
S  '  ■I'-'i.     Id  IS(7  hu  w.w  1  hi'.pn  a  inciii- 

b  ■    '  i.uri- from  l'iki.1  t^mnty,  bt^in;;  flci't<'d 

IS  il  W'hiu:,  all  i  aj-Minw  axieciduil  opposition  inajorify, 
"V<,'rN.  P.  .Vliiioc,  .t  popular  and  itiHinMitial  Denincrat. 
In  18.V.f  ho  Wan  ch  ■<•<  o  u>  rcpnwi.'ni  liis  district  in  the 
Statu  Sonati),  aftiir  a  Miiva—i  of  uniisnal  warinlh.  '.riie 
stniivth  wbiidi  hi'  ^•\htbiiid  iu  tiu.w  ftni'_'j:lfls  con- 
(irmt'd  his  hold  wpi.o  'bn  paii!i',  a:id  thi'  abibly  with 
whioh  he  di.soharged  h-.s  publie  duiiia  doiooustrated 
tliti  wisdom  of  the  popular  I'buicn.  Iii  bif-  ieijihlativi! 
'  iir  "  '!■■  I'T' v>d  tf  b''  rn  iiiminilivl  ,.d  d'Oihl'i.  imi 
established  an  enviable  reputation  as  a  gentleman  of 
character  and  worth. 


In   JH;')!*,  Mr,   Broadhrad  r(*movpd   ^ 
wbori'  be  fiirnii'd  si  biw  partnership  witt: 
and  immrdiatcly  securod   a    Inmc   an-s 
business.       Ho  has  continut^i  in  leiir.; 
.-in.'f,   i;X(!npt   whcti   t  ii;;ap(>d    in    pubi 
wluHi  ibcre  havo  devolvfil    ipuM   iiini     . 
of  uii.isual  iniportanee. 

In    the   wiuior  oi'    IKiili-lil ,  in    ;: 
uitituiioiiprfiiodiiii:  the  war.  Mr.  l!pr:  : 
inrni  in  the  vigorou.H  measures  ;h' 
tlie  pnrpa'se  of  or^'ani/.inf;  and     • 
Mint li. Hill,  and    to  de'out   the  uP. 
swc'p  MisMiuri  into  secession.      I;, 
it  w.is  di'terniiiied  that  fnrco  sbniil.i 
and  to  this  end  steps  wore  iaki'ii  t'> 
for  the  protection  of  Union  men.  ai; 
be,  Hssiudt.s  of  Soulhi'rn  Mvinpatiiiy. 
this    movement,  as  prirviously  v- 
"  Gommittee  of  Safety."  and  at ;  1,. 
Franei.s  P.  Blair,  Jr.,  Mr.  Broai!l 
five  portions  selncled  to  act  in  tin- 
and   was  iiiado  secretary  of  the 
the  uiiinniiHue  was  oru.iir/.i^d  tb,'; 

.V"^  iif  I'oitod  Htato.s  troojis  IV 
■  1   il  acted  so  pniinptl} 
>!.>;  !uii  i'efritui-iit,«  were  .'onn  inii.- 
oi'    ih«'   I'liiti'd   States  anil  a     i 
oruanizatioii  was  perfiH-Lod. 
doubt,  saved   Missoiiii  t.'   i!i  • 
Mr.  Bruadhoad  was  eun.-pi'   i' 
such  was  the  confidence  ropi 
judgment    bat  at  a  pnblii:  t,'    ■ 
wa.i   iiimiiiiated   as  one  ol"  t; 
sent  theiu  in  tbo  Conatitutijxi^.Tonvi'ri  1 
bioii  I'alleil  to  determine  lll^'  itti^'   i 
iho  inipeiidiii|.;  struL'tiliv     H-  "    - 
thousand  loajority.     In  (Ki- 
advncatod    ivronipl    and   d'::-;\..    ni:   ■ 
meins  of  f:iviii^  the  S'u.    *nd  thf   l'; 
chairinaii  of  tin:    coiniiiittt>e  which.  - 
reported   in  t'lvor  of  v::-'atiiiij:  the  olli  • 
eie,,  on   the  ;.;riiund  tbist  (juvertio!    J: 
rolleajiues  had  left  thi*  State  to  j.  i 
and   the  next   d  ly  liin  r.Mdiuiiuinl.iti.  • 
and  a  pijvisioiial  gosi-inuifiit  v  a.M  i-^i:! 
(rovernor  (iambic  .il  its  hei;d. 

Ill   till'  same  year,  and   at  it's  most  ■      > 
Mr.  Mroadlu'ad  W;is  ayipoiiiied  l/nited   -• 
attorney  IVir  the    l''a.''lern  Pistriit  of  Mi*  i 
the  varaiKiy  iieea.sioned  by  tbi'  deuib 
:u]'!  ill  ill"  d^t-lun-"-'-  '.f  !t"  '11;  i'      'f  •' 
said,  discovered  much  important  evidenee,  uiiiiiaskinjj 
the  plans  of  Governor  Jackson  and  liis  iissociates, j 


I  Ifl 


-^  ,  I--'  I.- 
.1111    '■■ 


i  !»h. 


•rii'ii- 


■!-     * 


■111  !: 
as  t'sra^'! 


mnsf  ovi 


.1   I 

;uii  i.  '      ■  '■  ■ 

li,.  (lm»!h  of  Am 

ant  evideiK'1%  unmajkinsj 
t8on  aud  liis  «.^sociatei, 


^UiV 


rri! 


will 

libe 
the 
sece 
iliili 

ill  ii 
iiiiir 
Four 

.•Mill 

iimi 

mill 

T 

lln« 

tiifV 

iliiit 

whiii 

I 'nil 

will 

lor  li 

fifiii 

Ijiiiili 

$i'>ri, 

sfioed 

In 
the  t 
a  pro 
ri'Siiii 
and  li 
hv  i 
"fliis 
liaik, 
lllO  n 
lici'  a 

ill 
lirnai 
ilidalt 
F-rty 
llie  I.I 
lion, 
fricnil.' 

iivrr  ;| 

ViT'iir 

His  ri 

ilnniar 
as  alil^ 
t'latf 
aivait 
wiiri  I 
tion  f, 
ciroum 

Till!  Ill 

\  ytars. 
Inl 


POLITICAL   PROGRESS. 


603 


which  opi'iicd  the  eyes  of  the  Union  men  to  tlio  de- 
liberate clmractur  of  the  ph)t  to  tuko  Mis8(  '.ri  from 
the  Unimi.  and  unused  the  lines  between  inyulists  iind 
jccessioiiii'ts  to  becloHeiy  iind  distiiietly  <'.Hwn.  Otiier 
(iutii's,  however,  comjielhMl  Mr.  Droadheiid  to  resign 
ill  11  few  inmiths,  he  iiavin;;  been  u|i[oiiired  j)r()Vost- 
iiiar>hiil-i;<'ii<'ri»l  ot  the  depiirtnient  emhraeini;  Mi.s- 
gouri,  Arkansas,  Kansas,  the  Indian  Territory,  and  the 
siiiithcrn  p:irt  of  Iowa.  He  diseharced  the  delicate 
and  rciiiiiinsibie  duties  of  tinit  offiee  witii  jud<;;nient 
ami  vifior. 

'I'm  ^ivo  any  aocurate  aecoiint  of  the  services  of  Mr. 
HrMjiiiii'ail  liiirinj;  the  war  would  really  involve  a  his- 
i(,rviit'ili('i'iitirestr'i!igl('  in  Missouri.  Suifieoit  toHay 
that  lie  was  amonij  the  foremost  of  the  energotie  men 
ithiiso  i)atrii>iism  and  courage  saved  the  State  to  the 
I'liioii  when  feeble  coun.sels  would  have  lost  it,  and  he 
will  be  I'diTVcr  honored,  with  Blair,  Lyon,  and  oti'ers, 
for  his  iiie»tiiiiable  services  at  jirobably  tlie  most  critical 
porioJ  of  the  war,  when,  had  Missouri  yielded,  the 
liiinlor  States  would  have  been  precipitated  into  .seces- 
sinii,  ;m(l  the  Confederacy  would  probably  have  been 
ilioeilily  and  lirnily  established. 

In  187"),  .Mr.  IJroadheiid  was  chcsen  a  member  of 
ilioCiiiistiiiitiuiial  Convention  of  that  year,  and  took 
a  prominent  part  in  its  deliberations.     At  its  clo.se  ho 
iv<niii(J  tiic  jiractico  of  his  profession  in  St.  Louis, 
anil  l'i>r  Si'Vuial  years  was  at  the  head  of  the  well-known 
liw  linn  iif  Hriiadhead,  Slayback  k   Ilaeussler,  one 
Mt'liisn>.sociato.>i  being  the  lamented  Col.  A.  \V.  Slay- 
link,  whose  tia^ie  death  in  October,  1882,  shocked 
ilii'  iiinimunity.     The  extent  and  variety  of  his  pruc- 
lio'  afford  the  best  evidence  of  his  ability  aa  a  lawyer. 
Ill  1S82,  ill   response  to  a  general   demand,  Mr. 
Hi"adhead  con.sented  to  become  the  Democratic  can- 
JiJato  for  Congress  in  the  Ninth    District   for  the 
F'irtyeii;litli  Congress,  and  also  for  the  vacancy  in  , 
tlif  old  Second  District  caused  by  the  death  of  the  i 
Hun.  Tliiiiiia.s  Allen.     He  wa.s,  it  is  claimed  by  liis  , 
friinds. olirteil  I'cir  the  former,  after  a  severe  struggle, 
uvi'i-  a  very  jioptilar  aiid  rich  opponent ;  but  his  ud- 
vorsary  reeeivcd  the  certificate   for  the  siiort  term. 
His  I'lieiids  entertain   no  doubt  that   in   the  larger 
iliinai'i  of  iiatiiinal  legislation  he  will  acquit  himself  ; 
as  abl,'  and  creditably  as  lie  has  invariably  done  in  ■ 
Nate  atii.irs,  and  many  hope  that  still  higher  honors  : 
a^tait  him.    In  1876  he  wa.s  the  choice  of  the  Mis-  1 
soun  >ielei;aiion  in  the  Democratic  National  Conven- 
'ion  f.ir  President  of  the  United  States,  and  this  j 
cirouiiistanee  demonstrates  his  standing  among  those 
''lio  have  elcsely  watched  his  career  during  forty  busy 
Vtars. 

In  1847,  Mr.  Broadhead  was  married  to  Miss  Mary 


S.  Dorsey,  a  native  of  Maryland,  and  an  accomplished 
and  estimable  lady,  bijlonging  to  a  well-known  and 
Iiighly  esteemed  family.  The  uninii  resulted  in  throe 
children, — Charles  S.  Broadhead,  who  has  selected  the 
profession  of  the  law,  under  hi.s  fatht-r's  guidance, 
and  two  daughters,  Mary  W.  and  Nannie  D.  Broad- 
lu^ad. 

Col.  Broadhead's  industry  and  energy,  his  courage, 
and  his  fidelity  to  principle  are  sufficiently  illustrated 
in  the  ^'illlple  record  of  his  career,  ami  .seem  to  r('(|uire 
no  further  comment.  His  geniality  has  won  for  him 
tile  universal  good  will  of  his  prol'essioiml  brethren, 
and  their  eontidence  in  his  ability,  integrity,  and  fair- 
ness is  implicit.  The  clearness  and  force  of  his 
opinion.s  give  him  a  great  influence  with  the  courts, 
and  many  most  important  controversies  have  been 
settled  upon  the  strength  of  his  judgment  as  an  ad- 
vocate. His  standing  among  his  legal  brethren  ap- 
peal's from  the  fact  that  in  August,  1S78,  lie  was 
elected  the  first  president  of  the  American  Bar  Asso- 
ciation, a  society  comprising  the  hiading  lawyers  of 
the  country,  and  organized  to  advance  the  scienct!  of 
jurisprudence  and  uphold  the  honor  of  the  profession 
of  the  law.  Hi.s  treatment  of  younger  uLl,,iiieys  is 
marked  by  forbearance  and  patience.  The  manly 
dignity  of  his  presence  and  the  unassuming  sim- 
]dicity  ol"  his  manners  are  remarkably  illustrative  of 
his  eharac^tcr,  which  is  strong,  direct,  straightforward, 
candid,  and  truthful.  As  a  speaker,  he  is  severely 
logical,  yet  often  gracel'ul  and  eloquent,  as  well  as 
forcible.  He  possesses  a  fine  fund  of  humor,  and  is 
full  of  sympathy  for  the  unfortunate  and  the  .suffer- 
ing, i.s  of  inexhaustible  kindness  of  heart,  is  stanchly 
faithful  to  his  friends,  is  intense'.y  fond  of  nature,  and 
is  of  simple  tastes. 

Conspicuous  among  those  who  not  only  lent  the 
government  their  moral  support  and  approval,  but 
contributed  their  personal  services  without  stint  and  « 
with  little  thought  of  the  sacrifices  involved  was  Capt. 
Barton  Able.  When  hostilities  began  Capt.  Able 
promptly  placed  himself  on  the  side  of  the  Union, 
and  his  experience  at  critical  times  was  of  acknowl- 
edged advantage  to  the  authorities.  Such  was  the 
confidence  of  Gen.  Lyon,  who  was  in  command  at  St. 
Louis,  that  Capt.  Able  was  placed  in  charge  of  the 
tratisportation  department  in  the  city,  and  had  sole 
charge  of  the  expedition  that  conveyed  Lyon  and 
Blair  to  Boonville.  He  also  had  charge  of  transpor- 
tation for  the  troops  dispatched  south  by  river,  and 
commanded  the  fleet  that  lefl  St.  Louis  with  Gen. 
Fremont  and  the  expeditionary  forces  to  Cairo,  in  Au- 
gust, 18G1.  He  cooperated  with  the  leading  Union 
men   in  all   measures  for  the  support  of  the  govern- 


■  I 


.nili 


HI' 


'j:  la 


I'il 


I!  >! 


15' 

ill  i      J 

if  1=  :l 


Ml 


in 


!       M 


604 


HISTORY   OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


ment,  unci  hoatled  a  cominittee  to  visit  i're»idont  I/in- 
colii  in  the  InttTost  of  Western  measures. 

But  when  the  Southern  soldiers  laid  down  their 
arms,  he  was  anion^  the  6rst  to  wi^leonie  theui  baeii 
and  extend  tlie  fraternal  hand;  and  with  tlic  olive- 
branch  of  peaeo.  ho  was  a  member  ofthe  conservative 
delectation  lo  tiio  lialtiniore  Convention  in  1804,  and 
the  chairman  of  the  delegation  lo  the  Philadelphia 
Convention  in  18(i(i,  to  consider  the  state  of  the  coun- 
try, where  lie  was  most  prominent. 

A  fiinious  dis[iatch,  showing  ihc  warmth  of  his 
feeliiiiis,  was  sent  homo  by  Capt.  Abie  at  the  time,  in 
about  these  words : 

'■  The  delegates  from  IMa.s.-iachusotts  and  South  Car- 
olina have  just  entered  the  convention  arm  in  arm. 
(jlory  to  God !" 

Barton  Able  was  born  in  Trinity,  Alexander  Co., 
III..  >ix  miles  above  Cairo,  on  July  151,  \H'1'.\.      llis 
father  was  of  Irish  descent,  and  settled  about  the  j-enr 
1810  in  Cape  (iirardeau.  Mo.,  from  which  place  he 
moved  to  Illinois  in  1820.      He  was  a  soldier  of  the 
war  of  1812,  and   from    18:}(»  to  1840  served  with 
credit  in  the  Illinois  Jjc^islature,  amon<:;  his  colleagues 
beiii<;  sucli   men  as  Lincoln,  l)ou}.'las,  John   llo<;an, 
Jesse  K.  Dubois,  Governor  French,  Col.  J.  T.  Hardin, 
and  James  Shields.     His  mother  was  of  Scotch  pa- 
rentage, bearing  the  name  of  tlie  Camcrons.      Both 
parents  died  in  1840,  and  Barton  at  the  age  of  seven- 
teen, with  few  advanlag(!s  of  early  education,  was  left 
to  seek  his  fortune.     In  1S4,'>  he  left  the  old  homestead  * 
and  removed  to  St.  Louis,  whore  ho  arrived  with  one  i 
hundred    dollars  in   money  as  his  .sole   capital  with 
which  to  start  in  life.     After  various  efforts  to  obtain 
employment  ho  at  length  shipped  on  board  the  Keokuk 
packet  '•  Ocean  Wave"  as  receiving  clerk  at  a. salary  of 
thirty  dollars   per   montii,  liolding  the  position  two 
years,  when  he  was  chosen  by  tlie  owners  as  captain 
at  a  salary  of  one  hundred  dollai's  per  month,  in  place 
of  Capt.    Whitney,  who    retired.     He    continued    in 
charge  of  the  "  Ocean  Wave;''  two  years,  when  ho  as-  i 
suuied  command  of  the  steamers  "  Time  and  Tide"  and  i 
"  Cataract,"  running  them  in  the  Illinois  lliver  trade  ^ 
until  1854,  when  he  was  transferred  to  the  Missouri 
River  trade,  taking  command  of  the  steamers  "  Cata-  j 
ract"  and  "  Kdinburgh." 

He  remained  in  this  business  until  1858,  when,  re- 
tiring from  the  river,  he  engaged  in  commercial  enter 
prises,  and  conducted  until  1804  a  large  commission- 
house  on  the  corner  of  Pine  and  Commercial  Streets,  i 

Capt.  Able,  although  in  early  life  a  Democrat,  be- 
came identified  with  the  Freo-Soil  ticket,  upon  which 
he  was  elected  to  tlie  Legislature  in  1850.     While  in  j 
this  position  he  put  Col.  Thomas  H.  Benton  in  noni-  ' 


ination  for  the  United  States  Senate,  and  c  i-i  the |f,, 
vote  ever  given  for  emancipation  iu  MLssumi, 

Capt.  Able  was  an  admirer  of  Bentoti  tci  ilicexipni 
almost  of  hero-worship.  As  a  statesman,  lie  wii>  liji 
model  in  the  elements  of  haughty,  deliimt  cmrr,, 
towards  his  enemies  and  congiMiiality  ami  iiiinli.,,,,,. 
sion  to  friends.  In  his  intimate  as.sociatioii  wiiji  iim 
great  man,  Ca])t.  Able  listened  with  a|ipr(Ti;i(ini|  ,„ 
his  writhing  invectives  in  rhetorical  peril uls.  uiidii,/ 
conlemptuous  scorn  with  which  he  retmkcd  hri'iin. 
tious  opponents,  and  these  'nasterpieces  nllijs  (iritufj 
(!apt.  Able  could  repeat  witli  an  imitati(jii  so  pirfrei 
that  tiiose  who  lieard  the  original  pronoiiiiiTd  itiuli,. 
absolutely  Bentonian,  as  regards  voice,  gesture,  aiil 
even  tiio  very  language. 

Ho  was  a  Benton  delegate  to  the  Cincinnati  ('(invfii 
tion  in  1850,  which  nominated  Buchanan  fur  Vm 
dent,  and  a  delegate  to  the  Chicago  Cniivcniinii  ij 
18G0,  which  nominated  Lincoln,  though  ihu  .^lis^.iiri 
delegation  was  instructed  for  Kdwanl  Bates.    Ileal. 
accompanied  Francis  P.  Blair  and  B.  Gratz  Ifrown  lo  I 
the  Cincinmtti  Convention,  which  nominated  Grtilev 
in  1872.      He  was  always  a  warm   persmial  Irieiiil  nf 
President  Andrew  Jolinson,  from  wlmui,  uiisnlitiic], 
he  received  tlie  appointment  of  collector  of  internal  I 
revenue  at  St.    Louis.     In    180."),    Capt.   .\lile  jtai 
elected    president   of  the    Merchants'    l']xehiini:f.  in 
which  |)osition  ho  acf|uitted  himsell' witii  credit,  his 
experience  in  commercial  matters  atid  skill  as  a  iir- 
liamcntarian  being  of  a  decided  ailvaniage  to  tlieiii'rl 
cantile  community.     He  was  also  a  nienihor  of  tlie  I 
Nationid  Bmird  of  Trade  forscnne  years. anil  frei|ii.iitlvj 
represented   that  and  the   Merchanis'    ExihaiiL'o  all 
Washington  and  in  various  ciinvciitiuns  in  tlie  iiitor-l 
ests  of  West(^rn  trade  and  iiniinn  ive. 

Capt.  Able  was  married  in  IS  J7  at  I'rairie  ilel 
Rochor,  111.,  to  3Iiss  Mary  Ant>  llailinuii,  (luiiL-litofj 
of  Dr.  David  Ilailmon,  nf  Kaskaskia,  who  siirviviiil 
him,  together  with  an  adopted  daughter.  A  bintlitTij 
Capt.  Daniel  Able,  of  St.  Louis,  and  a  sister,  the  wifj| 
of  Capt.  N.  S.  Green,  of  Memphis,  weie  the  onlj 
relatives  that  survived  of  his  father's  fatnily. 

Capt.  Abie's   di'ath    occurred  on  the  litli  of  .M;iy| 
1877,  and  "lii  ite  val  and  earnest  exiiressinn- 

r'       t   »'    oughout   the  coniiuunity.     I'ersoiiallv. 

Iriend  or  ae(|uaintance  of  thousand.^  nf  |*oj 
iiid  by  reputatid        is  known  not  to  St.  Loiiis.iiil 

lie,  but  'iioughoui  the  entire  West.  So  ihar| 
ougiily  id'iiiified,  up  to  tlie  time  wheti  his  illnc! 
robbed  h.ui  of  his  physical  power,  had  ('apt.  Ah 
been  with  all  great  movements  in  whi' '  St.  Lmii.'i  w> 
interested,  that  to  be  familiar  with  ..le  j^rowth  an 
progress  of  the  city  was  to  know  him  well.    No  ma 


POLITICAL  pRoauKsa. 


605 


)  the  CiiK'iimi\ii  Ciiiivon 
3d  Buc^liiiiiiin  lor  I'rcsi- 
Cliiciii;()  C'i>nvcntioii  in 
jln,  thoaiili  llio  Misjniiri 
Kdw:ir.l  IJati's.    Ik-aW 
r  and  IJ.  Grmz  limwn  h- 
fliicli  in)iiiiii;ili'il  (,'iivilcy 
warm  jjorsmiul  IVk'nil  4 
from  whiiiii,  iinsolioitfJ, 
t  of  ctilli'ctiir  iif  ihifmil 
18Gr>,    Caiit.   Able  m 
^lercliiints'    Kxchnniic  in 
i  liimscll'  with  n'cilit.liis 
iitters  anil  >kill  iis  a  [ar- 
led  advaiila;„'et"tliei"':T- 
IS  also  a  nu'inbor  "f  llie 
)nii'  vt'ars.  aiul  fn'i|iii'nlly 
SltTcliaiils'    Exi'liiui'.'o  m 
mvciitiniis  ill  tlio  iiiUr- 
ininifVci'. 
ill    IrtlT   at   Trairio  'le' 
Amp    llailiimn,  ilmiihlet 
Kaskaskia.  wlm  ^"fvived 
n\  dau;.'luor.    A  luMtlier, 
)uis,  and  a  si>tor,  the  »it«! 
Moiniiliis,  woiv  the  oiil 
s  father's  family, 
red  on  thr  titli  "f  M>y, 
lul  earnest  cxiirosMim 
inanity.     l'ov-^"iially.  hi 
Unci'  of  tluiii^amls 
Iviiowu  not  to  St.  liWii>.i 
entire   W.-st.    &.  tW 
ju   lime  when  his  illne 
[1  power,  had  fai't.  M)' 
jitsinwhii'iSt.Luuis* 

[liar  with     .<■  ;.:row'l'  a 
know  him  well.    N" ""' 


ivis  iiiiirc  prompt  to  tukt;  thi;  load  in  tlio  pronH)lioii  of 
m.^cntiii  rise.s,  and  histjenial  face  and  di^inified  jiros- 
^iice  hud  lon^  been  familiar  to  everybody  from  the 
ftiiiiiiMU'V  with  whieli  ho  was  called  upon  to  preside 
t  iiuhlie  meetinfjH,   political  or  otlierwi«o,   and    the 
rroniiii*"'   ph't^"  '"^'  "'wy   oceupied   us  a  matter  of 
c„ur»e  ftiiii'ni;  those  fjivinj;    weijiht  to   any   popular 
niovi'ineiit.     A.side    from    his   sound   judi,'ment   and 
broiid  viewi",   Capt.    Abie    was    peculiarly    fitted    by 
iiiiiire  for  the  prominence  he  always  acquired  on  such 
niM.'ioi's.     1'"'''^  ""-'"  fl'owed  sucli  tact  us  u  presiding 
officer,  ami  'I'W  were  readier  with  an  apt  address  when- 
fwr  (ictasiiiii  re(|uired.     Persoindly  popular,  the  re- 
»arJ  I'litertaiiicd  for  him  was  8tren};thened  by  n  confi- 
jtiicc  in  his  jiidj;ment  certain  to  be  justitied.     In 
evcrvlhin}.'  'hat  tended  to  the  commercial  advantaj^e  of 
<i  Louis  and  the  city's  material  prof^ress,  lie  was 
luimi;  the  first  and  most   enerj,'etie  movers,  and   his 
iilvicc  and  ;;ond  judfiment  were  always  souglit  for  and 
teedeii,  iiartiiMilarly  on   committees.      In    the    many 
riilniad,  biiih^'',  and  other  enterprises  he  took  part  in 
llie  ineipioiit  staires,  and  if  the  object  was  successful, 
hcjiiiiicd  heart  and  liand  in  celebration  of  tlieir  com- 
leiion;  tind    in  all    philanthropic    objects,  wlien    a 
(weri'ity  was  devastated  by  fire  or  stricken  down  with 
KstiliDce,  Barton  Able  was  among  the  first  to  enlist 
ivnipathv  and  uifie  uiuterial  assistance.      More  could 
lot  be  siiid  of  his  earnestness  of  purpose  and  good- 
ness of  heart. 

Aiiiitlier  warm  supporter  of  the  Union  at  the  out- 

Ibrealciif  the  civil  war,  and  who  did  as  much,  perhaps, 

Liaiivoitizen  of  St.  Louis  to  aid  the  government  during 

ik  terrible  period,  was  Hudson  E.  Bridge.     At  the 

kinnin'.'  of  the  war  Mr.  Bridge  was  among  the  first 

[t(i  aiiiiouiict!  his  position  as  one  of  unqualified  de- 

rotion  to  the  Union  cause,  and  was  elected  a  inember 

llie  convention  i.f  1861,  whose  prompt  action  in 

ishlng  a  provisional  government  for  the   Stale 

:ureJ  the  position  of  iMissouri  in  the  Union.     He 

tii  a  liberal  contributor  in  the  organization  of  the 

itlier  rcj;iuit'nts,  when  no  assistance  could  be  had 

u  tlie  |.'overiinient  at  Washington,  and  he  was  at 

liiues  a  generous  donor  to  all  the  sanitary  and 

ikr  asitociations  growing   out    of   the    war.      His 

')ership  in  the  convention  of  1861,  however,  was 

be  ouiy  political  trust  he  ever  consented  to  accept. 

Hudson  K.  Bridge  was  born  at  VValpole,  N.  H., 

tlither  his  parents  had  removed  a  short  time  before 

)Di  Worcester,  Mass.,  on  the  17th  of  May,  1810. 

It  <ras  descended  from  that  old  Puritan  stock  which 

ud  its  way  from  the  shores  of  the  Old  World  and 

lied  in  the  vicinity  of  Boston  about  the  middle  of 

tt  Seventeenth  century.     In  his  early  childhood  his 


parents  removed  to  Kennington  (Jounty,  Vt.,  where, 
under  the  shadows  of  the  lireen  Mountains,  he  grew 
up  in  the  life  of  the  ordinary  New  England  boy, 
spending  tin?  greater  part  of  iht-  year  in  the  labors  of 
the  farm,  and  eagerly  availing  him.self  of  the  limiied 
facilities  for  education  which  were  provided  during 
the  winter  months.  In  the  very  month  in  which  hu 
was  twenty-one,  against  the  protest  of  his  friends,  ho 
turned  his  face  lowanls  the  West,  !'ull  of  eoiifidenco 
that  in  its  boundless  resources  there  was  a  wider  field 
for  what  he  considered  his  own  capacity  for  business 
snceess.  Mr.  Bridge  left  the  parental  roof  with  only 
si.\  dollars  in  his  pocket,  to  save  which  lut  walked  to 
Troy,  N.  Y.,  and  there  entered  a  store,  where  ho  re- 
mained some  six  months,  accumulating  sufficient  to 
take  him  to  (.'oliimbiis,  Ohio,  the  place  he  had  orig- 
inally selected  as  his  destination.  Arriving  at  Co- 
lundius  in  the  autumn  of  18;>1,  his  first  care  was  to 
survey  the  field  before  him,  and  while  so  doing  he 
opened  a  school  for  the  winter  months,  in  which  he 
was  .so  successful  that  ho  was  urged  to  continue  it. 
But  teaching  was  but  a  temporary  expedient,  not  at 
all  congenial  to  his  tastes  or  disposition,  and  at  the 
earliest  opportunity  he  entered  the  employment  of  a 
firm  there  doing,  for  the  place  and  period,  an  exten- 
sive business.  While  conncct(^d  with  this  house  as 
salesnuui  he  uuide  trips  covering  the  whole  West, 
from  Detroit  to  Nashville,  and  from  Columbus  to  St. 
Louis.  To  his  knowledge  of  the  West  and  Western 
people,  ac(|uired  at  this  time,  Mr.  Bridge  attributed 
much  of  his  later  success.  He  was  a  man  of  great 
enterprise,  always  adventurous,  and  to  do  something 
which  had  not  been  done  before — to  extend  the  facili- 
ties for  business,  to  cheapen  the  cost  of  manufacture, 
to  make  at  homo  something  that  others  thought  neces- 
sary to  bring  from  abroad — was  always  with  him  an 
object  to  be  attained.  It  was  with  this  view  that,  in 
1835,  he  left  Columbus  and  went  to  Springfield,  111., 
and,  in  connection  with  Jewett,  Matther  &  Lamb, 
inaugurated  the  manufacture  of  plows  in  that  city, 
which  up  to  that  time  had  been  brought  from  Cin- 
cinnati. The  Jewett  plow  manufactured  by  them 
1  became  the  leading  plow  of  the  time,  and  the  business 
of  the  firm  was  one  of  uninterrupted  success. 

It  was  during  one  of  Mr.  Bridge's  trips  to  the 
Cumberland  lliver  for  iron  that  his  attention  was  at- 
;  tracted  to  St.  Louis  as  a  promising  point  for  business, 
;  and  after  endeavoring  without  success  to  interest  his 
I  partners  at  Springfield  in  the  proposed  new  location, 
I  he  removed  in  1837  to  St.  Louis,  and  in  company 
!  with  Hale  &  Royburn  established  the  business  in 
j  this  city.  Mr.  Hale  dying  soon  after,  the  business 
was  continued  hy  Bridge  &  Reyburu,  and  the  de- 


606 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


partiMeiit  of  stoves  and  hollow-ware  was  added.  At 
this  period  al!  iiianuf'aetiires  of  tiiis  character  were 
hroujiht  from  the  Ohio  Iliver.  JIi\  Hridfje,  however, 
eoneeivcd  that  the  eost  iiii<i;ht  he  Ic.sciieJ  by  liavitii; 
the  jilates  nianufaetiiicd  on  the  TeiMiessee  Uiver  and 
put  toijether  in  his  own  shop,  and  this  was  the  first 
innovation.  But  this  did  not  satifly  him.  Willi  only 
the  experience  in  iron  nianut'aef  ure  aequircd  in  Sprin-;- 
field,  he  deteriuiried  to  lu-ike  the  j)]ates  in  St.  Louis, 
and  in  18.S8  a  little  foundry  was  established  in  eon- 
nection  with  his  store.  Old  stove  dealers  warned  the 
younj:  man,  then  only  twenty-eijiht  years  of  age,  of 
his  folly  in  endeavoring  to  couipi'te  with  tlit  older 
nianufaeturers  of  Cineinaati,  and  of  the  failure  that 
must  ine\itably  follow.  But  Mr,  Bridge  soon  found 
that  by  eareful  economy  the  eost  of  luanufaeture  was 
less  than  tlio  eost  of  brinv.in<,  I'rom  tli;;  East.  At 
this  time  he  was  his  uwn  foreiuan  nud  salesman  by 
day  and  his  own  bo(>k-keeper  at  niLrht.  and  though  of 
very  humble  pretensions  in  comparison  with  the  estab- 
lishment of  to-day,  the  foundation  was  thus  laid  oi' 
the  I'hnpire  Stovo- Works,  which  was  destined  to  be- 
come one  of  the  largest  ami  best-known  manufac- 
turing enterprises  of  the  Missifisippi  valley. 

Before  1840  he  had  gathered  into  hii,  o*n  family 
circle  his  parents  and  brothers,  all  of  whom  have 
passed  away  under  his  own  roof,  leaving  iiimseif 
alone  to  rest  with  them  at  last  in  the  family  lot  at 
lieilefontaine. 

In  the  year  18-12,  Mr.  Bridge  as.sociated  with  him 
his  younger  brother,  Ilarri.son  Bridge,  and  the  firm 
of  Bridge  &  Brother  was  established.  His  brother's 
death  in  1850  left  him  again  alone  for  several  years. 
In  185".  John  H.  Beach,  who  had  been  for  .several 
years  connected  with  the  house,  was  admitted  as  an 
associate,  and  the  firm  of  Bridge,  Beach  &  Co.  has 
continued  to  the  present  time.  Mr.  Bridge's  relation 
us  i'ounder  to  the  great  manufacturing  interest  with 
which  his  name  has  been  so  long  and  honorably  asso- 
ciated is  but  a  small  ]iortion  ol  his  public  history, 
and  while  his  name  is  enrolled  hiuh  on  the  list  ol' the 
merchants  and  manufacturers  of  St.  Lciuis.  he  stands 
liigher  still  as  the  pure  iiiinded,  publie-s|iiiit('d,  atiil 
hoiioretl  citizen.  It  is  nut  slating  the  ease  too  strimgiy 
to  say  that  there  are  lew  left  wlm  cmnmand  in  an 
eiiual  decree,  not  im  rely  the  esli'iin  and  eonlidence, 
but  the  alVection  of  the  citizens  nC  St.  Louis.  Of 
singular  jiurity  and  simplicity  in  iiis  jn  ivate  !il'e,  during 
the  thirly-eight  yi'ars  of  his  residence  in  St.  Liiuis  no 
breath  nf  reproach  was  ever  heard  against  his  gcmd 
name.  Honorable  in  all  his  dealings,  rigorously  just 
even  a'.:ainst  himself,  his  deliriil<'  sensi'  of  public  and 
private  duty  made  his  name  in   the  cominuniiy  the 


synonyme  of  mercantile  roctitude  and  honor.  \  sq,,. 
cessful  business  career  did  not  separate  him  frou!  ||jj 
fellow-men,  but  to  all  alike,  the  highesi  and  ili» 
lowest,  he  preserved  the  simpliciiy  of  character  and 
frank,  cordial  manner  which  those  win.  kncr  liig. 
will  long  remember. 

For  tlie  entire  period  of  his  residence  iti  ."^t,  I,,ji; 
ho  was  a  part  of  its  business  life  and  aciivitv.  .'i.i 
far  fnuii  retiring  from  business  pursuits  on  iivliievin. 
success,  increased  wealth  only  opened  new  avi'iiiit*  f, 
investment  in  busine.s.^  enterprises,  lie  was  a  ct. 
stant  and  generous  contributOi .  and  for  inanv  yoar>n 
active  worker,  in  every  new  public  entcriirisi-  ilm 
could  conduce  to  the  growth  and  prosjieritv  nf  tl*  j 
city.  He  was  an  original  subscriber  aii:|  woikir  n  1 
the  inauguration  of  the  Missouri  Pacitic.  the  .Vnni 
Mi.ssouri,  the  Iron  Mountain,  and  Ohio  ami  .\li..ii. 
sippi  Railroads,  the  St.  Louis  and  Illinois  Mriii'.'c  Ciu. 
puny,  and  many  kindred  enterprises,  and  was  iniii.fl 
thi^  original  incorporators  of  Washingtdn  I'liivcr-i;: 
the  Fol} -oelinie  Institute,  and  Mary  Insiiiuto.  In;, 
(if  these  institutions  he  was  a  trustee,  and  cuniriliuwl 
generously  to  their  support.  During  portimis  ufl 
residence  iii  St.  Louis  he  was  a  director  in  the  H 
men's  Saving  Institution,  the  Merchants'  Bank.  li- 1 
I'acitic  Railroad  for  fifteen  years,  and  twice  \imh:\ 
and  one  of  the  founders  of  Bellefontaini'  couiiwl 
dedicated  upon  liis  fortieth  birtliday,of  wlmh  ii,  lii 
the  first  president,  continuing  as  such  tiiruU'.'li  iuikI 
years.  He  was  also  one  of  the  founders  ami  iiiaiia.tf  I 
of  the  Institu'Son  I'or  the  Education  of  ilic  liliinl 
private  institution,  before  it  was  convcyt  il  in  liu  ."tt.l 
a  director  and  twice  president  of  tlic  Mirwi.;;.; 
Library  -Association,  wlio.«e  present  cdiliii'wa- oriVMl 
during  his  administration,  and  was  due  iar^iv'v  loi.iil 
influence  and  energy,  and  u  director  in  ilic  St  I, 
and  Illinois  Bridge  l'oiu])aiiy,  and  ulliir  iii-iitiiiiJ 
with  which  his  connect  ion  was  less  c(in.-|U(ii'iii«.  |;id 
one  of  his  business  maxinis  that  no  litiidii  -li at] 
allow  his  name  to  be  used  as  a  dircctnr  in  aiiynriij 
ration,  or  in  connection  with  any  |iiil>lii  tni>i.: 
which  be  was  unable  or  iiinviliing  to  ilrvuii'  lii- kJ 
soi'.al  iillentioii.  and  on  this  gidiind  lie  rii'i|iirniiii 
clini'(l  the  use  of  his  nanu!  as  a  rc.'>p(iM.''il'li'  iii.ii.j.: 
even  wluHi  he  was  largely  iiiierested  as  a  ^uM 

K.xtensive  as  wcii'  his  conneclioiis  wiili  1ki  in- 
terests up  to  the  day  of  his  deatli,  iir  iii<l  imi 
such  connections  to  rule  his  life  or  to  ali-oili  li  • 

Having  passed  the  years  of  his  bo\li 1  in  ilii' 

try.  be  always  retain. ;d  a  stiiuig  inclin.iiimi  t'ri| 
piirsuils.     About  thirteen  years  bcfoie  lii>  iW 
purchased  a  considerable  eslatea  I'ew  inilrsvvi-i 
city,  and  devoted  much  of  his  limi-  to  iiniiri'iiii.ii 


ude  and  lionor.  A  %. 
;)t  separate  liiiii  from  his 

the  hijilicsi  ami  ih. 
iplieiiy  of  cli:ir;ii'tcr  aiij 

those   win.   kiu'F  liiu 

is  residcnoo  in  St.  I,,,uii 

!s  life  and  iH'iivity.    So 

ess  pursuits  (in  nvliiiviii; 
opened  new  uvi'iiuo*  U 

■rprises.      lie  was  a  int. 
and  for  many  yoar>  a 

w  publie  eiiti'i'|iriso  tlui 
h  and  prosiicrity  nf  ib 

subscriber  iiii:l  woikir  ij 

rsoiiri   Pacitic,  the  .NunJ,  ^^ 

in,  and  Oliin  ami  Mi-.i-.  ^B  f  ^ 

s  and  Illinois  Miid^',.  ('nj, 

[iterprises,  am!  was  one  ,■< 

f  Wasliinfitiiri  I'liivor-i:; 

nd  Mary  liisiimto.    li. , 

a  trustee,  ami  I'lHitriliiiw 

.     Durini;  ]ii)iti(iiis  nflii 
fas  a  director  in  tiio  it.i;. | 
the  Merelianis'   liniik.iK 
1  years,  and  twice  |)ri'-iA:; 
of  Bellefoiitaini'  iriiiri 
I  birtlulay,  uf  wliiuli  Iwmi 
i\\)\i  as  such  tlirouj;li  uuijl 
'  tlie  founders  ami  iiiaiia.tcj 
Education  of  ilic  liliii^l  i-i 
t  wasconvcytd  in  tlu  Sit. 
'csident  of   liir  .M.'iv.ii,;;.f 
e  present  eililici' \va,<  I'fnwl 

and  was  due  iari;i''y  ii'lii 

I  u  director  in  ilie  Ht  I,  .1 
paiiy,  and  utliiT  iii-iiiiiual 
was  less  eon.«|  licit' lus.  I;i«| 
inis  that  no  ciiizi'ii  -liil 
i  as  a  director  in  iiny  "iji 

with    any  pnlilif  iriisi, 
inwillinji  to  ili'Viii.'  lii-  k| 
is  urouiid  ln'  rn'i|Ui'iithi 
10  as  a  respciii^il'li!  iiWi'.v 
'  iuiorested  as  a  »luikliv,;(ij 
onin'ctioiis  wiili  Imi  ini'- 

his  death,  h-'  'li'l  n.'i  ^ 
lis  life  or  to  al'-^'ii' !  ■ 
of  Ills  boyliMiul  in  ill' 
\  strong  iiiclinaliiiii  i' 

II  years  het'oir  lii>  ikM 
(■.■•latea  few  iiiil  s  w. 
)f  his  time  to  ini]irH\iii;i| 


r>o« 


niiiJTOia'    OF 


■p;to 


! 


Ji;irliiH'iil  Ml  sldvds  isiiil  lii  lii!W-W:i.>'  W;im  iidm-'i.  At 
ilii''  i'i;rioil  ti|l  inHiiufuuturex  of  this  character  were 
':ir.i(<i;lu  I'niiu  t!ie  Ohio  IJi'iT.  Mr.  Brid;;o,  liowcvor, 
coiici'ivi^d  thui.  the  cost  uii^lit  b(>  Ics^oncil  hv  hiiviii;: 
the  pl;itf»  niaiiiifiu:turc>l  on  tlio  Toiitit?ssiH>  UivHr  and 
pvU  loiji'tiicr  in  hi.<  own  shop,  :i:ul  this  wiw  thft  Hi-st 
innovation.  Rut  this  i3i(.i  not  satisfy  him.  With  <iti]y 
tlio  cxjieriijiiCu  ill  iron  iiiaiiiiraotuicm'jiiiroii  inSprinji;- 
'iohl,  he  dtlerujiiicd  to  maLf  the  pliiifs  in  St.  Louis, 
Miii  in  18'W  a  little  fouiidrv  wan  ^stulli-luHl  in  I'oii- 
lu'fition  with  his  .stoin.  Old  i^tuVH  iIimUt*  warticd  tlu: 
voniii:  man,  tlu'ii  only  vwi-ntv-'  '.;lit  V'-urs  of  a^o,  of 
his  ftiiiy  ill  cnd''iiv.irln>r  to  rii'|t(le  "riih  the  uMi'i- 
nianuractnrcw  ol'  Cincinniiti.  :i.i  i  of  ihi'  fiiihiri'  lli.it 
iniist  iiifivitaWy  follow.  Hm  Mr.  Hiid'.'e  .soon  fuuul 
thai  by  oarufiil  wi.n.'ny  liir  i-'St  of  iuiinur.ictnru  wa.s 
li^ss  than  tin;  omt  of  bru^'tij^  from  tin;  Eu^t.  At 
ilii,'^  tinii!  he  wa*  hi.s  (/wii  furt-uiiiri  ami  >ia!wiii(iii  l>y 
day  and  liin  own  book-kt-cpt-r  at  iU'.;!it.  and  though  of 
vi-ry  hiimblo  pre tmwions  in  coiiipurisiiii  with  l)k!  i-stuh- 
li-ihuiont  of  t<  -diiy,  ihe  foioi-lali.iii  wa.«  ihiiH  iaid  of 
"  !:•■'•:■  ^;ov(N\\'iirfci!.  which  was  d-  •■■■■  v  '■ 
•if  (hi'  !an4«S!t  and  beat-kn 
I  jiti  rpri.Hi.'y  i)f  the  Mi.ssiwippi  \ailo; . 
..'.If  1841)  lio  li.id  gaihend  into  liia  i.wn  fai»t!;. 
.ill!''  ':■',-  parent*  and  brother*,  all  of  whom  baVf 
i  away  undi^r  hfe  own  nvif.  Ifuvinsr  him.'<ulf 
(If  ^l'^t  with  tlitni  at  iiiMt  in  tho  IwraiJy  lot  al 

■  ■lilaiini. 

.     \oa'  1^4'^,  Mr.  Uiid^e  asjiuciarod  with  hiui 

1,1     .  ■■  '••'•■■•.  Harrison    llrid.uc,  and  the  linn 

i.f  l!i  was  (•-<tabli'>hi-d.     Hi(<  brother's 

liiitli  ill  lh,»i)  k'it   him  .'I'^uin  aiifiirt   for  s>>Vi.Tnl  vearM. 

)  .    I  "57.  ,l\<]\i\  \l.  Ht'acli.  who  hud  Irtjfln  for  Mivorai 

.  oniii'i  i<m1  with  the  hoUAi-,  whk  'uiuiittvul  ni<i  an 

-,,  i.l  Ml.'  firm  o(    I'tidfce.  Il>iaci:  &  Co.  lum 

'     !  ■      V  J''  tiiufi.     Mr    ISnditf  s  ndation 

manufa'.'lonoj  iniitroht  Willi 

so  loii).'  and  hoiiora^ily  tuwo- 

'    -i:  of  hia  public  liistory, 

liieh  oil  till-  li(ti  >il'  till! 

:.  Lu'-iIm.  Ill:  Ktaiid.f 

'    .    p-iblic-spirili-d,  and 

■'^  till!  caafi  too  itri'iijrly 

III  liity  (hut   lhi'r<    are  O'W   I .ti.  who  ODiiiinaiid   in  an 

(•(joal  dfipri'fl, not  i?v'  '■   "      :   '     ■■<  ::■■ iilhli'ncc, 

l..,t    ill..  ^fTc'iiiMi  I  I'  ■       '    "n't.     (.(f 

0(1  ^i)>lpilclly  '  '.H  jiii'.  ijnrin'.' 

,.i  yiiii*  of  hi*  !■'     ...M       ■;  Ht.  L'lUi.'*  no 

I  irf  ii'promdi  waa  i  v«.»r  hfard  mfiiiont  hi.-«  jinocl 

1.        Honorable  ill  all  his  ricnlin  i-fly   jiii-i 


wl'i.  <      ■ 
'-■ial''ii    I--    I'  . 

•id  whiii'  hi>    ' 
ti,"iiliant8  and 
t  .  •'>!l  ii«i  I., 

1  witi    It 


sviiDiiyni'-vr  UK  n'aii:  lie.  n'lfiiuii.'  .Hid  ii 
'.'r,-.sl'ul  bu^'tio.ss  career  did  not  si'piiriii 
loilow-ini'ii,   but    til   all    alike,    the    hi;i 
lowt*t,  he  prc^ervi'd  tlio  sinij  lii'iiy  of  ; 
frank,  eordial   ni.iiiocr  which   iHimr  w  • 
will  loiij,;  remeiiilier. 

I'or  the  entire  period  of  hi«  re.nidi'i 
lie  was  a  part  nf  its  business  lili    am 
liir  frmo  roiiriii^r  from  biisinesis  pur.'-iic 
sncxts.x,  iiierea.-ed  Wealth  only  opened     • 
investintint  io   biHin(i.-i.'>  entc  iprisof.      ' 
stant  and  (.'eiieioii."  eontributor,  .ind  t  . 

:  at-tivft  worker,  iti   every  uew  pnbli  ■ 
I'l'uki  conduce  to  the  growth  and  } 
city.      He  was  an  erijiin,.!  sobserilv 
the  inaui:ui\Uion  ><i'  the    Mi.isoiiri    I 
Misisouri,  the   Irori   Mountain,  and 
s",  jii  Kailrnads,  the.  St.  Lc^uis  ai<d  II'' 
pany,  and  many  kindnd  "iiterpri.-Ji 
the  oriiriiiid  ineorjH'ratur--  of  Wast, 
the  Pii'yteehnic  Iristitiite.  .oid  M.n 
"!'  tli«,>e  iotttit.itious  he  Wiw  a  tr>i-- 
•.'eneroii>ly  to  their  .suppurt.      l»ii     . 
;<  ■(  JkIiCo  in  St.  Louis  be  wa<!  a  '.    . 
hj.i;'-   l?:«vinj<  Institution,  ihe   \) 
l*aei!ie   KaiUoad  fur  fifteen  year.' 
and  one  of  the  founders  of  '5 
dtidieated  upon  his  toriioih  hirt! 
the  lirst  pi'i  sideiit,  eolitiiiuitii;  i 
yeio>.     He  was  alfo  oni'  uf  the  >     . 
cif  the  Institution  lor  the  Kdui,- 
private  iimtitution,  before  it  ww- 
a    director    and    twice    pn'^i 
Library  Assneiatiiin,  who.-ie  p 
durin;^  his  adniiiiistrutioii,  »ii 
influence  and  enurjiy,  and  ii 
and   llliiioi.-i   Bridfio  Ooinp- 
with  which  hi8conne(<tii>n  v 
one  of  his  bu,vine^^.•^  ni-i  ■. 
uilow  his  name  le  be  n 
ration,  or  ;n   eounceti. 
whi'-li  he  was  unable   • 
sotial  attention,  and  oi 
clineil  the  use  \>(  hit.  i 

'  I'Veii  when  he  \\tu>  \ar.-'    \-    iiiei  ,-.  ■ 
Kxtensivc  as  w  -    '  r.;     ■ 

teresii*  up  tu  th.'  •■ 
such  eimnietions  t-p  iiiie  'n-  '■ 
ILivin^  passt'd  the  y-irt  v\'  mi- 
try.  he  atwrtvH  rHained  a  »tri>ii' 
pursuii.s.     About  thirteen  year' 


^,j  ...»Jc  Ilia  uaUio  lu   i.ii.  v.umuiuiiii._)  um     eiiy,  aiiu  uevoicU  uiueli  ol  Ins  tinir  in  iiiij  i"»ii'i{| 


''•S 


im 


i  .1 


//, 


/. 


/' 


/ 


y/ 


/  -  //  A// 


lliis  timi' 


t,.  I'lip 


i 


P.  • 

i-'  ■ 

'  ■  1 

¥..  ■ 

■ 

'■.  ^■-. 

.  -^^u... 


POLITICAL  PROGRESS. 


607 


bcautifyiii.:  '"^  residence  and  grounds,  bringing  to  it 
the  i^ame  ]iiaeticed  iiietliod  and  personal  supervision 
tliat  clianiclcvized  all  his  relations.  With  rarely  an 
exemption,  lio  returned  from  the  city  to  his  house  every 
Jiiv  at  nil  111.  There  at  Glendalo,  in  the  midst  of  de- 
H„"|,(t',il  s  iiiDundingH,  and  in  the  enjoyment  of  the 
soi'ittv  ;ii'  hi-*  eliildren,  to  whom  he  was  devotedly 
attaelu'J,  unci  (if  friends,  he  passed  one  half  of  every 
day  (lispt'iisiiis;  a  hospitality  not  less  warm  and  gen- 
erous thiiii  it  was  simple  and  unostentatious. 

The  tirst  indications  of  ill  health  occurred  in  the 
winter  nt'  W^,  from  which  he  apparently  fully  n^cov- 
ored.aiid  it  was  the  hope  of  his  family  tliut  his  strong 
cmistilution,  preserved  ns  it  had  been  by  an  exceed- 
iii.'lv  siiniilc  and  temperate  life,  would  conquer.     A 
nturn  iiir,  Imwever,  ensued  in  a  few  months,  subse- 
nmiit  til  wliifh.  with  intervals  of  improvement  and 
riliipso.  his  woU-preserved  physical  constitution  con- 
iiiiiK'il  with  that  inexorable  malady,  Bright's  disease. 
Thrnuiihotit  the  entire  period  his  cheerfulness  never 
IhiMiiik  him,  Inif  looking  death  calmly  in  the  face,  he  i 
ciiiitiiiuallv  advised  about  the  business  and  ]iersonal  I 
;ill';iiis.  L'ivini;  diivctions  for  enlargement  and  exten-  ! 
-inn  ill  eeitaiii  departments  after  his  death.     To  a  I 
iii.iiilier  of  his  family  but  a  short  time  before  his  | 
JiMili.  which  oeeurrcd  Feb.  25,  1875,  he  stated  that  ■ 
he  ivL'aiili'd  his  life's  work  as  complete  perhaps  as  it 
Kiiiilil  ever  be,  and  though  he  would  have  preferred 
liviim  tiireo  or  four  years  longer,  on  account  of  his  : 
viiiiiiL'c'V  fhililrcn,  he  felt  perfectly  resigned  to  God's  ' 
will  in  tiifi  matter,  thankful  for  so  much  as  had  been 
iivon  him. 

Mr.  liriiliic  had  been  a  member  of  the  Church  of 
ill.  Missiali  ( Unitarian)  since  his  arrival  in  St.  | 
i.uub.  In  liis  lienofactions  during  his  lifetime  Mr. 
riii'l;;ewasuiio>tcntatious.  and  it  is  difficult  to  estimate 
tli.ir  anmiint.  They  will,  however,  largely  exceed  a  ^ 
i|iiaiier  111'  a  million  dollars,  chiefly  to  educational  in- 
■limiiuiis,  in  wliicli  he  was  greatly  interested. 

Ili>i;il'istii  Washington  University  alone,  including 
ii-  M'vcial  ili|iaitni('nts,  amounted  to  one  hun<lred  and 
Mvontytive  ihonsan<l  dollars,  th(>  whole  of  which  was 
!-tiiwiil  wiilmnt  solicitation,  and  without  conditions 
;:iiUiSi'J.  Ih'  L'ave  iVccly  wherever  he  thought  good 
\  wulJ  ho  afcnni|  UsIiimI,  b\it  never  wished  his  name 
!''aii»iii  il  it  ciiuld  be  avoided. 

Till'  ,*(vi'i  111'  Mr.  IJiidgc's  success  may  be  found  in 
! ;■  -I'l-Npnluus  pi'rCinnianee  ol"  every  engagement  anil 
I  111- iililii'iiencc  (if  ilelit.  He  was  ready  to  exeuse 
■||"-|  anv  fanlt  except  the  want  ol  'jusiness  in- 
I  Jily.  ami  cunhl  not  lie  teinjilcd  by  the  largest  hope 
'  iii'lii  iiiiii  trading  upcm  borrowed  capital.  His 
;r"':ri>s  was.  therefore,  sure  and  steady,  and  although 


at  the  first  slow,  it  ultimately  became  rapid,  even  to 
the  accumulation  of  great  wealth.  There  was  no 
-department  of  business  life  in  St.  Louis  which  did 
not  feel  his  loss,  and  he  left  the  enviable  record  of  a 
good  citizen,  a  practical  philanthropist,  and  a  faith- 
ful  business  man.  Mr.  Bridge  left  six  children, — 
Isabella,  the  wife  of  Col.  George  E.  Leighton ; 
Emma,  wife  of  J.  G.  Chapman ;  Mary,  wife  of  N. 
C.  Chapman ;  and  Hudson  Eliot,  Harrison,  and 
Amy,  unmarried. 

The  country  has  produced  few  men  who  possessed 
the  variety  of  virtues  and  accomplishments  embodied 
in  the  person  of  Henry  Taylor  Blow.  As  a  business 
man,  legislator,  diplomatist,  and  private  individual, 
his  merits  were  of  th^  most  superior  character,  and 
throughout  his  busy  and  useful  life  he  was  one  of  the 
most  prominent  figures  in  the  commercial,  political, 
and  social  circles  of  St.  Louis,  and  one  of  their  most 
conspicuous  ornaments.  Mr.  Blow  was  the  second 
son  of  Peter  Blow,  a  planter  of  Southampton  County, 
Y.u,  and  was  born  July  15,  1&17.  The  family  was 
of  English  descent,  tracing  its  lineage  to  the  days  of 
Charles  I.,  and  tradition  has  always  assigned  it  a  good 
position  in  English  society.  The  Blows  came  to  St. 
Louis  in  1830,  and  Mr.  Blow  engaged  in  business  as 
keeper  of  what  was  then  known  as  the  Jefferson 
Hotel.  Both  the  parents  .soon  died,  leaving  seven  chil- 
dren out  of  a  family  of  twelve,  all  of  whom  were  young 
and  had  comparatively  small  means  of  support.  Their 
career  provc,^  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Blow  to  have  been  per- 
sons of  remarkable  strength  of  character  and  mind. 
There  were  three  daughters.  One  died  unmarried, 
and  one  became  the  wife  of  the  Hon.  Charles  D. 
Drake,  a  well-known  lawyer  of  St.  Louis,  who  subse- 
quently became  United  States  senator,  and  is  now  a 
jiulge  of  the  United  States  Court  of  Claims  at  Washing- 
ton. The  other  daughter  became  the  wife  of  Joseph 
Charless,  son  of  the  founder  of  the  xMi'sKoiin'  (inzrtti'. 
the  first  paper  published  in  St.  Louis,  and  who  for  many 
years  was  an  honored  and  useful  citizen.  There  were 
four  sons, — Peter  E.,  Henry  T.,  Taylor,'  and  William 
T.,  all  of  whom  became  active  and  well-known  busi- 
ness men  of  St.  Louis,  and  are  now  dead. 

Upon  settling  in  St.  Louis,  Henry  Tayloi*  Blow 
entered  the  St.  Louis  University,  an  in.stitution  ofex- 
tetuled  reputation  throughout  the  West,  and  then  tho 
only  place  in  the  city  where  the  higher  branches  of 
education    were   taught.     It   woidd   appear  that  his 

'  Tuvliir  lllow  was  born  In  IlunUvllU',  .Ma.,  nml  wan  I'orty- 
iiiiii-  ymws  of  aj;,  .it  tlic  lime  of  lii»  ilcalli,  wliicli  luiuiicil 
Aii^riii't  211,  IsCid.  Mr.  llluw  wim  one  ul'  llio  inn.^t  inlliionlial 
I'ilir.oiis  of  Si.  IiouIk,  and  wii."  a  mi'mlivr  of  tlii'  liitny  of  llluw, 
Curil  .1  Co.,  I'eler  1'..  Illoiv,  anil  l^liarlc(ii<,  lllow  A  Co. 


608 


HISTORY   OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


llSiii  \i 


i';  :i! 


Mil 


father  bad  determined  that  his  sons  should  have  a 
good  educatDP,  even  though  he  could  leave  them  no 
great  monoyoU  legacy. 

Young  Blow  gi'aduated  with  distinction  at  the  St. 
Louis  University,  and  for  some  time  thereafter  pur- 
sued the  .study  of  law,  his  father  having  designed 
him  for  that  profession  (for  which  he  also  seemed  by 
nature  to  be  fitted)  ;  but  the  purpose  wa.s  abandoned, 
and  in  1836  (when  nineteen  years  old)  he  became  a 
partner  with  his  brother-in-law,  Joseph  Charle.ss,  in 
the  sale  of  drugs,  paints,  oils,  etc.  The  nature  of  the 
business  suggested  the  manufacture  of  some  of  the 
articles  in  which  they  dealt,  and  they  set  up  small 
mills  and  made  castor  and  linseed  oil  and  white  lead. 
The  establishment  of  oil-mills  was  truly  a  pioneer  ex- 
periment, for  little  flax  was  raised  in  Missouri  at  that 
time.  At  first  its  culture  was  entirely  unknown,  and 
Mr.  Blow  having  acquaiuted  himself  with  the  details 
taught  the  farmers  how  to  raise  it.  By  following  his 
advice  they  succeeded,  und  thus  was  begun  an  impor- 
tant industry. 

In  1844  the  partnership  with  Mr.  Charless  was 
dissolved,  Mr.  Blow  retaining  the  manufacturing  busi- 
ness, which  he  successfully  eondu'ited  and  enlarged 
until  it  finally  became  •'  The  Collier  White  Lead  and 
Oil  ("onipaiiy"  (of  which  for  many  years  he  was 
president),  one  of  the  largest  manufacturing  concerns 
in  the  city. 

The  manufacture  of  white  lead  directed  Mr.  Blow's 
attention  to  the  manui'.cture  of  metallic  lead  from  the 
ores.  For  some  ycai's  before  the  war  his  brother, 
Peter  E.  Blow,  had  mined  and  smelted  lead  in  Wash- 
ington County,  and  just  before  the  war  had  removed 
to  Newton  County,  and  there  started  very  large  mining 
and  .smelting  works,  in  connection  wiui  Hon.  Ferdi- 
nand Kennett.  Henry  T.  Blow  had  an  interest  in 
tlicse  operations,  and  when  Mr.  Kennett  died  the 
brothers  bought  his  interest.  During  the  war  the 
prosecution  of  the  business  was  rendered  impracti- 
cable, but  when  peace  was  ileclared  the  Blows  asso- 
ciated others  with  them  in  "The  Granby  Mining  and 
Smelting  Company,"  and  resumed  work  in  Newton 
County,  under  Peter  E.  Blow's  management.  When 
Peter  E.  Blow  died,  Henry  T.  Blow,  who  had  always 
been  president  of  the  company,  assumed  the  chief  care 
and  respon.sibility  of  tho  business,  and  successfully 
managed  it. 

These  two  enterprises — the  "  Collier  Lead- Works" 
and  the  *'  Granby  Mining  and  Smelting  Company' — 
were  the  most  important  in  which  Mr.  Blow  was  en- 
gaged, and  yielded  him  a  handsome  fortune,  ile  par- 
ticipated actively,  however,  in  many  other  enterprises 
disconnected  from   business.     In  the  government  of 


the  city,  and  especially  in  the  moral  and  --ix'i:)!  in,. 
provement  of  the  community,  he  took  a  livelv  iiitirtjt 
throughout  his  career.  Mr.  Blow  was  also  piniiiiiicmlv 
identified  with  the  educational  interests  of  St.  Lwii., 
and  one  of  the  public  schools  of  the  city  bear-  liisnaino 
He  also  founded  an  association  for  the  encoiinmciiiint 
of  art  and  to  promote  the  love  of  it.  He  hwutily  cu 
operated  with  the  merchants  (often  as  a  Irailtr /  tnf 
the  advancement  of  commerce,  and  labortil  onei'MJ. 
cally  for  the  improvement  of  river  niiviginidi,  H^ 
was  an  earnest  advocate  of  railroad  dcvclojiiiitiii,  aiii| 
was  once  president  of  the  Iron  Mountain  l!i(ilr,,aj 
Company.  In  short,  there  was  no  entoiprise  tjut 
promised  to  advance  the  interests  of  St.  Lmiis  {., 
which  he  did  not  lend  his  cheerful  and  uiiiirini;  mmi. 
port,  and  few  men  ever  had  the  prosperity  of  iIkmIu 
more  genuinely  at  heart. 

It  is  now  our  province  to  speak  of  Mr.  Hlii\va>;i 
public  man.  In  early  years  he  was  a  Wliiir,  and  wlim 
that  party  was  disbanded  he  became  a  K(>|mliliaii. 
This  choice  indicates  an  uncommonly  tcnacinus  aj- 
herence  to  principle,  for  in  Missouri  no  lionr  ut 
Republican  success  could  then  (in  18t")4)  be  ciitir- 
tained  ;  and  so  great  was  the  distrust  in  wliiiii  tiiat 
party  was  regarded,  that  to  adhere  to  it  w.is  to  en- 
danger one's  business  and  to  jeopardizi^  ones  siicial 
relations.     But 

"  Tlicy  arc  slivvo;*  who  dure  nut  Ije 
In  tlio  riKht  with  two  or  three:" 

and  Henry  Taylor  Blow  did  not  hesitate  to  follow  tlio 
dictates  of  conscience.  In  1854  he  was  elected  tn 
the  St.ite  Senate,  and  .served  for  four  years.  .\t  the 
beginning  of  his  term  he  still  regarded  liiin.'-ell' 
Whij?,  and  held  the  important  positidn  nC  eliaiiniM 
of  tlie  Committee  on  Banks,  the  duties  of  wliieli  lie 
disiharged  with  ability. 

Among  his  associates  in  tlnit  Legislatuiv  wore  Frank 
P.  Blair  and  B.  Gratz  Brown,  formerly  Deinoerats, 
but  then  "  Free-Soilcrs."  Mr.  i:i.-\  Unally  i.leiiiilie.l 
himself  openly  with  the  Republicans,  atul  iii'iii;;li  ho 
belonged  to  a  party  that  was  in  an  apparently  liii|ieh's.* 
minority,  his  personal  worth  coniiuatided  re:'|ii'el,  auJ 
enabled  him  to  do  much  for  the  gooil  of  the  Ciiiiiiuo' 
wealth.  In  1860  he  was  a  delegate  to  llie  t'liicaj:o 
Convention  which  nominated  Abraliain  Lineoln  l^r 
tho  Presidency. 

Mr.  Blow  adhered  to  the  Republican  party  a.«  hm; 
as  he  lived,  and  assisted  prominently  in  i'uiMinL'ii  up 
in  Missouri.  His  espousal  of  the  priiiei|iles  ami  can- 
didates of  this  i)arty  was  the  more  noteworthy  becaiK' 
by  birth,  education,  and  associations  he  was  essentially 
a  Southern  man.  Although  such,  yet  when  the  war 
commenced  he  became  an  earnest  advocate  of  Union- 


moral  and  sociiil  im- 
!  took  a  lively  iiittrost 
,v  was  also  prMiniucnily 
interests  of  St.  Louis 
lUc  city  bears  1 1  is  name, 
for  the  cntMiurii'^ciiiciii 
of  it.     He  lu'uriil}  tn 
often  as  a  leader )  jut 
I  and  luborcil  enor;;tii. 
river  navijiiiiiou.    11< 
road  dc'Veldjiiiu'iit.  anil 
un   Mountain   IviilrciJ 
fas   no  eMter|iri>e  tltii 
crests  of  Si.  liinii*  tu 
■erful  and  uiitirin;;  mi|- 
le  prosperity  cil'  ilio  lity 

ipcak  of  Mr.  lildw  a.>;i 
j  was  a  WIiIl'.  and  wIku 
1  became  a  Reiiublitaii, 
commonly  teiiaiidus  aJ- 
1  Mi.ssouri  no  iinw  nt 
en  (in  18r)4)  be  intir- 
!  distrust  in  wliidi  iliat 
adliere  to  it  was  U  on- 
J  jeopardize  ones  smiil 

lo  dure  not  lie 
wo  or  three:" 

ot  hesitate  to  follow  tlic 
1854  ho  was  elecleJ  U 

for  four  years.  At  the 
11  rejjarded  liiniself 

nt  position  of  cliairiii;iii 

the  duties  of  wliieli  Iw 


HtLe<;islatuiv  were  Frank 
vn,  formerly  Deinocrats, 
:'.,.",•  linally  ideiiiiW 
lublicans,  ami  iImu^Ii  li'' 
lin  an  apparently  liopoli'J* 
I  commanded  ri'S]ii'i't,  aiiJ 
[,he  f^ood  of  tlie  I'uiuiuca- 
deleiiate  to  llio  Omp 
Id  Abraliani  Lincoln  I'.ir 

luepublican  party  as  l"ii; 
Vincntly  in  IniildinL' ii  up 
|)f  the  prineiples  and  can- 
Imore  noleworlliy  because 
liations  lie  was  essenlially 
I  such,  yet  wli'Mi  the  TO 
Irnest  advocate  of  Uiiiou- 


i'     H 


POLITICAL  PROGRESS. 

nnicli  to  oil'  i.r.t     Cor  ■ 

litni  to  fwit.'}-.  .'il  wii-ijiiii  wif!)     {'iirly  li- 


(109 


'  'if      .       i..iN'l~ 

•!  ■:]   'U  ■•|)i-:i'      1 


ippuiiii.;)   in-.      I; 


.!,    I, 

■  iil-i:..:..,  lli.;.M. 


■  •'■\  of  jm' 


Vi-lli     Lit- 


•  >i    ■       :■  :  :.i;'ii   !ii  .    ,          ,, 
'    •■      i'^'-  .:.    s«rvii;v'  ,      ....   : 

'0  St    Louis,     'fh.  ■  .     •     ,     'is  hu.iil, 

■■  'i^.  iJI,  .*  w;w  muir'' 

■  ■  '    ,-;          ■  '.1    i.f   K.!u!     'rii'if 

■■:>  inalith  <,  .    M.)iiii!ui  and  iirl' 

•"/A\     '.Viif 

•  opie'l  niagnundc  !;  iilV,  »iv!  . 

1  >)  >tii  y.rovi.Hifin  li.M  i  .  In      ivs .  '                                , 


.1  iiiciiib  ' 

i^i<i(iri  iH'\(.  . 

II   A|  iirupridiiiiii-    •• 
iiii  ■:    111'  tlio    il.; 

■      i^i'l   I'Wliliiil  ;■.    ,,>ii 


t>-   \i: 


'■i:       Cmliiili    i" 


!: 


1   '- 


il  . 


♦       if 


iA 


E!' 


POLITICAL   PROfillESS. 


(t09 


<      »nil  I'V  liix  course  i1i<l  much  to  check  tlic  torrent 

ofscc'c'!-^!'  I  whicli  threiiteiied  to  .sweep  Missouri  with 

the  Souili.  .111(1    by   his    influence   and   his   stirrinj; 

•nei'chi'>  ii'  iloubt  averted  iniu'h  trouble  tliat  would 

oiliiTwisi'  liave  l)erullen   St.   Louis.      His  cool,  elear- 

i  hcaileil  nil^i''''  was  a  contribution  to  the  Union  eausc 

1  that  cimM  not  liave  been  disjiensed  with.     lie  par- 

tieipalid  pn'mincntly  in  the  eounsels  of  the  Union 

luiii  III'  .Mi-niiii,  and  assisted  in  roisin;;  and  c(|uippiiii; 

troo|)9.     I'll'''   '»   l'""'  y*"""   ''resident   Lineoln  ap- 

iileil  liiiii   Mini.ster   to  Venezuela,  and   Mr.  Hiow, 

nut  iviiliziii-'  the  nia<,'nitude  of  the  coiniiij;  strufrj^lo, 

111(1  iliiiikin.:  he  ini^ht  be  able  to  accomplish  somc- 

lliiiii:  (it'ailviiMiage  to  the  (commerce  of  the  Mississippi 

v;illfv  accepted  the  jiosition  ;  but  as  the  war  [iro- 

crcssed  and  i'^  dreadful  eliaracter  became  api>arent, 

lln.  iVlt  t(i(i  (Icopiv  concerned  to  rcmafn  in  a  foreijj;n 

I  cdunirv.  and  after  about  a  year's  service  rosipncd 

tin'  iiiissiiiii  and  returned  to  St.  Louis.     The  next  fall 

(l^ii'J  I  lie  wa>  elected  to  the  Houce  of  llepresentativt'S 

»>  a  member  of  the  Thirty-seventh  Congress,  and  two 

TCirs  later  was  ehosen  to  the  Thirty-eighth  Coiijiro.'iS. 

I    rriiiii  iIh'hc  two   Conj^res.ses  devolved  duties  and 

I  respouMbililics  luiprecedcnted  in  the  history  of  the 

Iciiuiitrv.    .\  war  of  unexampled  magnitude  had  to  be 

1  prowuti'il,  and  when  it  was  ended  provision  had  to  be 

Imade  Inr  the  re.-toration  of  the  seceding  States  to  the 

Union,  and  fcr  the  revival  of  domestic  industry.     In 

I  eucii  of  these  bodies  Mr.  Blow  occupied  respon.sible 

|p(i.iti()ns,    III  the  first  he  was  a  member  of  tlie  Ways 

liii.l  Means  Comniittee, — a  position  seldom  accorded 

It"  a  new  eiin;:r('ssnian, — and  in  the  second  he  was  a 

|ni(  mber  of  the  Committees  on   Appropriations    and 

|R(T(iiistrueti(iu.     Thi;  importance   of  the    duties   of 

|tli..<..  ciiinmilteps  in  that  trying  period  cannot  be  too 

Ibijhiv  estimated,  as  they  haiJ  to  deal  with  all  the 

Mcidity  and  perplexing  problems  arising  from   the 

■Mr.    .Mr.  Hlow  performed  his  share  of  those  labors 

with  recognized  usefulness  to  tlie  country  and  with 

ttcJit  tu  himself. 

V]m  the  expiration  of  his  second  term  there  was 

w'lieral  desire  to  eoutinue  liim  in  the  position,  but 

He  ilciimed  U>  become  a  candidate  for  re-election. 

liii;,'  iliiis  t(i  he  enabled  to  give  his  attention  to  his 

Buih  iie|;leeted  private  bu.siness.    But  in  18(j9  I'resi- 

knl  (iraiit  u]>p<iiiiled   him    Minister  to    Brazil,  an 

loiKirhc  did  not  feel  at  liberty  to  decline.     He  si)ent 

»ii  years  at  Rio  Janeiro,  and  exerted  liim.self  there 

(itli  cdii-idcralile  success  to  stimulate  eommereial  re- 

fciimis  liitttccn  the  two  governments.     In  1871  lie 

piitiKil  lumic,  with  the  hope  and  expectation  of  re- 

laiiiiii^' ill  |irivate  life,  but  in  1872  he  was  called  to 

(^hainiianship  of  the  llepublicau  State  Central 

39 


Ciiiiimittee,  and  ably  directed  llic  movements  of  the 
party  llirdiigh  the  critical  campaign  of  th^'  year. 

His  last  pulilie  service  was  performed  in  1874, 
At  tliiit  time  tlie  affairs  of  the  District  of  ('niumliia 
were  in  a  veiy  uiifortiiiiMlc  sha]ie.  In  the  belief  that 
frauds  of  an  alarming  character  had  been  eominitted, 
Congress  bad  abolisbcd  the  Territorial  gdVernment 
(•'  Boss"  ShcpheiMl's),  and  bad  established  a  govern- 
ment by  u  board  of  eomnii.ssioners,  of  wiiom  Mr.  Blow 
was  appointed  cue.  He  lield  tlie  position  but  a  few 
months,  but  contributed  much  during  that  period  to 
tlie  production  of  order  out  ol'  chaos,  and  to  the 
restoration  of  public  confidence.  Upon  bis  death  a 
year  later  the  board  of  eommissioiiers  of  the  District 
(if  Colundiia  adopted  resolutions  of  respect  to  his 
iininory  which  recited,  among  other  things,  that  "he 
was  highly  intt  lligcnt,  enterprising,  and  patriotic,  and 
faithfully  piuforined  every  private  and  public  trust 
committed  to  his  hands." 

Mr.  Blow  was  marrii^d  in  1840  to  .^Iincrv:l,  ihiugli- 
ter  of  Col.  Thornton  (Jriin.sley,  one  of  tlic  most 
prominent  and  influential  citizens  of  St.  Louis.  She 
was  in  every  way  wortliy  to  be  the  wife  of  such  n 
man,  a  .sympatbetiit  as,sistant  in  the  struggles  of  early 
life,  and  a  happy  participant  in  his  later  triumphs ; 
his  cheerful  associate  in  numberless  acts  of  benevidenee 
to  relieve  the  needy,  comfort  the  distressed,  enlighten 
the  ignorant,  and  encourage  the  unfortunate ;  bis 
valued  counselor  in  all  the  troubles  of  life  as  well  as 
the  p^irtttker  of  all  its  joys,  dividing  his  griefs  by 
making  them  her  own,  and  doubling  his  pleasures  by 
rejoicing  in  them  also.  She  died  on  the  "iSth  of  June, 
1875,  and  be  very  suddenly  September  11th  following 
at  Saratoga,  after  an  hour's  illness,  of  congestion. 

Of  Mr.  Blow  in  private  life  it  is  difficult  to  sjieak 
too  wariuly.  He  was  jiossessed  of  such  charming 
.social  qualities,  such  courteous  manners,  dignified 
bearing,  exuberant  spirits,  and  generosity  of  heart; 
as  endeared  oim  to  liis  friends.  In  manners  he  was 
quiet,  but  w,s  sometimes  impulsive,  though  never 
rude.  He  was  cordial  and  kind  to  liis  friends,  and 
often  very  tender  to  those  deer  to  bim. 

His  Southern  parenti-.gc  r.nd  associations  contributed 
to  make  him  hospitable  to  a  princely  degree.  He 
was  a  liberal  man,  giving  money  freely  for  patriotic, 
scientific,  artistic,  religious,  and  benevolent  purposes, 
and  was  cliaritabK^  in  the  original  sense  of  the 
expression,  for  his  charity  was  of  the  kind  tliat 
"thinkoth  no  evil,"  but  placed  the  most  liberal  con- 
struction upon  the  character,  conduct,  and  motives  of 
others.  Thus,  during  the  war,  while  no  man  could 
exceed  him  in  love  for  the  Union  or  in  the  determi- 
nation  to  coerce  tlie  .seceding  States,  ho  was  utterly 


610 


HISTORY   OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


:    :, 


^li 


without  purNomil  ueriiiiuiiy,  iiiid  probably  no  iiiiin  uvur 
exerted  biiiiwelt"  more  aetively  mid  xucee.x.srully  to  re- 
lieve tlie  dinlreHseH  of  pubiie  eiieinieH,  Very  iiiiieb 
of  hit)  vnbiiible  tiinu  wiir  employed  in  exHniinin<;  llu: 
eases  of  individual  "  rebels"  of  wlioco  Hufl'erinj;s  be 
Imd  beard,  and  proeurini:  n.'lief  for  tlieni.  often  in  the 
furni  of  pardon  and  releuflc  from  imprisonnient. 

Religion  watt  ii  part  of  bis  nature  ;  it  pervaded  bis 
bein<;;  it  was  not  worn  us  an  outer  }::irnient,  to  be 
laid  aside  upon  occuHion,  but  aeeonipanicil  bini  in  bis 
business  transactions,  and  Lioverned  all  bis  dealin^xs 
witb  bis  fellows.  Never  obtrusive,  it  tempered  bis 
opinions  and  acts  with  a  mellow  radiance,  and  im- 
parted a  kindly  tone  to  wliat  nii^bt  liavo  appeared 
bis  barsb  and  iuHexible  jiistiee.  His  reli;;ion  was 
one  of  love  and  joyousness;  it  neitber  made  biui  sad 
nor  caused  sadness  in  otbers.  For  many  years  be 
was  a  member  of  the  Presbyterian  (Miurcb. 

Mr.  Blow  po.sse.s.sed  a  ru(:ged  constitution,  and  up 
to  tbe  close  of  Ids  life  bad  exjierienced  scarcely  a 
day's  illness  for  many  years.  Jlis  sudden  dealb, 
therefore,  shocked  tlie  commuidty  to  a  jjcculiar  <ie- 
pree.  His  body  was  borne  to  its  last  reslin<;-]ilaee, 
by  the  side  of  bis  wife,  amiil  siieb  demonstrations  of 
public  and  private  firief  as  are  seldom  .seen.  The 
press  and  tbe  various  bodies  to  which  Mr.  Blow  be- 
longed joined  in  cclebratinjj;  his  virtues  in  strains  of 
un«>.\anipled  cuio^'y.  He  was  widely  known  tbrouf.'b- 
out  Missouri,  and  many  of  tbe  uiunicipal  u.s.scniblies 
placed  on  record  their  sen.se  of  the  u'reat  loss  occa- 
sioned by  bis  deatii.  A  resolution  of  the  St.  Louis 
Board  of  Trade  declared  that  "  he  possessed  all  the 
attributes  of  (jod's  noblest  work,  an  honest  man." 
A  jrentleman  of  the  Granby  Mining  and  Smeltinj^ 
Company,  in  moving  resolutions  of  respect,  said, — 

"  He  brought  to  the  service  of  tbe  company  zealous 
activity,  unflagging  industry,  large  experience  of  busi- 
ness, broad  and  cnmpreliensive  intelligence,  and  a 
policy  bolil  witiiout  rashness,  cautious  without  tim- 
idity, liberal  witiiout  waste,  and  economical  witiiout 
penuriousne.ss,  and,  what  was  probably  of  greatest 
value,  purr  honor  and  truth,  which  exacted  of  all 
witb  whom  be  dealt  corresponding  trust  and  confi 
deuce.  We  were  tbe  fre(|ueiit  witnes.scs  of  his  gen- 
erous impulses,  his  scorn  of  meanness,  his  love  of 
truth,  his  devotion  to  honor,  his  reverence  for  re- 
liixion,  his  princely  hospitality,  bis  courageous  defense 
of  tbe  right, — in  short,  we  recognized  in  bis  character 
each  and  every  one  of  tlio.se  noble  attributes  which 
constitute  a  man  without  fear  and  without  reproach." 

But  perhaps  the  most  accurate  and  discriminating 
estimate  of  Mr.  Blow  was  that  which  appeared  in  tiie 
Globe-Democrat  the  moridng  after  ids  death,  and 


which    afl'ords   a  graceful    terndnation    tn   ijij.^  i,,,, 
uioir : 

"No  death  among  tlio  many  wliose  naiin  s  arc  imj. 
nuitely  linked  witb  tbe  social  and  maiiii.il  \{\^\..^. 
and  (irogress  of  this  eoniinunity  coidd  ..c(.;i,j,„| 
more  ]irofouiid  sorrow  than  that  of  lldn.  \\,wx\} 
Blow,  which  occurred  at  Saratoga  yestenliv.  Sain 
the  event  of  death  at  all  times  is,  it  is  iiiliiiiiclv  m,., 
sad  when  so  entirely  unexpected.  .  .  .  'flic  nia'ai; 
which  smote  lum  was  one  against  wliiili  ih,.  ,,|:, 
guards  are  few,  and  for  wldeh  the  renn  .lio  :iri.  m,. 
certain.  It  has  rarely  made  a  eoni(Uesl  llmtwilll,, 
more  regretfully  recorded." 

Tbe  writer  then  refers  to  a  ski'tch  of  Mr,  li;,„, 
life,  published  els('where  in  th(^  paper;  an.l  ,iiiir r.. 
marking  that  such  a  biography  ( iirci»iiiil\  Urri,! 
and  unstudied)  leaves  tbe  best  and  nir<st  iiii|nii|i|t 
untold  of  that  which  most  concerns  us,  ihu  man.  il|. 
eulogy  [iroceeds ; 

"To  know  Mr.  Blow  only  as  one  \\\\n  licH  1^. 
portant  ]iublic  trusts  and  di.seharged  iiij|M>i'l;iiii  inliii' 
duties  was  to  know  comparatively  little  nf  him;  !,,; 
to  know  hiiu  as  a  friend,  an  associate,  imd  a  (i,ii|. 
painun  was  to  be  ae(|Uaintcd  witb  one  in  wIimiu  ail 
tbe  best  elements  (d'  human  nature  were  develii|.idi.i 
tbe  highest  degree.  He  was  trutbl'iil,  lie  Ha.«  h  i,-t, 
be  was  honorable,  and  be  was  gciieruiis,  in  the  hnai  .| 
sen.se  in  which  tliese  terms  can  hi'  iiseih  II.  lia-h 
nature  which  seemed  to  attract  without  re|ii)liiii; anv. 
and  hence  it  was  bis  rare  good  fortiiiii'  in  cnjiv  ik 
warmest  friendships  without  ineuiriiii:  liie  jhi:liw 
enmities. 

'•  In  bis  public  career  Mr.  Blow  illiisirateil  ihi  loi 
and  most  hopeful  pba.se  of  American  jKiliiical  lilc,  lli 
never  sougiit  office,  and  when  he  acee|ile(l  a  liii^illi: 
.sense  of  responsibility  incurred  was  uTcaiir  ihaiiiliel 
sense  of  honor  conferred.    No  man  ever  hilmrid  in «  | 
faithfully  to  discliarge  a  public  dutv  tn  liie  cr.ijii 
himself  and  tbe  benefit  of  bis  consiiiiii'iit-.    IIitoI 
a  politician  in  the  higher  and  better  iiMaiiiiiu  <>l' ilit' 
term,  and  not  in  the  selfish  and  sonlid  seii>e  iinvliidi  | 
tbe  Word  is  properly  applied  to  many.     T"  Iniii  |«i 
tics  was  a  field  of  public  usefulness,  ami  imt  iit|.rivaiii  I 
gain. 

'■  He  jio.ssessed  a  well-matured  iiiiiiii.a  ."niiiid  jufcl 
nient,  and  a  discriminating  intelligeiiee  wliieheiialW] 
him  to  stand  upon  a  higher  plane  as  C(iiiL're*.>niM  I 
and  nunister  than  many  who  were  hi.s  .<uj»'ri'ih  in| 
tile  details  of  special  study  and  inforiaatiun.  Wit^aX 
a  partisan  only  because  he  believed  tiiat  under  a  L'lfT 
eminent  like  ours  tbe  patriot  niu.-l  neees-sarii)  me- 
tallize in  tbe  partisan;  and  he  bad  lived  toweiil'iilj 
to  tbe  test  tiiat  the  strongest  partisan  i.<  the  hesi  pa-j 


t  ,!i 


u 


I'OLITICAI,    PUOOHKSS. 


611 


ininntion   \>i  tliis  u,.. 

f  whoHO  imiiii  .t  lire  inii. 

I  nnil  inati'i'i.il  liiMur; 
mity  cdulil  muchmi.h  , 
tlmt  of  Hull.  ll.iiryT 
Idjjii  yost('ril:iy.  Sii^h. 
H  is,  it  is  liilliiiii'ly  iihtc 
cted.  .  .  .  'I'iii'  iiia'iiT 
i).'iiinxt  whicli  ilic  Mi'r. 
li  till!  ri'iiicilics  ;iri'  uii. 

II  i;oii(j»U'sl  tliut  wiiilif 

H  (tkclcli  uf  Mr,  11,1  \(. 
tho  piiiii'i' ;  uiiil  ntiiT  t- 
i]ihy  ( lU'Cfsi-arily  liurrtl 
)est  mill  iiiiisl  iiii]«rrii!,! 
joiiceriis  us,  tlif  m;iii.  ili- 

ily     ilS    OUL'    wlln    llclll  ilu- 

idiiirsied  iiniicirtunt  iiiiliiie 

iilivi'ly  lit  tic  111'  liiiii;  liiu 

an  ussocialc.  auil  ;i  ci*- 

;d  witll   mil'  ill  wliiiiu  ail 

1  iialuro  wi'ii'  elevi'l"|ri t'l 

18  truthful,  li«  was  ln'iH, 

..s  fionerous,  in  iliulriwH 

can  be  usiil.     ll.liJ'h 

act  willioiil  reiiclliiii:  any. 

toidd  fortune  tn  onjcv  iIk 

t  incurriii'i  tlio  >lii:liw 

,  l?low  iliiisiraii'ililiil"'! 
koinrican  inililicalliti'.  Hi' 
■II  lie  acrciili'd  atriistllit ! 
[rrcil  was  i.'rcaliT  lliaiitlic  | 
S'o  man  cvlt  lalinriii  im 
iblic  duty  toilio  iTnlii"f| 
(his  coiistiiiii'iit>.    lli'M 
[nd  licttiT  iiicaiii"':;  "1' '1"-' I 

and  s.irdid  sciim'  i"  wliifli 
[d  to  niaiiv.     T"  liHu  i«'li- 

-fulness,  ami  nut  "I' F"" 

Iturcd  niin.l.asiiaiiil.iii'l; 
lintcllij-'i'iii'i'wlm-li  *'"■''''■' I 
Lr  plan.'  as  coiiirre^"! 
Iho  were  his  suiiiTi"M»j 
land  intoriiiatiiin.  Hi'^'^j 
Ijflievod  that  under  11  iio''- 
lidt  must  iioi'es.-ariiy '^^f)*' 
]hehadlivo(ltnswiil'i"j 

Lparti.^aii  is  the  I'tsU*-] 


tridi.  "'  **'■"*  ''^''^  "'"  ""  '"■"'"''i  '""1  y'  '•'"  pobliu 
uitcriiiiii  -  wrc  alwiiys  thoughtful  and  convincing, 
mil  wen ■  I  iii'ly  Hurpassi'il  in  effect  by  tin;  more  bril- 
ii'iiit  and  II" 'i<'  orimtu  speeches  of  his  contemporaricM. 

..  IlasiiU  recorded  tluniirhts  like  these,  iiowuver,  i 
Inrm  hill  I  ^■"'■y  '•"pe'"f*"''t  esliniiite  of  our  departed  ! 
friend  ami  rrllow-citizen.  The  feelin;;  which  shadows 
ihc  eouiniiiiiity  tu-dny  is  not  easily  voiced  or  writtiMi. 
It  is  with  III'  simulnted  sorrow  that  tin!  sad  event  will 
1,1'  leiiriK'd  'iiid  spoken  of,  but  with  ii  f^enuine  and 
luarifi'lt  niii'et  for  one  whose  death  is  ii  jiositivo  loss 
t„  the  eiiiiiiiiiinity,  and  u  positive  ^'rief  to  nil  who 
(iiinveil  ill''  pleasure  of  his  personal  ae((uaiiitaiico. 
\iiii  III  till'  iiiiiurnful  slory  of  to-diiy  it  tragic  pathos 
v:\\\  lie  aiiilid  liv  the  rceolleeiion  of  a  death  and  a 
liiiriiil  iwii  iiiiiiilli«  au;o,  when  the  f;ei;erous  heart,  now 
mute  and  still,  was  bowed  in  .sorrow  at  thi!  tonih  of  ii 
lir.safreetinn.  When,  ii  few  days  hence,  the  husband 
ami  liillier  is  iaid  to  rest  near  the  new-made  f;rave  of 
ilic  wife  and  mother,  who  that  knew  them  both  will 
I'ail  in  repeat  the  beautiful  lan>(uaj;e  of  David's  match-  , 
li.'>s  lament  : 

"They  were  lovely  and  pleiusant  in  thoir  lives,  and 
ill  Ji'iith  iliey  were  not  dividiul'  "  1 

.\t  the  liieakiii^  out  of  the  civil  war  Hon.  Charles  j 
Gibsim,  now  one  of  the  most  distiiij,'uislieil  and  lal- 
eiiiiil  moinliers  of  the  St.  Louis  bar,  took  di^cided  and 
aciive '.Tiiuiid  in  favor  of  preserving;  the  unity  of  the 
miiiiiiiiil  sinveriiinent.  Ho  was  willin<;  to  accord  to 
ilie  South  the  full  measure  of  her  claims  under  the 
('iiii>tiiatiiiii,  but  repirded  the  preservation  of  tho 
riiiiiii  lis  of  paramount  importance.  In  the  winter 
ot'ls(I(l-Gl  lie  issued  a  patriotic  and  inspiring  address 
I'l  ilie  |ieii|ile  of  Missouri,  wliicli  provided  a  rallyiiis;- 
[.lint  for  tho  I'liionists  of  the  Statis  and  enabled  tiicm, 
by  si'Ciirin;,' the  election  of  11  Union  State  Convention, 
III  elioekinatc  (iovernor  Jackson's  attempt  to  take 
.Mis-iiuri  cut  111'  the  Union.  Mr.  Gibson  was  an  ac- 
liiiiiwleilL'ed  leader  in  that  agitation,  and  ainon<;  ]\\n 
'  t'liatljulors  were  (Jen.  Francis  P.  Blair,  Col.  Ja.s. 
i  11.  liniaiihead,  lion.  H.  Grutz  Brown,  and  men  of 
i  p|iial  eulihre. 

Mr.  (lih.iion  Wius  born  in  Montgomery  County,  Va  , 

i  in  Is  Jo.     His  ancestors  were  among  the  early  settlers 

in  tlmt  imrt  of  the  State,  and  both  his  grandfathers 

icri' wimnded  in  the  Revolutionary  war.      His  father, 

[Cafit.  llufih  (iibson,  moved  to  Mis.souri  in  18li6,  and 

liaviii;;  tho  means  to  enable  him  to  do  so  led  the  life 

iofai|uiet  country  gentleman.      His  mother  was  de- 

jscendtil  from  the  Rutledge  family  of  South  Carolina. 

Till'  sehiiuls  of  Mis.souri  in    those    pioneer  days 

j»tfijrdt'd  very   meagre   educational    advantages,    but 

Ijoung  Gibson  mastered  all  the  branches  taught,  and 


was  noted  fur  his  precoi^ily.  He  read  and  studied 
with  avidity  what  books  he  could  obtain,  and  probably 
tho  lack  of  I'.irly  tuition  was  to  a  great  extent  compen- 
sated for  by  the  iiidependeiice  of  thought  and  origi- 
nality engendered  by  .self-iiistriiclion.  He  was  for  a 
brief  |)eriod  a  student  at  the  University  of  Missouri, 
and  bis  exuminatinn  when  admitted  showed  him  to 
bo  perfect  in  all  that  he  had  .studied. 

In  ISHi,  Mr.  Gibson  eaino  to  St.  Louis,  friendless 
and  unknown,  to  hew  out  his  own  fortune,  lie 
brought  n  general  letter  of  introdui.'tion  from  influ- 
ential friends,  but  his  mily  capital  was  a  self-reliant 
and  hardy  s|iirit.  His  first  nci|iiaiiitan'.;e  was  with  the 
lion.  Kdwai'd  Hates,  and  a  friendship  sjirang  up  be- 
tween them  which  lasted  until  that  eminent  iiian's 
death,  Iwcnty-Bve  years  later. 

Mr.  Gibson  spent  mindi  time  in  the  office  of  Mr. 
Hates  during  the  three  years  he  was  studying  law 
with  Josiah  Spauldiiig,  one  of  the  most  learned  and 
upright  lawyers  of  that  period,  lie  was  also  the 
first  librarian  of  the  Law  Library.  While  reading  law 
hu  ap[ilied  himself  to  tho  study  of  French  and  Ger- 
man, and  aei|uired  sullieieiit  ]irolicieney  in  both  to  bo 
able  to  transact  legal  business  in  either  tongue. 

In  1844,  Mr.  (jib.son  entered  the  political  field,  and 
made  speeches  in  behalf  id"  Henry  Clay.  In  1.S48 
he  advocated  Gen.  Taylor's  election  ;  in  18,")2  he  was 
iiiiniinated  an  elector  on  the  Scott  ticket;  in  IH;")!!  ho 
sup])orted  the  Old-Line  Whig  ticket,  and  he  strove 
earnestly  to  .secure  the  Presidential  nomination  fur  his 
old  friend,  Edward  Hales.  In  18(50  the  Whig  party 
had  eea.sed  to  maintain  a  national  organization,  and 
Mr.  Gibson  originated  a  movement  to  bring  out  .^Ir. 
Hates  as  the  Republican  cainlidate  for  the  Presidency, 
although  ho  did  not  belong  to  llie  Republican  party; 
Mr.  Gibson  believing  that  the  election  of  a  Southern 
man  who  was  opposed  to  slavery,  but  who  was  in  all 
respects  conservative,  would  avert  the  pcditical  crisis 
which  otlierwi.se  seemed  inevitable.  But  this  scheme, 
which  was  supported  by  Horace  Greeley,  the  Bluirs, 
and  others,  fell  through,  and  Mr.  Gib.son  supported 
Mr.  Hell  on  the  "Constitutional  Union"  ticket. 

In  18G1,  President  Lincoln  made  Kdward  Hates  his 

uttorney-general,  and   the  latter  urged  Mr.  (Jibson  as 

a  patriotic  duty  to  give  up  his  law  practice  and  go  to 

':  Wasiiiugton,  where   he  was  needed,  appointed    him 

ussi.stant  attorney-general,  and  tendered  him  any  of- 

;  fice  he  might  designate,     Mr.  Gibson  coin|ilied  with 

Mr,  Bates'  request  and  went  to  Washington,  where 

he  accepted   the   office  of  solicitor  of  the   Court  of 

Claims    (now  solicitor-general).     At  President  Lin- 

I  coin's  reijuest  he  wrote  an  opinion  favoring  the  eleva- 

'  tion  of  the  Court  uf  Claims  from  a  mere  commission 


ir' 

•01    it 


■I 

u 


f 


;fi 


612 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


to  a  rojj;uliir  court  of  justice,  nnil  Mr.  Lincoln  ciu-  ' 
bodied  tliu  paper  in  one  of  his  niessiij^es,  with  the 
ult<-r!ition  of  but  a  .sinj;h!  word.  Mr.  Gib.son  then 
wrote  the  hill  whieh  was  piis.sed  hy  (\)iiL;ress  veoriian- 
i/inf;  (he  eourt.  Mr.  Gib.son  was  thrown  into  friendly 
and  even  intimate  relations  with  Mr.  Lincoln  and 
most  of  the  jrreat  men  of  that  period.  Anioiij;  tlioso 
who  specially  eonfidi'd  in  him  was  Mr.  Stanton,  "  the 
{jrcat  war  secretary."  Mr.  (j!il)soi)  strenuously  exerted 
himself  ajiainst  many  of  the  harsh  and  repressive 
measures  of  the  war.  especially  those  perlainini:  to 
Missouri,  for  In;  was  the  oHiciul  agent  of  the  State  of 
^!i.ssouri  at  the  national  capital,  and  ]iorformcd  effi- 
cient service  in  regulatinjr  the  afl'airs  of  the  State  with 
the  Federal  {.'overnment.  Mr.  Hates  and  himsell 
were  the  only  representatives  of  four  million  "  Uordi^r 
State"  people  in  the  administration,  and  therefore 
when  Mr.  (lihson  found  that  the  Lincoln  admini.s-  i 
tration  was  hopelessly  cjiven  over  to  a  radical  policy, 
lie  resijincd  the  oflice  of  solicitor -liencral  and  declarecl 
himself  a  ])emocrat.  In  1864  ho  supported  Gen. 
McClellin  for  the  I'residcney,  and  in  18(!(I-()7  sus- 
taineil  I'resiilen!  Johiuson  in  his  contest  with  ('onijress. 
In  ISdS  he  advocated  Governor  Seymour's  election 
to  the  Presidency ;  in  187(1  favored  the  Libend  He- 
puhliean  and  Democratic  coalition  in  .Missouri  which 
elected  li.  Gralz  Hrown  (iovernor,  and  prepared  the  i 
way  for  the  revision  of  the  ironclad  Drake  Constitu- 
tion ;  and  in  1S72  warmly  supported  Mr.  Grt^eley's 
election,  although  Iw  do'ilited  the  policy  of  his 
i>oniiijaiion  by  the  Democratic  National  (Convention, 
of  which  body  he  was  a  dclegate-at-lar);e  from  Mis- 
souri. 

He  supported  (iovc^rnor  Tilden  for  the  Presidency 
in  l."^7l).  and  durinj;  the  excitii\j;  controversy  wliicli 
arose  in  the  followin<;  winter  as  to  the  result  of  the 
election,  he  was  selectecl  by  the  Deunicratic  .National 
('(ininiittei^  to  visit  Lonisiima,  in  loniu'ction  wiili 
otiier  eminent  gentkMnen,  to  insure  a  fair  count  in 
behalf  of  Mr.  Tilden.  While  tliere  he  w.i>  commis- 
siiiiied  to  i:o  to  Florida  on  a  similar  servii-e.  and  took 
an  important  part  in  the  proceedings  which  ulh>r\vardf> 
became  sii  familiar  to  the  country  in  connection  wiili 
the  l-'lorida  electdi-.d  case,  crcatini.'  a  nnist  f;i\  mablc! 
impr.  ssioii  as  a  li'arned  lUil  inodeMt  gentlein;in.  He 
Was  an  olil  pi'rs(iM:(l  friend  of  (ien.  llanceck.  wlmni 
he  supp.irted  in  |S8()  liir  the  I'lesiiieliey,  and  at  his 
reipiest  deliveied  several  sprichcs  and  performed 
otliir  important  .serviio  in  Indiana  in  liis  interest. 
.Mti'r  tIc"  loss  to  till'  Democrats  ol'  Indiana  in  Octo- 
ber, h''  took  a  very  active  and  ell"ctive  part  in  the 
eleitinii  of  lion,  'fhuiuii^  Ailiii  to  CmiLiress  from  the 
city  of  St.  Louis. 


Upon  returninj;  to  St.  Louis  from  Wasli;ii^i.,ij  j 
18G4,  he  became  in  a  measure  disenga};ei|  I'mui;!. 
regular  practice  of  the  law,  but  has  always  Ijicii  iii,> 
or  le.ss  actively  employed  in  important  litifratiuir.  \:.  j 
the  outset  of  his  career  he  always  obtainnl  {|j,  .> 
share  of  business,  especially  in  matters  pertainii,,. ;, 
land  titles,  lie  drew  up  the  act  creatin:.'  ih,  >. 
Loui.s  Lan.i  Court,  and  when  that  tribunal  w^is,,:,;. 
lishcd,  became  one  of  the  leauing  practitiiii]ii>  f,,'.. 
it.  As  a  lawyer  he  has  been  eminently  siici,,.:; 
Without  aiming  at  oratorical  effects,  his  ^'iiHial  m;. 
tation  is  that  of  a  brilliant  speaker  in  ca.si  s  in  (tij  i 
he  is  deeply  interested  and  which  are  of  n  miV'-^ 
draw  out  his  powers. 

As  a  business  man,  Mr.  Gibson  has  bein  virv.~. 
ce.ssful,  and  a  handsome  fortune  is  the  rouli  nf  lij 
exertions.     Some  of  the  fiiicst  enterpriso  In  ih,. .-; 
have  been  organised  and  wrfected  by  hini.  mi'l  .im  i 
these  have  been  attended  by  pmiraeted  aii'i  il,ii-j 
negotiations,  in  which  Mr.  Gibson  s  tact  ami  iiiL.M,'ji:t  i 
were  exerted  to  the  utmost  to  bring  abmit  u  siiir..,itl  | 
issue.     Of  this  character  were  the  cireuin>(;iiicT. ;:.. 
ceding  the  erection  of  the  old  Southern  linici  mihv 
burned)  and  of  its  8ucce8.sor,  the  present  tine  ■■trmmrf. 
The  iiniiortance  and  effectiveness  of  his  hilmrs  in  i;.e 
building  and  rebuilding  of  this  hotel  are  uiiivir-i.T! 
acknowledged;  and  all  was  done  hy  iiiiii  witlinui  nii. 
pen.sation,  and  after  large  and  libera'  cnnoilFiiiiuii.  „!'j 
his  own  money.      In  fact,  the  bargain  (niicluilrlie. j 
tween  (Jol.  Robert  Campbell  and  the  ll.ni. 'll.niiil 
.\llen  was  brought  about  by  him.  and  HJihuiii  ii  (ejI 
building  would  not  have  been  ereeled. 

Our  limited  space  forbids  more  tliiiii  a  rot'cmii''  iJ 
other  public  works  in  which  he  took  a  leHiiin.  |  in.| 
.Mr.  Gib.son  has  always  niani tested  a  ilei'ii  iii;iri<i  i 
matters  tending  to  promote  the  welfare  ami  li;ip|  ii.....f| 
the  community,  and  has  always  been  zealnu-  iii  mg; 
the  pureha.se  and  improvement  of  jiaik^  ami  "li.rl 
grounds  for  public  resort  lie  aided  vny  iiM'^mit 
in  the  establisbineiit  and  inipidveiiieiii  ul'  L.ili 
Park.  and.  without  iejustice  to  others,  iiii<;lil  j' 
be  called  the  originnior  of  thai'  iicautil'iil  revrt  Wi 
tlrew  up  the  lirst  ,iet  e.'tablishiiit;  Konst  I'.irl  j 
when  it  was  dec'ared  uiieonstiiiilioMal  \w  wa-  :  ! 
most  in  procuring  the  passage  of  aiinilu'r  ait  itLidj 
was  declared  valid,  and  it  is  not  too  iiiinh  li>  >m  i 
St.  Louis  owi's  this  liiii>  park  to  his  lei:iil  iiliiiii).' 
business  sense,  and  nnliring  peisisliin''  Ik  i- .i  i 
'f  large  views,  and  some  ol'  his  ide;i^  lioc  luiii  li'il 
advanee  of  the  people.  ( )('  these  iii;iv  iie  liirMli"!'''^ 
his  pr.>p<isition.  udvanced  in  |S,"i.'),  i.i  upeii  .Klfi- "I 
.Vveliile  two  hundred  feel  wide  Irniii  St.  l."uii  I'iIdI 
to    the  "Wild    Hunter,"   and    (Ir.oi.l    .\voiiut.'  1^1 


is  from  Wasliin^inDi) 
ire  (li»enf:aj;ccl  fninn!.; 
It  has  always  Ik  en  in.-! 
portiint  litijiailnii.  Fri  | 
ttUvuys  obtaiiiril  hi?  H 
in  inatlers  (icitiiinin,';, 
It!  act  crealiiiu  ilir  >:, 

that  tribunal  wiis..-,;. 
lUiii^  liractiticiiiib  1,,;';. 
en  eiuinciitly  su™-:,; 

efFocts,  l>is  <^f\w\i[\  :,y-. 
joakor  in  cases  in  n\}, 
which  arc  cil'  ii  iMiir 

ribsoii  has  hi'iii  v,n  -1- 
■tunc  is  thi'  rcMili  "t'lii 
_>st  cnterpviso  in  tli.'  :;; 
rl'ecUMl  by  liim.  m\<\  :■  i 
y  priiiractod  aiul  del  .,- 
il)s<ill  s  ta>'t  and  iii<!t'iitiilv 
'I  brinj;  about  a  siicuvfiil 
I'H!  the  circuinstiiiKc-iir.  I 
lid  SdUtlicni  liiitol  >ini» 
I  tho  iiroseni  tiin'  I'triii'iure. 
•ciu'ss  of  his  ialicirs  mat 
this  hiiti'l  arc  anivcr-j'y  I 
(lone  l)y  iiiMiwitiiiiuii  ni- 
11 J  lit)ura'  C(iiitrilmii"ii-^!'| 
It  lie  bar,L'aiii  inni'lnJil!* 
'W  and  ilu'  Ihiii  T',.'Uiii| 
hiui,  and  wiilnwt  it  iIk| 
■n  cruciiil. 

niurt'  thiin  a  rotiTi'iii 

•li  lie  tcii.k  a  Icaiiiii.  fi«-| 

lil'i'sti'd  a  lici'ii  iii'iiTi-i  uj 

II' wi'ltiir(!aiiilliaiiiiii'>>"f| 

ays  lii'iMi  zcalmiii  m  aiiiojl 

iniMit  (if  \ii\u>  i""l  "l'4 

lie  aidi'd  v.rv  iim'.toiM 

nijiriivcniiiii  nl'  j/,it;i\'!i(l 

t(i  (ithiTs,  iiii;:lii  l"'  -'^ 

lia;  iM-aUlil'iil  ri'MTl 

blishin-.'   Fniv^l  \'-^'^-4 

iiistitulional  In'  «■'•  •  H 

iiiue  ill'  aiiwili.T.id»ia(l| 

nut  t("i  iiiuii  I"  -ly''' 

k  111  his  li-alaliiiiiy.-H 

i„.r,.isl.'nn'    111' i*  ;«'"■« 

lis  idoa-  hiivi'l ii!'"f| 

ihesi'   may  ii.' nii'lili""'^ 
II,  \<^■^.  i..,.|H'n.l*-' 

,!,.  Ipmi  St.  I."!""  ''"i 
,,„!   (IruM    Vvoimi'iM 


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Al'li'i' llir  Idss  Id  till'  lU'liiiicriilM   III'  liiiliaiia    iti    llctn-  ailvaiu'i'  hI   IIii'  |M'(i|ilt:.      (II    iIii'Mi'   lii;iy  I" 

licr,  III'   tiMik   ii   vi'i'V  at'tivo  ami  I'lVi'ciivo   |iarl  in  liii'  liis  |ir(i|iiiNiliim.  itilvanccil  in  IH.'^I,  i"  ifi'ii 'I''' ''I 

uloi'iimi  III'  Mini.  'riiiiiii:"i   Allrii  tn  ( 'oiiLTri'jts  I'liiMi  llio  Avriiuii  Iwo  liuiiilri'd  I'l'rt  wiili'  Irniii  >i    li"iii"  ^'^^ 
city  til'  St.  IjDuis. 


til   tlio  ''Willi    lluiitiT,"  anil   (iranil   Avi'iiin' ilif' 


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IhbH 

IHHMjS 

POLITICAL   PROGllKSS. 


613 


liuiiJred  li  I't  wide  from  the  river  on  the  north  to  the 
river  on  iln'  south;  and  also,  in  1808,  his  phm  for  a. 
i.irk  i)t'  "II''  tiiousiiiid  iicres  just  east  of  the  present 

KoivM  i'iilk. 

<,iiiie  Y,:irs  ago  Mr.  (iilison  orjianized  the  Ladnde 
(ia-  ('Diiii'iiii.V-  I't  '  O'f  '"  do  business  and  supply 
iliiMiublio  witli  gas  was  conti'sted  hy  the  old  company, 
vjliieh  claiini'd  a  monopoly  of  the  city;  l)ut  on  Mr. 
(iilwiii's  mlvioe  the  new  company  proceeded  to  expend 
dill  'iiiiliiiii  five  hundred  thousand  dollars  in  works  in 
iW  niirtliiiii  part  of  the  city,  and  the  result  was  a 
oiiiiiili'to  viiidieatiou  of  the  soundness  of  his  advice. 

His  rareer  as  a  lawyer  has  been  distinguished  by 

vvcnil  I'pisiidcs  of  a  singularly  interesting  character. 

Ill  18411  lie  served  as  junior  counsel   for  the  defense 

ill  ilio  cclelirated  case  against  Counts  Gonzalve  and 

K.iMiiDiiil  (le  .Montes(|uieit.  indicted   for  the   murder 

i.|  Kirliy  Hainum    and   Albert  Jones,  in    the  City 

lirtk'l  of  St.  Louis.     After  two  mistrials  Mr.  Gibson 

akme  proeiircd  the  jjardon  of  (ionzalvc  (who  was  in- 

.;inii  iiinl   the  '•exoneration"  of   Uaymond  by   the 

(ii.viTiior.    The  incidents  of  the  trial  were  romantic 

ill  ilu'  ('.vtionie.     The   di.'fcndants   belonged    to   the 

iii:lii'>t  and  nMcsl  of  the  mibles  of  France,  and  were 

(lusiiis  of  Napoleon  III.      No  ease  in  Missouri   has 

ivor  iittniclcd  so  nnich  attention   as  this  one.     The 

c.iini.^  and  ilioir  kinsman,  Visci  unt  do  Cessac,  cx- 

|Ti'>«'il  tlieir  regard  and  gratitude  for  Mr.  Gibson's  I 

..rviirs  l)\- presenting  liiin  with  u  curious  and  valuabli; 

wiiicli-i'lmin  ami  a  splendi<l  diamond  ring,  which  he 

»iill  iiwii,<.     .\  lew  years  ago  he  read  an  account  of 

llri>  trial  In  line  llii^   Historical  Society  of  Mis.souri, 

uiiiili  \va.s  widely  published  both  in  this  eimntry  and 

i',  I'lailPf. 

Ill  |S,")S  lie  was  retained  as  sole  counsel  in  another 

rWirali'd  ease  brouglit  by  the  king  of  I'ru.ssia,  and 

I  iiiVMlviiiL'  the  nature  and  power  of  the  kings  of  that 

oiiiitry     lie  iilitained  from  the  Supreme  {!onrt  of 

,  Mi>"iin'i  a  decision  establishing  the  autoerucy  ot   tliu 

|i!"Vi'riimiMil,  in  the  same  manner  as  recently  claimed 

jin  the  ri'M-rii't  nf  the  emperor.     The  prince  regent 

(wli'i  b  now  the    Hmperor   William)    was    so    well 

Ipli-aMtl  with  his  cmKiuct  tluit  he  ordered  two  large 

Iiu'I  >|iliinlid  piinclain  vases  to  be  nnide  at  the   royal 

IjHTi'i liiiu  niaiiulliclory   in    Herlin,   embellished   with 

|«D>nii!li'(i  pietares  ot  Sans  Souci.  the  new  palace  at 

Fl'  '-'liiii,,  llic  iilil  royal  ,>alace,  and   the  inoiiuim  nt  to 

I h' ion. k  ill,"  Great  in  Berlin,  and   covered  with   the 

Inrli.Mjiililingand  other  devices,  which  were  jiresented 

|i   Mr,  (iilisun,  with  the  royal  thanks,  in  due  liirm. 

ILili  Vase  hears   the    following    inseriptimi  ;    "The 

|PniiLv  Uc|{,.|ii  (if  Prn.s»ia  to  the  Counselor  Charles 

liiUm,  tlir  II 11 -elfish  advocate  of  justice."     The  in- 


scription was  written  by  Baron  Alexander  von  Hum- 
boldt. The  vases  are  nearly  four  feet  iiigh,  and  far 
surpitss  anything  of  the  kind  in  this  country. 

In  18S2,  twenty-tiirec  years  after  this,  tlio  same 
sovereign,  who  had  then  become  king  and  emperor, 
and  had  achieved  world-wide  fame,  and  founded  n 
great  (Mnpire,  tendered  to  Mr.  Gibson,  through  the 
imperial  consul  at  St.  Louis,  the  appointment  of  his 
son  Preston  as  a  cadet  oflieer  in  the  imperial  army, 
and  offered  to  waive,  by  a  special  order  from  the  em- 
peror himself,  any  disabilities  to  lii.s  entry  into  the 
.service.  The  young  gentleman  concluded  to  remain 
in  his  own  country,  but  the  incident  shows  the  esti- 
mation in  which  Mr.  Gibson  is  lield  in  Berlin. 

In  1881,  Mr.  Gibson  was  engaged  as  counsel  to 
represent  the  Austrian  government  in  the  prosecution 
of  Baron  von  Bechtolsheim,  formerly  Austro- Hun- 
garian consul  at  St.  Louis,  who  was  charge<l  with 
embex/.lemcnt.  The  baron  iiad  abandoned  his  title 
and  his  otlice,  fled  the  State,  and  ehani.:ed  his  name  ; 
but  he  was  arrested,  brought  back  to  St.  Louis,  and 
incarcerated  in  jail  fiir  many  months.  He  finally 
escajM'd,  however,  by  pleniling  the  consular  immunity 
as  a  technical  defense,  althougb  it  was  waived  by  his 
govcrinnent.  But  altiiough  Mr.  (iihsou  lost  this  ca.so, 
he  displayed  •••neh  learning,  fidelity,  and  ability  that  ho 
received  from  the  Austrian  emperor  the  imperial  thanks 
as  a  warm  expression  of  approval.  Mr.  (jibson  is 
[lerhaps  the  only  member  of  the  American  bar  who  has 
received  the  high  honor  of  the  official  thanks  of  two 
of  the  great  powers  of  Europe  on  account  of  liis  pro- 
fessional conduct  at  ihi'  bar. 

It  is  ecrtainly  a  stran^'c  <'oineidenee  that  a  plain, 
uno.stentatious  Missouri  lawyer  should  have  had  three 
such  extraordinary  cases. 

In  18.")1,  Mr.  (libson  married  .^liss  Virginia,  daugh- 
ter of  Archibald  (iambli-,  one  of  tlw  nldest  and  most 
widely  known  of  the  early  settlers  of  Missouri.  Ho 
has  a  large  family,  which  has  always  lived  in  the 
same  Ikulsc. 

In  1881,  Mr.  (Jibsdii  nn^t  with  the  great  mislnrtnno 
of  hi^  life.  His  son  Archibald  was  »  eailet  at  West 
Piiint.  iinil  while  on  parade  a  s|iider  crawled  into  liis 
ear.  By  the  rules  of  the  .^!ililary  .Vemleiny,  iiinl  still 
more  by  tlie  spirit  of  the  corps  of  cadets,  ii  was  a  high 
oH'ensc  to  inovt!  in  the  ranks,  and  the  boy  remained 
nnuicived  for  over  an  hour  with  thi'  venomous  insect 
wiirking  in  and  jioisoning  his  vitals.  When  parade  was 
over  the  ear  was  found  full  of  blood,  and  the  spider 
was  not  i;vittcn  out  for  two  days.  .Arcliiliahl  remained 
at  the  academy,  was  gradn.>:ed  with  high  honor,  and 
was  appointed  lielitcnanl  of  the  Seventh  Cavalry, 
('lister's  reuiineiii,      .Vfler  leniainini;  several  months 


^i 


M 


•'"'n^)' 


614 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


1    1 


,1    ,  I 


-.4:il 


at  home  undct  ineilical  trciitinent.  he  joiiiud  his  regi- 
Dieiit  iiiid  went  !a  llie  field,  where  he  reiiiiiiiied  eniii- 
piii,miiii<;  until  his  ea)>tiiin  uiid  surgeon  huth  nrderud 
hiiu  (o  apply  for  wck-luave.  Utterly  broken  ihiwii,  lie 
thtii  leturned  hiiino  imd  died  of  brain  fever.  The 
8in<rular  eireunistaiiees  of  his  dealli,  Ills  enduranee  and 
fortitude,  his  purity  of  charaeter  and  {iruat  learning 
for  one  so  young,  eaiised  a  sensation  in  the  eity  where 
he  was  born,  raised,  and  died,  and  called  0)rth  letters 
of  praise  and  syuipnthy  front  Oens,  Sherman  and 
Ilaneoek,  and  many  other  distinguished  men  tlirougli- 
out  the  country.  His  funeral  was  attended  by  the 
chancellor  and  professors  of  Washington  University 
(where  lie  had  been  a  student),  all  the  army  officers 
in  the  city  or  at  the  barracks,  a  company  of  regulars 
from  the  barracks,  and  a  very  large  concourse  of 
citizens. 

Mr.  (jiibson  enjoys  a  well-earned  reputation  as  one 
of  the  most  u.scful  citizens  St.  Louis  has  ever  had. 
Early  thrown  upon  his  own  resources,  without  money 
or  frieiid.'i,  he  has  made  for  himself  an  liomirable  name 
as  a  jurist,  citizen,  and  neighbor,  uiul  has  done  much 
to  make  St.  Louis  a  great  city.  During  the  past 
forty  years  f<'w  men  have  exercised  a  greater  or  more 
beiielieial  iiiflncnee  upon  the  material,  legal,  and  po- 
litical history  of  the  eity  and  State,  and  he  is  one  of 
the  best  types  of  the  seH'-made  and  progressive  men 
of  that  eventful  jH'riod. 

When  the  eivil  war  came  on  the  packinghouse  of 
Francis  Wliittaker  iV  Co.  was  recognized  as  being 
perhaps  the  leading  one  of  tlu-  kind  in  the  Southwest, 
and  it  was  maliled  to  remler  the  country  a  nu)st  im- 
portant .-ierviee. 

St.  Louis  was,  as  we  have  seen,  an  important  coin- 
mercial  aiul  straleL.'ii'  point,  and  the  centre  of  iinmeiisi! 
military  preparalinns.  The  government,  however, 
was  without  inoni'y  or  credit,  anil  its  represiMitatives 
in  St.  Louis  found  themselvi's  in  the  midst  of  a  popu- 
lation which  strongly  syin|iallii/.i'd  with  tlii'  South. 
The  eii>is  was  very  grave,  the  falc  oi'."^!.  liouis  and  of 
Mi.->ouri  trembled  in  tln'  Ijiilam-e.  .\t  this  juncture 
three  linns  whose  courage  and  jiatriolisni  deserve  to 
be  held  ill  e>|ii'('i;il  retneuiliranee  and  honor  ciinie  to 
the  rescue  and  lent  their  credit  to  the  goveniinelit, 
stakint;  their  chani'es  upon  the  siieci'ss  of  tin'  riiioii 
arms  for  the  uhiniale  repaynn'iii  of  their  loans,  and 
for  (niiii>.liing  Mippliis  to  the  newlv-organizeil  Union 
re'_'iriii'iits  or  '■  Home  (iii:iiil>."  Kepeatedly  during 
the  war  ihev  led  tln'  lroop>  ijiiuili'ied  at  ,'>t.  Louis, 
and  fnrnishi'd  food  and  other  supplies  in  immense 
quantiliis  to  be  loiwinded  to  oiher  tields,  Tluis  liny 
not  onlv  rendered  the  iiulliniities  |irieeless  a.-sistiinei' 
and  eontribuled   maleiiallv  to   the  success  of  the  iia 


tional  cause  in  the  Southwest,  but  relaiiiiil  |',,|.  <, 
Louis  the  trade  which  otherwise  would  li;e.e  Invj 
swept  away,  and  enabled  it  to  emerge  from  'lie  war  a, 
the  great  metropolis  of  the  Mississippi  vaih^v  'J^^ 
names  of  these  patriotic  jiork-packers  Wer.'  Ilciin\ 
Kdgar  Ames  &  Co.,  John  J.  Roe  &  Co..  ainl  iMMiii, 
Whi  taker  &  Co. 

Francis  Wliittaker,  the  seidor  member  of  ilii'iinj 
of  Francis  Wliittaker  &  Co.,  was  born  :ii  .V;,,  . 
Hamilton,  County  Luitrim,  Ireland,  in  I  sin  |{ 
was  a  gentlennin  by  birth,  his  father,  John  Wliinnl,, 
being  sheriff  of  the  coutity.  The  latter  niarriiMJ  'mr 
young  (his  wife  was  Margaret  Henderson,  a  lailv  ;' 
like  statioiOi  and  from  the  union  a  lar^e  famil',  r... 
suited,  several  of  whom  rt!eeived  a  profi -•^iniiuK.,!,!,.,. 
tion  at  Triiuty  College,  Dublin,  the  cradle  nr.-n  inaiiv 
of  the  brightest  geniu.ses  of  th  '  Knaerald  Isk. 

When  old  enough  to  enter  upon  the  active  (Iium 
of  life,  Francis  Wliittaker  was  apprentircil  idAiilr.j 
iiritton,  a  packer  and  provision  mereli;iiit  at  ."^ii.  , 
and  upon  the  completion  of  his  term  was  !i|>|p<>iiiin| 
an  officer  in  the  Sligo  Branch  of  the  Hank  (if  IrdiiiiL 
After  several  years'  .service'  as  such  ho  ninvi'.  i.iilie 
.south  of  Ireland  to  establish  a  series  of  liniiks  uiii.ij- 
of  those  controlled  by  the  government,  a  xIhuk  -ii; 
gested  by  his  superior  in  the  bank,  wliiili  i|ii|  ■, ; 
succeed. 

Francis  Wliittaker  then  removed  in  hiiUin,  uiuw  | 
resided    his   brother-in-law,  Jidiii  .Molln  rwill.  mii    f 
the   leading   lights   of  the  then   fanmiis  Dulilin  l>:ir. 
In  Dublin   he  engaged   in    the  pa|>er   in.inuliidiiiin:  I 
business,  and  while  visiting  the  seiiies  of  lii»  Iih\Ii...1 
at  Hallymote  he  married  bis  only  wile.  Ainic,  ■I;iii3- 
ter   of  John   Motlierw('ll,   a    disaiilrd    .illiccr  uf  il,(| 
(pieeii's  army.      He  continued   to  live  in  Miililiii.  Iill 
in  the  course  of  years  a  growing  faiiiily  ami  llii'u- 
creasing  diseonteni  and  destitnlioii  in  ili uiiln  im- 
pelled   him   to   emigrate.      He   foiinil    ii   liilliciiii  yi\ 
choose  between  the  urgent  solieiliitiuii- uf  I1i1.1li1i.i3j 
Melbourne  and  Ni'W  York,  but  linally  cliev  Aniri], 
and  in  .\pril,  ISI.S,  sailed  for  this  eonniiy.  iln' V"yce| 
lasting   liv('   weeks.      At    New   York   he  w:i,<  luarlijl 
welciiinid    by    his   brother.  Dr.  .loliii    li.  \Vliiii.ii.r,| 
who    was    then    pre.-iilent   of  the  .V'  w  \nrk  ^Itidu 
Colh-e. 

.\fter   settliii'    his    family    in     Hrnnklvii,    I'l.m 
Wliittaker  visit    i   the  West,  with   litieis  te  ili.    J| 
and   substantial    bouse   of  .laiins    llewilt  ,\;  (" 
Louisville,  Liverpool.  New  York,  and  ,'^1.  Li'iii- 
.New  York  he  had  made  the  aeiiuainlaini'"!' 1!.  .M.*| 
Kereheval.  upon  wlio>e  advice  he  ai('i'|'li'il  llio  |"'-lll''' 
of   general   director   of   the    paekinn  li'Mi-e  h\  Mt 
SiL'er.son  at  St.  Louis,  and  here  he  siient  miiiic  m "iiiM 


but  relii"mr<l  fur  Si. 

isi!    Woulil    li:i'-X'  I I, 

nu'.viio  fnmi  'lie  wan, 
iBsissijuii  vuil.'v  TIk 
nickel's  wcr.'  Ilciin  \ 
loe  &  Co..  ■iii'l  Vi-Mvv 

jr  mcuibiM'  lit'  tlic  firiD 
I  WiW  '"I'll  M  Maiir 
rolaiiJ,  in  HUl  11 
iltluT,  .Tiilili  Wliitlat,. 
rh(!  latter  iiiiinii'il  '|ii!' 
t  lloiHlersiiii,  ;i  lacly  :' 
iiioii  11  liii'^''  I'iimil;,  r - 
oil  a  priil'i  -<iniial  t'ilii  1 
II,  tliu  eradli'  111' Ml  ni;ii: 
1  >  Kiuerjilil  Isli'. 

univii  tlie  active  ilat;- 
^  apjii-eiilii'i'il  lii.\ii4r  t 
iioll    niereliaiil   al   Si; 

his  term  was  a|i|ii'iii;  1 
,  of  the  itaiik  nl' '.rAml. 
IS  sueh  lie  iiuivi'.:  I"  ilie 
a  serio.»  nl  liaiiks  uui.-i'ii' 
iveriiiueiit.  a  «clifiiii' -lu- 
ho  bunk,  wliii'li  iliil  ii'i 

eniiivi'il  111  i»iililin.  wli'fv 
Jolin  Miillii'iwi'll.  Ill f| 

hen   faniuiis  Diililiii  I'ji. 

lie   ]ia]"'r   liiainiracniisii: 
|the  secni'S  ul' lii-  liii\li'"-l| 
t'c.  .\ mil', 'lad 


(lIllV   wi 


ilisalilnl    iilVlnT   i.f  ik' 


ill    1(1    livr  ill 


|)ulilili.l"lll 


viiiL'  t'aniilv  am 


llu'  111- 


iiutioii  ill  ilH'oiiiiiti;» 


Ml 


iiiiiil  11  1 


|.iilicilaiiiin>i 
,ut  liiiallv  i-liii 


liffiriiil  wl 
,f  liiiiiliii-inj 

AlllHi'l,! 


Ill' 


\\\\-.  iMHiiilr\.  llii'\";i-*l 


Vi.rk 


liuriiyl 


l)r.  .lull  11    II.  Wliuuvfj 
the  Niw  V.iik  M.  li  J| 


11, 


ly    111 
ll,  wit 

llaiiii' 
IViirk.  aiii 


I'.iHiiklvii.    l'» 


h   Ini.rs  I.I 

,      llrttill 


il,. 


luaiiilai" 


hi'iii- 

,.riiM\'.| 


1,1, ■.!  till- i" 


,'kiii>-  li"»^'' 


,.l 


lere 


he  .^lii 


111 


,illU'  111"""" 


fi14 


IlISTOUY    OF   SAINT    J-OUlS. 


if   ! 


n 


iid«r  iut'(iit!iil  treatiiiyrit.  he  ji>in<'(l  his  n 

luotii  ami  wont  u»  iho  fii'UI,  whi're  lie  rHUisi'it'd  oaiH- 

|!ii,L'iiiiig  until  hill  Ciijiiiiiii  iind  -ui-icnii  lioili  in'ilcrf^d 

Iriii  (>«  31'r.lv  fur  /tiik-lnu^t'.     j'td  ;  iy  In. ikon  .lnwii,  he 

iii'ii   hi)iiu>  Blul  ditiil  mI   hraiii   fever.     TIk* 

''•niiifttaiiW'.^of  his  (luttK,  hiii  fni!ur«!ic(!  ;nid 

i!^  jiiirity  of  olmriH'''' r  Mmi   irrcut   Ifnrrinii:  , 

i'xx  fine  w  yownp,  candid  a  fo  ii'-  "ity  whore 

h(!  WiiH  bom,  rrtiiifd,  and  di'-d   .li^  ;        i.'d  fiirlii  letters 

<i(  praifc  arid   NyiiijMthy   Cri'U\   •»■?>;     •"■Mi'iitiiin    and 

I[iiia-iit;k.  iiiid  lliaity  ntlii  !  i)ir<iiitj;h 

out  th'!  ciiiiiiiry.      Hi?'   'ni  i  •     •>    -    I'.iU'iid  hy  ihr 

"hiini  ciliJi-  atid  )iruli-.>(«:  r>  ii'    '\  l^h"■*t^ll|  L'ltivcrHity 

vv!t»T«  ho  had  bnco  »  hr  .    .irn  y  ntficiTu 

ill  i.hi>  city  nr  (ii  th'  '  ly  of  rfjiuinn? 

t'lv'M    I     ■   harnvk ■«.  ■•iTicHir-'O  ut' , 


i...^i  ii-i«>tu!  . 

Lull  is  lm.<  fvtT  li  u!. 

hiMwi)  uinni  ' 

nirccM,  wichu'it  moiioy 
•   '  ..n  hili'.'rahh-  imiit;  1 

,.|      t,t.v    .1,,.,,.     (,!'l"ll 

U  hull  tjio  I'lvil  war  <utnie  'in  the  pauKii^i;  houKu  oC 

•    ".  '    ■  ^     '■        i'Of;'li)!«  d   at)  lii'ilif; 

■  I  ifi  tK  ■  Siinihw'cj't, 


II  the  Sollthwc!*!.    h(!l 

jjtiiiis  tho  irado  whioli  oiherwi^c  wi, 
viiy,  and  enabled  il;  td  •  iii 
.'  m>  trii|  .ilis  of  the   Mi-  • 
iiaDu-N  II!'  till-no  ;iiUriotii:  iKirkpiiek-.'  -  ■ 
Kdv'iir  AiiKv  .t  (.'ii..  ilohti  .1.  It'"  f:  '' 
VVhiUiiker  &  <\.. 

i'riiiiL'is  Whittaker,  thu  eeniur  lUfiii' 
iif  Fniiieia  Whifiiiker  cSt   (.'n.,   » 
I'liiiMlti'ii.  ('oiinty   Leiiriiii,  Ir' i 

iideiuiiu  by  birth,  hie<  tit!' 
!  .   ■r..  -  r.-rid' f'f  ihi)  eimiity.     Tb 
yimiijr  ( Ids  wile.  W!i«  Mnrf/aret  I 
tiko  "tatitmV  and  )'ri>iu  tlie  uiii- 
Niilted.  sov.-jmI  lit"  wbuin  rei'eiveil 
fiiiii  at  Trii.iry  Cilic.;'',  Duliiiti.  i ' 
III  the  hi  igbli-M  ii'lli^Hew  I'f  the  .• 
VVJi.'ii  i>id  ••iioii}{ii  1/1  ••■nter  iii 
of  lil'i:,  l'"ri»i-is  Wliitiaker  wii*  a   , 
Briuon,  a  p»oki-f  and  pro'.  :■ 
and  upuii  the  ot>iiipiotiuii  c 
1..1  ..ftiner  ia  thoiSlii^o  Uvaii' 
AOrui  yeafs*  i-efi  ii'. 
■   Ire'iiid  to  'hlabii.-l'    ■ 
:  .■•rtiUoikd  tiy  the  .. 

"ii  by  his  mipcrior  in  !■ 

..  .1 

I 

■U  WbiilakKr  then  ! 
r<'.«ide(i   his   hnitiierdn-iaw. 
the   Kndin);   li(ilii«  (if  ''■ 
Til  I'lililiii   be  eii(.'ajj;<  I 
Inininc."'.-'.  and  while  viMtin',; 
■  llallyniiitc  he  niarr''-  i  ' 

of  .li'lin    Mifl.lleli 
queen's  alin_\.      He  i  ■ 

■■    ■  •;       lurse  111'  year- 
'   i    dii<eiiiiiini  ■nv 
I'liji   til   (.1.  • 


■  ■fSi    I,.,   : 


.M-ll.,.„.     ■ 
I  ill   Ajiri 


3      J 


I  ^: 


!  "!■ 


f    ^H 


yuciJCRa  of  tb 


I-   then   I 
icttliti'f   Ki* 

■  :ill(i;|:      I   ■  -l.-.       1 

•,  l,iViTpi.iiii.  Ne«r  'V 

■  tk  he  had  niadu  tho  ae>i 

cl  iip'in  wbivfP  advice  In  i 
iai  direeldr  uC  the  |  i.  > 
>  at  St.  I«ouin,  and  hur..-  liw.>('. 


^ 

"^^^^1^  d^^ 


':> 


^ 


I 


I    ' 


li 


l: 


POLITIC  A  li   PIKHJUKSS. 


(!15 


fiinijliiiriziiin  hiiiiBolf  with  tho  Hitiintinn.  Ho  was 
;i,ru«t(iiiiril  tfi  rt'liitc  that  on  hi.s  firhl  Htiiiduy,  iil'tcr 
atti'inliii-  I'r-  l'"tt.s'  I'lTsliytcriiiii  Cliiirch,  lie  wulkcil 
(lilt  nil  til'  iht'ii  wiiixk'd  liL>i};ht.s  of  St.  Iiouix,  uiiil  iim 
III'  liidkcil  ihc  town  over,  t'clt  coiivinocil  t)iat  lin 
coiilJ  oiiililifili  i>  footing  horu.  ('<)tis('f|nciitly,  in  the 
Ijill  of  l*!!'  ho  hroiifjlit  liis  fiiinily  West,  und  then 
Ul'uii  lii-^  viork  ill  L'ood  fiiriifNt. 

At  lirr^i  lit'  was  in  biisiiu's.s  iilimt',  hut  afturwiinls 
lull  Jiiliii  •'  I^>i'  f'""  "  piirlncr.  .Mr.  Koe  wu.s  a  con- 
I'l'iiial  aK.'<iii'i!il<N  and  th(!  conneutioii  I'ontiniii'd  until 
alidUl  till'  I'lii^i!  "I"  'I't'  war.  Tiie  early  years  ol'  his 
liiisiin'^s  L'X|"'rionco  in  St.  Louis  were  arduous  and 
irviii".  Ili~  son  relates  tliat  ol'ten  he  not  only  liad 
to  act  U!<  liis  own  tiiri'nian,  hut  l'rei|U(tiitly  was  eoin- 
[cllcil  III  weik  at  the  "  eutter's  tahle  ;"  an<l  when  he 
I'liiiii'  iiiiliii'  '>»il  seated  liinisell'  at  the  tahle  to  eat  he 
'..iilil  hardly  |ily  the  knife  and  liirk,  so  i;reat  was  his 
li'.ii'^ui'.  \  liiiHin(>.s.s  laid  on  such  Holid  foundations 
,r|H'rsiiiiiil  iiiilusiry  eould  not  hut  prosper. 

.MKt  llie  war  tiie  husineH.t  was  eondtleled  hy 
Fnuui*  Wliitiaker  &  Sons,  hut  Mr.  Whittaker  re- 
uiiiiii'ilits  ilirei'iiiij:  and  inspiring  mind.  He  e>tal)- 
li.jiiil  liniiieli  himses  in  New  Vork  and  New  Orleans, 
liiit  iiliiiiiatily  withdrew  from  tiiein.  At  last  lie  died, 
.liiiii'  It,  l"^Tl.  a^_'ed  Hi.\ly-two  years,  leaviiii.'  a  larirt! 
:iii4  liicraiive  liusine.ss. 

dill'  iif  his  favorite  projects  was  the  direct  ship- 
iiniii  111'  the  priiduets  of  his  house  to  Kurope.  The 
rt|iiriiiu'iit  |iiiiveil  Hueeessfid,  and  in  later  years  the 
.ni.iiii'ss  ill  wliieh  he  wa.s  a  pioneer  assumed  immense 
iri{"rliiiiis.  Il(^  was  also  an  advoeate  and  one  of  tlu< 
rariy  >l(iikliiiMeis  of  the  Missi.isippi  valley  liarire 
inii>|iiirtatiiiii  system,  wliieli  he  siijiported  ua  heiiifj 
;iii  iiilrr|irisL' iif  irreat  impoltaliee  to  St.  Ijoiiis.  He 
w;i>  lint,  liiiwever,  permitted  to  wilne.ss  the  .--uec'ess  of 

llli-  IlliiVCIIH'lll, 

Mr  Willi  laker  was  iiileresti'd  in  oilier  puhlie  eii- 
Mjii'i's.  ami  rliielly  ihroii^h  his  exert ioii.-<  tlu^  ISaiik 
'I  ("iiiiiiirce.  one  uf  tho  most  im]iortant  finaiieial 
.•!iiiitiiiii>  (if  ,"<l.  Louis,  was  firmly  eslal)li>hed.  lie 
w.i- ;(lsii  a  iliii'i'lor  in  the  olil  .Merehaiils'  Hank,  and 
ill  tile  iild  St.  liiiiiis  InHuranee  Company. 

Ill  I'dvalr  lil'i',  in  the  family  and  the  eliureh,  .Mr. 
^WiiiiakiT  Icll  a  Iciiaey  of  jirecioiis  reeollectiniis.     lie 

i  l'i>  wile  were  nurtured  in  the  Chiireh  of  Knir- 
l.iii'l.  Iiiit  Ijcrcic  leavin'_'  Ireland  einhraeeil  the  faith 
"f  ilic  Dis.'sciiters,  who  tind  llieir  clo.sest  alhlialions  in 
Aiiu'rii'ii  uiiimi;,'  the  Confrreiratiunalists.  In  St.  Louis 
lli'V  Iruaiiie  iiieiiihers  of  ihe  First  (Nii|i:re'_':itioiial 
'liiiii'li,  umler  Dr.  Post's  ministry,  and  were  soon 
Miiiinizi'd  and  esteemed  as  amoiii;  the  most  devoted 
and  uselul  iiienihers  of  that  body. 


In  this  connection  mention  may  properly  he  miide 
of  .Mr.  Whiltaker's  charities,  for  with  him  .systemalie 
;.'ivin;;  was  a  Ci.ti.-^li.iii  duty.  He  hostowed  his  hene- 
faelions  wiilmut  re<;ard  to  church  or  erei^d,  and  to 
several  of  tho  puhlie  institutions  he  made  tr<>nerous 
f.'it\s  aniiiially.  He  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
(iood  Samaritan  Hospital,  and  letl  it  a  handsonio 
l)e(|Uest.  His  will  direeted  the  (laymout  of  legacies 
anionntiiiLr  to  sixty  thousand  dollars. 

Ill  1S52,  Mrs.  WhittakiM-  died.  She  was  a  womnn 
of  i;reat  streiiL'th  of  mind,  ami  Mr.  NVhiltiiker  was 
Wont  to  ascribe  all  his  siiccevs  to  her  calm  and 
judicious  advice.  Her  character  was  sin^'ularly 
amialde  and  gentle,  and  her  marked  intlui!ne(>  for 
good  was  exerted  .steadily  throughout  her  busy  and 
energetic  lile. 

From  this  lime  .Mr.  Whiltaker's  energies  were  de- 
voted to  the  cari!  of  his  family  of  seven  young  chil- 
dren, and  to  educate  ihein  properly  and  leave  ihem  in 
easy  eircunistanees  was  his  idiief  aiiihilion.  He  was 
never  .so  happy  as  when  with  ihelii,  and  was  often 
heard  to  say  that  while  in  their  coinpan\  life  had  no 
other  charm  fur  him.  Next  to  his  love  of  family  was 
his  love  for  his  adopted  country.  It  was  his  ]irido 
that  he  was  an  .Vnieriean,  and  that  he  had  been 
jirivileged  to  live  under  free  inslitulions,  where  cla.s.s 
distinctions  were  unknown,  and  where  all  were  pcr- 
inided  to  (aintend  for  fortuni!  on  eijiial  terms. 

Ill  l>f(!ll  his  son  Kiaiicis,  the  youii'.'est  of  the  fam- 
ily, died  very  suddenly.  From  that  day  .Mr.  Whit- 
laker  dcdini  d  in  health,  and  it  may  be  said  that  tho 
hoy's  death  lit"rally  liiuki^  liis  heart.  He  )iasseil  away 
sustained  liy  iinjdieit  faith  in  the  religion  tiial  had  in- 
spired him  thmu'.diout  almost  his  entire  lifetime, 
and  died  as  he  had  lived,  ii  Christian  '.'eiitleinaii, 
leaving  to  a  sorrowing  circle  of  friends  the  flagrant 
memory  of  one  of  the  most  upright,  uetive.  and  ener- 
getic men  St.  Louis  ever  knew.  .Mr.  Whittaker  left 
two  sons  and  lliree  daughters.  Of  the  foniu'r  only 
the  elder,  John  Whittaker,  is  iinw  liviii'.'.  He  is  the 
eflieienl  head  of  the  house  of  Fiiineis  Wliitiaker  Hi 
Sons,  and  the  liilhcr's  mantle  seems  to  have  lallen  oil 
Worthy  shoulders. 

Associated  with  Mr.  Whittaker  during  the  exciting 
period  of  the  civil  war  was  dohn  .1.  Uoe,  who  was 
largely  interested  with  him  in  furnishing  supplies  to 
the  inilitary  aiilhoriiics  in  St.  Louis  at  a  critical  lime, 
when  the  government,  as  already  stated,  had  neither 
money  nor  credit.  Mr.  Uoe  was  a  strong  and  activo 
Union  man  when  the  war  began,  although  origiiialiy 
of  a  conservative  disposition,  and  at  one  (iiiie  u  slave- 
holder. Mclieving  slavery,  however,  to  he  wrong,  ho 
had  set  lii.s  slaves  I'ree.    For  many  years  Mr.  Uoo  was 


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HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


oue  of  the  most  proinineiit,  if  not  t/ic  most  prominent 
merchant-prince  of  St.  Louis.  His  name,  in  fiu-t, 
headed  every  hirgc  undertakin<i;  which  was  thouii;ht 
Jikely  to  advance  St.  Louis  to  the  position  of  one  of 
the  cliief  mercantile  cities  of  tlie  Union,  and  it  was 
his  unccasinn;  and  untirin<;  oneriry  tliat  gave  an  im- 
petus towards  certain  success  to  every  enterprise  with 
which  he  was  connected. 

Like  most  of  tiie  indomitable  wills  that  have  left 
their  impress  upon  the  history  of  the  city,  ho  was 
emphiitically  a  self-made  man,  and  every  dollar  of  the 
vast  sums  whicli  lie  accumulated  was  the  product  of 
his  calculating  energy.  His  parents  were  plain  farm 
people,  living  near  Buft'ulo,  N.  Y.,  and  here,  April  18, 
1809,  John  J.  Iloe  was  born.  When  he  was  six  years 
old  the  family,  having  caught  the  Western  fever,  re- 
moved to  Cincinnati,  thence  to  Kentucky,  and  finally 
settled  at  Rising  Sun,  Ind.,  where  the  father  bought 
a  farm  and  owned  a  ferry,  dying  there  in  18154. 

Schools  were  few  and  far  between  in  Indiana  at  that 
time,  but  young  Roe  made  as  much  use  of  them  as 
he  could  without  interfering  with  the  duty  of  holpinnr 
his  father  on  the  farm  and  at  the  ferry.  The  latter 
employment  seems  to  liave  given  him  his  first  taste 
for  steamboating,  the  occupation  wiiich  he  was  subse- 
quently to  follow  so  succe.ssifuliy ;  for  already,  in  1832 
(two  years  before  his  father's  death),  he  had  left 
home  and  was  engaged  at  Cincinnati  in  some  humble 
capacity  on  a  steamboat.  From  this  position  ne  rose 
by  successive  promotions  until  he  became  captain  of 
the  vessel,  and  at  the  'iry  outset  of  his  career  he 
brilliantly  demonstrated  liis  wonderful  business  ability. 
By  judicious  trading  he  made  such  large  profits  jointly 
for  himself  and  the  owners  of  the  vessel  that  in  less 
than  two  years  from  the  time  he  engaged  on  the  boat, 
a  poor  boy  with  but  a  few  dollars  in  his  pocket,  he 
was  the  captain  and  sole  owner. 

After  such  an  auspicious  beginning  his  success  was 
uniform,  and  in  a  very  few  years  he  liad  bnilt  and 
was  operating  a  fieet  of  the  finest  vessels  on  the  Ohio 
River  and  its  tributaries. 

In  1837  he  married  Miss  Martha  A.  Wright, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Wright,  of  Cincintiati. 

In  1840,  Capt.  Roe  started  from  Cincinnati  with  a 
boat-load  of  merchandise  for  the  upper  Missouri  River, 
and  stopping  at  St.  Louis,  became  so  favorably  im- 
pressed with  its  advantages  from  a  commercial  stand- 
point that  he  determined  to  make  it  in  future  the  base 
of  his  operations.  His  first  venture  here  was  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  commission-house,  which  he  personally 
took  charge  of,  leaving  his  boats  to  be  run  by  salaried 
Captains.  From  this  enterprise  grew  the  firm  of  Hew- 
itt, Roe  &  Co.,  which  soon  beoamc  widely  kimwn, 


then  Hewitt,  Roe  &  Kerchevai,  which  developed  a 
large  business  in  packing  pork  for  the  Iviijlisli 
market. 

A  fire  which  occurred  during  this  peridd  left  Cant. 
Roe,  after  paying  all  obligations,  with  nothing'  Imt  a 
small  interest  which  he  had  in  several  boai>,  but  In, 
began,  with  his  wonted  cheerfulness  and  CDiini'.'e.  id 
repair  his  shattered  fortunes,  and  soon  had  the  firm 
of  John  J.  Roe  &  Co.,  the  successors  of  Hewitt.  Id,,. 
&  Kerchevai,  established  on  a  solid  basis,  ami  nniin. 
tained  its  high  standing  and  credit  to  the  duv  i>f  lii.< 
death. 

During  his  business  career  Capt.  Rdc  wa.s  one  nf 
the  largest  pork  operators  in  the  United  States,  and 
was  often  associated  with  the  Ameses  (llonry  ainl 
Edgar),  the  Whittakers,  the  Ashbrooks,  and  utjiers 
in  transactions  of  very  great  magnitude.  He  Wiis  nit 
a  special  partner  in  the  houses  of  J.  Eager  i^  Cii.,  df 
New  York,  and  D.  W.  C.  Sanford,  of  New  Oiioans, 
and  for  years  was  connected  in  business  witii  Capt. 
"Nick"  Wall  in  Montana,  the  Diamond  -K"  Trans. 
portation  Line  being  one  of  the  important  intere,*i,s 
of  the  Territory  to  this  day. 

Capt.  Roe  took  a  deep  interest  in  all  that  pertainnl 
to  the  prosperity  of  St.  Louis,  and  the  great  briiJw 
especially  received  his  hearty  approval  and  .support. 
At  a  critical  moment,  when  the  stockholders  wire 
disposed  to  abandon  the  project  as  hopeless,  and  ro- 
fused  to  advance  any  more  money,  he  infused  nwv 
life  into  tlie  project  by  pledging  one  hundred  tliousaml 
dollars  in  cash,  for  when  it  was  kiuc.vn  tliat  ilu> 
enterprise  was  approved  by  his  judgiiieiit  it  did  imi 
henceforth  lack  for  supporters.  As  an  evideiiiv  nf 
the  weight  which  justly  attached  to  his  opinion,  it  i- 
related  that  at  this  dark  hour  in  the  Iiistory  nf  tlii' 
bridge  he  hastened  to  New  York,  had  a  iiieetiiii;  nf 
ihe  stockholders  hastily  called,  and  in  thirty  iniiiiii'* 
from  the  time  of  assembling  one  million  twii  liuiuln  I 
thousand  dollars  had  been  subscribed 

Among  the  great  corporations  with  which  Mr.  \W 
was  connected  and  the  offices  he  held  imiy  bo  iiu'ii- 
tioned  the  following:  President  of  the  Mercliauis 
Exchange,  president  of  the  Atlantic  and  .Mississi|,|ii 
Steamship  Company,  once  the  most  powerful  e(iin|iaiiy 
on  the  river,  director  in  the  Ohio  and  Mississi|i|ii 
Railroud  Company,  director  in  the  IlliiKiis  and  .""t 
Louis  Bridge  (Company,  the  St.  Charles  Ihidge  C"""- 
pany,  the  Illinois  atid  St.  Louis  IJailrnad  and  Coal 
Company,  the  North  Missouri  Railroail,  and  in  sev- 
eral street  railroad  companies,  and  prosidont  and  mie 
of  the  organizers  of  the  Lite  A.ssociation  nf  Amcrua. 
at  that  timo  one  of  the  largest  and  most  suavs>liil 
life  insur  nee  oouipanies  in  the  United  Siutes.    To 


j,  which  dcvilopcd  a 
rk    for    the    l''n;;lisli 

:  this  peril  id  lel'l  l'ii|it. 
IS,  with  nothiii'.'  Imt  a 
1  several  bouts,  but  lit 
ilness  and  counwe.  in 
nd  soon  had  thi'  firm 
cessors  of  llrwitt,  llf 
solid  basis,  and  iiuiiii. 
iredit  to  tlie  day  nf  lii> 

(Japt.  Roc  was  one  nf 
the  United  States,  ami 
3  Ameses  (llcnry  aiij 
Ashbrooks,  and  (ithcrj 
la^nitude.  He  was  .u- 
i  of  J.  Eajrer  it  Co.,  uf 
nford,  of  New  Orloaiis. 
in  business  with  Capt. 
ic  Diamond  •'  11"  Trans- 
the  important  interests 

rest  in  all  that  portaimJ 
is,  and  the  great  Wvkv 
y  approval  and  siiiiiinit. 
1  the  stockholders  wen 
ect  as  hopeless,  aiul  ro- 
money,  he  infused  luw 
one  hundred  tliousaiiJ 
was   kno'.vn  tliat  tlu' 
is  judjiineiit  it  did  nut 
\rs.     As  an  evidence  "f 
hod  to  his  opinion,  it  i- 
lur  in  the  Idstory  of  tlir 
York,  had  a  meetiiii;  uf 
i,  and  in  thiity  uiiimt's 
ine  million  two  liumlivl 
bscribed 

oiis  with  which  Mr.  leu- 
IS  he  held  may  be  uioii- 
dent  of  the  Merehaut,' 
(Vtlantic  and  Mississiifi 
most  powerful  eowiiaiiv 
,0  Ohio  and  Mississiiipi 
in  the  Illinois  and  St. 
it.  Charles  l!fid;.'e  ('"i"- 
louis  llailroad  and  C.w! 
iri  Railroad,  and  in  sev- 
■s,  and  president  and  eiie 
Association  of  Amerioa. 
rest  and  most  sueeessfiil 
the  United  States.    To 


p^ffV, 


^/  ^  . 


(41 


II 


'Vv, 


"[f*r'^ff  f'lfc-ATiiiTjiWiHi^yilifiliiili^j  _i 


! 


616 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


i,     ! 


]l:r\ 


\l       '  I 


0111!  of  ihc  most  proiniiicnt,  if  not  t/ir  most  promiii«tit 
merulisintpriiiee  of  Sr.  Loiiiti.  ilis  nnmo,  in  fact, 
lii'ailed  o^'ory  lurgo  uiidcfliikinft  wliivli -wis  thought 
liki.ly  to  advaiico  Si.  hon\«  to  the  po.sitioii  of  one  uf 
(be  riiicf  iiuM'iaiitili!  citioH  of  tlio  Union,  ami  it  wils 
Ilis  niiooasing  and  uiilii'iu'i  omjr-.'y  timt  pivu  un  im- 
polus  towards  i-ortoiu  siu-cess  to  overy  ontei-priso  with 
wliieli  he  was  ooiini'Cled. 

Like  mo.<t  of  the  iuJoruitabli' wills  that  li.»  ...ii 
their  iii)pres.s  upou  th(?  hi>U)i-y  of  thf  eity,  ho  was  ' 
(!iii}ih;iiiGii!ly  a  wlf-iiiade  iimo,  and  cvt-ry  dollar  of  tlu> 
vtust  .suiii.s  wiiii'h  iu>  aei3uiuiilrtuul  w»-i  the  jirodiicl  of 
liis  i:u!cuiatirijr  oncrjry.  His  parent'  were  plnin  fHrni  , 
prioplf,  living  uour  Hii3'h1o  S  Y.  .d  hi'i«.  April  18, 
\HW,  John  J.  Ilotr  H'ii-.  1  ■•■  'V  ,  he  was  nix  ycio-s 
old  tlio  fauiily,  h.'iviii:  ■•Veslert)  fever,  ve. 

nioX'.'J  to  (Mtjciiiiiiiii  'iit:xf>:  (..  Kiiiiiufky,  irid  linuiiy 
•'oitii'd  at  Risiii);  Sun,  Ind.,  wher'  tiie  father,  bouLdit 

rami  aiid  owned  a  ferry,  ilyitiii  ihcic  in  18154. 

School'!  were  few  jiml  far  Wtweeii  in  ledi.ina  at  that 
time,  hut  yonuf.'   '!  •■■   i-  eii?  tin  nmeh  use  of  thuiii  as  , 
he  could  witlieu  !.'  with  the  duty  <if  hiiuine 

hi'  fiith-^v  ,,!.  fl,  „i   the  ferry.     The  lic 

fUipli)yDni)t  srt.:.  ■-,  -  xivon   hini  hi.s  fust  t.i- 

for  .steatulxiaiing,  jhe  oi-eijpiilir>n  whieh  he  wa,^  .subs. 
cpicnily  to  follow  .-o  sueee-tt^illy  .•  for  alrea<ly.  iii  )8:i2  j 
(two  ye.irs   be'..irt'   )um   father';'  d.-ath),  ho  had   left, 
home  ari.l  n ;i.<  ^'  rrit;,  J    t  (Cincinnati  iu  some  htimble 
eapaeiry  on  a  Kteatuboat.     From   thi.-i  po-itioo  he  ro.sB 
by  siieees-sive  proniolioeis  until  ho  beea^e  eaptain-of 
the  vesHel,  und  at  the  very  outset  of  his  eari'er  h<! 
brilliantly  demonstratwi  hi^  wonderful  bii.siue.si.  iibilit.y. 
ijy  jiidieious  frndiug  he  madosueh  lartie  profits  jointly  , 
V  V  liimselF  and  the  owners  of  tbo  veswl  that  in  !e.;a 
liittti  two  years"  from  the  time  be  eni.Mj.'ed  oii  the  bo.it, 
ft  p'Uir  b"y  wi'b   but  a  few  del!ur«   in   b   •.  !;f.i'l;  ■(    b.- 
wiiK  th>'  t:!iptai:i  and  sole  ovfner, 

After  j'Ueb  an  aiii»piiiou8  bo^rinoioj^  liis  sui-etf*  whn 
nnifoini,  atid  iu  a  Vtry  few  years   he  bad   built  fu.ii 
was  ofierafioiv,  a  fleet  of  the  finest  vessels  on  the  " )   , 
UiMT  a-nd  it!'  'iiJ'utaiies. 

Ill    l^Hl    be  married    ^1'  ■'    M.ntba    A.    \Vii,'bi, 
daoij;bter  of  Tbonit"'  Wri.;  ■     inuati. 

in  H  10.  v!a|it.  Koe  jJtaru.i  iVmii  *.'ini'innni-i  with  !. 
boat  load  of  incrcbandifie  for  the  upp<;r  MLssieui  Uivi'r,  i 
uid  stoppinu;  at  St.  Loais,  became  so  Ittvorably  im-  ' 
prevaed  witb  ii8  advantages  I'rom  a  e.nnnen'ial  fifaud 
]>oiot  tb:it  ho  determined  to  maki-  it  ii.  future  the  buM)  i 
of  bi.s  oiteratioii.".    fll.s  tirst  venture  hvre  wa,<!  thocstab-  , 
li;'bment  of  a  eouimi«Mon-liouhe.  wliieh  he  per><oually  ; 
luok  'bar^fe  of,  lirnviu^  hin  boats  to  be  run  by  milaried  ' 
fu|!luiMn,    From  thii*  eiilorprice  grew  the  firm  of  Hew- 
itt, ]{■•  viiieh  wjon  beeanie  nidoly  known, 


tbeii  Hewitt.    Ili   *.'.    Keroheval,  whii  :i 
iarp;e   business    iu    paekinjz    pork    f...! 
market. 

.\  fire  whieh  oeeurn'd  duriniJ  this  p-t  . 
Hoe,  after  pijyinj;  all  oblii^ationf,  iriti 
small  interest  whieh  ii-.'  had  iu  ■■\"- 
bet;an,  with  hi»  wonted  ehei.rfii!; 
repair  hix  shattered  foriunes,  ninl   ■•<»■ 
■i!'  .Inlm  J.  lloe  &  Co.,  tho  sueec"  ■■ 
&.  KeridieVttI,  established  on  a  .-■ 
tuiiK"!  it.s  hif^h  standing  and  erv 
dentil. 

During  his  bii.'^ine.ss  eareer  (V).'.  (■, 
the  lar^e.st  pork  operators  in  tb' 
was  (ifteii   aHsoi.iated   with  the   .'i 
Ed;;ar;,  the  Whitiakers,  the  A.-,! 
in  transactions  of  very  finiat  >     . 
a  spi;eial  partiior  in  the  hou.-.;- 
x\ew  i'ork.  and  D.  \V.  Q,  Sauf<.' 
and  fur  yeai-s  wa.s  eonneeled  in 
-Nick"  Wall  in  Moutaiui,  the  I.'  .       „ 
portiitiou  Line  heiusr  one  of  the    'liiior'ai,' 

•be  Territory  to  thi.s  day. 

I\.)i'  tiiek  a  deep  int«;rcf:t  -.fi  ah  't  ■■-  • 
■•'ly  of  St.  Louis,  ?f!i'l  ll  • 
especially  received  bin  hearty   -i;  ■•      .J  \iM 
At  a  critical   moment,  when  tl.'..    .-.-.v''. .    i ' 
dispo.sed  to  abandon  the  proj^aet   i.s.  Im, 
. fufiid  to  advance  any  m<>re  iiio- 
life  into  the  project  by  pledging  i-- 
dollars   in   cash,   for    when   it   •vais   k  , 

enterprise  wa.s  approved    by  hi-   ial.:ii..:iii,  i 
luneetortb  kiek   for  suppi)rtor«      As  .>n    "i  '■ 
the  w.'iirht  whieh  justly  at.taeb.- 1  to  L'      ; 
rebiii-d  that  at  this  dark   bn'i'  in  i.lii    limi  ■: 
bridite  he  hastened  t'.  N'."-.   '*...k.  b .  i   .  r 
the  stockholders  hastily 
from  the  lime  of  iisseml>Iiii..  ■  i,  •  millii  i     • 
tbii'isand  ilollars  had  been  ai,i-.serii)cd. 

'  men({  the  irreut  c<irpiu»!;'>ii(<  with  which 
wa.i  coniiee.'od  and  the  "'T-.ers  be  be)'.   ■ 
tinned   the   t'ollowing;    I'r  -idcnt  of  i!    . 
Kxi-banjje.  president  of  i '■>.-•  Atlaniie  i 
St<  anisbip  I'lmipany,  one.:  the  mo.'-tpov.  i. 
on  the  river,  director   in   the  Ohio  dii.i    •. 
Uailroud.  Oompany,  director  iu  the  Illinois 
Louis  llridjrc  t'om]ian\,  the  ."st.  Charlis  I'n 
jiany,  the   lUiu'iis  and  St.  J.ouis   H.iilri  ••■( 
t'oinpnny,  the  North  MitBouri,  Kailro. . 
eral  .street  railroa'l  compati'es,  and  po-i  ■■ 
of  the  oriiauimers  .>f  the  Life  A».so  uit.iif  . 
at  tlhit  time  one  of  tlie  laraest  and  iwi'it  ■ 
life  insurance  coni[ianies  in  the  I'niti!'!  .'"i  ■ 


^k    fur    '. 

(I, IX  ]'■■■  ■ 
i,  «riu- 


I  Ai 


0  1.'  . 
'CKt  v'l  all 


Ill  ill' 
Vi>rk,  ll'lil'  i>  li!' ' 
i^   Mdii  in  llii'-;;.  ■ 

■  miUi.'i!  '"••• ' 

■  A  nil  »i'i  • 
;„i  held  m... 

;  lit  of  vhc.^' 

\  :.„.fo  :    '   ^' 

,.    ■■;  1-  .■,... 

ihio  AiKt   'i 
.:,   t.l..>  lUi..'- 
-I.  rhnrlcs'  !-.ii . 
„  ,,!■<  U:iilr(i;i'! 

,1   :    1       ■      ■■ 

A  •«oi;i«li'>ii . 


i  ti)'t  •  ■ 


*^^i^ 


I 


'w^r^^^mmmmmmm 


1  M 


|i'  M 


i 


lilt 

ti'r 


ivlii 
I'-iii 
lie  I 
ten  I 
iiii'n 

111.  V 


llll'lll 

I  itadi 


POLITICAL  PIlOGllESS. 


617 


•ill  of  tln'^p  'lo  fJiive  liis  persnnsil  attention,  and  died 
literiillv  ill  liiirncss,  lor  while  he  was  uttcndin<;  a 
uioetini;  of  the  Memphis  Packet  Company,  on  the 
at'iernodii  of  Feb.  14,  1870,  and  chatting  pleasantly 
with  lii.-^  friends,  his  head  fell  on  one  side,  he  gasped 
forbroaili.  ;ind  suddenly  expired. 

His  ih'Mili,  so  sudden  and  unexpected,  shocked  the 
ciiummiiiiy  and  elicited  the  most  poignant  expressions 
(4'snrn)\v  anil  regret,  and  his  obsequies  were  the  occa- 
-iiin  of  A  ni'iieral  suspension  of  busine.ss  by  direction  of 
ihu  iniiyi'V. 

What  was  the  secret  of  this  extraordinary  popu- 
larity'.'  I'l'i'  throughout  his  career  ho  enjoyed  the 
uiilioumlc'd  affection  of  his  friends,  and  was  endeared 
1,1  ilic  liwiris  of  the  people  of  St.  Louis.  The  answer 
isnatlilv  fduiid  in  the  uniform  kindliness  and  impul- 
>ivc'  L-'eneiof-ity  of  his  character. 

■What  makes  you  look  so  blue?''  said  the  cap- 
tain to  a  voiuig  merchant  he  met  on  the  street.  ''  I 
liavo  two  tlunisaiid  barrels  of  pork  to  deliver  to-mor- 
piw.  ami  ilio  railroads  inform  me  that  they  cannot 
nacli  liJiv  liir  three  days,  and  pork  has  advanced  two 
liiillarspcr  barrel."  "  I'll  loan  them  to  you,"  said  the 
captain,  immediately  writing  out  the  order. 

■  By  the  by,  you  said  some  two  weeks  ago  that  you 
waiitid  til  get  a  book-keeper's  situation:  have  you 
suiceiilod ?"  said  the  captain  to  a  young  man  he  had 
aiiimst  passed  on  the  street.    "  No,  captain."    "  Well, 

Z'l  up  to ;  and  tell  Mr. that  you  are  the 

villi'.;  iiiiui  I  spoke  about  several  days  ago  ;  if  the 
|!ai'i'  suits  you  he  will  give  it  to  you." 

•The  iK'iik  does  not  seem  to  like  this  paper,"  said 
a  luisines.s  ac(]uaintance  as  the  captain  was  passing 
into  one  of  the  large  banks  in  which  he  was  not  in- 
loresiod.  "  Why,  what  is  the  matter  with  it,  Dick '{ 
ll'thiy  (lout  want  it  I'll  take  it."  The  ca.shier  over- 
luanl  the  conversation  ;  his  opinion  changed,  and  the 
lank  took  the  paper. 

Thimsanils  of  incidents  like  these  might  be  related 
iilustiatiiin  his  kind  and  helpful  spirit,  and  his  gener- 
uusarts  towards  the  embarrassed  and  struggling,  acts 
ivliiih  endeared  him  to  all  with  whom  he  came  in 
ci'iitaii,  and  caused  his  death  to  be  mourned  as  a  pub- 
lic lalaniiiy.  The  poor  found  in  him  a  generous  and 
jreiitle  benefactor,  but  his  charities,  although  innu- 
luorahle.  were  bestowed  in  quiet,  and  we  may  be  sure 
tluy  went  up  before  him  as  a  memorial  to  God. 
Thiiu;;h  not  a  member  of  any  church  (for  his  views 
were  loo  broad  and  liberal  to  be  confined  within  the 
limits  of  a  creed),  he  was  a  constant  attendant  at  the 
I  Seciind  I'resbyterian  Church  (where  his  wife  was  a 
,  Dietiibor),  and  no  man  liad  more  reverence  for  the 
j  Uailiiugs  of  the  Divine  Master  or  wove  them  more 


visibly  into  the  business  of  his  life.  He  was  not 
merely  an  honest  man,  as  the  world  esteem.s  honesty, 
but  his  |)rivate  life  was  as  unspotted  as  was  his  public 
careei'.  [Ii?  was  a  ])ure  man  in  all  that  the  word 
implies. 

In  disposition  ('apt.  Uoo  was  cheerful  and  genial. 
Ho  was  easily  approached,  even  by  the  humblest,  and 
lent  a  willing  ear  to  their  wants.  A  keen  judge  of 
character,  when  once  he  confided  in  a  man  his  faith 
was  im]ilicit.  This  is  illustrated  in  the  following 
anecdote :  An  agent  who  was  about  starting  into  the 
country  on  a  mission  involving  the  disbursement  of 
probably  half  a  million  dollars  for  pork  called  for  his 
instructions,  expecting  to  receive  the  twenty  or  thirty 
pages  of  foolscap  usual  in  such  cases.  The  captain 
succinctly  answered,  "  All  you  have  to  do  is  to  take 
care  of  your  money,  and  see  that  you  get  all  tlie  prop- 
erty you  pay  for."  The  trust  reposed  in  the  agent 
put  him  on  his  mettle  and  made  him  doubly  watchful. 

Capt.  Roe  established  a  beautiful  home  at  Lafayette 
and  Compton  Avenues,  then  in  the  suburbs,  the 
grounds  containing  ten  acres.  Here  ho  pleasantly 
welcomed  his  friends,  threw  off  the  cares  of  business, 
and  became  the  simple  gentleman  that  nature  made 
him.  Here  his  widow  still  lives  amid  memories  too 
precious  to  be  more  than  mentioned. 

Henry  Ames  was  born  in  Oneida  County,  N.  Y., 
March  4,  1818.  His  father,  who  was  an  agricul- 
turist, removed  with  his  family  to  Cincinnati  in  182S, 
and  engaged  in  the  pork-pucking  business.  There 
his  two  sons,  Henry  and  Edgar,  received  thorough 
instruction  in  all  the  branches  of  an  English  education, 
and  were  then  taken  into  their  father's  establishment 
and  carefully  trained  in  all  the  details  of  his  business. 
Henry,  indeed,  nianit'ested  a  ■trecooious  aptitude  for 
business,  and  was  associated  with  hi  ■  father  as  early 
as  18153,  when  but  fifteen  years  old,  and  while  yet  a 
boy  freciuently  went  down  the  river  on  flatboats  laden 
for  the  New  Orleans  markets  At  that  period  naviga- 
tion wa.s  most  perilous,  and  on  several  occasions  young 
Ames  narrowly  escaped  with  his  life.  Altliough  but 
a  boy,  he  was  looked  upon  by  the  business  men  who 
knew  him  as  possessing  rare  qualifications  for  uiercan- 
tilo  life,  and  the  foremost  place  was  assigned  him, 
a  prediction  which  his  subse((uent  career  fully  justified. 

In  1 841 ,  Nathan  Ames,  the  fathe; ,  became  convinced 
that  St.  Louis,  from  her  geographical  position,  would 
in  time  become  tile  great  metropolis  of  the  West,  and 
established  him.self  in  the  growing  town,  still  pursuing 
the  business  of  pork-packing,  which  he  conducted  with 
great  success.  Mr.  Ames  died  in  1852,  universally 
respected.  After  his  death  Henry  Ames  continued 
the  business  with  his  brother  Edgar,  and  with  such 


il 


Hi 


I 


618 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


W 


I  ^^'1 


i' 


sifrtml  success  that  the  house  ultimately  riuiked  us  one 
of  the  liiriiest  pork -pack  inj;  cstublisliments  in  the 
Union,  and  durinf^  the  war  its  operations  were  of 
colosf-al  nia^'nitudu.  Besides  the  conduct  of  this  im- 
mense business,  other  important  enterprises  cnjiii^ed 
his  attention.  He  was  president  of  the  Cliainbcr  of 
Coniuierco  for  two  years,  was  vice-president  of  the 
State  Savinj^s  Institution,  and  a  director  in  the  Mer- 
chants' Insurance  Company  and  many  other  institu- 
tions. In  186-4  the  Ames  brothers  built  the  Lindell 
Hotel,  and  for  many  years  owned  and  managed  much 
other  valuable  property. 

Henry  Ami!s  was  also  one  of  the  orii;inal  directors 
in  the  Belcher  Suj^r  llefinery,  Atlantic  and  Missis- 
sippi Steamship  Company,  United  States  Insurance 
Company,  St.  Louis  Elevator  Company,  State  Savinirs 
Association,  and  the  Memphis  and  St.  Louis  Packet 
Company. 

His  devotion  to  the  city  of  his  adoption  was  pro- 
verbial, and    he  was   foremost  in    whatever    it  was 
thoui:ht  miirht  conduce  to  its  welfare.     His  enerjiy 
and  vigor  of  mind  were  remarkable,  as  was  evinced 
in  ills  latest  years,  when,  prostrated  by  paralysis  and  i 
totally  unable  to  walk,  he  was  driven  to  his  place  of  I 
business,  and  was  carried  into  the  office,  where  he  per-  ■ 
sonally  dictated  the  mana;j;cment  of  a  large  and  intri- 
cate establishment.     Thus  for  several  years  he  lived,  ' 
manifesting  amid  the  decay  of  his  physical  strength 
the  most  extraordinary  intellectual   powers  and  the  : 
keenest   biisine.ss    capacity.      During  his  illness   he  : 
vi.sited  South  America,  (.'alifornia,  Canada,  and  Cuba 
in  .search  of  health,  but  fruitlessly,   and  died   Aug. 
14,  18()ti,  at  Minneapolis.  Minn.,  while  on  a  tour  of 
this  character.       In  St.  Louis  liis  death  occasioned 
univer-sal  regret,  for  during  a  ((uarterof  a  century  his 
activity  in  the  commercial  walks  of  St.  Louis  liad  been 
daily   before  the  public  eye,  and   his    integrity  and 
openness  of  character  had  been  the  constant  subject  ; 
of  popular  adniiratiiin.     His  candor,  frankness,  and 
rugged  truthfulness,  his  hearty  devotion  to  the  inter- 
ests of  St.  Louis  and  the  Mi.ssis-5ip])i  valley,  and  his 
princely  way  of  aiding  those  interests  made  him  one 
of  the  most  remarkable  men  of  a  period  distinguished 
for  great  men.    Upon  his  death  the  Chamber  of  Com- 
merce voiced  the  public  setitiment  in  the  adoption  of 
the  following  resolutions  : 

"The  clciitli  i)f  our  fcllow-citizoii,  Henry  Ames,  who  iit  imo 
time  presiileil  uvcr  this  botly  with  tile  inteiiii^ence,  iiliility.  r\nil 
justiec  wliieii  cliiiniuterizeil  liiin  most  eniihenlly  in  nil  tile  rol.a- 
tions  of  lil'e,  nialies  it  (ittin;?  ami  ]in)per  tiuit  we  slionlil  ol)ey 
the  ilietiiles  of  our  l'eclinj;s,  nnil  tal<e  tliis  uccii.sion  In  pliiee  upcm 
our  recDnls  and  before  tlie  world  iin  expression  i.f  our  love  und 
esteem  for  liini  as  a  friend  and  most  lionorable  nicrcliant,  and 
our  einoere  sympathy  with  his  boreavod  family  ,-  therefore  be  it 


"  11,'iihvtl,  That  in  the  death  of  Henry  Ames  this  lA,|,i,i,_., 
has  lost  i>ne  of  its  lirij^litest  ornament.',  a  uum  recofini/.i'l  l.y  u. .,;; 
as  a  model  nierehant,  saKUcious,  prudent,  and  libenil.  ;in.l  iji,. 
the  coiniiiunity  is  depriveil  of  one  of  the  soundest  iiiIimU  ilin 
has  ever  led  to  eoiniiiereial  suecess,  whieh  was  ennlrclliil  l,ij 
nature  so  ^^enial,  benevolent,  ami  kind  that  those  of  ii.  »li,,  In) 
the  good  fortune  to  know  hi[n  well  remember  him  willi  us  mu.'h 
afl'eetion  as  a  friend  as  we  liavo  admiration  for  him  :.-  ;i  lj„,j. 
ness  num." 

Mr.  Ames  married  Mrs.  William  E.  .MiClnuJ, 
daughter  of  Dr.  Charles  Scudder.  Mrs.  .Mil'loiil 
had  one  child,  Miss  Sallie  MeCloud,  now  .Mrs.  J,  J,. 
Pearce.  Hoary  Ames  left  one  child,  a  s(]ii,  Henrv 
Ames,  Jr.,  who  is  vice-president  of  the  Linilcll  Hiii,l 
Association,  and  secretary  of  the  new  Liiidcil  ll„t  i 
Company. 

His  widow  married  again,  Col.  Vincent  Mariiii- 
duke,  of  Saline  County,  Mo.  JMrs.  Ames  reliiiilt  the 
Lindell  Hotel  in  1874. 

Edgar  Ames  was  born  in  Oneida  Cnniiiy,  X.  V., 
Oct.  26,  1824,  and  was  the  youngest  of  a  raiiiily-f 
three  children,  his  father  being  Nathan  Ames,  of  hv:- 
lisk  descent,  whose  ancestors  .settled  in  Massnclmwn^ 
in  1643.  When  he  was  four  years  old  his  lumily  re- 
moved to  Cincinnati,  where,  as  stated  above,  liisliiilkr 
resided  for  several  years,  engaged  extensively  in  |»ir'^. 
packing,  his  establishment  being  one  of  tlie  lar;;e!i  "f 
the  kind  in  the  city.  Young  Ames  eiijoyeil  tlie  mi- 
vantages  of  instruction  in  Cincinnati  College,  and  was 
thoroughly  taught  in  all  the  u.seful  biaiielu's  of  an 
English  education.  When  Nat'>an  Ames  lomuvoil  m 
St.  Louis  and  resumed  the  business  of  poik-piukiiiL'. 
Edgar,  touether  with  his  brother  Henry,  was  ailiiiittl 
to  partnership  with  his  father.  On  the  death  ol'tliiir 
father  the  two  brothers  succeeded  to  ilieliiisiiiMs,  auJ 
under  their  management  it  grew  to  imniiMisu  prnpor- 
tions.  Their  success  was  not,  however,  due  to  will 
.speculation,  but  was  the  result  of  thouglitl'iil  eiktila- 
tion,  and  the  magnitude  of  tlieir  transaetiinisaiid  tli'ir 
remarkable  success  stamped  them  as  among  the  iinit 
b\isine.<s  men  of  the  country.  In  St.  Louis  they  rii- 
joyed  the  friendly  confidence  and  emdial  |n'r!"ii;il 
regard  of  the  leading  members  of  the  ediiiiiiiiniiy. 

Henry    Ames  died   in    1866,  and  mi  the  i'tli  '■( 
December,  1867.  Edgar  Ames  followed  him.    ll.tl: 
were  mourned  by  the  etitire  eommuiiity  wiili  a  siiinTiiv 
seldom  witnessed.     Long  before  their  cKiith  the  iw 
brothers,  between  whom   there  existed  the  stiuit'i;! 
ties  of  fraternal  affection,  were  classed  aiii'iii;.'ihe  liw- 
most  business  men  of  the  city,  not  nieivly  on  aeLniint  : 
of  their  great  wealth,  but  because  of  the  live  and  l'i'"-  I 
erous  use  they  made  of  it  to  advance  the  interest- "t  , 
St.  Louis.     A  conspicuous  illustration  el'  tlie  iitiaA- 1 
ment  existing  between  the  two  brothers  is  atiurdeJ  in  ■. 


\ 


lenry  Ainc»  tlii^'  lArhnii:.: 
I,  i\  iimii  rcc"!;iii/,cl  liyu<a:i 
.(lent,  iiii'l  libiTiil,  ;incl  tbi 
if  tho  Kuimcli'Sl  iiiiiids  ilut 
wliii'li  wns  oiinliHlNl  liv  a 
ml  lliiit  lliiiseiil'  II-  »1im|,:i1 
I'liieinljoi'  him  wiili  iis  mu.-h 
minilion  l'"i'  liiiii  n^a  1,'i^i. 


William  E.  MA'Ui 
udder.  Mrs.  Mi'CImiiI 
oCloud,  now  Mrs.  J.  L 
ine  child,  a  son,  ILiiry 
ent  of  till!  Tjiiulill  ll.i., 
the  new  liiniKU  11. n.; 

1,  Col.  Vinci'iit  Miiniii- 
Mrs.  Ames  rulmilt  tliv 

Oneida  (juimIy,  N.  V., 
youngest  of  :i  liiiiiily  f 
[)g  Nathan  Aun's.  nf  \'m:- 
fsettled  in  Massii-lniNi!- 
,r  years  old  liis  llmiiK'  !•:■ 
as  stated  above,  liis  I'ailirr 
lasred  extensivoly  in  i»ii»- 
einj:  one  of  ilu'  hira-i  .f 
[in;  Ames  enjoyed  tlio  ;i.l- 
ineinnatiColK'L'u.  iiinl  wj- 
le  u.seful  i)r:MK'lu'S  »f  an 
Nat''an  Ames  riiiiiivo4  t^i 
[business  of  ]iork-iiiu'kin.'. 
ther  Henry,  wasinliiiiti"] 
■r.     On  till'  dentil  nftlkir 
leeded  to  tlu'lmsiiicsv  auJ 
i;i-ew  to  iinnieiisi;  iini'ir- 
lot,  however,  due  in  will 
:ult  of  tliou^litrideiWii- 
leirtransiietiniisaiiiltli'it 
thein  as  aninii^'  tlie  i:Mt 
|y.     In  St.  L'liii^  llu'Vi'U- 
jnce  and   enidi'.a  r^t'""'''' 
lers  of  the  coininiMiity. 
Slid,  and  on  the  Ulli  "f 
iiies  followed  liim.    li'iili 
■ommunity  Willi  :i>i""'''"}' 
lefore  their  deatii  tlie  iwo 
liure   existed  tlie  stwnu'ftt 
:re  classed  :uie lie.;  the  fe- 

ty,  not  meivly  on  ii«""'" 

|.e-uiso  of  the  lire  mi'l  l* 

lo  advance  tlie  inteiv>t<nt' 

illustration  nf  the  atti* 

,wo  brothers  isatioraedia  I 


?■  ..ii. 


■''■■■♦iHVfe-'; 

^       ,v 


'v.  *■  ' 


I! 

I 
I 


■M 


:!(l'r 


•J* 


k    I 


.1 


¥ 


618 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT   LOTUS. 


si^im.l  Hii>'i'i'ss  tliol  tlio  house  ultimolrly  riinkod  n.-i  uik' 
i.i'   tin'    l;irL'i'.'-i    I'Mrk-pnckiiiji   o»tllt>li^I:II^  nts   in 
I'liimi,  uml    d'li'iiii,'    thv  vim    its  upcriitiDiis  wwn    ■! 


.vt.. 


n\-v. 


i.u.;.iii,ii.      Ill'  nM«  pri>.sitl''iil    ■' 


'    lUlbiT    III 

(!()iiimi'r('i.   fiir  fwii  yeurn,  was  vii     ,  lu  of  the 

Siiit.>  ?:iviii<;«i  Iiisriluliiiii.  and  a  diixrctor  in  th.-   Mer- 
oli!iiits'  Insuniru!  Coiiinniiy  iiri'l  •  iuitiin- 

timis      111  ISOl  till.'  .\iii(.'J  I'niilii:  ■  i'  lihiileU 

lli'ti>l.  .   Ill  Imp  iii;ui\   Mi-r.-.    -w"  \  .tiid  i  iHii.i'jnl  luiicli 
iifhii  v:i;nul>li'  pr.ijx  I  y. 

fli  iirv     \;r.-'   H'  .  :   :i!--r,  ,)Tl.->  r.f  thr 


St.  lKiiii.«  Hleviidiv  C'«M..ri 
.),  iiiul  t!i'.'  ^I'.iriipKisi  ai 


*';,'i^  i'  liirout.ors 

■   Missis- 

..ill,-   i'lsunuiis'i 

V.  H';i!.'  buviiius 

-  I'aclcot 


^•,■rl.i.•, 


I. 


li'Vi'itiou  til  (lie  pity  of  hi.^  iidoption .w-'"" 

:iiil     III-    Wis     In;    linSt     ill     whateviT     if.     Wil.-. 

;  '  •  .1     '. '  ■ ,      "      i'lKTay 


i"ii:ii   .  ' ..  ..    lif;  iVo--'   iuv-.ii  'i'   i.- 

h'l-ii'  .1  ii;irii«d  into  the  office,  wti'-r. 

;i!i.'  inaiiairpnu'iit  uf  n  \.v.-  ■     ..'\ 

.ii      ■    ij!;-.  iiiiMit.     Thii;  tor  .ni'vi'iiil  yoiira  h'-  In-.". 

iiKinii'istiiifi  aiiiiii   tlio  docuy  of  Ills  pliysiiial  isiri  i'..;tii 

ihv  most   extraofdiiiiiry   intiilloctnal    powers   ami   lIu; 

'm'  'U'st    liii.-isiosr    crtpiiiMty.       Ouriiiit  lii.s  iltimsf    he 

•i  i:iti  il  Smith  Amiiicti.  Califoniiji,  ('uiiadu,  and   f  ulia 

ill  x.Hiivh  of  hoalth,  but.  friiitlos.sly.  and  diei^'Auj;. 

I  1    I -'lit'.  iuMiiiiieap'ilis,  Minn.,  while  on  u  t;i,ir  of 

tlii.-^   ■■!      i'r.T.        Ill   J^t.  Lotii.n  hi.-'  death  occ'iriiaiK  d 

iiiii\  '   1.  for  diiriiic  !i  tf'iaiteraf  il  I'oiit.iir.  hi.i 

'il  walks  if  8r.  liiiuis  had  h..oij 

I'yi'.  ami   liis    iiilofrrity   and 

1  !  I  btV'n  tliL'  omistaiii;  sisliji^cl 

,    :  ,    I       "         •' iloi,   frailkiK's.-fl,  aud 

•■.•vilicir,  iM  fh.!  iiiter- 
:.         i-«is^ippi  v.tlloy,  liiid   hi^ 


prii... 
jftli 
'ill'  '.■ 


■oa;.  \r 


llpou  111.- 


llC'iCi.'  Vdii.'i'il  r'li    iiiililit' 
llic  riilliiwili!;   r....iiilii,li 


I'' 


••([■J   mail  11  him  oii.' 

I'iid  di.-'iiiijruislu'd 

..iUibcr  of  C.Vitii- 

;u  ihc  adii'itioii  ol' 


liRilli  111    '  iltuen.  tfi-ri'v  .Vimw,  wli"  .it  ono 

'.  I  i>»or  this  ln>i;,  with  tin:  iiiU'lii^i'm''',  iibillry,  ami 

'•■  I'liarsiiti.'rizHi  liiiti  nii't  oiiiincntly  in  nil  llir  rold- 

.1'  iilo.  makes  it  littinat  iiml  |irri|HM'  llml  wu  nlioiiM  iiln'> 

.1,.      '    .iir  t'uoriii|;s,  niui  lalic  tlii.4  .>ci:a8inii  II  (iliii'ii  iip'ii 

fiiro  tlie  niirltlan  isv|ire»iiliiu  of  i-ar  lovo  liinl 

u-  I.  Ill      :■  II  frioiui  ami  most  hnaonihle  innri'hiiTii,  iiiiil 

our  eiiiuiiifl  .xyiiiiistby  with  IiIk  burouvod  rnutily  ;  thtiri>rure  )>u  it 


Ml".   Aimw  miiril.ul    .\li 
(liiU|.'litor  of  l)r.    f.'liarle..' 
had  Olio  (di lid.  Miss  ."^allie      • 
IVnrcc.     Ill  ury  Aiuus  Icl' 
AtuiM,  .Ir  ,  wlio  i.s  viiic-prc 

A't^fOl-iilliill,  .liid    ^^■^:^.. 

(.'oinpii  -'. 

Ili»   'vidow   luaii'ii'd   at;aiii.  t 
duke.  i\  Siilinc  County,  Mo.     Mi;    . 
'    tidcll  Hotel  il)  1874. 

i'idnar  Amtif  wiw  bocii  in  *• 
ttct.  2(),  lb24,  and  wjis  tin?  y. 
t!ire«  children,  his  fatlier  bcin^  '^ 
lixh  descoiii,  wliosi)  ani.'ii.stor.''  c<i  i  ■ 
1.  I6i:J.     When  he  wa.i  four  j 
■  !  to  Cinciiiiiati.  ivherf.  u»  * 
•r  -.iV'-fal  ywti,  L'ligau. 
.Lsiimont  bciti 
iiii.-  ;>iiiii  :■.:  ,,■•■  I  iiy.     Yii'irifr   '• 
vantaf-i'H  of  iii!<truct)uu  ill  Oinc 
thiivini^hly  taught  in  all  *i. 
Kiii^li.sh  fducation.      Whuti  . 
Si..  Louis  and  ri'smui'd  iho 
Edirnr,  toiiuthcr  with  hi.sli 
to  piinnt'i'.*^'  pwith  hi-  fii' 
r:itln'r  the  (wo  hfothet'- 

'loir  manaL'ciii'  i. 
il'iu-.     Tlioir  .liiicLii-'M   .  : 

"jieculalion.  Imt  wm  ' ; 
tion,  and  th' 
remavkalilf  .sm  -i'.  -  m  ^ 
hu.siiic'S'^  men  of  the 
joyed    the   t'rioiidly   i- 
rci'.'ii'd  of  thi.' It'iidiiij;  ' 

IJi'iiiy    Ames   di:', 
DcciMiil  I  '. 

woreijioir.ii.  'I  I  \ 

>«Jlolll  \vitll('.SS(;i!. 

bnj!h<?rs,  botwcfn  whom   i 
tic.i  of  fraternal  alT.'i;!ion,  ■'• 
tons'!  business  tnon  of  the  i . 
iii'li-'ir  iri'i.'.it  wealth,  hut  bi'taii  .   ■ 
erous  use  tliey  intido  of  it  to  al 
St.  Loiii.s.      A  wonspieuoUji  iilu-: 
I  nient  exiftiii";  between  tho  two  broit 


MP; 

IP 

m 


Mil 

t 

1 

r 

1 

s 

[ 

'.    ?l|l 

^ 


i^    il 


ill 


^r^'L- 


^^ 


'2^J<^ 


POTTTTPAT-   PROaRRSS 


fi13 


lUi'i    M'iiu..iil   i-()U;ii(i'  -v  iMi    il't;    [/iiit.  "1" 

!li.«  !»niilier  li.ui  \k  u  aftli'lctl  witli 

-.  for  <vi>tne  yeiirs  bofiri?  his  (Jinith,  luid 

'■      ii'.-iwi  .s(!om^'il  ]i'>Wfiles.s  \<)  arrest 

.  .■       (iiijtinss  (>'.'  tin;  ilisenso,  wiiich 

.:  )u>w(jr  of  physical  !i«tk.ii.     It  was 

it>i  liim  ihu  piisoii  nl'iiie ''n>/'/ifi.'.<, 

■■.r.'nsini;  strength.  V|ih  this  \u}\h: 

■   ■•    vigor  and  vitality  ii>  the  [lower- 

ijili'  reptiles  wi'ro  f ruciiroii  anJ 

!  V  imi!  ot  the  tiruminuiit  .surjicuims 

(    r!.Y  jirei>art'l,  liut  before  Kd^jar 

brother   llitiiry  to  t;ikt  uiw 

;      viruM,  which   it   was  hop'''i 

ilitig  remedy,  but  which  wa« 

.1:1   L;ivnii   as  siuh.  hi-   iiij-l.-ti.il 

•/(■ifwif,  .sayiiii;;  that.f'nmi  ihc  <  il'ii't 

.  'i«"phy»ician8  could  ;irgun  as  t. 

.iiis   brother  to   tiiku   it;    .i.<.i 

I'.^id  by  his  frienj.-'.  that  ibo 

whioli   mifiht  provu  hrtrsuhsM 

.■•  body  was  tbo  pn'y  of  dinwwi;, 

'ike  a  deadly  poison  indeed,  ho 

-i>i(j;n  and  actually  swallowed  six 

•I,  until  Tia.'itro  would  liear.uo 

.la<;ho,   iLitnlitiiss,  and   nauswa 

'1  faiK.'d  to  produw'  any  ellwil 

AUK*,  liut  what  DJore  omld 

i.iii  this  ? 

iispiiMiouslj   ideiitifiiHl   wil-h 
■ -Pri  aud  instilutioiw  in  which 
of  ^t.  Linus  tyu.-  uirofviiii 
•    L  .,■-  ■•!.  nt  ol    tb-  M--'.-  ...0.1-. 

■      ;r  StiU.'.  SaVlliJIs  [  ■' 
,     ;>■       -\(l.uui.   and     ■; 
,    !  1    insurance 

■.  -  r     ,  ..  .ma    PidchiT 

V  piihlii'  eiiier- 
:llt  hi"  iJf'  I  1  iirid  C'liiinuindt'd  his 

linf   iif  tliis,  whin 
(iiniit'll    Hi»t<d   hi> 
.I'd  tlioiiftalid  dollar; 


II.   aiiC'iini,  t 

W.l',  "  1    \'. 


111. 

ial  citA'i:^ 


J      ^vi^id('In  and   'Miyiid 
value  to  htt  ^'iows,  aud  made  hiiu  a 

•  !.i  and  [{ui'if 

!  ■  i-  pt.pulatii)  w.is  ba.si'd  on  his 'iiii^h 

■Tirt iniofftiiy  tbai..-tt;rizi'd  uri  hiii 

:is       li,'  was  a  piiip    l.nt;oh.!iiit(d,   liiruo 

,ii  :u,(i  li!'  !'.  iiiually  wu*  a  person  of  broa-l 

'  ■    l»vod  w.iuhh.  not  tor  it^cll. 

Ii..;  ii  w.iuIm  brinii,     Wb-'n  nski  d  'in\'e  why 

'!    Ml    bad    'iWii    iii.liilii'lv    In    i'n'i   u>.'   h's 


niili.iis  v.'bt'M  Ml'' :■  I 
yoiid  hi.s  need.',  ii 
make  inonoy  vo  b- 
in  the  very  priuio  ..;  I;.'  . 
COSH,   nl   a   t!in(!    when    Is 
in  j)l  in-i  fr.iin  tho  oxticutio?. 
rflninmiiity    in  \¥hK'h   he  Uv  -• 
lar'j;f'  bcnelitn. 

The  dovote.*-.  of  lif-eraMii . 
him  a  v.illiiij:  iVj.rti    n.i   i>,;'     ■.       : 
faction;*  wcr^;  niiiny.      Ids  vye  paHn.. 
active,  and  oflon  ho  did  iJot  wait  f, 
help;  in  numberless  m-i*    i"-:*.  ir  mi       i 
a  friend,  or  .mly  ioonieil  u,.  ibr  :.ii(.'tjiir 
both  counsel  and  atatoriiil  a,'?:-ii<t.i!H'''.  r.ii'l 
and  oniTjiefic  acli'in  ofl«;ti  arre.-i.  il   t!i.-  in. 
:'-r-r.     iVr,s<inully.ho  was  irrA'-'tul  ir  !  •!■  n 

nguishcd  for  Ids  sua..  .  - 
iiu.  only  th(/M!  who,  know  biui  •  . 
of  bis  many  rare  ('xcfilin.i-s  ..i. 

Oij  June  5,  18tjtt,  Mr,   \m«?H  »vns  mar. 
Lucy   Vii'iiinla   Soniplo    h.-p)hi,j    (i;i 
JameB  8eniple,  "I'  l!lii!..t-,  wh'i  w.  ^  ;. 
s<;nat<ir,  and  whosf.  monioiy  i-  !;ie:i"i-. 
honored  ui.'ii  .>f  tha'  .St:kt.' 
him, — Alia  Seiuph- An;    ■.  !■ 
Sflinple  Ames,  and  E'i 

Ainouf?  iho  ciiixai 

rrlV:\t.   lT''l"i  .     i"!:   :>lj  '     ■■ 

'       ■.    .  '■' 

\  .1:.;     xf.i-  bc^in   ;ri  T.     , 
if,  a.;  jilt  aii:^ 

iai'._)ir  .i;   ','... '.111.' 
bis  early  .l.ly^.  in  ' 
'!nj  lyod  i;i]od  iidac'itt'.ii:.!   .ul'- > 
Mi  ".■  ■ 

ai'-'  ,•..'■■'' 
aud  aiVirwards  piuwod 
yiiurK  iv  >■ 
"lie   h.  .  „ 

olf  u   priite   fo"   1..1U; 
t!a!  "  V.di-  Litci  . 
Upon  ,hi.s   gr. ; 
s'Uily  of  law.  onturiiiif  'h. 


Ui.ii.  >Vl'iI!    \\'":-.l.     .  l\ 
.,<.  I  i.lsii  i.in,._'  n.'.v  ♦ .: 


;ir  h,  . 
i';   t.i 


'111/ 


Hi 


t^i^Qlfiim^!. 


:f:<i-  f  S: 


^•■P'f.i- 


"'^1.: 


ii  \  ;>-(■! 


/T. 


A--?'!.," 


/ 


ill 


POLITICAL  PROGRESS. 


619 


an  act  of  devotion   seldom  equaled   on  the  part  of 
EJimr  Ames.     His  brother  hud  been  afflicted  with 
irriuluiil  |i:ii'iily.sis  for  some  years  before  his  death,  and 
mediciil  ^kill  and  science  seemed  powerless  to  arrest 
tlie  slow  but  steady  progress  of  the  disease,  whicli 
finally  ii'isorbed  all  power  of  physical  action.     It  was 
iiJviseil  til  administer  to  him  the  poi.son  of  the  crotnliis, 
(fiveii  ill  iliises  of  increasing  strength,  with  the  hope 
thiit  it  iiiii;lit  restore  vigor  and  vitality  to  the  power- 
less limbs.    The  terrible  reptiles  were  procured  and 
the  iioison  extracted  by  one  of  the  prominent  surgeons 
of  St.  Limis,  and  properly  prepared,  but  before  Edgar 
Ames  wiiuld  permit  his  brother  Henry  to  take  one 
narticle  nl'  the  ophidian   "irus,  which  it  was  hoped 
luiirlit  piovo  to  him  a  healing  remedy,  but  which  was 
III!  experiinoTit  only,  and  given  as  such,  he   insisted 
U110I1  first  taking  it  himself,  saying  that  from  the  effect 
iin.iliiicd  u])(in  him  the  physicians  could  argue  as  to  the 
i.robiilile   result   were   his   brother  to    take  it ;    and 
(Icsiiite  tlio  arguments  used  by  his  friends,  that  the 
luediiiiiu  so  prepared,   which  might  prove  harmless 
to  a  man  wbose  whole  body  was  tlie  prey  of  disease, 
mktit  act  upon  him  like  a  deadly  poi.son  indeed,  he 
persevered  in  his  design  and  actually  swallowed  six 
(lii-ps  of  till"  preparation,  until  nature  would  bear  no 
luiie,  and  violent   headache,  numbness,  and  nausea 
Miperveiied.    The  poison  failed  to  produce  any  effect 
whatever  upon   Henry  Ames,  but  what  more  could 
kiitlur  do  for  brother  than  this? 

EdL'ar  Ames  was  conspicuously  identified  with 
mniieriiiis  public  enterprises  and  in.stitutions  in  which 
the  eoiuuiercial  prosperity  of  St.  Louis  was  involved. 
He  was  at  one  time  vice-president  of  the  Merchants' 
Kxohaiii;!'.  and  n  director  in  the  State  Savings  Institu- 
tion, I'aeitie  Insurance  Coinjiany,  Atlantic  and  Mis- 
^•issippi  Steamship  Company,  Uiiitcid  States  Insurance 
(Viinpaiiy.  .\leiniihi.s  Packet  Company,  and  Belcher 
Sa.'ar  Keliiiery.  Besides  these,  every  public  enter- 
prise soiit:lit  his  counsel  and  aid  and  commanded  his 
liheral  sympathy-  As  an  illustration  of  this,  when 
it  was  proposed  to  rebuild  the  Lindell  Ilottd  he 
viiluiiteercd  to  subscribe  one  hundred  thousand  dollars 
til  the  ciiterpi'ise. 

Ill  commercial  circles  his  ripe  wisdom  and  sound 
jttdpiient  gave  value  to  his  view.s,  and  made  him  a 
trusted  example  and  guide. 

The  seerei  of  his  popularity  was  based  on  his  high 
persdnal  worth.  Strict  integrity  characterized  all  his 
transact  ions.  He  was  a  pure,  large-hearted,  large- 
minded  man.  and  intellectually  was  a  person  of  broad 
ami  liberal  etillure.  Ho  loved  wealth,  not  for  itself, 
Wt  lor  what  it  would  bring.  When  asked  once  why 
lie  worked  so  hard  and  untiringly  to  increase  his 


means  when  already  possessed  of  an  amount  far  be- 
yond his  needs,  his  prompt  answer  was,  "  I  work  to 
make  money  to  beautify  our  city."  He  died  suddenly, 
in  the  very  prime  of  life,  and  in  the  full  tide  of  suc- 
cess, at  a  time  when  his  energies  were  engaged 
in  plans  from  the  execution  of  which  it  is  believed  the 
;  community  in  which  he  lived  would  have  reaped 
i  large  benefits. 

The  devotees  of  literature,  art,  and  science  found 
I  him  a  willing  friend  and   patron.      His  private  bene- 
I  factions  were  many.     His  sympathies  were  quick  and 
active,  and  oflen  he  did  not  wait  for  an  appeal  for 
'  help  ;  in  numberless  instances,  if  misfortune  overtook 
a  friend,  or  only  loomed  up  threateningly,  he  proffered 
both  counsel  and  material  assistance,  and  his  timely 
and  energetic  action  often  arrested  tlie  imminent  dis- 
aster.   Personally,  he  was  graceful  and  genial,  and  was 
distinguished  for  his  suave  and  courteous  manners ; 
i  but  oidy  those  who.  knew  him  well  were  fully  aware 
^  of  his  many  rare  excellencies  and  virtues. 
I       On  June  5,  18G0,  Mr.  Ames  was  married  to  Miss 
I  Lucy    Virginia   Seniple,  second   daughter  of  Judge 
I  James  Semple,  of  Illinois,  who  was  also  United  States 
senator,  and  whose  memory  is  cherished  as  one  of  the 
honored  men  of  that  State.     Four  children  survive 
I  him, — Ada  Scrapie  Ames,  Henry  Semple  Ames,  Mary 

Semple  Ames,  and  Edgar  Ames. 
.  Among  the  citizens  of  St.  Louis  who  obtained 
!  great  prominence  and  distinction  in  the  army  of  the 
Union  was  Gen.  John  Willock  Noble,  now  one  of 
the  leading  members  of  the  St.  Louis  bar.  Gen. 
Noble  was  born  in  Lancaster,  Ohio,  Oiit.  "Jti,  ISIU. 
His  father,  a  Pennsylvanian  by  birth,  was  Col.  John 
Noble,  an  old  and  highly -esteemed  citizen  of  Ohio, 
and  John  was  the  eighth  of  nine  children.  Atnong 
his  brothers  is  Henry  C.  Noble,  now  a  iimminent 
lawyer  of  Columbus,  Ohio.  John  W.  Noble  ])assed 
his  early  days  in  Columbus  and  Cincinnati,  where  lie 
enjoyed  good  educational  •idvantages.  H(^  attended 
Miami  University,  then  presided  over  by  tlu^  learned 
and  scholarly  Dr.  McMasters,  during  the  junior  year, 
and  afterwards  passed  through  the  junior  and  .senior 
yours  at  Yale  College,  graduating  with  honor  in  1  Sol. 
He  here  distinguished  himself  as  ti  writer,  carrying 
off  a  prize  for  compc-iition,  and  becoming  editor  of 
the  '•  i'ale  Literary  Magazine." 

Upon  his  gradual  ion  he  iipplied  hini.self  to  tho 
study  of  law,  entering  the  oHicc  of  tin;  Hon.  Henry 
Stanberry  (sub.seqiiently  disliiigiiisbed  as  attcu-ney- 
general  of  the  United  States  under  J'resideiit  John- 
son), and  also  the  office  of  his  brother,  but  utler  some 
time  went  West.  He  visited  all  the  principal  cities, 
and  also  some  now  famous  which  then  hardly  existed, 


620 


HISTORY  OF  SAIiNT   LOUIS. 


!rM 


ilii  Ti 


Wi: ,  :!^:;i;: 


li'ali 


but  of  tiiem  all  none  offered  to  the  observant  young 
lawyer  so  niuny  opportunities  hh  St.  Louis,  and  there- 
fore, ill  1855,  he  made  this  city  his  home,  and  was 
admitted  to  the  bar.  Tlie  Hon.  Alexander  Hamilton 
was  circuit  judge,  James  R.  Lackland  was  judge  of 
the  criminal  court,  and  Henry  A.  Clover  was  prose- 
cuting attorney. 

Mr.  Noble  was  soon  engaged  iri  several  very  im- 
portant cases,  and  in  the  succe.ssful  defense  of  a  man 
named  Middleton  for  killing  a  person  known  as  '•  Buf- 
falo Bill"  made  a  bright  record  as  a  promising  crimi- 
nal lawyer.  His  practice,  however,  not  fulBUiiig  bis 
expectations,  he  removed  in  the  following  year  (185(5) 
to  Keokuk,  Iowa,  and  at  once  entered  upon  a  most 
successful  career,  although  brought  into  competition 
with  many  very  able  men,  among  them  the  Hon.  S. 
P.  Jliller,  now  one  of  the  justices  of  the  United 
States  Supreme  Court.  When  the  war  broke  out  he 
had  probably  as  extensive  a  practice  as  any  lawyer  in 
Iowa,  and  his  professional  prospects  were  of  the 
brigh'ost  character,  but  when  hostilities  between  the 
North  and  South  began  the  lawyer  was  lo.st  in  the 
patriot,  and  leaving  his  office,  Mr.  Noble,  in  August, 
ISfil,  enlisted  in  the  Third  Iowa  Cavalry,  having 
previou.sly,  ho'vever,  been  engaged  in  some  skirmishes 
along  the  border  of  Missouri  (Athens,  etc.)  as  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Citizens'  Guard.  He  enlisted  as  a  private, 
but  was  soon  elected  first  lieutenant,  and  subsequently 
became  adjutant,  devoting  himself  more  particularly 
to  the  work  of  instructing  the  regiment  in  tactics, 
etc.  When  the  regiiiient  was  at  Benton  Barracks,  in 
18G2,  Geii.  Sherman,  who  was  in  command,  offered 
Adjt.  Noble  a  position  on  his  staff,  but  he  obtained 
perrai.s.sion  to  decline,  preferring  to  remain  with  his 
regiment. 

The  Third  Iowa  Cavalry  was  actively  engaged  until 
the  close  of  the  war,  and  distinguished  it.self  most 
honorably.  Lieut.  Noble  was  with  it  almost  con- 
stantly, and  rose  step  by  step  until  in  18G5  he  became 
colonel.  For  several  months,  while  Gen.  Curtis  was 
commanding  the  Department  of  the  Missouri,  with 
head(|!iart('rs  at  St.  Louis,  he  .terved  as  judge-advo- 
cate of  the  department. 

Col.  Noble  participated  in  many  important  engage- 
ments. He  was  in  the  battle  at  Pea  Ridge,  the 
march  to  Batesville  and  Helena,  Ark.,  the  surrender 
of  Vieksburg,  several  affairs  about  Little  Rock, 
several  movements  in  Tennessee  and  Mi.ssissippi 
against  Forrest,  and  Bnally,  under  Gen,  James  H.  Wil- 
son, took  part  in  the  great  cavalry  raid  into  Alabama 
and  Georgia.  IngersoU's  "  Iowa  and  the  Rebellion" 
says,  "There  was  not  an  engagement  during  the 
-campaign  where  tlie  Third  Iowa  did  not  behave  with 


great  gallantry,  and  the  meritorious  services  i,\'  ('qI. 
Noble  and  his  command  were  universally  ackn(iwl(>(iire(j 
thnmghout."  At  the  close  of  the  war  Cul.  Xoble 
was  promoted  to  brigadier-general  for  meritoriuug  and 
gallant  services,  and  was  mustered  out  in  August,  18C5, 

During  the  war,  and  while  yet  a  major,  he  was  mar- 
ried at  Northampton,  Mass.  (in  February,  1^(11).  lo 
the  daughter  of  Dr.  H.  Halstead,  fonncrlv  of 
Rochester,  N.  Y.  Two  children  were  born  ditliis, 
marriage,  but  neither  is  living. 

After  the  war  Gen.  Noble  settled  in  St.  Lduis,  aiij 
was  enjoying  a  fiiir  practice  when,  in  ISG",  iiiion  tin. 
recommendation  of  Attorney-General  StaiiliLM'iy,  lii- 
former  law  instructor,  he  was  appointed  United  Stales 
district  attorney  by  President  Johnson.  Tliis  office 
he  retained  some  three  years.  As  district  iiltoriiey 
his  services  were  principally  directed  to  the  enforce- 
ment  of  the  internal  revenue  laws,  involviin;  the  in. 
terpretation  of  new  enactments  which  had  Iji'eii  suli 
jected  to  but  little  judicial  scrutiny  ;  but  he  ulsocmi- 
ducted  numerous  civil  cases  of  niucli  iiiiiinrtaiiiv. 
among  others  that  of  the  government  ai:ainst  tlie 
Adams  Express  Company,  which  attracted  u'reat  at- 
tention and  in  which  he  obtained  a  verdict  tor  fifteen 
thousand  dollars.  In  this  practice  he  was  Lriiii:;lit 
into  competition  with  the  best  lawyers  of  the  Missimri 
bar. 

After  his  resignation  of  the  district  attoriievsliiii  he 
resumed  the  general  practice  of  the  law,  and  lias  lieen 
thus  steadily  engaged  ever  since.  The  busiiie>s  (il'lii- 
firm  in  miscellaneous  civil  suits  is  probably  laiw  iliaii 
that  of  any  other  firm  in  St.  Louis,  and  Gen.  Nuijle 
has  been  honored  by  the  confidence  of  some  nf  the 
largest  corporations  and  capitalists  of  the  city.  Aiiiiiiii: 
other  important  cases,  his  firm  prosecuted  the  .suit  of 
Adolphus  Meier  &  Co.  vs.  the  St.  Louis  Iiwiniiiee 
Company,  and  obtained  a  verdict  for  jiiaintillsnf  .-ixtv- 
four  thousand  dollars,  which  was  paid  without  ppiwiL 

This  case  was  followed  by  others  of  (lie  (ir.st  iiiii;;iii- 
tude,  probably  as  large  and  important  as  liuve  over 
fallen  to  the  lot  of  a  lawyer  in  the  United  States.  Ilf 
these  the  most  conspicuous  was  the  cclebiateil  ease  if 
the  city  of  St.  Louis  vs.  the  St.  Louis  (ias-Lis^lit  ('mii- 
pany,  which  involved  the  right  of  the  city  tu  llie 
jiroperty  of  the  company  and  to  a  million  dnilars  which 
the  city  had  collected  for  gas  while  the  works  were  in 
the  hands  of  a-  receiver.  The  gas  cnnipaiiy  was  de- 
feated in  the  Circuit  Court  and  the  ('ouit  of  .Vpiical-, 
but  took  the  matter  to  the  Supreme  (!ouit  ami  leeeiveJ 
a  reversal  of  the  judgment.  For  their  serviee.s  the 
gas  company  paid  Noble  &  Orrick  thirty-liMitiiniisiiiid 
dollars  in  a  single  check.  Mr.  Noble's  tiriii  is  also 
engaged  in  other  suits  brought  by  the  gas  company 


I  i  i'i 


ious  servicL's  dt'  Col. 
ursally  ackiinwli'dixed 
the  war  Cul.  Nuble 
1  for  ineritoriiiua  and 
out  in  August,  18(15. 
a  major,  lie  was  mar- 
February,  1  hlU).  to 
ilstead,  foniiorly  of 
ill  were  born  of  tliis, 

;tled  in  St.  linui.s  anJ 
in,  in  18(iT,  "iion  tlit 
eneral  Staiibevry,  lii. 
Ijointcd  Uiiitcil  8tati> 
Johnson.  'I'liis  offife 
As  district  attoviioy 
rccteil  to  the  I'liforci- 
laws,  involviiii;  the  in- 
i  wliicli  bad  lii'L'ii  suli- 
itiny  ;  l)ut  lu'  iilsown 
of  uiueli  imiiHi'laiiiv, 
ivernracnt  a;jiiiiist  ilit 
ich  attractcil  L'rcat  al- 
led  a  verdict  lor  fituvii 
ractice  be  was  brnU'jlii 
lawyers  of  tlie  Missimri 

district  attorneyship  lie 
f  the  law,  and  has  liwii 
le.     Tbebnsiiic.-snl'lm 
is  probably  larsior  tliaii 
[Louis,  and  Gon.  Xublc 
tidonce  of  some  of  the 
ists  of  tlie  city.  Amoiij; 
li  prosocntod  the  .suit  of 
o  St.  Louis  liiMiniiia' 
ct  for  plaiiitillsdl' sixty- 
US  paid  wiilumt  I'lipwl. 
,bers  of  ibctiv.-t  iiia;;iii- 
uiportant  as  liavo  ever 
the  United  States.  Of 
Is  the  celclii-atcil  oaso  "f 
Louis  (ias-Liuihtrom- 
|rlit  1,1'  the  city  tu  llio 
a  million  dollars  wliii'h 
rhile  the  works  were  iu 
[e  f^as  company  wasde- 
[l  the  Court  of  Ariieals, 
renie  (!ouvt  and  received 
For  tlioir  services  the 
■ickthirty-fivctliniisiiuJ 
r.  NobU^'s  tirm  is  also 
lit  by  the  •ras  company 


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till 


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.l:_Lli^Jg;^gjffWpiipw«P<ppwiW1B 


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TTT.~-?-,T    or    i.VTXT    tOTJfH. 


Iiiit  if  tlioni  all  nono  offored  to  tli.  ili.  i,.i.ii  .■.,i.,-f 
lawyer  so  miitiy  iippi.i'runiiii's  !is  St.  hrmU,  ami  tin  ro- 
furc.  ill  l^");'),  ho  m.'ulo  this  illy  liis  lioilic.  nml  wim 
mlmitinJ  lo  tliu  bai.  Tliu  M.hi.  Aloxi'iiik-r  H.iiiiill'in 
was  circuit  jurlfj;e,  Juuics  H.  I,Hckliiiid  wax  jud^'(•  of 
ilii'  criminal  •■•uiit  ;iinl  llriiry  A.  Clover  was  {irosc- 
'  ulii)^  !iii.irn>7. 

Mr.  Nolilo  was  sonii  en^'ugoii   in    • 'veial    .rrv  im- 
]>  )rr:!nt  i.'iiscs.  aiitl  in  thu  huc^i's.-ful  liollii!*^  -if  a  man 
iiajnc<l  iMiii  '<Aiin  (mi-  iii'liug  a  pi.iMiii  kiiowu  a»  '•  Buf-  ; 
I'alo  liiH"  made  a  brij;i)t  nn'ord  ii»  a  prnniisirifr  uriiiii-  I 
iiai  lawyi'r.      His  practice-.  ii'>\vcv> '    not  tulfiliinf;;  liiti  : 
cipoctatious,  liij  rtmiA'.'d  mj  tho  )ifj!i.iwi)ifryi'ttr  ( 18.')(i) 
fo  KnnliiiJi,  I<iwa,  and  «t  otk-.-  ttntt-r.'d  upon  n  most 
;.iK-0(«.-<sful  itarcer,  ii!!Uii<ii;h  !•■  '...^'jit  into  (.miipotitioii 
V  itii  many  vriy  a!  !■    m.  i,    .1,. mj;  ihom  the  Finn.  S. 
1''.    MiMer,   mnv  ■!     U  •  jnsticts  nf  tlio   Unitod  • 

>^tat0'5  Sniireiuc  i.,.iujt.     Whitn  thi;  wuy  hrolin  nut  hu 
Mini  prnl,:i>.ly  i|.,  estttisivo  11  praotiit;  .j.s  uny  lawyer  in 
!•«■..,    iiinl  his   profc'sttional    procpttota  were   of   the  ; 
l'ii;j;h(('.-.|.  charactiT,  liiit  vhai:   lios^fililiiv-i  bctw-  ro  tlit^ 


I"   llie  lawvi.-r  vra.s  lost  iu  Uir 

■•  iw,  Mr.  Noblo,  ill  Aufrust. 

ihii'i   liiwii   rnvalry.   ha''):; 


.N'l.M'ih  'It..!  S.uih 
|).,in,.i.      .■ 

i>n,'viii!i.»ly,  h.  -  lims  i:Mi;;iiiiid  in  sonn-  skirnii  ^u>a 

lionsf  thi'  li,  '.  iwouri  ( Atl.euM  etc.)  ns  a  uiem- 

inr  of'ihi>  Cii;/.-  li.i  di.ird.  Flo  onliRtisl  m  a.pnvaie, 
t.'ii  vcas  .so'.jnolti;to  I  first  lii.ntinunt,  a.-id  subsi-'iueiitiy 
I'l-caiui-  adjutant,  li.voiin;,'  hitiiscli'  iuor«  particularly 
to  thf  Wi'fk  ot'.in.<iruoUn<;  the  rep:iinent  in  tactics. 
oic.  When  tlio  icirinicnt  was  ut  BeuKni  Barracks,  in 
!-t;2  <i.  I,.  .ShiniiKui,  who  was,  in  conimand,  offered 
.^'ijl.  >'■  Ijii^  a  pnsiiicn  on  hi»i  slali'.  but  he  'ibtained 
)i     •!  !••'.■    ;.i   il'iliiii'.  |ii  ■  !'""rii)-i-  If.  f.Mntin  "i;Ii  !  '■; 

'.I  '    -va  (.'aviiiry  ..as  a..'tiv..ly  eni;a;.;cii  unul 

v.ir.  and  I'.isfingui-'hni   ityi'"  n- -' 
Noble  WHS  with   it  uini 
f>:.'i;ii;  ■        i' until  i:i  ISliO  l)e  lKcani« 

<'"'oii' '.  :1.-    whiii  Geii.  (!urti.s  was 

:'•  Dn;..  •.  i'  .it' the  Mintiouri,  with 

iif'dijnariiT^  .>:    .:^i,  jjoui  •  .•■!   a.?  jud'.ri'-a.jvo- 

CKii-  iif  the  dcpantiHirit. 

Col.  Nol>le  pariii:ipiit("l  in  iuai»y  itii{Kirtunl  eiipage- 
niiini.H.  Hi!  was  in  ihi'  battle  at  Pou  Kid-je,  the 
mart!,  to  HaUiville  and  ileieha.  Ark.,  the  surrender 
ot"  Vick.sbnrg.  several  !»fl'a)ri»  about  Little  Rnek, 
?-.nrrai  in(>venie'ils  i/t  Ten?ie.'Jsco  and  Mi.>;.si.««ippi 
a.'auist  Forrest,  and  fiiiully,  under  (leu.  James  11.  WiU 
noi),  took  part  in  the  great  cavalry  raid  into  Alabama 
ami  (ii'orffia.     Inti:crsoll'8  "  Iowa  and  the  Kebeltion" 


TI, 


il... 


^ttiupai^u   V111UIC  Ljic  xiuiu  xuwa  Uiu    liul  ucucivc   t..ili 


..I.    1.      :.,.l.i;ill.._   .    .O1..1     iili-     lll.Tlh.l  llMi--     -     ■ 

Nwlile  and  his  comiuaud  wcire  univeiifail; 
throughout."      At  the  cl.wo  of  the  wi«r 
wns  promoted  to  brigadier-';eneral  for  ru- « 
{gallant  service)!,  and  was  mu.-^tered  out  in  \  ..• 

Durintr  the  war,  am]  while  yet  a  uv.v  , 
ri-d  at   Northamptun,  iVI.er.s.  ( in    Febr 
ilu-    duugliler    of    Dr.    II,    llalnteji  > 
Uoebe.ster.  N.  Y.      Two  children  w,  • 
marriage,  but  ueilh<  r  is  living. 

After  the  war  Gi  «  Noble  ticftled  i     ■ 
was  e!ijoyin;j;  a  fi;ir  pMeticc  when,  in 
rtcoinine  idatioii  of  Altnrnej-'}en<  rn' 
former  law  in.structor,  he  wasappoin'. 
di.sttii  t  atlornoy  by  I're<>idi  mI    lol  (.^ 
he  relairicd  !<ome  three  year>.     ,\i 
his  scrvioe-S  were  prii.cipally  direele  •. 
iTieiit  of  the  interii:il   revenue  laws,  '.    ■ 
tevpretalion  of  now  enaetnients  wl.i 
jected  to  but  littl.-  judicial  sicruiii  • 
ducted    nu)iierou8    civil    vmca  i<\ 
amou|j  otliers   tliat  of  the    !.'.'.vi  : 
.\d.itas  Express  Company,  whici. 
teiiciia  .ni'.i  in  wliich  he  "blaineil 
thoii.sand  d"i!ai''.      Tn  this  prai- 
in!o  eotnpnlition  vviih  the  best  lav. 
bar. 

Afiii  hi.s  resiijnalioii  of  till  i'.  ■• 
resumed  the  general  practice  oft. 
tliu>!  .steuilily  engrailed  ever  since  1  1: 

Qrm  in  niiscellani^uus  civil  suits  ('•  >■' 

that  of  any  other  firm  in  St.  i. 
Iia.s  been  honored  by  the  c  .' 
larj^cst  Corporations  and  capit... 
other  important  ca-ies,  his  tine   • 
.\dolphua  Meier  1%  Co.  w, 
Coiiipaiy,  and  obtained  a  vei    .        ., 
four  thou.iaiid  dollars,  which  ■■■  ».  puiii 

Thi.i  ea.se  wa.s  followed  b; 
tud",  probably  a*"  large  an-; 
fallen  to  the  lot  of  a  lawyer 
th.e.'e  tlie  nio.st  oonspicuoui  ■•       !■ 
the  city  of  St.  Loui.s  m.  il«f  ■     1, 
pany,  which   involved  tht'   ri^d.t 
properly  of  the  eotnpany  nn/l  to  a  :      ■ 
the  city  had  collected  for  ^as  wliii.   . 
the  liatidH  of  a  receiv  r.     The  i^u.s  .. 
feai>d  in  the  Circuit  Court  .and  the  Court  • 
but  took  the  matter  to  the  8u|>renie  Court ui: 
a  reversal  of  (ho  judgment.      Kor  their  sn 
traseompanj  puid  \o'>le  l^  Orri^k  thirty 'l'' 

J  ,1!.,.  .  ,.|        ,;..  .:  .     .;.    .1..        M,.     V   I  .;. 

eu^agud  lu  ui>iici   uuiui   Uiouguu   uy  me  gua  cuuifwi 


!li'  I 


I'  or 


i  Court. ; 


•k  thirty  i 
Mr.  NoWes  tSP' 


iiii.  uy  111''  S 


i»  cuuipaii* 


/^^  ^C     ^^t^-     ^^/f-^ 


POLITICAL-  PROGRESS. 


621 


against  the  city  and  involving  nearly  one  million  dol- 
lars. 

Aiiioiii:  other  great  cases  in  which  Mr.  Noble's  firm 
ha.s  bct'ii  sucjcssluUy  en};agcd,  either  alone  or  asso- 
ciated with  others,  are  the  following: 

Niiticiiial  Blink  of  Commerce  of  New  York  vs.  the 
National  I'ank  of  the  State  of  Missouri.  Verdict  for 
rilaintitl'  li)i'  four  hundred  and  thirty-four  thousand 

ilollar.*. 

Fo.«s  k  Hunter  vs.  Little  Pittsburgh  Mining  Com- 
pany inri>lviiig  title  lo  at  least  three  hundred  and 
til'ty  thou.saiid  dollars'  worth  of  property. 

Adnipliiis  Jacobson,  stockholder  in  the  Granby  Lead 
and  Jliiiiiig  Company,  vs.  St.  Louis  and  San  Francisco 
liaiiway  Cotni)any,  involving  nt  least  three  hundred 
and  fifty  tliou.sand  dollars. 

The  f'ei>s  of  Mr.  Noble's  firm  in  these  three  cases 
as!i;re"atcd  over  twenty-five  thousand  dollars.  His 
firm  was  also  signally  succes.sful  in  conducting  to  a 
fiivorabio  termination,  against  two  adverse  decisions, 
die  suit  of  Swope  vs.  LeflBngwell  and  the  Atlas  Na- 
lional  Hank,  of  Boston,  Mass.,  involving  over  fifty 
ihou.saiid  dollars. 

Tin;  defense  of  the  St.  Louis  Beef-Canning  Com- 
pany atrainst  the  claims  of  the  Wilson  Packing  Com- 
pany (i  III.  was  another  important  victory  of  Mr. 
Xiible's  6rm.  They  conducted  the  ease  from  its  com- 
moneemont  until  the  United  States  Supreme  Court, 
in  May,  18S2,  decided  unhesitatingly  in  behalf  of  the 
defendant. 

Gen.  Noble  has  been  frequently  offered  important 
and  lucrative  offices  by  bis  political  friends,  but  has 
>ioadily  declined  them,  preferring  the  honors  and  re- 
wards of  bis  profession,  which,  as  has  been  seen,  are 
;roat,  and  which  his  industry  and  ability  have  richly 
merited.  That,  however,  which  he  prizes  as  of  more 
worth  tliaii  mere  professional  success  is  the  respect 
iiiul  esteem  in  which  he  is  held  by  his  legal  brethren 
and  his  fellow-citizens  generally  as  a  thoroughly 
honest  lawyer. 

The  capture  of  Camp  Jackson  by  Capt.  N.  Lyon, 
of  the  United  States  forces,  on  Majr  10,  1861,  caused 
the  intenscst  excitement  throughout  the  State.  At 
that  time  the  Legislature  was  discussing  the  "  Mis- 
souri State  Guard  Bill,"  but  Governor  Jackson  decm- 
iiij;  Jeffersiin  City  no  longer  a  .safe  place  for  the 
iloliberations  of  the  Legislature,  convened  that  body 
at  N'eoshii,  Sept.  1(5, 18G1. 

Finally  the  Legislature  (or  that  portion  of  it 
which  adhered  to  the  fortunes  of  Governor  Jackson) 
severed  Missouri's  connection  with  the  Union  us  far 
as  was  in  its  power  by  an  act  which,  having  tlie  sanc- 
tion of  no  competent  force  to  sustain  its  provisions, 


was  of  no  avail.  Governor  Jackson  ajipointcd  Ster- 
ling Price  major-general,  and  N.  W.  Watkins,  Thomas 
A.  Harris,  John  B.  Clark,W.  Y.  Slack,  A.  E.  Steen, 
M.  M.  Par.sons,  J.  IL  McBride,  and  James  S.  llains 
brigadier-generals  of  the  Missouri  State  Guard.  The 
Legislature  adjourned  Nov.  9,  1861,  to  meet  at  New 
Madrid  on  tlie  first  Monday  in  March,  1862. 

The  following  titles  of  acts  passed  indicate  the  more 
conspicuous  military  legislation  effected  by  that  body ; 

'■  An  Act  to  provide  (or  the  orguniziition,  govorimient,  and 
8iip))ort  of  the  military  lorees  of  the  State  of  Missouri." 

'•  An  Act  to  raise  iiioney  io  arm  llic  State,  ropel  invasion,  and 
protect  tlie  lives  and  property  of  tlie  people  of  Missouri." 

"An  Act  plaeiiift  money  at  the  disposal  of  the  (Joveriior  fur 
the  ilefenso  of  the  ."'tatc." 

"  An  Act  to  perpetuate  friendly  relations  with  certain  Indian 
trihes." 

"  An  Act  to  authorize  the  Governor  of  tlie  State  of  .Missouri 
to  suppress  rebellion  and  repel  invasion." 

"  All  Act  to  create  a  special  military  fund  for  the  use  of  the 
Oovernor." 

"  An  Act  jirohibiting  certain  persons  from  holding  office  in 
the  State  of  Missouri." 

".\n  Act  concerning  railroads  and  telegraphs  in  Missouri." 

When  the  President  laid  before  the  Senate  the  fol- 
lowing communication  from  the  Governor : 

'*7o  the  .VfJcf'..'  rtiif/  Ifnune  of  licprrsi^ntativci  ; 

"  I  have  .just  received  information  that  two  regiments  of  Mr. 
Blair's  are  now  on  their  way  to  the  capital. 

"C.  P.  Jackson." 

Senate  bill  entitled  '•  An  Act  to  raise  money  to  arm 
the  State,  repel  invasion,  and  protect  the  lives  and 
property  of  the  people  of  Missouri"  was  taken  up 
and  passed. 

Hou.se  bill  entitled  "  An  Act  to  provide  for  the  or- 
ganization, government,  and  support  of  the  military 
forces  of  the  State  of  Missouri"  was  also  taken  up, 
read  a  first  time,  rule  suspended,  read  a  second  and 
third  time  and  passed. 

The  State  Convention  called  under  an  act  of  the 
Legislature  passed  in  January,  1861,  assembled  in  St. 
Louis  in  due  time,  and  soon  took  decisive  action  in 
favor  of  the  Union.  Governor  Jackson  and  the  State 
Legislature  having  left  Jefferson  City,  the  State  capi- 
tal, the  convention  declared  the  offices  of  Governor, 
Lieutenant-Governor,  Secretary  of  State,  and  mem- 
bers of  the  General  Assembly  vacant,  and  proceeded 
to  elect  the  executive  officers,  with  the  proviso  that 
their  successors  should  bo  chosen  at  an  election  to  be 
held  on  the  first  Monday  in  August,  1862.  Accord- 
ingly, Governor  Jackson  was  displaced,  and  H.  R, 
Gamble  elected  Governor.  Lieutenant-Governor 
Thomas  C.  Reynolds  and  Secretary  of  State  Benja- 
min F.  Massey  were  also  ejected  from  office  and  their 
places  declared  vacant.    A  full  history  of  the  election 


I" 


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622                                                 HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 

for  luombors  of  tlio  convention  iind  the  proceedings  :  renoli,  im.l  with  imioh  gmitor  onro  than  in  U8uui:v  '  isium,! 

of  thiit  body  is  Kivcn  in  the  cliupter  on  tlie  civil  wiir.  "I"'"  ""'' '",""""  "'"'"  I"'"!'""''  ^'^  "'"  ''"'"'""^  "  ^'  ' y 

T      ,Q,..,  .1                    .•          .1         •              •        I           I-  l"M"'''-     At  iHst,  hnwrvcr,  thiit  WHS  iiniicrfiTt.     Vr i»ciin. 

In  18b2  till!  convention,  tiien  in  session,  by  ordi-     „i„^,  ^^,„„„i^„  „„  ,„^^,, ^,„„^,„  „|„„„,,,,.   ,,,,,„„  ,„,,„^,, ,,; 

r.aiicc,  districted  the  States  into  nine  conjiressional  utlicru  wc  Imvc  mily  pariinl  rotums  or  eKtimaicd  iii,ii„riii,.,- 

districts.     In  the  election  which  followed    F.  1'.  Hluir,  while  of  thi.  retmnn  nivon  IVom  tho  reimiinitiK  liin  sis,  n,, 

Jr.,  Henry  T.  Blow,  John  W.  Noel,  S.  IF.  Hoyd,  J.  "ver  „ne-i,nir,uo  „tnuiui.  Tho  „u.jo,itj- mth,,  oiti,,,.,,,- vat..,i, 

w    \%  in            »      .•       4     IT-          IJ    w    T            WW  will  l».'8.>eii,  isthrcf  thoiisun.hiii.l  two  iigiiiiixtlh(.C„M-iiiuii„„ 

W.  MeCIurji,  Austin  A.  Kin-,  B.  1.  Loan,  Wilhani  ^,.„.,.  ,,„,|„,,i„^,  ,|,,  majority  m-  the  sni.iier  vol-,  it  i-  s,iii  ,„„ 

A.  Hall,  and  James  S.  Rollins  were  declared  entitled  |  hundred  miil  i-eventy-onc 

to  seats  in  the  Lo-vcr  House  of  the  Federal  Conjire.ss.  „„ ^I'"""!'        '" 

'^        _  "Citizens    vote ...   .);i,IIOiJ         ;iL',liii;i 

Mr.  Noel  haviiij;  died,  John  G.  Seott  obtained  his  SoldierM' vote era        :iii;ii(! 

*•-'"'•  Total 3:>,6Sn        -M.M 

In  18()4  the  electond   district  system   which   e.\-  '             Majorit.v  iigaiiiAt  the  Constitution in" 

istcd  hitherto   was  abolished  by  m  act  making  the  The  now  Constitution  adopted  by  the  iiliuvu  vdio 

coiijrrossioiial    districts   electoral   Jistricts,  the  same  ■  abolisiied  slavery,  and  the  fact  was  unnounred  in  thj 

number  of  electors  as  there  were  coiifiressioniil  dis-  followini;  proclamation : 

tricts  to  be  ciioseii,  one  of  whom  should  be  a  resident  "  Kxkci  tivk  Dki'mumint 

of  the  district,  and,  in  addition,  two  electors   to  bo  '-Citv  op  .Iki'fuhsov,  Mo.,  Jan.  ii,  ist'ij. 

clioson  by  tiie  State  at  lar-,'e.     This  year  the  follow-  "  "  '"'*'"'''  l''""""''  '^'^■''"'  l'i"vi'lence  to  inspi,-,.  i„  ri;;i„,„„, 

.1                              1     -li   J    .            »      •      .1       T          _  action  the  sovereij,'n8  of  Missouri,  wlio,  tlii-oiiji'i  tlii.irdcIcL'iii.i 

ini;  ueiitlemen  were  admitted  to  seats  in  the  Lower  ,.             ,,,■..              ,      .      ,     """^"i'"" 

'^    '^  in  convention  assonihliMl,  with  proper  legal  imllKirilj- aii.l  jJ 

House  of  the  Federal  Congress:  John   Hogan,   Henry  enmity,   Imve  Ihi.-  dny  ordained  that   hereafter  in  this  Stau 

T.   Blow,    Joseph  W.  McClurg,    B,    F.  Loan,   George  there  shall  ho  neither  slavery  nor  involuntary  siTviliidc.cs- 

W.  Anderson,  Robert  T.  Van  Horn,  John  R.  Kelso,  ,  <-'«l'''"  li""i''li>i"'iit  "ferim«,  whereof  the  party  shall  luivt  La 

T   1       11    i>      ■       •             1    T   1       iir    VT      I      fill        I      ^        II  duly  convicted,  and  all  persons  held  to  serviee  or  liili.iriis  .lir,, 

John  1".  Beniamin,  and  John  W.Noel.    The  e  ectoral  i      ■     ,    ,      ,  ■■                                            tu,  ..laiei 

J            '  are  lierehy  declared  tree. 

vote  of  the  State  was  cast  for  Lincoln  and  Johnson,  i      "n.iw,  tlierelbre,  by  authority  of  the  suprci,,,.  n^nun 

Thomas  C.  Fletcher  was  this  year  elected   Governor  Jiowor  vested  in  me  by  the  Constitution  of  .\Iiss.,iiri,  I,  Tli.,inn 

by  a  vote  of  71,531,  against  30,-lOG  cast   for  Thomas  ^'-  l''''''''!'"''.  <i<'vernor  of  the  .Sl„te  of  Missouri,  ,1„  ,,r„,l;™ 

T      1,  •                 1    41      I           T-        1              •       1     !•  .1  that  lienceforth  and  forever  no  person  within  the  iuri-iilirtion 

L.  Irice;  and  Abraham  Lincoln  received  of  the  iiop-  r  ,i  •   c..  ,     ,   ,,  ,       .•    ..           ,  .,              ,i"Huii,jn 

'                                                                                       '    '  of  tins  .state  shall  he  subject  to  any  iiliridgiiicnt  (if  lilioitv  II. 

ular  vote    71,(J76,   against  i51,t;2(3  cast   for   George  B.  cept  such  as  the  law  shall  prescribe  for  the  coiiiiii()iiK™'l,'.r 

McClellan.  know  any  master  but  (!od. 

Ill  1805  a  State  Convention  to  revise  the  ConstitU-  "  '"   •'''''""'"y  whereof  I  Imvo  hereunto  signed  my  namt, 

,     ,,          ]    ,1        .      ,               ^                  e    .     1  and  ciiiised  the  great  seal  of  the  State  to  be  iillixcd,  ill  the  citv 

tion  was   held,  and  the  instrument  as  perfected  was  „f  i,. „„,.,.„  ,i,:.   i„,.„„n,  i i 

'                                                        '^^  ot  .Jetlerson,  tliis  eleventh  day  ol  January,  .Aiiiicj  Duinini  ei'ii- 

submitted  to  the  people.     The  vote  on  its  adoption  teen  linndrcd  and  si.xty-iivo. 

stood:    For  the   Constitution,   43,070;   against  tlie  ;                                                   "Thomas  c.  in  rcucii," 

Constitution,  41,808.  I       "By  ""-' Governor: 

;  "FiiANcis  lUnisiAS,  Secreliiii/  I,/  Sliilc."' 

"However   the   returns,"  said  the   Hepiiblican  of  June  l.i,  • 

1885,  "may  bo  figured  at  JcfTorson  City,  there  is  no  escape  from  The    following    is    a    list   of   officers   uf  St.  Luuil 

tlie  fact  that  the  vilo  thing  has  not  tho  sanction  of  the  people.  '  County  who  Were  Compelled  by  act  of  the  State  LW 

Counting  in  the  ballots  of  minors,  aliens,  etc..  the  vote  for  tho  y^,^^^[ou    to   Vacate    their   offices   on   the   1st  uf  .Mav 

Constitution  will  not  reach  much  above  one-lialf  of  that  returned  lo,.-  ,                                                                                      "' 
for  Mr.  Lincoln  last  fall.    Tliere  is  no  candid  man  who  will  say 

ttiat  a  measure  declared  carried  l)y  such  an  e.\[ires8ion  rellects  Justices  :    Of  the  County  Court,  Beiljuiliin  Cliailts, 

the  will  of  tlie  State.     The  most  monstrous  expedients  were  ro-  William   Taussig,  John  H.  Fis.se,  Barton  Aiili',  Jdllll 

sorted  to  and  used  to  foist  this  Constitution  upon  us.    Thousands      — -  .    _     - 

of  votes — the  votes  of  as  loyal  and  good  men  as  any  who  dare  to  '  The  event  was  hailed  in  St.  I,iiiiis  with  gcmr.il  roioioinj, 

object  to  them — were   not  admitted   when    presented,  or  were  and  on  the  night  of  the  day  on  which  the  (iuvciiior's  hrwlauu- 

kept  out  of  the  ballot-boxes  by  a  system  of  high-handed  intim-  lion  was  issued  there  was  a  grand  illumination.    The  illiimliia' 

illation.    Thousands  of  men  wore  disfraneliised  by  the  arbitrary  tion  of  parts  of  Fourth  Street  was  pnrticuliirlv  lino,  allraoliii; 

diclii    of  unscrupulous  judges.      This   is   not   bare   assertion.  '  to  every  square  between  .Market  and  Washington  Aviiiiin-'grtil 

Proofs  ample  and  plentiful   can  be  readily  produced  to  sustain  concourses  of  citizens  and  Indies  and  cliildicn.    The  lli^|llilv  of 

what  we  have  said.     We  do  not  concedo  that  the  Constitution  fire-works  from  the  dome  of  tho  court-house,  licsiilv  thcbrii- 

has  been  carried.     On   the  contrary,  wo  contend   that   it   has  liant  light  shed  far  and  wide  by  the  full  illiiniiiiati.in  uf  ilie 

been  rejected  by  the  jieople  of  tho  State.     Whether  the  officials  I'lanters'  House  and  other  buildings  of  that  iiii;,'hl«jrh.w.l,  nule 

at  the  capital  will  let  it  appear  so  is  a  matter  upon  which  wo  that  quarter  of  tlio  city  a  great  centre  of  utlniclion.    Thcap- 

do  not  venture  to  advance  an  opinion  at  present.  pearauce  of  Verandah  Row  and  the  buildings  on  tin;  corner  of  ; 

"  llelow  will  be  found  an  alistract  of  the  result  on  the  6th,  so  Washington  Avenue  and  Fourth  Street  was  :il,-u  viij  brilliant 

far  as  tho  same  lias  reached  us.     It  is  taken  from  our  table,  j   with  Hags  and  lautorna.     Many  private  ilHcllings  were  illii- 

which  was  made  up  from  tho  most  reliable  sources  within  our  .  minated. 


POLITICAL   PUoaUESS. 


628 


tlmn   U  imuttlly 

eptiiwcil 

ir  till!  i'i)lninii<  " 

!i  .la.lv 

imiicrfeot.     Vt^u 

HVClllV. 

nli'ver,    Fiiiml>M 

iity-iiiiic 

a  ur  cstiiiinlcil  u 

.iJHriliii. 

u  rRiiiiiiii>»K  ''" 

MX,  n  ! 

i-ilv  1)1'  tliii  oUi/.iii 

'"  vol*-,  it 

voivaKi""'  ""^ ''"' 

'liluti.n. 

8()Micr  vutc,  it  i 

still  four 

Aiiitlii«l.         y 

r. 

...  35,(ll)f>        .'1'-'. 

'113 

....      er.') 

-Mifi 

. — 

. 

....  3.''>,68ii      ;■■  ■ 

■_'"',' 

iition 

171" 

ipted  by  tbu  iiliuve  viito 
ct  wua  anuouiR'i.'d  in  tlio 


rnvK.  Dki'Ahtmist, 
m;iisos,  Mil.,  .lull.  II,  l^iij. 
iilfiii;e  to  iiispin'  l.i  riclilunu! 

wild,  tliriiujj'i  tlii'ir  (IcU'fitei 
iiper  legal  lUitliDril.v  iiii.l  inl. 

that  linrciiftiT  in  this  SlaU 
or  iiiviiluntary  mtvIIihIc,  cs- 
I'cof  the  party  shall  liiivu  hetn 
sld  to  acrvicu  or  liiliiir  as  slavei 

ty  of  tlio  fiijiri'iiH'  escciilivn 
itution  of  Miss.Miri,  I,  Tlmiiiai 
Into  of  Missouri,  ilo  iirodaim 
(lorson  williiii  lhi'.iurisilii;iion 
iiiy  iiliridgiiiciil  of  lihiTty,  «• 
I'vilie  for  llio  omiiiMiiii  |;ooJ,'jr 

•0  liorouiito  sisneil  my  name, 
Slatu  to  lie  iiflixeil,  ;it  thccily 
\i  .lamiary,  .Ami"  limiiini  eijli- 

"Thomas  C.  l'i.i,ri;iii;i;." 

elun/  iif  .SVofr."' 

of  officers  uf  St.  Louis 
by  act  of  tlio  Stato  Cmi- 
ices  on  ttio  1st  of  M:iy, 

Court,  IkMijiiiiiin  Ciiailos, 
Fissu,  IJiirtoii  AWo.  .lulm 

I.  Louis  with  fe'i'ioTul  rojiii^'in;, 
Ivliich  the  (iovenmr's  iirmlama- 
111  illumination.    The  illiimina- 
Iras  iiiirtii'ulurly  liiii.',  atli-utiii; 
\  anil  Washington  Avciiuc  great 
Is  anil  oliililri'ii.    'f  he  ili-lil»."'f 
lio  court- hoii^e,  liesi.le  ihcbril- 
Jjy  tho  full  illiiiiiiniitiiiii  "f  'k' 
liigsof  that  iiei;;hhiirh'»l,in;"l« 
1  centre  of  attriietion.    The  ap- 
,  the  buiUlinfc'.s  „n  the  corner  of 
Ih  Street  was  M.-o  very  hrilliant 
ly  private  ihvelliiifjs  wcro  ill«- 


Vif,  HiiiinK'l  Jiimcs,  John  E.  Yoro;  (!ireuit  Court, 
Imm'Hl'  Mooily;  Common  IMoas,  Siimucl  II.  Ucbcr; 
I  jiij  Cmrt,  Cliarles  H.  Lord  ;  law  coniuiiHsionor, 
liobcrt  .1  Knnibauor;  Criminal  Court,  Wilson  I'rinim  ; 
Priibiitc  Ciiiirt,  William  V.  Fcrnuson. 
I'ln-h:  County  Court,  Samuel  W.  Kiiirer;  Crimi- 
,1  ('„„ii.  Fred.  Krotsebmnr;  Common  Pleas,  Leon 
J  I'lipiii ;  Circuit  Court,  P.  A.  Schneider ;  Land 
Court,  Hubert  White;  law  commissioner,  William  C. 
(iutl'iiiiiii ;  sheriff,  John  C.  Vofjel ;  recorder,  A.  C. 
liorimiiily  ;  circuit  attorney,  J.  P.  Pastime;  assistant 
aiuirnev,  W.  C.  Gantt.  The  whole  number  of  officers 
ilniuioliiiiil  tbe  State  thus  vacated  was  about  8-10. 
Tiuni  wfiv  tliree  sujireme  jud.nes,  20  circuit  jiid^'es, 
11-1  circuit  clerks,  114  sheriffs,  114  attorneys,  342 
uoiiiity  jusliccs  in  the  State  outside  of  St.  Louis. 

On  till'  14th  of  June,  1805,  while  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Mi.-isouri  was  proeeedini;  with  its  usual  busi- 
uess.  Gcii.  Coleman  appeared  in  the  court-room  with 
all  overiiowerinf,'  force,  and  by  virtue  of  a  military 
order  of  Governor  Fletcher,  arrested,  and  carried  out 
of  tiie  ciiurt-rooni  Judj^es  Bay  ami  Bryden,  and 
seizod  «ih1  turned  over  to  the  new  court  tho  books, 
icciiiils,  jiuiicrs,  and  seals  of  the  court. 

"This  lel,"  says  the  liijiiihlimn  of  .Inno  15tli,  "  was  not  only 
.liineuilhoul  law.  but  after  a  solouin  ileoision  of  the  Circuit  Court 
of>t.  I.Diii'  •''Oinly  that  there  was  no  legal  vuliility  in  the  oust- 
in.' onliiiaiiee  uii.ler  wliieli  the  new  judges  ehiiiueil  seats  upon 
llic>iilireiiie  lieiuih,  anil  also  in  the  face  of  an  injnnetion  already 
is-iiiil  ami  |icniling  against  the  very  act  in  iiuestioii.  It  was 
Tiiii  .lone  in  the  time  of  war,  for  there  is  no  war  now  existing. 
There  is  nn  prelenso  of  military  necessity  in  the  case,  becanso 
there  was  no  enemy  against  whom  military  force  could  be  di- 
reiteil.  It  was  not  done  by  virtue  of  martial  law,  for  the  .State 
1)1'  Missouri  has  never  declared  martini  law,  and  Governor 
Flelelier  was  not  tho  minister  of  that  stern  rule  of  action.  Tho 
care  presented  a  more  question  of  controversy  between  civil 

I"' 


■  riie  eourt  whoso  authority  was  stricken  down  yesterday 
na?  a  le^al.  constitutional,  and  loyal  court,  in  relation  to  wlioso 
lilelity  III  the  duties  of  its  ottioe,  to  the  laws,  to  the  Constitu- 
liiii.  lollie  eiinnlry  no  question  had  ever  been  made  or  could 
beiiiailc.  This  court  was  elected  by  tho  people  of  .Missouri  in 
b6:i.  Its  members  were  sworn  to  support  the  Constitution  of 
.MiiSDuri.  They  not  only  had  the  right,  but  it  was  their  duty 
lo  <u|)|iiirt  Unit  Constitution  iw  their  best  judgment  dictated. 
Tile  lute  euiivenlion  passed  nn  ordinance,  or  what  is  called  an 
orjinaiice,  turning  tlicni  out  of  oflice.  This  so-called  ordinance 
ua!  nut  within  llie  scope  of  the  act  calling  tlie  convention,  and  : 
Has  nut  within  the  powers  of  the  convention,  and  besides  was 
imt  ineoriiorated  into  nor  made  any  part  of  the  form  of  Consti- 
tution trained  by  them  and  submitted  to  the  people  of  Missouri 
at  llie  late  elcelioii.  Tho  ofl'ensc  which  the  old  judges  there- 
fore ciiiiiiiiitleil  was  that  they  were  of  opinion  that  this  so-called 
vacalin);  oriliMuncc  was  not  valid.  The  (Jovernor  thought  it  \ 
"as;  the  CDurt  thought  differently.  If  the  court  honestly  be-  \ 
licreil  that  this  vacating  ordinance  was  not  valid,  it  was  bound 
tu  disregard  it.  This  was  done,  whereupon  tho  Governor 
ftnils  a  brigudier-general  in  force  to  turn  the  j  udgoa  out  of  their 
places. 


"  But  no  aunnor  did  it  take  elTect  by  ila  torina  than  tho  quca- 
tion  of  its  validity  rose  before  .Judge  Muoily,  a  member  of  tho 
same  parly  with  the  oonvcntiDii.  The  judge  promply  held  it 
void.  Why?  llecause  he  could  not  dn  otherwist'.  It  was  void, 
and  he  bad  to  say  so.  The  same  question  rose  ne.xt  bi-l'ore  the 
court  in  l.afayelle  County.  The  Ciniiit  Court,  Judgu  Tiilt, 
was  then  riiidy  to  adjuilieati'  the  question.  The  juilgo  was  of 
the  siimi'  party  with  the  llovi'rnor.  The  (iiivernnr  had  just  ap- 
pointed him.  Itiit  this  lordly  tyrant  wits  afraid  to  trust  .Jiidgo 
TutI  to  decide  nil  Ihf  so-called  viiciiling  onlinanci'.  lie  knew 
that  every  honest  iind  intelligml  lawyer  wniild  hold  it  void,  so 
he  sent  a  lile  of  soldiers,  who  dt'cided  the  question  of  law,  held 
tho  ordinaiii'O  perfectly  lonsliliiliininl,  perfectly  valid.  Tlieao 
jurists  had  no  dilliciilty  in  sellling  Ihe  knotty  point. 

"Not  long  after  the  same  i|U<'Slion  arose  on  the  validity  of 
the  oi'dinancu  in  I'ettis  (loiinly.  Tlie  Circuit  t^oiirt  of  that 
county  was  compelled  to  rule  the  case  and  ready  to  do  it.  Why 
were  not  the  rights  of  Mr.  liowe  left  to  the  very  judge  whom 
tho  Governor  hail  so  recently  appointed?  Why?  Ileciiuso  tho 
Governor  was  afraid  to  trust  hiiii,  and  because  the  iiarrow- 
iiiinded  and  reckless  fiinatics  who  advise  and  govern  him  knew 
there  was  no  corlainty  in  sustaining  the  ordinauce,  so  culled, 
save  by  Ihe  soldiery.  Thesame  motive  governed  him  here.  It 
is  not  two  inonlhs  since  (iovornor  I'Tctcher  appointed  .ludgo 
.Moody  to  his  present  ollice,  and  yet  on  yesterday  ho  (Gover- 
nor Fletcher),  by  an  act  of  arbitrary  lawlessness,  has  trampled 
upon  the  luilhorily  of  .Judge  Moody,  disregarding  the  injunc- 
tion issued  by  hiin  Tuesday  iiiorning,  and  overlhrnwing  his 
court." 

On  the  evening  of  Saturday,  June  17th,  an  im- 
mense public  meetinj;  was  held  in  the  Court-Ilouso 
S((uare,  St.  Louis,  to  protest  iifraiiist  tho  Ibruible  re- 
moval of  the  judges  by  Governor  Fletcher.  Capt. 
George  A.  McGuire  called  the  meeting  to  order,  and 
on  his  motion  Hon.  John  Iliggin  was  elected  chairman. 

On  motion  of  the  IIoii.  James  O.  Hroadhead,  D. 
M.  Grissoin  and  Fred.  M.  Kretsehmar  were  appointed 
secretaries,  and  on  motion  of  Capt.  Barton  Able,  A. 
G.  Braun,  John  Finn,  Benjamin  Spellbrink,  Charles 
Kintzing,  and  Bernard  Stein  were  chosen  vice-presi- 
dents. Addresses  were  made  by  Col.  James  0.  Broad- 
bead  and  Hon.  Samuel  T.  Glover,  after  which  a  com- 
mittee, appointed  by  the  chairman  and  consisting  of 
T.  T.  Gantt,  Charles  Gibson,  Peter  L.  Foy,  D.  M. 
Grissom,  and  A.  W.  Alexander,  reported  a  series  of 
resolutions  protesting  in  strong  terms  against  the 
course  of  GoverJior  Fletcher  and  advocating  his  im- 
peachment. Col.  T.  T.  Gantt  and  Maj.  James  S. 
Ilollins  also  delivered  addresses.  The  popular  excite- 
ment on  the  subject  was  intensified  by  the  fact  that 
prior  to  the  meeting  orders  were  issued  by  Col.  Blood, 
commanding  the  Second  Militia  District,  requiring  a 
general  muster  of  certain  militia  organizations  at  htilf- 
past  seven  o'clock  in  the  evening,  an  act  which  tho 
opponents  of  Governor  Fletcher  claimed  was  designed 
to  intimidate  tiiem. 

The  vote  on  the  adoption  of  the  new  Constitution 
was  clouded  witii  uncertainty  as  to  what  oath  should 


-  i 


r   ■  I 


I''  <  ,i.v'.: 


\  I 


If 


!i   ii    > 


(!24 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT   '.OUIS. 


be  Inkfii  \)y  vtitcrn  prior  to  cnNtiii};  llicir  ImllolN. 
Some  pcrHiiriH  wen*  of  (lie  opinion  that  tlio  outh  prc- 
seribed  by  tho  olil  Constitution  was  tin-  proper  imtii, 
wbile  otbers  wcn^  of  opinion  tbiit  tiie  latter  was  tbi; 
oath  eniboiiit'il  in  tiie  new  Coiistitiition.  Tht^  sixtli 
wcction  of  tile  article  providin};  for  ilio  cnforcenu'iit 
of  tbo  Coiistiliitioii  eontaini'ii  ilic  f(iilo>Yin^  provisions  : 

"At  siiiil  clii'liiiii  no  pi'ii'dii  kIiiiII  lie  iillinvi'il  tn  \  nic  wlni 
woulil  mil  III'  a  (|iiiililli'il  Miter,  lU'i'iiriliiiK  I"  I'm  ti  riim  iif  llii' 
ronstiliilioii,  if  the  sci'iiiiil  iirlli'U'  IliiTiiif  wiih  IIii'Ii  tii  liircfl. 
'I'liii  juilttcH  III"  oli'itiiin  "liiiil  iiiliiiininlur  to  ini'iy  iicrHiui  oll'i'iinK 
to  Votf,  in  f'tli  fij  the  tutlli  linif  fifjtiirnf  t>>  In-  tahrti  htj  nih  ri, 
iinilt'i  tile  orillnani'c  of  June  III,  ISIt2,  tlir  I'olloniiiK  nnlli.  In 
wit  : 

"  I,  A.  II.,  ilo  soli'iiinly  iwi'Hi'  llmt  I  ion  mil  ii<'i{Miiiiili'<l  with 
thi'  torin."  of  Ihi-  lliinl  i^cutioii  of  tliv  iTimnil  lolicli'  of  tlio  Con- 
Ktitnlion  of  Ihi'  Miitii  of  MiKSouii,  iiilii|il('(l  liy  the  convcnlion 
wliirli  iixHtnilili'il  in  Iho  city  of  St.  Louis  on  the  lllli  iliiy  of  .liiii- 
nnry,  ISIi.'i,  nnil  have  enrefiilly  eonsiilerccl  tlie  mono;  tliat  I 
have  never,  illreetly  or  iinlireetly.  ilono  any  of  tlie  acts  in  saiil 
•ootion  »|ie(llieil  ;  that  I  have  alwayn  been  truly  anil  loyally  on 
the  side  of  Ihu  Initeil  States  nj;ain(i|  all  enoinies  Ihoreof,  foreign 
and  iloiiiealii! ;  that  1  »ill  bear  true  faith  .mil  alle|{viinee  to  the 
Uniteil  Slates,  nml  will  Mi|i|iort  the  Conxtltntion  ami  lawn 
thereof  aa  the  uniirenio  law  of  the  land,  an^'  law  or  onlinance 
of  any  .''tale  to  the  contrary  notnithiitandinK ;  that  1  will,  to 
the  lic.«l  of  my  nliilily,  iirotccl  and  defend  the  Union  of  the 
rnited  Slates,  and  not  allow  the  same  to  bo  broken  n|i  and  dis- 
solved, or  the  government  itself  to  bo  destroyed  or  overthrown 
under  any  cinumstanees  if  in  my  lunver  to  |irevenl  it ;  and 
that  I  nnike  this  oath  without  any  mental  reservation  or 
evasion,  and  hold  it  to  be  binding  on  me." 

Notwithstanding  these  "  ironclad"  featuro.s,  it  wtis 
further  provided  that  should  any  one  decline  to  take 
said  oath  he  could  not  vote ;  but  the  taking  of  said 
oath  was  not  to  be  deemed  conclusive  evidence  of  his 
right  to  vote,  but  such  right  might  be  disputed  and 
disproved. 

In  St.  Louis  City  and  County  the  vote  on  the 
adoption  of  the  new  Constitution  was ;  For,  5272 ; 
against,  11,289  ;  majority  against,  5l)fi7. 

There  were  grave  doubts  existing  in  the  public 
mind  whether  the  new  Constitution  hiid  been  adopted. 
An  extraordinary  reticence  was  observed  by  all  State 
officials  for  weeks  after  the  vote  was  taken,  and  a  dis- 
patch was  printed  in  the  liipnUlcan  of  June  2t)th 
stating  that  "  Ihe  Secretary  of  State  positively  denies 
all  acce-ss  to  the  poll-books,  and  refuses  to  allow  any 
publicity  until  after  the  1st  of  July  to  the  returns 
received  at  his  office."  The  following  dispatch  would 
seem  to  indicate  a  purpose  to  count  in  the  Constitu- 
tion whether  rejected  or  adopted  by  the  people : 

",rnFt'KUS0N  t'lTV,  .Tune  21,  istj,'). 
•'  Haht.  Aiii.K.  Ksy. : 

"The  Secretary  of  State,  Rodinnn,  refuses  to  jieriuit  nie  to 
examine  the  returns  now  or  lioreafter.  He  says  that  after  .July 
2d  he  will  give  me  copies  ut  ijl.een  eonis  per  folio. 

"A.  W    Ai.KXANnKit." 


Ill  IHiKi  the  following  penoM  neeivcd  i  iiifi™,, 
of  election  as  inrnibers  of  ('ongre.ss :  W.  .\  \'\\,.  {■ 
A.  Neweomb,  T.  K.  Noel,  J.  J.  (irowilK,  ,)  \\ 
MeClurg,  II.  T.  Van  Horn.  11.  F.  Loan,  ,1  |.'.  n,,,. 
jiimin,  and  (Jeorge  W.  Anderson.  Altlioiiijli  ih,.  v„|( 
cast  for  Anderson  was  only  501-11),  and  tlir  vm,.  f,, 
W.  F.  Swil/Jer,  his  competitor,  was  (Jltll.  Amlirv.j 
received  the  certificate  which  athiiitted  liiui  to  ||,j 
seat.  Callaway  County  gave  Switzlcr  IKll!  vntisauj 
Anderson  lOll,  and  was  not  counted,  anil  -iMot'ii,,, 
votes  of  I'ike  Couiily  for  Switzlcr  were  iini  ((,11111,1 
Callaway  was  not  represented  in  the  Fedcml  ('iiM^T,,i 
in  the  State  Senate,  nor  in  tlie  House  of  l!i'|,ri>,iii,i. 
lives,  and  obtained  thereby  the  title  of  "  Kiii-il.ni 
now  in  idmost  general  use.  Mr.  Noel  dinl  lul'iinMl,.. 
exjiiration  of  his  term,  and  was  suceeedeij  jiv  ,IaiiH.j 
U.  MeCiirinick  (war  Democrat),  and  .1.  II,  ,«!i„v,r 
took  the  place  of  McClurg,  elected  <ioveriinr  liviivii... 
of  82,107  against  40,1(58  cast  for  Jolin  ,^.  I'll,.],, 
Democrat. 

In  St  liouis  the  Democratic  ticket  rcceivid  ii  nu. 
jority  of  JiOOO,  electing  Steger  for  street  railinaj 
commissioner  and  Cady  for  recorder,  with  eii;jii  lut 
of  ten  aldermen,  and  sixteen  out  of  twenty  ijeli;;ai,'., 
and  all  seven  school  commi.''sioiiers.  Tlir  Miliraa 
amendments  of  the  Constitution,  strikiin;  out  iLe 
word  "white"  from  the 'Constitution,  was  (lefeaU'.l  I  v 
a  vote  of  74,05;5  against  to  55,2;i()  in  favor. 

In  1867  the  "  oath  of  loyalty"  reeeivoil  11  sivore 
blow  from  the  Supreme  Court  of  Missouri  in  tiitia..> 
of  the  Ilev.  D.  II.  Murpliy,  of  Cape  GiriinlcaintliM 
was  arrested  for  preaching  the  gospel  witliuiit  liavioL' 
taken  the  oath.  He  was  tried,  convicled,  and  sm- 
tencetl  to  pay  a  fine  of  five  hundred  liiillais.  Tlie 
case  of  Father  Cummings,  of  Pike  County,  .sentwiicJ 
by  Judge  Fagg  to  pay  a  fine  of  five  humireil  liolLir* 
for  preaching  without  taking  the  oatli,  went  tn  ili.' 
Supreme  Court  of  Mis.souri,  where  the  juil^njeiii  vf 
the  I'ike  County  Circuit  Court  was  sustaiiiei!.  Tliciue 
it  went  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  ilie  lliiilcil  .*i|atii 
and  was  reversed,  that  tribunal  deciding  tliai  liie|iti-  j 
visions  of  the  Constitution  of  Missouri  cnliiniiii:  llio 
"test  r-\th"  partook  of  the  elements  both' of  an  f.c  | 
post  facto  law  and  a  bill  of  pains  and  peinllies.  1 
wa.s  prohibited  by  the  Constitution  of  ilie  riiii.J ! 
States.  The  case  of  Ilev.  Mr.  Mui])liy  iwlcil  upun 
precisely  the  same  grounds  as  that  of  Father  Cum- 
mings. The  Supreme  Court  of  Missimri  iml  nuTiIv 
yielded  to  the  binding  authority  of  ihn  Sii|iriiue  j 
Court  of  the  United  Sttites,  but  by  eliilmrate  arma- 
ment proved  that  the  decision  of  that  coiiit  was .'uuiiil  | 
law. 

Prominent  among  the  able  lawyers  wiiu  lent  their  j 


rUlATlCAJ*   I'llUUUKSS. 


(i.'j 


loiiH  rceoived  v-.  iiifiaiis 
MigivsM:  W.  A  I'il.r 
J.  .1.  (IrowrllN,  ,1,  W 
B,  1''.  lioiin.  .1  V.  111,. 
rsdii.  Altliim^Ji  till'  v.iie 
r»()Hl),  ami  tlir  viiiu  |;,r 
or,  wan  GlUl.  Andcrsiii 
•li  luluiitti'd  him  ti\  ilie 
!  SwitzliT  ll('>:'i  Villi's  mil 
connti'il,  mitl  -I"  ol'ili 

viUll'V  WCIT,    Il"t    Cnlllllil 

\  in  tlif  Ft'diTiil  ('iiiiiir.v. 
iho  Hi)UH(!  (if  lli'iiriMiiii. 
the  titlo  "f  "  Kin':'l"Ui. 

Mr.  Ntiol  ilinl  lirl'uliMl.- 
1  was  succ'CimIciI  liy  .Iiuuij 
locrat),  iiiul  .1.  11.  J^ii.vit 
elected  (iiivi'mur  bv  av.iii' 

cast  for  Jdliii  S.  l'lu■l[^ 

riitic  ticket  reccivcJ  :i  iii,i. 
Stefjer    t'ov  ''trt'Ot   riiilriail 
r  recorder,  wilii  ei;:lii  ^ut 
on  out  of  I  went}'  ili'li":;!!'-. 
iiniicHioners.     Tlu'  >\\\]ns 
ititutioii,   striking'  imt  lie 
,)n8tilutioii,  was  ili'lViili'iUy 
lo  55,2:51)  ill  I'aviir. 
loyalty"  reeeivml  ;i  wvcie 
)urt  of  Missouri  in  tlio  oa<.' 
of  Cnpo  Oirardoim.  vtlw 
the  ^'ospel  witlunil  liavin; 
tried,  eonvicluil,  ami  mii- 
ivo  hundred  diilliirii.    Tlie 
;)f  Pike  Couiiiy.  si'nicmvl 
no  of  live  humlri'il  iImIIji* 
tlie  oath,  wi'iil  to  llw 
,rt,  where  the  jinl;.;imMit  vf 
lurtwas  sustaiiu'il.  TluiKi 
lourt  of  the  Uiiilwl  J'taiis 
lUiial  deeidiiiu  that  till' iw- 
of  Mis.siiuri  cnliin-in^tlie 
e   elements  both' of  an  « 
,f  pains  and  iieiidltii'J.  anJ  j 
onstitution  of   ihi'  ^'"""' 
Mr.  Muri)hy  n'stod  upon ! 
.s  as  that  of  Falli'T  Cum- 
irt  of  Missouri  not  morily 
uthority  of  il'"  f^"!'''"" 
,es,  but  by  olahnrato  aiiU- 
lion  of  that  eoiivt  was  .•^ouii'i 


lable  lawyers 


who  lent  thoit 


,ii,.r;;ii'>  and  latent!*  lo  the  work  of  rentorinji  to  the  LowIh  Marshall,  and  at  the  Tran.'tylvania  Law  Si'hool, 
ilislraii>'li'->''l  eitizeiiN  of  iMi.s.soiiri  iluMr  rights  and  and  about  1S12  reinoved  to  Ht.  LouIh,  beeoiiiin^ 
lilu.ftji.ii  \v;is  Francis  I'restoii  Blair,  Jr.  Mr.  Bluir'n  partner  of  hi.n  brother  Moiili:oiuery,  who  wan  already 
•ourKi' ill ''li^* '•''*''•"' *"•"  ""  ''"'  "'ore  sii^nifleaiit  and  in  possession  of  a  considerable  piaeliee.  Monlfjoniery 
creilitidil>'  lioiii  tlie  fact  that  he  had  bi'eii  ainoii;_'  the  siibseijui'iilly  became  i  \dge  of  the  Court  of  ('onimon 
I'lirliost  and  ino8t  iinconiproniisini;  advocates  of  tho.se  IMea.s,  and  Fraiicix  opened  an  ofliee  of  his  own.  In 
principli's  ihe  jiractical  enforcement  of  which  had  IX 15  he  jouriu'ved  with  St.  Vrain  and  l?ent  to  Now 
ici),  iiiciiii'iilally,  to  the  enaclineiit  of  tile  laws  be  now  .Mexico,  and  when  tlu'  troubles  with  Mexico  bej;an 
siiuiiht  to  have  repealed.  Francis  V.  Blair,  .Jr.,  was  volunteered  as  a  private,  and  served  with  much  credit, 
il„.  )ioii  (if  Francis  I'reston  Blair,  who  was  born  at  Two  years  later  he  married  Miss  Appoline  Alexander, 
Wasliiiii;'""'  Abinjidon  ('o.,  \'a.,  on  the  1 2th  of  of  Kentucky,  and  resumed  the  practi(;e  of  law  in  St, 
\rril  ITlM,  and  whose  fathi^r,  James  Blair,  a  Vir-  liouis,  invcsiinf;  in  real  estate  and  becomin;;  inter- 
Ilia  lawvn.  became  altorneyneneral   of  KentU(!ky.  .  este(l   in  political  alhiirs,      lie  had  all   the  ime^nctisiu 

and  fascination  of  a  born 
leader  of  men,  combining 
in  a  rare  dejiree  tiie  c|uali- 
ties  which  awaken  enthu- 
niasm  and  defy  opjiosi- 
tion.  Generous,  hearty  in 
speecli  and  manner,  gifted 
with  a  memory  that  never 
foruot  a  face  nor  a  name, 
he  was  soon  one  of  the 
spokesmen  of  his  party. 
In  1848  ho  joined  the 
Free-Soil  win;;  of  the 
Democratic  party  and  in- 
dorsed the  Van  Buren 
ticket,  and  in  1849  sup- 
ported Benton  in  his  ap- 
peal to  the  people  on  the 
slavery  issue.  In  1852 
he  was  sent  to  the  Lower 
House  of  the  Missouri 
Assembly,  and  re-elected 
in  1854.  lie  also  pur- 
ehiused  an  interest  in  the 
St.  Louis  Democrat,  the 
organ  of  the  anti-slavery 

iDiiuocratiu  administrations,  with  Mr.  Blair  as  editor,     lenders,  and  contributed   many  able  articles   to  that 
luiiiil  184;'!,  when  President  Polk,  thinkiiiL;  a  change     journal. 

lin  its  control  desirable  in  the  interests  of  the  party,  Mr.   Blair  was    not  originally  an  abolitionist,  but 

loffircd  him  the  position  of  minister  to  Spain,  which  was  strongly  in  favor  of  getting  rid  of  the  negro  pop- 
Ihcdediiied.  Thereupon  Mr.  Blair  retired  to  his  farm  ulation  of  Missouri,  and  of  preventin<^  the  extension 
liD  .Montj;omcry  County,  Md.,  and  in  1848  withdrew  of  slavery  to  those  Territories  in  which  the  institution 
^ftom  the  Democratic  party  and  supported  Mr.  Van  had  not  been  established.  He  believed  that  if  Mis- 
Buren  for  the  Presidency.  Upon  the  repeal  of  the  souri  became  a  free  State  her  prosperity  would  rap- 
IMissouri  Compromise  he  took  a  prominent  part  in  the  idly  increase,  and  ho  pronounced  himself  in  favor  of 
pitganization  of  the  Republican  party,  and  in  1856  getting  rid  of  negroes,  as  well  as  negro  slavery,  on 
ppiirtud  Uoii.  Fremont  for  the  Presidency.  the  ground  that  negro  labor  could  be  utilized  to  better 

Francis  Preston  Blair,  Jr.,  was  born  at  Lexington,     advantage    elsewhere,   and    that   Missouri   would    be 
Rj.,  on  the  19th  of  February,  1821.     He  graduated     better  otf  without  it.     His  position  was,  however, 
k  Princeton  College  in  1841,  and  studied  law  with     misinterpreted  and  misrepresented  by  his  opponcDtB, 
40 


(.'lliia 

I'rancis  I*,  lilair,  Sr.,  was 
;i  iiiiti'd  jiiiinialist,  and 
Diw  of  the  iiMe.st  political 
wriliTS  of  his  (lay.  He 
was  educated  at  Tran.syl- 
vaiiia  University,  Ken- 
luiky,  and  studied  law, 
but  never  practiced.  He 
bo;;aii  at  an  early  age  to 
lake  an  active  part  in  poll- 
lis,  and  ill  1 824  sup- 
[iiirli'd  Henry  Clay  for  the 
lV,...iduiicy.  In  1829,  Mr. 
Blair  pulilishcd  an  article 
aiibt  tlie  nullification 
1  lunvi'iiient,  which  attract- 
li'J  tlic  attcnliou  of  Gen. 
Jackson,  ami  he  was  iii- 
I  vitol  lo  bpi'omc  the  editor 
|ul  iho  administration  or- 
I  tail,  the  Gliihe,  ihun  about 
Itobei'siablislied  in  Wash- 
lin^ton.  That  paper  was 
Iksuod  for  the  tiist  time  in 
I  November,  18;!0,and  con- 
|tiimed  to  be  the  organ  of 


<^ii€-^^^  /■ 


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mmmmmmm 


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I'l  i.^f 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


who  persigtontly  denounced  lilui  qh  an  abolitionist. 
In  tliiH  connection  Mr.  Bliiir  is  .said  to  have  remarked 
upon  one  occasion, — 

"  Tluiso  follows  kiKtw  vcrv  well  liow-fiilsd  thn  clinr^o  is,  nnil 
llii>ri'fiirn  tlipii'  is  no  good  in  trying  to  pul  llwrn  rinlit.  H"t 
wlmt  llioy  ilo  >i(il  sri-  is  Hint  bv  cnilinn  mr  iin  iibolitionixt,  wlio 
am  not  In  bo  sciirtMl  at  siicti  tltiiig?,  tlioy  arc  inuring  thoHo  wbo 
peori'tiy  syin|tiitliizo  witb  nio,  but  wlio  nro  not  iis  thidi-skinncd, 
to  lu-iir  tlicnisolvuH  niso  oullnl  liy  tout  niinu'S  wittioiit  lioin^  tcr- 
ritioil  out  of  tlieir  Hi-nsof*.  Lot  tliiMii  go  on.  Tlioy  will  nnil<o 
thv  niuiiu  of  iiliolilioiiist  raspcclnblu  iioonor  Ihiin  Ibvy  liiTiini." 

In  185(1  he  was  elected  to  Congress  from  Missouri 
as  a  Uepubliean,  und  delivered  a  spcecli  in  favor  of 
the  eoloiii/iilion  of  negroes  in  Central  America.  He 
v,-as  aj;ain  a  candidate  in  1858,  but  his  Detnocratie 
opponi  tit,  J.  llieh;ird  Harrel,  was  elected.  Mr.  Blair, 
liowevei,  contested  his  seat,  which  was  awarded  to 
Blair  by  the  House  of  lleprcseutatives.  All  that 
Mr.  Blair  had  asked  in  making  the  appeal  was  u  new 
election,  atid  upoti  (be  a-..arding  of  the  .seat  to  iiiin  ho 
declined  it,  and  referred  tiio  controversy  with  his  rival 
back  to  the  people.  In  the  summer  of  1860  the 
cleclioti  was  held  for  the  unexpired  t<'rin,  beginning 
with  the  fir.st  Monday  of  December,  185!),  and  tiie 
full  term,  beginning  with  the  first  Monday  of  Decem- 
ber, 18()1.  Mr.  Barrett,  whom  many  believed  (o 
have  been  treated  unfairly  by  the  Committee  on  Klec- 
tioiis,  Wiw  choseti  for  the  broken  term,  but  Gen.  Blair 
was,  on  the  .same  day  by  a  large  majority,  successful  I 
over  him  in  the  contest  ibr  the  full  term.  Mr.  Blair 
took  high  raitk  in  the  House  of  Kopresentatives,  not  j 
only  as  a  ready,  forcible  debater,  but  as  a  persistont  •■ 
and  successful  worker,  and  a  man  of  great-  personal 
infliieiiee  !;nd  power.  Among  the  early  abolitionist.s  i 
of  Missouri  he  was  justly  regarded  as  the  ablest  and 
most  fearless  of  the  leaders  of  the  anti-slavery  party,  I 
and  his  course  throughout  the  critical  period  jtreceditig 
the  civil  war  was  conspicuously  strong  and  fearless. 
After  his  death  H(n-i>rr':<  HVc/iVy  printed  an  account 
of  scitiie  of  the  scenes  at  the  {'hicago  Ilepublican 
Coiivciitioti  of  18ti(),  when  his  ready  wit  recoticilcd 
the  (Siddings  party,  then  about  to  withdraw,  and  i 
''saved  to  the  platform  the  eoii.secratiiig  phra.ses  of 
the  Dcclatalioii."  I'ut  the  greatest  u(  his  services  to 
the  I'liion  was  rendered  wheti  the  whole  weight  of 
his  influeiu'c  was  tbniwii  against  .secession.  In  18(>1 
he  wa-s  the  heart  and  soul  of  the  Union  element,  the 
odviser  of  (ten.  l/Von,  the  first  citi/.en  of  the  State  to 
aii]in'ciate  the  greatness  of  the  inevitable  conflict,  and 
the  most  active  spirit  in  the  organization  of  volunteer 
troops  for  the  defense  of  thi'  Union.  He  telegraphed 
to  the  War  Di-jiavtuieiit  for  permission,  raised  two 
regiments,  planned  the  capturt^  of  Camp  Jackson,  and 
on  May  l()th,witli  theaidof  Oen.  liyon,  accomplished 


that  work.     He  was  offered  an  appointmeni  a.s  iiHira. 
dier-goneral,  but  declined  in  behalf  of  ('m|,i,  j,,.,,,. 
For  more  than  a  year  he  stit  in  the  National  ('oiiirf(Hi 
In  18(>2  he  accepted  a  commisHion  as  maj(ir..^(.in.ra| 
raised  a  brigade  of  troops  in  St.  Louis,  ;  uij  Imvin,. 
resigned  his  seat  in  Ctmgrcss,  to  which  lii>  liail  h,,,,, 
elected  in  the  fall  of  1862,  took  the  field  iiiiiicrtirani 
commanding  the  Second  Division  of  Shennan's  corps 
in  the  gigantic  battles  of  the  Vicksbui;,'  iMnipaii'ii 
and  loading  some  of  the  most  desperate  assaults  of 
that  eventful  summer.     In  18(54,  as  the  genenil  ooni. 
manding  the  Seventeenth  Corps,  ho  followed  Sliorinan 
in  his  brilliant  march  and  bore  his  full  part  tlioivin 
At  this  time  ho  was  in  full  accord  with  the  liepiililian 
party.     From    1848    he   had    been   a  '•  frccwMU: 
shivery  lie  thought  a  curse,  an  incubus,  and  lijs  lulvo- 
cacy  of  tliese  tenets  had  time  and  time  airaiii  kiridW 
the  fiercest  fires  of  political  animosity.     Witli  tmt 
courage, tenacity, and  independence, Ik'  lia<l  wi.n  niianl, 
awakened    admiration,    fought    his    way   u<  pnliiiial 
leadership,  shown  his  splendid  loyalty  (in  tlic  liait|,>. 
field,   and    might  justly   have    claimed    the  iii!;iK.st 
political  honors  from  the  nation. 

In  1866  he  was  appointed  by  President  .IiiIimshiuoI- 
lector  of  customs  for  the  port  of  St.  lionls,  lint  tluMinin. 

I  illation  was  rejected  by  the  Striate.  He  was  also  a 
delegate  to  the  Soldiers'  ('onvention  of  ISdt;,  ami  in 

I  December  of  that  year  was  appointed  a  ciiiiiiiiissiniutdt 
the  Pacific  Railroad.     In  the  mean  time  (!in.  I!lair< 

j  allegiance  to  the  llepiibli(!an  party,  wliicli  lor  years  IiikI 

'  been  so  ardent  and  unquestioning,  had  liecii  icinsiilir- 
ably  modified  by  the  course  of  the  IiikIits  of  iliai 

i  party  on  the  subject  of  rceonstructiim  at  tlio  .^'naili. 
When  in  1865  he  returned  to  St.   Louis  and  llninJ 

I  that  thousands  of  those  who  had  hwu  his  liimst 
political  foes  were  ilisfranchised,  iiliiiost  liis  lirsi  imlilic 
act  wius  to  protest,  and  to  begin  in  the  cunits  a  liiiiia- 
tion  to  prove  the  illegality  of  that  disfraiicliisomciii. 
His  efforts  never  ceased  until  he  had  carrioil  this 
point,  to  accomplish  which   he  made  rmiiindii  I'aiisr 

I  with   his   late  opponents,  and  turned  liis  liack  uiwii  I 
Republicanism.     The  step   was  reganlcii  as  almost 
treason,    but    this     savage    condeninatinii    lias  Wiii  | 
greatly  modified.     He  was  the  first  distiiPLMiislnil  Ho- 
publican    to  break  with  his   party  en  iccniistriirtii'ii  I 
doctrines,  but  (Jreeley,    Sumner,  Sclinrz,  Tiimilmll 
and  other  men  id'  note  afterwards  ex|ir<'ssi'd  siiiiilarl 
views,  and  the  party  at  large  has  Imii;  a;;ii  p'l'UL'iiizi'Jj 
the  enormous  blunders  of  that  era.     lilnir  was  i'iii-| 
pliatic  by  nature,  and  when  he  bmke  with  lii.<  ;iJ<'i- 
eiates  he  could  not  riMnaiii  neutral.     In  1  Still  ho  caii-j 
vassed   the  State   in  opposition  to  ilir  '  |)rii.H'ri|itii'ti 
provisions"  of  the  now  Con8titutiiiii,aiul  incurrod  1iit-| 


POLITICAL   PllOGRKSS. 


627 


d  an  apiiointmcm  as  lirip. 
in   bclialf  of  V:i]<\.  Lyon, 
it  in  the  Nationiil  ('(iiiot,<s. 
muiiHsloii  as  niiijnrui'iieral. 
H  in  St.  Louis,  i'l'l  liaviii;; 
irress,  to  wliieli  Iw  luul  liwn 
,  took  tho  field  iiiiiii'rdraiit. 
Division  of  Slicniian's  ™r]is 
)f  the  Vicksbupj;  fiiiii|iaiyi, 
!  most  desperalc  assaults  of 
[n  18(i4,  aa  the  jjciuiral  coin 

I  Corps,  ho  foUowi'il  SliCTinmi 
id  boro  his  fiill  y.wi  ilioi>in. 

II  accord  with  tho  lirimliliran 
had    been  a  '•  fifc  suiliT," 

'se  an  incubus,  and  liis  ailvn- 
time  and  liuu'  a;_'aiii  kiuilW 
itical  animosity.  With  tail 
lependcni'o,lu'  had  wnii  tcihI. 
foujJtbt  his  way  t"  yiMd 
iplondid  loyalty  <iii  tlio  liaitk- 
y  have  claiuu'd  the  hi;;hesl' 
le  nation. 

iitod  by  I'n-sidiMii  .liiliiismiii'l- 
3  port  of  St.  liouis,  hut  till'  noni- 
y  the  Senate.  Ho  was  aU  a 
8  C(Uiventi(m  of  1  St'ili,  ami  in 
»as  appointed  a  coiuiiiis.sioinTiif 

III  the  mean  titnc  (it'ii.  lilair'< 
lican  party,  which  lor  years liail 
jueslioninjl,  had  hefii  cmisidi  r- 

course  of  the  leaders  of  iliai 
roeonstructiim  at  tli.>  Somli. 
.iriied  to  St.   liouis  and  Imiiui 
,se   who  had  liecii  liis  fu'rnst 
auchised,alimistliistivsiii«Hk 
to  bep;in  iti  the  .■n\irts  a  lilb- 
idity  of  that  .li>iVaiu'liis('mont. 
scd  until   he  had  cavri.xl  this 
;hieh  he  niado  nimnioii  cause 
Its,  and  turned  his  hack  upon 
step   was  ro-ar<lod  as  alii)*t 
,ajro    condciniiatioii  has  boon 
was  the  first  disiin.LMiislio(l  Ko- 
1,  his  party  on  ivcoi.struciion 
,    Sumner,  S.lmv/.,  'fmiHl'""- 
1,.  afterwards  exi^rcss,.!  .Mimlar 

It  lars-'O  ''■'«  '""-  •'-"  '■"'■'""" 
Is  of  that  era.     Uluir  vfas  oni-] 

„1„.,.  he  hioke  with  l>is  ■■«^'"- 
nain  neutral.     In  ISti.l  W  ean- 

,ppositio..  to.hr"F"^"fi 
Constitution,  :>iuliiicurivai'or- 


sonal  iliin^ier  over  and  over  again.     Ho  refused  in 

iicrsoii  lo  lake  tiie  oath  of  purgation  required  by  the 

Drake  Co'i^litution  of  ail  voters,  and  brought  an  action 

uL'aiiist  I  lie  judges  of  election  who  rejected  his  vote 

uiiacioinpanied  by  that  preliminary.     The  judgment 

ot'tho  {'iri'iiit  ('ourt  was  against  liim,  but  by  a  divided 

boncli  •  111'  appealed  to  the  Sujireme  Court,  wliich  again 

bvadiviili'd  lieneli  affirmed  the  judgment,  and  on  a 

writ  of  irror  to  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  United 

States  the  judgment  was  again  affirmed  by  an  ecjual 

liivisioii  I  tour  to  four)  of  the  members  of  tliat  trilm- 

nal.    tiit'iit   was   the    popular   approval    tliroughout 

Misnouri  of  the  course  taken  in  this  memornblc  "  con- 

Mitutional   campaign"    by    Ulair,  Olover,    Oaresche, 

ami  their  allies,  and  the  success  wliicli  finally  crowned 

llioir  offmi.s  was  a   noble  tribute   to  their  courage, 

ability,  ami  tact. 

Ill  ISdH,  Mr.   Blair  having  been  nominated  with 
Horatio  ■''^cyiiiour   on    the     Demoeratio    ticket,   the 
country   was    soon    after    electrified    by    the   noted 
•  liroaJln'ad''  letter,  which  was  characteristically  do- 
liant,  and  aided  largely  in  bis  defeat.     But  whether 
or  not  Gen.    Blair  was  wliolly  answerable  for  this 
proiluction  is  a  secret  buried  with  him.      In  1870 
the  people  of  .Missouri  declared  in  favor  of  ending 
ilif  Jisl'raiichiseiiient  of  so  many  citizens,  and  Gen. 
Blair  reentered  jiublio  life  as  a  member  of  the  As- 
sembly, and  ill  January,  1871,   was  cliisen   to  the 
I'nitoil  States  Senate  to  fill  the  balance  of  the  term  of 
('.  I).  Drake,  who  baa  resigned.'     In  1H72  lie  aided 
in  Oroeley's  noiiiiiiation  at  Cincinnati,  his  popularity 
in  .Missouri  iiieaiiwhile  increasing  steadily,  and  his  re- 
eloctiiiii  as  senator  being  assured.      But  in  November 
of  tliat  year  eaine  a  stroke  of  paralysis  from  which  lie 
novrr permanently  recover. J,  and  bodied  in  St.  Louis, 
July  11,  1S7."),  his  wife,  five  sons,  and  three  daugh- 
lors  surviving  him.     Mr.  Blair    left  public  life  far 
[Hwor  tliiiii  when  ho  entered  it;  his  thoughts,  time, 
mil  means  had  always  been  at  the  service  of  his 
ftii'iids  mid  llie  public,  and  having  lost  a  large  portion 
fhis  estate  by  suretyships  lie  died  p.  jioor  nmn,  bo- 


'.\ithi«  liiiio  till"  St.  l.iiiiis  Itiinililimu  siiiil,  '  Tlic  iiry  hud  i 

bftu  ilinl  mi  "111 iilil  !)!■  liiyal  n  klimit  bi'ing  ii  rmlieivl,  Hint  ii 

Pdiii.nil  coiilil  nut  in  his  lii-art  lie  a.  I'ni'iii  nmn.     Il«r.i  was  ii 
(oMifr,  wlio  niiMinuiit' lliiuMirlicst  in  lliuliHlil  i;Kain8l  rulielliun,   , 
-ijiilliuil  I  niiiii  ooniiMiintli'i', — wlm  );iivi>  lliu  lio  to  this  iluohi-  ' 
I  nil  II, udil  I'lillHWed  it  upHith  an  tMii|ilialie  ami  unriinci'ved 
I  iio'iil  lliiit  ho  Kii.'^  Ihcni'oriirtli  thai  d(>s|iiKi'd  and  lulinus  thiii),', 
|lDnn.i™i.     In   ISllll,  Fimili   lllair  lioidly  nimlo  the  flRhl   in 
Ite  .^liiie,  witli   I'liolps,  (lliivcr,  Womlson,  unit  iillior  Icadurs, 
Ifiiii'l  llio  lyriiiiiiii'iil  re^i.'.li'iiliiin    hiw,   K"iiiK  'rin'i  |i(>int  In 
Ifmtuiiiliir^nni/in)!;  the  lleniofi-ney.     Tlie  eiinsideraliln  niiiii-  \ 
Iw'l  Liliunil  l(i'{iiililii'iinH  acliiiK  with  tho  HonuiiTiioy  iiliiidsl  ' 
jlikMliroiiiiii.st  „nt  nf  thii  sphere  (if  |mrty  pnlitlcs." 


({ucathing  to  his  family,  however,  the  imperishable 
heritage  of  a  lolly  reputation  and  a  spotless  name. 

When  till!  news  that  Krancis  Preston  Blair  was 
dead  swept  over  the  State  a  torrent  of  grief  was 
evoked.  Kverywhero  it  was  ftdt  that  a  great  man 
had  fallen,  and  that  pure-minded  patriot  was  no  more. 
The  city  was  draped  in  mourning;  the  ve.s.sels  in  the 
harbor  displayed  their  flags  at  half-mast ;  everything 
betokened  an  oulhurst  of  popular  afl'ection  never  sur- 
piLssed.  It  was  a  grand  tribute  to  the  memory  of  the 
faithful  statesman.  The  survivorn  of  the  First  Regi- 
ment of  Mis.souri  volunteers  (which  ho  bad  com- 
manded) met,  passed  resolutions,  and  attended  the 
funeral  in  a  body.  The  ex-(/onfederate  .soldiers  of 
Missouri  also  met  to  honor  the  memory  of  the  man 
who  fought  them  bravely,  and  yet  helped  to  re- 
enfranchise  them.  The  Constitutional  (Convention 
was  then  in  session,  and  lion.  J.  S.  Rollins  and  Col. 
T.  T.  Gaiilt  delivered  elocjuent  eulogies  before  that 
body,  which  appointed  representatives  to  attend  the 
funeral.  Numerous  public  meetings  were  also  htdd,  and 
the  bench  and  bar  and  numbers  of  fraternal  societies 
]ias.sed  appropriate  resolutions. 

The  funeral  services  at  the  First  Congregational 
(Miureli  were  peculiarly  impressive.  Rev.  Drs.  I'o.st  and 
Brookes  officiated,  and  delivered  eulogies  on  the  de- 
deceased.  The  pall-bearers  were  Hon.  James  S.  Rol- 
lins, of  Columbia,  Mo.;  Cid.  T.  T.  Gantt,  Benjamin 
Farrar,  Gerard  B.  Allen,  (iilcs  F.  I'illey,  Samuel 
Simmons,  Col.  James  O.  Broadliead,  and  Maj.  Arden 
R.  Smith. 

Sufficient  has  been  said  to  give  the  reader  some 
conception  of  the  rank  that  this  ardent,  impetuous,  and 
heroic  man,  whoso  errors  were  never  of  tin;  heart,  who 
attracted  men  of  the  most  diverse  views  and  estab- 
lished himself  in  their  friendship,  must  rightfully 
hold  in  the  history  of  Missouri.  He  was  a  sturdy 
figure,  as  full  of  vitality  as  an  old  Crusader  or  a  free 
lance  of  the  fiftetiith  century.  Western  politics  have 
schhiin  been  illuminated  by  mere  lU'igiiial,  charac- 
teristic, and  honorable  principles  than  those  which 
Frank  P.  Blair  po.ssessed  and  battled  for  to  the  end 
of  bis  eventful  life.' 

Montgomery  Blair,  i 'der  brother  of  Francis  I*.  Blair, 
Jr.,  has  al.so  played  a  conspicuous  part  in  national 
politics.  He  was  born  in  Frunklin  County,  Ky.,  on 
the  10th  of  May,  181;!.  and  graduated  at  West 
Point  in  1885.  Kiilerii'ig  the  Second  Artillery  he 
.served  i.i  tlio  Florida  war,  but  resigned  his  commis- 
sion on  the  20th  of  May,  IHIili.      He  studied  law, 


Mil  ISIS,  \\r.  Illnir  piil)|i>hril  Ihu  "  lain  ami  Pul)li('  ,><orvli'Oii 
of  Oen.  Wir.mn  ,\.  l!r"'i'." 


I 


m- ! 


il!:     'r 


B 


(I;; 


i  'li 
11 


1!'^ 


I     'I 


il! 


628 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


and  began  the  practice  of  bis  profession  in  St.  Louis 
in  1837.  He  served  as  United  States  district  at- 
torney for  Missouri  from  1839  to  1844,  resigning 
the  position  early  in  the  laiter  year  to  accept  that  of 
judge  of  the  St.  Louis  Court  of  Common  Pleas.  In 
1852  he  removed  t«  Maryland,  and  in  1855  was  ap- 
pointed United  States  solicitor  in  the  Court  of  Claims. 

Prior  to  the  repeal  of  the  Missouri  Compromise 
he  had  been  a  Democrat,  but  having  subsequently 
joined  the  Republican  paity,  was  ranioved  from  his 
ofiBce  by  President  Buchanan  in  1858.  In  1857  he 
acted  as  counsel  for  the  plaintiff  in  the  Dred  Scott 
case,  and  in  1860  presided  over  the  Republican  Con- 
vention of  Maryland,  and  was  sent  as  a  delegate  to 
the  Chicago  Convention  which  nominated  Abraham 
Lincoln  for  the  Presidency.  He  took  an  active  and 
prominent  part  in  the  campaign  of  that  year,  and  in 
March,  1861,  was  appointed  Postmaster-General  by 
Mr.  Lincoln,  continuing  to  serve  as  such  until  Sept. 
23,  1864.  Mr.  Blair  was  the  only  member  of  the 
cabinet  who  opposed  the  surrender  of  Fort  Sumter 
in  1861,  and  throughout  the  war  was  the  consistent 
advocate  of  an  energetic  policy.  He  strenuously  op- 
posed, however,  the  arrest  of  private  citizens  and 
other  obnoxious  measures,  and  in  1865  organized  the 
movement  that  restored  self-government  to  the  people 
of  Maryland,  doing  for  that  State  what  his  brother, 
Gen.  Frank  Blair,  did  for  Mi8.souri,  Mr.  Blair  was 
an  earnest  and  powerful  supporter  of  President  An- 
drew Johnson,  and  threw  the  whole  weight  of  his 
influence  against  the  reconstruction  measures  of  the 
Republican  party.  In  the  great  political  campaign 
of  1876  he  espoused  the  cause  of  Mr.  Tilden,  the 
Democratic  candidate  for  the  Presidency,  and  in  1877 
was  elected  a  member  of  the  Maryland  Legislature. 
In  1882  he  was  the  Democratic  candidate  for  Con- 
gress from  the  Sixth  District  of  Maryland,  but  was 
defeated.  Mr.  Blair  now  resides  at  the  old  Blair 
homestead  at  Silver  Spring,  Montgomery  Co.,  Md. 
He  is  regarded  as  one  of  the  ablest  lawyers  and  po- 
litical thinkers  in  the  country,  and  his  career  has  been 
one  of  remarkable  activity  in  public  affairs. 

In  1868  the  candidates  for  Congress  wore  Eiastus 
Wells  and  William  A.  Pile  in  the  First  District;  J. 
J.  Lindley  and  G.  A.  Finkelnburg  in  the  Second ; 
James  R.  McCormack  and  John  F.  Bush  in  the 
Third ;  Charles  B.  McAfee,  John  R.  Kelso,  and  S. 
H.  Boyd  in  the  Fourth  ;  John  F.  I'hillips  and  Samuel 
S.  Burdett  in  the  Fifth ;  James  Shields  and  R.  T. 
Van  Horn  in  the  Sixth  ;  M.  Oliver  and  Joel  F. 
Aiper  in  the  Seventh ;  John  F.  Williams  and  John 
F.  Benjamin  in  the  Eighth,  and  W.  F.  Switzler  and 
David  P.  Dyer  in  the  Ninth.     Wells,  Finkelnburg, 


McCormack,  Boyd,  Phillips,  Van  Horn  i  hy  8,( 
counting  the  vote  of  Platte  and  Jacksun  Coiinties 
Asper,  Benjamin,  and  Dyer  (by  not  cimmim;  t^j 
vote  of  the  county  of  Monroe)  obtained  tlie  cenit 
cates  admitting  them  to  8eat.s.  The  electoiiil  vote  if 
the  State  was  cast  for  Grant  and  Colfax,  with  a  noMi. 
lar  vote  of  85,671  for  the  Republican  t'lcitm-s  mj  I 
59,788  for  the  Democratic  electors.  I 

Erastus  Wells,  who  was  thus  chosen  t(j  repr»iii 
Missouri  in  the  national  House  of  Repicsentaiivis 
for  the  first  time,  is  conspicuously  one  of  the  sdf. 
made  men  of  St.  Louis.  Ho  was  born  in  Jeffin,,! 
County,  N.  Y.,  Deo.  2,  1823,  of  humble  paieiua;. 
When  a  boy  old  enough  to  labor  he  workfd  m  i  ] 
farm,  and  during  this  period — from  his  twellili  i, 
his  sixteenth  year — he  enjoyed  the  only  school  iiriii 
leges  he  ever  had.  These  were  obtained  at  a  comin.i 
country  log-house  school  which  he  walked  twomilesii  | 
winter  to  attend. 

When  sixteen  he  struck  out  for  himself.  anJ.iial 
father  having  died,  he  acted  as  clerk  lur  a  wliilfiiii 
store  at  Watertown,  N.  Y.,  at  eight  dollars  per  iimhIi 
and  is  next  heard  of  as  being  similarly  ciupluvi."!  1 1 
Lockport,  N.  Y.,  in   a  store  in   which  cx-Goveniotl 
Washington   Hunt  was  a  partner.     The  salary iii I 
but  from   eight  to  twelve  dollars  a  month,  hui  Ik  I 
managed  with  such  thrift  that  in  three  or  tour  vcais| 
ho  had  saved  one  hundred  and  forty  dollars,— a  ici 
sum  in  those  days  for  a  boy  in  his  station. 

Glowing  accounts  of  St.  Louis  as  an  enterprL<ii;| 
frontier  town  wore  current  throughout  the  East. 
young  Wells  having  caught  too  Western  fovor  Joieij 
mined  to  settle  here.  He  arrived  in  Seiitomljcr,  l!<W,l 
and  at  once  began  business  aggressively.  ."<t.  L*!! 
was  already  a  large  city,  and  in  passing  from  one  liiiil 
ness  portion  to  another  much  walkitig  was  iuviWl 
and  a  wasteful  expenditure  of  time.  Wells  mmtif 
that  a  speedier  mode  of  travel  must  soon  be  adutd.] 
At  that  time  the  "  upper  ferry  landing"  at  Xurtli.%-1 
ket  Street  was  a  prominent  locality,  and  actiiii;  ufoi 
his  conclusions,  he  formed  in  Novoiubcr  of  tho.<aiiii 
year  a  partnership  with  Calvin  Case  and  .starteil 
first  omnibus  line  west  of  the  Mississippi.  Tliorullj 
ing-stock  comprised  but  one  "  'bus,"  built  in  tlicoiiji 
and  Wells  was  proprietor,  driver,  fare-(akor,  etc.  Eiia 
ness  opened  slowly,  but  the  people  gradually  roaliiia 
that  "  time  was  money,"  began  to  patronize  tlieoei 
enterprise  more  freely,  and  additional  vcliiclos  mij 
procured.  Eventually  Mr.  Wells  sold  out  favorakll 
and  then  for  some  years  was  variou.sly  eiuplojei 
white-lead  factory  and  a  saw-niiil  being  aimnii!  i 
enterprises.  Finally,  returning  to  his  uri^iiial  ha 
ness,  he  established  a  partnership  in  IHf)!)  with  Ci 


! 


lillips,  Van  Horn  i  hy  j,,, 
atte  and  Jackson  Counties 
Dyer  (by  not  counting'  tit  I 
donroe)  obtained  the  cenit. 
scats.  Ti)e  electoral  vote  of  | 
•ant  and  Colfax,  with  a  png. 
[he  Republican  ulcoturs  m,) 
;ic  electors. 

?as  thus  chosen  to  roprwuii  I 
al  House  of  llepreseiitaiivs 
nspicuously  one  of  the  stii' 
He  was  born  in  Jeffir,,,! 
1823,  of  hunibio  ])iiieiiia;(, 
5I1  to  labor  he  worked  011 1  j 
period — from  his  twcHili  i: 
mjoyed  the  only  school  |irivi. 
se  were  obtained  at  a  conmi 
which  he  walked  two  uiilesii  | 

uek  out  for  himself,  anj,  i 
ncted  as  clerk  lor  a  wliilciiii| 
{.,  at  eight  dollars  per  luui 
i  being  similarly  eiuplojcJill 
store  in   which  cxGovemoi I 

a  partner.  The  .Siilarvnil 
live  dollars  a  luoiitli,  \m  lit  I 
ft  that  in  three  or  four  vnisl 
•ed  and  forty  dollars,— a  latiti 
boy  in  his  station. 

St.  Louis  as  an  entcrpriiii'j 
ent  throughout  the  Easii. anil 
ight  tao  Western  fever deietj 
e  arrived  in  Septoiulier,  1813,1 
iness  aggressively,    .'•^t,  L«i| 
and  in  passing  from  one  kit 
r  much  walking  was  iuvolv 
lure  of  time.      Wells  mmAt 
'  travel  must  soon  be  aiinpieJ,] 
ir  ferry  landing"  at  North ) 
nent  locality,  and  acthis;  ufoi 
led  in  November  of  tho  sam 
I  Calvin  Case  and  starieJ 
of  the  Mississippi.    Thcruiii 
t  one  "  'bus,"  built  in  the* 
r,  driver,  fare-taker,  etc,  m 
i  the  people  gradually  roaliziii 
"  began  to  patronize  thenel 

and  additional  veliidos  mi 

Mr.  Wells  sold  out  favorabli 
ars  was  variously  employwj 

a  saw-mill  being  aiimnL' 1 
'eturning  to  his  original  bin 
partnership  in  IHJO  with  C^ 


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TTTOTOPV  nw  a  AIN'T  t^ttts 


and  bogsn  the  pn\cticrt  of  his  profession  i 
iti  lSi7.  Ho  (lervcd  as  United  States  di.strict  nt- 
(onioy  for  Missouri  from  1H39  to  1844,  resigning 
ihi^  position  oiirly  iu  t!io  latter  year  to  acc<>[>t  that  of 
judge  of  fho  St.  Louis  (.'ourt  of  CoiDnum  I'ltia:!.  In 
1852  he  roinovi'd  t-,i  Maryland,  and  iu  1855  was  ap- 
poinlpd  liniled  J'tates  solicitor  in  the  Court  of  Claims. 
I'lior  to  tho  ropeal  of  llie  Missoirri  Coniproniiao 
he  had  been  a  DiMiiocrat,  but  having  oubsequently 
joiiifd  .lit;  llepuhlieau  party,  wijs  removed  from  his 
ottii'o  hy  i'ri!i«idet>t  Huehaaan  it>  \A^yS.  Iu  1857  he 
ill  f>^il  a.^  ciiusisfl  thr  th<  platp^if)'  in  the  Dred  8coit 
C!US'>,  and  in  lS(iO  prr-^'diid  ov-r  vho  Ut;publiean  Con- 
ventioi)  of  ^laj-yland,  and  w,m  sent  as  a  delegate  lo 

(he  Chii'-Hj-'o  C<i '•  ''    nminatod  Abraham 

Linoohi  for  th.  lak  an  active  and 

promint'ot  ;  n  of  that  yc-ar,  aud  iu 

,M--  I     '-    '  ....   i'ostuia'ti^r-General  by 

M  ■':'       ■'  .s(;rve  as  ."ucli  until  Sept. 

!■+      sir.  Hair  w>w  the  only  momher  of  the 

•  r.  ■•       •>'!>  •  .""•(^nder  of  Fort  Sumtor 

*r  was  the  »M>a*istflnt 

:    ■        :  !••  .■itTiiuuoOMk  i>i.- 

■  .->'  ,  Vi ,  ..,■,  ■  ■        ::' '  ■  '■■■:-    ■'■' 

I  't!"!    .    Ill  i.xioil  •  ■:.:  ■        '        ■  .' 

inoveiut'Dt  that  rwUT'^d  seit-governtueni  ti»  ihc  pwiplH 
of  Maryland,  doitit;  for  that  Hiato  what,  hi.f  broihcr, 
0«n.  Frank  Biair,  did  for  Missouri.  Mr.  Mlaii  was 
tn  <Mrnt;rit,  and  powerful  supporter  of  PresidoiH  An- 
drew Jolmson,  aud  throw  the  whole  wciglit  of  his 
in^lwiiee  against  the  reoonstnictiou  measures  of  the 
;1oan  party.  In  tho  great  political  caJiipaiL-!i 
.n  J  id  ho  espousod  tho  caUKO  of  Mr.  Til''- "  •''' 
i^om«<!mti^.•  candidaia  fot  the  Presideney,  »«'• 
■ '.^H^  ol"ii>i'd  a  tuemher  uf  the  Maryland   L<i)jit»iai.uri!. 

'     '  ■•  '  ::     ■!' ■  Demooratic  candidaio  for  Con - 

]i  District  of  Maryland,  but  was 
now  residos  at  the  old  Biair 
"■ '"njir,  Mont^oDiwj  Co.,  Md. 
•Iii>  nblftst  lawyers  and  po- 
oid  his  oareor  h^  been 
I  iblii!  »lfair.i. 
•lonifTiws  were  Erasius 
Wolls  and  Wiiuaiti  A.  i'ila  m  l.hi>  Fimt  Di.'iriot ;  J. 
J.  Lindley  and  (r.  A.  Kinkelnbur};  in  the  Second; 
J.'.uies  R.  McCortniii  k  and  John  F.  Bush  in  the 
Third ;  Charics  U.  McAfee,  John  II.  Kolso,  and  S. 
11.  I?oyd  in  the  Fourth  ;  John  F.  J'hillips  aud  Sanuie! 
,-!.  I5ardnii  in  tli«  Kilth  ;  JaiueR  i  ;iieldft  and  11  'I'. 
Vail  Horn  iu  tho  Ssth  ;  M  Oliver  and  Jool  F. 
.V.'spt^r  in  ilic' Seventh  ;  John  F.  Williams  and  John 
F.  Ben*"."iin  in  <hf  F.i.uhth,  and.  W.  F.  SwilzK-r  and 
i»av!<l    '     I  \'.'li       ' .  ■Ilfi,   Finkt'lolnMu:, 


■  ).'i;.!itc(l. 
hiijn("#i'!'id  ,.i    . 
He  in  i'»!n>vd(vi 


Iv 


MeCormaek,  Boyd,  Philiii. 
counting  the  vote  of  Platte  and  Juci  :- 
Aspor,  Benjamin,  and  Dyer  (by  no' 
vole  of  the  eoanty  of  Monroe)  obtai'v 
oates  aduitlthis' them  to  seal.'-.  The  ei 
the  iStulo  was  past  lor  Grant  and  Colta- 
lar  vole  4)1'  85,671  for  the    llepubHen  . 

:  59.788  for  the  Democratic  eioctora. 
Erastns  Wells,  who  was  thus    1"- 
Miafjouri  iu  the  national   llousf    • 
for  the  tirst  time,  is  conspieuously  >.■■ 
made  men  oi  dt.  Louis.     He  wati  h 
Connty,  iS'.  Y..  Dec.  2,  1828,  of  v.r 

i  When  a  hoy  old  enoufjh  to  labor  '. 
faroi,  and  during  this  period — fivi; 
hi.*  sixteenth  year— lie  enjoyed  thi'  i. 

:  legi\s  ho  ever  had.    Thefewere  ol,  i 
country  log-house  school  wiiich  1.. 

■  winter  to  attend. 

Wheu  sixteen  be  niruek  out   !'.•> 
:  father  li.ivinp  died,  he  a^:tcd  h-    • 
!  store  at  Watenowti,  N.  Y.,  ai 

and  is  next  heard  of  as  being  s-i.. 

!i.ikj.K»fi,  N.  Y.,  in   a  store  in 

Wa.shin(i;ton    Hunt  was  a  parti«-. 

but   from  ai^jh;   to  twelve  doll.. 

Bian.iged  with  suoh  thrift,  that  t! 

bo  had  saved  one  hundred  and  ' 

sum  in  those  days  for  a  hoy  h: 
Glowing  accounts  of  St.   1. 

frontier  town  wore  eurrent  iV 

•  oiuig  Wells  baviiig  oaughl  ■• 

mined  to  sortie  here.    lien' 

and  at  (oico  began  bu,^  i  ■ 

was  already  a  large  city      ; : 

iiOf.s  portion  to  auothei  ; 
:  and  a  wasteful  ejipendit.  " 

that;  a  speedier  mode  of  ■ 
I  At.  that  time  the  "  uppt' 

■  ket  Street  was  a  proii'-i 
\  his  conclusions,  lie  for;,. 
!  yejtr  a  partnership  w" 

first  omnibus  line  ■ . 

ing-stoek  compris.  '    ■ 

and  Walls  was  proj      • 
'  ness  tipencd  slowl-.  ■■; 

that  "time  wius  »>.• 
:  euterpri-'e  ■•  h  ■  ,.    ■ 

.  procured, 

and  then  for  son 

whitcdead  faotor)   .0.0  .,  v.n,, 
'  enterprise.?.     Finally,  n-.turninj.'  i 

nes.^,  be  HStablished  a  paitnor'liij 


[).<,      \'ntl       I 'I'' 

3  and  Juc)  V  I 
er  (hy   no'     ■ 
iroe)  oblttild- 
il.K.     TliP  ('•" 

t  HW\  C'llt:i  ■ 

llupub'icii'. 
eiect'jra. 
i  thus  -hi'-s.^ 
llimst>  (,('  ' 
|.ii'Uonsly  •'■ 
Ho  wiw  1'  ■ 
■;23,  of  In- 
to Ubov 
iriiKi — fVi'. 
joyoJ  th''  >• 

fhich  li'j  V 

ck  out   f"' 
■.'.(•J  as  •'<  • 
.,  atfii;l-t    ■ 
being  ;■':. 
lUjre  in 
a  panrv. 
ve  (Jol!..  ■ 
t  that  I 
■i  iiU'i 
)iU'  ir. 

;>i'.  I.  ■ 


■i«-n 


ill 


\irniii4.'  ii' 


uic 


-hip 


-ft,- 


byAiiR'C.'hie 


<2^  -^^::^.^:-s^ 


.^^^-^^i,^^ 


(-' i- 


ml 


ei 

[" 
(]i 

A 

T( 

ro 
si! 
oi 
Li 
th 

so 

till 
I> 

tee 
il( 
Dn 
,  .^t. 
eve 
cull 
eiif 
and 
Ills 
«fi 
niill 
cily, 
iofti 

Was 
[  aiiaii 
itliel 
I  ture 
ilke] 


POLITICAL  PROGRESS. 


629 


vin  Cacp.  Robert  O'Blennus,  and  Lawrence  Matthews, 
tioii"lit  up  all  the  "  'bus"  lines  in  the  city,  and  for 
some  yciiis  managed  a  very  large  and  paying  business. 
\t  one  lu'riixl  one  of  the  most  profitable  features  of  the 
enterprise  was  the  running  of  a  line  of  coaches  to 
Belleville,  Til.  In  1855,  Mr.  Case  was  killed  in  the 
lirid"e  disaster  at  the  Gasconade  River,  and  the  part- 
uersMp  was  then  dissolved.  Mr.  Wells  is  the  only 
survivor  of  the  four  partners. 

Another  system  of  locomotion  was  about  this  time 
bei'innin'-  to  be  discussed,  and  Mr.  Wells  was  quick 
to  fore.sec  its  popularity,  magnitude,  and  profit.  In 
1859  he  wan  prominent  in  organizing  the  Missouri 
Railway  Company,  and  started  the  first  car  on  the 
Olive  Street  line  July  4th  of  that  year.  He  was 
president  of  this  company  until  1881,  when  he  sold 
out  his  interest  and  retired  from  street  railroad  man- 
asrement,  having  seen  the  system  grow  from  small 
and  doubtful  beginnings  to  its  existing  magnitude. 

Foremost  in  carrying  out  enterprises  involving  the 
ciiv's  welfare  and  prosperity,  Mr.  Wells  has  been 
iToniinent  in  many  public  undertakings.  He  is  presi- 
dent of  the  Narrow-Gauge  Railway,  from  Grand 
Avenue,  West  St.  Louis,  to  Florissant ;  for  several 
years  was  director  in  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Rail- 
rnad ;  was  jiresident  of  the  Accommodation  Bank  for 
sis  years,  and  was  also  a  director  and  vice-president 
III' the  Coraraeroial  Bank  ;  and  is  now  president  of  the 
Laelcde  Gas-Light  Company.  He  also  contributed  to 
the  creetion  of  the  Southern  Hotel. 

As  early  as  1848,  Mr.  Wells'  aggressive  and  ener- 
L'oiio  qualiiies  had  begun  to  attract  attention,  and  in 
that  year  he  was  elected  to  the  City  Council.  In 
\<hi  he  was  again  ohofsen,  and  for  a  period  of  four- 
teen years  retained  his  seat  in  that  body,  relinquishing 
it  only  when  he  took  his  scat  in  ('ongrcss  in  1869. 
Diirinu'  this  long  period,  so  eventful  in  the  history  of 
S't.  Louis,  his  voice  and  vote  were  always  in  favor  of 
every  judicious  and  timely  measure  that  seemed  cal- 
culated to  advance  the  interests  of  the  city.  He  was 
eiieiL'etie  in  soeurinv:  the  adoption  of  sanitary  measures 
aiiJ  a  better  supply  of  water,  and  it  was  largely  through 
Ills  exertions  that  the  Council  was  brought  to  the  point 
if  re(|uestin;j  the  Legislature  to  authorize  the  thrce- 
iiiillioii  loan  for  adequate  water-works  for  the  growing 
city.  Beinfi  strongly  impressed  with  the  inade(|uacy 
of  the  poliec  organization  of  that  period,  he  urged  the 
adiiption  of  the  metropolitan  police  system,  and  it 
j  lif  mainly  through  his  tireless  and  persistent  labors 
I  iaiiist  a  combination  of  extraordinary  strength  that 
I  the  Council  was  persuaded  to  recommend  the  Legisla- 
ture to, !;ive  St.  Louis  such  a  measure  of  reform,  and 
the  Jjopslature  was  prevailed  upon  to  enact  the  law. 


Having  been  thus  faithful  and  capable  in  the  City 
Council,  the  people  chose  him  to  represent  them 
in  a  higher  sphere,  and  in  18(18  elected  him  to  the 
national  House  of  Representatives  in  the  Forty-first 
Congress,  returning  him  to  the  Forty-second,  Forty- 
third,  Forty-fourth,  and  Forty-sixth  Congresses  by 
majorities  which  indicate  the  confidence  and  esteem 
in  which  he  was  held.  He  brought  to  his  new  duties 
the  same  energy  and  industry  he  had  exhibited  in  his 
own  affairs  and  in  the  City  Council.  It  was  said  that 
he  really  acoomplLshed  more  for  St.  Louis  in  a  practi- 
cal way  than  any  of  his  predecessors  had  done.  He 
secured  the  first  appropriation  for  the  custom-house, 
and  was  instrumental  in  having  the  work  inaugurated 
on  a  scale  commensurate  with  the  importance  of  St. 
Louis  and  the  growing  needs  of  tlie  district.  He 
procured  the  first  money  for  the  improvement,  sys- 
tematically and  intelligently,  of  the  Mississippi,  was 
an  ardent  iidvocate  of  Ends'  jetty  system,  and  per- 
formed most  valuable  service,  by  his  .speeches  and 
intercourse  with  public  men,  in  directing  attention 
to  the  importance  of  the  Mississippi  as  the  f-reat 
water-way  of  the  North  American  continent.  His 
liberal  views,  unquestioned  honesty,  and  rugged  com- 
mon sense  gave  him  an  influence  at  Washington  far 
beyond  that  possessed  by  many  more  pretentious  and 
prominent  men.  Since  leaving  Congress  he  has  led 
the  life  of  a  private  citizen. 

In  1850,  Mr.  Wells  married  a  daughter  of  John  F. 
Henry,  by  whom  he  had  three  children,  two  sons  and 
a  daughter.  Of  the  former,  RoUa  has  been  super- 
intendent of  the  Missouri  Railroad  Company,  and  is 
now  superinter.deut  of  the  Robert  G.  Brown  Oil 
Company.  He  is  twenty-five  years  old,  and  has 
already  shown  exceptional  business  capacity.  His 
wife  having  died,  Mr.  Wells  in  1809  married  Mrs. 
Eleanor  P.  Bell*  widow  of  D.ivid  W.  Bell. 

Mr.  Wells  possesses  a  large  fortune,  the  fruit  of  his 
indomitable  energy  and  industry.  Success  was  won 
through  great  hardships  and  severe  toil,  but  the  un- 
befriended  and  penniless  boy  who  boldly  struck  out 
into  the  virgin  West  to  create  for  him.self  a  sphere  of 
action  and  a  home,  brought  such  phy.sical  and  mental 
resources  into  action  that  fortune  relented  and  freely 
showered  her  gifts  upon  him.  With  all  his  wealth, 
however,  he  is  the  same  unostentatious,  gonial,  and 
kindly  "  man  of  the  people"  as  in  the  days  of  his 
struggling  adversity,  and  is  justly  regarded  as  one  of 
'  the  most  prominent  of  the  self-reliant  and  hardy  class 
of  men  of  whom  St.  Louis  has  been  so  conspicuously 
fruitful. 

J.  J.  Lindley,  who,  as  the  Democratic  candidate 
'  for  Congress  from  the  Second  District  in  1868  against 


630 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


'l' 

!  '  I 


lil 


Hil 


G.  A.  Finkelnburg,  was  a  conspicuous  fif;ure  of  the 
canipai<;n,  was  born  at  Mansfield,  Ohio,  Jan.  1, 1822, 
but  removed  with  his  parents  when  but  a  boy  to  Cyn- 
thiana,  Ky.,  where  he  lived  several  years.  His  edu- 
cation in  fjood  part  was  received  at  Woodville  Col- 
lege, Ohio.  Upon  leaving  that  institution  he  began 
the  study  of  law,  and  mastering  the  rudiment.^,  lie 
located  in  1846  at  Monticello,  the  county-seat  of  Lewis 
County,  Mo.,  where  he  at  once  entered  upon  an  ac- 
tive career  in  his  profession.  So  marked  was  his  suc- 
cess and  so  popular  did  he  become  that  in  less  tlian 
two  years  he  was  elected  State's  attorney  in  a  circuit 
embracing  eight  counties.  To  this  office  he  was  re- 
elected in  1852.  IJefore  his  term  expired  he  was  in 
1853  elected  as  a  Whig  in  the  Thirty-third  Congress 
from  the  then  newly-formed  Third  District  of  Missouri, 
defeating  Claiborne  F.  Jackson,  his  majority  being  152 
in  a  total  vote  of  over  13,000.  In  1854  he  was  re- 
elected to  Congress  over  Flourney  by  a  majority  of 
767.  Two  years  afterwards  he  was  again  a  candidate, 
but  the  Whig  party  was  then  in  its  decadence,  and 
he  was  beaten  by  James  S.  Green,  afterwards  chosen 
United  States  senator. 

The  record  of  the  lives  of  successfu'  men  who  in- 
fluence and  mould  and  in  a  degree  control  public 
affairs  is  always  interesting  and  instructive,  but  it 
becomes  more  so  when  such  lives  present  in  combined 
view  the  elements  of  material  success  blended  with 
the  completeness  of  moral  attribute  and  the  attrac- 
tions of  unselfish  public  service.  Such  chanicters 
stand  out  as  the  proofs  of  human  progress,  the  illus- 
trations of  human  dignity  and  worth,  and  as  the 
beacon-lights  to  guide  the  generations  which  follow. 

In  looking  through  the  list  of  citizens  of  whom 
St.  Louis  may  well  be  proud,  to  no  one  can  such  re- 
flections apply  with  more  force  than  to  E.  0.  Stanard. 
His  familiar  and  striking  form,  so  often  seen  on  the 
marts  of  business,  and  his  name,  associated  so  con- 
spicuously with  the  material  progress  of  St.  Louis,  as 
well  as  with  the  advancement  of  her  moral  and  be- 
nevolent interests,  have  for  many  years  marked  him 
as  a  distinguished  citizen.  With  such  antecedents 
and  a  history  such  as  his  it  is  not  remarkable  that  i'. 
should  be  so. 

Governor  Stanard  comes  of  an  ancient  and  honored 
ancestry,  yet  illustrating  in  his  life  the  poet's  thought, 
"  'Tis  only  noble  to  be  good."  Past  midway  of  the 
last  century  his  family  settled  in  the  town  of  New- 
port, N.  H.,  to  which  it  removed  from  the  older  set- 
tlements in  Connecticut.  As  a  part  of  the  ante-Rev- 
olutionary history,  the  name  of  his  great-grandfather 
is  found  in  the  older  records  of  settlement,  and  on 
the  20th  of  June,  1776,  two  weeks  before  the  Declara- 


tion of  Independence,  signed  to  the  followiii','  articles 
with  the  names  of  thirty-four  other  citizens : 

"  We,  the  subscribers,  do  hereby  solemnly  ciii'aa 
and  promise  that  we  will  to  the  utmost  of  dur  n^^^j 
at  the  risque  of  our  lives  and  fortunes,  wiili  arnii 
oppose  the  hostile  proceedings  of  the  British  Heeis 
and  Armies  against  the  United  Colonies."  Tliis 
patriotic  action  was  in  conformity  with  the  action  uf 
Congress,  and  of  the  New  Hampshire  Cuiiimittce  of 
Safety. 

The  gra". 'father  of  Governor  Stanard.  William 
Stanard,  Jr.,  was  born  in  that  same  eventl'ul  yrarof 
declared  independence,  and  in  later  life  uiovuJ  to  iIk 
State  of  Iowa.  His  son  Obed,  the  latlicr  ol'  ibe 
Governor,  remained  on  the  old  honie.'stciKl.  marrieii 
Elizabeth  Ann  Webster,  the  maternal  branch  dalin; 
back  to  1705,  and  in  183G  moved  also  to  Iowa,  wIm 
the  subject  of  this  sketch  was  four  years  old.  Tliiis, 
with  a  brief  intermediate  stay  in  Illinois  on  the  wav 
to  the  Western  home,  the  early  life  di'  GoviTiKr 
Stanard  was  passed  upon  a  farm  and  in  I'arm  laljnr, 
amid  trials,  privations,  and  hardships  wiiich  imlv 
those  know  of  who  have  experienced  tlio  viuissituiks 
of  frontier  .settlements.  From  such  e-xperiunces  have 
come  among  the  best,  the  truest,  and  most  u.se('ul  men 
of  the  times. 

In  1852,  when  twenty  years  of  age,  lie  caiuo  to 
St.  Louis  to  obtain  the  advantages  of  education,  tlitn 
but  meagerly  afforded  in  the  frontier  Statis.  and  here 
for  four  years  he  attended  the  schools,  and  became  him- 
self a  teacher  in  order  to  defray  his  neces.<aiv  cs- 
pen.ses.  At  that  time  Alton  was  a  tlirivins,'  plate  of  I 
business,  and  the  assumed  rival  of  St.  Louis,  aiiii  j 
thither  lie  removed,  spending  a  year  most  piolitablj  j 
as  a  clerk  in  a  produce-store. 

But  his  clear  business  perceptions  saw  in  St,  Louis  I 
the  city  of  future  progress  and  eminonw,  and  tliiilw 
he  returned  in  1857,  opening  a  coiunii'^sion  house, 
his  first  business  venture.     It  was  a  .success  from  ilie  I 
beginning,  and  very  soon  was  enlarged  by  branches 
in  Chicago  and  New  Orleans.     In  ]8t>8  heboid  out 
his  interest  to  his  partners,  embarking  in  the  business  1 
of  flour  manufacture,  in   which   he  has  achieved  i 
great  success,  running  large  mills  at  St.  Louis  audi 
Alton. 

It  was  not  to  be  expected  that  such  talents  and  a  I 
basiness  experience  .so  eminently  .sucwssful  woui 
remain  in  private  station.  In  IHtit)  his  t'ellow-nier-j 
chants  honored  him  with  the  bestowal  of  the  prc*j 
dency  of  their  Exchange,  a  position  only  awarded  loj 
merit  and  experience,  and  he  was  also  made  vice- 
president  of  the  National  Board  of  Trado. 

For  fourteen  years  ho  was  president  dl'  the  Citiwi' s  j 


to  the  followiii'^  nrtkles 
f  other  citizens 
liereby  solonmlv  ciii;iia 
lie  utmost  of  (lur  powor. 
iiid  fortunes,  wiili  arm*, 
[£8  of  the  British  I'leeu 
Jnited  Colonics."  This 
rmity  with  the  action  J 
lauipshiru  Cunimittee  of 

ernor  Stanani.  William 
lat  same  eventful  year  of 
in  later  life  iimvL'J  tuilie 
Qbed,  the  lUtin'r  of  ilie 
I  old  homestead,  niarrirl 
e  muternal  branch  daliii: 
moved  also  to  Iowa,  wlun 
'as  four  years  old.  Thus, 
tay  in  Illinois  on  tlio  »:iy 
e  early  lit'o  of  (juviTunr 
I  farm  and  in  fanu  lalmr, 
id  hardships  wliicli  mily 
cperienced  tlu;  vioissituik 
rom  such  experiences  lune 
rucst,  and  most  useful  nun 

years  of  age,  lie  eaiuo  to 
antages  of  eilui-atimi,  tlitn 
18  frontier  Statrs.  and  licre 
16  schools,  and  liecanic  him- 
defray  his  noces.^ary  is- 
in  was  a  thriving;  plawof  ] 
rival  of  St,  iiouis,  aiiJ 
iig  a  year  most  iiroli 

e. 

irceptions  saw  in  St,  Louis 
and  emineiic'c,  and  tliiilk-r  i 
[ling  a  commi.'^sion  house, 
It  was  a  success  from  the  | 
|was  enlarged  by  liranoliei 
,ns.     In  180S  he  sold  out  I 
embarking  in  the  business 
■hieh  he  has  acliiivcd  a 
Ire  mills  at  St.  Louis  and 

Id  that  such  talents  and  a 
jiinently  suavssful  would  j 
In  18(5(5  his  fellow-mer- , 
Iho  bestowal  ofthepresi-j 
position  only  awarded  to  j 
he  was  also  niailc  vioc-f 

|}oard  of  Ti'^J"- 

president  of  the  Citizemj 


1  >i 


II 


Pi 


I.  :l 


ir 


i 


iiv: 


630 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


G.  A.  Pihkfiliiburg,  vras  u  funHpiciiuus  fi^jiirK  of  tin- 
ctuiipai'.'ii,  wfiii  horn  ai  MaiiJ-tifilil,  Ohio,  Jim.  I.18'_"J, 
liiii  ri'iU'ive'i  with  his  j ncnts  wlicii  lui'  tt  boy  W>  Cjm- 
thiaiia,  Ky.,  where  he  !i?fd  several  yiurt.  MU  clu- 
<«i(uiii  in  f^mid  part  w:i-  ruO'^ivoJ  Ht  VVo'i'iville  {'>\- 
li'ijf,  01>ii>.  Upon  liNivinp  thai  idaitiiniui  he  liUaii 
th()  HtuUy  of  law,  niid  ninstt'riii(i*  the  riniiiiipnts,  he 
lfK«i(<'d  i»i  lH4fi  ar,  Montioclio.  li.'-  cmmty  ficit  ot'In-wis 
Coiitil}-.  Ml).,  whrru  ho  at  uiiec  .^nieri'l  upon  an  ao- 
five  oanror  in  hi.s  profeaalon.  So  (iiarki  i  wm  hia  sue- 
vnH  and  H«.'  popukir  did   'i    '  '  i'.  in  1i«s  than 

twi>  year;!  Iio  wii.s  eiect-  .  nfv  in  a  (iiiouii 

•^nil>raciiiiii  eiuht  couiitin**  To  thi-  offirc  hi*  was  nv- 
(■l(!eU;d  in  1852.      ii«fi>/""  hi  i.:r<<d  he  was  in 

XS^'i  ^^l^•^^'•(^  as  a  Wh^ji  in  :  iliiid  (.'•iii'jro.is 

iro; .  i.lit!  thi'n  ncwtv  •I-Js-intMiTf  -.I'i  Diatriotuf  Missnuri, 
dcf  ;rt'iuir  riailxirn'- }f.  I  i^irily  boiiif.  151.' 

iu  ;i  iui«i  voti<  •;»'■  over  :  ^       -^54  he  was  re- 

<>lt'",''d  irt  Con).:rt>si(  ^>^.r  l-'iiurney  hy  a  jnajority  of 
7<!V  Twi;  yt:ara  .■ifiurMatils  h-  wafc  !m;i!ii  a  inuididaic, 
but  th«  Whiu  lurfy  -v-*  ihvrl  ui  it.s  di-  .idcHice,  and 
he  W!i8  '    ■  -     'roeu,  nfu^rwurdi!  i!ho.Moi! 

Uiiised  •  ■ 

Xho  .  .1.  i'  mioce-ixlVil  me.a  wlid  in 

iiivrn'-'  iiivi  mnuld  arid  in  a  doitroe  cimtrol  piibli'' 
I'.iirs  i.-!  alWlly^  intfrc^ting  tttid    iri<<truiaive,  hut  it 
1.11    iiifts  mari;  "n  •vli-ji  vuch  lives  pvivt-nt  in  comljiiicd 
\]i'\\  till    i!i.'!i  niiterial.  sucoosa  blended  with 

tlu' iKtiiiplctvii ;  t  II)  111' iral  attribute  and  the  attvai;- 
tunia  ol'  un.seliih  {niblio  service.  Such  charactois 
etaiid  out  as  the  proofs  oi  huui:in  pruj^rcss,  thu  ilins- 
tii'.cion.s  of  human  disrnity  and  worth,  and  as  th(« 
bi,Mi;oiidii.'liJ.<  b>  <.;uid«  (he  vrtsneiaiion.x  whicli  follow. 

in  looking  through  the  liat  of  (^itiupiiH  of  whom 
St..  I.  Miijj  may  wel'  be  proud,  to  no  om  can  8iicli  ro- 
flwtio'...ii  :>pply  with  mon;  force  than  to  K.  <).  Stan.inl 
/lis  liiniiliar  and  striking  form,  so  iifU  n  seen  on  tin 
■  f  buaine'*fl,  and  his  name,  aiwociated  so  uou- 
.  y  will!  ihu  material  pro>;ro(«  of  .St.  i.nnis,  a.s 
well  M  with  the  id.aticcment  of  hor  moral  and  be- 
ni'.voleni    ;  '        :       ffjr  many  ycura  muikod  hini 

ai*  ;i  di.-i  :.'i       SV'itii   SMcli   anfoeinieiiiH 

and  a  hijBtorv  •(«  not  remark.ibli^  that  it 

sho!;ld  be  w. 

l^jvernor  Suinard  comas  of  an  hncienl.  and  honored 
aneeatry,  yot  iliuHtratinpr  in  liU  lif-^  ihi)  poet's  tl)ouf;ht. 
'■  'Tis  only  uobltt  to  bt!  fjofid  '  Past  Uiidwaj  (if  the 
last  century  liis  family  sHttlrd  in  thw  town  of  Nt(w- 
port,  N.  H.,  to  which  it  removed  irom  the  older  8«l- 
tlemon'.s  ill  t 'onn«M)ti'n!t.  As*  u  pKil  of  .ho  aiite-llov- 
ointioiiiin  hiMtory,  the  name  of  hia  great  grand  fat  her 
is  f.uiiid  in  thft  oidor  records  of  »;ttleinont,  and  on 
the  20ih  of  Juno.  177o,  two  weeks  before  the  Deiil  mi- 


lion  of  ItidcpiHiduiiRO,  .s'lrnvd  tu  the  .' 
wiili  tho  naniea  of  ihirtyfour  other  (■;• 

'■  We.  'ho  anlmeriberii,  di>  hi.-roby  ■■  < 
and  promise  that  wo  will  to  the  ntim- 
at  the  ris'jiic  of  our  lives  and  ford 
opjioie  tho  hiHtdo  proei'Jinu!»  '>!'  ti: 
and   Armies   against    liie   'Unit*5d  ' 
ptilriotic  nctiod  was  in  ronforinity  «: 
f.'ooirres.K.  iiii(i  of  il-.e    New  HiiinpiKi   ■ 
Safely. 

Tho   )u-rrindfatl!e''    >;'  ti<>vi;iMor    - 
iStaiiuriJ,  Jr.   was  bovn  tn  that  .sauo-. 
declared  iudepcndonce,  and  in  lut«i 
State  of  lowii      His  eon  Obed,  • 
(Governor,  reuiaiocd  ou  the  old  hi 
ElizrtUeth  Ann  W'obstor,  the  ui  " 
baek  !  i  17'.1?>,  .oid  in  IHIti'i  innvetl 
the  •>ubjecl  of  ihiii  bkotcli  watt  fi-n  ■ 
with  11  brief  iiitermediato  stay  i" 
to   the  W«^'-orn   honai,   llie  earu 
Stanard  wa.'*  ['  isned   upon  ii  farm  • 
amid    triak,  privationa,  aiivl    i 
"'  ■     '•       •  )f  who  have  cxpcru  . 
.    .  t'leiiients.      From  -: 
i«u>e  a«»->ii4:  tti  ;  \h:i'1,  the  trutvt 
■  •f  the  liiucH. 

Iu  185:i.  wlion  twenty  year* 
St.  fjouis  to  obtain  the  advant.i 
but  tueagerly  afl'ordod  in  the  f: 
for  t'our  ye;irs  he  al  ••Mided  the  ij 
self  a  tcaohor  in  order  t.o    :-  ■ 
permes.      At  that   timoAl'i' 
business,  and  the   a.siiiiri    :       , 
iln'ther  ho  removed,  .speo    . 
aa  a  eltrk  in  a  f?rodu' 

Hor  ^\-  fleai  bu.'^Hi 

future  protfre-- 
i..'    I    ru,.;,..!    in    1857.  ■•>)•■     . 

his  iirat  busiiue.w  venture 

begiuniiJu;,  and  very  r«hv.>  »»f 

ill  OJiieneo  and  New  '  " 

lii.'<  im«rci>t  to  his  pni:- 

of  flour  nianufaotuf.' 

jrreai  suvsoess,  lunnin;'    'ij^v  lo  :■ 

jVltuu 

It  u':m  not  to  bo  «X|«K"UmI  i^ 
bM"i"''--9  experioiic.e   ho   eniineiiiiv 
remaia  in  private  Htuiion.     lu  !•'* 
chanti  honored  him  with  the 
doii;^  ol  i.'ieir  lix.eban!4C',  .i  y-  ■ 
merit  and   oxperiunoe,  and   hi  ' 

pre.-*ident  of  tlni  National  l»oar<i  of  Trad- 

For  fourteen  ycara  lie  Wii«  president  ui' :' 


-,( i>r  "ifftJ" 


ll'lWI'lliOt 


of  thv 


^-^t^^:^c/^ 


?,?! 


^1' 


I 


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t 

h   ■ 

■1      •■  ' 
''      1  ' 

■■\\ 

!   '  ■'  ;  J 
;  1  :  1  |- 

i  i 

i''-'. 

m 

m 


POLITICAL  PROOUESS. 


t;:n 


I'irc  IiiMiniiioe  Company,  that  corporntiun  iinilor  h'lH  i 
aJiiilnisii.ktion  bccuiiiiii^  one  of  tlie  iiioHl  HubHtuntial 
„i,i  siicn-sful  in   tlio  city, 

III  18i>^  lio  wati  cullud  into  public  liPo,  bein^;  elected 
i„  the  (illico  oF  Lioutenant-Oovernor  of  Missouri. 
||,'lllli'il  ilii'  ponition  with  fairneMs,  jud^mont,  and  dxfi- 
iiiiv,  bcfiiim'  a  master  of  parliamoMtary  law,  and  proved 
hiiusi'lf  I'll''  <»f  the  ablest  presiding  officers  the  Senate 
„f  Mi>siniri  ever  had. 

ThiiitT  lie  was  called  into  the  wider  aru  .  uf  na-  i 
liiiiiii  (Hiliiics,  being  elected  from  St,  Louis  to  the  , 
tdriv  lliinl  Congress,  where  his  valuable  services  as 
ilo^islutor  enlarged  the  measure  of  his  national  rep- 
uiatioD.    His  appearance  there  was  most  opportune 
f„r  Wt'storii  interests.     The  question  of  cheap  trans- 
i„rt:itiuii  liv  the  river  route  was  pressed  with  faithful 
iii(lii»try  and  consumiuate  ability,  and  it  may  bo  truly 
.;iiil  liiiit  nil  voice  ever  raised  in  Congress  was  more 
imtoiiiial  in  .-"ecuring  the  favorable  consideration  by 
ihe  •loverniucnt  of  the  great  water  route,  resulting 
liiwily  in  ill'!  establishment  of  the  jetty  system,  and 
till' liknil  iiiipropriations  which  after  such  an  advocacy 
ilk'  ijovcrnnicnt  could  not  withhold.     This  lino  of  : 
c.iii]iroliensiv('  thought  he  actively  followed  up,  being 
cnnectod  as  presiding  officer  or  in    the  executive 
liinJlin).'orall  the  great  conventions  since  held  in  the  j 
icierest  uf  river  improvement,   the   very  head  and  j 
truut,  as  it  wore,  of  the  luost  vital  commercial  uiove- 
iiicnt  of  the  day.  I 

Since  Ills  term  in  Congress,  Governor  Stanard  has 
Jetlined  repeated  invitations  from  his  old  friends  and 
constituents  to  return  to  public  life,  preferring  to  de- 
vote \m  tiiiio  to  his  large  and  constantly  increasing 

bunillOS!), 

Giivtriior  Stanard  inherits  from  his  New  England  ] 
iiKi'stry  not  only  a  stalwart  frame,  but  a  nature  emi-  ■ 
iieiiily  rci^anUul  of  moral  obligations  and  well-defined 
rcli>:iaus  convictions.     lie  has  been  from  his  youth  | 
a  ciiiiji^icnt  member  of   the   Methodist   Episcopal 
l.'huicli,  and  was  selected  by  the  Missouri  Conference 
as  a  delegate  to  the  great  ecumenical  gathering  in  { 
London  in  1881,  a  trust  which  he  discharged  most 
faillil'iilly  and  acceptably. 

Thus  if  the  question  is  asked  what  he  is  and  what  ; 
bo  iia.s  dune,  it  finds  a  ready  response  in  the  exhibi-  j 

!  tiou  of  a  record  to  which  any  one  can  point.  As  a 
putriot,  he  stood  by  his  country  bravely  and  loyally  in 
its  dark  hours  of  trial,  sharing  its  disasters  and  re- 

I  juicini;  iii  its  triumphs,  and  when  the  war  was  over 
contributed  lii.-i  part  towards  the  new  progress  which 
peace  and  restored  relations  have  brought. 

As  a  public  speaker,  he  has  few  equals.     His  large 
store  of  knowledge,  his  experience  in  public  assem- 


blages, his  dear  judgment  and  powci-s  of  reasoning, 
combined  with  a  splendid  physiqiio,  a  voice  of  peculiar 
range  and  power,  and  a  temperament  full  of  ardor  and 
enthusiasm  in  all  good  directions,  ntake  his  appear- 
ance in  public  always  a  source  uf  pleasure  and  profit- 
able instruction,  lie  is  a  true  specimen  of  New 
England  birth  grafted  on  the  vigorous  stock  of 
Western  strength, — one  of  those  rounded  and  com- 
plete characters,  combining  with  capabilities  of  busi- 
ness success  the  high  attributes  of  truth  and  humanity, 
and  most  endeared  to  those  who  know  him  best  in  the 
social  and  domestic  circles.  lie  is  the  firm  and  stead- 
fast friend  of  the  producing,  manufacturing,  and  in- 
dustrial elas.si'S,  with  whom  his  interests  are  closely 
linked,  and  brings  to  afi'airs,  whether  public  or  private, 
the  worth  of  correct  practical  judgment,  the  grasp 
of  statesmanlike  thought,  and  an  earnest  sympathy  for 
what  is  just  and  true. 

Amid  the  decay  of  virtue  and  integrity  in  high 
stations,  the  country  under  weak  and  inefficient  guid- 
ance, "  to  hastening  ills  a  prey,"  it  would  be  a  day  to 
be  marked  in  white  in  the  national  ealeii  l.ir  if  men 
like  'Governor  ytanard  could  bo  induced  to  assume  tho 
duties  and  responsibilities  of  civic  career,  in  the 
prime  of  a  vigorous  manhood,  with  the  backing  of  a 
large  and  well-earned  fortune,  and  compreh'-nsivo 
views  on  all  great  questions  of  national  polity,  he  is 
needed  in  the  gathcing  emergencies  of  our  national 
progress. 

At  the  registration  of  voters  for  the  election  of 
1868,  Charles  P.  Chouteau,  one  of  the  most  esteemed 
and  highly  respected  citizens  of  &t,  Louis,  was  re- 
jected as  a  qualified  voter.  During  the  war,  said  the 
livjiuljlicdn,  he  had  faithfully  supported  the  govern- 
ment of  the  United  States,  and  "when  Gen.  Allen, 
of  the  quartermaster's  department,  had  not  a  dollar 
to  pay  the  women  who  had  been  engaged  in  making 
clothing  for  the  Federal  troops,  he  applied  to  Charles 
P.  Chouteau  for  aid  in  the  emergency,  asking  for 
twenty  thousand  dollars.  Without  one  moment's 
hesitation  the  amount  was  advanced,  at  a  time  when 
scarcely  a  capitalist  in  St.  Louis  felt  ready  to  advance 
money  because  of  the  uncertainty  of  the  lime  when 
the  governi-.ent  would  refund.  At  the  same  time, 
when  the  credit  of  the  government  was  low  here, 
Charles  P.  Chouteau  periled  i,he  credit  of  his  own 
house  to  th3  extent  of  three  quarters  of  a  million  of 
dollars  in  purchasing  clotiiing,  boots  and  shoes,  and 
other  supplies  required  by  tho  War  Department, 
charging  for  the  same  not  one  cent  of  profit  nor  one 
cent  of  commissions.  When  the  cotiimission  ordered 
by  the  governmei-t,  composed  of  Holt,  Davis,  and 
Campbell,  to  examine  and  audit  accounts  came  here, 


mmmmmmmmmimmim 


i  Z  1 


1  i> 


M  i 


f!  i 


i|   I 


i  i  i-  i    1 


5,1 


:;l 


Si, 


'•'Is 


632 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


bills  were  presented  exceeding  in  the  ag<rregate  mil- 
lions of  dollars,  and  while  the  accounts  of  some  were 
cut  down  by  the  commission  scores  of  thousands,  the 
bills  of  P.  Chouteau  &  Co.  passed  without  a  di-scount. 
It  was   noticed  at   the  time  as  a  surprisinj^  circnra 
^lUrice  that  this  patriotic  house  presented  no  commis- 
sion or  interest  claim  for  the  heavy  burdens  they  had 
assumed,  offering  as  their  vouchers  simply  the  bills  of 
the  housiis  from  which  they  had  made  tlioir  purchases. 
One  of  the   Minnesota  regiments  stationed    up  the 
Missouri   River,  without  pay  far  many  months,  re- 
ceived from  the  house  of  Charles  P.  Chouteau  such 
supplies  as  the  privates  of  that  regiment  required, 
and  in  gratitude  for  his  liberality  they,  at  the  close  of 
the  war,  sent  to  him  a  testimonial,  which  he  cherished  ■ 
among  his  valuable  records.     The  government  placed  i 
at  his  disposal  soldiers  and  arms  for  the  protection  of  , 
his   warehouses  and  boat.s,   in   which   were    military  ' 
stores.     And  yet  this   honored  citizen   and  patriot,  : 
whose  wealth   has  been  used  for  the  benefit  of  the  ' 
government  and  for  the  prosperity  of  St.  Louis,  was 
by  a  boar<l  of  registration  officers  refused   the  privi- 
lege of  being  registered  as  a  qualifiod  voter." 

On  the  15th  of  January,  18()7,  Charles  D.  Drake, 
Republican,  was  elected  to  tiie  United  States  Senate 
from  the  4th  of  March  ensuing,  the  vote  being :  '■ 
Senate,  Drake,  23  ;  P.  P.  Blair,  6 ;  N.  Holmes,  3.  ' 
House.  Charles  J.  Drake,  86  ;  F.  P.  Blair,  33 ; 
Ben.  Loan,  3  ;  Henry  T.  Blow,  3;  H.  M.  Voorhees, 
1;  Johns.  Phelps,  1.' 

At  this  session  of  the  Legislature  it  was  decided  to 
submit  a  constitutional  amendment  to  the  people  to 
strike  the  word  "  white'  from  the  second  article,  thus 
establishing  negro  suffrage  in  Mi-ssouri.  At  the  elec- 
tion in  the  fall  of  1808  the  proposed  aniendnipiit  was 
defeated,  the  vote  being  :  Against  striking  out, 71. 05;! ; 
for  striking  out,  55,;i36  ;    majority  against,  18,817. 

At  the  session  of  the  Legislature  which  bejian  on 


'  riiiules  T).  DriiUe  was  born  Ml  I'iiioitiniit',,  Oliici,  on  the  lltli 
of  April,  l.'^ll,  and  «H8  the  sfii  of  Ur.  Diinio'  Driikf.  lie  ro- 
ceivoil  nn  iU':iiloinioiil  cdui; \tion,  nml  entcrcil  tlio  navy  ii»  a 
uii>I.''lii|iinan  in  \fi'17.  In  I8:>0  lio  lel't  tin:  navy,  I'ludioii  law. 
and  was  adinilled  to  llu;  bar  in  IS.'i."..  In  1.S3I  lie  removed  to 
St.  Louis,  wliorc  ho  en^^agt'd  in  tho  practioo  of  his  profession, 
and  in  1  ><.V.)  was  elected  to  the  I,ey:is!Hturc.  Diirins^  the  early 
portiitn  of  the  civil  war  he  took  an  active  an<i  ejnspiciioii«  part 
against  the  secession  movement:  in  |S(l;l  was  elected  a  delegate 
to  the  Missouri  State  Convention,  and  in  1  S()4  was  chosen  presi- 
dential elector  on  the  Uepuhliciin  ticket.  In  ISli,')  he  served  as 
a  memlier  of  tho  Missouri  Constitutional  Convention  of  that 
year,  of  which  he  was  vice-|. resident.  In  IKIl?  he  waa  elected 
United  .'<lates  senator,  and  in  1871  was  appointed  chief  justice 
of  the  I'nitod  Statl^|  Court  of  Chiiius,  He  is  the  author  of  a 
"  Treatise  on  tho  Law  of  Suits  by  Attachment  in  the  United 
States,"  and  of  a  "  Life  of  Daniel  Drake." 


the  7th  of  January,  1868,  a  new  registry  l,iw  more 
stringent  than  the  old  one  was  enacted.     Umlcritthe 
Governor  was  authorized  to  appoint  a  superiiitoiidiiiii 
of  registration  in  every  senatorial  district,  with  ilie 
view  of  providing  for  a  still  more  rigorous  eiifom.. 
ment  of  the  law  of  1865,  which  disfranehiscil  nianv 
citizens   who   had    sympathized    with    the   Soiithorn 
cause.     As  that  law  had  been  pronounced  unconstitu- 
tional by  the  United  States  Supreme  Court,  tliis  itctiiin 
of   the    Legislature    created    intense    dissiitisriiction 
throughout  the  State.     A  large  Republican  niuJDr'iv. 
however,  was  returned  to  the   Legislatino  of  IStU. 
which,  on  the  19th  of  January  of  that  year,  ckotoj 
Carl  Schurz  United  States  senator,  tho  vote  hmi; 
Schurz,  Republican,  114  ;  John  S.  Phelps,  Domotrai, 
44.     But  ui.^sensions  now  arose  in   tho  Hciiublicaii 
ranks,  owing  to  the  opposition  developed  witiiin  tlie 
party  by  the  very  measures  which  had  been  luiopte,] 
with   the  view  of  insuring  its  continued  ascciideiav. 
Under  the  leadership  of  Carl  Schurz,  B.  Gratz  Drown, 
and  other  prominent  men,  a  new  "  wing,"  known  as 
Liberal  Republicans,  in  contradistinction  to  the  more 
radical  element,  was  organized  for  the  purpose  of  <o. 
curing  the  repeal  of  the  ironclad  oath  uf  18(1.)  ami 
the  registration  amendment  of  1868.     In  tiii^i  cii-is 
the  Democrats  adopted  the  "  passive"  policy,— tiiat  k 
the  party  organization  as  such  took  no  part  in  ilie 
canvass,  but   the  members  individually  allied  tluiu- 
selves  with  the  Liberal  Republicans.     On  the  31st  4' 
August,  1870,  the  Republican  State  Cfinvoiilion  nM 
at  Jefferson  ('ity,  and,  as  ehairinan  of  the  cdUiniiiirt 
on  resolutions,  Carl   Schurz  made  a  majority  rcjiurt 
which  proved  obno.xious  to  the  anti-Liberal  inomlnr- 
It  strongly  recommended  the  removal  nf  all  pnlitiai 
disabilities   and    "  the   extension    of  equal  pnlitid 
rights  and  privileges  to  all  elas.ses  of  oitizoiis."    Tlio 
minority  report  of  the  committee,  on  tlio  oilier  lianJ. 
declared  in  favor  of  "  re-franchising  those  justly  ills- 
fraiichi.<ed   for  participation   in  the  late  Ueliclliuii  as 
soon  as  it  can  be  done  with  safety  to  t!ie  ,'^iaio."  aiiJ 
recommended    that  "the   Legi  lature  siilmiit  to  the 
whole  people  of  the  State  the  question  wlicthcr  sutli 
time  has  now  arrived."     The  report  of  the  iiiinoriiy 
was  adopted  by  a  vote  of  349  ayes  and  iU-  noe.«,  anJ 
immediately  after  this  action  had  been  taken  iihoit 
two   hundreil  and   fifty  delegates  of  those  who  Imi 
voted  for  tho   majority  report  withdicw,  headed  by 
Mr.   Schurz,   organized  a  separate   cimvi'iiiioii,  ami 
nominated  a  full   State  ticket  wiili  15.  (Ir.iiz  lirown 
for  Governor.      Tho  regular   convention   nouiiinioJ 
Jo.sc',.h  W,  MoClurg.     At  the  election  in  the  lolluit- 
ing  November  the  vote  was  :    U,  Gratz  Mmwii.  Libenil, 
104,374;  Joseph  W.  McClurg,  Hepul.liean,  liW:)'). 


POLITICAL  PROGRESS. 


633 


I  new  repstry  l;iw  ninre 
as  enacted.     Umlir  ittlie 
appoint  a  supfiiniciidom 
latoriiil  district,  wiili  tlie 
ill  more  rigorous  iMiforcf. 
'hich  disfrancliiscil  many 
lized   with    the  Soutlum 
en  pronounced  uiiiniistitu- 
Supreme  Court,  tliis  actinn 
'd    intense    dissutistVtiun 
iura;e  Republican  niiijopiy, 
the   Legislature  of  l."*ii;i. 
nuary  of  that  year,  elected 
i  senator,  the  vote  bciiiL': 
John  S.  Phelps,  Demntrai, 
arose  in   the  Ho]iubliiaii 
lition  'ievelopod  within  ttie 
i  which  had  been  atlnpie,] 
'  its  continued  ascMideney. 
irl  Schurz,  B.  (Jratz  Browi, 
I,  a  new  "  wiiii:/'  knuffii  as 
ntradistinction  to  the  more 
lized  for  the  purpose  of  sc- 
ironclad  oath  'A'  I8il.")  :iiiJ 
nt  of  18(58,     In  thiscrws 
e  "  passive"  policy,— that  ij, 
such  took  110  ])art  in  ilie 
8  individually  allied  tlum- 
ipublicans.     On  the  ol.-t  "f 
ilican  State  Convention  ni.l 
chairman  of  the  eoiumitlie 
Tz  made  a  mnjiirity  rei«in 
|o  the  anti-Liberal  iiieni!»T>. 
the  removal  ofall  pnliiical 
:tensi(in    of  oi|ual   yMcl 
II  clas.ses  of  citizen?."    The 
nmittee,  on  the  other  han.l. 
franchisiiiL'  those  justly  .li>- 
lou    in  the  late  llehellinu  as 
,h  safety  to  the  State."  anJ 
liC-ii  lature  submit  to  tlie 
the  question  wlielhir  sut'i 
The  rejtort  of  tlie  miimrity 
M\)  ayes  and  M-  nae.".  »">' 
rtiou  had  be.Mi  taken  abuat 
[..leizates   of  those  whe  bl 
■port  withdrew,  headed  by 
Hcparati!    convention,  aiiii 
icket  with  B.  CvM  ""'" 
iilar   eouventi.m   noiniintcJ 
It  the  election  in  the  toll'* 
L  :   1?,  Gratz  Hmwii.  IMl 
Clurn,  Republican,  ti;).:!'!"' 


Brown's  majority  over  McClurg,  41,038,  At  the  ' 
same  election  a  new  Legislature  was  cho.sen,  which 
was  found  to  be  strongly  "  Liberal,"  and  wliich  at  its 
session  in  the  ensuing  winter  elected  as  the  successor 
in  the  United  States  Senate  of  the  Hon,  Charles  D. 
Drake,  who  liad  been  appointed  chief  justice  of  the 
United  .States   Court   of  Claims,    Hon.   Francis   P. 

Blair,  Jr. 

A  number  of  amendments  to  the  Constitution  were  | 
submitted  to  the  people   at  the  same  time,  among  ; 
nhieh  were  those  abolishing  the  oaths  of  loyalty  for  j 
jurors  and  voters,  and  "  certain  disqualifications  to 
hold  office  ou  account  of  race,  color,  or  previous  con- 
dition of  servitude,  and  on  account  of  former  acts  of  ; 
ilisloyalty."     These    amendments   were   adopted   by 
luajorities  ranging  from  over  one  hundred  and  five 
ihoiisand  to  over  one  hundred  and  twenty-two  thou-  i 
sand  vote.s.     The  success  of  this  movement  p:.?pared 
die  way  for  tne  national  Liberal  Republican  "bolt"  : 
of  1872,  ' 

B,  Gnti.  Brown,  who  was  thus  elected  Governor  | 
of  Missouri  on  the  re-franchisement  platform,  was 
born  at  Lexington,  Ky,,  May  28,  182(5,     His  grand-  ' 
Hither,  John,  son  of  Rev.  J,   Brown,  was  born   in  j 
Staunton,  Va.,  in  1757,  an!  died  in  Frankfort,  Ky,,  j 
in  18;i",  widely  known   and   everywhere  respected,  j 
He  had  been  a  member  of  the  Congress  of  1787-88  j 
from  Virginia):  and  had  served  three  times  as  s'  i- 
atnr  from  Kentucky  in  the  national  councils.     His  | 
irraiidinotlicr,   Margaretta,    daughter   of   Rev.    John  i 
Mason  and  Catharine  Van  Wyck,  was  born  in  New 
York  City  in  1772,  and  died  in  Frankfort,  Ky.,  in 
ISiiS,    She  organized  the  first  Sabbath-school  in  the 
Mississippi  valley. 

Mason  Brown,  father  of  B.  Gratz   Brown,  was  a 

frominent  judge.     His  .son,   B.  Gratz,  graduated  at 

Transylvania  Uiiiver.sity  in  1845,  and  at  Yale  College 

ill  1S17,  studied  law  at  Louisville,  removed  to  Mis-  . 

[  !"uri  ill  1S49,  and  settled  at  St.  Louis.      Here  ho 

[Witiccd  law  with  great  success,  and  in   l.S.')2  was 

[  elfoiod  to  the  Legislature,  serving  therein  by  sucees- 

i  iivo  re-elections   until    IB.'jS.     Mr.    Brown    entered 

I  pililic  life  as  a  Democrat  and  a  follower  o^  Bentoi:, 

I  Iwuiic  identilied  a'   once   with    the    large   German 

["Yuliition  of  St.  Louis,  and  was  put  forward  ,is  their 

sfocial  i'e]iresentative  among  the  public  men  of  Amer- 

ian  birth.     Though  a  Southerner  by  birth  and  cx- 

lensivo  family  associations,  he  proclaimed  from  the 

I  frst  his  I'Vco-^fiil  sympathies.     To  him  belongs  the 

Nistinction  of  having  made  the  first  speech  in  behalf 

|"f  enianeipation  in   a  Southern    Legislature,     That 

s^^och,  delivered  in  the  Mi.ssouri   House  of  Repro- 

iMiatives,  ut  the  almost  certain  sacrifice  of  all  hope 


of  political  preferment,  was  the  rallying-cry  of  the 
little  band  of  emancipationists  who  finally  organized 
the  Republican  party  of  Missotiri.  The  Germans, 
who  had  settled  in  large  numbers  in  St.  Louis,  rallied 
to  the  support  of  Gratz  Brown,  and  returned  him  to 
the  Legislature  after  a  bitter  contest.  About  this  time 
he  became  involved  in  a  duel  with  Hon.  Thomas  C 
Reynolds,  afterwards  Lieutenant-Governor  of  Mi.ssouri, 
and  received  a  wound  in  the  knee  from  the  effecta  of 
which  he  suffered  for  several  year,'!. 

From  this  time  on  his  efforts  were  unceasing  in  the 
anti-slavery  cause.  He  assisted  in  founding  the  St. 
Louis  Democrat,  as  the  organ  of  the  Free-Soil  party, 
and,  as  the  fearless  and  brilliant  editor  of  the  only  anti- 
slavery  journal  in  aslave  State,  soon  won  a  national  rep- 
utation. In  all  these  efforts  he  faced  the  most  deter- 
mined opposition.  Both  the  great  parties  denounced 
and  proscribed  him,  but  oppo.sition,  threats,  and  pro- 
scription only  intensified  his  devotion  to  tue  great  prin- 
ciples of  human  freedom.  Into  the  Kansas  war  he 
entered  with  all  the  power  and  fire  of  his  nature. 
His  editorials  in  the  Democrat,  incisive  and  eloquent, 
excited  the  whole  country.  He  early  foresaw  that  the 
Konsas  trouble  would  extend  to  a  broader  field,  and 
with  his  clear  perception  he  warned  the  jicople  of  the 
magnitude  of  the  coming  struggle.  In  18(10  he  called 
the  first  Republican  Convention  held  in  a  slave  State, 
and,  in  conjunction  with  the  veteran  Muench  and  Einil 
Preetorius,  the  latter  afterwards  associate  editor  with 
Carl  Schurz  in  the  Westilche.  Post  and  now  editor  of 
that  paper,  organized  the  Republican  jiarty  of  Mis- 
souri. At  the  outbreak  ot  the  war  he  promptly 
raised  a  regiment,  took  decided  ground  for  imme- 
diate emancipation,  and  at  once  became  the  acknowl- 
edged leader  of  the  advanceii  element  of  the  Repub- 
lican party  in  opposition  to  the  conservative  element, 
and  was  put  forward  as  their  candidate  for  United 
States  senator.  The  contest  was  bitter  and  [irotracted, 
but  the  Germans  throughout  the  State  rallied  to  the 
support  of  Brown,  and  after  a  struggle  in  the  Legis- 
lature of  18*}2-(5;:!  for  several  'I'oiiths  he  was  elected. 
His  course  in  the  Senate  war  •  harmony  with  his 
previous  career.  Ho  was  o..e  the  very  first  to 
recognize  impartial  suffrage  as  the  necessary  coiollary 
to  eiuancipatioH,  and  protested  against  any  form  of 
reconstruetion  which  failed  to  recognize  this  principle. 
His  health  failing,  and  large  private  interests  demand- 
ing !iis  ftteiition,  he  declined,  in  18(5(5,  a  re-election, 
and  until  1870,  though  an  intet'ested  observer,  did  not 
actively  participate  in  any  of  the  political  movements. 
The  Constitution  of  the  SUfe,  as  has  been  indicated, 
was  intensely  prescriptive,  and  having  opposed  it  in 
itf  incepiion,  tii.t  views,  whenever  occasion  ealle.i  for 


'     ' 


^w— wpi— mm 


' 


634 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


their  expression,  were  in  opposition  tu  a  continuance  ' 
of  a  policy  which  it  legalized.     The  oppressions  under 
it  finally  became  unendurable,  when  the  Liberals,  under  ; 
the  head  of  Brown  and  Suhurz,  with  the  same  German 
element  which  had  contributed  such  valuable  service 
in  the  foundation  of  the  Republican  party,  now  de- 
manded that  the  party  recognize  and  declare  the  new 
t)rder  of  things  and  remove  all  political  proscription  ; 
from  the  law.     The  result  has  been  stated.     Overpow-  ■ 
ered  in  the  convention,  the  Liberals  appealed  to  the 
people,  with  Gratz  Brown  as  their  standard-bearer,  i 
Seldom  has  a  campaign  been  entered  upon  under  more 
unfavorable  auspices.     The  whole  power  of  the  State  , 
and  national  administration  was  invoked  to  crush  the 
Liberal  movement.    But  the  Federal  interference  only 
strengthened    the   cause,   and  Governor  Brown  was  ' 
elected  by  the  unprecedented  majority  of  forty-one  ! 
thousand,  receiving  the  support  of  about  ono-third  of  ; 
the  Republicans  of  the  State,  including  nearly  all  the  I 
Germans  and  all  of  the  old  leaders  in  the  cause  o 
freedom. 

In  1872,  Mr.  Brown  was  nominated  as  the  candi- 
date  for  Vice-President  on  the  Liberal  Republican 
ticket  with  Horace  Greeley,  and  3Ir,  Greeley  having 
died  he  received  eighteen  electoral  votes  for  President. 

At  the  congressional  election  of  1870,  Wells, 
Finkeluburg,  and  McCormick  were  re-elected.  The 
other  members  elected  were  H.  E.  Havens,  8.  S. 
Burdett,  A.  Comingo,  I.  C.  Parker,  James  G.  Blair, 
and  Andrew  King. 

Under  the  census  of  1870  the  State  became  entitled 
in  1872  under  the  congressional  apportionment  bill  to 
two  addititiial  members  of  Congress,  and  thereby  to 
two  additional  Presidential  electors.  The  Legislature 
having  adjourned  before  this  fact  became  known,  and 
Governor  Brown  having  grave  doubts  as  to  his  au- 
thority under  existitig  laws  to  divide  the  State  into 
electoral  districts  for  the  next  Presidential  election, 
called  a  special  session  of  the  Legislature  for  this 
purpose  by  proclamation  on  June  19,  1872.  The 
authority  to  district  the  State  into  electoral  districts 
was  discussed.  The  conclusion  having  been  reached 
that  the  most  feasible  way  to  get  at  the  matter  under 
existing  laws  was  to  divide  the  State  into  congres- 
sional districts,  a  resolution  was  passed  on  the 
fifth  day  looking  to  an  udjournmrsit,  and  for  the  re- 
convening of  the  Legislature  to  re-district  the 
State.  On  the  24th  the  Legislature  adjourned, 
and  was  immediately  reconvened  by  proclamation 
of  the  Governor  for  that  purpose,  On  the  27th 
it  adjourned  afler  haying  divided  the  State 
into  congressional  districts,  as  follows:  the  First, 
Second,   and    Third,    composed    of   the   county   of 


St.  Louis ;  the  Fourth,  of  Dunklin,  Pemisi^ut,  New 
Madrid,  Mississippi,  Stoddard,  Butler,  Ripley,  Scott 
Wayne,  Reynolds,  Cape  Girardeau,  Bollinger,  MaJi 
son.  Iron,  Perry,  Ste.  Genevieve,  St.  Francois,  Wnsh. 
ington,  Carter,  and  Oregon  ;  Fifth,  Jefferson,  Frank- 
lin,   Gasconade,   Osage,    Maries,    Crawford,    I'lielps, 
Pula.ski,    Wright,    Douglas,   Ozark,   Howe'i,   Texas, 
Dent,  Shannon,  and  Laclede  ;  Sixth,  Ja;-p  :v.  Barton, 
Newton,  McDonald,^ Cedar,  Dade,  Lpwrjiico,  Barry, 
Stone,  Taa«j',  Ch>-istian,  Webster,  Greene,  Pulk,  and 
Vernon  ;  Seventh,  Johnson,  Pettis,  Cooper,  Mon'ii'au 
Morgan,   Cole,    Miller,    Camden,    Hickory,   IJeiiton 
Henry,  Dallas,  and  St.  Clair ;  Eighth,  Platte,  Clay, 
Jackson,  Cass,  and  Bates ;  Ninth,  Atchison,  Andrew, 
Nodaway,  Holt,  Buchanan,  Clinton,  DcKalb,  Gentrv, 
and     Worth ;    Tenth,    Harrison,    Davie-ss,   CaidwoH, 
Livingston,  Grundy,  Mercer,  Putnam,  Sullivan,  Linn, 
and  Chariton  ;  Eleventh,  Randolph,  Howard,  Saliiii', 
Lafayette,  Ray,  Carroll,  and  Boone  ;  Twell'tli,  Selmvler, 
Adair,  Macon,  Shelby,  Knox,  Scotland,  Clarke,  Liwis, 
and  Marion;  Thirteenth,  Monroe,  Callaway,  Auili  mi, 
Pike,    Lincoln,   Montgomery,  Warren,   .Si.  ('h:!.*, 
and  Ralls.     At  the  election  following  K.  0.  StuimrJ, 
Erastuu   Wells,  W.   H.  Stone,  Robert  A,  liut  lur, 
Richard  P,  Bland,  H.  E.  Havens,  T.  T.  Crit(en4in, 
A.  Comingo,  Isaac  C,  Parker,  Ira  B,  Ilyili',  John  li. 
Clark,  Jr.,   John  M.   Glover,   and  A.   II.  Buekner 
were  elected  to  Congress,  and  the  State  carried  Iw 
Greeley  and  Brown.     The  vote  ca.st  bv  the  okrtMrj 
for  President  was  six  for  Thomas  A.  Hendricks,  oiiilii 
for   B.    G.    Brown,  one  for  Jeff.    Davis;   for  Vi* 
President,  six  for  Brown,  five  for  Julian,  liireu  fir 
Palmer,  and  one  for  Groesbeck.     Mr,  Greeley  difJ 
before  the  electoral  college  met.     The  popular  vcteof 
the    State    was    151,434    for   Greeley,   llll,(i:)li  lor 

Grant,  and  243!)  for  Charles  O'Conor,     Silas  W 1- 

son,  Democrat,  received  for  Governor  If)!),!!!  voti>, 
to  122,272  cast  I'or  John  B.  Henderson,  Kepulilicun, 
Among  those  who  took  a  leading  part  in  ilie  .Na- 
tional Liberal  Republican  campaign  in  -Missouri  in 
1872  vas  Charles  P.  Johnson,  now  an  eminent  mem- 
ber of  the  St.  Louis  bar.  Mr.  John,M)n  was  Iwin  in 
Lebanon,  St.  Clair  Co.,  III.,  Jan.  IS.  18S(1.  His 
father,  Henry  Johns(m,  was  a  native  of  IViinsylvania, 
and  his  mother,  whose  maiden  name  was  Klvira 
Foulkc,  was  born  in  Kaskaskia.  111.,  and  saw  lumii 
of  frontier  life.  Her  ancestors  were  amoni:  ilio  early 
pioneers  of  Illinois,  and  many  of  thorn  tilleil  lii}:li  ami 
honorable  positions.  Young  Johnson  leeeivedall  the 
advantages  offered  in  the  public  schools  nf  tlio  nciJi- 
boring  town  of  Belleville,  but  to  ilie  eulture  oHiis 
intelligent  mother  is  due  to  a  very  griat  extent  tbe 
excellences  of  his  mental  as  well  as  moral  cliaractor. 


inklin,  Peniisiot,  New 
Butler,  Ripli'V,  Scutt, 
leau,  Bollinger.  MaJi 
'e,  St.  Fran<;iiis,  Wasli- 
fifth,  Jefferson,  Frank- 
es,    Crawford,    l^lielps, 
)z.avk,    Howc'l,   Texas, 
Sixth,  Jar.p  -w  Barion. 
)ade,  Lp.wroiice,  Barry, 
ster,  Greene,  Polk,  and 
ettis.  Cooper,  Moii'i..au, 
len,    Hickory,   Benton, 
;  Eishth,  I'lutie,  (lay, 
nth,  Atchison,  Andrew, 
linton,  DeKalb,  Gentry, 
sou,    Daviess,   Caldwe!!, 
Putnam,  Sullivan,  Liiiii, 
iidolph,  Howaril,  Salinv, 
looue ;  TweU'iii,  Selmvler, 
Scotland,  Chiikf,  Lewi-, 
nroe,  Callaway,  Audv'n, 
I,  Warren,   St.  Cii;:!*, 
foliowini;  K.  O.  Sti\iiiirJ, 
ne,  Kobert   A.  llai.lHr, 
[avens,  T.  '1'.  t'rittenddi, 
r,  Ira  H.  Hyde,  .loiin  U. 
ar,   and   A.    H.   Buikiiet 
Ind  the  State  rm'wi  for 
iTote  cast  by  tiie  fleetuts 
ouias  A.  Hendricks,  oi;:!)! 
Jeff.    Davis;   for  Vi.e- 
ve  for  Julian,  three  U 
!ck.     Mr.  (iroeleyilii'ii 
net.     The  poiuilarvte"! 
Greeley,    \V.\WM  W 
O'Conor.    Silas  \Vi»iJ- 
Governor  1  fit!,"  11  vntts 
Henderson.  UepuliHtan. 
eadinj:  part  in  the  Na- 
.uipaif.'!!  in  Missouri  in 
n,  now  an  oniiiicnt  mem- 
oir. Johnson  was  Iwin  m 
Jan.   IS.  183(1.    His 
a  native  of  IVinisyivania, 
iden    numo   was    lHvira 
ikia.  111.,  i>"J  saw  much 
,.r,s  wer.'.  ainonj!  (lie  early 
y  of  them  tilled  hi):!!  anJ 
,  Johnson  im'ivo.i  all  ilio 
blic  schools  of  the  iieiJi- 
lut  to  ll.ooulture  of  Ills 
a  very  ^'r.at  extetu  I'le 
well  as  inor,d  churactor. 


r>:j4 


HISTORV   OF  hAlNT   LOUIS. 


i-'il 


m. 


:<■  If 


their  evj.iosaidii,  wure  io  opposluou  to  ii  oiirtiiiiumica     St.  Lvuis;  th<i  Fourth,  i»f'  Dunklin,  V 
•  !l'u  iioliuy  which  it  legaliiod,     Tlio  oppicwious  untlfsr     Mudritl,  Mifisiswippi,  Sloildmil,  Uu'.!'. 
it  limiUy  bccai'.i'MiiU'iuiunilili',  when  theLiborals,  uii'le.v     Wnyin:,  lluvtjolJs,  Capo  Girurilt'iiii    i 
thi;  Iiciiil  of  JiSiuwii  and  SciDiu,  Willi  thi- saiiu  tlonuaii     smu.  Lmoi.  JVrry,  Ste.  O-'uevievi!,  .Si.  i 
<!liniiont  wliiiili  had  oontrijutod  such  vidu.ibii!  M»jrvico     iii^'ton,  Carter,  and  Orej^do;  t'iRh, 
in  ih'i  <biuiilati-m  of  'lu  UopuhlitMn  party,  "ovv  lU-     iin.    (iinfoimde,   0«aj;o,    Maries,    » 
ni^didod  tli.il  thi- pirty  iooO!J,iiiw  mid  doohiro  the  lu-w      (''uld.sl.i,    Wrij.;hi,    Dmi'^las.   (hurk. 
<ird,.r  iii'  thiiig.s  and  rtimivo  nil  puliticRi  prostription  .  Dent,  Shaiiiioii,  and  I<.'«cIodu ;  .SistL 
from  tho  law.     Thtnusu'i.  hi.>;  h.jon  .■itat<'d.     Overpow-  ,  xN'uwtmi,  M'Doiiald,  'Judar,  l);i'ic, 
ond  ill  the 'iiiiveution,  iho   Liln'i;^''s  y,"',iiidfd   to  (ho 

ird-biMirer. 

.;  -11  under  iiiort! 

\wr  of  tlic  State 

-'-■'l  to  crush  the 


pt-iple,  with  Grata  Brown  as  ■ 

Sildiim  iins  ■■<■  ciiiupaimu  i»«;i:ii  riai.Mi^ 
Uid'avoraljli!  aiit^pifio*.      TIh  r  (i  )!'• 
mid  iialioiinl  adiiii        . 


hr 

lend  ;■ 

(Sir 

•ii.uM;. 

e'n 

■I.:.l  1,. 

liK'HSalld      Ir 

thl 

Itn(iui)U< 

UMl 


.  J  in:': 


Oorniaus  and   .ill  ot"  the  old  1  ii 


•jnii'^o,    and  'i.i.erDor   Minwn  wa.-- 

iry.iidiinii. '  luiijiirity  ol'  loity-oun 

■   I  f  ahmit  (nio-tliird  of 

I  ■  ''       nearly  ul!  thii 

I  111'  cause  of 


'  .    111)1)1 1  nan-o  :i       .  ■  • 

til!-'    Liberal   Hop:.' 
II.  li  I'a.y,  and   Mr.  Grccloy  h.  •  1'^ 

■il.  ,  :h'i'c:i  r!,  r'liirfd  "'^t-,-;-  for  President. 

■■■,■■.■  ,      :  •     (1.   Wei 

I'll  -.-•iir-'ir^.  ill..'    U;;->    i-'m-H   ■"  i     '■     i.  .u-d       : 
oUif-r  tnein'rc'-;  <'!;'rud   wciu   U.   E.   HuVuns. 
Jiui'l.  tr,  .V,    ■ 


Sioti--,  Taii''y,  Chri.'^tian,  Web.su:r,  'i 
Vernon  ;  Sovonth,  Johnfon,  Peifi.<. « 
.Miir-fun,   L'oio,    .Millar,    CJamdi-n,    '■ 
lloiiry,  l.>alla»,  iuid  St.  (!hur;  lu'i^i 
JiioliR'ii,  Caas,  and  Bates;  iNinth.  -\ 
iiirtrf(>r''na'  oiilv     Nodaway.  Holt,  Buohaiian,  Clint  ■(: 
and     Worth;    Tciitli,    Iiarricoii,     ■ 
Livingston,  Grundy,  Merwr,  I'u;. 
:uui  Chariton;  Klt'Veiilh,  Ran  h  ! 
fdifiiyt'ttf,  Kay,  l'arroil,aiii!  Bonh 
.\dair.  .Mttfoii,  Sholby,  Kiivtx.,  ;• 
and  Marion;  Thirteoiith.  Muin" 
I'ikc,    Lincoln,   MonlL'.Tiiiitry,   \ 
■li  llidli*.     At  the  election  f,>l 
^V,.lls.  W.    H.  Stoif 
!  l!Und,  If.  K.  U'. 

!;jinuo,  Isaai.'  i).  i'm' 
.li  K,   ,(r.,  John  M.   U'l  V. 
.■.,ii:  elected  to  (Jonm',--    >': 


•Ul  I  Andrew  iv 


'    (.'.  Parker,  Jam<'s  U.  Ulair,  ;  Greeley  and   Hrown.     The  v.. 

fur  President  was  six  for  'I'h..' 


Tieev  the  ■■e.^it<' .■!"  1S7"  the  State  beeame  entitled     Inr    B.    G     Un^wn,  nno  f"r 


1S72  under  til 


huv 


>.n;:,,r.ii    ■■  ■    ■    ■. 

viul.-l     -. 
pUipi>.S, 
:iUt''  (ire 

wit>.  tii-  . 
ibin'  th  • 
flxistiO;., 

.siiitiid      l!. ,   at.-,    a    ! 
fii'lli  day  I  .'.ikinjr  t^^  an 
(•»  iive'iiin'.j    of    ill. 
iStaio.       On    the    •.:i!ii 


•mul  ap)iurtionmout  biii  to  Prissiduui,  .six  for  Brow 

'     jre'<M.  and  thereby  ta  i  Pulmer,  and  one  for  (if 

•  rs.     'I'h'i  L-ijislainn'  belme  the  ele'.-toral  colle; 

•  fad  bacBine  known,  and  the   State   was    L51,lHl 

.  ,;rftVO  lioubtJi  ns  to  bis  iv.\  Gnint,  and  2i;'!i   fur  t" 

law.s  l«   ■ii\ide  the  iS 'ate  into  Suii,  Ueinoeiat.  r r. 

Iio  next  Pffsiilcntial  eiwction,  to  12'2'n'J,  .e'V-t  for  Job' 
:   th*'    l<e>£i,slal,ire   lor  thla  Aiuoti;:  '"v  ■'-'  whe  ' 

:,    .hllli-    lit.     I  •'72.       Til 


iiVliii;    !•.  ell   •■•::i.  'i  i.t 

->!  the  iniiller  under 

.  '.  0  aongres- 

■  >;ii';viii     ^  .■    j'lirxii •]    oil    the 

.  li^mrm:  •  .'I,  a  'd  for  the  n 

'      re  disire 
'.lit.:    J..e^i.sl;it urt!    adjourned, 


leiv 


ti-iinl   Liboiid    Kepui 

rt'tlS  Ci'arle.i  P.  tlyt'iiiv 
i>.      I'l'  tllll  St.   Loui'^  I   .: 

L':li:ui'.iu,  8t.  Clair   ; 
faibiT,  Henry  JohiiSMn,  vxi'  a  ii.iii 
and    ]li^    iiiuiher,  w'  .  *■ '. 

!-\iulke,  wtic   born  it  •    . 

I"  frontier  lifo.     H 
'ileiieev.-*  of  II.Iin.di»,  U'.-    .'Ji.'i;   e*  < 


and    Wis  inuii'.'d lately   ruconvoued   by    proelaniution     hoiioiable  po.sni.f.n.     i'oung  Jnliinii'ii  i' 
ioiernor   for  that  pnrpow       Un    ihu  27th  j  lulvantajies  uJfored  in  the  piiblio  sobooln  i 
:t     adj  )anied     atler     hayinj^     divided    tlio     State     In -insi  town  of  Ijellevdbi,  but  to 

I;',    ■■    -.f^-  ■-■'■•>  il    i!i  rriet      :.     t;.|l,,,VF      'h-'    Fii  it,     it.- Hi':.  ■:;  nr  ^ber  is  rhr-  tn-iv^;- 


•Oi.<.^i/liU.        U4*U 


^viUUk  * 


U'^WUtlOilCi 


'I'^l 


<<-. 


't  c>-0. 


D 


i^" 


.n 


y 


'(n~ 


c.  ?  ♦--^  t^^  ^ 


1-v 


,„i  to  I  lie  mil 
^..  a^  I"""" 


Jji 


■  il^ 


POLITICAL  PROGRESS. 


G35 


Mrs.  Jolmson  is  still  living,  and  adds  to  the  charms 
uf  her  si.ii'.H  fimiily  circle. 

The  bost  part  of  Mr.  Johnson  s  education  (in  his 
own  estimation)   was   derived  at   "  the   case ;"    and 
haviiiL'  li':iiiied  the  printer's  trade,  he  published  in 
his  eiithiri^iitli  year  a  paper  at  Sparta,  111.     He  dis- 
posed III'  ilii^  enterprise  in  1854,  and  for  one  year  at- 
tended McKndreo  College  at  Lebanon,  111.,  where  he 
narsued  a  course   of  study  suited   to  liis   probable 
future  pniii'ssion.     In  1855  he  removed  to  St.  Louis, 
aiid  .•itudii'd  law,  and  in  1857  wus  admitted  to  the  bar. 
Party  s|iirit  ran  high  at  this  period  in  Missouri,  and 
ill  St.  LDiiis  '1"'  political  contests  were  exceedingly 
hitter.    Tiie  teachings  of  Mr.  Benton  in  opposition 
to  Calliouiiism  had  culminated  in  the  formation  of  a 
(k'liuiteanti-.'ihivory  party,  which,  however,  was  almost 
entirelv  confined  to  St.  Louis,  and  which  had  to  meet 
i\w  eonihini'il  power  and  influence  of  the  pro-slavery 
iiariv  ill  till'  entire  State.     Mr.  Johnson's  political 
lii;i,<  threw  liiin  into  the  ranks  of  the  Free-Soil  party, 
uf  whieh  lie  became  a  recognized  leader,  in  company 
with  Fraiieis  1'.  Blair  and  other  intrepid  men.     Blair 
rwmiized  in  the  eloquent  young  lawyer  a  promising 
aJlierent  to  liio  Free-Soil  cause.     In  1859,  Mr.  John- 
,^,111  W1I.S  eh'etcd  to  the  oflBce  of  city  attorney.    In  1860 
k'  advocated  the  election  of  Mr.  Lincoln  to  the  Presi- 
Jdiov,  and  in  18(il ,  when  the  war  broke  out,  promptly 
is|iiiuji'd  ilie  eaiise  of  the  Union,  and  by  his  olociuence 
ainl  iiifluonco  greatly  strengthened  the  hands  of  the 
aiiti-soee^sion  loaders  in  St.  Louis.     He  enlisted  under 
the  first  call  tor  troo]i.s,  but  was  elected  lieutenant,  and 
served  for  three  months  in  the  Third  Mis,souri  Regi- 
ment.   He  then  as.sisted  in  raisitig  the  Kighth  Mis- 
souri lleirinioiit,  and  personally  tendered  the  services 
of  that  organization  to  President   Lincoln.     While 
liearer  of  disparohcs  from  Gen.  Lyon  to  the  President, 
ilie  luajorsliiii  of  the  regiment  was  tendered  him, 
but  he  dcelinoil  it  because  of  his  delicate  health  and 
laek  of  military  knowledge. 

In  1802  a  division  occurred  in  the  ranks  of  the 
Republican  party  in  St.  Louis,  one  wing  favoring 
pruinpt  and  vigorous  measures  for  (he  coercion  of  the 
Siiiitliern  States  and  the  emancipation  of  the  slaves, 
aii'l  the  other  a  more  moderate  policy.  Mr.  Johnson 
plaeeJ  hiiu.sel('  firmly  on  the  radical  platform,  and  soon 
beoauie  a  recognized  leader  in  the  advanced  euiancipa- 
lioii  ranks,  Uc  was  nominated  for  Congress  against 
Francis  P.  Hhiir,  but  declined  in  favor  of  a  more  ex- 
lierioiiiod  standard-bearer.  Ho,  however,  accepted  a 
;  candiduey  on  the  legislative  ticket,  and  was  elected. 
Ill  the  Iiei;i.<lature  he  was  assigned  to  what  at  that 
I  lime  was  the  most  important  position  in  the  body, 
i  the  cliairiuanship  of  the  Committee  on  Emaucipatiou. 


In  this  capacity  his  zeal,  energy,  and  ability  as  a  de- 
bater gave  him  the  leadership  of  the  House.  Failing 
to  secure  an  acceptance  of  Mr.  Lincoln'!;:  proposition 
to  pay  the  loyal  slave-owners  for  their  property,  he 

,  took  the  advanced  stand  for  immediate  emancipation 
without  compensation,  and  presented  the  bill  for  the 
calling  of  a  State  Convention,  which  became  a  law  at 
the  adjourned  session  next  year. 

In  the  fall  of  186-',  Mr.  Johnson  wa.s  again  nomi- 
nated for  Congress,  but  there  was  a  split  in  the  party 

I  on  the  war  (fuestion,  and  he  was  defeated. 

In  January,  1865,  the  State  Convention  assembled 
at  St.  Louis.  Its  first  act  was  the  passage  of  au 
emancipation  ordinance.  It  then  framed  and  submit- 
ted to  the  people  the  celebrated  "  Drake  Con.stitution," 

,  which  was  so  harsh  and  intolerant  that  Mr.  Johnson 
was  constrained  to  oppose  it.  He  canvassed  the  State 
on  that  isssue,  and  niii  foi  the  Legislature  again  from 
St.  Louis  County  at  large,  and  was  elected  by  a  large 
majority.  The  Constitution  was  ratified  by  a  very  small 
majority,  but  was  subsequently  shorn  of  its  despotic 
features  on  the  grounds  .so  ably  urged  by  Mr.  John- 
son in  this  canvass. 

Mr.  Johnson  served  one  winter  in  the  Legislature, 

;  and  in  1866  accepted  the  appointment  of  State's  at- 

I  torney  for  tl  i  city  and  county  of  St.  Louis,  and  for 
six  years  fillet  this  position  in  a  manner  that  gained 
for  him  universal  approbation,  and  laid  the  foundation 
for  his  subsequent  brilliant  career  at  the  bar. 

During  the  war  Mr.  Johnson  favored  immediate 

I  emancipation,  because  he  recognized  in  slavery  the 
only  real  danger  to  the  perpetuity  of  the  Union  ;  but 
when  the  war  was  over  and  its  cause  forever  removed, 
he  offered  his  hand  to  every  man  who  was  disposed 

i  to  live  in  peace  with  the  government.  Con.se((uently, 
when  (in  1870)  the  Liberal  Republican  movement 

'  was  inaugurated  in  Missouri,  he  supported  it  with  his 
usual  zeal  and  determination,  and  strenuously  advo- 
cated the  re-enfranchi.sement  of  those  who,  on  ac- 
count of  their  adhesion  to  the  South,  had  lost  their 
citizenship.  In  the  same  year  he  was  again  nomi- 
njited  to  Congress  on  the  Liberal  Republican  ticket, 
but  there  being  three  tickets  in  the  field  he  was  de- 
feated. In  1872  he  earnestly  favored  the  National 
Liberal  Republican  movement  which  culminated  in 
the  nomination  of  Greeley  and  Brown,  and  in  the 
selection  of  the  joint  Democratic  and  Liberal  Republi- 
can State  ticket  of  that  year  was  presented  as  a  can- 

1  didate  for  LieutenantGovernor.  He  was  elected,  and 
during  the  two  years  he  served  became  noted  for  his 
marked  ability  as  a  parliamentarian  and  presiding 
officer,  being  one  of  the  few  presidents  from  whose 

'  decision  no  appeal  was  ever  taken. 


;.!r 


l»i:i' 


fM\> 


iM'T. 


lifci'- 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


It  was  durinf;  this  session  that  Govornor  Johnson 
made  a  reformatory  fight  which  attracted  wide  atten- 
tion. An  unsuspectinj;  Legislature  liad  given  St. 
Louis  a  charter  in  which  a  power  was  granted  to  reg- 
ulate houses  of  ill-reputo.  Under  this  grant  was 
passed  the  celebrated  social  evil  ordinance,  which 
was  simply  a  copy  of  the  European  system  of  licens- 
ing pro.stitution.  Its  establishment  and  the  percep- 
tible evil  consequences  flowing  from  it  soon  aroused 
the  determined  antagonism  of  the  moral  element  of 
the  community,  and  in  the  Legislature  Governor 
Johnson  successfully  led  the  movement  for  the  repeal 
of  the  obnoxious  measure.  He  then  retired  from 
oflBce,  and  resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession  until 
another  moral  question  enlisted  his  services.  The 
issue  arose  from  tlie  prevalence  of  public  gambling  in 
St.  Louis,  and  the  dangerous  fact  that  the  gamblers 
had  become  a  ruling  element  in  the  politics  of  the 
city.  Governor  Johnson  determined  to  lend  the 
weight  of  his  abilities  and  example  to  the  suppression 
of  this  evil,  and  for  that  purpose  became  a  member 
of  the  Legislature  in  1880.  and  introduced  and  se- 
cured the  pas.sage  of  a  bill  making  gambling  a  felony. 
The  enforcement  of  the  law  was  strenuously  opposed  by 
those  who.se  interests  it  a.ssailed,  but  after  running  the 
gauntlet  of  the  courts  it  was  put  into  operation,  and 
accomplished  all  that  Mr.  Johnson  had  expected  of  it. 
No  one  familiar  with  the  extent  of  the  evil  in  ((ues- 
tion  will  gainsa}'  that  he  thus  effected  one  of  the 
greatest  achievements  ever  undertaken  in  this  country 
by  the  legislator  or  social  reformer. 

There  now  remains  the  agreeable  task  of  speaking 
of  Mr.  Johnson  as  a  lawyer.  He  has  made  a  spe- 
cialty of  criminal  practice,  and  stands  un((uestionably 
at  the  head  of  that  branch  of  the  profession  in  Mis- 
souri, he  having  been  employed  on  one  side  or  the 
other  in  every  criminal  case  of  importance  that  has 
engaged  the  attention  of  the  St.  Loui.s  courts  for  the 
last  ten  years,  besides  having  been  frequently  called 
to  professional  engagements  in  other  parts  of  the 
State.  His  reputation  as  an  advocate  is  not  confined 
to  Missouri,  but  has  extended  throughout  the  great 
West,  and  in  no  case  of  importance  has  he  ever  been 
vanquished. 

But  his  prominence  as  the  head  of  the  criminal 
bar  must  not  be  understood  to  derogate  from  his 
standing  in  other  professional  capacities,  for  years  of 
study  and  experience  have  given  him  n  mastery  over 
the  principles  and  authorities  on  which  American 
jurisprudence  rests.  His  mental  attributes,  moreover, 
specially  qualify  him  to  be  a  lawyer  of  eminence.  His 
memory  is  remarkable ;  his  judgment  strong,  saga- 
cious, and  vigilant;  his  cast  of  thought   logical,  ana- 


lytic, and  incisive;  and  his  oratory  calm.  'Irar.  ari'l 
singularly  persuasivi  Having  in  his  publif  career 
shown  himself  to  be  a  man  of  broad  and  lili(r;il  view- 
and  progressive    and    reformatory  in  his  iriii'llcftu,! 

development,   it  may  be  inferred  that    h( t  unlv 

keeps  abreast  with  his  profession  in  the  deii>iniis,  Imt 
adds  thereto  extended  and  continued  cultuii-  in  overv 
department  of  literature  and  philosophy.  I'.^vclio- 
logical  studies  have  closely  engaged  his  atlcniioii,  mid 
his  familiarity  with  this  science  gives  him  icinarkalili' 
powci  over  a  jury  in  cases  involving  tlir  caiisitiiin 
which  lies  behind  the  pas-sions  or  destroys  tlio  iiiiMiial 
e(|uilibrium.  He  has  written  several  valiialijo  jiapers 
on  this  subject. 

Governor  Johnson,  who  has  been  a  zealous  .'uppdrter 
of  every  measure  looking  to  the  developnuMit  mid  aj. 
vaneement  of  his  State,  takes  great  interest  in  tlio  im- 
provement of  its  railroad  sy.stem,  and  was  iine  df  tlie 
principal  promoters  of  the  great  imniigratinii  con- 
voniion  which  met  in  St.  Louis  in  May,  1880,  and 
delivered  the  opening  address  before  that  boilv  on  the 
"  Valley  of  the  Mississippi." 

He  is  yet  young,  having  barely  reached  liis  prime, 
and  though  not  robust,  is  active,  vigormis.  iiml  iicaltliv. 
He  is  of  engaging  manners,  yet  appears  at  his  be>i  in 
the  family  circle.  He  is  fond  of  the  society  of  his 
friends,  and  entertains  them  with  delight.  Social, 
genial,  studious,  cultivated,  temperate,  and  honest,  ii 
may  be  said  that  he  combines  in  hiuhscll'  as  nimli  of 
promise  as  any  man  of  his  age  in  the  West,  whetlitr 
in  his  ])rofession  or  in  the  broader  arena  nt'  reform- 
atory politics. 

In  1874,  Charles  H.  Hardin.  Democrat,  reeeivi'il'ir 
Governor  149,5()()  votes,  to  112,104  cast  lor  WiiliMi 
Gentres,  "  peo])le's"  candidate.  Messrs.  Wells,  Stone, 
Hatcher,  Bland,  Clark,  Glover,  and  Biicknor  were 
elected  to  Congress,  and  Chtirles  H.  Murgan,  John  F. 
Philips,  Benjamin  J.  Franklin,  David  Kea,  and  U,  A. 
DeBolt  elected  as  new  members. 

At  the  session  of  the  Legislature  in  ISTIi  Lewis  V, 
Bogy  was  elected  United  States  senator,  and  cnnthiucd 
as  such  until  his  death  in  1877.' 

In  187G  the  members  of  Congress  elected  were 
Anthony  Ittner,  Nathan  Colo,  11.  (i.  Fmst,  Idhert 
A.  Hatcher,  R.  P.  Bland,  Charles  II.  Mni-m,T.T. 
Crittenden,  B.  J.  Franklin,  David  Kea.  Ilonry  .M. 
Pollard,  John  B.  Clark,  Jr.,  John  M.  (Jlovor,  and  { 
A.  H.  Bucknor. 

Although  the  State  this  year  was  carried  hj  the 
Democrats  by  a  majority  of  fifty-four  thdusand  three  | 

»  A  full  »kctoli  of  Seimtor  Bogy's  lifi'  will  be  louiiJ  mi  tW  j 
chapter  on  the  boneh  and  bar  of  St.  Louis. 


POLITICAL  PROGRESS. 


637 


;iitory  culm,  ilrnr.  m<\ 
;  in  his  p'llilic  eurwr 
jroad  and  liticnil  view.. 
tory  in  his  intellectual 
•red  that  ho  imt  only 
(in  in  tlio  ducivions.  Ijiit 
it'.nued  cuUuii'  in  every 
1  philosophy,  rsyclio- 
ijatrod  Ills  attcntinn,  and 
30  gives  liim  renwrkaUe 
involving  tlii^  cuusatinn 
s  or  destroys  tlio  menial 
I  several  valn.ilile  [lapcrs 

^  been  a  zealous  suppdrtor 
the  development  imii  al- 
i  crreat  interest  in  tlieiui- 
item,  and  was  one  nf  tlie 
great  imnii;;riituin  con- 
Louis  in  May,  1880.  ami 
;s  before  that  buily  on  tiie 

barely  readied  liis  prime, 
ive,  vigorous,  ami  healthy. 

yet  appears  at  his  best  in 
Fond  of  the  soeiety  of  liij 
:m   vfith    doliuht.    Social. 

temperate,  and  hone-t.  it 
ncs  ill  hiiiisi'lf  ;is  imu-li  i 

iiiie  in  the  West,  whctlw 
broader  arc'iia  of  reform- 

bin.  Democrat,  reeeiwl fir 
11 2, lot  cast  liiv  Wiliiani 
it,'.  Messrs.  Wells.  M\t 
llover,  and  Butkner  wre 
.arles  II.  Morgiin.Jolra  F. 
;lin,  David  Ilea,  nml  K  A- 
libers, 
/islaturein  1ST;5  hewisV, 
jites  senator,  and  continued 

877.' 

lof  Congress  elected  were 
Jole,  K.  0.  Vru<\,  Ueben 
IcharlesH.  Morgan, T.T. 
David  Koa.  Henry  M. 
r..  John  M.  Glover,  ni 

L  year  was  carried  hj  tl-e  I 
I  tifty-four  tliousaiitl  three 


|gy 


life  will  li>'  '" 


11.1  111  lli«  1 


St.  Loiii!'. 


hundred  and  eighty-nine  over  all,  and  the  congressional 
districts  by  a  still  larger  majority,  four  Republican 
coii"res,-inen  secured  seats. 

The  I'residential  vote  was :  For  Samuel  J.  Tilden, 
202,ti87;  for  R.  B.  Hayes,  144,398;  for  Peter 
Cooper,  i!-i98.  For  Governor,  John  S.  Phelps, 
Democrat,  received  199,580 ;  G.  A.  Finkelnburg, 
Republican,  147,694 ;  J.  T.  Alexander,  Greenback, 

•21IG2. 

lu  1877,  the  Legislature  being  largely  Democratic, 
and  conchiding  to  rcdislrict  the  State,  passed  an  act 
Jividiii"  the  State  into  districts  as  follows : 

The  First  District,  conipnscil  of  the  First,  Second,  Third,  ond 
Tliirtetnth  Wiinls  of  tlio  city  of  St.  Louis,  as  they  were  consli- 
luleii  on  llic  li^t  J"}'  of  "J"'y>  1S76,  Ciinindelot  tuwnahiji  of  tlio 
lounlv  of  ."^1.  Louis,  mid  tho  countioH  of  Madison,  .lofforson, 
Wosliinglo"!  ■'^'-  Kriuifois,  and  Ste.  Genevieve. 

^ci'onil,  the  Fourth,  Fifth,  Sixth,  Seventh,  and  Eighth  Wards 
otihccity  of  .St.  Louis,  as  they  were  constituted  on  the  1st  day 
of  July  ISTi'i,  t^'entral,  Bonhoiiime,  and  Alaranieu  townships,  and 
sllilint  iKirt  of  .St.  Louis  township  lying  south  of  I'age  Avenue 
„t  the  founty  of  St.  Louis. 

Tliird.  the  Ninth,  Tenth,  Eleventh,  and  Twelfth  Wards  of 
•he  eltv  of  ,St.  Louis,  as  they  were  constituted  on  the  1st  day 
ot  Julv  ISrn,  St.  Furdinand  township,  and  all  that  part  of  St. 
Loui* township  lying  north  of  Page  Avenue  of  the  county  of 
St.  Louis. 

Fiiurtli,  tho  counties  of  Iron,  Bollinger,  Cape  Girardeau, 
fcolt  .Mississipiii,  Now  Madrid,  Pemiscot,  Dunklin,  Stod- 
darJ,  liuller,  Ripley,  Oregon,  Carter,  Keynolds,  Wayne,  and 
PiTry. 

Fiftli,  I'holps,  Franklin,  Crawford,  Dent,  Shannon,  Howell, 
Oiark,  Taney,  Christian,  Douglas,  Stone,  Wright,  Te.xas,  La- 
elciie,  I'ulaski,  iind  Maries. 

.Sist'i,  Greene,  lierry,  McDonald,  Newton,  Jasper,  Barton, 
Vernon,, St.  flair,  Bates,  Cedar,  Dado,  Lawrence,  Henry,  and 
Wttetcr. 

Sevenili,  Colo,  Miller,  Camden,  Hickory,  Polk,  Dallas,  La- 
favetle,  John.son,    Pettis,    Moniteau,     Morgan,     Benton,    and 
tH,per. 
Eishlli,  Cas.%  .lackson.  Clay,  ami  Platte. 
Ninth,  Hiiehaiian,  Andrew,  Holt,  Atchison,  Nodaway,  Worth, 
I'lditry,  Do  Knlh,  Clinton,  Cahlwell,  and  Bay. 
Tenth,  Randolph,  Chariton,  Linn,  Sullivan,  Mercer,  Grundy, 
Livingston,  Daviess,  and  Harrison. 

Eleventh,  Callaway,  lioono,  Howard,  Saline,  Carroll,  Osage, 
>n<l  llaieonadc. 

Twelfth,  Adair,  Clarke,  Macon,  Kno.x,  Lewis,  Marion,  Shelby, 
ScoiUnd,  .Schuyler,  and  Putnam. 

Thirteenth,  Audrain,  Monroe,  Montgomery,  Pike,  Lincoln, 
St.  t'hiirlcs,  Hulls,  and  Warren. 

Ill  September,  1877,  Col.  David  H.  Armstrong  was 
appointed  by  Governor  Phelps  United  States  senator 
to  fill  the  vacancy  caused  by  the  death  of  Col.  Bogy. 

David  Hartley  Armstrong  was  born  in  Nova  Scotia, 
Oct.  21,  1812.  In  1830  he  entered  the  Wesleyan 
Seminary  at  Readfield,  Kennebec  Co.,  Me.,  and  re- 
ceived an  academic  education  preparatory  to  com- 
uienciiig  a  collegiate  career.  He  sustained  himself  at 
school  by  his  own  exertions,  and  intended  following 


tlic  profession  of  civil  engineer,  but  employment  not 
presenting  itself,  he  embraced  an  opportunity  to  teach 
school  in  New  Bedford,  Mass.,  and  was  so  engaged 
from  18H4  to  18;J7.  In  the  latter  year  lie  drifted  on 
the  tidal  wave  of  emigration  to  tho  West,  and  arrived 
at  St.  Louis  September  16th.  An  opening  not  oflFer- 
ing  immediately,  he  taught  in  the  Preparatory  De- 
partment of  MeKendree  College,  at  Lebanon,  111., 
whence  he  returned  to  St.  Louis  to  assume  the  posi- 
tion of  principal  of  the  public  schools  of  the  city 
(the  first  in  the  State  of  Missouri)  on  the  first  Mon- 
day of  April,  1838.  For  four  years  he  was  at  the 
head  of  "School  No.  1"  (now  the  "Laclede  Pri- 
mary"), and  in  1842  was  transferred  to  "  Benton 
School  No.  2,"  where  he  taught  for  five  years. 

Col.  Armstrong  looks  back  upon  no  portion  of  his 

career  with  more  satisfaction  than  that  during  which 

he  was  employed  as  a  public-school  teacher,  and  he 

regards  it  as  a  high  honor  to  have  been  associated  so 

I  prominently  with  the  school  system  of  the  city  at  its 

inception.     He  possessed  many  cjualitications  of  the 

I  good  teacher,  and  his  counsels  were  freely  drawn  upon 

to  aid  in  the  extension  of  the  system  as  required 

!  by  the  growing  needs  of  the  city.     As  a  teacher  he 

was  very  successful,  and  among  his  pupils  were  many 

who  afterwards   became   conspicuous,  and   are    now 

'  numbered   among   the  representative  citizens  of  St. 

Louis.     These  all  cherish  the  highest  regard  and  tho 

warmest  att'eetion  for  their  faithful  instructor. 

Mr.  Armstrong  resigned  the  charge  of  the  public 
schools  of  the  city  June  8,  1847,  to  accept  the  ofiice 
of  city  comptroller,  which  position  he  retained  three 
years.  In  1853  he  was  appointed  by  Governor  Ster- 
ling Price  his  aid-de-camp  on  his  military  staff,  with 
tho  rank  of  colonel.  In  April,  1854,  ho  was  ap- 
pointed postmaster  of  St.  Louis  by  President  Pierce, 
and  held  that  oflSce  until  the  spring  of  1858.  In 
1873  he  was  appointed  police  commissioner  for  the 
city  of  St.  Louis  by  Governor  Woodson,  and  in  1877 
was  reappointed  to  the  same  oflBce  by  Governor 
Phelps.  In  1876he  wasamemberof  the  board  of  free- 
holders, by  which  the  present  city  charter  was  framed. 
As  we  have  before  stated,  on  the  death  of  the  Hon. 
Lewis  V.  Bogy,  in  1877,  Col.  Armstrong  was  ap- 
pointed United  States  senator,  and  served  as  such 
until  the  meeting  of  the  Legislature  in  1879.  All 
these  offices  were  efficiently  filled  by  him,  and  with 
the  modest  dignity  which  is  his  distinguishing  char- 
acteristic. 

Since  early  manhood  Col.  Armstrong  has  taken  a 
deep  interest  in  political  affairs,  and  was  always  an 
active  worker  in  the  ranks  of  the  Democratic  party. 
He  has  been  content  to  labor,  leaving  to  others  the 


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638 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


fruits  of  party  bucccss,  and  has  never  asked  for  office. 
For  many  years  he  was  a  member  of  the  Democratic 
State  Central  Committee,  and  fur  much  of  the  piiriod 
was  chairman  of  that  body  and  a  leader  in  its  delib- 
erations. In  this  capacity  he  directed  the  fusion  of 
Democrats  and  Liberal  Republicans  in  tlie  memorable 
campaign  of  1870,  which  resulted  in  the  election  of 
the  first  Democratic  State  administration  since  the  v/»r, 
but  which  had  consequences  far  more  important  than 
the  mere  victory  of  a  political  party,  for  it  led  to  the 
revision  of  the  notorious  "  Drake  Constitution"  and  the 
reinstatement  of  the  people  of  Missouri  in  the  full 
enjoyment  of  their  political  rights. 

Amid  all  the  changes  of  a  somewhat  checkered 
career  Col.  Armstrong  has  maintained  a  reputation 
for  inviolable  integrity,  whether  his  private  life  or 
public  employments  are  considered.  Of  a  frank, 
positive,  and  somewhat  aggressive  nature,  his  is  a 
marked  personality,  and  these  characteristics  have  no 
doubt  secured  him  his  full  share  of  enemies,  but  they 
have  also  won  a  proportionate  number  of  friends,  and 
no  one  in  St.  Louis  enjoys  the  deeper  or  more  de- 
serving regard  of  a  larger  circle  than  does  Col.  David 
H.  Armstrong. 

In  1878  the  congressmen  elected  were  Martin  L. 
Clardy,  E.  Wells,  R.  G.  Frost,  L.  H.  Davis,  R.  P. 
Bland,  James  E.  Waddill,  Alfred  M.  Lay,  S.  L. 
Sawyer,  Nicholas  Ford,  G.  F.  Rothwell,  John  B. 
Clark,  Jr.,  W.  H.  Hatch,  and  A.  H.  Buckner,  all 
Democrats  except  Ford,  Greenback-Republican,  elected 
by  a  small  majority  in  a  largely  Democratic  district. 

In  1880,  M.  L.  Clardy,  Democrat,  and  Thomas  C. 
Fletcher,  Republican,  were  the  candidates  for  Congress 
in  the  First  District.  Clardy  received  11,681  votes; 
Fletcher,  10,982;  scattering,  49.  In  the  Second, 
Thomas  Allen.  Democrat,  and  M.  A.  Rosenblatt,  Re- 
publican. Allen  received  12,485  votes;  Rosenblatt, 
10.022.  In  the  Third,  R.  G.  Frost,  Democrat,  R. 
Sessinghaus,  Republican,  and  D.  O'Connell,  Green- 
back-Democrat. Frost  received  9487  vot«s,  Sessing- 
haus 9290,  and  O'Connell  256.  In  the  Fourth,  L. 
H.  Davis,  Democrat,  and  Simpson,  Greenback- 
Democrat.  Davis  received  19,949  votes,  and  Simp- 
son 1251.  In  the  Fifth,  R.  P.  Bland,  Democrat,  and 
R.  B.  Palmer,  Greenback-Democrat.  Bland  received 
12,977  votes,  and  Palmer  10,799.  In  the  Sixth, 
John  B.  Waddill,  Democrat,  and  I.  S.  Hazeltirie, 
Greenback-Republican.  Waddill  received  22,680 
votes ;  Hazeltine,  22,787 ;  scattering,  54.  In  the 
Seventh,  John  F.  Philips,  Democrat.,  and  T.  M.  Rice, 
Greenback-Republican.  Philips  received  19,146 
votes,  and  Rice  19,744.  In  the  Eighth,  D.  C.  Allen, 
Democrat ;  J.  T.  Crisp,  Democrat ;  R.  T.  Van  Horn, 


Republican,  and   Clark,  Greenback-lJonjocrjt 

Allen  received  7656  votes;  Crisp,  7459;  Vn,  11,,^ 
8050;  Clark,  1084.  In  the  Ninth,  Jani.>  i>ai,. 
Democrat,  and  Nicholas  Ford,  Greenback- Hi  jMiblicm 
Craig  received  20,770  votes  ;  Ford,  20,770  ;  scat  er. 
ing,  14.  On  recount  under  Supreme  Court  iimiu'.  igi 
two  votes  were  taken  from  Craig,  and  thimby  Fi„j 
was  declared  elected.  In  the  Tenth,  Cliiirles  If 
Mansur,  Democrat,  and  Joseph  H.  Barnuvs,  (ireen. 
back-Republican.  Mansur  received  17,-1!)  vote; 
Burrows,  17,284 ;  scattering,  6.  In  thd  Hlevtmli 
John  B.  Clark,  Jr.,  Democrat,  and  Herbi-'riiii;.',  Urwii 
back-Democrat.  Clark  received  17,921  voti  s,  aiidH* 
berling  7370.  In  the  Twelfth,  Samuel  ,\.  Haut 
Democrat,  and  J.  M.  London,  Greenback- Ucimblkaii, 
Hatch  received   17,40!{  votes,  and  Londdn  l.j,:';!^ 

In  the  Thirteenth,  A.  H.  Buckner,  Deuincrat, 

Haley,   Greenback-Democrat,  and  Tlmriininl 

Independent  Democrat.  Buckner  received  17,233 
votes,  Haley  7394,  and  Thurmond  2615.  In  IS511, 
the  total  vote  for  members  of  Congress  wan  ii76,Tfj3 
and  for  Governor  and  State  officers,  397,iil4. 

It  will  be  seen  from  the  congressional  returns  i- 1 
1880,  that  the  eminent  Hon.  Thomas  Allin  iii| 
elected  from  St.  Louis  district.  Mr.  Allen  had  l 
been  identified  with  the  best  interests  of  .^li-oml 
and  no  man  had  a  higher  claim  to  the  distiiiL-uisld  | 
honor  which  was  conferred  upon  him. 

Thomas  Allen  was  born  at  Pittsfield,  Ma.ss.,  .\ii; 
29,  1813,  and  Wits  a  member  of  a  family  that  liailliiiil 
been  prominent  in  that  State.  His  gianilfailuTWjl 
the  first  minister  in  Pittsfield,  officiatini:  a.s  .smlifMl 
1764  to  1811,  and  was  also  a  zealous  Uevolutionarjj 
patriot,  taking  part  with  his  musket  in  the  battle  ll 
Bennington,  and  serving  as  chaplain  dining  serenil 
campaigns.  He  was  married  to  Elizabeth  Lee,  tliruiiil 
whom  his  descendants  claim  as  their  anco.stois  Wiiliail 
Bradford,  the  second  Governor  of  the  Plyiiioulli  ivi-l 
ony,  and  one  of  the  most  distinguished  iif  flic  Pibil 
fathers.  This  interesting  man,  after  whom  the  sil 
ject  of  this  sketch  was  named,  had  a  lur;.'c  familr.ill 
persons  of  exceptional  ability.  One  of  hi.'*  soni.ilfj 
Rev.  William  Allen,  succeeded  him  in  the  I'itijSel 
pastorate,  and  subsequently  was  elected  presiJeniil 
Bowdoin  College. 

Jonathan  Allen,  another  son,  and  the  fatlkTJ 
Thomas  Allen,  was  for  several  terms  a  nicnibcr  »l  lij 
Legislature,  serving  in  both  branclie.i.  He  w\ 
prominent  agriculturist,  and  was  one  nftbeliM) 
import  fine-wool  sheep  into  Mas.sactinsetts.  .\t;!j| 
time  of  his  death  he  was  postmastt'r  i4'  ?\uM 
He  was  of  a  fine  .social  disposition,  kind  ami  biiiel 
lent,  of  good  ability,  public-spirited  and  eiitcipris: 


Inrk,  Greenback- 1 NniDcrat. 

;  Crisp,  7459;   Vu,  II„rn, 

the  Ninth,   JanKs  I'rajj 

ord,  Greeubiick-i{i  |Mibliiia 

tes  ;  Ford,  20,77'! ;  seal  ir. 

er  Supreme  Court  inrim',  n, 

ni  Craig,  and  thiri^by  Fi,rj 

n    the  Tenth,    (,'lwiles  H 

Joseph  H.  Biirniws,  (Ircei). 

ur   received   17,'- 1 1)  volt.; 

rin",',  6.     In  thi!  lOlevfiuli, 

jcrat,  and  HerburliiiL',  UritD 

ceived  17,921  vot(  s,  ami  H* 

Twelfth,  Samuel  A.  Haicl, 

don.  Greenback- Hopuhliin, 

votes,  and  Loiidun  1,),23(, 

I.  Buckner,  Denioirat, — 

ocrat,  and  'i'lmriiKiini 

Buckner   received  l"*;:j 

Thurmond  2611    In  l«(i 

rs  of  Congress  was  'i'i.'lfi. 

tate  officers,  397,til4. 

the  congressional  rduriii  i: 

nt    Hon.  Thomas  AlLn  r^ 

district.     Mr.  Allen  had  k; 

le  best  interests  of  Mi>>oBn. 

er  claim  to  the  distiii;;uLih«i 

red  upon  him. 

)orn  at  Pittafield,  Mass.,  .\ii: 

mber  of  a  family  tliat  lunl  In.' 

t  State.     His  frmndratlicriii; 

ttsfield,  offieiatini:  as  sutli  fr.ii 

s  also  a  zealous  UcvolutioDiij 

^1)  his  musket  ill  the  battle  i^B  '  ;:,t|i 

tig  as  chaplain  during'  stvenll 
irried  to  Elizabeth  Lee,  tliruiiil 
jlaini  as  their  ancestors  Wiiliaii| 
overnor  of  the  Plyinoutli  c 
3t  distinguished  (if  thuPilinnl 
ing  man,  after  whom  tlio  ■Al 

named,  had  a  lai'L'o  faiiiilv.i 

ability.     One  of  hh  ms.d^^  *  'i^^Jj^ 

ucceeded  him  in  the  I'iit-Stl 
ently  was  elected  presiJtnii 

other  son,  and  I  lie  t'atk'nl 
several  terms  a  iiicniber  "f  ill 
1  both  brandies.  Ho  wa-j 
t,  and  was  one  cif  ilie  fcii^ 
>  into  Massiicliiisetl.-i.  .\!il 
was  postmaster  "f  Piit'fi 
1  disposition,  kind  ami  buneij 
lublic-spirited  and  eiitcipmia 


IB 


fl 


rm 


llf^^TOiiY   OK  HAINT  LOUIS. 


H 


=t ,  ' ; 


ii     '' 


,S  I 


(  1 


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'  iiy  y(>Hr^  he 

^iiii.  (Vnfr.-il  Ciiinnm'  '■  i  .■.  ■  ir  luuu;.  >  i  )•  -;i.h.i 
\Tn«  riininuiiii  ol'  that  boilv  tint  ■!  \-.ii]rr  'ii  ;  ■■  l.-'-Vi 
'•I'.ilioiiv      In  thifl  eaj'iiei 

IVliKXrralc  and  I-ilKTiil  M.^j  i"'.i..;ii.  -u  i:  .  ii-..     .nr.vl 

L'i!m('(ii{:ii  i.f  l^^T"    whi-!?   nr'^ulii-d  in  Mm-  •li't-liiii  of 

tSo  tir^t  Deiiii't!'                   'hiiiiiwh  ■  mic  war, 

lutt  wDieli  ha<J  i  .  i-..  _  i  -  •.•»  (iir  ii><i  mh,'  ii.mt  ihiiii 
(!.(  •■.•;■,■  viiitory  M-  a  p'iI'H.mI  )■•!'■■,  t'^  !(  ]'■'.  in  (ho 

■  of  tlirt  notoriiiiis  ■  Dnil  .li« 

'  ■'      .ituTiicrj'   v''    '  ■          ■  ,':'. 
■  iiji'Viiif'nt  ot'  '!;    . 
AmiJ  nil   thn  >.ltnii>!< 


curocr 
for  ill. 
vniilic 


t'tliMnvti. 


I  ■    tin 
1 


I'leioh 


•■what  chf.okHrod 

'  '■"  ■  ■    'If  (I  11  ii'pulfttiini 

■-  I'T-wiiU.  lit'f  (ir 

■  '■    ■:  Trunk, 

^iiinii".  iiis  t!t  a 

i.iriistii;s  hiiV(<  no 

M  his  iiill  -dmro  i>f'cneniii's,  Imi  ihfy 

••  •     ■•  •  ite  Kuiiihijr'jf  PriHriiU,  nnd 

■i  til/.  '{I'f'pHr  (>r  iD'T"  ■*'■- 

.  i\oeB  CiA 

Ii.  I'VoM.   I..  M    J 
.■•'''      *  !fnvi    M.    1...,      - 
K..t)iw.'ll.  .1. 
1.   fifttcii.  .\ini  A.  11.   Buckncv,  Htl 


1  Ttiwiiiiis  ( ■ 

uevinj:.   4;*.     hi    ;  1, 

rat,  aiJ'l  >'     ''  !' 

■v.-<i  1".^  .      '         .:! 


!'^iinM-.:'i.,    :nvJ   f'!-. 


IVtim 


wu*  di'iIftriKl    (Hoced. 

''    .  ■  ■' .  iiii'i  ,,i 

l«UI 


biTl'iug  7H70.  h)  th( 
I'omoiTot,  mil)  .r.  M.  L 
Hr.loll  Mioivcil  IT.i*' 
III  thi!  Tliirteentl 

llii'oy.    (Iri'i'itiiiick  1 '  •.  '    a 

lllvll'pirijll'.llt    l>t!|ll'  •■flit'        Flli 

voLw,   llaioy  739!;  oiid  Thu:  i 
('•I'  total  voti>  for  moiulr 
Ti'ii]  *'nr  fffivpruor  find  S 

be  soon  tVoni  the  ' 

..     ;    ..    .r°.tri"i. 

wult  til 

!  a  hi^jhiir  <•:  un 

-.s  f.'onf«rrfd  u,.'  . 

'rhoitms  Allen  waa  boru  ai 
liJ),  1813,  a'ljwii.sa  mem' 
l)Ocn  jtrotiiint'ot  in  tlia! 
the  fii,-t  uiiiii.stcr  in  Pitt  'i 
,17(;t  K)  1811,  and  wa.    . 
pnfriu    tiikintf  pur!,  wi'l- 
nenniii','t(jii,  und  srtr^*iiiir  •'. 
uuiiij:'.'  ''  ■■       '. 


!,  .11.  ;<;.">ii  ;.i!--l 


■1  '     1 '    _'  ■     .  '        ■  u\ .  :i  ;  ,    .11.;  . 

■•v<'d  !)4>  .i.'liftrs!.     'flu- 

IMt.     Ill  iho  Fourth,  i..    joc^of  tliw  skeltili 


.1,  UeiiKic, 

l-.'.UTT   V'.tM,  and   1'  VaJV     In   th.^  Hix.-h, 

Jnl'n  B.  Waddill,  Doinourm,  Bud  I.  S,    Haseltine, 

'•        '     •,('.-."■-        ^ynddill    r  ■  ■•      :     :i2,f>S0 

;      i.-.'i,i|..ri.  In   iIk! 

i    i\\.  Hi..., 


:;itcj,  an  J  subt-i 
i>'>',vdoin  {?oIIhhh. 

•loiiutli.'tn    \ll>-)    -If 
Tlionias  Allot..  . 
Li';.'wl;ilnic,    ;•!■■.■  111^^    -li 
■|irumini>iil  !i^;ri.';iitMr>'r 
impiirt  finf>-W(  i 


I      .t 


voiL'8,  iiiiu  nice  i.ti,<-i-i.     m  ine  Jiiiulith,  V.  U.  Allen,      He  was  of  a  fine  social  dispcsition,  kiml  ami  beiiovo- 
Democrat;  J.  T.  Crisp,  Democrat;  II.  T.  Van  Horn,     lent,  of  good  ability,  public-spiritod  ami  eniei|)risiiig 


m\ 


W     I 


•  %\ 


'  11 


'll 


hspositioii, 


kind  :iiiJ  beiiovo- 


lie-spirited  and  outerprem?. 


.    II   i.ipiiii-^i^v-T^ii^i^np;^ 


Hi 


!;-  i] 


!;:  ! 


r  1 1  1 


I!        It 


Mi 


t:^ 


II 1    1 


M-  4l.il;:  .:.  "^ 


POLITICAL  PROGRESS. 


639 


Tlioniasi  Allen  was  the  third  of  a  fa'nily  of  ten  chil-  I 
(Ireu.    Hi^  mother's  maiden  name  was  Eunice  Wil-  ! 
liains  Iiiirncd,  and  she  was  the  daughter  of  Darius  ■ 
Ijarned,  of  Pittsfield.     Mr.  Allen  received  his  early  ^ 
educiition  :i(  the  village  academy  of  Pittsfield,  assisted 
on  Ills  fiitlKi's  farm,  and  later  attended  the  Berkshire 
CTinimsiiiiii  iit  the  same  place,  being  prepared  for  col-  ^ 
ifTc  under  (l^c  guidance  of  Professor  Chester  Dewey, 
a  distin". lulled  scholar  and  naturalist.     In  1829  he  1 
entered  rnioii  College,  then  conducted  by  the  vener- 
able President  Nott.     His  college  career  was  credit-  , 
able,  but  nut  remarkable.    In  18:V2  he  graduated,  and 
bean  the  study  of  law  at  Albany  ;  b'U  the  cholera 
inlcrnipteil   that  occupation,  anu  couipellcd  him  to 
Irtivc  the  place.     Frniily  misfortunes  and  tlie  loss  of 
money  prevented  his  ,  turning,  but  his  New  England  , 
Mood,  educiilion,  character,  and  indomitable  will  pre- 
vented lii.'gi'ing  way  to  despair,  and  with  only  twcnty- 
tivi'  dollars  (liis  entire  capital)  he  iet  out  for  New 
York,  nrrivinj;  there  in  October,  1832,  young,  poor, 
and  friendless.     In   answer  to  an  advertisement  he 
soiurod  a  pnsitiiin  in  the  ofiBce  of  Cambreling  <St  Hatch, 
on  Willi  Street,  where,  however,  -it  first  he  received 
111!  money  for  his  services,  but  gave  his  clerical  labor 
fur  tiie  privilege  of  reading  the  books  in  the  office 
and  receiving  such  instruction  as  he  might  pick  up. 
His  poverty  compelled  him  to  be  very  industrious. 
riiimately  he  wa.s  regularly  installed  as  clerk,  but  his 
jalarv  was  mily  three  hundred  dollars  per  year.     He 
remained  in  this  office  for  three  years,  spending  his 
leisure  hours  in  hard  study,  and  earning  a  small  in- 
mu  iiy  eoiiying   for   other   lawyers.     During  this 
feriod  lie  bo^'aii  to  write  for  the  newspapers,  his  taste 
iiiilinins.'  to  eiiticisms  upon  current  events,  and  in 
1>',!4  became  editor  of  the  Fumilii  MtKjazim;  a  po- 
-iiinn  lie  held  for  eighteen  months,  attending  to  its 
(Intie.^  in  the  spare  moments  from  his  law  practice. 
Tlie  income  ilms  derived,  though  modest,  contributed 
iMtcrially  tn  his  support,  and  the  maf^azine  prospered 
ciiilor  liis  nianiiu'onient. 

Mr.  .Mien  was  next  employed  by  a  prominent  law- 

I'llilisMni;  house  to  compile  a  digest  of  the  decisions 

if  till'  New  York  courts,  which  became  a  standard 

Wiiik  and  was  .several  times  republished.      In  18H5  he 

IS  admitted  to  the  bar,  and  during  the  same  year 

WIS  made  n  .blaster  of  Arts  by  his  Almo  Main-,  and 

-•  also  eleeled  an   honorary  member  of   the   Phi 

(Beta  Kapiui  Society  of  New  York,  an   honor  that 

[  »as  bi'>tii\veil  on  I'cw  persons. 

Ill  l^!!(l  he  entered  the  political  arena  and  miidi! 

Moral  spoeehes   for   Martin  Van    IJuren.     In   that 

Ijeiir  also  he  iieeepted  an  invitation  I'roui  an  uncle 

M'ieti,  Uijili>y;  to  r-jmovu  to  Louisiarai,  and  the  pro- 


ject, altliough  not  carried  out,  greatly  influenced  his 
future  course.     While  in  Illinois,  in   18117,  looking 
after  some   property   interests   of    Gen.  Ripley,  he 
heard   of  the   suspension   of  specie   payments,  and 
was  invited  by  certain  eminent  friends  to  return  to 
Washington  and  establish  a  now  journal.      Ho  did 
s;o,  and  in  August,  1837,  the  Mtdisnninii  appeared. 
It  took  ground  against  the  sub-treasury  scheme,  and 
a  few  weeks  later,  when  President  Van  Bi  •'n's  mes- 
sage to  Congress  favored  the  idea,  Mr.  Allen  was  not 
daunted  at  the  unexpected  opposition  of  the   Kxecu- 
tive,  but  allowed  his  name  to  go  in  as  candidate  for 
public  printer,  and   after  a  three  days'  contest  was 
successful.     He  continued  in  opposition  to  the  Pres- 
ident, and  in  1840,  deeming  a  separate    anli-Van- 
Buren  organization  unnecessary,  he  supported  Gen. 
Harrison  for  the  Prjsidency,  as  the  representative  of 
true  Democratic-Republican  principles.     During  the 
campaign  his  office  was  burned, — the  work,  pres'im- 
ably,  of  an  incendiary, — but  was  re-established,  and  the 
Miidisiinian  attained  a  very  large  circulation  for  those 
days.     Mr.  Allen  took  an  active  part  in  the  Presi 
dential  campaign  of  1840,  and  was  warmly  thanked 
by  Gen.  Harrison  when  he  arrived  at  Washington. 
He  was  consulted  by  him  on  his  selections  for  cabinet 
officers,  and  when  Gen.  Harrison  expired  Mr.  Allen 
'.  was  among  the  number  that  stood  at  his  bedside. 
In  the  spring  of  1842,  Mr.  Allen  removed  to  Si. 
Louis,  and  on  July  12th  following  was   married  to 
;  Miss  Ann  C.  Russell,  the  daughter  of  William  Rus- 
sell, of  that  city.     Upon  arriving  here  he  opened  a 
law-office,  but  did  not  continue  the  practice  of  his 
profession.      His  attention   was  at   once   turned   to 
I  publiu  interests,  and  through  his  in.strumentality  the 
;  St.  Louis   Horticultural   Society  was  organized  and 
established,  and  he  was  made  its  pre.«ident. 

In  1848  his  voice  began  to  be  heard  in  favor  of 
internal  improvements  in  Missouri  and  the  neighbor- 
ing States,  his  first  address  being  in  behalf  of  the 
St.  Louis  and  Cincinnati  Railroad. 

In  184P  a  large  meeting  of  citizens  was  held  to 
take  the  necessarv  action  towards  building  a  rail- 
road to  the  Paciuc  coast,  and  resolutions  wliieh  ho 
pre,)ared  in  favor  of  this  national  central  highway 
were  not  only  unanimously  pa.^seil  by  the  meeting 
but  approved  by  the  Legislature.  In  October,  1S4!>, 
he  addressed  a  national  convention  hold  in  St.  Louis 
to  considi'r  the  enterprise,  and  was  re(|nested  to  pre- 
pare an  address  to  the  people  of  tlio  (lMii''d  States 
and  a  memorial  to  Congress.  At  a  subscijuent  meet- 
ing he  read  an  address  that  was  .so  convincing  that 
one  'umdred  and  fifty  !'.itir  thousand  dullars  df  the 
stock  wi.s  taken  immediately.     In   1851,  Mr.  Allen 


^1,' 


m 


\  fl! 


640 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


i  i'l 


■Ml 


ir 


iir 


htiviiiu;  been  elected  the  first  president  of  the  com- 
pany, the  work  was  put  under  contract.  During  the 
same  year  ho  was  elected  State  senator  for  four  years, 
and  aa  chairman  of  the  Committee  on  Internal  Im- 
provements .succeeded  in  securing  a  loan  of  the  State 
credit  for  two  millions  of  dollars  to  aid  the  railroad. 
He  also  proposed  a  plan  of  State  aid  to  several  rail- 
road systems,  but  it  was  not  adopted  by  the  Legisla- 
ture until  some  years  afterwards,  when  it  was  sub- 
stantially put  into  operation. 

In  J  8.54,  Mr.  Allen  resigned  the  presidency  and 
directorship  of  the  Patufic  Railroad,  thirty-eight  miles 
having  been  finished  and  (^i\e  hundred  miles  more 
being  under  contract,  and  in  the  same  year  retired 
from  the  Senate,  declining  a  renomination.  In  1857 
he  was  chosen  president  of  the  Terre  Haute,  Alton 
find  St.  Louis  Railway  Company,  but  as  that  road  was 
then  heavily  in  debt  he  declined  the  position. 

In  1858  he  founded  the  banking-house  of  Allen, 
Copp  &  Nisbet,  furnishing  the  capital,  and  about  the 
same  time  negotiated  nine  hundred  thousand  dollars 
of  guaranteed  Missouri  bonds  in  aid  of  the  Pacific 
road,  and  sold  them  to  advantage  and  free  of  expense 
to  the  State. 

When  the  civil  war  broke  out  Mr.  Allen  remained 
a  Union  man,  and  in  lb()2  was  a  candidate  for  Con- 
gress of  the  "  Unconditional  Union  men"  of  the 
Second  Missouri  District,  but  was  defeated.  In 
18(35,  accompanied  by  his  eldest  son  and  daughter, 
he  visii.d  Great  Britain  and  the  Continent. 

In  186G  he  presented  an  ingenious  plan  for  the 
liquidation  of  the  public  debt  by  a  grand  patriotic 
subscription  in  commutation  of  laxes,  and  based  in 
part  on  repayment  in  public  lands. 

The  war  being  fully  over,  Mr.  Allen's  attention 
was  again  turned  to  great  national  improvements. 
In  1867  he  purchased  the  Iron  Mountain  Railway, 
which  had  been  surrendered  to  the  State,  and  of 
which  only  eighty-six  miles  had  been  completed. 
In  spite  of  great  naturnl  and  political  obstacles  he 
extended  the  road  to  Relmont,  a  distance  of  one  hun- 
dred and  twenty  miles  farther,  in  18U9,  and  built  a 
branch  from  Pilot  Knob  into  Arkansas  in  1871-72. 
He  and  his  associates  purchased  the  Cairo  and  Fulton 
Railroad  of  Arkansas,  and  completed  that  line  in 
1872-73  from  Cairo  to  Texarkana,  a  distance  of 
three  hundred  and  seventy-five  miles.  The  four  rail- 
way corporations  of  which  he  wa.s  then  president 
were  consolidated  in  May,  1874,  under  the  title  of 
the  St.  Louis,  Iron  Mountain  and  Southern  Railway 
Company,  the  aggregation  then  comprising  six  hun- 
dred and  eighty-six  miles  of  road.  Thus  Mr.  Allen 
completed  a  grand  railroad  system,  spreading  over  llie 


great  commercial  empire  of  the  Southwell,  and  se- 
curing  to  St.  Louis  a  trade  of  one  hundroii  iiiillii,i|j 
per  nnnum.  He  retained  control  of  the  iciad  umji 
the  latter  piirt  of  1880,  when  he  sold  his  ((intiiilliir 
interest  to  Jay  Gould  for  two  millions  of  dullarscasli 

Having  finished  the  Iron  Mounti'^n  road,  )\t 
Allen  concluded  to  rebuild  the  Southern  Huii'l,  wliuli 
had  been  destroyed  by  fire  in  1877.  lie  riipujej;,, 
this  work  not  as  a  pecuniary  investment,  but  asanw- 
nament  to  the  city.  The  result  is  the  present  lioul 
of  that  name,  costing  one  million  dollars, —a  cranl 
and  enduring  monument  to  his  taste  a-id  publit 
spirit. 

In  1871,  M"  Alien  endowed  the  Allen  prijfe,<,.,jr. 
ship  of  mitiiug  and  metallurgy  in  Wasliingiou  ['ni. 
versity,  and  in  1872,  upon  -ts  'irganization,  was  eleci«i 
president  of  the  Univer  Jlub,  and  runiaiiied  sueii 
continuously  until  his  doi..h.  In  the  same  year  In 
was  chosen  president  of  the  Railway  As.^ociatiou  of 
America,  and  established  a  free  library  in  Pitt<liiiJ, 
Mass.,  his  native  town,  the  building  orectod  fur  ii, 
accommodation  costing  fitly  thousand  dollars.  In 
1875  he  obtained  a  charter  for  a  double-track  .steel  rail- 
way in  St.  Louis,  and  constructed  luul  cf|ui[i|ied  tie 
Coss  Avenue  line  within  ninety  days  thoreatUr.  His 
son,  W.  R.  Allen,  was  made  president  of  tlie  ouiii- 
pany.  During  this  year  he  was  appoiiitej  prejiJeni 
of  the  Missouri  Board  of  Managers  for  the  CVnteniiial 
Exposition,  and,  owing  to  the  lack  of  State  funJs, 
erected  a  building  at  his  own  expense  in  Fairmouijt 
Park,  Philadelphia,  which  was  used  as  the  jMissouri 
headquarters. 

Among  other  oflBces  which  he  ladJ  and  title- 
that  were  conferred  upon  him  are  the  followiiij;; 
President  of  the  Alumni  Association  of  his  Aim 
Muter,  the  degree  of  LL.D.,  confcireil  by  rninari' 
lege,  fellow  of  the  American  Academy  of  DesiL'ii,  udJ  i 
of  the  American  Geographical  Society,  etc. 

In  1880,  in  response  to  the  unanimou.s  de.>iroiJ'j 
the  Democratic  party,  and  pursuant  also  to  a  ;;eiiinl  f 
demand  on  the  part  of  the  people  regardless  of  pariv, 
Mr.  Allen  consented  to  become  a  candidate  fur  ('* 
gress  from  the  Second  Congressional  District.  Hi 'uil 
chosen  by  over  two  thousand  majority  over  ;iii 
trcmely  popular  opponent.     Great  lioijos  were  iiiiit-| 
tained   '■■jth  regard  to  his  congressional  career,  lull 
whin  ho  reached  Wa.shington  his  health  had  failid,! 
and  he  was  able  only  to  take  the  oath  of  offiratilnj 
beginning  of  the  term,  December,  1881,andtoucTiii?l 
his  seat  for  a  few   weeks.     From  a  sense  ef  Juiy,| 
although   suffering  great  pain,  and  eontrary  ti.  thi 
advice  of  his  physician,  ho  attended  daily  the  sessm 
of  the  House  until  his  strength  no  longer  iieri'iiite< 


e  South'.vc!-!,  and  sc- 
jne  hundroil  miHium 
I'ol  of  the  i'u;\J  until 
le  sold  l>i^  (•"iitriilliii.' 
lilHon.s  of  (Idlkirs  cash, 
Mountr'n  nwil,  Mr. 
Southern  Hmd,  which 
1877.  lie,  I'liiiuiieJ  in 
vestment,  hut  as  an  or- 
ilt  is  the  presiMit  lioicl 
ilion  dollars,— u  iiraiiJ 
his    taste   a-id  public 


m 


id  the  Allen  prufoswr. 
'V  in  Washin'.'tou  I'ni- 
irganiziition,  was  electii 
llub,  and  rfuiaiiieil  such 
III  the  same  year  \u 
Railway  As^Aociatimi  i^f 
ree  library  in  Piii^fiiil. 
building  ereeted  fur  m 

thousand  dollars.  In 
•a  double-track  steel  rail- 
uctcd  and  equipped  the 
3ty  days  ihereuftor.  llli 
e  president  of  the  cuin- 
was  appointed  presiJtnt 
Qagurs  for  the  CciitciKiiil 
the  luck  of  Slate  funJs, 

II  expense  in  Fainuouii! 

tas  used  a:;  the  }\mm 


''■^?fM--  ".      ''■-■    Xv  ;.. 


*    A- 

V 

1 

i 

1       / 

c 

'Mi. 


fich   he   held  and  title- 
[hiiu  are   the  following- 
association  of  his  .l''«'i 
conferred  by  L'iii"'a  f'J-  ^ 
Academy  of  DesiiiiMuJ  I 
jal  Society,  etc. 
I  the  unanimous  desire  "f  I 
|»ursuanl  also  to  a  general  j 
people  regardless  of  r»riy, 
jine  a  candidate  lor  C* 
Usional  Di^ivi^t.  H.'^jI 
Ind  luajority  over  an  vs 
Great  hopes  were  outer- 1 
congressional  career,  biitl 
],n  his  hcaltli  had  laiKij 

tho  oath  of  offi  'i'  « '■ 
[uber,lSSl,andtouWii^?j 
From  a  sense  ol'  fs^^ht 
,in,  and  contrary  U'  iM 
fttended  daily  tl"-'  ^<^ 
Lib  no  Ixfg'''-  l'^'^''''"i 


tx 


'■■■'::;•/»■ 


T  t 


,V  ■■•.■■  K' 


: "  'f  ' 


81" 


HTHTOPV   OW    SATNT    T.OITTS. 


i:ivii,-..    i.  .1     ■■.•■.■;                 .  M.  pr.s<uieiit  •  ."             ■  .                                 .'i                       ■' 

;  ■  •        ■          . ;.    -    ■           1  ,  ,.       .  '."•,,       [/<>.<..  ,  ■  .  :  i:,.,    ..  :•■■.  :.            ■      .  ■            ■       , 

.    ..    ■  ,  fur  four  .-.  !■  niiuuoi.      II 

■,uiu  i>s  I'bairniAu  oi   the  i.'')iuruiur.i;  .sn  In'.onitil  lui-  '  lli-  i.i.i-r  p'-.n.  oT  18!>0,  vi'heti  he  *■.  <' 

U)v  -n  «>..                        :           '  .•  '   .                     i5.iii)'l  ior  ;  I 


v    I'; 

t    '' '   , 

111    i 

j'i.     '. 

\ 

.,.,.. 

.!rp.-' 

tni  i  '/  • 


vf    I':.'.:     ...■.■;.  ,  vr  <  I  ..      .. 

j,,,f|    --i-tiiiri' ..■.    iiiiii'-iMti.. 


;r-,i.'  Ml  ■•  ■ 


■■]■     ^\.)\'.- 


1,  ....  t-.M  r< 


1         v. 


,.  i'l^i  ,.r  miiiiuji  !irn!  im-taliui""- 

i  '  ..  .  ■    «Uy,  Audiu  )8V-,  upoii  ; 

■       .  •  •  i.jiiii  *■•<■  jM. -I'Ikdc  of  tho  ijniviirs.''^  '  ' 

...    .i.fi.  i-i;h-,.'.::>i->'jsly  unli'i  liis  dfa^K. 

i..\tik)-,!;j-hoiis«  'jf  Allcii,  viis  '■'imwii   yreijiiiciit  O'   ihti   .' 

i; '. ''.  ,  ..anvv  town.  t.li<i  ' 

r,        ,  ...ritniiioiiiisiuii    i!()stinf^   liitj    ■ 

i,  ^;  ;::;.■  7\.jt'  "t     ..^v-:...       • -;:,  htf  tiht:  ■'     '     ■  ':;  fli'l' lltf 
BHV  u)  .Sj  .'  fi.ii!..iirv. 

..       ,  fiuiaii.  •:!     ion;'  Avi'nu,.  i.fi;i  W'j.biii  ';: 

.V  v-   .    .  ,:  1'  :  .       "      '.'    ■  ''        "     Ai!'!!.  WiM   (1. 

!  .    iii\!  this  v>'«r  ' 


^>m  Hfid   (iiui!;,!.:   ! 
.  i;iil)li;.('M)t. 
^miwd  .Ml  jof^niioun  plan  for  tia 

.'  '^     '  '  ■   '.■-.    ■   uniui  pntrii)iii' 

■■,,    >lr,    ..'vil.-u  .    .v: 
■;'i.l!'.ii!i',    rtiv.riiv.; 


!.;\|n".  ;/.  u_.    .Hill,   ii-.Viii.;    (: 
■!"••  (<>'.t  a  tiuildiiji;  .'«l  liisi 
I'hikdcli'hia,  wJtii' 

■  ■....., ji;m1«iti 

I  .I'le   toiiferrm!    ■ 


'V 


.i-.m]il.^ 


•l'   mid   j)ri:ii''i>l   iibssir 


■,<lnl^^«l» 


(  :     :\-:  .vi'i     :  ;: 
in   l^--'>    in 


.■■■;;  it.u.  ..i; 

■    i-    Ml      \>;  ■. 
..I  ^;,^l!■•...,  .jfj.il.uiiilg  i.-U'J'  tiii: 


1    Itovi.mi 


.1.    I.ir   a 
-I.    '.,,'r-- 


WM 


-Ml 

m 


i  : 


m:^ 


!'■  m  •■ 


^/^, 


c 


POLITICAL  PROGRESS. 


641 


him  to  di>  80.  He  gradually  yielded  to  disease,  and 
Jicdiit  Wiisliington,  April  8,  1882,  and  was  buried  in 
his  niuclilovcd  native  town. 

I'or  ovi  r  thirty  years  Thomas  Allen  wielded  a  per- 
vadin"  ao'l  commanding  influence  in  the  industrial  ; 
dcvelopiiuiit  of  the  city  of  St.   Louis  and  State  of  \ 
Missouri  as  the  originator  and  manager  of  many  im-  i 
portant  oiitorprises.     Many  of  these  were  undertaken  | 
at  times  wlien  it  required  strong  courage  and  a  sub- 
lime faith  i'>  the  possibilities  of  the  great  Mississippi  ' 
valley-    ^i^"  '"'"'  '"  ^'"  I^ouis  ever  did  so  much  to 
convert  the  Western  village  into  a  great  central  city,  ' 
extending  its  arms  to  both  oceans,  and  laying  under 
tribute  till!  fur  North  and  the  fruitful  tropics.     Yet, 
notffitlistiiiuling  his  great  enterprises,  he  remained  the 
unassur.-ins;  and  scholarly  citizen.     He  was  not  con- 
tent to  reap  a  merely  personal  benefit  from  his  success, 
but  derived  a  keen  pleasure  from  contributing  to  the 
well  beiun  and  advancement  of  his  fellow-men.     He 
represented  in  his  own  tastes  and  pursuits  that  spirit 
of  culture  and  refinement  which  opposes  with  increas- 
ioi!  viL'or  tlif  roughness  of  society  in  the  crude  stages 
of  its  development  and  the  asperity  of  political  con- 
test.'<.    He  was  a  remarkable  combination  of  the  ac- 
tomplishcd    scholar  and   gentleman    and   the   hard- 
workin"  business  man,  and  in  him  were  embodied  the 
patience,  tlic  subtlety,  the  intelligence,  the  hardihood, 
the  courai'e,  and  the  magnanimity  that  are  needed  to 
tally  win  and  adorn   success.     He  was  a  splendid 
siceimen  of  the  true-hearted,  strong-minded,  cour- 
acious  American.    Broad-viewed,  highly  gifted,  patri- 
otic, generous,  and  honorable,  he  was  a  citizen  that  St. 
Louis  cannot  afford  to  forget. 

Mr.  Allen  raised  a  large  family  to  usefulness  and 
honor,  and  kd  them  a  very  large  fortune.  He  left 
thorn,  also,  a  name  which  is  held  in  the  highest  esti- 
mation, not  only  in  the  city  and  State,  but  by  the 
[K?ople  of  the  South  and  Southwest  generally,  and  by 
his  native  State,  where  he  ttleeps  in  eternal  rest  among 
his  aiicestors. 

Ill  December,  1882,  a  bust  of  Thoma.s  Allen  was 
unveiled  at  the  Southern  Hotel,  and  during  the  cere- 
monies Charles  Gibson,  for  nearly  forty  years  bis 
close  acquaintance,  said, — 

•■  It  lias  beiMi  my  fortune  to  be  acquainted  more  or 

les<  with  nearly  all  the  leading  men  of  this  State,  and 

many  of  those  of  the  United  States,  for  twenty-five 

I  years  past,  and  I  tell  you,  gentlemen,  among  them  all 

j  vou  could  count  the  equals  of  Thomas  Allen  on  your 

iiijters'  eiidi'.    1  think  I  know  what  it  takes  to  be- 

1 1'uiiio  a  j;reat  lawyer,  and  I  assure  you,  gentlemen, 

ibt  ill  all  niy  observation  for  forty  years  past  I  have 

DH't  no  man  who,  if  he  had  spent  his  energies  and 

41 


life  at  the  bar,  would  have  made  a  greater  lawyer 
than  Thomas  Allen.  In  my  judgment  he  would  have 
ranked  with  such  men  as  O'Conor,  Black,  and  Curtis. 
.  .  .  He  is  the  type  of  man  this  city  needs  most 
and  can  least  afford  to  lose,  and  he  has  not  left  his 
like  behind  him." 

After  a  close  and  very  exciting  contest,  Dr.  J.  H. 
McLean  was  declared  elected  at  the  fall  election  over 
Hon.  James  0.  Broadhead  to  fill  the  unexpired  term 
of  Mr.  Allen  in  Congress,  and  is  now  (December, 
1882)  discharging  the  duties  of  his  ofiice. 

Dr.  McLean  is  of  Scottish  ancestry,  and  the  records 
show  that  he  is  of  eminent  lineage  in  that  country. 
As  early  as  the  thirteenth  century  the  McLeans  were 
a  very  important  family,  and  their  sorviues  were  always 
loyally  at  hand  to  defend  the  country  against  the  in- 
vader. Thus,  in  1263,  we  find  Gilliso  McLean,  of 
Duart  Castle,  leading  his  followers  at  the  battle  of  Largs, 
and  aiding  Alexander  III.  of  Scotland  to  win  a  brilliant 
victory  over  Hocco,  king  of  Norway ;  this  was  the 
last  invasion  of  the  Northmen.  In  1513.  Hpotor  the 
Swarthy,  the  fiflh  of  the  line,  was  killed  at  Flodden 
Field,  and  fell  intrenched  behind  the  dead  bodies  of 
his  clansmen,  who  had  formed  a  wall  in  his  defense. 
Coming  down  to  later  limes,  Sirs  Archibald  and  Hector 
McLean  were  both  major-generals  in  the  British  army. 
Archibald  conducted  the  brilliant  defense  of  the  castle 
of  Matagorda,  in  the  Spanish  invasion  by  Napoleon, 
and  for  his  services  in  that  affair  was  knighted  by 
Spain.  Both  Hector  and  Archibald  greatly  distin- 
guished themselves  at  Waterloo. 

To  this  heroic  branch  of  the  family,  known  as  the 
"  McLeans  of  Duart  Castle,"  Dr.  McLean  is  allied,  his 
father's  grandfather  having  been  the  son  of  James,  a 
brother  of  Sir  Allan  McLean,  th^  seventeenth  lord 
of  Duart  Castle. 

Allan  McLean,  the  doctor's  father,  was  a  man  of 
energy  and  skill,  as  is  shown  by  the  fact  that  he  had 
the  management  of  large  mines  in  Ayrshire,  Scotland, 
where  James  H.  McLean  was  born,  Aug.  13,  1829, 
the  youngest  of  four  sons. 

Early  in  1830  the  family  removed  to  Nova  Scotia, 
Allan  McLean  having  been  sent  thither  as  geologist 
and  general  superintendent  of  the  Albion  Mining 
Company,  which  controlled  valuable  mineral  lands  in 
that  district.  Here  the  boy  grew  up  amid  scenes  of 
activity,  and  proved  a  quick-witted  student  of  men 
and  things.  His  educational  udvaiitagos  were  limited, 
but  liis  application  was  unbounded,  and  he  very  early 
gave  evidence  of  the  "snap"  and  "  pusii"  that  char- 
acterized his  maturer  years.  The  child  was  "  father 
of  the  man."  It  is  a  striking  proof  of  his  precocity 
that  at  the  age  of  thirteen,  and  when  most  boys  are 


642 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


ttil 


r?!!f 


■.urn 


m 


busy  with  their  icites  and  marbles,  he  was  contending 
with  his  father  about  starting  out  for  himself,  and 
was  entertaining  very  decided  ideas  about  his  future 
profession.  His  father  thought  agriculture  safer,  if 
nut  at  once  so  profitable,  as  the  calling  selected  by  his 
son,  but  the  boy  longed  for  business  and  medical  pur- 
suits, and  his  persistence  prevailed  over  the  caution  of 
his  parent,  who  forbore  to  thwart  his  strong  predi- 
lections. 

The  particular  bias  of  the  young  man  was  deter- 
mined by  his  daily  association  with  the  physician  of 
the  mining  company,  an  intelligent  and  observing 
man,  who  took  much  interest  in  him.  Young  James 
determined  to  become,  like  him,  a  doctor,  and  his 
father,  finding  his  inclinations  fixed,  dispatched  him 
on  his  career  with  a  little  money  and  his  blessing. 

Young  McLean  set  out  for  Philadelphia,  then,  as 
now,  oflfering  exceptional  facilities  for  the  study  of 
medicine ;  but  hia  ocean  journey  to  New  York  in- 
spired him  wiuh  a  strong  predilection  for  the  sea,  and 
he  took  a  iri])  with  the  captain  of  the  vessel  to  Ber- 
muda. This  episode  somewhat  unsettled  his  views, 
but  he  fulfilled  his  original  design  of  going  to  Phila- 
delphia, having  on  the  way  reduced  his  patrimony  to 
such  an  extent  that  he  entered  the  City  of  Brotherly 
Love  with  only  fifty  cents  in  his  pockets.  It  will  be 
remembered  that  the  great  Franklin  made  his  entrance 
into  the  same  city  in  not  much  better  financial  con- 
dition. 

He  at  once  obtained  employment  in  a  drug-store, 
under  an  arrangement  with  the  proprietor  to  muir. 
tain  him  until  he  was  twenty-one  and  pay  for  his 
course  of  medical  lectures  in  the  University  of  Penn- 
sylvania ;  and  in  accordance  with  this  agreement 
McLean  attended  one  course.  His  employer  then 
declined  to  carry  out  the  contract,  whereupon  he  left 
at  once,  and  though  not  quite  twenty-one  years  old 
accepted  the  managership  of  a  large  coal  company  at 
Minersville,  Pa.,  the  duties  of  which  he  performed 
with  the  greatest  success.  But  he  was  not  realizing 
his  ambitious  dreams  ;  his  thoughts  continually  turned 
to  the  West,  which  then  offered  glittering  prizes  to 
the  young,  the  adventurous,  and  the  courageous ;  and 
hither  he  made  his  way  with  the  modest  capital  ac- 
quired by  his  industry  and  thrift,  arriving  in  St. 
Louis  in  the  fall  of  1849.  j 

Dickens  relates  that  Scrooge  had   good  reason  to 
remember  the  death  of  Mr.  Marley,  his  partner,  for 
he  solemnized  the  day  of  the  funeral  with  an  un-  j 
doubted  bargain.     Dr.  McLean,  in  like  manner,  sol-  ; 
emnizcd  his  coming  to  St.  Louis  with  a  memorable 
bargain.     Cholera  was  prevailing  in  the  city ;  bun-  I 
dreds  were  dying  daily,  and  it  was  a  time  of  depres-  i 


sion  and  gloom ;  but  the  young  man.  uiiilisniiiyed 
j  began  at  once  to  look  over  the  city,  and  wiih  diarac. 
I  teristic  confidence  in  his  own  judgment,  imrdiawil 
I  a  piece  of  land  on  the  very  day  of  his  miiviil,  ami 
I  with  equally  characteristic  enterpri.se  fciiiinl  a  cu«|„. 
j  mer    and   sold   the  propert;   before    niiiliiliill   at 

hand.son>c  profit.     On  the  following  d;i}-  lie  iihtaiiied 
I  a  situation,  anil  in  three  months  became  n  |iariniriii 
j  the  firm  of  Bragg  &  McLean. 
I       At  the  end  of  a  year  this  partiier>lii|]  was  ili<. 
solved,  and  Dr.   McLean,   who   reccivcij  a  stofk  if 
i  medicines  as  his  share,  went  down  to  New  Orleans  lo 
I  dispose  of  it,  but  such  was  his  activity  that  he  ii„l(] 
1  out  on  the  route.     He  went  on  to  New  Orleans,  lidif. 
ever,  and  there,  availing  himself  of  a  clianuo  to  liny 
I  the  only  lot  of  turpentine  in  that  market,  lie  cleared 
a  handsome  sum  by  his  investment.     Ills  bu~lin'i< 
talent  made  a  decided  impression,  and  Ik:  was  rtiniu. 
!  mended  by  his  banker  as  a  suitable  purveyor  for  the 
I  Cuban  Lopez  expedition,  which  was  tliin  liciii:;fiitoi 
out.     The  failure  of   that  ill-starred  interprk-  left 
I  him  with   three   large  cargoes  of*  provisions  on  his 
hands,  and    he  was   threatened  wiiii  finanuial  ruin. 
,  But,  as  Shaksper.re  says,  "out  of  tlio  mitle  daii.'er 
is  plucked  the  Oower  safety,"  and  the  Imsiness  luen 
'  whom   McLe.'-in  had  impressed  so  favorably  eaiiie  to 
i  his  help,  advanced  him  money  to  make  a  "'wiier' 
and  control  that  class  of  goods  in  the  market,  and  in 
the    resulting   appreciation   of   prices   lie  unloadei, 
throwing  in  the  Lopez  cargoes,  and  realizing  eni'iisli 
to  meet  all  drafts  and  leave  a  handsome  profit.    This 
was  a  narrow  escape  for  a  young  man  not  twcntyiiro 
years  old,  but  the  business  experience  was  invaliiaWt. 
In  1851  he  returned  to  St.  Loui.a,  and  with  a  wr?  i 
moderate   capital   began    business   for   liiniseH'  a<  a  j 
manufacturer  of  proprietary  medicines.    His  Hit 
to  make  and  sell  certain  preparations  in  ofi|io.sitii)n  to 
the  old  firm  was  vigorously  contcsttnl  in  the  pait'ts 
and  the  courts  by  Bragg,  his   former  partner,  ond 
years  of  tedious  and  costly  litigation  followed,  taxing  j 
the  young  doctor's  resources  to  the  utiuost,  hut  hej 
pushed  steadily  ahead,  and  in  a  few  vonrs  was  in  f 
possession  of  the  field.     His  business,  which  in  ihej 
first  few  years  was  easily  dispatcluHi  liy  one  or  ttoj 
hands,  now  began  to  assume  large  propnitioiis. 

Meanwhile,  in  order  to  thoroughly  master  his  pro-l 
fession,  Dr.  McLean  perfected  his  medical  eduaiionj 
by  taking  a  full  course  in  the  St.  lioui.s  Medical  (Ul 
lege,  where  he  graduated  and  received  his  diploma 

From  this  time  he  gave  himself  witli  renewed  zealj 
to  the  manufacture  and  sale  of  his  Ihiiiily  niediciocj,! 
which  have  become  of  world-wide  fame,  and  vhd 
remedial  value  is  clearly  indicated  by  the  populariifl 


■a 


young  niiin,  iiiKiisniaycJ, 
the  city,  and  wiili  clianic. 
3wn  jtid-rnioiit,  purclinsoj 
y  day  of  his  nrrivnl,  and 
enterprise  touml  a  custo- 
Ij  before  niiiliirull  at  a 
following  diiY  111'  iiljtiuiicii 
9nth8  became  ;i  partnrr  in 
an. 
this  partnerslii])  was  dij. 

who  receivid  u  stook  of 
it  down  to  New  Oricaii.*  to 
s  his  activity  tiiat  iiu  suld 
it  on  to  New  Orlraiis.  Iiow. 
imself  of  a  Av.mw  \o  Imy 
in  that  market,  he  cleared 
investment.  His  bu^inoj, 
ressiou,  and  he  was  nfniii. 

suitable  piirvcynr  fur  the 
which  was  tlieii  hcitij;  fitted 
;  ill-starred  I'liicrpriw  left 
goes  of'  prnvisiiiii*  m  his 
tened   with  finaiiuial  ruin, 

"  out  of  the  nettle  ditn.-er 
;y,"  and  the  business  men 
essed  so  favorably  eaiiie  to 
loney  to  make  a  "  '.'oriier ' 
oods  in  the  market,  and  in 
n  of  prices  he  unloaded, 
goes,  and  realizing  eneusli 
e  a  handsome  profit,  Tliii 
young  man  not  twentyiito  | 
I  experience  was  invaluaWe. 

St.  Loui.a,  anil  with  a  vvry  I 
business  for   himself  as  a  j 
ary  medicines.    His  ri;iit 
ireparatioMS  in  opjio.siiiun  to 
isly  contested  in  the  pa[*ri 
;,  his   former  partner,  and 
y  litigation  followed,  tasinjj 
oes  to  the  utiunst,  but  hej 
d  in  a  few  years  was  in  I 
His  business,  whieli  in  tliej 

dispatched  hy  one  iir  tJo| 
me  large  proportion.?. 
thoroughly  master  his  pro-l 
icted  his  nieiiieal  educatioi| 

the  St,  Louis  Medical  Col- 
and  received  his  diplmna. 
e  himself  with  renewed  zesl 
lale  of  his  family  niedicincs 
'orld-wide  fame,  and  wJiosJ 
indicated  by  the  popular! 


^\>'-'th' 


7-    ;!:;v  ■::;,  :'^       S'i'^.f, 


,..  //  iJ)' 


'<  ^r  nv  y^,.  ^^ 


ft. ,. 


:   f 


■  'J 


1 

\m',,\ 

a  ill 

I 


1:::: 

m 


I:     ■*! 
ill   . , 


•5.    " 


t:i  1 


rll 


i* 


(■4:' 


^T  T^rytz-vT*  ^» 


Mll'^  J-lUl' 

1  hi» 

■  '     I  him 


<  Iphiit,.  ititMi,  ns 

!•  th'3  study  'if 

Scvi  Yi.rk  in- 


bii'tv  widi  liicir  kit<'!«  ami  ihbHiIch,  lie  wo*  i  >  > 

with  liii"   failKir  tibnut  starting  out  for  In'mscir,  unit 

WH'<  ciitfrlii'iini;  very  d'.'i'iiled  iilenx  iibotit  lii^  futur 
{I'l'li'Mi.iu.     )li^  fiillier  thoujilit  agri<.-«liurs  *\\\\-\\  ■ 
iivit  .■'  ■  :ioi!  mi  proStHble, ns  the  calling  lielfi'.iod  by  bin  . 
»i   1,  l:iii  ili«  liny  l<i!^i;t(l  fur  bu»itii!i<.s  mill  imiliiriil  j  iir    ' 
stiii->  .111(1  his  ptnsisU'iU'o  prcviiilctl  over  tin  can'iui)  of  . 
hi^  ,  ;i;Tiit.  wh")  fi.vlporo  to  tliwari   liin  •itrntii;  preJi- 

Vx         II.J. 

' 'v   ;  irticnlar  hius  i)f  tlie  yif.:!':' 
hi-,  dniiy  aMooiatiuo  w 

i!..    lui'iiii^  .•Kiiipiiny,   in  intcil  .-'i' 
111.11 ,  who  to'.ik  iii'i-'i  ■ii'.r''^t  in  '-in 
doioriiiiticd  to  b..  •■ 
(uth>'i,  Kmliii     ' 
(■n  hl^  I'ti'vfr 

fviv    'ifi  •>  I    ■       , 

llU'i'i.-'ill*'  ■      i).  .!      ' 

Bpirf'd  hiiii  with  a  strvo;^  i»r(»dil>'etiin  fur  the  St  n,  and  , 

he  1>«"K  •  ••     ■      "apt.»in  •■   ;'  ''  '■  ''•'■r 

uiiidn.      I  ;iv>wb"' 

!  iv  lie  liiltilliiO  tiir;  ovu: 

'    ■■     ■  '•■'■  •!-'■ 

.  ni"  Brothen, 

',«>clM!t».     It  will  bi>  ' 

.;         r»:il  i' rin-    in  U  ft<b>  his  ontnilK  «1 
ill  not  miti'li   bf'ttf'r  fiimncinl  <;on- 

I     ;     ;'!'i' ..li  ;iiiK''i   I'liipiir,  liiiMi    ill   a  urng-ftlure, 

!■  ■  tm  ttrr:iii;.'()m('nt  with  the  proprif'tor  tii  niiiiii-  • 

:  utjii!  be  was  twonty-one  and  pay  Cur  i.i.- 

luoiliiMil  Ircturi's  in  tln»  t.Tnivert-itv  nf  Pcim- 

•Mi'i    '<■    nccordaiicn    with    i,hL«    iii:rc<'fiifi<t 

M.  mie  oonrge.      His  (»iu,'iiiy*.'r  thou 

•    ■  f  ">  fliiiitraot,  wborpnpon  b"    " 

(jiiitf  twonty-one  yoiii 

.  ip  of  a  larpe  cool  nompany  sii 

!  itir*  of  which  bo  porform'ul 

--.     Hut  ho  was  noi  roBliziiijj; 

•  ughiJi  amtinuaily  turnt-d 


■     lest  copii.ai  ae- 
,  .in-iviit'j;   in   Ht 


,.  <->ptn<l  it>*^ 

V;  imrrHville,  t 

with  ibi-  :-i'fi 

h'-i  iiii'i. 

til   'hi-    ^'»  •»    ^'-  '■■'•  11   : 

(i.c  \iinML';,  ihi."  ad^ontiii  ■ 

hither  ho  made  hia  way  wu 

iiii'i'i'd   i>y  his  industry  kmu 

Lijiiid  111  the  fall  of  1^4^ 

Di'.'lvoii*  rclatef  that  Scrnofrr  hud  '400)  i'n.i.<-oii  to 
n:iiiiinh«)r  llu"  doiitb  of  .>lr.  Matley,  bis  partner,  for 
l;c  iii.'li'iniii«id  i\w  day  of  thu  fitm'rai  with  au  un- 
doubted biirL'iiin.  Dr.  MuLeaii,  in  like  uiatinfir,  .sol- 
t'mnijcd  bi«  i-ontiuj',  ti.  ^?t.  Louis  with  a  fticraoruhlo 
f-ir  vr  ''V  i!':'?  ^VMS  v'f.'ftii'ri'r  in  •'"■  '•!•'>';  hnii- 
dreds  were  dying  daily,  and  it  was  a  time  01  oepres- 


.   :.ijd  ijloi.m;  but  thr  ynn.* 
mtfjan  at  onui'  to  hw)k  ovf-r  ' ' 

cuntidiinpi)  ill   hh  own    . 
.    ■  of  bind  on  lilt)  very    1.  • 
I  with  e<|ually  .  baractBrisiic  mitpr, 
'  ni-r    and    snlij   thr   property   in- 
hniid.soiiK"  jinifit.     (Jii  thi;  foilnwi 
a  situation,  an'i  i'l  throo  mijtitbv  ' 
the  (inn  of  Uiiifi^:  &  McIiOaii. 
At    the   ond  i)f  a  vfl.ir  tbi*   •■ 
!ved,  and  Pr.   Mffi'-nn, 

iiit.'.i  08  his  .shari!,  wto'  J      ■ 
of  i(,  but  snoh  wi--;  bii*  • 
out  on  tbo  route.     H»' wir 
oviTj  and  tberfi,  availiii(»  Imiu-'  i 
thu  I'liiy  lot  of  turpeiitiiic  in  ilmi 
a  hand^'.i.'in.'  suui  by  bih        ■ 
talont  in:i'i<!  a  di'i'ldf-d  iiiii 
mended  bv  bis  batikir  as 
Cul'aii  ]j"]"'7.  I'.xpi'dition,  wliii'ii  , 
>•;(.      Tbir   failme  of    tlnr       ! 
.m  with   thrort  lurjio  e.-.y  :<"  ■ 
Ktid    ha  was    thrr-'i    . 
,n   "<hak»pearrt  say'-    '     1 
is  ji:icki-d  <h-'.  liuwt'r  «af.'l    . 
whom   Mcl.rau  Iih'.!  inipi — . 
hi«  be!p,  advau«)d   him   10. 11 
and  ciiKirol  that  class  of  ':'j:'n~ 
t!,,      i-.uUiiig   upprpciuti'M 
'hiowinir  in  tho  Jnipez  uai." 
to  inoet  all  drafLs  and  It-avi 
was  a  n.irrivw  pK'apo,  for  n  • 
V'.-ars  old,  b'lt  thu  !,mj»u« 

III  1H31  lit  icturneil  t.. 
inoderato   oapital    hnj^aii 
■latinfantuviT  of   pro"-"- 

luakc  and  sell  cffi  0 
liia  old  firm  wan  v  . 
and   llie  rourts  by 
yoars  of  teiiinu.-*  aiul 
the  young  doctor'ti  r. 
:  ■•  '■  •!  Htoadily    '  ■  :■ 

i.in  of  til.' 
ur.-t   fow  years  wam 
iiaiids,  now  bet/ai,  f'   ..■■  . 
Moanwhilp,  in  ordt-r  ti> 
I'liK.iion,  J)r.  .MoLf.ao  pi-rii- 

by  taking  a  full  wnrsi-  in  ?■  •         1 

lege,  wiiuro  he  gradiiaitd  -md  ri-«>ivod  'i  • 

From  tbja  fiiuc  he  gave  himself  li 
to  the  nianiifffotiire  and  sate  of  hi.s  i.i. .. 
whi'-b  bnv'"  l>.>oiinr)o  .>f  world-wide  fanu^ 
reiueuiai  vaiue  is  eieariy  inuiuaieu  oy  uiu  («ipuiarii/j 


ii'  m 


■■.i 


l„uicuieu  .)>■  tne  p>T"'«"J] 


fjii:.._ 

v:.l    


POLITICAL  PROGRKSH. 


(!43 


wlmh  tluy  evorywliore  pnjoy,  and  tlio  wealth  which 

they  liii^'  lir"U>?ht  iheir  iiivoiifor.     Hi.s  lubciratory  in 

St.  I'oui^  i^<  an  iniiiiciigo  building;  of  caalcllutcd  archi- 

toeluri',  lil<c  tlioae  uccupiod  in  fuudnl   timuM  by  his 

fiBliiin^'  MMiestors,  wheroin  over  om.'  hundred  people  j 

are  cnii)l",vt:d.    Another  army  of  agents  and  travelers 

\i  on  the  niiid,  looking  afler  the  outside  interests  of 

this  vu.-t  Imsiiiess.     In  every  quarter,  almost,  of  the 

i;liibe  Dr.  McLean  has  his  agents  stationed,  and  in 

Viiierieii  alune  there  are  over  seventy-five  thousand, 

necossitiitinu'  »  floating  capital  of  nearly  two  million 

iliillarB ill  iiii'ichandiHe.    These  large  figures  may  afford 

a  hint  of  tin'  present  magnitude  of  the  business,  but 

llii'V  L'ivc  1111  adequate  idea  of  the  tremendous  energy 

roimisite  til  bring  it  to  such  a  inajoslic  volume,  or  the 

vi'.'ilancc  which  is  constantly  i'e(|uisite  to  maintain  it 

at  siii'li  a  point.     An  idea  of  the  size  of  the  business 

niavbiMibtained  when  it  is  staled  that  Dr.  McLean 

eJii.s  and  publishes  a  monthly  paper  called  The  Spirit 

..f' (/ic . •!(/(',  devoted  to  the  advocacy  of  free  schools 

aiiJ  also  to  advertising  his  medicines,  which  has  a  cir- 

uilation  of  over  five  hundred   thousand   copies   per 

nmiitii  all  over  the  world.    He  also  edits  and  prints  a 

Mui-annual  and  annual  almanac,  the  combined  editions 

ofwliicli  last  year  were  over  eight  million  copies. 

Gvcrvthing  the  doctor  does  is  on  the  same  mammoth 

^ak■." 

.\liliouj.'li  the  management  of  so  large  a  business 
niii'lit  well  serve  iis  an  excuse  for  evading  the  ordinary 
tespuiisibilities  of  the  citizen,  Dr.  McLean  has  taken 
an  active  interest  in  public  affairs,  though  not  to  the 
est.nt  desired  by  his  fellow-citizens.  To  their  re- 
,|;iiM,s  to  allow  them  the  use  of  his  name  as  candi- 
i.ii.  liir  mayor,  Congress,  etc.,  he  has  several  times 
1  III  cdnstraiiied  to  return  a  decided  negative.  But 
iil«iiiilie  death  of  Hon.  Thomas  Allen  a  large  num- 
:  ber  of  the  leading  citizens  of  St.  Louis  prevailed  upon 
kill]  tu  run  as  a  candidate  against  Hon.  James  0.  Brod- 
IW.  at  the  fall  election  of  1882,  to  fill  the  unexpired 
[lerDiof  Mr.  Allen  in  Congress,  and  also  for  the  reg- 
hlar  ensuing!  term.  After  a  warm  and  very  exciting 
jcoiittsi  Dr.  McLean  was  declared  elected  for  the  short 
Itenii.  and  upon  the  assembling  of  Congress  in  Decem- 
Iktr  look  his  seat  in  that  body.  The  contest  for  the 
|t«?iilar  term  at  this  writing  (December,  1882)  has 
liut  been  decided.  Yet  he  has  been  an  energetic  pro- 
liiiotiTiif  several  important  public  enterprises.  For 
It'll  jears  he  was  president  of  the  Manufacturers' 
lSivin}:5-Bank ;  for  three  years  he  was  president  of 
lllie  Ma.«onie  II  Association,  and  in  1882  was  chosen 
btesident  of  tlu  Citizens'  Committee,  a  body  of  influ- 
ttiial  citizens  organized  for  the  purpose  of  securing 
<ite,  legislative,  and  municipal   reform.      He  was 


also   first  vice-president  of  the    Manufacturers'  Kx- 
eliange. 

Dr.  McLean  has  been  ready  at  all  times  to  aid  with 
his  means  and  labor  the  improvement  of  the  city.  In 
1874-7t!  he  built  the  "Grand  Tower  Block,"  on  the 
corner  of  Market  and  Fourth  Streets,  one  of  the 
most  beautiful  buildings  in  St.  Louis,  at  a  cost  of  sev- 
eral hiindred  thousand  dollars.  In  1870  he  rebuilt 
his  medical  laboratory  at  :U2  and  Al-i  Chestnut 
Street,  a  mammoth  five-story  building,  nearly  all  of 
which  is  occupied  by  his  immense  business,  which 
is  carried  on  there  under  a  very  systematic  arrange- 
ment. This  building  cost  about  one  hundred  thou- 
sand dollars.  Dr.  McLean  has  also  built  in  various 
parts  of  the  city  .some  of  the  most  substantial  and 
hand.>*ome  edifices  of  which  St.  Louis  can  boast,  and 
in  so  doing  has  proved  himself  one  of  the  most  pro- 
gressive of  citizens. 

As  an  inventor.  Dr.  McLean  has  taken  high  rank 
and  occupies  a  conspicuous  position  before  the  world. 
The  mining  and  mechanical  knowledge  which  he  ac- 
quired when  a  boy  among  the  mines  of  Nova  Scotia 
has  proved  of  great  value  to  him  in  this  direction. 
One  of  his  important  inventions  is  a  sand  elevator,  for 
raising  sand  from  any  depth  in  the  river,  thus  afford- 
ing an  ample  supply  of  this  necessary  building  mate- 
rial at  the  almost  nominal  cost  of  fifty  cents  u  square 
yard.  Prior  to  this  invention  the  city  builders  had 
to  pay  over  three  dollars  per  square  yard,  and  then  the 
sand  was  obtainable  only  when  the  river  was  low. 

Dr.  McLean  has  also  projected  an  •'  elevated  rail- 
road" along  the  Levee,  a  work  which  has  received  the 
emphatic  indorsement  of  the  leading  men  of  the  city, 
who  admit  that  it  must  sooner  or  later  be  built,  and 
essentially  as  the  doctor  has  devised  it. 

But  his  most  interesting  inventions  are  in  a  direc- 
tion not  to  have  been  looked  for,  at  first  thought,  from 
a  life-saving  physician, — that  wonderful  series  of  death- 
dealing  guns  known  as  "  peacemakers."  In  an  ex- 
haustive treatise  setting  forth  their  qualities.  Dr.  Mc- 
Lean takes  the  ground  that  war  will  cease  only  when 
made  so  terrible  and  devastating  as  to  shock  the 
world.  In  his  judgment  the  wars  of  the  future  will 
be  conducted  by  cannon,  battery-guns,  and  rifle-pits, 
for  no  charge  of  cavalry  or  onslaught  of  infantry  could 
face  such  terrible  weapons  as  he  has  devised.  Inspired 
by  the  idea  of  making  war  as  horrible  as  possible.  Dr. 
McLean  has  invented  and  constructed  several  guns 
capable  of  being  fired  with  a  rapidity  infinitely  beyond 
that  ever  hitherto  attained.  Some  of  these  deadly 
implements  have  been  officially  tested  by  the  govern- 
ment at  Washington,  and  found  fu'ly  to  substantiate 
Dr.  McLean's  claims.     The  merits  of  these  great  in- 


.11 


'I -11 


i 


111 


hh 


614 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


ventions  have  been  referrnd  to  ii  coninussion  of  the 
War  Dt;partmei)t,  and  Dr.  McLean  confidently  expects 
a  decision  in  his  tiivor,  and  the  adoption  of  theae  guns 
as  the  standard  ordnance  of  all  <;ovcrnnicn(s. 

Meanwliiie  Dr.  McLean  has  sent  copies  of  liis  book 
to  all  the  crowned  heads  of  Europe,  and  everywhere 
Ills  "iews  loncerning  the  possibility  of  {tutting  a  stop 
to  war  by  such  novel  uieans  liave  attracted  great  at- 
tioii.  From  every  court  the  doctor  has  received 
courteous  acknowledgments  of  the  receipt  of  his 
treatise,  and  often  with  the  addition  that  "  Ilis  High- 
ness" or  "  His  Majesty"  (as  the  case  might  be)  was 
deeply  impressed  with  the  importance  of  the  subject, 
and  with  the  author's  treatment  of  the  .same.  Among 
these  were  conimanications  from  the  War  Department 
of  Germany  and  from  Count  Von  iJeast,  Au.stro- 
Ilungaiian  Minister  of  Foreign  Affair;:.  From  one 
of  the  nations — Turkey — Dr.  MtLcui  received  tbe 
following : 

"CO.NSTANTIN-OP.'.K,   M;l,cll  S,  1S8I. 

"  Ills  Miijcsty  tho  Sultan  congriitulutcs  you  "n  tlici  succcs?  of 
jdiir  inventions.  Send,  cselu.'ively  lor  tiio  .>*uUi>n,  one  gun  for 
cnvulry.  one  for  infantry,  iiml  two  pifitolsi,  with  ono  thousand 
ourtriilges  isaah.  ,  .  . 

"  R.   AOLIB, 

"Secretary  1/  thr  SiiUun." 

On  the  28th  of  March,  1881,  Dr.  McLean  received 
the  following  dispatch  from  Gen.  Longstrcet,  United 
States  minister  to  Turkey  : 

"CoNSTANTiNOi'i.E,  .Mttreh  28,  1881. 
"Till' .*nllan  oH'ers  you  direction  of  liis  artillery-works.     If 
accept,  wire  conditions  and  ini>truotioni>. 

"James  I.osnsTnp.KT." 

Thid  oft'er,  if  accepted,  would  have  r».ade  Dr.  Mc- 
Lean .second  in  command  in  tho  Turkish  army  ;  but, 
while  exp.essing  himself  as  deeply  sensible  of  the 
honor,  he  declined  it,  because,  in  addition  to  his  in- 
ventions already  tested,  he  was  finishing  a  rifle  and 
shot-gun  capable  of  fifty  shots  a  minute,  wliich  he 
was  anxious  to  eoinpletc  in  order  that  he  might  take 
them  with  liim  in  his  contemplated  trip  abroad  to 
tho  guvernniL'tits  which  had  invited  him  to  visit 
them. 

In  addition  to  those  death-dealing  engines.  Dr. 
RIcLean  bus  invented  a  system  of  ''  infantry  and  rifle 
pnttei'tion  forms,"  and  has  devised  the  construction  :)f 
floating  and  aostilutely  impregtiable  fortresses,  of  ves- 
sels that  cannot  be  sunk  by  perforation,  and  of  a 
jieculiarly  ingenious  and  eft'ettive  torpedo.  In  urgitig 
the  adojition  of  these  destructives  machines  Dr.  Mc- 
Lean expo^<e8  the  fallacy  of  existing  .systems  of  war- 


fare with  a  minuteness  that  shows  him  to  li:ivi>  tlmr. 
oughly  studied  the  subject,  and  with  a  eoiii].lftt'iiis> 
of  demonstration  that  produces  irresistible  eonvie- 
tion. 

Ill  April,  1862,  Dr.  McLean  was  niarrieil  lo  Mijj 
S.irah  Lindeman  Hart,  daughter  of  John  W.  Han 
an  old  and  prominent  citizen  of  Alton,  III.  'flie 
union  proved  to  be  in  all  respects  a  suitable  ;uid  harm- 
one.  They  have  two  children, — Hart  McLean  anii 
'  Sarah  Grace  McLean. 

I       The  doctor  is  a  member  of  the  Metbdilisi  Kpiscu- 

'\  pal  Church ;  was  president  of  the  trustees  and  one 

!  of  the  stewards   of  the    First    Methodist    Kt:'.,L'oiial 

Church  of  St.  Louis,  and  for  fifteen  years  has  hwo 

choir-leader  and  musical  director.     He  bus  bec^ii  not 

otdy  an  open-handed  contributor  to  the  various  oritfr- 

prises  of  his  own  conimunion,  but  has  nlHaysfoitit 

I  his  duty  to  respond  liberally  to  other  de.sprvin"  ob- 

I  jeets.      Churches   and    edi'er'ional   entcrprisi's  have  I 

:  ever  found  in  him  a  stoady  defender  and  warm  sun. 

i  porter. 

j       Such  is  a  brief  sketch   of  Or.  McLean's  most  in- 
i  teresting  and  instructive  career.     It  needs  no  culniv, : 
i  it  is  its  own  commentary.     Among  the  remarkable  j 
'  men  of  whom  St.  Louis  has  been  prolific  heyoinial. 
most  any  other  American  city,  there  is  no  fi-iure  iiwre  i 
pronounced  or  more  deservedly  coiispicuoiis  liian  Dr.  I 
,  James  H.  McLean.     He  is  still  in  tin-  jirime  uF mag. 
\  hood,  with  a  vigorous  constitution  and  an  active  brain,! 
and  with  a  mind  full  of  projects  for  tlic  good  of  bis! 
fellow-men  and  the  advancement  of  Si.  Louis.    Gen-I 
iai,  kind-hearted,  and  popular,  he  has  a  just  idea ifl 
the  value  of  wealth,  and   is  .seeking  to  uiako  .<ii.!i| 
:  use  of  it  os  will  justify  the  application  to  him  ot'.\biii| 
I  Ben  Adhem's  beautiful  encomium, — 

I  "  Write  me  as  one  who  loves  hi.*  fellmv  iiu;i." 

I       A  great  city  like  St.  Louis  plays  nn  iinportaiit  pan  i: 
all  political  inovciucnts,  and  often  gives  shape  anil  lifi 
:  to  i.ssuc8  which  arc  ftdt  throughout  the  riiion.    Thl 
I  centre  of  trade,  intelligence,  atid  enterprise.  tli(>.''ia!^ 
feels   her  influence  and  respects  her  intere^is; 
though  there  have  been  occasions  when  iier  vote  aU 
influence  were   not  in    iianiiony  witii  those  »!  ib{ 
State,  yet  those  occasions  have  been  rare  and  iiilN 
quent.     The  impress  of  the  virtue,  iiileliiLii'iio.inj 
energy  of  'iir  citizens  can  be  disiineilv  traeed  tlirn;lj 
out  tiie  whole  course  of  political  iiH'airs  in  Mis>oiiij 
and  the  general  direction  of  her  iiifliieiiee  h.is  hivn  Ji 
tinetly  in  favor  of  intelligent,  liberal,  and  eoiiservatil 
govern  meut. 


POLITICAL  PIlOGllKSS. 


(J15 


lows  him  to  luivo  thor- 
[id  with  a  e(iiii|ik'teni's> 
iCCS  irresistiliii    convit- 

in  was  lunnii'tl  to  Mi»s 
liter  of  John  \V.  Han, 
,n  of  Alton,  111.  The 
■cts  a  suitablr  and  happy 
en, — Ilnrt  MiLeau  and 

if  the  Methodist  Episco- 
of  the  trusti'os  and  ouo 
•st  Methodist  Ei:'.>copil 
ir  fifteen  years  has  bten 
■ector.  lie  lias  been  tiot 
(utor  to  the  various  etitor- 
n,  but  has  always  felt  ii 
iy  to  other  di'servitii;  olt-  j 
or'ional  eiit<ri>rist.'s  have 
defender  and  warm  sun-  ] 

)f  iJr.  ^leTjoan's  most  iu- 
ireer.     Tt  needs  nu  ciil"jy,  I 

Ainonj:  the  reiiiarkahle 
as  been  prolific  boyuiiJ  al-  [ 
;ity,  there  is  no  fijiuri'  mors 
vedly  conspicuous  tliau  Dr. 
is  still  in  the  jtrinie  of  mm- 1 
titution  and  an  active  bniiii, 
irojects  for  the  !:ood"f  Lis! 
lemcnt  of  Si.  Louis.    in-'H-l 
luliir,  he  has  a  just  idea  <^l 

is  seekin;;  in  niake  su'li| 
application  to  him  of  Al-uj 
icomiuni, — 

1  lovos  his  Mlow  mon." 
uis  plays  an  imjiortaut  partial 
nd  often  ^ives  shape  JiiJ  1 
aroushout  the  I'ni""-    M 
IOC,  and  enleriirisu.  the  ^tfj 

respects  her  illtere^t.<; 
occasions  when  her  V"i.'  M 
iianiiony  with  those  ol 
s  have  bei'ii  r;ire  and  \M 
tlie  virtue,  i'.itelliuem'.^'"! 
bo  distinctly  traced  thtMUjlJ 

political  .liairs  in  Mi«4 
ofherintiu.'iieehaslHviidlj 

ijrout,  liberal,  and  eouscrvatij 


NATIONAL   AND   STATE   OFl'ICIALS. 

EXECUTIVE  OFFICERS  OF  THE   UNITED  STATES. 


Datv. 


I 


PrcMident. 


Vlco-I'rcMiilent. 


April  >.  17R9,  to  Mnroli  I,  I79S., 
m'toIi  I.  17'.'.i.  t;>  March  4,  1797.. 


Marc'li  I.  17117,  to  March  i,  ISOI.. 

March  I.  ISIU,  to  Marco  I,  I.S05.. 
M.irch  I.  ISO.'),  to  .March  I,  ISOll., 
Miirch  4,  1S09,  to  Mi.r.-h  4,  181;!.. 

Maioli  1,  l.'<l.'t,  to  March  4,  1S17.. 

Mar.'li  I,  1SI7,  to  March  4,  1!>21.. 

Marc'h  5,  IS'.'l,  t(.  .March  4,  182:>., 

Matoh  I,  ISL'.i,  to  .March  4,  ISJll., 

March  4,  1829,  to  .March  4,  ISIi.t., 

.Ma:  h  4,  1S:13,  to  March  4,  1837., 

Maich  t,  1S:I7,  to  March  4,  1841., 
March  I.  1S4I,  to  April  4,  1841..., 
\,,ril4.  1841,  to  .M--„h  4,  1845..., 


tjoorgo  Washin^^ion,  Va Fcihii  Adams,  .Mass 

licorge  Washington,  \'u .luhii  A<l»in8,  Mass 

John  Acl.iius,  Ma.-s Thomas  Jotrcr.''oii,  Va 

Thomas  .lefl'orson,  Va Aai'un  Horr,  N.  Y 

Thomas  .Ictl'erhon.  Va (icnrj;c  Cliiitor,  N.  Y 

.ruincs  Madison,  Va *ti*'org('  Clinttin,  X.  Y 

tWm.  .'1.  <,'ra\vford,  (la 

.Fames  Madison,  Va ■  Kll»ridj;e  tjcrry.  .Mass 

f.Iiihn  tiaillord.  S.  t:. 

.Tnines  Monroe,  Va baniel  I>.  Tom|pi<ins,  N.  Y.. 

.laincs  Monroe,  Va Daniel  1).  Tompkins,  N.  Y.. 

,Tohn  Q.  Adams,  Mass lohn  t'.  (lalhoiin,  .^.  0 

Andrew  .lackson,  Tcnn John  C.  Calhoun,  S.  (' 

.\ndrow  Jackson,  Tonn <  Martin  Van  i'lurc.i,  N.  V.... 

.Martin  Van  Hurcii,  N.  V....     Ilichard  M.Johnson,  Ky.... 

Win.  H.  Harrison,  Dhio lohn  Tyler,  Va 

John  Tyler,  Va ISamiicl  !..  Soothird,  N'.J.. 

tWillie  1'.  .Mangiim,  N.  C... 


M.ircli  t.  ISl.i,  to  March  4,  1849., 

.March. I,  ISIll,  to  July  II,  18.il) 

,luk'.l,  1S60,  to  .March  4,  1S5;1.... 

March  4,  lS.i.1,  to  March  4,  185' .. 


March  4,  I8.j7,  to  March  4,  I  -iPl., 

March  I,  1  Sill,  to  Murch  4,  l.s«5.. 
Miirdi  4,  1^11%  to  April  lo,  ISli.'... 
.\|jrll  I,.,  l;-0.'i,  to  March  4,  Isti!!,, 


Jainos  K.  I'olk.Tcnn 

Zacliary  Taylor,  I.a 

.Millard  Fillmore,  N.  V 


Ileo.  M.  P.all-s,  Va 

.Millard  Fillinori-.  N.  V 

|Wiu.  U.  King,  .\ia 


March  1.  ISij'J,  to  March  4,  187". 

Manh  I,  1S7:I,  to  March  4,  IS7V. 

March  ,).  |S77,  to  March  4,  1881. 
\;.'.li4,  l.ssl.toSepl.  19,  1881.. 
>e|.t.I!MsSl , 


*Died. 


Franklin  Pierce,  N.  H "Win.  H.  King,  Ala 

tl>.  U.  Atchison. 

fJ.  I).  liriKhl. 
James  Itochanan,  I'a John  ('.  l<reckcnrii!).'o,  Ky... 

Ahraham  Lincoln,  III Ilannilial  Hamlin,  .Me 

Ahrahain  Lincoln,  111 .Vndri'w  .lohoson.  Tenn 

Andrew  .lolin.son,  Tcnii tLafayette  t'^.  Fostc*,  Conn., 

tlli'iijcnin  F.  Wailc,  Ohio. 
IJlysscs  S.  (irant,  III ."^chuyler  Colta.x,  Iml 

Ulysses  .S.  Orant,  III -Henry  M.  Wilson,  Mass..., 

tTliumas  W.  Fcrrv,  Mich. 

Untherfoiil  II.  Hayes,  Ohio..     Win.  A.  Wheeler,'  N.  V 

James  A.  tJarlield,  Ohio Chester  .\.  Arthur,  N.  V.... 

Chester  A.  Arthur,  N.  Y fl'lo's.  F.  Ilayaid,  Del 

tl'avid  Davis,  III. 
flioorge  F.  Kdmumls,  Vt. 


Secrotary  of  State. 


Thos.  Jefferson,  Va.,  1789.- 
Thos.  JefTerson,  reappointed. 
Kdiii'd  Kiindolph,  Va.,  1794. 
T.  I'ickeriii);.  I'a.,  179.i. 
T.  Pickorins;,  reappointed. 
John  .Miirslinll,  Va..  18(1(1. 
.'aines  .Madifun,  Va.,  ISOI. 
,Ias.  Mnilison.  reappointed. 
Uoherl  .■^uiilh,  .Md.,  1809. 
James  .Monroe,  Va.,  1811. 
Jaf.  Monroe,  reappointed. 

John  (}.  Adams,  Ma.ss..  1817. 
•lohn  Q.  .-Vdains,  reiiiipointed. 
Henrv  Clay,  Kv.,  182.1. 
M.  Van  l!ureii,"N.  V.,  1829. 
1'].  Livingston,  La.,  ls;U. 
Loois  MoLnne,  Del.,  1833. 
John   Forsyth,  (ia.,  1834. 
.lohn  Kiirsvth.  reappoiiitod. 
Dan'l  Welisler,  .Mass..   1811. 
Hugh  .-i.  Leisare,  ,'^.  C.  1813. 
Ahel  I'.  Upshur,  Va.,  1843. 
J.  .N'eison,  .Md.  (act.),  IsU. 
Jidio  C,  Calhoun,  S.  C,  IS  14. 
Jas.  liacliiinan.  Pa.,  Isi.'i, 
J  diM  M.  Clavton,  Del.,  is  lit. 
Daii'l  Wehster,  .Mass.,  IS.id. 
Kdw d  Kvercit,  .Mass  ,  ISi2, 
Will.  L.  .\hircy,  X.  V.,  I8.i3. 


Lewis  Cass..  Mieh.,  ix:>7. 
.lere.  .■^.  lilaek,  I'a.,  ISllll. 
Wm.  M..SewanLN.  Y.,  ISfil. 
tV.  H.  Se\(raril,  reappointed. 
W.  II.  ."seward,  continue.!. 

!•;.  It.  Wahburn,  111.,  ISfiii. 
Ilaniillon  Fish,  N.  Y.,  ISdi). 
Hamilton  Fish,  reappointeil. 

Wm.  M.  Kvarls,  N.  Y..  1877. 
James  I).  Itlaiiie.  .Me.,  (SSI, 
T.   F.   Freliiighnvsen,  X.   J., 
1881. 


ILEi  WHS    toll    I'KESinENT    AND    VICK-I'RKSIDKNT    FROM 
1821   T(«   lS7;i. 

H.'l.— William  Shannon,  John  i*^.  llriekoy,  William  Christy, 
l>.'J.-Pavi.l  Todd    Jnnies  Lngan,  David  Musiek. 
l-:''.i— .liihn  llnll,  Ualph  Dougherty,  llonjamin  O'Fallon. 
B.13.— .loci  II,  linden,  John  Hume,  Wllliain    HInckey,  Uonry 

Sliurlils, 
1S3T.— Divirge  F,  Hollingcr,  William   Monroe,  John  Sapping- 

loii.  A.  Ilyrd, 
ISll.-A.  lljr.l,   James    Ilolman,    K.    Dohyns,   W.   0.    Meri- 
wether. 
mi.-,liinK»  S,  Oreen,  Wllllara  A.  llnll,  W.  P.  Hall,  William 

Sliicld,<.  \V,  C.  Jones,  Franklin  Cannon,  William  L.  .Sub- 

loilr. 
M9,-J.  C.  Welhorn,  «.  D.  Hall,  Abraham  .McKinncy,  B.  T. 

Ma."c.v,  K.  II,  Kwinn,  James  II.  Kolfe,  Trusten  Polk. 
I'M,— K.  I).  Itcvritt,  Alexander   Kayser,  II.  F.  Ilary,  Williaiu 

h.  .Mcrnicken,  ('.  F.  Jackson,  J,  It.  .-<tovcn«un,  ('.  F.  Holly, 

.1,  .M,  llalcwoo.l,  Uobert  K.  Acoek. 


f  I'resliluiit  jtro  lem.  of  the  Senate, 

18j7,— J.  n.  Henderson,  J.  Ii.  Ilcnjamin,  W,  Y.  Slack,  J.  N. 
Burns,  J.  W,  Torbert,  J.  T.  CofTeo,  F.  Kenneth,  W,  1»,  Mc- 
Craeken,  H.  Cooke. 

18(11.— John  II.  Henderson,  Uobert  S,  Itevier,  John  II.  Hale, 
.lames  !■'.  V.  Thomson,  (leorge  (1.  Vest,  .Mordecai  Oliver, 
v..  T,  Wingo,  F  iincis  Hagan,  Hiehard  II.  Stevens, 

ISft.'i.— C.  1).  Drake,  S.  O,  Scolield,  Lucicn  Fatoii,  Harrison  J, 
Lindenbower,  J,  C,  Parker,  llarnahas  Smith,  AV,  Smith 
Ingham,  Joseph  C.  Killian,  IJ.  It.  Smith,  C.  Carpenter, 
Thomas  (1.  C.  Fagg. 

ISfiil.— (^arl  Schiir?.,  J,  D.  Ilinrs,  Cha.inoey  I.  Filley,  (ieorgo 
lliismann,  E,  S.  Waterbiiry,  J.  P.  Tracy,  Thomas  E,  Ita«- 
SPlt,  Louis  (loorgens,  Lewis  II.  Wetherliy,  Wllliain  S, 
Wen/,  Theodore  llniere. 

|S7'!, — William  A.  Hutch,  (loorgo  W.  Amlerson.  Henry  C.  Haas- 
tick.  Arthur  II.  Harrell,  Warren  Chase,  Loiin  les  II.  Davli, 
J.din  II.  Push,  William  II,  Phelps,  F,  M.  Cockrell,  K.  P.  C. 
Wilson.  Adam  \.  Seliiister,  Lewis  C,  Pace,  Jidin  H  Halo, 
Feliv  T.  Houhes,  Jcdiii  .\.  Hoekaday. 


■!|i 


'^1'^ 


1^ 


64() 


HISTORY   OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


II' 


1820-51. 
1851-57. 
1857-fil. 
1882-03. 
186.V67. 
1867-71. 
1870-71. 
1871-7;i. 
1873-77. 
1877-7«. 
1879-85. 


UNITED  ST .^TES  SENATORS. 
Thomas  U.  lioiitoD.       1820-31.  Dnvid  Burton. 


Henry  S.  Ooyer. 
Tnistcn  Polk. 
Robert  Wilson. 
B.  tirnt?.  Brown. 
Clmrloa  D.  Drake. 
Daniel  F.  Jcwett. 
Francis  P.  Blair,  Jr. 
Lewi!<  V.  Bogy. 
David H  Armstrong. 
George  0.  Vest. 


1831-33.  Alcxiinder  Buckner. 
183,V43.  Lowis  F.  Linn. 
1843-55.  D.  R.  Atoliison. 
1855-61.  James  S.  Orccn. 
ISfil.  W.  P.  Johnson. 
1862-69.  J.  B.  Henderson. 
1869-75.  Carl  8churz. 
1875-87.  Francis  M.  Cockroll. 


I  1880.  O.  F.  hithwell. 
!  W.  H.  Hitoh. 

1882.  Jame.s  H.  McLean. 

Robert  T.  Van  Horn. 

John  B.  Clark,  Jr. 


1880.  J.  B.  Clark,  J.. 

1882.   Ira  S.  Hazellh... 
ThiTon  M.  Hm  , . 
Joseph  H.  liuiiMw. 
William  H.  II  ,i,|,, 


REPRESENTATIVES  IN  CONGRESS. 


1822-26.  John  Soott. 
1828-31.  Spencer  Pettis. 
1833-35.  John  Bull. 
1836-42.  John  .Miller. 
1840-42.  John  C.  Edwarda. 
1842-44.  tins.  M.  Bower. 
1844-46.  L.  H.  Sims. 
1844-60.  John  S.  Phelps. 
1846-48.  John  (i.  .Miller. 
1848-61.  Wm.  V.  \.  Bay. 
1846-48.  John  Jamison. 
1852-56.  Mordocni  Oliver. 
1850-57.  Hilehrist  Porter. 
1856-57.  James  S.  (Ireen. 
1852-54.  Thomas  II.  Ueuton. 
1852-56.  James  J.  Lindlcy. 
1855-56.  Thomas  P.  Akurs. 
1856-60.  T.  I,.  Anderson. 
1857-01.  John  li.  Clark. 
1860-67.  F.  1".  Blair. 
1802.  Thomas  L.  Price. 
186061.  John  W.  Reed. 
1862-64.  W.  A.  Hall. 
1862-66.  Henry  T.  Blow. 
1862-69.  Bcnj.  F.  Loan. 
1867.  J.  H.  Stover. 
1862-64.  '^amui^l  Knox. 
186 (-71.  K.  T.  Van  ll.irn. 
1864-r,ii.  J.  H.  Kdsoc. 
1864-67.  Thomas  E.  N.ioll. 
1866-68.  C.  A.  Ni'woomb. 
1866-fiS.  W.  A.  Pile. 
1868-70.  Joel  V.  A.spor. 
1868-70.  S.  S.  Burdett. 
1868-70.  D.  P.  Dyur. 
1870-75.  Ahrain  Cornin).^!^. 
1870-72.  James  ().  Blair. 
1872-74.  Edwin  0.  Stanard. 
1872.  Robert  A.  Hatcher. 
1872-74.  Thomas  T.   Critten- 
den. 
1872-76.  John  B.  Clark,  Jr. 
1872-82.   Ayletl  H.  Buckner. 
1874-78.  Churles  II.  .Morgan. 
1874.  B.  J.  Fra:iklin. 
1874.  Rc/.iu  A    Do  Boot. 
1876.  Nathan  Colo. 
1878.    I,.  S.  Metcalf. 

John  M.  (Hover. 
1880.  M.  L.  ('lardy. 

James  K.  Wad<lill. 

Alfred  M.  La<ly. 


1826-28.  Edward  Bates. 
1831-36.  Wm.  H.  Ashley. 
ia35-.?9.  A.  O.  Harrison. 
1839-44.  John  Jamison. 
1842-44.  James  M.  Hughes. 
1844-46.  Sterling  Price. 
1843-51.  J.  B.  Bowling. 
1842-46.  James  II.  Relfe. 
1846.  William  McDaniel. 
1846-53.  Willard  P.  Hall. 
1846-50.  James  S.  (ireen. 
1850-54.  John  (1.  Miller. 
1852-56.  Alfred  W.  Lamb. 
185i-,5,r  John  F.  Darby. 
1853-59.  Samuel  Caruthers. 
1856-60.  James  Craig. 
1855-57.  L.  M.  Kennett. 
1856-60.  S.  H.  Woodson. 
185l)-.)8.  F.  P.  Blair. 
1858-63.  John  W.  Xooll. 
I858-l'.0.  J.  R.  Barrett. 
1860-64.  James  8.  Rollins. 
1,860-63.  Elijah  H.  Norton. 
1S62-64.  Austin  A.  King. 
1862-64.  S.  T.  Boyd. 
1862-66.  Jos.  W.  McClurg. 
1863-64,   John  (i.  Scott. 
•864-71.  J.  F.  Benjamin. 
.864-69.  (i.  W.  Anderson. 
ISO  1-60.  John  Hogan. 
1866  08.  J.  E.  (iravolly. 
1860-7.1.  J.  R.  McCormick. 
180,8-70.  8.  T.  Boyd. 
1808-70.   Erttstui-  Wells. 
1S08-71.  (3.  A.  Finkolnburg. 
1870-75.  Harrison  E.  Ilavena. 
1870-75,  Isaac  C.  Parker, 
1870-72.  Andrew  King. 
1872-76.   William  H.  .Stone. 
1872-80.  Richard  P.  Bland. 
1872-74.   Ira  H.  Hydo. 
1872-76.  John  M.  (Hover. 
1874.   Edward  ('.  Kerr. 
1874.  John  F.  Philips. 
1874.  David  Rea. 
1876.  Anlhony  Iltncr. 
1878.   Henry  M.  Pollard. 
1880.   Erastiis  Wells. 

Hiohard  (!.  Frost. 

li.  H.  Davis. 

S.  L.  Sawyer. 

Nicholas  Ford. 


LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS  OF  UPPER  LOUISIwa. 

Laclede,  as  proprietor,  from  February,  1764,  to  April.  l;fio 
Ist.  Louis  St.  Angede  Bellerive,  as  acting  Licutemini  (iorernor 
from  January,  1766,  to  May  20,  1770. 

sr.^Nisii  noMiNATio.y. 
2d.  Don  Picrnas,  Lieutenant-Governor,  from  May  Crt,  177fi  (,, 

May  20,  1775. 
3d.  Francisco  Cruzat,  Lieutenant-Governor,  from  Miiv  2U  17;3 

to  .Tune  17,  1778. 
4th.  Fernando  do  Loyba,'  Lieutenant-Governor,  I'min  .lime  i:, 

1778,  to  Juno  28,  1780. 
5th.  Francisco   Cruzat,   Lieutonan'-Governor,  fr'iru  ."^eiji.  2l, 

1780,  to  Nov.  25,  1787. 
6th,  Manuel  Perez,  from  Nov.  25,  1787,  to  July  21,  17',);. 
7th.  ZeHon  Trudeau,  from  .luly  21,  1792,  to  Aug.  '.",1.  17;i;i. 
8tb.  Charles  Dehault  De  Li  ssus,  from  Aug.  29,  I  rii'.i,  to  .March 

9,  1804. 

GOVERNORS  OF  L0UI.5IANA  TERRITcllY. 
Capt.  Amos  Stoddard,  commandant  at  St.  Louis,  froiu  .M.irh 

10  to  Sept.  30,  1804. 
Col.  Samuel  Hammond,  Deputy  Governor,  from  Dot.  I,H4( 

to  July  4,  1805  ;  acting  under  the  orders  of  (ii<n.  U'illiiQ 

II.  Harrison,  (iovernor  of  the  Territory  of  Indiiina. 
Gen.  James  Wilkiusoi.,  from  July  6, 1805,  to  lsr>7,  with  3mm 

Browne  and   Frederick  BateF  at  times  autiii);  u$  l^eiiuir 

Governors. 
1807-9.  Capt.  Merriwothor  Lewis. 
1809-13.  Gen.  Benjamin  Howard. 
1812-21.  Capt.  Williiim  Clark. 

DELKQATKS  TO  CiONaRESS. 
1813-14.  Edward  Hempstead. 
1814-16.  Rufus  Eivston. 
1816-20.  John  Scott. 

GOVERNORS  OF  THE  ST.\TE  OF  Mlssiil'Iir. 


1820-24.  Alex.  MoNair. 
1824-25.   Frederick  Bates. 
1825.  A.  J.   Williams  («  o/- 

Jh-io). 
182.5-32.  John  Miller. 
1832-36.  Daniel  Dunklin. 
1836-40.  Lilhurn  W.  Boggs. 
1840-44.  Thomas  Reynolds. 
1844.  .M.       M.      Murmaduko 

I  Lieutenant-Governor). 
1844-48.  J.  C.  E<lwards. 
1848-52.  Austin  A.  King. 
1852-56.  Sterling  Price. 


1856-57.  TruMcn  I'ulk. 

1857-60.  K.pbvil  .\|.  .-^icitirt. 

1860-01,  Chiilionie    F.  Jack- 

ijon. 

1801  -04.  II.  It.  Ciimblr, 

1804-68.  Tbi.mii,«C.  Flitchfr. 

1868-70.  J.  W.  .Mol'liiri;. 

1870-72.  H.  (inilz  Ilnmn, 

I87''-74.  SihLs  Wo.,.ls„ii. 

187  •   76.  .lohn  .'^.  l'lid|.< 

1S76-7S.  Clmrlos  II.  lliirlic. 

1878-81.  .luhn  ,•<.  I'1k,||.j. 
1881.  Thuuin.i  T.  I'riltcuJen. 


I  LIEUTENANT-GOVERNORS. 

,   1820-24.  William  H.  Ashley.       1836-40.  F.  raiin..ii. 

1821-23.  Benj.  H.  Reeves.  1840-43.  .\l.  .M.  Marmaluke. 

'   1 828-.'!2.  Daniel  Dunklin.  1844-I.'.  Jam.- VMUiig. 

1832-38.  L.  W.  Boggs.  1848-52.  Tbniii»<  I,.  I'rioe. 

'  Do  Leyba  died  Juna  28,  1780.     After  hi»  dtaili  hi*  nfslin 
rank,  Don  ,><ilvio  Francisco  Cartalmna,  in  cMiiiniinil  «l  "i'. 
I  Genevieve,  came  up  to  St.  Louis  and  acted  wl  iiii'rim  uullllii* 
'   reappointment  of  Cruzat. 


J.  n.  Clark,  J^ 
Irn  S.  llfticltiiH'. 
TliiTon  M.  Ki. . . 
Joseph  H.  liiirM\v3. 
Williiim  U.  II  il.li. 

UPPEIl  LOUISI  \N.\. 

■,  1764,  to  April.  1766. 
ting  Lieutoimiit  (Jovernor, 
1771). 

TIOM. 

or,  from  May  2i>,  1 770,  to 

vftrnor,  from  Mny  'ju,  177J, 

it-Hovernor,  fi'nii  .liine  i:. 

•Governor,  fr'Hu  Si.'|it.  2|, 

787,  to  July  LM,  17K. 
1792,  to  Aug.  •-".».  17KI. 
)m  Aug.  29,  I7OT,  toMarA 

lNA  TEKUlTirllY. 

t  at  St.  l.oni.",  from  MiirA 

overnor,  from  Oi-t.  I.bi)J, 
the  onlers  of  lifn.  William 

Territory  of  huliiiiia. 

I,  1805,  to  lsu7,  with  J«pli 
at  times  »cti»i!  us  lle|iu'v 


CONGUESS. 


\TK  OF  MlsSdllll. 
ifi-:>7.  TruJlen  I'ulk. 
i7-80.   Kobi'il  M.  ^I«»«rt. 
fid-Ill.  Cliiiliornc    F.  Ja.'k- 
uon. 

fil   (\i.   II.  It.  liiinihlr. 
l«4-fl8.  Thuniiis  ('.  Flililnr. 
68-70.  J.  W.  MvClurk'. 
0-7'.'.   1!.  llriil/.  lippwii. 
74.  .'^ihis  W,«.|jMii, 
76.  John  S.  VMyf 
6-78.  Chiirh's  II.  lliirlin. 
78-81.  John.>^.  I'Ik'!)". 
81.  ThoumaT.  CriUciiJen. 

JVKBNOKS. 

;16-40.  F.  Cnnnm. 
M0-4;i.  M.  M.  Marnm.lulie. 

44-4S..  JiiHio  Vouiig. 
f<48-52.  ThoiiiiK  I..  l'fi«. 

Aft.T  hi- .l.'UtliliiMu'Slin 
»l>ou»,   in  ."touKin.l  al  >"■ 


'<^*T^ 


iMyun/ 


'^/^ 


■77 


AUTOGRAPHS  OF  DISTINGUISHED  MEN  IN  THE  EARLY  HISTORY  OF  ST.  LOUIS. 


I' ' 


ill 


^:\      ,.Mri^ 


1  m  i  I 

1  Iri  ;> ..: 


il 


:.  ^^'iR'Tji-iSfH'n 


m 


» ■      II--.' >u 


V'i  'v^'i! 


(^an    <^^3^^^^^ 


2- 


/^^ 


t^n/ 


I^UduO^LjUAjJ ' 


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?6avi<'cJ 


C3^ 


^na.^Uju:^  ^ 


e^-^xj 


QJ 


AUTOGRAPHS  OF  DISTINGUISHED  MEN   IN  THE  EARLY  H!l TORY  OF  ST    LOUIS, 


MUNICIPAL  GOVEUNMENT. 


647 


IsjJ-SJ.  Wilson  Brown. 
|j;6-ii0.  Iliincock  Jackson. 
I«60-6I .  T.  C.  Reynolds. 
If61.64.  AV.P.  Hall. 
Ijjj-es.  iinnge  Smith. 


1888-70.  E.  0.  Stannrd. 
1870-72.  Joseph  J.  Gmvely. 
1872-74.  Charles  I'.  Johnson. 
1874-76.  Norman  J.  Colman. 
1878-78.  H.  C.  Brookmeyer. 


1-21. 
I-:'). 

l-N 


k:\ 


SKi'HF.TARlES  OF  STATE  KROM  ST.  LOUIS. 
Joshiiii  ISiirton,  resigned  Septcnbcr,  1821. 
Willitiiu  ti.  Pettus,  resigned  Nav.  17,  1824. 
Ilaiiiilinn  It.  Oiiinb'o,  resigned  July,  1826. 
iinonicr  Pettis,  resigned  December,  1828. 
Kugiiie  F.  Weigel,  from  Nov.  8,  1870,  to  Nov.  .1,  1874. 
Miihiiel  K.  MoGrath. 

STATK  TllEASUnERS  FROM  ST.  LOUIS. 
Peter  Oiilier,  from  September,  1820,  resigned  in  1821. 
Xiithaniel  Simond!<,  to  December,  1828. 


ATTORNEYS-GENERAL  FROM  ST.  LOUIS. 
I*:*.  Eilwanl  Bates,  from  September,  1820,  rei>lgnod  in  1821. 
jyj!.  llufu.'  Kaston,  appointed  December,  1821,  died  Jan.  21, 

1^26. 
l>ii<,  Robert  F.  Wingate,  elected  Niivember  8th  for  four  years, 

JUDGES  OF  SUPREME  COURT  FROM  ST.  LOUIS. 
Eoljfrt  Wiish,  from  September,  182.'),  resigned  May,  I8;17. 
w.  V.  X.  liiiv.  ii|.|ointed  Jan.  20,  1862,  elected  Nov.  3,  1863. 

CIKRKS  OK  TIIK  nOUNTY  COURT  UNDER  THE  FIRST  STATE 
CONSTITUTION. 

:ilaiI!cat,ap]Hiinted  in  1820,  served  until  his  death,  in  Decom- 

bor,  is:'7. 
Diwy  Chmileiiu.  apjiointed    Jan.   5,  1828.     Same  electe.l  in 

b".5  for  six  yeiirs  from  Jan.  1,  18:18,  to  1842. 
h'm  Ite  .Mun,  ileoied  Aug.  2,  1841,  for  six  years  from  Jan.  1, 

1^2;  .licl  Aug.  15,  1843. 
Btn^  J.  Wise,  appointed  temporarily,  Aug.  15,   1843,  until 

ilMiion,  .N.iv.  3,  1843. 
Jiii.t<  II.  Milbournc.  elected   Nov.  3,    1843,  died  in  July  or 

Aii)!ust,  1S.|4. 

Stfjliin  D.  liarlow,  appointed  Aug.  12,  1844.     Same  elected 
NovfinWr.  lS4t.  to  Jan.  1,  18)8. 
luif  F.  I.oc'v,  elected  in  1847  for  si.x  years  from  Jan.  1, 1848, 

i"J«ii.  I,  1S54. 
Jwdi  Tliornbtirg,  elected  in   1S53  for  si.\  years   from  Jan.  1, 

IMl,  I" ''an.  I.  I*""''. 

KKCORDEKS   OF   DEEDS. 
M  I'.  I.ikIui'.  I'ri'in  change  of  government  in  1804  until  181S. 
I  jKMUild():iiciMe,  e.r  ii/AVi'o.  as  circuit  clerk  from  1818  to  Jan. 
1, 1M6, 
Juhiiil.  Uuhiiifl  icirciiil  clerk),  Jan.  1,  1836,  to  1812,  his  last 

t ,ra  Mav  17.  1x41. 

I  Btiiiy  Choiitoiui  (coiiiity  clerk),  fi.st  record  May  18,  1841,  last 

iMnl  he,',  .il,  IS41, 
I  Jiliu)  [If  Mini  HMUiity  clerk),  first  reconl   Jan.  1,  1842,  last 

rccorii  .March  2,  1S43. 
I  Hi.ry  J.  Wi^e  icounty  clerk).  Drat  reoord  March  3,  1843,  last 

rwrJNov.  2,  1843. 
I  Jimf  II.  Millioume  (county  cler';),  first  reoord  Nov.  28,  1843, 

!:i'lrc.or.l,lan.  ,'),  1844. 
I  Sie|iien  '•.  Harlow  (county  clcik),  first  record  Jan.  24,  1844. 
MiibimrntMiiriiin  from  Feb.  8  to  March  8,  1844. 
I  B>'  *  ■■>t::\u  from  March  8  to  April  22,  1844.' 

'  'lic'f  li-t^  .,re  il  ipcrfoct,  owing  to  the  failure  to  obtain  ro- 
li«Mf  infcitination  oeforo  the  publication  of  the  work. 


CHAPTER    XVIII. 

MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMENT. 

Before  the  estubiishuient  of  inunicipul  government 
in  St.  Louis  tiie  local  affairs  of  the  town  and  the  pre- 
servation of  law  and  order  were  included  in  the  juris- 
diction of  the  Spai.iah,  French,  and  United  States 
officers.  Under  the  last  of  the.se  administrations  the 
population  grew  rapidly,  and  in  accordance  with  an 
act  passed  by  the  Legislature  of  the  Territory  of 
Louisiana  on  June  18,  1808,  entitled  "An  Act  con- 
cerning towns  ia  this  Territory,"  upon  the  petition  of 
two-thirds  of  the  taxable  inhabitants,  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas  for  the  district  of  St.  Louis  on  Nov. 
9,  1808,  incorporated  the  town.' 


>  The  judges  constituting  the  court  at  this  time  were  Silas 
Bent,  president,  and  Iternard  Prattc  and  Louis  Labaumo,  asso- 
ciates. 

Louis  Labaume  de  Tatoron  came  to  .St.  Louis  at  an  early  day, 
and  the  de  Tateron  being  dropped  in  cimsonanee  with  Demo- 
cratic ideas,  bis  name  was  changed  to  tliat  of  Louis  Tateron 
Labaume.  He  was  a  gentleman  of  lino  e<lucation,  and  under 
Zenon  Trudeau,  the  Spanish  commander,  filled  the  position  of 
secretary.  .\fter  the  transfer  of  Louisiana  to  the  I'nited 
.States,  as  we  have  seen,  he  was  electeil  one  of  the  judges  of 
(-'ominon  Pleas  and  colonel  of  militia.  His  wife  was  Susan 
Dubruil,  who  was  connected  with  the  oldest  families  of  St. 
Louis,  The  Dubruil  family  then  lived  in  an  oM-l'ashiuned 
stone  building  with  a  portico,  situated  on  the  west  side  of  Sec- 
ond f^treet  near  i'ine.  Mr.  Labaume's  st)ns  were  Louis  A.  La- 
baume, Louis  Tateron  Labaume,  who  was  elected  sheriff  in 
1849,  and  Theodore  Labaume,  who  wa.  deputy  sheriff  a  number 
of  years;  and  his  daughters  were  Kugenia  Labauiuc,  whi>  was 
the  first  wife  of  Peter  1"..  Blow,  and  Susan  Labauuio,  who  miir- 
riod  Joseph  Newman. 

Louis  .\.  Labaume,  son  of  Louis  Labaumo  de  Tateron,  was 
born  on  the  13th  of  March,  1807,  and  received  his  early  educa- 
tion at  the  Catholic  college  cstalilislieil  by  Bisljop  Du  liciurg. 
At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  commenceil  his  business  career  as  clerk 
on  a  steaniboat,  and  in  1827  visited  France  in  order  to  look 
after  an  estate  belonging  to  his  father,  who  hail  died  five  years 
before.  While  in  France  ho  formed  the  aciiuaintance  of  Mile. 
.Melaine  de  Lapierro,  whom  he  niarrieil  Dec.  2ii,  ls:(2.  He- 
turning  tn  St.  Louis  in  the  spring  of  IS.!.!,  ho  fnniied  a  part- 
nership with  bis  brother,  Thcodnro  Liibauiiie.  and  his  brother- 
in-law.  .loseph  Newnnin,  for  conducting  a  wliolesale  grocery  and 
railroad  business,  under  the  firm-name  of  Labaume  ,V  Co. 

The  partnership  continued  until  ISIl,  when  Mr.  Labaumo 
enteiod  into  partnership  in  the  lead  iniuinu' business  at  Itich 
mond,  Washington  Co.,  with  his  bro(her-in-lnw,  Peter  !•'.  Klow, 
and  Thomas  M.  Taylor,  which  continued  until  1817.  In  l'<41 
he  was  elected  a  member  of  the  bmrd  of  delcijates,  a.:d  in 
1842  a  member  of  the  board  of  aldernK^n.  He  introduced  a  bill 
for  widening  the  I,evee,  which  was  not  adopted  until  1 8 111,  alter 
the  great  Hre.  tn  1841  he  was  elected  to  the  Legislature  as  an 
"  oltl-line"  Whig,  and  opposed  the  election  of  Mr.  Hcnlon  to  the 
Senate.  lie  was  at  onetime  president  of  the  City  Council.  Dur- 
ing President  Fillmore's  administration  bev's  appninted  I'nited 
States  sub-tieasurer,  and  after  filing  his  bond,  resigned  without 
having  entered  upon  the  duties  of  the  oflice.      It  lecmi  he 


if 


6t8 


HISTORY   OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Hi; 


!:!•; 


m\ 


Tliis  first  chartiT  of  St.  Lov'is  fixed  the  '.iinits  of 
the  town  ii.s  follows :  •'  Bcjriniiiiii.'  at  Antoinu  Hoy's 
iniil,  on  the  bank  of  the  Mississippi',  tlicnue  running 
sixty  iirpoiis  west ;  tlienoe  south  on  said  lino  of  si.xty 
arpcris  in  the  rear  until  the  name  comes  in  the  Barrier 
Denoyer ;  thence  due  soutl,  until  it  comes  to  the 
Sugar-Loaf;  thence  due  east  to  tiie  Mississippi  ;  from 
thono.  by  the  Mi.ssissippi  along  low  water  mark  to  the 
place  first  mentioned."  I 

The  ta.xablo  boundaries  of  the  town  began  ''  at  the 
mouth  of  Mill  Creek  (where  it  enters  the  Mississippi 
River);  thenec  with  Mie  said  creek  to  the  mill-dam; 
thence  with  the  north  arm  of  Mill  Creek  to  the  head 
of  the  same;  thcnee  by  a  line  runi'ing  parallel  with 
tlie  Mi.ssis.-iippi  Uivlt  until  it  intersects  tin;  north 
boundary  of  the  corporation." 

The  charter  directed  that  the  metes  and  bounds  of 
the  town  be  surveyed  and  marked,  and  a  plat  of  tiio 
same  filed  for  record  in  the  clerk's  office.  David 
Delaunay  and  William  C.  Carr  were  at  the  si^^tne  time 
appointed  commissioners  to  superintend  the  first  elec- 
tion of  five  trustees  to  whom  was  to  be  intrusted  the 
government  of  the  town.  The  election  was  to  have 
been  held  on  the  fith  of  December  annually  ;  but,  as 
a  critic  of  the  day  remarked.  "  in  their  eagerness  to 
rank  as  a  town,"  the  inhabitants  on  Saturday,  July 
23,  1808,  before  the  town  was  incorporated,  met  at 
the  court-house  and  elected  the  following  trustees  for 
one  y.ir:  Auguste  Ciiou;eau,  Edward  Hempstead, 
Bernard  Prattc,  Peter  Chouteau,  and  Alex  .iider  Me- 


wiinli'il  ttio  giivornnicnt  Id  biiilil  n  siife,  u."  lie  win  unnillinp;  to 
undergo  tlii'  risk. 

Mr.  Lulmuiue  »:is  oleotcil  prosiilciit  of  tlic  .''t.  Loni«  (Ins- 
I.iglit  ('oiii|iany.  unci  iilso  a  ilircitor  of  llio  .Missniiri  I'neific 
Kailronil.  in  l>,il.  In  l.'^Ofl  lio  wunl  to  Knrii|ip,  nml  Asa  Wil- 
gus  lillwl  liid  jiliii'u  tuin|ii>riirily  us  |ircsideiit  of  tho  gasliglit 
cunipuny. 

In  I.SHI,  Mr.  [..ibiuinio  again  visitod  Kurojio.  this  time  lor  llio 
bcni'lil  of  his  ivii'o's  licallh,  iiiiil  rcinainol  theri'  until  his  doath, 
although  he  never  gave  up  hi.s  residenee  in  .*^t.  Louis,  ile  eanie 
buck  several  times,  tlie  last  iinio  in  ISTJ.  At  the  sidiuitation  of 
ponie  of  his  friends  in  .^t.  Lciuis,  he  vinf  nunied  hy  (loveruor 
l^hetps  one  of  tile  eounni^sioners  to  the  I'uris  Kxposition,  and 
was  at  his  winter  rrsideneo  in  I'aris  when  admonished  bv  fail- 
ing health  to  repair  to  his  uountry-scnt. 

Mr.  Iialiauine  died  in  August,  IS7J,  leaving  a  largo  estate. 
His  wife  survived  liiin,  and  he  left  three  daughters, — one,  Mrs. 
lliiks,  widow  of  Cliarles  W.  Ilicks,  formerly  of  llio  .St.  l.uuis 
Court  of  Coiomon  I'leas,  having  three  daughters  ;  Mary,  who 
married  (.'apt.  I'Miiiond  ile  I.apicrro  of  Ihe  Krenuh  army,  and 
another  duuglitor.  twin  sister  of  the  latter,  Itertha,  who  iiiar- 
riod  VisiMinte    iiiiadeode  Caix. 

Mr.  I.aliaume  is  renieuibered  hy  the  older  citir.ens  of  .St. 
Louis  as  a  line-looking  man,  with  n  frank,  open  oountenunee, 
und  very  polite  and  oourleoiis  in  his  address.  He  was  for 
many  years  one  <.f  ilie  most  proniincnl  and  popular  men  in  the 
oily. 


Nail'.  The  trustees  elected  Josepli  V.  (Jarnier  lu 
town  clerk.  On  Doceiliber  7th  of  the  sanii'  year  no- 
tico  was  given  to  the  iniiabitant.s  of  St.  Luujs  to 
"  meet  at  the  liouse  of  Auguste  Chouteau  on  Siindav 
the  11th,  ut  eleven  o'clock  a.m.,  ou  business  i,f  jm. 
portance,"  probably  for  consultation  over  ilidr  eon. 
templatcd  form  of  government.  It  appears  ilnu  uiiijer 
and  by  virtue  of  their  authority  the  first  inistoesof 
the  town  enacted  several  ordinances,  whicli  were  w- 
enacted  from  time  to  time  by  their  sucissurs,  aiiij 
when  St.  Louis  was  incorporated  as  a  city  in  ls;j;» 
they  were  placed  on  the  statute-books.  .Viuuni;  ihe 
earliest  ordinances  were  those  for  esfablisliii|i.'iai,.s  „(' 
ferriage  and  regulating  patrols  and  slaves.  Tlio  two 
Ibrmor  ordinances  can  be  found  under  tlicir  rosiiw. 
five  heads  in  this  work,  and  the  one  conccriiiiii'  slavts 
is  as  follows  : 

'*  lie  it  in-itdined  lii/  the  liitarii  i\f  Tni§tt^eH /itr  the  t^jtrn  uf  S\. 
Kniiin,  That  no  person  or  periion.s  shall  sell  nor  give  lo  »ni 
slave  any  spirituou.?  or  ardent  li(|Uor  without  a  ivrilUn  \wnaU- 
sion  from  the  ma.ster  or  mUtress  of  such  slave,  iiiiler  tlie  Pen- 
alty of  ten  dollars  for  each  and  every  olTense. 

"Ski;.  2.  No  person  nor  persons  shall  sell  ur  riiriii«li  in  my 
slove  any  kind  of  goods,  wares,  and  iiieicliandise  uiiimin  » 
■vrilten  permission  from  the  master  or  misnes-  ul' sik'Ii -liw 
under  the  penalty  of  paying  for  each  ollVn.^u  iliv  sum  „i  ,,i 
dollars. 

''Skc.  3.  Kvery  person  who  shall  find  aiiv  slave  in  w  siaL'-.f 
intoxieution  in  the  streets  or  other  puhlic  plare  in  tlie:i(i<ltMmi 
of  St.  Louis  is  hereby  authorized  to  carry  or  cause  to  lit- ■.'.iirie-l 
such  slave  to  the  master  or  mistress  of  suih  slave,  nh,,  slulj 
immediately  cause  the  said  slave  to  receive  un<t  be  nliipin.Kii 
his  or  her  bare  back  leu  lashes;  tiA  in  case  the  aalil  inuiei  ^r 
mistress  shall  ncgleot  ur  refuso  o  cause  such  slave  t»  be  ^o 
whipped,  such  master  or  such  mistress  shall  for  cvcrv  iiieli 
•legleet  or  refusal  pay  und  forO  it  Ihe  sum  of  live  Jullar*. 

"."^KC.  -1.  Slaves  shall  not  inscmble  together  fur  niiiiiH'uient 
"nd  recreation,  unless  at  the  .louse  of  llieir  master  fir  iiii-lr«.is, 
except  in  Ihe  daytime,  und  hiving  previously  "Ijlaiiu'iliiwriilen 
permission  from  the  ehairm>n  of  the  board  of  tiii«tei>  l-.r  iht 
town  of  St.  Louis  for  the  lime  being,  or  in  liisabMii.elV.iii-«iiie 
two  members  of  tho  said  board;  and  if  anv  iiiimlur  .if  .-liKS 
exceeding  four  shall  be  so  found  assembleil  t.igellier  f.jr  iHims"- 
meiit  and  recreation  without  such  written  ]lel'llll...^ioIl,  anv  {'it- 
son  or  persons  are  hereby  authorized  to  carry  or  ohuso  m  be 
carried  such  slave  to  the  master  or  mistress  tliereuf,  wlio  .luill 
immediately  cause  the  said  slave  to  receive  and  I'l  hv  H')ii|i|K-l 
on  his  or  her  bare  buck  ten  lashes:  and  in  case  the  iiia.<ler'>r 
mistress  shall  neglect  or  refiiso  to  cause  the  snid  shive  lu  he  ^'i  j 
whipped,  sliidi  master  or  mistress  shall  for  every  ,«U('li  nt'gleo'.-jr 
refusal  forfeit  ami  pay  Ihe  sum  of  live  dollars. 

".Skc.  i.  I'lvery  free  per.soii  of  color  givinj;  bull?,  hhium'- 
ments,  or  public  diversion  and  admitting  u  slave  I  herein  nilhnul  I 
the  written  permission  of  tho  master  or  inisliess  of  Mil  >1 
shull  for  every  such  olfonsc  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  "f  lenlol-  j 
lars,  and  the  occupier  of  tho  house  where  sii.li  liiilln,  iiniii'e-  j 
menls.  or  piiblii;  diversions  are  held,  and  when'  :i  slave  or  siti'i'*  j 
are  admitted  without  such  written  pcriiii«-i"ii.  sli.ill  f"rf"'7  1 
sueli  ball,  amusement,  or  public  diversion  a>  iiriTi'sniii  I'ltleil  1 
and  pay  the  sum  of  twenty  dollars. 

"Skc.  8.   No  slave  shall    take  or  ride  llie  lioisc,  inuri,  or  | 


»11  lind  iiiiv  sliiviMU  .\  st;U.'"{ 
■  public  |iliic'i'in  llie:iii'lt'«ii 
0  ciirij-  ur  Ciuifu  to  lit  ■.■:irrii-l 
res;<  of  sui'h  finvi-,  vtli.i  shall 
to  receive  anil  bi'  nlii|p|it,lun 
,;il  in  cave  tlip  »iiiil  maMcrT 
o  cause  such  >liive  t"  br  -o 
liatrcss  shall  fur  every  iuoli 
the  sum  of  live  ilulliir*. 
nble  toijctlier  l'"r  amiiMUieiit 
e  ol'  tlieir  iiiasler  nr  m\-\m>. 
,  previously  "btaiueil  MriilM 
the  Uciar.l  of  truMei's  (.it  t!« 
ig,  or  in  hiaabsi'iii-efrniii-.iiw 
Hiid  if  any  nnnibiT'jf  >'mi 
.euible,!  together  f.ifiim'is'- 
.  written  perniisfion.  an>  I"'- 
irizcil  to  ciirrv  or  eiiusc  to  be 
or  mistress  iliiTiMf,  nlio  -liV.I 
to  receive  aii.l  t"  lie  «lii|i|wl 
les;  anil  in  case  llie  maslei '»  ] 
cause  the  sni'l  sbwe  I"  1*  ' 
shall  for  every  saclineglKl"'  j 
live  ilollari. 

,f  color   Bikini!  I.alls,  aniu-.- 
,ittin|5Bslavelherpiii"itliimt 

Iter  or  mistress  of  Jai'l  -l"'  j 
and  pav  Ibe  sum  nf  ton  W" 
„c  where  sui'h  li»ll»i  «i"""- 
,1,  ami  where  n  slave  or  «l»i'' 
,1,  pcrmi.sion.  shall  fur  mtj 
Jiver.si.in  as  aleresai'l  I"""' | 

a.  I 

„r  ri lie  the  liiH>e,  raivri.  or 


MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMENT. 


649 


.•elJin?  "f  I'i"  tni^ftor  or  mlstrcts,  or  that  of  any  other  person 
jilhniil  piii'ii'sion  flrnt  Imd  and  nblained  from  the  owner 
itfroif;  Hill  any  porwoD  finding  a  slave  offending  herein  ia 
l,efehy  nulhirizod  to  carry  or  cause  to  be  carried  the  said  hIuvc 
u  liis  iir  her  master  or  mistreas,  and  the  said  master  or  miu'ress 
ilijll  imiiH'liiitely  cause  the  said  slave  thus  found  offending  to 
[Kcive  anil  bo  whipped  upon  the  naked  back  of  such  slave 
ivtintv  «tri|ies;  and  In  onso  the  master  or  mistress  shall  neglect 
.(refuse  I"  cause  the  said  slave  to  bu  bo  whipped,  such  master 
or  mistress  -hall  for  every  such   neglect  or  refusal  forfeit  and 


pa} 


llie  sain  <>f  leu  dollars. 


At  tlio  Fre.sideiitinl  election  in  1809,  St.  Louis  cast 
her  first  vote  for  Presidential  candidates.  The  follow- 
in};  vote,  while  it  wa.s  ineffectual  in  that  election, 
owin;;  to  the  fact  that  Missouri  hud  not  then  been 
admitted  into  the  Union,  is  noverthelcss  indicative 
of  the  political  principles  anil  preferences  entertained 
by  the  citizens  of  St.  Louis  at  tliis  early  period  : 

Fur  I'riHiilciil. 


Far  Vt 


•  FfeHifUut. 


<n .  7.  That  if  any  whito  person,  free  negro,  or  mulatto 
shall  at  any  lime  lie  found  in  company  with  slaves  at  any  un- 
!,»l'ul  laeeiiiig,  or  shall  harbor  or  entertain  any  slave  without 
thf finsmt  "I  the  owner  thereof,  such  person  shall  for  every 
juth  iilVoiisi  f'irfeil  and  p  ly  th"  sum  of  three  dollars,  ami  on 
fiiluro  tn  |i;iy  the  same  on  -■•wietioi?  shall  receive  on  bis  or 
bit  nakeil  •■  n'k  twenty  lashes  well  la'd  on,  by  order  of  the 
lajirmiin  of  the  trustees,  or  the  justice  I.efore  whom  such  con- 
tifliiin  shall  lie. 

•Sir.  S.  Kvery  white  person  who  shal.  associate  with  slaves 
St  tlicir  l>i»lls  or  other  amusements  shall  for  every  sucli  offense 
f. flit  ami  pay  the  sum  of  ten  dolh.rs,  and  for  offenses  commit- 
lid  against  Ibis  ordinatice  by  white  persons  under  the  ajie  of 
iwfniv-onc  years,  tlieir  parents,  guardians,  or  inaslcrs  shall  be 
'Mini  til  I'liv  the  penalties  imposed  upon  such  minor,  for  which 
swalimi  shall  issue  against  the  goods  and  chatties  of  such 
jarint,  guardian    -"r  master. 

"•n. ',1.  Ml  offenses  against  this  ordinance  shall  be  hoard, 
trifil.suil  determined  by  the  chairman  of  the  board  of  trustees 
;  rlbrtown  of  St.  I,ouis,  or  by  any  justice  of  the  peace  of  the 
Mill  iiiitn,  and  all  fines  and  penalties  accruing  therefrom  shall 
bt  i{i{iro|iriated.  the  one-half  to  the  informer,  and  the  other 
hilfliilheeliairiiian  for  the  use  of  the  town.  I'rovided,  how- 
mr,  that  niitwitbstanding  such  half  part  being  for  the  benefit 
((the  informer,  such  iuformershall  nevertheless  be  a  competent 
litnes? iimier  tins  ordinance. 

■  .■•ki.  10.  This  ordinance  shall  bo  in  force  I'rom  and  after  the 
netitiilh  day  of  September  next. 
"Ill  testimony  whereof  we.  .\ugu8to  Chouteau.  Pierre  t^hou- 
l««.  E.  Hempstead,  B.  I'rntte,  and  \,  McNair,  have  hereunto 
Wuurlianils  this  vcn.y-sevent'  .lay  of  August,  in  the  year  of 
tor  Liiril  (iiio  thousand  eight  hundred  and  eight,  and  of  the 
la iepenik'iici'  of  the  [^nited  .States  the  thirty-third. 

"  A.  ('iion'KAr, 
"  I'.  Choitkait, 

"  E.   llKMI'STKAn, 
"  B.  PllATTK, 

"A.  jMcNair." 

.\t  an  election  held  Monday,  Nov.  27,  1809, 
1  antler  the  charter.  "  at  Mr.  Chouteau's  house,  lately 

cwuiiieil  by  Gun.  (,'lark"  (Block  0),  Messrs.  Auguste 

(.'himleau,  Edward   Hempstead,   Jean    P.   (Jahnnne, 

William  C.  Carr.  and  William  Christy  were  elected 
I  lottii  triislccs.     The  first  business  of  the  trustees  was 

ike  re-enaetiiij:  of  the  ordinances  pas,sed  by  the  trus- 
li«s  the  yiar  before.     At  this  time  complaint,  the 

muher  of  improvement,  was  loud-voiced  about  "the 
IpairiJ  carca.>!,ses  of  cows,  liof^s,  dogs,  etc.,  which  ob- 
|«riicteil  (he  .ftrcets  of  St.  Louis,"  and  a.sserteJ   that 

ikeri!  Wiis  iiotliin;;  done  towards  paving  the  footways, 

filling  up  lung  stagnant  ponds,  etc. 


•lames  Madison 122     (leorgo  I'linlon 118 

Charles  C.  I'inckney IS      liufiis  King \.\ 

(Jeorge  Clinton fi     Scattering 15 


Total  vote  cast 17t» 


T'lttal  vote  cast 


176 


At  this  period  the  busini'.'is  of  the  town  was  not 
definite  or  fixed.  The  value  of  the  niercliandise  and 
imports  was  about  8250,000  annually.  Even  this 
small  sum  was  mainly  due  to  the  fact  that  St.  Louis 
was  the  chief  fittinir  out  point  for  the  trailint:  estab- 
lishments on  tlie  Mis.si.ssippi  and  Mis.souri  Itivers. 
The  principal  currency  of  the  town,  as  elsewhere 
noted,  was  peltries,  lead,  and  whiskey. 

Products  which  were  the  i;rowth  or  manufacture 
of  the  Territory  were  exempted  from  taxation  by  the 
ordinance  of  March  15,  1810,  as  well  as  provisions 
coming  to  the  markets  of  St.  Louis  from  Illinois.   This 

ordinance  provided  for  the  collection  of  the  following 
taxes : 

"On  all  taverns,  public-houses,  or  retailers  of  liijuor  of  all 
and  every  description,  $l.'i. 

"  On  all  stores  or  retailers  of  merchandise  not  the  growth  or 
manufacture  of  the  Territory  of  Louisiana,  .Slj. 

"tjnall  boats  or  barges  coming  from  any  place  or  placea 
without  the  said  Territory,  of  live  tons  burden,  or  under,  hav- 
ing on  board  good    o*  merchandise  for  sale,  $;*>. 

*'  .\nd  for  every  ton  over  that  number,  $1. 

"On  every  pirogue  arriving  as  aforesaid,  $2. 

"  On  every  ferry  per  year,  $1;'>. 

"On  every  carriage  of  pleasure  of  four  wheels,  S2. 

"On  every  otiior  carriage  of  pleasure,  i\. 

*'  On  every  carriole  or  sleigh,  ^\, 

"On  every  billiard  table  or  wheel  of  fortune,  $inii. 

"(Ill  all  real  ]iropcrty,  the  one-fourth  of  one  per  centum  on 
the  assessment  valuation. 

"  On  every  dog  over  and  above  one  for  each  family,  $2. 

"  .\nd  in  all  cases  where  a  dog  shall  be  owned  or  kept  by  * 
negro  or  servant,  the  master  or  mistress  of  such  negro  or  ser- 
vant shall  be  obliged  to  pay  the  tax  aforesaid;  the  proprietors 
of  all  dogB  for  which  the  aforesaid  tax  has  been  paid  shall 
put  a  collar  round  the  neck  of  said  dog,  and  all  dogs  not  baring 
said  collar  shall  be  liable  to  be  killed. 

",Skc.  4.  Nothing  in  this  ordinance  contained  shall  be  con- 
strued to  extend  to  any  family -boat  or  vessel  in  which  nothing 
shall  bo  found  for  sale  not  the  growth  or  manufaoture  of  the 
Territory  of  Louisiana,  nor  to  any  boat  or  vessel  coming  from 
the  Illinois  Territory  loaded  with  provisions  for  the  market  of 
St.  Louis,  nor  to  any  dogs  kept  on  farms  within  the  limits  of 
the  said  town  or  corporation." 

The  financial  outcome  of  this  ordinance  for  1810 
is  set  forth  in  (he  followini;  accounts  of 


Mr 


, 


:i} 


!:   ■  i! 


ill 


1!4 


J.1 


650 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


"AUOOSTB   CuotlTKAU, 
Dll. 

To  twenty-throo  licen- 
ses from  ineroliants, 
taverns,  ferries,  etc.  $350.00 

To  tnxes  reoeived  from 

tlie  ciilloctor 163.08 

To  tines  for  racing 
horses  in  tlio  town, 
etc 16.110 


TrennHi'cr  *•/  the    Totou, 

On.  ! 

Piiid  Mr. (Jnrnier,  ser-  I 

vices  nselerit,  room, 

tire,  staticinery  .'?l  I.'). SO 

I'liiil    Mr.    Dcliiuniiy, 

twfnl.v-lwo  iliiys  as 

road  overseer ,13.00 

I'liiil  .Mr.  CInirless.  for 

printing  laws 114.00 

Paiil  iMr.  dreg  Sarpy, 

for   one  -  third    the  ' 

materials   hn   is   to 

furnish    fur    the 

bri();;c  at  south  end 

of  village 83.33i 

Paid  the  collector  ten 

per  cent,  oommis- 

sion 52.il«     ' 

Payment $:iiMt.l,H 

Balance  in  treasury..    130.52i(  i 


$52U.68  I  $529.68 

"Deo.  11,  1810." 

As  the  town  be^an  to  grow  in  wealth  and  popula- 
tion a  collector  was  required,  and  on  Jan.  6,  1810, 
the  following  ordinance  was  passed  by  Messrs.  Chou- 
teau, Christy,  and  Cabaune  for  the  appointment  of 
one : 

"  /?c  It  ordained  by  the  honrd  i\f  trmttfeg  fnv  the  town  af  St, 
Luiiii,  That  there  shall  annually  be  appointed  n  ei>llector  for 
the  said  town,  whose  duty  it  shall  bo  to  collect  all  fines,  taxes, 
and  penalties  imposed  by  virtue  of  nny  ordinance  of  the  said 
board  of  trustees,  and  to  serve  and  execute  all  proce.sHcs  for  any 
breach  of  the  ordinances  enacted  and  which  may  be  enacted 
by  the  trustees. 

".*Ki'.  2.  The  soid  collector  shall  be  appointed  by  the  chair- 
man »f  the  board ;  he  shall  give  bond  with  security  for  the 
faithful  discharge  of  the  duties  of  his  othco,  to  the  chairman  for 
the  use  of  the  town,  in  the  sum  of  three  hundred  dollars,  and 
bo  entitled  to  the  same  fees  as  constables  are  by  law  entitled  to. 

"Ski'.  3,  This  ordinance  shall  be  in  force  from  the  passage 
thereof." 

On  January  27th  of  the  same  year  an  ordinance 
was  pa8.scd  requiring;  the  citizens  to  form  themselves 
'!nto  lire  companies,  and  enacted  the  laws  re<;ulatin<; 
their  f:;overnment.  Among  other  things  they  required 
that  each  inhabitant  who  owned  a  building  should 
have  the  chimney's  of  the  same  swept  once  a  month 
at  least;  and  if  a  chimney  caught  fire,  the  presump- 
tion wa.s  that  the  chimney  had  not  been  .swept  accord- 
ing to  law,  and  the  occupier  wtis  fined  ten  dollars,  un- 
less he  could  prove  that  his  chimney  had  been  swept 
within  a  month.  One  of  the  ordinances  provided 
that  each  occupier  of  a  house  should  provide  two 
buckets,  to  be  kept  in  a  convenient  place  for  the  con- 
tingency of  a  fire. 

The  improvement  of  roads,  streets,  and  bridges 
was  provided  for  in  the  following  ordinance  of  the 
same  date  : 

"  He  it  ordained  by  the  board  of  trueteee  for  the  town  of  St. 
Louii,  That  there  shall  bo  annually  appointed  on  or  before  the 


fifth  day  of  March,  within  the  said  town,  one  ovcrsci  r  ul'roaj! 
whose  duty  it  shall  be  to  make  anil  keep  in  repair  i',,'  street! 
public  road.'i,  and  bridges  within  the  said  town,  au'l  ti  reuort 
all  nuisances  from  the  same,  and  thuro  shall  also  r,i,  the  lAme 
day  bu  annually  uppoiiitcd  tw»  discreet  road  a.-s>  -oi.i  ^|,g 
together  with  the  overseer,  shall  assess  on  eacli  hou'i>h>,]i|er, ^md 
on  each  able-bodied  male  person  of  twenty-one  year-  "r  iinitanlj 
within  said  town,  a  certain  number  of  days  to  labor  .-n  iin,  ,|,ij 
streets,  roads,  or  bridges,  unilcr  the  direction  of  thi'  suij  over. 
sccr,  not  exceeding  thirty  days,  nor  less  than  twc  liiiyi  jq  (jjI, 
year,  which  sal. I  a.ssessinent  shall  be  made  on  eiulj  yonoa  in 
proportion  to  his  or  her  property  within  the  sai<l  tinvn,  And 
on  tho  8ai<l  number  of  days  so  assessed,  each  and  i'\erv  iiitsod 
by  himself,  or  by  his  or  her  substitute  (such  substi'iiic  being  an 
able-bodied  man),  shall  labor  and  work  on  the  I'ulilie  strMti. 
roads,  or  bridge",  as  aforesaid. 

"Skc.  2.  Whenever  occasion  may  require  the  saiil  overjeer 
shall  notify  all  or  a  part  of  those  liable  to  work,  or  oiuiie  labor 
to  be  dune  on  the  public  streets,  roads,  or  bridge,  as  iifureiaid 
and  if  any  person  so  notilied  shall  neglect  or  relll^o  to  labur 
and  work  by  himself,  or  suflioient  substitute,  oohl'»rinably  to 
the  order  of  such  overseer,  every  person  so  utrcn.liiiir  shall  for 
every  such  ufi'ense,  without  a  reasonable  excuse  lliriifiir,  iWfrit 
and  pay  the  sum  of  two  dollars,  to  be  recoven  i|  mi  the  ijiini 
of  the  overseer,  who  shall  be  a  competent  wiliu's-  iicl'ore  lli« 
chairman  of  the  board,  ur  any  justice  of  tlie  pea>i'  in  -aid  to»n. 
which  said  fines  shall  go  to  tho  overseer,  or  be  liy  him  a{i|.lieii 
for  repairing  tho  said  streets,  roads,  and  bridsri'S  iil'iregaiii. 

"  Skc-.  3.  The  said  overseer  and  assessors  slulle.tiibli.h  the 
rates  or  price  of  materials  for  building  and  repiiiring  hrilgei, 
and  fi>r  tho  use  of  oxen,  horses,  and  carts  per  day,  as  also  the 
price  to  bo  allowed  for  the  labor  of  a  man  per  day,  in  nnler  Ibi 
the  said  overseer  may  commute  personal  Inlmilur  such  male 
rials  and  the  use  of  such  oxen,  horses,  and  carts  when  neoessarr. 

"Ski.  4.  The  said  overseer  shall  before  he  proceeds  Icurett 
any  bridge  lay  tho  plan  thereof  before  the  lioanl  of  tru>teei 
for  the  town  of  St.  Louis,  whose  approbation  ihircof  shall  be 
his  authority  to  erect  tho  sumo." 

Thus  the  work  of  improving  the  streets  was  early 
begun  in  St.  TiOuis,  and  although  not  prosecuted  wii'ii 
much  zeal  or  eflSciency,  the  fathers  of  tin-  villajie.  fflioii 
their  means  and  appliances  are  t'oiisideri'd,  were  not 
more  indifferent  to  its  importatiee  than  aio  tiie  citv 
fathers  of  1882.' 

For  the  year  1811  the  following  appointmnnts  were 
made  by  the  board  of  trustees  :  I'ii'iTc  Oidier.  eap- 
tain  fire  company  ;  Edward  llciiipstead,  first  lieuten- 
ant ;  Gregoire  Sarpy,  second  lieutL'iiant ;  David  De- 


'  A  correspondent  of  the  Hultimore  .Vim  iiiider  dale  of  Het. 
5,  1K82,  say.s,  "St.  Louis,  while  progressing  so  wuiidcrfully in 
every  other  direction,  has  never  enjoyed  the  ble."iii;<  of  gnod 
and  clean  streets,  such  as  belong  to  other  citii's  "f  eiiual  |i"|'"' 
lation,  commerce,  and  wealth,  and  such  as  Mii;;hl  to  jt"  with  :tl 
many  beautiful  public  and  |irivalo  buildings.  The  worn  and 
broken  paving,  and  mud  and  holes,  and  pouls  of  slush  aiiJanlii)«e 
sidewalks  of  dirty  brick  that  make  up  the  nin.-l  of  ii«  thnroui 
faros  are  as  unsightly  and  uncomfortable  as  lloy  are  disgraee-  j 
ful  to  thecoiumunity.  The  city  has  only  one  inilc  of  stone  blocli 
pavement,  ton  miles  of  Nicholson  wood  puvcnunt,  fortrnin*  ] 
milci  of  improved  alloys,  and  throe  hundred  and  three  inilesof  j 
diacrcditable  mooadaroited  streets." 


«n,  ono  (iverao  i  if  roajs. 
keep  in  rc|iuir  i\r  ilreeli, 
miiil  town,  ini'l  u<  remove 
uro  shall  uli""  ""  the  same 
arecl  roail  «.-'i  -irj,  who, 
8  on  eiifh  hdU-i'hiMtr.and 
enty-onc  yciir-  "i-  ii|iV(«r'|f 
f  days  t"  labnr  "ii  ilie  nA 
liireclion  "f  tli''  "iiiJ  mer- 
less  ttiiin  tw"  ■l:iys  in  each 
iB  nmde  on  ciu'li  |ic'rwn  in 
itliin  tlio  said  i"«ii.  An^i 
!od,  each  anl  ivory  firson 
te  (such  ."ubsli'iiti:  licingan 
work  on  the  imlilic  street!. 

f  require  the  suiil  overseer 
able  to  work,  'ir  riiu«e  labur 
,d8,  or  bridKi'".  iij  iifure^aid, 
1  neglect  or  rt'tii^c  to  liiUr 

substitute,  cuiif'irmably  to 
ersoii  so  ofTt'ii'lm^  sitall  for 
nable  oxcu-c  lliirifiir,  furteit 

bo  recover!  li  mi  tlie  |ilaim 
iinpetent  witiii'S-  liefure  llie 
ice  of  the  pcaff  in  siiid  lonn, 
■crseer,  or  be  liy  him  «|tlieJ    I 
s,  and  bridsji'S  ;il'"rMaii!. 
1  assessors  shrill  i.'>liilili>li  the 
liling  and  re|iiiiring  Ijridgei, 
lid  carts  per  duy,  in  aUn  the 
fa  man  per  dny,  ini-nUr  tU 
personal  lulior  I'lr  *"«''  i":''<- 
r»es,  and  carts  when  necessary. 
Ill  before  he  prciceeils  to  erect 
efore  the  boiird  "f  tni'leei 
pprobalion  thereof  shall  be 


11^  the  streets  was  early 
oiif;h  not  i)r()S(H'utC(l  wiin 
itlutrs  of  the  villai;e.  »lien 
[ire  c'on.^ulercd,  were  not 
irtaiice  thiiii  me  the  filv 

lowiiiiiapiHiiiitmontswerc 

tecs  :   I'iorr.'  OiJii'V.  tap- 

Uciiipstead,  first  licuU'D- 

d  lieuli'imiit ;  David  De 

,u,re.V""  under  .late  lit  ll«. 
progrcssinK  so  iv.m.lcrlull.v  in 
enjoyed  the  blesMii-  of  H 
t,',  other  cities  "I  '"I""'  !"'l'"' 
d  such  as  ouilhH"  !!"*'"'•" 
ate  haildiPK^-.  TWv.ornand 
,,  and  pools  of  slu..b  ami  ant.HW 
.  up  the  ino.t  "f  its  tliorough- 
nfortablc  as  ibi'V  areilisgraee- 
lasonlviinetnilcofsliincbia 

,„  wood  paveu.ent,  t..rty»">« 
ree  hundred  auil  three  imles  of 


MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMENT. 


661 


lauiiaY,  overseer  of  roads ;  Charles  Sanguinet,  John 
Coons,  assessors  of  roads. 

The  receipts  and  expenditures  of  the  town  of  St. 
]>niis  fnr  the  year  1811  are  set  forth  in  the  foliow- 

iia  statement : 

jilanoo  reiimining  in  the  treasury  under  the  ndmin- 
iiiratiiin  '  ol.  Auguste  (Chouteau  late  uhairman  of 

b,,arJ  im.m 

Fines ■«.00 

riilbv  Aleviiider  Bellissime,  town  collector 16.S'rj 

,.    ■          ■■                "              "             "       6.00 

FiiUiT  Williiiiu  Morri.s,  town  collector 4&U,U0 

lijlanoe  duo  ii  Oh.  (iratiot,  treasurer K4.5rj 

Total $632,873 

pjij  1).  Dcliiiinay,  overseer  of  streets $4.87J 

''  J.  V.  (Iiirnier,  Esq.,  clerk 5U.00 

••  for  blank  books,  papers,  etc 13.00 

'1  to  conslalile  for  tiie  burial  of  a  dead  body  found 

loitin);  on  the  Mississippi  near  the  Market  Square  5.00 

Piid  10 1).  Sarpy,  on  account  of  part  of  the  materials 

hr  buildin);  b  bridge  below  the  town 40.00 

p,j,l  to  Du ulin  it  Clement,   by   two  orders  from 

Uelnliinsllne  it  .Smith,  for  work  at   the    niarket- 

,    u'e 200.00 

Piidto  lleliihinstineit  i^mith,  for  work  at  the  market-  220. UO 

i.,m 220.00 

PiiJtoD.  Ucliiunay,  fur  his  services  as  overseer  of  220.00 

I    .treels,  etc 50.00 

1  PiiJ  to  J.  Charles.',  for  printing  ordinances,  etc.,  by 

orderof  the  Iward 50.00 

Total $632,871 

The  bouiitlaries  of  the  town  of  St.  Louis  on  Feb. 
ho.  ISll.  were  made  by  ordinance  to  commence  at 
ibe  river  Mississippi,  at  low-water  murk,  nt  or  near 
I  lie  windmill  of  Antoine  Roy,  then  due  west  to  the 
Itast  Hue  of  the  forty  arpens  lots  of  the  hill  back  of 
\ii  Louis,  then  along  the  line  of  said  lots  to  Mill 
ICretk.  then  down  said  creek  to  its  mouth,  thence  up 
lile  river  Mississippi,  along  the  low- water  mark,  to  the 
I, ,     f  beginning." 

Ill  April  of  the  same  year  the  following  ordinance 
|»»s  passed  "  to  punish  breaches  of  the  Sabbath-day 
jor  Sunday" : 

Mr.  1.  It  U  iirdainod  by  the  board  of  trustees  in  and  for 
Itbt 'orpuration  of  the  (own  of  St.  I.ouis  that  any  person  or  per- 
Ir*  nil  1  shall  keep  open  any  store  for  the  purpose  of  vending 
IpJiir  merchimdise  on  the  Sabbath-day  or  Sunday,  between 
|ttt!i»uriuf  oiglit  o'clock  in  the  raorninK  and  sundown,  shall 
Ikevery  such  ulTcnsc  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of  ten  dollars,  as 
|l!»tsum  equal  to  the  amount  of  the  goods  sold. 

.>r,f,  2.  All  line"  and  penalties  accruing  under  this  ordi- 

|lu«  shall  be  appropriated,  one-half  to  the  informer  and  the 

ilirhilf  ti,  the  treasurer  of  the  corporation  for  the  use  of 

(town;  pruvicli'd,  however,  that  notwithstanding  such  half 

Ifurthc  benilit  of  the  informer,  such  informer  shall  nevor- 
Btlai be  a  ooni|iilcnt  witness  under  this  ordinance. " 

.^kut  tliis  titiie  also  was  passed  an  ordinance  regu- 
Wiit[  the  prices  which  boats  had  to  pay  which  came 
ithe  wharf;  und  every  boat  of  five  tons  burden 
pin  the  territory  of  Louisiana  had  to  pay  a  duty 
'two  dollars.    There  was  also  passed  that  year  "  an 


ordinance  for  levying  and  collecting  a  tax  within  the 
limits  of  the  town  of  St.  Louis." 

The  new  market-house  on  Centre  Square,'  for  the 
materials  of  which  Charles  Gratiot,  chairman  of  the 
town  trustees,  advertised  on  Jan.  2'J,  181 1,  was  finished 
Sept.  5,  1812,  and  contained  fifteen  stalls.  The  or- 
dinnncc  regulating  the  same,  passed  Aug.  (>,  1812, 
fixed  the  rent  of  stalls  from  ten  dollars  to  thirty  dol- 
lars per  annum,  and  provided  for  a  clerk  of  the 
market,  to  be  paid  one  hundred  and  four  dollars  per 
annum. 

On  April  17,  1813,  the  citizens  of  St.  Louis  again 
expressed  at  the  polls  their  political  preferences  as 
follows : 


For  Preuiitrnt* 


Fot'  Vice-Preaitleitt. 


James  Madison 128     Elbridge  Gerry 131 

George  Clinton «»     Ingcrsoll 86 

Total  vote 217  ;  Total  vote 217 

The  Ocneral  Assembly  of  the  Territory  of  Missouri 
passed  an  act  on  Jan.  15,  181IS,  respecting  the  incor- 
poration of  the  towns  of  St.  Louis  and  Ste.  Genevieve, 
which  required  the  publication  in  the  Missouri  Guzette 
of  all  moneys  received  and  distributed  for  the  u.>4e  and 
benefit  of  either  of  the  towns  since  they  had  been  incor- 
porated. The  statement  was  required  to  be  published 
in  the  French  and  English  languages,  and  a  like 
statement  was  required  every  six  months  thereafter. 
In  accordance  with  this  law,  Elijah  Babe,  chairman 
of  the  town  trustees,  published  the  following  account 
of  the  receipts  and  disbursements  of  the  town  of  St. 
Louis  for  1814  and  1815: 


January  20,  two  quires 

of  paper $0.75 


Balance  in  hands  of  the 
treasurer 201.58 

$202.;!3 


January  26,  from  Lyon's 

billiard  license $50.00 

April  — ,  from  M  a  j. 
ChristyforC.  B.Pen- 
rose, late  treasurer....    47.33 

,Tuno  9,  from    Landrc- 

ville,  billiard  license    25.00 

July    20,    from    Kvor- 

hardt,  licence  and  fine   55.00 

August   30,  license    for 

wax  figures 25.00 

Receipts .*202.:i3 

The  population  as  returned  by  Slieritf  J.W.  Tliuinp- 
son  for  1815  was  for  the  town  two  thousand  six  hun- 
dred, and  for  the  town  and  county  seven  thousand 
three  hundred  and  ninety-five,  being  an  inert-use  of 
about  twelve  hundred  in  two  years. 

Agttin,  on  March  29,  1817,  a  vote  of  the  people 
of  St.  Louis  sustained  the  Ropubliciin  'afterwards 
called  Democratic)  candidates  for  President  and  Vice- 
President,  as  follows : 


'  The  name  which  had  been  given  to  the  public  square, 
which  had  been  called  during  the  French  and  S,)anish  domina- 
tions La  I'laco  d'Armea.  This  square  was  between  Market  and 
Walnut  Streets,  and  Main  and  the  river. 


W 


"H'iai'' 


B 


t  ■  F 


ir 


I 


i> 


r 

I,! 


ill 


n 


■T 

,   it 
»'1 


652 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


I'l-rnittrnl. 


For  Vice  Prenideiit, 


■IiiiiicH  .Monripi' 1s;i     David  D.  Tompkin.i 183 

Uufin  King 31 

By  an  act  cxtciidiii);  certain  powors  to  tho  trus- 
tees of  the  ciirporatioM  of  tlie  town  of  St.  Louis, 
approved  Jun.  21,  1815,  tliey  were  authorized  to 
have  a  survey  and  plat  of  said  town  made,  to  asi-or- 
tain  and  fix  the  exact  dimensions  of  each  lot  and 
street.  The  lot  on  whieli  Aui;u.ffe  Chouteau,  Sr., 
lived  was  required  to  be  surveyed  first,  and  then 
taken  for  tho  base  of  beijiiininj;  for  niakiti<;  out  and 
fixini;  the  limits  and  dimensions  of  the  other  lots. 
The  plat  was  rt'(|uired  by  the  law  to  be  preserved  in 
the  recorder's  office  of  the  Territory.  The  board  of 
trustees  were  authorized  and  empowered,  "  whenever 
they  think  proper,"  to  remove  all  ob.structions  in  the 
streets  or  encroachments  thereon,  and  otherwise  to 
lay  out  the  streets  of  tho  town.  The  trustees  were 
invested  with  full  power  to  license  and  reirulate  fer- 
ries and  to  levy  and  collect  taxes. 

In  accordance  with  this  law,  a  survey  of  the  town 
was  made  in  1818  by  "  Joseph  C.  Browne.  United 
States  deputy  surveyor,"  one  plat  of  which  was  filed 
with  Gen.  Pratte,  treasurer,  and  the  other  placed  at 
the  post-office.  Every  person  owning  a  lot  in  St. 
Louis  was  required  "  to  leave  a  statement  of  his 
claim  with  William  G.  Pettus,  at  Browne's  office, 
near  the  new  Baptist  ('hurch,  so  as  to  be  accurately 
laid  down  on  the  plat  about  to  be  surveyed."  About 
this  time  an  agitation  for  a  city  charter  was  in  pro- 
gress, as  appears  from  a  statement  in  the  liepnlilicun 
of  Dec.  11,  1818,  by  a  correspondent  to  the  effect 
that  "  a  ircntlcnian  culled  upon  me  a  few  days  af;o  for 
my  sijrnaturc  to  a  petition  to  the  Le<;islature,  praying 
for  an  act  of  incorporation,  erectinj»  St.  Louis  to  the 
grade  of  a  cily.  I  told  the  gentleman  who  bore  the 
petition  that  our  town  could  not  at  this  time  bear 
the  expcn.se  incident  to  such  a  police  establishment, 
as  a  mayor,  alilerman,  town  register,  captains,  lieuten- 
ants, and  a  regiment  of  watchmen,  with  a  number  of 
other  officers,  whose  salaries  would  eat  up  the  pro- 
ceeds of  all  our  labor." 

On  Monday,  Jan.  4,  1819,  an  election  for  five 
trustees  for  St.  Louis  took  place  agreeably  to  ati  act 
passed  at  the  last  session  of  the  Legislature.  On 
former  elections  very  little  interest  had  been  taken 
by  the  inhabitants  in  the  choice  of  trustees,  and  on 
some  occasions  the  trustees  were  elected  by  fifleen 
or  twenty  votes.  At  that  election,  however,  one 
hundred  and  sixty-eight  votes  were  taken,  with  the 
result  as  follows  (the  first  five  forming  the  board  for 
that  year) : 


JuliiiK  Do  Man 91 

'I'liiiiiiii^  McKni^lit 8.'t 

Williiim  0.  t'arr 83 

II.  Von  I'hiil 8(1 

I'lLttetiiil  Cerrr 79 


Fromnn  Pelimrlur 
Alcxiiiiilor  .Mn.Nai 
.1.  I*,  (-uliiinrn' 

.M.   I>.    I,3.1lU' 

Anloinc  Dunj'iti. 


Joseph  Chnrleaa 78     Thuiuui  II.  ItriiiMH.. 


The  trustees  elected  for  1822-2:$  were  Wm,  (Vt 
A.  Gamble,  Flenry  Von  Phul,  Peter  l'('i;;ii<i)n,  anj 
George  Morton. 

No  one  among  these  trustees  took  a  nunc  active  of 
prominent  part    in   contributing  to  the  wcirarc  anj 
prosperity  of  the  city  at  this  time  than   IVier  I'.r. 
guson,   who   was   long   ufterwarls    closi'ly  ideniitirl 
with  all  the  leading  aflfairs  of  the  city,     lie  was  l„,r5 
Jan.  2(),  1788,  in  Scotland,  and  Edinburgii  issu|ir»,.i>,l 
to  have  been  bis  native  place.     He  eailv  ilrilUi]  u 
America,  and  settled  at  Norfolk,  Va.,  wliwv  in  l«ii9  I 
he  married  a  lady  of  Princess  Ann  Cdiuitj-.  wii,,*,.  j 
Knglish  ancestors,  the  Gornicks,  had  nliiaiiiftl  :i  tii;. 
cut  to  a  large  tract  of  land  near  Linluivcn  Hav.    Mr, 
Ferguson  was  u  captain  in  tho  war  of  1S12,  anilniui- 
matided   a  company   at  Norfolk.     In   ilic  shriiiLM.fl 
1817  he  removed  to  St.  Louis,  and  in  liiai  voarra 
appointed  a  justice  of  tho  peace  by  Hon.  FiviKiiikl 
Bales,  who  was  then  acting  Gnveiimr  uf  the  Torri- 
tory.     Governor  Bates  afterwards  olfircd  tn  aj.|ihii,t| 
him  sheriff  and  collector  of  the  county  of  St.  Liiir 
but  he  declined  the  honor.     He  served  as  jii.ti..Mf| 
the  peace  and  in  other  similar  capacitic.<  fur  lujiivl 
years,  and  was  judge  of  the  court  which  held  .'^iicinvrj 
Pettis  and  Maj.  Biddle  in  bonds  to  ki'i'|)  tln'  |,,.aee| 
when  the  duel,  which  terminated  fatally  td  linth.  wajl 
fuMiding  (in  1881),  after  the  cowhiding  of  IVtti'l'rl 
Biddle. 

Mr.  Ferguson  early  became  promiiicrit  in  miiniiipall 
I  affairs,  and  was  chairman  of  the  board  of  tru.^tcf 
\  tho  town  of  St.  Louis  in  1818-l'.t.     In  ilio  latter y.arl 
the  first  street-paving  was  done, — on  Maikrt  .'«iriot,l 
from  Main  Street  to  the  Levee,     i't'eviutb  tn  I>:13| 
he  was  a  member  of  the  board  of  aldi  riiicii  fur  sev'Ta 
years,  and  as  such  was  chairman  of  .several  vorv  imJ 
portant  committees,  made   several  very  valuabli'  TtT 
ports  relative  to  the  public  affairs  of  the  growinL' liiyi 
and  drew  up  some  important  nicmdiials  to  Cjdlt'JI 
and  the  State  Legislature.     He  labored  loiij;  for  ili^ 
passage  of  a  law  authorizing  the  sale  of  llicivi 
raons"  and  to   make  them  available  for  lialiiLiti"! 
Mayor  John  F.  Darby  also  took  great  inicri'st  in  ihJ 
I  matter,   and    after   years   of    effort    tiie  rei'uli  niT 
:  reached,  and  the  stimulus  that  was  at  once  ;:ivon  t 
;  the  progress  of  the  city  through  the  sale  of  thed 
lands   fully  justified    tho    wisdom   of  the  prfose 
j  action. 

In  1825,  Mr.  Fergu.son  had  a.ssisted  Judge  M 


a 


1 

1 

B 


Fromnn  Dcliiiiricr jj 

Aloxiiixlnr  MuNair -y^ 

,].  V.  (.'iibiiiinf' J) 

M.  1'.  I-a.lue '.  ,,; 

Antoini'  l)an<{iii ;;j 

i'huiniiM  II.  Biiil.ri ;( 

822-23  woro  Win.  Clark, 
'hul,  Peter  F<'i;:ibiin.  anl 

itees  took  a  iiidrc  active  .,i 
iiuiii.u;  to  tilt!  Welfare  anj 
hi.s  time  than  I'oter  F^r- 
erwttr:'.s  closely  iJoniitiiil 
of  the  city.  lie  was  hnm 
and  Kdiiibiirjili  is suiipu.ci 
ilacc.  lie  emiv  (Iril'teii  in 
orfblk,  Vii.,  wtiiMV  ill  hiij 
rices.s  Ann  Cuimty.  win.* 
■nicks,  h:id  ulilnincd  a  pat- 

near  Liiih:ivin  Bay.    .Mr. 

the  war  of  1S12,  urnl  oiiii- 
lorl'ulk.     Ill   ilic  spring  i|| 
louis,  and  in  liiat  year  to  I 
I  peace  by  Hun.  I'lvili liik 
i<;  Governor  uf  tlie  Tcrri- 
forwards  otrcrcd  (»  a|.]»iii,i| 
)t'  the  county  of  St.  Lmi;- 
r.     He  served  as  ju>iiiv  nfl 
imilar  capaeitias  i'nr  mnivj 
,e  court  wliicli  iiold  S|n!ii'r I 
1  bonds  to  keep  ilic  p'Mi'ej 
minuted  fatally  to  liiitii,  «al 
the  cowhidin;:  of  IVtti-  ivl 

ame  proniinciit  in  miiiiiu|jl| 
of  the  board  nf  trusict-  i)f| 
8l8-l!t.  Ill  (ho  hitter  y.arj 
s  done, — on  Market  Str.ri,| 
Levee.  I'lvvimis  t"  lvl3 
loard  of  aldcrnicn  fur  sev'' 
lairinan  of  scvenil  very  iiii-| 
e   several  very  vahiabl.-  t* 

0  affairs  of  tiie  ^rowiiiL'  t'ii.fj 
tant  memorials  to  Cor;; 
3.     He  labored  line.;  I'ertli^ 
.zing  the  sale  of  the  "(>• 
im  available  for  habitati" 
so  took  ;:reat  inlerest  in  tli^ 

1  of  effort  the  result  H 
13  that  was  at  once  L'ivon  t 
f  through  the  .sale  of  tliei 
3    wisdom   of  the  pro 

m  had  assisted  Judge  M.  1 


m, 


r:jf^ 


652 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


•liin.   li),    l«I:),   tcit\    Wff 


I.-.  t..<l  H.r  IK.' 


'I'llO     iMVlIll 


1  rn    M'kl><('t 


■  I 


III 


the  I'oti. 


l.lll     M  ij.    U       iii:     ii 

wlik'li  ti..  .. 

,  •■.•!!  •-  .;'■,.-.■     ■ 


Mi  r. 

:■.:.■.    .,-1  .. 


.1  1  ii     1     -  -.1  .M^ii  ; .    j:.     t.. 


■I'* 


iiiai  jKUij . 


<iV    ililt.hiH'.i'.ii. 

rii*U"0»  ,  ,:i    aft*? 

t.^isif.-i   «i  '  by   tilic  II  rcjiili  '  ,      '• 

■    >!,.<■  ■■■  .  -■• ".  1,  (uf  the    I      •  '. 

h  liie  ,  InnO         ': 
;r»i  iiv"  l(iruiiiig  Uia  bo.iixJ  1' 

'       III  xo^i*,  i»ir.  rerguson  iiau  assisiou  juuiii.'  .'i 


i'j 


A  \' 


1^  /       "f  ^ 


Hon 


„au  a,s»isifuduu|:f.'i 


' '  \-m 


.,11 


^1     If'' 


1  I'  '   Bi',.,"     I      t* 


Ai ! 


'      Bi 


l|  J 
ill' 


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1  I'l 


xut^tt  ,',"*. -:->^-'^w»i*'''^ 


MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMENT. 


iind 


663 


the 


Vduc  to  organize  a  probate  court,  but  the  expense  of    municipal  and  State  institutions,  and  in  iiccurinj; 

maintainir];?  the  tribunal  was  more  than  the  infant     passage  of  many  laws  that  have  conduced  greatly  to 

Cfiuiiiy  <-'""''^ '^^'"' '"'^  ^*)"^<^n"^'''b' ^''*'' ^'P'^''''"^'''' ^''^     ^''^  prosperity  and  progress  of  the  community.     Peter 

aliaiidoiit'il,  and  its  jurisdiction  wad  transferred  to  the     Ferguson's  long,  useful,  and  well  spent  lifn  fully  de 

cor.nty  court.     In  1841  a  separate  probate  court  was     served  thi.s  eloquent  but  woll-considcred  and  uiodo.stly- 

aiain  est:iblished,  and  Mr.  Ferguson  was  elected  the     expressed  eulogy. 

lirji  judjjc  thereof.     He  organized  it  upon  the  plan  of         From  Deo.  5,  1817,  to  Jan.  11,  1811),  the  receipts 

IS'J').  and  I'onducted  its  business  upon  a  system  that     and  expenditures  of  the  town  of  St.  Louis  were  as 

hi  been  followed  without  material  change  by  hi.s  sue-     follows : 

(tsmti.     While  Judge  Ferguson  was  not  a  popular  { 

ujii  in  the  usual   acceptation  of  the  term,  so  well  '  liereipiH. 


ExpeitUituftA, 

Watolinicn JTfiS.50 

Bell-riti){or ll.nO 

,  Itoiit  ti>  Viiluis Bfi.OO 

liogistor :i;i8.2i 

Wiirncr,        cutifilnlilo 

viips .in.25 

Sullivan,  jiiil  Cues 9.(11) 

^  Chiirli'tts,  a  JvurtisiiiK,  2.110 

finniblo.  oo|iv  "f  Imnil  2.00 

i  Slovi!-|iipouiiil  chairs  45.00 

Fircwodil I.'i.llLU 

1  runipcts,  for  watch- 

I      men ;i.;')0 

."tatiiinery 1.5.7.') 

Kcinoving  nuiMiincos.  51.30 

Fiiriiiturr 20.25 

Tliunia*    F.    I'.iililiek, 

pnrt    <i  f    iNiith    ad- 

vanoi'il   by  liiin   for 

ourpuration 71.00 


$I307.IU 


$1,103,424 
Tlios.  F.  UiiiiiicK, 

Lute  Chairman^ 
Maokav  Wiikuhy, 

Itti-iittr. 


siiUfied  were  the  people  as  to  his  sound  judgment,  liia     Ci>«li  T'om  flnu8,«tulli<, 

.......        ...  r  .1,      •  billiards,  etc $522.11J 

u|,ri;;litne.«s,  his  determination  to  take  care  of  the  in-  •  Subscriptions 85.00 

,eresi.«  of  the  widow  and  the  orphan,  and  to  admin-     «"  aooount  tax-list...   700.00 

is.er  the  duties  of  iiis  high  oflBce  in  strict  accordance  , 

nitli  the  low,  that  no  candidate  could  be  found  of  j 

<uffioient  slren^'th  or  popularity  to  contest  li is  election. 

Alihi)ui;h  Ills  party  (the  Whigs)  was  decidedly  ir  'he 

niiiiiiriiy,  :nid  consequently  a  nomination  on  the  ad- 

viise  ticket  would  probably  have  been  equivalent  to  I 

aD  oleition,  Judge  Ferguson  was  chosen  for  several  i 

iiioa'«.''ive  lornis  without  opposition  on  an  independent  ■ 

ikket,  and  .served  lis  judge  of  probate  continuously 

fnm  1S41  to  1858.    During  ell  that  period  he  failed  | 

10  held  court  during  only  one  term  (December,  1848), 

111(1  a  fe\7  day.s  of  the  March  term  in   1849,  sickness 

lif'ni:  the  cause  in  both  cases.     His  official  integrity 

f;>s  never  ciillcd  in  question,  his  judgment  was  rarely 

ji  fault,  and  he  left  the  office  enjoying  the  full  eon- 

litii'nce  of  the  people,  and  was  succeeded  (it  may  be  | 

•aicreiitin^'  in  state)  by  his  .son,  the  Hon.  W.  F.  Fer-  i       The  Territory  of  Mis.souri  bavin;-  been  admitted 

i;iisiio,wlio  tilled  the  position  for  over  six  years.    Peter  i  into  the  TJniou  as  a  State,  the  Legislature,  on  the  9th 

I'rjuson  died  June  15,   18G3,  the  only  surviving     of  December,  18'J2,  passed  un  act  to  incorporate  the 

niiiiilifr  of   Ills  family  being  hi.s  son  and  successor,     town  of  St.  Louis.      By  the  Cr.st  section  of  the  act  of 

111  k'l't  a  liamlsoTue  estate,  the  fruits  of  thrift  and     incorporation  the  city  was  bnuiided  as  fidlows: 

cirtl'ul  invcstiiK'ut.  ■       "  Beginningat  apoint  in  thoniiddleof  theinainchan- 

Sdon  alter  his  death   the  bar  of  ''t    Lciis  passed     nel  of  theMississippi  River  duo  oast  of  the.soutlicrtieiid 

•ppropriato  resolutions  in  honor  :''  '.is     leuiory,  and     of  a  bridge  across  Mill  Creek,  :it  the  lower  end  of  the 

ihecharacter  and  standing  of  the  goutloMien  composing     town  of  St.  Louis ;  tlience  due  west  to  a  point  at  which 

;W  lui'i'iiii;;  rendered  the  t  ilmt-    uiiu.'sually  viiluable     the  western  line  of  Seventh  Street,  extended  .-nuth- 

jnJ  iiupresHive.     This  (estimo,ii.i    eulogized  the  high     wardly,  will  intersect  the  san>e  ;  thence  northwardly 

cliaraoter  of  the  deceased,  his  intorruptiblt   integrity     along  the  western  side  of  Seventh  Street,  and  cunlinu- 

a>  a  jmli;e,  liis  fidelity  and  honesty  as  a  \f\\\\  m\A  a     ing  in  that  course?  to  a  point  ilue  west  of  the  tiurthern 

[lulilii' oifiier.  ami  his  sound  judgment,  pruelieal  com-     side  of  Uo^'s  tower;  thence  <lue  cast  to  the  middle  of 

nmii  KCMM'.  and  high  liusiness  ciipaeity,  all  of  which  i  the  main  chaii'iel  of  the  river  Mississippi  ;  (hence  with 

kMli'Viili'd  In  the  prompt  disehurge  of  the  duties  of     the  middle  "!''!;■.■  main  ehaniiei   of  the  said   river  to 

lii.«  uspmisilile  iifliee,  and  I'or  which  he  was  entitled     t'le  lie';inning,  shall  be  and  is  hc.oby  erected  into  a 

111  lasiiiii:  hduor  and  regar  I.      Special  nientioii  was     ci.y,  l)y  the  name  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis;  and  the 

iisi  luiide  III'  his  services  as  an   early  .settler  ol    St.      'iihaliilanls   ihercof  shall   he   and  are   hereby  consti- 

L'liis.  and  et'  the  fact  tlii>!  as  such   he  was  identified     tutcd  a  body  politic  and   corporate,  by  the  name  and 

»iili  the  city  from  its  infancy,  and  aided  in  many     style  of 'TiiK  Mavoh.  Ai.pkii.mkn,  ANO  CrriZE.NS 

TavMinktinwii  1(1  the  public,  by  his  wisdom  and  ail-     (tii'  I'WV.  CiTV   o:'  St.  Iiim  is.'" 

viiv  ill  iirpi.iizing  and  building  up  many  iinportaiil  The  eor|iorate  powers  anil  duties  of  the  eiiy  were 


654 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


1     i 


i  ' 

VA     \   I  |i 


vested  in  the  mayor  and  board  of  aldermen.  The 
board  of  aldermen  wore  to  coii.sisf  of  nine  membc.f , 
for  the  olection  of  wliom  ttie  city  was  to  be  dividud 
into  convenieM'.  ward.s,  and  were  to  be  chosen  by  the 
qiii'.iified  elpctors  ^'or  the  term  of  one,  year.  Tb(!y 
Were  ro(|\i:re-'  to  be  at  lou.t  twenty-one  years  of  age, 
and  citizens  of  the  United  Stales,  and  inhabitants  of 
the  city  for  one  year  preceditif;  their  eliM-ti.m,  and  to 
po.xse.'i.-i  a  t'roi'liold  esitale  within  ilit'  liniit.><  of  tlic  city. 
Tile  HtaU'd  meetinjjs  of  tiie  boant  of  aldermen  were 
hold  on  the  first  Moiiday.s  of  Alarcli,  June,  Scjilcm- 
ber,  and  Dcivmber  in  each  year,  except  on  extraordi- 
nary (leci'.siir.i,';,  wlien  they  could  be  convened  by  'be 
may(.r.  The  alJcruien  wcvc  cr  nlfiiio  conservators  of 
tile  peace  thi(iuj.'hout  the  city,  wiih  all  the  jiowers  and 
jurisdiction  then  vested  in  justi.'cs  of  the  peace  in 
nnittcrs  of  criminal  nature 

Tlic  mayor  wa.s  to  t)e  elected  by  the  (jualified  elec- 
tors 111'  the  city,  and  to  hold  his  office  for  the  term  of 
one  year.  He  was  recjuirod  to  be  at  least  th:rl\  years 
(  fajic.  a  citizen  cf  the  I'nited  States,  and  a  resident 
of  lb"  cily  at  least  two  years  preceding  his  election, 
and  otherwise  ((ualifieii  iis  in  the  case  of  aldermen. 

The  mayor  anil  aldermen  were  vested  with  almost 
the  s:imc  jKiWcr  and  authority  as  ti)e  mayor  and  city 
councilmcn  of  St.  Louis  are  at  the  present  time.  A 
register  was  to  be  appointed,  who  was  to  hold  liis 
office  for  one  year.  His  duties  were  to  keep  a  register 
of  all  the  official  acts  of  the  mayor,  and  to  iicrform  llie 
duties  ol' clerk  to  the  board  of  aldermen  when  in  ses- 
sion, and  register  all  the  proceedings  of  the  board,  and 
be  the  custodian  of  all  tiie  records,  public  ]ia])eis,  and 
documents  bcldiigitig  to  the  city. 

The  elections  for  officers  of  the  corporation  wee  to 
be  lield  on  tlie  first  day  of  Ajiril  i'l  eacli  and  every 
year,  in  the  several  wards  of  the  city,  and  "  al!  free 
white  male  person.';  of  the  age  of  twenty-one  years, 
and  who  have  paid  a  city  lay,"  were  entitled  to  vote 
at  all  elections  liir  city  officers  by  ballot. 

A  cily  constable  was  also  auliiorized  to  be  appointed, 
who.se  duties  were  to  .serve  iiI"  procc.s.tes  issued  liy  tiie 
nniyor  or  aldermen.  Tiie  first  election  was  to  be  con- 
ducted by  tlie  trustee*  of  the  town  of  Si.  Louis. 

This  act  of  incorporation  was  not  to  lake  effect 
until  it  was  accepted  by  the  inhaiiitanls  of  the  town 
at  an  electitin  held  on  the  first  Monday  of  .March, 
1S2;!,  at  the  office  of  the  register,  at  which  all  free 
white  niitle  persons,  otiierwise  i|ualificd,  who  bad  paid 
a  eorporution  ta.\  to  the  town  of  St.  Louis,  and  wlio 
resided  within  the  new  corporate  limits,  were  entitled 
to  Vole.  If  a  majority  of  the  votes  cast  were  in  favor 
of  tlic  city  charier,  then  the  town  trustees  were  to  de- 
ttruiine  on  what  day  the  first  election  for  cily  officers 


should  be  held,  wiiieli  was  not  to  bo  mm  ihiintw 
months  nor  less  than  three  weeks  alter  lu'  ao(H,|.  I 
ance  of  the  chaiter.  If  the  charier  was  ip  ■  ui'chiU  | 
the  town  trustees  were  authorized  from  tim..  i,,  ij,,,. 
whenever  they  slioald  be  petitioned  to  tjiii  |.|I'|.|.|  |,j 
ac  least  one  liundred  liouseholders  residiiii;  withji]  i||, 
limits  of  'he  towi:,  to  cause  an  clectiun  to  iic  held  ,1 
aforesaid  until  the  churter  was  accepted. 

On  the  firs'   I^Ionday  of  March,  18"_'.'l,  ui  i.|,,ti„i, 
of  the  (|ualifie(l  voters  of  the  town  was  li,.|i|  f,,,.  ,1^ 
purpose  of  taking  the  votes  of  the   inluiiiilanl.i  "f,i[  I 
or   against    the  city   ;.'hartcr."      At   tli.-  iIdw  (if  iliJ 
polls   tlie  vote   stood   107    in   favor  ol   ili,.  |ir.i|«i.ii|  I 

'  cbart(!r  and  !tO  against   it.     A   great   mmhv  |i.r>wi< 
Were    excluded   from    voting    in   eons(i|Urnci' ,if  ||,J 
ijiialificaiion  required  in  the  act, — by  in'i  li:iviii;;  [,ajj 
taxes  to  the  town  torporatinn. 

I  The  charter  liaving  been  adopted,  ilir  inwn  i,* 
divided  into  three  wards.  On  the  "tli  nl'  .\|iril.  \y^:, 
an  election  took  place  to  select  the  nnnnr  anj  ui,,,. 
aldermen,  in  whom  the  charter  spccili.d  )\\[„M  [,,. 
Vested  the  corporate  powers  of  the  cilv,  wiili  iL,  f,:. 
lowing  result:  For  mayor,  William  Cati  baiu',  I:';;; 
Auguste  Chouteau,  70  ;   Marie  1'.  Lcilu.'.  J,><, 

Dr.  William  Carr  Lane,  first  mayor  nf  St  Lmij, 
wa.s  born  in  Fayette  County,  I'a..  i)cc.  I.  ITm),  anj 
was  the  son  of  Presley  (^lrr  Ijanc,  beiiii;  llu'  iliird 
Sim  in  a  family  of  eleven  children.      His  iiluiaiini.J 

opportunities  were  those  affiirdcd  by  a  cnii] ri  (iiUiiirv  I 

scluMil  until   be  was  thirteen  years  old.  wliin  !„■  ,v,j 
sent    for   two   years  to  Jefferson  Cnjlc^i'.     II,.  ili.J 
Sjieiil   a  year   in   the  office  of  his  brolliiv.  wli.  iu<| 
protboiiolary  of  Fayette  County,  thus  ;:aiiiiiiL:  -luA 
fiimiliarily  willi  legal  matters  and  Inrins.  wliidi  ^t.-j  | 
him   in   good   service  in  after  ye:ir>.      .M'lir  aiiaiiiii,.- 
his  iniijority  be  spent  two  years  jit  i)irkiii>nii  ('fil|,.;;H, I 
Carlisle,  Pa.,  where   he   graduated  wiili  li..ih.r 
eoinmenced  his  medical  studies  in  the  fall  of  l^'jijiii 
Ijouisville,  witli    Dr.   Collins,   who    rciiinm!  i.i  N',w| 
Orleans  on  account   of  his   health   in  ilic  Miiiiiinr-fl 
18IH.      At  tliis   time  Lane  vuliintccred  tn  lijlii  iliel 
Indians  in   the  Nnrthwi'st  ( Indiana  i.     Tli,'  rMiil  »f| 
the   variiius  excursions   against   tlic  linliaii-  »a>  ii'lj 
very  successful,  and   when  in  (|iiarl(rs  at  I'nil  ll;irri. 
son,  about  sixty   miles  north  of  Viiui'iiin's.  main  nfl 
the  troops  were  sick  with  bilious  ami  inalarl'il  I'Vcis,! 
and  all  available  medical  skill  was  call<'<l  iiitc  r  '(IiIm- 
lion.      .Mr.  Lane  thus  bad  an  oji|ioriiiiiiiv  <>f  iiiiii2itij| 
the  results  of  his  two  years'  study,  and  wa.- simii  a|i' 
pointed  surgeon's  tnate  at  i'orl  llarrisipii.     In  lln' :iu-| 
tuinn   he   resigned  and    returned  to  \'iiiiiiimi'i',  ivlnrsl 
he  prosecuted  his  medical  studitts.     In  ilir  HJiiht  ufl 
18L')-UI    be   attended    Icetiiies   at  tlic  I'niM^iiv  "f| 


MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMENT. 


665 


lot  to  be  moi  ili;in  u,) 
weeks  nt'tor  iiii'  iim']it. 
cliiirter  was  \v'  ;ito']iI,4 
:iri/.eil  from  linic  i»  liii],.. 
■tiuoiiod  to  til  ii  I'tTiTiU 
alders  resiiliiu  witliimlif 
ail  eU'ctioii  Id  be  held  is 
■iis  accepted. 
Marcli,  182:V  :,ii  ol,Tti.,„ 
,e  town  was  InM  for  i|,, 

S  of  the    iMli:iliil;lllls  "f.t 
r."       At    ill''    '■Insc  „f  -l;, 

in   favor  ol   ilir  |irii]«Hii 
A   jireat  iimiiy  |i,rv,ii( 

1^      in     ClIllSl'ljllrlK'C    lit'  iW 

J  act, — by  Mill  li;iviiiL'].;i:l 
111. 

en   aJo]>toil,  ilir  lnwn  j,< 

On  tlicTtlioiAiiriUsr.. 

elect  tilt'  niiiyir  uini  niii- 

liarter  spccifii'd  sliuuU  W 

•s  of  tlu!  city,  with  tln'  H 

,  William  Can-  l,;iiii.',  I:;.'; 

rlaric  1'.  L.iliir  JS. 

',  fir'^t   mayor  nl'  St  Lmii-. 

nty,  Pa.,  1'<'C.  1.  ITf^'.'.  and 

I)arr  Laiic,  bciiiL'  tin-  iliird 

diildri'ii.     11  is  (tluiiitiiiirj 

forded  liy  a  ciiniiiiini  iminirv 

I't'ii   years  olii.  wiii'ii  lie  sas 

■ffcrson  ('nll.'4;i'.     Hi'  lU 

|r  of  his  liruiluT.  wliii  «as 

,'onnly.  llnis  ■j.;miws  -lUie 

crs  and  lnriiis.  wliieli  it-"! 

li'tiTVcars.       .\lliT  ;illail;il.i 

years  at  DickiiiMHi  CiHlw 

Iradiialc'd  wiiK  lii'imr.    lie 

idics  ill  the  fall  nf  1^11.111 

,ns,  who   riiiiiivnl  in  NVw 
IS   health   in  iln'  miiiiiuit  f 
|le  Vdlniiteered   I"  fl'Ji'  'W 
( Indiana  i.      flu   v. -1111  "f 
;aiiist   the  Indian-  »a-  ii"t 
in  (|\iartei>  iii  I'mt  "'!"'• 
irlh    of   Vilireiilies.  lllliliyitf 
hilidiis  ami  inaLiml  I' vi'ts, 
■kill  was  ealli'il  inl"  r  'I'li^'- 
iiM  oiiportniiiiy  "f  uuliw? 
Irs'  St  inly,  ami  wn--  snuli  a|" 
Iron  llarriM.iL     Intlnviii. 
nrncd  U>  Viiweiiin'*.  »'"™ 
Mudics.      Ill  ihi' «iiii''"'fj 
imcs  at  till'  riiivt'Mty "f 


IVnnsylvanitt  in  Philadelphia,  and  in  Ajiril,  18IG,  rev  The  death  of  Dr.   Lant'  in   ISCH  elicited  general 

ccivt'daii  appointment  as  post  surj^eon,  which  he  held  expressions  of  rcL'ret  on  the  part  of  the  coraiuunlty 
for  tlirei  vears,  servinfi  at  different  jioints  upon  the  at  large,  to  whom  he  had  become  endeared  as  one  of 
uTiiier  Mississippi  and  at  Fort  Harrison.  He  re-  the  leading  and  most  public-spirited  citizens  of  St. 
ij.Mud  this  position  in  May,  1819,  and  located  in  St.      Louis  for  many  years  back. 

Louis  will  11'  be  resided  until  hi.s  death,  Jan.  (5,  IStJ.'!.  The  vote  I'nr  aldermen  elected  in  18215  was  Thomas 

U^,re  he  lirnied  a  partnership  with  Dr.  Samuel  Merry,  McKnight,  LSI;  Jaines  Kennerly,  lOO;  Philip 
an eiiiinciii  and  distinguished  practitioner,  with  whom  Uochehlave,  ll^H;  Archiliald  Gamble,  124;  Wm. 
lifWitf  iisMH'iated  for  sonii!  five  years.  Dr.  Lane  soon  II.  Savage,  12(1;  Kobert  Wash,  12(1;  James  Loper, 
f,t;i!i!islH'il  himself  in  the  fiivor  of  the  people  of  St.  113;  Henry  Von  Phul,  104;  and  James  !."knan, 
Louis,  iiiiii  his  popu- 
l;,my  is  attested  by 
ik  fact  that  within 
four  years  after  bis 
irrival  in  tbe  town 
li,i  was  I'lio.scn  its 
Biyiir.  lie  di.s- 
Stm'A  the  duties 
of  his  piisition  so 
itwpiably  that  be 
la.  re-elected  in 
1;j4,  '25,  '2t),  '27, 
ind  '28,  at;'!  airain 
inl8:5S, ';;!».  and '40. 
In  1S41  lie  was  ap- 
j.iiiilcd  tip  the  chair 
'  '  'ptries  and  dis- 
..  '  wiiiiieii  and 
I  timlii'ii  in  the  inodi- 
icil  ilcpartiiieiit  of 
KfiiiinT  Ciillege, 
jftiicll  he  resigned 
lifler  holding  it  for 
jiUit  three  years. 
Sgiiii  alter  the  or- 
aiiiwtiiin  111'  the 
hflili'  L'livermneril  he 
n<  i>leeted  a  iiieni- 
kft  iif  the  Legisla- 
iBrr,  and  in  1H,')2 
nil  a]ipiiinted  (iov- 

(Tiioriif  New  .Mexico  by  President  Killinore,  serving 
|v>ui'li  until  the  elose  of  the  l''illinore  ailininistnitinii. 
[[•r  Lane  was  not   only  an  able  and   energetic  public 

olmlliiit  a  ]ihysieian  of  tine  attainments  and  a  l'imi  The  eomiiiittce  having  reported,  the  mayor  appeared 

tlman  111' (.Meat  [.ersoniil  popularity  He  was  of  lofty  and  read  the  first  tnayor's  !iiessai.'e  delivered  we.st  of 
italiiri'.  K]ilendid  physii|ue,  and  fine,  coinnianding  the  Missi>,sip])i.  The  message,  which  appears  in- 
pttMitv.  ami  altogether  one  of  the  most  notable  and  scribed  in  full  in  the  minutes,  may  be  considered,  in 
iniri^iinL' fi'_'iires  in  the  early  history  of  ,St.  Lmiis.  view  of  the  embrymiii-  conililion  of  municipal  affairs 
II  l^lf<,  Dr.  Lane    married    Miss    Mary   Kwing,     exisiiiiL'  at  tl       ' 


IHj.  These  :»ere  the 
first  corporate  offi- 
cers of  St.  Louis. 
As  the  proceedings 
of  their  first  meeting 
will  naturally  be  f 
interest,  au  abstract 
of  the  minutes  is 
given  below.  The 
record  stands  thus: 

"  I'll  V  iiK  Sr.  I.ui  is, 
'•  .Muiiiliiy,  I  nil  .Apiil, 
18211. 

'•  'I'lio  tiiianl  nl"  iiliicr- 
iiicn  fur  the  city  iif  ."<l. 
l.iMiiii  this  iIdv  I'linveiinl, 
ill  iiursiinili.'i'  lit'  ft  Iiriio- 
liiiiiiitiiiii  i.««u('ii  \iy  Wil- 
tiiiiii  Carr  Iiane,  iiuiyor 
lit  ?iiiiit  I'ily  :  wiTf  iiri'9 
I'lit.  Iliiliril  Wusli.  .Iiiuieii 
I.i>)iur,  «ltiiiK>.«  l.iiliiian, 
Aii'liiliiilil  (iionbli'.  Win. 
II.  Stll'll^e,  uliil  'I'llDS. 
.MfKiiii;lit,     Km|^..    wIh) 

(irinllH'I'll       tht'ir      L'lTtili- 
I'fttl'K    of     I'li'i'tinn.     wit'i 

till'  "Utli  of  iitVii'i-  itii'ii'iin 
iiii|iir>i'ii. 

**  .M  r.  Wu8!i  wii.«  L'hiisiiii 
|iri'.-i'ii'llt  ftrft  t^mpnrr, 
iinil  ■Ii»n|ili  A.  WliiTiy 
clerk  fnit  t>  mjntrr, 

"  Mi'Hiir".  (iiiiiililo  uii'l 
SnviiKO  wiTc  n|i|iiiinleil  ii  iMiinniiltci!  to  iviiil  nil  tho  iiinyor  nnil 
niilil'y  hliii  tlin'  ihi'  liniinl  of  iililcriiicii  timl  iDii-i'inliloil  niul  were 
rrailv  111  triiniiiii"t  liiiKine^n." 


line 


l^ad 


CSp( 


i'-:'   ill: 


It  I'f  Nathaniel   Kwing,  and   the  fruit   of  this      niarkable  iloeiiment.      It   v'iap|ileH   fearles.sly  wilh   the 
Inn  wii.1  ihrie  children,  one  of  whiiiii,  Mrs.  William      probli'iii'^  which  naturally  suggested  ihem.si  Ives  as  de- 
IGnf^Mw,  \-i  new  residing  i":  St,  |,oui».  maiiding  legislative  sidution,  and   to  all  appearances 


1  rt?,¥ 


656 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


m .; 


I     i' 


the  brief  discussion  wliivh  cacli  topic  reccivcH  in  in 
every  ciise  iiiuriccd  by  plain  rciisonii)};  and  {rood  sense. 
It  is  pcrhu)>H  s»ru  tu  say  that  u  large  part  of  the  worii 
cut  out  in  tiiis  message  for  tlie  first  board  of  alder- 
men lias  mainly  oeeupied  the  attention  of  every  city 
h'gislaturu  since  or^runized.  Some  of  the  passa^ies 
indicate  a  rare  foresight,  and  when  read  in  the  pres- 
ent (lay  seem  hardly  less  than  prophecy.  Here  is  what 
Mayor  William  Carr  l>ane  said  of  the  future  great 
city  in  182;i,  with  the  board  of  aldermen  for  an 
audience : 

"The  fortuiicii  ut'  tlio  inliiibitiiiits  iiiiiy  lliictuali',  vmi  niiil  I 
iiinv  link  into  oliliviiiii,  itnil  ev«n  i>ur  fiiuiilies  buuoiiio  extinct, 
but  the  proKrcKMive  rlno  of  our  city  in  inorall;  ccrtuin.  Tho 
caiiics  of  its  |iron|iei'ity  aro  in«oril>p>l  upon  the  voiy  fiioe  of  the 
earib,  ami  uif  nii  perniiinoiit  ua  tho  foundatioiiH  of  tbi!  aoll  and 
the  sour<ies  of  tliu  Misfissippi.  1'heae  mutters  are  not  brought 
to  your  rcrollectiuii  l'»r  lucre  purpofe.**  of  eulog}*,  but  tliat  a 
anitablc  syHtcni  of  iniprovi'iiienla  way  always  bu  kept  in  viaw, 
that  ihc  rearini;  of  the  inl'anl  city  may  corroapund  with  ex 
pec'utioui  of  audi  n  mi);'ity  maturity." 

Kveu  at  that  early  day  it  seems  the  (jucstion  of 
street  reconstruction  and  street  openings  wu.s  begin- 
ning to  be  of  considerable  inomeiit,  though  the  sub- 
ject of  Htreet-eleoning  and  repairs  did  not  figure 
materially.     On  this  point  the  me8.sage  says, — 

"The  old  alreets  muat  remain  soiucwbat  irregular.  To 
atrai^'hti-n  them,  to  make  them  parallel  and  oroaa  at  light 
anglex,  and  to  reduuo  lliu  aquarca  to  the  aame  superllcinl  oun- 
tent»  wiMild  be  to  purelmao  the  ground  and  lay  it  off  anew,  an 
cntrrprlKo  that  we  are  by  no  means  prepared  for.  The  question 
then  in,  What  are  we  to  do?  I  answer,  Wo  can  appeal  tu  the 
intclliKenee  of  the  ani'ient  inhabitants,  nay,  to  the  venerable 
father  of  the  city  himself,  and  ascertain  where  tho  atreota 
originally  were,  I  apeak  of  thii  because  I  know  of  nu 
autheiiliu  record  of  their  metes,  widths,  and  bearings,  and 
hecaiinc  ciu'roacbnicnts  upon  them  have  been  so  great  as  not 
only  to  render  tboiu  generally  crooked,  but  in  suiue  of  the 
cross  streets  to  nearly  obstruct  them  entirely." 

It  was  but  natural  that  the  tlien  mayor  should 
appreciate  the  necessity  for  river  improvement  and 
should  recognize  the  Mississippi  as  the  highway  by 
which  his  city  was  to  travel  to  pro.sperily.  lie  ap- 
proaches the  subject  of  harbor  iinprovi'iiient  tlius: 

"the  erection  of  one  or  more  nliiirveii  iiml  the  appointment 
iif  nil  ollioei  lor  (he  port  seems  to  mo  very  iieeensiiry.  \Vu 
uiiiy  disregard  the  liatard  tluit  bonis  arc  sulijeoled  to  from  the 
present  liirm  of  the  liiiiding,  (lie  ineuuvenieiicu  tli.1t  every  one 
is  sulijeeted  to  who  does  bu«iiieh.«  there,  and  the  di'l'ormily  of 
the  ulijeet  itiell,  hut  the  pestilential  inllueiiue  of  deeoinposing 
aiiimiil  and  vegeliilile  mutter  iind  >iieli  itn  expuu.-'e  of  iiitid 
iiiiiht  usMiredly  be  fell  by  e\ -.tv  liody.  The  feriies  Hill  pu^8  in 
review,  and  if  they  shouM  be  considered  proper  olijiels  of 
taxation,  of  uhieli  I  have  doubts,  (lie  present  lux  oiiKlit  to  lie 
raised.     If  they  are  nut,  you  may  ini|iiue  whether  llio  present 

rates  of  fuie  UUiy  lli>l  be  redii I  mid  slill  ulloid  udeipiLle  coin 

ncnsulioii  for  (ho  enpiliil  iiiel  (iiiie  eiiiplcM  ed." 

Mayor   Lane  called   ibi'  atlciilinn  of  tin-  aldtriiien 

to  the  public  hcallli  as  follows: 


"  Health  is  a  primary  object,  and  there  is  mueli  !i  ■■ri.  ,|a„„, 
of  di»ea»e  originating  at  homo  (ban  of  i{s  seeds  cc  r^    nu  in  j 
abroad.     I  reeominend  tho  uppuintmenl  of  n  liorml  i,|  |n,,i|. 
to  lie  selected  from  the  body  of  oitiions,  with  niii|  ,■  iiimer,  t 
search  out  and  remove  iiuisanecs,  and  to  do  wlini,  .,  i  ,1,^ ^ 
conduce  to  general  lieullb.     Tliis  place  bus  of  Im,  iii(|iij;f| 
chii meter  for   iinheulthfulness   which   it  did  not   i  riiurhi,. 
and  does  not  de«crve.     I  am  credibly  infuriued  ilinl  ii  i.  j , 
many  years  since  a  fever  of  high  grade  waa  riirely.  if  evrr,s„, 
To  what  is  tlio  distressing  change  attributable:'     Miivnet. 
siiy  priiieipiilly  (o  (he  insiiflieiency  of  our  police  ri'^ulmi,,,! 
What  is  the  present  eonilition  of  yards,  ilrniii!',  el,.?    y,,,. 
not  ilrend  the  fostering  heut  ot  next  summer?" 

The  message  goes  on  to  touch  upon  -iveral  id.; 
topics,  and  from  one  passage  it  would  .sciin  that  tvej 
in  thot  day  it  was  becoming  fashionalile  liir  tlic-nr- 
rounding  country  to  send  all  the  sick,  woriioui. ani 
broken-down  cripples  and  invalids  to  tiiecityliibciatfii 
care  of.  The  establishment  of  a  hosjiitai  is  suL';'i>it,j 
Attention  is  also  called  to  the  need  for  a  lii'iier.>u[j;r 
of  water,  and  the  desirability  of  contriving' . sonic  iJn 
for  that  end  is  noted.  The  message  is  sii;iu'il  •  ff;! 
Carr  Lane." 

The   further  proceedings  of  tlie  fust  wssjoii  »frf  1 
as  follows  : 

''  An  election  was  then  entered  upon,  and  .Mr-.^^aTw  I 
was  elected  president.     He,  however,  dccliiad  tustrt*. 
and  Mr.  Gamble  was  elected  in  his  place 

"  Messrs,  Wash,  Laknan,and  Lopcr  vhtc  a|i|i.jiiii,.i  i 
a  committee  to  drad  rules. 

"  Messrs.  Savage  and  McKiiight  were  a]i]i..iiiinii 
committee  to  consider  the  maynr's  nics»aj;e  amlrcMl 
thereon,  and  to  inquire  of  the  mayor  wlieilur  lichMl 
any  objection  to  its  publication. 

"Messrs.  Wash  and  Savuire  were  ;iiiiioiiii(ii  a  ii,id  i 
mitteu  to  examine  and  report  on  exi-stinj;  urcJiiiiiiMl 
of  the  town  of  St.  Louis. 

"On  motion,  the  board  aiijoiirneil  i.i  tiie  IIjnL  f| 
Missouri,  nine  o'clock  a.>.  to-mnrrnw  ' 

At  the  adjourned  meeting  on  'fiusilav,  tin  l.i  i  ill 
the    register's   nffice,  the   mayor  seiil   m  iiMinJi,,:,  ■)! 
for  the  city  officers.      Maekay  Wlieriv,  \vli"lia'lM 
register  iimler  the  town  trustees,  was  ndiiiiiiaici  loi 
conlirined  city  register,      lie  was  iilsn  a|i|inininl -i. 
of   the    market.      Jean     1*.    ("aliiuinr    «a>   :i]|.iii;,< 
treasurer,  Kent''  Paul,  siirvesnr (rir<  ,lM-i|ili('. DriniiJ 
and    IVter   Ferguson  and   .^larie   I*.  LmIuc  a«N- 
Sullivun  liloiid  was  appoiiit'ii  constalili .  ,iii<i  ouiilinii!! 
"without   a  ilisseiitiiii:  voice. "      .Xslm   1' ChI  i| 
appointed    liiinbcr  luaslcr,  and   ciiiiiiniltrr.-  wtti 
piiinled  to  revise  the  old  ordinances  an, I  in  ilril:ruil 
and  regulations  to  govern  the  iiriiceeiiiiiL'sorili'  i'lil 
ol'  aldermen.      Ilciiry  Von  J'Inil,  afiituaMl.i  il 
tinguisbeil  inerebanl,  was  appnitiiiMi  amiiior,  l<u; 
acted  in  that  capacity  for  a  sliorl  niiic      .Vlitravif 


MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMENT. 


657 


here  i.-*  imu'h  '■■  "ii'iian^f 
if  it!'  cccib  PI  M  MR  in  tram 
iieiit  of  tt  \\mu\  111'  Willi,. 
ens,  witli  niii|:i'  inmers  i, 
III  to  ilo  wllllt'  *iT  oImmbi; 
Icii'c  \ll»«  "f  1;"'  :i'''|"i:f'l  1 
li  it  ili  J  mil  I  niiiTly  Inr 
lily  inforr.ifil  llial  it  i.  1 1 
iilu  wai  niri'ly.  if  cur,  <«« 

ntlribuliililo '     Miiynet; 

of  olir  Jioli.'''  ri'nulnli  :!■ 
aids,  ilrniiis,  ti.-.'  Mivti 
tt  summer?" 

Ducli  upsiii  M'Vfrul  ..lilt; 
it  woulil  siiiii  iliai  nt'j 
fn»hii)ii«l>l''  I'T  til''  'M- 
1  tlic  Hick,  w..riiimt, ani 
nrnl8totlieiityliil).'iikfD 
of  11  hos)iitiil  i>  su;;Wf.l 
u-  iioi'd  l'()rlllll■tt^■r^u|]i:; 
ly  of  contriving  <..mi' iiliti 
c  message  is  ^ii;iii-il  •  W;.; 

9  of  the  tii>t  session  \<.rr 

tcreduiiDii.imilMrSaii;* 

I  however,  ili'cliiH'J I.. *<n-. 

ed  in  liis  plii*!'' 

i,aud  Loper  wcru  aiiVi'iiiH  I 


cKiiiglil  \voro;il.V.'iii'."i' 
iiiityiirV  im's^;ip'  lunl  rr[-.n  1 

till-  Iliiiyor  wlnlliitliohij] 
iatioii. 
vii'.'e  were  ii])i..mii>'.l  ;u.» 
:pi)rt  on  existing;  i.r.limr**! 

I  iidjounitMl  I..  lli>'  l!.i"^'f| 

.  tuiiiiirriiw. 
in-joiiTiuwluy.llu'l.Vli.ill 

iimvor  Ki'iil   ill  ii.'iuiii-i'i 
|,.kity  Wlien-y,  wli..li;i'il' 

trustees,  was  luimiiwlo 
llle  Wii^  i>l^"  lilt"''"''''" 
ll>.    CiitiimiK'    was   a!i'"«i' 
,,,.,rU-.V.  .I..->tli^'-»'""" 
Miirie  r.  I-"li"'  »-^ 
|„t..ae.,Mstal.l..:iii'l<'«"''™' 

..lire."       Asl,.  r  V   C.i  •« 
„,„1   ,-,miiiiitl"-  »''■" 

,',r.liimi.eesuii.lii'>l»"'»' 

|i  ilieiirooee.liii>;i"'l'''»^^'"' 

„„  I'luil,  nCfrwarils  iti 

LuiUM.iiiK"''""''""^''""'' 
I  u  short  tune.    Aftir»" 


.vcntl'iil  eiirecr  Mr.  Von  Phul  died  in  St.  Louis  on  the 
Sth  (it'f^.  I'lember,  1874.  In  the  .Missouri  volume  of 
(lie  •■  IliiiiiJ  States  liioj:ruphieal  Dietionary  and  Por- 
trait Gull'  '7  of  Eminent  Sell'-iuade  Men"  lie  Is  tlius 
tncntitiiKil :  i 

•■  Tlie  '"^^ii'l"  of  Missouri  owes  as  mueh  to  Henry  Von 
Phul  as  I"  any  other  for  her  j)rosperily  as  i.ieeomuier- 
tial  etMitie  nf  the  empire  of  the  West.  Simple  and 
uiiDstintatiiiiis  ill  his  manners,  leiiring  in  his  disposi- 
limi,  lie  iu'ver  soufilit  t)fliee  or  notoriety.  Indeed, 
liilur  was  to  him  in  his  lifetime  exceedingly  dis-  \ 
tasicl'ul;  lint,  in  'he  '''"^  "'  '''**  duty,  he  in!iiij.'urat.i'd 
•iiiil  carried  out  a  line  of  commercial  policy  that  to- 
,jav  is  stamped  indelibly  on  St.  liouis'  prosperity. 
The  fitV  '  wes  him  a  debt,  and  her  present  leading 
titiaiis  willingly  pay  this  tribute  to  the  man  who 
lu'liH'd  to  lay  the  f,iiindatioii  of  her  greatness. 

•Ihiirv  Von  Phul  wtis  the  son  of  William  Von 
I'liul,  a  native  of  West  Hafeii,  in  Central  PCalz,  (ler- 
luaiiv,  wli'i  eaiiie  to  America  in  170'!,  being  then  i 
n.iily-tivc  vcais  of  age.  lie  (the  father)  was  mar-  I 
rif.l  ill  !"•''  I't  Lancaster,  Pa.,  where  be  bad  .settled, 
I..  Cailu'iini'  (iraff,  from  which  marriage  eight  cliil- 
lirm  were  li'nn,  live  of  whom  were  sons,  Henry  being 
ill.  iliinl. 

lliMiry  was  born  Aug.  14,  1784,  in  Philadelphia, 
iili.'rt'  ill  IT'*-  bis  parents  und  all  his  brothers  died 
(r.iui  llie  vi'llow  fever  that  was  so  liitally  epidi'uiic 
ike  during  that  year.  In  ISOO,  at  which  time  he 
tj<  ilii'  iiiilv  siip|i<irt  of  his  two  sisters,  he  removed 
I..  lA'xiniiiiin,  Ky.,  where  be  resided  ten  years  in  the 
eiii|.l'iy  iirTlioinas  Hart,  Jr.,  brother-in-law  of  Henry 
Ciav,  ami  iilier  whose  father  the  late  Thomas  H. 
B.iiii.11  was  named.  Ill  the  interest  of  Mr.  Hart, 
vi.iiii:  V"ii  I'liiil  iiiiule  numerous  trips  to  the  South, 
hivmi;  in  cliaiue  keel-boats  loaded  with  flour,  lead, 
kiiiii;,  anil  nipe.  Ho  navigated  the  rivers  in  a 
IW-Uiai,  and  during  the  trip  visited  Natchez,  and 
(.m  up  Kid  Hiver,  trading  with  both  the  Indians 
[lii.l  |.lanU'rs.  .Anidii  liitrr  while  in  Louisiana  iiiaile 
it.  Vim  I'liul.  ilien  a  young  man,  a  llatteriiig  ofl'er 

[in  (VI ciiiin  witli   liis  seuessiun   movement,  but  lie 

fr.iiii|.||y  derlinc'l  il. 

Ill  ISll.  Ml.  \'oii  Phul  determined  to  remove  to 

lil  L..iii,i.     .\t  llielimeof  his  arrival   St.  Louis  coii- 

liii.l  a  |iii|.iilaliiiii  of  about  foiiiteeii   liiiiulred,  and 

br  li.iitliitn  liiiiiiKlury  of  the  town  wax  formed  by  u 

l*f  liluir.  lising   from  seventy  fivi'  to  one  bundled 

tl  ill  hi'i^lit,  ill  the  neighborhood  of  what  is   now 

Miiii^rtciii  .\veiiuc.     This  was  a  sort  of  piililie  ol) 

niiiry  and  re.sort,  and    the   people   of   the    town 

Willi iNii'inblc  .111  and  alxuit  this  prominence  oft'veii- 

(.■>  Ill  .liscuss  the  doings  of  the  past  day.      riie  old 

11 


trading-post  was  on  the  site  now  occupied  by  the 
Merchants'  Exchange.  The  houses  were  built  of 
logs,  and  the  inliabiiants,  nearly  all  of  whom  were 
French,  devoted  themselves  to  the  trade  of  lead  and 
peltries.  The  country  west  of  St.  Louis,  and  across 
the  river  on  the  Illinois  side,  was  in  a  wild  and  un- 
settled state.  Shortly  after  Mr.  Von  Phul's  arrival 
in  St.  Louis,  when  he  was  about  twenty-eight  years 
of  age,  word  came  that  the  settlers  on  the  Mis.s(mri 
had  been  attacked  by  Indians,  and  were  in  exiremo 
danger  of  being  massacred.  It  required  but  a  short 
time  to  raise  a  large  body  of  volunt  >ers,  the  command 
of  which  was  given  to  Nathaniel  Uonne,  a  son  of  the 
old  Kentucky  pioneer,  Daniel  Boone.  Henry  Von 
Phul  Was  a  person  of  indomitable  pluck,  afraid  of 
nothing  wliep  he  knew  he  was  in  the  right,  and  he 
was  accepted  by  that  great  warrior  as  his  aide-de- 
camp, and  served  on  his  staff  with  rank  of  major. 
During  the  war  of  1812,  when  the  Indians  were  un- 
usually trouble.some,  he  made  several  trips  from  St. 
Louis  to  Louisville  on  horseback,  though,  strange  to 
say,  during  none  of  these  journeys  was  lie  ever  mo- 
lested, nor  did  he  ever  r\eet  with  Indians  manifesting 
ho.stile  intent. 

''  Mr.  Von  Phul,  in  1817,  witnessed  the  arrival  at 
the  St.  Louis  wharf  of  the  steamer  '  (Jeneral  Pike,' 
whieh  was  the  first  steamer  to  land  there.  Sith.-^e- 
<|Ueiitly  he  became  largely  interested  in  steiimlioats, 
and  was  at  one  time  part  owner  of  soiiie  of  I  lie  finest 
boats  on  the  Mississippi,  and,  together  with  Ivlwanl 
Walsh  and  Capt.  Jtdiii  Dagirett,  was  the  first  to  run 
boats  to  New  Orleans  and  up  the  Illinois  Kiver. 

"On  the  Kith  of  June,  IHIC),  Ileniy  Voii  Phul 
married  Mi.ss  Rosalie  Saugrain,  duiiubter  of  Dr.  .\ii- 
toincSaugrain,  who  was  a  graduate  of  one  of  the  largest 
seieiitifi(t  institutes  of  France,  and  an  advanced  thinker 
of  luore  than  onlinary  weight  ami  eapaeity.  Dr.  Sau- 
grain was  a  nephew  of  the  celebrated  Dr.  Guillotine, 
the  inventor  of  the  beheading  maehine  whieh  tiio|^  his 
name,  and  played  sueh  a  prominent  part  in  the  Freiieli 
Revolution  of  17!)!l,  and  which  is  still  kn.iwn  through- 
out the  world  as  the 'guillotine.'  Frointliis  marriage 
fifteen  ehildreii  were  liorii,  ten  of  whom,  six  sons  and 
four  ilaitgbters,  survived  him." 

On  tile  lOtb  of  June,  ISiiil,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Von 
Phul  eelelirateii  their  golden  Wedding,  whieh  was  at- 
tended by  nearly  all  tlu'  old  citizens  of  St.  Louis, 
together  with  the  other  friends  of  the  venerable 
eiiuple.  'fill'  .rieliralioii  eoniiiieiieeil  at  seven  o'eloek 
in  till'  niorniiig  at  the  Chiireh  of  the  liiimaeulato 
("oiiee|.tiiiii,  where  the  sacrifice  of  the  mass  was  .  Ifered 
on  their  behalf  and  the  nuptial  benedielion  was  re- 
newed.    The  father,  mother,  six  sons,  four  daughters, 


<>li\l 


HI 


1'     i 


.(.  ,if 


%'  I 


4 


i 


658 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


and  iiluiiy  grundcliiidrcii  received  holy  cuiiiiiiiinioii, 
after  wliicli  a  few  remarks  of  iiti  cio(|ueiit  and  toueli- 
iii;;  fliaructer  were  made  by  llio  celebrant,  lluv.  I<\  1*. 
GareHchi"',  S.J. 

"  Henry  Von  Phul  was  tlio  senior  partner  in  St. 
Louis  of  (he  firm  of  Von  I'hul  &  McGiil,  sub.se- 
quenlly  Von  Piiul,  Walters  &  Co.,  the  olde.st  mer- 
cantile firm  of  the  city.  Coninieneinj;  in  the  year 
1811,  when  St.  Louis  was  a  villaij;e,  conducting  his 
business  on  principles  of  strict  intejirity,  by  dejirees 
Mr.  Von  Phul  built  not  only  a  trade,  but  a  creditable 
eoniniercial  standing,  which  lasted  with  his  life  and 
descended  to  his  sons  in  their  commercial  intercourse. 
Henry  Von  Phul  had  done  much  to  build  up  the 
mercantile  interest  of  St.  Louis,  and  on  the  credit  of 
liis  name  alone  had  brou^dit  more  commerce  to  the 
city  and  more  credit  to  her  firms  tiian  any  one  man 
of  his  jxeneration.  As  an  instance  of  his  stern  busi- 
ness intcirrity  it  may  be  stated  that  in  1872,  while  in 
his  eifihty-eiuhth  year,  after  a  successful  business 
career  in  St.  JiOuiM  of  aliuo.st  half  a  century,  Mr. 
Von  Phul  was  overtaken  by  misfortune.  It  was  then 
that  the  irraiid  (piaiitics  of  the  man,  his  unfaiiinjj;  in- 
tegrity anil  his  deep  sense  of  justice,  made  theiu- 
Bclves  manifest,  lie  determined  on  turning  over  all 
the  property  that  remained  to  him  for  the  benefit  of 
Ills  creditors,  and  this  he  did,  even  to  his  wife's 
dower.  So  rigid  was  his  sense  of  right  that  he  was 
unwilling  to  retain  anything  .so  long  as  his  creditors 
were  unpaid.  This  view  was  shaied  by  his  wife,  and 
everything  was  given  up  to  their  creditors. 

"  In  his  favorite  city  be  was  frei]uently  chosen  to 
places  of  trust  in  the  municipal  government,  and  no 
word  of  just  reproach  was  ever  heard  against  him. 
He  acted  as  one  of  the  board  of  city  comiuissioncrs 
for  a  number  of  years,  and  wa.s  also  a  niend)er  of  the 
school  board.  He  was  president  of  the  Union  In- 
surance (,'()m]iaiiy.  a  director  of  the  Iron  Mountain 
Kailroad,  a  prominent  member  of  the  Chaniher  of 
C'oin.nerce,  and  a  director  in  the  Uank  of  the  State  of 
Missouri.  In  n-ercanlile  circles  he  was  regarded  as 
the  ])atriarch  of  St.  Louis  trade,  being  the  oldest  mer- 
chant of  the  euy. 

-On  the  Kith  of  June,  1874,  Mr.  \  on  I'hul  cle- 
b;aitd  the  tiriy-eighlli  anniversary  of  his  wedding, 
wiiieli  was  about  the  last  lime  he  was  able  to  go  ab(uit 
home,  lie  wa.s  then  attacked  violently  with  an  iii- 
herite<l  asllinialic  eiiin|ilaint,  from  which  he  sullered 
acutely  until  his  death,  which  occurred  on  the  Sih  of 
Seplend)er,  1871.  He  <lie(l  in  the  Calbolie  faith, 
and  |{l>hn]i  llyiui  adminislered  tlir  holy  saeranient. 
Arelilii.-lmp  Krniick  also  cidied  to  leml  rumlorl  to 
the  dying  man. 


"  During  the  latter  part  of  his  illness  his  n\n:..\ 
faculties  were  singularly  unclouded,  and  he  recall,.! 
with  Wonderful  distinctnes.4  facts  which  had  (di„( 
under  his  knowledge  half  a  century  before,  anij  l^ 
since  been  forgotten.  He  was  perfectly  reiim(i|(.,lt; 
the  inevitable,  saying  that  whatever  was  (i.iil'sw;:; 
was  his.  He  had  tried  to  lead  a  sinless  life,  uiiij  vii 
prepared  for  death.  Nine  of  hiii  ten  living'  cliilJr,;] 
with  his  faithful  and  loving  helpmeet,  were  at  hn{ 
and  when  death  came  it  found  a  soul  ready  iiir  u  1^. 
ter  and  brighter  world. 

"  An  orator  of  the  day  thus  spoke  of  liini  alitrlii. 
death : 

"  '  With  all  his  business  cares  to  occupy  liis  niinj, 
the  overflowings  of  a  generous  nature  were  Wm:  fct 
by  all  around  hiiu.  Ever  a  true  friiMid  to  tlii>.<c  itlii) 
merited  his  friendship,  the  circle  that  will  M  tlu 
void  which  death  has  made  has  age  ami  vnuiii.  ilie 
past  and  present.  During  his  illness  many  {if  tli,i$e 
among  the  poor  who  had  been  the  reci|iicnts  nf  ||j< 
bonel'aclions  called  to  tender  their  syMi|iailiv  iniL- 
all!  •ted  family.  From  the  hous>e  of  .\|r.  \',,ii  i'lmi 
the  poor  never  were  sent  away  emplyliaiiiht!.  \.[i 
were  provided  according  to  their  needs.' 

"  A  more  fit  eulogy  could  not  be  proiiduiiwd  iirin 
the  decea.sed  than  is  found  in  the  words  ul'  tlu'  uni- 
dent  of  the  new  Chamber  of  Comniercc  .VsNoiiaiMi. 
who  said,  at  the  laying  of  the  corner-Htone  of  tlieiKir 
building,  Juiu'  Gth,  when  referring  to  these  \vli'~ 
energy  and  enterprise  had  raised  St.  Louis  ii>  lier 
proud  position  of  commercial  prosperity,  •  lint  ili 
is  one  of  these  who  has  come  down  fnnu  a  I'nriiit-r  | 
generation,  a  last  link  eoniujcting  the  prcseni  wiiluli' 
distant  past,  who  still  remains  with  ns,  tn  wlumi  ii 
will  nut  be  unbecoming  in  me  to  niaki'  spi'iial  -iin- 
sion.  He  fir.st  settled  in  St.  Louis  in  l.SJl,  wht'iiiisl 
po|)ulation  was  only  fourteen  hundred,  ami  simv  ili™  | 
has  been  continuously  engaged  in  mereaiiiili'  |.iir-iii:- 
Through  nil  the.se  long  years  ht;  has  livnl  a  lilaiii'lr-s  i 
life,  and  has  borne  a  spotless  character,  liis  (Miiiqriw I 
and  bis  integrity  never  faltering  in  the  ini)«t  ini;i;,  j 
nor  flagging  in  the  most  pi'<isperons  tiini's  Wliiil 
eiti/.en  does  not  honor  the  name  of  llciiiv  \ 
Phul?'" 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Merchants'  llxitiaii'.''' "t  ^'1 
Louis,  held  on  the  1  Ith  of  Septendicr,  IS7),  ilii".-] 
lowing  resolutions  wer<!  adopted  : 

'■'I'lic  t'liiiiii  Mcrt-hanis'  l';.\.'liaii|»i-  ..f  "^i,  l.'iiii*.  I"''i"'»tj 
llmt  il  is  iKit  <inly  I'lninciillv  ju-t,  luit  mIj'i  n  •"Irinn 'hil.f  ikU 
ii|i|iri>|>riulo  (rihiitus  nf  rcupci'l.  nliuiiM  Im  iil  all  liiiii- |'»iilH 
tlioHd  »lii>  |mrfiiiiii  tlit'ir  nlliiltiMl  Jiilii'.<  la  lili,  an  I  niiinB 
that  HI)  ini|a'i-iiMiH  olili;;n(iiin  ri>st-'<  on  llio^u  uii>>  ^iiivivi- 
full  lc»liiiii>iiy  ti)  tlio  I  irruuii  ul'  Iho  ilopaiii'l,  wlimc  cxaaf* 
uiT  wciiiliy  "!'  all  iiniluli<in  and  |iral»o,  mi  thai  llio  biii;lincf» 


J_i_ 


i)f  his  illni'ss  liis  nun'.l 
loiuUid,  and  lir  rmiA 
tacts  which  had  (mi, 
century  hiil'tin'.  aii'l  ki 
us  perfectly  ri;i(iiK'ilcil!;, 
wliatever  was  <  Soil's «,; 
jad  a  sinless  lilc,  and  tn 
f  hin  tell  liviiii.'  (.•liilJr,:i. 
;  helpmeet,  were  ,it  haii.i, 
nd  a  soul  reaiiy  liir  a  Imi- 

lUS  spoke  of  liiiii  alUr  lii. 

jares  to  occupy  liis  iiiiiij, 
ous  nature  witi'  luiii.:  Itt 
a  true  frieml  i"  ilinsowhii 
)  circle  that  will  WA  itu 
.)   has  a^e  ami   vmilli,  ilir 
;  his  illness  many  "f  ^\f>f 
been    the  rciMi'lciiis  nl  hi' 
Jer   their  cyiii|iailiy  h<i\\t 
le  house  of  Mr,  Vi.n  I'liul 
,  away  eiiiply-handi'd.  Imt 
)  their  needs.' 
Id  not  be  pniiumiavd  iij-n 
I  in  the  words  of  the  froi- 
r  of  Coininern'  .VsMuiaiiwi. 
the  corner-stiiiif  nt'tlK 'i» 
referrinf?   to  ilmsr  wl^.? 
id   raised  St.  l/"uis  ii.  litr 
rcial  prosperity,  ■  itiit  f\>'''- 
come  down  from  a  Um 
ueetini;  the  pro.-n'iit  wiiliili' 
mains  with  us,  to  wlumi  it 
ill  me  to  make  spofial  allil- 
St.  Louis  ill  ISll,  wlii'iiilsl 
■en  hundred,  and  >'w-''  il"'"  I 
ii'.'ed  ill  nuTcaiiiili'  I'lir-'"'" 
lurs  he  has  liwd  a  lilii"i"l-*  I 
less  cliaraiMcT,  liis  rnt.rir!-' j 

ilteriiin   ill  it"'  ""'•'  "■'■'■■■ 
pl•o^pennls  tiiMr"     \\!"M 
lli.i    name  u\'    Ih'nn  \ 


A"*^ 


■J'(  ■  '  .^ 


#. 


M.-rehaiits'  Kxeliaii'.-'' "f - 
if  Srptelillii'i'.  ISTl.  ill'  ' 
ilopted  ; 

x,.hio.K.-  »f  >■'■  l."iiKl»*>'i 
i„-l,  l>iit  iilK"  n -'l>''"» ''"'■' '''1 

:,   Mho.iM  l>«nl  "'"' I'""*' 

,l„.,l  .laii.'H  ii.  lil'f.aii'l "-•'"' 


.  «llii  fiifvo"'' 
l,„,l,,,„„|,.l,  «lio.o"» 


..I  pi 


lbiiltl'«l'ii|!l'""n 


II  I' 


ARR 


UtSTOnV     CiV    «^TVT    TOITTQ 


I!', 


ii:i 


I  ! 


niifl  niaiiy  frriinilcliililrin  rcooived  Iioly  uoiniiiuiiion, 
ftCti-r  whii.'h  It  few  rcitiiirks  ol  mii  (<lai|i)i!i)t  untl  tmioh- 
iii;,'  fhurnotur  "'•'•i-  mm. I.  li\  itn-  I'lli  l.r mi  !!•  v  V  V. 
Omachi).  S..J 

"  IJi'nry  V'li  ''liul  wah  tlic  ,-.  (ijur  (■(iiimr  in  St. 
L'mi.-i  iif'  titii  firm  of  'On  I'hul  fc  MrGill,  «iil'i.:- 
i(U<Miiiv  Viiri  l*hiil,  WuIUTfi  &  (.'«...  ihi-  olJeiit  mer- 
iTiiitil.  firm  •>(■  l!io  city.  Oomiiu'iviii;.'  in  the  y'''iir 
J»:|l  wlii-i:  Si.  ri)ui.t  \v:i>-  ■!  iill.iv;!',  ciHiii'i^iiiij;  Ms 
hiitjii' -  ml  !•!  nil  ipliM  I..  I  iiifirriiy,  liy  <lei;roos 
Mr.  V  II  rhiii  liiiiit.  no,  <  u:;    i  ira^t';,  ' 

c.iiimi  i''iiil  Biiiiiii'.nu.  wlii''ti  Vi-    •'   WW. 
<li".'i  ■  Tiili  I  It'  'ifs  .^iiii'!  ill  I ■  .' 


lliiiiiy  \'i/ii   riiiil 
'ii.-rtMii'ii.  iiii"*r<'»i 
liisi  ii;inin  rtluiiu  lind  h' 

ivy  • 
..!•  !  ■ 


li.     liluhi     i.|     llli: 
III    (III   lll<'  «Ti>ilit  lif 

•  iiiinmori '■  '<>  tho 
■  rli:in  iiliy  'iriii  li<nti 
r  of  hJN  fti.-rti  lm.'»i- 


!h. 


C'Vt: 

,.la 

Wl 


u  iu«y  )>o  MlRtol  tliNt   ill  1H72,  nliilo  it) 

'    ■     "A'tv<   a,   (*t«i'(i>!>.iriii    buMiiit'-'a 

i'..ii..j|   !.  •".'  n  cf.iitiiry,  Mr. 

It  Wits  flii-n 


i  ni;   riy  (  :  d  :•<  Imti  l.>i   ;);• 

"Oilif  ir<      ••  lift    iliil,    tjviin   t.<i    I 

.»»)  riuid  \vn»  hi»  sun-so  of  rij<ht  that  howm 

ti  ir.ylliitig  Hu  l')n<:  ifci  lii«  creditors 

1-  vii'tv  tv:i»  .slmrod  by  liin  wife,  and 

I  ytliiiiii  'wiiH  t-'iven  tip  lo  their  ortditor.'*. 

•ill   his  f.ivuri'o  ciiy  Ik   waj<  fn'qui.Mitiy  riio.sin  irj 

,  ■  n  111'  !  list  ill  tliR  '.iiini'i|irtl   ^ovcriiiiiout.,  and  im 

i-fproacti  wikt  over  hcHrd  n);fiii)Ki  him. 

■  rtiieli.'   •        ■ 


C: 


,[    Um:     II, .•II     M-u  .'.lil. 

In>r  »('  tilt?  C'linmlii.'r  ut' 

iif  Uiink  olthij  SliilR  .if 

11,  vrifj   ri'ijufd'nl   iiv 

■iiiir  I  Ik-  "l'!.  -i'  liiri 


"  Dtiririjj  the  laitur  purl  of  }ii»  i' 
l^n•ulti^•^  wtTc  ^;!lj;tlil^vly  laicloiidi'il,   u, 
with   woiidiTlul    digtiiiftni'ss  lacln    wi. 

'  under  his  knowlpilije  halC  «  osntury  .« 
sinoi' ))ri  n  ror:''it(oii.      li'' win  ;■     • 

'  the  iiicviiable.  yayini;  tliut  wbi/.. 
wns  hia.     ilc  i^d  tried  lo  lend  a  mii' 

]  j'lfpiiri'd  for  di-Ath.      N'in^df  hiM  ttii 
with  111*  f;iiiliful  uiid   liivm}!   lu>iMiii>. 
nnd  wlii'ii  dciklh  (.'nine  it  found  a  hou' 
•  •         liU'i-  wurlii. 

.'.    .     ,       '     !■  l,r  till'    ht',    tllHH   •■]  i.kr 

'•  •     SSllil    all     111.-    lll).'!lIll'.-<-4    llll'.-i      tcl 

the  ('ver3imi»>;s  ol  a  gnu  t'lii.t  imtiii 
by  all  uround  hini.     Kvor  «  trmi  fri 
luiTlti'd   ills    fiieiidwhiii,  lb"     iri''.'  I 
viiid  wliic'b  df.'ttli  liitv   mndf    Im  ■    i 
piwt  diiil  pre.sunt.     During  hi-  ■•'.<•, 
I  wunii  ;  lb',  piiir  whii  hud  bi'<;ii    T 
I  bf>iicla(>lii>ii.»  i.'«l!<-d   III   teiidfP    in. 
I  nftlii'ii'd  family.     Kruai  the  hou* 
ir  iii'ver  were  seni       ■/ 
•  ivi'lod  8<«!ordin)^  t.i  i :. 
■  A  moro  fit  oulofiy  cmld  in'i 
'      '■   I'liwi'd  liian  !•»  fmiud  in  il.. 
■  \   llic  ii'-w  ( 'bttiiibiir  ol   I  "• 
\\\\.'  ..Ji'd  nt  Ihe  biyinu  of  ibij  .•- 
bttlidiii;;,  .luni"  fith,  when    rA  ■ 
(••nertiy  luid   entorjiriso  bnd    r.i. 
.  proud  piwiiion  of  coniiiii'ri*iiil  ; 
in  one  of  thesR  wb'i   hitc   vmu 
j  gen'-ratioM,  a  la;"!  link  irntinci'i 
j  distniit  |i;t«-t.  whu  Hiill  rom;. 
II   not  hi:  tinbt'c.iiiiin;;  i'l   • 
.<i        M      (list  si-lll.>il  II'   '■ 
viiH  only  I'  " 
ha,-  !-•  I  II  i'liilinn     r  ': 
ThpjiiL'b  all  ibf 
lifo.  aiid  liii.«t  bur  . 


m 


UMiO  hr 


•  ■  ■  lilljl   of  • 

iiiv,  linld  <iii  th(>  I  ', 


:i.-i  dciiih,  whii  .  on  the  Sth  ti 

''      ■      .11.    :i,.-    '■    ■    ■,      ■      '. 
■  I    rb.    , 


//■/<Z.-.  A. ..(_ 


\^ 


^ 


ffi 


rx'i 


'H. 


1 

'^■1 

:j'l 

■i3 

..K 

1 

■  I  f- 

: 

1 

Pl 

: ;  1  ■ 

i 

1 

if'? 

m 

a 

: 

s 

i'-U 

iui  '  '  i 

■ 

1 

i 

Bl 

. 

MUNICIPAL  GOVEUNMKNT. 


t;5!) 


rlciiof  th'^a  rlrtiiei  mity  rpeak  with  tin  I'vcrliviiiit  forcn  nml 
nllurncr  I"  <l'e  community  whioh  (Ipplurui  niiil  muiirnx  I'nr  tlio 
l,(f.„r  Ih-  '■  wli"  nr«  (lend  ; 
"riifrif'f''  ill  ''"'W  "f  "i"  Ki''''il  I""  uniliT  whii  li  our  I'ity  in 
I  Miffu""-'  by  tlio  <l««tli  i>f  llonry  Voii  I'liiil,  whiMi'  nixty- 
ilrceyt""  "'  hunineiis  life  wero  rynl  in  lliin  uily  of  his  iiclop- 

„g,|  nli'ina  oiitlru  aooial,  iluiucitiu,  iiii'l  ciiiiimereiul  ciiriur 
,  li  mnrki''  liy  the  liiglicat  oriiiT  nl'  inlcniity,  unliriiiu  iiiiliiH 

inil  11  ifiMii^riil   kinilni-^M  unj  (mrity   of  ilianiiti'r   whii'h 
irrmiil  t'>  '''i''l  "  benign  nnil  happy  inlliicnco  <in  iill  nroiind 

!,;m ;  il  i" 

■  llri"h"l.  Thnt  in  the  doiith  »(  llonry  Von  Pliiil,  Ilia  olilont 
Bfnliiinl  "f  "III'  "''>'•  "''""o  intoKrily,  eiitiTprii-e,  purity,  and 
,,„.|r  lii'iitti' liioK"  uonalitulo  n  luviiinrial  uoimci'nilcd  by  lli« 
lieirl*  iiii'l  ju'lxnu'ntii  of  tho.'e  who  liiii>w  him  bent,  wi',  whilii 
liitim;  rBVironliiilly  lo  Iho  rule  of  I'rovidoiico  in  this  ili'privii- 
iiuii  vol  ">'V  '"■  pi'rmilled  lo  mourn  tlio  h>»»  of  ono  no  nrnir  and 

Jwrl"  " 

"tt,,.,!ifl.  I'hat  w<'  lundiT  our  lioarlfi^lt  Hynipalhii'^  iind  c"ii- 
j/(iii'ct<>  ()i<>  IxTcaveil  family  of  our  drpiirtnl  fiii-iMl,  with  an 
j.«<irsnce  t)t>i(  tho  oxampio  ho  fiirni.slicd  in  hi^  douioMtie,  FixMal, 
lal  ,i.miiiorei!'l  '■'"  'in«  hoen  highly  nppri'L'ialoil  by  hi»  fiillow- 
iviri  mil  "ill  '"'  IroasuroJ  in  ll'uir  momnrios  lorovor. 

■■Itf^nltoi,  'fhat,  a.H  u  tokoii  of  ri'Hpuct  to  tho  moniory  uf  thu 
lr?'l.  tlie  liiill  "f  till"  Kx«hani;o  ho  drapeil  in  niuurninK  for  the 
«it  Ihiriy  'Invi. 

ij^iicili  "IIkhaiui  il.  Ai.i.kn. 

"  U,  J,  I.  vi:ki..\mi. 

"  N.    ItANSKV. 

■•  ,IoHN   W.   I.irKK. 

"  KollKIIT  CAMIMIKI.t.. 

"J AUKS  K.  Vkatman. 

"S.  M.  KiHiKi.i.. 

"OkuUOK  tl.  W'AnOAMANN." 

His  portrait  was  presented  to  the  Merchants'  Kx- 
AtMW  ill  St'  Luiiis  lifter  liis  iriteriiient,  iind  the  f'ol- 
liiwiii;;  is  u  conteiDporiiry  account  of  tho  prucecdings 
"0  this  occaMon  : 
■YcsiiTilay  1101)11  Mr.  Web.  M.  Suniuel,  president 
t  ilie  Mi!rc'h,<iiir>'  Kxchiin<;c,  culled  tlie  luembera  to 
-Mr,  ami  aiiiioii'iL'fil  tli'i*  u  number  oi'  :'io  old  friends 
liiii'laU'  lii'iiry  Von  Plml  desired  to  prese,:t  to  tiio 
I  iK<.i('iaii(iii  a  l'iill'li'n}{lli  portrait  of  him,  puintcu  by 
Mr.  Coiiaiit.     Mr.  Saniiii-l  introduced  Hon.  Lewis  V.  i 
B"L'v  III  iin'  iiH'ciiiii.',  who  made  the  following;  uddrcs.s 
inWiaU'  of  tlu!  uontlcmen  presenting;  tho  portrait : 

I  ")/,., /^■r„',/..H^nM/  (n-Htlniifii  <*/lhe  t'ninii  M^'v-htintn   h'xrhnti'jr 
•ftltf  ('ill/ 1'/  Si.  /,.<iii'«;  ' 

"Noihiiv  hii:!  e\cr  hotoro  boon  inipofiod  on  mo  in  whioh  moro 
I  hiirtfcll  sati-laoticin  WHK  oxporionood  thiin  tho  cmo   I   niii   now 
I  nlici  ii|i<>ii  to  fulfill.     II  it  i*  a  duty  to  .'<poiik  with  oliurity  of  ' 
llbt'lriiil.  mill  n^  fur  as  in  uoU'iiatent  with  truth  to  throw  a  voil   i 
I  •frii'lK  (lii'li  at  tho  timo  of  thoir  ouourrcnon  woru  liable  to  ho  i 
1  Mi'iriii'.!  •lillinnlly,  it  i."  yet  a  bi|{lior  iiiul  iioblor  duly  to  (jivo 
I  Id  till;  ilf:i>l  the  jiii>t  comiiioiiiluliun  whioh  thi'ir  iioLs  and  doodi 
llihiigllii'.r  lilC^<  ju-lly  ontillo  thoin  to;  for  this  at   l.'i.«l  i.s  Iho 
|«1)  rnvuni  wliiili  this  world  oan  >;ivc.     X'iowin;;  tho  lonj;  lifo  > 
|»i:rratiiH'l>iliu.'.iaul  iiurdopurlud  friend,  lioiiiy  Von  I'hiil,  I'luin 
ItLiMaiiil  |iiiint.  it  would  not  b«  difliotilt  if  the  noon^ion  niudo  it 
|t'"|*r  ii.'iiy  niurli  in  nioroly  onumcatini;  tho  inoidonts  of  hi.s 
|i«<, Liluiri.iii",  nU'i  ovciitful  life,  an  n  oiti/.on  of  yroat  piihlio 
ltK:ulne>.,  aii<l  nlwiiys  ready  and  willin);  to  diaoharj^o  any  duty   ' 


dovoltiiiK  iipi'ii  him  in  that  o.ipiioily,  a»  a  men  bant  of  romark- 
ably  loiiL'  diiraiion.  and  diinni;  all  lhi>  time  onjoylnu  tho  lii);hott 

standiiiK  aiimn);  bin  an iulon,  an  a  bu-band  of  luo^t  oxomplary 

oonduot.  and  an  a  f'tlior  wlinsn  lovo  and  dovolion  to  his  ohildron 
wa»  without  liouiid".  In  npeiikinij  of  so  jtoml  a  man  n«  .Mr.  Von 
I'hul  was  known  to  ho  by  all  bis  oonlomporarion,  I  am  niraid  tu 
ho  drawn  iiilu  laiii;uaKo  whioh  mi^lil  appoar  like  iindoi'orvud 
praiau.  Vol.  spoaklng  li>  tho  morobanl<  of  Ibis  oii\,  with  whom 
ho  has  boon  iiilimatoly  ansooialod  fur  upwariln  of  throonooro 
years,  no  lan^uaKo  iniild  "loiiid  liko  fuhonio  praiso,.  ni,d  yol  lis 
wan  no  well  kiionn  and  sobi)|;bly  approoiatod  by  tho  body  of  iiior- 
clianln  of  thin  hin  .idoplod  oily  that  hut  littlo  now  oan  be  naid  to 
thom.  Althou«li  this  wan  bin  ail.iplod  oity,  yol  bui  very  few  of 
itn  nativo  oititonn  can  bimnl  of  a  longor  ronidonoo  boro  than  ho, 
for  ho  oamo  boro  an  oarly  an  thu  yoar  ISIl,  tTlioii  tliis  prosonl 
great  ."llate  wan  tlion  iindor  Iho  flr.-l  rule  of  forritoiial  ^'inorii- 
ment,  and  when  thin  pro.>oiit  hir>:i'  and  llourinhin^  ^roat  oity 
wan  the  homo  of  n  niiiall  nuinbor  uf  Krouob  inlnihiiiiiit.'-.  who  had 
boon  Amorioiin  oili/eiiH  only  nhnul  liijbl  yoars.  It  was  in  tho 
midst  of  tho«o  primitivo  poopli'  that  ho  oa<t  hin  lot  fur  life,  and 
fniiii  that  early  poriod,  through  all  Iho  vioisnitudon  anil  ohanKon, 
both  polilioal  and  mioial,  whioh  ba\o  tiannpiio.l  be  nliiinod  thn 
hi^h  regard  and  onloom  of  Iho  tlirco  Konorationn  with  whom  he 
ansooiated  snciully  and  an  a  biininenn  man  ;  novor  during  this 
longporiiiiloftiinogivingoooasion  forany  ono  toonlorlain  ailouht 
aa  tu  hin  truth,  honosly,  nineority,  lidolily,  charity,  and,  iiidocd, 
1  may  say,  gonorosity.  Vol  bo  wan  linn  and  dioidod  iti  all  busi- 
ncnn  imillera  an  well  as  in  all  tho  rolations  of  lilo,  and  niniablii 
without  tho  aligbteat  nyonphanoy,  linn  without  hoini;  diota- 
torial,  purnuing  tho  ovon  tenor  id'  'lia  way,  anil  fiillilling  all 
the  obligalionn  devolving  upon  bitn  with  a  soriipulonn  devo- 
tion, an  unswerving  lldolity,  and  the  ino^t  dclioalo  integrity. 
A  sonso  of  duty  lo  the  memory  of  tlii~  singularly  gooil 
man  cnmpcln  mo  In  rohito  an  iiioideni  of  hia  life  whiidi  of 
itnolf  will  be  a  key  to  tho  whido  of  it.  When  a  few  veara 
ngo  ho  found  hininelf  ninsl  unoxpootodly  oTcrwholmod  bv  pcou- 
iiiary  "inbnrraa.nmenln.  and  ho  saw  llio  honoat  aioumiilMliona  of 
a  lung  and  laburioiia  life,  aniounling  to  perhaps  one  million  of 
ilollars,  swept  away  from  hiui,  ho  honored  mo  with  his  oniifi- 
donoo, — for  I  feel  il  lo  ho  an  honor  to  he  thouglil  lit  ti.  give 
oounnol  to  one  of  bin  oxpcrionoo  and  iutolligeme.  .\ller  lolling 
ino  the  probable  amount  of  bin  liabilities,  he  naid  ho  had  prop- 
erty enough  to  pay  evorylbini;  and  cver.vhudy  and  do«irod  hia 
large  ontntc  no  to  he  placed  logally  an  to  efl'oet  thin  nbjiot,  deiif. 
ing  to  pay  all  and  everything  although  it  might  leave  hiin  at 
bin  advaneoil  age,  being  then  upwurdn  of  fciurnoore  and  ten, 
v'.ill;....!  a  cent.  I  requenlcd  lime  for  rollootinn  an  to  the  mode 
of  etleoling  his  idiject.  Kniwing  that  the  biinkiupt  law  might 
intorfore  with  bin  well. meant  inlonlions.  I  oalloil  the  ui'xt  day 
and  a  plan  wan  adoptoil.  I  then  staled  to  him  thiit,  knowing 
bin  high  standing  and  the  peouliar  hariMiip  alloii!  .::  his  eiii- 
barrassmonls.  application  should  bo  inado  to  bis  ircditora  to 
abandon  tho  interest  on  tho  defoi  red  pavmenln  »hiili  he  pro- 
posed to  make.  With  dignity,  but  nhowing  a  good  deal  of  feel- 
ing, anil  with  liio  blood  coloring  his  gouorally  mild  faoo,  he 
Bternly  and  ponitivcly  naid  that  under  no  eiroumsTaiK'es  wiuild 
bo  a<k  hin  crediturn  to  give  up  ono  cent  id'  principal  or  inlereat 
if  there  \»an  properly  eiuiugli  to  pay  ;  he  wim  determined  to  do 
it  regurdlcsn  of  the  fact  that  ho  might  be  left  without  one  cent : 
and  then  and  there  he  parlloularly  ilireclod  me  to  make  no  such 
application  to  the  crodiiorn,  and,  to  my  surprise,  at  tho  inoeling 
of  the  crodilorn  ho  presonled  himself,  no  that  this  proposition 
should  not  bo  made  .is  it  was  my  inlention  to  have  dune.  Tho 
i|uontion  of  interest  would  have  madoa  dilforonoe  of  u|>narils  of 
liltv  lliMUnaud  ihillar?  in  bin  fa\'ir.  Thi?:  iloleriiiinaliim  to  pay 
piimtipat  and  interest  wan  not   t'rom   more  empty  pride  or  luvu 


i 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


•a  la 

,50  


IIIIIM 

m 
m 


Z2 
= 

1.8 


U    III  1.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 
Corporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  14580 

(7)6)  872-4503 


'%" 


^J 


i/.A 


* 


ill 


il 


fiV,' 


660 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


of  iippearanoe,  or  to  gain  the  esteem  of  the  world,  for  it  was  up 
to  ttiis  tiuic  a  secret  between  us,  liut  was  from  a  hi^h  sense  ol 
moral  obli);ntion.  This  one  at't,  gentlemen  of  the  Kxoliunge,  is 
enough  to  give  you  a  correct  iusight  into  the  character  of  your 
departed  brother.  Of  hiui  you  have  a  just  right  to  bo  proud, 
for  ho  was  an  ornament  to  your  honorable  body,  and  his  memory 
should  bo  cherished  by  you  an<l  your  successors  as  a  jewel  of 
great  value.  This  beautiful  and  correct  portrait  of  our  departed 
frienil,  the  work  of  our  esteemed  fellow-citizen,  Mr.  Comint,  I 
am  directed,  Mr.  President,  to  present  to  the  Merchants'  E.\- 
chauge  of  St.  Louis,  as  a  gift  of  a  few  of  the  old  friends  and 
associates  of  your  departed  brother  and  fcllow-mcmber,  Henry 
Von  I'hul,  who,  after  a  long  life  of  great  usefulness  in  this  city 
as  a  merchant,  departed  this  life  on  the  eighth  day  of  Septem- 
ber of  this  year,  at  the  advanced  age  of  niiiely  years,  surrounded 
in  his  last  nioiuents  by  the  worthy  woman  who  had  been  his 
companion  forupwardof  half  acentury,  by  his  sons  and  daugh- 
ters, and  grandsons  and  granddaughters  and  great-grandchil- 
dren. It  is  the  wish  of  the  friends  who  make  this  present  to 
your  association  that  this  good  likeness  of  their  lale  associate 
should  remain  suspended  in  this  hall  as  an  object  of  love  and 
veneration,  not  only  by  his  oontcmporaries,  but  by  those  who 
will  in  after-times  visit  this  place  of  trade  and  commerce. 

"  In  conclusiou,  Mr.  President  and  gentlemen  of  the  Kx- 
change,  permit  me  to  say  that  the  last  years  of  the  life  of  this 
good  nnin  were  yet  more  worthy  of  admiration  than  those  of 
the  period  of  his  more  active  and  busy  life.  Calmly  and  with 
a  most  perfect  composure  he  looked  back  on  his  long  life  and 
saw  nothing  to  regret,  and  with  a  humility  subliuio  in  its  sim- 
plicity he  thanked  Ood  for  the  favors  he  had  received  during 
his  long  stay  in  this  world,  and  with  tr  high  religious  hope  he 
pressed  to  his  bosom  the  cross  which  hail  been  sent  to  hiiu  late 
in  life,  and  thus  he  prepared  himself  to  leave  the  world  and  its 
tniubli'S,  its  ciU'CS  and  its  anxieties,  and  begin  the  journey  of 
eternity.  Kully  prepared  and  fully  conscious  of  his  duties  and 
his  responsibilities  to  his  Maker,  he  dieil  full  of  religious  hope 
and  with  all  iI.h  sweet  consolatiot:  of  the  Catholic  religion. 

"  Mr.  Web.  M.  Samuel,  president  of  the  Exchange, 
responded  as  follows : 

"  Co/,  fioffy  and  O'eitflemen  : 

"  It  affords  me  great  pleasure  in  behalf  of  the  members  of 
the  Union  Merchants'  Kxchange,  to  accept  from  you  this  por- 
trait of  the  late  Henry  Von  i'hul,  an  old  ami  honored  merchant 
of  our  city,  and  to  return  to  you  their  sincere  thanks  for  the 
gift  of  this  beautiful  work  of  art,  I  can  assure  you  that  it  will 
be  prized  by  our  members,  not  only  as  an  ornament  to  this 
chamber  and  to  the  more  magnificent  one  which  we  expect  soon 
to  enter,  but  as  a  faithful  iinageof  one  whose  character  is  worthy 
of  their  emulation  and  ambition.  The  universal  cxpnssion  of 
•ympathy  and  sorrow  at  the  death  of  Mr.  Vcm  I'hul,  which  is 
■till  fresh  in  our  memory,  the  more  than  customary  honor  paid 
by  this  Exchange  i  nd  by  our  citizens  generally  at  his  funeral 
services,  attest  more  eloquently  thin  any  words  which  it  is  in 
my  power  to  command  how  highly  they  appiceiate  the  iito  of 
a  man  who,  although  not  distinguished  for  any  brilliant  deoils, 
yet  achieved  that  which  is  worthy  of  the  highest  renown,  a 
character  founded  upon  public  and  private  virtue  The  feeling 
of  admiration  for  such  a  life  and  character  springs  from  the 
highest  and  purest  impulse  of  the  heart.  We  trust  that  this 
ipeaking  likeness  of  this  good  man  will  keep  bright  in  the 
memory  of  all  those  who  frequent  this  busy  mart  of  trade  the 
principles  of  integrity  and  rectitude  in  all  the  walks  of  life 
which  have  cominanded  the  admiration  and  love  of  Ihuse  who 
l(uew  him  through  a  long  and  eventful  life." 

That  portrait  btill   hangs  in  the  Merchants'  Ex- 


change of  St.  Louis,  and  the  honest  face  of  their  dad 
brother  is  to-day  an  i.icentive  to  the  crowil  of  mer. 
chants  there  assembled  to  deeds  of  darinir  for  their 
city,  and  to  vigorous,  honest  endeavors  to  niuiniain 
its  reputation  for  commercial  integrity. 

The  first  ordinance  was  one  "  prescribiiis,'  tiic  em- 
bleins  and  devices  of  the  common  seal  of  tiie  ciiv  of 
St.  Louis."  It  provided  "  that  the  devifc  for  tlic 
cominiin  seal  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis  shall  \tv  a  steiiiii- 
boat  carrying  the  United  States  flag,  and  the  .seal  of 
the  said  city  shall  be  so  engraved  us  to  represent  bv 
its  impression  tho  device  aforesaid  surrounded  by  a 
scroll  inscribed  with  the  words,  'the  com  mon  seal  of 
the  city  of  St.  Louis,'  in  Roman  capitals,  wliieh  seal 
shall  be  circular  and  not  more  than  one  and  a  lialf 
inches  in  diameter." 

The  first  license  was  levied  on  dogs.  Anioni;tlie 
earlier  ordinances  were  two  for  the  prf  v.:.tion  of  un. 
lawful  gaming,  and  to  prohibit  the  running  of  boises 
in  the  streets  of  the  city.  An  ordinuneo  was  also 
passed  providing  "that  a  person  of  kiiuwn  aliiliiv, 
discretion,  and  knowledge  be  appointed  iiy  ilie  \mji 
of  aldermen  as  a  street  commissioner  within  ihotitv 
of  St.  Louis,  who  shall  be  ex  ujficw  siiperititondi'iii  if 
the  streets,  and  whose  tenure  of  office  .shull  ho  one  viur. ' 

John  Bobb  was  appointed  to  fill  the  office,  but  as  lie 
refused  to  accept,  Joshua  C.  Lavcille  wa.s  subsiiiiiiid. 
David  E.  Cuyler  was  appointed  notary  jmhlic  fur  ilie 
county  of  St.  Louis.  There  being  a  vacuDcy  in  ilie 
board  of  aldermen,  Joshua  Barton  was  el(>clcd,  but  as 
he  was  killed  shortly  afterward  (July  li,  1823)  in  a 
duel  with  Thomas  C.  Rector,  Joseph  V.  Gamier  was 
chosen  to  fill  the  vacancy.  At  a  meeting  of  iheboarJ 
of  aldermen  held  July  10th  appropriate  rcsdhitinniiciin- 
cerning  the  death  of  Mr.  Barton  were  ado]]ti'd.  and 
they  resolved  to  wear  crape  nn  their  lei';  arm  for  "tie 
month,  in  "  testimony  of  their  exalted  ris|iect  for  ins 
memory." 

An  ordinance  for  the  grading  of  "  Main  and  Locust 
Streets"  compelled  the  inhabitants  to  pave  sidewalks  i 
in  front  of  their  lots.     The  trustees  before  the  act  of  j 
incorporation  by  the   Legislature    had  made  several  j 
futile  attempts  to  improve  and  pave  the  sireeis,  ki 
the  neglect  of  the  inhabitants   had  rendered  tlieni 
abortive.      Tho  "  unfiRhomable  mud  ol'  Si.  Louis' 
was,  according  to  a  letter  of  tiiat  date,  fit  "  only  fur  a 
frog  or  a  tortoise." 

The  location  of  streets,  lanes,  and  alloys  was  pro- 1 
vided  for  by  an  ordinance  approving  the  report  of  j 
the  jury  selected  to  inquire  info  "  tho  true  situatina  j 
of  the  streets  and  lanes  and  alleys  of  the  city,"  am' | 
adopting  "  the  same  as  the  principle  upon  whieliilicj 
said  streets,  lanes,  and  alleys  shall  be  perniantnily  j 


MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMENT. 


661 


inest  luce  of  tlu  ir  Jvad 
to  the  crowil  ol'  met- 
ids  of  darin;.'  I'or  their 
endeavors  to  iiiiiiiiiain 
ntegrity. 

!  "  prescribin<j  the  em- 
inon  seal  ol'  ilie  ciiy  of 
lat  the  device  fur  ilie 
Louis  shall  In'  a  steam- 
tes  flag,  and  the  seal  of 
•aved  us  to  represent  bv 
iresaid  surrounded  by  a 
Is  '  the  common  seal  of 
man  capitals,  wliicli  m\ 
ire  than  one  iind  a  li;ilf 

i  on  dofis.     Anion;.' tlie   | 
for  the  pr(  v.;:.ti(in  of  un- 
lit the  ruiiniiii;  "f  borses 
An  ordiniince  was  also 
)erson   of  known  aliilitv, 
e  appointed  by  the  bwrJ 
iiuissioner  within  the  tiiy 
t,  officio  suiipiiiitumloiil  "f 
of  office  shall  be  nne  ytar." 
1  to  fill  the  office,  but  us  lie 
.  Laveille  was  substiiiitiJ. 
ited  notary  public  I'nr  tie 
being  a  vacancy  in  the 
Barton  was  elected,  but  ai 
ward  (July  2,  18231  in  a 
)r.  Joseph  V.  Gamier  was 
Atanieotin-;  of  the  board 
,ppropriateres(>lutinns  con- 
Barton  were  adoiiteil.  and 
nil  their  left  arm  fnr-'ne 
leir  exalted  respect  lor  liis 

ding  of  "  Mai"  ""J  L*"*' 
ibitants  to  pave  sidewalks  i 

trustees  behire  the  act  ot  j 
slature    bud  made  several 

and  pave  the  streets, but! 

iints   bad  rendered  tlicni  j 

able  mud  of  St,  Loui»' 
that  date,  fit"  only  r»r»  I 

lanes,  and  alleys  was  p ! 

I  approving  the  report  of 

Ic  into  "the  true  situation  I 

Id  alleys  of  the  city,"  M«' 

1  principle  upon  wlml'H 

Ls  shall  be  permaticiitly 


fixed."     It  was   also   ordered   by  the  board   that    the  \  "i"''*"-  ■""*  "lo  limita  of  the  streets  and  alleys  to  be  fixed  and 
city  surve_;  ir  "  shall  within  six  months  from  this 


time  plaee  or  cause  to  be  placed  in  the  centre  of  the 
intersection  of  every  two  streets  of  the  said  city  a 
cedar  post  four  inches  square  and  ci^rhteen  inches  long, 
the  top  of  which  post  shall  be  even  with  the  surface 
of  the  street,  and  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  city  sur- 
veyor to  return  to  the  board  of  aldermen  a  plat  of  the 

city." 

The  report  under  this  resolution  was  as  fol- 
lows: 

"Tlie  coininitteo  to  whom  was  referred  the  resiohition  by 
ihicli  tlie  jury  on  the  auliject  of  the  streets  and  alleys  in  the 
titv  of  St.  T/Oiiis  has  been  selected  bog  leave  to  report  that  they 
hare  liail  the  subject  under  consideration,  and  recommend  to 
the  iurv  the  oiloption  of  the  following  general  principles  as  the 
basis  of  their  report  to  the  mayor  and  aldermen  : 

■'Ift,  That  they  are  of  opinion  that  all  the  streets  running 
north  anil  south  were  originally  laid  out  and  ought  to  be  thirty- 
iij  Frciicli  feet  wide ;  that  the  cross  streets,  or  those  running 
east  anil  wei^t.  were  laid  out  and  ought  now  to  be  thirty  feet 
«iJe,  like  ineusure. 

"2il.  That  although  they  are  of  opinion  the  above  are  the 
just  diuien.Mons  of  the  said  streets,  yet,  as  many  valuable  build- 
ings and  other  permanent  improvements  of  ancient  date  have 
been  made  .so  as  to  encroach  on  those  dimensions,  they  cannot 
Duir  l)C  remuveil,  but  ought  to  be  loft  in  the  ocuupancy  and  pos- 
session of  their  respective  owners  until  they  be  destroyed  by 
time  and  acciilent  or  removed  by  the  proprietors,  in  which  case 
tiie\  rccowniend  to  the  city  authorities  to  restrain  owners  of 
lot-  from  ign'm  encroaching  on  the  limits  of  the  streets  as  above 
setforlh.  Also,  tliiit  no  lot-owner  in  the  said  city  be  herciifter 
lermitteii  to  build  or  fence  so  as  to  leave  less  width  to  the 
itteets  than  that  above  mentioned. 

":M.  In  all  cases  where  there  are  no  valuable  and  lasting 
itnpruvMuents  made  prior  to  the  20th  of  December,  1801!,  to 
priicnt  the  opening  of  said  streets  to  tho  si/.o  aforesaid,  that 
the s^me oii(;ht  to  be  done;  that  the  general  dimensions  of  the 
Sjuarw  or  bleeks  of  lots  in  said  city  arc  two  hundred  and  forty 
bytliree  hundre<l  feet,  French  mensurej  that  the  marltet  square 
»•  Bellas  that  whole  range  of  lots  is  larger,  being  three  hu>-dred 
twt-i|Uare;  thai  the  square  on  which  I'eter  Chouteau  resides,  as 
ilio  that  where  Dr.  Saugrain  resided,  are  likewise  larger  than 
the comiiiira  siz.c;  that  it  is  believed  that  the  generality  of  lot- 
omers  hod  coneession  for  their  lota  of  the  aforesaid  diiuensions, 
indthnt  the  [iDssossion  taken  since  the  20th  of  I)cceinber,  1Sf)3, 
otsnch  as  have  no  concession,  onler,  or  warrant  of  survey 
ought  to  correspond  to  the  aforesaid  limits. 

"tlh.  That  tlie  market  S((uare  and  that  whereon  Col.  Chou- 
teau res^ides  be  a8sume<l  as  tho  basis  of  a  survey  uf  plats  of 
ui'lcily;  that  in  taking  said  squares  for  the  basis  of  survey 
tkt  ciiursc  uf  the  front  wall  of  Col,  Chouteau,  if  necessary, 
oajht  to  be  so  altered  as  to  give  a  straight  direction  to  tho 
western  edge  of  the  front  on  Mai'  Street  as  far  aa  pnieticablo. 
"3th.  The  eoininittce  are  thorefoie  of  (jpinion  that  it  is  im- 
ptaetiealilc  at  the  prcucnt  time  to  make  the  city  conform  to  the 
I'Istmailcof  tho  same,  and  submitted  to  the  jury  by  tho  city 
survemr,  and  that  the  aaid  aurvoyor  ovghl  not  to  bo  considered 
mlie  legal  surveyor  thereof. 
"6lli.  That,  not  being  immediately  chosen  by  the  inhabitanta 
uttheeily,  tho  emniaittoe  are  of  opinion  that  llio  jury  ought 
mtely  to  ascertain  facta  for  the  information  of  tho  mayor  and 
lUermen,  leaving  thcni  to  oauao  tho  aurvey  of  the  city  to  be 


deaignateil. 

"Adopted,  St.  Louia,  July  5,  1823. 

"  A.  McNaih.  AsToiSE  Chexii!. 

"Auo.  Chouteau.  Ant.  Soiii.abd. 

".Jeremiah  H.  CoNNon.     Geo.  Mouton. 
"  Wilson-  P.  Hunt.  M.  V.  Leriic." 

"Bernahd  1'katte. 

The  administration  of  Dr.  William  Carr  Lane 
from  the  beginning  of  his  term  of  office  was  an  able 
one.  On  the  9th  of  June,  1823,  the  board  of  alder- 
men passed  an  ordinance  allowing  him  for  his  services 
for  the  year  commencing  the  14th  of  April  the  sum 
of  three  hundred  dollars,  payable  semi-annually,  in- 
cluding office  rent.  Though  this  salary  was  small, 
he  applied  himself  earnestly  to  the  duties  of  his  office, 
and  manifested  a  zeal  and  judgment  which  were  in- 
separable from  his  character,  and  which  secured  to 
the  city  the  benefit  of  proper  municipal  regulations. 

At  the  election  for  city  officers  held  on  the  5th  of 
April,  1824,  the  following  officers  were  elected : 
Mayor,  William  Carr  Lane;  Aldermen,  from  the 
South  Ward,  Matthew  Kerr,  Joseph  C.  Laveille,  J.  L. 
Sutton ;  from  the  Middle  Ward,  Bernard  Pratte,  Jo- 
seph V.  Gamier,  Hugh  Richards;  from  the  North 
Ward,  Pierre  Chouteau,  Sr.,  John  Shackford,  David 
V.  Walker.' 

It  will  be  observed  that  none  of  the  former  alder- 
men were  reelected  except  Messrs.  Gamier  and  Praltc. 
Most  of  them  refused  to  be  candidates,  the  office  im- 
posing considerable  trouble  and  responsibility  without 
any  emolument.  No  one  offijred  for  the  mayoralty 
against  Mayor  Lane.  Ordinances  prohibiting  the  burn- 
ing of  bricks  or  tiles  within  the  limits  of  the  city,  in- 
creasing the  mayor's  salary  to  six  hundred  dollars,  com- 
pensating the  treasurer  for  his  services  with  a  com- 
mission of  one  per  cent,  upon  all  moneys  paid  into 
the  treasury,  confirming  the  survey  of  tho  city  by 
11.  Paul,'  made  in  accordance  with  tho  ordinance  of 

•  Upon  the  death  of  Mr.  Walker,  William  K.  llule  was 
elected. 

'  Hem'  Paul  waa  born  at  San  Domingo,  of  French  paronta, 
and  was  educated  in  Fiance,  [n  early  youth  he  was  a  lieu- 
tenant in  the  French  navy,  and  at  tho  memorable  conllict  of 
Trafalgar  evinced  groat  eouriigo  and  daring.  He  soon  after 
emigrated  to  the  United  States,  and  in  180!)  scttleil  in  St.  Louis, 
whero  his  conduct  soon  wim  for  him  the  eslcein  id'  tho  com- 
munity, and  in  a  short  time  he  married  the  daughter  of  Col. 
Augusts  Chouteau.  Mr.  Paul  tilled  some  of  the  most  impor- 
tant ofTiees  of  the  town  and  oily  of  St.  Louis,  and  acted  for  years 
as  its  civil  engineer.  lie  was  also  for  many  years  employed 
in  the  capacity  of  civil  engineer,  to  makosomo  of  the  most  im- 
portant aurveya  of  the  government  in  the  Indian  Territory, 
under  ciroumstanccs  of  great  diflioulty  and  danger.  He  died 
May  20,  1851. 

Mr.  Paul's  brother,  Gabriel  Paul,  waa  born  in  tho  city  of 
Cape  Francois,  San  Domingo,  in  ITSI.     His  father,  Eustach* 


662 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


M 


[ 


.:i'-'i  I 


July  10,  182H,  and  for  its  preservation,  and  layina; 
out  a  street  on  the  bank  of  the  Mississippi  were  passed. 
John  K.  Waliver  was  elected  slieriff  of  St.  Louis  in 
182ti,  and  bein<t  re-elected  at  the  end  of  his  term 
filled  that  oflBce  for  four  years. 

William  Carr  Lane  was  re-elected  in  1825,  with 
Philip  Roeheblave,  Hubert  Guion,  Elisha  S.  Heobe, 
Louis  T.  Honore,  Jaeob  Ilawkens,  Pierre  Chouteau. 
Joseph  Charless,  Sr.,  Hugh  Richards,  Alfred  Skinner, 
Charles  Bossoron  (in  place  of  Alfred  Skinner,  re- 
signed), aldermen. 

At  the  municipal  election  held  in  April,  1826.  the 
following  eity  officers  were  elected :  Mayor,  William 
Carr  Lane ;  a.ssessor,  Peter  Ferguson ;  aldermen, 
North  Ward,  William  K.  Rule,  Thornton  Grimsley. 
and  Asa  Wilgus ;  Middle  Ward,  Henry  Von  Phul, 
Archibald  Gamble,  Joseph  V.  Gamier;  South  Ward, 
Joseph  C.  Laveille,  Thomas  F.  Riddick,  David  B.  Hill. 


Paul,  11  imtive  of  Franoc,  liuil  yiltlcd  in  the  islauil  snine  few   , 
years  prcvinusly.  .inti  was  in  priisjieroii?  lHi.«ine?p.      In  tlie  year 
1792,  .Mr.  Paul,  Sr.,  fent  his  wife  and  family  to  Paris  for  the 
eilueation  of  their  ehihlren.     At  llie  insurreellon  of  the  blacks  i 
and  cuiitla^jration  of  the  eity  and  plantations  in  .Tune.  ITiK'!,  E.   ! 
Paul,  Sr.,  loft    the  islanil    in  a   small   vessel,  with  ns  many  as   ; 
could  erowd  on  it,  for  Philadelphia.     lie  died  on  the  passaj^e, 
with  others,  from  exposure  and  privations,  and  was  buried  at 
sea.  I 

Mrs.  Paul  and  the  children  eontinucd  to  reside  in   Paris  for  I 
nearly  three  years,  and  emij^rated  to  the  United  States  in  1802.  i 
The  oldest  daughter  was  married  in  Paris  in   ISOl,  to  Fleury 
Generelly,  of  Lyon  %  who  brought  tho  family  over,  and  in  sub- 
sequent years  removed  to  New  Orleans,  where,  alter  a  rosidenee  j 
of  many  years,  be  died,  leaving  several  children  residing  in  (hat  ' 
city.     Two  of  the   l*auls.  OabricI  anil  Itene,  came  to  St.  Louis, 
and  both  were  prominent  in  their  day.     They  married  cousins. 
the  daughters  of  Auguste  and  Pierre  Chouteau.     Capt.  Ciabriel 
Paul   arriied   in  St.    Louis  from    lialtimori^  in   1S17,  and  was 
united  in  luarriageto  Miss  .Marie  Louise  Clioulcau  by  tho  Right 
Kev.  Hiahop  Dubourg  on  the  MOlh  of  .March.  ISIS.    The  young- 
est sister  of  the  Pauls  was  married  in  1  SOS  in  the  eity  of  lialti- 
more.  an  1  died  there  in  IS.U.     Her  only  daughter  was  the  late 
Mrs.  Henry  t'houtcau.  of  St.  Louis. 

Ca|it,  (iabriel  Paul  left  one  son,  .\ilolpho  Paul,  who  dieil  in 
March.  1  SSL',  and  two  daughters,  Mrs.  George  It.  Taylor  and 
Mrs.  Uichard  W.  I'lrici. 

Mrs.  tiabriel  Paul  at  her  death  in  1S:12  left  n  very  large 
estate,  being  one-seventh  of  the  immense  landed  property  of 
Col.  Auguste  Chouteuu.  After  the  death  of  his  wife  t'apt. 
Gabriel  Paul,  by  his  judicious  management  of  her  estate,  added 
to  till'  great  increase  in  the  value  of  real  estate  in  tho  interval 
and  his  own  ac(|uisilions,  had  so  increased  his  estate  that  at  tho 
period  of  his  death,  LSI7,  each  of  his  three  children  come  into 
possession  of  hirge  wealth. 

('apt.  (!.  Paul  built  the  original  hotel  on  the  spot  now  occu- 
pied by  llarnuiu's  Hotel,  which  lor  long  years  was  known  us  the 
Paul  House. 

Adolphe  Paul  left  a  widow  ami  two  children, — a  grown  son 
by  the  first  wife,  Miss  Mary  llced,  and  a  young  daughter  by 
his  second  wife.  Miss  Menkeiis.  a  niecu  of  the  lute  Wilscm 
PrimiD. 


The  naming  of  streets  was  the  subject  of  an  ordi. 
nance  passed  in  this  year.  Since  1809  all  tho  streois 
running  east  and  west,  with  the  exception  nf  Mart;., 
Street,  had  been  known  by  the  letters  of  the  alpiiahct 
Market  Street  was  the  dividing  line  between  luirtli  anj 
south,  and  the  next  streets  on  eitlier  side  wcio  kinrwn 
as  North  A  and  South  A,  and  so  on.  Tlie  Vnutl 
names  of  streets  were  retained  until  1809,' 

William  Carr  Lane  was  re-elected  niaym-  in  1S27 
with  Christopher  M.  Price,  Edward  Clmrless,  I'td 
erick  L.  Billon,  John  D.  Daggett,  Wm.  K.  Rule.  JoIid 
Mullanphy,  John  L.  Sutton,  David  B.  Hill,  iuij  ,J,,. 
seph  C.  Laveille,  aldermen. 

For  tho  erection  of  a  market  and  town  Imll.  „r,|i. 
nances  were  passed  in  1827  creating  a  loan  uf  thir- 
teen  thousand  dollars  for  the  building,  tu  bo  situaioj 
on  the  old  Place  d'Ai-mcs,  between  Market  ami  W;,!. 
nut  Streets.     Ordinances  were  also  passed  tor  ili,- 
paving  and  grading  of  Chestnut  and  Olive  .Streets 
from  Front  Street  to  the  river,  and  for  the  widenini; 
of  "  that  part  of  Market  Street  betwctMi  Miiiii  anJ 
Fourth  Streets  sixteen  feet,  by  adding  to  it  four  fat 
on  the  north  and  twelve  feet  on  tho  south,  thwehv 
making  the  whole  width  forty-eight  feet  otic  iinli, 
English  measure,"  as  well  as  for  grading  anil  [.avin.' 
part  of  Pine  Street.  The  city  officers  in  1828  were  Wii- 
liara  Carr  Lane,  mayor;  John  Smith.  JoIih  h.  Sut- 
ton, Jabez  Warner,  Michael  Riley,  Saiimel  ll;nvk,ii- 
Frederick  L.  Billon,  George  Kennerly,  Jo.se|ili  C.  La- 
veille, and  Edward  Ciiarless,  alderinoti.     During' 
J  ear  the  grading  and  paving  of  Fourth  .Street  w.:e 
provided  for  '•  in  the  manner  following,  to  wit: '  !!•.- 
ginning  at  the  southwest  corner  of  Bliiek  .Nd,  34; 
thence  southwardly,  of  the  width  of  t'urtv  tWt.  anJ  I 
in  continuation  of  the  eastern  edge  of  Fourth  Street. as 
laid  out  in  Lucas'  and  Chouteau's  addition.',  to  I'iaiii  I 
Street;  thence  in  a  direction   parallel,  or  nearlv  so.  | 
to  Third  Street,  in  such  a  luanner  as  that  the  hlvb 
or   squares  between    Third    and   Fourth  Street?  be  I 
nowhere  less  than  three  hundred  feet,  French  iticaMire, 
in  depth,  to  Lombard  Street;  and  the  eity  survevtirl 
is  thereby  directed  to  survey  the  .said  streets  a* irJ- 
ingly,  ;ind  to  affix  the  necessary  laiidinaiks." 

The  street  commissioner  was  directed  to  "|iriiceeii| 
without  delay  to  graduate  and  pave  that  part  of  Sec-I 
ond  between  Vine  and  Olive  Streets,  aeeorcllti;  to  iliel 
requisition  and  provisions  of  an  oniinanee  for  ?raJ-j 
uating  and  paving  of  Olive  Street,  approved  June  -3,1 
1827." 

The    offices   of  eity  surveyor   (croaieJ  in  hnf,l 
1823)  and  street  comnii.ssioner  weic  united  hv  erJi-l 

'  Gdworils'  "Great  West." 


the  subject  of  an  orJi- 
ice  180'J  all  iliu  .-troois 
\a  exception  nf  Market 
letters  of  tlic  alplKiljd. 
'  line  betwofii  imnli  anj 
either  side  were  kiiuwn 
,d  80  on.     The  French 
i  until  180y.' 
■elected  niiiyur  in  ISi". 
Edward  Cliarless.  hei 
'ctt,  Wm.  K.  Uulo,  Julin 
David  B.  Hill,  an.!  i... 

rket  and  tuwii  hall,  nrili. 
creatinjj;  a  loan  uf  thir- 
0  buildini:,  to  be  situaicJ  | 
letwctMi  Market  anil  \V;,1- 
fere  aUo  passed  for  ilir 
est  nut  and  Olive  Strocti 
ver,  and  for  the  widuiiiu; 
Street   between  M;uii  and 
.  by  adding  tci  it  iuur  I'tet 
eet  on  the  smitli,  tliiTvk 
forty-eight  leet  oni'  ir.iii. 
as  for  grading  and  pavin: 
y  officers  in  1828  weroWii- 
ohn  Smith,  John  L.  Siit- 
>\  Riley,  Sanuiel  llawkdiv 
e  Kennerly,  Josepli  C.  I> 
B,  aldermen.     Durin;.'  tin- 
ins?  of  Fourth  Street  wore 
ler  following,  to  wit :"  Be- ' 
corner  of  Bloek  N" -51; 
width  of  forty  iVtt.  anil  I 
•nedgeof  iHiurtliStrivi.ai' 
[uteau's  addition?,  lo  I'iuni 
tion  parallel,  or  nearly  -o. 
manner  as  that  ilie  I'i"^^ 
Id    and   Fourth  Strcui?  I* 
Idred  feet,  French  ineasut«, 
[ct  ;  and  the  city  survowrj 
■ey  the  said  streets  a»'tJ- 
issary  landmaiks. 
was  directed  to  "iirweJl 
[ind  pave  that  part  »!'  »-\ 
0  Streets,  accorJini  to  llisj 
of  an  ordinanee  fer  'ini-] 
Street,  approved  .Imn'  -3,1 


or    ( created  in 


l-vcy< 
lioncr  were 


Jaiie,l 


united  b.v  ^'M 


Mirout  West." 


MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMRNT. 


663 


nance  in  1829,  and  the  work  of  laying  out  and  widen- 
in.'  Fourth,  Fifth,  Sixth,  and  Seventh  Streets  con- 
tinued.    Mayor  William  Carr  Lane  retired  from  the 
uiavoralty.  and  was  succeeded  by  Daniel  D.  Page,  with 
Juhii  L-  Sutton,   Hubert  Guion,  Herman  L.  Hoff- 
man, Edward  Charlftss,  Joseph  C.  Laveille,  Thomas 
t'.ihen,  Mieiiael  Riley,  John  Mullanphy,  George  H. 
Konnerlv,  and  Jabez  Warner,  aldermen.    The  paving 
and  iiradiiig  of  streets  was  continued.    Seventh  Street 
«s  extended  to  the  northern  boundary,  and  Fourth 
Street  wa.^  graded  from  Market  to  Lombard  Street, 
and  Second  Street  between  Olive  and  Vine ;  a  part  of 
Locust  Street  was  also  graded  and  paved.    Dr.  Robert 
Simpson  was  re-elected  sheriff  over  Frederick  Hyatt. 
On  the  Dth  of  June,   1829,   Arcliibald    Gamble, 
iMuntv  commissioner,    and    Jaboz   Warner.   Thomas 
("olien.  and   John   L.   Sutton,  street  commissioners, 
s;a\e  notice  that  scaled  propo.sals  would  be  received 
•for  turning  an  arch  bridge  across  Mill  Creek  at  the 
fo.t  of  Second  Street,  this  eity,"  and  in  March,  1830, 
an  ordinance  was  passed  for  the  erection  of  a  bridge 
across  Mill  Creek  at  the  intersection  of  Fourth  and 
Fifth  Streets. 

file  amendments  to  the  city  charter  passed  Jan. 
15, 18H1.  provided  for  the  appointment  of  an  asses- 
sor. exeiu])tcd  the  people  of  St.  Louis  from  working 
on  any  road  mitside  of  the  city,  gave  power  tv.  regu- 
late, pave,  ami  improve  streets,  to  take  a  census,  to 
impose  taxes  and  licenses,  and  to  annex  outlying 
tracts  of  land  to  the  city  under  certain  forms. 

At  the  election  in  1830,  Daniel  D.  Page  was  re- 
elected mayor,  and  Edward  Dobyns,  Herman  L.  Hoff- 
Dun.  John  I).  Daggett,  William  K.  Rule,  Edward 
Cliarless,  Thomas  Cohen,  Joseph  C,  Laveille,  Elkanah 
Endisli,  and  Hubert  Guion,  aldermen. 

,\;:aiii,  in  1831,  Daniel  D.  Page  was  re-elected 
mayor.  Miehael  Kourke,  John  Piggott,  Robert  Simp- 
.ton,  Coltiin  M.  Tabor  (to  fill  vacancy  of  Jolin  Pig- 
p'ti,  decca.ied),  Edward  Charless,  Joseph  C.  Laveille, 
IWr  Ferguson,  Jesse  Colburn,  Robert  N.  Moore, 
HuL'li  O'Neil,  Solomon  P.  Ketchum,  and  Edward 
Dobyns.  alileriiien. 

Daniel  D.  Page,  the  second  mayor  of  St.  Louis,  was 
born  March  ."),  1790,  in  Parsonsfield,  York  Co.,  Me. 
Havinj;  proeured  a  limited  education,  he  found  employ- 
I  ment  in  a  store  in  Portland,  and  also  learned  the  trade 
ofliakcr.  Shortly  afterwards  lie  removed  to  Boston  and 
[wablisheil  a  bakery.  Having  married  Miss  Deborah 
ViunLMif  Hoston,  he  emigrated  West,  and  finally  cstab- 
fclied  himself  in  the  tobacco  trade  in  New  Orleans. 
Tlie  health  of  his  wife  having  begun  to  fail  in  the  new 
tlitnate  he  sold  Ins  stock  of  goods,  and  in  1818  re- 
moved tu  St.  Louis,  wliere  he  entered   the  grocery 


business,  and  afterwards  added  a  bakery.  In  1833 
he  established  the  first  steam  flonr-mill  erected  in  *he 
eity.  In  all  his  business  affairs  he  was  eminently 
successful,  and  soon  became  one  of  the  largest  land- 
owners in  the  city.  In  1829.  as  previously  stated, 
he  was  elected  mayor,  and  during  his  administration 
the  affairs  of  the  city  were  so  well  managed  that  he 
was  re-elected  four  con-sccutivc  terms.  He  was  one  of 
the  incorporators  of  the  Hoatmon's  Savings  Institu- 
tion and  of  the  Pacific  Railroad,  and  aided  largely 
in  the  construction  of  the  Ohio  and  Missis-ippi  Rail- 
road. In  connection  with  Henry  D.  Bacon,  he  es- 
tablished the  banking-house  of  Page  &  Bacon,  a  full 
history  of  which  is  iiiven  elsewhere,  Mr,  Page  died 
in  Washington.  D.  C,  April  29,  1869. 

The  Broadway  Market  in  the  North  Ward  was  built 
in  1831.  and  the  city  water-works  provided  for  by  an 
ordinance  authorizing  "  the  mayor  to  borrow,  on  behalf 
of  the  city,  twenty-five  thousand  dollars  at  any  interest 
not  exceeding  six  per  cent,  per  annum"  for  that  pur- 
pose, and  "  to  pledge  the  revenues  of  the  city,  the 
water-works  and  their  appendages  for  the  payment  of 
the  principal  and  interest."  The  war  on  the  dogs, 
inaugurated  by  the  first  board  of  aldermen,  was  vigor- 
ously continued  by  an  ordinance  requiring 

"that  nil  Jogs  kept  in  tile  eit.v  shall  be  rcgistureil  on  the  liooka 
of  tho  eity  register  on  or  before  the  lilli  of  .Inly,  and  wear 
brass  collars  with  their  owner'i*  name  en;;^raveil  upon  them  ;  that 
eaeli  family  of  the  city  be  allowed  to  keep  ooc  ilog  thus  legia- 
tered,  etc.,  free  of  tax,  and  for  every  e.\tra  dog  a  lii.\  of  two 
dollars  shall  be  paid  ;  that  any  person  who  shall  sull'er  a  dog  to 
rcnmin  about  his  premises  wliieh  is  not  thus  registered  ami  ac- 
coutred shall  be  subject  to  a  penalty  for  every  fuch  offense  of 
t€U  dollars." 

The  sidary  r?  the  city  auditor  was  fixed   at  two 

hundred  dollars  a  year,  and  the  treasurer  tit  one  hun- 

I  dred  dollars.     The  registration  ot  all  carts  and  draya 

I  was  also  provided  for  by  ordinance.     During  the  year 

:  John  R.  Walker  was  re-elected  sheriff  over  James  C. 

Musick,  David  E.  Ctiyler,  and  George  >L  Moore,  and 

'  John  Bobb  was  elected  coroner  over  Jesse  Colburn 

,  and  Thomas  Ilobbs.     Considerable  improvement  in 

the  streets  began  to  be  visible,  and  Third  Street  was 

widened,  graded,  and  paved. 

At  the  election  in  April,  1 833,  for  municipal  oflicers 
Dr.  S.  Merry  was  chosen  mayor  by  a  majority  of  36 
votes  :  for  Merry,  304  votes  ;  for  Pratte,  2(i8  votes. 

In  the  South  Ward,  Robert  Simpson,  S.  Blood,  and 
Caleb  Loekwood  were  elected  aldermen  ;  in  the  Middle 
Ward,  Joseph  C.  Laveille,  Peter  Fergu.<on,  and  Ed- 
ward Charle.ss ;  and  in  the  North  Ward,  ''dward 
Dobyns,  H,  O'Neal,  Jr.,  and  Robert  Moor^-. 

M.  P,  Lcduc  and  Josiah  Spalding,  in  tiie  Middle 
Ward;  Edwafil  Bates  and  J.  P.  Riley,  in  the  South 


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664 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Ward  ;  C.  Campbell  and  H.  O'Neal,  St.,  in  the  North 
Ward,  were  elected  school  trustees. 

The  election  of  Dr.  Merry  was  contested  on  the  ' 
ground  of  unconstitutionality,  he  beins;  at  the  time  of 
election  a  United  States  receiver  of  public  moneys. 
The  decision  of  the  Supreme  Court,  rendered  in  Oc 
tober.  being  against  his  eligibility,  his  election  was  de- 
clared void,  and  another  election  was  ordered  by  Mayor  ' 
Page,  who  continued  to  act  as  mayor,  to  be  held  on 
the  9th  of  November,  at  which  election  Col.  John  W. 
Johnson  was  chosen  mayor.  Col.  Johnson  was  suc- 
ceeded in  1835  by  Hon.  John  F.  Darby,  "a  young, 
efficient,  enterprising,  and  energetic  man,"  under 
whijse  administration  Congress  was  memorialized  by 
the  citizens  of  St.  Louis  for  the  construction  of  the 
eutension  of  the  National  road  through  St.  Louis  to 
Jefferson  City  and  farther  western  regions.  In  this 
year  the  initiatory  steps  for  the  great  railroad  con- 
vention were  taken,  and  the  sale  of  the  "  commons" 
was  consummated,  realizing  more  to  the  city  than  the 
most  sanguine  expectations  had  hoped  for.  Mayor 
Darby's  first  term  of  office  was  also  signalized  by  the 
energetic  enforcement  of  the  law  against  gambling, 
and  so  vigorous  was  the  mayor's  course  in  this  matter 
that  there  was  a  general  exodus  of  the  gambling  fra- 
ternity. 

By  an  act  of  the  General  Assembly  of  Missouri, 
approved  Jan.  16,  1833,  the  city  was  divided  into 
four  wards,  the  boundaries  of  which  were  to  be  fixed 
by  the  mayor  and  board  of  aldermen,  and  authority 
was  given  to  establish  other  wards  whenever,  in  the 
opinion  of  the  authorities,  the  interests  of  the  inhabi- 
tants required  them.  All  acts  relating  to  St.  Louis 
were  declared  public  laws,  and  to  be  recognized  as 
such  in  all  courts  and  places,  without  requiring  proof 
other  than  that  regarding  other  public  laws. 

By  ordinance  of  March  10,  1834,  the  city  was 
divided  into  four  wards,  bounded  as  follows : 

"All  that  part  of  the  city  which  lies  south  of  Elm  Street 
■hnll  constitute  one  ward,  and  shall  be  denominated  the  '  First 
Ward ;'  all  that  part  of  the  city  which  lies  north  of  said  Kim 
Street  and  south  of  Pino  Street  shall  constitute  one  ward,  and 
be  denominated  the  'Second  Ward;'  all  that  part  of  the  city 
which  lies  north  of  said  Pine  Street  and  south  of  Laurel  Street 
and  Washington  Avenue  shall  constitute  one  ward,  and  be  de- 
nominated the  '  Third  Ward;  and  all  that  part  of  the  city 
which  lies  north  of  Laurel  Street  and  Washington  Avenue 
■hall  constitute  one  ward,  and  shall  be  denominated  the  '  Fourth 
Ward." " 

The  act  approved  Feb.  26,  1835,  to  incorporate 
"  the  inhabitants  of  the  town  of  St.  Louis,"  after 
enlarging  the  limits  of  the  city,  constituted  it  a  body 
politic  under  the  style  of  the  "  mayor,  aldermen,  and 
citizens  of  St.   Louis.'     This  charter  enlarged  the 


powers  of  the  corporation,  and  greatly  estcinl,.(i  t|,j 
corporate  duties. 

In   accordance  with  the  provisions  of  tlie  diaritr 
the  city   was  divided   into   four  wards,  t'ui-  oui.||  „f 
which  three  aldermen  were  to  be  elected,  in  whnm 
with  the  mayor  were  vested  all  the  powers  of  the  cor- 
poration.    The  mayor  was  to  be  elected  for  unc  vear 
He  was  to  be  at  least  thirty  years  of  age,  a  ciiizon  of 
the  United  States,  a  resident  within  the  c-itv  (or  at 
least  two  years  preceding  his  election,  pijssessin^'  a 
freehold  estate  within  the  city,  and  not  tu  Imkl  at  tLe 
time  of  his  election  any  office  of  honor,  trust,  (ir  p^ji 
under  the  United  States.     The  Revised  ( Irdinancvs. 
prepared  by  Wilson  Primm,  provided  a  umnpiete  code 
of  laws  for  the  government  of  the  city.  jnuMritiri: 
the  duties  of  the  register,  the  mode  iiiul  UKinn.r  if 
holding  city  elections,  and  for  registering  iVee  iu'LTn?- 
and  mulattoes ;  for  gauging  and  inspeotiiiL' dniik-iic 
liquors  ;  for  the  inspection  of  flour,  beef,  pork,  tti.: 
for  weighing  hay  and  stove  coal ;  for  the  siippres.4,11 
of  riots,  routs,  etc. ;  concerning  the  police ;  rculHrt- 
ing  and  restraining  dogs;  providing  firo-buckcis;  re- 
straining hogs;  concerning  breaches  of  ordiiiaiice<; 
establishing  a  treasury  department ;  regulatiiiL'  wa^'uu-, 
carts,  drays,  and  carriages;  establishini:  the  lidili 
department ;  appointing  a  city  attorney  and  a  ni.'lit. 
watch  ;  suppression  of  gambling  ;  restrainins:  tlk-  a-- 
sembling  of  negroes  and   mulattoes ;  reirulatini;  ifcc 
revenue   and    taxes;    regulating    the    water-wnrks;  j 
regulating  the  harbor  of  St.  Louis  ;  estatili>liinL'(|iiar- 
antine  and  vaccination  ;    lighting  the  e-iiy  with  a,.;  I 
regulating  the  care  and  improvemeut  of  streets  anJ 
highways,  city  market,  etc. 

John  F.  Darby  was  re-elected  mayor  in  lS3i)aiil| 
1837.  In  1838  he  was  succeeded  by  Dr,  \Vm,  Carr  j 
Lane. 

In  1836  the  ordinances  were  printed  in  paiui'liei  j 
form.     In  18)58  the  ordinances  passed  since  that  re- 
vision were  printed  in  pamphlet  form.  Inn  lewcoMesj 
of  these  are  now  to  be  found. 

The  first  ordinance  was  supplementary  to  au  orJi- j 
nance  regulating  the  harbor  of  St.  Louis,  Ifivoiisj 
were  allowed  to  remain  ten  days  00  the  Jiarboriiiejj 
were  to  be  disposed  of  by  the  harbor- master,  anJitej 
owner  to  pay  a  fine  of  five  dollars  per  day. 

On  Aug.  23,  1837,  an  ordinance  was  passed  aiithor-j 
izing  the  mayor  to  borrow  one  hundred  tiiousiiiii| 
dollars  of  Martin  Thomas  at  seven  per  cent,  iiitire;i.r 
On  payment  made  to  the  treasurer  of  tlie  aiuiiuni  m 
issued  to  the  lender  as  many  certificates  of  one  ilioiiJ 
sand  dollars  each  as  would  amount  to  the  sum  paiJ  i»l 
him,  and  the  certificates  were  not  redeemable  miiilj 
Dec.  1,  1852.     For  the  payment  and  redemption  ofj 


MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMENT. 


665 


1  greatly  extonJod  tlie 

avisions  of  tlu'  cliarier 
)ur  wards,  t'oi'  e',ii;h  nf 

0  be  elected,  in  whini 

1  the  powers  I't'  tlie  or' 
be  elected  fur  mio  year. 
'ears  of  age.  ;i  eitizen  of 

within  the  eity  for  at 
is  election,  pu>ses*inL'  a 
J,  and  not  to  hold  at  tlie 
1  of  honor,  trust,  nrpnSt 
rhe  Revised  Orditianc«. 
provided  a  emiiiilete  mt 
,  of  the  city,  iii-e.-iTibin.- 
he  mode  ami  manner  of 
)r  re>:isteriiiL'  iVue  no^ir."/- 
and  inspeetiiiL'  doMiotic 
of  flour,  beef,  pork,  otc. 
coal ;  for  the  sujipro»i..ii 
ninj;  the  police;  rwisttr- 
)rovidin;,i  firo-buckets;  re- 
;  breaches  of  ordiiuiiice*; 
rtment ;  res:ulatiii;;  waiion-, 
i;  establishiiii:  the  heahk 
city  attorney  and  a  ni.'lu. 
nblinji ;  restrainini;  the  a-- 
niulattoes ;  reiiulatini:  tke 
ilating    the    water-vn.tk-; 
„  Louis;  estal.li-liin^i'pat- 
lighting  the  i-iiy  witli.-i-; 
luprovemeut  of  strei'tj  mJ 

fleeted  mayor  in  ISSiiiiiJ 
icceeded  by  Dr.  ^Vm.  Catt  | 

1  were  printed  in  yiami'lxt 
Uces  passed  >im'o  that  re- 1 
Liblet  form,  liutfeffco'itsi 

supplementary  to  anwJi-I 
lor  of  St.  Louis.    If  ;.v*is 
In  days  on  the  harbor  liiev  I 
|the  harbor-master,  and  the  j 

,1  dollars  per  day. 
[•dinance  was  passed  authot-l 

l,w  one  hundred  thousanil 
Tat  seven  per  cent.  ii>M«'-l 
Ireasurer  of  the  amount  h«j 
[„y  certificates  of  one  tlioit 

1  amount  to  the  s«iuP''iJ'' 
[were  not  redeemable  utitiB 
payment  and  redeiuption^l 


(jch  of  the  certificates  the  faith  and  revenue  of  the 
city  was  )iledj:ed  irrevocably. 

By  ordinance  St.  Louis  cemetery  was  located  in 
Block  3,  bounded  by  Almond,  Spruce,  Levee  and 
Main  Streets,  and  was  in  five  divisions,  marked  of 
ffith  stones  as  follows :  Family  burying-ground, 
citiiens'  buryingground,  paupers'  burying-ground, 
and  the  people  of  color's  burying-ground. 

The  assessor,  in  addition  to  his  other  duties,  used 
to  take  the  city  census,  for  which  he  was  allowed  an 
extra  one  hundred  dollars. 

In  1S3S  politics  in  St.  Louis  were  very  animated, 
and  the  AVliigs  organized  a  Vigilance  Committee  com- 
[,,ied  of  the  following  : 

.iarauci  Oiitv,   E.  T.  Christy,  John  Goodfellow,  J.  A.  Sire, 

(Ijafje  s|iroole.   L.  A.  Cerr6,  John  Loc,   I.  .A.  Letcher,   John 

Cilvert,  Asa  Wilgiis,   William  G.  Pettus,  Sdmrt  Matthew-s,  0. 

Wlx'k,  liemarii  I'nitte,  John  R.  Shaw,  August  Kerr,  K.  Onm- 

ij.ll.X.  I'avij,  J,  T.  Sweringen.  U.  Clcland,  C.  Uhoilcs,  C.  P. 

E;!':cn,  William  Whitehill,   Edtrard   ]3rool<9,   George   Morton, 

J  in  Finney,  John  Leach,  S.  .M.  Strother,  Charles  Collins,  John 

Birelar,  J.  II.  Sharpy,  J.  S.  Pease.  J.  H.  MoMillen,  D.  Tilden, 

Ge- rge  Corwin,  D.  B.  Hill,  William  Martin,  J.  B.  Lesperancc, 

;iinf!  F.  Corastock.  L,  Duniainc,  N,  E.  Janney,  William    A. 

Itmh,  A.  tJ.  Edwards.  T.  H,  We.st,  Edward  11,  Beebe,  Benja- 

.^me.",  T.  S.  Wilson,   (icorge  Traak,  John   Barnes,  John 

iiiiiondj,  ilr.,  Henry  Ma.iwell,  Wii!.ani  Morrison,  Alfred  Tracy, 

teni-  Marks,  John  Ford,  J.  W.  Paulding,  P.  A,  Berthold,  0. 

IiBiirru!,  M.  Stilz,  William  Hayward,  Jothaui  Bigelow,  L.  B. 

,i»,  ,1. 1!.  Ciirard.  J.  J.  Anderson,  Lc\?is  Bissel,  M.  C.  Clark, 

I  W.  s.  Ramlulph,   Noah  Uidgely,   Lewis  Clark,  George  Knapp, 

B;:ani  MiKec,  Edward  Chouteau,  L.  Farwcll,  William  Kislcy, 

h;c'il.'^iiiiih,  J.  Christy,  John  Young,  Jtdin  Bingham,  H.  A, 

C;rriD-,  11.  l'a|iin,  George  W,  Loris,  John  P.  Morris,  .Samuel 

[  li,:  (Is  Jmas  Moore,   Henry  Phillips   P.  Bartlctt,  John  D. 

[  h.'.'ft.  riinrail  I'oulk.   Richard  B.  Dallam,  John  Lu.\,  Lewis 

I  yfnill.  Willi,iin  .\ndrews,  J.  Pritohett,  John  McDonald,  Robert 

I !  Frwlimi.  X.  C.  ."itudley,  George  H.  Callendcr,  John  Bobb, 

iciD.  II.  (.'hapman. 

The  salaries  paid  to  the  municipal  oflScers  i.i  1838 
lierelmt  a  pittance  compared  witli  tlie  aiuount  now 
I  [ail  though  it  must  be  remembered  there  was  also  as 
[jreataeontrast  in  the  actual  amount  of  work  required. 
llien  the  mayor  was  paid  $800  per  annum  ;  now  the 
jslary  is  S,')(I(M)  per  year.  Tlie  aldermen  were  paid 
Itii'dullars  and  the  president  of  the  board  three  dol- 
llan  lor  each  meeting  which  they  attended.  Ail  fines 
lioinst  absent  members  were  placed  in  a  fund  to  be 
li-eti  in  ^living  a  dinner.  The  city  register  received 
ibi!  8S00  per  year,  and  if  there  were  any  deputies 
lllrtr  .salaries  were  not  mentioned  ;  the  city  register  at 
Iprtsent  is  paid  S.'JOOO  per  annum  for  his  services,  and 
lie  appoints  a  deputy  at  ?  1500,  a  chief  clerk  at  $1 200, 

k«e  clerk  at  Jl'UO,  and  as  many  others  as  may  be 
Kied  at  8750,    In  old  times  members  of  alderiuanic 

(OMiutees  were  paid  one  dollar  and  fifty  cents  per 

B'when  serving  only,  and  the  chairman  two  dollars. 


The  clerk  of  the  market  was  paid  8400  for  a  year's 
work.  The  auditor  received  only  8600,  which  was 
increased  to  8300,  Doc.  7,1838;  now  that  oflScial 
receives  $3500  per  year,  his  deputy  82000,  and  he 
/employs  as  many  more  clerks  as  necessary,  subject  to 
tlie  approval  of  the  mayor.  The  treasurer  managed 
the  financial  affairs  of  the  city  in  1838  and  took 
care  of  the  funds  for  the  small  consideration  of  8-400 
per  year  for  his  services  ;  now  that  oflScial  gets  84000 
per  annum,  his  assistant  82000,  teller  81500,  and  he 
has  as  many  clerks  as  he  needs  to  carry  on  the  work 
of  the  office. 

The  city  attorney  received  a  salary  of  only  8400 
yearly.  The  health  officer's  salary  was  only  8700  per 
annum,  and  he  had  to  do  ail  the  vaccination  besides. 
The  city  surveyor  was  paid  8800  per  annum  for  his 
services. 

The  police  force  was  very  small,  and  an  ordinance 
was  passed  to  appoint  "  a  theatre  policeman,"  but  he 
was  not  paid  by  the  city.  The  rules  wore  strict,  the 
fines  heavy,  and  he  received  his  remuneration  from 
this  source  and  the  proprietors. 

July  17, 1838,  the  mayor  was  authorized  to  execute 
a  deed  of  trust  to  St.  Louis  County  for  block  No.  SO, 
on  the  St.  Lou's  commons,  on  which  to  erect  a  poor- 
house. 

Another  ordinance  of  interest  was  that  which  re- 
lated to  the  opening  of  Pine  Street  between  Third 
and  Fourth,  passed  first  Oct.  9,  1832.  The  damages 
to  aggrieved  persons  were  appraised  by  a  jury  of 
twelve.  A  former  ordinance  to  widen  Fourth  Street 
to  eighty  feet  occasioned  a  protest  by  the  president 
and  directors  of  the  St.  Louis  public  schools  as  being 
prejudicial  to  the  interests  committed  to  their  charge, 
as  some  of  the  ground  was  school  land.  On  this 
account  the  bill  was  renealed. 

The  night-watchmen,  but  f"»w  in  number,  were  re- 
quired to  stop  all  persons  found  in  the  streets  after 
ten  o'clock  to  inquire  their  business,  and,  if  necessary, 
to  escort  them  to  their  homes,  if  they  had  any,  and 
if  not,  to  lodge  them  in  the  watch-house  until  an  early 
hour  next  morning. 

The  following  clause  is  rather  peculiar  reading  now  : 

"  It  sh.nll  be  the  duty  of  the  night-watch  also  to 
apprehend  all  slaves  that  may  be  found  in  the  streets, 
lanes,  or  alleys,  or  on  the  private  property  of  persons 
other  than  their  owners,  or  the  persons  under  whose 
control  they  are  at  the  time,  after  the  himr  of  nine 
o'clock  at  night  from  October  1st  to  April  Ist,  and 
after  ten  P.M.  from  April  1st  to  October  1st." 

The  owner  had  to  pay  a  fine  of  three  dollars,  or  else 
the  slave  received  not  exceeding  twenty-five  lushes, 
"  well  laid  on." 


Ml 


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1  li,  I 


666 


HISTOllY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


The  mayor's  proclamation  of  tliis  year  gave  notice 
to  masters  of  slaves  that  "  the  recent  extensive  distri- 
bution in  this  city  of  incendiary  abolition  newspupers, 
tracts,  and  pictures,  effected  secretly  in  the  night-time 
by  castinf;;  pacltaj^es  into  yards  and  other  places  where 
they  would  be  found  by  servants,  compels  all  officers 
who  are  cuncerned  in  maintaining;  the  public  peace  to 
deny  the  colored  people  some  of  their  usual  privilejres 
until  those  enemies  of  the  human  race  the  aboli- 
tionists (who  have  evidently  done  this  deed)  are 
discovered  and  dealt  with  according  to  law." 

It  closes  as  follows :  "  The  usual  permits  from  this 
oflBce  to  colored  people  for  social  parties  and  religious 
meetings  after  night  will  be  withheld  until  informa- 
tion is  given  of  the  hiding-places  of  the  incendiaries, 
which  must  be  known  to  some  of  our  colored  people." 

By  the  act  to  incorporate  the  city  of  St.  Louis, 
passed  by  the  General  Assembly  of  Missouri,  Feb. 
11,  1839,  the  corporation  boundaries  were  defined  as 
follows:  "  Middle  main  channel  of  the  river,  due  east 
of  the  mouth  of  Mill  Creek  ;  thence  due  west  to  the 
mouth  of  said  creek;  thence  up  the  centre  of  the 
main  channel  of  said  creek  to  a  point  where  the 
southern  side  of  Rutger  Street  produced  shall  inter- 
sect the  same ;  thence  westwardly  the  southern  side 
of  said  street  to  the  intersection  of  the  same  with  the 
western  line  of  Seventh  Street  produced,  northwardly 
along  western  line  of  Seventh  Street  to  north  line  of 
Biddle  Street ;  thence  eastwardly  with  the  northern 
line  of  Biddle  Street  to  the  western  line  of  Broad- 
way ;  thence  northwardly  with  the  western  line  of 
Broadway  to  a  point  where  the  sftuthern  boundary 
of  survey  No.  671  produced  .shall  intersect  the  same; 
thence  ea.stwardly  along  the  south  boundary  of  said 
survey  to  the  Mississippi  River;  thence  due  east  to 
the  middle  of  the  main  channel  of  the  Mississippi 
River;  thence  down  with  the  middle  of  the  main 
channel  of  the  river  to  the  place  of  beginning." 

This  city  charter  of  1831)  relieved  the  judges  of 
election  from  much  doubt  and  difficulty  as  to  the 
proper  qualifications  of  a  voter.  Its  rcfjuirements 
were  very  explicit.  The  voter  must  be  a  citizen  of 
the  United  States,  he  must  bo  twenty-one  years  of 
age,  must  have  resided  in  the  city  twelve  months 
next  preceding  the  election,  and  must  have  paid  a 
city  tax  within  a  year  next  preceding  such  election. 
Nothing  was  to  be  regarded  as  a  tax  except  a  regular 
assessment  upon  persons  and  property  made  taxable 
by  law  for  State  purposes,  or  the  tax  upon  licenses  to 
auctioneers,  merchantH,  retailers,  grocers,  toverns,  or- 
dinaries, bankers,  brokers,  peddlers,  pawnbrokers,  and 
money-cliangerR.  The  name  of  the  voter  was  to  be 
indorsed  upon  his  ballot.     Inhabitants  of  the  State, 


but  residing  out  of  the  city,  who  owned  ;i  freelioUJ 
estate  within  it,  and  who  had  paid  a  t:i\  muA 
twelve  months  preceding,  were  allowed  to  Ydteatntl 
election  in  the  ward  where  his  property  lay. 

By  this  charter  the  City  Council  was  to  ('unsist  i-fl 
a  board  of  aldermen  and  a  board  of  delegates.  Ilij| 
latter  was  to  be  composed  of  three  deleuuies  fri,|j| 
each  ward  chosen  for  one  year,  and  the  board  i,f| 
aldermen  was  to  consist  of  two  members  iVoni  lat'iil 
ward  chosen  for  two  years.  Four  stated  sussions  41 
the  Council  were  required  to  be  held  each  year.  Itjl 
executive  and  ministerial  officers  were  the  iiiayoMlul 
register,  the  auditor,  the  treasurer,  the  nianshal. ami 
the  engineer. 

The   municipal  officers  under   the  new  cliartorifl 
1831)  were   William    Carr    Lane,   mayor;  alJirnitu, 
Benjamin  W.  Ayres,  James  G.  Barry,  Beverly  .\lit[  I 
Kdward  Tracy,  George  Collier,  John  B.  Saipv, .J, l,i I 
Lee,  and   Archibald   Carr ;  delegates,  Klkanali  Eii:- 
lish,  Charles  Coutts,  William  Ilorine,  William  Gia>) 
gow,  Theodore  Papin.  David  B.  Hill,  Has!!  \V.  .>!i.f 
ander,  Asa  Wilgus,  George  Trask,  George  K.  liu 
Abel  G.  Farwell,  and  Samuel  Gaty. 

In  the  early  days  of  St.  Louis,  as  ha."  Wen  »j,| 
the  best  men  in  the  community  represented  ilic|.n.f:ij 
in  the  municipal  councils.  About  1839  nooneu^l 
a  more  active  part  in  building  up  the  growing  lueipf 
lis  than  Samuel  Gaty,  and  the  busy  iiitere.st  lie  bl 
always  manifested  in  the  business  and  social  affairsd 
the  city  entitles  him  to  parMcular  mention.  Sauii 
Gaty  was  born  in  Jefferson  County,  Ky.,  Aug.  hi 
1811.  His  ancestiiis,  who  were  of  German  omioj 
settled  in  Pennsylvania  before  the  Hcvuliuiiiii  i -011111 
of  them  taking  part  in  the  war)  and  founded  tlietuwJ 
of  Gettysburg.  The  name  was  GvHi/,  but  when  in 
uel  went  to  school  his  teacher  wrote  and  nroiiuuncel 
it  "  Gaty"  and  he  did  not  learn  of  the  luistalic 
ho  had  been  some  years  in  business  for  him.self.  TN 
seven  months'  "schooling"  from  this  tcaeliert'onipriM 
all  the  educational  privileges  that  Samuel  (latyerJ 
enjoyed,  and  they  were  of  the  most  primitive  kind. 

When  he  was  three  and  a  half  years  old  his  moil 
died,  and  at  seven  he  lost  his  father.    Tlie  family  d 
very  poor,  and  the  boy's  sole  riches  were  iluisecfj 
well-formed  body,  a  strong  constitution,  ami  a  m| 
balanced  mind. 

Just  before  his  father's  death  he  was  "  bound  oaJ 
to  a  farmer,  who  cared  lit'le  for  the  welfare  of  ill 
boy,  and  when  about  ten  years  old  the  lad  took  kl 
fortune  into  his  own  hands  and  ran  away  to  Ijouisvillj 
where  he  indentured  himself  to  Prentice  &  BockKe| 
machinists  and  iron  founders.  Here  lie  worked  iindj 
the  immediate  oversight  of  his  sistor'.s  husband  »l 


I  city,  who  owned  a  frcelion| 
who  had  paid  a  tux  ffiiliinj 
I,  were  allowed  to  vcito  atanrl 
ire  his  property  lay. 
lity  Council  was  to  consist  (fl 
j  a  board  of  de!ei;;utos.  HjI 
«ed  of  three  delei;:Ues  t'r„ijj 
one  year,  and  the  board  (,f| 
of  two  members  i'rora  niA 
ars.  Four  stated  sessions  ofl 
ad  to  be  held  each  yeiir,  liij| 
il  officers  were  the  niiiyor,  iliJ 
e  treasurer,  the  inarsiial.  anj 

rs  under  the  new  cliartor  nf 
irr  Lane,  mayor;  aldcriiiei, 
mes  G.  Barry,  Beverly  Alb, 
Collier,  John  B.  Sarpy,  ,I„l,i 
rr ;  dele<?ate.s,  KIkanali  En;. 
illiam  Horine,  William  GW 
)avid  B.  Hill,  Basil  W,  .ik 
rge  Trask,  Georfju  K,  HaJJ 
jmuel  Gaty. 

St.  Louis,  as  has  hoeu  ms, 
imunity  represented  llii'|ittip!i| 
Is.     About  18:59  noonci4, 
Iding  up  the  f;rowin|;  iiietr 
and  the  busy  interest  lie  la 
3  business  and  social  affairs  «1 
parMcular  mention,    .'^aiiiiie 
irson  County,  Ky.,  Aug.  In 
who  were  of  German  oriiii 
before  the  HovuliitiHii  i 
he  war)  and  founded  die  tun 
me  was  Gelti/,  hut  when  im 
;eacher  wrote  ar.d  pronouBt 
not  learn  of  the  luistak 
in  business  for  himself.  T 
w"  from  this  tcaeliereoiufiri! 
leges  that  Samuel  Gaiyi 
of  the  most  primitive  kin 
nd  a  half  years  old  liisinotlii 
it  his  father.    The  faiiiiiy  w 
's  sole  riches  were  tlwscof 
ong  constitution,  anil  anl^K  "    ;  y  <f  ,^ 

•'s  death  lie  was  "  bound  ouJ 
little  for  the  welfare  oftlj 
m  years  old  the  lad  took  l 
lids  and  ran  away  to  Louisvill 
nisclf  to  Prentice  &  Bockirej^ 
iders.  Here  he  worked  \m 
t  of  his  sister's  husband  ^»l 


Ni! 


'i  i' 


I 


1 

If 

>      l( 

1 1 
1 

.  \l '   ' 

1',  1 

1  if 

}l  ll  i 

il    i'h  I 

it!     * 

1*  •    ii 

!|i ' 

1|;|,    j 

■ 

666 


HISTOUY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS, 


aliJernit'ii  \v:is  h    coiisw'j  of  two 
wurd  th'i^fi!  \\>r  two  yi-iir*.      i" 
tlio  C(:;in<il  w^rc  rti'iuiicil  i..  ; 
f.xeciiiivo  and  iniiiiHitiriul  (•'>i. •<■;•- 


The  iniivi'i'x  I  r.i'liiiiiuiiiin  i>i'  tl.  ,  y-.u,  j,,i\r  iii.il.i      in.t  iii..i.i;ii(;  .ml  oi  the  .;tly.  v.-. 
to  iiiiiKiiTS  (if  fil'ui.'.i  thi^ '•  lliu  rwont  I'xtoii-tiv"  ilijiiri-  i  (•••italo   wiiliin    it,  and   who    h.t 
buti'Ki  ill  Ihwnity  of  iacen<'i..i*y  ubolition  riHWupiiporis,  j  twelve  dioiiiIih  prrciedins?,  wurr.  > 
♦  rii<:i.<.   Hid  pictiiiVH,  etT.'c.fdd  ii'i-rcily  in  tlm  ni','littiin(>     (il>>i:ii(iii  i>i  tiro  ward  wiu'W  l)ii«  y 
hy  iMsiiii:;  [liickiif^cs  into  yiinls  mid  otiicr  jiiiicci  wtn-rii  By  this  chiiilor  tlie  City  ('i.;r  ■ 

thi.'V  would  be  found  by  Hervunt*,  compfls  ;dl  (ifficors     a  liourd  of  uldcrmcn  rind  a  ' 
wbi)  !iin  I'oncornc.d  in  iiiuiniiiininj;  tbo  imblio  jionnc  to  '  hitter  was  to  bo  innniio.-ic. 
di'ny  il\c>  c'i)iorcQ  |'Oop)i' .■iiiiiio  ol' ilvii- ii-'i  ll  pivile>;re     fiutli    wurd   iIiosimi    for  on"  ;    . 
timil  those  onemii'S  ot  thu   lioiti.  ■  ic   aboli- 

lioni^ts    'who    liavi-   ovi-ii-rtfly  do'  !   ;ii..-.   docd)  uro 
disoov<  n  1  .iiid  dcali  with  ii.toi  lii  .;  t(>  biw."   . 

It  cloMM  ;i.'.  t.ilNiWji ;  ■•  The  tisuwl  wTujit-'"  froiii  this 
ofiicii'  lo  '    '        '       •  •■■'■■:  f'>r  «o.  ivii  jiort.it'H  and  l'i.'lit;ious  |  reiiirtter,  tlie  nuditor,  the   lr>.';i>n' 
iiiiM'tiii:;-  ■■    v:     hi   - "ili'-ld  iiiilil  inform.'i-  [  'In!  i'fii.'ii".'i;r. 

\ii'ii  i-      •  t' the  incPiidi'.irii'H.         Tlie   iiiunicipal   officers   uinl. 

'  ^'.\  .  lUircd  ppi)pi«,"     \H'.i'.)  wcrc!   Williiini    C.iir    \,;\y. 

:   .  .  of  f^{,.  L"m!',     Hi'iijiimin  \V.  Ayros,  Jann'^  '. 

\  nl  AtwemWy  uf  i^fiwouri,  Ffb.  |  Kdw;ird  Tracy,  (lonrpo  CoUi'T.  . 

.>  al inn  V.oiiit'JiiiKts  worn  di'fini'd  im  '  Lee,  ni'd    Arcliihidd    Carr  ;  di  i- 

lor  Vt-  aiu  ci  ■iiiiK-i  of   III'  river,  dm;  cast     lish,  ("Imrles  CoiittH,  Williaui    i 

tliij  ri.  II  Cri'V;  lli**iiit!  d>(e  wrM  '^i  the      rmr.  'I'lu'odorc  Pupiii,  David  !'• 

'|i   'ji  ••    .ip     he    sfntrfl  »'  (lu!     nndiM-,  Asii  Wil^'iis,  (inor';j<'  'Vr 

.■.:'i       I  ^)  ■  <r     ■■    poih;.    whore    llm^V'"'   'i.    ImU'WI'II.  Ulnl  H.ilii'     I  * 

id  Khali  inter-  ..t-  early  it.tys  of  St    !. 

.  ,  tr  ■  mitirhorn  (<ido  :  iiic  ini>i  iiuri  in  the  coiiiinv'nii 

■     tlio  -tamv  with  till?  '  in  the  intinieipal  council«.      A 

11  '<>   I  I:  '  iitli  Street  produced,  nortliwardly  j  a  more  itctivo  part  in  build! i- 

-'     11  '    I  rd"  Scv.'ntli  Stroet  to  norili  liiio  of    lia  than  S-imind  Gaty,  an  i  u 

r.'.'t ;  tltenio  oastwurdly  wiili   the  ix.ilhcrn  }  always  tnaniri'.sto<l  in  the  i>usi: 


the  city  entitles  him  tn  piU;) 
Galv  was  born  in  tlfffur' 


'I' 


ifir 


|.   iu  Ii  r^treol  to  ihi-  western  line  of  Uroad- 
northwardly   with   the  wostein    lint!  of 
»)■  lilt   wlinrc  the  Hftuthcrn   boundary  1  1811.      lliri  ancestors,  >*•.-. 

iirod  shall  tntr.rseot  the  saiiio ;  !  settled  in  IVnnsylvanin  U'Cn--  : 

■■      >vuih   biiutidaiy  (>r  liflid  j  o'"  them  takini^  part  in  till!  r-" 
1  T     ;!u-[K'j  dii'i  o:ist  to  'of  OL-Hy^burj;.     'I'liii  u-xfiin  •> 

■     l>«i   >lissi*f5ppi  '  nil  went  to  school   bin  i'-nr'    •     f  tc  i, 
•  oouii  \\ .  i"i'iu'  rf  liie  niwin  '  it"  6''(/i/."  and  he  dii^  .lo' 

:'  i-  ^tnntnu.  '  I  he  liiul  been  .some  ye«i  •  i 

i  jiidiTcs  of  I  seven  monihs' " Hf  boo.  .  : 

VMi      ••Ml,,  :i.u   (o   the  '  all  the  educational  |m';  .  ■   ■ 

;i  j  iiionKMit>:     enjoyed,  anil  tiny  w.    ■  •! 

.  iiift   bo  tt  eitizen  of        When  be  was  ihii.''^ 
.     'wentyone  years  id'    died,  and  at  miven  be 
lb-    ••■';,•  twelve   niunths  :  very  poor,  and  thi^  "■ 
■■■-    have  paid  a     welMbnited  bod; 
1..'   «ueh  election.  '  bainueed  mind. 
IX  exeept  a  pejrular  I       dn,-:i  before  bis  f'ii^'      ,  -'efitb  !<>'  > 
a»si'.ssuient  upon  pereons  :i.id  piojKsrty  made  taxable  i  to  a   iarnier,  who  <■ .         ■    ,i<    i  * 
by  law  for  State  purposes  or  the  iix  upon  lieenses  to     boy,  and  when  iibrtsi"   .■■  •  y  os  ...c  i 
ftoetioiieerf,  nierebunt.s.  retaibTS.  cineeri*.  tavern.^*,  or-     fortune  into  bi.s  u.-is  inndnaiid  ran  Kwa_\  i 
ditiari'js,  bankers,  broktrM,  peddler>i,  pawnbrokers,  and  !  where  be  inden!iif<'d  himself  to  Prentice'  '• 
money  eb-mu'erH.     The  name  of  the  voter  wan  to  be  \  niatbini.its  ami  iron  founder!*.     Hit'*  \v'  w 
indorsed  upon  bi.s  b-iilol,.      Inbabiiants  of  the  Slate,  '  the  immediate  ovci>igbl  of  Isis  lij.'^ter'.s  Imi. 


•     -111 

prop  ■■ 

wen         ■  ■  ;: 

(be  I;  11 II. '.   .-1 

a'^e,   liiiist    ll..  •  .' 

ntiXt   preoedin;?  the  t-M-r-iiui. 

city  tax  within  a  y>lT 

Notbiuir  wa.s  lo  be  rei,".>r  : 


,l«8H   till 


•fttll  lie " 
ik   for  til' 

irs  oW  ll>v 

uii'l  rail  '.i^^'^y 

,.lf  U)  VwiiiH'' 

ll.'Vrt.    ilerolic 

his  uintiir's  1 


:U 


^iil 


Si! 


!)    I 


'v'.t!-.  ■■■•'.(■•■'.  ■   ;   .  fl».  7v  :,.v.m';  .  .*      X     ■-  .    v  ■    ■.■..,•'    ■      .■■ 

•■■■\S   '"r:'i%i-:v  ^;'i\':;:;'v.,>' •:-■:■■  'i' 'IT.     •■'■■■  .y 


-I" '?:'. 


■■.■v-t^O.-  ■■    •>...•     i  '* 


"'1»|*4IK''  >»■■•■ 


<€?^ 


,^/,^<    ^ 


<.v. 


--^ 


/ 


1 


^ial 


I^)^^,^7^f^i 


/L 


V  yW 


li'li  i; 


MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMENT. 


«67 


was  foreiDiui)  for  about  two  years  and  a  half,  until  Newell  (one  of  the  best  blacksmiths  that  St.  Louis 

Mr.  Prentice's  death.    Then  he  went  with  his  brother-  ,  ever  had)  had  become  greatly  impressed  with    his 

in-law  into  the  foundry  of  a  Mr.  Richard.s,  and  a  few  ability,  and  in  November,  1830,  induced  him  to  come 

BOiitlis  Inter,  when  his  relative  went  to  New  Orleans,  back,  with  the   undorstandin";  that  he  would  assist 

Samuel,  tlmusb  a  lad  of  less  than  fourteen,  was  made  him  in  building  a  foundry.    During  the  winter  Gaty 

t'nreuian  nf  the  foundry,  and  held  that  position  for  prepared  the  foundation   for   the  intended  building, 

about  a  year.     But  he  was  not  satisfied  with  his  at-  and  in  the  spring  he,  with  his  own  hands,  dug  up 

lainnients  in  the  trade,  and  apprenticed  himself  for  ;  the  fire-clay  for  the  brick  for  his  furnace,  moulded 

mo  years  to  Mr.  KefFer,  successor  to  Prentice  &  Beck-  them  himself,  and  built  the  furnace,  and  on  July  4, 

well,  ami  during  this  term   received  three  dollars  a  1831,  took  the  "  first  heat."     The  first  castings  were 

(teek  and  one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  at  the  end  of  !  for  Capt.  John  C.  Swon,  of  the  steamer  "  Carrolton," 

the  time.    By  extra  work  he  had  earned  an  additional  and  were  of  excellent  quality.     The  furnace  was  a 

one  hundred  dollars,  so  that  at  the  end  of  the  appren-  \  success,  and  was  in  active  use  for  twenty  years  after- 

lijesliip,  when  about  sixteen  years  of  age,  he  had  i  wards. 

saved  two  hundred  .i  .d  fifty  dollars,  a  large  sum  in  :       Subsequently    Felix  Coonce  became  a  partner,  the 

those  days  for  a  boy  of  his  age,  and  this  two  hundred  firm  being  Gaty  &  Coonce,  and  later  it  was  changed 

aril  fifty  dollars  was  his  money  capital  on  establishing  i  to  Gaty,  Coonce  &  Morton,  next  to  Gaty,  Coonce  & 

hi.jself  in  i^t.  Louis.  1  Beltshoover,  then  to  Gaty,  Coonce  &  Glasby,  and  then 

Upon  tlio  completion   of   his   apprenticeship   he  to  Gaty,  McCune  &  Glasby.     In  1849,  Gerard  B. 

worked  for  several  months  in  New  Albany,  Ind.,  for  '  Allen  was  admitted  to  the  firm,  which  then  becair  > 


Um  A.  Morton,  and  in  October,  1828,  removed  to 
St.  LouLs  witii  John  A.  Morton,  Jr.,  and  a  young 
\Vl•l^llnlan  named  Richards.  When  they  arrived  in 
ji.  Louis  tliero  was  no  foiindry  in  the  city.  There 
i;i>,  however,  a  frame  building  which  parties  from 
Ciiitinnati  luid  erected  with  the  intention  of  starting 
at'iuiidry.  but  not  being  able  to  work  the  coal  had 
iknJoiied  the  project.  In  this  building,  near  Second 
i:id  Cherry  Streets,  Gaty  and  his  friends  started  a 
iuiall  liiundry  ;  but  the  partnership  (for  which  Gaty 
fiirni>hed  the  eiisli  capital )  was  not  fortunate,  and  in 
afuw  months  Gaty  and  Morton  were  induced  to  sell 


Gaty,  McCune  &  Co.  Later,  James  Collins,  Wiiiiam 
H.  Stone,  and  Amos  Howe  wore  admitted,  and  this 
firm  continued  until  July,  1862,  when  it  dissolved, 
and  Gaty  and  McCune  retired  from  the  foundry  busi- 
ness. 

In  all  these  changes  Mr.  Gaty,  although  surrounded 
by  very  capable  men,  was  at  the  head  of  the  establish- 
ment and  was  its  controlling  mind.  He  started  with 
a  little  air-furnace  of  four  tons'  capacity,  and  presided 
over  the  development  of  a  business  which  in  a  few 
years  grew  to  enormous  proportions,  the  foundry  being 
in  its  day  one  of  the  most  extensive  manufacturing 
out  In  Col.  Martin  Thomas,  who  subsequently  leased  j  establishments  of  its  class  in  the  whole  valley  of  the 
iliewnrks  to  I'eter  McQueen,  of  New  York.  Gaty  |  Mississippi,  and  occupying  a  whole  ,s(|uare,  bounded 
»asout  of  work  tor  a  while,  for  McQueen  had  a  poor  !  by  Main,  Second,  Cherry,  and  Morgan  Streets.  Much 
idea  of  Western  mechanics  and  preferred  (as  he  said)  of  this  block  of  land  3Ir.  Gaty  still  owns,  and  it  is 
ikilled  men  from  the  East,  yet  on  two  occasions  Gaty  ■  covered  with  large  and  costly  buildings. 
slionod  his  aptness  and  skill  in  a  remarkable  way.  Mr.  Gaty  not  only  made  the  first  casting  in  St. 
SltQiieen  was  asked  to  make  a  new  shaft  for  the  Louis,  but  he  was  always  a  pioneer  in  other  particulars 
scauier  "Jubilee."  He  said  his  men  could  make  \  of  his  business.  He  built  the  first  engine  that  was 
the  |iattern  and  mould  one,  but  having  been  used  |  ever  made  west  of  the  Mississippi,  and  also  aided  in 
only  to  ii  euiiola,  could  not  well  molt  the  iron  in  an  j  building  the  first  steamboat  at  St.  Louis,  the  "  Eagle," 
lirl'iirnace.  Gaty,  however,  undertook  the  job  of  '  which  plied  between  St.  Louis  and  Alton.  There 
uAin;.'  the  iron  and  got  a  fine  casting.  But  it  was  had  been  an  attempt  at  boat-building  before  this,  but 
iWn  found  that  there  was  not  a  geared  lathe  in  the  the  "  Eagle"  was  the  first  completed  vessel.  Subse- 
tii)  til  turn  the  slud't  with.  Gaty  was  again  appealed  quently  he  built  m.ny  boats  and  had  large  interests 
and  with  two  cog-wheels  he  very  soon  rigged  up  on  the  river.  Some  of  the  finest  steamboats  that  ever 
■raitk'iit  power  to  turn  the  shaft  by  hand.  This  "  walked  the  water"  were  his,  and  he  was  one  of  the 
feiiliiy  of  re.<(iurce  in  the  presence  of  a  great  emor-  [  originators  of  the  Keokuk  Packet  Company.  Not 
piiiv  was  a  distinguishing  characteristic  of  Mr.  Gaty's  only  were  his  boats  famous,  but  his  manufactures  were 
''«'t'  ;  known  in  all  the  cities  of  the  Wrst  and  Southwest, 

fiiwiirds  the  close  of  1829,  Gaty  returned  to  Louis-  ;  and  it  may  truthfully  be  said  that  no  one  man,  living 
4'  and  worked  a  while  as  a,  journeyman  ;  but  Louis     or  dead,  contributed  more  in  iron-work  to  build  up  the 


n: 


I,     1 


i:  : 


!ti: 


668 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


proud  city  of  St.  Louis,  its  railroads  and  steamboats, 
than  Samuel  Gaty. 

Upon  retiring  from  business  in  18G2,  Mr.  Gaty  be- 
came president  and  manager  of  the  Western  Division 
of  the  Ohio  and  Mis.«i$$ippi  Railroad,  and  some  years 
were  consumed  in  getting  the  concern  out  of  the  finan- 
cial diflBculties  into  which  it  had  fallen.  He  sub- 
sequently became  president  of  the  Hope  Mining 
Company,  which  he  relieved  of  certain  heavy  embar- 
rassments, so  that  its  mine  (in  Montana)  is  now 
earning  money  for  its  stockholders.  This  company 
and  the  St.  Louis  Transfer  Company,  of  which  he  is 
president,  arc  the  most  prominent  of  the  corporations 
with  which  he  is  actively  connected,  and  despite  his 
years  (for  he  is  now  seventy-one)  he  attends  to  tin' 
duties  of  these  enterprises  with  alacrity,  and  with  no 
less  active  and  accurate  judgment  than  characterized 
his  younger  days. 

From  1888  to  1842,  Mr.  Gaty  was  a  member  of 
the  board  of  aldermen  and  of  the  City  Council,  and 
assisted  in  much  important  legislation,  by  which  many 
public  institutions  were  established  and  permanent 
improvements  projected  for  the  benefit  of  the  infant 
city.  It  was  a  critical  period  in  the  history  of  the 
place,  for  intelligence,  judgment,  and  foresight  were 
demanded  in  order  to  wisely  plan  for  the  growing 
city.  Water,  gas,  pavements,  sewers,  etc.,  all  the  es- 
sentials of  civilization  in  fact,  were  to  be  provided  on 
a  suitable  scale,  and  Mr.  Gaty's  voice  and  vote  were 
ever  on  the  large  and  public-spirited  side.  None  had 
more  implicit  faith  in  the  "manifest  destiny''  of  St. 
Louis,  and  it  is  now  his  pride,  in  the  mellow  autumn 
of  his  days,  to  point  to  the  marvelous  realization  of  his 
predictions. 

In  1843,  Mr.  Gaty  was  n)arried  to  Miss  Eliza  J. 
Burbridge,  and  is  the  father  of  thirteen  children,  eight 
of  whom  are  living.  The  oldest  son,  Edward  W. 
Gaty,  is  prominent  in  business.  Theodore,  aged 
twenty-one,  is  a  graduate  of  Washington  University, 
and  is  now  in  Montana  in  the  mining  business.  Of 
the  daughters,  Emma  was  married  to  L.  M.  Rumsey, 
of  the  L.  M.  Rumsey  Manufacturing  Company,  and 
Lizzie  is  married  to  S.  B.  Fallon,  son  of  Dr.  M.  M. 
Fallen,  u  leading  physician  of  the  city,  Mrs.  Gaty  is 
still  living,  sharing  with  her  husband  in  a  large  and 
comfortable  home  in  North  St.  Louis  an  afiluence 
sufficient  for  the  demands  of  royalty,  yet  employed  in 
their  closing  days  in  a  simple  and  unostentatious 
manner. 

Fersonally,  Mr.  Gaty  is  modest,  retiring,  and  un- 
obtrusive, and  much  of  the  prominence  he  has  en- 
joyed has  been  thrust  upon  him  by  his  appreciative 
fellow-citizens.     The  fine  mind  and  clear  determina- 


,  tion  which  he  has  always  exhibited  in  putilif  capaci. 

i  ties  prove   how    much    better    his   neiglilmrs  Imv,. 

,  judged  him  than  he  himself.  In  April,  1S81,  t),;, 
citizens  of  St.  Louis  paid  him  a  beautiful  cuiiiplii„Q5, 
Pursuant  to  a  request  of  the    Missouri    llhturical 

I  Society,  he  consented  to  have  a  portrait  ]i;iiiited  anj 
on  the  2l8t  of  that  month  the  picture  (due  of  Co- 
nant's  masterpieces)  was  presented  to  the  socielvbr 

j  the  Hon.  John  F.  Darby,  mayor  of  the  city  when  Mr 

■  Gaty  was  a  councilman,  and  for  fifty  years  his  imj. 

;  mate  friend.     The  portrait  was  accepted  liy  the  Hod 
Albert  Todd  on  behalf  of  the  society.    IJutli  speakers  I 
eulogized  Mr.  Gaty  in  the  highest  degree  for  his  in. 
numerable  servitiiS,  public  and  private,  to  tliecitvofl 
St.  Louis,  and  joined  in  regarding  him  as  a  sin^'alarkf 
attractive  example  of  success  won  by  dauntless  moral  I 
courage,  indomitable  will,  and  indepemlent  self-reli- 
ance, and  as  a  character  that  signally  deserves  to  k  I 
held  in   honor  and  remembrance  by  jioiierations  to| 
come  as  one  that  has  contributed  much  in  a  stanch ao 
solid  manner  to  the  honor  and  renown  of  St.  Louis. 
In  1840  John  F.  Darby  was  again  elected  niiivor.i 
John  Fletcher  Darby  was  born  in  L'ersoii  Coiiniv  1 
N.  C,  on  the  10th  of  December,  ISOI-i,  anJ  was  ibel 
son  of  John  Darby,  a  native  of  Lanca.-iterCountv.Pa.j 
The  elder  Darby  had  settled  in  North  Carolina  in  kijl 
youth,  and  had  there  become  a  cotton-  and  tiiliafi»| 
planter.     In  1818  he  removed  with  his  faiiiilvt(i.Mii-| 
souri  and  purchased  a  farm  in  St.  Louis  Couniv,  riil 
which  his  son,  John  F.,  labored  for  five  years.  Tiul 
youth  had  received  the  elements  of  an  educatinn  igl 
North  Carolina,  and  now  devoted  all  liis  span'  linitl 
to  increaising  his  stock  of  knowledge.    Aboni  l^'M 
(in  which  year  his  parents  died)  he  heiraii  thi  smJn 
of  Latin,  without  a  teacher,  and  in  the  iiitervak 
farm- work  learned  in  a  single  summer  to  enj'irdiJ 
beauties  of  Virgil.     With  a  hundred  dullar.* 
pocket  he  returned  to  North  Carolina,  lived  wiililiiJ 
grandparents,  and  studied  with  Re<-.  VVilliaiu  Biogl 
ham,   of  Orange   County.     In   1825  he  Iklmii  M 
studies  at  Frankfort,  Ky.,  and  pursued  thoiii  tor  ( 
portion  of  the  time  under  John  J.  Crittenden. liavim 
''Tom"  Mar.shall,  the  poor,  erratic, brilliant orator.i 
his  room-mate  and  companion. 

His  means  failing,  he  obtained  work  at  piijiil 
studied  all  day  and  wrote  half  tlie  nii^ht,  «kmi 
his  license  to  practice,  returned  to  .Missouri.  reaJ I 
little  law  with  Judge  Gamble,  and  in  .May,  IS:'".»ij 
fairly  launched  in  his  profession,  in  which  liL^suece 
was  immediate  and  remarkable.  Ho  was  a  j;w«ii< 
man,  extending  his  practice  into  new  fields  as  yea 
elapsed,  and  always  with  credit  and  profit.    Bm  ilj 

^  people  soon  began  to  call  him  to  important  olcesi 


MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMENT. 


669 


hibited  in  piibliL'  capaci- 
,ter    his   neii;lil"n-s  luv.} 
If.     In  April.  1S81,  tW 
in  a  beautiful  (Mniiiiliuicnt. 
the    Missouri    lli-^iorital 
ive  a  portrait  jmiiited,  anj 
1  the  picture  {mn  of  Co- 
•esented  to  the  society  bj 
nayor  of  the  city  when  Mr. 
id  for  fifty  yo;ii:<  his  inti- 
was  accepted  by  the  Hon. 
;be  society.    Uutli  speaketj 
highest  degree  for  his  in- 
I  and  private,  to  the  city  of 
warding  him  as  a  siniialark 
;e8s  won  by  dauntless  mntal 
and  indepenilent  sclf-reli- 
that  signally  deserves  to  be 
OTbrance  by  ;_'eiieratioiis  to 
i-ibutcd  much  in  a  stanch  and 
r  and  renown  of  St.  Louis. 
by  was  again  elected  mayor. 
was  born  in  Person  County, 
)ecember,  180H,  inul  «as  ibe 
itive  of  Lancaster  County,  Pi. 
ttled  in  North  Carolina  in  kii 
pecome  a  cotton-  ami  tiiliji«>l 
moved  with  his  family  t"  Mi- 
farm  in  St.  Louis  County,  dn: 
,  labored  for  five  years.  Tli* 
.  elements  of  an  education  in 
,w  devoted  all  his  sparotinitj 
of  knowledge.     .\boHt  l" 
,ntsdied)he  bepni  thr  JiuJ] 
;her,  and  in  the  intervals 
.  single  suuiuier  to  eiij^y  tki 
lilh  a  hundred  dollars  in ' 
lorth  Carolina,  lived  vtitb  til 
ted  with  lie".  William  " 
ity.     In   1825  he  boiian  ki 
iv.,  and  pursued  tlicm  for 
lor  JohnJ.Crittendon.kvi 
loor,  erratic,  bfilliMt  orator, 

panion. 

1,0  obtained  work  at  cofyin| 
■rote  half  the  ni^li>,  Am 
.returned  to  Missouri, real 
[amble,  and  in  May,  1S2I.«I 
,roiession,in«l>iel'l»^s''^'^ 
mirkable.  He  was  «  ?'>'»" 
,ctice  into  new  fields  as  y 
|h  credit  and  profit,  Buiil 
^U  him  to  importunt  offices 


trust.    He  served   as  alderman,   became  a  favorite 
.n„„p.fijio;iker,  and  in  1835  was  elected  for  the  first 
time  to  the  mayoralty.     The  administration  of  this 
,|ceat  the  time  was  a  task  which  demanded  peculiar 
enersiv  a"'!  efficiency,  and  Darby  had  both.     He  es- 
tablished the  mayor's  court,  rid  the  city  in  large  degree 
of  its  diniireruus  classes,  laid  out  public  squares  and 
[arks,  and  in  every  way  justified  the  people's  confi- 
Jence.    L>  -836  he  called  a  meeting  of  citizens  to 
njeniorialize  Congress  on   the  subject  of  completing 
ibe  National  road  to  St.  Louis,  and  in  accordance  with 
liis  official  communications  of  the  same  year  urging 
ibe  importance  of  railroad  development,  an   addre.«s 
to  the  people  of  the  State  was  issued,  and  in  April, 
,f36,  a  great   convention 
I  MS  held  in  St.  Louis,  com- 
posed of   delegates    from 
eleven  of  the  richest  coun- 
ties in  the    State.      Two 
nilroads    were    projected, 
[one  to  Iron  Mountain,  the 
I  other  westward  north  of  the 
hliwouri  llivcr.      When, 
however,    in     1838  "^Mr. 
IPatby,  then  State  senator, 
jiBiroiluced  a  bill  to  charter 
Itlie  first-named    road,    it 
IfiiW,  because  Illinois  was 
lit  tbc  time  suffering  from 
|llewllap,se  of  her  railroad 
Imnia,   The  time  for  Mia- 
|lonri  had  not  yet  arrived. 
Ill  1850,  .Mr.  Darby  was 
|KDt  III  Congress,  and  much 
lis  cspeeteil  from  his  solid 
tasliiies,  but  an    accident 
|(D  a  boat  III!  the  way  to 
Wiiiii;ton    ibr    a    time 

UniKzed    his    extremities.       He    slowly    recovered 

lar;;e  degree,  and  did   good   work   for  the  State 

iriiii.'  his  congressional  career.     For  some  time  he 

is  eiipijied  in  a  banking  business,  the  firm  being 

iiby  &  Poulterer,  but  finally  returned  to  his  orig- 

iil  profession,  the  law,   and  enjoyed   an   extensive 

leiiee  until  nearly  the  day  of  his  death.     In  1880 

fiubiishcd  a  volume  of  "  Per-sonal  Recollections," 

iiaining  a  varied  store  of  reminiscences  relating  to 

le  early  history  of  St.  Louis  and  many  of  the  indi- 

iiais  who  figure  in  it.     Hardly  another  man  in  St. 

mi*,  with  the  exception  of  Frederick   L.   Billon, 

f  as  much  of  the  city's  past. 

Familiar  vith   each   old    landmark    and    honored 

«,  proud  of  his  loved  city,  and  amiably  garrulous, 


HON.  JOHN    F.  PAHBY. 


no  name  occurs  oftener  in  the  reports  of  bar  meetings, 
and  during  the  later  years  of  his  life  no  important 
public  meeting  seemed  complete  without  his  presence. 
IL>  was  a  "  walking  cyclopaedia"  of  legal  anecdotes, 
many  of  which  have  perished  with  him.  In  1878 
the  St.  Louis  Law  Library  made  him  an  honorary 
member.  He  was  then  the  oidy  surviving  originator 
of  the  library  residing  in  St.  Louis,  and  for  forty 
years  had  been  a  member.  Montgomery  Blair  and 
Charles  D.  Drake,  also  of  the  original  members,  had 
removed  to  Washington,  and  Warwick  Tunstall  to 
Texas.  But  it  would  be  impossible  to  keep  record  of 
the  number  of  times  during  his  later  years  that  John 
F.  Darby  was  the  "  connecting  link"  between  the 
younger  and  the  elder  St. 
Louis. 

His  married  life  began  in 
1836,  his  wife  being  Mary 
M.  Wilkinson,  daughter  of 
an  army  captain.  She 
was  born  in  1818  in 
Washington  County,  Mo., 
and  died  in  July,  1875. 
Mrs.  Darby  was  educated 
at  the  Perryville  convent, 
where  at  that  time  many 
of  the  most  cultivated  and 
refined  young  ladies  of 
Iowa  and  Missouri  at- 
tended school.  Her  family 
on  both  sides  were  among 
the  first  settlers  on  the 
continetit.  Her  father's  an- 
cestors were  English,  and 
settled  in  Calvert  County, 
Md.,  in  the  early  part  of  the 
seventeenth  century.  Her 
mother  was  Emilia  Valle, 
daughter  of  Francis  ValkS  commandant  at  Ste  Gene- 
vieve. At  the  time  the  country  was  transferred  to 
the  United  States,  Francis  ValU''  was  the  grantee 
under  the  Spanish  government  of  the  Iron  Miuintain 
property,  with  several  thousand  arpcns  of  land  at- 
tached, which  was  confirmed  to  liis  children  by  the 
United  States  government.  The  Valle  family  were 
among  the  first  settlers  in  the  iMi.ssissippi  valley,  and 
Mrs.  Darby's  great-great-grandl'atlior,  also  Francis 
Valle,  was  an  officer  in  the  French  service  and  com- 
mandant at  Fort  De  Cliartres. 

John  F.  Darby  died  in  1882,  the  last  of  those  with 
whom  his  early  days  at  the  St  Louis  bar  had  been 
passed.  Heartily  and  elo(|uently  he  had  paid  a  kind 
tribute  to  the  memory  of  one  after  anotiier  of  them 


670 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


1 


all,  and  it  was  from  those  who  had  been  of  a  younjier 
generation  that  he  received  liitc  honors. 

A  new  contract  for  lighting  the  city  with  gas  was 
concluded  with  the  "  St.  Louis  ttas- Light  Company" 
on  Dec.  4,  1840.  The  first  directors  of  the  company 
were  Theodore  L.  McGill,  M.  L.  Clark,  K.  S.  Tilden, 
P.  R.  McCrary,  N.  E.  Janncy,  II.  B.  Shaw,  I.  D.  Dag- 
gett, and  N.  Pnschall.  For  the  more  regular  distri- 
bution of  water  from  the  water-works,  the  superin- 
tendent was  directed  by  ordinance  to  set  up  fire-plugs 
of  six  inches  diameter  at  the  intersection  of  the  streets 
th  rein  designated.  The  expenses  of  the  water-works 
for  1841  amounted  to  four  thousand  six  hundred  dol- 
lars. An  act  providing  for  the  reports  of  overseers  and 
sextons  of  public  graveyards  adjoining  St.  Louis  to 
be  made  each  week  to  the  register  of  the  city  was 
designed  to  ascertain  the  mortality  of  the  city  and  its 
suburbs.  The  City  Guard  "appointed  to  keep  watch 
and  guard  every  night  throughout  the  year,"  consisted 
of  a  captain,  three  lieutenants,  and  twenty-eight  pri- 
vates. The  confusion  which  was  occasioned  at  fires  by 
the  a.ssembling  of  spectators  in  the  vicinity,  as  well  as 
the  great  destruction  of  goods  occasioned  by  their 
careless  removal,  caused  the  City  Council  to  create 
the  "  fire  wardens  and  property  guards  of  the  city 
of  St.  Louis,"  whose  duty  it  was  made  to  attend  all 
fires  and  to  remove  all  good.s,  wares,  and  merchandise, 
and  to  take  charge  and  be  responsible  for  the  same. 
Out  of  thi.x  precautionary  legislation  sprang  the  pres- 
ent excellent  sy.stem  of  "  the  salvage  corps."  An 
inspector  of  weights  and  measures  was  provided  for 
by  ordinance,  and  was  charged  with  the  duty  of  testing 
and  proving  the  accuracy  of  all  weights  and  measures. 
The  erection  and  regulation  of  a  work-house  was  pro- 
vided for  for  the  punishment  of  "  all  persons  legally 
committed  by  due  course  of  law  for  any  violation  of 
ordinances  for  which  a  fine  shall  be  imposed  and  the 
convict  shall  refuse  or  be  unable  to  pay  such  fine  and 
costs."     The  municipal  officers  in  1841  were  John 

D.  Daggett,  mayor;  aldermen,  Robert  Cathcart,  James 
H.  Lucas,  A.  E.  Orme,  Thomas  Cohen,  Adam  L.  Mills, 
B.  W.  Ayres,  Samuel  Gaty,  James  C.  Lynch,  John  Cor- 
coran, and  Stewart  Mathews;  delegates,  J.  M.  Mahe- 
gan,  D.  II.  Donoi^an,  Thomas  Denny,  E.  English, 
Hiram  Shaw,  Henry  IMcKce,  II.  S.  Cox,  Edward 
Brooks,  H.  E.  Stone,  Thomas  li.  West,  G.  Trask, 

E.  Young.  T.  O.  Duncan,  Thomas  Le  Heaume,  and 
A.  R.  Corbin. 

In  18  H  ,  John  1).  Daggett  was  elected  mayor.  Mr. 
Daggett  was  born  in  Attluborough,  Mass.,  Oct.  4,  ITUiJ. 
His  father,  Benjamin  Daggett,  a  merchant  of  that 
place,  dealing  in  West  India  and  British  goods,  died 
in  1807,  leaving  a  wife  and  four  children.     John  re- 


mained with  his  mother,  assisting  her  in  ibn  store 
until   it  became  necessary  to  close  up  tin   business 
when,  the  estate  being  small,  he  was  appii'iiiit'ed,  at 
the  age  of  sixteen,  to  learn  the  trade  of  iimchinist 
He  worked  as  apprentice  and  master  until  liic  dose 
of  the  war  of  1812,  when,  in  vicv  of  the  'mwA  de. 
prcssion  of  business,  ho  left  Attleborougli,  liopin;;  lo 
better  his  fortune  elsewhere.     He  found  iiii|iloyiiie,it 
at  Philadelphia  at  his  trade  of  louk-makini:,  but  hear. 
ing   favorable   accounts   from    Pittsbui'irh.   lio  went 
thither,  spent  a  few  months   there  as  Kalcsnuin.  etc, 
and  then  agreed  with  Reuben  Neil,  a  friend  of  his 
father's  family,  to  go  with  him  to  St.  Louis,    On  t|ie 
way  Mr.  Daggett  stopped  at  Vinccniics,  Ind.,  ut,,] 
sold  a  stock   of  goods,  and  arrived  in  St.  Louis  in 
October,  1817.     For  nearly  three  years  he  had  cliarie 
of  Mr.  Neil's  business,  and  then  associated  inniMlf 
with   P.  Haldeman  in  the  commission  busino.s.«.  but 
the  venture  not  proving  profitable,  the  concern  was 
closed  in   1822,  and  he  then  went  into  the  auclinn 
and  commission  business  with  Walsh,  Jolinsnn  &  Cu. 
The  business  not  being  attractive  or  sufS..iti|ii|f  r,,. 
munerative  he  withdrew  in  1823,  and  engaged  alone 
in    retail    merchandising,  which    proved   nioderaielv 
successful. 

In  February,  1821,  he  was  married  to  Miss  Sarali 
Sparks,  daughter  of  Samuel  Sparks,  a  native  nf  .Maine, 
Tbis  union  resulted  in  twelve  children. 

In  1823,  Mr.  Daggett  established  a  general  iikt- 
chandise  business,  which  he  conducted  witii  fair  suc- 
cess, and  in  1826  engaged  with  others  in  an  atienipt  | 
at  lead-mining  at  Sandy  Mines,  near  Ilerfulanouni, 
and  opened  a  branch   store  there  ;  but  the  busine-s  | 
was  a  losing  one  and  was  soon  abandoned. 

In  April,  1827,  Mr.  Daggett  was  elected  aldmuan  I 
in  St.  Louis,  during  the  admitiistration  ol  William  | 
Carr  Lane,  first  mayor  of  the  city.     Atnoni:  liis  ™1- 
leagues  were  John   Mullanphy,  Wni.  K.  Rule.  FrcJ-j 
erick  L.  Billon,  Christopher  Price,  Edward  Cliarlo; 
Joseph  C.  Laveille.  John  Sutton,  and  David  B.  Hi 
Ho  was  re-elected  in  1831. 

In  1830,  Mr.  Daggett  establisliod  a  braneb  store  atl 
Sangamon,  111.,  but  the  venture  was  not  remunera- 
tive and  was  soon  discontinued,     lliiiini;  tlie  >aiii»| 
year  he  purchased  an  interest   in   the  sleanu'r  "St,| 
Louis,"  the  first  boat  of  that  name  on  tbe  Wesiitiil 
waters,  and  for  several  years  continued  in  tiiesioaiiiliMlj 
business,  which,  like  everything  lie  hud  yet  unucr'l 
taken,  yielded  him  a  nioduratc  protit.   Tiie  bulk olliiJ 
business  was  done  between  St.  Louis  and  -Now  Orj 
leans,  and  he  was  nia,stcr  of  some  of  the  best  st.'ain| 
ers  of  that  period. 

In  1836,  Mr.  Daggett  purchased  an  interest  in  lh< 


isting  her  in  ihfi  store 
close  up  tin   business, 
,  he  was  apjiri'iiiiec'd,  at 
the  trade  of  inacliinist. 
master  until  the  ilose 
vicv  of  the  'jc'iiural  dp- 
Attleboroujili,  liniiin;;  to 
He  found  fiii|ilo\meiit 
)f  lock-inakiir_',  but  hear- 
B    Pittsburiili.  he  went 
there  as  salesman,  etc., 
jon   Neil,  a  frii^ml  nf  liis 
iuj  to  St.  Li)ui.s.   On  ilie 
nt  Vinccnnes,  Ind,,  anl 
1  arrived  in  St.  LmiLs  in 
three  years  lie  had  cliara 
d  then  associated  hiiusdf 
coniinis.si()n  business,  but 
rofitable,  the  concern  was 
len  went  into  the  auction 
ith  Walsh,  Johnson  &Co. 
ttractive  or  sufP"iemly  ro- 
il 1823,  and  cnjiafted  alone 
which    proved   uioderalely 


was  married  to  Miss  Sarah 

el  Sparks,  a  native  iil'  Maine. 

;lve  children. 

established  a  |:eneral  nier- 

le  conducted  with  fair  sno- 

willi  others  in  an  attempt 

Mines,  near  Horcnlaiieuni,  j 

•e  there  ;  but  the  business  1 

joon  abandoned. 

iggctt  was  elected  aldernian  j 

administration  of  William] 

the  city.     Aiuon;.;  his  wl- 

,phy,  Win.  K.  Rule.  FreJ-j 

er  Price,  Edward  Cliarless,] 

Sutton,  and  David  B. 

stablislu'dalmuahstoreall 
■enture  was  not  rcmuneraj 
inued.  Kiinni:  the  <M 
■rest  in  the  steainiT  "^t.! 
hat  name  nn  the  West.raj 
nsooniinuedinthesicanili4 
•ythin;:  ho  had  vet  umlerj 
■rate  profit.   Theliulkollii 

;n  St.  I'OK'^  ="'^^  -^''-'" 
of  some  of  the  bc^t  ^'''""j 

purchased  an  interest  in  ih^ 


'^0. 


'"■"■•\ .  '1' 


■•(■  ": 


•If  ■•■  ■■■  ■  V  :••■:  V 

.:V''    ■.'.'''■ ' 


M 


.;  .-ili 


y 


»?■ 


.t-U-%:*'.:^' 


Mm 


^^^^Lj^^^^^^^^m 


■  •m 


S'Vit       il 


:;;■!  :  M' 


670 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


lil,  airl  It  w»»  from  tl-'it'i;  wlio  ha  i  bwii  'il  ii  y.,'\iii_'.'i 
;;en('riili<)i»  lliat  ho  nwivei^  likd  l\oii«i's. 

.\  iii-w  contraet  for  lightinir  the  my  with  ^.i  ■  vini 
u()ti(;ltidcd  with  thrt''Ht.  ho'M  C,;M-\,\4^i  {''iwynny' 
".Ml  I)»'i-.  4,  !8iO.  T.'io  first  (lircciorH  al'  tnc  i!oiii|mn) 
w.Tc  Tlimidorc  L.  McOill,  M  L  VUr\i.  R.  S.  TiUlen, 
P.  U.  M<;C.ary,  N.  K.  Jiiim-.-y.  U,  B.  Sh»«.  I  D.  Dn?- 
p!lt.  un.i  N.  Fuschall.  l''i.r  the  hi.iik  ii-,:'iliir  disli-i- 
Imtititj  of  WHtor  from  th»>  waterwwka,  thy  siip«rin- 
toiKh'iib  was  dire- toJ  by  oirJiimrio'  tu  set  iiji  firo-pliiL'f 
oi'viy  iiK'hos  cliiimrtci  at  tl"-  '-i  ■•  ■(■"tv.ni-f  the.  slrccw 
♦h<>i-i>iii  dcsijinuted.    Th(  ■  of  tl.i<  wiifor-wdrku 

for  1i-'41  iiiMuntcd  to  U  ■  •■u-uiiij  •»>'-  htiiiiireddol- 
lufs.  All  act  pniviHii--;' '  -  •  •  ••  r"j"M'«  .:■!'  ovcraopvs  and 
SOXC;>iis  of  pii  •         J        .  .;  St   lionis  to 

h(!  iiiiidf  each  (<  •  Mu'  iv^iist.  r  <)f  ihn  ciiy  vvan 
dpsij:ncd  to  asi' ■ '  •"  'K..  tiurriality  of  the  i-ily  ami  its 
.suburbs,     'I'll  ■  :fd   •nj.ipdiDtuiI  ti)  keep  ■w;iffli 

aud  a;uiini  oV'T;,'  ii!;^t;'.  !hniu;i;houl  the  vmv,'"  con^istnd 
if  n    Hptain.  thren  limttii);!!)!".  and  lw<  ;ity-oiji:ht  p  . 
v;itH,'     The  c<!«f»j*ioi;  •»'hich  was*  occiifionod  :■'.  !irR<-  hy 
thi''  ,      "    '  ■  ■  Ti.rs  in  tin-  vioiiiiiy,  m  >vm'!  »« 

tlio  ,.;■  jri'ods   ooc.'isionod  by  their 

<;'i  'v.-i-   iiiiicivii    iMused  the  City  Council  to  <;roni.c' 
<.]u'.  ••  i'iVf  ttiirdiHis-   uud  property  j^unrdid  of  the  city 
of  St.  LvUis,"  wliiwp  duty  it  vm  iii!it5»>  to  ntt'joil  »H 
fire*  :tnJ  to'reniove  all  goods,  wafcs,  Jind  iiiorci'iaiidibc, 
;i»d  fo  lake  charge  atid  be  responsihlo  i  v  the  sumo. 
Out  of  this  prroauiiouiiry  legislation  i^pning  the  pres- 
ent oseellent    -  .-st4)m  of  "tha  salvago  wrps."     An 
inspoiiiir  of  weijjhfa  and  nieasurcs  wus  provided  for 
!iy  (•fdiiiancp,  and  was  ohargid  with  the  dtity  of  testing 
snd  proving  tltc  accuracy  of  all  wei;zht.s  nod  tneasures. 
'I'lu-  itvetion  and  re<rui8tion  of  a  work  house  was  pro- 
M'ii"-!   '••'■  for  the  pnuishiuetit  of   '  all  persons  legally 
■  .:  by  doe  cour»o  of  law  fo'-  any  violation  of 
■   '    .•■'  ■^.  h  a  fine  shall  he  impMSrd  and'-ihu 
.  ■  or  be  una'ile  to  jsay  .-^  ich  titio  and 
!  l-ii:  lounicipal  otliecrs  in   1841  were  .lohn 
!>.  I  •.;   ■:"".  inrr  .  ■;  aidevinen,  Robert  ("udieart,  .laincs 
II.  I,M.-.".  \    K  (K-nifc,  Tiiomus  Cohen,  .\daui  1,.  .Mill-, 
I!.  \  -^iiuui-.ltiaty,  James  (J. ijjnch,  John  Coi- 

eorrii.,  ...i  -'.'wnrt  M-ithttw?;  delty:Rtc.s,  J.  M.  Maho- 
(•an,  J)  II.  t'ooovan,  Thoinaf!  Oontiy,  Ji.  l!lnlIli^fh. 
Hirou  Slww.  Henry  M,.Kee.  II.  S.  Oox,  Hdward 
Uuu,k«.  II.  K.  .Strme.  Thonnis  U.  W\«t.  G.  Trask, 
K    Vont'u.  T.   <».    I>pnca'-,  Th«0!ifm  1.'     Heaotue,  and 

.1.  i-ii  ..!i.;)(i  1'.  i  »ij;_^i'ti  wui- '.'l"i-lru  iii;iyiir.  M;. 
I>  i.'i.,(  11  w:i.*  born  in  Attlebnroiigh.  Mac's  ,  Oct.  4,  1  7L)3. 
Hi*  f«tlver  lt.>ojntnin  Duguelt,  a  aienshaiit  ot  lliat 
phn.'  n  West  Iliiiu  and  I!rili.*li  ^ood.-^,  died 

111  !  .  ij;  a  wilV  and   four  eliildren.     Joliti  tt- 


iniiineil   with   his   inoliler,   ^issistin.'  hi. 

until    ii    beeaiue   neeetwary  to  olos.'   i.; 

when,  tho  estate  bKinj;  siuidl,  bo  wy.. 

th«  .ijte  of  sixteen,  to  lenrn  tiie  trifi- 

He  Wiirked  a.'"  apprentice  and   martti  r 

of  the  war  of  LSI  2,  when,  in  view  .. 

prer'sioi!  of  busiiicsw.  Iio  lell  Aiiieb 

bettt/  liis  foilorie  elsewhevo.      Il<?  : 

at  }*liiladelphia  M.  lits  trade  of  loek 

iti;^   favorable   aceoums   i'roin    I'ln  •' 

tl.itlier,  spent  a  few  tnoutiiiii   U 

and  then  aprri^ed  with  Reub'..      ■       . 

father's  family,  to  jjo  with  iii'w    . 

W;)y  Mr.  D.iiTfrett  stopped  ji' 

st'ld  a  stock   of  j:oods,  and    .      . 

October,  1817.     For  nearly  i!> 

of  Mr.  Neil's  bubine.ss,  nod    ■ 

with   1'.  Huldoinaii   in  tlio  <.•■■  ■ 

tho  Venture  not  proving.'  pn)l> 

clijHed   in   1822,  and  he  tin  ■,   • 

and  eoinmission  busine.w  wivn  Wai-'.    . 

The  bu.«inesH  not  being  :•." 

roiifitrative  lie  withdn^w  . 

in   retail   roovchandisinfj.  Wiuh    p;-    ■ 

Buccessfnl. 

!"  l-'ebroiiry.  1831,  bt'  wm  nianied  l^.■ 

■Spio  k.-!,  Iai!,i.'!ilia"  of  Saniii''"  "" ■  ■itk.i,  a  nod 

Thi:^  union  restilled  in  tw!      ■hiidren. 
In  1823,  Mr.  l)a;xtrou  r...' .t,!i,l,.,.i  „ 

chandise  biLsine.*',  which  \ '■     .mlu' ■ 

oesa,  and  in  li^2t)  oogai;iiJ   >  -li  o;ln'i-  ;  . 

at  lead-mining  at  Sandv  ''!;  len,  tieai-  Ii  ■ 

and   opened  u  branch  »i.i,<r;  tlien; 

wan  a  losinjr  one  and  wu    ••v.nn  abiiu' 
In  Aiiril,  IS2",  Mr.  f   i.n'eir.  w^l.^    ' 
I  in  dt.  Fjouitf,  dnrinu'  li.Hlr.tti.in 

Carr  Lane,  fust  niiivi  J  ^' 

leajiue.'!  were  John    M>    uipii 

eriek  L.  iJillou,  Olirift'-:  inr  1  ; 

Joseph  0   Li'.veille  .Job.n  ,SiUt<.... 

Flu  was  re-clfcted  io  1><."51. 
Tn  liS'.Ul,  Mr.  i>iiv'*'t  '!>tall 

SangaiEot).  HI.,  but   the  veni\: 
'  tivu  and  wius  sot>t>  •ii.><oon(itoi.  . 
'year  be  jurclu'iscvl  riii  inli-rif-;    i:   '."i-    •■ 
i  LouIh,"  tho  first  brml  of  that  ii-.;ne  mi  : 
'  wnior.'.  and  for  sov(»nii  ycrtr.^  eon'Mi-ird  iu  !' 

I  ii-viiiess,  whieh,  like  evorythoK  iie  liu  I 

':ikeii,  yielded  him  u  luodrrati  ; « '(it    Tin  •  ■ 

businesii  was  dune  betwin  ii  S'  lioiiis  iinil  .Vc- 
■  leuDH,  and  he  \v:ih  inacter  of  »"M}  of  the  in'*; 
,  er>  (if  that  period. 

In  lK:;i;,  Mi-.  Dasig'.tl  purchaw^d  ho  iiileti  i 


iMiiiv.'  li' 

tlic  frii't- 

vk'W  vif 
Alllrt- 

n    I'i"  ' 


JO- 
I   SI' 


•  liililrcn. 


..('.It  was  «'l^'  ■ 
idns'tMi.'l'Aii'  1 


:.,lt.lr'.l 


I    t>'<ui'  ' 


li'  lil>. 


^^ 


J    ,1 


MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMENT. 


671 


sectiunul  ilouks,  which  he  rctuinud  until  his  deutii, 
and  duriiii:  i»  largo  portion  of  the  time  ho  took  n  luati- 
in"  part  in  the  inuna^emcnt  of  the  corporation  as 
accountant,  oaHhicr,  and  general  agent.  In  1838  he 
iia.4  appointed  street  coinmiiiMioncr,  and  in  the  fall  of 
ibat  year  organized  the  Floating  Dock  Iiiauranco 
Company,  of  which  ho  was  president.  Ho  was  also 
a  director  in  the  Citizens'  Insurance  Company.  Both 
tlic.ie  companies  went  out  of  existence  iu  coni^equeneo 
111'  the  financial  troubles  of  1842. 

In  February,  1839,  he  obtained  a  charter  for  the 
St.  Louis  Gas-Light  Company,  of  wliich  ho  became 
a  director,  and  in  December,  1842,  was  elected  presi- 
Jent,  retaining  the  position  for  several  years.  His 
ffliinection  with  the  company  lasted  until  1849. 

In  April,  1841,  Mr.  Daggett  was  nominated  by  the 
Whius  lor  mayor,  much  against  his  own  inclination, 
and  was  elected,  but  declined  a  re-election. 

From  I84G  to  1848  he  was  secretary  of  the  board 
nf  public  schools. 

Upon  his  retiring  from  the  Gas-Light  Company  in 
1^4il,  Mr,  Daggett  devoted  himself  to  the  nianage- 
ment  of  the  Sectional  Dock  Company  without  inter- 
mi-sion  until  he  died,  May  10,  1874,  and  his  life  was 
JtToid  of  incidents  beyond  those  pertaining  to  active 
biness  pursuits,  lie  was  successful  in  his  commer- 
cial enterprises  until  tlie  latter  portion  of  his  life,  and 
artuiuulatcd  a  large  fortune,  much  of  which  was  in- 
lested  ill  real  estate.  Two  or  three  years  before  he 
Hed  he  engaged  in  a  saw-mill  enterprise  in  East  St. 
Louis,  but  owing  to  his  advanced  ago  was  unable  to 
avc  the  matter  personal  attention.  Reverses  followed, 
md  before  his  death  his  large  competence  wos  entirely 
snpt  away. 

.Mr.  Daggett  was  connected  with  the  Masonic  fra- 
lOTitylVom  its  establishment  in  Missouri,  and  was 
}  ioiiiated  in  Missouri  Lodge,  No.  12,  in   1818,  the 
l"fe  then  working  under  the  jurisdiction  of  the 
Grand  Lodge  of  Tennessee.     In  April,  1821,  he  was 
"Be  of  the  delegates  to  the  convention  whicli  formed 
[ilicGrand  Lodge  of  Missouri,  and  was  the  last  sur- 
viviiij;  member  of  that  body.     He  filled  every  office 
i  i«  the  lodge,  from  Junior  Deacon  in  the  West  to 
j  Wiirshipful  iMaster  in  the  East,  was  two  years  Deputy 
'jtand  Master,  two  years  Grand  Secretary,  and  seven  I 
i  years  Grand  Treasurer  of  the  Grand  Lodge,  and  was  , 
liteamrer  of  five  distinct  lodges  at  the  time  of  his 
Ideath. 

•Ml  through  his  long,  busy,  and  useful  life  Capt. 

IDiL'goit  was  noted  for  those  qualities  of  head  and 

lltart  whicli  gain  the  esteem  of  men.     He  was  par- 

«Wlj  distinguished  for  his  firmness  of  character 

I'nJiiriet  integrity.     He  was  girted  with  quick  per- 


ception, sound  judgment,  and  comprehensive  views, 
which,  added  to  a  presence  personally  imposing,  made 
up  a  character  that  strongly  im|ire.s.sed  itself  upon 
all  who  were  brought  within  the  cphere  of  his  influ- 
ence. His  heart  ever  beat  with  generous  and  noble 
impulses,  and  his  hand  was  always  open  to  the  apiicals 
of  the  less  fortunate.  Ho  left  a  wife,  who  is  still 
living,  several  daughters,  and  numerous  grandrliildron 
and  great-grandchildren,  all  of  whom  received  signal 
proofs  of  his  largc-hcartcdnuss,  and  sacredly  cherish 
his  memory  as  that  of  a  kind  husband,  an  indulgent 
father,  and  a  careful  protector. 

The  enlargement  of  the  boundaries  of  the  city  by 
the  act  of  Feb.  15, 1841,  rendered  necessary  the  organ- 
ization and  establishment  of  the  "  Engineer  Depart- 
ment," under  the  supervision  of  the  city  engineer. 
The  ordinance  of  the  10th  of  February,  1842,  intrusted 
to  this  department  the  duties  of  "surveying,  planning, 
contracting  for,  superintending,  and  constructing  all 
public  works."  The  department  was  composed  of  "  the 
city  engineer,  a  street  commissioner,  and  superintend- 
ent of  the  water-works."  The  "Mound  Market" 
and  "  West  Market"  houses  were  provided  for  by  or- 
dinances and  erected,  and  the  office  of  city  counselor  was 
created.  The  inspection  of  flour  was  established  and 
regulated  by  ordinance  of  March  30,  1842;  and  in 
consequence  of  the  crowded  situation  of  the  streets 
around  the  Centre  Market  during  market  hours,  and 
of  the  inconvenience  occasioned  thereby  to  drays, 
carts,  wagons,  and  carriages,  a  stand  was  created  by 
ordinance  for  the  sale  of  hay,  fodder,  straw,  grain, 
fish,  melons,  etc.,  brought  to  the  city  by  wagons,  and 
the  place  of  sale  was  located  at  the  landing  and  wharf 
east  of  Front  Street  and  south  of  Market  Street,  and 
it  was  placed  in  charge  of  the  clerk  of  the  market. 
The  "  broker"  was  declared  by  ordinance  to  be  any 
person  or  persons  or  body  corporate  or  politic  dealing 
in  gold  or  silver  coin,  bank-notes,  treasury  warrants, 
bills  of  exchange,  bank-checks,  promis.«ory  notes,  or 
other  evidence  of  debt,  and  a  tax  by  license  of  one- 
fourth  of  one  per  cent,  on  the  capital  employed  was 
levied  by  ordinance.  The  work  of  further  improving 
the  harbor  was  prosecuted  with  an  appropriation  of 
three  thousand  dollars  for  making  a  breakwater  on 
Kerr's  Island.  The  offices  of  lumber-master  and  of 
inspector  of  beef  and  pork  were  created  during  this 
year. 

The  City  Council,  by  ordinance  of  Feb.  9,  1843, 
resolved  that  whereas  the  commerce  of  the  Ohio, 
Missouri,  and  Mississippi  Rivers  and  the  great 
Northern  lakes  was  of  vital  importance  to  the  United 
States,  "  and  as,  it  is  believed  by  many,  a  greater 
number  of  persons  are  employed  in  said  commerce 


il 


'•Ji;  if. 

\ii>M 

mm 

i;l'i:.yi 

M 


672 


HISTORY   OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


,i'  !• 


V    ", 


l'.^    ,' 


than  aro  en^af;ed  in  tho  entire  foreign  nnd  constinff 
trade  of  tiio  country,  and  ii8  these  pornons  are  ex- 
po»ii'd  to  many  cuuses  of  disaHter  and  dixeuHe  from 
w))ieli  navi^'ation  on  the  ocean  is  exempt,  and  ax 
tlioso  enpifjed  in  tho  proHccuiion  of  foreijsn  ocean 
commerce  have  been  provided  with  the  meanH  of 
medical  attention  and  recovery  from  tho  diMeuNeg 
and  uceidentH  incident  to  tlieir  employment  in  tlio 
trade  and  commerce  of  tlie  country,  and  iiiasmucli  as 
it  in  believed  to  bo  imposmble  for  the  State  novern- 
ments  to  unite  in  oNtabliHliin^and  Hupportin};  aHy.stem 
of  marine  hospitals,"  a  competent  number  of  marine 
hospitals  ou^'lit  to  be  establisiied  and  endowed  on  the 
Mississipjii  and  its  tributaries  and  on  the  f^reat 
lakes,  for  tho  beneBt  of  sick  and  disabled  boatmen. 
After  tho  plan  adopted  by  the  act  of  Confrress  of 
1837  had  been  approved,  a  memorial  was  adopted  re- 
questing: the  senators  and  representatives  from  Mis- 
souri in  ('onfjresa  to  obtain  as  soon  as  practicable  ii 
sufficient  appropriation  to  carry  out  the  views  of  the 
City  Council.  For  the  purpose  of  cnlarj;in|»  the 
existing  water-work.s,  the  Legislature  of  Missouri  was 
petitioned  to  allow  the  levying  of  special  taxes.  An 
ordinance  for  taking  a  census  of  free  white  males  was 
passed,  and  the  city  was  divided  into  five  wards,  the 
boundaries  of  wliich  were  defined  by  ordinance.  All 
existing  ordinances  providing  for  the  as.se.ssment  and 
colloc'tion  of  the  revenue  and  taxes  of  the  city  were 
collected  and  reduced  into  one  by  ordinance  No. 
Ii:i2,  passed  March  11,  1843. 

By  tlie  act  approved  Feb.  8,  1843,  "  to  reduce  the 
law  incorporating  the  city  of  St.  Louis  and  the  several 
acts  amendatory  thereto  into  one  act,"  the  corporate 
style  WHS  eliangod  to  that  of  "  the  city  of  St.  Jjouis," 
the  powers  and  duties  of  the  "  City  Council"  defined, 
the  scope  of  the  legislative  power  laid  down,  executive 
and  ministerial  offices  described,  elections  provided 
for,  and  the  regulations  for  the  opening  and  improve- 
ment of  streets  and  miscellaneous  provisions  clearly 
set  forth.'  The  RrpuLlican  of  February  1st  noted  the 
first  indication  of  an  effi)rt  on  the  part  of  a  portion  of 
the  people  of  the  county  to  effect  a  division  or  sepa- 
ration of  the  county  from  the  city.  Tho  agitation 
was  continued  until  August,  1844,  when  a  vote  was 
had  to  determine  the  question  of  a  division  of  the 
county,  or  a  separation  of  the  city  from  tlie  county,  so 
as  to  give  each  a  distinct  organization.  It  was  decided 
in  the  negative.  The  following  streets  were  defined 
by  ordinance  in  1843:  Olive,  Lucas,  Locust,  Orange, 
Morgan,  Gay,  Franklin  Avenue,  Wash,  Carr,  Diddle, 


•  Joseph  A.  Wherry,  for  'nany  years  register  of  the  oily,  died 
on  the  13th  of  Februnry,  1843. 


As'.ley,  O'Fallon,  Batei.  Davis,  Smith,  Mii>,.ii  pi,,,.,.!, 
Columbia,   Mullanphy,   Howard,   Kast  MhiumI,  \V,.,t 
Mound,  Kast   Hrooklyn,   West   Hrookiyn,  |„.  Itiiim,,, 
llcmpHtead,  Webster,  ChambcTS,   Madisnu.  ,)(.(r,.rs,„| 
First,  Second,  Lewis,  North  Second,  Ci.llins,  Sixth 
Kighth,    Ninth,    Tenth,    Eleventh,    Nuiili   TwilHI, 
South  Twelfth,  North  Thirteenth,  Snuili  Tliirtmiih 
North  Fourteenth,  South  Fourteenth,  N<irili  l''itt(.i.iii|, 
South  Fifteenth,  Nortli  Sixteenth,  South  .^^ixtivmii 
North  Seventeenth,  South  Seventeenili,  .N'urtli  Vi\"\\. 
teenth,  Walnut.  Clark  Avenue,  Spruce,  l'n|iliir,  drn 
Kandolph,  Austin,  Gratiot,  Chouteau  Avenae,  \\m 
Soulard,  Morrison  Avenue,  Centre,  Sentt,  I'au!,  I'm. 
venchere,  Botme,  Stoddard  Avenm^  Ijiiveille,  'SUn»\\ 
St.  Ange,  Dillon, Orattan,  Second  (JarciinieJet  Avinu,' 
Tagon  Avenue,    Carondelet   Avenue,  Hirry,  .\li||,r 
Marion,  Carroll,    Soulard,  Lafayette,    Kiimii't,  ('a|. 
houn,  Gravois,  Lesperance,  Picotte,  TiiKicaii,  .\,,rili 
Trudeau,  South  Trudeau,  Duchou(|Uetie,  Laini.  Ij,,.. 
ton,  Victor,  Sidney.   Anna,  McGirk,  Idiiii^a,  Lvmli, 
Lane,  Bent,  Saiigrain,  Arsenal,  South  Seventh,  Fiiltmi 
Decatur,  Buel,  Menard,  llosatti,  Haiiilramcik,  l{u>s(ll, 
Closey,  Linn,  Delhaw,  Jackson,  Coiiijress,  Culuiubiij 
De  Kalb,  Kosciusko,  Kaston,   Front,  easluin  line  i>f  j 
Front,  and  the  wharf 

The  office  of  harbor-master  was  cieated  bv  urdi-  j 
nance  No.  1215,  Aug.  4,  1843,  and  the  dtliceot'sirwt 
inspectors,  whose  duty  it  was  madeto  sii|iL'riiileii(l  the 
cleaning  of  streets,  alleys,  avenues,  maikci-|ilacos,  aici 
public  squares,  was  also  created.     Tlio  health  dciiart- 
ment,  as  provided  for  by  ordinance  No.  12!!ll,  Sipi, 
2,  1843,  was  made  to  consist  of  the  lioaiih  (officer  aiij  | 
one  member  of  the  board  of  aldermen  fiDiu  each  imrj. 
Street  inspectors  were  placed  under  the  unlfn*  of  tlie 
board,  and  particular  supervision  of  the  huahli  ofiliei 
city,  the  cleanliness   of  streets  and   lii;;liHa),<,  luts,  j 
yards,  buildings  and  inclosurcs,  and  the  .'^uiallpcix  ami  I 
other  hospitals  was  given  to  the  board.    The  hialih 
officer  was  appointed  every  six  months,  and  solivtid 
alternately  by  the  mayor  from  the  professors  of  iliel 
Medical  Department  of  Kemper  College  nnd  tliat  ofj 
the  St.  Louis  University.     St.   Louis  ceiiicten-  wai| 
located  by  ordinance  in  blocks  Nos.  48  mid  .JS. 

The  "  great  flood"  of  1844  was  an  event  frauiihtj 
with  so  much  loss   and  destruction  of  property  tbll 
the  City  Council  setup  a  "  nioiiunient,  made  ofil 
single  block  of  limestone,"  within  the  line  of  the  curb-] 
stone  of  Front  Street,  in  front  of  the  centre  of  Iw 
town  hall,  and  caused  a  line  to  be  dii^tinctlycutslioM 
ing  the  highest  point  attained  by  the  water  duriiii 
the  rise  of  that  year,  and  lettered  with  the  record  o 
height  attained  by  the  water  in  1781"),  182:i.  and  lS26i 

At  the  municipal  election  of  this  year  (1844)  lierJ 


MUNICll'AJi  (iUVKUNMKNT. 


«)7H 


Imitli,  Miisnii.l''liiriilu, 
,  Kant  Miiuii'l,  Wni 
Hriioklyii.  !.'•  H;mmi', 
<,  Miiili^i'ii.  .li'lTi'isiiii, 
ccoiul,  ("Hllin^,  Sixlh, 
mill,    Niinli   Twi'll'ili, 
illi,  Siiiitli  'I'liirti'i'iiih, 
eiMilli.Niir'li  l'"il'ti'i'nih, 
iiilli,  Simili  Sixii'i'iiili, 
irentceiiili,  N'orili  Ki;;li- 
!,  Spruce,  l'u|4iir,  t'orri', 
uiutouu  Avnmo,  \':[ym, 
Iciitre,  Hcdtl,  I'aul,  I'm- 
venue,  li'.ivi'ille,  Miirt"ii, 
iinil  Cunin.ieli't  Avuiiuo, 
Avenue,  Uirry,  Millur, 
ii\t'i>yette,    Fiiimii't,  Ctil- 
Pii'olte,  'rniili'im,  N"tth 
uell0U(|Uelle,  L'.iliii,  l!;ir- 
McGirk,  liinii>ii.  IaikIi, 
iil,SimtliSeveiiili,  Fulinii, 
,tti,  lliuntriuni'ik,  Uuss<ll, 
son,  Coniiress,  (Vilumk-, 
an,   I'ro'it,  oasli'in  line  "f 

ster  w:is  crc'iitcil  by  orJi- 
^■4;5,  and  tlie  dtfii'e  of  Mr«t 
lis  muJe  to  siiiierinteiiil  ilie 
venues,  miirki't-iilaeos,  an'l 
ated.     'Hie  IkmUIi  Ai';'"- 
irdinanee  No.  I'i'.W.Sf. 
St  of  tlie  healtli  liffii'or  aii-l 
iildennen  tVoui  i'ad\  ward. 
_il  under  the  orders  uf  tlio 
vision  of  tiie  liealtli  of  iW 
,reets   and   lii^liwap,  l"ts, 
ares,  and  tiic  smalli«ix  mi 
to  the  board.    Tlio  luahh 
six  inonilii'.  and  ^elrt''''! 
from  tlie  professors  of  the 
emper  (J-dle-e  a.ul  that  of| 
St.  Louis  cemetery  m 
cks  Nos.  48  and  53. 
,844  was  an  event  frauglit 
lestruction  of  properly  lU 
a  "  monuiuent,  niaJe  of  »| 
within  the  line  of  the  curbj 
front  of  the  centre  of  ilif' 
,e  to  be  distinctly  cut  slw)»' 

ained  by  ilie  water  durii.f 
I  lettered  \Tith  the  record  ( 

Lr  in  1785, 182:1  a«Jl^'^«^ 
onof  lhisycar(l!i4-H»«r 


iiard  I'ratie  was  elected  niiiyor.  The  eiinvaHs,  in  a 
,,,1,(1  niiMsure,  turned  upon  the  provisiouH  of  tlie 
cliiirter  as  to  tux  receipts  of  votem,  and  which  party 

-jj  f(i,|, ihle  for  the  provision.s  that  re(|uired  the 

fivnient  of  taxes  as  u  condition  precedent  to  volinn. 
By  the  orijiinal  act  of  incorporation  of  the  city, 
MSjed  ill  IH'J'J,  no  man  could  be  a  voter  at  a  city 
,.lectioii  iitilcss  ho  iiad  paid  a  city  tax.  Persons  own- 
in-  real  estate  in  the  city,  but  rosidinjf  out  of  the 
tiiv,  if  citivieiis  of  the  State,  were  entitled  to  vote. 
So  person  could  be  elected  mayor  or  a  member  of  the 
founeil  (whicii  then  consisted  of  the  board  of  alder-  '• 
nieniilonei  unless  he  owned  real  estate.  This  charter 
ns  submitted  to  tlie  vote  of  the  citizens  for  their 
irtcptancc  or  rejection,  and  they  accepted  it. 

Incomiiieiitinp  upon  this  charter  during  the  can 

vasji. the  litjntltlicdn  of  March  30,  1844, said,  "This 

cliatler.  continued,  with   few   unimportant    ehanjjes, 

uotillSIi"),  when  it  was  revi.sed  by  Mr.  lluj;h  O'Neil, 

then  the  chief  pillar  of  Locofocoism  in  St.  Louis,  and 

aiinator  from  this  district.     Mr.  O'Neil  revised  the 

charter  duriiij?  the  session  of  1835-36,  retaining  tho 

provision  that  no  pers'"   fhould  vote  who  had  not 

paid  a  city  tax,  and  piv/^.;;  to  non-resideuts  owning 

real  oslate  in  the  city  the  right  to  vote,  and  providing 

ihat  no  man  should  be  elected  mayor  or  to  the  board 

of  aldermen  unless  he  owned  real  estate  in  the  city." 

The  sharp  practices  of  politicians  of  that  day  are 

iiluitniled  by  the  charges  that  were  made  during  tho 

aovass. 

•  After  the  passage  of  the  charter  in  1835,"  we  are 

lolil, "  frauds  were  attempted  to  be  practiced  upon  the 

charter  by  persons  who  looked  upon  the  ofiSces  created 

bv  it  as  stepping-stones  \o  power.     For  example,  Mr. 

J.  B.  Bowlin,  now  a  member  in  Congress,  attempted 

10  qualify  himself  for  the  office  of  mayor  by  virtue 

(if  a  conveyance  from  some  person  of  seven  by  four- 

I  teen  feet  of  ground  in   the  lower  part  of  the  city, 

i  ihith  LTound  had  been  purchased  in  under  the  loan 

i  tffice  sale,  the  judgment  set  aside,  and  the  title  after- 

larJs  found   to   be   in    another.      Bowlin   gave    a 

ffloriiia^e,  with  the  condition  that  he  personally  was 

Dot  to  be  held  responsible  for  the  purchase  money. 

The  ground  conveyed  was  situated  in  the  rear  of  a  lot, 

1  iDii  without  approach  to  it  from  any  quarter.    As  the 

Liije  declined  before  the  election,  he  re-conveyed  the 

[property.  .  .  . 

"  Another  provision  of  the  charter  was  that  every 

f«rson  paying  a  city  tax  was  entitled  to  vote  at  the 

I  cii)  election.    Under  this  provision  many  expedients 

I lete resorted  to.   The  Locos  charged  that  the  election 

[the  spring  of  1838  was  carried  by  the  '  dog-tux,' 

luiithat  men  who  never  owned  a  dog  on  the  day  of  the 

43 


election  went  and  paid  a  dogtax,  and  thereby  qiinlitied 
themselves  to  vote ;  nay,  that  clubs  W(M'e  formed  to 
get  out  these  dug-tax  ccutilicate.s.  Again.  persoUB 
who  bought  water  from  the  city  claimed  under  their 
water  lieei'se  the  right  to  vote  at  elections.  All  these 
things  produced  some  excitement  and  much  confusion 
on  tho  approach     ,  and  during  every  city  eloction." 

The  e! oction  was  a  very  animated  one.  JiO.ig  bo- 
fore  the  polls  opened  in  tho  morning,  at  an  early 
hour,  men  of  both  parties  were  on  the  alert,  and  one 
correspondent  says  bo  "  never  knew  Whigs  to  work 
more  earnestly,  more  faithfully,  or  more  unitedly 
tiian  they  did  on  this  oceasi(jn."  A.s  a  coiisequenco 
they  elected  every  regularly  nominated  Whig,  ex- 
cept throe  members  of  tho  City  Council,  liernard 
Pratte,  their  candidate  for  mayor,  received  the  very  de- 
cided majority  of  three  hundred  and  .sixty-two.  Tho 
majority  tho  previous  your  hud  been  one  hundred 
and  fourteen  in  favor  of  the  Democrats,  being  a  gain 
within  twelve  months  of  four  hundred  and  seventy-six 
out  of  a  total  of  four  thousand  one  hundred  and  fifty- 
four  votes  cast  for  the  two  mayoralty  candidates.  Tho 
official  returns  of  the  election  were  (uumos  of  VVhig 
candidates  in  Ifallvf) : ' 


WAKDt. 


i 

i 
1 

^ 
I 

1 

e 

M 

In 

& 

Makir. 

Iftrwrd  I'ruUt 

181 

4112 

n.i2 

4ri7 

345 

241 

22«8 

J.  I.  Itelly 

333 

3U 

249 

203 

390 

312 

1890 

ItKdISTKK, 

./.  M.  I'.irker 

182 

4M 

nsa 

4:17 

38.1 

269 

229.1 

ilcoi-Kn  MiiKHlrB 

288 

■IM 

isn 

22IJ 

2.VI 

89 

1270 

H'm.  ./  Aiialin 

ai 

32 

82 

78 

92 

194 

609 

Aiiinuii. 

/(  li  l)itl!am     

243 
24li 

402 
235 

mo 

1U3 

504 
232 

44,1 

278 

400 
HO 

2773 

II.  J.  Lynch 

1274 

MAItrillU. 

Vliiu.  U.  /ViiWi/ 

179 

373 

601 

4112 

310 

224 

1995 

Pulrli'k  liUwIiT 

27.1 

2111 

l:l-> 

I'Jl 

2S8 

2119 

1314 

J.  K.  1).  ('UII/.III8 

47 

90 

l.'iO 

Ml 

114 

109 

696 

IC.  ir.  Ainiii 

0 

lu 

uo 

29 

11 

1 

132 

CiTV   ATTdKNBY. 

Juntea  tiuuijlietty 

219 

444 

031 

482 

434 

397 

2007 

JuliicB  B.  TuwiiHflitl. 

289 

261 

210 

25U 

29U 

152 

1467 

In  honor  of  the  victory  tho  presidents  of  the  Clay 

Clubs  in  St.  Louis  issued  an  address  "  to  the  Whigs 

of  Missouri,"  appealing  to  them  to  rai.se  the  standard 

of  "  Henry  Clay  and  Protection  to  American  Indus- 

!  try,"  aud  redeem  Missouri.     Tho  address  was  signed 

I  by  John   H.  Ferguson,  president  First  Ward   Clay 

j  1  When  Si-niitor  Henldii  (ifTcieil  his  vuto  at  the  Fmirth  Ward 
!  poll  at  the  Ndveniber  election   it  was  chullenged  by  u  Whig 

upon  the  ground  that,  notwithstanding  lie  was  11  United  Statea 
:  senator,  lio  was  not  a  citizen  of  tlie  Stale.  He  was  sworn,  and 
I  upon  his  slalement  that  ho  oonridercd  St.  Louis  his  jilaoe  of 
!  residence  ho  wa.s  permitted  to  vote.     It  was  rather  singular  to 

sec  tho  representative  of  a  State  compelled  to  swear  whether 

ho  was  a  resident  of  the  State  or  not. 


im 


:M!E 


674 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Club;  Thornton  Grimsley,  president  Second  Ward 
Clay  Club;  James  H.  Lueas,  president  Third  Ward 
Clay  Club ;  P.  G.  Camden,  president  Fourth  Ward 
Clay  Club  ;  A.  Carr,  president  Fifth  Ward  Clay  Club; 
and  Natlianicl  Childs,  Sr.,  president  Sixth  Ward  Clay 
Club. 

In  April  of  this  year  (1844)  Jud<;e  Carr  placed  in  the 
hands  of  the  mayor,  to  be  laid  before  the  Council,  an 
offer  to  present  to  the  city  a  square  of  };round  three  hun- 
dred by  two  hundred  and  sixty  feet,  bounded  south  by 
Wash  Street  and  north  by  Carr  Street,  one-half  east  of 
Sixteenth  Street,  so  that  this  street  should  run  up  to 
and  pass  around  the  square.  He  proposed  to  give 
the  square  to  the  city  upon  the  followiiifr  conditions, 
and  desired  the  right  as  long  as  he  lived  to  improve 
it,  under,  the  direction  of  the  Council,  by  planting 
lire  trees  and  plants,  or  in  any  other  manner:  "  1st. 
The  square  to  be  inclosed,  leveled,  and  graded.  2d. 
To  remain  forever  as  a  public  square,  without  the 
power  to  convert  it  to  any  other  uses  or  purposes, 
and  to  revert  back  should  these  conditions  bo  vio- 
lated. Hd.  The  right  to  be  reserved  to  Judge  Carr 
to  place  a  plain  limestone  column  or  pillar  in  the 
centre  of  the  square,  with  an  inscription  commem- 
orative of  the  gift.  4th.  Judge  Carr  to  bo  exempted 
from  tlie  payment  of  his  taxes,  amounting  to  about 
five  hundred  dollars,  for  the  present  year." 

Notwithstanding  the  contract  made  with  the  Gas- 
Light  Company  in  1840,  the  city  was  not  lighted 
with  gas  in  1S45,  and  resolutions  were  pas.scd  by  the 
City  Council  looking  to  the  protection  of  the  city  in 
the  reorganization  of  the  Gas-Light  Company  as  au- 
thorized by  the  act  of  Assembly.  However,  the  city 
agreed  to  release  the  Gas-Light  Company  from  the 
penalty  of  forfeiture  upon  its  submitting  another  con- 
tract for  lighting  the  city.  Bernard  Pratte  was  re- 
elected mayor  in  1845. 

By  the  act  approved  March  26,  1845,  the  city  was 
authorized  to  borrow  one  liuiulred  thousand  dollars, 
to  be  expended  for  the  improvement  oi'  the  harbor, 
and  by  resolution  the  City  Council  directed  the 
judges  of  I'leclions,  at  the  next  election,  to  open  polls 
for  ascertaining  the  expression  of  the  people's  wish  as 
to  exercising  the  power  conferred  by  the  act.  Ber- 
nard Prat te.  after  tilling  the  inaydralty  from  1814  to 
184(1,  was  succeeded  at  the  municipal  election  in  tlic 
latter  year  by  Peter  G.  Camdeti,  the  Know-Nothing 
candidate,  by  a  majority  of  three  hundred  and  lifly 
votes.  The  same  party  carried  both  branches  of  tlu' 
City  Council. 

Bernard  Pratte  was  a  nieniber  of  one  of  the  oldest 
and  must  lionoraiile  families  of  Missouri,  and  was 
born  in  St.  Louis,  Dec  17,  18()IJ.     His  father,  Gen. 


Bernard  Pratte,  and  his  father's  mother  were  limii 
born  in  Ste.  Genevieve,  and  his  grandnKiihcr  ainilier 
mother  were  born  in  St.  Limis.     His  I'mhiM'  wn* 
respectable  merchant,  and  filled  various  imsitiims  (,| 
trust  and  responsibility.     From  his  odiioaiidii,  his  in 
tegrity,  and  the  confidence  reposed  in  him  hv  tluM,,.,!. 
pie.  Gen.  Pratte  was  an  acquisition  to  Missi,uri,,i|,j 
was  appointed  one  of  its  Territorial  judges,  a  |,i,st  wiiic)] 
he  held  with  entire  satisfaction  and  filled  with  abiliiy 
He  was  patriotic  in  his  feelings,  and  when  wiir  \va.<  ti. 
dared  in  1812  ho  commanded  an  expediiion  in  r,irt 
Mailison,  and    served  his  country  until  a  pciniaiuni 
peace  was  established.     His  great  weight  nf  cJinracKT 
and  unimpeachable  integrity  had  a  wide  ivjmiaii.pii 
and  during  the  administration  of  Mr.  Motirm'  he  wa. 
ap])ointcd  receiver  of  public  moneys  at  St.  L)iii.«. 

Bernard  Pratte,  the  younger,  was  seni  ourly  to  tho 
schools  of  the  city,  where  he  was  kept  luitij  hi'  vra< 
fifteen  years  of  age,  and  then  sent  ik  (nMirL'riiiwu 
Ky.,  where  he  remained  until  be  gr.nliwtod  at  tli:ii 
institution. 

In  1821,  Bernard  Pratte  returned  tci  St.  iiiiuis.aiul 
commenced  his  business  career  under  the  tuto^liiiinf  I 
his  father.    He  spent  many  years  of  his  iile  in  traijin;  f 
between  St.  Louis  and  New  Orleans,  dnin;:  avon  ii 
tensive  and  lucrative  business.       lie  was  takiii  in  i 
partnership  by  his  father,  and  the  tiim  nf  HiTnaril 
I'ratte  A:  Co.  had  an  enviable  repntatidii  in  the  mii- 
mereial  world.     They  were  extensive  doalcis  in  fur. I 
peltry,  and   Indian  goods,  and  suecessl'iil  in  all  (luirl 
operations. 

Bernard  Pratte  was  always  of  a  vcnturosoiiic  iiatiin', 
and  anxious  to  occupy  a  prominent  ]iii>iii(in  in  liisk 
business.     As  late  as  18:52  no  steaiiilioat  hail  navij 
gated  the  Missouri  as  far  as  the  month  uftlie  Yilli'it. 
stone.     The  whole  of  the  Mi.'souri  Uiver  had  luinl 
explored  as  far  as  its  source,  and  aiivnitiiiniis  >|.iriisl 
had  for  many  years  traded  with  l)arl)ariius  tribe.* nl  In 
dians  living  contiguotis  to  the  Rucky  .>Iiiiiiitaiii-.  Iiiil 
the  river  was  so  tilled  with  snags  and  siuiii|i- iliai  ill 
was  deemed  loo  perilous  to  risk  a  sieamhoat  in  a  iar| 
rent  so  filled   with  dang<'rous   ohstailc.'i.      liiriui 
Pratte,  in  connection  with  Pierre  Clumieau,  in  h.'ll 
resolved  to  attempt  the  passage  of  the  Mi.'i.'sonri  a>tiij 
as  the  Yellowstone,  and  sueee.sst'iillv  neeiiiii|i|i>li('l 
undertaking.     This   feat    established  an  era  in 
imvigatioii  of  the  Missouri  lliver,  and  siiiee  that  i 
the  whistle  of  the  steam-engine  lias  heeii  a  t'aniia< 
sound  in  llie  wild  regions  oceupied  liy  ilie  Cnni-  anl 
the  Blackl'eet. 

In  I8H;{  the  copartnership  existing  between  lii!( 
nard  Pratte  and  his  father  was  dis.^olved,  ami  a  nd| 
firm  estttblished  entitled  Mulligan  &  Pnitto. 


.  il 


MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMENT. 


675 


tlier's  motlu'v  wm'.  Imtli 
1  his  grandiiiiiilu'V  iindhcr 
iouis.     His  liiilier  Wiis  u 
filled  various  positions  of 
from  bis*  oiluoaiii'ii,  liis  in- 
reposed  in  hiui  liy  the  iieu- 
quisition  to  M  issouri,  anil 
ritorial  judi;^^.  :i  i>ost  wliicli 
jliou  and  filled  wiili  ability, 
linjis,  ttiiil  wluMi  will-  was  do 
ndod  an  oxin'iliiion  to  I'urt 
country  until  n  lu'vuiaucut 
lis  jireat  weijilii  of  c'liiiracifr 

rity  Ini'l  "  ^^''''''  r*'p"''"'""' 
ation  of  Mr.  Monroe  lie  \v;i. 
blic  raonpys  at  Si.  Louis. 
juiigor,  was  sent  oiivly  to  tlic 
re  lie  was  kept  until  lu'  Ms 
d  then  sent  to  (liMirnftuwii. 
1  until  he  jrvmlnaloil  :U  that  I 

itte  returned  to  St.  Louis,  ami  I 
.  i-aroer  under  llio  tutor.-liiii.l 
laiiy  years  of  his  lilo  intraliiii;] 
Now  Orleans,  doin;.;  a  von  >  s 
business.  Me  was  talion  ',11 1 
her,  and  the  tinn  oi'  lioriiapli 
jnviahlo  reputation  in  the  ooiii- j 
were  extensive  doalovs  in  liir.l 
and  sueeessl'iil  in  alltlioir| 

»lwaysol'avontun>soni.Mialure,| 

a  prominent  itosiliou  in  liisj 
IH'.Vi  no  steamboat  tiail  iiavK 
iir  asthcmoutliol'tlioYoll.ij.j 
the  Mi.^souri  Uiver  liail  Wtnl 
source,  and  adveimivous  -viniJ 

Hlwithharlmron-tviliosotkJ 
,tolhellool;y  M"Untain>. '-uj 
with  snasisand  stumps  iluuil| 
us  to  risk  a  steamboat  iiuu'«i1 
,UiLn-rons    obstaeles.      l!>niJt< 

with  Pierre  I'hontoau.  in  l-:|l 
passaiie  of  the  Missouri  a*  14 

dsuecessf..llvueoomiW.'lljj 

At  established  an  era  ni  tltC 
,ouvi  River,  ^vnd^inoe  that  til. 
.,,„.,„„i,u.  haslKvnatoiil 
l.ms  oeeupied  by  the  t'ro«' »« 

Inership  exist i.ei  I'Hweo"  M 
l,her«'a»d,ssolved.«iHl.'|;] 

lied  Mulliiiii"  '^  l'""^' 


new  firm  came  into  being  under  favorable  auspices, 
and  iDiiintained  a  bifjb  reputation  until  it  was  dis- 
iiilvod  by  the  withdrawal  of  Mr.  Mulligan  in  1840. 
Mr.  Pratte  .still  continued   in   businesB  until   a  new 
jiartner  was  taken  in,   and  a  firm   was   eatablisbcd 
known  as  I'ratte  k  Cabanne,  which  liad  an  honorable 
and  successful  exi.stence  for  six  ye;irs,  when  Mr.  Pratte, 
liavin"  ama.'ssed  an  independence,  retired  from  busi- 
ness.   Two  years  before  he  {rave  up  his  coiuiuereial 
pnrsuits  lie  was  elected  mayor  of  the  city,   which 
office  lie  lieid  for  two  terms.    lie  was  a  faithful  public 
servant,  ami  carried  with  him  in  office  tiiose  working 
nualities  which   formed   the  basis  of  his  success  in 
k.<ines.s  life.    He  was  diligent  in  advancing  the  inter- 
est of  tlie  ciiy,  and  during  his  term  of  office  the  city 
jas  iii'hted  with  gas,  and  the  Levee,  on  wliich  the 
wmniercid  '  •,;?iness  of  the  city  was  conducted,  was 
properly  |iavod. 

In  18118  lie  was  solicited  to  become  a  candidata  for 
the  General  Assembly,  and  was  elected  to  that  body. 
He  W119  also  president  and  director  of  the  Bank  of 
the  State  of  Missouri,  and  his  opinions  on  all  financial 
nnesiions  reeeived  attention  and  respect. 

Mr.  I'ratte  was  married  in  1824  toMiss  Louisa 
(lienie,  dau!.'hter  of  Anthony  Chenie,  of  St.  Louis.' 

i  111  ilic  ooiii.-o  of  an  interview  with  11  newspaper  reprcscntu- 
liitin  Nnvciiil>or,  IST'.I,  Oen.  I'ratte,  wtio  was  then  living  near 
J»nf.'Kiro'.  Moiitniinicry  Co.,  giive  an  interesting  aoconnt  of 
L;.  Kuly  cspcrifncos  in  .'^t.  Louis.  lie  saiil  that  his  father 
1  wiir  111  Si.  I.iiuis  in  17111,  and  bought  tie  propeiiv  on  the 
wmr  of  Miiikil  and  Main  Streets,  which  (Jen.  Pratte  then 
mti,  On  bi'ing  askeil  to  what  period  in  the  past  his  first 
iurwions  "!'  St.  Louis  went  baelt,  tlen.  I'ratte  said  that  he 
I  kil  a  giuul  rooolli'Otiiin  of  St.  Louis  in  IHUS-B.  JIo  stated 
tb>t  in  1815  his  father  sent  him  to  si'hool  in  the  interior  of 
Kditutlij.  ami  soon  alter  James  II.  Luoas  also  came  there  to 
kW'1,  and  they  one  day  put  their  heads  together  and  drew  a 
1  fliti'tSt.  l.iHiis,  loealin'C  the  streets,  public  and  private  build- 
liiftiiml  not  Miily  this,  hut  the  name  of  every  resident  of  each 
I  hiW'mf.  .Ncirthwesl  of  Second  Street  there  were  u  few  houses 
III  llwl  larly  ilay.  'flie  geucnil  said  he  had  seen  corn  grow 
iiiiFrethe  I'lanleis'  House  now  stands.  He  had  killed  wild 
kk!  in  llio  aijiuiiiiui;  ponds,  and  deer  were  killed  within  the 
(wml  limits  of  the  city,  not  farther  out  than  the  ]ireseiit 
llkirty-lourlli  Slieot.     The  houses  were  hulll  of  logs  or  stone. 

\U>M  it  was  his  imprtssion  that  tlie  lirst  bi'iok  liiuisc  wiia 
Ikill  liv  ,liiil);e  '.Villiam  (.'.  Carr,  ml  Main  Street,  and  that 
llkiihail  lici-n  11  uiistttke  current  in  nl'eience  to  this  matter. 
iHt  liad  Won  Uilil  that  the  late  .Mrs.  Hunt  was  of  the  same 
Iwiwn  «ilh  liiaiself.  In  'S12  or  IS13  Manuel  Lisa  built  a 
|i:iclv  h.)ii!,c  iih  llie  corner  id'  Mam  and  Chestnut  Streets. 

.ti  llial  larly  day  there  was  hut  little  intercourse  between  SI. 
Iliii! mill  till'  Kiisteiu  Slates,  and  less  was  known  about  it  in 
llirtilafky  ami  Ti'iinesseo.  Upper  Louisiana  having  become  a 
lirabiTof  ilie  liiion,  it  was  believed  by  those  ill  inlornied  that 
llkt  iuhabitanle  were  n  lui.xluru  of  nboriginis,  I'Veneh,  and 
|i|'iiii»li. 

Ti!'' Srrat  i'aillh|iiake  in  llic  Missi'sippi  valley  towards  the 
|iti »;  Ml,\\lii,.|i  hud  the  central    scat  of  its  power  at  .New 


Peter  G.  Camden,  who  succeeded  Gen.  Pratte  as 
mayor  of  St.  Louis,  wa.s  born  in  Amherst  County, 
Va.,  May  2\i,  1801.  His  father,  William  Camden, 
and  his  mother  both  died  in  his  infancy,  and  he  was 
adopted  by  his  tincle  and  aunt.  After  going  through 
the  usual  routine  of  other  schools,  at  the  age  of 
twenty  he  was  sent  to  Washington  College,  Va. 
After  leaving  college  he  began  the  study  of  the 
law,  and  became  a  pupil  under  the  instruction  of 
Chancellor  Taylor,  an  eminent  jurist  of  Cumberland 

Madrid,  produced  its  effects  in  St.  Louis,  which  wore  well  remem- 
bered by  (len.  Pratte.  lie  remembered  the  first  quake.  It  was 
in  the  night.  There  was  heard  a  rumbling  noise,  as  of  hundreds 
of  wagons  on  tho  street.  Cattle  bellowed  and  dogs  barked.  The 
citizens  were  alarmed  and  panie-elrickcn.  and  all  rushed  out 
of  their  houses  into  the  street.  Tho  shocks  would  last  several 
seconds. 

(}en.  I'ratte  had  a  distinct  remembrance  of  many  of  the  events 
of  tho  war  of  1812.  lie  remembered  when  his  father,  (ien.  Her- 
nard  Pratte,  departed  from  St.  Louis  in  command  of  tho  expe- 
dition to  Fort  Madison,  and  ho  remembered  when  he  returned. 
The  general  government  left  St.  Louis  without  any  pioteetion. 
Before  his  father  started  out  on  the  expedition  north,  there  was 
an  attack  meditated  by  tho  Indians  on  >St.  Louis  in  1.S12,  and 
the  plan  was  only  prevented  by  information  received  in  time  of 
tho  meditated  attack  from  a  man  named  Dixon,  who  was  a 
well-known  trader  among  the  Indians.  Tho  Indians  who 
planned  tho  attack  were  the  Sacs  and  Foxes  and  Winncbagoes, 
The  city  was  patrolled,  and  every  precaution  taken  to  guard 
against  the  Ihroalened  danger.  "  One  night,"  said  the  general, 
"  r  was  sent  out  by  my  father  to  close  the  outside  shutters  of 
our  house,  and  amid  the  dimness  of  the  light  1  caught  the 
glimpse  of  a  largo  Indian  standing  on  the  porch.  1  ran  back 
and  notified  my  father.  He  ran  out,  and  accosting  the  Indian, 
deuumded  the  object  of  his  visit  at  that  unseasonable  hour. 
lie  said  he  came  to  communicate  tn  tiovernor  Clark  sntuclhing 
of  importance  in  relation  to  a  meditated  attack.  He  turned 
out  to  he  a  chief  of  the  Sac  nation  named  (juas-qua-ma,  and 
proved  to  have  come  with  a  friendly  intent." 

In  the  year  I8;i2,  tJen.  Pratte  said,  he  was  deputized  by  his 
company,  Pratte,  Chouteau  A  Co.,  to  build  a  steamboat  for  the 
service  of  the  fur  trade,  which  had  extended  to  the  far  AVest. 
He  built  the  boat  at  Cincinnati,  and  took  her  up  to  Pittsburgh 
to  have  her  engines  approved.  From  Pittsburgh  he  took  a 
keel-boat  in  tow,  and  with  it  was  the  first  to  ascend  to  tho 
mouth  of  the  ^'ellowsloiie.  It  was  supposed  that  stcaiuboats, 
owing  to  the  snags,  coulil  not  get  up  to  that  point.  T'lie  steamer 
was  named  the  **.\ssinaboinc."  The  keel  boat  was  intended  for 
and  use.',  in  the  navigalinii  up  tlie  Yellowstone  as  far  as  Huso- 
bud,  near  the  |)lace  where  over  forty  years  subsci)ui'iitly  the 
Custer  massacre  occurred.  The  kccKbnat  was  Inadcd  with 
goods  lit  Fort  I'nion,  at  the  mouth  of  the  Ycllnwstoiii',  which  were 
traded  for  furs  with  the  Crows.  (Jcii.  Pratte  went  up  on  the 
'*  Assiiiaboinc,"  wh'  ii  was  Kurned  aVimit  tliiee  years  ai'tcrwards 
on  her  way  down  the  Missouri,  The  first  trip  was  made  up  and 
back  lu  St.  Louis  in  fifty-two  days.  In  going  up  the  river 
there  w<*re  many  villages,  and  buflaloes  were  seen  in  countless 
iiuuibcrs.  In  crossing  the  river  they  fairly  blockaded  the 
sticam.  .  .  . 

in  ls;ifi  the  mail  was  thirteen  days  in  coming  from  Now 
Vi'ik  to  .^'■l.  Louis.  The  general  said  be -'tarlcd  on  a  mail  coach 
fi'oie  Philadelphia,  and  without  sleeping,  day  or  night,  was 
twelv    days  in  coming  through  to  St.  Louis. 


Si  i«H 


!;'■• 


•■il 


i 

L'li  J. . 


^Km 


Mf 


111 


4\ 


m 


676 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


ii!!;    ki!    i 


County.  His  legal  education  being  completed,  he 
emigrated  to  Misiiouri  in  1827.  At  this  time  the 
trade  carried  on  between  St.  Louis  and  Santa  Fe  was 
becoming  well  established,  and  Mr.  Camden  duter- 
niined  to  remove  to  New  Mexico.  He  made  every 
preparation  for  the  journey,  when  an  illness  which 
attacked  him  at  Old  Franklin  caused  him  to  forego 
the  intended  project.  He  then  returned  to  Virginia, 
and  settling  up  his  affairs  again  started  for  the  We.st, 
and  became  a  resident  of  Lincoln  County,  Ky.,  where 
he  had  an  uncle  who  resided  in  that  portion  of  the 
State.  He  married  his  cousin,  Miss  Anna  B.  Cam- 
den, Feb.  16,  1830,  and  for  the  seven  ensuing  years 
practiced  witli  success  his  profession  in  that  State. 

Mr.  Camden  had  always  been  of  the  opinion  that 
Missouri  would  become  one  of  the  most  populous  and 
wealthy  States  in  the  Union,  and  he  had  always  de- 
termined again  to  emigrate  to  her  soil  directly  she  had 
become  a  little  older  and  more  thickly  settled.  In 
1837  he  put  his  design  in  execution,  and  came  to  St. 
Louis,  accompanied  by  two  brothers  of  his  wife. 
Abandoning  the  profession  of  the  law,  he  established 
with  them  a  dry -goods  house,  and  the  firm  was  known 
as  J.  B.  &  M.  Camden  &  Co.  This  continued  till 
1840,  when  Mr.  Camden  became  sole  owner  of  the 
establishment,  which  he  carried  on  for  three  years, 
and  then  commenced  the  provision  business.  In  De- 
cember, 1858,  he  again  made  a  change  in  his  business 
relations,  and  became  a  general  commission  merchant. 

In  politics  Mr.  Camden  was  identified  with  the  old 
American  party,  and  as  its  candidate  became  mayor 
of  the  city  in  1846.  It  was  during  his  administra- 
tion that  the  city  issued  its  bonds  for  twenty-five 
tbdusand  dollars,  which  was  used  in  purchasing  stones 
to  raise  a  portion  of  the  eastern  bank  of  the  Missis- 
sippi, which  tlireatened  to  forsake  its  old  bed  and 
make  for  itself  a  new  channel  through  the  American 
Bottom.  The  mayor  strongly  advocated  the  measure. 
The  harbor  of  St.  Louis  was  also  considerably  im- 
proved during  his  term  of  office.  His  administration 
was  popular,  and  order  was  maintained  in  the  most 
efficient  manner. 

Mr.  Camden  was  one  of  the  first  directors  in  the 
Marine  Insurance  Company  after  its  reor!:;anizaUon, 
and  for  many  years  was  a  member  of  the  Baptist 
Church. 

In  the  fall  of  1847  the  city  elections  were  carried 
by  the  Democrats,  who  elected  Bryan  Mullunphy 
mayor  and  the  other  city  officers. 

A  meeting  was  held  at  the  Planters'  House  oci 
Saturday,  June  26,  1847,  for  the  purpose  of  select- 
ing delegates  to  represent  St.  Louis  in  a  commercial 
convention  that  was  to  bo  held  in  Chicago  on  July 


5th,  to  take  measures  for  the  improvement  nf  WV. 
ern  rivers  and  harbors.  F.  M.  Haight  w.i,.  eulleil  to 
the  chair,  and  A.  B.  Chambers  made  scfici  irv.  .\fier 
some  preliminary  business  had  been  tranMioted,  the 
following  gentlemen  were  selected  as  tli^  .•<(.  l,|j^^ 
delegatus  to  the  convention  : 

Archibttlil  Gnmble,  Henry  M.  .Shreve,  Andreiv  Cliristv  Ke 
neth   .Mackenzie,  T rusten  Polk,  Thomas  Allen,  .lolm  O'Fiiili, 
Isaac  H.  Sturgeon,  Judson  Allen,  J.  B.  Brant,  \V.  I,.  Willi, „, 
D.  B.  Morehouse,  Edward  Bates,  E.  R,  Mason.  \.  J.  Ymw  | 
('.  Swon,  Wells  Colton,  A.  B.  Chambers,  H,  S.  (uyer,  Chart 
Keenile,  J.  S.  Pease,  E.  W.  Clark,  A.  H.  GuiM.  N.  E.  htnn 
G.  Augustus  Colton,  James  H.  Allen,  Luther  Cliirk,  lieorttl! 
Mann,  George  B.  Field,  Adolph  Paul,  V.  Stnley,  ,lohn  J.  Pri,., 
James  U.  Sprigg,  Wilson  Primm,   Reuben  L.  Amlorson,  ,J  r 
Reynolds,  William  R.  Simpson,  J.  M.  Converse.  Klijah  llavjen 
John  McNeil,  N.  Aldrioh,  F.  M.  Haight,  C.  I!.  l,„rd,  fi,am\  1 
Treat,  G.  K.  McGunnegle,  J.  B.  Yeatman,  Rcilnrt  Wash,  r  w 
Shaumburg,  James  Clemens,  Jr.,  Bernard   Prntte.  Jaiiie<  H 
Lucas,  Robert  .Simpson.  Lawrasun  Levering.  IMwani  J  liir 
Dr.  UioharJ  F.  Barret,  George  Collier,  Siunucl  U.  (liurohiil 
J.  B.  Crockett,  Joseph  Throckmorton,  Charli--  Miillikin, ^  )(  I 
Bay,  E.  C.  AnKelrodt,  John  S.  Watson,  Thomiis  Baliinin. Ji, 
Bredell,  .Milion  Knux,  Uenry  L.  Coxe,  John  (1.  I'uwcr-,  I  [j 
Warren,  John  Sigorson,  J.  S.  Morrison,  Julin  11.  iluv.  Thuij  I 
Yeatman,  Thomas  Taylor,  Dr.  H.  Lane,  William  lieiishai.  L I 
V.  Bogy,  J.  R.  Barret. 

Dr.  Richard  F.  Barret,  who  figured  proniiiKiiilfi 
not  only  in  the  movement  in  behalf  of  publii  ini.f 
provements  in  the  West,  but  in   various  iiiipotidat| 
enterprises  which  contributed  largely  to  the  dovclop.! 
ment  of  St.  Louis,  was  descended  from  an  anciont  a:;j| 
honorable  family  of  French  extraction  wliidi  iirljj 
settled   in   Wales.     William    Barret,   tojieiher  ivid 
Thomas,  Earl  of  Lancaster  (prince  of  the  liloui]  .md 
"  about  eighteen  of  the   most  notorious  uffente.l 
was  condemned  for  the  giant  rebellion  of  the  barji 
from    the   marches   of  Wales    again.st  Kind  [[] 
Shakespeare   frequently  quotes   Barret's    "Alvire.! 
The  Barrets  were  an  old  cavalier  family,  ffli"  tni 
grated  to  Virginia  in  the  reign  of  Charles  I .  ahu 
with  the  Lees,  their  relatives ;  and  Ridianl  liarrej 
the  grandfather,  was  a  planter  and  niiiiistir 'I'lH 
Established  Cliurch,  settled  at  the  pateniul  (ilanffiijl 
Barrel's  Ford,  near  Petersburg. 

William  Barret,  father  of  Dr.  KiclLirJ  F.  Bm 
born  June  15,  1760,  served  as  a  captui'i  nl  jarii^ 
rangers,  now  with  Marion,  now  with  ■  LidiiHoi 
Harry"  Lee's  legion,  through  the  .North  Cawlil 
campaign  ;  was  at  the  battles  of  GuillbrJ  OjurtHji 
and  Eutaw,  was  with  the  rear-guard  of  the  .^iwi^ 
army  in  the  famed  retreat  of  (ireciie  before  1 
Cornwallis,  and  was  at  the  surrender  of  Yorbi 
On  the  march  to  Yorktown,  it  is  said  that,  hiliiid 
Williamsburg,  he  came  down  early  one  mnrnKl 
the  old  Raleigh  Tavern,  and,beinf:  feverish. lilitJl 


■— *— ^tilOTrioamrWimlMiiiiitiMu., 


le  improvement  (if  West. 

M.  Haight  \v:i.-  callwl  lo 

)(!r8  made  seeni  uv.   After 

liad  been  tnuiMiL'ted.  the 

selected  as  tlu'  St.  Louis 


.  Shrcvc,  Andrew  Christy,  Ken- 
Thomas  Allen,  .I'liin  U'Faiii.j 

n,  J.  B.  Brant,  W.  L.  Willim,,, 

■f,  E.  K.  Mftson.  ,\.  J.  Katun,.!, 

[Chambers,  H,  .•<.  (ic ycr,  f'harlei 

,rk,  A.  H.  Guil.l,  N,  E,  Jjckv^ 
Allen,  Luther  Chirk,  licorite  II, 
Paul,  V.  Stiilcy,  ,Iolin  J.  I'ri,;!, 

im,  Reuben  L.  .Vmlersun,  ,J.C, 
J.  M.  Converse.  Klijah  llavjej. 

M.  Haight,  C.  I!.  I,iiril,  Samuel 
.  Ycatman,  Rolurt  Wash, C,W, 

Jr.,   Bernard  Prattc,  Jauifs  H, 

aaon  Levering,  IMwanl  J.  G»j, 

;o  Collier,  Snniud  B,  Cliurfiiill, 

niorton,  Charli's  .Mullikiii,\.\[, 
,  WaUon,  Thoinus  Baldwin.  J.bn  H  ^^  ^i  1^: 

L.  Coxe,  John  (1.  I'imcr-,  I.  U,  |^^ 

Morrison,  Julin  11,  iluj-.  Tiw 
r.  H.  Lane,  WiUiaiii  Ktiisfcai.  I.,j 


t,  who  figurod  proiiiiinii;!;! 
iiit  in  behalf  of  public  iiu.J 
t,  but  in  various  iui[».ri«t| 
juted  larj^ely  to  the  (lrv.i.p.1 
38Cended  from  an  ancitni  a-il 
ench  extraetioti  wliiili  lailjl 
Ham  Barret,  tojictlicr  it;;li| 
er  (prince  of  tiie  blood .  ai 
s  most  notorimi.s  iiffi'ii'ltr-,] 
^lant  rebellimi  of  tho  la 
Wales    against  KJffanl 

quotes  Barr(>t'.<    "  .\lv,ire.i 
Id  cavalier  family,  wiio 
ho  reign  of  Charles  I .  id 
ilatives  ;  and  IticiianI  Barrj 

planter  and  niini>M  'f  ilj 
led  at  tiie  paternal  plaiiiiiijl 
ersburg. 

ler  of  Dr.  KioiiarJ  F.  Bim 
rved  as  a  captai'i  "f  [atii^ 
■ion,  now  with  " LiiilitHol 
through  the  North  dr 
attics  of  Guilford  Court  11  ii 
le  rear-guard  of  the  Ami 
jtreat  of  (iroenc  befiite  1 
t  the  surrender  of  Yorkic^ 
:own,  it  is  .«aid  that,  h 
c  down  early  one  ii)iirnii):| 
I,  and,  being  feverish.  1 


'i»»tf!'!j|-rjggp< 


^^m^mmmmmmm 


i  1:^: 


i'i        '■■ 


It'i 


i:''i 


Si  fi 


676 


(iii'.iiij      til'' 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


(  ■  ■ru.ulii.ii  '  I'lUii  .iiiMnrfH^il,  111- 
ciJiiui!il<.'i]  to  >!iK-r.u:i  in  ISiJ"  A',  ihi.f  lime  tin- 
tncie  carried  on  between  St.  Jiinii-t  imd  Saiitu  Fi'  was  , 
beooniiiy  wel!  I'Stiil-Iislmd,  mid  Mr  Cauidou  dc\t«r- 
luiiicii  to  iiiiiiove  to  Now  Moxitvi.  H«  matin  every 
jii'iiai;  (ioii  for  the  journey,  when  an  iilnoss  whifh 
iiiti'xki'ii  liini  ut  Old  Franklin  ciwscd  him  U«  forefjo 
till'  iiiu'Liciw)  pr.)je«;.      Il-   'l"i'  '•■iurin.'d  in  Virjtiiiiji,  , 


and  ttittliiig  up  his  ufTii 
nin]  be<'ame  i         ! 
h\:  had  ,1)  ir 
Hiiitfi.     He  ■■ 
den,  F.'b.  Iti 
prin'ti'ftd  witl 
>I  ■.  (Vii)d' 


irli'd  fur  the  Wo.it,  ; 
County,  Kj.,  wlicro 
th'it.  portion  of  the 
Anna  B.  (\iin- 
•••  Oil  enfuiiog  juarb 
lai  ill  ihnt  gtiitt*. 
lit"  ihe  iji'inioii  that 
■  '  liirijil  ijopuloii  •  and 


■'••alttiv  sv.if'"  ill  the  Utiiou,  nad  he  liuJ    ilways  da- 

ujiiirate  Ui  her  soil  diroutly  she  hm'. 

,  <■■  n      ..    ■,.  K   ...Kir  and  more  thickly  ^et.l!cd.     I'; 

m;!7  !'■•  I'll!  hw  dfwip'n  in  f)\«ci;i!oii,  o'ld  oame  to  8t. 

",<  ■:;-,  :«  ■  I'f    hip    ■■ 

Ai'i'i  ■  ••■  .  hf?  <!«».(■•!.• 

witi  and  th"  firm  whs  knov.'; 

as  J.  ii.  &  M.  v'aiudcn  tv.  Co.  Tlii?  (.•('iitiniicd  li!l 
1S('  '  •  ^Ir.  CdDideii  bwamo  *.>lc  owner  of  thu 
e«!  wiiinii   ht:  carried  on  for  thrw  yfittra, 

■        -10.  provi.-sioii  l>usivo»s.     In  l^e- 
•o.  .1  I    ;  ■      .„,L  ,  madt«a  cliiiBtre.  in  his  husiiK'ti^ 

rc'lutivins  Hit!  .1  geaend  commii^sion  merchant. 

In  rxJiiiKW  ^ir.  L'liiudt'u  Wrts  idinlifii'J  with  the  old 

*  •■- •    '.    •■••      ■■'!  It  Its  caiididptfi  booame  mayor 

'   «  i,s  duririj;  his  adtnlni^trii- 
ti  ri    inM   tiie  ciiy  Issued   its  bonds   for  twcnly-Svi- 

.'    :!  dollmn,  which  wim  u.-o-d  in  purcbasitiK (tton«w 

'virtion  f>f   MJt'  onstfiri.  bftnk    if"  tho  Misiis 

d  bni  niid 

AnicriciiH 

,  .  d  ibo  mea.^uri'. 

■.s  WHS  !il.«o  I'u^siidurubly  im- 

.,,  ,)f  office,     jlis  admiiiiAiruiioii 

n  WII.-I  iiiiiiiiCHiiied  in  the  moHt 


Mnrititi   lrn'.  "ft«i'  "s  r'l.igani^at'.m, 

ard   for  uiony  y&irf  wim  a,   lusmbor  of  the  liiiptipt 

,  1  .  .  t. 

,    '  ■;  iiniwi 

i  ,    tl.o    i>i'iiiiuralH,   who   ciei-'od    i.lryan    Mniliinpby 

•iJ  i)n!  Kthcr  city  offieors. 

.'tini'  w»i»  bfli  lit.  tin-  riiuitorn"   House  on 

'  I'lr  the  piirpofo  oC  nek'ct- 

.,,  I  .   iSi    L'luiti  iu  a  comnn-rciaJ 

gyij  .   .1  he  hold  iti  Chii'sigo  oh  July 


■  1(11.  I  .  '.iiKi:  lM":i^.ii'  •  ml  iin-    Mill'.. 

ern  rivers  and  hiirbtirfi,     F.  M    U^. 
the  ehiiir,  and  A.  U.  C'hiiinbivr    ' 
souif  proliminary  bij..iiiies!'   •• 
followiup-  gentlcnicn  wori. 
dclc'.^ator'  to  thf  <'0(ivmition  . 

.Xr  hibnid  Onmblo.  Henry  ^' 
nft'i    .\i  i.;k'.-Ui.i..,  Triutfii   I'  lit 
IWHi.  ii.  Kluijsi'I.ii,  .Indi.un  All.  • 
1>.  I).  Miii..iwu»e.  ii.,l#R'.-.l  Ii:.' 
(',  Sw.iu,  W'oUs  Coiton,  .-•. 
Kco!.il«,  J.  S.  Pcaac,  R.  ^v  . 
U    .Ai^ii^lus  CultOQ,  Jiii>i(i.°  Ii, 
Mmiu,  fieoiso  B.  Field,  Add))!. 
JawiM  U.  !3j.rit;g,  WilnoB   I'rin  . 
Tt.vii'ilds,  Williatii  Jl.  S!ii))i!>uii, ,. 
■l./n,   McKt.l,  N.  .AMrioli,  F.  >!      • 
Trfal,  fi.  K.  iMuQiiiiiirKio,  .),  B. 
Sliniimliurg,   Jauiivi  CIuukiuk,    '' 
l.ui'.i..',  Ilobert  !?lm}\»>ii,  I<ii».  ^ 
Dr.   KioliiirJ  I'.  Hurr.  t,  Ii*"-.... 
J.  II.  Oriulic'l.t,  .I.w^'i.!!  '1 
hny    P..  C.  Anjrulroilt,  J.. 
Milton  Knox.  11   . 
,  J  I. nil  8ig(T^*'»i.   '    - 
.,   rhiiiiiH.^  Tallin 
■,  .)    U.  Hnrnl. 

Dr,  llicha..i  V    li:n • 
not  only  iu  Ihw  mc.i/ 
pr'iven)(!iitK'  in  the  W.>hi 
untoqirisos  which  aiutrib'. 
inont  of  St.  Loui.s,  was  dt-i 
honorable  family  of    Fr- 
settled    in    Wiiloi'.      Will' 
Thotniis,  Enrl  of  Lan.'us' 
"  uiiout  eiLditiM'ii  of     ' 
Wii.t  condemned  for  tin 
from   the  marches  .'( 
Shiikonprjiri-   frcipji'!!-. 
Th(!  Barrots  wore  ai 
fjTatiid  U)  yirgiidft  ii' 
with  the   Jji'o;-.  ihei; 
tilt'  (ir  'idfathi."     "■ ' 
E.-.tnblisli.«dOliui,' 
liarrci';'  Ford.  iit;»i 

William   Barr< 
horn  Jaiia  IT),  '"i 
nn'Tcn".  now  w    . 
Harry'   Lecii    . 
cntiipui^n ;  was      ' 
and  Eutaw,  wm? 
army  in  th<'   l.i  .- 
(■iOlnwalii8.  and   ■■ 
On  ih"  niitrcli  i' 
Williinii.'bnrg    . 
tho  old  {liili'ivjli  1 


his 

io 

I  Ik 

iLoi 

{fir. 
[enii 
jii,i 
Icalli 


m 

lam 

I  By 

idkri 

Depa 

Id 

[Mr  I 


iHr.  [ 

lives  ( 

ItTDIDe 

Dliooi 
|lnnsf( 


MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMENT. 


677 


barrel  of  water  and  drank  out  of  the  bung-hole.  It 
ijaKirohited  that  his  scouts  were  the  first  to  brin;; 
ji,telli"eiii'o  of  Trtrleton's  approach,  thereby  enabling 
the  Lc;;isliituro  to  escape  from  Charlottesville. 

He  iiiiiiried  Dorothy  Winston,  own  cousin  to  Pat- 
lick  Henry's  mother,  and  removed  to  Louisa  County. 
The  union  was  blessed  with  five    children, — James 
Winston  Biirrct,  educated  at  William  and  Mary  Col- 
leio,  and  subsequently  a  resident  of   Island  Grove,  : 
Sansamon  Co.,  111.,  where  ho  filled  offices  of  trust  and  ' 
(ciolument ;  William  Dericott  Barret,  cashier  of  the  ' 
Southern  Bunk  of  Kentucky  ai,  Greensburg,  and  a 
prosperous  merchant  of  St.  Louis  ;  Mnry  Lee  Barret, 
married  to  a  distant  relative  of  the  same  name,  of 
Caddo  Parish,  La.,  and  owner  of  the  Galindo  eleven- 
hiue  claim  on  the  Brazos,  near  Waco,  McLornan 
:  Co.,  Texas ;  Nancy  Barret,  wife  of  Col.  James  Allen, 
of  Greene  Co.,  Ky.,aide  to  Gen.  Jack.son  at  the  battle 
f  Now  Orleans ;   and   Richard  P.  Barret,  who  was 
[  ta  in  February,  1804,  at  the  new  home,  near  Greens- 
•  Iw.'.  Green  Co.,  Ky.    Richard  F.  obtained  the  rudi- 
Dienis  of  classical  knowledge  from  the  Rev.  William 
Hoifi',  a  learned  Presbyterian  divine.     He  pursued 
:  lis  studies  with  diligence  and  success,  and  was  finally 
intiied  bv  Dr.  Daniel  Drake,  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  an 
>  eniinont  physician  and  surgeon,  author  of  "  The  Prin- 
:  oipal  Diseases  of  the  Interior  Valley  of  North  Amcr- 
ifa," to  becoiuo  his  pupil,  under  his  own  eye  and  in 
\i\i  family.   Vic  obtained  hi.s  diploma,  spent  some  time 
I  Id  the  hospitals  of  Philadelphia,    traveled  through 
ik  Kastern  States,  visited  extensively  in  Virginia, — 
I  Louisa  County,  Richmond,  Shirley,  the  Neck,  Strut- 
ford,  and  Chautilly, — and  was  wont  to  speak  with 
enthusiasm  of  the  ho.spitality  and  hearty  cheer  with 
|ihiih  he  was  greeted  by  relatives  and  friends,  all 
;  him  cousin,  and  some  coming  fifty  miles  to  see 
Horse-races,    fox-chases,    merrymaking,    and 
I  revels,  histini,'  *br  a  week,  filled  up  the  time. 

Hi' soon  obtained  a  large  and  lucrative  practice   in 
[  lis  native  Green  County,   Ky.,  where,  in   1832,  he 
lniarricd  Maria,  the  daughter  of  Judge   Richard  A. 
[Bikkiier,  then  congressman  from  the  Green  River 
[farict,  and  afterwards  Professor  of  Law  in  the  Law 
department  of  the  St.  Louis  University. 
In  1833  he  removed  to  his  thousand-acre  farm 
hear  (lid  Berlin,  Sangamon  Co.,  111.,  he  having  previ- 
Iciiily  entered  and  improved  the  same.     He  imported, 
Ikred,  and  raised  fine  stock, — horses,  cattle,  and  hogs. 
IMr,  ifrown,  ono  of  the  cattle  kings  of  Illinois,  now 
jIb  nil  the  same  farm.     Ho  bought  largely  of  gov- 
Imunent  lands  in  the  military  district  between  the 
inoisand  Mississippi  Rivers  in  183.'),  and  in  1838 
nnsfcrred  his  operations  to  the  Black  Hawk  coun- 


try, now  Iowa,  and  at  the  head  of  a  company,  of 
which  Riggs,  the  banker  of  Washington  City,  was  one, 
invested  eighty  thousand  dollars  at  the  land  sales  of 
1838-39  at  Burlington  and  Dubuque. 

He  removed  to  Springfield,  111.,  and  became  land 
commissioner  and  director  in  the  State  Bank,  and 
interested  in  the  then  so-called  internal  improvement'^, 
Meridosia  Railroad  and  Chicago  and  La  Salle  Canal ; 
also  lessee,  with  Col.  Buckmaster,  of  the  Alton  peni- 
tentiary, and  president  of  the  Burlington,  Iowa,  Land 
Company. 

In  1840,  Dr.  Barret,  Dr.  Joseph  N.  McDowell, 
and  others  organized  the  Medical  Department  of 
Kemper  College,  St.  Louis,  now  Missouri  Medical 
College,  and  Dr.  Barret  was  made  Professor  of  Materia 
Medica  and  Physiology.  About  the  same  time  ha 
became  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Wm.  Nisbet  &  Co., 
bankers. 

He  erected  the  Barret  House,  Burlington,  Iowa,  in 
1844;  and  in  conjunction  with  Col.  O'Fallon,  Judge 
Scates,  and  Governor  Casey,  built  the  first  railroad  in 
the  State  of  Illinois  that  operated  successfully,  viz., 
the  road  extending  from  their  coal  banks  at  Caseyville 
to  the  Mississippi  River.  The  Ohio  and  Mississippi 
Railroad  now  runs  over  this  track. 

He  was  intimately  acquainted  with  the  prominent 
business  men  and  politicians  of  the  day,  among  his  per- 
sonal friends  being  Clay,  Benton,  Logan,  Douglas,Trum- 
bull,  Browning,  Walker,  and  Grimes  ;  but  as  a  general 
thing  he  was  averse  to  politics  and  mere  politicians. 
Abraham  Lincoln,  a  few  years  younger  and  born  in  an 
adjacent  county,  was  his  stanch  and  lifelong  friend. 

Dr.  Barrett  died  after  a  short  illness.  May  IG, 
1860,  at  the  Barret  House,  Burlington,  Iowa,  whither 
he  had  gone  on  business.  His  personal  appearance 
was  eminently  noble  and  engaging, — a  figure  t.ill, 
graceful,  and  courtly,  and  a  countenance  of  the  Roman 
model.  Though  at  times  irascible,  his  disposition 
was  usually  gentle  and  amiable,  and  his  home  at  Rock 
Springs  was  the  centre  of  unostentatious  hospitality. 
His  pride  of  race  and  sci.o!i;rl;  habits  made  him  ap- 
pear exclusive  and  aristocratic,  but  his  impulses  were 
ardent,  and  his  manners  polite  and  engaging. 

The  act  of  the  General  Assembly  approved  Jan.  6, 
1847,  drew  a  distinction  between  the  collection  of 
revenue  in  the  "  new  limits"  of  the  eiiy  that  wro 
added  by  act  of  Feb.  15,  1841,  and  that  collected  in 
the  old  city,  and  required  the  assessors'  books  to  be 
so  kept  as  to  show  how  much  revenue  was  derived 
from  property  in  each  division  of  the  city.  That 
law  set  apart  one-fourth  of  the  revenue  each  year  col- 
lected within  the  "  now  limits"  for  the  improvement 
of  streets  within  said  "  new  limits." 


I''  iifj 


678 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


i     :.■! 


'^>-^'\    ii 


III 

III: 


In  1848,  Hon.  J.  M.  Kruin  was  elected  mayor. 
Jolin  Murshull  Kruni  wus  born  March  10,  1810,  nuur 
Hudson,  N.  Y.  The  name  is  German,  and  was 
foruiurly,  and  is  now  in  Nortli  Germany,  as  well  as  in 
New  York,. spelled  Krumm.  II is  <;rundt'ather,  Henry 
Krumm,  was  a  native  of  Hambur<;,  and  with  his  two 
brothers  was  a  ship-owner,  sailing  ships  from  Urcnien. 
The  Kriinnn  brothers  came  witli  their  ships  and  fam- 
ilies to  America  about  the  year  1700.  The  eldest 
settled  at  Old  Point,  Ya.,  the  second  at  Philadelphia, 
and  the  youngi^st  (Henry)  in  New  York,  but  later 
(about  1785)  removed  to  Hillsdale,  near  Hud.son.  on 
the  Hudson  River,  Columbia  County,  N.  Y.  From 
these  brothers  sprang  the  families  who.se  names  are 
variously  spelled  in  different  States,  Krumm,  Krum, 
Crume,  Cruni,  Crumb,  Crump,  etc. 

Judge  Krum's  father  was  a  native  of  Hamburg, 
and  came  with  his  parents  to  America  in  17(J0,  as 
above  stated.  His  mother  was  a  lady  named  Trow- 
bridge, a  native  of  Leeds,  England. 

His  parents  were  not  wealthy,  but  were  well  to  do, 
and  young  Krum  enjoyed  good  educational  advantages. 
He  attended  the  district  or  public  schools,  then  the 
Smith  Academy  at  Albany,  and  later  Fairfield 
Academy,  New  York,  where  he  was  fitted  for  college. 
He  also  acted  as  tutor  at  the  acad  -uy  in  Latin  and 
mathematics  for  about  a  year.  In  1829  he  entered 
Union  College,  but  at  the  close  of  the  first  year  an 
afl'ection  of  the  eyes  compelled  him  to  leave  that  insti- 
tution, and  he  began  the  study  of  law.  He  did  not 
return  to  college,  but  afterwards  matriculated  on 
examination. 

In  1838,  Mr.  Krum  was  admitted  to  the  bar,  and 
in  the  fall  of  that  year  removed  to  St.  Louis.  In 
1884  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar  by  the  Supreme 
Court  of  Missouri,  but  having  property  interests  in 
Illinois,  and  becoming  concerned  in  litigation  in  that 
State,  he  removed  in  1835  to  Alton,  retaining,  how- 
ever, an  office  and  his  practice  in  St.  Louis. 

Alton  had  then  about  one  thousand  inhabitants, 
and  there  was  but  one  other  lawyer  there.  As  was 
the  custom-  in  all  the  Western  States  in  those  days, 
Mr.  Krum  rode  "  the  circuit,"  practicing  in  several  dif- 
ferent counties,  and  secured  what  would  be  regarded 
even  now  as  a  large  and  remunerative  practice,  liy 
invested  in  real  estate  at  Alton  and  other  towns,  and 
became  in  time  quite  a  large  land-owner.  These  in- 
vestments resulted  favorably. 

In  1836  he  was  appointed  by  the  Governor  judge 
of  probate  for  Madison  County,  and  in  1837  Alton 
was  incorporated  as  a  city,  and  Mr.  Krum  was  elected 
its  first  mayor. 

During  his  mayoralty  (in  November,   1837)  oc- 


curred the  now  historic  "  Alton  riot,"  in  wliidi  i.;i|j|,|| 
P.  Love'oy,  an  editor  of  anti-slavery  proolivitius,  Hho 
had  been  mobbed  in  St.  Louis  for  his  ahuliiiim  teach, 
ings,  was  shot  and   killed.     The  affair  c;iuswl  "rent 
excitement  among  the  anti-slavery  pe(i|i|i\  nijt  uniy 
of  this  country  but  of  Great  Britain  ;  ami  as  it  wa.s 
not  generally  known   that  the  young  city  of  Alton 
had  no  organized  police  force  (only  one  justice  of  the 
peace  and  one  constable),  the  authorities  wore  iiatu. 
rally  denounced  without  stint  for  failing'  td  suniircss 
the  outbreak  and  to  prevent  Lovejoy's  miirdir.    In 
this  connection  an  interesting  incident  li:i|i|ioiiuil  to 
Mayor    Kr  ...i.     In    1838  an  immon.so  antisluvory 
meeting  was  neld  in  New  York,  and  Mr.  Krum  Imp. 
peiied  to  be  in  the  city,  the  guest  of  an  miti-slaverv 
leader,  with  whom  he  wont  to  the  gallioriiiL',  whore 
for  about  an  hour  he  listened  to  all  sorts  of  abuse  nf 
himself  for  failing  to  put  down  the  iiioli.     Finally  his 
host,  without  consulting  him,  announced  to  thf  star- 
tled assembly  tliat  the  nuii/or  of  A/ton  wa.s  prcMMit, 
and  no  doubt  the  meeting  would  like  to  hoar  him, 
Mayor  Krum  thereupon  mounted  a  table  in  thf  cen- 
tre of  the  vast  building,  and  spoke  to  the  racitcj 
audience  for  about  an  hour,  giving  an  exact  ami  mi- 
nute account  of  the  affair  from  beginning  to  end,  aiij 
demonstrating   the    injustice   of    the   denunciations 
everywhere  heaped  upon  the  mayor  of  Alton,    He 
spoke  so  conclusively  that  the  meeting  iinanin)(iii,slv 
passed  a  resolution  completely  exonerating  the  niavor 
and  city  authorities  from  all  fault  or  blame  iu  the  prem- 
ises. 

In  1838  (while  absent  from  the  State,  ami  ffithoiit  j 
his  knowledge)  he  was  elected  State  senator  frunitiie  ] 
district  to  which  Madison  County  was  attached  < em- 
bracing several  counties),  but  his  business  and  other  I 
considerations  obliged  him  to  decline  the  office  and 
the    honor.      While   a   pronounced   and   apfirre-sive 
Democrat,  he  had  no  taste  for  political  life,  and  felt 
anxious  to  shun  the  enticements  and  snares  which  lie] 
in  the  path  of  every  politician. 

In  October,  1839,  Judge  Krum  married  in  .Mas,*a- 
chusetts  a  daughter  of  Chester  Harding,  the  cele-| 
brated  artist,  and  in  the  following  year  established 
home  i'l  St.  Louis,  where  be  has  since  resided. 
Among  the  members  of  the  St.  Louis  bar  at  thati 
time  were  a  number  of  lawyers  who  ranked  with  tliel 
ablest  in  America  or  England ;  but  Mr.  Krum  wai 
not  discouraged  at  having  to  contend  with  such  oppo-j 
nents.  On  the  contrary,  this  competition  prove4l 
a  stimulus  to  greater  effort,  and  he  welcomed  it  as  ail 
advantage.  He  at  om-o  gained  and  held  a  full  pra«J 
tice,  especially  in  land  cases,  for  tlic  land  litipition  ( 
Missouri   (now   somewhat   Idstoric)   was  then  im 


Iton  riot,"  in  wliich  Klijah 
:i-sluvery  prdclivitiw.who 
uis  for  Ills  aliiiliiiiiii  teach. 


The  afl'air  v 


iiiswl  jireat 


i-slavery  pen|,|,.,  ii„t  only 
it  Britain  ;  uml  us  it  was 
the  youni;  ciiy  nf  Alton 
se  (only  one  justice  of  the 
10  authoritit's  were  natu. 
nt  for  failitiir  tn  suppress 
It  Lovejoy's  iimrdiT.  In 
inii  incident  liii])|iend  to 
an  immense  anti-slaviTv 
'ork,  and  Mr.  Knun  hap. 
guest  of  an  unti-slavorv 
t  to  the  ■ratiieiiii';,  where 
id  to  all  sorts  of  abuse  of 
jwn  the  niol).  Finally  his 
m,  announeod  to  the  star- 
or  of  Alliiii  was  present, 
would  like  to  hear  him, 
)unted  a  table  in  the  een- 
md  spoke  to  the  excited 
r,  giviu"^  an  oxaet  and  mi- 
rom  be;;iniiins;  to  end,  anil 
ce  of  the  denunciations 
he  mayor  of  Alton.  He 
the  meeting  uiianimouslv 
sly  exoneratiiif;  the  uiavor 
fault  or  blame  in  the  preiii- 

•om  the  State,  and  without  j 
jted  State  senator  from  the 
County  was  attached  a'lii- 
lUt  his  busini's.s  and  other  | 

to  decline  the  office  and 
onounced   and   aggressive 
i  for  political  life,  and  ttit  j 
ncnts  and  snares  wliieli  lie  | 
;ian. 

3  Krum  married  in  .Mas«- 
hester  Hardiiiir,  the  eele-j 
lowing  year  established  liisj 
re  he  has  since  resided.! 
he  St.  Louis  bar  at  that! 
■yers  who  ranked  with  tliel 
land;  but  Mr.  Kiuni  m| 
;o  contend  with  such  ( 
,  this  competition  prov« 
I  and  he  welcomed  it  as  a 
ined  and  held  a  full  prao 
8,  for  the  land  litiption  oi 

historic)   was  then  im 


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07^ 


lIlsTOHV   Ml'   SMNT  r,(»(TIs. 


Ill  I?-!",  U'lr,  .1.  M.  Knim  n'li^i  ckcti'il  iiui_\<ir. 
i.jhil  Mursliall  Krmii  wa-i  'mrii  MjiVili  II),  ISlO.iicar 
iiudcMi.  N.  V  Tin!  iiaiiio  i>  Cieiuian.  iiml  v...s 
('.ruiiirlv,  an  I  i-i  now  m  N'dkIi  (IiTnuiiiy.  ;n  >v<  II  sih  iii 
N'i'W  York,  .<(ic!l(\l  Kruriiiii.  Ilin  i.TanJIutluT,  Ilonry 
Ki'iiiiiu),  \vii>  ,1  Diitive  of  llaiiibuiy,  iiiid  with  his  tw" 
bnithnrs  \vi\.-  :i  ;-iliiii-iiwi)i'r,  ft;iilitij;  Nhi))*  IVum  Hn  iiicii. 
TIk'  KniHiDi  briitliciw  oaiiu'  witli  liioir  Mjki  oud  t'uiii- 
ilies  iir  Amerirn  uliout  tli-'  y.:;ir  17'iO.  Tlie  olJeiit 
6.iMil('iI  at  01(1  l'(ii«t,  Va.,  iho  •<ii'(i(i(i  m  Plnlii'lftlphiii, 
nmJ  the  ynuiifii'st  (  Htiiry.)  iit  Now  Yi  rk,  Imt  lat'T 
aUut  1785)  rcmoVlid  tt,i  lUlUlal.,,  "•.■•ar  [Iml-"'!!.  im 
il.f  I'udson  River,  ('■iiiiritbitj  <'i-*j'My.  N.  V.  Fumi 
tlipsc  broiiifii>  xprmi:-,  tiK'  f'uirnlit  •  »boM!  niitnefi  aro 
v;M!oiisly  sin-lifd  i'j  liiflorfjil  c^i.iti -  Kiuiuid,  Kiuiu, 
I'ntitie,  (.'niMi,  ('.lumb,  OiiKifi.  vxf: 

•litdirn  K"UimV  f(j(h<!r  wiih  h  nuiirc  of.  flamburir, 
:iM'l  o;i!iii'  with  Ills  purouts  ii>  Aiiun'k'.'i  in  lYtiO,  as 
:ib(;vo  sta'fld.  Hiw  HiDiJivi  WB'^#i  lady  tjanied  Trow- 
biiiii^f',  u  nntivo  nf  I.fi'd.s.  Kii^iuuL 

H'f>  {>itn  iit-i  Were  not  woulihy.  btit  wero  \\<itl  to  do, 
•nd  v.iiiii^  Kmiii  etijoyod  jiO'jd  ivbi(;«U((nul  advui.r 
Ho  u'i-ndcd  iliv  districl  or  j  util;.  Hi-botil!'.  th  -n 
Sii.iili  Vi:iJi:iiiy  i!t  Alli:'ii\.  and  l.itw  Fairlielii 
Ac;id»Hny,  Nvw  Vork,  wbiTc  In-  wuh  fitted  for  ii,ll(.'W. 
lie  a!.<!0  uvurd  ai<  tiittir  ut  (!ii!  :ti'!id<  riiy  in  imtin  ;ind 
tniitl.eiuatics  tbr  iibnut  a  yenr.  f.ii  182!)  ht  i.'ij'>!ifd 
Tniim  Cdlli'tro,  but  at  the  dose  of  thtj  tirst  jiaf  an 
^i/b'ftb)i)  uCthe  lyi'.s  cnnijielli'd  hiiu  tn  leave  that  insti- 
tiiiioii,  and  he  bcurtii  the  study  of  law.  Jh  did  ti.it 
rf.luni  ti)  (.•oHfi.'s,  but  affiT«'ard,-j  niaMivuiativl  on 
ex'iininafion. 

la  !h;!3,  Mr.  Knim  was  adtuiUed  to  tlie  bar,  and 
in  I  lie  fall  ol'  ib;it  year  ri!movt><l  to  St.  JiOiiis.  In 
18.'M  )>e  wui  uilinitted  to  the  bar  l>y  the  Suprotiie 
Ctiiirt  of  Mifisouri.  bnt  havint;  property  interest.'"  in 
illiiKU-s,  and  becoming  coMeorni'd  iu  litiu'dtifn  in  (b.at 
i':'.;'M-,  lie  removed  in  IS'ii't  to  Alton,  retaiiiiiiir,  how- 
ever, s'l.  oUico  iukI  hi.s  praetiee  in  St.  Loui.--. 

Ail"ii  had  then  .iknit  one  thousand  itdnil'it:  ;.  ;-. 
and  there  vM  but  oiin  other  iawuT  there.  Am  wasi 
llie  custom-  m  all  the  Wenli  rn  dlule«  in  tho.'<e  days, 
Mr.  Krum  rtMie  '  the  cirenit  "  practieing  in  several  dif- 
i'erent  eoiiiiiie.i.  and  H'cured  what  would  be  reaarded 
..■ven  now  as  u  li-rye  ami  reuiutierative  i.ractiee.  Hi' 
iiivesteii  in  real  e.itat«  at  Alton  and  'ither  towns,  and 
bei-ann-  in  time  ((uite  a  larue  J.irniown-ar.  'I'li'^np  in- 
vp.«tiueiit»  re.stiite'l  J'avorably. 

\n  l.^.'.iti  he  '.van  appointed  lo  iiie  tiovrrucir  juoi^e 
.d'  probat*  fcr  M.idi.ion  County,  «iid  in  I.SH7  .\ltoti 
V)t»  iBe.'riHirnU'd  tiK  a  city,  and  Mr.  Kruiu  wti.s  uleefed 
't .  '■     '    .  .  V 

During  his  mayoralty  (in  November,    1837)  oc- 


enrred  lit:-  U'lVi  iiisiovie  "  Ailoii  i 

P.  Lovcj.iV.  an  editor  of  anii-.il:i. 

Iiiiil  be-'fi  Hiobbod  in  iSt,  Louin  for  bin  rIioi  . 

ill;.•..^,  was  .-dnil   ami    killed.     The  al; , 

e.viiteii.ent  Mnonji  the  aiili  '•lavory 

ui'  this  country  but  of  iU-i  •?  Ifrii;,,-; 

not  ^eIler»Uy  known   that    ti-e   yi,,,, 

had  no  oriiuntKiu  poliec,  I'"'-';    ■onlv 

poacu  and  one  ennxtab'' 

rally  deiioiineed  witii^nt  .^ii 

the  outbreak  and   lo  preVi  > 

thifi  eonneeiioii  an  inten  r^'  .         . 

Mayor    Kuiin.     Tn    l.SI^ 

rneelinji;  waH  liei  1  iu  '  ew  \ 

pmied  to  bii  in  the  oity,  .the  v'  '■•■t  of    , 

leader,  with  whom  b<i  wetr        ;! 

for  about  an  bvur  be  li^ton-  . 

him.self  for  faiiinjr  to  put  d>  ■•>.     .1;  ■  ,,,  . 

hi)i*t,  wilbniit  ounsiiliin^  1.   . 

lied  asstMibly  lliat  the  ;/i>i.. 

and  no  il-.ubi    the  lueeiint.'  ■'^'    'd  !;'■ 

^I  yor  Kriita  thernuptm  m 

■  f  '!if   v:\st  buildin:,,  ^         , 
ai...  .itiout  an   b'T. 

nm.e  .-.  .i.o.i  of  the  iifFair  > 
d>  nionstratin',;  the.  injiwt  ■ 
everywhere.  h<)»p<d  upon  ■' 
tipoke  .so  coucluisively  thu< 
paf«ed  a  resolution  eoniple  . 
and  eity  authorities  fVoiu  i  ,  . 
isi-H. 

In  1S3S  (while  ab.'^e  . 
hjs   knowUidoe)  he  wa?  '•.. 
district  to  which  Madi- 
bracing  8-veinl  eoiuiin 
consideraiiiiiiH  oblit'ed 
the    honor.       W'hi'e    • 
Denioerat,  be  had  im 
ati.iious  to  shuri  iho  > 
ill  ibc.  path  of  every  ;■ 

In  October.  IS-VJ.  -.1 
chuseits  a  daugbtot  uJ   i'i:  ■ 
bratcd  artist,  and  in  the  Ic: 
home    in    .St.    Ijouin,   wlj.v 
Anioni;  'he  meinbiTs 
time  weie  a  nui/tlxr  .  '        • 
abl-Ht  in  America  or   i     ■ 
not  diseoniajced  ai  having  .  .    • 
ueiita.      On  the    contr-!- 
a  stiuiuhi.'s  to  s{ieater  r<l 
advantage,     ile  at  on. 
iieo,  «38peciaiiy  iu  land  cases,  tor  trie  land  litipimii  ( 
Missouri   (now   somewhat   historic)   was  tlnii  fa-fl 


i-f'nAHi^-' 


es,  lor  tiio  lai.a  lUip'i'""  o^ 
historic)   w«^  ''"•■"  f*' 


MUNICIPAL  OOVEUNMKNT. 


679 


rfachinu  <"*  uulininntin^  point.  "  It  was  u  positivu 
nleasurt',"  tJii(i({e  Kruiii  naya,  ''to  iiiuet  iik  ttiitn^oiiiNtH  ' 
inilio  ju'liciiil  forum  wueh  ciuiiient  liiwyorfi  as  (li'yor, 
diiiubli',  SpiiuldiiiK,  UtttoH,  LuwIchh,  Field,  liCHlin,  and 
iiilii'n  Hi'iircely  loss  diHtinKulHhcd  luid  tlien  in  full 
Miicticc. "  As  to  JuduD  Kruiii's  own  hucccss,  tlio 
rt'Ci>rJ^  i>i'>y  ^*^  porniittud  to  tostify,  und  ihuy  sliow 
iliat  as  tt  lucniber  of  thu  St,  Luiiis  bar  liu  lius  bucn 
eiiMjicJ  ill  i'  Kfoator  number  oC  easeH  tluin  any  otber 
lanvor  will)  lias  ever  prautiecd  in  St.  Louis. 

[n  ISII!  lie  was  appointed  judge  of  iIm  St.  Louis 
(.'irouit  Cdiii't,  and  held  the  office  for  about  five  years, 
]i  till!  I'xpiratiun  of  which  ho  resigned.  In  1848  lie 
jijsolicitiMl  to  run  for  Conjrress,  but  declined.  Durinn 
tilt  Miuo  jcar,  however,  ho  was  persuaded  by  tlie 
Diiuiicrats  lo  stand  for  the  office  of  mayor,  and  was 
Acti'd  by  liver  five  hundred  majority  over  Luther  M. 
Ki'iinctt,  (iiiit  of  the  ablest  and  most  popular  citizens 
of  Si.  Louis.  In  fact,  he  was  the  first  Democrat  ever 
eWted  to  any  office  in  St.  Louis,  the  Whigs  having 
frumtiiiie  iiiiuieuiorial  ruled  the  city. 

During'  liii^  administration  the  harbor  was  improved 
tiv  tlic  building  of  the  dyke  across  the  east  channel  of 
liie  river  li'oin  Uloody  Island  to  east  main  shore, 
ilie  spi'ciiil  tax  ("  mill  tax")  for  the  support  of  public 
mIiuuIs  was  first  levied,  and  the  sewer  system  was 
ireinated.  .Mayor  Krum  drew  the  bills  for  these 
iteat  measures,  and  secured  their  passage  by  the  Gen- 
enl  .\sseiiibly.  His  recommendations  in  a  special 
niiisage  in  regard  to  sewers  have  been  followed  ever 
iina',  During  his  administration,  also,  the  bonded 
tti  of  the  city  was  considerably  reduced,  and  upon 
ik>re.«ults  uf  his  mayoralty  Judge  Krum  looks  back 
litli  the  satisfaction  which  naturally  springs  from  the 
eoiisci(iu.sne.ss  of  work  well  done  and  the  approval  of 
kisl'elluw-eitizens. 

From  the  first  ho  took  an  active  part  in  organizing 

j  tie  public  >ehool  system,  and  for  ten  consecutive  years 

II' a  member  of  the  board  of  education.     In  1855 

Washington  University  was  organized,  and  he  has 

k'li  a  director  in  it  and  a  member  of  the  educational 

tiituniiiiec  from  the  beginning  to  the  present  time. 

I  I'poti  the  organization  of  the  St.  Louis  Law  School,  he 

wteil  live  years  gratuitously  as  professor  in  diiferent 

I  departments. 

-Notwithstanding  his  disinclination  to  hold  office  he 

las  laken  an  active  part  in  politics,  and  served  as  delc- 

I  ale  to  ;he  Democratic  National  Conventions  of  1844, 

1 185i,  1856,  and  1860.  Upoa  tbe  latter  occasion  he  was 

tkairiuan  of  the  committee  ou  credentials,  and  his  re- 

I  pjrt  I  whieh  settled  the  character  of  that  body)  caused 

I M  escited  debate,  in  which  he  participated,  and  its 

•ption  by  the  convent'.on   was   followed   by    the 


secoH.Hi(in  of  luost  of  the  Houlhurn  ilelugutes  and  the 
ndniination  of  Mr.  Hrcckenridgc.  lie  championed  the 
eiiiiHi!  of  Mr.  DougliLs  from  thu  beginning,  und  during 
the  campaign  of  IRtiO  niiide  nut  less  than  one  hundred 
spccclieM  in  Missouri,  Illinois,  and  New  York  in  sup- 
port of  Doughis  as  the  national  Democratic  candidate. 

When  the  war  broke  out.  Judge  Krum,  in  a  speech 
at  the  court-house  mi  the  oveiiirig  folliiwiiig  the  recep- 
tion of  the  new.s  from  Fort  Sumter,  denounced  se- 
cession as  the  work  of  thu  Democratic  party,  und 
formally  withdrew  I'riim  that  organization.  He  then 
declared  himself  us  an  earnest  supporter  of  the  gov- 
ernment. In  1802  ho  accepted  the  colonelcy  of  the 
Ninth  liegiment  Missouri  Militia,  jocularly  known 
as  the  "  Bloody  Ninth,"  because  for  nearly  two  years 
it  ]ierformed  guard  duty  over  tho  prisoners  in  St. 
Louis,  which,  as  well  as  the  State,  was  under  martiul 
law  from  1861  to  18(>4.  Since  the  war  Judge  Krum 
has  ucted  with  the  Republican  pufty  in  Missouri. 

While  on  the  bench  Judge  Knim  |iul)lislicd 
"  Mi.ssouri  Justice,"  u  work  received  by  the  profes- 
sion with  great  favor,  and  which  is  a  valuable  record 
of  his  industry  and  zeal  as  a  lawyer. 

-Tudge  Krumtu  is  a  patient  und  untiring  worker, 
and  this  is  probably  the  secret  of  his  having  accom- 
plished so  much.  Ho  is  blessed  with  good  health, 
und  during  forty  years  has  never  hud  occasion  to  avail 
himself  of  the  services  of  a  physician.  Enjoying 
the  gift  of  a  "  so'uid  mind  in  a  sound  body,''  he  is 
still  engaged  in  the  (|uiet  practice  of  his  profession, 
and  expects  to  bu  so  opiployed  fur  the  remainder  of 
his  life,  a  life,  it  may  bo  added,  that  bus  been  us  use- 
ful und  us  worthy  of  regard  us  it  has  been  busy  and 
unpretentious. 

In  his  message  to  tho  Council  in  1848,  Mayor  Krum 
called  attention  to  the  importance  of  improving  streets 
in  the  "  old  limits,"  specifically  designating  the  grad- 
ing and  macadamizing  of  South  Third,  Labadic,  Hazel, 
Mulberry,  Oerre,  Poplar,  Spruce,  Gratiot,  Market,  Sev- 
enth, Wash,  and  Cherry  Streets.  This  elicited  an 
expression  of  opinion  on  tho  part  of  the  physicians 
of  St.  Louis  as  follows : 

".•^r.  I.oris,  Muy  I-i,  18*8. 
"The  undersigned,  being  reriucstod  to  express  :lieir  opinion 
fts  to  tho  efTeets  jiroducod  upon  the  public  hBal^h  liy  the  dust 
wliich  arises  in  such  large  quantities  from  the  luaeiiilnmized 
streets  'n  St.  Louis  in  dry  weather  and  tills  tho  atiuuspbero, 
beg  leave  to  siate, — 

"  First,  That  it  is  o.\tremely  deleterious  to  the  eyes,  produc- 
ing inflammation  of  those  organs. 

"  Second,  That,  being  inhaled  into  the  air  passages,  it  pro- 
duces various  diseases  of  those  parts,  such  as  chronic  laryngitis, 
bronchitis,  consumption,  etc. 

"  R.  P.  .'Simmons,  Thomas  McMartin,  James  Sykes,  A.  B.  T'ope. 
M.  Martin  C.  ,1.  Cnrpentor,  .\.  W.  Hall,  Charles  W.  Stev- 
ens, John  Laughton,  James  Blake,  John  B.  Johnson,  Silat 


■Ml 


"*"!'l*'l 


MM 


680 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


I        ;■.:■(' 


J<  ;''.': 


I  I      I 


Reed,  J.  H.  Johnson,  G.  W.  Phillip?,  llnnlngo  Lnne,  John 
li.  JIcDowell,  Joseph  X.  Mollowell,  Ileubou  Knox,  J.  J. 
Clarlf,  Jolin  Slioio,  W.  S.  Wliilo,  T.  J.  White,  H.  F.  I'M- 
Tiirds,  Stephen  W.  Aclicon,  M,  L.  I.inton,  M.  M.  I'lillen, 
R.  S.  Holmes,  J.  McDowell,  Jr.,  W.  M.  UrcPheeteis,  Ed- 
wnnl  H.  .Smith,  William  Viinxant,  S.  M.  Jiicob.''on,  Robert 
1'.  Chiiso,  F.  Knox,  Alexiinder  Jlarshftll,  Robert  M.  Jen- 
nings, S.  T.  Wiitts.  William  A.  McJIurriiy,  R.  li.  Kllis,  J. 
S.  Mo.  re,  M.  E.  Cook." 

Comptroller  D.  H.  Armstrong  set  down  the  total  in- 
debtedness of  the  eity  May  8, 1848,  at  81,036,121.63, 
of  which  8206,950  paid  interest  at  ten  per  centum, 
$35,1)00  interest  at  eight  per  centum,  879,000  inter- 
est at  seven  per  centum,  8672,860.79  interest  at  six 
per  centum,  825,000  interest  at  five  per  centum,  and 
816,810.84  paid  no  interest.  The  estimated  value  of 
public  property  belonging  to  the  city  was  81,120,000. 
The  municipal  elections  in  1849  resulted  in  the  choice 
of  James  G.  Barry  for  mayor  by  a  vote  of  3181 
ajrainst  3038  east  ,'br  Mr.  Foster. 

The  condition  of  the  streets  in  1849  was  such  that 
a  writer  in  one  of  the  newspapers  said,  "  All  will  con- 
cede that  .some  change  is  necessary,  and  any  chanjie 
must  be  for  the  better.  There  is  not  a  city  in  the 
United  States  expending  the  same  amount  of  money 
for  this  purpose  that  is  half  so  filthy  as  St.  Louis,  and 
we  may  safely  say  that  there  is  not  one  in  the  world 
which  could  be  cleaned  with  ,so  little  expense  if  a 
proncr  system  was  introduced." 

Both  fire  and  the  cholera  visited  St.  Louis  in  1849, 
the  damaue  caused  by  the  former  necessitating  an  ordi- 
nance "  autlioriziiiij  and  allowing  the  owners  of  prop- 
erty in  the  burnt  district  to  deposit  on  the  Levee,  under 
direction  of  the  harbor-master,  all  the  rubbish,  stone, 
or  bricks  they  may  wi.'^li."  The  City  Council  in  the 
same  year  passed  an  ordinance  providing  for  the  open- 
ing of  Main  Street,  from  Locust  to  Market  Street,  to 
the  width  of  si.xty  feet,  the  cartwiiy  of  tlie  same  to  bo 
thirty-two  feet,  and  sidewalks  on  each  side  fourteen 
feet.  Should  it  become  necessary  to  take  private  prop- 
erty for  that  purpose,  the  mayor  was  authorizc^d  to 
appoint  a  eomniittee  auj.  proceed  as  directed  in  the  city 
charter. 

Luther  M.  Ketmett  was  electta  mayor  in  1850,  and 
in  his  message,  October  14th  of  that  year,  speaks  par- 
ticularly of  the  condition  of  the  quarantine,  "  the  only 
matter  specially  confided"  to  the  superintendence  of 
the  mayor.  The  ordinance  establishing  the  quaran- 
tine (No.  2417,  April  29,  1850;  located  the  same  on 
Arsenal  Island,  which  lunl  been  selected  in  1849.  On 
the  4th  of  May,  1850.  the  ordinance  went  into  opera- 
tion,and  wiis.striitly  enforced  until  the  16th  of  August. 
Comfortable  buildings  were  erected  to  aecuniniodate 
five  hundred  persons,  but  more  than   that  number 


were   accommodated.      The    ordinance   ri',|iiired  all 
boats  coming  to  or  bound  for  the  city  of  St.  J^cii, 
before  landing,  to  touch  at  quarantine,  and  land  all 
emigrants  or  others  recently  from  shipbiuuil,  and  all 
sick,  diseased,  or  unclean  persons,  with  tlidr  siore* 
and  biiggage,  provided  the  oflBcers  at  qiiaiaiidnc  so 
ordered.      Under  this  regulation  about  twu  thousanJ 
five  hundred  persons  were  detained  fron>  tlivi'p  tn  fire 
days,  and  one  hundred  and  twenty  who  witc  .ijclc 
longer  time.     About  eight  hundred  enii-iaiits  were 
paupers,  and  had  to  be  supported  by  the  ciiy.   Duri,,, 
this  administration  the  work  on  the  dik;i  at  IJIdmIv 
Island  was  finished,   and  the  improveinnit  of  [hj 
wharf  between  Locust  and  Plum  Streets  wa.s  riiislieij 
forward  rapidly.     Tlie  mayor  called  the  aitomion  gf 
the  City  Council  to  certain  desired  iiiiuiiidiiiciii.s  i| 
the  charter,  emphasizing  the  necessity  (or  autiiuritv 
to  "cure  informalities  in  the  action  of  the  C'itvCiinn. 
oil  in  the  disposition  of  the  eity  common ;"  to  laie 
possession  of  the  entire  landing  of  the  city,  ainl  taii-.. 
the  same  to  be  condemned  for  public  use ;  to  biirrnw 
money  to  pay  off  arrears  against  the  city ;  to  ciiiii|il.,it  i 
Biddle  Street  sewer;  to    provide    for   tinisliiiiL' tlie  i 
buildings  on  Centre  Market  Square;  to  paj'tlioij. 
cess  over  appropriation  for  water-works  ;  u>  coiii|,!,ie 
the  harbor  improvements  ;  and  to  improve  the  parajfr  I 
ground,  and  to  puichase  and  beautify  other  LTniiiiLi  I 
for  public  places.     The  aggregate  aiinmnt  rti|iiir*i 
for  these  purposes  added  to  the  cxistiiit;  debt  \ti#i  J 
make  the  latter  about  two  million  dullai^i.    C'» 
troller  George  K.  Budd  showed  in  his  report  ll.ri 
year  that  the  total  valuation  of  real  estate  owinl  k I 
the  city,  excepting  city  commons  and  |iublif  wktl'. 
wtis  8753,913.81,  and  that  the  city  cdinnmns  (i.wrJl 
an  area  of  519.19  acres,  the  value,  with  iiii|irMve- 
ments,   being  8581,391.     The  bonded  debt  uf  ikjj 
city  was  81,192,992.57,  the  last  of  whiih  ('all,<  ilue b I 
1895.     Against  this  sum   the  assets  when  iwlitedj 
left  a  balance   in    favor   of  the   city  iiinuuiitiii.  io| 
8517,385.55. 

This  favorable  showing  of  the  city's  finuiicoMtiil 
perhaps  owing  to  the  excellent  luaiiageiiR'nt  of  ('anii^l 
troller  Budd,  who  was  in  his  day  one  of  ilif  Irill 
fii.ancial  officers  in  tlie  country. 

(icorgo   Knight  Budd  was  born   in   l'hil;id(i|iliii,| 
Feb.  12,  1802.     He  was  the  sou  of  (ienra' 
and  Susanna   Hritton,  a  combinatien  of  twuulJmJ 
celebrated  families  of  New  Jersey  and  PeniisylvaniJ 
originally  from  England.     In  early  life  he  n- 
gaged  in  maritime  pursuits  as  8uperc:ir;!o  fur  !l 
Pratt,  of  Philadelphia,  a  well-known  merchant  "lilitl 
period,  and  visited  thj  Mediterranean,  Smith  .Viiiemij 
and  the  British  Indies.     In  the  fall  of  18'!")  bcvisiirf 


The  ordinance  Vf.|iiired  all 
ind  for  the  city  of  St.  Louis 
h  at  quarantine,  and  liind  a]] 
sently  from  shipbii;iril,  ami  all 
lan  persons,  with  tlnir  stdros 

the  officers  at  qiianniiino  so 
■egulation  about  twu  iliousanj 
3ro  detained  fron>  iIivh'  tn  fiv,. 
,  and  twenty  wlio  were  sick  a 
light  hundred  emigrants  ivrre 
supported  by  the  ciiy.  Dnrii,, 
!  woric  on  the  dik;:  at  Bloi»lv 
nd  the  iraproveuK  nt  of  the 
and  Plum  Streets  was  nuslici] 
mayor  called  the  aiteiition  ^f 
srtain  desired  aiiuMidiiieiiis  4 
ig  the  necessity  ilir  auilmriiT 
n  the  action  of  tlu'  Ciij  ('oun. 
if  the  city  comiiKni ;"  to  laiic 

landing  of  tlie  city,  aiul  cans 
ned  for  public  use ;  to  bnrrn? 
■s  against  the  city ;  to  coiii|i!tie 
to  provide  for  tiiiisliiiiL'  ilie 
iarket  Square;   to  [laytliOfS- 

for  water-works ;  to  m)]]<lM  j 
jts  ;  and  to  improve  the  paraJe- 
ise  and  beautify  other  LTdimij  I 
;ie  aggregate  amount  mim\ 
led  to  the  cxistini.'  iloht  vtnui]  | 
:  two  million  dollars.    Cniiip- 
d  showed  in  his  roport  ll.nliiij 
lation  of  real  ostaio  owik;!  k) 
;y  commons  and  public  ffliiif,  | 
that  the  city  coiiiinniis  odvoril 
res,  the   value,  witli  iiii|iri«-| 
»1.     The  bonded  debt  ufiwl 
r,  the  last  of  wliieii  falls  ilueinl 
sum   the  assets  wiicii  crt'li 
or    of  the    city  ainuuiitin;  lol 

fing  of  the  city's  linaiicvsnul 
ixcellent  managoincnt  i)f  Oonip-I 
s  in  his  day  one  of  the  Ik'II 

country. 

idd  was  born  in  Pliilaiiclfkii 
was  the  sou  of  (joua'e 

a  combination  of  twu  uW 
New  Jersey  and  Peiiusvlvanis] 
nd.  Ill  early  iil'o  lie  wi<  ;ii| 
rsuita  as  superL'av<;o  fur  llenrj 
,  a  well-known  nieidiaiii  nl 
Moditcrranetm,  South  .Vmorici 
.    Inthefallof  ISllhcvisiiej 


11  iiiiiiBlirisMf ^ 


■i<'fe>^'' 


^i^■■■  '«■■ 


^-<^'-  V'-c      A\y 


1  .  i 


o 


6pn 


y7Tn»Ti/^>T»ir     /"vn     o  \  j\rn 


ill 


I   .   I 


i; 


I;.  McUho'II,  Ji.«>-tli  \.  MfD-.wi-il,  R«iibeu  K  ■. 
Clnik.  Jfll.n  .Sli.ir.-.  W.  S,  Hliiio.  T.  ,1.  While,  .:.  ,  . 
»«nl.<,  Sii'lilc-n  \f.  Ailruoii,  Si.  1,.  LInit.n,  M.  iM.  ru!..n. 
K.  S.  UoItucA.  .1.  MonoH-ell,  Jr.,  W.  M.  M.'I'ht-nl.rr,  Ka  ' 
Muril  U.  .Siiiii)^,  Wil!laiu  Vaniaiif,  S.  M.  JiK'Kb'fim,  hobon 
1'.  Chaso.  F.  Kiioj,  Alexnmivr  Maiah.ill,  flubirt  M.  .r«it. 
liings,  ,s.  T.  Wnttf.  WilUain  A.  MoMuirny,  K.  U.  lil.'is,  J. 
S.  M..or«,  M.  E.  Cook."" 

roiiijnrnllcr  D.  II.  Anu.sti.)!)!:  sot  di>v.ii  ?b<?  tutJti  i;)- 
JcJ.ti'.lno.ss  (.if  (lip  city  May  H,  1  '^  ! >^  ' I  .j  46,121 .63, 
'>t'  which  $_'<>(!, 9fiO  paiil  int<  r  ~  ■•  f<«r  ceiitutti. 

8:!r),nOO  JntLTeBl  at  eif.ht  \'cr  .-ntnui,  S7S>,000  intoi- 
o.^t.  at  st'vcti  [icT  watum,  8C7-  '<t,!i).79  iaJori-.-it  ot  six 
{icr  cent  mil.  $2.^,000  iri(i»v«>*t  nt  fivti  ]>er  rcDtv.m,  iiiii! 
«1l>.^10..Mt  pHJ.l  no  i  Th','  eMiuiitted  vahio  nf 

juihlio  jin.porty  beJjii.,.  .^  liK>>Mt_v  wiis  J?],l;?0.(MlO. 
Th.c  umiiioipai  eieotbiis  in  184tt  ce.>iiilte(l  in  thoiiiioioo 
of  .Tiituitt'  (1.  Barry  for  ui:iyor  by  a  voto  of  TlSl 
Hi'aiMst  8rt"-^  (■.>!  '",,'  >Ir.  Fo:--ter. 

Th.'  on  the  strtefs  in  l?!4ft  w;ui  .'»u>-h  that 

..  wn  .  •••  i\,'W.-;>!i[^M'r>i  Mit«},  "  All  'T'"  i»»i1' 

■  '^  ■  ■  •  '.iH:  is  ncro.s^ary,  "lui  aiiy   ...jaUf:' 

!      '   :  -iter      Thera  is  f-.l  »  C'ify  i«  (>•» 

■      'he  .<;iiiio  !iiii'niiu  of  tiiiiiivj 

'(  •■  >  lihhy-fciSf..  Ir..M-  .  .1 

I'ly  itfiv  i;  -  mu  «fM(  ill  ' 

ii'.i  with  so  i'tflo  expeuitis  li'  u 

■'i      .■!.■.    .!itr--"Juceil." 

H»fh  firr  and  lht>  choleru  visited  8t.  Loui.-i  in  18J'J, 

V:v  ihi)«:ij''  r;ui8«()  by  tin-  firrarr  nei'cs.''itatiiig  an  ordi- 

V"  ■    •  iii\  .I'viii    :,■  il   sliiiwing  thb  owrujrs  111'  (irop- 

.  dcpotiit  on  the  Leveo,  under 

liiv    -.ii  .il'  (ii..-  hHii)vr-iija,<t,ir,  all  the  rubhisli,  Ktono, 

or  I),  .-ks   ilu'v  niuy  wish."     Th<!  f'jty  (VuhimI  in  the 

dHine  year  piuswMl  an  ordinance  Di'oviHinif  ftirtho  opf.'u- 

'  ^ircct,  to 

.   ;..      .lUio  to  bo 

ach  sidt!  t'ourifi-ii 

j'.'i      Sii..  ;  -  irv  t<j  take  [ii'iiMie  piiip- 

■  '•'■■    "■■'   'I  .       :       '     lutluirizi.'d  to 

jd  JQtlm  C'ly 

I         .  ..  ',.iiid 

i'  aka  par- 

ilic  ri  iioKi'"!  ni  lllr -jijali  iliiiii',    '  ill*'' olllv 

.    -j.  ualiy  ■■■<  r-.i    ."  .,,   A .    ,,!...    .>  .'f 

■lyr.     Ti.  •      , 

"i.  J'tl".  .-^pnl  UJi,  ioutt;  I  ■iiin-  1)11 

1  Ixihiid.  wliielt  hail  bvcii  Msli'i :    .        >    i'i     On 

'■■.  1  (  Mar.  ISiii),  the  ordinunw  wuut  inio  opfira 

Mlorced  iiitiil  tbfi  Kith  iif  Aii'jiii-it. 

■     :i;...      .;  ,-.,  .■(1  wiTc  crc  "ttd  to   ici-'UDiiiiiilatc 

(;v'?  I :uiidrt-«l  piTwi:".  but  mot"  than   that   nuiubcT 


.-.i.    .i.couinK 'dated.      The    i:     .  aii 
boats  ODiin-r  to  wr  bound  for  thy  .  i; 
bofiiro  landing,  to  touch  at  .)uaraiir. 
i>inif;ranirt  or  others  rpeently  1i"iu  >si 
.sick.  discaBcd,  or  unolfan  pcrwdiy,   w 
and  baciraeo    piovided  the 
md-ni'd.      rindcr  this  ruirul-  . 
Kvo  hundred  [icis'.ins  were   I  • 
days,  and  onu  li;indrod  and  x«-  • 

.  loHfjer  tinifr.     About  tieht   h  <■ 

'  paupers,  and  haii  to  be  .suppii 
this  administr.ition  thi  wo'k 
Island  waa  linishod.  and  ;'■ 
wharf  bi'twouii  L.icust  and  i ' 
■•irward  rapidly.  The  mayor 
llio  C!ity  t.'oiincil  to  eertaii  '• 
tho  charter,  e'Uphasizinp  i! 

-  to  "euro  infornialltici  in  th' 

'  oil  in  the  difipositioh  of  tl. 
P"i(ses8ion  of  ihc  eulirn  Ihmi 
the  saiuo  t(i  be  condoiunod  ■■ 
moimy  to  pay  c.ff  arrears  aj;. 
Biddle  .Street  sower;  to   f 

:  <>»  Centre  Mark-c    •  i  i;o. 
.!  appropi'irttion  for  s  ■    ■    ■   i 
the  harbor  iuijiroveiueiits  ;  :■ 
;;roufui   .-Old  to  purebaso  a 
Cor  )/ubji<;  places.     The  a^    ' 
for  these  purposes  odd^d  f 
Hiake   the  latter  about  ti»'>  imU: 
iroller  (.iiorgo  K.  Budd  ahou.l  ' 
year  thai  thu  total  valuftt*H" 

i  the  city,  e.xcojUinj;  city  c  • 
wa.s  ^T.'iH.JIKt.Sl,  and  th.i      . 
an  area  of  5 11*. 19  aciv-i    'in;   v.iln  ■ 
nicntji.   bcin        ■  ■         ; 

city  Was  S'  

ISi)."!.       V  ii«  ^um   ilie 

h'li   Ii   l..il,iiii<!    Ill    iHvor    !•', 

8f>n,;>s.'i.5... 

This  favornblo  shi»«in|(!  of  ti: 
prrhapsi  owint'  10  '!'••  ••xwllent  i.;r 
lioller   Budd.  mIhj  van  in  Itis  ■'• 
finanetal  offieeis  in  tiu!  coiiiitry. 

tieorjre   Knight    Hiidl  wa-  '    • 
I'eK.   i'l,   im2.     He  Jraa  the  -  .    . 
and  8udnnn»   liritton,  a  I'tmibinaiaHi  >,; 
,  eflc.bniied  lamilii  s  >.f  New  Joi  >ey  .'Uii! 
orixinaily  tVimi   Kivrl.'Mid.     fn  >■'>'''■'■  ' 
ga^ed  ill   iiiai'iii'iie  pursuits  m  m. 
Pratt,  nf  I'hili.)  Iphia.  a  w,?||.kni'.M.   ..■ ; 
period,  and  vijatid  'he  Mi  ditcrrani-  in.  ,- 
and  thf  Urittnh  Indies.    In  the  fall  el  I 


..'lit.   !•■  '• 


ll'i-V 


Ue  full 


1 

"v  i 

■h' 

t 

v 

'!•    11 


MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMP]NT. 


681 


the  West  with  a  view  of  8electiD<:;  a  locality  for  mer- 
jjiitile  pursuits,  and  after  seeing  Cincinnati  and  Louis- 
ville caiiio  to  St.  Louis.     His  practical  eye  at  once 
enabled  lii'u  to  see  the  future  advantaijes  offered  by 
ihe  latter  fity,  and  he  decided  to  embark  in  business 
lijre,    In  the  spring  of  183G  he  arrived  with  a  stock 
of  merchandise,  bringing  his  family  with  him.     He 
cime  to  St.  Louis  in  the  same  year  with  Wayman 
Cniff  betttot'n   whom   and  himself  there  existed   a 
Karm  personal  friendship.     After  two  or  three  years 
he  abandoned  the  mercantile  business  to  engage  in 
baiikiii"  with  Andrew  Park,  under  the  firm-name  of 
Build  ifc  Park,  doing  a  successful   business.     Their 
office  was  located  on   Main  Street  close  to  where  the 
Slate  Savinirs  Institution  used  to  stand.     Upon  com- 
iiL'toSt.  Louis,  Mr.  Budd  at  once  became  interested 
io  every  measure  which  promised  to  promote  the  in- 
ttrestaof  the  city,  and  exhibited  so  much  spirit  and 
rDierprise  that  as  early  as  184G  he  was  elected  to  the 
Cmncil  from  the  Fifth  Ward,  with  Reuben   Knox, 
Piter  G.  Camden  being  mayor  at  that  time.     In  rec- 
*;niikm  of  his  financial  abilities  he  was  elected  conip- 
i.i'k  under   Mayor   Kennett  in  1850,  but  before 
&  term  had  expired   he  resigned  in  order  to  take 
tkr;e  of  the  management  and  publication    of  the 
it  Diiiis  Int<'lll(jcti<'cr,  which  to  a  great  extent  was 
isrw!  by  the  merchants  of    St.    Louis  that  they 
I  idit  have  the  benefit  and  advice  of  Mr.  Budd  in 
iiijBcial  and  commercial  matters.     J.   B.   Crockett, 
iko  subsequently  became  one  of  the  judges  of  the 
I  jjirome  Court  of  California,  was  editor,  and  later 
ike  jiosition  was  tilled  by  E.  A.   Lewis,  who  after- 
urJs  became  a  Supreme  Court  judge  in   Missouri, 
\'A  is  nijw  an  honored  member  of  the  St.   Louis 
Comiiif  .\ppeals.     Mr.  Budd  acted  as  publisher  of 
'[■'ky-lliijenccr  for  three  years,  and  when  ho  retired 
!s)ij  was   presented   with    a    magnificent    silver 
jfiitkr,  iioblet,  and  tray,  as  a  voluntary  testimonial 
ym  the  oiuployos  of  the  establishment.     In   1852 
jie represented  the  Third  Ward,  together  with  John 
iLliidorson  and  Loui.s  A.  Labeauiue.     One  result 
lot  his  labors  was  the  purchase  of  the  first   public 
l>liure  or  park  in  the  city.     In  securing  the  passage 
lifmact  lor  this  purpose  he  incurred  the  abuse  of  a 
alin:  newspaper,  which  dubbed  the  piece  of  ground 
ImTivell'tli  and  .Market  Streets,  now  called  Wasliing- 
|is«  Park,  as  "the  big  gully,  or  Budd's  folly,"  by 
I'WIi  it  Was  known  for  several  years,  and  so  great 
I"! ik  opposition  to  such  an  enterprise  that  it  was 
liiDwears  before  any  stops  were  taken  to  improve  it. 
|«ihisi;erm,  planted  under  such  hostile  influences, 
•  ?m\  the  park  system  of  St.  Louis,  which  has 
I  led  the  city  with  ita  numerous  breathing-places  of 


public  resort.  For  years  he  had  the  agency  of  sev- 
eral large  insurance  companies,  his  office  being  under 
the  old  Monroe  House.  In  1847,  when  the  office  of 
the  Democrat  was  on  Locust  Street,  between  Main 
and  Second,  he  accepted  the  position  of  financial 
editor,  and  gave  that  paper  its  reputation  on  money 
affairs.  On  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  Mr.  Budd 
was  a  stanch  friend  of  the  Union,  and  subsequently 
became  financial  agent  for  Jay  Cooke  &  Co.,  selling 
their  United  States  five-twenty  bonds,  and  acting  as 
their  financial  agent  in  purchasing  other  government 
securities. 

Under  the  administration  of  Mayor  Thomas,  Mr. 
Budd  was  again  elected  comptroller,  and  while  in  that 
office  saw  the  necessity  for  additional  water-works, 
and  was  among  the  first  to  move  for  a  board  of  water 
commissioners  to  build  now  works,  and  drafted  the 
law  creating  the  board.  When  the  board  was  organ- 
ized he  wa.s  its  first  president,  and  during  his  adminis- 
tration t'-.o  plan  of  the  new  water-works  on  Compton 
Hill  and  Bissell's  Point  was  carried  out  to  completion. 

Mr.  Budd  was  principally  distinguished  as  a  finan- 
cier. The  Boatmen's  Savings-Bank  was  founded  in 
part  by  him.  He  drafted  its  chnrter  and  served  as 
director  for  many  years.  He  organized  the  Ileal 
Estate  Savings  Institution,  and  was  its  first  president, 
and  continued  to  act  in  that  capacity  until  his  health 
failed  him  in  1874.  During  the  last  twelve  year.s  of 
his  life  Mr.  Budd  acted  as  financial  agent  for  a  num- 
ber of  Eastern  capitalists,  and  through  the  monetary 
assistance  which  he  controlled  many  of  the  largest 
structures  in  St.  Louis  were  erected  and  many  rail- 
roads and  other  enterprises  were  materially  aided.  It 
was  estimated  that  he  wa"s  instrumental  in  securing 
the  investment  of  many  iuillions  of  dollars  in  St.  Louis, 
such  was  the  confidence  reposed  in  his  judgment  a.s  a 
financier.  The  importance  of  this  service  will  be 
understood  when  the  fact  is  recalled  that  St.  Louis  at 
that  period  (in  company  with  other  border  cities)  was 
suffering  from  the  privations  of  the  war,  had  little 
money,  and  needed  nothing  so  much  as  the  stimulus 
of  foreign  capital  to  develop  the  resources  of  the  place 
and  aid  in  building  it  up. 

Mr.  Budd  died  on  the  24th  of  September,  1875, 
full  of  years  and  rich  in  the  respect  of  his  fellow  busi- 
ness men.  His  death  was  regarded  as  a  severe  loss  to 
the  business  and  manufacturing  interests  of  the  city 
which,  in  a  residence  of  nearly  half  a  century,  his  far- 
sightednes.s  and  clear-headed  sagacity  had  done  so 
much  to  develop  and  advance.  He  was  mourned  by 
the  thousands  who  in  hia  long  and  eventful  career 
had  made  his  acquaintance  and  had  learned  to  respect 
him  as  the  soul  of  honor  and  integrity,  and  it  was 


';t'(3>  I 

iaii.Tj.<; 


'U      'I 


,i    t 


m} 


% 


682 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


I  I 


J|!     ;■■ 


'1      .^     i( 


Hi  : 


fi     ^:  !■; 


Sii'  n 


universally  conceded  that  the  city  of  his  choice  would 
carry  the  marks  of  his  pood  citizenship  through  all 
its  future  profiress. 

Mr.  Budd  left  a  wife  atid  five  children, — Marcia  D. 
Budd,  Charles  P.  Budd,  Helen  W.  Budd,  Wayman 
Crow  Budd,  and  Belle  N.  Budd,  now  Mrs.  Capt. 
Robert  B.  Wade.  Mr.  Budd's  wife  was  Mi.ss  Rebecca 
Neff  Patterson,  of  Philadelphia,  to  whom  he  was  mar- 
ried before  he  removed  to  St.  Louis.  Mr.  Budd  was 
a  professinjj  Christian,  and  on  April  2,  1886,  became 
a  member  of  the  First  Presbyterian  Church  of  St. 
Louis,  and  when  he  died  was  with  one  exception  the 
oldest  member  of  that  organization.  On  the  9th  of 
December,  1838,  he  was  chosen  an  elder,  and  in  that 
position  gave  the  church  forty  years  of  continued  work 
and  changeless  devotion,  the  greater  part  of  the  time 
as  its  trea.iurer  and  financial  adviser.  He  was  the 
tru.sted  friend  of  the  lamented  Dr.  Bullard,  who 
wa.s  killed  in  the  Gasconade  bridge  disaster,  and  Mr. 
Budd  was  so  terribly  injured  in  the  same  disaster  that 
his  life  was  despaired  of  for  many  months.  He  gave 
the  church  the  best  of  his  vigorous  days  and  of  his 
ripe  intellect  and  judgment.  In  the  days  of  its  weak- 
ness ho  was  its  pillar  u.  strength,  in  the  days  of  its 
darkne.ss  he  inspired  other.-,  with  hope  and  courage. 
When  the  pre^ient  Lnai  tiful  house  of  worship  was 
built  ho  was  ready  with  his  iit-ipiiig  hand  and  wi.se 
counsel.  He  adorned  his  public  profession  of  religion 
with  an  exemplary  private  life,  and  impressed  his 
moral  nature  on  all  that  he  undertook.  We  cannot 
estimate  the  significance  of  such  a  life  as  it  affects  the 
church.  It  is  a  grand  tribute  to  any  man  to  say  that 
he  spoilt  forty  years  of  activity  in  church  matters  and 
died  honored  and  regretted.  Such  a  life  could  not  be 
expected  to  spend  itself  in  a  single  direction  or  to  con- 
fine itself  to  one  place  of  work  and  responsibility ; 
therefore  we  find  him  impressing  himself  continually 
upon  the  cotniuunity,  as  its  trusted  comptroller,  in- 
vited into  the  city's  councils,  and  promoting  its 
interests  with  that  far-sighted  sagacity  which  distin- 
guished him  during  his  career.  By  his  positive  char- 
acter, his  fixed  principles,  his  iron  will,  and  his  enthu- 
siastic resolution  he  made  his  mark  in  life  in  every 
sphere  in  which  he  acted.  By  his  death  a  home  lost 
its  head,  a  community  lost  a  citizen  much  honored  and 
respected,  and  a  church  lost  its  senior  officer  and  one 
of  its  best  friends. 

The  board  of  assessors,  consisting  of  three  compe- 
tent persons  to  be  appointed  by  the  mayor  each  year, 
was  created  by  ordinance  No.  2385,  March  29, 1860. 
The  duty  Imposed  upon  the  board  was  to  examine  and 
assess  all  property  within  the  city  subject  to  taxation 
at  its  cash  value,  and  to  arrange  such  assessments  in 


blocks  according  to  their  numerical  order  dii  ilie  city 
map.  The  hoard  of  aldermen  was  constituiid  a  cQUfj 
of  ajipeuls,  whose  judguient  was  final  in  all  mutters 
of  assessment.  The  engineer's  department,  cnibnicini' 
the  city  engineer,  the  street  commissioner,  i  ho  super. 
intendent  of  water-works,  and  their  as>i>i!iiits  imj 
deputies,  was  created  by  ordinance  No.  2!i,S8,  Mardi 
30,  1850.  The  fire  department  was  created  by  orJi. 
nance  approved  July  8,  1850. 

The  county  court  in  1852  granted  the  |ieiition(,f 
a  large  number  of  citizens  to  incorporate  into  a  town, 
and  with  all  the  usual  privileges,  a  district  lviiii,Ml)oiit 
one  mile  west  of  the  city  of  St.  Loui,>i.  Retiiiiiin" 
the  name  of  the  parent  city,  it  was  called  ilie  "SaniiJ 
municipality  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis.''  Tim  follow. 
ing  were  the  boundary  lines  of  the  muiiiei|iiilitv: 

Beginning  with  the  intersection  of  the  centre  nf 
Grand  Avonue  with  the  western  bouiidnry  liius  „f 
the  St.  Louis  common  fields ;  thence  wv.'-t  -Anv:  tlie 
centre  of  Grand  Avenue  to  the  county  i(jinl ;  tlninv 
north  sixty  degrees  west  along  the  centre  ciI'iIh'ciiuhiv 
road  to  the  centre  of  Lindell  Avenue  as  piujetttJ on 
Leffingwell  &  Elliott's  map  of  the  city  (if  St.  Louis; 
thence  south  twenty-nine  and  a  half  ilet'iecs  wrst 
along  the  centre  of  Lindell  Avenue  to  the  inleiseciiuii 
of  the  same  with  the  eastern  boundary  line  on  ike 
sixteenth  section  continued  north ;  tlieiice  niuiIi  id 
the  Manchester  road  ;  thence  along  the  ciiitie  of  the 
said  road  eastwardly  to  the  western  line  of  tlu'.Si, 
Louis  common  field  lots  ;  thence  along  saiil  liiio  of  | 
lots  to  the  place  of  beginning. 

The  second  municipality  was  allowed  to  liavi  lis  I 
own  police,  its  recorder's  court,  to  levy  la.xes,  etc.  to 
the  end  of  the  list  of  corporation  privilews.  Tlie 
county  court  appointed  for  the  town  ti'u.stecs  .M^sis. 
David  P.  Hull,  John  Matthews,  Joiiiitliiiii  Jones, 
William  Glasgow,  Jr.,  and  John  Van  Miirtor.  Tliciol 
gentlemen  were  to  hold  office  until  tiie  i'ollowiiig 
April,  when  an  election  was  to  be  held, 

The  board  of  aldermen  in  1851  pa.vsed  tlie  bill  tori 
the  extension  of  Main  Street  and  tlie  wliarf  to  ilicl 
.southern  limits  of  the  city,  directing  tlie  luavor  tore-j 
ceive  the  relinquishments  of  all  pensoiis  wliddesiriJiaj 
surrender  the  ownership  of  the  projieriy  to  tiir  ciiy.f 
and  providing  for  the  improvement  of  the  stMt  anil 
the  wharf. 

At  the  same  time  the  new  lines  of  the  wards  of  lii^ 
city  were  established  as  follows : 

"  Ist.  The  line  between  the  First  and  Soeoml  Wards  w.iiWj: 
Street  wostwardly  to  Ku'gors  .^troet,  to  FiUli  .streot,  an.laKii| 
Kiftli  Street  to  Hioltory  Street,  to  Sevuntli  f^lniil,  alon|!?e"»ll| 
Street  to  Chouteau  Avenue,  and  iilong  ChoutLaii  Avcnucloll 
city  limits. 


MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMENT. 


683 


erical  order  on  the  city 
W118  conslituinl  ii  court 
ms  final  in  iill  matters 
i  (lepartmeiit,  iiiibnicini; 
iommissioiier,  iliu  super- 
nil  their  as!-i>tiiiits  iiml 
inancc  No.  2:'.S8.  Miir.'li 
ent  was  created  by  orJi- 
). 

2,  granted  tho  in'tition  ■if 
incorporate  iiitci  a  town, 
iires,  a  district  lyin;;  about 
of  St.  Loui^'.  Uetiiiuiiii 
it  was  called  llu'  ''Seeinnl 
St.  Louis."'  Tiiii  fulluw- 
of  the  muirKipiility : 
rsection  of  tlie  ceutro  uf 
vestern  boundary  lines  uf 
8 ;  thence  wost  aUw:  tlie 
3  the  county  vuad ;  theinv 
11(1  the  centre  of  thccnuniy 
ell  Avenue  as  firojeoteJ  uii 
I  of  the  city  of  St.  LoiiLs 
and  a  half  deiiices  \ust 
I  Avenue  to  the  iiilcrseiiiHU 
tern  boundary  line  nii  ik 
;d  north  ;  theuce  south  t^i 
jce  along  the  centre  of  ilie 
ho  western  line  of  tlio  :<t. 
■  thence  aluiii;  saiil  line  of 

ling. 

ty  was  allowed  to  liavr  lis 
court,  to  levy  laxcs.  ele,.to 
irporation  privile.L'os.   The] 
,r  the  town  trustees  Messrs. 
;atthews,   Juiiatluiu  Junes. 
John  Van  M;irtcr.    Tliesel 
office    until   the  fciHo™?] 
lis  to  be  held. 
in  1851  p:iN^edtlietiillt«r| 
.i-ect  and  the  whurf  w  tli« 
;,  directing  the  mayor  to re-j 
of  all  person.- who  desired  to  I 
of  the  property  to  tlieciiv,! 
irovement  of  tlie  street  »nd| 

new  lines  ot  the  WiirJs  of 


First  and  Soeoud  Wards  w»iW 

Street,  to  FilU.^tr«'' »"•"''' 
t,  to  Seventh  Str,M.,t,alo..S»«»3 
,„d  along  ChouleaaAvonuc  to  l»( 


"2il.  Till'  line  between  the  Second  uml  Third  Wardi  wn» 
Walnut  Strict  westwardly  to  Seventh ;  thence  south  to  Chirk 
(venue,  nn'l  ""t  Clark  Avenue  to  the  city  limits.  There  wiis 
nocli.in^.'c  in  these  lines  from  the  former  limits  of  the  wards. 

"Ilil.  Til''  ''""  hi'tweon  the  Third  and  Fourth  Wards  was 
Liicnsl.-ii'ii'  from  the  river  to  the  wo.itern  limit.'i  of  the  city. 

"tth.  Till'  line  between  the  Fourth  and  FiTth  Wards  was 
fluff,.  St  I  lit  10  Broadway,  along  Kroadway  to  Morgan,  we.st- 
nanlly  wi'h  -Morgan  to  Tenth,  northwanlly  with  Tenth  to 
Vrauklin  .\ mimic,  and  westwardly  with  Franklin  Avenue  to 
ibeoity  liiiiii--" 

The  eleeiion  Nov.  21,  1851,  to  test  the  .sense  of  the 
inoiile  on  tiie  proposition  to  raise  a  loan  of  one  hun- 
dred iliiiusaiid  dollars  by  the  city  for  the  improvement 
uf  the  liarliiir,  resulted  in  favor  of  tlie  propo.sed  loan 
by  a  uiiijority  of  five  hundred  and  forty-six  out  of  a 
tntal  vote  of  seven  hundred  and  forty-six.  The  propo- 
sition for  the  loan  of  twenty  thousand  didiars  to  im- 
iirove  the  wlnirf  between  Locust  and  Cherry  Streets 
w<  also  carried. 

•At  the  iiiunici|ial  election  of  April  7,  1851,"  said  the  lirinih- 
frill. " Luther  M.  Kennott  was  re-elected  mayor  of  St.  Louis 
Kiin-t  the  eoiiiljined  inllucncc  of  Abolitionism,  l-'ree-Soilism, 
.s.iiilisni,  Hi'il  Itopublioanism,  Communism,  Intidclity,  and  all 
ihe  \ms  I'oinbineil.  I'iven  Bentonism,  which  descended  from 
ibe  high  stiiniling  of  a  senator  of  thirty  years'  standing,  and 
omrlown  to  luiiigU'  in  our  ward  anil  municipal  elections,  could 
jijlwcvcnt  this  result. 

"Wc  foci  greatly  gratified  in  this  result,  not  only  from  the 
fa  that  it  ngiiin  .-icciiros  to  our  city  the  administration  of  a 
nan  nlm  is  |uc-emincntly  worthy  of  this  trust,  not  more  in  the 
oiolmtof  the  ulViiirs  of  the  city  than  in  his  ability  and  manly 
tt|mlMNai>rthi.>  uii.iustiliable  assumptions  of  the  Free-Soil  party, 
Iq:  jlv>  for  his  iinble  and  manly  repul.ie  of  Col.  Benton  at  the 
sink  Ward  ycstenlay.  It  will  forever  be  recollected  with  grati- 
luif  ami  t'onsiiluratiou  by  the  Whigs  of  this  city.  To  Col. 
lieniim  it  is  the  severest  rebuke  ever  administered  to  any  public 
Ein. 
"It  iMlic  fn-st  instance  in  this  country  where  a  distinguislied 
i  »nit(>r  lias  ilcset-ndcd  from  his  high  position  to  mingle  in  the 
[  ifjirsijf  a  racinii'i|ial  election.  Well  might  the  friends  of  the 
Joiicl  osdaini,  '  What  a  fall !' 

"Werangiatiilutc  our  citizens  on  this  result  in  another  aspect. 
\  li  is  a  reliukc.  wc  hope  and  trust  a  severe  and  lasting  one,  to 
I  tb'-ie  will)  would  rear  the  hydra-headed  factions  of  , Socialism, 
Rellle{iublicanisni,  Communism,  Uevolutionism,  and  Infidelity 
•  niiJst.  We  glory  in  it  as  a  signal  rebuke  to  those  who 
I  I'ulii  burn  cliurrhcs  or  sack  convents  to  carry  out  their  revolu- 
I  tionsry  |iur|)ose.«." 

The  efl'ccts  of  the  fire  of  1849,  not  yet  entirely 
iiissipatcd,  had  been  supplemented  in  their  influence 
I  (11  husini'ss  prosperity  by  tiie  flood  of  1851,  and  by 
I  inuiher  visitation  of  the  cholera.  Mayor  Kennett's 
hnmial  message  of  October,  1851,  however,  after  re- 
I  rifwiiii;  the  eonse(]uencea  of  these  disasters,  declared 
jikii  the  growth  of  the  city  had  probably  been  more 
jti[iiilihaii  in  any  previous  year,  that  the  public  im- 
Ipravi'ments  in  progress  had  stimulated  private  enter- 
Ipnse  to  keep  pace  with  them,  and  that  the  extension 
jof  the  city  in  all  directions  was  manifest,  not  only 


by  the  increased  value  of  taxable  property  but  by  the 
character  of  the  buildings  erected  in  every  direction, 
and  which  would  do  "credit  to  any  city,  either  on 
this  or  the  other  side  of  the  Atlantic."  The  principal 
builders  and  contractors  in  St.  Louis  at  this  time  were 
Messrs.  Brewster  &  Hart,  and  after  the  "  big  tire"  in 
1849  they  built  up  nearly  the  whole  of  the  burnt  dis- 
trict. Oliver  A.  Hart,  the  most  active  member  of  the 
tiriii,  was  born  in  Norwich,  Conn.,  Feb.  13,  1814. 
His  father  was  a  native  of  New  Britain,  Conn.,  and 
for  some  years  wa-  a  watchmaker  and  silvers-uith  at 
Boston,  Mass.  His  mother,  who  is  still  living,  was 
born  in  Newport,  R.  I.  Young  Hart  received  the 
advantages  of  a  common-school  education,  and  upon 
leaving  school  served  an  apprenticeship  as  carpenter 
with  J.  &  W.  Spalding,  the  leading  carpenters  and 
builders  of  Norwich.  In  1835  he  went  to  Mobile, 
Ala.,  where  he  engaged  in  business  tis  a  builder.  In 
May,  1837,  he  removed  to  St.  Louis,  and  was  cm- 
ployed  for  a  time  wi'h  Phineas  Bartlett  as  his 
draughtsman.  He  then  formed  a  partnership  with 
Augustus  Brewster  (now  dead,  but  well  and  honor- 
ably remembered),  under  the  name  of  Brewster  & 
Hart.  The  firm  flourished  from  1840  to  1853,  doing 
a  large  business  as  contractors  and  builders.  Many 
monuments  of  their  labor  and  skill,  built  on  the  site 
of  the  burnt  district  of  1849,  still  exist,  and  are  yet 
regarded  a.  among  the  most  honest  and  substantial 
edifices  of  v,  hich  the  city  can  boast.  Many  more  of 
the  buildings  erected  by  them  have  yielded  to  the 
march  of  improvement.  About  1853  the  firm  of 
Brewster  &  Hart  was  dissolved,  and  Mr.  Hart  con- 
tinued business  us  an  architect.  He  built  several 
churches,  among  them  the  Methodist  Church  at  Pine 
and  Fifth  Streets,  Dr.  Brokes'  church  on  Walnut 
Street,  the  Second  Baptist  Church  on  Sixth  Street, 
and  the  Presbyterian  Church,  Fourteenth  Street  and 
Lucas  Place.  Of  all  these  structures  the  latter  only 
remains.  In  1853,  Mr.  Hart  retired  from  the  prac- 
tice of  his  profe.s.sion  as  tirchitect,  and  was  elected 
president  of  the  Western  Mutual  Fire  and  Marine 
Insurance  Company,  a  position  which  he  retained  for 
nearly  ten  years.  For  twenty-five  years  he  was  a  di- 
rector in  the  old  St,  Louis  Gas  Company,  and  for 
twelve  or  fifteen  years  president  of  that  corporation. 
He  was  prominently  interested  in  the  iron  business, 
was  once  the  largest  stockholder  in  the  Vulcan  Works, 
and  now  owns  one-fifth  of  the  Jupiter  Works.  He 
is  also  a  stockholder  in  the  St.  Louis  Ore  and  Steel 
Company.  Mr.  Hart  was  one  of  the  organizers  of 
the  Mechanics'  Bimk,  and  for  many  years  a  director ; 
he  was  also  one  of  the  organizers  of  the  Real  Estate 
Savings  Institution,  of  which  he  was  a  director  up  to 


:;!i!iE 


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684 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


;;!i:i 


the  time  of  his  resignation.  The  institution  was 
then  doing  a  very  prosperous  business,  but  it  closed 
under  untbrtunnto  circuinstancos. 

Mr.  Hurt  was  one  of  tlie  oldest  subscribers  to  the 
Pacific  Railroad,  was  prominently  connected  with  it 
as  director  throusihout  the  civil  war,  and  was  as 
determined  as  any  of  the  dauntless  band  of  men  who 
pushed  that  enterpviso  forward  under  such  harassinfj; 
circumstances,  Missouri  then  being  the  theatre  of 
war,  and  the  road  passing  through  a  region  exposed 
to  raids  from  both  armies.  In  common  with  his  as- 
sociates, among  whom  were  George  R.  Taylor  and 
Daniel  R.  Garrison,  Mr.  Hart  contributed  liberally 
of  his  means  to  the  work,  and  before  he  left  the  com- 
pany had  the  proud  satisfaction  of  seeing  the  road 
finished  into  Kansas  City.  It  is  believed  that  neither 
Mr.  Hart  nor  his  colleagues  realized  anything  from 
their  investment  in  this  enterprise,  but  they  adhered 
to  the  project  and  battled  for  its  completion  chiefly 
because  they  comprehended  how  important  a  tribu- 
tary it  might  become  to  the  prosperity  of  St.  Louis. 
He  is  also  very  largely  interested  in  the  gas-works  at 
Kansas  City,  owning,  in  fact,  one-third  of  those  valu- 
able works. 

Of  late  years  Mr.  Hart  has  lived  a  retired  life,  de- 
voting himself  to  the  care  of  his  large  estates,  for 
success  has  generally  smiled  upon  him  during  his 
forty-five  years'  residence  in  St.  Louis,  and  he  has 
amassed  a  handsome  competence.  A  modest  and 
self  contained  man,  he  is  a  good  type  of  that  patient 
and  persistent  class  who  have  contributed  so  largely 
to  the  growth  and  prosperity  of  St.  Louis,  which,  as  a 
builder,  he  did  so  much  to  beautify,  and  whose  in- 
terests he,  as  a  railroad  man  and  an  iron  manufacturer, 
assisted  so  greatly  in  fostering.  His  name  will  always 
be  mentioned  with  respect  whenever  the  achieve- 
ments of  the  men  of  his  generation  are  passed  under 
review. 

•  The  enlargement  and  improvement  of  the  water- 
works, the  completion  of  the  harbor,  and  the  progress  of 
the  Pacific  Railroad  were  the  principal  topics  of  pub- 
lic interest  presented  in  the  second  message  of  Mayor 
Kennett.  During  the  same  year  the  city  charter  was 
amended  by  an  act  approved  March  3.  1851. 

In  1851  a  list  embracing  the  names  of  those  citi- 
zens who  owned  property  within  the  city  limits  ex- 
ceeding twenty  thousand  dollars  in  value,  was  com- 
piled from  the  assessment  books  of  that  year,  and  is 
as  follows : ' 


'  The  figurus  opposite  each  name  do  not  represent  the  asFesscd 
value  of  all  their  real  estate,  nor  the  total  value  of  their  wealth 
at  that  t'nic,  but  the  value  of  their  property  ici(Ai'ii  ihc  clli/  limits, 
as  affixed  by  the  city  assessor. 


/vdains.  K.  A  J »2n,llOO 

Allen.  Thciiuas. :171,0UU 

Alcxiincler,   I).  W TJ.OtlO 

Ames,  Ilunr.v H,<M)0 

Andrews,  'I'liomas 3(1,1(1(1 

A..ilili'.v,  l!;ii/,iibctli  121.3(10 

Atuhison,  Geo.  \V !j;i, ;!()(! 

Aubiii'hon,  Clarissa...  l.".',r>00 
Aull.   .loscph,     Kliia- 

beth,  unci  Robert...  .'il..'!0() 

Austin,  U.  11.,  est 21, IKK) 

Avery,  I'harles 2(I,2IHI 

liiirncs,  Hnheri  A V2MM 

liiiuk  of  .Missouri 4t,;tO0 

liiirlow,  ,!.(' 2;i,»(IU 

Uurnard  A  Fithian  ...  22.8(10 

Harry,  .lames  Q 21,4(1(1 

rj,iss,  ,r.  M ;!(!,(IO(l 

Hates,  John 32,000 

Hates,  I,.  I, 20,00(1 

Heckwith,  F.  W lll.jOO 

Hebe,  .Sarah 24.200 

Heleher,  W.  II.  A  Hro..  iH.liOO 

Honoist,  h.  A.  ,t  Co...  20,000 

Henuist,  Louis  A 200,000 

HerlholJ,  li.,  est 101,000 

Hiddle,  Ann,  est A", 300 

liiddlo.  ,Iohn ll,i,700 

liilliufts,  ,1.  II 31,000 

Hinl,  A.  T 2«,S('0 

Hhikslcv,  llenrv 23.000 

Hliiir,  1'.  1'.,  .Ir! 44.1100 

Hlauchiird,  S.  <i 41,100 

liliini'liiird.  E 20,0110 

Ulaine,  A ,')7,t!00 

Hloek,  IMiineas ,^2,.'i(IO 

Illuck,  Kiniinuel  27,(')0(l 

Hlood,  .Sullivan  20,000 

Blow,  II.  T SIO.OOO 

Hlow,  Eliza  A 22..'iOO 

Hobb,  Mary  II  2j.,'i00 

Ho)?y,   U.  V 101,000 

Hoisvenue,  N 22,300 

Boyle,  .Idsenh 22,000 

Bo.vle.  llugli 21,000 

Hoyoe,  Octavia 310,000 

Hrant,  ,1.  H 312,000 

Bredcll,  K .■>l,0(lil 

Brewster  A  Hart 20,0110 

Hridfje  ,t  Hro ()2,.S00 

Brooks,    Magehan     & 

Ilollidav 31,00(1 

Brown,  .Mary 21.01111 

Buckhincl.  Thos.  A  ...  22,00(1 

Buehaniin.  lieorge....  2U,K0(( 

Cabanne,  C.  .f.      (  ,„„ 

<  abunnr.l'  nincis  )  ' 

Cabiinne,  ,Iulia  (} 47,700 

Campbell,  Hubert 2.'<,100 

Cam|ibell,Thos 20,000 

Ciirlin,  Delphi 33,8110 

I'iirr,  Win.  C 12.S,(10(1 

Ciirtan.  I) 20,300 

Case  &  Co 21.30(1 

Ciivender,  .lohn 32,900 

Chamber,  Clias 125,000 

Chambers  i  Knapp...  41,000 

Chambers,'!'.  H 21,200 

Chamliers,  B.  M 20,^M)(I 

Chambers,  .M.  C 20,000 

Charlcss,  ,loscph  (iO.OOO 

Charless,  .Sarah 23,000 

Chouteau,  A.  IV 10,000 

Chouleiiu,  P.,  Jr 21)0,000 

Chmiteau,  C.  I' 46,400 

Chouteuu,  C.viirean...  2.1,400 

Chouteiiu,  I'.  I. 2.'*. 400 

Chouteau,  Frnneis 33,700 

Chuutenu,  Henry 85,500 

Chouteau,  (1.  S 75,300 

Chouteau,  (Jnbriel   S. 

A  Co 25,000 

Christy,  Wni.,  est 03,500 

Christy,  Howard  F....  36,800 


Churchill,  S.  B 

Clamoi'j^iin,  L 

Clark,  .leirK 

l^lark,  George  U 

Clark,  U.  C.  A  ('•. 

Clark,  L.  C. 

Clark,  Keufrew  ,\  i  ., 
Clemens,  .lames.  .Ii  . 

Cohen,  II.  II 

Collier,  (ieorge 

Coiins,  Marv 

Cions,  V.  E 

Co.ve,  Ilenrv,  ct  

Crooks,  lOmely 

Crow,  Wayman 

Ua);nolt,    Thoiiia-     , 

Wash 

Dangen,  A.,  est 

Darbv,  John  I' 

Darst,  ,r.  C.  ,t  M.  A 

Dean,  Harriet   M 

Deaver,  Larkiii.  i-t, 

Deweiill,  X.  N 

Dillon,  P.  M.,  1st 

Dobvns,  Kdwail 

Convlall,  J.  T.  .4  Cu.. 

Duhring,  II 

Eddv,  J.  A.  .1  .1    I'.. 

Ednell,  .■<.  .M 

Krskine,  (mui'iii> 

Esles,  E.,  est 

Eviins,  A.  II 

Ewing,  W.  (i.  ,v  II.  W 
Ewing,  Honoist.  ((  «/. 

Farrer,  T.  .A.  (' 

Fei;;usiin,  l>.  K 

Fillev,  (i.    1' 

Filley,  0.  li 

Finney,  ,1.  X  W 

Finney,   B 

(Jambie,  Ari'liiliald... 

Gamble,  II.  |{ 

Uantt,  'I'homns  T 

(iaty,  S 

tiatv,  .Mi-Cunc  ,1  C.i... 

(iuy,  J.  II  

(lay,  E.  J 

(ilasgow.  K   ,1 

Goode.  (ieo?''.;L'\V 

(iraliam.  Ilicliiipl 

(irimslev.  f hiinitoD... 

Hall,  Chaiie-  1! 

Hale.  S.  ,v  .1 

Ilarnev,  W .  S 

Harney.  .'\l;iry 

Ilarrisdti.  .Ijuik's.. 

Ilartneli.  .I.iliri 

Haskill,  .•^tephcii 

Hewitt.  .lame- 

Hill,  .lames  II 

Hill,  David  Ii 

Hill  .t   l.ookmwl 

Horrel,  'I'liu^.,  est 

How.  Clallin  ,V  Co..k.. 

Hudson,  T.  Ii 

Hunt,  .Aim  I, 

Hunt,  Cliarles  L 

Husman.  II., (  I. 

Ind.  0.  (JiM  Ffll.m-.. 

Janney,  X.  I'.,  o.-l 

January,  1>.  A 

.Tohnsoii.  .Inhii  W 

Kay.scr,  A.  .t  lleiir.r... 

Kearney,  .Marv 

Kenriek.  Pikr  li 

Kennett,  l.ullier  .M... 
Kennett,  Siiimii'ls  i 

Co 

Kern,  John 

Kerr.  Mntllii'W 

Kingsland   \    l.iglii- 

ner 

Kingsbury.  J.  iV 

Knox,  Ueubon 


?  41,01111 
,'iU,(iii|| 
.-.(I.Siiu 
Sl.flliil 
2ii,(liiii 

4;i.iiiiii 

Sd.niiil 

312,11,.,) 

2'^  [iiiii 

411,1 

2.'i,:i„ii 
I'l.iiii,) 
ii*.:'iM 

.'!s,ii„(i 

:i.MN 
4:,(,.,i 
:i".i,„j 

B:j, , 

III.:,.,, 


:;'.i.iii,i)  I 

llii.wd  ; 

:'i,«,i,i 

I'Ui"! 


|,;::.«»,i 

;i.» 


li.M 
:'„,ii,)  I 
i;i.'M)j 
1 1 ',.)>(  I 


IM.'Ml 

■.■■>"il 


:'t.:'il 


I'M 


oliill,  S.  H ?ll.(iiiii 

iiiigiin,  li ■'•'."I'll 

k,  .U'ffK ".il.Sim 

k    fli'iirno  H 51.««ii 

k.  U.  C.  .4  ('" 'XOh 

k,  I..  C  «.«> 

■k,  Hi'ufrcw.v  I  ■.,.    Sfi.iiw 
liens.  .1  limes.  .Ir ...  SIJ.iiwi 

en,  II.  11 2i. 

lii'r,  licorge 411,111"' 

,ns,  Mary -l.:'.i") 

,n.s  V.  E 21.:ii'0 

sc,  llonrv.  est  i')*.'>i 

„,U.s  Kniely  SS.ilnO 

3W,  Wiiyiniiii .''I.*"'l 

,j;!50tt,    Tliiilnii-     .V 

Wu."!!  2I.>™ 

iiigeti,  A.,e»t 4T,Wi) 

jrbv,  John  V M.tmi 

iir.<t,  .1.  t'.  '^  -^l'  ■\"    -•'•""* 

Clin,  Hiuriot.  M B:!.""* 

eaver.  Larkiu.  e'>t...  llVn'i 

eworill,  N.  N ■■■■"« 

iillon,  P.  M.,esl 7ii.;«« 

lobvns,  ICilwur.l 2S.)»( 

ow'ilall.  .1.  T.  A  To...    ;V;.H 

)uhrum',  11 27.W 

vldv,J..\..^  •'    1'-    :v»« 

=;,ls/cll,  S.  M ^:W 

grskinc,  (iieen.- <'*> 

EstesK-.esi ■•'11. 

Kvans,  A.  U ^•■■«' 

Kwing.W.li.Mi.W.    Wi»ll 
I'.wing.Ueni.ist.. '.,/..  liym  I 

Varrer,  T.  A.r - 

Kei).'ii?"n.  1>.  K '.ll.tBi 

Fillev,  *i.  I' -',■"' 

Filley.O.  D -"v 

Finney,  .1.  A  W l'-';'J 

Finney,  H •■••     •'■;" 

«ainl)le,  Ari'liilpiiU...-    '-''.'' 

(iiiinlile.  11.  U .••■■.. 

liantt, 'rhouiii*  1 J^l'i 

I  liiity,  > ■•  •.•••••  ,:"■"'' 

I   i:utv,Mi'<"nne  *  '  ■-'..  l.l." 

;,  ,1.  11  l''"*l 

liay,  K.  J 

la,«gow.  1'.   •'.-; 

Udo.le.  (ie.ir:.'e\\ <■■     I 

,        I  l!;,.lninl  •;illl.""^l 

(iraliaiii.  Un'luim .1 

lirimslev.'nionitoo...    -UWI 

Hall.  ("narle>  U ••■ 1 

Hale,  r^.  -V  _•!  ■ 

Harney,  W.  S 

Harney.  Mary M;'"  I 

Harrifiin,  .Iiihh' ,"■  'I 

Hartiifli.  .l"liii '■  '" 

Ha.'kill,  Stephen 

Hewitt.  .!an»- ,     .. 

Hill,  .lames  II -''I 

Hill,  Uavi.l  11 •,';;'| 

Hill  A  I'OL'l^"' ' .■,',,,!■ 

Horrel.Tlw-..  isl....-    ;,  ■  ' 
How,  Clallin  ,Ui."k..    ■"» 

Hucl.<on,  T.  » "' 

Hunt,  Ann  1..... 

Hunt.  Clia'lcs  L ^^^ 

Hiisinan.  11- A  '' " 

In.l.  0.  OcM  Fcll.™^. 

.liinney,  N.  l-...-^*' •'•'" 

I     January,  !••  A  ..••■■■ 

.lohnsoii.  .I"!!"  " 

I      Kiiyscr,A..01ei.r.t..- 

)     Kearney,  Mur.v-; 

Kenriok.  I'.u;'  I'--  *'-'' 
I      Kennctt,  l.allior  -«■- 
1      Kennett,  Sudanis  i  ^..^ 

I'o '.('j| 

0     Kern,  Jolin 'jj'J 

„     Kerr.  Matthew ....■••■•  "' 

Kingi-lan.!   k   Mgl>'- 
0         ner ■••■" 

0     Kingsbury,  J.  « 

0     Knox,  Ueubcn 


i  ^jf] 


'o'SK'^ 


/f 


"l^-y 


^-^^-t!^' 


i!'     ii 


I'lih 


(.1  I 


C'?4 


^TTomnntr    rw    « A  TVT    T.CHTIS. 


(!..■!   time   of   hi«   re^innntifn.     TJio  institution   a 
iliiMi  doing  a  very  pr  Hiiiesji,  but  h  eh:- 

utiii.  r  iiriC'ir'uniitr  .•i.-(•lllll^■  ■ 

Mr    Hurt  wiih  uiu-  ni'  tin    ■  -■ii«er!l)Eii    ■    • 

1?«ilr'iiul,  was  jiroicineotly  uoiijuirttiii  witti  ; 
i-i    iir.  .    it    tlic  civil  war,    iiiJ'i    wu!-    is 

dct'Tini:  '         .   I  H'  (lutiti;l(i.M'(  iiaii',1  'if  ll>n!l  wlW' 

pii.sbpii  tliHi  oiHiirpri'tp  t'orward  mulor  siioli  hur.i.sHi: 
•  innmistiiiU'OS,   Mi  .nnri   tlwii   lu'iriir    t)i(»  lliimtri'     ■ 
WHv,  iM5i]  the  roiiJ  jiiissin^'  tliioi!.'!:  n  rei;ii>ti  HXfO?- 
(w  riiids  from  I'Oth  ^  tiiiwi.      in  c'.iiifuon.  trfi'h  Ui>i  n- 
so  ■intcs,  iuiioi)/  w;;  ta   wpve  tif  'f»e   H    Taylor  a:;  i 
Daiii.'l    11.  Ijurri^  "•.  Mr    H.irt  ooutahiifi.-il  liberiil. 
(iC  hiM  m<!!Ui!i  to  O'-'  work   :.nd  M'^rt-  he  iufV  t\>v  coiu- 
p;'iJY   hud  tbo  fr-     '  '■(  '■  '     i*"  ■e«iii4;  tlift  road 

fitii.slii'd  iritt)  Km        ■  tielicvi-i  >!im  iifi!h<>r 

Ml*,  Hnr(.  »'.>r  bi-  coiieajrOi^*  reaiizwi  »i.} 
tlioir  investtHt'in  in  ihi»  anter])rise,  but  lli<_>   .1   cum 
i  '  tliv  pnijf'ct  orid   jnttlod  for  ifs  coiopletion  ihii/fly 
hi'Ci'.i  ••  tbi;y  i-nuiprehcndei]  bow  iinportaut  a  'r'i' 

inr;-       -  ;    '  •   ' ■•   •       ' U>  in'  St    1     ■ 

Ji.  tho  viv!>  w 

Kansas  'iiir'!  ■('  ili'i- 

iibie  \V'.i>. 

I  tf  I:>ii'  yuars  Mr  Hurt  bus  lived  a  retired  lifr.  ■■ 

v.'ii   ■   '.i:;js"i!    ''•  tba  care  of  hi^   larpe  wl;;' 

so,  ■.'I'lii'ixlly   !>inilcd  iipon   him  dor'.i       .^^ 

I';  .'••    !vj«idcn(^e  in  St.  Loois,  and  lio  has 

im  i.-T-i   u  birnirtoiue  competeuco.      A  nii'd«-tt  and 

I  •  ■■-...H,  Dimt,  bo  is  rt  piod  typo  of  ibal  patient 

.1  i.'i:;s.s  who  havo  contribijtod  so  largely 

^\  and  pro:('?rity  of  St.  L<  .lis,  wliiob.Bs  a 

•     •  ■   ' -•  beautify,  ■■■.•d  wlicte  i- 

tiid  an  iron  mamifuetur 
-0  ;:it>nt.ly  ill  tosieri'-.;      His  natno  will  always 
■'  ■   d   »v!tb    re.^ji'.'.u    wlKi!tiyf>r  ibo   acliiovo- 
•  niiMj   if  liiu  <>.!iu>raiio)i  aro  pM»>tt'd  oodor 


luiiioi^-, 
HIr.l    A 


.1.   )l. 


Ijvn.' 


■Id: 

.1    ' 


-M. 


.•ir  i'.i,  1      •                                      .            .      u  jmb- 

.11  -y  -ivj:-  ■■.  Mayor 

'be  or     <-bi(rt  •T  wi!2 

atui"."iid  by  an  '1                     »        '     . 

Ill  li^bl  a  list,  ''ii,..!  1.    ,     Ml-    i.;.in">   '•   rt,         ■ 

«en»  wlir>  owmni  proti^riy  ^vi'hin  th><  fity  lii.i 

•  dio'     ;  i^uty  thousand  li                  \ulu»>,  wa.<  I'v- 

•  * 

i 

;     1 

.  1  niuueiln  not  icpraseot  tkun~      ~  >')  ' 

1 

i 

'     '   nor  tuo  toui'  thIh*-  of  \U'-', 

11                                                                                                        III  "r  1  !•  Itfllv  K-."(4.>.  (A"  .■' 

1 

In                                                                                                  '               '•' 

■  y.  ii'iw  .1  u  i                                                  1    '■ 

1 

I 

L 

1  _. 

,.       ,|.; 


4: 


.^^. 


^^.    ^^^^ZL 


HP 

M 

Tfirr^rr 

.         14  |J 
1     , 

I^^^^^Hlr^ii 

1 

I -t'- 


m 


ll 

li 

Ml  - 

'f  5.  ! 


:iUi 


■^fii'i 


it-iir 


I 


MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMENT. 


^„„,|,r,Aiiilrew......  $.10,400 

li  lleiiii ,   ^'    KJ- 

„™.l  20,000 

1,  KeaiiiM.'.  l.iHiinA..  B;l,HIIO 

l",  \|„lio,.l.  II 21,J00 

Uiif.  lliii'l:'«''.  o«l-  "■'■«•'" 

,,„,,  M„r,.aiTt  1) 24,700 

Wu^I .' 2N''00 

le,„|,.A.l.iM. 20,000 

l,nW!,Jo--.'(i 102,700 

I.i,*ll,  \\u-r 420,000 

l.indcll,  1VI.M-.I.ICM0 

,1          14S,400 

I.toi'Ri-ni.'k  ,V  Co...  2:i,»0(l 

|„„,„cumic,  I'.  .1  I...  art, 1 00 

l„,,J„nir-  il ■I.')2,000 

La«i».t  Hunt  ft«;i,OUO 

UJIow.  .\.  .M 28,:!0II 

I,,,,,,  Win.  .M 27,20(1 

jUllUl-T  .t  To 00,600 

jltCunP,  J.  •■'•,    anJ 

...\,„, 44,000 

MfCiuueliiinl,      llar- 

,i,i 20,000 

MoUii«hlin.  Thos....  27,ilOO 

M.,,k™nc.  K tf-1,400 

jiatii,  William 48,000 

jlittnniJ,  ■\.  I'-,  «»l"  20,500 

M,.Nii.  K.  K 2.-.,200 

\h.!urc.  .Mil.  V  M 20,000 

jlril,  KJwiiril 27,000 

Mti.r,  .t'l'ilplius      & 

,■„ 86,900 

Mdliii,  TlioiiiiiK 49,700 

M-nlf,  OeorRC 2.S,700 

Mmy,  Jiunus 20,200 

Mtrrv,  Ainiuol 30,700 

\1,I|.'..V  I, 20,800 

.ViuWl.D.  II 45,200 

)l,rH!,M :17,000 

htrmn  i  lidswell...  45,800 

)l.rri;on,Wiii.  M 49,400 

MalUnnhy,  lirvnn....  201,000 

Mifcn,  C ;i0,900 

M«r|Jiv.  Oivcn 38,000 

Shrteli  .1-  Diokson...  20,000 

Mutiiliv,.! 32,700 

Ne«miin.  S 33,500 

SileHC 41,900 

S.imiin,  Frederiek  ...  32,500 

(t'llrvan.  Hugh.  est...  24,000 

O'F.'ll.n.  Cul.John...  323,300 

fJ'.Ntl.  .luscph 23,500 

Piiit.li.  D 427,500 

Pi;t,t  lliu-un 54,800 

hi- .1  llonoist 48,500 

f.lon.T 27,000 

Pjiin,  .1.  1, 23,500 

Pii.n,  P.  I) .18,800 

P.|in.,l.  1 35,700 

Pi|iiii,  .<.  v.,  est 42,500 

Pillermn,  II.  L 38,600 

Pillerj'in,  Nathaniel, 

-•I 40,800 

P:iul.li,nc' 37,000 

Pill.  AJ«l|jbc 02,500 

Pttk.C.  H.  ACo 47,000 

Pim.AnnSI 46,700 

Pmy,  Julin,  est 45,000 

Pnwtl.  I, 26,350 

fbililert.J 34,000 

Pw.ll 55,000 

filfil.  Auslin 36,000 

P»'l'.  Truslcn 41,100 

I  fmll,  Mer.  cat 27,100 

I  f'mn.iw 20,000 

I  fwif,  Bcmiird 118,200 

fnifcer.  .T.  v.,  est 28,200 

[  fw.  Enoch 20,000 

I  ""iikin,  Hubert,  est...  155,700 


'  Ritnnelln,  Chnrlea  S... 

Iteniinl,  llyacintli 

Uii!e,Jiihn 

KillKway,  .lim 

Ui(l|{l<7,  \.  II  

lli<lKl«>'.  ,'<le|ili>'n 

Ki»luy,  W.,t  U 

Uolibins,  ■><.  A 

HobertD,  J.  W 

UdberlH,  lOvnna 

I  Kngord,  W.  K.  ,1  ('.... 
1  Uiieker,  L.  K 

UusKi'll  A  llcnnett 

Uutliorfoid,  Thos.  8 .. 

.Siii|,y,  .1.  I) 

Sarpy,  I'otor  A 

.^ohiiuiiibiirg,  ('.  W,, 
est  

.''chaeirer,  Nieholn 

Sohrorber,  .lohn 

Schiilenbnrg,  F.  i   C. 

I       W 

1  Seinpic,  Chiirles 

Hhannnn,  .lohn 

Shaw,  Henry 

Shcphord,  David 

.Shepherd,  Elihu  II.... 

Shrove,  II.  M.,  oet 

Sickles,  .7.  U.  .1  Co.... 

.Siger.fun,  John 

SiiuoniU,  John 

I  Sire,  Jos.  A 

1  Smith,  Sol 

.Smith,  Kdwiii  Hat 

.  Smith,  William 

.'^mith,  Jame8  A,  Uro... 

Soiiliii'd,  I).  A 

Soulard,  H.() 

Soiilaril,  J.  (i 

Spanlding,  Jo8iah 

'  Stickney  A  Soollay  .... 

Stiir);con,J.  L.  AT. H. 

Swon,  J.  C 

Swon,  Orange 

Sworengen,  J.  T 

Switzer,  A.  0..1  Co... 

Taylor,  tJeorge  H 

Taylor,  J.  W 

.  Taylor,  N.  P.,  est 

Thatcher,  (Jeorge  W.. 

Thomns,  H.  F 

I  Tighe  &  Phillips 

Todd,  (>.  .t  Co 

Turner,  Henry  S 

Tvler,  Robert 

r'irici,  U.  W 

Valloau,  0.  M 

ViillCs  Amadeo 

I  Viille,  O'Dille 

1  V,m  Phul,  H 

Waddinghaui,  Wm.... 

Walker,  Isaac 

;  Walsh,  Edward 

Wal.th,  J.  A  E 

Warburton,  John 

West,  Thomas  II 

Wicgins,  Wm 

Wiggins,  E.  C 

Willi,  Samuel 

Wilgus,  Asa 

Wilson  A  Bros 

Wood,  James 

Woods,  Christy  A  Co.. 

Wright,  .Mnry  F 

Wright,  Marlha  A 

Wright,  Wm.  T.  F 

Wright,  TboDias  A 

Yeatmnn,  James  E.„. 

Ycatman,  L 


$37,800 
:il,0(IU 
Al,700 
26.IUO 
211,000 
35,700 
^5,000 
41,200 
21,300 
41,000 
34,000 
24,800 
40,000 
23,300 
43,100 
31,700 

51,200   ! 

20,000 

30,400 

31,. 100 
27,800 
23,6011 

204.700 
22,700 
48,8(16 
26,100   I 
33,700  I 
28,100 
54,100  ! 
23,000 
21,100  I 
34,400  I 
36,000  ; 
23,300  1 
84,100 
92,200 
26,400 
23,100 

132,000 
23,300 
42,000 
27,000 
70,900 
77,700 
98,300 
38,800  ' 
31,900 
30,400 
21,100 
23,000 
20.000 
23,000 

337,000 
71,700 
34,400 
42,400 
25,300 
76,400 

110,600 

307,500 
28,500 

166,500 
3,5,000 
32,400 
30,200 
26,600 
32,800 
30,900 
40.000 

107,000 
30,000 
36,9110 
62,000  ' 
48,700 
21,800  ■ 
55,900  I 
31,200  I 


The  following  was  the  valuation  of  the  old  and  new 
mils  of  each  ward,  with  the  tax  paid  by  each  ward : 


riHHT    WARD. 

Viihmilnn.  Tall 

Old  limits ii!,.OI,794  $5,096 

New  limits 3,267,934  36,098 

Total $3,769,728  $42,392 

HKCONI)    WARt). 

Old  limits $3,652,021  $40,681 

New  limits 834,265  9,286 

Total $4,486,286  $49,967 

rniiin  waiid. 

Old  limits $6,263,00 1  $68,909 

New  limilj 2,519,861  21,654 

Total $8,783,525  $90,653 

KOUIITII    WAHI). 

Old  limits $6,370,725  $70,404 

New  limits 1,0,^2,129  27,790 

Total $8,322,154  $08,191 

flFTlI    WARD. 

Old  limits $2,920,097  $32,324 

Now  limits 1,287,420  15,044 

Total $4,207,517  $47,368 

SIXTd    «Alll>. 

Old  limits $.361,902  $4,026 

New  limits 4,790,021  53,988 

Total $5,152,013  $58,014 

Mayor  Kcnnett  was  elected  to  his  third  term  in 
April,  1852.  The  Rrpnhlican,  in  conimunting  upon 
ills  re-ulection,  siid, — 

"  To  his  own  ci^o  and  comfort  Mr.  Kennctt  has  miidu  a  great 
sacrifice  in  accepting  this  ofliee  for  a  third  time.  He  came  to 
city  some  thirty  years  ago  a  poor  boy.  By  his  own  energy,  in- 
dustry, and  honest  qualiflcation  lie  has  ncquireil  a  competency 
for  himself  and  family,  and,  still  more,  a  reputation  and  a  name 
which  all  the  mal'ce  ami  vituperation  of  personal  and  political 
hostility  uann'  l  succes-tiilly  as.^ail.  He  fortunately  came  into 
office  just  at  the  time  when  the  services  of  a  strong  and  clear 
mind  and  great  energy  of  character  were  required.  He  had 
proved  himself  equal  to  the  emergency,  and  we  trust  will  be 
able  in  this  year's  administration  to  consummate  the  improve- 
ments of  the  city,  or  at  least  place  tlii'iii  in  such  a  situation  as 
will  insure  their  completion  at  an  early  day. 

"The  election  of  Mr.  Kennett  wai  further  made  important 
(and  in  this  it  probably  lii!  I  as  deep  ii  bold  on  the  popular  sen- 
timent as  ill  anything  else)  from  I'm  announcement  of  Col, 
Benton  at  the  court-house  on  Saturday,  the  6tli  ultimo,  that  this 
was  the  commencement  of  tbo  campaign  between  him  and  the 
parties.  In  that  speech,  when  the  colonel  descended  from  the 
dignity  of  a  United  States  senator  'of  thirty  years'  standing'  to 
the  city  politician,  he  attempted  to  give  to  the  canvass  an  im- 
pirtance  which,  we  trust,  it  will  lontinuo  to  exercise  in  tlio 
future  elections  of  the  State.  Through  all  these  conHicting  ele- 
ments of  discord  Kennett,  order,  and  city  improvements  ha  e 
been  most  signally  sustained.  .May  ii,  .Iways  be  thus  with  our 
city." 

The  annual  nie.ssage,  May  10,  1852,  remarks  that 
"  the  property  absolutely  owned  by  the  corporation 
(^the  city  of  St.  Louis)  is  valued  by  the  as-sessor  at 
$2,899,340,"  while  the  entire  bonded  debt  was  only 
$1,850,096.     The  property  of  citizens  subject  to  tax- 


"^^^T^- 


686 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


n 


il'J! 


3'  m 


hi: 


ation  was  valued  at  341,500,000,  the  population  bi-ing 
estimated  at  one  hundred  thousand  persons. 

JIayor  Kcnnott's  aduiinistrution  ended  in  the  spring 
of  1853,  his  successor  being  John  How. 

Luther  M.  Kennettwas  born  at  Falmouth,  Pendle- 
ton Co.,  Ky.,  March  15,  1807.  His  father,  I'ress 
Graves  Kennett,  was  an  influential  citizen  of  Fal- 
mouth, holding  for  many  years  the  office  of  clerk  of 
Pendleton  County  and  Circuit  Court,  and  was  liivc- 
wise  president  of  the  Falmouth  Branch  of  Conimon- 
wealtli  Bank.  After  receiving  n  go.)d  English  edu- 
cation and  .some  knowledge  of  Latin,  Lp.hor  M. 
Kennett  was  sent  to  Georgetown,  Ky.,  where  he  re- 
mained for  two  years  under  the  instruction  of  the 
Rev.  Barton  W.  8toni,  .t  distinguished  Baptist  divine. 
He  board'>d  in  the  family  of  that  geu'Jenian,  and  be- 
cam(!  a  good  L»'.in  scholar,  and  was  mulling  a  fair 
progress  in  Greek  and  French,  when,  his  father  meet- 
ing with  reverses,  he  was  taken  from  school  at  lifteen 
years  of  age,  in  order  that  lie  might  earn  his  own 
livelihood.  He  obtained  a  .■'ituatiou  as  deputy  clerk 
of  the  county  court  of  his  native  place,  where  he 
remained  for  eighteen  months  with  his  uncle,  Wni. 
C.  Kennett,  who  then  had  charg<!  of  the  clerk':;  office, 
and  at  the  invitation  of  Gen.  James  Taylor,  of  New- 
juirt.  who  was  clerk  of  Campbell  County,  he  reniov<;d 
*o  that  coLinty  and  performed  the  duties  of  depu'y 
clerk,  devoting  his  leisure  hours  to  the  reading  of 
law.  In  1825  lie  -me  to  St.  Louis,  resolved  to 
prosecute  the  study  of  Mie  law.  To  carry  out  tiiis 
design  it  was  necessary  that  he  should  make  .'^oiiie 
business  ari'angeuient  by  wlsich  he  could  live  while 
completing  his  studies;  and  not  being  able  to  I'tl'eit 
this  (limbic  objecl,  he  engaged  in  a  store  as  clerk, 
and  at'tvr  a  short  time  went  to  Farniington,  St. 
Francis  Co.,  and  served  in  the  same  capacity.  From 
Farmiiigton  he  went  to  Selma,  Jtfl'ersoii  Co.,  after- 
wards the  residence  of  his  brother.  Col.  F.  Kennett, 
where  he  became  aci|uaiMted  with  Capt.  James  M. 
White,  a  merchant  of  St.  Louis,  and  nephew  of  lion. 
Hugh  Lawson  White,  of  Tennessee,  with  whom  he 
formed  a  co('urtnership,  and  with  whom  lu!  continued 
litteen  years.  This  connection  in  business  pursuits 
proved  very  fortuir.ile  to  Mr.  Kennett,  and  he  amassed 
an  ample  fnrtuni'. 

In  Hli2,  Mi'.  Kennett  was  married  to  Miss  Boycc, 
dangliter  of  Col.  John  Boyce,  of  Farniington,  Mo., 
who  siii'vivi  (1  lu'r  marriage  but  three  yearS;  leaving  a 
•laughter,  who  liccauie  the  wife  of  li(!njaiiiin  Farrar ; 
ami  in  1842,  having  r,!turned  to  St.  Louis  from  (he 
\iiining  region,  he  was  elected  a'lleriuan  o(  the  Fourth 
Ward,  and  ■•^irvccl  three  years.  He  was  reelected  in 
184ti,  but  soon  resigned  u  make  ;   lour  of  Kurope. 


Mr.  Kennett  had  returned  but  a  short  time  from 
his  trip  abroad  when,  in  1849,  St.  Loui^  wa.s  visiud 
by  the  cholera.  The  citizens  determined  i,i  e.stablii.|i 
a  quarantine,  and  Mr.  Kennett  was  one  i.f  tjie  lun). 
mittee  of  twelve  appointed  to  select  the  luiMtiim  ami 
carry  out  the  wishes  of  the  people.  On  tiie  very  dav 
of  his  appointment,  in  conjunction  with  his  cnjleiiiruej 
he  began  to  put  the  design  in  execution.    That  vear 


he  served  as  chairman  of  the  committee  wliieli 


gut  up 


the  Pacific  Railroad  Convention  at  St.  houis,  anJ 
was  vice-pres.ident  of  the  company  which  «ii.s  or-an. 
ized  to  commence  the  work.  In  the  next  year,  18.-|0 
being  elected  mayor  of  the  city,  he  reiiKivdl  .netipi 
shovelful  of  earih,  as  u  commencement  nf  (1^.  irfQ, 
railroad  which  liud  become  one  of  the  main  ariorici 
of  the  Union. 

As  mayor  Mr.  Kennett  was  indefatigable  in  liis  | 
exertions   for  the  welfare  of  the  city.     He  luok,,] 
upon  the  health  of  the  city  as  a  blessiin;  that  cuul 
not  be  measured  by  dollars  and  cei>ts,  .iml  sir.it'lv  I 
advocated  a  system  of  extensive  .sewt  niiro,  that  ,<!. 
Louis  might  be  drained  of  its  impuritii.'s.    liens  I 
also   one  of  the  leading   citizens  in  |inieuriiiL'  iIk'  1 
raising  and  widening  of  the  wharf  luid  tiio  I'oiwrnc- 
tion  of  the  great  Illinois  dike. 

in    1853  he   was   elected   president  (if  iho  [mi  I 
Mountain    Railroad,    and   as   vice-piciidont  uf  tkel 


Pacific  Railroad  delivered   the  address 


oil  (ipninjl 


the  first  division  of  thirty-seven  miles  ler  trav(rl.  He  I 
was  a  candidate   for  the  Thirty-fo'irlli  t'(.nj:ri><  inj 
1854  against   ex-Senator   Benton,  ainl  was  elottd,! 
proving  himself  an  exemplary  and  eiVuicii!  immlw.j 
While  a  member  of  Congress,  Mr.  Kciiiioit.  hoiii:j| 
:iieml)er  of  the  Committee  on  Commeno,  «iiiiriliiiii''l| 
much  to  .secure  the  appropriations  made  fur  the  )lii-| 
sissippi  r;:pids,  and  also  t(   procure  the  liL-'it  i4' ivijl 
liuui  the  general  government  through  the  ;.'riiiiiiJ> 
the  arsenal  iind  Jeffijrso'.  Barracks  for  the  Irmi  M"un-j 
tain    Railroad.       Mi-.    Kennett    resided   at   Im  ficjl 
country  '■••:, ii-encc.  Fair  View,  in  i^'t.  I/Jiiis  (VunivJ 
until  18(17,  when  ho  sold  that  estate  and  aLain  wtntj 
to  Kuro))e,  where  he  resided  until  liis  ih'ath  in  i'lrisj 
in  April,  lS7li.     He  married  his  cou.-iii.  Mi.*- A:d(< 
A.  Kennett.  daughter  of  the  late  Dixon  II.  luiineitj 
in  the  sjiring  of  1842,  and  by  h\s  .si cuiid  ivili'.  itli: 
survived  him,  he  left  seven  sons,  tiic  M'M  a  oonl 
niander  in  the  navy. 

Col.  Ferdinand  Kennetf,  brother  cil'  llnii.  Liiilid 
M.  Kennett,  died  in  May,  I8til,  at  iii*  rofiilnit? 
at  Solma,  on  the  banks  of  the  M is>i>,-ip|ii,  in  i<i 
fer.s(>n  Cdiinly.  (\)1.  Kennett  was  wi  hly  kn'»N  i 
a  gcMcroiis,  hospitable  man,  and  \n>  liniisc  « '^  ^ 
resort  oi  ac(iuaiiitances   from  every  i|uarior  "'  ill 


mm 


MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMENT. 


687 


d  but  a  slinrt  time  frnm 
■19.  St.  Loui^  \v;i.s  visiit-d 
s  deterniiiU'd  i«i  cstubliA 
lett  was  one  ut'  tlie  eiini- 
to  select  till'  lutMiiiin  ami 
people.     On  llie  very  Jay 
nction  with  lii>  c'nlleaiiucf. 
in  execution.    Tliat  ywr 
e  corainittee  wliich  <jiv\  uf 
ention  at  Si.  liouis,  ainl 
ioinpaiiy  wliicli  wiis  nrtm- 
.     In  the  next  ycur,  IS.'ifl. 
j  city,  lie  reniKVi'd  .ni'tirsi 
(nnnencemeni  of  the  zxai 
i  one  of  the  main  ariirics 

,t  was  inJofutiiriilile  iii  his 

of  llie  city.     He  mini 

;ity  lis  a  blesMiiL'  that  inulJ 

irs  and  cet'ts,  iiiitl  str..iisly 

xtensivc  sewevasrc,  that  Si. 

of  its  inipnritit'.*.    Horns 

citizens  in  pmcuriim  the 

the  wharf  p'hI  >lie  ci)ibtnie-| 

dike. 

ctcd   president  ut"  the  1m  I 

d   m   vice-president  of  the  I 

ed  the  address  on  iipomnq 

seven  miles  I'nr  travel.  Hej 

Thirty-fo'irlli  (.'i.nw."  inl 

Ir   Benton,  and  was  elrti^ij 

[iiplury  and  ettieient  luviiiWr.f 

iigress,  Mr.  Kenneit.  boin;  »j 

|e.'  on  CoinnH'ree,  eeiitriUlodj 

rojriatioiis  nwde  I'nr  ihr  Mis-I 

t(   procnre  the  rii-'ht  v(  ml 

[VMl  thron^li  itie  •.'ruuinl-Mr 

Barracks  for  the  IrHiiMnunl 

ennett  resided  at  hi-  m 
View,  in  ^'i.  I"'»i^  ''"""-I 
Id  that  cstatr  and  a.aiii  Mil 
idod  until  his  death  iiil'^i"*! 
jU-ried  his  emisin.  Mi>-  A:"*" 
If  the  lati'  l>ix"»  11.  K^'i«"'»j 
.,„d  by  his  .seeniid  «ilo.  "hi 
l,.ven  sons,  th.  eldest  a  o.i»]| 

liot',  brother  or  Hen.  W 
M;iy,    18(11,  ;n    liis  iv-*"l 

Is  of  the   .Missi-sil'i'i.  ■"' 
„...nett  was  wilely  kno«"  > 

J  man,  and  his  h^ise  «a> 

Is   from  every  iiu^'H^'i"  "' 


country.    When  (|uite  young  he  enjri  pted  in  business 
II)  St.  Louis,  and  was  emineniiy  sucivssful.     After 
accuiuuliitiiiiJ;  a  handsome  fortune  he  retired  to  Jef- 
ferson County,  still  retcininu;  a  business  connection  in 
theKonnttt  .siiot-tower  in  St.  Loui.s,  and  afterwards 
iD'.'a.ed  lis  a  partner  in  tlie  "Granby  Mininji  Coui- 
paiiy."  '"  Newton  County,  Mo.     Col.  Kcnneit  was  a 
preinineiii  member  of  the  Democratic  party,  and  rep- 
risent^d  St.  Louis  County  in  the  Legislature  for  one 
urm   iinil  took   a  leading  part  iu   its  proceedings. 
Alterwn;  Js  he  was  elected  president  of  the  Bank  of 
the  State  of  Missouri,  and  laade  himself  exceedingly 
[k.nular  in  that  capacity.     When  the  Mexican  war 
cioimienced  lie  was   among   the   first    to  volunteer, 
vas  elected  major  of  the  St.  Louis  Battalion,  and 
wniinued  in  service  until  disehargeu 

At  the  iimnicipal  election  in  April,  1853,  John 
How.  the  Democi  .-ic  candidate,  was  elected  mayor 
fiver  Charles  V.  Chouteau  by  a  very  hirge  majority  _ 
The  extension  of  the  city  limits,  the  real  matter  at 
is.«ue  at  this  election,  was  defeated  bv  a  large  majority. 
The  earnestness  of  the  people  of  ht.  Louis  in  pushing 
kirarii  works  of  internal  improvement  designed  to 
iitiiiL'  Iroin  the  mines  and  granaries  of  tlie  interior  of 
ihe  Stale  the  ores  and  other  resources  which  had  so 
liin;  lain  dormant  lor  want  ot  cheap  trRnsportation 
las  exhibited   in  the  majority  given  at  the  election 
Kid  tor  the  ptirpo.se  of  ascertaining  the  public  wishes 
on  that  iinpiirtant  subject.     Mayor  How,  in  his  an- 
nual messaj;e.  after  reciting  the  progress  made  in  the 
iiaJe,  coiuuieree,  and  populutioii  of  the  city,  called  the 
lUi'ution  of  the  City  Council  to  the   ''concern  and 
!iiiio\anee  to  the  people  of  the  city."  ciiused  by  the 
mm  of  macadamizing  the  streets,  and  'Tged  it-s 
iWntlnninent  and    the  stibstitution   therefor  of  the 
faviiiient  a.s  laid  on  the  wharf  and  part  of  Market 
^l^l■t. 

The  entire  d(d)t  of  the  city  in  1854  was  «;{,2.5(),2;»G, 

(fwhieh  81.-  1(1.000  was  invested  in  railroads,  loavini; 

K,iil;>.2l)ll  as  the  actual  indebtedness  for  the  iin- 

IMivuieiit  (if  the  city  and  harbor.     The  revenues  for 

,'>ii'>  amounted  to  8T2r),U(i(J.84.  ./ith  a  surplus  over 

\|wi.liiure.s  iif  !jj:)7,H!l.l!0.      Hence  Mayor  How,  in 

ibiiies.saL'e  lor  1854,  said,  "  Wo  may  fairly  and  witli- 

i«ui  tear  of  enntradietioii  iioldly  as.sert  that  no  city  of 

lb' I  iiiiin  ran  rival  us  in  the  prospi'rity  of  our  finan- 

t'li  eHiiiliiidn,"     The   new  reservoir  (or   the  watcr- 

'■ik>  V,,,,  ihi'n  being  rapidly  constructed,  thi^  pidice 

ariiuent  was   in    excellent    condition,    the  streets 

Ml  Wini.' extended,  ami  the  railroads  were  pushing 

mi"  iirw  territories.     The    first    business    to  wliicb 

'I'lir  How  railed  the  attention  of  the  City  Council 

I  Oitiiber,  is,")  I,  was  the  conipetisation  of  daiiiiants 


for  damages  done  by  the  riots  of  August  of  that  year. 
Having  appointed  a  commission  consisting  of  "  Messrs. 
Foster,  Knott,  and  Moore,  all  competent  builders,  to 
examine  iui'.>  and  report  the  damage  done,"  the  mayor 
recommended  the  pas.sage  of  an  ordinance  for_  the 
payment  of  these  claims.  The  cause  and  description 
of  this  riot  arc  fully  set  forth  elsewhere.  In  this 
connection  it  is  only  necessary  to  refer  to  the  action 
of  the  executive  of  the.  city,  and  that  is  best  described 
in  Mayor  How's  own  language  in  his  message. 
"  Anxious  as  I  am,"  wrote  the  mayor,  "  to  erase  from 
my  memory  all  recollection  of  a  time  so  •..!.screditable 
to  the  fair  fame  of  our  city.  I  still  cannot  depart 
from  this  subject  without  briefly  alluding  to  some  of 
those  whose  assistance  was  so  cheerfully  given  in  sus- 
taining the  laws,  and  in  -^articular  to  tho  military  or- 
ganizations under  the  command  of  Cols.  lienick  and 
Knapp.  To  these  gentlemen,  and  to  the  members  of 
their  respective  commands,  I  am  deeply  indebted.  It 
became  my  unpleasant  duty  to  order  the  Continentals, 
under  Capt.  Blackburn,  and  the  Wa.shington  Guards, 
under  Lieut.  Deegan,  to  fire  upon  the  mob,  atid  the 
promptness  with  which  they  discharged  their  disa- 
greeable task  showed  that  they  were  fully  alive  to  the 
duties  and  responsibilities  of  the  citizen-soldier,  and 
were  fully  determined  to  perform  their  duties  at  any 
hazard,  and  in  this  case  five  of  these  braver  men, 
members  of  the  Continentals,  were  wounded,  some  of 
them  Severely.  I  am  also  under  many  obligations  to 
the  companies  of  Capts.  Pritchard,  Morrow,  English, 
I'rosscr,  Byrne,  Luibold,  Allen,  Stifel,  and  others  lor 
valuable  and  efficient  aid  rendered  me  in  these  the 
most  anxious  hours  of  my  life.  If  the  mtdj  was  not 
suppressed  at  once  it  was  not  for  want  of  assistance 
from  these  gallant  men,  but  owing  to  the  continually 
changing  scene  of  its  operations,  being  hardly  (|uclled 
at  one  point  before  disturbances  would  burst  forth  at 
another  and  more  distant  one,  and  not  until  a  general 
meeting  of  the  titizens  autliorized  mo  to  enroll  a  vol- 
unteer force  of  one  tbou.sand  men  under  the  command 
id'  Capt.  N.  J.  Eaton  was  the  public  peace  restored. 
This  large  force,  a  portion  id'  wl'.icli  was  mounted, 
was  distributed  in  various  parts  of  the  riotous  dis- 
tricts, I'.iid  completely  put  an  end  to  the  existing  dis- 
turbance. In  -iluding  to  them,  I  can  oidy  say  that 
they  were  worthy  of  their  gallant  commander,  whose 
cool  judgment  and  promptness  of  aeliim  well  (|iiali(ied 
him  as  a  valuable  auxiliary  in  a  time  of  dotiht  and 
danger."  Miiyor  How  also  recommended  the  City 
Council  to  ask  i'rom  the  Legislature  the  ])assage  of 
"a  more  vigorous  riot  act  ;  the  one  we  have  now  is  a 
mere  mockery.  If  the  city  is  eompelleu  to  pay  the 
damages  done  by  a  mob,  she  should  have  ample  powers 


m 


iir 


.1' 


\  '^  i 


n^'A 


688 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


IT  ii" 


Hi-' 


fii  I 


1 1   I  • 


n!,l 


to  put  down  one."  In  compliance  with  the  sugges- 
tion the  act  of  March  5,  1855,  was  passed,  "  to 
prevent  riots  and  breiiches  of  the  peace."  At  the 
session  of  the  Legislature  an  act  was  passed  "  to  pro- 
vide for  the  reduction  of  the  city  debt  of  the  city  of 
St.  Louis,"  by  which  was  created  the  oflRce  of  "  fund 
commissioner  to  manage  the  sinking  fund."  By  this 
act  there  was  "  created  a  sinking  fund  for  the  city  of 
St.  Louis,  the  proceeds  of  which  shall  be  appropriated 
exclusively  to  the  purchase  of  bonds  issued  by  said 
city."  The  fund  was  made  to  consist  of  the  sales  of 
the  city  stores  in  block  No.  7,  also  three-fourths  of 
the  net  proceeds  of  the  sales  of  the  city  commons  in 
the  year  1854,  and  of  subsequent  years,  of  sales  of 
railroad  stocks,  and  of  the  sum  of  ten  thousand  dol- 
lars out  of  the  general  revenues,  to  be  deposited  in  said 
fund  by  the  treasurer  of  the  city  on  the  first  Monday 
in  October  of  every  year. 

Washington  King  succeeded  John  How  as  mayor 
in  1855. 

Mayo''  King  was  born  in  the  city  of  New  York 
on  the  5th  of  October,  1815.     His  fatlior,  a  native 
of   England,  emigrated   early  to   this   country,  and  | 
being  a  well-informed  man  gave  to  his  children  all  | 
the  advantages  which  the  range  of  studies  pursued  ; 
in  the  common  sohonls  of  New  York  afforded. 

Washington  King  soon  becoming  an  accomplished 
scholar  turned  his  attention  to  teaching,  and  in  a  little  ' 
time  could  boast  of  having  the  largest  classical  and 
English  school  in  New  York  City.  On  Dec.  2, 1836, 
he  uiarried  Miss  Cynthia  M.  Kelsey,  of  Connecticut, 
by  whom  he  had  two  children.  Believing  that  the  ' 
great  Mississippi  valley  offered  a  wider  field  for  the 
exertion  of  individual  enterprise,  he  emigrated  to  St. 
Louis  in  1844,  and  commenced  mercantile  and  manu- 
facturing pursuits,  in  which  he  became  very  successful, 
but  in  1849  his  business  wi.b  interrupted  by  the  fire 
of  that  year.  ' 

A  little  while  after  this  disaster  Mr.  King  went  to 
Europe,  where  he  remained  several  years,  visiting  the 
various  countries,  carefully  noting  the  habits  and  cus- 
toms of  the  people,  and  studying  the  languages  and 
examining  the  policy  of  the  different  governments  he 
visited.  Ailer  spending  two  years  and  six  months  in 
travel,  he  returned  to  St.  Louis  in  the  spring  of  1852, 
and  in  1855  consented  to  become  a  candidate  for  the 
mayoralty,  and  was  elected  to  that  office.  j 

When  in  office  Mr.  King,  who  always  looked  upon 
the  law  as  obligatory  upon  all,  and  created  for  the 
general  bcncPt,  rigidly  compelled  the  observance  of 
legislative  enactments,  and  was  the  first  mayor  who 
put  in  effectual  force  the  prohibitory  Sunday  licjuor 
law.     Ho  satisfactory  was  his  term  of  office,  that  ho 


was  repeatedly  solicited  again  to  become  tlie  peuple'i 
candidate,  but  always  declined  the  honor.  He  wis 
at  the  head  of  the  Adams  Express  Conipunv  in?! 
Louis,  and  for  many  years  was  one  of  the  leadinj 
business  men  of  the  city.  He  died  on  the  iTtliof  i 
August,  1861. 

In  his  first  me8,sage  Mayor  King  called  the  atttn- 
tion  of  the  City  Council  to  the  wisdom  of  funher 
aiding  the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad  in  uniiiji 
the  city  with  the  East.     The  city  had  aireadv  fire 
hundred  thousand  dollars  invested  in  the  stock  of  tit  i 
company,  but  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousnnd  Jclb  j 
more  was  needed  to  open  the  road  from  St.  Louis  to 
Vincennes.      The  subject  of  street-pavinfi;  and  ih  I 
advisubilitr  -f  abandoning  the  macadaniizini:  mm 
were  also  urged  upon  the  City  Council  by  Mavcr 
King. 

"  A  memorial  to  t'        jneral  Assembly  of  the  State  I 
of  Missouri"  from  "ti..;  people  of  the  First,  Seeomi. , 
and  Third  Wards  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  alsoofilie 
city  of  Carondelet,  and  of  the  district  of  land  betweeo  | 
St.  Louis  and  Carondelet,  and  of  the  town  of  Well," 
was  presented  in  this  year  protesting  against  the  pjs-  j 
sage  of  the  Hartnett  bill  for  the  extension  of  St.  hm. 
The  memorial   was  signed  by  Cornelius  Cauipbell, 
chairman,  and  the  following  committees : 

Henry  Pilkington,  R.  Dowling,  .lohn  C.  Degpnliarl.  11(D7| 
C.  Lyncli,  D.  B.  Hill,  committee  of  First  Warii ;  John  F.Tkori.j 
ton,  Alexander  Kftyser,  J.  S.  Dougherty,  Kralorick  ffa;iier,J 
John  D.  Diiggett,  N.  Nicholas  do  Menil,  onmiuilttc  iit«Miid| 
Wiird  ;  Nathaniel  Holmes,  John  J.  Anderson,  W,  Hislej,  FrtJ.I 
Ernst  Raumgarten,  H.  W.  Alexander,  coinmilloe  of  Tkiril 
Ward;  William  Taussig,  chairman,  William  Milburr,  F. Kil-f 
lermunn,  Gottfried  Sohoeniiialer,  N.  F.  Constant.  Dr.  Fr.  U4I 
A.  W.  Webster,  Oelph.  Carlin,  C.  Kccmle,  ccjiumiilceofCirn-j 
delet  and  South  Commons;  Joseph  Ke^el,  Jnhn  LentirJ,! 
Xavicr  Gihr,  John  William  Wcsternuuin,  James  MiD«nili,| 
chairman,  committee  of  Lowell. 

John  How  was  again  elected  mayor  in  1S.")(J. svs 
John  B,  Carson,  who  was  the  Know-Nuihin;  ay, 
didate.' 

In  his  message  to  the  Council  Mayor  How  rail 
tontion  to  the  act  of  1855,  empowering  the  city  ton 
pave  the  streets,  and  to  the  conditimi  ol'  ilie  pJciSi 
Iron  Mountain,  North  Missouri,  and  Ohio  mid  .Mi<i» 
sippi  Railroads.    The  "  Sunday  law"  (if  lSo4-.w  l 
been  enforced,  but  doubts  arising  ns  to  its  hm^ 

•  Sir.  Carson  was  born  in  Somerset,  I'li..  'ii  .May,  l"l'* 
■pent  the  early  years  of  his  life  in  l>liiliiiii'l|iliii,  nlierrhrn 
■eived  a  thorough  business  education,    lie  ri'iiMvnl  I".'-!.!''" 
in    iS.'t7,  ati.l  was  employed  by  the  llrms  .if  J  Im  1  "i" 
Smith  and  Collier,  I'etlus  A  Co.     Ho  then  cn^jngo'l  in  tlief 
miBsion  business  with  Thomas  P.  Saunders,  aii'l  .'ubit4.  »tll 
in  connection  with  his  brother,  established  11  ilrj-gu.O!niiiin«^ 
hion  house  on  Main  Street,  which  de  eonduiliil  ir|i    1  lb' ' 
of  bia  death,  July  28,  1866. 


sm 


MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMENT. 


689 


J  become  tlie  peoplt's 
the  honm-.  Ho  wis 
press  Comixiny  in  ?i 
IS  one  of  tlie  Iwidins 
3  died  on  the  2Tt!i  uf  j 

iing  isallcd  the  alien- 
,he  wisdom  of  futiki 
pi  Railroad  in  uniiinj: 
I  city  had  iilready  fitt 
sted  in  tlic  stock  of  iht 
d  fifty  tho\isnnd  Jollan 
road  from  St.  Louis  to 
street-piiviiu!  and  \h 
e  macadiimizing  systm  | 
3ity  Council  by  Maw 

■al  Assembly  of  the  Siite 
)le  of  tlie  b'irst,  Second. 

of  St.  Louis,  also  of  lie 
J  district  of  land  Wt»etn  I 
i  of  the  town  of  Lo»ell,"  I 
rotestin-i  against  the  pas- 
;he  extension  of  St.  Liui!.  I 

by  Cornelius  Camp!)ell, 

committees : 

•,  .Tohn  C.  Descnhart.llntjj 
ff  FirBt  Ward ;  .lohii  F.Tt*' 
iougherty,  Krralerick  Wjjitr, 
|a  Menil,  omi)uiiluc»fSf«»lj 
Andcr-sun,  W.  Hisle.".  f"l'1 
ixander,   CTmuiiUce  ut  Tk'.ril 
uii,  William  .Milburn.  F.Kil-i 
N.  F.  Constiint,  Dr.  Fr.U)ll,| 
Kcemle,  comuiilteeotCir 
igcpl.    KcKcl,  John  UM 
istornumn,  Jiimc!  Mi'D.nili,] 

|stcd  mayor  in  ISM.ovS 
the  Know-Nutliin?  ^in- 

LicilMavorllowwHi'] 


buipoworin 


If  tlieeitvitt 


J  condition  of  the  Fj^ 
louri.andOhioandMisn 

l,daylaw"oflS3^''5' 
urisini:  as  to  it-'  l'»^'»l 

Incrsct,  I'n.  M.  M«.v.  M" 
i„  ri,il,>.l,ii.ln'..  «1'""  " 
ttion.    ller>'Ui"V'l'"'l-';'; 
|ll,c«rmH..fJ  l.n4*'H 

.  8i.unaor^  ao-1  >'*"'i-''' 
ilabli^hcdu.lryg-'l'""' 
[,  he  eonau.'!.'.!  op  '•'  ""  "' 


keen  le;rally  passed,  it  was  re-enacted  by  the  Legisla- 
i  rare.  Till'  Drdinancc  passed  in  accordance  with  the 
1  lait.  requiiiiijl  all  places  of  business  to  be  closed  on 
Sunday,  seems  to  have  caused  C()n.sidcrably  dissatis- 
1  fiction  and  inconvenience.  "  If,"  said  the  mayor, 
ilie  Council  determine  that  the  law  shall  continue 
I  as  it  now  stands,  1  would  r-ionimend  that  its  opera- 
Itinn  should  ho  made  equal  oi  all  chis,se8,  aliko  ajrainst 
1  ilie  newspitpif  publishers  a  id  venders,  livery-stables, 
h^wists,  etc.,  and  that  we  settle  down  in  the  observ- 
linceof  the  old  Connecticut  Sabbath." 

Al  the  election  for  city  officers  in  1857  the  "  Eman- 
|ti[4tion  ticket"  triumphed. 

Tliisfesul'i  fiijK  the  HepiMirnn  of  April  KUh,  "httn  been 
hi  u'ht  about  l\v  ii  eimlition  of  the  black  Kepublicans  anil  that 
\m  4  llic  KiMiw  Nothings  who,  deserting  their  own  flag,  re- 
lir.Kt'l  10  cnst  (heir  fortunes  with  the  Ginancipalionists,  and 
lilijiiill  herealtcr  be  found  acting  with  them.  This  has  been 
Ite.iiiureincr,  as  tlicre  is  every  reason  to  believe,  in  accord- 
|ii««itli  ar.iincements  made  at  Jcfl'er.<on  City  in  February,  by 
likith  50  muiiy  of  the  Americans  as  could  bo  transferred  were 
JO  over  to  tho  block  Uepublioans,  and  tlicy,  in  turn,  were 
IliMefortbe  Anierioan  candidate  for  Governor  in  August  next. 
|l>itha>turnci|  nut,  this  has  proved  a  most  unequal  bargain. 

la  1  tlie  ripolulions  of  the  Legislature  been  suffered  to  stand 
Ijwanhf.v  nro  on  the  statute-book  this  necessity  might  not 
Ikiif  uisen,  but  ii  party  has  appeared  in  this  city  and  Stato  which 
liftlares  that  ■njilntimi  i>/  the  ijue'ttion  fthall  nevtr  ct'(i«ft  until 
lllii'  If.  i»  II  jice  Stale.  This  is  the  issue  presented  to  the 
l)«;;>l(  if  Missouri  to  be  decided  in  August  next,  »nd  that  issue 
jiMt  Ifasl.  »re  prepared  to  meet.  In  the  city  of  .St.  Louis  the 
iripalloD  party  is  triumphant,  and  now  we  appeal  to  the 
feu!'  tur »  vcrilict,  whether  they  are  in  favor  of  emancipation 

'B'l. 

■'Ms  quci-tion  cannot  l)e  dodged.  Here  is  a  porty  arrayed 
doivn  slavery  in  Missouri.  It  beconaes,  then,  a  question 
lilli«pco|]lc  tu  decide  whether  they  will  yield  to  the  appeals 
illUs  party,  n'lil  if  to,  how  the  great  object  ia  to  bo  accom- 
blM.  The  State  of  Missouri  contains  now  more  than  one 
ntltfl  ibuusnihl  slave.",  worth,  at  a  moderate  estimate,  fifty 
^llion-  of  dollars." 

I  Ji'lin  M.  Wimor,  the  Emancipation  candidate  for 

ttyorof  St.  Louis,  nominated  by  an  avowed  Eman- 

iiion  Convention,  and  supported  mainly,  if  not  en- 

uly.upoii  that  principle,  was  elected  by  about  fifleen 

hW  majority.' 

I  '"i|l.  I'alriek  Decgnn,  a  member  of  the  board  of  aldermen, 

Rwtiilmj!  the  Seventh  Ward,  died  on  Thursday,  .Jan.  15, 

pi'  ificr  a  nhort  illness.     Me  had  been  a  resident  of  St,  Louis 

\  ixni;  years,  and  was  highly  estcimed  by  all  who  knew 

llr  »a>  an  Iriilinian  by  birth,  but  was  a  naturalized 

|«":m,  ami  bis  i-onduct  through  life  wa"  such  as  to  reflect 

Wllmli  u|i»n  his  native  laml  ami  his  adopted  country,     lie 

"««ny respoiifihlo  offices  during  his  ling  residence  in  St. 

I.  >iul  always  discharged  his  duties  with  lldelity.     As  a 

•Wrof  tbc  boa  1  of  aldermen,  his  efliciincy  mi.rkeil  him  out 

I'lHahlo  recipient  of  higher  honors.     I'apt.  Dcegan  was  a 

|-!ii!»i'll  aj  a  lilizen,  and  served  in  the  Mexican  warns 

»lii«lin«nl  of  tbc  .Montgomery  Uuarda. 

11 


Althouo;h  elected  on  an  emancipation  platform, 
Mayor  Wimor  <rave  no  prominence  to  the  issue 
during  his  admiuistratiun,  but  confined  himself  to  the 
ordinary  duties  of  his  office. 

A  proposition  was  submitted  to  the  voters  of  St. 
Louis  at  th(!  election  April  G,  18.57,  for  the  issue  of 
bonds  to  the  amount  of  one  hundred  and  thirty-seven 
thousand  dollars,  for  the  purpo.se  of  purchasing;  a  lot 
of  ground  for  the  erection  of  a  city  hall.  The  lot 
proposed  was  block  483,  situated  between  Chestnut 
and  Market  Streets,  and  Eleventh  and  Twelfth,  and 
contained  three  hundred  and  fifteen  feet  on  the  north- 
ern and  southern  fronts.  An  ordinance.  No.  3805, 
had  passed  the  Council  authorizing  the  purchase,  but 
under  the  provisions  of  the  city  charter  it  had  to  be 
submitted  to  the  qualified  voters  of  the  city  at  the 
next  election  for  their  approval,  and  consequently  the 
measure  could  not  be  perfected  until  the  action  of  the 
Council  was  ratified  and  the  issue  of  bonds  authorized 
by  the  popular  vote. 

That  vote  Mayor  Wimer  regarded  "  as  an  expres- 
sion in  favor  of  the  location,  but  at  the  same  time 
he  doubted  the  policy  of  making  that  purchase  when 
the  city  already  owns  a  large  block  of  ground  only 
about  one  hundred  feet  farther  west,  and  known  as 
Washington  Square."  He,  therefore,  in  view  of  the 
city's  indebtedness,  recommended  the  passage  of  an 
ordinance  authorizing  the  erection  of  a  city  hall  upon 
the  northern  front  of  Washington  Square.,  and  the  re- 
peal of  ordinance  No.  3805.  At  the  election  for 
municipal  officers  in  1858,  Oliver  D.  Filley,  the 
"  Free-Soil"  candidate,  was  elected  mayor  over  George 
R.  Taylor,  the  Democratic  candidate.  Mr.  Taylor  had 
been  a  member  of  the  City  Council  in  1856  and  1867, 
and  had  displayed  such  capacity  for  the  administration 
of  municipal  affiiirs  that  he  was  put  forward  in  1858 
as  the  Democratic  nominee  for  mayor.  Owing,  how- 
ever, to  the  dissensions  in  his  party  growing  out  of 
the  political  questions  of  the  day,  he  was  defeated  by 
Mr.  Filley.  In  1859  Mr.  Taylor  was  again  elected 
to  the  City  Council,  and  was  chosen  president  of  that 
body. 

Mr.  Taylor  was  born  in  Alexandria,  Va.,  Nov.  11, 
1818,  of  English  ancestry.  His  father  was  a  mer- 
chant at  that  place,  but  dying  when  George  was  but 
six  years  old  the  education  of  the  boy  devolved  upon 
his  mother,  who,  intending  him  for  the  law,  gave  him 
the  preparatory  education  suitable  for  that  calling. 
Upon  completing  his  education,  George  studied  law 
two  and  a  half  years  at  Alexandria,  and  then  attended 
u  law  school  of  high  repute  at  Staunton,  Va.,  under 
charge  of  Judge  Thompson,  an  eminent  jurist.  Ho 
also  studied  law  at  the  University  of  Virginia,  Char- 


w. 


isi 


■:  im 


690 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


iii  Ui- 


lottesville,  Va.     In  1841  he  returned  to  Alexandria, 
and  was  licensed  to  practice  law. 

Alexandria  was  too  stagnant  a  town  for  his  am- 
bitious views,  and  he  removed  to  St.  Louis,  arriving 
in  June,  1841.  The  young  attorney  soon  became 
known  for  his  energy  and  public  spirit,  and  rapidly 
made  friends  amoqg  the  leading  citizens  of  St.  Louis, 
among  them  the  Hon.  Wilson  Primm,  with  whom  he 
formed  a  law  partnership,  which  lasted  until  1849. 
He  was  elected  a  member  of  the  Common  Council, 
and  distinguished  himself  by  the  advocacy  of  liberal 
measures  to  beautify  the  city.  After  the  great  fire, 
which  destroyed  so  much  of  the  lower  part  of  the  city, 
he  was  the  first  to  advocate  the  widening  of  Main 
Street,  whose  original  dimensions  were  so  inadequate 
to  the  magnitude  of  its  business,  and  .secured  the 
adoption  of  the  measure.  He  also  urged  the  widen- 
ing of  the  Levee  by  the  purchase  of  the  strip  of  land 
between  the  river  and  Commercial  Street,  but  failed 
to  secure  the  adoption  of  that  project,  '•'he  same 
liberal  views  found  expression  in  other  directions,  and 
among  the  measures  which  he  advocated,  but  in  this 
instance  also  without  success,  was  the  erection  of  a 
city  hall.  M  r.  Taylor  was  also  conspicuously  identified  \ 
with  the  building  interests  of  St.  Louis,  and  made  a 
permanent  impression  upon  the  architecture  of  the  ' 
city.  Hitherto  the  buildings  had  been  deficient  in 
height,  but  he  introduced  a  change  in  this  respect  by 
erecting  the  first  six-story  building  in  St.  Louis.  At 
that  time  the  city  needed  a  first-class  hotel,  and  many 
strenuous  efforts  for  the  erection  of  one  had  been  made 
without  result.  Mr.  Taylor,  however,  went  forward 
and  built,  unsupported,  the  large  and  handsome  Bar- 
num's  Hotel,  at  t'le  corner  of  Second  and  Walnut 
Streets.  Two  years  were  occupied  in  the  work  of 
construction,  and  its  cost  was  two  hundred  thousand 
dollars.  He  wa.s  also  the  leading  spirit  in  the  build- 
ing of  the  old  Merchants'  Exchange,  and  so  pleased 
were  the  stockholders  with  his  services  that  they  pre- 
sented him  with  a  beautiful  set  of  silver  at  a  cost  of 
one  thousand  dollars.  He  was  also  president  of  the 
association  which  erected  the  old  post-office  at  the 
corner  of  Second  and  Chestnut  Streets. 

The  election  of  Mr.  Taylor  to  the  City  Council  in 
1859  closed  his  political  life,  and  thereafter  he  de- 
voted himself  to  the  affairs  of  the  Pacific  Railroad,  of 
which  he  was  president  for  ten  years.  When  he  a.s- 
sumed  the  position  the  road  was  completec'  only  to 
Tipton,  Mo.,  and  he  at  once  began  the  work  of  it« 
extension,  which  was  prosecuted  during  the  war 
through  a  section  that  was  the  theatre  of  active  mili- 
tary operations.  Mr.  Taylor  was  colonel  of  a  regiment  i 
to  protect  the  road,  but  took  no  other  part  in  military 


operations.     It  was  impossible  to  guard  tlic  properiv  I 
eflFectively,  and  when  the  road  was  noiirly  liestrovej  I 
and  its  rolling-stock  reildered  worthless,  it  was  cliiefirl 
through  Mr.  Taylor's  exertions  that  loans  wercsfrl 
cured  from  the  county  and  State  to  extL-in]  the  tratbl 
and  repair  the  bridges  and  road-bed.      It  was  al< 
through  his  personal  exertions,  in  conned  inn  wiilj  [i 
R.  Garrison  and  others,  that  the  State  wa.'^  finallrin.l 
duced  to  release  its  lien  on  the  road  and  .sell  it  to  ike  I 
company.     The  report  of  the  committee  which  i«r.| 
suaded  the  Legislature  to  adopt  this  important  neas.] 
ure  was  written  by  Mr.  Taylor,  and  attracted  s.'reit| 
attention  as  a  masterly  document.     The  direetorj  .M 
the  company  voted  the  committee  the  princclvsiimofl 
one  hundred  thousand  dollars  for  their  services  in  thiJ 
connection. 

Mr.  Taylor  was  a  firm  believer  in  tlie  future  nfStJ 
Louis.     Possessing  several  extensive  tracts  (if  laniiii 
the  former  outskirts  of  the  city,  he  withhilj  iniicll 
of  it  from  sale,  and  lived  to  see  his  '•  aJJiiiiiii'o«i 
ercd    with   dwellings   and  business  houses. 
creased  fiftyfold  in  value.     He  also  invested  laraj 
in  centrally  located  property,  and  refused  to>eil,  I 
lieving  it  to  be  the  best  investment  that  ouuil 
made.     As  a  consequence  of  his  forethoiiL'hl  liii 
enabled  to  leave  a  princely  fortune  to  each 
children,  |^ut  he  also  left  them  a  prouder  intierd 
ance,  that  of  an  unsullied  name,  and  the  rcpuiaiiJ 
of  being  one  of  the  most  active  iiiid  pubHc-sjiriJ 
citizens  that  St.  Louis  ever  had. 

Mr.  Taj'lor  was  noted  for  his  affable  manners  i 
gentlemanly  deportment,  and  for  his  strict  obsemi 
of  the  courtesies  of  life.  He  was  proud  of  lii-  Vi 
ginia  blood  and  his  Knglish  ancestry,  and  tlaiiiieJ  J 
lationship  with  the  noble  family  of  Marlhornuali. 
was  nevertheless  a  stanch  democrat  and  a  tli»r<jni 
American  in  principle. 

In  August,  1846,  Mr.  Taylor  married  MissTlieri 
L.  Paul,  daughter  of  Gabriel  Paul,  and  graudJau^'M 
of  Col.  Auguste  Chouteau,  so  well  known  in  ilie( 
nals  of  St.  Louis.  He  died  April  (I,  ISSn.  ki^ 
five  daughters  and  three  sons.  His  wife  liad  i 
several  years  previously. 

The  estimate  of  general  revenue  of  the  ciijl 
sented  by  Mayor  Filley  in  his  first  mcsiajie  of  1 
showed  a  revenue  of  $859,885,  and  an  expinilitiitl 
81,038,000,  with  the  further  «um  „f  fiiln.jn"  I 
incl.Jed.     The  "interest"  item  in  the  cs|ioii'ii| 
am  unted  to  $363,000.     This  exhihit  deinaiilt 
the  opinion  of  Mayor  Filley,  "retrenchment "lei 
po8.sible  kind,  .  .  .  not  only  to  curtail  the  euij 
expenditures,  but  to  arrest,  us  far  as  it  is  in  ] 
power,  all  improvements  contemplated  by  a4 


issible  to  jiuard  the  property  | 
e  road  wiw  noiiriy  (]estrov.ii 
ered  worthless,  it  was  chiefly 
ertions  that  Kiuns  weroseJ 
id  State  to  exteinl  tlie  tracks  I 
and  road-bed.      It  was  al<.)| 
rtiuiis,  in  conrieftiiin  wiili  [i. 
that  the  State  was  finally  b.] 
on  the  road  and  sell  it  to  ihi 
of  the  committee  which  iier-l 
to  adopt  this  iiii|iortant  n:eaj.| 

Taylor,  and  attractd  | 
document.  The  directors  A 
ommittee  the  princely  .sum  o|l 
oUars  for  their  .«i!rvices  in  tliij 


0  believer  in  tlie  future  of  StJ 
!ral  extensive  tracts  of  laiiJ id 
r  the  city,  he  witiihclj  iiiBejj 
ed  to  see  his  '•  addition"  cot| 
,nd  business  hmises,  anj 
le.     He  also  invested  iarali 
perty,  and  refused  to>elLI 
BSt  investment  that  conlJ 
ice  of  his  forethouLtht  lie 
incely  fortune  to  each  d' 
left  them  a  prouder  inln 
lied  name,  and  the  rc[iuiaiiJ 
noat  active  and  public'$['irii4 
ever  had. 

jd  for  his  affahle  mannerj  i 
It,  and  for  his  .strict  ubserv.iiil 
Pe.  He  was  proud  of  lii<  Vj 
iglish  anecstry,  and  cl;mi)i''il 
)le  family  of  Marlborm];!;.  b 
nch  democrat  and  a  ili  wi 

;r.  Taylor  married  Mi.«sTliei^ 
rabriel  Paul,  and  graulJauihl 
teau,  80  well  known  in  iliej 
e  died  April  (!,  I8811.  leaij 
ree  sons.     His  wife  li:iJ 


moral  revenue  of  the  iiiy | 
y  in  his  first  me.'isaL'c  I'l  H 
859,885,  and  an  expcn.iiin 
further  sum  of  SHtl^'J""! 
■rest"  item  in  the  cxiH'iiJil 
lO.     This  exhiliit  deiaaiil' 
Filley,  "  retrenchment  "t( 
ot  only  to  curtail  tlu'  M 
arrest,  as  fur  as  it  is  i 
snts  contemplated  by  eW 


..>r 


690 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


KW. 


h-     -\il|p,  Va.     In  IMl  lib  rfitisrniid  m   Aloxin  »Ha. 
''•enat'd  hi  pruclioo  Inw. 
Aiixuii'l'ia  wiH  tr.  •  !.tajriiai)t  a  fti'vn  i*!-  ii  :  .im- 
l-inuii*  viovvi).  au.!   !        ••uiovfJ  to  St.  T.. -r^.    riviii't 
'.11  Jurm.    I'-'  younjr  iittoriir 

l.iMWii  I'cr  \:\::  I. ....-i;/ anil  |juiilic  sfmit,  ana  1:4  I'li; 
iiimlt'  'V'n  i,o.s.Hni<><>(^  fhc  leiuiiiii;  eiu;v  i!i»  oCSt.  liO.iis. 
luiiiiiijr  thi'iii  the  Hon.  Wiisim  I'riinui,  willi  whniii  lie 
|i>rinc<l   Ii  luw  p:>rttier»liii),      '  i.-il  Miuii    IKJil. 

W-'  wai  I'luftocl  a  lueiiiin-r  -n,  ■•  '■'imtujil, 

aiul  disl.intruishcd  hiinxulf  I  >  '   iil:<»riti 

iih\if»iir<',><  t'i  bcMnr.iCy  u  ' 

whifli  ili'i-tioyi^'i  ■*•>  "njv 

hi.'  wiis  [he  tin  !•  -..ii.mjiK"  thh  mUining  of  Mniti 
.•?ti,    ■       '  .  *.;re  BO  iirndL-nhat'- 

ii,   I..         :  I  -^.  iind  fecuriil   the 

iidiiption  of  the  n.««su)e.  H<'  a!*)  urfjod  the  wideii- 
r,;i  ot'  il-     ■  'v  the  jmrchiisf  ol'  the  strip  of  laiul 

.<•■■■.:.  ■  n  !  <'ii-iiui.3rtinl  .Strct't;  bill    faiWd 

.imt   ptojpct.     T'      ."iiim'; 

•  •hi  otlioi   '  .  ,  an.; 

.'.  iiilv.  011         . 1         this* 

.   -.H,  vss  tho  oreclioii  of  a  ; 

■Mr.  J  iyi'i"  .vri'i  ;il.-<oi\<it"ipiejon«ly  idcntifii'd  ' 

■  liii.lding  intcreHis  of  .*•*!    LouLs,  :»ud  miide  a 

..luHiiPnt   iniftrfMioo  upon  the  archlteoture  oF  thi- 

0113.     Hitlii'TKi  ih*>  biildincM  bud  been  dolicicnt  1  " 

Vi  ?'■',  but  ho  iiitroduocd  a  cliiiii{;i.'  in  thiti  resju  1 1  by 

'  iliu  (iret  .-iix-stnry  building  in  St.  jjnuii^.      At 

iiiii  I  ..u>  till)  city  needed  a  first  '^lasn  i-.otal,  and  n;noy 

eitriii'iDUs  ellort**  lor  the  lirontioii  of  one  had  bton  niado 

without  rosult.     Mr.  TbjW,  however,  wtnt  firw^rd 

and  built,  niis«p]ortc.l,  the  litrfro  and  hand-'iuno  Uar- 

nuin's  !lof"i.  at  thi    wrnir  of  H-'Oond   arid    Walnut 

Strecta.     Tw"  ycm-s  wmr  nciupi'd   in  the  work  of 

!iin   >i»d  itn  los'l  iva.s  i'.vii  liunirt'd  tliousand 

il.   w.t.-'  ai-'   thii  iiadinji  .spirit  in  (iio  iiuild- 

iMi  "I  t|j,>  i.j.J  .M'Tchoiils'  Kxehfttijre,  and  wj  pleasod 

w.rc  'he  "itiuikhiild.  r»  '  ir.b  his  sorviitis  that  ihey  pvi.'- 

•»..ii(i.i'  !  ••!),  >vith  ;i  '■■■u'lT.t'ul  M!t  of  silver  U.  a  cost  of 

liti,  1  Htf  WM  also  pjosideot  of  rbt; 

■■  '     '.        .;.'     .Kf.i.ffici!   ;it     ■   ■ 

riic  .  ,     .  }Ar,  i'liylor  to  tho  t'ity  t'l-unoil  in 

r;.'.'  !,i>- |i>!itiiai  life,  and  th<  rcalK-r  lui  de- 

v(i(  .  ,!  (0  the  iiffidrs  uf  the  rauibi!  Ilailriwd,  iif 

(Thii'ii  hi-  wn;  presidoiit  for-  t<»n  yoars.     When  ho  .la- 
I  '  iiiiiii  ihn  r(>iid  wfis  com pk't<'.d  only  to 

lud  he  ui  o)ice  bi!i;;in  the  wnrk  of  it«  ' 
I,   which    was    proueoni*!   during   tli*?   wm 
.  -  i-ti^n  that  w:i;i  tho  theatii-  of  active  nnii 
'.-1.      .^tr.  Tiiylor  w««  i-iiiou'd  of  a  ri'Kiiiiiiit  1 
!i)  j  '   ruiid,  but  tmilc  nu  other  part  in  military 


ipcrations.      ft  was  iiiiTi'-   ■ 
'  iri>L'iive1y,  and  whi.-M 
iitid  it)i  roliin/  ."toiik  ri-Mi'  1  ■ 
throiijrh  Mr.  Taylor'd  exi-. 

iri'd  from  the  raunty  and  Sia' 
,ind   i-c'pai''  tho  hridp's  an! 
fbrongh  lii.t  [itTHonal  titer.' 
\i.  (jurri.son  and  othcrx,  that  i!. 
duL'Hil  lo  riilca-^e  its  lion  on  th^■ 
company.     Tl.o  r    xirt  n!  tin. 
wiadi.-d  the  Irfigislaluro  t"  ado). 
ir.'  was  writtou  by  Mr.  Tayl'- 

u-niion  iia  a  mnsUirly  docniiM 
the  oompany  votivl  the  rtotninii 
"ifi  hu'idr«d  thondand  dollar"  ' 
i:onnefti<in. 

Mr.  Taylor  w«i  a  firm  bilis 
LoniH.     I*0(t.si\sr?ii)sr  "ovfr^il   •• 
th'.'  liinner  oui.>liiri*'  <^f  ;! 
ol  it  from  salo,  and  i; 
ari'd    with    dweMimr- 
er?a.«cd  t-illyfnld  in  \  i. 
ia  itootrally  located  prop, 
lievinji  it  lo  III.'  the  h"-: 
nirtde.      As  ft  pnii-vpK  • 
enaWt'U  to  leave  a  \t<-\  • 
childrim,   b"*-  '"•'   "''" 
nncf,  that  of  au   uiisi. 
of  bi.'ing  one  of  th--  -. 
I'iti/.nns  that  .St.  Lnui 

Mr.  Taylor  wa.-*  n 
l^enlkiuanly  deportUi 
(.f  the-  courtftsio.'"  of  :■ 
^inia  blood  -jiid  hif  ' 
lationsbifi  with  rl> 
\raf  ni;verthi.'ios> 
Ann-rican  in  p'  v 

In  Auiri; 

Ii.  l*Rul,da:i;_l!. 

of  (."ol.  AuiruM- 
ual.s  of  St.  JUiU' 
':■  iinirhtcrK  1 
/:  year!*  pi- 
I'he  fistiiiiat'- 
.scHtcd  by  M;i\'"  iM. 
shoffed  B  rrtvirii-  ■  •  ' 

j;l,oi?8,noo.  wir 

in<:liidt)d.      The 
Minonnti'd  lo  {.t> 

nion  of  M''.m'' 
]•■■     ''iw,  kind,   . 
exj.<in»litnii'«,  but 
power,  all  iniprov«i». 


w—P 


MUNICIPAL  GOVKRNMENT. 


691 


ordinances,  not  ininicdintely  (hMiiiindod  by  the  ur<jent 

«ant8  of  tliL'  people."     As  a  first  .step  to  this  proposod 

retrenchnii'iit  Mayor  Fillcy  recommended  the  romark- 

Aleaiid  uinisuul  step  of  "a  reduction  of  ono-hulf  of 

the  umyor  s  salary,  and  a  corresponding  reduction  of 

Mur  own  compensation. "      The   "  merchant's   tax" 

Mavor  Filli  y  regarded  as  "  clearly  defective,"    be- 

' ,  under  its  operation  the  merchant  was  "  only 

rmuired  to  furnish  a  statement  of  the  actual  cash 

value  of  sucli  (iioods)  as  he  may  have  on  hand  on  the 

.(coiid  Monday  in  April  of  each  year,"  and  not  "  the 

lull  amount  of  all  goods  received  for  sale  during  the 

Ttir."    City  Engineer  F.  Hitssendeubel's  report  pre- 

sBiiil  tlii;  condition  of  the  improvement  of  streets, 

I  ikeir  pavement  and  the  material  therefor,  the  public 

I  firks,  tlie  wiiiirf,  and  the  sewers. 

Mavor  Fillcy  was  re-elected  at  the  municipal  elec- 
I  »  lif  18511.  The  act  approved  March  14,  1859, 
1  (Diiiled  "  An  Act  amendatory  of  and  supplemental  to 
Uewcral  nets  incorporating  the  city  of  St.  Louis," 
I  'wled  in  its  second  section  that  "  the  City  Council 
iail  consist  of  one  board,  called  the  board  of  Com- 
1  son  Council,  who  shall  possess  all  the  power  and 
laewscthe  functions  of  the  board  of  aldermen  and 
1  Ciiv  Council  as  heretofore  constituted."  The  board 
lijsiiiaJi;  to  consist  of  twenty  members,  "  two  to  be 
Lkte'lin  each  ward,"  the  members  of  the  existing 
I b«J  of  aldermen  who  held  over  under  the  existing 
lAirt.robc  members  of  the  Common  Council  under 
litBlaw,  and  to  hold  their  offices  for  one  year.  On 
liitta  Monday  in  April,  1859,  one  alderman  was  to 
|t«elrttod  for  each  ward  for  two  years,  and  on  the 
|bt  Monday  in  April,  1860,  and  every  year  there. 
Ilk  each  ward  in  the  city  was  to  elect  one  alder- 
Itii  for  two  years,  so  that  one-half  of  the  members 
\i  the  Common  Council  should  be  elected  in  each 
|w. 

Tie  Sunday  law  was  submitted  at  the  regular  elec- 
lii D  in  .\u|;ust,  1859,  to  a  vote  of  the  people  on  the 
|f.sti  .11  for  or  against  the  sale  of  intoxicating  liquors 
nmlav,  with  the  following  result : 


riitricta.  For.  Agnlnat. 

■ilVapl-Kiutfrii  I'rceinot 807  193 

Wcslern  "  BO  26 

i\Vjrd-i;ii.«Iern  "  790  201 

\Ve..|ern  "  «0  20 

liHWapi-Knstprn  "  ■481)  278 

Wpsicrn  "  42  33 

miWanl-Kiirtem  "  708  611 

Western  "  35  116 

piWirl-EiisUm  "  132  1591 

Wcslcin  "  137  KS 

ibWird-Knstein  "  11«  935 

\Ve*Uni  "  15  19 

whWard-Knslern  "  288  627 

Western  "  44  (17 

?*tkWit.l-Eiistern  "  403  927 

Western  "  246  130 


DintricU.  For.  AKuinil, 

Ninth  WiirJ—Kiistcrnl'reoinol 412  231 

"  Wi'storn       "      Ifla  537 

Tenth  Wiinl— Ncirthern      "      270  167 

"  Southern     "      .303  747 

Totiil 5543  7044' 

The  Sunday  reform  was  energetically  carried  out  by 
Mayor  Filley,  who  issued  an  order  on  Saturday  night 
following  the  election  to  tlie  ptdice  to  notify  the  pro- 
prietors of  beer-houses  and  cofFce-houses  not  to  open 
their  establishments  on  Sunday.  Notice  was  accord- 
ingly served,  and  the  establishments  remained  closed 
as  ordered. 

Notwithstanding  the  adoption  of  the  law,  the  Com- 
mon Council,  on  Aug.  9,  1859,  ptissed  an  ordinance 
legalizing  and  directing  the  keeping  open  of  drinking- 
houses  on  Sunday  until  nine  o'clock  in  the  morning, 
and  after  three  o'clock  in  the  afternoon  of  that  day. 
The  Jii'iniblican,  in  noticing  this,  said,  "  We  refer  to 
the  regular  account  of  proceedings  for  the  yeas  and 
nays,  by  which  it  will  be  seen  that  ten  members  of  the 
Council  voted  for  and  two  again.st  it.  When  it  is 
considered  that  it  is  scarcely  a  week  since  the  people 
of  this  city  by  a  majority  of  two  thousand  votes  de- 
clared their  opposition  to  the  very  practice  which  this 
law  seeks  to  justify  and  to  carry  out,  the  effrontery 
of  the  one-half  of  the  Council  may  well  be  the  sub- 
ject of  special  wonder." 

In  view  of  the  utter  disregard  of  the  vote  of  the 
people  exhibited  in  this  action  on  the  part  of  the  Com- 
mon Council,  there  is  more  of  ironical  than  real  mean- 
ing in  that  portion  of  Mayor  Filley 's  mes.sagc  in  which 
he  states  that  "  the  peculiar  feature  of  our  piditical 
system  is  in  its  representative  principle,  and  this  will 
be  likely  to  endure  and  claim  the  willing  obedience 

>  "The  triumphant  vote,"  says  the  Jtepiibllcan,  I'onimenting 
on  the  result,  "  by  which  the  people  of  St.  Louis  declared  their 
opposition  to  the  sale  of  intoxicating  li(|i<ors  on  Sunday  is  a 
matter  of  sincere  congratulation  to  all  our  best  citizens.  It 
was  not  a  party  vote,  it  had  nothing  to  do  with  party,  but  «a« 
the  free  declaration  of  men  of  all  paities  and  nationalities 
against  the  excesses  whicli  have  been  suporiiidnced  bv  a  speL'ial 
law  of  the  Legislature,  parsed  two  year'j  ago,  in  eft'ect  giving 
unlimited  license,  in  the  absence  of  a  proper  police,  to  Ihjso 
houses  being  I'ept  open  <in  Sunday. 

"  At  the  session  of  the  Legislature  in  1857  a  lnw  was  pacsed 
to  accommodate  the  two  (ierman  representatives  from  this 
county  with  a  hobby, — in  the  House  us  much  in  jest  as  earnest, 
— submitting  this  question  to  a  vote  uf  the  people.  The  vote 
was  ordered  by  the  C,>uncil,  but  it  was  such  a  sugar-coated  pill 
that  nobody  paid  any  atieuiion  to  it,  and  the  question  wai  car- 
ried by  the  friends  of  the  measure  without  serious  opposition, 
Since  then  not  only  the  beer  gardens  in  the  suburbs,  to  which 
men  retire  as  a  place  of  pleasure  and  relaxation  on  Sunday, 
but  all  the  bcur  saloons  and  dance-hcmaes  and  five  or  six  theatre,^ 
have  been  opened  on  Sund,'\y  and  Sunday  night  on  every 
prominent  street  in  the  city.  This  is  the  evil  that  is  mainly 
oomplained  of  by  our  citiiens." 


! 


'P 


!!,! 


i^f' 


m» 


G92 


HISTORY    OF  SAIiNT   LOUIS. 


"  1 


i:  I 


of  all  so  lonjr  as  it  is  justly  udiiiiiiistcrcd.  It  will  ho 
your  duty  to  devise  such  iiuuMidnirnts  (to  tlio  clei-tion 
liiw)  us  will  siitisty  our  i-itiztMis  tliiit  (heir  ri<;htH  in 
this  ri'SjH'ut  are  in  no  danjicr.  and  that  the  result  ob- 
tained at  the  ballot-box  is  the  true  exponent  of  those 
entitled  to  suffraj^e."  Mayor  Filley  was  re-eleeted  at 
the  inunieipal  eleetion  of  1860. 

The  Hubject  of  pavins;  the  streets  was  still  under 
consideration  by  the  people  and  authorities  of  St. 
Louis.' 

Mayor  Filley  called  the  attention  of  the  Common 
Couiieil,  in  his  messajre  of  October,  18G0,  to  the 
noble  desii;n  of  the  Mullanphy  be(|uest.  Judjre  Bryan 
Mullanphy  (deeeiwed)  had  established  a  permanent 
charity  under  the  followinj?  conditions :  "  One  equal 
undivided  third  of  all  my  property,  real,  personal,  and 
mixed,  I  leave  to  tlie  city  of  St.  Louis,  State  of  Mis- 
souri, in  trust,  to  be  and  con.stitute  n  fund  to  furnish 
relief  to  all  poor  emigrants  and  travelers  coming  to 
St.  Louis  on  their  way,  lonn  Jidf,  to  settle  in  the 
West."  A  careful  estimate  of  the  value  of  the  prop- 
erty in  18(iO  showed  that  it  amounted  to  five  hun-  { 
dred  thousand  dollars,  divided  as  follows : 

Cnsh $25,000 

Kfiil  CHtiito  in  St.  lioui 220,000 

Kl'hI  estate  in  St.  Iiuuis  comniun 50,000 

UciU  cutiitc  in  Cariinilclet 05,000 

Keiil  fst.iie  in  Ciironiielet  coninion 60,000 

Keal  cstHto  in  St.  Louis  t'onnty 50,000 

Ileal  estate  and  stocks  undiviilod 15,000 

Mayor  Filley  recommended  that  the  estate  be  man- 
aged by  a  board  of  commissioners,  and  that  it  be  kept 
out  of  the  field  of  sectarianism  or  party  politics.  At 
the  next  election  Mayor  Filley  was  succeeded  by  D.  G. 
Taylor,  having  served  the  people  most  acceptably  for  , 
three  successive  terms. 

Oliver  D.  Filley  belonged  to  a  familv  which  has 
long  been  prominently  identified  with  tho  commercial, 
social,  political,  and  religious  interests  of  St.  Louis,  i 
and  himself  contributed  in  no  small  degree  to  the  | 
prosperity  of  the  community  in  which  he  lived  so  I 

>  Tlic  city  engineer,  Truman  ,1.  Homer,  advertised  for  pro-  ! 
posals  tu  pavo  two  8(|iinres  on  Olive  Street,  from  Second  to 
Fourth,  iind  two  !<quarc!>  on  Third  Street,  from  Pine  to  Locust. 
There  were  but  two  bids  to  pave  with  iron,  one  by  William  0.  ■ 
Shandi!,  wlio  proposed  to  do  the  work  for  fifty-one  dollars  per 
one  hundred  .square  fret,  and  the  other  by  Otto  Des  Oranges, 
who  olfercd  to  do  it  for  !ifty-five  dollars  per  .square.  The  pave- 
ment of  the  former  weighed  one  ton  to  the  square,  while  that  of 
the  latter  weighed  one  ton  and  a  quarter.  The  latter  kind  was 
the  same  that  was  laid  at  the  corner  of  Chestnut  nn<l  Main 
Streets.  As  regards  the  praoticabilily,  the  tert  was  made  under 
the  patronage  of  Col.  L.V.  Bogy,  by  Messrs.  Titus  A  Des  Oranges, 
on  Main  noith  of  Chestnut  Street,  and  found  satisfactory.  This 
pavement  was  put  down  in  a  bed  of  concrete  under  every  pos-  j 
sible  disadvantage,  at  the  beginning  uf  winter,  in  wet  weather, 
and  yet  it  stood  the  rigor  of  two  winters  and  two  springs. 


many  years.     The   Filleys  are  of  Welsh  ,„,jiiii,  .^^  i 
the  first  of  the  name  who  trod  Aincricmi  .,i,i|  i,.,., 
of  the  little   bund  of  pilgrims  who  in   ic^n  ijuj.j 
from   the  "Mayflower"   at   Plymouth   Uduk,    m- 
teen  years  later  u  colony  settled  at  WlmlNcr  {• 
where  a  reoord  is  preserved  which  sho\v>  tiim  Willi     i 
Filley  was  among  the  number.     From  this  Wiliiiml 
Filley  have  sprung  the  numerous   hiMncJii^  nfii,  j 
Filley   family  now  so  widely   distrilmicd  „v,.f  , 
Union. 

Oliver  D.  Filley  was  born  on  Miiv  2'.i  Imk; 
what  is  now  the  town  of  Blounificld,  Coiin.  n,, 
one  of  six  children,  five  sons  and  on(!  (l;iiiL;lii(>r  jj' 
brothers,  as  well  as  him.self,  afterwards  luTaiuolcailind 
and  influential  men  in  the  conimunitics  in  whiil,  tj,  J 
resided.  Young  Filley  was  curly  sent  to  scIki,,!.  mi 
as  soon  as  he  had  mastered  the  hrancln's  of  ,i  |,|,<|„|, 
education  began  to  learn  the  tiniici's  nad,.  i„  kJ 
fatlier's  shop,  assisting  him  also  in  auriuiilturaj  »oi 
During  this  period  he  completed  his  ('(liintiiin  m  | 
academy,  and  then  began  life  for  hiiiisol 
visited  Philadelphia,  and  8ubse(|iieiitl)'  l'iii,|,ur»|] 
where  he  worked  at  his  trade  for  a  sJKirt  time, 
then  returned  home,  but  immediately  left  for  ,St.  ]„A 
in  company  with  his  brother,  Marcu.s  L.  FiHiy 
arriving  in  St.  Louis  he  procured  workin  ijieiiu.sli 
of  a  Mr.  Mansfield,  whom  he  finally  bouj,'lit  outalx 
a  year  later.  Under  his  management  the  liiilc  ,<hJ 
began  to  enlarge,  and  to  make  a  figure  in  the  localij 
where  it  stood,  and  its  proprietor  came  to  he  reari 
as  an  enterprising  and  energetic  young  Imsiiiiss  i 
In  1834  his  brother,  Giles  F.  Filley,  arrived  in  ( 
Louis,  and  entered  the  shop  in  order  to  ienrn  ilie  in 
after  which  the  two  brothers  foriiioJ  a  pariDera 
which  continued  several  years.  Out  uf  this  parmi 
ship  grew  the  extensive  stove-works  coiiductoJ 
Giles  F.  Filley.  O.  D.  Filley  coiitiiiiied  in  ih,. 
ware  manufacture  until  1873,  when  he  rctireii. 
was  uniformly  prosperous,  and  eoiuiiianded  sui-cfsil 
cause  of  his  strict  attention  to  business  ami  iii( 
peachable  integrity.  His  trade  e.^iteiided  loall 
portant  points  up  the  Mississippi,  Mi.ssmiri.amil 
Rivers,  for  St.  Louis  at  that  time  oomiuanJcd  J 
commerce  on  those  rivers  and  their  Irihiitaries,] 
he  liad  a  large  actjuaintance  tlirouirhoui  ,ill 
regions.  In  St.  Louis  he  was  recognized  as  ,i  Itti 
business  man,  and  his  aid  was  regarded  as  aoj 
tremely  desirable  acquisition  in  tlicc^labhsliDieij 
any  new  enterprise.  He  was  a  director  in  thtj 
Bank  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  and  at  a  critical  ( 
cial  period  resigned  rather  than  sanction  llic  rej 
of  Illinois  money  on  deposit.".  lie  suhsirilieJI 
to  the  Kansas  Pacific  Railway,  and  eoiiiribuiedl 


MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMENT. 


693 


■e  of  Woli-li  ipil^iii,  ami  ] 
J  Amcrit-iii  .-"il  WiiMiiio 
iiH  who  ill   Itilld  laiiJi'dl 
Vlynioutli  Ruck.    Tliir- 
tiled  III  WimUtir,  Cmm., 
vhich  show- dial  William  I 
ber,     From  iliis  \Villi;im| 
inierout*   Ihmiu'Iu'i,  nf  i|ie| 
sly   ilisliilmli'd  over  tbtl 

jrn  on  M:iy  2:!,  Imh;,  inl 
iloomiii'ld,  Ciinii.    Wvw 
IS  nml  ono  (laualiUT.    lib 
,  aftcrwarils  liocimicli'udinj 
commuiiitiis  in  wliali  ihej 
tt8  curly  sent  to  wlioul, ; 
1  the  hruii<'h>'>  nl'  a  busiiic 
I  the  liiiiK  r's  liaili'  in 
lu  also  ill  ajjiit'iiUiiral  worl 
iiijileli'il  his  oiliKatimi  at  i 
1  life  I'or  hiins(>ir.    Ilcftn 
d    8ub8e((ueiitly  riu-lmr?! 
rado  for  n  slmrt  timo. 
ininiediatoly  h'l't  furSi.Ln 
llier,  Marcus  L.  Filliy. 
procured  work  in  ilii'iiii  shd 
n  ho  finally  litiuiilil  out  al 
9  raana<:cnient  tlic  li 

make  a  lifiure  in  the  local! 
iroprietor  oanie  In  be  roiin 
ineruolic  youiii;  Imsiness 

lies  F.  Filley,  arrivi'Ji 
lioj)  in  order  to  learii  the  it 

rothers  formed  a  partner 

I  years.     Out  of  this  paiti 
Ive  stove-works  conducted  1 

Filley  continued  in  the 

II  187:-5,  when  lie  retired. 
lus,  and  eoiuniandcd  suiteaj 
lention  to  business  and  ui 
Illis  trade  extended  loalll 
.isHissiiipi.Missduri.aiidlllij 
[at  that  time  commanded  | 

-ers  and  their  triluitaries,) 
lintance  throus:hout  all  !J 
he  was  recognized  as 

aid  was  roj-mrdod  k  a»| 
isition  in  the  e.^lablishnie^, 

[He  was  a  director  in  ihl 

...issouri,  and  lit  a  critical  f 

rather  tliau  sanction  the  i 

leposit.-.    Ho  subscribed  1 

ttaiiwiiy.  and  eontributel 


musly  to  ''"'  ndviiiicement  of  iiiiniernus  imllvidiial 
nierprises.  As  a  public-Hpirited  man,  lie  felt  it  his 
jjiy  to  assist  every  deserving?  iiriijeet  that  ai)i)caiod 

f,,rhi»aid. 
Mr.  Filb'V  was  orijiinally  a  hard-money  Jaeksoii 

nfuiiicrat,  mid  was   an   iiitiinato  personal   friend  of 

rkiuia''  H-  Heiitoii.      It  was  a  habit  of  thi>  latter  on 
I  kjj  return  IVoin  Washington,  after  landin<;  from  the 

iiiaiucr,  tn  walk  up  to  Mr.   Filley's  store  on   Main 
I  ^irtYi  and  cxclianno  grectin};s  witli  him  before  he  went 

line. 

Ill  the  inilitieal  agitation  of  184G-48  over  the 
U'ilinnt  Proviso,  ete.,  Mr.  Filley  declared  him.self  iin- 
jMhtiedly  ill  iiivor  of  free  soil,  and  was  prominent 
ImoiiL'  the  iiiiliiential  men  who  wore  even  then  dis- 
Lj^ijiij,  tlHM|iic'stion  of  emancipation  in  Mi.s.souri.  In 
m^hciiil'li'irfcd  Mr.  Van  Huron  as  the  i>i"-,Soil 
iMJidatcftir  the  Presidency.  From  18.JG  he  might 
1 1» lOiisidert'd  a  leader  in  the  llepublieaii  party,  and 
ijiiiiiiit  hesitate  tu  proclaim  with  Franeis  P.  lilair  and 
Lkersthat  Missouri  ought  to  bo  free. 

IS.jS,  iiiuc'li  against  his  wish,  ho  was  nominated 
liithe  K('i)uliliean  candidate  for  mayor,  and  after  a 
Jsirut'iile  was  elected  by  a  decided  majority.  He 
Ismd  three  years,  and  his  administration  was  <diar- 
lueriicd  by  many  iinporfant  improvements,  among 
Itlichffcre  the  introduction  of  the  fire  alarm  tcle- 
pliaiid  the  perfecting  of  the  paid  fire  department 
|fT>ieni. 

Upiin  the  breaking  out  of  the  war  Mr.  Filley  was 

luilie  head  of  the  movement,  with  I'laneis  P.  Blair, 

IjiiBesO,  Broadliead,  S.  T.  Glover,  Hudson  K.  Bridge, 

|iM ether  patriotic  citizens,  for  arousing  and  consoli- 

biiai;  Union  .sentiment,  and  was  allotted  the  ehair- 

|uii>liip  of  the  famed  "  Oomuiittee  of  Safety,"  his 

ftteues  being  James   O.   Broadhcad,  Samuel   T. 

•cr.  John  How,  and  J.  J.  Witzig.      This  body 

I  appointed  to  co-operate  with  the  military  in  en- 

Iktiii:  the  authority  of  the  national  government,  and 

'  invaluable  services  which  it  performed   in  that 

|iii«tion  have  already   been   fully  described   in  the 

lifter  on  the  civil  war.     Mr.  Filley  from  tlie  first 

toll  a  most  active  and  energetic  part  in  the  work  of 

|i(»iDimittee,  and  wn.s  untiring  in  his  zeal  and  de- 

ien  to  the  cause.     His  course,   however,  while 

bracterized  by  great  vigor  and  determination,  was 

rked  by  a  considerate  spirit  towards  his   fellow- 

[iiiiens  who  syinpathizod  with  the  South,  which  ex- 

iiied  clearly  his  natural  generosity  and  warmth  of 

In  this  connection  it  is  worthy  of  note  that 


Mr.  Filley  earnestly  opposed  the  military  levies  of 
money  on  Southern  .sympathizers,  believing  them  to 
be  oppressive  and  unju.st. 

His  membership  on  this  committee  was  his  la.st 
prominent  public  service,  but  he  was  a  dei-ply  inti^r- 
esled  witness:  jf  tlio  great  confiict  of  the  civil  war, 
and  gave  the  Union  cause  the  full  benefit  of  his  wise 
and  energetic  counsel.  His  personal  example  and 
firm,  unwavering  course  undoubtedly  contributed  im- 
mensely to  the  solidifying  of  Union  sentiment  in  St. 
Louis,  and  to  strengthening  the  hands  of  the  repro- 
.senlatives  of  the  government  in  Missouri. 

Mr.  Filley  was  married  to  ('hloe  Veliiia  Brown,  at 
his  native  town,  Bloomfield,  about  tin-  year  18:!5. 
lie  died  Aug.  ^1.  1881,  leaving  seven  children,  via.: 
Oliver  B.  Filley,  Mrs.  Kllen  Richards,  Mrs.  Maria 
Jennette,  wife  of  John  1).  Davis,  Alice,  the  wife  of 
Robert  Moore,  Marcus  Filley,  Jennie,  wife  of  Isaac 
Morton,  and  John  Dwight  Filley.  The  first  men- 
tioned, Oliver  B.  Filley,  has  been  for  many  years  ono 
of  the  proprietors  of  the  well-known  Fulton  Iron- 
Works. 

Oliver  Ihvight  F"illey  was  a  man  <if  marked  indi- 
viduality, anil  left  an  impres.sion  on  the  progress  and 
developnit'nt  of  St.  Louis  that  will  last  as  lung  as  the 
city  endures.  He  was  a  man  of  the  strictest  integ- 
rity in  every  relation  of  life,  and  was  remarkable  for 
the  tenacity  with  which  he  adhered  to  what  he 
thought  to  be  right.  Always  at  his  desk  when  not 
employed  upon  some  public  service,  lie  taught  his 
generation  the  dignity  of  labor  in  the  most  piaetieal 
and  Ibrcilile  manner.  lie  was  always  proud  of  the 
fact  that  he  had  been  a  successful  mechanic,  and  was 
never  ashaiued  to  be  found  working  at  his  trade.  \o 
more  appropriate  in.scription  could  be  ]ilaeed  on  his 
tomb  than  ''  He  was  an  honest  workman."  He  ab- 
horred debt,  which  he  declared  to  be  wrong  in  prin- 
ciple, and  never  deferred  the  jiayment  of  an  obligation 
that  was  due.  He  never  sought  office,  but,  prompted 
by  a  keen  sense  of  his  duties  as  a  citizen,  iiecepted  its 
obligations  when  called  upon  to  do  so  in  the  interest 
of  the  community,  and  discharged  them  with  rare 
fidelity  and  .skill.  To  sum  up,  Mr.  Filley  was  an  ar- 
dent patriot,  a  thoroughly  upright  man,  a  good  citizen, 
a  faithful  public  officer,  and  a  true  friend. 

Daniel  G.  Taylor  was  elected  mayor  in  April,  18t)l, 
over  John  How.  The  "Union  Anti- Black  Repub- 
lican" ticket  also  elected  all  of  its  councilmen,  except 
in  the  First  and  Second  Wards.  The  official  returns 
were  as  follows : 


■m 
m 


'  mm 

?h''  :.'l;l 


in 


694 


H  [STORY  OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


1 


riitt 

Second 

Third 

Fourth 

Firih 

sixth 

Sfvpiith 

Eighth 

Ninth 

Tenth 

\VA 

Wiird 

RIiH. 

K.  r 

W,  l> 

K.  1- 

W.  1' 

E.  !■ 

W.  P 

E.  1'   

W.  H 

E.  I> 

W.  I> 

E.  P 

\V.  P 

E.  P 

W.  P 

E.  P 

W.  P 

K.  P 

\V   P   

E.  V 

W.  P 

Mavkk. 


|i  i 

'i    '    J 

ei    I   ^ 


A47     1420 
fil       114 

4;u    iius 

7.'.         7:1 
»17 

n« 


TRUI.1.KR, 


AuiiiToa.       TnKtm'UKii       UiiuiiTr.E.       UcooRBti. 


fiTV  At  II 

TOItNrv 


4« 

1,1411 

1K7 

l,:.iM) 
\ji»n 

27 

87:. 

■US 
11M 

•i27 

l,i>5:i 

0'J7 

;w2 

1,(1(13 


BH 

:i4:i 

W 

;iU7 

2ni 

H'iH 

4rin 
:i'J4 

Bl.l 
420 


i 

I 

a 


A2 

4:11 

70 

(JfiS 

47 

1,12(1 

I  Ha 

l,f>2ll 

2117 

U5I 

24 

H4H 

240 

1,184 

224 

1,222 

nil 
:i40 
D2t 


AHH'iR. 

"Ainu, 


4 

•c 
£ 
a 


1414 

109  I 

1189 ; 

77  I 
r.29  ! 

ino  I 

7.'-.7 
lO-t 
49.1 
241   I 

:)78  ( 

28  i 
407 
2112 
KI8 
4.VJ 

:i47 

.119 
411 
04fi 


i    I 


848     1418 

f>i       109 

428     11114 

78         7:1 

.118 

1:17 


SXi    1423 

.K)       109 


i 

i 

B 

? 

h 

M8 

82 

1413 

100 

E     ,     - 


m 


1578 

47 

1,1411 

108 
1,8:17 

270 

mia 

27 
8(17 
248 

1,108 
228 

1,240 
IP  1 2 
340 
919 


118 
478 
240 
34!) 

20 
4IKI 

2in 

841 


420 
«7 

uno 

4U  ■ 
1,140 

1811 

l,8i« 

270 

»84 

27 

8H4 

248 

1,102 


1197 
79 

828 
i:i8 
7:111 

110 
489 
2:17 
1142 

211 
3114 
201 
8:12 


431 

74 

0711 

411 

1,144 

1931 
l,fiH8 

2119 

1,0(H 

22 

880 

247 
1,130, 


480 

224 

481 

228 

331 

1,240 

322 

1,270 

.119 

928 

818  , 

927 

428 

348 

423  ; 

349 

9(« 

96S: 

1 

808  ' 

096 

1189 

73 
810 
138  , 
739  ' 

08 
448 
240 
:i:iii 

27 
388 
2.19 
808 
448 
303 
807 
420 
875 


M8  1420 

82  109 

428  llNl 

72  70 


(180 

831 

47 

i:i7 

1,120 

770 

194 

00 

1,888 

48.1 

274 

2:i(i 

982 

3.18 

28 

28 

701 

478 

211 

294 

1,187 

884 

182 

491 

1,230 

338 

802 

.141 

310 

420 

U69 

907 

12,U8'^    0434   11,990 1  06:13   11,866  <  8889    10,882  |  0460  ,12,074    0431  ,11,741 
>  Sli^urlty  fur  Tajtlor,  2688. 


62 
441     11 

78 

(188 

8" 

l,l,'.(i 

107 

1,.'.!)7 

274 

1,IK1|I 

2K 

877 

24!i 

''':'! 

1,2.10 

022 

34.S 
1,IH>1 


!. 

. 

U 

- 

i 

l.ii; 

.'..W 

m 

.w 

H 

T.l 

444 

7,1 

11:4 

Ml 

tl»4 

Uf 

l:;i 
7.11 

4:i 

Oil 

\<m 

»■ 

1(4 

1,.')7.-. 

»,v, 

214 

27  ;i 

.It 

.li:i 

DM 

Mi 

2'i 

S7 

% 

:;!i3 

KB.'. 

■m 

J.x 

262 

iM 

Ml« 

1,1*1 

m 

44.P 

2:'4 

w 

:il.-, 

l,2,M 

n: 

III!) 

»ii 

i]'i 

421 

.Vi7 

(11 

►►4    i.iiii   s:^  j 

0770    12,1.32    0,i:!0    I2,lifl   >.0j  I 


The   vote   in    the   sevornl    wards   for   councilmeii 
stood : 

Wocrner 141,8 

Locke 6«»    Mnjority 726 

St'coittl  Ward, 

Nelson 11H7 

Kccinlo 48.8     Mftjority 709 

riiinl   Wanl. 

Thornton 748 

I.mlui' oUII     Mnjority 

Fourth   U'(i*(/, 


Political  excitement  ran  lii^li,  and  imicli  liitiomesi 
of  f'eeliiif^  was  engendered.  Cciliisi.iiis,  wuuftiiiusinJ 
volvinj;  loss  of  life,  wore  of  frequent  occurrenci.  anJ 
nmny  incidents  of  a  deplorable  eliaractfr  iKiileiiiniU 
coiuplications  of  the  situation.  In  tlio  iiiidstuftJ 
prevailing;  excitement,  with  coiifliiitiiis,'  rumors  anJ 
Htateniciits  unsilVed  and  undeteriMiiii'il,  tlic  |iii^iiiiii| 

I  of  the  mayor  was  full  of  perplexity  ami  eiiilwrriMiniii 
158  I  It  was,  however,  a  source  of  no  little  .^olfcoii'Tai 

'  tion  to  the  mayor  that  the  ma.ss  of  the  citizi'iis  nfStJ 

m:^r::::::::.::::::::::::!m  Majority sob  i  louIs  remained  ioy.d  to  the  laws  and  cMiaiiy. 

operated  with  the  authorities  in  their  cffort.i  lo  niaiiil 
tain  the  hijih  reputation  of  the  city  us  iliu  liouiouf 
peaceable  and  order-lovinj;  people.     Tlic  coiinik'm' i 
St.  Louis  was  suspended  by  the  war,  inaimraoiorid 


Fi/lli   Ward. 

VfeWf 1709 

Cii.ly 


(149     Mnjority 1060 

SUlh    Wind. 

Dennett 943  ,  ,  .  ,      ,  •         ,.  , 

Smith 370    Mnjority 573  |  eea.soti  to  operate,  With  tlicexcepluiii  (it  thostiit'asej 


Seventh   Wurd. 

Matlnck lOS.t 

Barnes (167     Majority 366 

Eiijhlh  Ward. 

Thornburgh 1290 

Kyler 1228     Majority 62 

Ainlfi   Ward, 

Dri.'coll 2023 

Stolle 914     Majority 1109 

Tinlh   Ward. 

Sneers 1358 

White 1273     Mnjority 85 

The  civil  war,  which  affected  the  prosperity  and 
happiness  of  every  portion  of  the  country,  deprived 
Mayor  Taylor  of  the  power  to  cont^ratulate  the  Com- 
mon Council,  after  the  usual  form,  upon  the  "  increas- 
ing prosperity  and  continued  happiness"  of  the  city. 


I  . 


in  the  production  of  the  materials  olwar;  (JK-iiail 
boat  interest  was  prostrated,  real  otate  dipretiaiM 
rents  diminished,  and  building  ceasi'd.  Mi.vuuri  iri 
the  theatre  of  war  of  the  worst  and  most  revuliiij 
character.  Under  these  trying  cireuiustances  Maj| 
Taylor  could  only  invoke  a  wise  and  beiafiecnt  I'rotj 
dence  "  to  interpose  and  restore  the  bltwiiii:>  il  |i' 
order,  and  good  government." 

Daniel  G.  Taylor  was       '^leet      inaynr  , 
and  J.  Gabriel  Woern'  ■••  ^.Tved  its  a  iiimn 

of  the  City  Council  i  wa*  rc-elctJteil  in  I 

year  and  chosen  the  ,  uleut  of  tliat  bod)'. 
Woerner  was  again  re-elecii  ■!  in  l.^i'  In  the  ('oi| 
cil  he  was  specially  distinguished  r  great  iiiJiut 
and  for  his  thorough  mastery  of  details.    In  la 


MUNICIPAL  GOVKRNMENT. 


615 


---- ■ 

ClT»  Ar 

llAHH'jJt. 

TOIINKI. 

MARUR, 

1  f 

a 

t  1 

i 

m 

9.      : 

»i      6 

s      i 

' 

»' 

650    11 

>c, 

,',.'.9    IH 

00  1 

M      1 

I'.i 

W     Vn 

Hi 

441     11 

*U 

4*4  m 

7«  ■ 

7.'. 

7.1 

"')      ?i 

i:n 

UXK       ' 

II 

IW     ,'H.; 

:a 

;'i,'i 

4:1    i;b 

770 

i.im'i    ■ 

.11 

i.i.vi   :,: 

119 

197 

'.111 

1%      K 

4  no 

i.r.in 

114 

I,.''!.''   4s« ; 

i'M 

274 

J14 

m   .1*' 

;i,'is 

l.trf'll 

11:1 

DM    :Mt  1 

'ii'i 

■i« 

-.*> 

27     5«  1 

47  « 

S77 

•M 

SC,    ;;9«i 

•i«4 

•i49 

'Vu 

■M    !M 

S)I4 

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12,1*  >iM 

hij^li,  mill  iiiuili  liiiiotiies 
CiiUisiiiiis,  wiiuutimos  in. 
if  IVequont  oecuvrenct'.  am 
able  cliaraclt'i-  udileJlMln 
ion.     Ill  till'  "'iJ*'  "'•''< 
th   coiiflietiii;:  ruiuurs  :ii 
imleterinim'il,  tlie  \wA\ 
•plexity  ami  eiiili;irni->iiiiiit 
uf  110  little  si'H'iMii|;r;iiiili 
muss  iif  tlie  i-iiiifiis"l'3l 
|the  laws  and  omlial 
ics  ill  tlieir  efforts  10  mail 
f  tliu  city  as  the  lioiiio  uf 
jifoplo.     The  eoiiiiiiorco 
by  the  war,  iiiuiiul'aotoril 
,  exception  ol'thosi' 1112a? 
rittterials  of  war ;  the  st.i 
[ted,  real  estate  depreciati 
Idinj^  ceased.     Mi*>DUt'  w( 
]>  worst  and  most  revultil 
ryiiij^  cireuiiistiiiK'os  May| 
la  wise  and  benetieciii  I'tor 
i9(oretheblessiii!;>"ll« 

lilt." 

.•leci       mnynr  m  '^ 
rved  as  a  lU'iiil 
rt-to  re-elec'tca  m 
lent  of  ttiat  liody- 
„..linlHf'      IntlieCoi 
jf-uishcd     T  great  iiiJi 
Levy  of  details.    In  1' 


I  ncain  ill  ^^^'^  Mr.  Woerner  was  elected  Suite 
Uuitiir,  iu  svliich  cnpneity  ho  served  on  the  Judiciary 
I I'ogiiiiittet!.  and  was  the  author  nf  luuiiy  useful  public 
I  eiiiiir''''*'   "''*  Report  on  the  Iron  Mountain  Hitilroad, 
1  i  iiidifatiii'-'  the  future  railroad  policy  of  the  State, 
Ikisporninii 'lit  value.    In  lH(i4,  when  the  bitterncas 
I     iiil^.fed  liy  the  war  was  at  its  height,  he  was  the 
Irienineriitic  eaiididute  for  mayor,  but  was  defeated  by 
lijiu,,  S.  Tiioiiins.    In  1870  his  judicial  career  bej.'an 
L^|,|iig  elect  inn  to  the  position  of  jud;;e  of  probate 
I L, J g,gjurity  iiver  both  opposing  candidates.    In  1876 
L was  reelected  to  the  same  office  by  an  incn.'ased  , 
luioriiy  over  an  unusually  strong  candidate,  and  after 
liiivrtrs' further  trial  was  elected,  in   1882,  u  third 
IjujuJije  of  probate  by  a  majority  of  more  than  | 
Itf'Dtv  one  thousand.    This  may  be  termed  the  climax  ', 
La  long  series  of  political  triumphs. 

J.Gabriel  Woerner,  at  present  jud^o  of  probiite, 
liti  attained  distinction  as  a  politician,  lawyer,  and 
ISiinivniun.  He  was  born  in  the  village  of  Moehr- 
Ijutj,  liinjidom  of  Wiirtemberg,  April  28,  1826. 
Iliifaiher,  a  <arpenter  by  trade,  emigrated  to  Amer- 
liainlSIW, and  lived  in  Philadelphia  till  1837,  when 
L  removed  to  St,  Louis.  In  these  years  young 
|f„riier  had  attended  school  and  ac(|itircd  the  rudi- 
KDiJ  of  education,  both  in  English  and  German. 
1 1^41  lie  went  to  Springfield,  Mo.,  then  a  small 
kiniifrtown,  where  he  was  employed  as  clerk  in  a 
^iDitv  .^ture.  Here  he  remained  from  his  fifteenth 
(lii<  eighteenth  year,  a  time  of  life  in  which  im- 
jK-imis  are  most  vivid,  and  his  experiences  in  Spring- 
l.iriiffini;  out  of  the  country  life  in  the  West, 
litr iiino  small  degree  influenced  his  opinions  and 
kmiter,  as  well  as  colored  a  portion  of  his  writings.  ! 

]  1S44  he  returned  to  St.  Louis  and  began   his 

Lteadivc  life  by  learning  the  printer's  trade.     At 

k.^iiiieiinie  he  became  an  ardent  politician,  attach- 

i.<elf  strongly  to  the  party  led  by  Thomas  H. 

km.  at  that  period  the  greatest  intellectual  force 

like  West.     In   184S,  during  the    revolution    in 

fcimaiiy.  he  went  aliroad,  desiring  to  participate  in 

psiniL'i.'le  for  freedom  in  the  Fatherland.     While 

kEiirupe  he  furiiislied  newspaper  correspondence  in 

Ban  for  the  Ti  iliiiiie  of  St.  Louis  and  for  the  A'cw 

|fri  Iknild  in  Knglish.     At  the  time  his  letters 

I  a  good  deal  of  attention  on  account  of  their 

Nine\^of  style  and  novelty  of  view.     In  1850  he 

liiiicd  to  St.  Ijouia  and  participated  in  the  Benton 

jntuicnt,  which  was  then  at  its  culminating  point. 

Masai  tirst  appointed  editor  of  the  Tribune,  but 

tWcanie  its  proprietor,  and  stoutly  supported  the 

udpation  views  of  the  Germans.    Editorial  labor, 

fncr  ffu8  not      igenial,  and  iu  1852  he  sold  out 


his  paper  and  his  journalisfio  career  was  brought  to 
a  (dii.se. 

In  the  same  year  (1852)  ho  began  the  study  of 
the  law,  and  his  legal  cariMir  proved  to  he  altogether 
the  most  important  occii|iiition  of  his  life.  He  tilled 
a  numiier  of  responsible  positions  in  rapid  succession. 
In  185.'{  he  was  appointed  elerk  of  the  recorder's  court, 
and  in  1854  was  rcuppoinled  to  the  same  office.  In 
1855  he  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  in  1H5()  ho  was  clerk 
to  the  board  of  aldermen,  in  1857  and  again  in  1858 
he  was  elected  city  attorney,  and  also  held  the  political 
offices  wo  have  heretofore  mentioned. 

The  secret  of  Judge  Woernor's  success  is  found  in 
the  fact  that  he  is  a  man  of  the  people  in  the  best  .sense 
of  the  word.  Popular  to  an  extraordinary  degree  in 
his  manners,  he  supplements  them  with  the  most  rigid 
integrity  and  an  unquestioned  capacity  and  fidelity  in 
office.  From  the  time  of  his  admission  to  the  bar  in 
1855  until  his  election  to  his  judicial  po.sition  he  en- 
joyed an  active  and  extensive  practice.  His  decisions 
as  judge  have  always  commanded  the  highest  respect, 
and  hove  seldom  been  reversed  by  the  superior  courts. 
His  legal  opinions  are  eagerly  sought  by  the  profes- 
sion, and  he  has  become  an  authority  upon  the  sub- 
ject of  probate  law.  Ho  has  contributed  articles  to 
the  Sovthern  Law  lievirw,  ai.d  occaHionaliy  to  the 
newspapers  upon  important  legal  and  municipal  <|ues- 
tions,  and  is  understood  to  be  writing  an  exhaustive 
work  on  probate  law,  which  is  intended  to  be  the 
crowning  gift  of  his  life  to  his  profession.  Judge 
Woerner  has  the  rare  judicial  qualities  of  fairne.<is, 
quickness  of  comprehension,  and  an  unconi|uenible 
patience.  The  chief  characteristic  of  his  methods  is 
that  he  strikes  the  happy  mean  between  a  too  rigid 
adherence  to  mere  technicalities  and  a  too  lax  obser- 
vance of  legal  forms. 

Such  has  been  Judge  Woerner's  varied  and  inter- 
esting career,  political,  legislative,  and  judicial,  but 
this  sketch  would  be  incomplete  without  some  account 
of  his  literary  work.  With  Judge  Woerner  litera- 
ture has  been  a  passion  oil  his  life.  He  began  early 
by  writing  short  essays,  poems,  tales,  and  translations, 
which  were  published  in  newspapers.  In  1850  the 
novel  "  Die  Sklavin"  was  first  printed  as  a  serial  in  the 
German  Tribune,  and  afterwords  published  in  book 
form,  meeting  with  so  rapid  a  sole  that  the  edition  was 
exhau.sted  in  two  months.  Other  novels  were  printed 
in  the  newspapers,  but  not  as  books.  In  1873,  during 
moments  of  leisure  from  his  judicial  duties,  he  wrote 
a  drama  in  German,  also  called  "  Die  Sklavin,  or  the 
Female  Slave,"  but  quite  diflFerent  from  the  novel  of 
the  same  name.  This  drama  has  been  performed  more 
thau  twenty  times  iu  the  German  theatrea  of  St. 


'■  (#■■ 


696 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


^a:->^- 


'-'-•*  4-.  ^y.\" 


. ,    -^.v;  X. 


\.    > 


i^'SM 


^i:.?-ViH-.Jl 


»!!? 


li 


nBBunEa 


HSt" 


Luuis,  ulways  to  full  houses,  and  has  been  produced 
in  all  tho  Ifludijig  cities  of  the  West.  Neither  the 
G:;rn!an  original  nor  an  Wnglisli  translation  has  ever 
been  printed.  Jut'ge  Wocrner  ii  also  an  excellent 
liiHrury  critic,  and  his  reviews  of  literary  publications 
never  fail  to  attruct  attention. 

Doubtless  the  leading  intellectual  influence  of  his 
life  was  derived  from  his  connection  with  tho  i'liilo- 
sophicul  Society  of  St.  Louis,  of  which  he  may  be 
called  one  of  the  founders,  having  been  ]ireseut  at  iis 
first  meeting  in  1SC5.  The  men  with  whom  he  there 
associated,  particularly  Dr.  William  T.  Harris  and 
Lieutenant-Governor  Brokniycr,  inspired  him  to  study 
Hegel's  writings,  especially  the  "  Philosophy  of 
Right,"  which  has  entered  deeply  into  his  juristic 
attainments.  Strong  traces  of  these  philosophical 
studies  can  be  found  in  all  his  writings  and  in  his 
legal  decisions. 

He  writes  EtiHish  and  Get  man  with  equal  facility, 
seeming  to  prefer  German  for  his  purely  litcrarj' 
works,  OS  the  spontanemis  flow  of  his  mother-tongue. 
His  German  style  has  i  peculi:ir  flavor  of  Its  own, — an 
American  flavor,  it  may  be  callt  d,  since  it  seems  to  have 
been  begotten  of  the  influences  of  this  country  work- 
ing upon  a  deeply  8yn)patlietic  Gcriuau  spirit.  English 
he  adopts  for  his  legal  discussions,  not  so  much  from 
necessity  as  from  choice.  Most  of  his  literary  works 
bear  evidences  (rf  the  great  transition  period  from 
slavery  to  freedom  through  which  he  lived  and  in 
which  he  played  a  not  unimport4tnt  part. 

In  Mayor  Taylor's  ines.sago  to  the  Council  he  said 
that  lie  coiisidcred  it  to  be  his  duty  to  regard  only  the 
question  of  capability  and  honesty,  without  inquiring 
into  or  caring  for  the  political  views  of  appointees  to  of- 
fice, and  the  Common  Council,  by  confirming  in  all  in- 
stances the  ap])(«iiitineiils  made  by  the  mayor,  gavi;  to 
this  policy  its  einphalic  indorsemeut.  Mayor  Taylor 
made  no  recommendations  favoring  a  (change  of  policy 
or  indicating  any  considerable  improvements  that  it 
would  he  desirable  to  make  The  failure  on  tlie  part 
of  the  city  to  pay  its  obligations,  he  said,  was  caused 
by  (itcumstances  beyond  the  control  of  its  authoritii's  ; 
but  while  njcognizing  these  effects  of  the  existing  war. 
Mayor  Taylor  opposed  deferring  "  payment  a  duy 
longer  than  imperative  necessity  demands."  Mayor 
Taylor  was  succeeded  by  Chauncey  I.  Filley  in 
18(5;J. 

Daniel  G.  Taylor  wits  born  in  Cincinnati,  Ohio, 
Nov.  15,  1819,  and  was  of  Scotch  parentage,  one  ot 
his  parents  being  born  in  the  Lowlands  and  the  other 
in  the  Highlands  of  Scotland.  His  parents  dying 
when  he  was  <{uite  young,  he  was  left  to  his  own  re- 
sources to  make  his  way  in  the  world.     He  embarked 


in  the  steamboat  business,  entering  it  fii>i  us  cub'- 
boy  in  Cinc^inr.ati,  and  gradually  but  sur.lv  workin-^ 
Ilia  way  up,  and  winning  the  confidence  of  his  eiiipldv". 
ers.     He  was  the  bar-keeper  on  board  ih,.  sWm\m 
"  Oneida"   when  she  was   burned  at  ilir  wliait'  'r- 
Cincinnati,  and  made  a  narrow  escape.     As  it  \v;islp 
lost  everything  he   had  on  board.     Cdiiiin"  to  Si 
Louis,  he  went  up  the  Illinois  River  as  i  lc;lc  en  the 
"Clermont,"  and  about  the  year  184")  was  j,,  ^.^^^_ 
mand  of  the  same  steamer.     He  made  a  ti'ii>  up  i 
the  Yellowstone,  an  expedition  of  some  risk  and  en- 
terprise in  those  days,  taking  up  u  loadcii'supplios  lijr 
the  American   Fur  Company,  and  ■■•t.iuiinL' witli  ^ 
load  of  furs.     After  proving  his  capaci'.y  as  a  om- 
maiider,  he  left  the  river  and  went  into  a  Luat-siiia' 
at  Cincinnati.      He  afterwards  closed  oi.t  his  si(iri.  ai 
Cincinnati,   and    returning   to  St.    Louis  purdiasnl 
tho  boat-  and  furnishing-store  of  Woml  A'  Shaw,  .in 
the  corner  of  Market  Street  and  the  Lcvci'.  Ijiu  In  ilu- 
great  fire  of  1840  was  burned  out,  jusi  as  iji,.  ],iii,,.rs 
compkting  the  purchase  were  made  iiut.aiidLifnnilie 
had  efl'ected    an    ii.  arance   on    the   inuiii'iiv.    Mi. 
Taylor  then  went  into  the  steamboat  ageiicv  busiiu'ss 
with  Richard  Hopkins,  under  the  firm  name  nf  Tiv- 
lor  &  Hopkins,  their  location  beingon  the  I,evei'.    1|. 
continued  in   that  business  about   a  year  al'i.r  iJi,. 
great  fire,  when  he  engaged  in  the  lii|ii.ii-  l/n-in,.*, 
with  George    Harrington     und((r  the  liriiiiiiiini>  nl' 
Taylor  &  Harrington.     During  the  time  li,  was  in 
that  firm  he  was  elected  alderman  from  the  Tiiir.l 
Ward,  and  served  as  such  two  year.s,  in  18,(4  :inil 
1855.     The  firm  of  Taylor  &   I!airiiigt(jii  wa-  41- 
solved  on  the  1st  of  January,  1857.  and  Mr  Tavlur 
continued  tho  business  under  the  style  .d'  Uaidil  '!. 
Taylor  &  Co.     On  being  elected  inaynr  lie  suld  uiit 
his  interest  to  his  nephew  and  partner,  ddim  (1.  j'ra. 
tiler.     At  a  special  election  in  Mav,  ISJd.  Mr,  Tav- 
lor,   as  the    Democratic  candidatt!,   was  eleitcd  riiy 
treasurer.     His  opponent  was  Uwi'.:!it  |)iirk,'e,  a '^m- 
tleiiian   who  stood  high,  and  who  had  lieeii  I(Mii|»i.  | 
rar"ly  ap[iointed  by  Mayor  Cole  to  fill  ilie  ufficc.    It 
w.;8  the  first  defeat  of  the   Ropuldieaii  parlv  in  St. 
Louis.      In  1872,  Mr.  Taylor  was  re-elceteJ,  and  llni  j 
trust  reposed  in  him  was  executed  with  eiiiirc  >atiii. 
faction.     Resides  these  municipal  olliccs  he  ln'lil  pn- 
sitions  of  trust  in  various  corpoiations,  and  u'a>  \iU'>\-\ 
dent  of  the  Boatmen's  Insurance  ami  Trust  Ciiiii|>any,j 
and  of  the  Real   Ijstate  Sa<'ings  Instiiuiinii,    In  ad- 
dition   to    these   positions   he  held   directunihlp^  in  I 
various  companies,  and  was  ollen  selected  ii>  siiiltj 
estates  involving   large  sums  and  HH|uiriiii:  a  iliarl 
head  to  muster   the  intricate  details.     Aiiihii.'  iliel 
largo  estates  thus  •dmini.stered  was  thai  nf  I'airii'ltj 


iterini;  it  fiisi  as  cab':.- 
nlly  but  suirly  workin;; 
ontidence  ol'  lii>  eni]iluy. 
•  on  board  tlie  sti'iimi-r 
urncd  iit   ilir  wliaif  l;-, 
iw  escape.     Asit.  wuslio 
board.     Ccuniii^  tu  St. 
)is  River  iis  ili'vlc  un  tlic 
year  IS-i")  w;i<  in  corn- 
He  niiide  ;i  trip  up  lu 
ion  of  sniiir  risk  luul  wi- 
i;  up  i;  load  I. i'  Mipplios  liir 
ny,  and  'atui  iun>:  with  a 
ijr  his  capacity  iis  a  cum- 
md  went  into  u  boat-stofe 
rds  closed  (ii.t  lii.s  i^tort!  nt 
;   to  St.    Limis  ptircliasiil 
ore  oF  Woml  i^  Sliaw,  un 
t  and  the  Lcvpo.  but  in  llie 
led  out,  just  as  the  imiicrs 
tire  made  out,  aiiilbituriihc 
10   on    the   jnoperty.    Mi. 
steamboat  a^'i'iicy  tiiiViiu'-* 
ider  the  firm  iiaiiii.'  of  Tiy- 
on  bein|j;oii  the  bftvco.    11' 
iss  about   ;i  year  at'i-r  tlic 
ii'ed  in  the  litumr  busiiips- 
I,  under  tin;  tirtn-nume  "( 
)urins;  the  time  b;  was  in 
alderman  IVmih  the  TliiM 
two  years,  in  18.t^  aiiJ 
or  &   Ihirriiiiitmi  was  tiis- 
lary,  IS.")',  ami  Mr  Tayjnr 
ider  the  style  of  Daniel  •'.. 
Iccted  mayor  be  sulJ  »in 
and  parlner,  .lobli  G.  I'ra- 
,n  in  May,  ISTO.  Mr.  Tav- 
candidate,   was  eleeleil  inv 
was  Dwi'.'bt  Durkoe.uuiii- 
and  who  had  been  lemii'- 
Cole  to  till  ill'!  iiffic''.    '•' 
e  llcpublieaii  parly  in  St. 
ylor  was  re-eleeteJ.  ami  ili« 
executed  with  entire  satis- 
lunicipal  olViees  be  beU  ^  j 
corpoiatioiis.  atid  was  pr.si- 
suranee  and  'rnM  ('"i"!*')' 
!a"ini:s  ln>titiiiion.    \nd- 
H    he  held    (lirecturibip-  in  I 
vas  often  .seleeteJ  t..  s.'til«j 
luius  and  ie.|uirini!  a  >1''»'| 
Jicate  details.     Amen:  ih«l 
Ltered  was  that  of  I'airiokj 


w 


T::- 


')  0 


■=-<^rm,K 


tttl-lS'H.' 


i!H6 


HISTORY   OF   SAINT   LOriS. 


u 


M 


IiDuis,  always  to  Aill  Iiousrs,  and  has  hnen  pTodnced 
in  nil  the  leadin};  ciiiw  of  the  W<»st.  Nuiihfr  lliu 
G<"amn  ori}j;nml  nor  an  Kiiglish  IrnnHlutiun  Iius  ever 
Iwen  priiiiod.  .lud^jo  Wo^in'or  is  ulfo  sn  uxifilnt 
liti'rnn-  critic,  and  hin  r.iviews  of  litarary  |>ub)iintioi)i< 
iKiViT  till!  10  aitriii;!  iitloution. 

Doubtlfws  ilii  !(iidiii>;  iritollccUml  infla<»iu"e  of  \m 
lit'i  WHS  d^i'ii/od  irurn  his  conii-Mition  wiih  thf  I'liilu 
«o|.lii':iil  Sociiily  vf  bt.  I.oiii--,  ^<('  which  hsj  iiiav  b  • 
i-allid  dill',  of  ihij  fouiidorjj,  having  h-  n  |iririiciii.  at  it» 
first  mueiiug  in  ]5»»5.  Tlu)  men  wiil-  winiin  ho  ihoie 
:ih;:M(  uitfii,  jiiirti- ularlv  O""  VVill.na.  I  J!urM:<  and 
Li«<ili.'imm-'fijn  tiinr  flr-.i-ru,.  r  iiiM.iri'l  hiin  ti)  stuil)' 
Ui'fiL'i'rt    wi'iiiii}^  .  :'lvil(t6<j|i!)y    of 

Ki.nht,"  which    hu-  hi-      ■  riMic 

iittaiiimontf      t'tn  .  .   ^        .   'nicai 

studies  ean  bo  to..:  .     In-i  writings  aiici.u  his 

W*l  difCfsir  nt*.  '  -j 

H«  wriii-d  HmrJish  and  (icru)au  Avith  »'<(ual  facility, 
>wii.  1-^    It    ^  »n    for  iiry 

w  'r«  •,  I'  \h-    ;  ■'   'V     !  ...         .        •  •■ 

H  I-  '  <   '•:»■«))  -i  .      :  . 

A  i.'i  ■•■  ciiilvu,  fiinot)  ic  >«f  tuit  tu  tmve 

b<.'}"  .■       ■  .iii  itrii'H'M  of  (his  country  work- 

in;;  .1;  irij  .1  ,|  I'yly  -.>  ii.|.:i!|./  i  lii-rniitit  -Hint  Kti^Olsh 
bt!  ad>i|)t;4  for  his  >  .u<-!.  from 

iii.xM<>'v  IK  rrom  i-li.-w.  ,,  .-1  ■,!  iii^  ,i-..  tiiry  wufkn 
b'lur  cv.  hiii-i'fl  <if  I  ho  grtiH!  transition  (K<riad  from 
slaviTV  to  freedom  tl  rdu;.'  wl  ich  he  lived  Htid  iii 
tvhicli  ho  t>lay<'d  ti  iioi  uiiii;i|>iir!iiut  ji^irt. 

Ill   Mwyi/r  Tuyior'    nnx'aut'  'j  tlic  ("ounoil  htiHuid. 
ihni  ho  ama'diNvd  it  k>  bx-  iibi  duty  u>  ti-crard  uiily  ih- 
<(tt«'.'»tii>''  of  ••ttfiabiiity  »mi  hMfn*ty.  'iiith{>ui  inquirtiii; 
itil  I  or  '•ariin!  (iifilif  |i.diliiv,l  viiWi"  nf  i(t't«iirii4>..^  t^onf. 

Miiyi.r  Tuyhir 
iii;it' uf  policy 

1  :i"i.    i.iij.i..>im('iitii  th:      •' 

!.«      'I'bo  titi'an'  ml  thi. 

id,  was  o.'iui'ifd 

,■■■'  .iri.s: 


WHill    I 

by  11 
bill  '■ 

Mwyi.i     lnyltir   upp 
..i^rr  titan    iln'    " 
i  ■■,  ;ir    w  i« 


1  .\,ii\ 
Ml    v   day 

Miiyor 
K'llfv     M 


I'll;'-;  \i  ;  ,1 . .  ■!■  wi'  imr -1  i:i  t  In'^inin' 1,  oiiiu, 
Ni.v  '  ■'  iy|<1,  -.  >\  w«M  if  nwjlrli  |':tri!ritauo,  oue  uf 
lliu  I  1  th«i  Ijiiwliiid.-  and  the  olhor 

i">  f'.  -•■(■ilaiid      Uiii  ;iart'iit(t  dyiuij 

iv!---f     ■  ^  '   v,!!-"'     !ic  v:-,r  •■■ft   •  T    (  !.■  M^ri  rt'- 

souroeti  tu  iuiii<e  hin  wnv  in  t)io  world.     Ifo  omharkud 


111  till'  ^  i^ainhodt  b'tsiiiAss,  «nti7i   1 . 
boy  in  iJintnnuuti,  nutl  ^rtdiini!.     .  - 
Ida  wny  up,  ami  winti!i'!»  the  <•<  i.'.i  ; 
<  rs.      Hm  wus  thi!  b«i  ki-Kft-r     1 
'■  • 'tieidrt  "   when  sho  was   tunt.:- , 
CiiU'innati,  and  nitido  a  ii«r-  . 
lost  (vorytiiiiii-   be   had 
Lmiis,  lip  Weill,  up  thfl  1;    : 
"  Clfnncnt,"  aod  abmit  '*■ 
rnand  of  the  sanie  hI«m»i.>  1 
the  i'l  llowstviiie,  an  t  \ 
tt'rprise  ill  tb(>!>«  days     - 
the   Ani<rie,in    I'ur  t'.i- 
lortd  of  iurn      Afti'i   pn«> 
maiid<>r,  ho  M\-  t.lu)  riv.-     ; 
at  riric-iniiati.     I'e  nftciw 
('indnoo/i,    inl    rt>tiiriji'i 
the  bint-  and  fumiiitiinj- 
thi'  '!orii'  i  (if  Marlii't  Sir  . 
STcal  file  of  18-i;l  wnji    • 
v'i.iinp!f(.iii>»  I  lie  1  irchu- 

h;ul    PtTtH'ted     'III    ilHt!,.i 
Trfvlff  ihi'ii  wpiil  iiitu  : 
wit!i  l*i>i  ard  Hopkins, 
h)r  k  'J\>|4iina,  thiir  !■■ 
iMiiliotuxi   ill   (hat  bu.M  . 
j;rg«t  lit'     when  ho  en  ■ 
with  Guiirgi;    llarrinii' 
Taylor  .'•    Iliirrinjtton. 
(hat  firm  he  was  i;li'. ' ■ 
VVnvd.  and  stirved  h»  ^ 

•J'be  fun, 
-,.  , .-.;  wii  thr  Ui   ...   .. 
loniinund  iho  Imsine^- 
Tii;  <ir  I.  (V).     On  b' 
\\i»  iilf^rt!!«t  to  hisi  n«]'' 
thi'r.     At  a  spooial  .?» 
lor.  as  th«    l!  lu.' 
'-  iL-iiiror.     Hi"  i- 

ii|;i'!    who   MO..'' 

rariiy  appoint'.'d 
wa--  ?hi'   fir-!    !  ' 

IjU. .!.■».  til     ^ 

iriKt  repimttd  in  (■ 
fiictiort.     B('»iJ(>- 
.sitii'iis  (d*  triMt  III 
deiii.  of  tho  Hi  al- 
and of  llif^  Hi'iil    . 
dition    1.1    ih'sw   ' 
tari"ii--i  I'oiupaniivi  huU  wa*  oltfi.  - 
ojitftKi-'    iinolvinsT   lur^t>  kimmo   nn  • 
(.,,., ,|    .  ,   ,„.,,>,.r    ihc  i.t»r:''' 

lar^u  estates  thuH  •UuiiDMieruu  wu^  hk 


uR  !(> 


f, 


Jl 


/^    ( 


\y(-  I 


<     i: 


Kf  i" 


1! 


r* 
it' 


¥m 


». 


Isiciiiii  wi>-  >■"" 


„/■■■  f  '  ■■< 


'-'  •'      'f    .  V 


■M 


I:*) 


II 


MUiNICIPAL  GOVERNMENT. 


697 


i;o>'er8,  of  Cincinnnti,  and  the  affairs  of  the  St.  Loui» 
Floating!  Dock  Company. 

Mr.  Taylor  jjave  more  in  private  charities  and  as- 

ijsted  iiioi'i)  youns;  men  in  bu^finess  than  almost  any 

other  mil"  of  his  means  in  tlie  city.     Actors  and  ac- 

tre.^os,  till'  wives  of  steamboat-men  and  pilots  came 

10  liim  till'  HHsistance  when  they  <rot  into  trouble,  and 

their  apiHMi,  if  at  all  worthy,  was  never  made  in  vain. 

OtcurreiK  i"*  of  calamity  and  disaster,  involving  human 

sufforiii'.'  iiii<l   distres-s,  awakened  every  sympathetic 

Jbre  of  liis  heart,  and  he  wna  ever  ready  to  contribute 

lifhis  means  or  ;jro  himself  to  assist  the  sufferer.  Durint; 

tlie  floiiil  of  1844  he  was  amon<;  the  rescuing  party 

ihobrotii-'lit  iiway  the  nuns,  whose  convent  was  nearly 

overwhelmed  by  the  overflow.     When  the   steamer 

•  Siiiiu'Wair'  was  burned  funds  were  raised  and  boats 

jeiit  down  (o  recover  the  bodies,  and  Mr.  Taylor  had 

tbarsieof  the  expedition. 

A  terribli^  domestic  misfortune  overtook  Mr.  Taylor 

iiithiburiiin.L;  of  the  steamer  "  G.  H.  Crosman,"  on 

■.lic4ih  of  February,  1858,  near  New  Madrid.     Mr. 

Tirh  r  saved  one  child,  but  the  other,  which   was 

.jjii'd  ill  fliars^e   of  the  watcliman,  was  lost.     His 

life,  altlidiijih   jirovided   with   a  life-preserver,   also 

i.ri-hed,  and  I'cr  body  svas  found  fifty  miles  below 

lb  ]«iiiit  wliiMi'  the  steamer  blew  up.     Mr.  Taylor 

us  also  pre.seiit  in  the  memorable  Gasconade  disatt^cr, 

iiiii  was  iniito  seriously  injured.     He  was  a  member 

I  I'lilur  Star  Lodge  vf  Masons,  No.  79,  and  also  of 

St  iiuiiis  Royal  Arch  Chapter,  No.  8.      Upon  his 

itaih.wiiich  (iceurred  Oct.  8,  1878,  he  left  a  wife  and 

•.lit  ehildreii,  the  eldest  girl  being  tlie  daughter  of 

ki.- lirst  wife.     Mr.  Taylor  visited  Europe  a  year  or 

vialiir  his  first  wife's  death,  and  made  a  trip  to  Cali- 

kiiia  iiiiiiiediately  after  the  Gasconade  disaster  in 

Older  to  re'Miii  his  health,  which  had  been  shattered 

y  reason  of  injuries  received  on  that  occasion. 

In  private  life  Mr.  Taylor  was  noted  everywhere 

I  fur  the  evenness  of  his  disposition,  his  hatred  for  all 

frirt*  of  wrong-dealing,  his  sympathy  for  those  strug- 

tlini'  hoiioiitly  against  adver.se  fate,  his  antipathy  for 

I  skims  of  every  description,  and   especially  for  his 

Silfiiiy  to  his  friends.     He  was  one  of  the  most  useful 

ciiiien^  St.  I/iuis  ever  had,  and,  while  not  what  is 

halWI  a  statesman  and  lesM  n  politician,  his  habits  and 

r>|i,wities  fitted  him  peculiarly  to  serve  the  muniei- 

I  wlity    When  ealind  info  the  official  service  of  the  city, 

fe  viliiahle  efforts  vi  Uie  establishment  of  the  present 

Ute'le|iariment,  a^id  the  admirable  address  he  esliib- 

litcias  nwyiir  i;i  th'j  trying  year  of  1861  in  saving  tho 

I  (iiv  jovernricnt  from  being  overthrown  by  the  mili- 

mpowpi',  (Icservo  to  be  especially  remembered. 

i'lii'iiieey  I.  Filley  was  elected  mayor   iu   1863. 


The  practical  evidence  of  reviving  industry  and  trade 
was  furnished  in  the  raes.sage  of  Mayor  Filley,  wherein 
it  was  shown  that  the  receipts  from  merchants'  licenses 
for  the  l!i>it  six  months  had  been  more  than  fifty  per 
cent,  greate;'  than  the  collections  for  the  entire  pre- 
vious year ;  the  same  indications  of  renewed  prosperity 
were  giver  in  the  increased  taxes  from  real  estate  and 
other  sources  of  revenue,  which  responded  promptly 
to  tlie  new  life  and  vigor  thrown  into  all  branches  of 
trade  by  better  times.  The  act  "  to  establish  a  public 
park  for  the  use  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  city  of  St. 
Louis,"  approved  Feb.  5,  1861,  created  "the  eom- 
mi.ssioncrs  of  the  Central  Park,"  and  the  first  board 
under  the  act  was  composed  of  John  H.  Lightner, 
James  B.  Kads,  Henry  Shaw,  and  Wm.  McPherson. 
In  April,  1864,  Mayor  Filley  resigned  inconsequence 
of  ill  health. 

James  S.  Thomas  was  elected  mayor  for  the  unex- 
pired term  of  Mayor  Filley.  In  his  mes.sage  the  new 
mayor  called  the  attention  of  the  Common  Council  to 
the  fact  tha'.  "  before  the  1st  of  July  the  city  has  to 
inform  the  Ga.3-Light  Company  if  it  intends  to  make 
the  purchase  of  these  works,  which  now  amount  to 
from  one  million  to  one  million  two  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand  dollars  ;"  and  that  if  it  did,  arrangements 
would  have  to  be  made  for  the  payment  of  the  same 
before  the  end  of  the  year.  The  legislation  in  re- 
spect to  gas-light  in  force  at  that  time  forbade  any 
gas-light  company  in  St.  Louis  from  demanding  an 
advance  payment  from  customers  for  more  than  one 
and  a  half  months'  (piantity  of  gas.  It  also  required 
the  mayor  tti  appoint  a  gas  inspector  and  a  deputy ; 
forbade  averaging  bills,  and  required  bills  for  the 
actual  amount  of  gas  consumed  ;  ]irohibited  the  impo- 
sition of  a  delinquent  gas  bill  by  a  former  tenant  upon 
a  new  tenant ;  provided  for  the  purchase  of  the  works 
by  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  and  authorized  the  issue  of 
bonds,  to  be  designated  on  their  face  "  special  gas- 
works bonds  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis ;"  provided  a 
board  of  commissioners,  if  the  works  were  purchased, 
to  manage,  control,  operate,  and  extend  the  works ; 
and  also  provid<'d  for  the  lease  of  the  works  by  the 
city.  In  his  message  of  October,  1864,  Mayor 
Thomas  announced  that  "  the  prospect  which  for  so 
many  years  has  been  held  out  to  our  citizens  of 
placing  the.se  works  in  the  hands  of  the  city  is  now 
about  to  bo  consummated ;  that  the  public  interest 
will  be  better  served  and  the  wealth  and  credit  of  the 
city  largely  increased  by  their  acquisition  is  very 
evident."  The  scheme  failed  "  owing  to  the  raid 
Sterling  Price  was  just  the:,  making  into  Missouri; 
and,  owing  to  the  doubtful  consequences  which  they 
supposed  it  entailed,  it  was  found  impossiblo  to  make 


^.f 


!'H 


698 


HISTORY   OF  SATNT  LOUIS. 


I]l1ii 


Bale  of  them  (the  bopds)  iit  fair  prices."  Thus  the 
tirae  passed  in  which  the  purchase  cuuld  be  made, 
.•>iid  the  whole  matter  wiw  deferred  by  th(!  law  until 
Jan.  1,  1><70.  The  privile)'-^  of  purchasing'  the  gas- 
works by  the  city  of  St.  Ijouiii  was  provided  for  in 
the  charter  of  the  Gas-Light  Company  in  twenty-five 
years  after  Jan.  1  1840.  Mayor  Thomas  was  re- 
elected in  18G5  on  the  Republican  or  Radical  ticket 
by  a  majority  of  over  three  thousand  over  Daniel  T. 
Wright,  the  workin;;men's  candidate. 

Fearing  another  outbreak  of  Asiatic  cholera,  Mayor 
Thomas  made  various  recommendations  of  a  sanitary 
character,  especially  for  the  prevention  of  fouling  the 
streets  and  alleys  with  filth  and  slops,  and  against 
permitting  cows  and  goats  to  run  at  large.  The  pro- 
visions of  the  law  of  March  14,  1859.  authorizing  the 
Council  to  appoint  a  gas  inspector,  never  having  been 
carried  into  effect,  the  Council,  at  the  recommenda- 
tion of  the  mayor,  passed  an  ordinance,  Dec.  19, 18G5, 
providing  for  an  inspector  of  gas,  George  P.  Herthel 
being  appointed  Feb.  6,  186t),  proceeded  to  examine 
into  the  causes  of  complaint,  and  reported  that  the 
gas  furnished  to  consumers  was  of  an  inferior  quality, 
the  average  quality  being  eleven  and  six-tenths  can- 
dles, whereas  the  standard  of  law  was  thirteen  candles. 
Upon  this  exhibit  the  mayor,  on  May  2,  1866,  noti- 
fied the  St.  Loui.s  Gas-Light  Company  that  a  reduction 
of  ten  per  cent,  from  the  price  of  gas  for  the  month 
of  April,  1866,  should  be  made,  and  in  his  ine,«»nge 
added,  '■  As  it  is  my  intention  to  enforce  the  deduc- 
tion to  all  consumers,  I  suppose  the  gas  company, 
being  a  wealthy  corporation,  may  see  fit  to  take  legal 
steps  to  enforce  their  exorbitant  demands;  but  1 
have  no  hesitation  in  saying  that  the  position  as- 
sumed by  the  city  will  be  sustained,  and  the  public 
will  feel  that  the  proper  corrective  to  the  trickery  so 
long  indulged  in  without  opposition  by  the  po.ssessors 
of  this  gigantic  monopoly  has  been  applied." 

An  ordinance  approved  by  the  mayor  on  the  18ih 
of  December,  1865,  for  the  numbering  of  the  houses 
fronting  upon  the  public  streets  provided  "that  the 
odd  numbers  should  apply  to  the  north  and  west 
sides  of  the  streets,  and  the  even  numbers  to  the 
south  and  east  sides  of  the  streets  running  in  a 
northwardly  and  soutiiwardly  direction,  the  number- 
ing to  commence  with  No.  1  at  Market  Street,  and 
to  increase  northwardly  at  the  rate  of  one  hundred 
numbers  for  each  block,  us  nearly  as  the  varying 
series  of  streets  would  admit  of — Arsetiul  Street. 
Arrow  Street,  Chouteau  Avenue,  Market  Street, 
Franklin  Avenue,  Cass  Avenue,  Spring  Street,  and 
Salisbury  Street,  and  lli;>ir  continuations  east  and 
west,  to  be  rectified  lines  of  uniformity  in  numbering 


north  and  south.  On  all  streets  runnirji;  in  u  wesi 
wardly  direction  the  numbering  to  coninii mx.  at  the 
wharf  and  increase,  going  westwardly,  at  il,,'  rut*  nf 
one  htindred  nutnbers  for  each  block,  as  luailv  as  tlie 
varying  series  of  streets  would  admit  of-  ih,,  y,\y^^^ 
Third  Street,  Ninth  Street,  Fourteenth  Stnvi,  Jpff^f. 
son  Avenue,  and  Grand  Avenue,  and  tluir  (niitjiiu. 
ations  northwardly  and  southwardly,  to  l„.  rcctitic.1 
lines  in  numbering  westwardly, — the  goiiirnl  rule  in 
be  that  one  hundred  numbers  should  rt'|.risoiit  each 
block  going  westwardly  from  the  wharf,  and  a  like 
numberini^  for  each  block  north  and  soutii  of  Markn 
Street,  one  number  to  be  allotted  for  cvory  twoniv 
feet  of  vacant  ground." 

At  the  time  of  the  passage  of  the  onliiiaiioo  tij 
city  engineer  was  authorized  to  advertise  in  the  usual 
manner  for  proposals,  and  to  contract  with  the  lowest 
and  best  bidder  for  the  numbering  of  all  the  ]m\*e< 
in  the  city,  and  the  sum  of  two  thousaml  cidlhirs  wj. 
appropriated  for  the  payment  thereof  .'>liortlv  alier 
the  passage  of  the  above  ordinance  a  new  ciiv  diw- 
tory  was  i.ssued,  based  upon  the  old  muiiiieriuL'  nf 
the  houfses,  which  directory  was  rendered  praetidlv 
useless  on  account  of  the  changitig  of  the  numbfrs 
to  correspond  with  the  new  method  of  nuiiiiwinir 
streets. 

James  S.  Thomas  wa.s  re-elected  mayor  in  ISiKi.' 
The  division  of  the  Common  Comieil  iinn  two  j 
branches  was  authorized  by  the  new  charter  of  18ii6.  j 
By  this  charter  many  ordinances  were  ri'i|uirei|  t"  he  \ 
passed  or  amended.  Mayor  Thomas,  in  liis  iiussise  I 
of  May  7.  1867,  call  'd  the  attention  of  the  new  Cuuii.  | 
cil  to  Article  IV.,  Section  7,  "  to  proviilr  for  ri';ul;i 
ting  the  sprinklin.;  of  the  streets  ami  [.nliliu  iIiiiimiii;||, 
fares  of  the  city,"  and  to  the  necessity  of  addiiimial 
legislation  for  the  prohibition  of  cattle  of  I'vory  kind 
from  running  it  large  in  the  city;  and  liir  the  |iro-| 
vention  of  the  erection  of  wooden  biiil(liui.'S  wiiliin  I 


'  Tli«  Uri'iiblicini,  ill  iipmkin);  ul'  the  I'lMtinii?  iii.\|"i',,  1m 
snid,  "  Wo  III! won  the  gent'ral  city  tielii't  nolcasiniirijoriinhaal 
three  ihoiiMiiid.     We  liitvv  hiimli'uiiiely  eleeldl  Sli'|!i!r  for  ili»t| 
riiilroail  <'*)iiitiii.48ioner  and  t.'iidy  fur  rocnrdi-r.    Wi>  littvf  (■arnedl 
four  out  of  llu>  \\\v  aldcriniinii)  districts  (tH<»  iiliienmn  tutMel)| 
diKtrli'ti.  giving  the  Conscrviitivos  full  cuiitrol  "f  ihr  ii|i|m 
board  of  (lie  City  Council,      We  luivii  oli'ilrd  fiftieii  nul  il  thi] 
twenty  iiioinliciH  of  the  hoard  of  dvleKatrs.     We  liini'  iMtneJI 
I'ighl  of  the  ten  wards  in  the  city,  anil  lust  the  First  li;  warteljl 
more  than  twenty  voles.     For  seliool  diirelurs  nil  lliei'n'rrti- 
ti\c  candiilates  are  elected  except  in  Iho  Ki|{litli  Wanl, 

"At  the  election  tor  ami  agninat  the  new  ri]n«(ili.lii'ii.  I 
Juno,  the  uiinilier  of  v  ilcs  polled  in  tli  ^  cil)  win  It.jjl'.  Ve( 
tcrday  the  total  vote  was  fully  one  tliua.-iiiKi  Iis»,  Thisslmi 
that  the  victory  over  ivhich  we  now  rej.iii-e  "iis  gninfi  .n  Utn 
inuaiiure  by  conooisions  from  tlio  Radical  |iurty,  iiimlifgusl* 
with  what  Kadioallam  bad  done." 


MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMKNT. 


69» 


ets  ninniiiu  m  a  west- 
i<»  to  coniiniMii.e  at  the 
twardly,  at  il,c  lati- of 
block,  lis  Ml  Illy  astlie 
.  admit  ol',--  ilio  wliarf, 
lurteenth  Stic.M,  .leffer- 
lue,  and  ilu'ir  cuiitiim- 
iwardly,  to  !»■  rectilied 
f, — the  '^'ctioral  rule  u> 
i  should  ri'i'iisiMit  eadi 
I  the  wharf,  and  a  liki> 
•th  and  south  nf  Market 
Hotted   for  cvory  twoniy 

i2e  of  the  onliiianco  ti? 
to  advertise  in  tlic  usual 
I  contract  with  the  lowest 
inberinj:  of  all  the  Imuses 
two  thousaiiil  ildllars  was 
■nt  thereof.     Shortly  alter 
rdinaiice  a  now  city  Jirec- 
on  the  old  mimheiitv.;  nf 
f  was  reiid(>rrd  imidiully 
chaniiiti;^  of  the  iiumbm 
ew   method  of  immhevins: 

e-clected  mayor  in  ISlili.' 
oininoii   (jmneil  itiio  two  ] 
y  the  new  riiarter  of  ISiW. 
inancos  were  roiiuired  tn  be 
or  Thom;is.  in  his  iiu'ssage  ] 
attention  of  the  newl'inin- 
7,  "  to  ]>roviilo  for  re^ula- 
[si roots  and  \.nhliethor"Ui:h- 
the  necessity  of  addiiimial 
ion  of  cattle  of  every  kiiiil  I 
the  city;  and  for  the  pre- j 
l,f  wooden  buildiii'.'s  within 


lifT  uft>ieolecti'iii!iiiA!i'i'„l-8«,j 
Icily  tielii't  11"  1«'S»"  "'■')""'>''"»! 

.„l.oi.i»lyol'-'^'''-l^"«"'"""'"*| 
ly  for  i-.-C"r.UT.  \V..lu.v.'«r,^l 
I  ,lislricts(t«oi.l.imiK"io«lil 
Itivo.  full  .■"'itrol  ..f  tbo  «lfl 

lof  .l«le«atfS.     \Velmve«m^ 
lly.iui.i  lost  tl.c  First  l.v.«MlB 

L.h«oiainM-t..rs..lltlicf'»-"'^ 

l„,,lintl.oV;i<l.lliWara. 

Viiiil  the  •..•«  'on.Oti.lu.n, 

|l..ainll.3cit.v»«lt.''*   \<> 

1  om,  tlu..is,o..U....    'to^o. 

..„o«ri..i..i.H.«.s|!«in»l.»l«* 

ll.o  lUdicU""'?' '"""'"'*"' 


presf 


ribed  limits,  and  the  stoppini;  by  effectual  legia- 
lation  of  throwing  stones  and  the  use  of  slinps  by 
w,;5, "  wlureby  many  persons  hud  been  injured,  as 
fell  as  jirojierty  destroyed." 

Great  trouble  was  beginning  to  grow  out  of  the 
d>fective  tnanner  in  which  private  sewers  hud  been 
i^onsiructed.  and  to  remedy  existing  evils,  as  well  as 
to  prevent  serious  conse(]uence8  in  the  future.  Mayor 
Thiiuias  rei'oinmcnded  the  passage  of  a  law  requiring 
>uih"trai'-  as  would  prevent  the  reflow  of  sewer-gas 
into  the  surrounding  air."     The   establishment   of 
•  Tower  drove  I'urk"  having  been  authorized  by  an 
Hi  of  the  Leg'siiiture,  the  issuing  of  bonds  for  that 
,11,1  other  i>ttrpv"T  was  .'\uthorized.     The  cholera  in 
l<6l)liad  found  the  city  i,i  "a  filthy  condition,"  and 
(15  (he  15th  of  August,   186G,  Mayor  Thomas  ap- 
mioted  sanitary  committee.',  in  each  ward  of  the  city, 
,li«<  duty  it  was  to  inquire  into  the  condition  of  in- 
ffcted  neijilihorhooda,  and  to  adopt  such  means  for 
(lirtkin"  it  as  necessity  seemed  to  demand.     These 
ciuimittecs  immediately  went  to  work,  and  with  such 
effect  that  the  mortality  soon  showed  a  marked  de- 
cti«t.    The  act  of  the  General   As.sembly  approved 
Marih  9,  If^tiS,  entitled '' An  Act  for  the  preserva- 
linof  the  public  health  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis," 
iiihoriied  the  mayor  to  appoint  a  board  of  health. 
h ntiipliaiiee  with  this  law  the  mayor  selected  Dr. 
Wo  T.  Hodgoii,  Dr.  Jos.   Hoitzig,  Dr.   ElLsworth 
*niiih,  James  lV'a.se,  and  ConstJintine  Maguire.     The 
WorLtmized  on  the  Itith  of  March,  1869,  and  one 
t4  its  lint  net!!  was  to  make  an  examination  into  the 
fuiiiy  of  the  ice  supplied  by  tiie  dealers.     An  ordi- 
unce  was  in  force  prohibiting  the  sale  of  ice  cut  from 
Mis  Vciiiiii  the  cit^  limits,  but  there  was  nothing 
iiilieordinnnee  prohibiting  dealers  in  ice  from  taking 
iktit  lee  I'roiu  srnch  ponds,  and  it  was  found  impossible 
tjiiiiiitify  the  ice  mM  as  that  which  was  known  to 
kebeeii  taken  from  the  prohibited  ]ionds.      Henry 
1  Miore.  messenger  of  the  board  of  health,  excited 
ilcireul  ice  dealers  by  exposing  the  manner  in  which 
iilecrJiiumee  had  been  evaded,  ami  elicited  such  do- 
imiiaiuiiis  from  them  that  Mayor  Thomas  felt  called 
fcn  In  ;ussure  the  Council  that  Mr.  Moore's  report 
IriM'urreel. 
Tnituaii  J.  llumer,  for  many  years  city  engineer  of 
1  Louis,  died  on   the  8tli  of  October,    18ti7,   and 
livorThoiuus  urged  the  Council  to  secure  the  valu- 
|ap'rs  relating  to  the  local  affairs  ot'    the  city 
b  .Mr.  lluiner  had  collected  during  the  yenrs  he 
>ervej  in  the  engineer  department. 
Uuck.storing  in  the  markets  had  been  •  subject  of 
(b  legislation  in  the  City  Council.     Id  May,  18(>l, 
ijurThoiuas  hud  called  (he  attention  of  that  body 


to  the  loss  sustained  by  the  city,  and  in  consequence 
of  this  recommendation   the  Council  had  passed  an 
ordinance  (No.  5434)  prohibiting  huckstering  in  the 
markets,  but  subsequently,  owing  to  the  drain  of  the 
war  upon  the  laboring  population  and  the  scarcity  of 
produce  caused  thereby,  the  ordinance  had  been  modi- 
tied  by  No.  5021,  admitting  hucksters  to  the  market. 
This  last  ordinance,  though  vetoed  by  the  mayor,  was 
pus.sed  over  his  veto.     The  connection  between  this 
.subject  and  the  cholera  in  18t>(i  was  shown  by  Mayor 
Thomas  in  his  nies.sage  to  the  City  Council  in  October, 
1867.     The  records  of  the  board  of  health  demon- 
strated that  in  1860,  up  to  the  I'Jth  of  October,  there 
were  three  thousand  five  hundred  and  eighteen  deaths 
from  cholera,  whereas  up  to  the  same  date  in  1867 
there  were  only  six  hundred  and  ninety-six,  with  an 
increase  of  population  of  at  least  twenty   thousand. 
The  prohibition  of  the  sale  of  vegetables  anil  fruit  by 
the  board  of  health  in  1867  Mayor  Thomas  regarded 
as  the  means  by  which  the  "  partial  immunity  from 
cholera"  was  obtained  in    1867,  "  for  you  will  ob- 
serve," he  added,  "  that  while  only  one  hundred  and 
eleven  deaths  from  cholera  occurred  from  the  2l5d  of 
July  to  the  3d  of  September,  the  period  of  prohibi- 
tion, four  hundred  and  ninety-five  have  occurred  since 
its  repeal  on  the  last-mentioned  date  up  to  the  I'Jth 
of  the  present  month"  (October,  1867).     "On  the 
2d  of  September  no  deaths  from  cholera  were  reported, 
and  on  the   following  day  the  board  of  health  with- 
drew the  prohibition.     On  the  11th  of  September, 
which  would  be  as  .soon  as  the  hucksters  would  have 
an  oji(i()r'-inity  to  bring  their  produce  to  our  markets, 
there  weio  eight  deaths, — one  more  than  had  occurred 
(>n  any  previou.s  day  in  this  year.     On  the  2()th  there 
were  forty-three  deaths,  and  on  the  27th  sixty,  which 
was  the  largest  number  during  the  [iresont  year."    In 
view  of  these  facts  the  mayor  again  reeominended  the 
prohibition   of   huckstering,  and    by  ordinance    No. 
7242  it  was  provided  that  "  no  grocer,  hiiokster,  or 
other  pi^r.son  shall  sell  or  offer  for  .sale  in  any  market  or 
market-place  any  produce  or  other  article  purehu.sed 
within  the  city  limits  during  the  market  hours,  and 
all  farmers,  gardeners,  and  producers  are  hereby  au- 
thorized to  sell  it  during  the  market  hours  in  any 
market,  subject  to  the  provisions  of  this  article.  ' 

The  custom  which  in  recent  years  had  obtaii  "d  of 
settling  in  the  Legislature  the  affairs  of  St.  Louis 
was  called  to  the  attention  of  the  City  Council  by 
Mayor  Thomas.  "  Things  that  are  purely  municipal 
in  their  character,"  he  said,  "  such  as  the  blockadiuji; 
of  our  narrow  .streets  and  thoroughfares,  and  the  col- 
lection of  our  revenue,  and  other  kindred  local  mat- 
ters, the  City  Council,  and  not  the  General  Assembly 


U    '. 


|li|    f 


<    It 


't    I 


'. 


!     I 


700 


HISTORy  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


of  the  State,  should  bo  the  proper  law-inakcrs.  Such 
matters  are  (juestions  not  for  tlie  Conimoiiwoalth,  but 
for  the  corporation ;  and  in  whatever  concerns  the 
city  aliine,  and  does  not  involve  principles  of  general 
application,  the  city,  throuf^h  itH  rcco<;nizcd  organs, 
should  be  consulted  before  a  final  decision." 

The  general  prostration  of  coinnicrcial  and  manu- 
facturing interests  which  affected  the  country  in  1807 
did  not  spare  St.  Louis,  but,  in  so  far  as  the  city  au- 
thorities could  influence  the  progress  of  the  city,  the 
prospect  was  that  of  a  prosperous  future.  A  tide  of 
immigration  unparalleled  in  the  history  of  the  country 
was  pouring  in,  and  its  efl^ects  and  influoncps  were 
fruitful  of  good  to  the  city.  "  At  no  distant  day,"  wrote 
Mayor  Thomas,  "the  iron  horse,  with  its  precious  load 
of  human  freight,  will  .start  out  from  the  Atlantic 
coaiit,  whirling  across  the  continent  for  three  thou- 
sand miles,  and  across  the  bridge  which  is  soon  to 
span  our  mighty  river  at  this  point,  stopping  at  St. 
Louis  for  wood  and  water,  and  then  rapidly  gliding  on 
until  the  receding  shriek  of  the  locomotive  will  be 
heard  within  the  snowy  recesses  of  the  Rocky  Moun- 
taius,  and  on  the  slopes  that  overlook  the  city  of  San 
Pranci.sco  and  the  golden  shores  of  the  Pacific.  Then 
will  St.  Louis  be  the  centre  of  the  American  conti- 
nent, and  although  New  York  may  be  the  head,  St. 
Louis  will  be  the  heart  of  the  American  nation." 

During  the  several  preceding  terms  of  ALiyor 
Thomas  throe  great  improvements  were  kept  con- 
stantly in  view  by  him.  Those  were  the  extension 
of  the  city  wharf  from  North  and  South  Stre((t8  to 
the  city  limits,  a  supply  of  good  and  wholesome  vater, 
and  the  completion  of  the  sewer  system.  lie  had  ob- 
tained the  neo'ssary  legislation  for  all  of  these  im- 
provements, and  they  were  progressing  rapidly  to- 
wards completion.  In  addition  to  these  purely  local 
matters,  the  prospective  early  completion  of  the  rail- 
road system  of  St.  Ijouis,  as  well  as  that  of  the  great 
bridge,  were  a  source  of  congratulation  to  the  mer- 
chants and  business  men  of  the  city,  by  who.se  efforts 
and  energy  these  great  works  were  undertaken  uod 
sustained. 

Mayor  Thon)a.s  was  re-elected  in  18G8,  and  in  his 
annual  message  he  congratulated  the  citizens  of  St. 
Louis  on  '■  that  great  advancement  and  prosperity" 
which  had  crowned  the  efforts  and  endeavors  of  citi- 
zens and  municipality  to  build  up  the  trade  And  com- 
merce of  the  city.  The  experience  of  five  years  in 
the  mayoralty,  he  added,  had  shown  that  the  powers 
with  which  the  mayor  was  invested  were  too  con- 
tracted for  the  responsible  head  of  the  whole  city. 
The  legal  arrangements  for  the  purcliase  of  Tower 
Grove  Park  having  been  completed,  and  the  sale  of 


the  bonds  having  realized  three  hundred  miil 


Uty 


thousand  dollars,  Mes.sr8.  Henry  Shaw.  Clerics  P 
Chouteau,  Adolphus  Meier,  and  Judge  WilHan,  V 
Fergu.son  were  appointed  commissioners.  :,\u\  entered 
upon  the  discharge  of  their  duties. 

Mayor  Thomas  again  urged  upon  the  Ciiy  Vu[i],([\ 
the  adoption  of  measures  for  the  purcha-^.  uf  the"., 
works.  The  opportunity  oflFered  of  sci mini;  iIk, 
works  in  1870,  he  pointed  out,  would  not  ii'.MJn  mm 
until  187r). 

The  oppressive  nature  of  the  tax  of  thice  iiiinilrn] 
dollars  on  non-resident  traders,  and  tli<'  fiua  tliai ;, 
had  become  a  "  dead  letter"  and  was  imt  onlnm,] 
were  called  to  the  attenticm  of  the  inavnr  by  I),,,],] 
Brown  &  Co.,  Henry  Bell  &  Son,  Hint.  Ililluivrsi 
Vorhies,  John  G.  Allen  &  Son,  Suniiul  ('.  Pavi*  ^ 
Co.,  Crow,  McCreery  &  Co.,  Smith,  \n.;,.l  jU'„  w 
11.  Benton  &  Co.,  A,  Jolm.son  &  Ci,.,  mii]  ||  y 
Simon  &  Gregory.  Tliese  gentlemen  riiriiiiiii„|,,y 
the  reduction  of  the  license  to  twenty  iliillai\  auj  i,,. 
ordinance  No.  78ti5  the  lax  was  made  ii'ii  duller, 

Mayor  Thomas'  long  administraticin  clusi'd  in  |>(;i| 
and  Mr.  Thomas  died  Sept.  2(i,  1871.  awl  wvmiv. 
two,  having  spent  the  best  years  of  a  Ion:' liie  jj 
the  service  of  St.  Louis.  He  was  Imrn  in  .Man,., 
May  2iJ,  1802,  and  came  to  St.  Iii)iii>  in  liis  iit,i,;v. 
third  year,  landing  at  the  foot  of  what  i>  iiii«-  Mm'.ji 
Street  on  the  21st  of  January,  182;").  IIoiikm,] 
first  night  in  the  city  in  the  old  stone  ljuili]iiii;iii. 
corner  of  Morgan  and  Main  Streets,  sincf  kiiimii 
the  Missouri  Hotel.  On  the  lUI  nf  Januarv,  bi^ 
he  went  into  business  on  Main  Street  as  banket  ji 
exchange  broker,  with  a  cash  capital  uf  tHdliii'i! 
and  seventy  dollars,  and  an  Kastcni  ciedii  nf : 
thousand  dollars.  U  was  the  first  Laiikiin;-li(iiii,' 
tablished  in  St.  Louis,  as  up  to  that  tiiin'  iIk  m 
chants  of  the  city  did  what  little  baiikini;  aiil  Wi 
age  there  was  to  be  done.  The  pn|iulatiiin  al  il 
time  was  less  than  five  thousand,  lie  cimducidi il 
business  individually  until  18158.  when  ho  ooia 
into  partnership  with  the  late  L.  ,\.  Biii it  io 
more  extensive  banking  business,  umlor  thi'limi-' 
of  L.  A.  Benoist  &  Co.  This  ])arliii'rslii|iiri< 
solved  in  18r)0,  at  which  time  .Mr.  'f hunia.* r.iW 
private  life  until  the  exciting  scenes  ol'thetrar 
brought  him  into  activity  in  publii'  afl'airs.  Pirij 
the  time  that  St.  Louis  was  undrr  inartiil  !». 
held  several  civil  positions  under  luiliiary  tjf* 
ment,  the  principal  of  which  was  ttiat  nf  pii 
the  board  of  assessment. 

In  April,  1864,  he  was  elected  mayor  ofS 
for  the  unexpired  term  of  Hon.  Cliaunwv  I  R! 
who  resigned  on  account  of  ill  health.    In  \^& 


ree  huiulrcd  ;iiiil  sixty 
«nry  tJhuw,  Clinrles  P. 
and  JuJ^o.  \\'illi;im  F. 
imisaioncrs.  :  ml  I'litured 
luties. 

1  upon  tlio  I'iiy  Vmm\ 
the  purclia>i  of  the 'jas. 
ffcred  of  Hnnv'nv^  llicsc 
ut,  would  ii"t  !>'-';iin  occiit 

the  tux  of  tlivfo  Imn^roi 

iera,  and  iln'  l;n't  tliai  it  ] 

f"   and  Wiis  imt  I'lil'iirtnl, 

ti  of  tl>e  uiiivnr  tiy  l)n,i.l, 

&  Son,  lluvt.  lli'llimrsi 

,  Son,  Saniiu-1  »'.  Ihvis  i  | 

3.,  Smith,  \n';Ak[\.\\ 

ohnson  &  d...  imd  U.  T,l 

le  irenllenieii  r.'cnmiiK'ii^.;J 

so  to  twenty  ilnllavs.  iiudiiy 

ax  was  madu  Iimi  iIhIIm*. 

unnistriition  cl.isftlin  l^ii'J, 

ept.  "iC,  187-1.  aL'.'d*v,iiiy. 

,e(*t  years  of  ;i  ^«»-  lilf  ill 

lie  was  I" It'll  i"  MaryU,] 

e  to  St.  liouis  in  liis  UMiy.' 

c  foot  of  what  i^no\v)l 

nuary,  IS-if).     Heps.dki 

the  old  stone  V,uililiii':  -"  \k 

klain  Streets,  mirv  hvn 

|„  the  ;^d  of  .)amury,l<i«j 

Main  Street  as  kiikvi  ii 

.cash  capital  ot'twolirl- 

d  an  Kastorii  credit  »i  t. 

|as  the  first  buiikin^!i.'ii>.' 

a8  up  to  that  time  ilic  m* 

,hat  little  hiuikii.2  iW'Uit«t« 

pne.     The  pnimhiiiuii  it  t!i 

thousand.      llecnna«cwv 

nitil   18:58,  wliei'  ^t™'* 

the  late  h.  A.  B.*wi« 

J  husincss,  un.lT  the  fiiw) 

L'o      This  partnorsbipwui 

jhtiraeMr. 'riK'"";'*'"""^! 
.eitinSseene>oftk»«>.»i 

riiy  in  r"t'''^'  '""''''*   ^"' 

ua  was  tuider  niarti»l  !>«.^ 

itions  under  miliiwy  ifH 

whieh  was  that  nl'Ht^ 

It. 

[was  elected  mayor  of  J> 

„  of  llou.  Cliaunwyl^'' 
,„t  of  ill  health.    In  1^«| 


MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMP]NT. 


roi 


tag rceleeted,  again  in  1866,  again  in  1867,  and  in 
ig68  niakin^;  a  period  of  nearly  six  years  of  official 
life,— the  longest  term  of  service  of  any  mayor  of  St. 
Ixiuis,  witli  the  exception  of  Dr.  William  Carr  Lane. 
DuriiiL'  the  war  term,  embracin);  the  period  from 
l(i6U  to  l^'''7i  almost  all  public  work  was  suspended, 
J  no  improvements  of  any  kind  were  attempted, 
(iccpt  such  as  were  imperatively  necessary.  Imine- 
iliaielY  »r""  ^'^  installation  in  office  as  mayor,  in 
IjM,  he  inaugurated  measures  for  the  purchase  of 
iK'  sas-woi  ks ;  but  as  the  city  comptroller  on  going 
to  Si'ff  Vurk  was  unable  to  negotiate  city  bonds  at 
ovor  sixiv  eents  on  the  dollar  in  currency,  the  scheme 
fas  necc.osarily  abandoned. 

His  next  important  official  acts  embraced  a  system 
jcf"eneral  improvement  of  the  tlioroughfares  of  the 
I  ,jn  and  coii.'iistcd  in  part  of  u  general  sewer  system 
I  for  the  preservation  of  the  public  health.     This  em- 
I  braced  the  construction  and  extension  of  the  great 
I  Creek  sewer,  the  Rocky  Branch  sewer,  and  the 
I  ^[jfjal  Street   sewer,   with    such   other  connecting 
I  seuors  as  were  necessary  to  perfect  a  system  of  drain- 
Ikc.    Bv  the  issue  of  bonds  and  the  exercise  of  per- 
tKuraiicc  during   his  official  career  these  great  im- 
[  provemcnts  were  put  well  under  way.     He  also  advo- 
I  (jiid  and  urged  the  improvement  and  extension  of 
[ik wharf  north  and  south,  and  the  improvement  of 
I  tie  central  wharf.     Among  the  official  acts  for  which 
1  St.  Louis  is  more  indebted  to  Mayor  Thomas  than  to 
[»DV  other  man  is  the  supplying  of  the  city  with  new 
luior-works.   To  this  end  he  devoted  all  his  energies, 
liiiJ  after  persevering  effort  succeeded  in  getting  a  bill 
\t&'(i  by  the  Legislature  authorizing  the  issue   of 
ilw  and  a  half  million  dollars  in  gold-bearing  bonds, 
litiiihe  appointment  of  a  board  of  water  commission- 
[er-ti  ciintract  for  and  superintend  the  construction 
[tfuDrks  which  should  give  the  city  an  ample  supply 
|tl  [lire  and  wholesome  water.     This  great  improve- 
Iveiit.  by  the  issue  of  a  largo  sum  of  additional  bonds, 
Havir  Thomas  lived  to  see  completed.     He,  together 
liitli  Hop.  John  F.  Thornton,  was  instrumental  in 
latin;;  the  munificent  proposal  of  Henry  Shaw   ac- 
|(fteil,in  the  donation  of  the  ground  for  Tower  Grove 
SPatk.  and  for  the  improvement  of  this  beautiful  place 
ftesort.    One  of  the  last  of  Mayor  Thomas'  acts  was 
tissue  and  sell,  in  accordance  with  the  provision  of 
I  act  of  the  (ieiieral  As.sembly,  bonds  to  the  amount 
ftliroe  hundred  and  filly   thousand   dollars,  gold. 
Iiw  bonds,  owing  to  the  improvement  of  the  city 
niit  were  sold  at  $1.04.     He  was  up  to  the  time  of 
I'iiaili  a  member  of  the  Tower  Grove  Park  Board  of 
pDinmsioners.     Although  during  his  whole  official 
1  hia  <;rcal  aim  was  the  inauguration  and  comple- 


tion of  the  above-mentioned  improvements,  he  found 
time  to  attend  to  all  minor  city  affairs  with  rare  fidelity. 
Owing  to  the  large  amount  of  additional  labor  which 
he  took  upon  himself  in  the  discharge  of  his  duty  as 
mayor,  and  his  untiring  efforts  to  serve  the  people  in 
every  capacity  called  upon,  he  many  times,  even  at  the 
ago  of  sixty-eight,  labored  from  the  dawn  of  day  far 
into  the  night,  and  at  times  became  prostrated  by 
overexertion,  from  which  his  intimate  friends  feared 
he  would  not  recover.  Upon  retiring  from  office  as 
mayor,  he  sought  privacy  and  quiet  at  his  residence 
on  Park  Avenue,  but  the  troubles  of  a  stormy  career 
as  mayor  and  over-exertion  while  in  office  weighed 
heavily  upon  him. 

At  the  funeral  of  Judge  Dent  he  was  one  of  the 
pall-bearers,  and  by  the  breaking  of  the  handle  of  the 
coffin  he  received  an  injury  which  he  then  thought 
and  continued  to  think  would  shorten  his  life.  When 
his  last  sickness  came  upon  him  he  had  a  premonition 
of  death,  and  in  the  presence  of  his  assignee  in  bank- 
ruptcy made  a  very  precise  and  lucid  exposition  in 
Retail  concerning  important  matters  about  his  estate. 
He  was  a  very  exact  man  about  all  business  matters, 
and  his  accounts  and  papers  were  all  in  the  most 
orderly  condition.  He  had  a  large  insurance  on  his 
life,  fii'ty-two  thousand  dollars  of  which  was  for  his 
own  benefit.  Mr.  Thomas  was  twice  married.  His 
first  wife  was  a  daughter  of  Curtis  Skinner,  of  St. 
Louis,  and  sister  to  Mrs.  (jovernor  Polk.  His  second 
wife  was  Miss  Susan  H.  Hackney,  sister  of  Judge  A.  H. 
Hackney,  at  one  time  presiding  judge  of  the  county 
court,  and  also  of  the  second  wife  of  his  partner. 
L.  A.  Benoist.  He  loft  a  widow,  a  married  daughter, 
Mrs.  Fowler,  of  Baltimore,  and  two  grandchildren. 

Nathan  Cole  succeeded  James  S.  Thomas  as  mayor 
in  1869.  The  improvement  of  the  harbor  was  the 
chief  subject  discus.sed  in  the  first  message  of  Mayor 
Cole,  and  an  appropriation  of  one  hundred  and  fifty 
thousanil  dollars  was  made  by  the  City  Council  for 
carrying  on  the  work.  The  condition  of  the  rail- 
roads and  the  nearness  of  their  completion  were  fully 
iH'X  forth  in  the  October  message  of  Mayor  Cole  in 
1869.  The  North  Missouri  Uailroad  opened  this 
year  a  second  connection  with  Kansas  City,  leaving 
but  a  very  short  gap  to  be  filled  to  eomph'tc  the  con- 
nection with  the  State  of  Iowa,  and  the  Missouri 
Pacific  changed  ila  gauge  during  the  year,  and  was 
pushing  rapidly  for  connection  with  the  Union  Pacific 
by  way  of  Atchi.son  and  Fort  Kearney. 

On  tlie  26th  of  February  preceding,  the  City  Coun- 
cil had  "  Rrsohrd,  That  the  city  of  St.  Louis  will 
purchase  the  gas-works  of  the  St.  Louis  Gas- Light 
Company,  according  to  their  privilege  to  do  so,  and 


i 


^k'" 


^ii 


Pt\i% 


^1 


''  >n 


702 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


tliiit  the  mayor  bo  rcqiiestud  to  notify  the  pruHidont 
and  dirt'ctorH  of  (ho  xnid  company  ut'  their  intiMitimi 
to  purchase  the  same  lit  the  time  preHcrihed  hy  h»w 
and  contract,  to  wit,  on  the  ImI  day  of  January, 
1K70."  A  copy  of  this  rc8i>lution  was  served  on  the 
Gas-]ii^lit  Company,  und  Mayor  Cole  reminded  the 
(Jduncil  that  further  legislation  was  necessary  to  en- 
able him  to  appoint  an  appraiser,  as  well  as  t>)  au- 
thorize tlie  issue  of  city  bonds  with  which  toeouipletc 
the  purcliase. 

The  continually  increiusin<;  dissatisfaction  of  the 
citizens  as  to  slaughter-houses  in  the  city,  as  well  -is 
the  earnest  recommendation  of  the  board  of  health 
for  their  immediate  removal,  was  brought  to  the  atten- 
tion of  the  City  Council  by  Mayor  Colo.  Ordiilance 
No.  7340,  adopted  in  accordance  with  his  recommen- 
dations, provides  that  "  no  butcher  or  other  person 
shall  kill  or  slaughter  any  beeves,  sheep,  or  other 
animal  within  the  city  unleSH  the  house,  yard,  pen, 
or  place  where  such  killing  shall  take  place  be  pro- 
vided with  a  tight  plank  lioor,  or  be  paved  with  brick 
or  stone  laid  in  cement;  if  paved  with  brick,  then  the 
earth  below  shall  be  sufficiently  solid  to  prevent  its 
becoming  a  receptacle  of  filth  and  offensive  matter. 
The  pavement  in  every  case  shall  be  made  with  a  de- 
scent towards  a  gutter  which  shall  pass  through  the 
same,  and  leading  to  a  public,  di^itrict,  or  private 
sewer,  und  no  slaughtering  shall  be  done  in  any 
slaughter-house  not  provided  with  a  sewer  connection, 
or  with  suitable  tubs  to  be  emptied  daily." 

Philip  McCahill,  auditor,  estimated  the  receipts  and 
expenditures  of  the  city  for  the  year  186i(-70  as  fol- 
lows: 

lU'venuc  ii|i|ilirable  for  general  |iuri)0.«e!i #1,4SII,7S1.S2 

Estiiiiiilci)  rx|>iMiilitiii'ea l,44t,27l.l(> 

Kxi'esn  uf  rovcnuo *42,JHI.08 

This  wiiiild   liHve  twun  a  grutifj'in^  exhiliit  but 
fur  the  I'ai't  lliat  there  were  nut^tandiii);  bill.s  tu 

be  |>aiil  iliiriii);  the  ^ear  aiiiuuntiiig  to ^l.tT.)  I8.1;i 

Bonds  inuturing aOl'.lMlli.lIll 

Bahin.e«  due  fund.- 83»,:iail.y4 

Tutul $2,0a8,46S.U» 

Bnbince  in  treasury  Oct.  11,  188il...  $3i;i,Sti2.yi» 

Exvess  uf  revenue,  as  above 42,.jl(l.66 

3:)«,37:t.fi,') 

Total  delleionoy *1,7U2,084.44 

Thus  "  the  condition  of  our  finances,"  says  the 
auditor's  report,  "  is  such  as  to  require  the  most 
active  and  careful  measures  to  protect  the  good  faith 
and  credit  of  the  city ;  something  more  substantial 
than  temporary  alleviation  by  loans  is  rc(|uisite,  as 
that,  in  the  end,  but  increases  the  evil."  The  aggre- 
gate total  of  outstanding  bonds  was  S12,H35,()0() 
principal,  the  interest  upon   which   was  9^77,000 ; 


at  the  same  time  public  property  owned  l.v  tlio  liiv 
was  valued  at  «7,!i:<!),3()l. 24. 

The  condition  of  public  affairs  ut  the  nid  uf  M.ivnr 
Thomas'  administration  was  sueh  as  tu  ixiitc  iL, 
gravest  apprehensions.  An  investigating  •niiiniiiitv 
had  reported  a  state  of  things  in  the  di  |.,iriiiieiii»  uf 

the  city  government  involving  alleged  iiilpaljli.  i 

ligence  and  violation  of  official  obligatinri  mi  the  part 
of  certain  city  officers. 

The  "  act  to  revise  the  charter  ol'  tlir  city  ,,1'  Si 
Louis  and  to  extend  the  limits  tlirriMif, '  Mripripwii 
March  4,  1870,  included  the  eity  of  ('iii-..iiii,.l,.twii|| 
the  city  of  St.  Louis. 

In  this  year  Sylvester  H.  Lafliii,  now  diie  of  th.- 
leading  merchants  of  St.  Louis,  was   inwaili'd  hiuh 
by  a  large  number  of  prominent  citizins  df  ih,.  Sixtli 
Ward  to  allow  the  use  of  his  name  as  a  ciiiiJidato  \\<t 
alderman.      He  was  elected,  and  served  wiili  trroat  ac- 
ceptability.    Mr.   Laflin   has   been   long  and  prmm. 
nently  known  in  St.  Louis  as  the  icsideiii  dirwidrof  | 
the  Laflin  &  Rand  Powder  Company.     Ilo  was  bim 
i  1  Blundford,  Mass.,  May  29,  1822.     Ills  fatlur  \vm  | 
Luther  Laflin,  and  his  mother's  name  he  lore  luarriiwe  | 
was  Almira  Sylvester.      When  Sylvester  was  eleven  i 
years  old  his  father  moved  to  Saiiueriio,  .\.  V.,  and 
with  his  brother  Matthew  engaged  in  the  luamifadure 
of  powder,  of  which  they  may  almost  lie  .said  to  hf  die 
pioneers  in   America  on  anything  like  a  laijie  nal. 
At  Saugerties  the  boy  was  sent  to  schnol  for  a  wliili 
but  could  hardly  be  restrained  from  starting;  inu  in  | 
business  for  himself,  and  at  the  age  of  ;dio»t  tiiiiiiitnl 
he  entered  a  store  at  Hyde  Park,  on  the  llndsun,  audi 
remained  there  two  years.     He  then  reiunied  Imiiie, 
and  went  to  school  another  year ;   Iml  at  the  a;;e  uf  I 
nineteen,  becoming  restless  again,  he  started  out  wiihj 
his  father's  permission  to  seek  his  own  I'ortinie.    Tliej 
powder  company  with  which  his  liitherwas  coiinei'iedj 
established  a  branch  depot  in  St.  Jjouis,  and  iilieu'dl 
the  young  man  an  opportunity  to  coiiunencf  Ijtbiiiessjj 
but  he  was  made  to  understand  that  he  must  •■luiiinl 
at  the  bottom  and  work  up,"  and  show  by  the  Imsi- 
ness  character  he  developed  whether  lie  wa- capable  ofl 
managing  so  important  an  intenvst  as  it  was  ii(i|>od| 
the  St.  Louis  branch   would  beeonio.     He  aecepicdl 
the  conditions,  and   in   October,  1842,  arrived  in  .'^t,| 
Louis,  under  a  five  years'  agreement,  the  lirsi  yoar'i 
salary  being  three  hundred  dollars,  with  a  yearly  in-j 
crease  of  fifly  dollars.     He  entered  updH  liis  bu-siiiea 
career  with   remarkable  energy,  and  t'ur  ciidit  y.'irt 
managed  the  humblest  details  of  tlie  ui,'ency.    I  I'll 
mately  he  was  intrusted  with  the  eliarL'e  of  the  eiiiin 
business  of  the  company  at  St.  Limis.     His  onerg| 
increased    with    increasing  responsibilities,  and  tn 


MUNICIPAL  GOVKUNMHNT. 


7(»:» 


perty  owikmI 


'V  tlic 


I'llV 


iiirs  ut  till!  iii'l  of  Miiviir 

HUcll     lis    111    r\,-it(.    till!    I 

iiivfstiiiiiiiii.;  ■■iiinniiiit.,,. 
H  ill  the  ilr|i;iriin(.'iils  uf 
ill);  ulli'^;t'il  ciiliniliK'  ni".'- 
iul  obligiitiuii  un  tlie  pan 

hiirtur  oC  tlii  lity  ut'  Si. 
iuiit.i  tlicrriil, '  iiii|ir"Vril 
e  city  1)1'  ( 'ail iiidfli't Willi 

1.  Luflin,  iKiw  iiiu'  III'  till' 
ouis,  was  (iirviiilcil  u|«iii 
iiont  citi/.i'iis  lit'  ilu'  Sixih 
is  iiiiiiu!  u.s  u  caiiiliihili-  I'lir 
I  and  .served  with  |;ri'at  ao- 
iiH   been  loiit:  iiml  iiruuii- 
us  tlic  ivsidLMit  iliruotiir  uf 
•  Coiiiiiiuiy.     Ill"  was  burn 
li'J,  182'2.     HisfadiiTM 
her's  iKinie  lutiirc  luarriiw 
niL'ii  Sylvester  was  eleven 
il  to  SaULsertio.  N.  Y.,  and  j 
eii"ai;ed  in  llie  maimt'aeiiire 
[jay  almost  be  said  to  be  ilie  j 
iiiythiiif;  like  u  laii;e  -eak 
sent  t(i  scliiiiil  fur  a  while, 
lined  IVuni  sturtiii;:  mit  in 
the  aixe  ut'  at)iiiit  t'lmrteenl 
I'ark,  on  tlie  lliiils'in.  and 
lie  then  retunieil  Imnie,] 
year  ;  but  at  tlie  a;;e  uf  j 
again,  he  slartid  out  wiihf 
eek  bis  own  I'drtiiiie.    Tliej 
ill  his  father  was  eiiiiiieeled I 
in  St.  Limi-s  ami  iilferedl 
lity  to  eoinineiicc  business;! 
tand  that  lie  must  "beittj 
D,"  and  sliiiw  bv  the  biisi-f 
whether  he  was  capable  ofj 
interest  as  it  was  liopedl 
|ld  beeoiiie.     He  aeeepiodj 
[ober,  184:2,  arrive.1  in  St| 
lagreeiiieiit.  tlie  tin't  yoar'l 
dollars,  with  a  yearly  ia-| 
entered  uimii  hi"  l""""^* 
jrgy,  and  I'nr  eiirbt  yeaii 
ails  of  the  ui:t'"''y.    '  ''•] 
b  the  ebaiue  ef  the  fntiW 

it  St.  Liiiii.^-    Hi*  '-'"'■'^ 
responsibilities,  and  tb 


jiuiiiness  iieeuine  fluurishing  and  protitable.      It  was  a 
matter  nt  pridu  witli   liiui  tu  elevate  it  to  a  first-elass 
sliiiidaril.  and  be  succeeded  in  extending  tlie  irude  of 
(he  liiiu-'  into  all  the  Western  States  and  Territories, 
lie  was  sunn  admitted  to  partner.^'hip  in  the  linn  of 
IjUiIkt  ^iiid   Matthew  Laflili.  and  ultimately  a  stock 
coniiiaiiy  was  formed  under  the  name  of  the  liuflin  & 
lUnJ  I'owder  Company,  wbieli   now  uiaiiages  eight 
pivKliT-iiiilU  in  vari- 
ous pans  I. fllieeoun- 
irv,  si'ver.il  of  tiiem 
ailari;e  and  complete, 
[Tobably.  as  any    in 
ihe  world,   and    the 
liisrrejrate  making  the 
(..nipaiiy         perhaps 
ihe   largest    powder 
iMnutaeluring  estali- 
yiuieiil  in  ('xistencc. 
.■ivlvester   11.  Laflin, 
uhu  at  tlie  early  ago 
of  twenty    managed 
ike  entire  business  of 
ike  company   at   St. 

bmis.  is  now  a  dircc- 

lor  in  this  giant  cor- 

[wraiioii  and  one  of 

iLs    largest      stoek- 

kolders. 
Besides  succeeding 

liiu.ist  incredibly   in 

kuildin<:  up  a  busi- 

oesj  for  the  powder 

diuipany.  .Mr.  Laflin 

his  been   connected 

liih  a    miniber    of 

pablic      enterprises. 

His  energy,   enthu- 
siasm, and    shrewd, 

prai'tieal  sense    have 

IwD  recognized    by 

ill  cla.sse8,  and    his 

(o-iiperaliun  has  been 

jlaJly  ffdconied  as  a  guarantee  of  suecos.s  where  suc- 

««s  depended  upon  those  re(|«iisites.     A  list  of  bis 

1  'irions  business  connections  would  fill  tnueh  space. 

Fur  many  years  lie  was  a  director  of  the  old  State 

Uk  when  its  notes  were   preferable    to   gold,  and 

jiiuff  a  director  in  the  St.  Louis    National    Bank 

iBd  the  Covenant  Mutual  Life  Insurance  Cora- 
l«iiy.  He  aided  largely  in  building  the  first  Lin- 
™  Hotel,  and  lost  one  hundred  thousand    dollars 

I  "leu  it  was  destroyed  by  fire,  vis  one  of  the  most 


active  directors  of  the  Pilot  Knob  Iron  Company, 
and  was  for  years  the  associate  of  the  late  Hon. 
Thomas  Allen  in  that  and  the  Iron  Mountain  Uail- 
road.  until  thi^  sale  of  (lie  latter  to  Jay  IJould.  He 
is  now  a  prominent  director  of  the  Carbondalo  Coal 
and  (!oke  Company  ami   the  St.  Louis  Coal    Uiiilroad 

Company ••  id"  the  largest   enterprises  of  the  kind 

ever  engiiieend  by  St.  Louis  capitalists.      Mr.  Laflin 

has  always  taken 
great  i)ride  in  the 
growth  of  St.  LiMiis, 
and  this  list  of  bis 
business  connections 
.shows  that  he  is.  al- 
ways ready  to  do  his 
share  in  pushing  for- 
ward projects  in- 
tended to  build  up 
and  beindit  the  city. 
Ill  such  historic  en- 
terprises as  the  build- 
ing of  the  •'  great 
bridge"  and  the  erec- 
tion of  the  Chamber 
of  Commerce  he  took 
the  greatest  interest. 
The  rapidity  with 
which  Mr.  Laflin  dis- 
patches business  is 
wonderful.  While 
most  other  men  are 
planning  \ir  is  exe- 
cuting; when  they 
have  begun  he  has 
tinishcd.  This  is  the 
secret  uf  his  success, 
so  marked  beyond 
that  of  many  who 
bad  immeasurably 
the  advantage  (ap- 
parently) of  him  in 
his  start  in  life. 
Mr.  Laflin  has  sel- 
dom taken  part  in  political  aff"airs.  yet  occasionally  at 
the  retjuest  of  his  neighbors  has  accepted  office,  and,  as 
we  have  seen,  was  chosen  alderman  from  the  Sixth 
Ward  in  1870.  His  services  to  the  city  have  been 
performed  in  other  fields  than  those  of  legislation  ;  few, 
indeed,  have  served  her  better.  His  genial  manners 
and  social  qualities,  his  strict  sense  of  honor,  and  his 
irrepressible  energy,  which  are  proverbial  in  the  city, 
and  scarcely  less  known  throughout  the  West,  have 
rendered  him  deservedly  honored  and  popular. 


ari!ii 


■i";if 


\U^H' 


■I     '■ 


P   i-:.(:r4 


nM^l 


'^^^ 


i  him 


! 


w. 


704 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


If  i 


!> 


A 


1 


In  February,  ISi'iO,  Mr.  liiiflin  wuh  inurried  to  Miu 
Aniiii  W.  StuiitH,  dnii^litor  uf  Ihiiiiu  W.  HtnaU,  itf 
Albniiy,  N,  V.,  by  wbuin  )iu  huM  bad  ei^bt  uliildrim, 
tivo  of  wbuui  iiru  living.  Tbc  t.'ldcht  8uii,  AddiNoii 
H.  Liiflin,  is  in  bii.siiiuHH  with  bis  fatluT,  and  is  n 
worthy  son  of  Nuob  ii  nirn.  Mr.  liutlin  is  eminently 
doineHlie  in  \m  nature,  and  findH  \m  ^reuluMt  deli);lit 
in  niiniMtoring  to  the  bappincHttufiiiH  interesting  taniiiy. 

Tbii  municipal  elections  under  the  revised  city 
charter  were  to  be  held  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  April, 
1871  ;  tile  mayor  and  all  other  elective  and  appointed 
officers  were  to  bold  their  offices  for  the  term  of  two 
ycar.M,  and  the  mayor,  comptroller,  and  treasurer  were 
ex  ojlifio  u  board  of  fund  couimissioners  to  manage 
and  control  the  sinkinj;  fund,  which  was  made  tot;on- 
sist  of  the  funds  which  previous  to  the  passage  of  the 
act  made  up  the  sinl(in<;  fund,  as  hereinbefore  set  forth. 
Mr.  Colo  retired  from  the  mayoralty  in  1870,  with  an 
enviable  record  as  an  able  and  energetic  official. 

Nathan  Colo  was  born  in  St.  Louis,  July  26,  1825, 
in  a  cottage  which  stood  on  the  square  bounded  by 
Eighth,  Ninth,  Green,  and  Morgan  Streets,  and  which 
resisted  the  march  of  iinproveraent  until  about  1865, 
when  it  was  demolished.  His  father,  Nathan  Cole, 
had  emigrated  from  Ovid,  N.  Y.,  to  St.  Louis  in 
1821,  to  repair  his  fortune,  which  had  been  swept 
away  in  the  commercial  depression  that  followed  the 
war  of  1812.  He  brought  to  St.  Louis  his  wife  and 
six  sons,  and  Nathan  was  the  seventh.  Ilis  mother, 
Sarah  Scott,  was  de.scended  from  an  old  and  highly- 
respected  family  which  settled  at  an  early  day  on  the 
eastern  shore  of  Connecticut. 

During  his  residence  in  St.  Louis  the  elder  Cole 
made  a  heroic  but  generally  unsuccessful  struggle 
again.st  adverse  fortune,  and  the  family  experienced 
many  vicissitudes.  He  was  an  enterprising  man,  and 
among  bis  ventures  was  one  that  indicated  great  pre- 
science, although  it  resulted  disastrou.sly.  He  foresaw 
that  the  situation  of  St.  Louis  must  eventually  make 
it  the  source  of  supply  of  salt  meats  for  New  Orleans 
and  other  cities,  and  was  the  first  to  embark  in  the 
business,  but  he  was  before  his  time  and  the  attempt 
ended  in  failure.  In  18;i7  he  removed  bis  family  to 
Chester,  111.,  and  made  a  determined  but  fruitless 
stand  against  the  financial  ruin  of  that  year.  He  died 
in  1840,  leaving  nothing  to  his  children  but  the  in- 
heritance of  an  honorable  name  and  a  reputation  for 
great  energy  of  character  and  unsullied  integrity. 

In  such  a  school  of  discipline  young  Cole  grew  up, 
and  while  the  teaching  was  bitter,  it  no  doubt  con- 
tributed to  strengthen  his  character  to  a  degree  attain- 
able in  no  other  way.  He  fell  under  the  care  of  an 
elder  brother,  H.  C.  Cole,  who  decided  that  he  should 


have  a  good  education,  and  who  therefor.'  tuok  him 
from  the  common  school  and  phu-ed  liim  In  ,S|||iri|,.if 
College,  at  Upper  Alton,  III.,  where  H)r  tw.p  vcars  la. 
pursued    his  studies  preparatory  to  a  liic;lM  r  (.our.,. 
Hut  young  Cole,  becoming  distressed  at  llic  Hm\fia«, 
others  were  making  on  his  behalf,  left  tlir  oullt.;;,.  ;,„,] 
in  1845  came  to  St.  Louis  and  began  iIh'  seurih  fur 
employment,      He  had  neither  money  mir  Criends,  aiid 
no  aci|uaintanccs  oven.      For  some  time  lio  canv;i.«>r(| 
the  city  in  actual  privation,  but  evcntunllv  ii  iiiisiiion 
was  offered  him  at  ten  dollars  a  inontli.aml  lii- I'lailk 
accepted  it.     He  tell  eagerly  to  work,  ilciirtnin,.,!  hy 
faithful  service  to  win  the  good  will  otiill  with  wliuin 
he  was  brought  into  contact,  and  in  llii.s  he  KucciediHl 
admirably.     His  salary  was  rapidly  ailviniccd.  muiso 
efficient  and  valuable  bad  he  become  to  his  I'nir.liivcrs 
that  in  a  comparatively  brief  period  he  wa.s  (aniini.' 
fifteen    hundred    dollars   a   year,  no  Hiunll   ('(jiiipt.n. 
sation    in    those    days    for   the    services  of  an  tm. 
ploy6.     It  was  then  his  privilege  and  plcamirc  to  be  j 
able  to  repay  the  kindness  of  his  elder  l.rnther,  who 
was  struggling  with  a  load  of  rcHpoiiHiiiiliijes  i|j,it  j 
would  have  crushed  a  less  bravo  spirit,  and  Nailian 
Cole  did  not  rest  until  he  saw  him  firinly  i>n  lii«  hi 
and  taking  that  high  position  amonj; cninimriial  lurn  I 
which  his  energy  and  integrity  fairly  entitled  him  in,! 

On  the  30th  of  January,  1851,  Nathan  ('cilcwajj 
married  to  Rebecca,  daughter  of  A.  \V.  Fiifjin.  (nie  I 
of  the  moat  honorable  and  successlul  nurehants  and  I 
manufacturers  of  St.  Louis.  From  this  uniim  liasj 
resulted  a  very  large  and  interesting  family. 

In  July,  1851,  Mr.  Cole  was  admitted  asajuniorl 
partner  in  the  house  of  W.  L,  Kwin^'  &  Co ,  «hol^| 
sale  grocers,  and   during  the  fourteen  year.s  of  ihiil 
connection    he   contribut«d   his    full  Hhan    lovrardil 
giving  the  house  its  reputation  as  one  of  hiuh  i  liar-j 
acter  and  remarkable  success.     In  the  year  KS|i4  tliiil 
partnership  was  dissolved,  when,  in  conjunction  wiihj 
the  brother  already  mentioned,  the  house  (.f  "I'olel 
Brothers,  commission    merchants,"  was  MtablisluKLl 
From  that  day  to  this  the  firm  has  enjoyed  a  contin- 
uous success,  amid  all  the  vicissitudes  nf  the  warandl 
the  panic  which  followed  it,  and  to-day  it  stands  among 
tho  first  in  St.  Louis  in  credit  and  rcputaiion  liir  fain 
and  honorable  dealing,  and  for  the  faithful  di.si'liur<.'con 
all  trusts  confided  to  its  care  by  its  iiuiiiorou.s  patrooSH 

In  1869,  Mr.  Cole's  fellow-citizens  pressed  hia 
into  the  public  service  and  (much  again.st  his  pirsonil 
inclination)  elected  him  mayor  of  the  city,  to  dei 
with  certain  evils  that  had  been  iiiHictod  upon  lb 
people  by  "rings"  in  tho  municipal  },"ivcrniiient( 
These  abuses  were  of  such  niagniimle  that  onlj  i 
man  of  large  business  experience  and  of  unsu 


t)o  therufiiri'  idok  him 
)lii(U!(l  liiiii  ill  Slnirtioff 
whore  fur  two  M>ars  tu. 
iiry  111  11  lii^lii  r  (;iiiir«c. 

rtllOHHcd  lit  till'  Mimficcii 

half,  left  till'  i'ii|||.i;i',iinil 
id  l>e);aii  tlic  soanli  lor 
r  DMiney  nor  fricniin,  miil 
sDiiio  tiiiii'  111!  eanvussi'il 
jul  evciitiiiilly  a  jiosiiiun 
4  u  inoiitli.  and  Iki  |:laiily 
to  work,  (liiciiirmid  liy 
jod  will  III'  all  with  wliiiin 
and  in  tliis  lie  nuci'ieM 
rapidly  iulvaiici'il,  and  so 
bei'ouie  to  liis  I'tiijiliiyers 
it'  period  lie  was  rariiini; 
year,  no  small   cuiiipi'n- 
the    servifcs   ol'  an  im- 
ivilej;e  atid  pleasure  tu  be 
of  his  elder  lirotlicr,  who  [ 
id  of  reHpmicilnlities  tliat 
bravo  spirit,  ami  Sailian  | 
saw  him  firmly  nti  hi"  fiTi 
ion  ainoii^  eniiiiinrcial  imn  | 
rrity  fairly  entitli'il  him  in 
•y,  1851,  Niithnn  CoIivtmI 
[hter  of  A.  W.  Fiij;in.  m\ 
successful  iiierchanls  and  I 
lis.     From  this  uninn  liaj] 
iterestiii^  family, 
was  admitted  an  a  junior  I 
.  L,  Kwiii};  k  I"".,  whole-j 
;he  fourteen  years  d'  lliisi 
his    full   hIuui'  mwardij 
ition  as  one  of  hiih  il'»f-l 
L.     In  theyeiir  lt<ti-ltliii| 
when,  in  emijum'iin'i  with! 
joned,  the  himse  ul'  "I'lil'l 
■chants,"   was  estiihlislicil 
Ifirm  has  eiijuyeil  n  cnntin-l 
ieissitudes  nf  the  war  iin(i| 
and  to-day  ilstiiiuls  among 
•dit  and  reimtation  fur  fad 

lor  the  failli  fill  diKi^liifi^i'''^ 

•e  by  its  iminerous  pairooi 

,llow-citizeii»  pressi'd  hin 

|(mueh  at;ainst  his  ]« rwnil 

layor  of  the  eity,tode' 

been  iiiHicted  upon  tl 

|e   munieipal   jiovemnientj 

;h  niaiinittulc  that  only 

icrience  and  of  u"*"""" 


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704 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


Ill  Kehruary.  18a0,  Mr.  Lnflin  waH  married  to  Miss     Imvfl  «  i»ri<ii)  o.J...»..M,-,     ,ijj.]  y,>, 


\'t.|-.     •!- 


Hu'  TOi' 


:')«'<rnii-Qt.       Ho  llK<i  ftti.'lllfl-  li 


y  i'"^c 


MUNICIPAL  GOVEUiNMENT. 


706 


ihanieii'    coulil  successfully    deal  with    tliera.     Mr. 

l^ole  tlicii'iipun  withdrow  from  active  participutiuii  in 

Ills  |iusiiio.sa,  and  as  uiayur  applied  himseli'  zealously 

1,.  ilie  wirk  of  reform.    (Vyiiij;  wrougs  were  redressed, 

aUst-'S  I'll''  extravagance  were  corrected,  the  routine 

(,!'  city  tiiisiness  was  simplified  and  improved,  the 

Tublic  >!'  ''f  ^'^  reduced,  the  credit  of  the  city  was 

ijriiilyeiiliiinced,  a  new  and  improved  city  charter  was 

}Jo|iIihI<  ii"*^  t^>*^  whole  administration,  on  account  of 

iis  lieiielicence   and   intej;rity,  will  ever  constitute  a 

iiriiiit  pii;-'!'  hi  the  political  history  of  St.  Louis.     Mr. 

Oil.'  pcroinptorily  declined  the  renomination  which 

the  iicvpli'  'if  St.  Louis  seemed  disposed  to  I'orcc  upon 

iim,  and  ivtunu^d  to  the  more  congenial  associations 

of  nrivatv  life,  aud  to  his  old  and  active  position  in 

i(  lumse  of  Cole  Brothers. 

Ill  liSTii  he  was  isummonud  to  a  more  important 
KTviec,  tu  represent  his  district  in  the  Forty-fifth 
(.Vri'SK.  and  in  this  case  also  against  his  will.  He 
faliarjied  tlie  duties  of  the  office,  however,  to  the 
.voenil  «uti>liiction  of  his  constituents.  He  wont  to 
W'i<>'ini!:uii  as  a  business  man,  and  devoted  himself 
■lA'ially  t'l  ilie  oomniercial  interests  of  St.  Louis  and 
;;„•  .MLwissippi  valley.  He  wits  an  ardent  atlvoeate 
:  lisor  liiisiness  relations  with  Mexico  and  South 
AiiirtK'a,  ami  delivered  a  speech  on  our  commercial 
rmtiiiiu  with  Mexico,  which  was  highly  praised,  and 
aiMi'iicii  wiis  hailed  as  the  eomniencenient  of  a  bet- 
I  -MM.  It  was  widely  reprinttd  in  the  Spanish  lan- 
.luii',  anil  Mr.  Cole  had  fhe  pleasure  iif  receiving 
I  o'Uiiiil'  it  clcuaiitly  printed  and  bound. 

l|r  Cult'  lia>  aUo  held  many  minor  offices  and  posi- 

I  c  ■  Ml  tiir  I'lililie  service,  always,  however,  unsought 

iM-purt.     Aiiiii'^g  the  institutions  with  which  he 

i.i>  i)n.'ii  |irimiiiu'iitly  connected  are   the   St.    Jjouis 

I  ^liiiial  liiiiik  and  the  Hank  of  Commerce.   Among  his 

!\tuii'rcliaiit>  lie  is  held  in  the  highest  esteem,  and 

.:i\ii  ilieir  a|i{in'ciation  of  his  ahiliiy  was  shown  in 

lU'iloiiun  as  president  of  the  Merchants'  Kxchange. 

ISilll,  ill  i'(iniiectiun  with  his  father-in-law,  A. 

|V  Faiiiii,  ami  ullicr  spirited  genlliMuen,  he  a^sisti'd  in 

liuu'.'iinitiiii:   a  new    and    important    enterprise,  the 

liitvii.r  MAti'iii  (if  handling  grain  in  hulk.      In  spile 

li(iiiUili(iis|iara^iiigii|)|position  the  jiroject  wa.'*  pu.sheil 

\'itJ»\.  and  the  fsull  Was  the  erection  of  the  spien- 

Iti  aii'i  L'ii|>iu'ious   elevator    at  the    foot   of    Kiddie 

Itiivri.  iiiiw  kiiiiwn  as  the  St.  Lduis  (irain  I'llcvator, 

IFmu  iIiIk  beginning  grew  the  present  fine  elevator 

ItjStiu  cif  Si  .   Limis,  with  a  slorairt;   ea(iacil_v  often 

liiiMi liu>lii|s  aiid  a  handling  capacity  of  nixty  million 

lleWs  u  yi'iir.  wliicli   has  made  St.  Louis  the  grain 

|«!iiii','i'(il' liii'  cuipirc  west  of  the  Mississippi  Kiver. 

Ml  I'ulu  liu.i  ever  bceii  by  education  and  conviction 


a  religious  man.  He  early  identified  himself  with  the 
Baptist  Cliureh,  and  has  labored  by  personal  efibrt 
and  aided  by  liberal  contributions  to  advance  it.s  in- 
terests in  city  and  State,  as  well  as  tho.se  of  the  various 
mi.ssionary  enterprises,  domestic  and  foreign.  While 
a  stanch  adherent  of  his  denomination,  he  is  liberal 
in  his  views,  believing  in  religious  freedom  and  liberty 
of  conscience,  and  recognizing  him  as  the  best  Chris- 
tian \vlio  best  follows  the  example  of  the  Ma.ster  in 
doing  good  to  his  fellow-men. 

Jo.seph  Brown  was  elected  mayor  in  1871,  and  on 
the  10th  of  Ajiril  delivered  his  inaugural  address 
before  the  City  Council,  In  the  course  of  which  ho 
styled  himself  "  the  representative  of  the  liberated 
ballot  box."  For  the  first  time  in  the  history  of  the 
State  the  ballot-box  was  within  the  reach  of  all 
claB.ses.  "  For  the  ten  years  preceding,  the  ex-Con- 
federate," he  said,  "  was  deprived  of  all  access  to 
the  ballot-box,  but  liberally  admitted  to  all  the  priv- 
ileges of  paying  his  taxes  promptly ;  the  negro  had 
enjoyed  the  ballot-box  from  the  first  day  he  was 
liberated  from  the  bondage  of  slavery,  and  used  the 
privilege  with  all  the  prejudices  which  ignorance 
fostered  and  politic  '.  partisanship  encouraged."  It 
was  under  ihe.^c  circumstances  that  Mayor  Brown 
expressed  the  hope  that  as  "  the  ballot-box  iu  the 
hands  of  those  whose  prejudice  is  stronger  than  their 
judgment  is  more  dangerous  than  the  sword,"  sound 
judgment  Would  in  the  future  liiul  expression  in  the 
ballot-box  rather  than  in  ignorant  prejudice. 

Mayor  Brown's  lii.st  annual  ine,s.sagi'  of  June  2, 
1871,  stated  that  the  bonded  debt  of  the  city  was 
$r2,:J7'.»,5()ll,  with  an  interest  charge  of  «74H,L'7(I, 
and  that  the  estimated  vaiui  of  all  taxable  propir'v  was 
8142,0(MI.IM)II,  Yielding  at  one  and  a  half  per  ceii  tax 
82,i;{0,((()0.  The  taxable  property  in  the  new  I  inits 
was  81,0110, (MMI,  and  the  revenue  from  all  sources 
was  ?;J,ir>l.KSt).l(l.  The  total  cxpeiitiitiires  as  'sti- 
mated  amounted  to  83,1  ill!, till.'). ti(i,  leaving  a  balance 
for  contingencies  of  817,S2;{.  It.  During  the  admin- 
istiation  of  Mayors  'L'liomas  and  Cole  the  city  did  not 
pay  for  lighting  the  streets  with  gas  for  a  period  ot 
more  than  four  years.  The  claim  of  I  he  Gas-Light  Com- 
pany auiounicd,  April  1,  IS7I>  to  ?4(I2,8()S.  Mayor 
Brown  iiKik  immediate  step^  tci  procure  a  reduction  in 
the  price  of  uas  to  citizens,  and  sin.'ceeded  in  liaving 
it  reduced  from  8  l..')!)  per  thousand  feet  to  8>t.')ll. 

Oil  till'  2tiih  of  September,  1872,  Oovernor  Me- 
Cling  removed  Ferdinand  .^Iycr,  William  A.  Hei|uem- 
biirg,  and  dulius  llunicke  from  the  board  of  police  eoni- 
n:is.sioners,  and  appointed  S.  M.  Uandolph,  William 
B.  IJuker,  and  William  Moian.  On  November  1st, 
M.  A.  Uoseublatt  was  appointed  in  the  place  of  Saiu- 


!  n 


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70G 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


I 


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.i 

n 


t-H 


uel  Bonier.  Governor  B.  Grntz  Brown  reorjianized 
the  board  us  follows :  W.  V.  Forfiu-son,  vice-president, 
commission  dated  Feb.  KS.  1871.  for  llie  unexpired 
term  of  S.  M.  liatidolpli ;  William  I'atriek,  treasnror, 
commisi-ion  dated  Feb.  3,  1871,  for  the  term  of  four 
years;  Julius  IJunieko,  ('(imniission  dated  Fob.  15, 
1871,  for  tlie  term  of  four  years;  and  O.  B.  Filley,  eom- 
mi.s>i()n  dated  February  17th,  for  the  unexpired  term 
of  M.  A.  Kosenblatl.  The  mayor.  Jo.seph  Brown,  was 
ex  (iffiiiu  pre>iderit  of  the  board.  Mr.  (lunicke  wa.s 
appointed  by  tlie  mayor  a  member  of  the  board  of 
health,  lis  required  by  the  law.  The  police  force 
consisted  of  one  chief,  fuiir  captains,  thirty  serfieants, 
three  hundred  and  four  patrolmen,  five  detectives,  and 
four  turnkeys;  tctal,  tliree  hundred  and  forty-ei^ht. 

At  the  re;;ular  November  scs-sion  of  the  City  ('ouncil 
for  1872  the  profjr&ss  of  the  city  was  reported  as 
satisfactory  and  encourajiinj;  in  all  the  de])artment.s  of 
commercial  and  n)annfacturin<!  enterprise,  in  growth 
of  population,  etc.  In  the  city  iinances  the  same 
pro.»perity  was  visible;  the  receipts  amounted  to  82,- 
Hr>9,92(l.ni,  and  the  expenditures  to  $2,212,<i72.r)(l, 
leavinj:  a  balance  of  $I47,217.(!:{.  The  total  boihled 
debt  amounted  to  813,4i»9,r)(M».  Thi.s  financial  ex- 
hibit the  mayor  considered  "as  heulthy  and  satisfac- 
tory." He  urged  ujion  the  City  Council  the  necessity 
of  early  action  in  the  matter  of  authorizir)<;  the  i.ssue 
of  Sr)(Hl,0(K)  in  city  bonds  Ibi  the  payment  of  property 
ooiidenined  for  the  approaches  of  the  prcut  bridjrc, 
I  be  early  completion  of  which  would  bo  retarded  unless 
this  matter  was  promjilly  dis]iosed  of.  The  utility 
and  commen'ial  necessity  of  this  great  work,  he  added, 
were  so  evident  that  no  obstacle  ought,  in  the  ojiinion 
of  the  mayor,  to  be  permitted  to  stand  in  the  way  of 
its  completion.  While  tlic  difficulties  of  building  a 
bridge  across  the  IMissi.ssippi  at  any  point  were  very 
great,  those  that  were  presented  immediately  in  front 
of  St.  liouis  were  •' such  as  very  few  men  dare  to 
attempt  to  remove  or  overcome.  But,  fortunately," 
said  .Mayor  Brown,  •' wt-  have  among  us  those  who 
have  the  genius  suHieiciit  to  ]ilan,  united  with  the 
energy  and  d4lerniiii:itiiiti  necessary  to  execute  such  a 
work,  and  llicy  have  lliiis  far  proscciilcil  it  with  suc- 
cess and  unrelaxing  zeal.  It  is  but  due  and  fitting 
that  wi'sbnuld  grant  all  the  support  possible  to  sustain 
and  cocournL'c  tlicni  in  their  cllorls  to  complete  this 
gigantic  enterprise,  not  merely  on  account  of  its  great 
importance  to  St.  Fiouis,  but  in  view  of  the  peculiar 
clifliculties  connected  with  its  executinn.  TIk'  cost  is 
]irobably  mucli  heavier  than  was  originally  estimated, 
owing  to  the  fact  that  the  means  by  which  ihc  river 
foundations  were  laid  had  In  I'e  soiigiit  lorin  a  hitherto 
comparatively  nnexpiored  licld  of  engineering  suielice. 


This  great  difficulty  in  the  work  ha*  I.,   n  tiiumili. 

antly  overcome,  the  bridge  advances  t iniili'ii.., 

with  every  prosiiect  of  success,  and  I  bclievp  ih,.  i|.||||,.^ 
of  tliose  who  conceived  and  who  ventured  i|||,|r  ||||,,| 
in  this  great  enterprise  will  forever  .'taud  liniinicilaiid 
conspicuous  in  our  history."    In  imniiMliiiii.(.,„|,|,,^,,j^,j| 
with  the  great  bridge  was  the  "  Union  I'l  put,'  |i,|.;,ii.(l 
at  the  "  Chouteau  Pond  mill  tract,"  and    am  tciniu- 1 
rary  inconvenience  resulting  from  tl\(!  Iiiililiiii;  „(•  d,^  i 
tunnel"  to  connect  the  two  was,  in  I  lie  eplniiin  i,|||||j 
mayor,  "n  matter  of  small  conse(|uen(i'.  iimi  slmulji 
create  no  public  dissatisfaction.'' 

The  subject  of  street-paving  was  agniii  liniu:;lii  by  I 
the  mayor  to  the  attention  of  the  t'itv  Cuuinil  ijij 
1873,  and  the  message  stated  that  tlii>  >irc,'i<  were  I 
"in  a  very  unsatisfactory  condition.''  Kxiioriiiice! 
and  trial  had  sln)wn  that  "when  ilie  |ilaiik  >iiii,|.. 
structure  of  the  Nicholson  pavemeni  iMrnce  lir(ik,.M"| 

it  WHS  "  impossible  to  put  it  in  as  g i  nrd.r  a«  ii  «,u| 

at  first  without  entire  reconstruciinn  "  liinin^r  |||jl 
j)reeeding  year  opportunities  had  been  "H'enil  in  i„ f. 
sons  interested  in  ])avements  to  put  dewn  >aiii|il. ,  ofl 
diflvrent  kinds  of  street  pavements.  .*>aiupl.v  ofl 
wood  pavement,  of  porphyry  and  red  gniiilc.  (ira-|.|iait 
and  block  limestone  hu*l  aeeordingly  been  Jajii.  T|J 
conclusion  arrived  at  by  the  mayor  was  "rliai  ihJ 
new  kind  of  wood  pavemeni  and  liinestmie  M.ll•li^;,r 
the  oidy  pavements  at  all  suitable  to  our  >ii>vt>  md 
within  our  reach  in  price."  The  rcguhitidii  nl' ihi 
"social  evil"  came  prominently  forward  al  llii>  limd 
The  ordinance  on  the  subject  had  anniM'u  the  rilig 
ious  sentiment  of  the  people,  and  a  ineiimrial 
submitted  to  the  City  Council  asking  il."  n-piMJ.  ' 
so-called  license  or  permit  .system  id"  ilie  (iniiiiiiioj 
met  with  serious  objections  from  ilie  lelJi.'ioiMiiin^ 
and  the  legal  counlenaiice  which  it  scciiii'd  in  -iw 
immorality  was  deemed  repugnant  In  u'lmd  iii'imIsi 
well  as  to  religion.  The  mayor  coinb  iited  iln'  irsJ 
ments  of  those  who  o))poscd  the  erdinnnci'.  mA 
pressed  himself  as  being  contideiil  llial  "wliiri  ii  ( 
be  (lut  in  fidl  op<!ration  it  will  be  feuiid  in  It  prj 
diictive  of  practical  good,  and  not  evil;  and  tin i- I'lj 
he  recommended  that  it  be  net  repeiiW.  .i'  li< 
until  a  sufficient  pcrioii  has  been  aliewci  ii 
thoroughly  its  effi'ctiveness.'' 

The  biennial  (declion  of  IS7;!  r. -uli.d  111  iIk 
election  of  Mayor  Brown. 

'I'he  revised  (diarlcr,  wliicli  n  ipiired  llii' lin uj 
"  diviili'd  into  not  less  than  iwi  Ive  \v:iid'',"i'im-..l 
creation  of  the  Thirteenth  War^l.  wliirli  Imdr'pn'i 
tativcs  ill  the  ('ciuncil  this  year. 

The  oiitslaiidiiig  bonded   deln   .d' llie  cih   I  ivij 
reaihed   814.(lHt;.")(»it,  .Mayor  Unnvn.  wliil.'  n  ' 


MUNICIPAL  GOVKKNMENT. 


707 


V  h;i>i  1"    II  lr'miii].li- 
Vttiices   I"  i'nin]ili'lii'ii 
nd  I  tu'li'vi'  iliciiaiiwi 
I  vniluvi''!  tlii'ir  iiuain 
;ver  (-tilt!'!  linnnvdhiiiil 
I  iiiim<'ili;iti'  ('"mii'diun 
Uniiin  l''|>iit,   liiiMii'il 
•ni't,"  mi'l  "  iiiiy  ttiii]iu- 
mil  tti(!  liiiililiii!:  of  tlie  i 
s,  in  I  lie  "I'iniiHi  cil'ilw 
nsecjUiMicr,  anil  slmulil  i 

IT  wns  iiirniii  liriiir^lii  by  ] 
of  till-   <"ily  I'uuiieil  in 
1   that,  till-  >irii>i<  wire 
loiulitinti.''      Kxiipr'kiRe  j 
whi'ii   till-  iiluiik  siHBT- 
iwcniciit  i'  iiiict'  lirnkiMi.'  I 
in  as  ui"»i  iiriliT  ii«  ii  wul 
istrucii'iii."     Duriiii;  tliel 
I  hail  liiM'ii  iilVcn-il  I"  |i-H 
s  to  \<M  ili'Wii  simiil-of| 
pnvfuioiits.    Siimi'l.s  oQ 
and  red  uraiiiti'.nt'ni'liJt 
oi>r<lin;ily  l"i'ii  Iniil.    Tli 
li(>  mayor  was  "ibi  ili 
H  anil  linicslimcliliH'liMiti 
-uitabli'  to  <mr  stiwt>  md 
["     The  ri'uulaliiiii  "'  ^^ 
rnlly  t'orward  al  llii>  li"HJ 
It   had  iirmi-i'ti  tin'  ivlig| 
,pl,.,   and   u  mi'llinri;il  «K 
•il  askini;  iis  I'i"'"''  '^^ 
s\>ti'ni  of  the  iiiiiliiaiioj 
IVoin  the  r.'li'^iiais  iiiin^ 
diii'h  it  scfim'il  t"  Jvi' 
niiinaiit  to  'iiiiiJ  '"'"■''* ' 
iiujor  niudiattnl  iIk  "2 
d  th.'  i.rilinii"''!'-  w 
iididi-nl  ihafwli.iii" 

will  I"'  1'""'"'  ""  '"  1"^ 
„d  not  ovil ;  an.l  lli' '' 
1„.   n..t   V'T-M   :i'  1 
Um   hroM    all-'Wi"'   t.. 


rh  I'll" 


sijerini:  'his  aniount  of  indebtedness  a  very  serious 

or  (liscoi'iajiin;;  burden,  nevertheless  urj^cd  that  the 

Bust  riu;i'l  scrutiny  bo  applied  to  every  project  wliioh 

involved  Its  further  increase.     While  it  was  desirable 

•hat  all  i'liblic  improvements  of  general  importance 

.hmild  111'  imshed  forward  as  rapii*   '  as  possible,  the 

mavnr  reminded  it  as  "  also  essential  that  the  credit  of 

^y  city  -iiould  bo  kept  u'impaircd,  ami  tlie  annoy- 

inocj  imd    ill  eflfectfl    of  deranjred  finances   and    an 

ifprcs^ivi'  ilibt  should  bo  avoided."     The  ill-advised 

k'iflaiioii  which   a  few  eitizen.s  dee|)ly  interested   in 

»mi' iiarlicular  jirojoct  had  been  enabled  to  procure, 

iWrt'liv  ilic  bonded  debt  liail  been  incrca.sed  without 

ili.saiictiiiii  of  the  city  aiitliorities.  was  to  be  re-irctfed, 

ind  t'nr  till'  better  protection  of  the  future  interests  of 

the  city  till' mayor  su^jjested  that  the  Coininitte<'  on 

Wavsiind  Means  of  the  City  Council  "  b(>  instructed  to 

ii!tli  till'  introduction  of  all  bills  in  the  Legislature 

iivfti villi:  till'  expenditure  of  money  on  behalf  of  the 

(iiv.  ami  to  take  active  mea.siireg  to  oppose  them  as 

III  a-  possible,  unless  of  an  entirely  desirable  char- 

Kvr"    Till'  scarcity  of  money  and  consefiuent  tiirbt- 

!i--  in  6iiancial   circles,  together  with   unusual  dc- 

I  Bjiiils  upon  the  city's  finances,  rendered   the  utmost 

oiifulmw  and  economy  absolutely  necessary  in  the 

wmiioTis  .if  the  city  durins:  the  sneeeeding  fiscal  year. 

Till' Tliirtccnth  Ward  disappeared  on  the  reorgani- 

aiiiiuf  tlic  ward.s  in  1874.     In  his  message  in  May 

if  that  voar  the  mayor  significantly  remarked  that  the 

1  C'linfil  liaJ  been  "  recently  reorganized  by  tlie  people," 

h; I spre.'iscd  lii;;  regret  at  the  eoinmeiits  of  ".some 

"iir  oilizi'iis  who  should  know  better"  concerning 

I  ikf  city's  indebtedness,  because  at  a  public  meeting 

inriiiL'  the  canvas.s     'exaggerated   statements"  inid 

wn  oiaili" '■  which  conveyed  the  impression  that  the 

I  Wfd  iWit  of  St.  Louis  was  representative  of  noth- 

Kkt  till'  wastefulness  of  the  city  governnient  during 

I'lk^liajt  twenty  or  thirty  years."     This  the  mayor 

I Kirdnl  11.'*  n  ''gross  niis-.tatement,"  and  athled  "that 

I B  in>|'iotiiin  of  the  records  not  only  exhibits  the 

I  pi'*  purposes  liir  which  the  bonds  were  is.sued.  but 

I Silili-lii's  till'  fact  that  instead  of  having  ''nolbiii'jf  to 

|A"wfijrilii'ili'bl."  we  have  everything  to  show,  viz.,  all 

Iwniiri' important  public  improvements,  such  as  our 

l|itl-  til''  M'wcr  system,  the  harbor  anil  wharf,  public 

lli.liw:n«, Mi!is(ri|ition  to  railways  in  earlier  years,  our 

|i«|.iial>  mill  other  institutuins,  and,  lastly,  our  water- 

ImIv  whiili  ri  present  an  expenditure  of  over  one- 

liitii  if  till'  ciilire  amount.     The  cxi>ti'nce  of   the 

Itki  i<  111' ouurM',  to  be  regretted,  but  1  see  little  good 

|»i!  iiLi'lvirMiiii-  thereon   ealeulatcd   lo  mislead  tile 

!»«'' riiiiij  :iii<|  injure  the  good  name  of  the  city." 

•Viiwitlistiitiding  tlic  bad  condition  of  the  streets  of 


St.  Louis,  the  act  authorizing  tlie  issue  of  $'J,5(I0,000 
of  reconstruction  bonds  was  voted  down  at  the  eleo- 
tion,  thus  depriving  the  city  "for  an  indefinite  period 
not  only  of  granite  pavements  on  our  central  busi- 
ness thoroughfares,  but  of  a  general  system  of  street 
improvem.nt  which  would  facilit.iti!  business,  enhance 
prop»rty  values,  and  assist  the  progress  of  the  city  ia 
every  way."  The  influences  which  procured  their 
defeat  arc  charactouzed  by  the  mayor  as  Hdlows: 
"  First,  the  fact  tliat  the  act,  unfortunately,  embraced 
a  list  of  streets  proposed  to  bo  improved  which  ex- 
cited a  sectional  opposition  to  the  measure ;  second, 
thore  is  always  -i  class  in  the  |)o]iulatiou  of  a  large  city 
who  are  opposed  to  all  exjienditures  looking  to  any 
increase  in  the  taxation,  and  in  St.  Ijouis  they  bavo 
more  than  once  exorci.sed  a  powerful  influence  in  de- 
feating extensive  public  improvements;  lastly,  the  truo 
beariiigoflho  measure  was  not  understood,  and  a  violent 
effort  was  made  to  drag  in  local  politics,  and  the  howl 
of  '  corruption'  was  hurled  at  one  of  the  most-needed 
improvements  ever  sanctioned  by  the  Legislature  and 
sought  to  be  inaugurated  by  the  city  government." 
Notwithstanding  this  defeat,  the  mayor  was  able  to 
make  an  arrangement  with  the  tunnel  company  to  lay 
down  granite  instead  of  wood  at  the  bridge  approach 
on  Washington  Avenue  and  as  far  west  as  Fifth  Street. 

Mayor  Hrown,  on  retiring  from  office  at  the  ex- 
piration of  his  four  years  of  service,  reviewed  in  his 
valedictory  address  the  condition  and  future  prosjiects 
of  the  city.  The  wonderful  growth  of  St.  iiouis  in 
population  and  in  all  nialti  ial  interests  had  been  beyond 
all  precedent  or  expectation.  The  city  directory  in- 
dicated a  {lopulation  of  four  hundred  and  ninety 
thousand  (gros,>.ly  exaggerated,  as  it  was  only  three 
hundred  and  fifty  thousand  at  the  time  of  the  census 
of  l,S8(lj,and  in  manufactures  and  every  other  branch 
of  substantial  iniprovi'ments  the  city  had  kept  pace 
with  any  other  city  on  this  continent,  nr,  perhajis,  in 
the  world.  The  mayor,  forecasting  the  future, 
could  ''see  no  reason  lo  dinibt  that  before  the  close  of 
the  present  century  this  city  will  coinit  her  population 
by  millions  rather  than  hundreds  of  ilnmsaiids."  The 
mayor,  after  setting  furlli  in  succinct  terms  his  views 
as  to  what  ought  to  be  done,  as  well  as  left  undone,  re- 
signed the  ofliee  of  mayor  into  the  hands  of  Artiiur  H. 
Hanct,  who  had  been  elected  his  succes.sor. 

.loseph  Mrown  was  born  in  JcdUirg,  Scotland,  and 
whcti  eight  \.  iirs  (d'age  emigrated  with  his  parents  to 
America.  Tlie  f.imiiy  lirst  loeaicd  in  St.  1,'iiii.s,  but 
afterwards  removed  to  Alton,  ill,,  wheru  th"  father 
died.  Joseph  received  good  educational  udvantau'es, 
but  lift  college  at  the  age  of  oightecii,  before  com- 
pleting his  ciiur>c    111!'  the   purpose  nl   eiigiiging  iu 


I'^nri' 


IMM 


i  .1, 


•  ■ !' '  '%U 
<  -! ;  ,     !' 

'    I: 
1 

'  .          1 

708 


HISTOKY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


business,  in  wliicli  lio  wiis  very  siicccHsfiil.  He  was 
elected  nmyor  (if  Alton,  !!!•■.!  lent  his  support  to  the 
eHbrtH  iniule  durin<;  his  adiniuistratioii  for  the  exten- 
sion of  the  Ciiieajio  and  Alioii  Railroad  throutih  in- 
stead of  around  the  city,  contributing  materially  to 
the  success  of  that  important  enterprise.  About  the 
same  time  Mr.  Brown  embarked  in  the  steamboat 
business,  and  subsequently  commanded  in  succession 
a  number  of  lino  steamers,  some  of  whieii  were  con- 
structed under  his  personal  direction.  At  the  boj;in- 
iiinfj  of  the  war,  Mr.  Brown,  who  had  retired  from 
the  steamboat  business,  and  had  transferred  his  per- 
manent residence  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  was  larf^ely 
interested  in  real  estate,  espoused  the  cau.se  of  the 
Union  with  j;reat  earnestness  and  ardor,  and  subse- 
quently assisted  in  the  construction  of  gunboats  for 
the  United  States  navy.  In  18(18  he  was  elected 
State  seiuitor  as  a  war  Democrat  from  St.  Louis,  and 
on  March  28,  1871,  was  chosen  president  of  the  Pa- 
cific Railroad  Company.  Early  in  the  followin<; 
miinth  he  was  elected  mayor  of  St.  Louis,  and  re- 
elected, continuing  to  serve  until  1875.  JSIayc 
Brown  was  an  able  and  successful  othcer,  and  was 
conspicuous  for  his  zeal  in  fostering  all  benevolent 
and  huinunitarian  ruterpriscs. 

Mayor  Barret,  who  succeeded  Mayor  Brown,  deliv- 
ered his  iiuiugural  address  on  the  17th  of  April,  1875, 
and  in  it  expressed  his  "  firm  conviction  that  no  in- 
crease of  taxation  will  bo  so  willingly  accorded  as  that 
which  would  secure  to  our  citizens  relief  from  the 
terrible  dust  clouds  that  permeate  every  house,  shop, 
and  in  an  u  factory,  carrying  destruction  tomany  of  our 
industries,  and  proving  no  less  an  inconvenience  than 
an  incalculable  loss,  from  every  point  of  view,  to  our 
entire  community."  Mayor  Barret  died  during  the 
same  month  (April  24,  1H75). 

Arthur  Buckner  Barret  was  born  in  St.  Louis,  on 
the  2'id  of  August,  18:i5.  His  father  was  Dr.  R.  F. 
Barret,  i'mfc-sor  of  Materia  Medica  in  several  medi- 
cal schools,  and  his  mother  was  a  dauiihti-r  of  the  late 
Hon.  R.  A.  Buckner.  for  many  years  judge  of  the 
Su|>r<'mc  Court  of  Kentucky,  who  was  also  at  one 
time  a  member  of  Congress  fnun  the  (Jreen  Kiver 
District,  and  on  terms  of  iniimate  friendship  with 
lli'nry  Clay.  Afii'r  his  removal  to  St.  Louis,  Mr. 
Buckner  became  Professor  of  Law  in  the  St.  Louis 
University. 

In  ISiKi,  .Vrthur  B.  Barret,  then  in  his  thirty-first 
year,  was  elected  president  of  the  St.  Louis  Agricul- 
tural and  .NIcelianical  Association.  At  this  time  many 
of  those  who  had  bceti  connected  with  the  enterprise 
thought  it  liad  proved  a  liiilure,  and  predicted  for  tlu; 
young  president  spiicdy  disaster.     The  Fair  (jrounds 


were    then    held    by    the    government.     .\||,    \\.,j^^,^ 
brought  to  his  aid  youth,  energy,  and  :;.    i.irri.n.sin,, 
spirit,  and  in  a  short  time  sueccedcd  m  i  uin;ii|,r  ti"! 
adairs  of  the  association  into  a  eondiinii  wlii,.],  j|  i 
not  been  reached  before.     The  first  c\liii,iil,,ii  i,,,,], 
the  new  management  was  a  success,  am!  cml,  ^^^,.^..,_ 
sive  year  the  prosperity  of  the  a.ss(,ci;tii,,i,  inrrcascl 
until   at   the  close  of  the   clgtitli   year  ..I'  I'l,.!,!,.,,, 
Barret's  administration  the  ainmal  c.\liii.iii,,|,  i,.,,!  |  ,_ 
come  famous  not  only  throughout  the  I'nitcil  Stiiifsl 
but  in  Europe.     In  1874,  Mr.  Barret  wav  ..ucwdoj I 
in  the  presidency  of  the  Agricultural  aii.i  .NbT|i,„ii,i,l 
Associati(m  by  Julius  S.  Walsh.     Hi.  iiii,.r,.M  j,,  i,J 
affairs,  howevtir,  was  not  abated  ;  he  .(ill  rciaiiicd  ili«] 
position  of  director  in   the  associaiiuii,  and  \s:i>.  \iA 
vice-president.      He  was  also  a  dircciui  (.Itlu'  HutdiJ 
ers'  and  Drovers'  Bank,  and  one  of  tlic  iicianl  nf  Fi'lioul 
Park  commi.ssioners.     In  March,  iST.'i,  In- Wii<  ii„mj 
inated  as  the  Democratic  candidate  lur  iiiavor  dt  Ht, 

Louis,  and  though  opjio.sed  by  two  df  ili,. ,|  i,,,.^. 

lar  gentlemen  in  the  city  as  leaders  hI'iIi,.  I!,|,iililiad 
and   Inde]iendcnt  parties,  he  was  elci'iiil.     He 
only  been  inducted  into  office  and  had  |«'rlnriii,,|  |,u 
few   official  acts  before  he  was  sirickcn  dinvii  by  ih 
illness  which  terminated  in  his  death. 

Mr.  Barret  was  a  gentleman  of  tine  iiresciu'c,  ;igg 
of  the  most  genial  disposition  and  addriss.  lli>.s,K;ii 
(jualities  made  him  a  universal  favorite,  and  his  I 
orable  and  upright  nature  gained  liiin  ilu' respect  < 
the  whole  community.  He  was  relirini;  and  nmj^ 
in  his  habits,  and  preferred  not  to  place  liiiiisilt' i 
conspicuous  positions.  The  most  iiuiablc  in>iiiiicei 
his  deviation  from  this  practice  was  his  acei'iiiamej 
the   position  of  grand  marshal  ni   the  ctdebi;iii"ii  ( 

the  4th  of  July,  1874,  in  honor  of  tin ni|<!<ii'iaj 

the  Illinois  and  St.  Louis  bridge.     II( IviHiiMiit/ 

to  serve  in  this  capacity,  however,  in  elieiiitiuv  t(| 

uininimous  call   by    the  ci>mniit[( I  arraim<ijiei 

In   l.S'il)  he   married  the  only  dauiilitcr  el 
James  L.  Swearingcn,  one  of  the  oldest  andwuiithij 
merchants  of  St.  Louis.      His  wile  and  mvii:,! 
drcn  survived  him. 

After    Mr.    Barret's  d(!ath,    11.    Keelien  a.ifd| 
mayor,  and  in  a  message  to  the  Council  he  piiiarl 
that  "  the  prolongation  of  the  contc.>l  as  to  '!'• 
jianey  of  the  executive  office  imw  tlireateiis  ii 
oiisly   impair   tlu!   material   ini      -is  id'  tiie  <iij| 
siojiping  public  works,  closing  |<iild]e  eliariii'- 
dering   needed   repairs  of  streets  ami  vvharvi 
impeding,    if    not    stopping,    the    adaiinisiiaiioi^ 
municipal    laws."      At   the    special  eleeliun  "f 
15,   1875,  C(d.  J.   H.    Britten  was  ilnland 
mayor  by  the  judges  of  (lection,  hut  wa-t  uim 


MUNICIPAL  OOVKKNMKNT. 


709 


iinuiiii.     Mr.    liiirrci 
•tMlcd  in  1  iiiiiiiif;  llw 

COIUrUl"M  wlli'll   il„(l 

first  I'xiiiiiuioii  iiinlcr 

;  BSSdviuti'iu  iiHTcasi'il, 
lith  year  nf  I'li >iiliul 
mill  cxliiiiiiii'ii  lii'il  l)c- 
h(i\it  lUr  liniU'il  Sillies 
r.  \$;irret  wiis  -nnwaod 
jiiUuriil  iiiid  Mwliiiiik'iil 
l»ll.      lli>  'ulU■^^•^t  ill  iu' 

vA;  111"  ^lill  n'tiiiiR'il  tin] 
usHiiciutiim,  and  was  itij 
a  diii'ti"!  (if  tilt'  Hmcli- 
miMif  lli.'lMi:inl(il'Fi'\lo(i 

arcli,  li^"''.  ''^'  ^*'"' '"™' 
ndiiliitv  I'liv  i"i>y"f  "'  ^* 
|)y  IWi)  nl'  till'  til">l  Vlitt'l 
loiulcru  dl"  ili«  U<'liuUiiai 
\o  wa»  olt'i'lfl-  He  ha 
ICC  anil  luul  iiltI'Tuici 
was  i-irk'keii  ilowiiliy  iM 
his  iliaili. 

man  of  liiu'  ii>''"^'"''''  ■" 
ion  iiiid  iiiW"'-'''-  ll'"''"^'" 
ersal  t'u\uril.'.  umilii^  li< 

_  ^iiincil  liii"  'I"'  ''''"l"^^'' 
Ic  was  rctiriiii;  mi'l  "i'"'' 
■ed  iitit  111  l'li>''''  '""'■'•''' 
lie  must  iiciUibleiii>iiiiii.'el 
lu'tico  Willi  liis««i«l>"i""^^«' 
Ivrshal  ul   ill-'  "■lebniiinii 

honor  of  til. "'!'''"'■" 

Ihvidtie.     ll-'  "">y  ■""^''"' 

hoWeV.T,  ill    olirlii.'IH"   to 

|„„„„i,Uv  ot  iirniii.:.!"' 
only  daiiJitiT  ol  ilu' 
„rihooUi'Mi>"''«'^''"''^ 
His  wifi^  n"'l  '"'^■'■''' 

Lh,  H.  i^'''""  ■■"'^'*1 

]o  llio  f...iu''>l  !"■  "■""" 

I   thl!    COllll'.-t  lis  111  •'"• 

ItVicc.  now  ilir.M!.'""  1' 
Jal   in.      -'-  "'•  •'"•  '"1 
llosinj:  |"l'l'>'  '•>'^"'"" 
If  Birects  loi'l  «kirv> 
Ti„,^,   tin-    u.imiii^if^"""! 

HjHieial  tlectiii"  "t 
Jritlon  w.'s  'I'-l^''"'  ''• 
elcelioii.  but  wtt*  ""^ 


bviheCo'incil  after  a  protracted  and  excitinj?  contest, 

lid  Hon    Henry  Overstolz  was   installed   as  mayor 

ihcu  neiulv  one-half  of  the  oflScial  term  had  elapsed. 

James  II.  Britton  was  born  in  Shenandoah  County, 

Vj  on  till  11th  of  July,  1817.     His  ancestors  were 

ofWebli  '  ri;;in.  and  enii};rated  to  this  country  at  an 

rtrlv  tH.Tio'1.     At  tho  u^e  of  thirteen  James  entered 

iiMUDtry  Ntore  at  Sperryville,  Vu.,  and  sub.sequi'ntly 

ujiijjred  a  -iinilar  establishment  atTiiompsonvillo,  Va. 

\iihea).'''  <il'  nineteen  he  was  admitted  to  a  partncr- 

jW, by  till'  proprietor,  George  Ficklen.    In  1H40,  Mr. 

Briii"ii  riiii'ived   to    Missouri   and   st^ttled   at   Troy. 

lUe  lie  I'l''''"'''  "  »''"■»'  fi'f  ihe  sflu  of  fjeneral   nier- 

(kiiiiise.     Hi"  business  at  Troy  prospered  until  bis 

moval,  ill  IS.")",  to  St.  lioui.s,  to  as.sumo  the  position 

fcishier  ol'  the  Southern  Bank,  of  which  he  became 

ireidentiii  IS(j-l.    lie  was  subsecjuently  cho.scn  presi- 

iflit  of  fill'  I'birJ  National   Bank,  ami  afterwards  of 

■.Is  N'aiioiial  Bank  of  the  State  of  Mis.souri.     Mr. 

Britton  WHS  also  largely  interested  in  other  enter- 

jrisei.  »ii<l  ''"''J  ''i^  important  position  of  president 

hiic  Life  .Vs.s(iciation  of  America,  and  treasurer  of 

lie  wnipany  which  erected  the  };reat  bridge  across 

ifMisii.+sippi  Uivcr,  of  which  project  bo  was  one  of 

iwearlicst  iiiid  most  enthusiastic  pronmters.    In  poli- 

as  he  bcloniied  to  the  Democratic  party,  of  wiiich  be 

lu  111  ai'tive  and  influential  member.     In  18(8  be 

nseleeted  secretary  of  the  Missouri  State  Senate; 

al\i2,  and  aj-'ain  in  1854,  was  elected  to  the  Lepis- 

jutifriiiii  him'obi  County,  and  served  as  chief  clerk 

iiko  House  of  Hepresi'iitatives  durin<>  tiie  session  of 

lsH)-,i7.    For  several  years  also  b-   "  is  »>ostniiister 

tTmv  and  tri'ii-surer  of  Lincoln   *i  .  ity.     On  the 

'flkof  May,  1^75.  be  was  nominated  for  mayor  by 

iDeimimitie  party,  but  after  having  been  returned 

leWted,  was,  as  previously  slated,  clispos.sessed  by 

k"|i|«i8in;;  ciiiulidate,  lion.  Henry  Overstolz. 

Mr.  (Iverslolz  assumed  char)»e  of   the  mayoralty 

ttier  tryiiii:   and    unusual    eircumslunces,  but    dis- 

iWini  il.'i  diilii's  with  conspicuous  ability.      On   the 

Sk  iif  Manli,   1S"7.  a   "call,"  embracing  several 

iMiiil  names,  was  published    in   the    lii inililtinii, 

to;  Mr.  Om'iMoI/,  to  b"  a  eandidate  for  re-election 

ukf  eiisuiiiL'  .\iiril  election.     This  •' call"  was  by 

biki'  iiiosi  ('oin|ir('liensive  one  that  had  ever  been 

'..ibiiwi  ill  ,Si.  liouis,  and  indicated  a  very  f;eneral 

i»tfili;ii  Mr.  Overstolz  should  continue  to  serve  the 

«;  .\iii"ni:  ill"  siiiners  were  bankers,  brokers,  coni- 

N'li  Mieri'haiits,  dry-}ioods  merchants, — in   brief, 

WtMiitaiivi's  (if  every  mercantile,  jirofcssional,  and 

it^ml  |iiirsiii|  in  the  city. 

TkeheiniHTitic  Cunvontion  nomimit^d  Mr.  Over- 
fur  nmyor,  ami  the  Uepublican  Convention  paid 


that  gentleman  the  unusual  coni]diment  of  indorsin-r 
him.  This  was  an  extraordinary  tribute  to  the  worth 
of  an  official  who  bad  so  administered  the  affairs  of 
the  mayor's  office  as  to  have  gained  the  approbatiini 
of  nearly  the  whole  community  irrespective  of  party.' 
The  diday  incident  to  the  contested  election  pre- 
vented the  mayor  from  entering;  upon  his  duties  con- 
temporaneously with  the  opening  of  the  fiscal  year, 
and  compelled  him  when  installed  in  office  to  re((uest 
the  resi;_'nation  of  appointive  officers,  so  as  to  enable 
liiiii  to  dl.scbargc  the  duty  assi)j;ned  to  the  mayor  of 
oii;aiii/.iii;r  tlie  administration  for  which  bo  was  le- 
s|ionsiliie.  'i'hese  unusual  circumstances  restricted 
the  |iarticipation  of  Mr.  Overstolz  in  the  financial  ad- 
ministration of  the  city  to  the  la.st  thr.  e  months  of 
the  fiscal  year.  Unusual  difficulties  and  new  respon- 
sibilities met  the  mayor  at  the  very  threshold  of  his 
administration.  "In  population,"  the  m(!ssiii;e  said, 
"  in  building,  and  foreign  credit  we  were  never  in  u 
more  prosperous  condition,  but,  at  the  same  tune, 
our  bonded  indebtedness,  incurred  in  the  execution  of 
public  works,  is  larger  than  at  any  other  ju^riod  in  our 
history,  the  demands  of  our  current  expenses  were 
never  heavier,  and  the  depreciation  of  real  estate  and 
the  depression  pervading  business  interests  liavo 
seriously  afl'ected  our  revcnuBS,  irrespective  of  the 
direct  decrease  caused  by  the  provisions  of  the  new 
Con.stitution.  In  addition  to  these  facts,  the  problem 
arising  from  the  condition  of  our  streets,  the  unsettled 
([iicstions  with  the  gas  companies,  and  the  pending 
scheme  for  the  separation  of  the  c'..y  and  county,  in- 
volving as  it  does  the  direct  increase  of  our  bonded 
debt  by  about  six  millions  of  dollars,'-'  and  also  a  con- 
siderable addition  to  our  iinniial  ex]ionses,  nil  con- 
tribute to  the  gravity  of  the  situation  and  call  for  tbo 
soundest  judgment  and  the  most  careful  action  on 
the  part  of  the  city  authorities."  The  total  liondcd 
debt  was  $1(!,:!  18,(10(1,  involving  an  annual  interest 
charge  of  81,'2r)().00(l  ;  the  floating  debt  amounted  to 
?(!2'-',((00  and  interest  claimed  by  the  St.  Jiouis  (Jus 
(Vimpany,  SHOO,((0(l  oulstunding  city   treasury   war- 

*  III  the  DiMiKtenitio  roiiventiitii  ihcre  wiiy  n  Iritlo  of  'tp|Ki8i- 
lioii  til  .Mr.  ('vi'r.«l(il/,  Inil  llie  (^iipiiii'l"  ul  llie  saiiio  Here  so  well 
iindcrslciiKl  tliiil  it  liml  liceii  ili'.'iriiiiteil  in  iiiIv:(M''(',  iind  tli«  in- 
linilosiiiiiil  '•  lidlt"  tli:it  (leeiirreil  eiiiiiled  iicillier  siii|.rii"e  nor 
iiKligniilion,  b'll  iiithcr  uiiiiiveiiiont  iind  gnililieiilioii.  —  llrjinh. 
lir.in.  .M.ircli  'J?,  IM77. 

■  .''I'elidn  L'l!  of  tliii  Tni^cellniit'oii."  piiivi-'iiiii,'*  iiiiilor  Ilii'  eliiirtor 
provided  lliiit  in  llie  iidjnslnicnl  "I'  llie  reliilidiiK  lielwcen  Ilu 
city  iind  .'(innty  thi-  eil.v  sli.iuld  lake  upon  itKell'  llie  eiiliro  park 
lux,  iind,  in  conKidenilion  nf  the  eity  Imeoiiiinn  llio  proprietor 
of  III)  tlie  eoiinly  lMiil(liii);(i  »nd  property  within  ila  cnli>r|{ud 
liinit",  thill  it  slioiild  anKUine  tlio  wliido  of  the  oxistioK  count; 
delit,  and  Iherpiifler  Iho  eity  iind  eounty  >f  .-^t.  Ii0iii:<  uliould  be 
indt'pendoni  id  eiieh  other. 


!   I'  lit 


I  I 

7    M 


1 


I 


I 


no 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


rants  or  "  brown-bui-kH."  $l<ir>,00fl  overdue  euu]ions 
due  8iiikin<;  fund,  and  iiliout  810,(1(10  old  .street  ojieii- 
iiij:  cliiiius.  Tlie  total  resourecs  Cor  the  year  were 
$;i,!)ir),04;>.74,  oud  the  total  exjiendituru.-*  for  piicral 
purposes  8:5,8(il,841.Sl. 

Tile  (yoiiAtitutioii  of  the  Slate  of  Missouri,  adopted 
ill  1875,  provided  I'or  the  sepiiratioii  oC  the  county  of 
St.  Louis  from  (ho  city  of  St.  Jjouis,  and  for  a  .sepa- 
rate uoveriiinent  for  each.  In  aecordanee  with  tlie 
provisions  of  this  Constitution,  the  board  of  free- 
holileis  therein  provided  for,  consi^itiiif:  of  Geo.  II. 
Shields,  president,  Silas  Bent,  Jas.  O.  liroadhead,  M. 
Dwi-ht  Collier.  V.  II.  Lutkewitte,  Henry  T.  .Mudd, 
Geo.  Ward  I'arker,  (J(io.  IVnn,  M.  II.  i'ii.laii,  and 
Samuel  Ileber,  reportrd  on  liie  'Ad  of  July,  187(!,  the 
"scheme  for  the  fiovernnient  of  tlie  county  and  city 
of  St.  Louis  and  charter  for  the  city  ui'  St.  Louis," 
which  was  adopted  by  the  qiialitied  voters  of  the  city 
and  county.  On  March  5,  1877,  tlie  Court  of  Ap- 
peals, al'ter  four  days'  deliberation  and  careful  e.\ami- 
natioii,  declared  the  •■, scheme  and  charter"  latilied, 
the  former  by  u  majority  of  twelve  hundred  and 
fifty-three,  and  the  latter  by  a  majority  of  three 
thousand  two  hundred  and  tW(>nl3'-one.  This  .scheiiio 
and  charter  thus  became  the  or^'aiiic  law,  and  under 
it.s  provisions  tlie  county  was  separated  from  the  city, 
the  corporate  name  and  .style  of  the  city  bceomin^ 
'•  the  city  of  St,  Louis." 

The  corporate  limits  of  the  city  as  eslabli.shed  by 
this  charter  were  as  follows: 

"  lli'ifiiinin;;  :il  a  puiiil  in  tlic  iiii<l'lle  nt  (lie  iniiiii  ilianni'l  «( 
tlu'  .Mi9i'i.»!"i|i|ii  Itivcr,  nnd  runiiiii;;  ihi'iioc  Wf.-t«ui.|ly  at  riijlit 
an^li'..*  (<>  liiiifl  ctiaiiiift  tu  a  |M>int  tin  tlif  wt'i^t  l>ank  nfrt^iil  river 
t»u  hiimlri'l  tVi't  ..^nulli  iif  ilit.  iiiitrt!  i>l  tlio  niuiitli  i>f  iIk'  Iti\  er 

lies  I'lTi'i";   tlii'i wnftnunllv  an'l  (laralli'!  tu  llio  ii'nlip  of  tlie 

Kiver  (lis  I'criw  auil  Iwn  liuniliiil  lii'i  -oiiili  tln'ri'iiClu  llii'('U>tcin 
line  nf  tiM'  Ijpniay  l-V-rry  matl ;  tlicnro  \vt'.«l\var<ily  to  n  point 
in  till'  ni'.<l  loii'  n(  .saiil  l.i-iuav  I'l'rry  nmi|  at  it.-'  inlor^i'rlion 
ivith  th(.  <'enlr«  of  tliu  NVt-btT  rua<l ;  tiirnci'  W('.«I»nriily  al.'nj; 
tlic  fi'nirv  «'f  the  Wi'luT  ma-l  tu  it?  intvificdion  with  tin*  c.i^t 
line  of  lot  1  ol'  the  Caron'h'lct  coinnioii.4  loiilli  ol  tl  u  Itiver 
dps  IVrc* ;  Ihiin'i'  wo^livanliv  to  tin;  •■■ontheast  coinir  of  liii- 
(lolph  Ovrrinan'>,  or  ii.Mthi'iiKt  oorni'r  of  II.  II.  Ilaur'K  laiiil  ; 
tlienoi-  wcjitnanllj-  to  saij  llnar's  norlliwiyt  eiinicr ;  Ihencu 
nortliweftwiirilly  'o  a  point  in  the  ocniri!  of  the  (iravuin  road 
lix  liuiKlrtMl  teel  Huni^wardly  from  tlio  centre  of  the  hriiltce 
liero.«.«  the  Itivor  ilen  I'crcs;  tlionue  northwei'tnunlly  lo  lliu 
tiinlhoast  corner  of  lot  ,11  uf  the  ..<ub-divi«ion  of  the  MiKiiiiio 
tract  in  t'nite<l  t'^laleH  snrvey  Ill.S.'t;  Ihenot;  northwestwardly 
in  c.intiniiation  of  t^aid  last  rritMitioned  line  tu  tlin  .soiitliein 
line  of  lot  L'l  ot'  the  Hub-division  id'  the  Maid  .Mt-Kenzie  Iraet  ; 
thence  northwestwardly  to  a  point  in  the  .sonlhern  line  ot 
Unilcil  ."-tales  survey  IJnll.p,  twenty-six  chuina  eastward  fniin 
the  soiiihwest  corner  of  said  survey;  thence  northerly  to  a 
point  ill  the  north  liiu  ■(  the  snb-diviHion  of  Kant  I.acleile. 
si.x  hundrc'l  feet  west  of  the  Mi-Cuufiland  road:  thence  north- 
wardly and  parallel  lo  tliu  centre  id  the  .\l  (  aualand  road  to  a 
point  on  the  Claylnn  roitd  six  hundred  f«et  west  of  its  interaec- 


tion  with   the  MeCnushind  ruad  ;  tliiuice  nortlii-i 


""'I  jinmllfl 


with  Hie    .siliinker  road,  and  six   hundred   fci  I  n.  st  i|,i.r  ,  r 
ila  intersection  with   tho  old   llonhiiMiiMe  road:  llnnco  n.  il 
easterly    to  the  Inlorsection    of  the   centre    lino   of  .M,  i , 
.\veniioani|   Mead  Street;   llioncn  in  a  nortlieii.i.rly  .lirect , 
to  a    point  in  the   llellel'ontaine  road  si.\    him.ii.d  Inl  ri.  ih 
of  il.s  intersection   with    the    Columbia    lliiltoiii    mail-   ii, , 
northerly  and  parallel  with  the  ceiiiro  line  of  the  Culuii  i 
Itoltom   road  to  the  northern  boundary  lino  .jf  Inilcil  Si 
sur\ey    111;  tlienco  o:i»terlv   along    said   line  to  the  ctnirc  „f 

the  iiiiiin  channel  of  tho  .Mississippi  Iliver;  thci nilh  tin- ,.,. 

anderings  of  said  channel  southwarilly  to  the  pnim  i,f  |,„,|     I 
niiiB." 

The  city  was  divided  into  tweiity-iii;lii  w:in|s,  ilia  I 
boundaries  of  wliicii  arc  as  follows  : 

"  /■'/>-«(   irnc./— Shall  be  bounded  on  llo-  .m.i   |,v  u,,,  jij.,„. 
sippi  Kiver,  on  the  south   by  the   line  dividing'  ilm  |.ir„  ,|,|jj 
.''econd  Connrcssional  Districts,  on  the  west  l.v  'fivillih  ,.<|r,.i.i  I 
and  on  the  north  by  I'ine  Street. 

'•  Srruiid  Witiil — Shall  be  bounded  on  the  east  hy  tin-  .Mi'-ii.! 
sippi  Kiver,  on  the  south  by  I'ine  Street,  on  llio  wot  Ijv  KK-f.j 

\join  . -.111-1-1,  (til 4  L.i...  ii.t.  bii  o^  LIIU  Mil..  ■;:-.l'i;n->  il. 

and  Third  ('on;;ressional  llistriels, 

"  7'Aiii/  iron/— Shall  lio  bounded  on  tlic  e:ist  by  Ilic  Mi..ji.l 

sippi   Kiver,  south    by  Kiilgcr  and    Aula Sircits,  ii.-ibji 

Stoddard  Avenue  :inil  'ruclfih  Street,  a-id  on  ihc  imrlli  l.\  thj 
line  dividin;;  the  First  ami  Si nd  Cungressioiiaj  liis|r..|., 

"  Fniiilh    Wniil  -Shall  be  bounded  on  llice:i-t  bvllic  .Mi-iii. 

sippi  Kiver,  -onlh  by  the   line  ilivi.lini;  the  S uel  ,-iii<i  Tlii. 

Contjressional  Districts,  west  by  Klc\cntli  .-irccl,  un.l  n.jrtli  bJ 
Webster  St  reel. 

"  h'ii'lh  H'oc./— Shall  be  boiindi-d  ..n  llic  cast  li\-  ilii-  .\|i..ii| 
sippi  Kiver,  south  by  (ieyer  Avenue  and  l-limni-i  ■:tioii.  »« 
by  Itosnili  Street  and  Stoddard  .\vciiiic.  and  imrili  In  |;iiijj 
and  Auliiinn  Streets. 

"  S/.illi  llii/i/— Shall  be  bounded  on  llic  in.i  l.v  liic  Mxiil 
sippi  Kiver,  south  by  Webster  Street,  wc»t  by  Tliirliiiiili  Sii 
and  north  by  Herbert,  Kloventh,  ami  Knlicrl  Tyler  nr  Ibirrin 
Streets. 

"  S.  iriilh  ir.i>-i/--Sliall  be  bouiideil  on  the  eiist  In  iln-  .M  -lil 
sippi  Kiver,  south  by  Victor  Street,  hc-I  by  Ibisiiiii  Sinti.id 
iioiib  by  (ieyer  .\veiiue  and  Kniinet  Street. 

"  h'ii/lilli  ir.ii-i/— Shall  be  bounded  on  Ilie  i-iist  by  llin  Mi<i 
sippi  Kiver,  soutli  by  Koburt  Tyler  or  il:irris.in  .Sirci-t,  wt-.i  \ 
Itcllel'ontainc  mad,  and  noi-ili  by  tliu  piesvnl  cily  liiiiiis. 

"  .ViM(/;   ir.n-i/— Shall  be  bounded  on  llic  cii,|  by  ihi.  Mil 
sippi  Kiver,  south  by  Arsenal  Street,  wcsl  by  .b-llVr-nn  .Aienl 
and  north  by  Victor  Street. 

"  7'>ii//i  ll'(ii-(/— Shall  be  bound  -I  on  the  east  by  KIrveij 
Street,  south  by  Pino  .Street,  west  by  .Iclleisoii  .\u-iiti>,l 
north  by  the  dividing  line  between  the  Sccojcl  inul  TItit  i(\ 
grussional  Districts. 

'•  Kleiriilh  W'uifl — Shall  be  bounded  on  llic  enst  by  lie-  i 
sissippi  Kiver,  west  by  JclTerson  \h  Am-ihic,  uicl  ii-'rtli 
.-\rselial  Street, 

"  Tw.l/tli  ir.ii./— Shall  bo  bounded  on  llic  cii..|  iiy  KIcvt 
Street,  south  by  the  line  diiiding  the  Second  iiii'l  Tliirl  ' 
gressional  Districts,  west  by  ,lellcrsiin  .Wcnic,  iiiiil  ii-Tili 
line  rniiiiin;{  from  its  western  bouicbirv  al.iiii  Wnicrff 
Sli-eel  tod'wenlieth  Street  ;  llience  south  :il.iiiji«inlii-lli-Sg 
to  Mulbinpliy  Street;  thence  alone  .Mulbniphv  .^Ircjl  to 
teenth  Street  ;  llienco  north  on  Tiiirlccnlli  Sir.it  I"  \UH 
Street;   thence  east  on  Webster  Street  to  lilcvciilli  Slr.'i'l.j 

"  Thirlrenlh  ll'iir./— Shall  be  bounded  on  llic  cii.l  li.»  H« 


MUNICIPAL  GOVKRNMKNT. 


711 


iKirllii'iii  :mii1  )iarnllil 

rcl    I'l-.l    .i.yt  llnTf.if  11 

lie  piii'l     ili'iii'p  nnrili- 
iilri'    lui.-    .>r  M.I.iitvn 
iioillii'i'i'ily  .liiecliNU 
iix    tiiin'ii'il  Ipi'l  iMiih 
,    lliill.ini    mini;    tlinirt 
0  lini-   I'f  llii'  Cdlumliii 
,ry  lim>  "f  I'liilod  Siiilei  I 
liil  liiu'  1  '  lilt  I'l'iilrc  of  j 
ver;  tluif'''  "itl»  tliu  mo. 
l\y  to  llir  |iiiiiil  "t  licgin- 


foiitv-t'i'Jit  w;inl>.  ihe] 

jii  ili>-  iM-l  liv  till'  Mi<-ii.l 
10  .livi.liii?  till-  V'ir-t  »ndl 
ho  nest  liy  'r«',lllh  Strrtt,! 

,1  on  till'  last  liy  lln'  Mis-ii-l 
,ti('ci,  ui\  tlio  Wfsl  liy  Kler.f 

u    lint,    'livl'.'.ll^    '■'■■        ■ -..A^ 

,1  on  the  <w»l  I'y  '1'^'  >''"'•" 
\  Aoliii""  ^If'i'''  "'•'  ^i 
■I't,  ii'iJ  on  tilt  iiii'lli  I'y  thj 
(^ungre««i"iii>l  \iistr.''l-. 
1,.,1  on  ill'' "iiM  l,yllicMi"ilJ 
.iaiiii!  till- Sri-mil  iin'i  I'liiW 
filrvrnlli  Mwl,  iiii'lii"»lil'i 

,.,i  ,.n  till'  <■!'»>  I'y ''"'  ^''■'''1 

fcO'l   Kill""''  ■^ticii.«« 


^VOUIK'.    1'"' 


I  norlli  l'>  I'll'* 


„„  il„.  ,i.-i  I'V  till'  Mi'il^ 
,,«c»tl.yTliirlniill.>u« 

„„1  ItotuTt  Tyl.r  -t  n 

„li.,l  on  till'  I'lisl  li) '!"'  *'"* 
..,,„.o-tl.yU'"'iiili^"«''' 
in't  Slri'il. 

,|,.,lonllo'i'i>i'>'>ytli«>l"" 

•ror  lliirii-oiSlri'i't."'"" 

11,0  iii'->'in  city  limii". 

,,1  „n  111-  ••...■I  iiy  »"■  ■*'"•! 

,,,,^„,<,  l,y.l.'ir>r-.'i.A>on4 

,1  .,1  on  iln'  "■■I"  ^^  >■■ '"'IJ 
[,.,1   l,y  .^'n^ll^•■■l   ■^>"" 

i„,i„.soooi,.ii.ii.rni"i'-'« 

l,n.W.lontl,"eii>ll.y''"' 
j„   ^?,    AM'iiii-'' »''  "■■""I 

l,„io.ioutii.'v„..iiyl><«! 

.  ,,„  S'oon.l  ..tvl  "ml  '^ 
i:,„i„  Avcnu.',  »'i'l  •;""'" 

l.ouii'liirv  al"iii;  *'^"''' 
1.,,  ...uthaloiis.'i*'''!'"''' 

i„^  Moii.iii'iiy  >•"■"  ; 

rhirU'i'Mlli  Suortl""'- 
S„.e..oi;ii-'V.-"'^'-- 
,un.U-.l  .■"""«" ''•''"* 


rM  »outli  liy  Victor  Slroi't,  went  liv  ■li'lTtTnon   Avonno,  iiml 
rtlibf  I"i  ly^'""  Avonno  mill  I.iifiiyutio  Stroot. 
f.pirlff    'i   Wiiril-   SInill  lio  bounili'il  on  the  oiiKt  liy  'I'liir- 
I    lib  Stri' '■  *"'"'''   ''y  "'"'    l'""""'  Waril,  wont  liy  .liircrKon 
l,„„ae,iiiii  north  by  llorhcK  Street. 

•  f.i'lviii!''  ll'iiii/— Shiill  hi' 'lonioloJ  onllieoii^t  liy  Uomitti 
li^LiiloJil  ii'l  Avonuc,  iinii  Twi'irih  Stroi't,  moiiIi  liy  l.al'iiy- 
1|,„  Ufiiiii'  I'll!  I.iirnyollo  Street,  wost  by  .Ii'ners"n  Aviniio  to 
Ittul'i'ii  Ai'one.  Ihonoo  west  alonu  Chontoiiii  Avenue  lo. lot' 
Litiiii  Avenm  .  unil  on  the  north  by  the  lino  illviiliiiK  llie  Kimt 
f.diiil  (' ■ii>;ro.-i'iiiiml  District", 

,ilrfiiih  M  on/  -Slmll  bo  iiounileil  on  tboeiisl  by  Klovciith 
|l|»t«»'l  lIcllifonliiiiM'  rnml,  wmlh  by  Herbert  Street  iiml  the 
Kt  SI.  Clnirli'!!   Iloi'k    roiiil,   nnil   west   by   the  (iresenl    city 

'.iiliriilA  ir>"/'/ — l^biill  be  boiiiiilcil  on  the  cunt  by  Twolftli 
1;.^'.  wiilh  l'>  the  line  iliv  iiliii({  the  First  iinil  ,'<(Conil  (.'on- 
Int'iml  I'l'liicl'.  west  by  JetVcrson  Avenue,  iiinl  north  by 
IfjOlroi't. 

■t,i*l«ii'*  llViiif— Sh»ll  be  bonndeil  on  tho  oiist  by  ,Ieller- 

Ic  tu'Diic,  Miii'h  by  the  line  iliviiliiiK  the   First  iinil  ,Sueonil 

1  [■•..•iiniil  jiislriels,  west  by  |iresenl  eily  liiiiila,  iinil  north 

i;btliw  irni'ling    Ihe    Seeonil    ami    Thinl    Congressiotml 

I  •V,iifl(r«(/i  Hill/— Shall  bo  boiimleil  on  lliesontb  by  Victor 
iTOiiiii  Sbeiiiiii'loub  Street  cxlcnileil  to  the  |iro»enl  city  liin 
liii.illiv  the  I'Ti -ciil  lily  liniitK,  ninth  by  tlio   line  iliviiliii); 
aFi-i»n'l  Si.onil  ConRressionial  Districts  to  JelVcrioin  Avc- 
|l»:hriKi' "'"lb  i>lon(!  JelVcrson  Avenue  lo  rhoutcau  Avenue, 
Hit  iiel  iiloHi;    Cboulc.m     Avenue    to    ,lullorson     .Vvcnue, 
jiithiulli  Dhuf  ,l<'IVeison  Avenue  to  Victor  Street. 
,V«i"'4  ll'ii'/-  Shall  be  bounileil  on   the  east  by  ,lelVl!|■ 
|ll^u1lu^  >om|Ii  by  the  line  (liviiliu);  the  Scciiinl  einl  'I'binl 
luiwiniiiil  lli-lrictd,  H«»t   by  tho  |ircsent  city   limits,  nml 
|»r.> l.\  llir  new  St.  C'burles  Hock   rosil   ami    Herbert  Street. 
Iiiii  iii.i' fiiiiu  tho    new    St.  Charles   Kock  roail  lo  Herbert 

lirtit. 

-r"'C(  "'"'  Moil/  — Shall  he  bonioleil  on  the  caul  by  .lellcr- 
lMlKnuc,  ■oalb  by  ('hi|i|iewa  Street  extenileil  to  the  (irepeut 
l«!;;iiits»r-t  by  the  present  city  limits,  ami  north  by  Vi.  tor 
li:?htiiiiii'liiiili  Streets. 

1  ■ft.»n  .....111/  Hull/— Shall  be  boumloil  on  the  cast  by  tho 
|l»|>i||i  Itiver  anil  .leflorson  Avenue,  south  by  Killniore 
Iim  11  1  Wilmington  roail,  wc»t  by  the  proaent  city  limila, 
liii""iiiy  l'lii|>|iewa  Street. 

•ft..',  (/ill./  H'liri/  -Shall  be  bounilcil  on  the  cast  by  the 
Irwi',  iiy  limils  ami  the  .Mississi|i|ii  Iviver,  on  Ihe  south  by 
lii  :r4  liliiil!  the  Seionil  anil  Thinl  i'.ini;ression«l  Districts, 
Ik  nib'  »i-t  anil  north  by   tho  city   limiln  herein    estab- 

.•I,  r.iu/ii  U'lii'i/— Shall  be  boumleil  on  the  east  by  tho 
llyjiifli  River,  nonth   iinil   west  by  the  present  city  limits, 
llintby  Wiliiiin.nton  mail  nml  Fillmore  Street. 

»'j  n/'i/i  ir.i.i/  Shall  be  boninleil  on  the  east  by  the 
KtMii  limit',  south  anil  west  by  the  city  liniitu  herein  es 
uH.iiiil  iiiirtli  by  Uravoi-  aniK'lark  roails,  Kind's  lligh- 
iiir.lilif  liiii' iliviiling  the  First  ami  Seeonil   t'onnressional 

Un'\i;jlh  H'liii/ — Shall  be  boniuleil  on  tho  cast  by  the 
mitii  limits,  south  by  the  Twenlylirth  Wnnl,  ami  west 
niiiili  liy  the  lino  iliviiling  tho  First  unil  Seeonil  (.'on- 
■-.1*11  IlKtrii'Is. 
I'Wj.rifiiiJ  Moil/ -Shall  be  liounileii  on  the  cast  ami 
tt^T the  linii  iliviiling  tho  First  anil  .Seeoml  t^on^rcssional 
Haul  liy  the  present  city  limits,  west  by  tho  eily  liiii- 
Ikkfri'in  pi>iiilili,,lii.tl,  and   north    bv    l.inilell    .Avenue  ami 


l.iniloll   Avenue  e.Mumlcil   in  the  limits  ol'  the  ilty  as  heroin 
estahli-biil. 

"  Ttnnti/iiiiliili  U'oi'./— Shall  be  boiinileil  on  tho  cust  by  tho 
present  city  limits,  south  by  Twenty  seventh  Ward,  west  by  tho 
eily  limits  as  herein  c"lablisbeil,  anil  north  by  the  line  iliviiling 
the  Sociiiiil  anil  Thiril  I'lin^jressional  Districts. 

"Ihe  .Municipal  Assiinbly  shall,  eicry  live  years  after  tho 
ailiipliuii  111  this  charter,  establish  cnrrecteil  nanl  limits,  which 
I'oircelioii  shall  bo  inailc  as  near  as  practicable  so  ns  to  eipir.lite 
the  number  ..I'  recistereil  volor.s  in  each  wanl ;  but  in  iu.ikini( 
the  ilivisiiin  the  present  eastern  ami  westorn  booiiilaries  ot' 
ivarils  as  herein  establi-bi.l  shall  be  retaineil,  so  tbut  Uosntti, 
Twelfth,  ami  Kleventb  Slriils,  .li'tfirson  .\v(.nm.,  bii,|  Hm  pres- 
ent eily  limits  shall  rotuain  illvision  lines." 

Till'  tiTiii  ofelci'livi' otFiiiTs  was  )i.\i'il  ii(  t'otir  yeura, 
tiiiil  ;i  i;oii('ral  I'lcftiuii  was  ilirccti'il  lo  lii'  lu'lil  on  tilts 
first  TiHwliiy  in  .\|iill,  1S7T,  ami  cvciy  tour  ji'urs 
tlii'i'L'iirti'r.  Tins  li'L.'i;-ialivi-  )io\vir  of  liii-  I'ity  was 
vrsti'il  in  it  (Jomn'il  iiiul  a  Mouse  uf  Di'legaii's,  to  bo 
hlyloil  tlio  '•  Miiniisipal  As.sciiilily  of  tlio  I'ily  of  St. 
lioni.s."  Till' CoiiiH'll  was  niaili'  to  I'oii.sisl  of  lliirteon 
incnibers  clio.si'n  on  a  !.'i''i'.'i''il  ticki't  tiy  tlic  iinalificd 
'•oti-r.s  of  till'  fily  for  four  yi'tirs  ;  tin;  iloiisi'  of  Di'lo- 
fiati'.s  to  consj.it  of  oni!  lui'inlii'r  for  oai'li  wani.  to  bo 
I'iioM'ii  I'vcry  two  yoars  by  tlio  ijualilii'il  vnlois  of  tliu 
Hoveral  wards.  Tin-  eloctivo  nflifiTs  of  ilio  rily  aro 
till'  mayor,  I'oniptrolli'r,  ttuditor,  iroasiiror,  roiiisior, 
I'olloi'tor,  ri'oorili'r  ol'  ilooiis,  iii>|ioi'tor  of  woiuiiis  and 
nii'asurt'S,  slioritf,  coroiii'r,  marshal,  |inlilic  ailininis- 
trator,  |iresidoni  of  llio  board  of  asso.s.sois,  and  tlio 
prosidi'iit  of  till!  board  of  imbiio  iin|irovoiiionts. 

Tho  duties  of  eacli  olootivo  olTioi'r  aro  clearly  and 
disliiiotly  dofini'd  and  set  forth.  Tlio  oharlor  is  [lor- 
liaps  tho  most  ol'diorati!  and  laroi'ully  |iri']iarod  mnni- 
oijial  doetiiiioni  to  bo  found  in  this  tountry. 

At  tho  olootioii  in  .\pril,  iiiidor  llio  chartor,  Mr. 
Ovorstolz  was  olootod  by  tho  larL;i'st  majority  over 
(iivon  it)  St.  liouin  to  a  oantlidati;  for  mayor.' 

Mayor  Ovorsiolz's  iiiossaL'i'  to  llio  »|ioi'ial  session, 
July,  1877,  rovii'wod  iho  railroad  riots  and  ilus  oH'ort.s 
of  tho  city  irovorniiioiit  to  snppross  ilioni  and  lo  ro- 
.storo  order.  The  '•  strike,"  which  was  atteiidod  in 
many  cities  with  riotous  prmoodiiiiis  and  jxroat  do- 
struction  of  property  and  lii'e,  was  cuiiiined  in  St. 
Ijouis  lo  a  total  suspension  of  labor,  unatleiided,     ,iw- 

•  "Tho  bolt,  as  was  fcareil,  has  hail  the  cllcct  to  give  the  lie 
publicans  the  control  of  tho  .Muniiipal  As^elably,  ami  lo  ilcfcat 
nearly  all  of  llio  Detuocralic  caiiilnlatcs  tor  tlio  gencial  offices. 
Hail  there  been  no  opposition  on  the  pari  of  ilissatislieil  Demo- 
crats to  the  ticket  noiuiuated  at  Armory  Hall,  with  Ovurslol/  at 
the  lieail,  we  ito  nut  ilmibt  'hat  tho  entire  Domocralic  ticket 
would  have  siioceoiled  by  a  handsome  luajorily.  The  light 
anainsl  Overstol/.  bronchi  out  the  lull  (iii  man  Kcpiibli.aii  vote, 
and  while  this  was  not  disailvanlaijeous  to  .Mr.  Dvenloli,  it 
was  very  damaging  lo  his  eolloagues  on  the  regular  Deiuocratio 
ticket,"     A'./. ii'./ii nil,  Aiiril  i,  1877. 


712 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


t 


over,  with  nithcr  Ioh«  of  life  or  deotruction  of  prop- 
erly. Uy  the  HiisptMision  of  busincHH  on  nil  mil- 
ruads  ri'iitrin^  nt  Kiwt  iSt.  Louin  uuMlern  frei^htH 
Wert!  Htoppiul,  mid  ii  liuiivy  Ioxn  ontailod  upon  8t.  Ijouia 
niuri-hiiniM.  |)iiriii<;  iin  entire  weelt  the  Htrilcnrs  iit 
KiiNt  St.  Jjouii*  hiid  eonipletu  control  over  all  railroad  I 
property  there,  and  both  State  and  city  wore  puwer- 
lc8H  to  reiuovc  the  blockade  which  existed  not  in 
Mi.ssonri  alone,  but  in  IllinoiH.  It  was  only  by  the 
interruption  of  bu.NincM*  that  St,  Louis  .HutTered  from 
this  blockade.  Tliu  procluniation  of  the  mayor  call- 
inL.'  1  '!■  viiliiiiti'crs  to  priiteet  llie  city  was  ■*(>  [.niinplly 
re,s|H>iiili'il  In  and  in  siiili  .s|iirit  and  numbers  tliiit  the 
lawless  .>|iirits  were  at  once  overawed.  In  a  siniile 
day  "  thousands  of  citizens  of  all  clas.ses  sprang  for- 
ward to  maintain  the  honor  and  peace  of  the  city,  ' 
and  arming;  and  organization  were  the  work  of  u  few 
hours,  and  the  same  afternoon  companies  of  well- 
equipped  volui.teer  soldiery  were  available  for  i,'uard 
and  patrol  duty."  Arms  and  auiinunition,  supplied  i 
at  th(>  United  States  arsenal,  and  two  thousand 
Sprin>jfield  rifles,  furnished  by  Governor  Phelps,  en-  ! 
abled  the  city  authorities  to  arm  the  volunteers,  and  ' 
their  prompt  and  enerfictic  action  prevented  confusion 
and,  probably,  bloodshed.  The  mayor  took  advantage 
of  this  episode  to  urge  upon  the  Municipal  Assendily 
the  importance  of  increasing  the  police  forci'.  The  , 
force  at  the  time  of  the  strike  amounted  to  but  three 
hundred  and  twenty-five  men,  which,  "  when  divided 
for  day  and  night  .service,  hardly  admits  of  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  men  available  for  active  duty  at  one 
time,  ina.smuuh  as  there  is  always  a  percentage  of  sick 
and  absent  on  leave."  The  establishment  of  an  armory 
at  the  Four  Courts  was  also  recommended  by  the 
mayor.  The  city  bonded  debt  under  the  new  charter 
was  $2:{,(l(;7,0tl(),  including  $ti.82(».()00  as.sumed  by 
the  city  under  the  separation  scheme.  The  total 
receipts  for  the  year  were  $5, 71^4, "(11. -tl,  and  the 
total  expenditures  $."),(t()7,7"7.<>r>. 

It  was  not  until  a  fiscal  year  bad  clap.sod  after  the 
city  government  had  been  reciust  and  reorganized  under 
the  charter  and  separation  s<'lieine  that  a  fair  "ppor- 
tunity  was  presented  of  suuiniari^ing  and  e.vaniiniiig 
the  results  of  the  new  .system.  This  opportunity 
presented  itself  at  the  !May  session  of  1878,  when  the 
mayor  stated  that  the  immediate  results  had  been 
reduction  in  taxation  and  in  the  cspen.ses  of  depart- 
ments, an  improved  .system  of  public  works,  and  an 
improved  management  of  public  institutions.  The 
reduction  in  taxation  in  187(i-77  was  sixty-two  and 
a  half  cunts  per  one  hundred  dollars.  The  reduction 
in  expenditures  for  the  same  years  showed  a  differ- 
ence \r.  favor  of  the  city  of  fifty-two  tliousatid  three 


hundred  and  forty-one  dollars,  or  a  rediiriidti  in  (.,„( 
at  the  rate  of  more  than  twenty. five  p,  r  rent,  in  „n' 
year. 

The  "  social  evil"  was  found  not  to  liav.  1„.,.„  ,,i|,||,.,| 
by  the  repeal  of  the  regulation  systein,  ih,.  Im.  .ni,. 
slituted  for  that  system  having  increa:i  1  ilii(liffit.|,||,, 
of  proof  and  enlarged  the  opportuiiiii.  -  l'..r  eviLsinn 
leaving  tim  evil  almost  wholly  unelitM  kid  w  t(i  cau-e 
and  effect. 

The  municipal  affairs  of  the  eily  I'nr  ili,.  fi,,,.;,!  y,,,|p  , 
ending  in  Juno,  1879,  were  prospcripiis  iiii<|  >,iti>iiiii„ry 
lo  no  ordinary  degree.      Tin;  penal  aii.|  iliuritiilij,- in. 
slitutions  were  in  excellent   order  mii'I  > cuinnii-iHv  j 
managed;   the   fiscal   and  improvenunt   ili|Kiiini,iits 
were  conducted  with   integrity  and  euer^'y,  :in,i  ai  no 
period  in  the  history  of  the  city  had  its  crnlit  Inn,  1 
better,  or  bad  a  more  practical  and  efticiont  svsiiiul 
controlled  the  expenditure  of  the  city  revenue  tliel 
management  of  the  city  debt,  and  ilie  (i|icniiiun.'i  unl 
public  works.      These    resui.s    .Mavnr   OvitMhIz   ii. 
tributed  to  the  change  in  the  organic  law  »(  tjn^  liiy 
which  placed  the  full  control  of  its  own  :\th\rs  in  tiiel 
hands  of  its  selected  offi^;ers,  abolislieil  the  irri'.«iiHn.| 
siblc  and  conflicting  jurisdiction  of  iIk'  enuntv  cniirtj 
increased  the  stability  of  departmentN,  ami  emibli  ii 
local  system  of  civil  service  reform  in  li,'  praiiiall 
enforced  by  removing  municipal  pairnii.iL'i'  tVnin  ilid 
domain  and  dictation  of  partisan  pdliiics.    'Uw  :<« 
effects  of  the  new  charter  and  separalimi  selieini' oi 
tinned  to  demonstrate  the  wisdom  uf  tlnir  ail<'{>tia4 
throughout  the  administratiun  of   .Mu>ur  Ovor^iuli 
He  closed  the  four  years  of  his  service  iu  1881,  »lieJ 
a  long  period  of  business  depression  was  iia^inL'aw.i* 
and  the  city  was  advancing  rapidly  in  all  tiie  eliui'iitj 
of  prosperity  and  progress.     No  otluir  fieried  u(  louj 
years  in  the  history  of  St.  Louis  pri'scnts  >m  niaii| 
evidences  of  purity  in  administration  and  al>ility  ij 
the  performance  of  executive  duties  as  dot's  iliati 
the  administration  of  Mayor  Oversldlz. 

Henry  Overstolz  was  born  in  tlii'  city  nf  Miiii-te( 
Westphalia,  Prussia,  on  the  Uh  of  .Inly,  isi'l'.    II| 
full  name  is    Henry  Clemens  ()vir>iulz,  Ut  in 
signature  he  omits  the  Clemens. 

He  resided  in  his  native  town  iiiiiil  ISSl!,  aihl 
tains  vivid  recollections  of  his  lioyhnud  day- 
near  the  historic  home  of  his  aii('istiir>.     At'lir) 
joying  a  thorough  course  of  eidieuiair  edufaii"!!  I 
the  celebrated  Gyiunasium  ol'  .Miiii-ier,  lie  lame  I 
America  in  company  with  his  I'atlui  and  iii"ilur. 
.settled  with    them   in   St.  Clair   ('.mnty,  111 
.seven    miles   from  St.  Louis.     In   l^-l'i  1"'  ^'"1"^ 
to    St.   Louis,  which    he    has   ever   -imo   niailc 
home,  and    towanls   whose   pnispiriiv   lie  lia* 


ir  II    rr'lMrliull  ill  I'nst 

.fivo  JM  r  rent,  ill  line 

lOt  tollllVr  liocll  ulllUnl 

nystciii,  llir  l;iw  -iili- 
ilicroiiM'l  ilirdifficiilly 

lOrtlllllll  ■-    l"l'  I'Vllninll, 
unclu'ikril  ;is  til  CIUI-O 

cily  fur  till'  tl-c.il  vi'iir 
sjirrimsiiiiil  >.iii>r;ii'i"ry 
j-ii'iiiil  lui'l  c'lr.iritiilil.  ill. 

irilrv  ;inil  n iini'Mlly 

jirovriiiriii  lit'iKii'iiiii'iiU  ' 
'  iiiid  I'lii'i-^)'.  ;iiiil  ai  "»  I 
ntv  liiiil  •'•■<  fti'ilit  liiitt 
3al  ami  I'ffii'iont  systiml 
f  till!  city  rcvcmii',  the] 
.,  ami  till'  oiicraiiuiij  uai 
Lg  Mayor  Ovcrstulz  ;itj 
I  (ir;_'aiiu'  law  uf  tlu'  city,] 
I  of  its  (iwii  iitLiirsiii  ih« 
,  aboUslu'il  itir  irri'si»in-| 
itiiiii  of  till'  i-'Hiiiity  I'liiirt.l 
i>partiiitMit>,  ;iiiil  fiiiibli' 
3  reform  tn  lu'  (mu'tioalljl 
ii'ipal  jiairoiiiiii'  fr"i"  ^^i 


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33  M£ST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14.'>80 

(716)  872-4503 


V"^ 


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Hi  I 


'!'•■         .         ■Hfr  loss  of  life  or  deslrnclion  of  prop- 
Ji''  (jusfK'iiiion  of   busiiiess  on    nil    mil- 

;.  :  ruii  at    IOa.it  »^t.   Lotiih   eastcru    frtiightB 

w.'TT  .*Km{i»'d,  and  i  lioiivy  ,oa»  entailed  ui>on  Ht.  Loiiia 
:  »  ••  tv.i(i;..i.  Piiriny  :m  rntii-c  wock  th"  strikers  ut 
",'»;(!■(  S;.  JAiuis  )i:i(l  oomplole  conlroi  over  a!!  niilriwd 
f  Oijioriy  ihf  re,  and  both  State  and  oity  were  puwer- 
!<'Si<  ID  removo  tho  blnekiide  wUidi  i'xist**«J  not  in 
Mi-iwuh  ftl'iii",  but  ill  IllinoiK.  Il  v'm  unly  by  ihe 
iii<i  iruptinji  of  busim;s8  that  8t.  Louif>  suffered  frnm 
tills  Mii<4iid<\  .  The  i>ror,lamatioii  of  the  lauyor  fall- 
in.'  !'  !  \  I'li.i  lit.  tii  jTuti'iii  iliu  «ity  vva«  w  pruiuptlj 
res  in  -ludi  spirit  wnd  niinibt'nt  thai  tlu^ 

litwii.v-  -j  iiit.  wav.  at  once  trvcmwt'd.  In  a  sititi'.o 
day  "  tbriusai'ds  of  r.'ltiwujs  of  all  daasos  sprung  for- 
wnr<I  to  iDfllnlain  the  honor  and  peace  of  the  city, 
and  unnidf:;  atrd  iirpanizatiuii  wore  tho  work  of  a.  faw 
hours,  and  tlic  s;un<;  afternoori  r.  uipanies  of  well 
equipped  vohittteer  f»oldiery  wer>'  available  for  <ruard 
and  patrol  I'lity.  '  Anus  and  amuiunitioii,  .•'upplied 
nt  the  l..'nit<!d  Stales  arseiiHl,  and  two  thousand 
Springfii  Id  riticx,  furnished  by  Governor  Pltelps,  en- 
abled the  1,'ity  aulhoritii's  to  arin  the  volun(oe^^<,  and 
lb  •  r  J  neujii  and  ener.'.  'ie  aetion  prevented  eoufusiou 
anj,  [uobably,  blitndsheci,  Thi>  uiayortook  advantajje" 
of  this  episode  to  ur;:e  «[)on  ilif  iVfuiiicipal  A^w^mbly 
the  importance  of  iuereasiuj;  the  polii-e  fojc*.-.  The 
foree  at  the  time  of  the  strike  nmcunted  to  but  three 
hundri'd  ;uid  twei.ly-flve  'iien.  which,  "when  divided 
for  day  and  nijilit  Mcrv'ce,  hardly  .idinits  of  one  hun- 
dred am!  fil'ly  w-.'w  iivailablo  for  active  duty  at  one 
tioio,  inus-mui'h  as  there  is  always  a  peroentaire  of  sick 
and  absent  on  leave."  The  .■.■^tablishmenKifan  aruiorv 
It  the  Four  Conn*  vvii  hIso  reeommended  hv  iln' 
mayor  The  'ity  lioridi d  d.bt  under  ihe  new  ebarte.r 
was  $'^;i,(M;7,00iJ,  iucludlnt;  $r..ii20 000  ai!t»uiued  l)y 
the  city  under  the  seputatiet*  s<heu>«.  The  total 
rweipti'  for  tlie  year-  were  $5.7;'4,7lll.1 1.  ..i>d  the 
Ir  till  I  ,penJi(ure.s  J"..l)ti7,777  ()f». 

1  v.  •-  iii't  until  »  fihcn!  year  had  elapsed  yfter  the 
.:>■  ■■  .-.  •lonimeiit,  had  bi"  is  rceiwt  and  n-organiacd  under 
i?i-  h^net  iiud  hejiaratjor  ne)!e»>e  Mi;ii  a  :'iir  ..rt.r 
uj!  ;'y  (VIM  preHiTited  of  sumiimrigin .;  u- 

th.'  reauits  of  the  new  systeui.  Tk.j;  o|.pii;u/iiiy 
prc«tttted  it«.|f  »t  ihc  May  ucssioo  of  iSi'H,  when  tin 

ntaj'or  Mtated  that  tho  itnniodiat^  tm^U  ho)  ) i 

redutiicn  in  ijitation  and  in  the  expi!u>w  oi'  dipari;- 
oieni*.  an  inip'ovi;)  s;,>il>>ui  of  jiublie  work:!,  iiid  an 
oiiprfved  uianagemeni.  of  pub!i>^  instilutiowx.  The 
iv<!ite(ioii  in  taxation  in  lS7(i-77  was  sixty-!w.,>  and 
»  h«lf  e-  tiid  {Ki  one  hundred  dollars.  Thtj  rrtiiactiou 
10  eipendilnre*  for  the  same  yearc  show'.>d  h  difl<r- 
cuca  iu  laVur  uf  iht  .'ity  <A'  fifty-two- tlioiiM-  id  throe 


htuidred  ami  firty-one  dollars 

ut  tlui  rave  of  wo^>  than  tw(!< ! 
\  year. 

The  "  ?<>eia(  r",)!'  wa?  foiim', 

by  the  repeal  "f  tlie  leK': 
I  xlisnted  for  ihut  aytitem  '•  . 
:  of  proof  and  cniHrvyfl  d.. 

leavinj?  the  evil  afw.nii    v' 

and  etlret. 

The  nmnicipai  i.!:.i 

viidini;  io  ifu'i''   ■  ■•• 

lo  no  ordinary    v  , 

stitutions  wer* 

managed  ;  tie 

were  conduijtvl 
I  period  in  the  ''. 
,  better,  or  had  u  i.e.  • 

eontroUed  the  e;t;.  • 

lunnagemeut  svf  . 
I  publie  work.'' 
,  iributed  to  tl.r      . 
J  which  placed  i'.  ■ 
i  }iands  of  il.s  u-.-. 

■-ible  and  confJu  ■ 

iucreasi'd  the  h  ■    '. 
'  hieal  Rv-'fleni  of  ■ 

euforeed  by  ri 
,  doniaiu  and  die  .. 

cffeets  of  the  ro 

tinued  to  di.>;u  • 
j  thrtiutrhou!     I  •■ 

Heeli>se<l  the  '• 

a  long  period  e 
;  and  the  city  if* 

of  prosperity  a: 
'  years  in  th--  K 
■■  evidenec."!  ol    • 

the  pertiiDi 

the  adluinibi; 

Hunry  Ovei- 
W-t'tpiuIia,  F 

.'nb   name  i-    '    •  . 

.■nt'uiiture  b 
IJe  resid' 

laitei  vivid    : 
lear  th.'  Is.-. 

joying  u  1 1'  ■ 

the  '■elebni' 

.\uierica  it. 

hottled'  with 

.seveu    iiili.-»    '•    ■ 

'     10      Hi,      IkI'I; 

home,  and 


;^ft 


^^-iL 


'^^ 


*<;i 


fet  £1: 


as 


i 

m 

I   '    ,'■ 

if^- 

u 

;-;i!iil!i 

\\''  ^ 

1' 

i 

'■Hi' 

f ''7' ■■''.- 

1 

1 

i  li'' 


f  .] 


MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMENT. 


713 


tributeil  much  by  the  exercise  of  his  etierjjy,  in- 
(f^rity.  iind  patriotism.  Soon  after  locating  here  he 
opened  ii  store  (in  1847)  for  general  nierchundise,  in 
nhicli  if  was  then  customary  to  find  the  necessary 
iiinplic:<  I'or  the  farmers  of  the  surrounding  districts. 
In  this  business  he  met  with  such  success  that  in 
1853  lie  retired,  and  two  years  later  purchased  an 
interest  in  saw-mills  and  u  lumber  business.  Again 
he  pros]ii'red,  and  once  more  retired  from  active  busi- 
no^s  lif''  in  the  year  18(57  with  a  handsome  fortune. 
I'riiir  III  iliis  his  liigli  character  and  energy  had  won 
Hirhim  ilie  confidence  of  his  fellow-citizens,  and  lie 
was  iiiiliiced  in  1860  to  organize  the  Tenth  Ward 
^avin;;s  Institution,  which  was  changed  in  1882  under 
ik National  Banking  Act  to  the  Fifth  National  Bank 
of  St.  Louis,  of  which  he  is  still  the  president.  About 
the  same  time  he  became  and  still  remains  the  head  of 
a  successful  fire  insurance  company. 

Henry  Overstolz  is  the  direct  descendant  of  the 
oldest  patrician  family  of  Cologne.  His  father,  Wil- 
liam Overstolz,  was  born  in  Duisburg,  Westphalia,  in 
1180.  and  died  in  St,  Louis  in  1853.  His  mother's 
maiden  name  was  Thert^se  Buse.  She  was  born  in 
Paderborii,  Westphalia,  in  1790,  and  died  in  St.  Louis 
in  1862.  The  Overstolz  stock  is  a  sturdy  one,  arl 
DOteil  for  its  longevity.  The  ancestral  family  was 
ODe  renowned  in  war  and  civil  life.  They  were  the 
merchant-princes  of  the  thirteenth,  fourteenth,  and 
fifteenth  centuries,  and  the  name  is  held  in  high 
stcein  in  their  native  city  of  Cologne. 

On  Oct.  15,  12G8,  Mathias  Overstolz,  a  knightly 
prince,  and  one  of  the  most  celebrated  of  this  name, 
lieaded  a  successful  resistance  to  the  assaults  of  the 
forces  of  the  archbishop,  who  had  often  endeavored 
10  deprive  the  free  city  of  its  charter.  Mathias  lost 
Ilia  life  in  this  struggle,  and  the  grateful  citizens 
irtcted  to  his  memory  a  statue  which  is  still  to  be 
Hon  in  their  city  hall,  and  which  bears  a  striking 
ttseinljlaiiee  to  the  living  representative  of  the  hero. 
Jiihanii  Overstolz,  a  brother  of  Mathias,  was  the 
mayor  of  Cologne  in  1275. 
Gerhard  von  Overstolz,  son  of  Mathias,  fell  in  the 
We  of  Worringen  in  1287,  for  a  patriotic  cause 
siniilar  to  that  espoused  by  his  father. 

It  had  been  the  hereditary  right  of  the  patricians 
to  have  tlio  chief  magistrate  of  Cologne  selected  from 
mout:  their  number  only,  and  for  opposing  the 
f(>rcil)lc  abrogation  of  this  riglit  the  landed  estates 
of  the  Overstolz  house  were  confiscated,  and  they, 
together  with  fifteen  other  celebrated  patrician  fani- 
is,  were  banished  from  the  city,  and  most  of  them 
I  W  to  Westphalia. 
■Mthougb  legal  steps  were  early  instituted  for  a  res- 


titution of  their  property  by  the  Overstolz  claimants, 
the  question  remains  undetermined,  and  the  record.^ 
of  the  German  courts  are  still  encumbered  with  the 
proceedings  of  this  celebrated  suit. 

As  an  additional  mark  of  appreciation  of  the  emi- 
nent services  rendered  by  Mr.  Overstolz's  ancestors, 
the  city  of  Cologne  purchased  the  ancient  mansion  of 
the  family,  and  takes  pride  in  preserving  it  in  its 
original  solidity,  unimpaired  by  age. 

Aside  from  his  business  prosperity,  Mr.  Overstolz 
can  liiy  cbiini  to  eminent  services  rendered  his  fellow- 
citli.on.s  in  a  political  life  as  satisfactory  as  it  is  honor- 
abl.-. 

In  the  year  1849  he  was  elected  a  member  of  the 
City  Council,  which  position  he  held  until  1853, 
when  he  was  elected  comptroller  of  the  city,  and  re- 
elected the  following  year.  A  third  time  he  received 
the  nomination  of  his  constituents  for  the  comptrol- 
lership,  but  was  defeated  by  the  Know- Nothing  or 
Native  American  party.  It  is  worthy  of  remark  that 
he  was  the  first  German  ever  elected  to  a  city  ofiice 
in  St.  Louis;  and  when  in  the  autumn  of  185G  he 
was  elected  a  membtr  of  the  State  Board  of  Public 
Works,  a  body  with  great  powers  and  responsibilities, 
he  was  also  the  first  German  to  be  elevated  to  a  State 
office  in  Missouri.  On  this  board  he  served  the  full 
term  of  four  years. 

In  the  spring  of  the  same  year  he  was  elected 
alderman,  the  duties  of  which  oflice  he  performed 
until  he  resigned  to  accept  the  position  on  the  State 
Board  of  Public  Works. 

He  was  in  1871  again  elected  to  the  Council,  and 
was  subsequently  chosen  president  of  that  body,  over 
which  he  presided  with  dignity  and  satisfaction  to  all. 
His  firmness  and  tact,  his  great  experience  in  public 
matters,  and  his  unsurpassetl  knowledge  of  men  made 
his  influence  felt  to  such  a  marked  degree  among  his 
colleagues  and  associates  in  public  and  private  life, 
that  in  1872  he  was  re-elected  to  the  Council,  and 
placed  at  the  head  of  that  body  as  presiding  officer  i» 
1873. 

In  1875  he  was  called  on  by  his  constituents  to 
represent  his  fellow-citizens  in  the  capacity  of  chief 
magistrate  of  St.  Louis.  He  accepted  the  candidacy 
on  an  independent  ticket,  but  his  opponent.  Mayor 
Barrett,  was  declared  elected.  The  letter's  death 
only  a  few  mouths  after  his  installation  made  it  neces- 
sary to  again  call  an  election,  and  once  more  Mr. 
Overstolz  submitted  his  name  as  an  independent  can- 
didate against  Mr.  Britton.  Although  his  f,f»ponent 
was  declared  elected,  Mr.  Overstolz  contested  the 
election,  and  after  an  exciting  contest  before  the  de- 
ciding body  and  in  the  courts,  lasting  nearly  a  year^ 


i"V'.Hi 


714 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


!  i' 


m. 


liiiihil 


i'    : 


II  <'■ 


:::it, 


-!  li 


1  I  ' 


established  his  title  to  the  mayoralty  by  a  rightful 
election  of  a,  majority  vote.  He  was  duly  inaugurated 
Feb.  9,  1S76,  iind  served  the  remainder  of  the  term 
until  1877,  when  he  was  re-elected  under  the  provis- 
ions of  the  new  charter  which  fixed  the  term  at  four 
years.  During  these  four  years  he  applied  himself 
wi'h  untiring  energy  to  the  work  of  inaugurating  a 
complete  change  in  the  govcrniuent  of  the  city  and 
county. 

The  adoption  of  the  charter  marked  a  new  departure 
in  the  political  career  of  St.  Louis.  It  was  a  radical 
severance  of  the  city  and  eciunty  governments,  and 
the  enirneipation  of  local  questions  from  the  control 
of  the  State  Legislature.  Under  it  the  citizens  now 
enjoy  the  privileges  so  jealously  guarded  by  the  free 
cities  of  Continental  Kurope.  (3n  the  other  hand,  it 
introduced  a  new  and  untried  systmu  of  local  self- 
government,  and  it  devolved  on  Mayor  Overstolz  to 
bring  order  out  of  chaos,  and  to  set  the  machinery 
running  iu  harmonious  accord  with  the  conflicting 
elements  always  present  at  such  a  revolution.  How 
well  he  succeeded  the  result  has  shown.  During  this 
period,  until  the  separation  was  satisfactorily  accom- 
plished, Mr.  Overstolz  posses.scd  an  irresponsible  power 
that  in  the  hands  of  many  another  man  would  have 
been  abused,  but  he  wielded  it  carefully  and  loyally  for 
the  public  good  alone.  At  length  be  succeeded  iu 
carrying  out  the  wishes  of  the  people,  and  in  ridding 
them  of  the  objectionable  features  of  which  they  had 
so  long  complained  under  the  previous  dual  govern- 
ment of  city  and  county.  The  reorganization  of  the 
municipal  government  is  a  work  to  which  Mayor  Over- 
stolz can  look  back  as  the  proudest  achievement  of  his 
political  career,  and  for  which  the  tax-payers  of  St. 
Louis  will  ever  hold  him  in  grateful  remembrance.' 


'  111  nil  iiitere^'tiiig  aiUliess  before  the  Missouri  Ilistorieul 
Society  on  tlie  |puljlii'  career  of  Mayor  (Kerstolz,  Col.  T.  T.  Gantt 
paid  tlic  fullovviiig  tritnite  to  that  g('nth'nian'.s  .«ervii'e8  to  the 
city  dmiiif;  the  critieal  period  of  (lie  reorgaiiizatioii  of  its 
goveniiiient : 

''  Prior  to  1S77."  said  Col.  (iantt.  '*  tiie  niuiiicipa]  governiiiciit 
of  St.  Louis  was  in  a  constant  i^tatc  of  change.  At  no  time  from 
1  Slit)  to  1876  did  its  oliarter  continue  for  tiiree  years  the  same,  and 
during  the  period  from  185L'  to  lS7fi,«hen  we  hail  virtually  an- 
nual sessions  of  the  (leneral  Assembly,  its  charter  scarcely  es- 
caped serious  transformation  in  every  period  of  twelve  mouths. 
During  all  tlii;.  time  the  city,  being  a  part  of  the  county  of  St. 
Loui^,  was  subject  to  county  government  by  ta.\ation.  The 
county  outside  of  the  city,  having  less  than  a  fifth  of  its  popula- 
tion and  less  than  one-tenth  of  its  wealth,  outnuinbereil  and 
outvoted  the  city  on  the  benoh  of  the  county  court,  and  the 
abuses  consequent  on  this  anomalous  state  of  atfairs  was  such 
as  any  one  might  have  readily  anticipated.  It  is  not  my  pur- 
poae  to  enlarge  upon  the  mischiefs  of  the  dual  government,  by 
which  the  city  was  made  tributary  to  the  county,  or  the  still 
mora  intolerable  abuses  by  which  it  was  pillaged.     For  more 


Mr.  Overstolz's  wr'angs  are  confined  to  lumitrsofa 
public  nature,  and  boar  evidence  of  that  keen  lii.'^fern- 
nient  and  ripe  knowledge  which  have  foiiii.tl  such 
prominent   elements  in  all  his  efforts.     His  address 


f'an  ten  years  before  1S75  it  had  been  the  hope  of  -wne  of  the 
1110.  t  public-spirited  of  our  citizens  that  some  means  miglit  be 
de\  ised  of  putting  an  end  to  these  evils.  At  one  time  it  wa.s 
seriously  contemplated,  as  something  preferable  to  tlic  doubl'. 
hcailed  and  certainly  double-handed  system  by  whiili  we  wire 
plundered,  to  extend  the  city  government  to  the  la  it  lust  limits 
of  the  county,  as  had  been  done  iu  the  caie  of  l'liilnli;liiliia- 
hut  the  objections  to  this  plan  seemed  too  foriiii.lal.lc.  At 
len<;th  the  convocation  of  a  Constitutional  Con\iiition  wliirli 
met  in  lS7.'i  gave  an  opportunity  for  grapplins;  with  tlio  iliffi. 
ciilty,  and  a  provision  found  its  way  into  the  new  I'unsiitutiuii 
of  the  State  which  not  only  mail'  the  proposed  vefoiijisinuiible 
in  St.  Louis,  but  in  any  other  city  of  the  State  as  soon  as  its 
population  reached  a  certain  figure, 

"  It  is  not  out  of  place  to  say  here  that  altliouj,'li  tht  evils  of 
the  old  condition  of  things  wore  known  to  tliousamls.  the  Ijulk 
of  the  citizens  of  St.  Louis  took  very  little  interest  during  tlic 
session  of  the  convention  in  its  action  im  this  iinjiorlant  sulj- 
ject.  It  happened  that  among  the  delegates  tVoin  lliisciiv  were 
some  few  who  were  very  zealous  in  the  promotion  of  mioli  or- 
gallic  eliaiiges  as  would  lead  to  the  .system  uiulci-  wliidi  ueiinvt 
live.  lint  they  were  the  smallest  possible  minority  of  tlmse 
delegates,  and  those  who  represented  St.  Louis  t'tmnty  were  at 
first  strenuous  iu  their  opposition  to  what  they  called  •  n  ilivorw.' 
A  large  majority  of  those  who  represented  the  city  itself  ,icre 
cither  adverse  or  indifferent  to  the  change,  and  a  total  fiiilur* 
to  effect  anything  was  imminent,  when  an  earnest  appial  iva« 
made  by  the  frientis  of  the  measure  to  their  constituents  n: 
homo  to  eoino  up  and  help  them.  The  reply  was  very  I'liiini' 
teristic  of  the  indolence  of  our  citizens  until  abuses  reaih  a 
point  which  makes  further  toleration  out  of  the  iiuestiou.  .1 
statement  was  drawn  up  and  signed  by  perhaps  twenty  pro|i- 
erty-holders,  declaring  in  a  languid  way  their  approval  of  t!ie 
proposeil  measure,  with  a  promise  that  if  it  were  nltogotlier 
convenient  some  of  them  would  visit  .IcITeison  City  'n  the  en- 
suing week  to  urge  its  adoption.  Of  all  these  only  one  iictiwllv 
went  to  .Jeft'ersou  City,  and  I  shall  die  in  the  lielief  that  to  liim 
more  than  to  all  others,  certainly  more  than  to  all  utiiers  not 
members  of  the  convention,  the  passage  of  the  meiisure  itself 
was  due.  My  belief  furtlier  is  that  those  of  tile  convention  who 
were  apathetic  and  adverse  were  wrought  upon  liy  tlic  zeal  Jis- 
played  by  this  one  '  lobby-member'  as  they  could  not  ii;ive 
been  by  any  other  agency,  and  whereas  at  the  beginning 
of  the  last  fortnight  of  the  session  of  the  convention  the 
prospect  of  the  amendment  seemed  almost  desperate,  withic 
that  time  it  received  the  approval  of  that  body  in  the  firm 
which  it  now  wears  in  the  Constitution  of  the  Slate. 

"The  Constitution  being  ratified  by  the  popular  vote,  it  re- 
mained to  be  seen  whether  the  people  of  the  whole  city  anl 
county  of  .St.  Louis  would  avail  themselves  of  the  privilege  es- 
tended  to  them  by  the  organic  law,  ami  here  again  there  were  | 
several  noteworthy  occurrences.     Against  the  adoption  of  the  j 
amendments,  against  the  acceptance  of  the  pri\i!(jres  tendered, 
and    in    favor  of  adherence  to  the  obstructions,  the  cost  anJ 
comple-vity  of  the  old  system,  were  arrayed  solidly  the  wbol«  j 
mass  of  what  may  be  called  the  machine  politicians.    All  wbo  j 
fattened  upon  the  existing  corruptions,  and  all  the  Iricnds  and  j 
relatives  of  this  greedy  tribe,  wore  clamorous  llgain^t  a  change  j 
which  would  put  an  end  to  their  power  to  pick  the  pablie  purse,  j 
The  press  of  the  city  was  divided,  but,  most  fortunately,  the  j 


J'    i, 


jnfined  lo  uiauiisof  a 
■  of  lliat  keen  liiscern- 
ih  liiivc  fmiu.  il  such 
effortu.     His  ;ii](]rcss 

on  tha  hojie  ot  ■  iiiic  ..f  ihe 
ihnt  sdine  iiu':\in  miglil  be 
vils.  At  ono  time  it  wa,* 
;  ]ircfernl)le  lo  tlu'  J"ublo- 
I  system  by  wlii  .ii  wf  wrore 
imenl  I"  the  t'lntliistliuiiis 
tlie  o^^c  of  Pliilii'leliiliia: 
■cnieJ  too  I'oriiiiilalilc.  At 
tutioniil  Convi'iitinn  wliidi 
,r  griipplinK  willi  tin?  ilitTi- 
f  into  tiio  iK'w  Ciiiisiluuiuii 
10  proposed  lefoniis ("iSjiblc 
of  the  St:iti'  !i<  siion  as  it? 

ro  that  alllioiit;h  the  evils  of 
^own  to  thovifanilj,  the  biilli 
sry  little  imeri'.-t  iluring  tbt 
ction  on  this  iuiporlant  sub- 
)  dclegivtes  tVoiii  this  city  were 
n  thu  |iroinuticin  of  siioh  or- 
1  system  unik'f  which  wemut 
t  possible  iniii'Tiiy  of  tlmie 
led  f'l.  liOuis  County  kitc  at 
o  whiit  they  eiilhvl  •  a  ciivom.' 
o-esented   the  .'ity  itself  «re 
0  ehiiiigc,  iiiid  a  l"tal  failure 
when  iin  earne-'t  iiy]»:\\  m 
isure   to  their  .•onstitui-iits  al 
The  reply  was  very  nbarac- 
eitiiens  until  abuses  reach  s 
ition  out  of  the  ([ucstiou.    A 
Ined  by  perhaps  twenty  pro]!- 
lid  way  their  approval  ot  tlie 
lise  tiial  if  it  "ere  allo|!ether 
visit  JeffeiaonCity -ntheen- 
Of  all  these  only  one  actually 
ill  die  in  the  belief  that  to  him 
,  more  than  lo  all  others  n"t 
passage  of  the  measure  itself 
lat  those  01  the  eonvcni.onrto 
wrought  upon  l.ytiie'cal. li.- 
Iber'   as  they  could  not   hive 
d   whereas  at    the  beginr.ic? 
Lsion   of  the  convention  tbt 
|mod  almost   desperate,  »iibin 
■ovul  of  that  body  in  the  for.a 
,tulion  ot  the  .State. 
|flcd  by  the  popular  vote,  it  re- 
pe.>pte  of  the  whole  city  anl 
Ithemselvcs  of  the  privilege  es- 

,i„,  and  here  again  there  «er. 

I     Against  the  adoption  of  th« 

laneooftho  privileges  tendered, 

tho  obstructions,  1  be  cost  and 

ere  .rruyed  solidly  the  «hol. 

,a>,hine  politician^.    All  "bo 

,ptions,andalltbclne"-i'»"ll 

,re  clamorous  against  a  cbatigdj 

,  power  to  pick  the  puldic, mr"- 
Jed,  but,  most  furtun,itely.'l» 


MUxVICIPAL  GOVERNMENT. 


715 


Joliveii'l  before  tlio  convention  hekl  in  St.  Louis  to  His  home  life  is  indicntiv'o  of  a  mind  of  elegant 

mcouraue  immii;ration  to  Missouri  occupies  a  promi-  attainments  and  studious  tastes.      His  library  is  choice 

iieiit  plii«e  among  the  masterly  pleas  delivered  on  that  and  large,  and  harmonizes  well  with  the  liberal  taste 

occasion. 


displiiyed  in  u  valuable  gallery  of  pictures  and   art 


oldest  anl  most  inflaeiitint  uf  the  journiil.s  was  in  favor  of  the 
reforiu-  I'he  election  canie  otV,  and  it  was  at  fir.^t  tieolared  by 
the  official- of  tlio  old  dispensali(*n  that  tlio  people  had  eoii- 
airaned  tbc  measure;  but  a  canvass  of  llic  returns  revealed  the 
fjcl  that  III  ist  audacious  frauds  and  falsehoods  had  been  made 
Jit  of  in  order  to  givo  color  to  this  pretension,  and  it  was 
jiilicially  a-certaincd  and  declared  that  the  separation  of  the 
t  n  and  c'linty  goveriiinenta  had  been  decreed  by  tho  people 
ofihccity  and  county. 

■Time  Iocs  not  perriit  the  mention  of  tho  particulars  of  the 
«,iii:ie  of  our  municipal  government  effected  by  what  is  called 
the  sclicnic  and  charter,  framed  by  the  freeholders  called  to 
tkai  bi.sh  duty  by  the  new  Constitution.  1  will  only  say  that 
inthe  luauaLreiuent  of  tlie  public  works,  in  the  composition  of 
lii  lejjislative  ilepartinent  of  the  city,  in  the  tenure  of  the  otlice 
of  mayor,  in  the  lixinj;  of  the  time  when  appointments  to  office 
iiill  be  made,  \ti  the  mode  of  obtainini;  sup]dios  for  the  city,  in 
tbeuioJe  of  contracting  for  public  work,  and  in  the  freedom  from 
hi-iative  tinkering  enjoyed  by  the  charter  now  existing  the 
tiiinges  are  radical,  and  it  i.s  believed,  without  e.xception,  most 
nlut;ijy. 

■'  It  was  the  lot  of  Mayor  Overstolz — and  I  consider  it  n  piece 
o;r«re  good  fortune—  to  be  elected  in  1S77  ns  mayor  of  the  city 
Biler  the  new  system.  Jlis  teriv  ji  oHico  was  four  years,  a 
period  long  eiioush  in  which  to  give  n  fair  trial  to  his  adininis- 
talion.  Here  apiaiu  I  must  be  brief,  but  while  F  call  attention 
to  the  great  success  which  hjis  marked  him,  1  think  it  is  proper 
■,  .jy  tbat  he  has  not  hail  during  the  whole  uf  his  voyage  the 
thatitago  of  halcyon  weather.  In  the  very  first  year  of  bis 
MBiiiiislration,  the  city  was  visited  by  tho  storm  which  laid 
iiiteiuany  parts  of  our  country.  The  strike  of  IS77  will  not 
If  •;  11  forgot  ten  by  those  who  were  in  St.  l/ouis  during  the 
i^rk  following  the  2Ist  of  .Tuly.  During  that  arduous  crisis 
Mr.  Oversto!/ acted  as  became  the  chief  nmgistrate  of  a  great 
r:y.  The  emergency  was  most  alarming.  He  met  it  cour- 
^ei'Usly,  and  strove  with  energy  against  tlie  disorder  which 
lireatcnod  us  with  ruin,  lie  called  to  his  aid  ns  was  his  duty, 
iheoitizcns  of  St.  Louis.  They  answered  to  his  call,  nnd  with 
i  tktir assistance,  without  taking  a  siiigle  life,  without  a  trace  of 
liiii  des'ruction  of  property  and  that  disgraceful  overthrow  of 
[  ii»lal  authority  which  marked  thehistory  of  tho  strike  in  other 
cities,  and  without  invoking  tho  assistance  of  the  Federal  arm, 
tseriiitcrs  were  crushed  and  order  restored  in  St.  Louis  in  less 
I  ikm  tivenly  lour  hours  after  the  tiovernor  of  tho  State,  who 
Ssiy  and  well  discharged  his  duty  on  that  occasion,  had 
I  piX'ed  a  sutlieieiit  number  of  arms  at  the  disposal  of  the  mayor. 
•ofcuarse  1  do  not  mean  to  fny  that  Henry  Uverstol?.  did  all 
t:i(  with  his  single  ami.  The  days  are  past  when  a  single 
I  'rri'T  was  more  than  a  match  for  a  host  of  common  men.  The 
ui.ir  was  energetically  and  gallantly  aided  by  the  citizens  of 
:.  Uiiis.  wlhi  gave  proof  on  that  occasion,  as  they  so  often 
sie  before,  that  though  long  sulTering  and  slow  to  anger,  they 
Iff, ulien  fairly  aroused,  a  body  which  it  is  not  easy  nor  wise 
|ti>itii!tand.  To  the  gallant  young  men  who  on  that  occasion 
I  tlJlriiilically  tendered  their  services  no  stinted  praise  is  due. 
Itbtyiterc  under  arms  for  several  days,  for  they  continued  to 
Inithonr  the  good  order  of  tho  city  for  seventy-two  hours 
li'liiall  show  of  forcible  resistance  to  authority  had  ceased, 
|ul,»hat  was  more  trying,  they  assembled  before  they  had 
I >ii;eiit  arms,  and  with  suoh  linperfect  weapons  as   private 


resources  could  supply,  and  lieM  the  disturbers  of  the  public 
pence  at  bay  until  they  grasped  the  means  of  enforcing  sub- 
mission to  the  law.     All  honor  to  tbciu. 

'"There  was  no  repetitiuu  of  civil  disorder  in  IS7S,  '7'J,  and 
'Sll,  but  in  the  lirst  two  of  these  years  we  were  menaced  with  a 
peril  before  which  the  bravest  often  shrinks.  The  yellow  fever 
ravaged  .Memphis  and  threatened  St.  Louis,  It  was  needful  to 
enforce  stringent  sanitary  measures,  and  lo  be  vigilant  not  only 
in  compelling  all  visitors  from  the  South  to  comply  with  (juar- 
autine  regulations,  hut  to  take  care  that  every  re([uirouu-nt  of 
cleanliness  was  strictly  observed  in  our  own  city.  This  duty 
was  faithfully  ]ierforrued  and  the  plagut;  was  stayed. 

'•  On  former  tiecasions  St.  Louis  had  shown  her  capacity  to  ileal 
with  the  trials  of  fire,  of  pestilence,  of  civil  ciimtnotion  and  com- 
mercial disaster.  In  IS4y,  in  ISJit,  in  IS.'i.'i.  and  in  lS.'i7  she 
had  nobly  endured  all  these  tests.  I  am  proud  of  St.  Louis,  and 
jicrbaps  a  little  partial  to  a  city  in  which  1  have  spent  the  best 
years  of  my  life,  but  I  really  think  that  an  indifferent  person, 
being  now  for  the  first  time  made  actpiainted  with  her  fortitude 
iiuiler  the  eonllagration  which  in  18411  laid  in  ashes  almost  the 
whole  o!'  the  business  houses  of  the  city,  the  courage  with  which 
in  that  same  year  of  desolation  we,  unaided  and  not  asking  for 
aid,  met  and  overcame  the  terrors  of  a  )iestilence  unexampled 
in  the  history  of  our  land,  the  fraternal  spirit  with  which,  in 
lSj.'i  and  1S57,  our  men  of  pro|ierty  made  themselves  and  their 
estates  the  security  for  our  bankers,  and  the  thoroiighne.-s  with 
which,  in  lijjt,  after  the  dcmonslration  of  the  powerlessness  of 
the  jioliee  force  then  in  service  v(  the  city  to  repress  the  rioters 
who  for  two  days  and  nights  spread  terror  throughout  her  limits, 
the  citizens  embodied  themselves  and  quelled  tbedi-order,  would 
be  disposed  to  concede  that  the  people  capable  of  such  things 
have  a  right  to  think  not  meanly  of  themselves.  Our  citizens 
have  never  shut  their  hearts  or  closed  their  purses  when  others 
in  distress  have  appealed  to  their  compassion.  When  smitten 
as  no  other  place  was  by  lire  and  pestilence  in  1849,  they  per- 
formed their  whole  duty  and  asked  for  no  aid  from  abroad; 
when  some  of  those  wc  had  befriended  im  a  former  occasion 
tendered  some  small  requital  of  our  generosity  we  respectfully 
declined  the  offer:  when  ci.iumorcial  disaster  impended  we  horo 
e.tch  other's  burdens  and  enabled  :ill  to  stand;  and  in  1S77, 
when  civil  disturbances,  which  had  wrap|ied  other  cities  in 
flames  ivnd  given  them  over  to  rapine,  approached  our  border, 
we  once  more  performed  our  duty,  preserving  the  good  order 
and  peace  of  society  by  the  performance  of  those  duties  which 
in  a  popular  government  belong  to  the  people.  Neither  in  1854 
nor  in  1877  did  we  have  occasion  to  iinoko  the  interposition  of 
tho  Federal  arm  to  suppress  an  insurrection  too  strong  lo  be 
dealt  with  by  our  State  government.  In  saying  this,  and  de- 
claring tliht  I,  as  a  Missuurian,  am  proud  of  it,  I  wish  to  say 
that  I  have  no  sort  of  jealousy  ol  legitimate  Federal  authority. 
The  whole  is  greater  than  any  of  its  parts,  and  when  necessity 
arises  1  have  no  sort  of  objection  to  calling  on  tho  Federal  arm 
to  do  its  duty.  But  it  becomes  a  State  or  a  city  or  a  man  tu  do 
without  extraneous  assistance  whenever  it  or  ho  can  do  the 
things  which  rest  with  tho  weight  of  obligation  on  it  or  him, 
and  if  to  think  thus  be  sinful,  then  am  I  '  the  most  offending 
soul  alive.' 

"  I)ut  I  must  hasten  to  matters  to  which  I  cannot  omit  to  call 
your  attention  without  neglecting  the  principal  purpose  for 
which  I  am  before  you  this  evening.     Contlagrations,  pestilence, 


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716 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


objects.     A  happy  home,  prnced  by  a  wife  nnd  six  ■ 
children,  crowns  the  labors  of  an  active  and  honored  ' 
citizen.     The  maiden  name  of  Mrs.  Overstolz  is  Phil- 
ippine Espensehied.    She  is  the  daughter  of  one  of  the  . 

and  riot  iirc  of  rare  ncourronco  in  our  Iii8t<iry.  Tb«  inciilentK 
of  uiiiiiioi|ial  adinini'trBtinn  nro  with  us  iilw  <yi>.  nml  wh»t  inoro 
than  anything  elst;  conoerna  the  uitizenn  of  St.  Louis  is  that  it«  | 
inunii'ipal  adniinivtralion  nhnulii  be  cfiiciont,  pconimiical,  anil 
pure.  Under  the  present  I'harttT  we  have  o.xporiencc(i  improve- 
ments of  which  very  few  of  our  people  have  any  idea.  I  luivo  ' 
no  time  oti  this  ooonsion  to  speak  fully  on  this  subject, —  I  wish 
thiit  r  had, — hut  some  few  matters  [  will  lay  before  yon.  Ho- 
tweeii  April,  IS78,  and  April,  1881),  there  has  been  a  reiluction 
of  tlio  bonilcd  debt  of  the  city  of  $720,000,  almost  three  i(niir- 
ters  of  n  million.  The  floating  debt  of  the  city  accumulating 
for  the  year  ending  April,  1876,  was  J422,fl00.  The  floating 
debt  of  the  city  accumulating  during  the  years  ending  April,  j 
1877,  April,  1878,  Ajiril,  IS79,  and  April,  1880,  was— how  much 
do  you  suppose?  Just  nothing  at  all.  The  deficiency  in  the 
revenue  to  meet  expenditures  in  the  year  ending  April,  1876, 
was  $452,736,43.  In  the  years  1877,  1878,  1879,  and  1880  not 
only  was  there  no  deficiency,  but  a  surplus  iipplicablo  to  the 
payment  of  our  bonded  debt  of  a  large  sum  in  each  year.  To 
particularize,  the  surplus  was  in  1877,  $164,.'!3(1.02,  in  1878  it 
was  $310,751.71,  in  1879  it  was  $2,')«,932.86,  and  in  1880  it  was 
$307,446.58. 

"In  the  fiscal  year  1870-71  it  was  necessary  to  furnish  rev- 
enue by  issuing  anticipation  bonds  (which  bore  interest  of 
course;  no  account  here  will  be  taken  of  the  discount  at  which 
they  were  sold  in  the  market)  amounting  to  $1,050,000.  For 
the  fiscal  year  1871-72  anticipation  bonds  were  issued  to  the 
amount  of  $1,100,000;  in  1872-73,  $l„i2;i,000 ;  in  1873-71, 
$1,625,000,  and  in  addition  city  treasury  notes  to  the  amount 
of  $300,000;  in  1874-75,  $1,150,000;  in  IS7.')-76,  $1„550,000  ; 
in  1876-77,  $1,500,000;  in  1877-78,  $725,000;  in  1878-79, 
$420,000  ;  in  1879-80,  $350,000  :  and  thus  far  in  the  fiscal  year 
1880-81,  none  at  all.  Yet  you  can  all  hear  witness  that  though 
in  arranging  the  scheme  and  charter  the  city  took  upon  itself 
the  whole  debt  of  the  old  county  and  the  maintenance  of  all  its 
eleemosynary  institutions,  the  taxes  paid  since  1877  are  much 
less  than  those  of  the  years  1873-76,  and  although  the  condi- 
tion of  our  streets  and  the  aaministration  of  criminiil  justice, 
both  preventive  and  remedial,  leave  much  to  be  desired,  there 
is  in  the  first  particular  at  least  a  marked  improvement  upon 
the  times  before  the  charter.  Less  money  is  expended  by  the 
board  of  public  improvements,  but  the  expenditure  is  more 
judicious  and  the  improvements  are  of  a  better  character.  In 
brief,  immense  advantage  has  come  to  us  from  the  board  of 
public  works,  which  is  one  of  the  features  of  the  present  char- 
ter, and  for  that  reason  the  machine  |ioliticians  and  all  the  ene- 
mies of  good  and  economical  administration  of  municipal 
afi'airs  desire  vehemently  to  abolish  the  board  of  public  works, 
even  if  they  cannot  in  all  other  respects  destroy  the  present 
charter. 

"  Xow  to  what  essential  nnd  distinctive  features  in  the  pres- 
entadministration  of  city  affairs  are  the  improvements,  of  which 
I  have  only  instanced  n  few,  mainly  ascribable?  In  my  judg- 
ment to  this :  that  the  afi'airs  of  the  city  have  been  for  about 
four  years  managed  nearly,  not  quite,  upon  wh.it  are  called 
'business  principles.'  The  publio  work  has  been  mostly  com- 
mitted to  men  whoso  qualifications  for  doing  good  work  were 
the  motive  of  their  appointment  to  do  it.  Faithful  perfornmnce 
of  their  duties  has  been  demanded,  and  in  most  cases  the  de- 
mand has  been  complied  with.     As  part  of  this  new  departure, 


oldest  and  most  succes-sful  wajjon-makors  of  iK,.  Wr^t 
and  a  citizen  of  thohijrhe8tstandin<rin  thecoinninniiv 
Mr.  Overstolz  i.s  in  the  enjoyment  of  vi^ori.ii-  liculth 
and  in  the  full  flush  of  a  career  of  cxceptiunai  >iicci.s., 
and  conspicuous  u.sefulncss  to  his  fellowcitiz  .ris. 

Mayor  Overstolz  was  succeeded  in  18H1  hv  IImm.  Wji 
Ham  L.  Ewinj;,  the  present  mayor  of  St.  Lmii-;.'    Wj]. 
liam  L.  Ewing  was  born  in  St.  Louis  on  tlw  liJtIi  yf 
March,  1843.     His  father  was  a  wholesair  im  reliant, 
and  his  mother  was  a  member  of  tlu>  olil  iicriliuM 
family.      He  was  one  of  eleven  children,  six  (.rwli,,,,, 
arc  living.     As  soon  a.s  ho  arrived  at  tlit;  piniur  ,|m, 
he   entered    the   college   of   the    Clirii^tian    liicii||,.|. 
where    he    acquitted    himself   with    crcilii.      linui,,. 
diately  after  leaving  college  ho  entered  liis  I'atlur's 
business  house  in  a  clerical  capacity,  and  lai^'clv  cim- 
tributed  towards  securing  the  great  prosjirriiy  wliioh 
enabled  his  father  to  leave  at  his  doutli  ;\  lar<;c  tur- 
tune  to  his  family.     On  the  dissolution  ut'  the  liriu 
consequent  upon  the  death  of  William  L.  Kwin;;,  Sr.. 
Mr.  Ewing  retired  from  commercial  busiiicss.  ilcvntini; 
most  of  his  time  during  the  several  succi'ecliriL'  vcar? 
to  the  care  of  the  estate  and  to  some  fiirmiiiL'  inter- 
ests in  which  he  had  invested.     Being  of  :iij  uut. 
spoken,  impulsive  nature,  and  a  very  positive  eliarae- 
ter,  young  Ewing,  boy  and  man,  made  ii.aiiy  friends 
and  not  a  few  enemies.     But,  as  is  alway.s  the  case 
where  such  traits  are  conspicuous,  tho.se  wlui  kiaiv 
him  best  liked  him  most ;  and  when  in  1877  lie  was 
named  for  a  seat  in  the  lower  house'  of  the  City  .As- 
sembly, very  little  canv<ssing  was  nocc.ssnry  on  his 
part  to  achieve  success.     At  the  orgunizatloo  of  the 
House  he  was  elected  Speaker,  which  iielioii.  in  view 
of  his  lack  of  parliamentary  and  political  cxiieriiiiir. 
was  a  rare  compliment.     He  applied  himself  at  once 
to  his  diflScult  duties,  and   the  wealth  uf  euinnmn 
sense  which  had  served  him  so  well  in  other  walk?  of 
life  was  soon  conspicuously  exhibited.    In  his  rulinL's 
the   same    positive,  almost   stubborn,  eharaelerisiics 
above  alluded   to  inv:iriably  manifested  tliemsi'lves; 
but  while  they  at  times  irritated  those  to  whom  they 
were  adverse,  the  ring  of  an  honest  pnrpose  cmii- 
manded    a   respect   where    concurrence   wa.s  denied. 
Long  before  the  close  of  his  first  term  of  puhlic  ser- 
vice Mr.  Ewing  had  demonstrated  a  sagacity  and  eiirn- 

the  city  government  has  not  been  wholly  goveriieil  by  rule- of  I 
party  expediency.     To  his  honor,  ti<o  mayor  has  in  sonii'  in- 
stances overlooked  party  linos  while  retaining  ur  gclcctini;  m  ] 
efficient  oflicer." 

•  To  Lyndon  A.  Hinith,  Esq.,  the  popular  and  ellieiont  5«rc 
tary  to  the  mayor,  the  author  is  greatly  indebted  for  iiiiifhj 
valuable  assistance  in  the  preparation  of  this  work,— a!>i!iaii'»l 
made  all  the  more  acceptable  by  the  prompt  and  oliligini;  iiianiiori 
in  which  it  was  rendered. 


-iiiiikors  (if  ill'  West, 
iiifr  in  the  t'liiniiiiinity. 
nt  of  vijioritii"  licultli, 
of  excejitioiiul  smrcss 
is  fellow  eiti/Mis, 
linl881byll..„.\Vil 
arof  St.  Lmi^.'    \\\l 

Ijouim  on  ill.  l(kli  111' 
a  whoU'Siili'  iiiiii'liaut, 
r  of  tlie  oM   K.TiliuM 

chililron,  >i\  "Iwli'iii 
ved  at  tlu^  |in.iirr  . . 
le   Cliri^t'Mii    linuliiiv 

with  credit  liiiiin'- 
le  enteroil  liis  fatlicr's 
pacity,  anil  laiL'clv  cmi- 

great  prosperity  wliioli 
it  his  deatji  a  lar^e  tor- 
dissolution  nt'  tlio  tiim, 
'  William  L.  Kwin^,  Sr„ 
ocrcial  business,  devotin.; 
several  sueeeediiiL'  joar* 
I  to  some  fiirniiiiL'  imor- 
ited.      Beinj:  of  an  oiu- 
d  a  very  positive  cliarac- 
man,  made  many  frii'ivls 
ut,  as  is  always  tlie  Mse 
)icuous,  those  wlw  kinw 
nd  when  in  1877  liu  »:« 
■er  house  of  the  City  As- 

ig  was  necessary  on  his 

.t  the  orjianization  of  the 

;er,  which  action,  in  vii'W 
and  political  cxiK'vicnn'. 
applied  himself  at  mue 
the  wealth  of  con'.iiinn 
so  well  in  other  walks  of 

[exhibited.     In  his  nilin.'s 
stubborn,  characteristics 
manifested  ihemscUcs ; 

ftated  those  to  wluiin  tluy 
an  honest  purpose  corn- 
concurrence   was  (Iciiioi 

„  first  term  of  public  .-er- 

itratedasaizacityandearn- 

L  wholly  governnl  by  rale.  ..f  I 
|r,  ti.o  mayo.-  lia^'  i"  "'»'^'  "'• 
Ihilo  retninins  "1-  '"I"'""!?'" 

Le  popalarnna  cffi.'ient  «'H 
Ji,  greatly  in.lobti-l  for  m...l.| 
lrMionoftt.iswo,k,-»^^i"^'"^'»l 
l,c  prompt  anil  obliging  »■>«! 


1 


m'.i 


I! 


9*1  ri  iM- 


I    I  : 


III 


>  3 
\ 


i:  M 


!:lll 


■4(fi! 


Ul 


Ml  NH'H'A!,   <iOVi:n>  "J"*  " 


poxe  wliiili  iiii^'ifiiil  hii''i'i  -  til  auy  nii^u'*- 
lio  I**'!!  lii*  !"ini)iiirt.     llcl'lire  lie  letiruti 
■i^lalivo  tiii<i\  til"  MumKcMi'in  v»iw  ina'li?  iii 
"1.1  t!i«i  111'  wi  ul'.l  jirnvi;  1  impuiiir  caiuli 

■  •1    .mtl  uiV(!  ilif  I'.ny  ;»u  hi'Ui'.si  an  J  iiblu 
ti       111    A|>nl,    I^Hl,    tim   Ku|Mil>licHii 

li    lit'   liii  1    iilwnyn    bwn   a  cdnjiintiTf 
inwil  tlii>  Hold   tor  II  uiiiii  111  -illii.ii'iii 

■  i'uteiit  tho  elc<uii)ii  wlili  H'Ui  ll'niv 
1.  kI)>  hiiiJ  prfforniod  ili«  ci'iiii'^i  n'  tlu< 
•   :iii  xix  3'fiirs  with  rure  :ti.<:i.'.piul>iiilv  to  t.|in 

.»iii>  wflH  jumly  icuardM  a»  ii  mo-i   ii>r- 
•'itiutd  for  tl.r  sui."i.'i><i'ii<ni.      ll  wiis  iitTf.''- 

•  ri.  .t  the  lli>()Ubli(iiii  iioiniiiiM'  slumlii 
•'  .r  Oversii'li'H  eqiia!  in  cbnriu-tcr  a'xi 
■  r.   ii:;it    ill     liiiuM   bi>  HO  jifif'.-    ii*  '-J 

1)  tlio  balani.-i!  uf  tlm  U.ipiil  i-'-.-n  'j-\if 
'lioli  b.til  biihorto  l>een  ovorwinriiuiii).. 
Mr.    Kwiiiii;  wan   ut    tli,-.!    tiif>     iiflvnt  . 

u't'i.itii|)uti_viii.{  IiIh  iiiother  on  ii  pl<'M*ure 
.iuv  Ifiidi.T.s.  lii)we\'t;r,  aureud  tbiit,  lui  WH? 

•  •-  i>nu;r^t'nc'V,  iuid  wli'Ht   I'.ir  axv..v  from 
.(  '  'I'd  !lir:"iii.;i  timt  bo  bad  been  ohnseu 

rt      Witli  liniitcd  or«ton>;a!  ability, 

v.iiiie  i'ifii  of  tli«  science  of  politiuK, 

■•,\'^-.  vho'wu  to  tho.'ie  ttbow  .ibs'TVii- 

•'•  .-.'.^Ktl;  but  wbmi  elcctinn  day  PiiU!'\  and 

'■■■uUiCii  tbuusan'l  viU's  w;i-  jjivcu  for 

•  i»  'ijj,  :ind  till!  triuinpb   ot   tin    s-nsiri' 
;,  "   s«eurod,  the  witd  iw  .1'  ''ii*  k>Av 

y  ileinonptraiftd. 

■  .'i'id  into  the  mayor'*  iitfiv  'be  -uiui' 

i':eri»tio«  ibui  bad  aiwny.^  bi'^'ii  con- 

aiid  tho  doors  of  his   oliiw;  iiave 

;o  ibf  liuiubif.si  riii/eii,  vvliili'  his 

VI     ueii  so  [iri'Htiiu!,'  tbut  bo  i  ..uUl   not 

iiiii'iK  Uj  tb'iHt^  who  tuid  u  iit4;lii  t.)  ''pwik. 

:n'ni!i  were  such  hm  ki  prove  that  h,  iv^s  s 

•  nat  of  the  p«opk'  ratlior  than  of  j'lii :  • 
I'lv  have  t.li.sappoinlMl  i)i:ic*!bii:i'^'ji->,  he 

•;'t^  iVi."fhy  i.f  the  rorifiiic.iicc;  of  ihoi-n 

.  u  ihf  InrtruBt  jniijority  ever  recflivert  '.,   \ 

l)|j;l;t^;  in   Si.    jjoiiis.      Ai   tbi.s  wrini;,.' 

'  .1- i  Aiiy(<!U-s  of  ofl'icidl  lifi;  >lill  befur«  ;'.'■■.'.■, 

w.  Kwinjr,  luiher  of  Mayor  iMviiiji.  ««» *  ■  • 

::,iv,  i'  L'  JHriiiiy  honii.'fitcnd,  bcor  Vini.vtKii'!-. 

•  I     ISd!),  th<;  eichth  of  ton   rhildren    hu! 
.NiitbauJHl  and  Mary  Brcadin|.'  Kwii. 

.<sof  PeniiSylviii'M.  and  bud  wovivii 
',       .N.nhaniul   Kwinv»,  vi'lio  i^'iw  a  ii^ . 
..ii.le  pmniiiienw,  romovod  Ut  Vincemie? 
.  ■■>'  -A'.-.  ':      utnt  frmi!  the  govt-rnu-.'  ;■' 
I  )s  receiver  of  public  money. 


Ill-  ti.tiim  II- i'l.i^^  liivn><ii-  rt  riii^iiiitut' -if  iliii  IVr.i- 
lorial  Li'^.'ii'IhIiiiiv  iiiitl  «...•  O-iii.'-uinii.  .J  t;.;  '(.•_•  i..liitivo 
tnbfiit*  of  a  vi;ry  ]'T,,.;:  i- .,! '-0U  'ii;!'  ofdiT  (lilt  iiaiu" 
is  iiMinialtd  wi'b  'ho.''-  'if  ib»!  'mm  #410.  in  «pito  of 
Krotii  |r.'!t>!irc,  iiifutU-d  that  liidtaim  upfio  'lol  m^nii*-- 
fiiun  to  lh<'  T''niitij  itltO'ilJ  1m  u  ftvt  btiili.'.  Nrittmn'-I 
Kwin|j;  di'  >1  .  t  Mt'il  flair  itt  18415,  uyn."!  nr. 

li'ivin;/  (iNeitf;)  II  'i.arkiii   m!';!.  ni.'c  oin,'  :..     ,  111 

wbii.'li  hi'  !(vii'. 

You'll.',  b'W'ui{  ..iij„j.:.i  ici.v  ^liiiily  stiiool  {iriviiL^CB 
at.  hin  t-uriy  b  niiif,  ji.ii  <!■  iito  tin;  biwi.  n!  wbut  "vxt! 
aO'iidi.tl  ibtri".  Alio  Kl  ihi  .wt-  -A  twelve  po  18'J1)  «c- 
\a>nij:'i'!\  d  IV  Hiiliwo'  '  '  ■  Mvho  bad  iii.irri»»d 
lii"  sitiii  f    Marp'Uif^i    '.  ••(■  fill  a  scitfton  h« 

att'-i.diB'.l  S.'    Uiui>   r.olleu-.       \»iioim  his  (ilitssmausj 
•*<■■••  ma'';  wtu>  illifr'.vAidn  b»iwfii<-.  i>r<iiiiiiii>iit  ''iiiieiis 
'■    '"■>  iiMum  .uiil  •.♦bw  t^t^i.-:.     K]':' '•    }?   Sl.i  i»hcrd 
'ofisWirt'  '-f  tho  Kofflwb  ..  •    be 

wnk  I  nndwiii.  ibi'T*'.  5i(i'l  ill  't'!  - .  ■  '  .  ::i-.i|i!iv  luoii- 
uiau-  youiJ;.';  h»ifi»  ■xin^fM"  'Mf''.  k^mwi  lie  l.aii  in- 
jitruobid,  and  who  nubK'r-.'iyMiiy  Iv-.  a.  1-  ivit-r*  iit  iSt. 
Jiiluis.  Ill  laCiir  y"ais.  .'•:•: 
Mr.  Kwinu'b  hubilR  of  upi ' 
cxtoiit  tK»  doficiirncitit  •  i 
usually  well  iufunin'i  .1.  ' 
tjri  ii;;iviri;<  ooilei"-.:  '■  ■ 

,  lluujjii  ,'i  f^o..  aud  thfi-.  "■>?• 

;  MS  b:!i>k-ki;i.;>rr.     In  !~'   ■■ 
aud  euga.u'  'I  in  iiiKioa'i- 
giftorwards  oik.'  of  Imftn. 
AlVur  a  (iuecoAsfuI  t^sru.- 
yi'arfi  bf  ri'turm?'!  i:    '' 
fiirtuiK!   in  a  ci''- 

i  eouie  of  eoiiiiiiji  '*  •• 

[  world,  imd  0.1   ..•;•'■. 

wb<(ii-Sui<:  (JfTtti-'-r^-  -<:■ 

.  A.  Bi  rib     '        '       '       ■ 

Mr    !••.  ■:    ...       ■-•:^' 

WUS    lil'.l    ■■  ;  '■  •■  ■  .  '      . 

Ibrul.        J.),, 

w«i,  Ibi'  manuiiriM  I'f  'ti-.'  ... 

fiw    Wnxi,  of  Ali.<.li    «;  • 

fii-yi    iuili;--fii.:i:     -Vs.-  ■.■: 

■    :.     i   ..i-i;..ll  ■   ■  ■  ■  ■  . 

•  V'-i-tier    .Angji-tt:   i.-^inv  • 

1  l,-,'i    iilyU'-ito.  \v-  I  .    .■ 

•    I!'-  i'om>-.       •  •  ••   r :  ..uiperou.-' 

'i: .  ■    ...  ft  y-h 

■■■■  '■■        •11,  a«a  "iftii 
*hcn  !U  ]M': 


11  imtu!i<, 
■.  J  grfat 
■•anjH  uu- 

,V.'t. 


».tilC»«*(t. 
■M,i  buif 


■  •■•  i  "lit.;. ;.(..;.;; 

tnTib'Ariii;d   ill  'ho 

"0  liu^iiu'a**  with  f'iiin'e 


1.1 


was  compelled  to  make  a  new  beginning.     Nothing 


MUNICIPAL  GOVMllNMKNT. 


7n 


ojtni'^''  iif  jiiii'ixist'  wliic'li  lui'.'iircil  hiiocckh  (o  any  imiaj*- 

lire  1(1  wliicli  lie  lent   liis  MU|i|i(irt.     Hi'lori'  lii!  ri'tiriMl 

I'riiiii  liii'  Iciiixluiivu  body  tliu  xu^fscHtinn  whh  iiuuIu  in 

vutiiiii- 'I"""''"'"''  '''"'  ''"  W"'"'''  provo  a  pDpiilar  uuiiili- 

,l;,ti>  I'l  r  mayor,  ami  nive  tlio  city  an  hdncHt  ami  ahlo 

.i,|iiiiiii~iiatioii.       In    April,    1H81,    tlio    Hopublican 

|i;iriy,  "I    wliicli   lio   had    always    bcnn   a   eonslHtont 

imuitiii ,  canvaHKod   llic  fluid   ('or  a  luaii  ol'  Hufficifiit 

■iiiimili   to  contest  tho  election  with    lion.  Henry 

(ivci>t"l/..    wlio    hud    performed    the   duties    of   the 

luaydiiiliy  for  six  years  with  rare  aueeptuhility  to  the 

[Hjuple.  iiiid  who  WUH  juH'ly  rujiardod  as  a  most  for- 

luiilaliK'  candidate  for  vl  ■  sueees.sion.      It  was  neucs- 

sirv.  iiinn'over,  that  tho   Uepubliean  nominee  should 

iiui  unly  be  Mayor  Overstulz's  ci|ual  in  character  and 

|,i.|iuliiriiv.  but  that    he  should   be  so  stronj;  as  to 

i-irry  with  hiiu  the  balance  of  the  Uepubliean  ticket 

ill  a  tiiy  which  had  hitherto  been  overwhelmingly 

IVmiii'raiic.      Mr.    Kwiiig  was  at   that  time  absent 

frmu  till'  city,  accompanying  bis  mother  on  a  pleasure 

tfi|,.    Tlio  jiarty  leaders,  however,  aj^reed  that  he  was 

iluMuaii  i'lir  tho  eniernency,  and  when  far  away  from 

hume  he  received  intollinenee  that  he  had  been  chosen 

III  lead  tho  ticket.     With  limited  oratorical  abi  ify, 

aiiJ  with  only  a  crude  idea  of  tho  .science  of  politics, 

hf  jeciiiid  a     i      .  ,e  choice  »o  those  whose  observa- 

timi  nas  superticiul;  but  when  ilection  day  came,  and 

a,  .   rity  of  fourteen  thousand  votes  was  {jivcn  for 

William  Jj.   Ewiii^,  and  the  triumph  of  the  entire 

Re|iublieun  ticket  secured,  the  wisdom  of  the  selec- 

limi  wiui  sufficiently  demonstrated. 

Mr.  Kwinj;  carried  into  the  mayor's  office  the  samo 
■leiuofratic  characteristics  that  had  always  been  cou- 
■ikiiiiu3  in  him,  and  the  doors  of  his  office  have 
hmsi  been  open  to  the  humblest  citizen,  while  his 
iiiiiii>  have  never  been  so  prossinj^  that  he  could  not 
fiiiJ  titiie  to  li.sten  to  those  who  bad  a  rijiht  to  speak. 
His  ajipoiiitmcnts  were  such  as  to  prove  that  he  was  a 
viiilaiit  servant  of  the  people  rather  than  of  party,  and 
iiitluiiwh  lie  may  have  disappointed  place-hunters,  be 
hi  pruvi'd  himself  worthy  of  the  confidence  of  those 
«lio  gave  him  the  largest  majority  ever  received  by  a 
Diiiy<>ralty  eundidute  in  St.  Louis.  At  this  writing 
iiv"i3ilie  liiistwoyears  of  official  life  still  before  him. 
William  L.  Ewing,  father  of  Mayor  Ewiiig,  was  born 
It  Miint  Clair,  the  family  homestead,  near  Vincennes, 
y..  Jan.  ;J1,  18(t!),  the  eighth  of  ten  children,  and 
I  iktliirJ  son  of  Nathaniel  and  Mary  Breading  Ewing, 
'Wwcre  natives  of  Pennsylvania,  and  had  moved  to 
I  Indiana  ill  1807.  Nathaniel  Ewiii^  who  was  a  man 
of  coiisidcruble  prominence,  removed  to  Vincennes  in 
order  tu  accept  an  appointment  from  the  government 
istsceiver  uf  public  money. 


He  subse()uenlly  became  a  member  of  the  'I'erri- 
tnrial  Legislature,  and  wa.s  distinguished  for  legislative 
talentit  of  a  very  practical  and  high  order.  His  name 
is  associated  with  those  of  tho  men  who,  in  spile  of 
great  pressure,  insisted  that  Indiana  upon  her  adniis- 
siiiii  to  the  Union  should  be  a  free  State.  Nathaniel 
Ewing  died  at  Mont  Clair  in  ISKI,  aycd  seveiity-fiiur, 
having  exerted  a  markeil  influence  upon  the  times  in 
which  he  lived. 

Young  Ewing  enjoyed  very  scanty  school  privileges 
at  his  early  home,  but  n  'le  best  of  what  were 

afforded  there,  and  at  tiie  age  of  twelve  (in  18-1 )  ac- 
companied Dr.  William  Carr  Lane  (who  had  married 
his  sister  Mary  j  to  8t  Louis,  where  for  a  .season  ho 
attended  8t.  Louis  College.  Among  his  classmates 
were  many  who  afterwards  became  prominent  citizens 
of  Missouri  and  other  States.  Elihu  H.  Shepherd 
was  professor  of  the  English  language  at  tho  time  he 
was  a  student  there,  and  in  his  autobiography  luen- 
tio'is  young  Ew.ii.  imoir.;  those  whom  be  hud  in- 
structed, and  who  . '  )8e(|uontly  became  leaders  in  St. 
Louis.  In  lutcv  ye..rs,  and  with  bolter  opportunities, 
Mr,  Ewing';..  'lubitj  ofupplicat''  .;  overcame  to  a  great 
extent  thi  ■.^■acicncies  of  ».i  ■  ly  life,  and  he  became  un- 
usually well  informed  on  all  mtttters  of  general  interest. 
On  leaving  C(. liege  !ie  served  as  clerk  witii  Messrs. 
Hough  (feCi.,  and  then  with  the  Mmimr!  liifiitblwim 
as  book-kci  per.  In  IH;5;{  he  returned  to  Vincennes, 
and  engaged  in  mercantile  business  with  John  Uoss, 
afterwards  one  of  Indiana's  most  promiinuiL  uankers. 
After  a  successful  career  of  some  three  and  one-half 
years  ho  returned  to  St.  Louis,  determined  to  try  his 
fortune  in  a  city  which  ho  was  confident  would  be- 
come of  commanding  prominence  in  the  commercial 
world,  and  on  Jan.  1,  18;U(,  ho  embarked  in  tho 
wholesale  grocery  and  commission  business  with  Pierre 
A.  Hcrthold  and  Louis  P.  Tesson. 

Mr.  Ewing  had  previously  (in  February,  1838) 
married  Mr.  Rerthold's  sister,  Clara  Berthold,  who 
was  the  daughter  of  Hurtholomew  and  Pelagic  Bor- 
tiiold.  During  his  lifetime  Bartholomew  Berthold 
was  the  manager  of  the  American  Eur  (Company  in 
the  West,  of  which  John  Jacob  Astor,  America's 
first  millionaire,  was  the  head.  Mrs.  Ewing's  ma- 
ternal grandfather  was  Pierre  Chouteau,  who  with  his 
brother  Auguste  came  to  St.  Louis  with  Pierre  La- 
clede Ligueste,  its  founder,  in  17154. 

Thus  connected,  Mr.  Ewing  begun  a  prosperous 
career.  The  firm  of  Berthold  &  Ewing  won  a  high 
place  in  the  estimation  of  the  business  world,  and  was 
rapidly  advancing  to  fame  and  fortune,  when  in  1849 
it  was  swept  away  by  the  "big  fire,"  and  Mr.  Ewing 
was  compelled  to  make  a  new  beginning.     Nothing 


,11  Ittfl 


M  V,' 


li  Hm 


II! 


718 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


;:  i 


i;  f 


m 


•i:  il; 


diuuitod  by  the  unexpected  calamity,  he  resumed 
buHincss  under  the  title  of  Willinm  L.  Kwin^  &  Co., 
and  his  indomitable  energy  and  high  reputation  as  an 
honorable  business  man  enablfi;'  him  to  establish  the 
house  firmly  and  conduct  it  to  a  remarkable  success. 

The  et^tnblishment  soon  became  one  of  the  largest 
in  the  city,  and  its  head  was  recognized  as  a  repre- 
sentative business  man.  In  his  later  years  his  health 
obliged  him  to  withdraw  from  active  participation  in 
business  personally,  but  the  house  continued  under  his 
name  and  control  until  his  death,  and  there  was 
scarcely  one  that  was  better  known  in  all  parts  of  the 
West  and  South. 

Mr.  Ewing  was  public-spirited,  and  liberally  aided 
any  project  that  seemed  likely  to  advance  the  pros- 
perity of  the  city  and  State.  He  was  a  great  pro- 
moter of  the  steamboat  interests,  and  owned  at  one 
time  many  fine  vessels.  One  of  the  handsomest  boats 
on  the  river  bore  his  name.  He  was  also  identified 
with  many  other  public  enterprises,  and  for  many 
years  was  president  of  the  Merchants'  National  Bank, 
of  which  he  was  a  director  from  its  foundation.  He 
was  also  a  member  of  the  St.  Louis  Agricultural  and 
Mechanical  Association,  was  one  of  the  original  mem- 
bers of  the  Merchants'  Exchange,  and  was  a  stock- 
holder and  director  in  numerous  other  enterprises  of 
importance  to  the  city  and  State.  He  was  liberal 
though  unostentatious  in  his  charities,  and  subscribed 
largely  to  the  various  public  beneficiary  institutions. 
While  extrcuioly  careful  in  business  matters,  he  ac- 
quired his  wealth  not  by  the  practice  of  parsimony, 
but  by  the  application  of  large  and  liberal  views, 
.suppleineiited  by  remarkable  energy,  perseverance, 
and  industry.  As  a  man,  he  was  approachable  and 
genial,  and  enjoyed  to  an  uncommon  degree  the  love 
and  respect  of  his  fellow-citizens. 

In  polities  Mr.  Ewing  was  an  "Old-Line"  Whig, 
but  alter  the  disruption  of  that  party  he  took  little 
interest  in  political  ufl'airs  except  in  connection  with 
local  matters.  After  his  marriage  he  became  a  mem- 
ber of  the  Catholic  Church.  Ho  died  Oct.  2(j,  187:$, 
at  Hailey  Springs,  near  Florence,  Ala,,  where  he  had 
gone  for  his  health,  and  was  buried  in  Calvary  Ceme- 
tery, St.  Louis. 

Mr.  Ewing  lelt  surviving  him  six  children,  three 
sons  and  three  daughters,  of  whom  William  L.  liwing, 
the  present  mayor  of  St.  Louis,  is  the  second  son. 

Among  the  most  popular  and  prominent  of  the  pub- 
lic officials  ot  St.  Jjoiiis  at  the  present  time  is  Cupr. 
Isaac  >L  Miison,  sheriff  of  the  city.  In  1870  ho 
was  elected  county  marshal  of  St.  Jiouis  County, 
and  in  1H77  was  elcclcil  city  marshal  for  four  years 
for  the  city  of  St.  Louis.     In  1880  he  was  chosen 


sheriff  of  St.  Louis  by  a  majority  of  ten  huiidrod 
and  thirty  over  two  opponents,  and  his  :ulniitii,s. 
tration  of  the  office  was  such  as  to  win  iiiisiinted 
praise  even  from  his  political  adversaries,  all  iit'wJKini 
cheerfully  testified  that  he  made  as  good  a  sheriff  m, 
St.  Louis  ever  had.  His  administration  w.is  niaikod 
by  the  introduction  and  enforcement  of  rcl'dinis,  anil 
so  efficiently  did  he  discharge  the  duties  nl'  ilio  nfiiiy 
that  in  the  summer  of  1882  he  received  tlui  nominii. 
tion  for  a  second  term  by  acclamation  in  iln'  two  ]{(,. 
publican  Conventions,  not  a  single  voice  luin^r  raised 
in  opposition.  The  people,  recognizing  liis  oiniiiiiit 
fitness  for  the  place,  elected  him  after  a  liciitid  can- 
,  vass  by  a  majority  of  sixteen  hundred  and  iiiiiotv.tffi> 
over  one  of  the  mo.st  popular  and  dashiii"  yomi.» 
Democrats  in  the  city. 

Capt.   Mason's  grandfather  emigrated  Iniiii  Wh,. 

I  Chester,  Va.,  to  Pennsylvania  in  1794,  liis  supplies 

I  being  transported  in  crossing  the  mountains  by  puck- 

\  horses.     After  locating  in  Pennsylvania  he  made  two 

I  trips  to  Virginia  by  pack-horse  modes  of  travoliiiL' 

'  Mr.  Mason  settled  first  in  Fayette  County,  Pa.,  mi 

afterwards  in  Washington  County,  Pa.,  wlicic,  at  tlic 

residence  of  his  son,  Morgan  Mason,  he  died  at  tlie 

age  of  seventy-six,  surrounded  by  four  geniTaiidiis  nf  I 

his  descendants.     To  Morgan  and  Paniciia  S.  Ma.sin, 

who  were  both   natives  of  Pennsylvaniii,  Isaac  .M.  I 

Mason,  the  subject  of  this  sketch,  was  iKirii  at  iinnviis. 

;  ville,  Fayette  Co.,  Pa.,  March  4,  18;{1.     His  aiieov 

tors  on  the  father's  side  came  from   England  t(i  Vir- 1 

ginia  about  1700  ;  on  the  mother's  (Stevenson i  side, 

also  from   England,  settling  in   Haltimore  in  lT(i:i. 

One  of  Capt.  Mason's  great-uncles  was  .sheriff  of  i);il-j 

timorc. 

i  As  a  boy  he  attended  the  p  -.blic  schools  at  Hrnwns-i 
ville,  and  received  a  fair  English  education.  His  early! 
tastes  were  mechanical,  and  the  niachincrv  in  \»i\ 
father's  flouring-uiill  was  a  constont  somw  of  attrac- 
tion, but  his  great  desire  was  for  a  career  on  tlio  river,! 
I  and  eventually,  after  spending  a  year  in  a  store  as  a  dry- 
goods  clerk,  he  gained  his  father's  consent  tutrvaj 
river  life,  and  accordingly  we  find  liini  eni[iloyeii  rnij 
the  steamboat  "  Consul,"  then  running  IViini  limwiiS'i 
'.  ville  to  Pittsburgh.  The  life  suited  him,  and 
brought  to  it  such  industry  and  fidelity  that  he -"ni 
gained  the  favor  of  his  superiors,  and  ro.sc  rapidly  ill 
his  calling.  At  the  early  age  of  nineteen  lie  Urmt 
captain  of  the  "  Summit,"  and  for  i'unrteen  ynti 
acted  as  captain  and  clerk  on  different  boats  in  ilid 
following  order:  "Consul,"  "Atlantic,"  "Sinnniit,'! 
"Editor,"  "Australia,"  "Honduras,"  '•  .Miiia,'! 
"  Ikdlc  Golden,"  "Vixen,"  "  Uenniark,"  "Fra 
Lorcnz,"  "  Savaiiinih,"  and  "  Ilawkcye  Htale." 


m.ijority  of  ten  liuiiilri'd 
lonents,  iind    his   :i<lniini.«- 

such  as  to  will  uiistintml 
cnl  adversaries,  all  (itwhdni 

made  as  good  ;i  siicriff  m 
adiiiinistriition  w.is  inuvkod 
iforcement  of  ri'lnriiiH,  niij 
rge  the  duties  of  ilio  (liHc,, 
}2  lie  received  tlui  lumiiiiii. 
aculamatioii  in  lin'  two  Re. 
a  single  voice  licini,'  raised 
e,  rccogniziiif;  iiis  cinini'iit 
ed  him  after  »  hcuttd  can- 
en  hundred  and  ninety-two 
opuhn-  and  dushin;;  youii" 

ther  emifjratcd  (nm  M'in- 
ania  in  179-t,  liis  siipjilics 
ing  tlie  mountains  by  puck- 
Pennsylvania  lie  nmde  two 
:-liorse  niodfi.s  of  lnlvelin^'. 
1  Fayette  CouTily,  I'li,,  and 
1  County,  Pa.,  wiioic,  at  llio 
rgan  Mason,  he  ilicd  at  tin! 
nded  by  four  genfratiuns  nf  I 
rgan  and  Painolia  S.  Masnn,  j 
of  Pennsylvaiiiii,  Isaac  M. 
)  sketch,  was  l)orn  at  iJrnwns- 
larch  4,  18:n.     His  antc- 
cuuic  from   Kngland  tii  Vir- 1 
3  mother's  (Stevtinson  i  side, 
ling  in   Ikltimore  in  17li:'<.  j 
mt-unclcs  was  .slu-iin'of  lial 

the  p  -.blic  schools  at  lirnwns.i 
<)nglisli  education,    (lis  early  j 
and    the  niachiiu'iy  in  hisl 
a  constant  source  uf  iittrac*] 
was  for  a  career  on  tlie  river,] 
ding  u  year  in  u.^tori'  asadry-l 
lis  father's  consent  lu  try  i 
ly  wo  find  him  employed  > 
'  then  ruiiniiiL;  IVmn  liioHns- 
ho  life  suited  liini,  and  litl 
;try  and  fidelity  tlmt  hc^mi 
superiors,  and  rose  rapidly  ill 
y  age  of  nineteen  lie  hcca 
it,"   and  for    limrtecn  ycart 
:!rk  on  different  beats  in  tli^ 
111,"  "Atlantic,"  "Snnimit,'] 
"      "  Honduras,"     "  .\lnia,i 
xen,"     "  Dcninark,'    '  I'lis 
und  "  llawkcyc  Stiite." 


'5 


♦ 


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7|Q 


ilI8T<)RY   OF   SAINT   hOl'I^!. 


i         :         l 


■\'    ( 


tliriiirtd  6y  the  nucxpected  calntnity,  lu-  n'.suiiiL-d 
bxwinpsg  under  the  title  of  WiUiani  T-.  Kwinj?  &  Co., 
and  bis  indoraitubio  fiifirgy  and  high  roputation  as  an 
hoiioraldc  buFiiiess  man  enHblod'hini  to  <'iit:iblish  llio 
housf-  )1f?ni_v  and  (londnct,  it.  to  a  remarki'ble  sdcuess. 

'Vhv  f.--tablts'iuuc'nt  soon  bi>cnmc  i>rio  •>!'  th(>  larjie.'it 
in  tho  rity.  and  it.s  bend  was  reoopniswd  ns  a  repro- 
sontativo  bu!'in^'^s  man.     In  bi.«<  later  yenra  bis  boahh 

■  •bilged  him  to  withdraw  (Voni  aftivo  pmrt,i''irtation  in 
business  personidly,  but  tbo  house  oontimx^ii  under  h'xa 
nnnifl  aiul  contnit  until  his  Joath.  and  thoro  wns 
w"jiroely  one;  that  was  better  kiiv)wn  in  all  pns  of  the 
West  and  South. 

Mr.  Ewin;.;  Was  public-.-j'irited.  «u<l  libeiully  aided 
any  project  lliat  seemed  ■'keiy  i.>  advance  the  pros- 
perity ^^i  the  city  and  Stiitc.  Ho  waa  i  iL'rent  prn- 
njnter  ol"  (he  atenniboiit  iuteregts.  and  owned  at  one 
time  nniiiy  fine  vesseln.  One  of  thi?  handHcnicst  bnats 
in  the  rivfr  bore  his  imuio.  lie  win  alsi»  idculilied 
with  many  other  public  enterprise«.  and  for  tunny 
T>'.-irs  was  president  of  she  Merchant.-'  Natinna!  Hank, 
of  «'hich  he  was  a  dirwtor  iruin  ii«  tbundutiou.  Kc 
waji  r<Uo  *  iu»aiW  of  thtJ  fit.  Louis  Agricultural  and 
•  ■  t;,  was  one  of  the ''.rigin.ii  mein- 
;,, .  I.      .:,       ...KSi'  Kxchange.  and  whp  a  Htock- 

lniii.iT  and  dirjeior  in  numerous  other  enterprises  of 
impoitane-^  tr-  the  eity  and  State.  He  wah  liberal 
thon^'h  unostentiition*  in  his  charities-,  and  Hubscribed 
iarpely  to  the  various  public  beneficiary  iustitutions. 
"While  extiTm-'ly  oan'ru!  in  bnsiui.s"  njalten?,  he  ao- 
ipiired  his  wealth  not,  by  the  practice  of  partimony, 
but  bv  the  application  of  larjze  and  liberal  views, 
suppli'mentA'd    by    remarkable   cnerjjy,   persfverance, 

■  ■•.i  l!)du.s<ry.     A»  a  man,  be  was  .tpproaeliabie  as.d 

tind  etijoyed  to  an  iincoinnion  degree  the  love 
Rn«i  n  -p'-t!  .>f  bis  "r-ilow-eitizcns 

In  piiliiics  Mi.  *'wWiui;  w:i«  an  "  ()ld-Liue''  Wbl^ 
btit  f.Her  the  difj  ipfion  of  ibi*  jiarty  he  took  little 
inter' -t  in  politi.uil  atfairH  except  in  eunnv'rtion  with 
I...  ••.,11  After  bifl  inarriage  he.  betmnie  »  nieni- 
'.e  rhuMh.  He  died  Oct.  2G,  1873, 
lit  Haiiev  >jiriii;;«,  near  B'bm-iiee.  Aia..  where  he  had 
ijoiie  (or  \\'\K  ho«l  >>  •"'d  vf\*  bnrii'ii  in  ('i;i\a;v  Cenio- 
lery,  St.  liOuis. 

Mr.  J'jwiuir  lelt  hurvivtni;  bin.  t-ix  chiiiiri-n,  iliive 
■«(ifiR  and  three  daujjbters,  oi  whom  Wiiliam  Jj.  fcwiiij;, 
:ie  pi'f  sent  mayor  of  St.  Louis,  is  the  ttceoud  son. 

.\nionj.'  the  most  popular  and  ]iromiuenf  of  the  pub- 

l.>  vlfieiali!  ot  St.  Louis  at  the  prewnt  lime  i.s  (.'apt. 

I*..;.  •  M    .Mtii»on.  shcrilf  of  the   city.     In   1876   be 

:   '.'ounty  niars-hal   id'  iSt.   Loui.s  ('nuntv, 

"    ...     .1...  ill   .  ■  [  \*    ii.'ir..  .|.> '    fur      ii*Mr    •.■.11'. 
tor   ine    city   Ol    Ol.  JiOUIs.       in    looo    uu    nua   tlmoiu 


sheriff  (d'  j!t.   I^'oiit  by  a  Ui  ji-r-' 

ami   thirty  over    two    opponentt> 

tru'.ion  of  the  offiti'   was  "U.b 

praise  even  frnni  bis  political  adv-. 

fchecrfully  testified  that  he  made 

St.  Tjoois  ever  had.      lli-s'  aduiin; 

by  the  inir..diietiou  and  entbrcn. 

so  efficiently  did  he  di.seharge  th> 

that  in  the  suniint  r  of  lA^'l  hr     • 

tion  for  a  second  term  by  acoiui!" 

publican  Convi'ntions,  not  a  ?iii.: 

in  o])poiii!i('n.     The  peofile,  r.. '-• 

fiine.ss  for  the  place,  elected  li  ;> 

vas.s  by  a  majority  of  sixteen  b.  •■■ 

over  one  of  tlie  mo.it  pnpnli.    ,        .  >t. 

DenioerniH  in  the  eity. 

Capt.   Mason's  grandfather 
Chester,  Va.,  to  I'etinsylvanin    • 

,  being  transpor'.ed  in  ewwini;  \h 
horses.     After,  louatin*;  in  Peun-  ■ 
trips  to  Virginia  by  pack  hi. r- 
Mr   Mason  .dialed  tii'st  in    I';, 
nl'teiwards  in  Wiushingtun  (aiu:  i  .  vi. 

re.<i'ionee  of  his  son,  IMornar    '  .  ! 

ap;e  of  seveuty-*ii,  surroundt-! 
hiii  descendant*'.     To  Moi'u^iii 
who  were  both   natives  oi'   ) 
Mason,  the  subject  of  tiiiy-  sk 
ville,  Fayette  Co.,  Pa..  Mar.  ! 

tors  on  tb"  father's  .sidi.'  can  ,i,  Iv 

ginia  about  l7ilHi;  on  'he  n-  ■>  ■  ■      >'  . 
nl.'io  from   fintilaud,  seitlin,  JViIm. 

Oi>f»  of  Capt.  Ma.<on'<(  greuf*      -  vm  -.-.■w 
timoro,  *' 

'       As  a  boy  he  'Atteuden  ,  ■  ,■  Bcb.inlRi, 

^'ll'e.  and  received  a  f«ii  i. 
taster  were  nitclianie; :. 
father's  flourinfr-inill  Wi  ■     •   fWi .         i: 
lion,  but  bl.s  threat  Ji-,sir<'  *itK  \\  ■■  ■  F»,.vt  oii 

!  und  e\ontaally.  after. -"iicii!  it<»   ♦      i  .n  i -i  . 
goods  olerk,  he  f^iincd  ^       ■ 

river  life,  and  accordin','*  we  ,.•  <  iiiui  iii. 
til''  sti'ainbr.ut,  '  Consul.  '  tbeii  iiuiomi.'  iV.  i 
ville  to   I'ittsbur^h.     The  \\\^  suit^il  '. 
brouaht  i.o  it  snch  inJu.itry  h'.o  fi'lj:' 
jjaiuid  the  favor  of  hi*  Riijicri'- •   "mi 
his  eiijliiiji.     At  the  C'lrly  age  <)!  luiK'v 
captain  of  the    '  Summit."  and  for  fo'iri- 
acted  as  captain  and   clerk  on  diffcreni  '" 
following  order:  "  (!on«uI,"  "  AiUntir 
'•Editor,'     •' Anslndia.''      "  floidurii.-, ' 

•  ;i,.ii..    (;,,!.i,.n"    i\'i.,.,,  ••      n  :■,:,,■ 


OavuuOiOi, 


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tsnd  r<'*a  r 

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<:vi. 


7 


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Li       iliittK.O)t' 


atiiii'. 


MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMENT. 


719 


In  1851  he  first  visited  St.  Louis,  and  beinp;  liip;hly 
pleascil  with  the  city  and  its  prospects,  determined  to 
make  ii  li's  home.  He  did  not  remove  his  family  to 
gt.  Liiiiis,  however,  until  1862.  During  the  civil 
Mr  lii-  boats,  the  "  Fred  Lorenz"  and  "  Savannah," 
lere  emi'loyed  in  transporting  supplies  to  the  Federal 
itniy  lit  various  ^joints  on  the  leading  Western  rivers. 

lo  1S(J5  he  retired  from  active  steamboat  service, 
but  retained  his  connection  with  river  business,  being 
a'ent  fur  the  Northern  Line  Packet  Company  for  six- 


teen year?. 


While  on  the  river  he  traveled  over  four- 


teen States  of  the  Union,  chiefly  those  penetrated  by 
Mvicablo  rivers,  and  his  careful  observation  supplied 
him  with  a  fund  of  experience  which  made  him  an 
estrenielv  valuable  counselor  in  the  various  delibera- 
tions liilJ   for  the  improvement   of  the    navigable 
itriains  t<(  the  West.     Capt.  Mason  has  alw-iys  taken 
iti  active  part  in  every  feasible  enterprise  for  increas- 
itii  the  commerce  of  St.  Louis  by  improving  the  chan- 
'jel  of  the  Mississippi  and  other  rivers,  as  well  as  by 
■le  buildini:  of  railroads.     At  one  time  he  was  presi- 
dent of  the  St.  Louis  Board  of  Trade,  and  for  many 
Hirs  was  a  member  of  the  Merchants'  Exchange,  in 
ttose  deliborations  he  always  took  an  active  part, 
Mfjuilgracnt  being  prized  ns  that  of  one  of  the  most 
iijiiious  of  its  members. 
In  November,  1852,   Capt.  Mason  married   Miss 
Msrv  .\nn  Tiernan,  a  native  of  Brownsville,  Pa.   Six 
hilJreii  resulted  from  this  union,  five  of  whom  are 
-,iw  liviiii.'.     Capt.  Mason  was  reared  a  Baptist,  but 
liter  niarriiige,  his  wife  being  an   Episcopalian,  he 
icitieJ  that  communion,  and  has  since  been  a  member 
tkerwf  having  been  for  many  years  a  vestryman  in 
X.  In'ori-e's  Church.     Without  a  particle  of  bigotry 
a  his  nature,  he  is  a  hearty  supporter  of  every  non- 
«tarian  enterprise  for  benevolent  purposes,  whether 
til.  object  be   eligious  or  merely  charitable,  and  more 
I  Ktntly  lias  been  auiong  the  leading  promoters  of  the 
Beiliel's  Home,'"  a  shelter  for  houseless  and  home-  ^ 
■MiDfimunatcs  along  the  Levee. 
(apt.  Masons  social  qualities  are  generally  recog- 
.iieJ,  and  he  is  a  member  of  several  societies,  among 
I  »&h  uiav  be  mentioned  the  Masonic  order  (which 


iijuinod  ill  1854),  the  Odd-Fellciws  (of  which  he 
Ik-aaioamember  in  1853),  the  Knights  of  Honor, 
I'ieSt.  Iinni>  Legion  oi  Honor,  and  the  Ancient  Order 
tl'niii'ci  Workmen. 

He  was  a  Whig  in  politics  as  long  as  the  party 
liiiftil,  and  over  sii;co  its  diss'olution  has  been  oon- 
j::ii"iisly  a  Republican.  On  several  occasions,  as 
[vkavo  seen,  he  has  been  conspicuously  honored  by 

i  farty,  and  in  each  instance  has  shown  himself 
lionliv  uf  the  confidence  reposed  in  him. 


Capt.  Mason  is  still  in  the  vigor  and  prime  of  man- 
hood, and  performs  the  duties  uf  his  laborious  office 
to  the  satisfaction  of  the  community.  Uniformly 
courteous  in  his  intercourse  with  all,  of  whatever  sta- 
tion, proDabiy  no  man  in  St.  Louis  is  more  universally 
popular.  Those  who  know  him  most  intimately  speak 
of  him  most  highly.  He  possesses  an  unusually  well- 
balanced  mind,  is  one  of  the  quietest  and  most  unas- 
suming of  gentlemen,  and  his  constant  success  from 
youth  to  the  present  time  constitutes  a  cogent  argu- 
ment in  favor  of  earnest  endeavor  and  the  faithful 
discharge  of  duty  as  the  pathway  to  high  and  honor- 
able station. 

Municipal  Officers. 

CiTv  Elective  Officehs,  from  Aphii.,  1881,  to  Ai-nii,,  188a. 
— ilayor,  Williuui  L.  Kv  ing  (Lyndon  A.  Smith,  Secre- 
tary); Comptroller,  Edward  L.  Adreon  (Fred.  Gabcl,  Dep- 
iitij] ;  Treaaurer,  JuQubS.  Merrell  (Frank  W.  Dvideshuinicr, 
Asaittaiit  Treasurer);  .Aiit/i'tor,  A.  J.  Smith  (G.  F.  Rnus- 
ser,  Beputi/);  lieijinler,  Nicholaa  Kcrg  (Hoiiry  Woods, 
liepuly);  Collector,  N.  C.  Hudson  (H.  A.  Voell<ncr,  JJep- 
titi/) ;  Marthal,  Eiuile  Thomns;  Intpeclor  of  Weii/hli  and 
Meaiuren,  W.  H.  Rudolph  ;  President  Jioard  of  Assessors, 
David  Pov¥ors;  President  Hoard  of  Public  Improremenis, 
Henry  Flad;  President  of  the  Council,  Ueorge  W.  Parker; 
Coroner,  John  X.  Frank, 

City  Api'oi.ntku  Officf.iis,  1882-8:1.— «0(irJ  of  J'ublic  Im- 
provements,  1879-83,  John  W.  Turner,  Street  Commis- 
sioner; Thomas  J.  Whitman,  Water  C'omraiesioner;  t'harlcs 
I'feifer,  Harbor  and  Wharf  Commissioner;  Eugene  F,  VVoi- 
gel,  Park  Commissioner;  William  Wise,  Sewer  Coniiuia- 
sioner ;  Emory  S.  Foster,  Secretary  of  Board.  City  Conn- 
8c/or,  Leverett  Hell;  AsKistont  City  ('oupi»e(or,  Vernon  W. 
Kna|ip;  JaiUr,  Jcrcuiiah  Uyan;  Judye  of  Police  Court, 
First  JJistrict,  John  Jocko;  Judye  of  Police  Court,  Second 
District,  George  Ueuuison  ;  Clerk  Police  Court,  J-'irst  Dis- 
trict, Henry  J.  liiaeliolV;  Clerk  Police  Court,  Second  Dis- 
trict, W.  F.  Iiinck ;  City  Attorney,  .Samuel  Erskine;  As- 
sistant City  Attorney,  Daniel  O'C  Tracy  ;  Cliief  Unyineer 
fire  Department,  H.  Clay  Sexton  (Goo.  W.  rennillo.  Sec. 
retary);  Superintendent  Fire-Alarm  Teleyraph,  Ernst 
Hilgendorf;  Superintendent  ]\'orkh"Use,  Wm.  Kunz ;  In- 
spector of  Jloilers,  John  Holliind;  Commistiom  r  of  Sup- 
plies, B'erdinand  Garesche;  Assessor  and  Collector  of 
Water  Hates,  Gen.  John  1>.  Stevenson  (Charles  W.  Ohm, 
Deputy).  Iloatdof  Police  Commissioners,  thd  Mayor,  ex 
officio  President  ;  Samuel  Cupples,  Vice-I'resident  ;  Com- 
missioners, E.  C.  Simuions,  J  no.  11.  Mu.\on.  Ale.\,  Kinkcad. 
Capt.  Ferd,  li.  Kennelt,  Chiif ;  George  Gavin,  Secretary, 
Hoard  of  Health,  Williau\  L.  Ewing,  Mayor  und  ex  officio 
President  ;  Charles  W.  Francis.  Health  Commissioner; 
Members,  George  W.  Parker,  President  of  the  Council,  Jo- 
seph Spiegelhalter,  .M.D.,  W.  13.  Concry,  M.D.,  John  H. 
Muxon;    CUrk  Hoard  of  Health,  llobt.  Luedekinir,  M.D. 

MAYORS  FROM  THE  INCORPORATION  OF  THE  OITY  TO  1883. 
IS2.1-28.  Williim  Ciirr  Lnnc.       18:f,V31.  John  W.  Johnston. 
lS'.'U-;!2.  Daniel  D.  Pago.  lS,1.')-;!7.  John  F.  Darby. 

l.',33.«  Samuel  Merry.  1838-39.  William  Carr  I.anc. 


I   ilB 


1  Disqualified  in  eonseiiuenoo  of  holding  office  umler  the  gen- 
crol  government.     J.  W.  Johnston  elected  mayor  in  his  plaoc. 


120 

1840. 
1S41. 
1S42. 
1S43. 
1844- 
1846. 
1847. 
1S4S. 
1S4'.I. 
l.-^ou- 
1S53- 
IS.i,i. 
1 '■■>«. 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Juhn  F.  Diirby.  ;   1857. 

.Iiihii  I).  llii(?gctt.  I8,">8- 

(ieurgc  A[i\>5uiro.  IS61- 

John  .M.  WiiiiiT.  latfli. 

45.  Bernnnl  I'ratto.  1864- 

I'etur  (!.  C'limileii.  18611- 

llryiin  .Mulluniiliy.  1871- 

John  M.  Kruin.  1875. 
Jiinics  G.  Barry.  ,  1875. 
5'.'.  Luther  .M.  Kennett.       1876. 

54.  John  llijw.  1877- 

WashinRloii  King.  1S82. 
Juhn  How. 


John  M.  Wimcr. 
60.  Oliver  1».  Fillcy. 
62.   PnnicI  (i.  Tnjlor. 
Cluiuncey  I.  Filley. 
68.  James  ?.  Thomas. 
70.  Nathan  Colo. 
74.  Joseph  Brown. 
Arthur  B.  Burret.' 
James  11.  Britton. 
Henry  Ovorstoli.' 
81.   Henry  Overstolz. 
William  L.  Ewing. 


CITV  ALDEKMEK. 

182.3.— .\rchibald  Gamble.  I'rcst.,  Thomas  McKnight,  James 
Kennerley,  Philip  Hochcblave,  William  H.  Savage,  Robert 
Wdi^h,  James  Loper,  Henry  Von  Pbul,  Juiues  Laknan, 
Joshua  Harton.3 

1824.— John  ShackfonI,  Prcst.,  Bernard  Pratic,  Joseph  V.  Gar- 
nier,  Hugh  Richards,  Matthew  Kerr,  Joseph  C.  Lavcillo, 
J.  1..  Sutton,  Pierre  Chouteau,  Sr.,  David  C.  Walker.* 

1825. — Joseph  Chiirless,  .'^r.,  Prest.,  Philip  Roeheblave,  Elisha  S. 
Becbe,  Jacob  Hawken,  Hugh  Richards,  Hubert  Guion, 
Louis  T.  Honore,  Pierre  Chontcau,  Alfred  Skinner,  Charles 
Bosseron.* 

1826.— Archibald  Gamble,  Brest.,  Asa  Wilgus,  Thornton  Grimi- 
ley.  William  K.  Rule,  Joseph  C.  Laveille,  Thomas  F.  Rid- 
dick,  Joseph  V.  Gamier,  David  B.  Hill,  Henry  Von 
Phul. 

1827.— A'oiiA  Wunl,  John  .Mullanphv,  Brest.,  William  K.  Rule, 
John  I).  Daggett;  MiililU  H'dn/,  Fre<loriek  L.  Billon,  Ed- 
ward Charleys,  Christopher  M.  Price ;  S'lulh  lK(ir(/,  Joseph 
C.  Laveille,  John  L.  Sutton,  David  B.  Hill. 

1828.- .Wi(/<//r  H'cin/,  Joseph  C.  Laveille.  Prcst.,  Edward  Char- 
less,  Frederick  L.  Billon  ;  .Vor/A  WnnI,  George  H.  Kcn- 
nerly.  .Michael  Reily  ;  Houlh  Ward,  John  L.  Sutton,  John 
Smith,  John  Smith,  Jr. 

lS29.—  Mlil:ile  \\',ir<l.  Joseph  C.  Laveille,  Prest..  Thomas  Cohen, 
Eilward  Charless  ■,  .Xarlh  llVirrf,  John  .MuUanpliy,  Michael 
Rcily,  Jabcz  Warner:  SmilhWard,  Hubert  Guion,  Herman 
L.  Hoirmiin,  John  L.  Suttou. 

1830.— .W/((i«'-  ll'<ir</,  Joseph  C.  Laveille,  Prest.,  Tho'Jins  Cohen, 
Ed«ard  Chiirless  ;  \orlh  U'iir(/,  John  D.  Daggett,  William 
K.  Rule,  Edward  Dobyns  ;  S"iilh  U'nn/,  Elkanah  English, 
Hubert  Guion,  Hermun  L.  Hoffman. 

1831.— .U/./'//fir.irrf,  Joseph  C.  Laveille,  Prest.,  Peter  Fergu- 
son, Jabez  Warner:  .VorM  U'firrf,  Joseph  Bates  (resigned), 
Edward  Dobyns,  William  K.  Rule  (resigned),  Jesse  Col- 
burn  (resigned).  Hugh  O'Neill;  SnuthM'iiiil,  John  Pigott, 
.Michael  Rourke.  Robert  Simpson. 

1832.— jWi(/'//e  H'nni,  Joseph  0.  Laveille,  Prcst.,  Edward  Char- 
less,  Peter  Ferguson;  A'or(A  It'iiii/,  Edward  Dobyns,  Hugh 
O'Neill,  Solomon  P.  Ketchum  (resigned),  Robert  Moore; 


'  Died  April  23,  1875.  James  11.  Britton  elected  to  Oil  the 
vacancy. 

»  Declared  elected  by  the  City  Council,  Feb.  9,  1876,  instead 
of  James  H.  Britton. 

'Joshua  Barton  having  been  '-.illed  on  July  2,  1823,  in  a 
duel  Willi  Thomas  C.  Rector,  Joseph  V.  Garnier  was  elected 
to  till  tho  vacancy. 

♦  Upon  the  death  of  Mr.  Walker,  William  K.  Rule  was 
elected. 

'  Mr.  Bosseron  was  elected  in  the  place  of  Alfred  Skinner, 
resigned. 


Soulh  H'unl,  Michael  Roijrke  (died),  Robert  Siinpsui,  Ct 
ton  .M.  Tiibor,  Calvin  Francis. 

1833.— .Mi././/f  ir.ir./,  Joseph  C.  Laveille,  Prest.,  I'  l.varjl'h;,,. 
less,  Peter  Ferguson;  .Vnrih  Wiinl,  Edward  1'  •vn!.  ||iiii 
O'Neill,  Jr.,  Robert  N. Moore:  Sunih  H'lin/,  Siiinanlli,..; 
Robert  Simpson,  Caleb  Lockwood. 

1834. — Firat  iViinl,  lienjamiii  W.  A;  res  (resii;ii  1  ,  \|i(|,j 
Gorman  (resigned),  George  .Morton,  Benjiiiiiin  \V.  Aire. 
Wilson  Prinira ;  Sectnid  Wmd,  Honitio  \.  Ooss  Ji,h, 
Shannon,  James  P.  Spencer:  Thinl  ll'm./,  Ihoinm  U 
drews,  John  F.  Darby,  Hugh  O'Neill,  Prusl. :  r.iirM  H',,,,, 
Edward  Dobyns,  Robert  N.  Moore,  Hugh  ii'|;ii,.„ 

1835. — t'irtt  ir<ir(/,  George  Morton,  Wilson  Priiuiii,  John  I' 
Ueily  ;  Senmd  ll'<irt/,  Joseph  Charless  (rcsiirucd),  Jaiii«  J 
Purdy,  James  P.  Spencer,  Prest.,  Joseph  C.  Uipille- 
Third  Ward,  Thornton  Grimsley,  Hugh  O'N.il,  iJunbani 
Spalding;  /'..iir(/i  Ward,  Charles  Collins,  .l..lin  Lc,.  n<- 
moved),  Joseph  Bates  (resigned),  Soloniun  P,  Kelcl,!!- 
Bryiin  .Mullanphv. 

1836. — h'irti  H  (in/,  George  Morton,  Wilson  I'riium.  Jam,.,  j 
Purdy  ;  Second  It'mi/,  Thomas  Cohen,  Joseph  C.  Uveille 
James  P.  Sjiencer,  Prcst.;    Third   ir.ui/,  William  I'rest.n  I 
Clark,  Thornton  Grimsley,  Hugh  O'Ncil:   /'..iirrt  Il',ir( 
Charles  Collins,  Hugh  O'Brien,  Bryan  Mullanphv. 

1837. — t'iral  Ward,  Wilson  Prinim,  Prest.,  Jostiih  8.  IVa.e  j 
Joseph  W.  Walsh  ;  Mecmid  Ward,  Thomas  Cohen,  Ilivil  j 
B.  Hill,  .lames  P.  Spencer  (died),  Stuart  .Mii.  .cw-:  T:iri\ 
M'lird,  Thomas  B.  Hudson,  Peter  Tieriian,  .Asa  \Vi|j;,.j 
Fourth  Ward,  Charles  Collins,  .\bel  Rnlhlmnc  (Uriin  I 
Hugh  O'lirien. 

1838. — Firnt  Ward,  Benjaiuio  W.  ,\yres,  Joseph  8.  I'ei..,,  J,.l 
soph  W.  Walsh ;  Secmd  ll'.i/i/.  Lewis  V.  I!.,gy,  JiiniiJ 
Coons  (president),  Stuart  Matthews;  Third  ll''ir./,  .Mtrri.l 
wether  Lewis  Clark,  Hugh  O'Ncil.  Peter  Tiernan:  /  » lil 
Ward,  Abel  Rathbone  Corbin  (resigneili.  Hugh  O'lirirnf 
John  M.  Wimer,  Giles  A.  Liiidley. 

Alukkmen  ami  Dki.koatks. 

1839. — Al.DKitMKX:  /V;«(  Ward,  Beiijaniiu  W.  Ayn;,  .l,ii 
Q.  Biirry;  .SWmid  Ward.  Beverly  Allen,  EilivarJ  Trajj 
7'AiVi/  Ward,  George  Collier  (president),  John  B.  ?ariijl 
Fourth  ir<iri/,  John  Lee,  .Archibald  Carr.  Ilti,i:i;.iiEjl 
Firit  Ward,  Elkanah  English.  Charles  Coult- 1  rv!i;ntj)| 
William  llorine,  George  .Maguire;  Secml  H'an;,  \\i;;;jj 
Glasgow,  Theodore  Piipin.  Ihiviil  I!.  Hill;  7Vi,V,/  11^ 
Ha7.il  W.  Alexander,  Asu  Wilgus.  Gcfirnc  Tiask;  /  nl 
Ward,  George  K.  Budd  (president,,  .\ljcl  iJ.  Fimell 
Samuel  Ga(y. 

1840. — Al.liKRMKX;    Firtt    Ward,  James  (i.  Harry,  D.pimil 
W.  .Ayres;  Snond  Ward,  Beverly  Allen,  I'resl.  iiwiL'n.(l| 
Adam  L.  Mills  (president),  Thomas  Cohen;  TInrtI  11  i 
William  Burd,  Archibald  E.  Oruie;  Fuiirlh  llioi/,  Ai 
bald  Carr,   Horatio  N.   Davis.     Dki.ki;atks;  Firil  II  irj 
Elkanah   English,  (ieorge  Maguire,  lliruni  .'shait; 
Want,  Edward  Brooks  (president l.Janic Clemens, Si,»ij 
Matthews:    Third    Ward,  Thomas   Kiesxr.  (icjige  Tr«i 
Thoma.s  U.  West;  ^'oii/(/i    Ward,  Ocori;c  K.  lli.JJ, 
(Jaty,  David  Weston. 

1841. — .Xl.IiKiiMK.N :     Fimt    Ward,    John   C.iroiran  ireM.'nK 
James  C.   Lynch,   Brannock  Jones:  Servut  U''in/,  1!. ' 
Ayres,  Stewart   .Matthews;    Third   Hon/,  Thomas  CI 
A.  L.  Mills  (president);   /■'..ii/f/i    Ward,  .lames  II.  Lu«( 
Archibald  E.  Oriue;  Fifth  Ward,  Robert  Cathcarl,  .••anij 
Gaty.      Dki.kcates:    /'/i«(    Ward,  Joseph  .M.  .Mapl 
Daniel  H.  Donovan,  Thomas  Denny;  .v. cru/  ll'co 
kanah   English,  Hiram  Shaw,  Henry  .McKee  ireiignlj 


MUNICIPAL  GOVKRNMKNT. 


ied),  Kobort  Piiuiison.C.!- 
cil'.e,  I'rcst.,  V  i '^  ard  Hi;,.. 

0.1. 

A--ve»  (n'sigii'  1  .  Miebat'. 
Inrton,  Iti'iijiinun  \V.  Aym, 
,/,   llontii)   N.  I'ross,  i;h 

Thiril    W'li'l.   riioma*  An- 
)'N'eill,  l'r«*t.;  /■.arMH'i.i 
oore,  llu|?li  O'l'.rii'n. 
on,  Wilsiiii  I'riniiii.  John  1'. 
C'hiirless  (rosiciMHi),  JiiratsJ. 

Prc.it.,  .loseiili   *'.   Lavvillf; 
,aU'y,  llugli  0'N<il,  lJunhini  1 
larles  Culliii?,  -I^lin  U,-   r- 
gnc.l ),  Soluinoii  P.  KelcliuT., 

ton,  Wihon  I'riimn.  Jauifs  J. 
niia  Cohen,  Josi'cli  C-  Uvtii'.t, 
Thir'l  W"iil,  William  l'ri>!.a  j 
Hugh  O'N.'il:  A'^iirl*  »''i'', 
icn,  lirynn  Mulla"r''y- 
imin,  Prcst.,  J.'-^-ih  S,  I'ea^f.j 
I  ll'«n/,  TlionKij  Cohen,  li.ivii  I 
(dieil),  Stunrt  Mil.  .e«v,  r^irij 
n,  IV'ter  Tiurniin,  Asa  Wilgus; 
Jo'uina,    Abel   KaOilnmt  Comn,! 

W.  .\jTes,  Josi-'iili  ^-  ro.>"-.J-| 
'  Wnnl.  l.cwi."  V.  Uogy,  l':.Md| 
Matthews;  Thh-.i  ir..r.(,  Mern.f 
ihO'Neil.  I'eter  Tieriian;  T  « ikl 

,rl)in  (reiigne.1'.  Hugh  U-lir;(ii,| 

l.indlip-, 


Dki.k.oatk*. 
,(/,   Benjmnin  W.  Ayn; 


.lulllH 


liever\.v  Allen.  EdwarJ  T:a  jl 
llier  l\irJfulent),Julm  1).  iarfjj 

.^-lish,  CInirles  Coutt.M reiigr.a)j 

Miiguivc;  •>>>' ''  »■'"■<'.  ^^■'•'■' 

,  l>,vi.l  li.  Hill;   TMW"^ 
Wiltiu?.  Ge.iriio  Trask;  f' 
H„e4.lent„  Abel  li.  F.a»el^ 

,,/,  .liunes  li.  llarrv,  ncmiinii 
Beverly  Allen,  l're!l,.r..'i^nei| 

,),  Thonnis  Cohen;  ''""'  " 
1  K.  Oruie;  >'"'"'''  »'""'•■''; 
,)«vi^.      llKl.K'i  VTKS;  /"'I  "'" 
L  Mftguire,  Uirani  ?h:iw;  >' 
iresnlenlKJamt-t'l'-''"""'^"^"' 
,,  Thoma*  Dres.-er.  Uwrgc  1" 
\,   »(•„,■.(,  UeorKeK-BuH  "at 

■r.ir./,  J"''"  ''"f"™"  "■'■"'■" 

look  .lone.^;  .Vv...i  U-'-'.  « 
L.    Thini   »■...•,/,  Tl..n,a.«  (-■' 

L;,  (r„r,Ml<'l'e,tn,thcart..-a.ni 

(,..,    Wnnl.  J.-ei'l'  M-  ^'^'f;  ' 
Unas  Denny  I  S.r..ml  W'"'. 
Sh««,  Henry  Mclucrcgni 


hM«ir.l  W.ilker;    7V,ii(/  H'.i,./,   Henry   S.   Coxe,  Kilwanl 
Urn  U*  I  |)rc»iilent),  Henry  K.  Slono:  h'niirth  Wmil,  Thuiniis 
11.  Weft,  Ocorge  Trnsk,  Ehenezer  Voung;    Fij'lh    It'inr/, 
Th.Miia."  H.  Dnnean,  Theuilore  linbennnie  (resigned),  A.  U. 
Ciirl'in,  ,Iohn  M.  Wimcr. 
1842.— Ai  iiKHMKX  :   /'iVnl   H'mr/,  Jiinies  C,  Lyneh,  Williiim  li. 
ffi,...l:  Secmid  H'tirrf,  James  (i.  liarry  (president),  Nulhnn   i 
Rannev;    Third    Wiml,   I'Mwnrd   Brookn,  .\d»m    L.  .Mills,   I 
I'rc.'t     (resigned),    Adam    li.    Chamber.^;     Fmiith    ll'<ir(/,   ; 
Ariliiljttid   K.  Orme,  Joseiili   H.   Croekelt  (resigneil),  IJ.  S. 
lIolliii!.'>'«''"'th;   t'i/lh    H'oii/,  John  M.  Winier  (resigned), 
•■iauiiul    (iaty    (resigned),    ('.     Campbell,    Charles    Todd.   | 
Dki.1i:atks:   t'iyiil   IK'in/,  iJani"!  II.  Donovan  (re-iigned), 
i'li,iiii:i.»    Denny    (resigned),    Henry    C.    Lynch,    John    C. 
Mueller.  John  Stewart;  .Sei-oml   Wnrd,  Hiram  ,<haw,  Kzni 
0.  Knulish,   Ellis  Wainwright;    Thinl    Wiinl,  (ieorge   K, 
MLliiiiiii' L'le,  Francis  Jones,  William  H.  Jones  (resigned  l, 
Bcriuli  ''leland;  h'lmrlh   H'ltn/,  Vital  M.  (iaresehe,   Louis 
A.  Liil'eaiiine,  J.  S.Wood;   F'j'lh    ll'dji/,  Abel   K.  Corhin 
T.  0.  Dnnean  (i>re»ident),  Charles  It.  Anderson. 
Iil3.— Ai  rr.HMKN  :   Fimt  Ward,  Matthias  Sleitz.  Jcdin  Wilh- 
Dfll;    Scciiiul    Wind,    Wilson    I'rimm    (|iresident),   Stuart 
.Matthews  (resigned),  John  lilack  ;    Third  Ward,   Kdward 
Charlcss,  Louis  A.   Lubeaumc;   Fmirlh    Ward,  Luther  M. 
Kcnnelt,  John  B.  Camden;   Fi/lh    Ward,   Anthony  l!en- 
nelt,  Thomas  Wat.son  ;   Sijrth   H'orrf,  Joseph  S.    Hull,  Wil- 
liam S.  Stamps.     DKI.KtiATEs:  Firiit   Il'iin/,  Jacob  Smith, 
James  Caldwell ;  Second  Ward,  Ellis  Wainwright,  Charles 
Bolib;     Third     Wurd,    (ieorge    K.    MctJunncglo,    Francis 
Jones;  Fourth   Wurd,  (Ieorge  A.   Hyde  (president),  John 
Finney:    Fifth    Wunl,   .Abel    U.    Corhin,    Knfus    Kayser; 
•\iitK  Word,  Charles  K.  Anderson,  Jacob  Tice. 
ill.— Al.liKiiMKX:  /'iV»(   Word,  .Matthias  Steil/,,  John  With 
ntll;  .Vfoi"/  H'li/i/,  John  Black,  Ellis  Wainwright ;  Third 
H'rrrrf,  Eilward  Charlcss  (preshlcnt),  (ieorge  K.  Metiun- 
neglc:  /'""WA   Wtird,  Luther  M.   Kennett,  John    B.  Cam- 
den; Fii'ih    Wurd,  ThoiiMip  Watson   (resigned),   Archiliald 
Carr,  ,1.  W'.  Ormshee ;  .Vij-(/i    Wurd,  William  8.  Stamps 
cje.ir"e  M>nd.     Dki.kc.atk.s  :  Fint   H'un/,  John  Corcoran, 
Einarl  Warrens:    Seeond    Wurd,   Charles   Bohb,  (ieorge 
MiTton  (president) ;  7'AiVc/  Wurd,  David  Chambers,  Fran- 
oi<  Jones:  Fi'iirth   Wurd,  (ieorge  A.  Hyde,  Charles  Toild ; 
f'li'i/i  Wurd,  .Samuel   Knox,  Charles  J.  Carpenter;  Sixth 
Hinf,  James  (lordon,  Hugh  Rose. 
'i'tJ-Aiiu:iiMKS :    First    Wurd,  Matthias  Steitz,   Daniel    H. 
iMoviin:    .sVcoiii/    Wnrd,    Ellis    Wainwright    (resigned), 
limes  I ;    Harry,  B.  W.  Ayers;    Third   Wurd,  (ieorge  K. 
M  ilu.iieglc.  Edward  Charless:  Fuurth    Wurd,  Henry  D. 
Hi  .u(ie>ignod),  Luther  M.  Kennett,  Charles  Collins,  John 
l!.  Iligilon   (in   lieu   of  Collins);   Fi/lh    Wurd.   Archibalil 
litr    prcsiih'nt),  (ieorge  K.   Budd ;   Sijih    Wurd,  (ieorge 
Mral.Jubii  Hall.     Dki.ecatks;  FiritWurd,  Edwanl  War- 
Mii  ,resi^'ued),  Amadee  Valle,  Eira  0.  English;   .Vccohc/ 
ll'jriy,  Thomas  B.  Targec,  Uohert  Holmes;    Third   Wurd, 
Jiniletun  H.  Kimnicl,  William  Glasgow,  Sr. ;  Fourth  Wurd, 
I  larles  llequeiiibourg,  Isaac  T.  (ireene  (reii  rncd),  Charles 
M.Valleaii;  Fifth  H'oii/,  Samuel  Knox  (pre:-iilent),  Charles 
Jaliine;  Sijih    Wurd,  Henry  Loane,  Nathaniel  Childs,  Jr. 
iti.-Ai.UKBsit;v  :    Fimt    Wurd,    .Matthias  Steit/.,  Daniel  H. 
liiinavaniiesigneii), George  Maguire;  .Vecoiic/  iror,/,  James 
ij.  Barry,  Daniel  D.  I'agc ;   Third  Ward,  Edward  Charlcss, 
Aum  L.  Mills;    Fourth    Wurd,   Luther  M.   Kennett   (re- 
KfHtvli.Joiin  B.  Uigdon,  Stephen  W.  Adroon;  Fifth  Ward, 
G^■^ge  K.  Hudd  (president),  Beubcn  Knox;  Sij-lh  Wurd, 
John  Hall,  Nathaniel  Childs,  Sr.     Dkf  kgatks:  Firat  Wurd, 
i.Ville  (resigned),  W.  Tighe,  Jo.,n  Dunnj  Hccoiid  Wurd, 
I'i 


C,  r.  Morse,  Robert  Holmes;  77ii>i/  Word.  S.  H.  Kimmel, 
Prest.  (resigned  I,  W.  (llasj;ow,  Jr.  (resigned  I.  1".  C.  .More- 
hea<i,  James  (ilaSL^ow;  Fonlh  Wurd,  C.  Hequctnhourg 
(president),  C.  .M.Valleau:  Fifth  HVi/i/,  John  Whitehill, 
James  H.  White:  .'"■'m(/i  Ward,  Joseph  S.  Hull,  Robert  B. 
Bell. 
1847. — Ai.nKnMBX:  Fint  Ward,  George  Maguire  (president), 
Richard  S,  Blennerhasset ;  Scfond  Wurd,  D.  D.  I'nge  (re- 
signed), J.  (5.  Shelton.  Wilson  Priuim  ;  Third  Word,  Adam 
L.  Mills,  James  lilasgow;  Ftunth  Wurd.  Isaiah  Forbes, 
Samuel  Hawkon;  Fifth  Wurd,  Reuben  Knox,  L,  Riggs 
'  (resigned),  Louis  Bach:  .s'i.i(/i  Word,  Nathan  Childs,  Reu- 

ben B.  Austin.     Dki.kcatks:    Fimt    Wurd,  Jacob  Smith, 
'  H.  C.  Lynch;  .S'.con,/  Wurd,  J.  P.  Thomas,  E.  W.  Decker 

(diedi,  I.ou'S  Du  Brcuil;  Third  Wurd,  W.  II.  Jones,  Wil- 
liam Robb:  Fourth  Wurd.  D.  \.  .Magellan  (president),  J. 
H.  Lightner;  Fifth  Wurd,  A,  P.  Ladue,  Hugh  U.jse :  Sixth 
Wurd,  D.  W.  Dixon,  It.  N.  .Moore. 
I  1843. — .\i.i)KliMEX  :  /'('/«(  W  ril.  U.S.  BIcnncrhasset  (resigned), 
George  Maguire  (prcoiilcnt),  Edward  Haren;  .^rrmul  W'ird, 
■  John    G.    Shel'i;.!,    George    R.  Taylor  (resijjned    and    re- 

elected);   Third    Ward,  James  Glasgow,  Adam   L.   Mills, 
Daniel  D.   Page  (to  till  vacancy);  Fourth   U'ln/,  Samuel 
Hawken  (resigned),  James  11.  White.  Demetrius  R.  Mage- 
han  ;   Fifth   Ward,  Louis  Bach,  Robert  Catheart  (vacated 
seat),  T.  J.  Beirne:  ,SVj-(/i  Wurd,  Reuben  li.  .Austin,  Isaao 
H.  Sturgeon.     Dki.eoatks:  Fint   Wurd,  Henry  C.  Lynch 
(president),  A.  C.  Cordes;   Second  H'i(r</,  Jacob  I'.  Thomas, 
Edward  E.  Hunter;    Third  H'mr/,  Thomas  Cohen,  Charles 
Robh ;    Fourth    Wurd,   William   M.   .Morrison,   Joseph   F. 
Franklin;   Fifth   U'o/,/.  Thomas  Jackson,   Freilcrick  Lau- 
mann;  .S'i.i(/i   Wurd,  Thomas  llarsaut,  Erastus  Wells. 
1841).— .\l.UKi;siK.v  :    >'ii«(    Wurd.  (ieorge  .Maguire,  Prest.  (re- 
signed), Edward  Haren  (resigricdl,  William  Frennd,  John 
Dunn;  Stcond   Wurd,   William  Palm,  (ieorge  R.  Taylor j 
Tliird    Wurd,   Daniel   D.   Page,   Adam    L.   .Mills;    Fourth 
Wurd,  C.  .M.  Valleau  (president),  William   liohb;    Fifth 
Ifoic/,  Thomas. I.  Beirne.  J.  B.  tiihsun;   .Vi.ir/i  Wurd.  Henry 
Holmes,  Isaac  H.  Sturgeon.     Dci.kuatks:  /'iid(  Wurd,  11. 
C,  Kutz,  William  R.  Price;  Second  Wurd,  J.   V.  Thomas, 
William  Walton :    Third  Wurd,  E.  R.  .Mason,  Francis  Jones 
(presiilent) ;  Fourth  H'a/"(/,  R.  Kayser,  (ieorge  W.  Rucker; 
Fifth  Wunl,  Peter  Miller  (died),  George  liushey,  Thomas 
Harsarrt ;  Sixth  Wu,d,  A.  Ward  (died),  11.  Oveistoh,  Willis 
R.  Pritchar.l. 
1S6U. — Al.nKUMKN  :  First  Wurd,  John  Dunn,  R.  S.  lilennerhas- 
set ;  ,^'ertutd  Wurd,  William  Palm,  Loiris  Dubreuil;    Jliird 
tl'(ir(/,  .loseph  Charlcss,  John  J.  .Anderson;  Fourth  Wurd, 
C.  M.  Valleau  (president),  John  W.  Rucker;  Fifth  Ward, 
J.  B.  Gibson  (resigned),  J.  S.   Freligh  (resignedl,  Charles 
II.  Pond,   E.   C.  Blackburn:   Suth  Wurd,  Henry  Holmes. 
Isaao   H.   Sturgeon.     I)ki.k.«atks;    /'i>«f    Ward,   Stephen 
Stock,  Freileriok  W.   lieckwitii ;  Second   Wurd,  Benjamin 
B.  Chamberlain  (diedi,  E.  li.  Taylor,  William  Sririth;  Third 
Wurd,  William  Carroll,  C.  Edmund   Labeaumo;    Fourth 
W^iirrf,    Edwin    Smith,   George  Trask    (president);    Fifth 
Ward,  John  Shore  (resigned).  George  Bushey,  C.  L.  Holt- 
haus;  .Sixth  Ward.  Henry  Overstolz,  Willis  R.  Pritchard. 
!    1851. — .Ai.dkkmkn:   First  Wurd,  J abn  C.  Dagcnhanlt,  Henry 
i  .('.  Lynch;    Secmid  ll'nirf,  Willianr   Palm,   Robert   Clark- 

j  son;  Tliird  Wurd, .]ohi\  J.  .Anderson,  Louis  .A.  Labeaume, 

1  Prest. ;  Fourth  Ward,  (ieorge  W.  Rucker,  Edward  C.  Black- 

I  burn  ;  Fifth  Ward,  Charles  W.  Lightner,  Charles  II.  Pond  ; 

iSi'j:fA  Wurd,  Henry  Overstolz,  Thoru;is  L.  Sturgeon.    Dbl- 
I  KOATKs:    First    Ward,   George    Bremermann,   Samuel    B. 

I  Pilkington;  .S>eoii<i  (VorrV,  J,  T.  Moore  (resigned),  Philip  B. 


("I 

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HISTORY   OF  SAIiNT  LOUIS. 


Reily,  John  McUowcll ;  Third  Wiiril,  Jushua  W.  Ovringn, 
Dttviil  R.  Rislcyj  Fmiilh  W'liiil,  Riifiis  Knyccr.  I'ri'st., 
Benjamin  C.  Fnrnir;  Filth  )r>in/,  Ui'orKO  UuKliey,  James 

McNicliol  (resigned), Onrrioun  :  Sijrih  HVin/,  Daniel 

Crouse  (died),  Stewart  McKce,  John  Krothertuu. 

1852. — Ai.nKiiMKS:  Firti  Wmti,  ,]o\\\\  C.  Degenhardt,  Henry 
C.  I,ynch  ;  Seiimd  Ward,  Pliilip  II.  Keily,  Hubert  Cliirk- 
aon;  Third  Ward,  Juhn  J.  Andoraun  (rcKlgnrd),  Louis  A. 
Labenunie,  George  K.  lludd;  Fnurlh  Wnril,  (Icurge  W. 
Kticker,  Edward  C.  BInclibnrn,  Prext.:  Fii'ih  Wnnl,  Thomas 
J.  Beirne,  Charles  W.  Ijightncr;  Sixth  Wnnl,  Thomas  L. 
Sturgeon,  John  W.Thornburgh.  Up.i,K(;atkh  :  Firil  Ward, 
Samuel  B.  Pilkingdin,  Frederick  1'.  Sungnini'llc;  .s'cooik/ 
Wind,  C,  C.  Simmons,  Chiirlea  Mehl  (resigned),  Martin 
Dubbs;  Third  Ward,  iJnvid  K.  Rislcy,  Prest.,  Joshua  W. 
OningSf  Fiiiirth  Ward,  J.  K.  Burtis,  .ramcs  Hum;  Fl/ih 
Ward,  Thomas  }larsant,  W.  R.  Priti'hard;  Sl,rlh  Wiird, 
Daniel  ().  Taylor  (resigned),  Cyrus  Sjiear.  John  Sexton,  Jr. 

1853. — Al.nKiiMKM:  Fiml  ll'<i/r/,  John  ('.  Degenhardt,  Samuel 
B.  Pilkington;  Srrond  Wiird,  Philip  B.  Reily,  Cornelius 
Campbell:  Third  Ward,  Louis  A.  Labraiime  (resigned), 
David  U.  Risley  (resigned),  AVilliani  M.  MePherson.  Thco- 
philc  Papin  :  Fmirlh  Ward,  Edward  C.  Blackburn,  John 
Uartnett;  Fi/ih  H'liiv/,  Thomas  J.  Beirne,  Kneas  McFjiuIj 
Nirlh  Ward,  Jcdin  W.  Thoinburgh,  Alfred  Heacock.  Dki.- 
KGATEs:  Firit  Ward,  George  W.  Sherrick,  Cliarles  W. 
Gottschalk;  .V.ro,,./  Ward,  Charles  A.  Clarke,  John  H. 
Rohlf;  7'A.V./  Ward,  Isaac  M.  Veitch,  Charles  H.  Tillson; 
Fnurlh  H'dii/,  .lames  Hani,  Franklin  Weston  ;  Fifth  Ward, 
Davis  Moore,  George  Kyler;  Sia-th  Ward,  Charles  W. 
Horn,  James  Graham. 

1854. — Ai.dkkmkn:  Firet  Ward,  S.  B.  Pilkington,  C.  W.  Gott- 
schalk: Srroiid  H'ni'/,  Cornelius  Cnuipbell,  Prest..  Philip 
B.  Reily:  Third  Ward,  Thco|)hilo  Papin,  Daniel  G.  Tay- 
lor: Fourth  Ward,  Edward  C.  Blackburn,  John  llartnctt; 
Fifth  W<ird.  Kneas  JleFaul,  Xorman  J.  Colman  ;  .*'7.r//i 
Ward,  J.  \V.  Thornburgh,  Albion  T.  Crow.  Dki.koatks: 
FirtI  Ward,  George  W.  Sherrick,  H.  J.  Hillsdorf;  Secuml 
Want,  Charles  A.  Clarke,  Henry  Graelenkamp ;  Third 
Wanl,  Isaac  M.  Veitch,  Charles  H.  Tillson;  Fnurth  Ward, 
Franklin  Weston,  Joshua  Houston ;  Fifth  Ward,  Davis 
Moore,  George  Kyler.  Prest. :  Sixth  Ward,  John  Sexton, 
Jr.,  John  H.  Nicrmeyer, 

1855. — Al.DKIiMKN:  Fimt  Ward,  C.  W.  Gottschalk,  George  W. 
Sherrick;  Secud  Ward,  Philip  B.  Reily,  Henry  B.  Belt; 
Third  Ward,  Daniel  G.  Taylor.  Erastus  Wells:  Fourth 
Want,  E.  C.  Blackburn.  Prest.  (died),  Franklin  Weston, 
John  Shore:  Fifth  Ward,  N.  .1.  Colman,  (ieorge  Kyler; 
Sixth  Ward.  J.  W.  Thornliurgh,  Prest.,  John  Sexton,  Jr.; 
DKi.EfiATKs:  Firiit  U'lni/,  II.  J.  Hillsdorf,  Christian  Stneh- 
lin:  Siitind  Wanl,  Henry  flraefenkamp,  Thomas  M.  Wan- 
nell ;  Third  Ward,  James  F.  Small.  Charles  H.  Tillson, 
Prest.;  Fourth  Ward,  Jushua  Houston,  Jesse  W.  Heath  : 
Fifth  Ward.  William  8.  Cuddy,  Charles  E.  Loring;  Sixth 
Ward,  James  H.  Vail.  Benjamii.  L.  Van  (.'ourt. 

1850. — Alt)frmkx:  /'iV«(  Ward,  Godfrey  Sehocnthaler  (re- 
signed), Henry  C.  Lynnh,  David  Bayles:  .V.  roiirf  Wanl, 
Cornelius  Campbell  (resigned),  Charles  W.  Gottschalk, 
Branuoek  Jones:  Third  Ward,  C.  C.  Simmons,  William 
Palm ;  Fourth  Ward,  George  R.  Taylor,  Prest.,  John 
Kern  (died),  Amadec  Vallc;  Fifth  Wanl,  Erastus  Wells, 
Charles  H.  Tillson  ;  ,'<ixlh  Ward,  John  Shore,  Unit  Rosin  ; 
Sri'cnlh  Ward,  Patrick  Deegan  (died),  Henry  Dusenbury  ; 
Eiijhlh  ll'iii/,  C.  D.  Colman,  George  Kyler:  Xinth  H'<ii</, 
James  Graham,  Charles  W.  Horn:  Teuth  Ward,  Henry 
Orcrstolit,  Charles  R.  Anderson.    Dki.kuatks:  Firit  Ward, 


Henry  Olmstead,  Henry  C.  Katz;  Second  Ward,  .l,j|„i  || 
Abelln,  Henry  Graefenkamp;  Third  IKnn/,  lierlii;  l>clieT 
mann,  Theophile  Papin  ;  Fourth  IKon/,  Samuel  ^iinrnin. 
Prest.,  Smith  Litchfield;  Fifth  W'lirrf,  John  F.  l-.n^', C  r 
McClure;  Sixth  Wanl,  Jesse  W.  Heath  (resii;i;ivli  An 
gustus  Pomoruy,  Edward  S.  Wheaton  ;  Sureulh  Hi/-./.  \\ 
S.  Bachman,  C.  Tiernan  ;  Eighth  Ward,  John  (  .  Vojil 
David  Moore;  Minth  Ward,  William  MoKee,  11  "lurt  (Irj. 
ham;  Truth  U'nn/,  Andrew  Getty,  Daniel  Mctiill. 
1857. — -Aldkumkn:  Fimt  Ward,  Henry  C.  Lynch,  L.  llabii.k 
Serund  Ward,  John  H.  Fisse,  Brannook  Joni « ;  7'jl;,,/ 
Ward,  C.  C.  Simmons,  R.  M.  Reniek ;  Fioinh  Wm,i, 
George  R.  Taylor,  Prest.,  Amadee  Vallc;  Finh  If,,,,/ 
Charles  Tillson,  Erastus  Wells;  Sixth  Ward,  .\iA\nt^\tm^ 
C.  C.  MeClure;  Stnuth  Ward,    Charles  G.   StilVI,  K.  .M. 

j  Powers  :   Fiijhth  irar(/,  C.  D.  Colman,  George  K  vler:  .VrrKi 

1  IVrin/,  James  (iruham,  Charles   W.  Horn;     Tmih   \\,„.i 

I  Charles  R.  Anderson,  John  Sexton.     DKi.KcvrKs:  /'iV.i 

Ifiin/,  James  Gorman,    Henry   Olmstead;  S,,,niil  ]\,i,i 

j  Theophilo  Papin  (resigned),  Thomas  S.  .Nclsmi,  ffinj.,,,, 

1  D'Oench  ;    Third  JKarrf,  E.  P.  Tony,  J.    II.  linicl'onkanii : 

Fourth     irfir(/,   .Samuel    Simmons    (resigned;,    l''rc.lprick 
Busohinanu,  Solomon  J.  Levi ;   Fifth   Ward.  .\.  li.  I'mne. 

1  roy.  John  W.    Burd;    Sixth     Ward,   .lames   II.  .MoCiim. 

j  Thomas  R.  Axtcll ;  Serouth  ll'iin/,  T'horaas  J.  DniUy, R„l. 

ert  Kinnear:   Eiijhth    Ward,  ,}o\\u  C.  Vogel,  Prcsl..  liavii 

i  Moore;   -Vi'iiM    Ward,  AVm.    McKee,   Couinil  Doll;  ToA 

I  Ward,  Felix  A.  McDonald,  James  R.  Dobyns. 

j  1858. — Ai.DKKMKs:  Fimt  Ward,  L.  Uabcock,  Tliouiiis  .Alk. 
Sicoud  H'dii/,  Brannock  Jones,  F.  W.  Crnnenliiilil;  ?(  ; 
Ward,  R.  M.  Reniek,  J.  H.  Graefenkamp;  I'mirth  \\.,.i. 
Amadee  Vallc,  John  G.  Shelton  ;  Fifth  ll'.ii./.  Er;i-!B>  | 
Wells,  Charles  Tillson;  .S'i>(A  Hurt/,  S.  \V.  .\ilrcon.  1. 1. 
McClure;  Serenth   H'nii/,  Thomas  J.  Dailey,  F.  W.  IV 

'  bitt:   Eiijhth  Udn/,  George  Kyler,  John  C.  Vo;,'t'l ;  .Vuti  I 

lliuv/,  Charles  W.  Horn,  Patrick  Gorman:  7Vn(//  ll»  i, 
John  Sexton,  James  Doyle.  Dki.eiiatks:  hint  Wur-i 
Frederick  Ilohcnsohildt,  Henry  Almstedt;  .Second  ll'.rW,  I 

I  Thomas    S.   Nelson,  Prest.,  J.  G.  Vogcl ;    Thir.l  ll',,-; 

I  Philip  H.  Bishop,  Wm.  Horine  (resigned),  Ocorgc  ILivha 

Fourth  Ward,  Solomon  J.  Levi.  Ira  Stout  (rcsigne<li,  Joht 

I  Young;    Fifth    Ward,  Bernard   Pratte,  Jr.,  I'etpr  Ami-; 

I  Sixth   l|(t;(/,  James  S.  Wilgus,  Dwight  Dnrkoc;  >Vr.j;i 

I  11(11'/  John  J.  Wilsliuscn,  Jesse  W.  Heath  ;  Enjhil  II  i  -, 

David  Moore,  Horatio  Wood;  Xiiith  Wanl.  l)iiniilM,ii:S. 
Casper  Stolle;    Tenth    Man/,  James  R.  Hubbins.  Nil;  Lu 

i  Hatch. 

CoilNrlLMEN. 

185W. — Fimt  Ward,  Thomas  Allen,  Henry  Kaysir;  .V  »(| 
Ward,  F.  W.  Cronenbold,  Thomas  S.  Xelsnn  ;  ThiM  MnJ,! 
J.  A.  Grtel'enkamp,  Theophile  Papin;  Fourth  iri-/.J.| 
H  Shelton  (resigned),  George  R.  Taylor,  IVst,  .lolm  llj 
Andrews;  Fifth  Ward,  Charles  H.  Tillson.  Knisliis  Woll'; 
Sixth  Ward,  S.  W.  Adreon,  Dwight  Hurkcp;  .^Vr,,iii 
ll'((i-rf,  Francis  H.  Manter,  Casjier  H.  Ilollhuus:  /.'  ii(l) 
ll'nrrf,  John  C.  Vogol,  George  Kyler;  Soiih  W.i.d.VM 
rick  Gorman  (resigned),  Casper  Stolle,  John  licilly:  /i.il 
Ward,  James  Doyle,  John  Sexton,  Jr. 
1860. — Fimt  Ward,  Henry  Kayser  (resigned), Tlicira;is  iMhd 
ter,  Joseph  H.  Locke;  Second  Ward,  Tliirnns  S.  Nol-ii 
F.  W.  Cronenbold;  Third  Ilo,-./,  Theo|,hilo  I'liiin 
signed),  G.  W.  Droyer,  P.  A.  Ladue;  Fimrtl,  \V,„liA 
tham  Bigelow,  John  H.  Andrews  (resigncil),  T hoiiia.' liiirkll 
Fifth  Ward,  Erastus  Wells,  Joseph  11.  .Mcllridc; 
Ward,  Dwight  Durkee,  S.  W.  Adreon;  Svnntl,  W.vl  I 
H.   Minter,  Prest.,  J.  W.  Crane;   Eliilith    11  (in/,  lip" 


MUNICIPAL  GOVERNMENT. 


723 


j7,;,.,(  Wiir((,tlerli;i:  ISchef 
rih  Wiiiil,  Siunucl  -iiniu.n., 
/,  Ward,  .Uyhn  F.  1.  .n,:,  C.i . 
I  W.   Heath  (rf»i«ii0.li,  Au. 
iVhcftton;   Sr.rriOli   llHr./,  W. 
Ighth  WnnI,  Johi,  C  Vd;.!, 
Willium  MoKi'c,  UulnrUiu- 
Gotty,  Diiniel  Mdiill. 
Henry  C.I>ynch,l..U:ibc.,.k: 
we,  nrannook  J'ums;    HVI 
M.  Renick  ;    t'>'i"il'  H'irJ. 
Amailee  Vallf;    F'/ih  Vi„rl 
ilU;  •V'"''  W<in'.  ■'"linf'liwf. 
„rf'  Charles  0.  StiW,  K.  M. 
.  Colm*n,Oe<irgi!K.vler;.V;«iJ 
irles  W.  Horn;    ■/'•"'''  »•"•' 
,1  Sexton.     l)Ki.Kr,vrK»;  /V.' 
jnry  Olinstead;  >••""''  H'""'. 
I),  Thomas  S.  Nelsnii.  William 
P.Tony,  J.    »•  tif.u'fonkamv: 
iinmons    (resigiudi,    I'rcafrick 

evi;   /■'■;'■'''   "''"''•  ^-  "•  ''"'"■ 
.(/,  \vurd,  •Iu>'i»»  "■  ^''''''»" 
;,  H-,(ii/,'l'hora«s>'-  IMiiUy.M 
,.rf,  .John  C.  Voge'.,  Trwl.,  Ihvi' 
m.   McKcc,  Conriia  Doll;  /•"'• 
d,  Jiimcn  U.  Dobyns. 
„J,   I.,  liubcock,  Thiiuiiis  .MU; 
JoiU.F.  W.  frnnenl...l.li  H.  I 
II   iirttefonkftm\i;  f""rll  Hi'. 

t^helton ;    fl/ll'    »'"'■■'•  ''''■■'■""* 
,S,>(A    ir..r</,  S.  W.A.lrcon.C.f. 
[.ThomaK  .1.  Duil'sy.  V.  W.  C.r- j 
rge  Kylcr,  John  C.  V..;!^!;  .\"« 
1,  Patrick  Ooriiiuii;   Am;,  Hi  1. 
oylf.     DK.i.Ed.VTKs;    /-Vr.l  H"". 
,  Henry  AlmfteJt ;  Sn-oml  W'"i  j 
"h.,  J.  0.  Vogcl;    VV„r./  Itri 
plorinc  (re»igno<ll,  Ocirjii'  11»;1»;| 
fj   Levi,  Ira  Stout  (resigneili.JsiiD  j 

iernard   Pratte,  ,)r.,  I'cter  .\ii.«:j 
AVilgus,  Uwighl  l)»rkce;  S,wM 

en,  Jesse  W.  Heath  ;AV'"'""'' 
jvoodi  JViHi;,  l\-.ir,/.  l»ani.lM.»nll,| 

|-a,-,(,  James  U.  Uobbii.s.  NhW.>'| 

llNI-ILMKN. 


Allen,  Henry    K;>y"''-:  ■'^' 
1, Thomas  S.Nelson 
licophile  Papin; 


Il 

h;„n-lh    ll'ifJ.JI 

lGeorge"R.Tayl-.''-'^'-''*'i 
1  Charles  11.  Till^on.ltat"^"*! 

idreon,    Dwig"   nnrkoe; 

.ter,  Casper  H.  ll"Uh«u»;  hM 

f,eorge  Kyler;  .V,...M«;"'-   »^ 

Casper  Stolle,  John  IWly:  l"<^ 

lihn  Sexton,  Jr. 

lKayser(resigne>l),Tl,om;>M.">* 

|.SVc«-.</    irnn/,  Th..ma,  ^.  >*'• 
(    WanI,  Thoofhilo  V^yio   J" 

.   A.  Ladue;   ^ "'   »";;'■' 

^ndrew,(resigned).Tho„i;..H»'k« 
Iwells,  Joseph   11.  Mollric;. 


1  s.  W.  Adrcon 


.   Sircnlh  K""l. 


W.  Crane 


,    Kiilhik    "■"'■" 


f,  (l»f 


Kvlor,  John   C.  Vogel ;   .Vi'iif/i   Him/,  Casper  Slolle,  Isaac  i 
T.  lirecne;    rciifA    W'nnl,  John  Sexlon,  Jr.  (resigned),  1.. 
\V.  Mitchell,  Thomas  M.  Speers, 
|s8i, _/.,•»(    M'nn/,  Thomas  C.  Chester,  J,  Gabriel  Woerner; 
.SV..„m/  ir,(n/,  F.W.  Cronenbold, Thomas S.  Nelson;  Third  j 
11,,./,  (1.  W.   Drejer,  John  F.Thornton;   foiirlh    Wnrd,   j 
".hniiias  llurke,  Robert  M.  Funkliouser;   Fi/lli  iVnnl,  Jot.  ^ 
II.  McHride,   Krastus  Wells,  Prest. ;  SUih    Ward,  S.  W. 
.\,li,on,  l>r.  S.  H.  Burnett;  Srreiilli    ir,i,(/,  J.  W.  Crane, 
Kurl    Mntlack ;     Eiijhih    Ward.   John    C.    Vogel,    Kobert 
Th'rnhurgh  ;  Ninth  llHri/,  Isaac  T.  Greene,  Patrick  Dris- 
cill:   Tenth    Wuid,  L.  W.  Mitcliell,  Thomas  M.  Speers. 
1S62.— ',,'•'  ll'"''.  J.  Gabriel  Woerner  (president),  John  C. 
RufI ;  Si iiiiid  U'li)-,/,  Thomaf  S.  Nelson,  F.  W.Cronenbold; 
Third   Witrd,  John   F.  Thornton,  G.  W.  Dreyer;  Fmirth 
Wind,  Kobert  M.  Funkhousei,  Tony  Nioderwiescr;   Fifth 
Wind,   Krastus  Well.s,  ,Iohn  Cairns;  Si^th    Wind,  J.  B. 
llurnitl,  Joshua   Cheover;    Sevmth   Ward,   Karl   Matlack, 
Thiiinus  J.    Dailey;    Kightli    Ward,   Robert    Thornburgh, 
Charles  W.    Horn;    Sinlh    Ward,   Patrick   DriscoU,  Solon 
Stark;   Tenth   Hi/,,/,  Thomas  M.  Speers,  Aaron  W.  Fngin. 
1S6,1.— ^i,"'  II  ",'i/,  John  I'.  Rust,  J.  (iabriol  Woerner;  Second 
Wind.  v.  W.  Cronenbold  (president),  Charles  W.  Qotts- 
olialk,    Third   U'lirrf,  G.  W.   Dreyer,  Hermann  Schcpman ; 
l',,iirtli   11 ,1/1/,  Tony  Niederwicser,  Henry  McKee;    Fifth 
ir,i,,/.  John  Cairns.  Erastus  Wells;  Sij-th   Ward,  Joshua 
Cbeever,  Samuel  Plant;  .Stniith   Ward,  Thomas  J.  Dailey, 
Friclciiok  Doering;   Fiijhth    Wmd,  Charles  W.  Horn,  John 
Gretliir:     .Vi',i(/,     Ward,    Solon    Stark,    Patrick    Drisooll; 
Tmih  Ward,  Aaron  W.  Kngin,  lienjauiin  Charles  (resigned), 
Clmrlcs  Sessinghaus  (died). 
l!J4._f,,«(    11, (/•(/,  J.   (i.  Woerner,   A.  Krieckhaus;    Secund 
Ward,  Charles  W.  Gottschalk.   Henry  C.  Geiupp  ;    Third 
11,1,,/.  Hermann  Sebepman,  Aiiunlec  Valle ;  Fvurth   Ward, 
A.  S.  W.  (Soodwin,  Touy  Niederwieser  ;  Fifth  Ward,  Kras- 
lu.< Wells,  John  Cairns;  Siitli  H'm,/,  Samuel  Plant,  Joshua 
ChefHT  ;  Srventh    ll'di,/,  Jesse  W.  Heath,  Heniy  .Stagg ; 
Eighlli  Ward,  Jiihn  Gretlier  (president),  Charles  W.  Horn; 
Siiilh    Ward,    Patrick   Driscoll,  Daniel    MoAulilfe ;    Tenth 
Ward,  Charles  Sclioenbeck,  Charles  Borg. 
iMij.— >',',<(    Ward,    A.    Krieckhaus,    Christojiher    A.    Stifel; 
.?fooiii/  ir,(/i(,  Henry  C.  Geuipp,  F.  W.   Cronenbold  (re- 
■ijTioill.    Louis    (ioltscbalk  ;     Third  lldr,/,  Auiadeo  Valle, 
llcruiiin  Sche|iinan  ;  I'uurth   Ward,  Tony  Niederwieser,  A. 

».  W.  (i Iwin  (resigned  unil  re-elected) ;  Fifth  Ward,  John 

Cairns.  Krastus  Wells;  Sixth  Ward,  Joshua  Cheever,  Sam- 
uel riiint ;  ,'<erinth  Ward,  Henry  Stagg  (resigned),  >Tolin 
O'Brion,  Charles  F.  Walther:  Eiijhth  Ward,  Charles  W. 
Hiini,  Juhn  (irethcr  (president);  Ninth  M'ard,  Di.i.iel 
MoAnlin'c.  Patrick  Driscoll;  Tinth  Ward,  Charles  Borg, 
Churli's  Suhoenheck. 

Al.lll-;il.MKN    AND    DkI.KOATKS. 

1>66,— Ai.MKiijiKX :  Firtt  Vinlrirt,  A.  Krieckhaus,  Isidore 
Bush:  .sVio,,,/  Distriit,  Juhn  F.  Thornton,  John  Finn; 
Thiril  HiHtrirt,  Erastua  Wells,  M.  J.  Hartnelt;  Fourth 
Oalrlri,  .].  Philip  Kricger,  William  Fruedenean;  Fifth 
IHiiriit,  l>.  Drisooll,  H.  C.  Urockmeyer,  Dklkhatkb: 
liiti  Wiird,  C.  August  Stil'ol,  August  Etiing ;  Second 
V'liril,  I.iiuis  Gottschalk,  Cliristopher  Overbeck;  Third 
11,1'/,  Philip  H.  Bishop,  James  R.  Lake;  Fourth  Ward, 
I'titr  li.  (Jerhardt,  Klon  0.  Smith  ;  Fifth  Ward,  John 
Cairiis,  Hampton  Wooilruff ;  Sij-lh  Wnrd,  Henry  B.  Belt, 
K»iii)!  C.  Ketchum;  .VciiiilA  Ward,  K.  D.  Lancaster,  John 
llnuit.in;  Fii/hth  Ward,  William  Henry,  Edward  Uerwig ; 
.Vi»(/,  ir,i,i/,  James  Ashworth,  Daniel  McAuliffe;  Tenth 
ll',i,-,/,  Uiihort  S.  King,  Edgar  .\.  Richardson. 


CilIM  II.MKN. 

Lift?.— ^'i,-.(  Ward,  August  Etiing;  Second  Ward,  A.  Krieck- 
haus, John  C.  Finck  ;  I'hird  Ward,  Charles  W.  liotlschalk, 
Henry  .\melung;  Fourth  Ward,  (leorge  Fricdricli,  An- 
thony Ittner;  Fifth  Ward,  Tony  Niederwieser,  Daviil 
Powers;  Sirth  Ward.  Krastus  Wells,  Charles  A.  .Manti; 
.Seventh  ir,ii,/,  George  Biil)c,ick.  Charles  W.  Horn;  F.iijhth 
Ward,  It.  D.  L;iucaster,  William  Boshyslicll ;  Ninth  Ward, 
John  O'Brien.  Solomon  J.tjuinlivan  ;  Tenth  Ward,  Patrick 
Dri.iooll,  M.  W.  llogan;  Eleventh  ir,in/,  Charles  Sclioen- 
beck, H.  S.  Parker;    Tin-lfth    Ward,  Cluules  E.  Borg. 

18(58. —  h'irtt  Hiir,/,  August  Etiing;  Secund  Uiin/,  A.  Krieck- 
haus, F.  CnitJ  ;  Third  Ward,  Charles  W.  Gottschalk,  Henry 
Aiuelung;  fourth  ll',in/,  Anthony  Ittner.  George  Fried- 
rich ;  Fifth  Ward,  i:ion  <i.  Suiilh,  David  Powers;  Sixth 
Ward,  Erastus  Wells,  Charles  A  Mantz. ;  .Siventh  Ward, 
.lames  ColT,  George  liabcock  ;  Hiijhth  Ward,  J.  McCord, 
William  Bosbyshell;  Ninth  Ward,  John  O'Brien,  Solomon 
J.  QuinMvan;  Tenth  Ward,  P.  Driscoll,  M.  W.  Hogan ; 
Flercnth  Ward,  Charles  Sclioenbeck.  J.  M.  Jordan  ;  Tui  tfth 
ir«r,/,  Horace  Fi,.\. 

1869.— >■■/,»(  llor,/,  Archibald  Douglas;  Sn-ond  WanI,  Fred- 
erick Cratz,  .v.  Krieckliau.s;  '/'/,/,,/  Ward,  H.  11.  Smith, 
Charles  W.  Gottschalk;  Fnnrlh  Ward,  F.  (1.  Fitiger;ild, 
George  Friciliich;  Fifth  Wnrd,  David  Powers,  Klong  G. 
Smith;  ,'<ixth  Ward,  Charles  A.  .Mantz,  Saiiiiiel  Pepper; 
Seventh  M,!,,/,  James  Cnfl,  Henry  C.  Yaegcr  ;  Eiijhth  Ward, 
James  .MeConl,  William  Bosbyshell;  .\7ii//i  Ward,  John 
O'Brien,  Henry  Hannibal;  7'e,i//i  Ward.  Patrick  Driscoll. 
M.  W.  llogan;  Eleventh  11 ,(,,/,  John  M.  Jonlan,  William 
K.  Patrick  :    Tirelfth   Ward,  .■'amuel  B.  Slannard. 

1870. —  Eimt  Ward,  Frederick  Hill,  Arcliibald  Douglas:  Second 
Ward,  A.  Krieckhaus,  F.  Cratz;  7'/i,Vi/  Ward,  11.  11. 
Smith,  Charles  \V.  Gottschalk;  Fourth  Wnrd,  George 
Fricdricli,  George  Bain  ;  Fifth  Ward,  David  Powers,  F)lon 
Q.  Smith ;  Sixth  Ward,  .Samuel  Pepper,  S.  H.  Laflin ; 
Seventh  Ward,  Henry  C.  Yaeger,  D.  B.  Gale;  Eiijhth 
Ward,  William  Bosliyshcll.  John  O'Brien;  Ninth  Ward, 
Henry  Hannibal,  John  O'Brien;  Tenth  Ward,  M.  W. 
Hogan,  L.  S.  Bargeii;  Eleventh  ll'<(ii/,  W.  K.  Patrick, 
Henry  Overstol/, ;  Twelfth  Ward,  Samuel  B,  ,<tannard, 
Henry  Schwaner. 

1871. —  A'ii«r  Ward.ll..].  Iliiismaii,  Arcliib:il.l  Douglas;  .Sec- 
ond lliir,/,  A.  Krieckhaus,  Freilcrick  ('riitz;  Third  Wnrd, 
Charles  W.  Gott.schalk,  J.  H.  Anielung;  Eonrlh  Ward, 
George  Bain,  James  Ticrnan  ;  Eifih  Ward,  Klong  G.  Smith, 
(president),  Jeremiah  Uyan;  Sixth  U'm,/, I'liarlcs  A.Mantz, 
.lames  Garvin;  .Seventh  11,,,,/,  Henry  C.  Vae);er,  D.  B. 
0,:le;  Eiijhth  Ward.  James  C.  Kogers,  John  O'Brien; 
.Vi'h(/i  UiDi/,  Hugh  Hawkins,  John  O'Brien  ;  Ti  nth  Wnrd, 
L.  S.  Bargen,  Michael  MaiMeu:  Eleventh  Ward,  Henry 
Overstol/.,  W.  K.  Patrick ;  Tn-dfth  Ward.  S.  B.  Stannard, 
II,  Rechtien. 

1872.— /'i')-«(  Ward,  A.  Mollose.  U.  J.  Hineman;  Si.cond  Ward, 
Augustus  Krieckhaus,  John  Pauly  ;  Third  H'lrri/,  August 
Koch,  J.  II.  .Amelung;  Fourth  Wnrd,  George  Bain,  James 
Ticrnan;  Fifth  Ward,  Klong  G.  Smith,  .Icrcmiah  Ryan; 
Sixth  Wnrd,  James  Garvin,  Lewis  V.  Bogy  (presiilcnt) ; 
Seventh  Wnrd,  Henry  C.  Yaeger,  William  Currie;  Fiijhth 
liar,/,  John  E.  Hagerty,  James  C.Rogers;  .S'inth  Ward, 
Daniel  McAteer,  Hugh  Haw  kins  (died) ;  Tenth  Ward, 
Michael  Madden,  John  P.  Mullally;  Eleventh  Ward,  Henry 
Ovorstolz,  William  K.  Patrick;  Tirelfth  Ward,  Herman 
Rechtien,  Samuel  B.  .Slannard. 

187S. —  /'ii«<  Ward,  A.  MoHose,  James  Meegan  ;  .Second  Ward, 
John  Pauly,  A,  Fischer,  Sr. ;  '/'/i,i-,/  Ward,  August  Koch, 


f,l  1;^ 


SoiS'i 


Mi-J 


•',''  !. 


724 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


\  'A 


J.  II.  Aiiicluni;;  I'mirlh  Hn/i/,  (Iodide  llain,  .liiiiii'D  Tiir- 
nnn  ;  h'ij'ili  ll'iin/,  Kloiig  U.  Siiiitli,  .Iiiini's  S.  F()>Iit;  .SVj(/( 
Winil,  Tlii,'"|>hili)  l'ii|iiii,  .\.  W.  MiMid,-  Smriiih  Wnnl, 
Williiiiii  Currie,  Niclioliis  Schuert'er ;  Kiijhth  Mifcf/,  Jiiiiich 
t'.  Udgcr!",  .IdIiii  K.  Iliigurty  :  Niiilh  Wnnl,  DniiicI  MfAli  or, 
Thoiniu  Morris;  Tmlli  Ifnn/,  John  1*.  Miilliilly,  iMidhael 
MiKJden;  Kleetitlli  Wiinl,  Henry  Ovorslcild  (|iro8iil<'Ut), 
Williiim  K.  I'fttrick;  Twel/lli  Wiiiil,  II.  llcehtifii,  I..  W. 
ML'toiilfc;  Thirlcciilli   11  iirr/,  S.  F.  Uniii!(lell,  J.  J.  .Scliiiiltt. 

1874. —  Fliil  WiirtI,  JiiiucH  Mccgiin,  h.  A.  ."^Icbcri  tluruiiU 
H'irn/,  A.  Fischer,  St.,  Tliciulori'  lluriiinii ;  Third  Wuril, 
J.  II.  Ainc'liiiif;,  C.  K,  Hiilomon  ;  h'nuilli  Wnnl,  James  Tlor- 
niin,  U.  W.  Francis  ;  I'i/lli  Wind,  ,)iuiie8  S.  Foster,  I/.  J, 
Clark;  .ViX/i  HVuii,  Thoopliilo  I'upin  (presiilent),  Henry 
S.  Turner;  Sivenlli  Wfitd,  .N'iulioliia  ."^I'lmertor.  M.  D.Col- 
lier; Kiiihlh  Ward,  Jiunes  C.  Uo;<ers,  .lolin  V..  ilagerty  ; 
Niiilh  Uiiri/, 'rimnuis  Morris,  John  O'llrien  ;  Tenth  W'linl, 
Miolmel  Miiilden,  .loliM  P.  Mulliilly  ;  Klviciilh  llVr/v/,  Wil- 
linui  K.  Patriek.  J.  fi.  Wocstniim ;  Tiiel/lh  H'liid,  L.  ,S. 
Metenlfe.  II.  Iteehtien. 

1875.— ^V<»/  \\i(,d,  L.  A.  Stclier,  I!.  \V.  Ktling;  SWoiul  Ward, 
Theodore  Hornuin,  A.  Fischer,  i^r.;  Thud  Warit,  C.  K. 
Snionion,  ,1.  II.  Anielung;  Fmirih  UVm/,  CImrles  W.  Frnn- 
ois,  Uilliiini  Keating;  Filth  W'lird.  I..  J.  t'Inrk,  Jimios  S. 
Foster;  Sij-lh  Wnnl,  Henry  S.  Turner,  ,Iaiue.«  L.  Patter- 
son: Seventh  W'tird,  M.  Dwight  Collier,  W.  E.  Kortkanip; 
Eiijhth  \\'iird,i.  K.  Hagerty,  A..f.(iera(,'lity  ;  Xliith  Wurd, 
Jolin  O'Brien,  Tlioinns  Morris;  Tenth  Ward,  John  P. 
Mulhilly,  .Michael  Madden;  Ktercnlh  ir<i)(/,  J.  B.  Woest- 
uian,  J.  H.  Pohluinn;  Twelfth  Witrd,  II.  Rcchtien  (presi- 
dent),  t^aniuol  B.  Stannard;  Thirteenth  Hon/,  James  Moo- 
gan,  P.  Leahy. 

1870.— ^V)«(   Ward,  B.  W.  Ktling,  L.  A.Steher;  Second  Ward, 

A.  Fischer,  ."^r.,  Theodore  Herman  ;  Third  Ward,  ,).  II. 
Anielung,  I'.  E.  Salomon  ;  Fourth  ll'im/,  William  Keating, 
Charles  W.  Francis;  Fifth  Ward,  James  S.  Foster,  C.  A. 
Spalding;  .SVj(/i  Ward,  James  L.  Patterson,  Qcorge  II. 
Lokcr;  Seventh  H'lin/,  W.  E.  Kortkamp,  John  J.  Sutter; 
Eiijhih  Wurd,  A.  J.  Geraghty,  John  O'Malloy ;  A7ii(/i  Ward, 
Thomas  Morris,  Thomas  J.  Hennessy;  7'enth  Ward, 
Michael  Madden,  John  P.  Mullally;  Elerenth  Ward,  J. 
II.   Pohlman,   William  H.  Woodward;  Ticelflh    Ward,  S. 

B.  .'^tannard,  D.  S.  Irons  ;  Thirteenth  Ward,  P.  Leahy,  M. 
J.  Breunan. 

CorNciL. 

1877-79.—.'!.  D.  Barlow,  Thomas  Foley,  John  J.  O'Brien, 
George  W.  Parker,  (Jcorge  Rinkel,  Jr.,  John  Rude. 

1877-81. — John  II.  Lightner  (president),  Nicholas  Berg.  A.  L. 
Bergfeld,  (Jiven  Campbell  (resigned,  and  was  succeeded  by 
Robert  M.  Parks),  Mo.«os  Fraley,  Edward  S.  Rowse,  Wil- 
liam H,  Scudder. 

IIousB  OP  Dklkoatks. 
1877-79. —  Flmt  Ward,  A.  C.  L.  IIaa.so;  Second  Ward,  Joseph 
Crawshaw;  7'/ii'rrf  Hriirf,  C.  A.  Stifel ;  Fourth  Ward,  John 
McManus ;  Fifth  Ward,  J.  H.  Amelung  (resigned,  and  was 
succeeded  by  Philip  A.  Moinbcrg);  iSVj;(/i  Ward,  W.  C. 
Van  Dillen;  Sereuth  Ward,  C.  II.  Reichman;  Eiijhth 
Ward,  P.  Oundlncli;  Ninth  Ward,  E.  II.  Vordtriede; 
Tenth  Ward,  Frank  Backof :  Eleienlh  Ward,  A.  N.  Do 
Menil;  Twelfth  llHirf,  Patrick  Sullivan ;  Thirteenth  Ward, 
John  Williams;  Fourteenth  Ward,  H.  C.  Meyer;  Fifteenth 
Ward,  William  B.  Ryder;  Sixteenth  Ward,  OttoKulage; 
Seventeenth  Ward,  A.  W.Henry;  Eiijhteenth  ll'oirf,  Oeorgo 
W.  Updike;  Xineieenth  Ward,  Conrad  Ro.«o;  Twentieth 
Ward,  William   F.  Cozzcns;  Twenty-Jirit   K'dri/,  William 


L.  Ewing,  Jr.  (Speaker);  Tnrnli/-tirnnd  War'l,  |;  | 
Jones;  Twentif-third  Ward,  Louis  Nolle;  Tin  „t,f-i\,„,;f^ 
Urn (/,  P.  O'Brien;  Twentij-Jifth  Hiii(/,  Richard  Mirkcl; 
Tweniji-Hijih  Ward,  A,  B.  Uarhec  ;  Twrnlii  Hirenili  ir,,,,/ 
Jacob  Thorp:  Twmtii-eiijhth  Ward,  Chri"lophcr  I  M||r|„|,., 
1879-81.— /■,i«/  Ward,  Michael  n'Malley  ;  Seeond  11.,,./,  I, 
(1.  Haas;  Third  ICim/,  John  A.WoKinger;  Fonrih  H',,,,/ 
JohuTighe;  Fi/th  Ifrin/,  Philip  A.  Meinberg;  .S'/.r/i  H'nrrf, 
Amos  .'^.  Partri<lge;  Seventh  Ward,  Paul  Younj;;  f^i,,!,)!, 
ll'<in/,  Peter  (iundluoh  ;  Ninth  Wkii/,  .loseph  II.  Miirrinii 
(Speaker) ;  Tenth  Waril,  Bernard  Donnelly ;  A'^i,,,.;, 
Ward,  George  Weisenburtfor ;  Twelfth  Want,  Tlioman  J, 
Cornelius;  Thirteenth  Ward,  Henry  Ziegenliiiii ;  /„„. 
ieenlh  Ward,  Frederick  .Sicfker;  Fifteenth  Ward,  Williiu 
B,  Ryder;  ,S'i,rleenlh  Ward,  Frank  Ilussiiian,  Jr.  ;.\.|. 
enteenth  Ward,  G.  W.  Caruiichnel ;  Eii/hlfriiih  W;,,^ 
Thomas  It.  (iarard;  Nineteenth  Ward,  Frank  II.  Ilcker: 
Twentieth  ir(i/(/,  John  J.  O'Neill;  Twimly-jirMt  Hn..;,  f;. 
B.  Kirby;  Tirenti/necnnd  H'kii/,  John  II.  Dunn  ;  Tirru::,. 
third  ll'fin/,  William  L.  iliokman:  Twentii-fmrih  W'lwl 
Peter  Bouchein ;  Twenli/-Jiflh  Ward,  Fcrdiiian.l  Knj.er; 
Tnenli/nixlh  Ward,  A.  li.  Barhco ;  Twenti/  irrmil,  ||',„,/ 
Jacob  Thorp;    Tireniy-eii/hth    Ward,  Peter  G.  (icrlmrt. 

l%%2-%:\.—  Firtl  Ifnii/,  A.  Thoinan  ;  Srrond  ll'in/,  W.  V.  Itut- 
ledge;  Third  Ward,  John  A.  Woltinger;  Fourth  \\'iii,i 
James  II.  O'Brien  (succeeded  by  Patrick  Breniiiin); /.,'(( 
Ward,  Jcdin  II.  Amelung;  Si.ith  Ward,  Willium  Asii.n 
(succeodeil  by  Mr.  Horlsbrink) ;  .Seventh  H'lir./,  Fickri.k 
Zelle;  Eli/hlh  Ward,  Peter  Gundlach  :  Ninth  Wiiril,,]mtfb 
Q,  Marriott  (Speaker);  Tenth  Ward,  Cyrus  II.  Wull.ril..,: 
Eleventh  Ward,  George  Weisenburger :  Twli'ih  H,  ;, 
Samuel  ,1.  Somervillc;  Thirteenth  Ward,  Hiiiiv  .\lt: 
Fourteenth  Ward,  B.  IIofTuuin ;  Fifteenth  lliir./,  K.  U, 
Donk;  Sixteenth  Ward,  Frank  Ifussinan,  Jr. ;  Semit.ui'; 
Ward,  Eugeno  C.  Slevin  ;  Eighteenth  Ward,  Jiurpli  Sl.rn: 
Ninetrinlh  irii/-'/,  Conrad  Rose  ;  Twentieth  H'.in/,  JnlinJ. 
O'Neill:  Twenly-firat  Ward,  E.  F.  W.  Moicr;  T«<„,.,. 
second  !('««/.  John  AV.  Dunn  :  Twenti/-lhird  Hdi./,  W.  L 
Hickman:  Twenti/-fourth  H'lin/,  Peter  Houcheiii ;  TitnV',- 
fifth  iraii/,  Ferdinand  Kaiser;  Twentij-nixlh  ll'.ir./,  A.  11, 
Barhco;  Twenli/neventh  IK«rr/,  George  J.Davis:  7'.r.»., 
eiyhth  Ward,  Louis  .Schaefer. 
Clerk,  James  C.  Broadwell;  Assistant  Clerk,  Willinui  N.  l;.,: 

Jr.;  Sergeant-at-Arms,  M.  Chartrand. 

COUNCII.. 

1881-85.— A.  N.  De  Menil,  E.  C.  Kchr,  N.  G.  Lnriinnri,  1'. 
MeOrath,  O.  W.  Parker  (president),  II.  S.  I'lirkor,  I.  \ 
Rowsc,  Web  M.  Samuel,  W.  H.  Scud.ler,  li.  I'.  'I'aiisfv, .'. 
P.  Vastine,  F.  E.  Zelle,  II.  Ziegenliciii,  vioc|ircsi'lenl:  j 
William  E.  Raynor,  secretary;  Joseph  M.  IJrowii,  assiilanl 
secretary;  James  T.  Smith,  scrgeant-at-anus. 

CHIEF  CITY  OKFICIALS  NOT  ELSEWHEUE  (ilVKX  ISTIIKI 
Civil,  LIST  FltOM  THE  OlHiANIZATlUN  (IK  TIIK  lltrj 
GOVKKNME.NT  IN  l»'.!;t  DOWN  TO  AND  INCl.Llll.Vc;  TIIEl 
YEAH   1840. 

1823. — Maokey  Wherry,  register  and  collector  to  ISL'fi,  iiicl 
aive;  Henry  Von  Phul,  auilitor ;  Jean  P.  Ciibiinin',  Irfas-j 
urer  to  1824,  inclusive;  Joseph  C.  Brown,  siirvevn;  Ili'nSl 
Paul,  surveyor  to  1828,  inclusive;  Ashcr  V.  Cuiili.  liiiiil)Ct'| 
master;  Sullivan  Blood,  constable  to  1828,  {nolu.<ive:  J.jIiiI 
Bobb,  street  commissioner;  Joseph  C.  Lavcilli',  .slrcelwiaJ 
missioner;  Peter  Ferguson,  assessor  to  Isi'fi,  iiicluiive)j 
Marie  P.  Leduc,  assessor  to  1825,  inclusive. 

1824. — Henry  Qratiot,  harbor-  and  lumbor-iuastcr;  Jo!e|)b  ( 
Lavoillo,  street  commissioner. 


.-^SN.     ^ 


MUNICIPAI-  OOVKUNMENT. 


726 


Tirenln-'"""'^     """'■   "•  '•• 
l,imi»   N"llo;    Tin 'H;, /•■«•!>, 
liflh    WniU,  lliolmnl    Mirkcl; 
arbeu;  7V.'ii»,v  «"■«""'  "'i"/, 
»',,,•,/,  ChristiiplK^r  tinrniU-.. 
n'Mlllloy  ;    Srnwd    W'lnl.  .1. 
n  A.WnlliiiKur;  Fmirih  Wnrl. 
ilip  A.MoinliCR;  •'*'"''  "'""'• 
I   l»'(ii'',  Pi»"'   Voiini,':   By' It 
inlh  Wiinl,  .loscpli  H.  MiirriNii 
lloriittrd    Uoniu^ll.V ;    ElmiA 
■r:    '/Vfl'/l'i    H'liii/,  Tliiinias  J. 
,-r(,   IK'iiry  Zicjjcnhcin :   f'cur. 
fkcr;  t'iftreiillt  ll'(i'>/,  Willijin 
J,   Fnuik    llussnmn,  Jr.;  .v-r- 
lariniclincl  i     KUjhitfMih    \U,i, 
tenth  Wiiril,  Kriink  II.  Ilccker; 
O'Neill:    Tir'Hlij-fir't  \\«,.l,\]. 

\\',iiil,  John  "•  •*"""  •    '"'"■' 
liokiniiii;    7Vpii(.'/-/"'"-'''  "'""'• 
i}flh    Wnrii,   Vfriliimn'l   Kiii-er; 
HiirbM;    7'i<iim(//  «rr.„(A  Wml 
,,h    Wnril,  l'ct>'i-  li-  <l'Tl"irl. 
,„i,n  ;  S-roml  H'-.-v/,  W.  V.  lUii- 
in  A.  WollingcM-;  t'""'!!'  "'""i, 
ilea  by  I'litiiek  Droiiiiim);  ^/I'l 
g;    Sijili    »'<!"/,  Williiim  \>-M\ 
)rink);  ,SVrfii'/i   It'fin',  Frcilurkk 
.rlluiulliifh:  A'mK//  H'lr'', Jiw|* 
ViifA  U'drt/,  ('yni»  »■  Wi.ll.riljr. 
I    Weiseiibiirgor :    7V''/('i    ir«fl, 

rhirltenih  \Y«nl,  Henry  .Ml; 
l„ffmi>n;  fifMuth  llnf'.  K.  W, 
Frank  lliissimin,  .Ir.;  .Vm»i'.»ii 
;  Eighteenth  U'-.n/,  .I".«i'pli  >l'™: 
'  Ros^e;  Tifi-utinlh  H'orJ,  Jubn.I. 
'„i-(/,   K.    F.  W.    Meier;    JV-nij- 

uniK    T,renl;i-thin(  Wnnl.W.l. 

U'.irr/,  Peter  licMieheiu;  Titmy 
tiiisur;    rmnKj-ii-'lh  ll'.ir.'.  .\.  H. 

ll'.irr/,  UcorKO  J.  Uuvis;  JV.iiij. 

.(or. 

Assistant  Clerk,  William  N.l:"'' 

burtranil. 

L'NIII.. 

If,.  C.  Kehr,  N.  li.  I.arimntf.  1'. 

■  (.(iresiilcnt),  11.  f-.  ''•"l*"'  '  ■ " ■ 
,  W.  II.  Seu.l.ler,  U.  1'.  Taii^",.'. 

n.  Ziegcnliein,  vice  iirc^ilfflt: 
lotary  ;  Joseph  M.  lirowu,  as^i^iam  I 
[th,  scrgeant-at-urni?. 

I)T  ELSEWHEUE  GIVKX  IN  THBI 
1  OKCiANIZ.XTlUN  uK  TIIK  U"j 
boWN   TO    AND  INCI.LDISG  TllBI 

lister  and  collector  to  ISifi,  in*] 

■  auditor;  Jean  P.  <'«l'''><'"'.'"n 
Ijosonh  C.  Brown,  sMrve.v..ri  li.o»l 
Inclusive;  AsherF.Cuok.  taH 
|con*tabletol828,iuelu?.ve;WiM 
Ir  ;  Joseph  C.T,ave.lle,rtrcelcoin^ 

[son,   assessor   to  IS'Jfl,  i.>**'« 
I  to  1825,  inclusive. 
Ir.  and  luinbcr-nni.ler;  Josopb 
|oner. 


1S2J.-  John  P.  Sarpy,  IroaHurer  to  182t!,  ineliiaive;  OocjrKo  H. 
C.  .Melody,  harbor-  anil  luniber-inanter  to  1826,  inoiusivo. 
1826,— l>nnlel  HoukIi,  xlroet  eoniuiissiunpr. 
|()27,_,li)iieph  A.  Wliurry,    ruxistcr  and    eolleetor  to   1812,  in- 
clii'ive;  Daniel    IIhukIii  auditor  to  18.'ll),  ineUmlve;  Wil- 
liiini  lliKgins,  treasurer  to  1828;  John  Simonds,  Sr,,  har- 
bor  and  lumber  iiuister  to  I8.'!g,  inoUinive  ;  .laoob  Kupley, 
street  eoiuinissioner;   David  II.  Hill,  street  uoinniisslunor ; 
Klli"tt  I'CU,  asse.««or  to  1828,  inelusive, 
l<2g_|siino  C.  MoOirk,   altoruoy  to  1829,  inelusive;    A,  U. 

Denitl,  uonstalilo. 
]ii2i|,— .[".ii'ph  C.  Urown,  surveyor  to  1831,  Inolusivo;  Jacob 
Clipper,  cunslablu;  Charles    Duinont,   coii.itable ;  Tlioiuas 
C(>liin,   John   S.   Sutton.  Jabei   Warner,    street   CDUimis- 
giiiiiers;  Patrick  Walsh,  assessor. 
Ij3(),— Theodore  h.  Mctiill,  treasurer  to  1831  j  Hoverley  Allen, 
nttorney  to  I8;||  ;  Alpha  0.  Ablmy,  constable  to  1832,  in- 
olufive;  Iiouis  A.  Uonoist,  a88e.ssor  to  183.1,  inulusive. 
1S3I.— A.  K.  Hough,  ouditor  to  1832;  .lames  J.  Wilkinson,  in- 

«|)Pclor  of  beef,  pork,  and  8»ur,  to  1840, 
]«32,— Herman  L.  IlofTnian,  treasurer  to  1838,  inelusive ;  John 
NoHiimn,  attorney  to  1833;    Ri'ne  Paul,  surveyor  to  l.'*38, 
inclu.iive  ;  Abraham  Fo.\,  superintendent  of  water-works  to 
1S34;  Cornelius  Campbell,  health  officer  to  1837,  inclusive. 
I$33.— Jos.  C.  Lavcille,  acting  mayor;  Uicbard  B.  Dallam,  au- 
ditor to  1835,  etc.;  Thomas  .T,  Junes,  constable;  Daniel 
Busby,  constable. 
1S34.— Arlliiir  Ti.  Magenis,  attorney ;  James  S.  Mayfleld,  attor- 
ney; Jiihu  Cowie,  weigher  of  hay  and  eoal;  James  Martin, 

i.»l!ible;    .\ugustino  Kennerly,  collector  to  1842,  inolu- 

live;  Joseph  V.  Gamier,  assessor. 
IS25.— Charles  D.  Drake,  attorney  ;  .Munzo  W.  Mnnniug,  attor- 
ney ;  John  M.  Wimer,  superintondeut  of  the  waterworks 
to  18:111;  .Tohn  Cowie,  weigher  of  hay  and  coal  at  Centre 
sonlcs  to  1842;   Hugh  O'Neil,  weigher  of  hay  and  coal  at 
North  scales;    James  Uordon,  constable;    .lohn  MeCaus- 
lanJ,  Assessor. 
|!jr).— A.  W.  .Manning,  attorney  to  1838  ;  11.  B.  Dallam,  auditor 
anii  clerk  of  the  market  to  1.'<30 ;  .lohn  McEvoy,  weigher  of 
hay  unil  coal  nt  North  scales;  George  W,  lluckor,  consta- 
Me;  John  II.  Gay,  asses.sor, 
l<3".— Tnisten  Polk,  attorney;  John  Calvert,  superintendent 
water-works;  .lohn  T,cach,  weigher  of  hay  and  coal.  North 
Males;  Jacob  Cooper,  constable ;   Uobert  N.   Moore,  John 
I'itcher,  street  eomniifsionors;  John  D.  Daggett,  assessor. 
l^uS.— Williiiin  Burd,  superintendent  of  water-works;    Peter 
Rronke,  superintendent  of  water-works  to  1845 ;  C.  J.  Car- 
|.enter,  health  officer  to  183i.>,  inclusive;  John  Blackniore, 
weigher  >.i{  hay  and  coal  at  North  scales:  John  Atkinson, 
cun.-lablc;  John  D.  Daggett,  street  commissioner;  .Tames  I. 
Reily,  street  commissioner;  Solomon  P.  Kctchum,  assessor. 
l"3|i.— Uobert  iiiuipson,  comptroller  to  1840;  William  Rensliaw, 
treasurer  to   ISII;    t.'harles   D.   Drake,  attorney;    Henry 
Kayscr,  engineer  to  1845;  Alexander  Ka.vser,  street  com- 
missioner; AV.  W.  Kitzmiller,  harbor-  and  lumber-master; 
Elliot  Lee,  marshal  to  1S41 ;  John  Loach,  weigher  of  hay 
and  coal.  North  scales ;  John  McCausland,  assessor  to  1 842 ; 
R.  B.  Diilhun,  auditor. 
[  l!l<i,— Logan  Ilunlon,  attorney ;  Wilson  Primm,  attorney  to 
1S41:  John  H.  Ferguson,  harbor-  and  lumber-master  to 
lts41;  J.  B.  McDowell,  health  officer  tn  1841;  John  Paca, 
street  inspector;  Elijah  Grant,  olerk  of  the  market:  B.  S. 
Uollingsworth,  clerk  of  the  market. 

I.— Williaui  F.  Chase,  attorney;  M.  Lewis  Clork,  engineer; 
Jolin  II.  Ferguson,  harbor-master;  .T.  J.  Wilkinson,  inspec- 
tor of  Hour;  William  K.  Rule,  inspector  of  beef  and  pork  ; 


M'ti 


.lohn  II.  Carl,  inspector  of  li(|uorH;  A.  F.  Parmlec,  inspec- 
tor of  weights  and  measures;  Archibald  Carr,  recorder  to 
1842;  John  L.  dray,  captain  city  guard;  lleorge  11.  Brua, 
captain  city  guard  ;  Siiiiiiicl  Diiniels,  superintendent  of  ;!/;■ 
workhouse;  Henry  (J.  Lynch,  street  inspector.  First  Ward; 
P.  K.  Bonis,  Jiimes  Miirtin,  Second  Ward;  John  Paca, 
William  II.  Pococke,  Third  Ward;  John  Shade,  Fourth 
Ward;  John  Mcllvain,  Filth  Ward;  Jolin  Lee,  weigher  of 
buy  and  coiil,  North  scales. 

1842. — Samuel  Willi,  tren.surer;  Thomas  II.  Hudson,  counselor; 
Jiimes  Dougherty,  attorney  ;  James  S.  Lane,  harbor-mas- 
ter; Peter  Tiernan,  iMmber-miister ;  Jacob  Foickart,  in- 
spector of  Hour;  Jiimes  L.  Thorp,  inspector  of  beef  and 
pork;  James  V.  Pialher,  health  ollicor ;  John  Atkinson, 
marshal;  John  F.  Long,  captain  city  guard;  John  Shade, 
superintendent  of  workliinise;  Joseph  .M.  Magehan,  street 
inspector,  First  District ;  William  H.  Pocoke,  street  in- 
spector, Second  District ;  T.  M.  Darlington,  street  inspector. 
Third  District;  Peter  Stoffio,  clerk  of  the  market;  John 
Seflon,  weigher  of  hay  and  coal.  Market  Street  scales; 
James  McKenna,  weigher  of  hoy  and  coal,  .Vortli  scales. 

1843. — John  M.  Parker,  register  to  1846;  John  Boll,  treasurer 
to  1845;  Trusten  Polk,  counselor ;  John  M.  I'iagcr,  attor- 
ney ;  Joseph  H.Conn,  harbor-master;  John  11.  Scott,  lum- 
bor-nmstcr;  Knoch  Scott,  inspector  of  weights  and  meas- 
ures; John  S.  Moure,  health  officer;  M.  Lewis  t'lark, 
recorder  to  |S4|;  Stephen  0.  Culemau,  marshal;  James 
McDonough,  captain  city  guard;  D.  H.  Donavan,  street 
inspector.  First  District;  W.  II.  Piieooke,  street  inspector. 
Second  District;  Sylvester  V.  Papin,  clerk  of  recorder's 
court;  J.  D.  G.  Mauny,  city  weigher;  Frederick  J.  Lynch, 
assessor.  First  Ward;  James  Caldwell,  assessor.  Second 
Ward;  Stuart  Matthews,  a.ssc8sor,  Third  Ward;  Thomas 
H.  West,  assessor.  Fourth  Ward  ;  Udward  Dobyns,  assessor. 
Fifth  Ward;  Brannock  Jones,  collector.  First  Ward;  Fer- 
dinand Provencheie,  collector,  First  Ward;  Henry  Alm- 
steiK,  collector,  .Second  Ward  ;  John  R.  Dicks,  collector. 
Third  Ward;  Chauvin  V.  Lo  Beau,  collector.  Fourth 
Ward;  Ferdinand  Spencer,  collector.  Fifth  Ward;  Henry 
McKee,  collector,  Si.xth  Ward  ;  Peter  Slofflo,  clerk  of  the 
market;  Daniel  Lloyd,  weigher  of  bay  and  coal  at  Front 
Street  scales;  John  C.  Vogol,  weigher  of  hay  and  coal  at 
North  scales;  Charles  Kick,  sexton  of  cemetery  ;  Charles 
D.  Drake,  counselor  to  1845;  James  Daughorty,  attorney  ; 
Will.  W.  Greene,  hiirbor-inoslcr;  Henry  Spenee,  lumber- 
master  to  18(5;  Aloysius  Z.  Hilbert,  inspector  of  (lour,  to 
1845;  Wm.  Risley,  inspector  of  butter,  lard,  and  tallow,  to 
1845;  J.  N.  McDowell,  heiilth  officer;  M.  M.  Fallen,  health 
officer;  Charles  D.  Pridily,  marshal;  James  McDonough, 
ceptain  of  the  city  guard,  to  1815. 

1844.— Luther  M.  Shreve.  attorney  to  1845;  Gideon  Wood,  in- 
spector of  beef  and  Jiork  ;  Baltxcr  G.  Goll,  inspector  of 
butter,  lard,  and  tallow;  John  S.  Moore,  heiiltli  officer; 
Solomon  P.  Ketchuin,  recorder:  James  S.  Dougherty,  mar- 
shal. 

1846. — Win,  GIn.sgow,  Sr.,  treasurer;  Samuel  Knox,  coun.sclor ; 
Charles  C.  Carroll,  attorney;  Clement  W.  Coole,  engineer; 
Sullivan  Blood,  harbor-master;  Daniel  F.  Wright,  lumbor- 
mnstcr;  Kli  Anderson,  wood-master ;  David  Grant,  wood- 
master;  Joseph  Morrow,  inspector  of  flour;  Wm.  S. 
Stewart,  inspector  of  liquors;  Samuel  Tilford,  inspector  of 
butter,  lard,  and  tallow;  Joseph  Foster,  superintendent  of 
water-works;  M.  M.  Palloii,  health  officer;  Joseph  W. 
Hall,  health  officer;  Joseph  T.  Sutton  ,  marshal ;  Abram 
.\llon,  captain  city  guard  ;  Richard  Condon,  superinten- 
dent of  workhouse. 


IN 


720 


IIISTOllV   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


roUKKIN   CONSULS  AT  ST.  LOUIS,  IHSJ. 
Ilili/iiim,--  II.  Mni-kirilz. 
liriiiil, — AH'iiiizo  Do  Ki^iiciri'iln,  virrciinaiil. 
f'niiiri . —  lOmil  KiirHt,  cinniiliir  ii^i'm. 
(/rniiiini/. — lloriiiitn  (li'riii'li.     <l,  ^Uiicbol,  acting  uoniul. 
lutltj, —  huiiicnico  (liiioi'cliiii. 
.Vf.iM.).— Jolin  K.  Ciiliill. 
Xrlherliiiiiln.—  U.  B.  Ilaiigciiui. 
Sjtiilii. —  Idiliort  II.  Ilotti,  ri.M-  cmifiil. 
Sii'ftleii  and  Xuricni/,  —Osonr  Aiitlrt'cn,  LMJii^'iiliir  iigi'rit. 
Siritttrhiiiil, — Ohiirliw  P.  Miitlicv. 


CHAl'TKIl   XIX.  j 

MUNICri'AI-    DEl'ARTMKNTS. 

City  Hall. — The  first  inovenient  after  the  incor- 
poration of  St.  Louis  IIS  a  city  for  tiic  crcftion  of  a 
town  hall  was  made  in  1827,  in  wliicli  year  tiio  Imard 
of  aldermen  pus.sed  an  ordiiuince  providing  a  loan  of 
thirteen  thousand  dollars  for  tliu  erection  of  a  market- 
house  and  town  hall  on  tiie  old  Place  H' Amies,  be- 
tween Market  and  Walnut  Streets.  On  tlie  19th  of 
June,  1841,  an  ordinance  was  approved  by  the  mayor 
appropriating  three  thousand  dollars  to  improve  and 
repair  the  town  hall,  and  instructing  the  city  engineer 
to  draft  a  plan  for  erecting  an  additional  story  upon 
the  town  hall  "  suitably  arranged  for  the  accommoda- 
tion of  the  two  branches  of  the  Council,  and  also  for 
the  alteration  and  arrangement  of  the  rooms  at  present 
occupied  by  the  Council  and  city  officers,  so  as  to  ac- 
commodate the  mayor,  auditor,  com))troller,  register, 
engineer,  .superintendent  of  the  water- works,  and  street 
commissioner."  In  184!)  a  project  for  the  building 
of  a  new  town  hall  was  set  on  toot,  and  the  following 
act  was  pa.ssed  by  the  General  Assembly  (approved 
iMarch  5,  1849),  authorizing  the  city  of  St.  Loui.s  to 

erect  a  city  hall :  | 

1 

'*  Be  it  emu'Uil  fttf  Ihf   (ri-.ntrtt/  Atieinhfy  uf  the  Stntv.  *>/  MU- 
ttntn' : 

"  I.  The  Cilv  Cdiineil  uf  tlio  City  of  St.  '.itniis  is  lioruby  iiu- 
tliori/.o<l  tu  I'roc^t  u  l>iiililing  .'^iiitalilu  lor  a  city  iiiill  ami  oDictea 
for  tlic  uso  of  tlieoity  (jiivernment  of  aiiid  city,  luiil  for  a  coii- 
vonioiit  niarltet  house,  wliicli  buililiii^  sliall  bo  erected  on  the 
square  of  land  belonging  to  .■'aid  city  ><ituate  cast  of  Main  Street 
and  between  Market  and  AValnut  Sirects. 

"2.  For  the  |inr|ic>se  of  erecting  such  building  and  defraying 
the  cost  thereof,  the  xaid  City  Council  is  hereby  »uthori'/.e<l  to 
burrow  a  sum  of  money  not  exceeding  seventy-live  thousand 
dollars,  and  Lisue  the  bonds  of  the  city  therefor;  and  the  rents 
and  revenue  derived  from  such  building  and  market-house, 
after  deducting  the  e\|ien.'<eB  of  collecting  the  same,  shall  beet 
ajiart  and  e.vcluaively  appropriated  for  the  payment  of  the  in-  I 
tcrost  and  principal  of  the  money  borrowed  for  the  purpose 
aforesaid. 

"  This  act  shall  take  effect  from  its  passage. " 

Referring  to  the  proposed  erection  of  the  city  hall, 
the  Republican,  in  its  issue  of  March  29,  1849,  said, 


•'  A  foolisii  effort  is  making  to  array  some  feelinir  ■.^\,„^^^ 
the  enaction  of  a  new  market-house,  stores,  town  Imll 
and  offices  for  the  city  officers  on  the  si|uaro  in  ii|,ic,l 
by  the  old  market  and  town  hall.'     On  the  Jiii||  ,)f 
March,    1851,  tli<<  mayor  and  a  coniniitlcc  df  tlu> 
Council  solicited  proposal!^  for  the  donation  di-  ^-.df,  ,,|' 
a  sipiare  of  ground  for  a  city  hall  and  other  iniiiiiciii;)! 
offices.     Propositions    were    re(|uested    for   liruiicriv 
within  the  limits  of  Poplar  Street  on  (he  south,  Tiiir 
teenth  Street  on  the  west,  and  Fifth  Street  on  ih,. 
cast.     Among  the  propositions  submitted  wa.s  (nic  |;,|' 
the  sale  of  a  block  in  "  Lucas'  common  oppo^lti'  Veal, 
man's  row."     This  proposition  was  referiwl  td  a  com. 
mittee  of  the  City  (\iuneil,  which  reported  in  I'avornf 
the  purchase,  and  offered  a  bill  authorizing  iIh'  mayor 
to  issue  bonds  to  the  amount  of  sixty-eiglii  iliiiii.suinl 
dollars,  the  proceeds  to  bo  applied  to  the  piiruliusc  of 
the  property.     The  bonds  were  to  bear  .»ix  pcreciii. 
interest,  and  were  made  payable  in  New  York  iwcniv 
five  years  after  date.     The  grounds  wen;  de.'^uribcd  as 
being  ample,  extending  three  hundred  feet  on  Olive 
Street  and  two  hundred  and  ninety  feet  on  Elivcinh 
Street.     The  proposition,  liowevor,  failed  lu  juiss  ilii> 
City  Council.     "  It  will  bo  learned  with  rfiirct,"  m\ 
the   lirpiihUiaii  of  Feb.  17,  1858,  "that  marly  ail 
prospects  for  the  purchase  of  a  lot  on  wliicli  to  i  rwt 
the  new  town  liall  have  been  abandoned  for  iii  le:i.<i 
the   present    session    of  the    City    Council.    A  IjIH 
drafted  with  a  view  to  the  propcsed  editicc,  and  allow- 
ing Mr.  James  II.  Lucas  sixty-eight  thou.saiiil  dollars 
for  the  greater  portion   of  the  square  iKJiindi'd  liv 
Eleventh,  Twelfth,  Olive,   and   Locust    .Stnct.'i.  Iia> 
been  under  consideration  of  the  Council  fur  the  \m 
month  or  more,  but  was  definitely  killed  iit  liio  sittin; 
of  Tuesday." 

On  the  14th  of  October  the  same  paper  added  — 

"  We  understand  that  .1.  II.  Iiuoa.",  Ks(|.,  of  this  iii\,  lius|.ni 
poscil  lo  the  mayor  to  sell  to  the  city  a  block  of  hhjumiI  Iiciuith 
Thirteenth  and  Fourteenth  Streets,  and  Olive  ."ilrci't  anil  l.iiih 
IMace.  The  block  is  numbered  .'>M,  and  ha?<  a  frciil  ol'tffiihun- 
drcd  nnrl  eighty-one  feet  on  Thirteenth  Street  aii<!  tlireehiiiiiln^l 
and  tliirt\-.«i.\  on  Olive. 

"Those  who  are   familiar  with  the  locality  kiion  llial  i"o  ; 
splendid  buildings  occn|iy  a  part  of  this  block,  for  wliiih  .Mr. 
Lucas  has  arranged,  in  case  the  City  Council  slomlil  aoci'|>t  ilie  j 
>frer.     The  price  asked  for  the  entire  block  is  ii;;lil  llioii-anJ 
seven  hundred  and  fifty  dollars.     I'pon  this  grouiul  it  l!.-ti|>ii-  j 
lated  that  the  city  hall  shall  be  erected,  the  only  I'oudilion  biiii;  I 
that  a  calaboose  ahull  not  he  huilt  upon  it.     If  lliis  |iro|«lioa| 
is  accepted,  then  Mr.  Lucas  proposes  to  donate  to  Ihocilybli'ik  j 
No.  82a,  immediately  north  of  the  above  bl<jck.  In  be  duiiatfl  j 
and  improvcil  as  a  public  8<iuaro.     This  hlnok  is  one  huiilriil  j 
and  tlfty-five  feet  front  on  Thirteenth  by  lliice  huiKlroJanJ  j 
thirty-live  on  Lucas  I'lace.     11  is  valued  at  lhirt.v-!i.xlliou!amll 
dollars.     The  entire  space  which  would  he  Icfl  for  puljlii' u^c  ill 
six  acres,  and  the  cost  to  the  oily  only  about  forty-seven  thoii-j 
sand  dollars," 


MUNICIPAL  PKFARTMKNTS. 


Hrrny  wxi'c  ••'•'liii-  ■''"'in 
l\ouw,  storcH,  tiiwii  hull, 
1  on  tlio  wiiiaro  (niiiiiioJ 
Imll."     On  t\i.'  •Jiiil,  of 
nil   It   uoinniitti'c  i.f  tlu' 
ir  tlio  ihiniituin  or  siilo  of 
liiill  iind  oilier  niniiiciimi 
nMlui'sted    for    iiMiierU 
kreet  on  llie  Moiiiii,  Thir- 
mill  Fifth  Slri'fi  mi  tlir 
)iis  submitted  was  oih-  fur 
la'  common  oiii»i;-llr  Vent- 
ion  Wrtx  referred  to  ii  com- 
which  rojiortcd  in  fiivor  of 
bill  authorizing'  iln'  iir.ijur 
it  of  sixty-ei^hi  tlnnisun.l 
applied  to  the  i)uicliii!<i.'  of 
were  to  beiiv  >ix  per  ivnt 
able  in  New  Voik  twiMiiy 
jjrounds  were  descrilicd  us 
iree  hundred  IVt't  mi  Oliw 
lid  ninety  feet  on  KloVtuili 
however,  failed  tu  jniss  tW 

0  learned  with  re-rot,"  sii4 
17,  IS.');!,  "that  iioiiily  iill 

1  of  a  lot  on  wiruh  lo  irwi 
^een  abandoned  f,ir  iit  kiM 

ho    City    Council.     A  bill 

proposed  editiee,  iiiul  allow- 

xty-ei};ht  tliousuiol  tioHars 

of  the  square  boiuoloil  I'V 
and  lioeust  Str.'i'ts,  ii;i> 
,f  the  Council  for  the  fiKt 
■finitely  killed  at  the  sittin? 

sr  the  same  paper  adilcd- 

i,uctt^Ksll.,ot•t!uJ.■it.v,lln*r'• 
he  rity  .1  block  of  K'"""''  '"•''""" 
b-Oi-ti.,  an.1  Olive  Street ,. ml  Lu* 

ir.U.anahusiifr""'"!'""'""'- 
rteenth  Street  .u..!  three  hnnJrel 

,i,l.  tho  loeality  knuw  tl.»t  t»« 

,„rt  of  ll.U  bl.K-k,  Inr  Mk^  M'- 

City  Council  ^lo.oM  i'«''l''  "" 

he  entire  block --..'i.^l'l  "«•»»'' 

,      Upon  this  K'"""''"''^"l" 
erected,  the  onl>e""ailionl«'"» 

,uiit  upon  it.  If  ii'i-  p"i*;";° 

•„,,o8esto.lon,itet"thec,t)W"n 
lue  above  bl„ek.t«  be  a,«.e 
,„„.     This  block  i«  one  hunlrrf 
■hirteenth  by  three  humlr,..l...l 

,,i„v.il..e.Utthirtv-.i.'<tl.o«»4 

ie,.  would  he  left  tW,,"Wi'«i 
city  only  "bout  for.J-soventh.».r 


III  Ills  inomapo  to  tho  City  Council  during  the  sauio 
veiir  I  IH5:t)  Mayor  llow  Rtron^ly  tir^ud  the  inipor- 
laiicf  oleructin);  ik  niunicipHJ  hull,  parlicuhtrly  on  the 
;;riiuiiil  that  the  archivcH  of  tlio  city  were  unprotected 
from  tire,  and  "  almost,  I  may  say,''  ho  added,  "  from 
thieve.-^-"  lie  further  reeommendcd,  if  the  (!ity  (,'oun- 
cil  wie*  unwilling  to  purchase  hiiid  especially  for  the 
purpose,  that  tho  necessary  building  bo  erected  on 
prtiperiv  belonnini;  to  tho  city  called  Washinj;toii 
Stiuiirt'.  None  of  the  various  propositions  submitted 
i,r  suL'f-'csted  to  the  Council  were  carried  into  ell'ect, 
311(1  in  IStit,  during;  tho  administration  of  Mayor  D. 
G.Taylor,  it  was  found  necessary  to  lease  a  portion  of 
(lie  iii'W  county  court-house  for  municipal  purposes. 
Ill  iinnotinein^  the  consummation  of  this  arrangement 
III  his  annual  mcssa<;e  to  the  City  Council  on  the  14th 
of  October,  1801,  Mayor  Taylor  said, — 

''It  i-'  'oi  itddilinniil  Kniircc  of  pleuMiro  tu  lie  utile  tu  infurm 
laiir  hoiioriihli'  body  that  wo  hiive  at  lust  tililained  a  f  uitablo 
ciiv  hall.  Ily  the  liberality  of  the  liunonible  board  of  county 
.iiiimi^'i'iuix'r!!  and  under  authority  uf  your  nrilinanee  Nu. 
t>71,  I  Ittive  lca!*od  fur  that  porpu.-'e  the  just  completed  north 
iini{  of  till'  county  "r'-huusu  for  the  term  of  ten  years,  at 
Iheiilui'i^t  nominal  i  '  al  of  ono  thoiisaiul  dullars  per  unnioii. 
liiiifunls  iiinplo  nceoDimodatiiiii  for  every  department  of  the 
luuiiiiipiil  Kuvcrnment  except  tho  lleallli  Department,  which, 
kjtiic  tonus  iifthu  eiihtract  with  the  iciunty,  is  tu  bo  clsewlicrc 
Witeil.  .  .  .  The  liall  set  apart  fur  the  t'uiincil  ehamber  has 
iiefn  titfil  up  and  furnished  under  the  ilirei'tiuii  uf  a  cummitteo 
ili|»'inteil  liy  yuur  body,  and  I  believe  is  now  ready  fur  uecu- 
|iiliiiii.  The  remainder  of  the  buildiii|{  is  imw  beiii);  subdivi- 
W  under  ilireetiun  uf  the  city  en;{iiM'er,  and  I  aiu  informed 
will  W  reii'ly  fur  uciuipatiun  abuiit  the  first  uf  tlie  euniin^ 
ai.ttitli.  Tlios  1)119  a  ehauj^e  uf  Ki-etit  importance  been  elVected. 
Thi' arcliin's  "f  the  city,  its  reeiirds,  title-deeds,  and  other  iiii- 
p'jttaiil  ilm'iiiiieiitii,  which  for  many  years  jiast  have  been  subject 
I'leray  aO'l  ilestrue  ion,  will  fur  tho  future  be  perfectly  secure 
in » liorfecl ly  lire  proof  building." 

The  offices  thus  .secured,  and  which  were  occupied 
late  in  December,  1861,  comprised  four  floors  of  the 
oiiurt  hiiiisc,  including  the  basement.  The  latter  was 
«cii|iiL'd  by  the  register  of  water  rates  and  superin- 
tendent (if  water-works ;  tho  second  floor  by  the 
mayor,  eoiiiptroller,  register,  auditor,  and  treasurer ; 
tile  third  flour  by  the  City  Council  and  the  city  engi- 
neer; and  the  fourth  floor  by  the  board  of  assessors, 
superintendent  of  sewers,  and  sorgeant-at-arms.  All 
ibf  offices  were  conveniently  and  ta.stcfully  fitted  up. 
and  the  more  important  were  supplied  with  new  furni- 
ture. The  office  of  the  board  of  health  was  shortly 
iftereards  removed  to  No.  17  Chestnut  Street,  almost 
iumiediately  opposite  to  where  it  had  been  located. 

In  the  early  part  of  the  year  1808  the  subject  of 

erectini:  a  city  hall  was  revived,  and  the  City  Council 

»ed  an  ordinance,  which  was  submitted  to  the  ap- 

I  proval  of  tlie  voters  of  St.  Louis,  for  the  erection  of 


tho  proposed  bnildin'.:  on  Wasliingtim  Si|uarc,  Mar- 
ket Street,  between  Twelflli  and  Thirteenth  Strcet*i. 
The  terms  of  llie  ordinance  did  not  provide  for  tho 
immediate  eriTtion  of  a  city  hall,  but  merely  for  the 
prepariition  of  the  '.'round.  In  October,  1H72,  was 
commenced  the  erect  inn  nf  the  present  city  hall  on 
Kleventh  otrect,  extending  from  Market  to(Mies(nut. 
In  his  niessiigc  to  the  (!ity  Council,  November  1 1th 
of  that  year,  Mayor  Jo.scph  Brown  slated  that  work 
on  the  new  building  intended  for  a  temporary  city 
hall  was  progressing  satisfactorily,  and  would  bo  com- 
pleted within  a  few  months.  "  In  its  original  design," 
he  lidded, '' the  building  was  only  intended  for  the 
temporary  accommodation  of  the  city  departments, 
but  it  now  promisi!s  to  answer  all  the  purposes  re- 
quired for  a  number  of  years  to  come,  and  at  a  cost 
quite  insignificant  compared  with  (he  accommodations 


TIIK   CITY    HAI.l,. 

provided.  It  is  to  be  regretted  that  the  present  finan- 
cial condition  of  the  city  does  not  seem  to  warrant 
the  outlay  necessary  for  a  city  hall  commensurato 
with  our  cxi.sting  needs  and  future  growth  ;  but  I  am 
glad  to  .say  that  in  the  building  now  in  course  of  con- 
struction we  shall  have  all  that  public  convenience 
will  re(|iiire,  and  we  will  be  eimbled  ttt  group  the  dif- 
ferent departments  in  a  manner  that  will  greatly 
facilitate  tho  transaction  ot"  business." 

Oti  the  30th  of  July,  1873,  it  was  announced  that 
the  building  was  approaching  completion.  "  It  is  not 
a  very  sightly  building  outside,"  added  the  local 
chronicler  in  his  reference  to  it,  "  and,  in  fact,  cuts 
rather  a  sorry  figure  in  this  day  of  ornate  fronts  and 
Mansard  roofs,  but  when  it  is  considered  that  it  was 
built  merely  for  temporary  purposes,  and  that  it  ad- 
mirably serves  its  purpose,  a  little  homeliness  can  be 
excused.  .  .  .  The  original  estimate  of  cost  wna  forty- 
eight  thousand  seven  hundred  and  fifty  dollars,  which 
was  the  contract  price,  but  it  was  afterwards  concluded 
to  put  on  a  third  story,  which  involved  an  additional 
outlay  of  thirteen   thousand  three  hundred  dollars. 


"3:1'-, 


'  1 '( I 


,1;J 


4    .till 


1  ip 


1'  '!• 


tli'v':!*  IS. 


m 


■  •' '  y'MH 


i»»^1^.^ 


•-n 


728 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


By  tlie  time  the  buildin<;  is  ready  for  occupancy  it 
will  have  cost,  about  seventy  thousand  dollars."  The 
new  building  was  occupied  for  the  (ir^t  time  by  the 
mayor,  comptroller,  auditor,  and  treasurer  on  the  22d 
of  October,  187i5,  and  they  were  subsequently  followed 
by  the  other  city  officers.  The  city  hall  is  situated 
on  city  block  No.  489,  and  has  a  frontage  on  Eleventh 
Street  of  three  hundred  and  fifteen  feet,  with  a  depth 
of  two  hundred  and  twenty-one  feet  and  six  indies 
extending;  from  Chestnut  to  Market.  It  is  three  stories 
in  hei<;ht  and  is  built  of  brick.  The  lot  and  improve- 
ments are  cstiniatcd  to  be  worth  about  one  hundred 
and  fifty-three  thousand  two  hundred  dollars.  As 
already  indicated,  the  building  is  regarded  as  merely 
temporary,  and  must  sooner  or  later  be  replaced  by  a 
more  commodious  and  expensive  structure.  In  his 
message  to  the  City  Council  in  May,  1880,  Mayor 
Overstolz  declared  that  the  time  had  arrived  when  the 
municipal  government  should  seriously  consider  tlie 
enterprise  of  erecting  u  new  city  hall.  "  The  building 
now  occupied  by  the  municipal  departments,"  he  added, 
"  was  not  intended  to  bo  permanent,  and  was  not  built 
in  a  substantial  manner,  and  does  not  afford  the  neces- 
sary accommodations.  It  has  stood  the  test  of  use 
and  time  very  indifferently,  and  for  several  years  past 
it  has  cost  a  considerable  amount  annually  for  repairs, 
and  it?  condition  to-day  is  certainly  not  favorable  for 
the  safety  of  the  valuable  archives,  records,  and  other 
property  stored  therein.  In  character  and  size  it  is 
inadequate  to  the  wants  of  the  government,  and  its 
appearance  is  di.seroditalile  to  a  city  of  the  reputation, 
wealth,  and  influence  of  St.  Louis."  In  order  to  se- 
cure the  needed  aceonimodntions  the  mayor  .sug- 
gested '•  'lie  extension  of  the  wings  of  the  present 
court-bouse  as  the  best  method  to  adopt."  The 
mayor's  recommendations,  however,  were  not  carried 
into  effect,  and  the  old  structure  is  still  used  as  the 
city  hall. 

Court-House. — The  first  building  erected  in  St. 
Louis  for  the  purposes  of  a  court-house  was  located 
on  tlie  west  side  of  Third  Street,  between  Spruce  and 
Almond,  and  was  constructed  about  1817.  It  was  a 
small  one-story  frame  structure,  fronting  on  Third 
Street,  and  the  site  was  afterwards  occupied  by  the 
ho.spital  of  the  Sisters  of  Charity.  In  1820  the  courts 
were  removed  to  a  frame  building  which  had  been 
used  as  a  boarding-house,  adjoining  a  log  cabin  on  the 
west  side  of  Second  Street,  and  were  subsequently 
transferred  to  a  building  on  the  southwest  corner  of 
Third  and  Market  Streets.  The  erection  of  a  Baptist 
Church  on  this  site  had  been  eominenced,  but  the  un- 
finished structure  had  been  torn  down  and  the  court- 
house built  in  its  place.     The  building  was  used  as  a 


court-house  until  1827,  when  the  records  ami  jiapcrs 
were  transferred  to  the  new  court-house,  and  ilie  ulj 
building  was  transformed  into  the  National  Ilniol,  the 
proprietors  of  which  were  Stickney  &  KnlLilii.  i,, 
December,  1822,  the  Legislature  passed  an  nut  pro- 
viding for  the  erection  of  a  court-liou.se  and  jail. 
The  text  of  the  section  providing  for  the  buililing  of 
the  court-house  is  as  follows  : 

'*  An  Act  co»cfntt»(f  a  coitrt-fioitif  «»(/  jail  hi  the  vinnil/i  „f  ,s'f 
LnHin,  itpprovnd  Dec.  14,  1822. 
"SkctiOX  1.  He  it  tiiacted  hij  the  (leneriil  Aanfmlilij  ttf  ih, 
Sidli:  of  Mimmiiri,  That  Tlioiiiivs  Sappington,  of  (Jravois,  Lu,]. 
well  Bivcon,  of  Hcmhommo,  Robert  Qimrlos,  of  .St.  FcidinanJ 
and  Pierre  Chouteau,  Jr.,  nnd  William  Carr  Ijanr,  cjf  the  luitn 
of  St.  Louis,  bo  and  they  are  hereby  appointed  conimisaionerj, 
for  nnd  in  lichalf  of  the  county  of  .St.  Louis,  to  acloct  ii  iirontr 
site  within  the  town  of  St.  Louis  whoroon  to  erect  a  court- 
house for  said  county  ;  anct  the  said  coinniisHioners  arc  hert-bv 
empowered  to  receive  proposals  from  all  )iiirsiins  whci  ninv  bo 
willinf^  to  make  donation  of  land  to  the  said  coiintv  fur  the 
purpcsi'  aforesaid,  and  to  accept  and  receive  sudi  |iin|i(ijci|  d,,. 
nation  as  to  tboin  shall  ."ccm  most  beneficial  to  the  (■(luiilv;  iimi 
they  arc,  luoroover,  autliori/.ed  and  empowered  to  ciiiisca  ilopj 
of  conveyance  to  be  executed  whereby  the  land  so  iifTrrcii  -hal! 
be  conveyed  to  the  justices  of  the  county  court,  an-i  tlicir^ur- 
oossors  in  office  forever,  in  tru.st  for  the  use  of  saiil  cmtnlv,  lu 
be  applied  to  the  purposes  aforesaid." 

In  accordance  with  the  provisions  of  this  net,  ilic 
commissioners  proceeded  to  select  a  site,  ami  tlioir 
action  is  set  forth  in  the  following  docunicnt,  wiiitli 
was  Sled  among  the  records  of  the  county  (ilTu'c; 

"We,  the  undersigned,  commissioners  nppoiuieil  In  nii  ad 
of  the  (ieneral  Assembly  of  the  State  of  Missouri  cnlilUil  An 
Act  coiicerninj;  a  oourt-houso  and  jail  in  tlie  cotitity  of  :^t. 
Louis,  a|iprovcd  the  1  Ith  day  of  December,  1822,'  have  this  Jay 
selected  as  a  proper  site  whereupon  to  erect  a  court  liciusc  fur 
the  county  of  St.  F.ouis  a  square  of  grounil  offeri'd  liy  Jobn 
]i.  C  Lucas  anil  Aui;uste  Chouteau,  Ksipiircs,  silualu<l  on  the 
hill  in  thot  \m\i  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis  laid  mil  liy  tho  said 
Lucas  and  Chouteau,  bounded  on  the  east  by  Fourth  ."<trcfl,  on 
the  south  by  Donlioinuie  .street,  t)oing  tlio  cross  street  that 
comes  up  from  the  market-house,  on  the  west  by  Kil'lli  Slreel, 
onil  on  the  north  by  a  cross  street ;  and  the  said  coiiiMiijsiiiner! 
as  by  tho  said  act  authorized,  do  by  these  presents  iii-ccpt  m\ 
receive  the  said  8(|uare  of  ground  of  said  John  II.  l.iion.'!  anl 
Augusto  Chouteau,  Ksquires,  tho  donors,  as  the  site  vthcrcon 
the  court-house  of  tho  county  of  St.  Louis  shall  be  built.  Tlic 
said  Lucasand  Chouteau  are  requested  to  execute  a  ilccd  lorsaiJ 
square,  w  is  required  by  the  act  above  referrcl  to.  lliven 
under  our  hands  at  St.  Louis,  this  25th  day  of  AuKOSt,  1S2;I. 

"TllO.M\S   S.tl'i'lSllTO.V. 
"  Wtl.l.   C.VIlil    I.ASE. 
"  I'.   Cllol  Ti:.4l',  .III." 

The  deed  referred  to  was  executed  by  .\upiste 
Chouteau,  Theresa  Cerre  Chouteau,  and  .Inhii  It.  C 
Lucas,  and  is  dated  in  September,  182."^. 

Btifore  its  selection  for  the  court-house  I  he  irrouiid  j 
had  been  the  site  of  a  whipping-post,  wliicli  liaJ  been 
established  there  at  an  early  period.    TIjc  first  step  | 


MUNICIPAL  DEPARTMENTS. 


729 


!n  the  rocords  an<l  iiapers 
r  court-liouse,  and  tlie  old 
;o  the  National  Ilnlel,  the 
Stickney  &  Kni^lit.  Ii, 
Uiture  passed  an  m-I  (iro- 
;■  a  court-house  iiml  jail. 
)viding  for  the  biiililiiig  of 
'8 : 

,iHc  ami  jail  '"  ''"•  ''"""';/  "/  ■*'• 
322. 

,j  the  Oencnil  ^l»»fni'''i/  "/  I'l' 
8  SapiiiiiSton,  of  (JniviMs,  Wl- 
ibert  QimrloK,  "f  St.  VonliiianJ, 
Willinm  Cttrr  I.ano,  (if  llictiwn 
lerehy  njniointod  coiniiiissiiincr<, 
f  of  St.  lioiiis,  to  sclent  u  pnipCT 
louia   wlioroon   to  erci't  ii  courl- 

0  siiiil  commisBioncis  -mv  licnbv 
Is  from  nil  V'"'"""  "'"'  ""'>'»' 
hinil  to  tho  siiiil  fomilv  lor  the 
j)l  an<l  receive  sueh  |.i"l«ise.l  iW 
i,„9t  lu-ncficiftl  to  the  i-ciuiity ;  m\ 
il  ivnil  empowercil  to  o;iu,«o  a  ilw.l 
whereby  tho  land  so  ulVoml  ,'biil! 
f  the  county  court,  and  tlioir-'w- 
uat  for  tho  use  of  said  .•"uiity,  lo 
jrosiiid." 

e  provisions  of  tlii»  iiet,  the 

1  to  select  a  site,  ;iii(l  lluir 
foUowiuo;  doeuim'iit,  which 


irds  of  the  coiiiiiy  I'ffu' 

jissionera  rt|))iointi'.l  liv  an  lut 
the  State  of  Missouri  .•nlilU'.^n 
.  and  jail  in  the  .nuiily  «\  >I. 
of  Ueeember,  182':.' hav>' tliis  J«y 
.-cuiioii  to  erect  a  court  liimso  (or 
luaro  of  ground  olTer.nl  hy  JMin 
outeau,  Ks.,uirc8,  situated  on  lb. 

of  St.  I-ouis  laid  "Ul  I'.v  '!»■  *»"! 
d  on  tlio  oast  by  Fourth  Street,  on 

treel,  being  the  cross  street  lli»t 
onse,  on  the  «osl  by  Kifd.  Street, 
treet ;  and  the  said  coinaiijsinner! 
do  by  these  iiresents  accept  m\ 
round  "of  said  John  II.  l..io«s  a«'l 
,  the  donors,  as  the  site  wl.ereon 
of  St.  Louis  shall  he  l.uill.  Vv 
.quested  to  execute  a  deed  forsiiJ 

,„  act  above  relVrr.  1  to.    <liv«» 
I,  this  25th  day  oi  .\n|!"5t.  '"'-''■ 

"TllO.M\S   SArl'lMlTON-. 
"  WiM.  C.VUIl   I.A'it- 

"  l>.  CiioiTKAr.  .in." 

wiu,  executed  by  Aup.stc  | 
I  Chouteau,  and  .lull"  !'■  ^'■ 
leptoniher,  IS-S- 
Ir  the  court-house  ih."  ground  | 
l,imnng-post,wl.i.'liWl'«»l 
learly  period.    The  firs,  step  | 


towards  the  erection  of  the  proposed  court-house  was 
made  by  the  county  court,  composed  of  Judf^es  Josepli 
V.Garnier,  Peter  Feri^tison,  and  Francis  Nash,  on  the 
9tli  of  November,  1825,  and  their  action  is  recorded 
as  follows ; 

"The  court  deeming  it  expedient  to  erect  a  court- 
house on  the  public  square  deeded  to  the  county  by 
Lucas  and  Chouteau,  do  order  that  a  court-house  be 
erected  on  said  square,  and  that  a  sum  of  seven  thou- 
sand dollars  be  appropriated  for  that  purpo.se,  to  be 
raised  rnmi  tho  tax  on  licenses,  and  the  court  appoint 
Alexander  Stuart  commissioner  to  superintend  the 
biiildinj,'  of  said  court-house." 

Subso()iicntly  the  judges  reached  the  conclusion 
iliit  seven  thou.sand  dollars  would  not  be  sufficient 
for  the  purr-r.^v;,  i>nd  at  the  next  session,  on  the  7th 
of  February,  1826,  made  the  following  order: 

•WiiKiiK AS,  the  court  at  their  last  November  t^rni,  dooming 
il  expedient  to  orcot  a  cnnrt-house  for  St.  liouis  County,  made 
ID  order  for  the  building  thereof,  and  at  the  same  time  appro- 
piialeil  a  sum  of  seven  thousand  dollars,  to  be  drawn  from  tho 
us  en  lieensos ;  and  whereas  it  appears  to  the  court  that  tho 
i  ijiiirNiiriatiun  then  made  may  he  inadequate  to  tlio  object  in- 
mleil,  it  is  therefore  ordered  that  an  additional  sum  of  live 
ihtuMind  dollars  be  appropriated,  to  arise  from  the  sarao  source, 
i  ml  the  eourt  autliori/.e  the  superintendent,  when  ho  advertises 
ifroposals  for  erecting  said  building  (should  he  think  proper 
I  I  lost)), to  state  that  there  is  now  in  the  treasury,  specie  of  tho 
i(  n>uul  appropriation,  the  sum  of  eight  thousanil  and  twenty- 
I  :ie  ilullurs,  that  the  probable  reeeipt.s  from  the  same  source 
nil  be  about  four  hundred  dollars  por  quancr,  and  liuit  the 
Uirl,  ivliun  lliey  have  not  nimiey  arising  from  the  appropri- 
iiien  ;if"r>'saiil  under  iheir  control,  or  funds  wbiidi  may  prop- 
I  tily  be  applied  in  aid  of  said  appropriation,  will,  on  certificate 
1  o(ibe.«iiperiutendcnt,  as  required  by  law,  direct  tho  issue  of 
I  Mliliealci  of  not  lo.<<s  than  one  hundred  dollars  each,  bearing 
I  in  inlercst  of  si.\  per  cent,  per  annum,  for  the  redemption  of 
I  ibkh  tbc  aforesaid  fund  ."hall  remain  pledged,  subject,  how- 
I  mr,  to  bo  rodi'cmed  at  any  'inie  tho  court  may  have  funds  to 
ll<<i). anil  which  they  may  think  proper  to  apply  to  that  pur- 
I  !"*■" 

The  superintendent,  Alexander  Stuart,  on  the  Dth 
I  (if  February,  1826,  submitted  to  the  county  court  u 
plm  of  the  building  to  be  erected,  with  llie  dimen.sions 
likereof,  and  an  estimate  of  its  probable  cost,  being 
i  sum  of  twelve  thou.sand  dollars,  which  (says  the 
Ifoiirt  record),  after  being  laaturely  examined,  was 
|ipfroved. 

There  appears  to  have  been  some  dilhctilty  about 
Ille  plans  lor  the  building,  for  at  the  next  meeting 
l»(ihe  eourt  un  May  1,  1826,  a  plan  submitted  by 
Ifars,  Morton  Si,  Laveille  was  also  approved,  and 
|l»«  llioiisand  dollars  additional  appropriated,  and  the 
iMtract  for  the  erection  of  the  building  awarded 
|l9Joso|ih  C.  Laveille  and  George  Morton  for  fourteen 
Ikouaiid  dollars  The  contract  is  dated  May  26, 1 826, 
lilm  virtually  rescinding  the  acceptance  of  Stuart's  plan. 


Mr.  Stuart  thereupon  resigned,  and  on  the  2,5th  of 
July,  1826,"  Henry  S.  Geyor  was  appointed  commis- 
sioner to  superintend  tho  building  of  the  court-house, 
vice  Alexander  Stuart,  resigned." 

Mr.  Geyer  certified  the  building  accounts  from 
time  to  time  as  the  work  progressed,  and  tho  final  set- 
tlement was  made  by  Mr.  Geyer,  superintendent,  with 
Morton  &  Laveille  on  the  10th  of  August,  1838,  tho 
building  being  then  entirely  completed,  the  cost  of 
which  was  found  to  be  ?14,41C.lt). 

The  remainder  of  the  square  was  unoccupied  ex- 
cept by  a  whipping-post  in  the  centre.  Persons  were 
sentenced  to  be  publicly  whipped,  and  the  sheriif  in 
each  case  "  was  sworn  to  lay  the  lashes  on  well  with- 
out fear  or  favor." 

From  time  to  time  between  this  date  and  June, 
1836,  various  orders  were  made  by  the  court  in  regard 
to  the  several  offices  and  rooms  in  the  old  building, 
until  it  was  found  that  the  increa.se  of  legal  business 
and  the  growing  wants  of  the  county  required  more 
room.  Accordingly,  on  June  1,  1838,  the  court  mttde 
an  order  that  proposals  be  invited  for  the  erection  of  a 
building  for  clerics'  offices  on  the  southwest  corner  of 
the  square  (corner  Fifth  and  Market  Streets),  to  be 
one  hundred  and  thirty-two  feel  long  by  thirty-six  feet 
in  width;  and  on  Sept.  7,  1838,  another  notice  was 
given  and  an  offer  of  one  hundred  dollars  for  the  best 
plan  was  made  for  a  building  on  the  public  sijuare 
either  adjoining  the  court-houso  or  adjacent  thereto, 
which  resulted  in  the  adoption  of  a  plan  submitted  by 
Henry  Singleton  on  July  8,  1839,  and  the  appoint- 
ment of  said  Singleton  as  architect  and  superintendent. 

The  first  contract  for  work  upon  the  building 
under  the  above  order  was  made  by  the  architect. 
Singleton,  with  Joseph  Foster  for  the  carpenter-work 
under  date  of  Aug.  12,  1839,  and  in  April,  1842,  a 
contract  for  the  cut-stone  work  of  the  rotunda  was 
awarded  to  II.  J.  Hall,  and  the  contract  for  plastering 
to  John  Shanr'on. 

In  order  to  raise  funds  for  the  erection  of  the 
structure  the  county  court  appointed  a  eomiuitteo  to 
procure  a  loan  of  thirty  thousand  dollars,  and  capital- 
ists in  Boston  were  applied  to,  but  the  money  was  not 
obtained  from  them  as  they  decided  that  •'  St.  Louis 
was  situated  at  too  distant  a  point  in  the  West  to  be 
a  safe  place  for  the  investment  of  so  large  a  sum.'' 
In  January,  1839,  Col.  John  O'Fallon  made  a  dona- 
tion for  the  building  of  "  a  quarry  of  excellent  limo- 
sttme  contiguous  to  the  city."  The  corner-stone  was 
hud  o!i  the  21st  of  October,  1839,  with  a  public  dem- 
onstrai'on,  including  a  parade  of  the  Masonic,  Odd- 
Fellows'  and  Hibernian  societies  and  the  St.  Louis 
Grays,  ii  the  presence  of  a  large  assemblage  of  citi- 


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730 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


zens,  Hun.  Wilson  Primni  delivering  an  able  address. 
Beneuth  the  corner-stone  was  deposited  a  scaled  glass, 
coutainini;  a  parchment  roll,  with  the  following  in- 
scription : 

"The  oorner-stono  of  tlie  -I'w  conrt-liousc  of  the  county  of 
St.  Louis,  State  of  Missouri,  being  an  nddition  to  tliat  creutnd 
A.D.  182u-2tl,  laid  on  tlio  21st  dar  of  Ootobor,  in  the  ;uar  una 
tliousand  eight  hundred  and  thirty-nine.  Martin  Vim  Uuren, 
President  of  the  United  States;  lliehard  M.  .Johnson,  Vice- 
I'resident  of  the  United  .''tntea;  Lilburn  W.  Hoggs,  Governor  of 
Missouri;  Franii  Cannon,  Licitcnant-liovernor:  Matthias  Mo- 
Girk,  president  jud;;o  of  the  Su|ironie  Court;  George  Tompkins, 
associate  of  the  same;  William  It.  Napton,  associate  judge  of 
same;  Luke  K.  Lawless,  judge  of  St.  Louis  Circuit  Court; 
John  Itylaml,  clerk  and  recorder  of  same;  .Tames  1).  Bunrlin, 
judge  of  St.  Louis  Criminal  Court;  Julius  D.  Johnson,  clerk  of 
same;  M.  P,  Leduc,  Henry  Walton,  and  Joseph  Le  Blond,  jus- 
tices of  the  county  court;  Henry  Chouteau,  clerk  of  same; 
Marshal  lirotherton,  sheriff  of  St.  Louis  County ;  John  Itrcnt, 
circuit  attorney;  Henry  Singleton,  architect;  Joseph  Foster, 
builder;  William  Carr  Lane,  mayor  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis; 
Klliot  Lee,  marshal  of  the  same. 

Specimens  of  all  the  coins  of  the  United  State.s, 
copie.s  of  ail  the  newspapers  printed  in  the  city,  and 
copies  of  the  programme  of  the  proceedings  of  the 
day,  were  also  deposited  in  the  stone. 

On  the  28th  of  October,  1842,  the  court  ordered 
that  a  room  bo  set  apart  for  the  use  of  the  St.  Louis 
Law  Library,  then  in  its  infant  days,  and  on  the  19th 
of  January,  184i5,  the  northwest  corner  room  in  the 
second  story  was  selected,  which  continued  to  be  used 
for  the  library  until  the  completion  of  the  south 
wing. 

During  1842,  Mr.  Singleton,  the  architect  and 
superintendent,  resigned,  and  was  succeeded  by  Wil- 
liam Twombley,  who  resigned  about  one  year  later. 
For  a  period  of  about  eight  years  there  was  no  archi- 
tect, the  judges  of  the  county  court  superintending 
the  work.  The  following  entries  on  the  records  show 
the  progres.s  of  eoustructioii  from  time  to  time : 

June  21.  1^43,  Murison  .V  Morriscin,  i'(inlraL:ors  for  erecting 
the  steps  on  the  west  front,  having  completed  their  work,  were 
paid  fifteen  hundred  and  twenty  dollars  therefor. 

June  2«,  L84,'i,  Francis  MeUorniolt's  bid  for  erecting  the 
stone  steps  on  the  north  and  south  fronts  was  accepted  at  a 
price  of  two  thousand  two  hundred  dollars,  and  under  a  contract 
at  that  sum  they  built  the  slepi-. 

Aug.  Ill,  ISIH,  Joseph  Foster,  the  contractor  for  the  >jrponter- 
work,  was  instructed  to  complete  the  old  rotunda  with  dispatch, 
which  was  done. 

From  184;i  until  1851  there  was  but  little  wotic 
done  upon  the  building,  and  there  being  no  architect, 
what  was  done  was  executed  under  the  immediate 
direction  of  the  county  judges. 

On  Feb.  19,  1851,  the  court  mode  an  order  for  the 
erection  of  the  present  east  wing,  and  in  December, 
1851,  appointed   Robert  S.  Mitchell   architect  and 


!  supcrintendeDt,  with  a  compensation  of  four  per  cent 
'  upon  all  expenditures. 

Operations  were  commenced  on  the  31st  i>r  March 

'  1851,  and  on  the  following  day  it  was  annimnueij  bv 

the  ItcpiihUciiii  that  two  fire-proof  buildin'.'s  were  lii 

be  immediately  erected,  fronting  upon  Fourili  Stroot. 

'  at  the  intersection  of  Market  and  Chestmu  Streets 

;  On  the  7th  of  September  the  same  paper  stilted  that 

I  "  the   county  officers  are  busy  making  pii'p;iriitioDs 

for  an  early  removal  from  their  offices  in  tlio  oast  wine 

;  of  the  court-house.    A  small  building  is  boiiii;  erected 

:  to  front  on  Chestnut  Street,  near  Fourth,  ami  intended 

for  the  temporary  convenience  of  the  sheritl'.'' 

The  demolition  of  •'  the  old  east  wing,  or.  in  other 
words,  the  old  court-house,"  was  comiuenoeil  on  the 
7th  of  October,  1851,  "the  old  stone  steps  in  frum 
fulling  the  first  a  sacrifice  to  the  new  iiuprdveuieiit. 
In    October,    1852,    Mr.    Mitchell    contracted  with 
'  Bernard  Crickard  for  the  cut-stone  work  nt'  tlie  win.-, 
I  letting  out  the  brick-work  to  John  C.  Evens. 
j      It  having  been  decided  to  have  the  poutli  and  nurtli : 
i  wings  also  erected.  Architect  Mitchell  cuntiaeted  en  j 
'  the  28th  of  May,  1853,  with  Mr.  Criekard  iW  tho  I 
cutstoiie  work  of  the  south  wing,  and  in  July,  ISo.'!, 
for  the  six  stone  columns  for  the  portico  of  the  ea^t  ] 
wing. 

The  work  thus  progressed  up  to  1857,  wiunaiiiv 

'  agreement  arose  between  the  architect  (Mr.  Mitohelhl 

,  and  contractor  ■  Mr.  Crickard)  in  regard  to  tlie  iiioai-j 

ureincnt  of  the  cut-stone  work,  which  was  unljsetiUJ 

1  after  a  long  investigation  by  two  ditfureiit  sets  ol'ar-J 

bitrators,  their  award  being  in  favor  of  Mr.  CrieliardI 

for  sixty-eight  thousand  :!.,:en  hundroJ  and  fif'tytive| 

dollars  and  seventy-eight  cents. 

On  the  14th  day  of  May,  185",  the  county  eourtl 
superseded  Mr.  Mitchell  and  appointed  Tlicmias  D.  i'.j 
Lunham  to  the  office,  at  the  same  rate  of  coiu|ion.* 
tion,  four  per  cent,  on  the  amount  of  work  doneiinJi 
his  supervision.  Under  Mr.  Lanhaiii  tlio  work  on  iliej 
west  wing  progressed  (there  having  liooii  some  altersJ 
tions  made  in  the  wingl,  the  foundation  of  ilie  iiortn 
wing  was  laid,  and  the  changes  in  the  mtuiKl'  'MhI 
menced  by  the  removal  of  the  upper  portion  nf  iIk 
dome,  and  the  substitution  of  heavy  iron  plates  repn 
senting  paneling,  the  design  being  to  increase  thi 
height  of  the  rotunda  in  this  manner. 

Tlie  condition  of  the  work  in  June.  1857.  isilinj 
described  on  the  14th  of  that  month  : 

"  The  new  uourt-houao,  oooupying  with  its  grounil<  tliconlil 

I  square  bounded  by  Fourth,  Fifth,  Chestnut,  mid  .MiokrtStrN 

(  is  of  the  Grecian  Doric  order  of  nrchiteetiiri',  mil  "i!  irhM 

I  to  it!  present  state  of  completion  ]irinoipiiM,v  fnira  llif  'lw|( 

of  Kobort  S.  Mitchell,  Esq.,  arohitcct.    The  Kourlh  Sirwlj 


MUNICIPAL  DEPARTMENTS. 


731 


ensation  of  four  ]  nr  cent, 

•ed  on  the  Slst  ul'  March, 
day  it  was  annuuneoil  by 
re-proof  buildiniis  were  to 
[iting  upon  Fourth  Street. 
ket  and  Chestmit  Streets. 
the  same  paper  stated  tliat 
busy  inakiiig  prcparutions 
heir  offices  in  the  oast  wins: 
ill  building  is  boin^  erected 
t  near  Fourth,  ;uul  intended 
snoe  of  the  sheritl.'' 
!  old  east  wiuji,  nr.  in  other 
e  "  was  comiueneeil  on  the 
he  old  stone  stciis  in  fr.mt 
to  the  new  iiuiimveuient. 
Mitchell   coiitriictod  with 
I  cut-stone  work  nt'  the  win;, 
k  to  John  C.  Evens, 
1  to  have  the  south  iind  north  I 
hiteet  Mitchell  emitracted  on 
;  with  Mr.  Criekard  for  the 
lUth  winit,  and  in  July,  1853 
IS  for  the  portico  of  the  east 

essedup  to  1857.  wh.n  aili>-| 

[\  the  architect  ( Mr-  MMW 

ickard)  in  regard  to  the  incii 

work,  which  was  only  sottUi 

..  by  two  different  sets  of  ar-1 

jing  in  favor  of  Mr.  Crioliard 

...•en  hundred  and  fiftylive] 

.  cents. 

May,  1857,  the  eouHiy  COM 
and  appointed  TlumiasD.P.j 
„  the  same  rate  of  eoni(HT,s- 
»e  amount  of  work  doiKMinJe 
.  Mr.  Lanhamtheworliont' 
here  having  been  some  alio 
„  the  foundation  of  the  nor 
changes  in  the  rotund'  "on>| 
of  the  upper  portion  of  tl-' 
ion  of  heavy  iron  I'l'''*"^?" 
[design  being  to  increase  il 
in  this  manlier, 
ie  work  in  June.  1857,  i*tl" 

»f  that  month ; 

iFilll.,  Chestnut,. o.aM."W"< 
ier  of  ftrcltiteeton'.  .o..l '"«  '-'^^ 
Ltion  i-rinoiimlly  fr.o«  ^^ 


,«.<(  froui  is  two  hundred  and  thirty-three  feet,  and  the  other 
I'ronis  '""  hundred  and  fifty  feet.  Tlio  present  rotunda  and 
lomearo  to  be  removed  and  those  uf  much  larger  dimensions 
viutruclt'l.  The  new  dome  will  bo  supported  by  a  Corirthlau 
MMtvle.  and  will  bo  surmounted  by  what  is  known  in  iirchi- 
IMturnl  p.irlunce  as  a  '  lantern.'  On  the  summit  of  the  lantern 
,111  b«  II  flitue  of  the  Ooddcss  of  Justiee. 

"The  ili'tanue  from  the  base  of  the  building  to  the  top  of  the 
(iituc  will  be  one  hundred  and  sixty-four  feet.  The  basement 
ifihe  en^l  »'ing  is  at  present  occupied  by  various  county  otiices. 
[gtbe  mniii  story  of  the  cast  wing  are  the  county  and  probate 
N«iW,  wi'b  tbcir  clerks' offices.  On  the  second  Hoor  are  the 
Circuit  Court  and  Court  of  Common  Pleas  and  the  clerks' 
vioos, 
"ilii  the  first  floor  of  the  south  wing  is  temporarily  located 
ihe  oriininal  court,  and  it  will  contain  the  recorder's  office. 
it  ilic  .'ei'iiM  J  story  is  the  Supremo  Court  and  ante-rooms,  al^o 
litlaw  lihnirv.  The  west  wing,  now  occupied  principally  by 
1  ttelanil  lovirt,  will  eventually  bo  occupied  by  the  Court  of  Com- 
I  Bon  Picas. 

"The  lir.il  contract  for  the  construction  of  the  ett.«t  wing  was 
I  iiirW  in  1^^2,  the  floor  to  bo  of  lire-proof  and  the  roof  of 
rusht  iron.  A  portion  of  the  wing  was  completed  in  18o,i, 
I  1-1  ilie  entiio  wing  was  ready  for  occupancy  in  1856.  The 
kuik  "'"8  ""•' I'"' "'"''•''' """'ract  in  1851!.  During  the  erec- 
jioof  this  wing  many  causes  combined  to  .'slay  its  execution, 
I  laoiig  whiili  were  limiteil  means,  strikes  on  the  part  of  the 
I  mralives,  ami  a  leniency  on  the  part  of  the  court  in  extending 
lb  time  to  contractors.  In  the  spring  of  185(1  the  roof  of  the 
lihtKiDg  WHS  found  to  be  in  a  dangerous  condition,  and  u))on 
lii.JiscDvery  the  court  ordered  its  reconstruction  of  wrought 
I  LMi,,ind  new  lire-proof  tloors  were  ordered  to  bo  laid.  In  order 
Linviiiipllrh  Ihi.s  the  interior  had  to  be  cleaned  out,  and  the 
I ,{i,irtunity  wa.-*  iin^irovcd,  under  t:ie  direction  of  the  court,  to 
[inaifltho  entire  wing  in  uccordonce  with  the  general  design 
if'.btarchitcit.  The  principal  contract  for  erecting  the  north 
lul  la!'  wing  of  the  building,  together  with  the  rotunda,  wag 
IJiTfn  ii  1S56." 

On  the  80th  of  August,  18.58,  the  contract  for  the 
fck  work  of  the  north  wing  was  awarded  to  Jumcs 
Itrt'irse,  In  January,  1859,  the  county  court  was 
|iKili<hed  hy  the  Legislattiro,  and  on  the  first  Monday 
|iD.\u;:ust,  IS,")'.),  the  board  of  county  commissioners 
lim  elected.  The  first  meeting  of  the  board  was  on 
liniiust  l;')th  of  that  year.  On  the  21st  of  September, 
IS!),  the  hoard  declared  the  office  of  architect  and 
luperiuteiuieiit  to  be  vacant,  and  on  the  day  after 
lip[«)inted  William  Kumbold  to  the  office  at  a  salary 
'm  hundred  and  twenty-five  dollars  per  month. 
iMt  Kutuhdlil  at  once  engaged  workmen,  and  set 
likom  his  tiisk  with  vigor.  On  the  2Gth  of  October, 
pati.  the  board,  finding  that  James  George,  con- 
|iti«or  for  the  brick-work  of  the  north  wing,  was  not 
|tw.s,<ins;  with  the  work,  although  having  been  no- 
liteJ  10  prneeed  by  the  architect,  ordered  that  his 
]»iiitait  he  forfeited,  and  directed  that  new  proposals 
neeeivcd  for  said  brick-work. 
The  hoard  having  appointed  a  committee  to  inspect 
<  rotunda  and  report  as  to  its  strength  and  capa- 
Wiy  to  support  the  heavy,  cumbersome  iron  dome 


that  had  been  commenced  by  Mr.  Lanham,  a  care- 
ful inspection  of  the  work  resulted  in  a  majority 
and  minority  report,  which  were  presented  to  the 
board  Nov.  24,  1859,  and  the  board  requested  Mr. 
Rumbold  to  report  a  plan  for  a  dome  as  much  lighter 
in  weight  than  the  one  then  in  course  of  erection  as 
possible.  Accordingly  Mr.  Rumbold,  on  thj  2l8t  of 
December,  1859,  submitted  the  plan  of  a  wrought- 
iron  dome,  which,  after  being  carefully  examined, 
and  the  model  subjected  to  the  severest  tests,  was 
adopted  Jan.  19,  1860,  tmd  Mr.  Rumbold  directed  to 
proceed  immediately  with  its  construction.  James  G. 
McPheeters  &  Co.  were  awarded  the  contract  for  its 
erection  Jan.  27,  1860,  and  a  contract  was  awarded 
to  A.  C.  Hull  for  coppering  the  west  and  north  wings. 
On  the  13th  of  February,  1860,  Richard  Cavaiiaugh's 
proposal  for  the  brick-work  of  the  north  wing  was 
approved,  and  on  June  20,  1860,  the  north  wing 
being  nearly  completed,  a  communicaii  jn  was  received 
from  Mr.  Filley,  mayor  of  the  city,  in  regard  to  the 
occupancy  of  that  wing  by  the  city  authorities,  which 
the  board  laid  over  until  June  4,  1861,  when  they 
decided  to  lease  said  wing  to  the  city  for  the  term  of 
five  years  at  a  nominal  rent. 

On  the  16th  of  July,  1860,  the  architect  submitted 
a  report  in  relation  to  covering  the  stone  and  glass  for 
the  walk  of  the  observatory  and  for  the  eye  of  the 
dome,  and  specifications  were  ordered  to  be  made  and 
proposals  for  the  work  and  materials  advertised  for ; 
and  on  Aug.  24,  1860,  Mr.  Rumbold  contracted  with 
A.  A.  Briggs,  of  New  York,  for  glass  for  the  eye 
of  the  dome,  and  on  the  '29th  of  August  agreed  with 
Hall  &  Couzins  for  putting  the  copper  covering  on 
the  dome,  the  copper  having  been  furnished  by  Park, 
McCu' ]y  &  Co,,  of  Pittsburgh,  and  manufac'ured 
from  ine  best  quality  of  Lake  Superior  copper.  Mr. 
Rumbold  also  contracted  with  J.  G.  McPheeters  for 
the  glass  basement  of  the  observatory. 

The  erection  of  the  wing  being  completed,  except- 
ing the  colu.nns,  the  board  directed  Mr.  Rumbold,  on 
the  8th  of  October,  1860,  to  instruct  the  contractors, 
Crickard  &  Doyle,  to  proceed  without  delay  to  pro- 
cure and  erect  said  columns,  which  they  accordingly 
did.  The  superintendent,  having  previously  advertised 
for  proposals  for  plastering  the  inside  of  the  dome  and 
the  ornamental  work  thereon,  received  several  pro- 
posals on  the  19th  of  April,  1861,  and  that  of  William 
C.  Smith  was  accepted.  On  the  6th  of  June,  1861, 
an  interesting  ceremony  took  place  in  the  dome,  viz., 
the  depositing  of  certain  documents  in  the  ba'io  of  the 
ball  above  the  dome.  About  fifteen  persons  ascended 
to  the  lofty  elevation  and  witnessed  the  ceremonies. 
John  H.  Ijightner,  president  of  the  board  of  county 


!-* 


I   "I 


'  1', 


!  1 


<  i   i.'S 


732 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


'i 


comuiissioners,  oflSciated.  The  followinj^  articles  were 
deposited  in  the  ball : 

Autographs  of  the  county  commissioners  attached 
to  u  certificate  showing  that  William  Kumbold  de- 
signed the  work.' 

Autograph  of  Henry  Singleton,  the  first  architect 
employed  in  the  construction  of  the  court-house. 

Card  containing  the  price  of  labor  for  men  and 
horses  employed  by  the  road  superintendent,  John  F. 
Long. 

Printed  list  of  all  the  county  officers,  including  the 
judges  of  the  several  courts. 

Tertificate  to  James  G-.  McFheeters,  contractor  for 
the  wrought-iron  dome  of  the  court-house. 

Certificate  to  Hall  &  Couzins,  contractors  for  the 
copper-work  of  dome. 


ST.  LOUIS   COURT-HOUSE. 


Certificate   to  Joseph   Foster,  contractor   for   the 
joiner's  work. 

Copies  of   the    St.    Louis   Dnifj/   Evening   News, 


'  This  certifloate  was  as  follows: 

"U.MTKD    fTATKS    OK   A.MKllKM,  .STATK    clF    MlSSOLItl,  ColNTI    or 

St.  I.oris. 
■•Okfick  of  thk  .".ki'uktahv  or  the  Hoaiid 

OK  ClIlNTV  COMMISSIOVKUS,  ,)iinc  Jth,  1861. 
"  This  is  to  cortil'.v  tlmt  lliis  wrouslit-iinii  iloiiio  of  tlio  Saint 
Louis  ooui't-lioiiso  WHS  iMcctoJ  by  William  ItuiiihoM,  8U|ii'r- 
intcnduiit  ami  aruhilect,  diirin);  tiie  jiars  ISfiO  »iij  ISlil,  ami 
wii,«  oompli'ioil  on  the  day  o.  thu  date  hercnf,  and  that  the  lui- 
dorsi^ned  are  and  were  the  county  iMiuiniis..<ioners  wiio  aiithor- 
iied  the  ereetion  thereof. 

"  J.  I!.  LlGIITNKIt,  Prmnlcill  n/thf  Uiliinl. 
"  I'KllKBItINK   TlI'I'KT,  ^(llramr■•  liiirimhiji. 
"  Dks.i.  Faubaii,  Si.  Frrtlimin'l       " 
".Ions  H.  FissK,  Si.  /.ohik  " 

"  Wm,  Taissio,  Ciirondtltt  " 

"  UollKIlT    II0I.MK8,  .V(.   /.'IHIJ  " 

"  A.  U.  Kastox,  .?(. /."Hid  •• 

"Attest:  .Samiki.  W.  Kaokh,  Jr.,  .sVi/cfdry." 


RepiihUciin^  Demncriit,  Herald,  and  the  stn.  lal  dajiy 
German  papers. 

Ink-bottle  and  silver  pen  of  Samuel  W.  Iviu-er,  Jr. 
secietary  of  the  board  of  county  commi-ssimni-s,  u,, 
by  Samuel   Gardner  in  writing  the  namu.s  uf  those 
present  on  the  occasion. 

A    twenty-five-cent    piece    (United    Staiis  com 
dated  1861,  from  Samuel  Gardner. 

The  entire  weight  of  the  dome  was  tw.i  hundred 
and  fifty-six  thousand  pounds,  and  at  first  it  rostod 
on  the  walls,  but  by  an  ingenious  device  of  the  arclii, 
tect  was  subsequently  transferred  or  equally  di\>y 
between  the  walls  and  several  large  iron  luaiiis.  Si.in 
after  the  completion  of  this  design  Mr.  Runiliold  aimlitd 
for  a  patent,  which  was  subsequently  awanlcil  to  liiu 
from  the  Patent  Office  at  Washington.    Tlif  iieii;lit,if 
the  dome  from  the  ball  to  tlio  sidewalk  is 
one   hundred  and  ninety-eii.'lu  ft'ct,  and 
from  the  top  of  the  flag-staff  two  hunJr.  1 
and  forty  feet.     The  rotunda  is  si.\tv  irttl 
in  diameter.     There  a-e  four  circular  d.| 
leries.    The  height  of  the  first  is  cIxIiiodI 
feet,  of  the  second  thirteen  feet,  ortln'iLirdl 
twelve  feet,  and  of  the  fourth  thirtviij 
feet.    From  the  fourth  gallery  to  the  liJ 
of  the  inner  dome  the  distance  is  twenivJ 
six  feet,  und  from  this  point  to  thiM.foi 
the  dome  the  distance  is  thirty  fertiuiij 
iiig  in  all  one  hutidred  and  thirty  iiiioW 
from  the  floor  of  the  rotunda  to  tlie  inotfl 
eye  of  the  inner  dome.     The  diaiiietcrj 
the  rotunda  is  sixty  feet,  and  ot'tlio  inn^ 
circle  forty  feet.     AccordinL'  totlieoriai 
nal  plan  spiral  stairways  leading  from  the  floor  of  ikt 
rotunda  to  the  first  gallery- were  constnicted  iviilii| 
the  "  inner  circle." 

When  Mr.  Rumbold  began  the  desi^'ii  ofliifj.i 
one  of  the  most  difficult  obstacles  he  had  to  overcii 
was  that  of  the  construction  of  a  stairway  to  the  io| 
of  the  dome  without  marring  the  symtuetry  and  «( 
oral  beauty  of  the  design.     After  due  study  lit-ovel 
came  the  difficulty  in  such   a  manner  as  to  iiicrtsi 
rather  than  dimini.'th  its  beauty.    ConiinoneinL;oiitlj 
third  gallery  he  designed  four  projections. 
two  of  these  projections,  on  opposite  sides  ot  i 
dome,  he  arranged  for  a  naiTOW  iron  stairciise  tii  1 
to  the  top  of  the  dome  or  tholus.     One  stairwj 
for  ascending  and    the    other  for  deseindini. 
other  two  projections  were  planned  to  harmoiiite  I 
design.     In  each  projection  a  niche  lor  status  i 
created.     Externally  the  projections  are  beautifJ 
frescoed,  and  ornamented  with  pillars,     liy  the  ( 
struction  of  these  four  projections  t'otir  largo  H 


MUNICIPAL  DEPARTMENTS. 


733 


riild,  and  the  sov.  val  daily 

,  ofSamuelW.  lvi;ier,  Jr. 
ounty  comniissiuiurs,  ust.l 
ritin"  the  names  of  tlwse 

ce  (United  Stivt.'S  coin , 
Gardner. 

be  dome  was  two  ImnJrcii 
lunds,  and  at  first  it  rested 
ic»eniou8  device  of  the  arclii- 1 
tnsferred  or  eqiiullj,-  divi.iei 
oral  large  iron  \n-Mm.  Si-n  I 
9  design  Mr.  Runibold  applitl  I 
subsequently  awarilcd  toliiml 
,  Washington.    Tin'  liei'^bt.fl 
iin  the  ball  to  the  sidewalk  isl 
il  and  ninety-eiixht  feet,  audi 
)  of  the  flag-staff  two  hunW! 
Bt.     The  rotunda  is  sixty  mA 
There  a-e  four  circular  bI.I 
i  height  of  the  first  is  eiglitrtol 
lecond  thirteen  foot,  of  tlieikdl 
,  and  of  the  fourth  tliiriywoj 
i  the  fourth  gallery  to  the  kJ 
;r  dome  the  distance  is  tKoniyj 
d  from  this  point  totliet.-ft 
he  distance  is  thirty  feet,  iiiiil 
,ne  hundred  and  thirtyoiiofed 
oor  of  the  rotuii.lii  to  the  iira«« 
inner  dome.     The  diaui*to 
a  is  sixty  feet,  ami  of  the  imdl 
feet.     Accordiii'^  totheuria 
,s  leading  from  tlu' floor  of  ilj 
-allery-weve  constructed  m\ii 

J  began  the  design  of  hi*  A 
lu  obstacles  he  had  to  (oorcvi 
luction  of  a  stairway  to  tlio  t( 
Inarring  the  symiuctry  an'i  ? 
ii.rn.     After  due  study  he  ovi 
Iguch   a  manner  us  to  iiicr. 
Its  beauty.    Co.nme..cin;:ontl 
Ined  four  projections.    U^ 
Ions,  on  opposite  sides  ol ' 
lanaiTOwironstairciu^eto 

L  or  tholus.  One  mmj^ 
L  other  for  descending. 
Iwere  planned  to  harmon.!^ 
lection  a  niche  for  statues 
llhc  projections  are  be.mt. 
Ited  with  pillars.  lU  the  c 
\r  projections  f-.tir  larw  p> 


j(K  created  on  the  north,  cast,  and  south  sides  of  the 
dome,  and  on  each  of  these  panels  Mr.  Wieniar  ex- 
ecuted an  historical  painting.    First  on  the  south  side 
is  the  discovery  of   the    Mississippi   by   Do   Soto, 
vtlio,  at  the  head  of  his  faithful  followers,  is  repre- 
ioiited  as  emerging  from  the  forest.     Clothed  in  ar- 
mor and  mounted  on  a  gaily-caparisoned  charger,  he 
jiseen  ennferring  with  the  red  men  of  the  forest  on 
die  banks  of  llie  noble  stream  which  eventually  be- 
came his  final  resting-place.     On  the  eastern  panel  is 
die  landing  of  Laclede  at  what  is  now  the  foot  of 
Maikct  Street,  in  1704.     This  is  an  historical  sketch, 
ltd  is  thiiught  to  be  accurate.     In   addition  to  the 
Trittcn  historical  facts  concerning  Laclede's  lai-ding, 
)lr.  Wieniar  was  so  fortunate  as  to  form  the  acquain- 
Ujce  of  a    Mr.   Laconte,   an   aged    Frenehinan   of 
fsrendelet.  who,  years  ago.  frequently  saw  the  barge 
in  vhicli    Laclede    landed.      Mr.    TiUcontc  made    a 
ikeich  of  it  from  memory,  and  from  this  sketch  VVie- 
iijr  painted  the  barge.     Mr.   Laconte  also  gave  a 
teription  of   Laclede,  which    greatly   assisted   the 
mist.  The  barge  is  represented  as  nearing  the  shore. 
Ijr.'e  forest-trees  and  Indians  line  the  bank  of  the 
liver,  and  a  spring  of  water  bubbles  out  of  the  rocks 
lear  vfhere  the  boat  is  about  to  land.     Laclede,  the 
DOst  prominent  figure  on  the  barge,  is  clothed  in  the 
(ostuiue  of  "ye  olden  time,"  and  seems  quite  ready 
lobe  welcomed  by  the  friendly  Indians  who  stand  on 
shore  ready  to  greet  him.     The  third  picture,  on 
[lie  north  panel,  represents  the  alleged  Indian  attack  on 
it.  Louis  in  May,  1780;  and  the  fourth,  a  Western 
ladseape  with  a  buffalo  chase,  etc. 

the  fourth  gallery  Mr.  Wieniar  executed  four 

iMres  representing  law,  commerce,  justice,  and  lib- 

inv.  all  of  which  were  painted  in  bold  relief,  and  so 

10  sliow  with  excellent  effect  from  almost  any  point 

if  view. 

Tile  Ireseo-work  was  executed  by  Augustus  H. 
ker,  and  is  very  handsome.  On  the  north  side  of 
ledonie  the  leading  products  of  the  North,  corn 
id  wheat,  are  frescoed,  and  on  the  south  side  the 
tuctsof  the  South,  the  pine-apple  and  tiie  sugar- 
le. 

The  plastering  was  executed  by  Wm.  C.  Smith  & 
Land  was  very  carefully  and  skillfully  done,  par- 
alarly  the  coat  of  arms  of  the  State  under  each  of 
siures  painted  in  the  dome.  The  iron-work  was 
Thonnia  Howard  &  Co. 

The  following  table,  prepared  by  the  county  audi- 
slinws  the  total  cost  of  the  court-house: 


I  Culjtoncwork,  toCriokiiid  A  Doyle....     $3S3,(H7.05 

'Juier  clone  w.irk 48,46.^.»I 

I  Ir»ii.»ork 151,342.22 


Brick-work  iinct  nmlorials  for  Uttiiic 71,115.23 

I'liisti'riiig 2l,l).il.fi5 

Carpenter-  and  joinor-work 14n,r)(l7.19 

riuiiting  and  glazing 2l,(i50.13 

Roolinj; 23,,S25  49 

Sunilrics,— liibor,  nintcriiils,  etc 288.32«.71 

Achitect  iind  superintindt'Dt 4:1,844. 33 

$l,l««,.S71.iM 
The  building  thus  completed  in  the  summer  of  1802 
is  one  of  the  handsomest  and  most  imposing  public 
edifices  in  St.  Louis.  It  stands  in  the  form  of  a 
Greek  cross,  and  is  surmounted  by  one  of  the  finest 
domes  in  the  country.  The  lantern  on  its  summit 
conwnands  a  view  of  i'rom  fifteen  to  twenty  miles  in 
different  directions,  and  it  is  said  that  a  person  with  a 
strong  gla.ss  can  survey  an  area  of  more  than  three 
hundred  square  miles,  "  extending  beyond  Kirkwood 
on  the  west,  far  out  on  the  Illinois  prairies  to  the 
east,  up  to  Alton  on  the  north,  and  far  below  Caron- 
delet  on  the  Mississippi."  The  chief  characteristics 
of  the  edifice  are  solidity  and  symmetry  without 
striking  or  elaborate  ornamentation.  Its  interior  ar- 
rangement is  not  so  satisfactory,  as  portions  of  the 
structure  are  defective  in  respect  to  light  and  venti- 
lation. These  imperfections,  however,  are  probably 
due  not  to  any  fault  of  the  architect,  but  to  the  fact 
that  tiie  original  plan  did  not  contemplate  the  erec- 
tion of  the  building  in  its  present  shape.  The  court- 
house as  it  now  stands  occupies  the  entire  block 
between  Fourth  and  Fifth  and  Chestnut  and  Market 
Streets,  and  its  dimensions,  including  the  wings,  are 
one  hundred  and  eighty  feet  in  the  direction  of  the 
four  cardinal  points  of  the  compa.ss. 

The  Four  Courts. — Among  the  public  buildings 
of  St.  Louis  the  structure  known  as  ''  The  Four 
Courts"  is  one  of  the  handsomest  and  most  conspicu- 
ous. It  occupies  the  square  formed  by  Clark  Avenue 
and  Spruce  Street  on  the  north  and  south  and 
Eleventh  and  Twelfth  Streets  on  the  east  and  west. 
On  its  site  fljrmerly  stood  the  mansion  of  Henry 
Chouteau,  whose  property  extended  in  the  form  of  a 
peninsula  into  a  small  lake  then  known  as  Chouteau's 
Pond.  The  mansion  was  replaced  by  the  court-house, 
the  erection  of  which  was  rendered  nece,s.«ary  by  the 
inadequacy  of  the  accommodations  provided  in  the 
old  court-house.  The  new  "  Four  Courts"  was  de- 
signed after  plans  by  Thomas  P.  Walsh,  architect,  for 
the  administration  of  criminal  justice,  both  city  and 
State,  and  is  a  large  and  substantial  building  in  the 
renaissance  style.  It  has  a  frontage  of  three  hundred 
and  thirty  with  a  depth  of  fifty-tour  feet,  and  is  three 
stories  high,  and  there  is  a  space  of  twenty-five  feet 
between  the  building  and  the  sidewalk.  The  fa9ade 
is  divided  info  five  parts,  viz. :  the  grand  centre,  two 
extreme  wings,  and  intervening  recesses.    The  extreme 


I      i 

! 

i  ' 


l?l 


''  r  r 


1,1 


H 


W, 


U'i 


i':i 


iliii 


;n  ! 


734 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


winf^s  and  recesses  form  pavilions,  covered  with  a 
mansard  roof  on  inclined  planes,  and  the  centre  is 
crowned  by  a  dome  surmounted  by  a  large  cupola,  in 
the  base  of  which  is  an  illuminated  clock  having  four 
faces. 

The  main  entrance  optns  upon  a  hall  thirty-one  feet 
wide,  from  whicli  ascends  a  stairway  of  cast  iron 
twelve  feet  wide.  The  building  is  devoted  to  the  use 
of  the  Criminal  Court,  Court  of  Criminal  Correction, 
Police  Court  of  the  First  District,  and  Police  Depart- 
ment. Only  three  courts  are  held  in  the  building, 
and  the  designation  Four  Courts  is  therefore  a  mis- 


THE   FOUR   OOUKTS. 

nomer.  It  is  said  that  the  name  originated  with  one 
of  tho  judges,  a  native  of  Ireland,  who  bestowed  it 
upon  it  on  account  of  its  resemblance  to  the  Four 
Courts  at  Dublin.  The  material  of  the  building  is 
cream-colored  Joliet  stone.  In  thi;  roar  of  the  main 
central  structure  is  the  city  jail.  The  cost  of  the 
building  was  seven  hundred  and  6fly-five  thousand 
dollars,  and  that  of  the  ground  one  hundred  and 
twenty-five  thousand  dollars,  making  the  total  cost 
eight  hundred  and  eighty  thou.saiid  dollars. 

The  contractors  for  the  building  were  Richard 
Brown,  excavation  ;  John  Stoddard,  masonry  ;  Joseph 
Brown  and  Simon  Dchner,  cut-stone  ;  Michael  Fitz- 
patrick  and  Robert  L.  James,  brick-work  ;  Kdward 
Illsley,  carpenter- work  ;  Maurice  Pauley  and  William 
Colcard,  Messrs.  McMurray,  Smith  &  Judge,  iron- 
•,TOik;  Jacob  Bixler,  plastering;  Tiiomns  Haydon, 
slating;  Dunn  &  Wittee,  galvanized  iron-,  tin-,  and 
copper- work ;  Siegel  fi  Bobb,  plumbing,  gas,  and 
steam-fittiiig ;  William  Colcold,  steam  boilers;  Henry 
Bishop,  sewers;  Casper  Stolle,  concreting;  Gustav 
Thyui,  flagging.  The  painting  and  glazing  wern  done  , 
by  John  Williams,  anil  the  fitting  up  of  the  court- 
rooms was  done  under  the  superintendence  of  Capt. 


James  A.  Nolan.     The  building  was  finishid  imil  oc- 
cupicd  in  the  autumn  of  1871. 

The  City  Jail. — As  early  as  1816  the  LcgisJatur, 
of  the  Territory  passed  an  act  for  the  erpdimi  of  a 
jail  in  St,  Louis,  and  on  the  22d  of  June  uf'iliat  year 
the  following  notice  was  published  by  the  jail  i.|,|,|. 
missioners : 

"  We.  the  undersigned,  being  appointed  comini.-.<i<nu'rsbvilif 
Circuit  Court  of  the  county  of  St.  Louis,  under  the  antlioriijff 
an  act  of  tlic  (iencral  Asscuilily  providing  fur  llio  >  iicliiiKof » 
jail  for  the  upc  of  said  county,  mot  at  tlie  coffee-hou.,'.  a'^rci'shiv 
to  previous  notice,  to  rcocivo  proposals  from  any  |iors(,n  or  per. 
sons  who  wished  to  make  a  donation  of  a  piece  of  grouni  fi r 
the  purpose  of  erecting  a  jail  tliercmi.    A-- 
eordingly  proposals  were  rcccivocl  from  A». 
gnste  Chouteau  and  Jolm  li.  C  l.iica.^  Es,|< 
and  from  ■Icreuiiah  Connor,  K?i|.    The  sajj  I 
Chouteau  and    Lucas   "ft'crcil  the  cl],,ire  o(| 
lots  numbered  ;>L',  i;!,  til.  ii:i,  iin.l  m  f„r[|„| 
purpose  aforesaid  ;  Conner ofl'irnloneannit I 
square  of  land,  hounded  on  the  joiitli  bvijiel 
public  road  Inading  to  St.  Charles.  Be<i  U 
Fifth  Street,  mirth  by  a  street  le.idin»  trj 
Peter    Chouteau's    lot,  and    cast  l>y  Fourth! 
.Street.     Whereupon  and  iiftcr  iimturr  Jeli! 
oration   the   lot  No.  41),  liclnnging  lu  5i,|| 
John  B.  C.  Lucas,  fronting  cm  Sixih  Sirod  f 
and  containing  about  one  hun<lrc(lan>ltii!(>o| 
feet  by  one  hundred  and  thirty-five  iVeii 
selected,  William  Christy  and  Thomas  lira Itl 
voting  in  the  negative.     The  niIiI  .lolin  lj,j 
C.  Lucas  is  therefore  required  Id  renlerijl 
the  said  commissioners  a  deed  fur  tlif«|i.re.I 
said  lot  agreeable  to  law  on  the  L'.'iih  UhUilM 
at  the  house  of  Cluirles  Ciratiot,  in  the  town  of  .-it  I.„ui..   ]; 
further  onlcred,  that  a  copy  of  the  foregoing  proceciliuji 
inserted  in  the  .l/i'«»oi(ii  Ouiflle  for  one  week. 

"TuKonoiu:  Him. 
"A.  F.  ,'^.uiiiiiis. 
'•Ciniii.Ks  (iii.iri"!, 

"  W.    CUIIIMV. 

'•Thomas  Itii.uii. 
"St.  Loris,  June  ISth." 

On  the  1 8th  of  September  following,  .M.  P.  Wiii 
for  the  commissioners,  advertised  for  proposals  tiiribj 
new  jail,  and  on  the  27th  of  December,  181T.  tU 
advertisement  was  renewed  by  Theodore  Hunt,  oneJ 
the  commissioners.  The  work  proceoileil  slofflv,  anj 
on  the  18th  of  September,  1819,  Tiieodore  HbiJ 
chairman  of  the  committee,  advertisiMl  for  pro| 
to  comjilete  the  jail  by  December  l.-^t.  This  jail'  w| 
of  stone,  and  is  described  in  the  directory  of  ?t.  Ltd 
published  in  1821  as  being  "  a  new  stmio  jaiiof  ti 

'  In  an  address  delivered  before  the  Mi.-^-ouri  IlislomH 
ciety  by  W.  H.  H.  Kusscll  it  is  stateil  tliat  "the  oM jail, "lij 
was  a  round  tower,  was  located  at  Fourth  .oni  Walnul.ini 
centre  of  the  street,  with  doors  fronting  on  Wulimt.  iln  ( 
north  side  wer  winding  steps  to  the  second  -lory,  «liicli  ^^ 
to  the  nortli,  looking  up  Fourth  Street.  It  "as  aourto 
old-time  institution  indeed," 


MUNICIPAL  DEPARTMENTS. 


785 


hug  was  finislud  uiiil  w- 

11. 

I  as  1816  the  Liiiislaturc 
act  for  the  evoiiiou  of  a 
!  22il  of  June  nt'  that  year 
iblisbed  by  thi'  jail  mw- 

ipiiointeil  commissi. .iiorsbyilit 
t.  liouis,  under  tin'  :ii\tliorily  rf  | 
providing  for  tlu- ,  rfcling  of  a 
Bt  at  tlic  foffee-hoHs.'.  ajiroeablv 
•oposala  from  any  i>ors"n  or  per-  j 
niition  of  iv  V'e*'"  °^  8r»'""l  <<■' 
of  erecting  ii  jail  Hierei.n.  Ao- 
■opnsnls  were  rccciu'.l  fmni  An- 

■rcinifth  Cminor,  V.>i\.    Tlie  sail 
,nd    LncHS   .iflered  t\>e  cli.,i«  oil 

red  ;i-',  i;!,  ■*»■  '•''''•  ""'' '-'^  '""'"I 
.resnid  ;  Conner  oil.  r...l  onori«.t  I 

,nd,  liounded  on  tl»'  sovitli  1a  i;,e 
\  fading  to  St.  Cli:vrlcj,»est!yj 
Bt,  north  by  ft  ftvcot  leading  k. I 
,„[ean-8  lot,  and  oast  l.y  Fourth 
i-hcreujion  and  nflev  miituro  Jelib.l 
,B  lot  No.  •I*'.  '"^'""SinB  '"  *»il| 
:.  Lucas,  fronlinR  on  Sixth  Sit«t,j 
ining  about  one  hundred  ainiSfiieiJ 
,e  hundred  and  thirty-five  net  .J 
William  Christy  and  Tlraraasl'.nlil 
,  the  negative.  The  said  .Win  1).| 
U  therefore  rc,v>in'd  torovlortJ 
,„mmissioucr»adc>.dfortl.e....rd 
grecable  to  law  .m  the  ■J.Mlniuu.tJ 
iot,  in  thetownof  fit.I..'Ui--  I'i' 
,y  of  the  foregoing  vr.ic«l'.ug!  >" 
;,  (If  for  one  week. 

"Tnt'.ODoiiK  llvNi. 

"  A.    F.   ^AlllliM^- 

"CnAiuvs  Ointi"- 

•'\V.    OlIKlSTT. 

'•Thomas  Vwm. 

LberfoUoNvinjr.M-l'H 
lidvertisedforvroposaWtoriV 

l27tb  of  Deeoinber,  IS^tli 
LcdbyThcoaorcHtint.onet 

VeworkprowodedM'.'' 
[niber,  1S19,  'rUoodore  H... 
luttce,  advertised  lor  pt.'F 
iDecemberlsi.    Thisjoil 
l>diuthediwt..ryofN.w 
being  "  a  "e^  stone  jail  >'t  « 

LeforetheMis-ouriHi.o-i-; 
itiB«late.ltha."tlu.ol.J....'k 
Led  at  Fourth  and  NValnu... 

Lor.  fro...ing  ""  "•"'":'•'; 
t.s  to  the  second  .t.,ry,«h«k '- 
I  urth  Street.     1 .  wa.  .  can..  > 


Stories,  seventy  by  thirty,"  standing  "  west  of  the  site 
for  the  I'ourt-house." 

Notwithstanding  the  time  consumed  in  its  erection 
and  the  character  of  the  material  used,  the  old  jail 
joes  iiiii  appear  to  have  been  very  secure  as  a  place 
of  confinement. 

In  the  latter  part  of  September,  1 S26,  says  a  news- 
paper account,  the  jail  was  broken  into, 

iin.l  tlic  following  jirisoncrs,  contincd  in  one  cell,  made  their 
eKwe,  ao.l  have  not  yet  been  retaken,  y\t.,  Patrick  Soye,  con- 
lided  of  manslaughter;  John  Brewer,  sentence.)  at  the  last  ; 
•Mm  of  tlo'  Circuit  Court  to  bo  executed  this  day  (.Se|ilembcr 
;*lhi  for  I'crjury,  but  which  was  prolongeil  until  some  time  in 
Sorembcr;  and  French  Strother,  indicted  ut  the  last  term  of 
ihe  Circuit  Court  for  the  murder  of  Horatio  Cojcn.',  Esq.,  and 
jbuwas  t.'  have  been  tried  in  Ste.  Genevieve  County  in  Novom- 
i(r  next  at  the  instance  of  the  defcmlant.  The  work  of  several 
Ijv!  mu.«t  have  been  required  to  form  the  pns.«ago  through 
ihich  they  escaped.  With  an  auger  which  they  had  by  some 
aitans  procured  boles  wore  bored  near  each  other  through  the 
loii  which  lines  the  inside  of  the  cells.  To  escape  detection, 
;h( first  of  these  wore  tilled  up  until  a  sufficient  number  wore 
ndcand  .".nnectcd  together,  when  the  pieces  of  timber  wore 
BSily  reniovc.l.  A  hole  was  then  forced  through  the  wall, 
wneilof  stone,  and  four  feet  thick,  large  enough  to  admit  of 
•.Wn  escape. " 

Three  years  later  (in  November,  1829)  the  jail 
I  las  broken  open  about  midday,  and  four  prisoners 
Lade  their  escape,  viz.,  Charles  Gibson,  Wilkins 
tUer,  Joseph  Johnson,  and  Daniel  Bennett,  sev- 
Irrallv  eli'iffjed  with  larceny.  There  were  several 
otlitr  prisoners  in  the  same  cell,  who,  from  fear  of 
I  [mi  apprehended  or  some  other  cause,  did  not  at- 
1  leiupt  to  get  away.  The  others  escaped  through  the 
I  iw.  having  forced  btick  the  bolts  of  the  principal 
cks  with  a  pair  of  shears. 

Oniimenting  upon  this  aflFair  the  Republican  of 
I  November  24  tl.  says, — 

■The  occasion  is  peculiarly  appropriate  for  u.«  to 
I  tail  the  attention  of  the  county  court  or  the  grand 
Ijtty.  which  is  now  in  session,  to  the  condition  of  this 
Ijail.  It  is  not  of  .sufficient  size,  and  contains  very 
Ik  apiirtuionts." 

.\uother  jail  delivery  occurred  on  the  28th  of  Feb- 

I'my.  18:>8.     On  this  occasion  John  Duncan,  Thomas 

iFotbes,  John  Barr,  Obcdiah  Whitehouse,  and  George 

iTIionipMn  I'ut  a  patsage  through  the  ceiling,  and  ef- 

((■led  their  escape  by  getting  from  the  garret  into  the 

ussajie,  and  from  thence  into  the  street.     On  the  2d 

lilJiily,  lS4U,iiine  prisoners — John  Diishat,  William 

piiisuii,  John  Jones,  Benjamin  Gray,  James  Fugale, 

mm  McDonald,   Benjamin    Hogany,  and  John 

^(»i»— escaped.     The  sheriff  offered  a  reward  of  Ove 

lundrcd  dollars  for  their  apprehension  and  delivery 

|Iilie  jail.    Their  escape  was  effected  by  the  assist- 

of  a  woman.     There  were  so  many  in  the  jail 


that  greot  numbers  had  to  be  kept  in  the  same  apart- 
ment. The  woman  was  kept  in  a  passage,  and,  it  is 
supposed,  picked  the  lock  that  held  the  bar  to  the 
inner  door.  The  iron  gratings  to  the  outer  door  were 
cut  off  with  the  mainspring  of  a  watch,  and  the  outer 
padlock  was  broken  with  an  iron  bar.  The  new.,paper 
in  which  the  account  of  this  affair  appeared  remarked 
in  connection  with  it  that  '•  St.  Louis  needs  greatly  a 
larger  and  more  secure  jail." 

On  the  13th  of  August,  18  H,  the  Repuhllini,  an- 
nounced that  "  the  county  court,  after  a  long  struggle 
to  the  contrary,  have  resolved  to  build  a  jail  on  the 
lot  occupied  by  the  present  building.  There  is  some 
question  as  to  the  propriety  of  building  a  jail  in  the 
heart  of  the  city."  The  building  of  the  jail  was 
commenced  during  the  same  year,  but  proceeded 
slowly,  and  in  its  issue  of  the  7th  of  October,  1842, 
the  .same  paper  said, — 

"Wo  have  never  seen  the  old  saw,  'penny  wiseand  ponn.l  fool- 
ish,' more  fully  and  directly  illustrated  than  in  the  recent  action 
of  the  county  court  in  reference  to  the  county  jail.  It  will  he 
remembered  that  the  jail  was  commenced  in  ISII,  under  the 
supervision  of  Mr.  Singleton.  Under  his  dir-tion  several 
thousands  of  dollars  were  spent  in  laying  the  foundation  and 
raising  the  building  up  to  the  base  of  the  first  range  of  I'ells. 
The  foundation  was  laid,  the  steam  boilers  and  pipes  put  in, 
and  all  the  fixtures  of  the  building  constructed  for  a  four-story 
house.  When  the  superinten.loncy  was  taken  from  .Mr.  Single- 
ton the  stonework  of  the  building  was  let  out  to  the  lowei^t 
bidder.  Mr.  Witherell  got  the  contract  at  thirty-two  thonsaml 
dollars  to  finish  the  stone-  or  mason-work  of  the  building  four 
stories  high.  The  making  of  the  grating  for  the  windows  and 
doors  for  a  four-story  building  was  als.)  let  at  the  same  time, 
and  all  the  grates  and  iloors  contracted  for,  we  understand,  are 
completed  and  ready.  Lately  the  hands  in  .Mr.  Withorcll's 
employ  refused  to  take  the  city  scrip  ami  bear  the  discount  at 
which  it  wag  going.  The  hands  turned  out,  ami  thcrcf.iro  Mr. 
Witherell  made  a  proposition  to  the  court,  that  if  they  would 
give  him  twelve  thousand  dollars  in  bankable  or  current  funds 
ho  would  complete  the  building  and  wait  one  year  for  the  re- 
maining ten  thousand  dollars,  the  court  having  previously  paid 
him  tcu  thousand  dollars.  The  court  either  coul.l  not  or  would 
not  agree  to  Mr.  Withercll's  proposition,  an. I  finally  in  their 
wisdom  resolved  to  stop  the  building  at  the  thir.l  story,  under 
an  agreement  with  Mr.  V.'l.iierell  that  it  should  bo  left  to 
disinterested  peraons  to  say  how  much  should  be  dediicteil  from 
his  contract  for  the  fourth  story." 

The  jail  thus  erected  wtw  by  no  means  "  piisoner 
proof,"  for  on  the  10th  of  November,  1848,  William 
Jones,  idiiis  Fanning,  C.  C.  Clark,  alias  Piper  Wil- 
liam Jones,  alias  Smith,  Robert  Be.saria,  and  a  soldier 
whose  name  was  unknown  "escaped  from  the  cala- 
boose." 

Another  attempt  in  March,  1849,  was  not  so  suc- 
cessful. On  that  occasion  Jack  Milton,  Patrick  Noon, 
and  Samuel  Hughes  "made  a  bold  but  unsuccessful 
effort  to  break  jail  by  removing  one  of  the  outside 
stones  from  the  wall  of  the  cell  in  which  they  were 


786 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Ji'j 


BU5 


'-•,1. 


confined.  The  tools  used  were  two  old  case-knives, 
with  whicli  they  had  progressed  to  a  considerable  ex- 
tent by  removing  the  mortar  and  cutting  the  lead  with 
which  the  stones  are  sealed  together.  Being  heard 
in  their  operations  by  the  jailer,  they  were  hand- 
cufl'ed  and  put  into  another  cell." 

On  the  Bd  of  August,  1851,  it  was  announced  that 

"the  new  brick  buildini;  erected  hy  order  of  the  county  court 
in  tlio  jiiil  ynrd  is  now  quite  finished  and  remly  to  be  put  into 
uxe.  It  is  designed  for  the  uac  of  tlie  criininiil  court  during  tlie 
time  occupied  in  erecting  the  new  enel  wing  of  the  court-house. 
Though  intruded  to  servo  only  a  temporary  purpose,  it  hns  been 
put  up  substivntially,  and  is  furnished  witli  every  nceospary 
eonvenienee.  The  criminal  court-room  ix  large,  and  has  been 
fitted  up  with  the  fixtures  of  the  old  eourt-room.  Adjoining 
this  principal  apartment  are  two  smaller  rooms  for  the  county 
marshal  and  the  jury.  The  house  is  built  on  piers.  We  learn 
that  it  is  the  intention  of  the  county  court,  at  the  earliest  prac- 
ticable period,  to  remove  the  old  stone  jail  which  stands  at  the 
west  front  of  the  lot,  and  to  extend  tho  now  building  over  the 
space  which  it  at  present  occupies.  A  portion  of  this  buildin;; 
is  now  used  by  the  jailor  as  a  residence  for  himself  and  his 
family,  and  the  remainder  as  a  jail  for  youthful  and  women 
criminals.  When  the  addition  to  the  main  building  is  com- 
menced, a  residence  for  the  jailer  entirely  separate  from  it  will 
be  erected  on  the  south  side  of  the  lot." 

In  April,  1852,  four  prisoners,  two  of  whom  were 
convicts  in  the  penitentiary,  and  a  third  under  sen- 
tence of  hanging  for  murder,  Lscaped  from  the  St. 
Louis  County  jail.  Their  names  were  James  An- 
drews, sentenced  to  five  years'  imprisonment  for  mail 
robbery ;  Dick  Jones,  the  murderer  of  Ephraim 
Hibler,  the  watchman ;  George  Snell,  under  sentence 
of  five  years  for  counterfeiting ;  and  George  Sniidt, 
one  of  the  soldiers  sentenced  to  the  county  jail  for 
rioting. 

On  the  8th  of  April,  1854,  Martha  Green  and 
Margaret  Fennegan,  imprisoned  on  a  charge  of  larceny, 
succeeded  in  picking  their  way  out  by  boring  through 
the  wall  and  opening  the  door  of  the  room  where 
they  were  locked  up.  They  were  in  the  old  jail 
building,  which  was  set  apart  for  females,  and  after 
getting  into  the  yard  "it  is  thought  they  escaped 
over  the  wall  by  means  of  the  framework  which  sur- 
rounds the  well  .situated  in  a  corner  of  the  lot,  the 
top  of  which  is  almost  as  high  as  the  wall  that  sur- 
rounds the  jail." 

On  the  evening  of  July  28,  IStil,  twenty-eight 
prisoners  confined  >n  the  county  jail  made  a  desperate 
attack  on  the  deputy  jailer  and  effected  their  escape. 

The  old  jail  property,  including  the  jails  and  other 
buildings  on  the  lot  at  the  .southeast  corner  of  Sixth 
and  Chestnut  Streets,  was  sold  at  auction  on  the  20th 
of  June,  1871,  the  successful  bidder  being  Dr.  Ru- 
dolph Bircher,  to  whom  the  property  was  knocked 
down  at  .seven  hundred  and  eighty  dollars  per  foot, 


tho  whole  amounting  to  one  hundred  and  livii  thou- 
sant:.    six   hundred  and  thirty  dollars  and  liirtv-onc 
cents.     There  were  some  two  hundred  perse. ns  at  ilic 
sale,  including  several  prominent  capitalists.     I'lijlj., 
S.  Lanham,  auctioneer,  announced  the  inanin  r  of  sale 
which  was  that  the  ground  was  to  be  divided  into  five 
lots  fronting  on  Chestnut  Street,  and  runiiin;:  hack  one 
hundred  and  four  and  a  half  feet  to  an  alley  lii'toen  feet 
wide.    The  first  lot  oflFered  would  be  that  adji.iniu;;  the 
Laclede  Hotel.     The  purchaser  would  have  ihe  privi. 
lege  of  taking  two  lots  or  the  whole  of  them,  in  wliidi 
case  the  jail  and  other  buildings  would  Lo  incluJoJ 
in  the  s.,le.     But  if  the  lots  were  sold  t(i  different 
parties  the  county  would  hold  possession  of  the  build- 
ings.   The  terras  of  sale  were  one-third  casli,  and  the 
balance  in  one  and  two  years  with  six  per  cent.  in. 
terest,  secured  by  deed  of  trust.     The  sum  of  one 
hundred  dollars  earnest  money  would  be  ii'(juired  lo 
be  paid  to  the  auctioneer  upon  the  bidding'  oft'of  cath 
lot.     The  purchaser  of  the  property  could  take  po.s- 
session  in  ninety  days.     After  these  preliminaries  the 
bidding  commenced.     William  C.  Taylor  .started  at 
8600  per  foot,  followed  by  Messrs.  Kmlierford  and  j 
Dr.  Bircher,  who  bid  alternately  8700,  ST.V),  S775, 
where  it  stood  (at  Mr.  Rutherford's  bid)  for  .some  | 
time.    "  Meantime,"  we  are  told  "  the  auctioneer  dwdt 
eloquently  on  the  value  of  the  property  and  its  advan- 
tages.  A  person  in  the  crowd  propounded  the  question, 
'Is  the  gallows  included?'     'Certainly,'  replied  the  I 
auctioneer."    Dr.  Bircher  then  bid  seven  hundred  and) 
eighty  dollars,  and  after  waiting  some  time  for  an  in-l 
crease  in  the  bid,  the  lot  wis  knocked  down  to  ihitl 
gentleman.     On  this  being  announced,  the  .'•ucccssfull 
bidder  said  he  would  take  the  remaining  loLsatihatl 
rate,  as  was  his  privilege.     Dr.  Bircher  then  paidl 
over  five  hundred  dollars  earnest  money  for  ilie  I 
lots,  and  the  matter  was  concluded. 

On  the  completion  of  the  "  Four  Courts"  at  Klevenihj 
Street  and  Clark  Avenue  in  the  autumn  of  187i.thu 
prisoners  were  removed  to  the  new  jail  in  the  rear  ol 
the  main  building.  This  jail,  which  i.s  siill  used ; 
the  city  prison,  is  arranged  in  the  form  of  aDaiii|>hil 
theatre,  with  a  diameter  of  one  hundred  and  lili][ 
feet,  and  extending  from  the  rear  wall  of  the  I'roiil 
building  one  hundred  and  ten  feet.  Pron;;9  extonj 
from  the  line  of  the  semicircle,  giving'  to  the  vfh 
outline  a  star  shape,  and  placing  thereby  fiftj-nim 
cells  on  each  floor.  The  cells  are  three  tiers  in  lifighi 
making  a  total  of  one  hundred  and  seventy-seven  cell^ 
all  made  of  heavy  plate  of  wrought  iron,  and  of  sul| 
cient  capacity  t<i  contain  three  prisoners  each,  or,  I 
the  aggregate,  between  five  and  six  hundred.  Tl 
cells  are  constructed  in  such  a  manner  as  to  rendi 


MUNICIPAL  DEPARTMENTS. 


787 


lundred  and  live  thou- 
r  dollars  and  lurty-uno 
hundred  persims  al  tlie 
lent  capitalists.     I'liilip 
need  thenianiur  ofaalc, 
j8  to  be  dividi'il  iiitii  five 
■et  and  runnint:  liack  one 
eettoan  alley  lii'ti'cn  feet 
)uld  be  that  iidjiiiiiiii!:  the 
Bcr  would  have  ilio  iirivi- 

■  whole  of  tlicm.iii  wliicli 
dings  would  lio  incluiy 
)t8  were  sold  to  different 
Id  possession  of  the  build- 
ire  one-third  ciish,  and  the 
lars  with  six  per  cent,  in- 

■  trust.     The  sum  of  one 
)ney  would  be  rt'(|uir«l  to 
pon  the  biddin;j  off  of  ciieh 
e  property  could  take  jws- 
.fter  these  preliminaries  ilie 
illiam  C.  Tajlur  started  at 
by  Messrs.  Uutlierfonl  and 
ernately  870(1,  SToO.  8"5, 
Rutherford's  bid)  for  some 
re  told  "  the  auctioneer  dwelt 
f  the  property  and  its  advan- 
kwd  propounded  the  ((uesiion, 

Certainly,'  replied  the  I 

then  bid  seven  hundred  and  j 

aiting  some  time  fur  an  in-: 

was  knocked  down  to  iliatl 

,g  announced,  the  successful! 

.0  the  reniainiii','  lots  at  iliati 

Dr.  Bircher  tlien  paidl 

earnest  money  for  tlie  five| 

concluded. 

e»  Four  Courts"  at  Eleveniii 

.  in  the  autumn  of  ISTltli^ 
o  the  new  jail  in  the  rear 
8  jail,  which  is  still  used  i 
ed  in  the  form  of  an  mM 
of  one  hundred  and  filJ 
_  the  rear  wall  of  the  fronj 
^d  ten  feet.     Prongs  esten^ 
„icircle,givi"!,'tothe«y 

,d  placing  thereby  fiHy-ni" 
[cells  are  three  tiers  in  hci^hl 

idredandsevonty-sevencelj 

,f  wrought  iron,  and  of  sull 

three  prisoners  each,  or,  I 

uve  and  six  hundred.   Tlil 

Isucha  manner  as  to  rendl 


le 


escape  a  practical  impossibility.      They  arc  ranged 

round  the  walls  in  four  sections,  with  the  grated  doors 

frontini:  the  centre  of  the  building.     A  corridor  ten 

feet  wide  separates  them  from  the  wall,  and  in  each 

cell  a  barred  aperture,  directly  opposite  the  grated 

joor,  opens   out   upon   this  passage,  so  that  every 

niovemont  of  the  prisoner  in  an  attempt  to  escape  can 

be  seen  by  the  guard.     Each  cell  is  ten  feet  long  by 

eight  feet  wide  and  eight  feet  high.     The  walls  are 

ofwrou,i;ht  boiler  iron,  oue-quarter  of  an  inch  thick, 

and  the  corners  are  secured  by  "  angle"  iron  riveted 

with  boiler  rivets.     Inclosing  the  cells  is  a  boundary 

or  screen  wall  ten  feet  distant  and  perforated  with 

lar|;e  apertures  and   inclosed   and   secured   by  iron 

gratingii,  the  space  intervening  between  the  iron  cells 

and  this  wall  forming  a  second  place  of  confinement 

in  case  prisoners  should   escape  from  the  first.     A 

third  barrier  would  be  offered  by  the  boundary  wall 

of  the  jail,  of  great  height  and  well  secured. 

Police  Department. — In  early  times  the  preser- 

ratiou  of  order  in  the  town  of  St.  Louis  was  intrusted 

to  watchmen  or  "  patrolmen,"  those  ofiScials  being  the 

lesitimate  successors  of  the  village  constable.     In  the 

Mumn  of  1808  the  following  regulations,  embodied 

ia  a  municipal  ordinance,  were  promulgated  for  the 

fuidance  and  government  of  the  patrolmen  : 

•  Jk.  2.  The  said  |mtrol  shall  ccnsist  of  no  less  than  four 
»i!on<.  incluiling  the  ca|itain  of  the  same,  who  shall  receive 
I  (Mil  lliu  chairiimn  uf  the  said  board  of  trustees,  or  the  judges 
Mju'ticcsor  the  iicaco  aforesaid,  such  instruetions  as  they  shall 
I  mm  Dooi'Ssary. 

"Stc.  .3.  The  said  patrol  shall  bo  formed  from  the  male  in- 

iikiiauls  III  the  siiid  town  in  the  manner  following  :  The  names 

((ill the  m.ile  inhabitants  of  the  said  town  above  the  ngc  of 

(jhltcn  veins  simll  bo  taken,  by  order  of  the  chiiirnmn,  every 

(jtiimmlis,  ami  each  such  inhabitiint  shall  be  obliged  to  servo 

{itiic  ptiol  in  his  turn,  when  required  thereto,  or  shall  fur- 

liibanutlicr  person  to  serve  in  his  place;  the  chairman  or  the 

I  jjjgts  iir  justice  aforesaid  shall  appoint  the  captain  of  the  pa- 

1 IM  lor  lach  night,  and  shall  iilso   give  him    in  writing  the 

iDnitfol  those  he  is  to  summon  on  the  patrol  for  that  night, 

I  111  if  any  ]iii«on  or  persons  shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  serve  on 

lit  painil,  siioh  per.ion  or  persons   shall  for  every  such  neglect 

I  a  refusal  furlLit  and  pay  the  sum  of  one  dollar,  to  be  recovered 

I  liiii  costii  bclorc  the  chairman  or  any  justice  of  the  said  town. 

"hi-.i.  The  said  patrol  shall  be  armed,  shall  have  power 

Ktomnmnd  order  and  silence  to  all  persons  found  after  nine 

licl'A  in  llic  streets  or  public  highways  in  the  said  town  of  St. 

lUis  Ji,<iurbing  the  public  tranquillity,  and  every  person  or 

IpjD*  fu  couiraiinded  by  the  said  patrol    to  keep  silence  as 

lilmitiil,  itnil  refusing  obedience  thereto,  shall  on  conviction 

IftTfcii  ami  |my  the  sum  of  one  dollar ;  to  arrest  all  slaves  found 

liIltrniDc  ii'cluck  in  the  streets  or  publio  highways  aforesaid, 

lul  andiR't  tlieiii   to    their  master  or   mistress ;    all  persona 

IW  in  gardens  or  lots  not  their  own,  and  commit  them  to  the 

Ijiiiif  the  district  until  morning,  when  the  said  patrol  or  the 

ln\i:m  tlierciif  shall  take  such  person  or  persons  thus  found 

UtBding  liel'iirc  the  chairman  of  the  said  board,  or  a  judge,  or 

|>iiiiice  of  the  |ieace  of  the  aaid  town,  and  the  said  person  or 

47 


persons  thus  found  offending  shall  on  conviction  forfeit  and  pay 
a  sum  not  exceeding  five  dollars  with  costs,  and  in  case  any  slave 
should  be  thus  found  offending,  the  said  patrol  .«hall  carry  the 
said  slave  to  the  muster  or  the  mistress  of  such  slave,  who  shall 
iiiimeiliately  cause  the  said  slave  to  bo  whipped,  and  roceiveon 
his  or  her  naked  back  ten  hishes,  and  in  case  the  said  master  or 
mistress  should  neglect  or  refuse  to  cause  the  said  slave  to  be 
so  whipped,  then  the  said  master  or  mistress  shall  for  each  such 
neglect  or  refusal  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of  two  dollars,  to  be 
recovered  as  aforesaid.  They  shall  take  up  all  rndiaas  .•"■! 
carry  them  to  the  Indian  ngint,  and,  lastly,  in  ease  of  a  fire 
breaking  out  in  any  part  of  the  town,  the  said  patrol  shall  give 
the  alarm,  either  by  the  ringing  of  the  church-bell  or  any  such 
means  as  they  shall  deem  most  expedient. 

"Skc.  5.  It  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  said  patrol  on  discover- 
ing in  any  house  or  negro  cabin  such  a  lire  as  to  expose  said 
house  or  cabin,  or  by  communicating  the  adjoining  property, 
to  inform  of  the  same  the  master  or  mistress  of  such  bouse  or 
cabin. 

"  Skc.  6,  The  captain  of  the  patrol  shall,  on  tho  morning 
next  following  said  patrol,  make  to  the  ehairman  of  the  board 
or  in  his  absence  to  any  judge  or  justice  of  the  peace  of  tho  said 
town,  a  report  of  the  occurrences  of  tho  night  and  the  situation 
of  the  town. 

"  Sec.  7.  All  fines  ond  forfeitures  accruing  under  this  ordi- 
nance shall  go  to  the  chairman  for  the  use  of  the  town. 

"Skc.  8.  This  ordinance  shall  bo  in  force  from  and  after  the 
24th  daj'  of  September  instant. 

"  In  testimony  whereof  we,  Auguste  Chouteau,  lOdward 
Hempstead,  Hernard  I'ratte,  Alexander  .MeXair,  and  Pierre 
Chouteau  have  hereunto  set  our  hands  this  21st  day  of  ."Septem- 
ber, in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
eight,  and  of  the  indei>endence  of  tho  United  States  the  thirty- 
tliird. 

"A.  Chouteau. 
"  E.  IIkmpstead. 

"  n.     I'UATTB. 

"  A.  McNaih. 

"1'.    CllOlTKAC. 

"  Kc-cnnctod  at  a  meeting  of  the  board  of  trustees  held  on 
the  Ifith  day  of  December,  in  the  year  of  our  Loril  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  nine,  to  take  effect  and  be  in  fureo  from  and 
after  the  date  hereof. 

"  A.  CnoiTKAu. 

"  E.  Hkmi'stead. 

"  Wm.  CiinisTV. 

"J.  Cadann£. 
"  Attested, 

"J.  V.  Gaiimkh,  CTerA-." 

A  similar  patrol  had  already  been  in  existence  for 
some  years,  for  in  December,  1810,  we  find  that  the 
Court  of  Quarter  Sessions  of  the  District  of  St.  Louis 
ordered  the  payment  of  money  advanced  for  the  com- 
pensation of  services  "  performed  as  patrol  in  the 
town  of  St.  Louis  in  the  year  1805." 

On  the  23d  of  February,  1826,  the  following  ordi- 
nance regulating  a  patrol  for  the  city  was  published : 

"  1.  The  register  shall  cause  a  roll  to  be  made  and  kept  of  all 
the  free  white  male  inhabitants  in  this  city,  clergymen,  in- 
valids, and  paupers  excepted,  between  the  ages  of  eighteen  and 
sixty  years,  and  the  persons  thus  enrolled  shall  constitute  a 
patrol  company  for  the  city ;  provided  that  any  citizen  may 
place  Ilia  name  upon  the  roll  for  patrol  duty  u  many  times  u 


'  wm  i'i  ■ 


I  iliii 


il 

111 

^'' 

i 

'1 

ii.r 

ill 

a 

788 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


1  'I 


a 


ho  inny  deem  expetllent,  nnd  ho  nhall  bo  llnlile  to  perform  piitrol 
duty  nc(*nrdin){Iy ;  and  provided,  uNn,  that  a  (^ooil  nnd  sufficient 
substitute  may  be  offered  by  any  pnrscm  liiible  tDperfurni  patrol 
duty  who  may  bo  unwilling  to  serve  in  person. 

"  2.  The  nniyor  and  bonrd  of  aldermen  shall  appoint  a  cap- 
tain and  twenty-six  lieutenants  of  patrol,  who  shall  severally 
hold  their  places  during  one  year,  or  during  the  plojisiiro  of  the 
mayor  and  board  of  aldermen.  Each  oflleer,  before  entering 
upon  the  disiduirge  of  the  duties  of  his  ollice,  shall  take  an  oaih 
to  demean  himself  faithfully  in  said  ofliee,  nnd  shall  flio  a  copy 
of  his  oath  in  the  register's  office. 

"  7.  The  register  shall  cause  a  suitable  and  uniform  signal  to 
be  given  every  evening,  such  as  tlio  ringing  of  a  church-bell, 
at  ten  o'clock  from  the  let  of  May  until  the  1st  of  October, 
and  at  nine  o'clock  from  the  1st  of  October  until  the  1st  of  May, 
as  a  warning  to  slaves  to  retire  to  their  several  houses.  lie  shall 
also  provide  n  suitable  guard-room  in  a  central  situation,  with 
the  necessary  furniture,  fuel,  nnd  candles." 

In  June,  1828,  a  similar  ordinance  was  promul- 
gated, "  regulating  the  police  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis, 
and  to  suppress  riots,  routs,  and  noisy  assemblies,  and 
to  punish  disturbers  of  the  peace."  By  an  ordinance 
approved  May  28,  1839,  the  office  of  city  constable 
was  abolished,  nnd  it  was  provided  that  a  city  marshal 
should  be  appointed  by  the  mayor  by  and  with  the 
advice  and  consent  of  the  board  of  aldermen,  and  he 
appointed  Elliott  Lee  to  fill  the  office.  In  the  city 
marshal  were  vested  all  the  powers  and  duties  vested 
in  and  required  of  the  city  constable,  and  he  was  to 
receive  for  his  services  the  same  fees  receivable  by  the 
city  constable  for  like  services  and  the  sum  of  four 
hundred  dollars  annually.  The  police  force  known  as 
the  "  City  Guards"  was  established  by  an  ordinance 
approved  Dec.  19,  1839.  This  ordinance  provided 
that  "  in  the  month  of  December  in  the  year  1839, 
and  on  the  second  Monday  in  May  of  every  succeed- 
ing year,  or  as  soon  thereafter  as  practicable,  the  mayor 
shall  nominate  and  by  and  with  the  consent  of  the 
board  of  delegates  appoint  sixteen  men  who  shall  be 
designated  as  city  guards,  and  shall  be  selected  equally 
from  the  different  wards  of  the  city."  The  guards 
thus  appointed  wore  to  "  keep  watch  and  guard  every 
night  throughout  the  year  at  such  stands  and  during 
such  hours,"  and  to  "  ok-^orve,  perform,  and  execute 
all  such  matters  and  things  as  by  the  rules,  orders^ 
and  regulations  of  the  mayor  and  City  Council"  should 
from  time  to  time  be  enjoined  on  them.  They  were 
IX  offuio  "  deputy  marshals,"  and  were  authorized  to 
apprehend  ''  all  night-walkers,  malefactors,  rogues, 
vagabonds,  and  all  disorderly  persons"  whom  they 
.should  find  disturbing  the  peace  in  an  unlawful  man- 
ner, to  enter  any  inclosure  or  house  in  which  an  affray 
or  riot  might  happen,  and  to  "stop  suspicious  persons 
found  lurking  about  at  late  hours  nnd  at  unusual 
places,"  nnd  to  apprehend  them  if  they  were  unable 
to  give  a  satisfactory  account  of  themselves.     They 


were  further  instructed  to  give  the  alarm  in  cuse  of 
fire.     The  city  marshal  was  ex.  officio  captain  of  ih,. 
guard,  with  power  to  nominate  his  deputi(>M  for  the 
approval  of  the  mayor;  two  of  the  deputies  ti>  ho  Ijeu. 
tenants  of  the  guard,  and  each  to  receive  a  Miliary  of 
six  hundred  dollars  from  the  city.     If  any  other  lieu. 
tenants  were  appointed,  their  salaries  wer'>  Id  Iio  najj 
by  the  marshal.     During  their  tour  of  duty  the  incm. 
bers  of  the  guard,  who  received  a  salary  of  five  htm. 
dred  dollars  per  annum,  were  to  carry  "  a  rattle  and  a 
stout  hickory  staff  four  feet  long,  with  a  crodk  at  one 
end  and  a  steel  poinc  at  the  other  end."     The  iiimrd, 
were  to  be  equally  divided  and  stationed  within  the 
several  wards  of  the  city,  and  were  to  be  on  duty  frnni 
nine  o'clock  at  night  until  daylight  from  tiie  Ist  dav 
of  October  to  the  1st  day  of  April,  anil  from  ten 
o'clock  until  daylight  from  the  1st  day  of  April  to 
the  1st  day  of  October.     Part  of  their  dutv  was  to 
repeatedly  proclaim  the  hour  of  the  night  wliile  m 
the  rounds  assigned  to  them,  regulating  tliein.selves  bv 
the  clock  on  the  Catholic  Cathedral,  or  hy  such  other 
clock  as  the  mayor  might  designate.     The  mayor  was 
auth'-rized  to  procure  for  the  use  of  the  guard  .senlrv- 
boxes,  with  the  requisite  lamps  and  other  furniture 
therefor,  which   sentry-boxes   were   to  bo  stationed  j 
within  the  several  wards  at  such  points  as  appeared 
to  him  most  eligible.     It  was  made  the  duty  of  the  j 
lieutenant  of  the  guard  to  report  forthwith  any  men],  j 
ber  of  the  force  who  should  be  found  intoxicated  or  I 
asleep  while  on  duty,  or  should  prove  delinquent  in] 
any  other  particular.    In  case  of  emergency  (he  guards! 
were  authorized  to  call  upon  the  citizens  for  aid  in  ar-| 
resting  offenders,  "  either  by  outcry  or  sounilinL'  iliel 
alarum  with  their  rattles,"  and  any  citizen  who  refused  j 
his  aid  when  demanded  was  liable  to  a  6ne  of  not  leal 
than  five  nor  more  than  fifty  dollars.    The  guards  werel 
also  instructed  to  report  all  nuisances,  and  tn  npprehendl 
all  slaves  not  having  a  pass  from  their  owners  or  the! 
person  in  whose  employ  they  might  be  at  the  tinnj 
who  were  found  away  from  their  homes  after  certaitJ 
hours  of  the  night. 

On  the  14th  of  May,  183."),  ordinances  jiassed  bjj 
the  board  of  aldermen  establishing  u  night-watch  w\ 
defining  the  duties  of  the  city  constahle  were  ap{ 
proved  by  Mayor  Darby.      They  directcil  that  ih^ 
mayor  should  be  authorized  to  provide  a  niL'ht-waiol 
for  the  protection  of  the  city  whenever  he  shouM 
deem  the  measure  expedient,  or  be  required  so  to  ( 
by  the  board  of  aldermen.     The  force  was  to  he  nial 
up  either  of  volunteers  or  of  men  detailed  from  anioi]| 
the  respectable  citizens  above  the  age  of  twenly-oa 
years.     Refusal  to  serve  on  the  force  when  detail 
was  punishable  with  a  fine  of  five  dollars.    The  cii 


MUNICIPAL  DEPARTMENTS. 


739 


iho  nlnrm  in  I'liso  of 
c  officio  captn'iH  of  till' 

0  his  deputii-  fnv  the 
the  deputies  tc  lie  lieu- 

1  to  receive  »  f^alary  of 
iity.     If  any  nilior  lieu- 

salaries  woro  to  tie  ]iiuJ 
r  tour  of  duty  llic  iiii'ui. 
fed  a  salary  of  five  hun- 
to  carry  "a  rutllo  amh 
long,  with  a  crunk  at  ime 
other  end."     Tlic  s;u;mls 
and  stationed  within  the 
I  were  to  be  nii  duty  from 
daylight  from  tlie  Ist  day 
of  April,  and  from  ten 
,  the  Ist  day  of  April  to 
Part  of  theiv  duty  was  to 
,r  of  the  ni{:lit  while  sioiii: 
a,  rej^ulatinj;  themselves  by 
Cathedral,  or  hy  such  other 
designate.     The  mayor  was 
he  use  of  the  i:uaril  sentry- 
lamps  and  other  furniture 
)xe8   were   to  be  atationeil 
at  such  points  as  appeared 
t  was  made  the  duty  of  the 
report  forthwith  any  mem- 1 
[uld  be  found  intoxicated  or 
should  prove  delinquent  ioj 
•ase  of  emergency  the  sruardsj 
[on  the  citizens  for  aid  in  M- 
by  outcry  or  soundini:  the! 
and  any  citizen  who  refused] 
[as  liable  to  a  fine  of  not  leal 
|ly  dollars.    Thcfiuardswrel 
I  nuisances,  and  to  apprehendl 
U  from  their  owners  or  ihf J 
they  might  be  at  the  timer 
,„  their  homes  af\er  certa.nj 

Il8:?5,  ordinances  passed  b] 

lablishing  a  night-watch  am 

Ihe  city   con.stable  were  al 

I       They  directed  that  il 

led  to  provide  a  night-wti 

le  city  whenever  he  shoul 

lent,  or  be  required  so  to  ( 

1      The  force  was  to  be  mi( 

[of  men  detailed  from  atnoi 

Love  the  ag^'  o'"  '^^"">-"' 
Ion  the  force  when  detatK 

L  of  five  dollars.    Thcctl 


constuhle  was  ex  officio  captain  of  the  watch,  whose 
duty  it  ^viis  to  go  or  send  some  persons  employed  by 
the  lunvnr  about  the  soveral  wards  of  the  city  once  or 
ollener  at  convenient  times  in  the  night "  to  take  notice 
whether  the  watchmen  performed  their  duties."    Tiie 
Dorthwi'i't  room  of  the  centre  building  on  the  market 
floor  of  the  market-house  was  set  apart  as  a  guard- 
room, and  the  mayor  was  authorized  to  make  such 
alteratlDiis  or   improvements   therein    as   might    be 
necessary  to  render  it  suitable  for  the  purpose.     The 
city  coiDstable  was  appointed  annually  at  a  salary  of 
three  hundred  and  fifty  dollars  a  year,  besides  certain 
fees,  and  his  duties  were  of  a  comprehensive  and 
rather  arduous  character.     In  the  first  place,  he  was 
10  ascertain  as  far  as  possible  all  nuisances  that  existed 
from  time  to  time  in  the  city,  and  to  cause  the  same 
10  be  removed  ;  "  to  visit  all  parts  of  the  city,  to  make 
(Jiliitenl  iii(|uiry"  after  all  breaches  of  city  and  State 
law  to  "  visit  the  St.  Louis  hospital  at  least  three 
limes  in  each  week,  on  three  several  days,  and  see  that 
the  rule.s  thereof  are  in  force;"  to   visit  suspicious 
ind  disorderly  houses ;  to  enforce  the  laws  relating  to 
negroes  and  mulattoes ;  and  to  arrest  without  warrant 
•all persons  who  may  be  found  in  the  streets  of  the 
tily  in  a  state  of  intoxication,  and  convey  them  to 
some  safe  place  of  confinement,  there  to  remain  until 
ikey  shaM  have  become  perfectly  sobered." 
An  (/rdinance  providing  certain  police  regulations 
for  the  city  passed   Dec.    13,  1835,  by  the   board 
of  aldermen,  was  returned  by  the  mayor,  Hon.  John 
F.  Darby,  without  his  signature,  but  was  passed  over 
hi"  veto.    It  prohibited  slaves  from  being  in  the  street 
'betwsen  the  hours  of  ten  o'clock  post-mcridiem  and 
four  o'clock  ante-meridieni  from  the  1st  day  of  April 
;o the  30th  of  September,"  and  "between  the  hours 
if  nine  o'clock  post-meridiem  and  five  o'clock  ante- 
meridiem  from  the  1st  day  of  October  to  the  3l8t 
Jiy  of  March,  under  any  pretence  whatever,  unless 
.'och  slave  have  a  written  pass  from  his  or  her  owner 
»r  owners  of  that  day's  date."    Fines  were  imposed  for 
iallooiiii;,  shouting,  bawling,  screaming,  profane  or 
ibnene   language,   dancing,   singing,    whooping    or 
prreling,  or  any  unusual  noises  or  sounds  in  his  or 
ker  bouse,"  ind  it  was  provided  that  "  nothing  con- 
uioed  in  the  first  and  second  sections  of  this  ordinance 
lull  affect  any  country  person,  bond  or  free,  coming 
lfi«iB  or  going  to  any  of  the  markets  for  the  purpose 
U  selling  hi.s  ur  her  marketing." 

This  ordinance  was  amended  by  another  approved 

IJine  17, 18-11,  in  which  it  was  provided  that  the 

(it;  j:uard9  should  consist  of  a  captain,  three  lieu- 

iMants,  and  twenty-eight  privates,  and  one  of  the 

of  appointment  to  the  new  force  was  that 


the  person  should  be  "in  no  way  interested  in  any 
tavern,  coffee-houso,  or  tippling-shop  in  the  city,"  and 
should  understand  the  English  language  so  as  to  be 
able  to  read  and  write  the  same.     The  force  was  di- 
vided as  follows :  Two  guards  for  the  First  Ward,  six 
for  the  Second,  six  for  the  Third,  six  for  the  Fuurth, 
and  eight  for  the  Fifth.     The  practice  of  proclaim- 
ing each  hour  of  the  night  was  still  maintained,  and 
any  watchman  neglecting  or  fulling  to  ery  the  hour 
during  the  time  ho  was  on  duty  was  to  be  adjudged 
guilty  of  a  misdemeanor,  and  fined  not  less  than  one 
dollar,  nor  more  than  five  dollars,  and  for  the  second 
offense  was   to  be   dismissed.     The   captain  of  the 
guards,  who  was  also  known  as  captain  of  the  watch, 
received  a  salary  of  eight  hundred  dollars  per  annum, 
the  lieutenants  five  hundred  dollars  each,  and  the 
privates  four  hundred  and  eighty  dollars  each.     Each 
oflBcer  and  private  was  directed  when  on  duty  "  to 
wear  a  badge  on  his  hat.  and  carry  a  rattle  and  a 
stout  hickory  staff,  three  feet  long,  with  a  steel  point 
at  one  end  made  in  the  shape  of  a  spontoon."     The 
mayor  was  also  empowered  to  employ  private  watch- 
men when  he  deemed  it  necessary.     In  the  regula- 
tions for  the  government  of  the  city  guard,  approved 
Dec.  1,  1841,  it  was  provided  that  "the  calaboose, 
with  the  keys  thereof,  shall  be  exclusively  in  charge 
of  the  captain  of  the  guard,  subject  to  the  order  of 
the  mayor,  from  sundown  of  each  day  to  the  time  of 
making  his  report  on  the  following  morning,  to  the 
recorder,  or  other  proper  ofiicer,  at  which  time  he 
shall  surrender  the  same  to  the  city  marshal."     He 
was  not,  however,  required  to  report  on  Sundays,  ex- 
cept in  extraordinary  cases,  and  was  empowered  to 
detail  a  private  of  the  guard  to  act   as   calaboose- 
keeper.     OflBcers  and  members  of  the  guard  were  not 
required  to  do  duty  in  the  daytime,  except  on  ex- 
traordinary occasions  when  called  upon  by  the  mayor 
or  captain  of  the  guard.     In  accordunce  with  the 
terms  of  an  ordinance  approved  Sept.  5,  1842,  the 
salary  of  the  captain  of  the  guard  was  reduced  to  six 
hundred  dollars,  of  the  lieutenants  to  four  hundred 
and  fifty  dollars,  and  of  the  privates  to  four  hundred 
dollars.     The  duties  of  the  city  marshal  were  again 
defined  in  an  ordinance  approved  Aug.  3,  1843,  and 
were  substantially  as  heretofore  stated.     It  was  also 
provided  that  he  should  "  keep  his  office  in  the  town 
I  hall,  or  such  other  place  as  the  Council  may  direct, 
I  and  to  keep  the  same  open  every  day  in  the  year," 
,  and  should  keep  a  record  of  all  offenses  committed  in 
the  city  that  came  to  his  notice.    In  the  execution  of 
i  bis  duties  in  arresting   any  person  accused  or  sus- 
I  pected  of  crime,  or  the  arresting  of  any  person  under 
'  a  warrant,  or  in  the  suppression  of  any  riot  or  un- 


'■  J.I 


.:!■ 


1:^ 


'W»- 


yi 


1; 


.f     I  ( 


i'    !i,t 


T40 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


lawful  amembly,  or  in  preventing  tho  violation  of  any 
onliniince  or  any  law  of  the  State,  lie  should  have  the 
power  to  require  the  aid  uf  the  city  guard  or  that  of 
any  of  the  citizenx.  He  was  also  to  be  the  keeper  of 
the  city  prison  "  fVoni  seven  u'clocic  in  the  morninfi 
until  the  lime  the  city  guards  go  upon  duty  on  each 
day."  An  ordinance  more  fully  defining  the  duties 
of  the  oflBcers  and  privates  of  the  city  guard  was  ap- 
proved Aug.  14,  1843.  Among  its  provisions  wns 
one  enacting  that  "  all  persons  found  strolling  about 
the  streets  or  other  public  places  at  late  hours  of  the 
night,  not  having  a  home  or  lodging-place,  or  in  no 
way  disturbing  the  peace  or  violating  any  ordinance 
of  the  city,  and  who  may  be  uniiblo  to  give  a  satisfac- 
tory account  of  themselves,  may  be  confined  in  the 
city  prison  until  morning,"  and  another  that  it  should 
*'  be  the  duty  of  the  captain  or  lieutenant  command- 
ing, whenever  required  by  any  person  who  may  have 
been  arrested  by  the  guard  and  brought  before  him 
at  an  unreasonable  hour  of  the  night,  to  dispatch  a 
member  of  the  guard  with  him  or  her  to  their  home, 
or  a  message  or  note  from  such  p-rson  to  any  well- 
known  respectable  citizen  with  whom  ha  may  be  ac- 
quainted, unless  the  officer  may  be  convinced  that  the 
request  is  made  with  a  view  to  deceive  him." 

The  police  department  was  reorganized  in  18-16,  in 
accordance  with  an  ordinance  approved  August  7th  of 
that  year.  Article  I.  of  the  ordinance  provided  that 
a  department  should  be  established  to  be  called  the 
police  department,  and  embracing  the  city  marshal, 
city  guard,  day  police,  ond  keeper  of  the  calaboose. 
The  duties  of  the  city  marshal  were  to  see  that  all 
ordinances  were  enforced,  to  repair  to  any  part  of  the 
city  in  day  or  night  when  advised  that  any  breach  of  law 
or  (if  the  peace  had  been  or  was  about  to  be  committed, 
to  act  as  the  officer  of  the  board  of  health,  to  keep  a  rec- 
ord of  crimes,  processes,  etc.,  to  see  that  no  trespasses 
were  committed  upon  the  property  of  the  city,  and  dis- 
charge vorious  other  functions.  The  city  guard  was  to 
be  composed  of  a  captain,  six  lieutenants,  and  forty-two 
privates,  and  the  mayor  was  instructed  t<)  rent  in  the 
First  and  Sixth  Wards  each  a  suitable  room  for  .t ''  lock- 
up," in  which  persons  orrested  by  the  guard  p.ikI  liot  suf- 
fered to  go  home  should  be  confined  unt>,l  t'  j  time  for 
the  guard  to  go  off  duty  in  the  morning  when  they  were 
to  be  removed  to  the  calaboose.  The  day  police  wos  to 
consist  of  one  lieutenant  and  seven  privates ;  the 
lieutenant  to  receive  a  salary  of  four  hundred  and 
fifty  dollars,  and  the  privates  four  hundred  dollars 
each.  The  force  was  to  be  on  duty  from  seven  o'clock 
in  the  morning  from  April  1st  to  October  1st,  and 
from  eight  o'clock  for  the  rest  of  the  year,  and  to 
remain  on  duty  until  relieved  by  the  guard  at  night. 


Their  badge  was  a  gilded  star  not  less  than ^mi  a 

half  inches  in  diameter,  worn  upon  the  l<-li   i  iMjel  i,|' 
the  coat.    The  compensation  of  the  keeper  n|  i  he  cala- 
boose was  four  hundred  dollars  per  annum.     Aiuutiit 
the   miscellaneous    provisions   was    oni>   ainhorjiini; 
the  procuring  and  keeping  of  horses  for  tho  use  of  the 
captain  of  the  guard  in  the  First  and  Sixth  U';irils,iin'J 
another  authorizing  the  organization  of  (laih.ls  |iy  t|,( 
white  inhabitants  of  the  city  for  mutual  pnitectiuD 
the  offioera  of  which  were  to  be  commi.s^inii,>(|  hy  the 
mayor  as  patrol  officers ;  the  patrols  thus  or^'unijed  to 
have  the  same  powers  and  be  governed  hy  the  game 
regulations  as  the  city  guard,  but  without  uny  cum. 
pensation  from  the  city. 

In  this  year  (184G)  an  "independent  |iolice "  was 
established,  as  appears  iVom  the  followiiii;  newspaper 
publication  under  date  of  June  5th  : 

"  It  will  be  Keen  by  iin  advcrtlnoinent  in  lu-ilnt'i  piirrrthil 
Mr.  MoDnnough,  bitp  enptain  of  the  city  nininl,  uinj  M,  [i,j 
Brcuil,  late  flrat  llciutcniint  id  tho  namOi  liavu  l'^tJllllj^||c,|  gg 
in(le|ieiiileiit  police.  Tlicy  liiivo  been  cuiii'titutrl  'lipuliobvi  j 
Ii'giil  oniuor,  iind  hiivo  i|Uiiiilk'il  iiceiirding  to  tlu'  r(<i|uireiiiciiU  I 
of  litw,  and  arc,  therefore,  fully  authori/ol  In  ,ii<t  nj  r.cKi  I 
otBocru,  and  to  exeouti  any  procets  isjuei)  in  iiny  ciimiimitase.  I 
Of  eourae  they  will  receive  no  salary,  and  tluir  cuiii|,enjjiioiil 
will  often  depenil  on  wliiit  Ibone  who  eh(i<i.«('  t>  ciiiiiludlitig I 
shall  think  pre  per.  This  kind  of  police  linn  been  tri^J  igl 
nearly  all  of  th'i  I'astcrn  cities  (in  New  Vork  »<'  l.clicie  i(  ii| 
known  liy  the  name  of  the  Star  Police),  ami  has  btrn  founlljl 
be  much  mure  efhcient  than  that  of  thu  rogiilurly  ii|){>'iinicij| 
oflicers. 

"  Ciipt,  McDoniiugli,  who  is  nt  the  head  of  the  nltemnt  lieit,! 
i^  ;ii  well  known  la  this  community  thiit  it  is  ahiio;!  uieldMol 
sny  anything  about  hiin.  He  has  been  for  snnie  jcats  laMra.l 
gagcil  in  the  bu.iine.Hs  of  ferreting  out  ruKues  and  in  lii- Irigf 
career  lias  evinced  a  coolness,  judguienl.  an.l  I'uurujt  iliiekj 
would  not  have  disgraced  old  Hays  hiiiisi'll'.  Our  in!  mieB 
with  the  late  mayor  and  knowledge  of  the  o|ii'ratiiin! ',f  tiK 
police  under  his  administration  warrants  us  in  Hiving  ibi) 
there  never  has  been  in  this  city  the  eiiual  nf  C»|il.  .MiUvnouj) 
in  this  dopurtmcnt. 

"  Mr.  Uu  Itreuil  is  well  known  to  the  puMic  n.«  an  cffitimj 
and  assiduous  officer.     Ho  has  filled  several  i'taliiin*  in  m 
police,  which  have  brought  him  into  intiuiali'conni'i'iioniill 
this  business.     To  much  experience  he  adds  a  iiialurcj  j;i( 
ment  and  the  essential  of  coolness  and  coura;,'o." 

In  the  mayor's  message  of  May  8,  18-l.S,  it ' 
stated  that  the  city  guard  during  the  previous  ja 
had  been  reduced  to  three  lieutenants  and  tJiirtvpij 
vates,  and  it  waA  added  that  the  city  vas  then  i 
much  extended  that  it  was  impossihlu  without 
industry  for  thirty  men  to  properly  f;iiard  the  whd 
city,  and  that  there  was  great  cniii|ilaint  on  the  [ 
of  citizens  in  respect  to  the  inadequacy  of  the  pow 
"  Burglaries,  larcenies,  and  petty  tliufts  of  the  i 
daring  character,"  added  the  mayor,  "have been c 
mitted  of  late  in  every  part  of  tho  city.  ...  If  ( 
city  guard  cannot  be  made  effective,  it  had  better | 


MUNICIPAL  DEPARTMKNTS. 


741 


not  \cM  tliwn  '  "••  »'>ila 
upon  the  l<'li  livpfl  "f 
f  the  Weeper  "I  iliecula- 
r»  per  Bniium.     \mun^ 
I  wa»    one   iiutliciriiiii<^ 
horses  for  thi-  UMMiftli.' 
rsland  Sixth  \V;irils,nn4 
lization  of  ininuls  hy  ilic 
y  for  liiutuul  (ivniecliiiii, 
I  be  00™!!!"!"^"!"'!!  t'V  ''i« 
patrols  thus  (iv';iiiiiz(.'ii  to 
bo  ^overni'il  U  itic  same 
rd,  but  without  uny  com- 

"  independent  police"  was 
I  the  followiii<^  ii(;w>pap«r 
[une  5th: 

i^oinent  in  tu..li.>'i  i«I'"  f"' 
of  the  city  miiii'l.  iiiwl  Mr,  Du 
tho  name,  Imve  r,i,iljli>lwl  in  I 
obeeiiooii»til"t''l'lf|'"""''y»l 
1  uMordini!  I"  ""■  r'n"'™"'"" 
lUy  autliori/e.l  t.i  a.l  a)  |«c« 
,cof »  isKUOl'  iniMiyciimi!ialta!«. 
J  sftlary,  nnil  tlu'ir  cuiiii.en<riU',n  I 
luscwho  chuoso  to  i'n.iil.iyllimj 
ind  of  volici!  liiis  bcv"  IritJiill 
cs(inNew  V"rl<  «>•  liclicv e  it  ii I 
iir  Police),  and  tumbetn  found  wl 
tbftl  of  lliu  logiiLirly  npi-iinldl 

,ntthcl.cftaortln'«tteDiI'<''"'.j 
,n„nitvtl».litisulm..*lu«lc«l.l 

ha«  been  for  some  jmisF't  enT 
.elinHoutroKuesuii'lmlmliti* 

:  ju.lgn.cnt,  .111^1  H.uragc  ■>\nM 
,1,1  lltt«  l.in.s,.ir.  Our  inimMH 
.owleilgcortlu.  "l.mtio,iM,tlh(^ 

,tion  warrants  u*  in  ^avnig  "-^ 
„itythoe.iual«fC»i.t.MoU«ujt 

,own  to  tl.o  ])"''''«  »'  *"  '*"'*! 

has  mic'l  "«*■"»'  ■""'"'"  '"  '1 
him  into  inli."at,-eoancd,on.it| 

.criencoheadd.  amat"«Jj^V 
olncss  anil  coiiruiio." 

,ge  of  Mtty  8,  1848,  it 

^rd  during  the  previutis  y 

lee  lieutenants  tmd  thirty  pr 

Id  that  the  city  m^  tlien 

,,88  impossible  without  <5 

J  to  properly  ;:..ard  the  vth( 

Ib  great  cnmvlaint  on  il«  P 

,lheinadcq.iacyofthepol' 

tind  petty  thefts  of  the  ■ 
J  the  mayor,  "have been 

Ipart  of  the  city.  •  •  •  " 
Vade  effective,  it  had  better 


h 


ibiodnri'  d  altogether,"    In  1850,  however,  the  mayor 

rt'porteil  that  the  police   force,  which  had  been  In- 

cKiM'd  liv  the  addition  of  ten  privates,  was,  for  its 

numbers,  very  efficient.     On  tho  1st  of  April  of  this 

tear  tiir  muyor  approved  an  ordinance  eslablishinf;  n 

police liipartnient,  to  consist  of  the  city  marshal  and 

officers  mid  privates  of  tho  day  and  ni^^ht  );uard  ;  tho 

day  );uiir(l  to  consist  of  one  lieutenant  and  nine  pri- 

raies,  aii'l  the  night  guard  of  one  captain,  three  lieu- 

Mants,  iiiid  thirty-six  privates ;  the  city  marshal  to 

be  tx  iijliii'i  chief  of  city  (tolice,  nrti  the  captain  of  the 

juard  to  he  ex  ojffian  deputy  raarslml.     The  mayor, 

chiel'  of  )ii)lico,  and  captain  of  the  city  guard,  con- 

joiotly,  were  instructed  to  procure  a  suitable  building 

Id  each  of  the  police  districts  except  the  Second  for 

sution-hnusos ;  the  "  present  police  office"  to  serve  as 

iMaiionlioiiso  in  the  Second  District.     The  districts 

lerc  defined  by  the  same  ordinance  as  follows :  tho 

First  and  Second  Wards  constituted  the  First  District; 

ibe  Third  and  Fourth  \V  ards  constituted  the  Second 

District;  the  Fifth  and  Sixth  Wards  constituted  tho 

Third  District.    Tho  pay  of  the  captain  was  fifty  dol- 

Impernioiith,  that  of  the  lieutenants  forty-five  dol- 

lirsper  month,  and  that  of  the  privates  forty  dol'"rn. 

Hie  chief  of  police  was  authorized  to  employ  a  suita- 

1  Hi  vehicle  ( the  "  Black  Maria"  of  those  days)  "  for  tho 

I  purpose  of  removing  any  person  or  persons  arrested  and 

I  (onfined  in  the  First  or  Third  Station-IIouses  to  the 

retwder's  court,  or  to  the  calaboose  or  to  prison,  as  the 

Use  may  require,"  the  expense  of  the  vehicle  not  to 

I  uceed  twenty-five  dollars  per  month.    A  supplementary 

wJinance  wus  approved  June  29,  1850,  providing  for 

appoiiitiucnt  of  two  deputy  marshals  of  police  at 

iialaryof  three  hundred  and  sixty  dollars  per  annum, 

linJiwo  additional  lieutenants  of  the  night  guard.    In 

hb  message  of  May  10,  1852,  Mayor  Kennett  stated 

Ilk  the  police  force  was  well  organized  and  active,  and 

liitit  consisted  of  sixty-throe  officers  and  men, — one 

japtaiD,  six  lieutenants,  and  forty  men  in  tho  night 

[pii.  and  one  captain  and  fifteen  men  in  the  day 

Ipuril,— making  the  entire  pay-roll  thirty  thousand 

jWlars  per  annum.     Mayor  How,  in  his  message  of 

lOct.  10, 1853,  called  attention  to  the  fact  that  under 

Itkepijlice  re|;iilations  then  in  force  the  city  was  uii- 

■[urded  four  hours  out  of  the  twenty-four ;  the  night 

Inteli  <;oing  en  at  8  p.m.  and  going  off  at  5  A.M.,  and 

iday  watch  going  on  at  9  A.M.  and  going  off  at  8 

M ,  and  urged  that  a  change  be  made,  so  that  the 

it;  would  be  constantly  protected.     In  his  message 

'May  8, 1854,  Mayor  How  recommended  that  the 

dice  should  wear  a  uniform  or  badge  that  v>ould  be 

[lietter  adapted  for  designating  their  office  than  the 

DOW  worn."   The  uniform  thus  recommended  was 


adopted,  and  notice  was  given  to  the  police  to  appear 
in  the  clothing  prescribed  from  and  after  tho  1st  of 
November,  1854.  In  1K55,  Mayor  King  recommended 
that  tho  police  force  be  remodeled  and  the  members 
bo  appointed  during  good  behavior.  Tho  number  of 
police,  he  added,  was  too  small  and  their  pay  too  little. 
At  that  time  tho  night  guard  consisted  of  one  captain, 
six  lieutenants,  and  six  privates,  and  the  day  guard  of 
one  captain,  one  lieutenant,  and  twenty-five  privates. 
Mayor  King  also  recommended  that  the  office  of  mar- 
shal  bo  entirely  disconnected  from  the  police,  and  that 
a  chief  of  police  at  u  competent  salary  be  appointed. 
In  1856  tho  force  wus  reorganized  by  ordinance  of  the 
City  Council,  in  accordance  with  Mayor  King's  recom- 
mendation, and  D.  A.  liawlings  was  appointed  chief 
of  police.  Tho  office  of  marshal,  however,  was  not 
abolished.  In  addition  to  the  regular  policemen,  who 
woro  a  uniform,  a  detective  force  wus  organized,  the 
members  of  which  were  not  required  to  wear  the  uni- 
form. 

The  present  metropolitan  police  system  of  St.  Louis 
was  established  by  an  act  of  the  Legislature  approved 
March  27,  1801,  which  provided  for  tho  establish- 
ment of  a  board  of  police,  to  be  called  the  police  com- 
missioners of  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  to  consist  of  four 
coinmisiiioners  to  bo  appointed  by  the  Governor.  Tho 
mayor  of  St.  Louis  was  to  be  ex  officio  a  member  of 
the  board,  which  was  to  have  the  entire  control  and 
managemct  of  tho  police  force.  The  act  expressly 
provided  that  the  police  organization  should  be  en- 
tirely independent  of  the  city  government,  the  lan- 
guage of  the  act  on  this  head  being  as  follows:  -'The 
Common  Council  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis  may  pass 
ordinances  for  preserving  order,  securing  property  or 
persons  from  violence,  danger,  or  destruction,  pro- 
tecting public  and  private  property,  and  for  promoting 
the  great  interests  and  insuring  the  good  government 
of  the  eity ;  but  no  ordinance  heretofore  passed,  or 
that  may  hereafter  be  passed  by  the  Common  Coun- 
cil of  St.  Louis,  shall  in  any  manner  conflict  or  in- 
terfere with  the  powers  or  the  exercise  of  the  powers 
of  the  board  of  police  commissioners  of  the  city  of  St. 
Louis  as  hereinafter  created,  nor  shall  the  said  city  or 
any  officer  or  agent  of  the  corporation  of  said  city,  or 
the  mayor  thereof,  in  any  way  impede,  obstruct, 
hinder,  or  interfere  wi'h  the  said  board  of  police,  or 
any  ofScer,  or  agent,  or  servant  thereof  or  thereunder. 
So  much  of  the  city  charter  and  ordinances  as  author- 
ize the  mayor  and  Common  Council  to  appoint,  pay, 
and  arm  the  police  of  said  city,  and  protect  the  said 
police  in  the  discharge  of  their  duty,  be  and  the  same 
is  hereby  repealed."  It  was  further  provided  that 
the  officers  of  the  police  force  should  be  one  ohie^ 


1    1,, 


i  s; 


742 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


t  ■:■.(' 


of  police,  three  captains,  three  lieutonants,  not  exceed- 
in|i;  twelve  sorgeant.s,  and  four  turnkeys.  The  ap- 
pointment of  five  detectives  was  also  authorized.  The 
"oiumissioners  received  a  salary  of  one  thousand  dol- 
lars per  annum ;  the  treasurer,  appointed  from  their 
number,  to  be  paid  five  hundred  dollars  additional ; 
chief  of  police,  two  thousand  dollars ;  each  captain 
thirteen  dollars  a  week  ;  each  lieutenant  eleven  dollars 
and  fifty  cents  a  week  ;  each  sergeant  ten  dollars  and 
fifty  cents  a  week  ;  each  private  and  each  detective  t«n 
dollars  a  week,  and  each  turnkey  eii;ht  dollars  and 
fifty  cents  a  week.  Tho  board  of  commissioners  was 
authorized  to  appoint  a  clerk  or  clerks,  to  use  a  com- 
mon seal,  to  have  general  jurisdiction  of  the  peace 
and  irood  order  of  the  city,  to  summon  through  the 
sheriff,  if  necessary,  a  posse  comitutus,  to  call  out  the 
military  force  for  the  suppression  of  riot  or  disorder, 
etc. 

The  first  board  of  police  commissioners  under 
the  new  system,  appointed  by  Governor  Claiborne  F. 
Jackson,  was  composed  of  Cl'arles  McLaren,  John  A. 
Brownlee,'  James  H.  Carlisle,  and  Basil  W.  Duke. 
Mayor  Daniel  G.  Taylor  was  ex  officio  member  of  the 
board,  which  met  on  the  l(»th  of  April,  1801,  and 
organized  by  the  election  of  Mr.  Brownlee  as  presi- 
dent, and  Mr.  Carlisle  as  treasurer.  James  M.  Lough- 
borough was  appointed  secretary,  and  James  McDon- 
ough  chief  of  police.  On  the  twenty-first  of  the  same 
month  it  was  announced  that  the  commissioners, 
having  rented  Arnot's  building  on  Chestnut  Street, 
and  having  properly  fitted  it  up,  had  occupied  it  on 
the  previous  evening  for  the  first  time  as  a  police 
headquarters.  Chief  McDonough  at  once  proceeded 
to  organize  the  new  force.  Early  in  18(i2  the  board 
of  commissioners,  in  view  of  the  political  excitement 
and  the  unsettled  state  of  affairs,  largely  increased 
the  force,  which  at  one  time  numbered  three  hundred 
and  twenty  men,  including  oflioers.  In  April,  18()2, 
it  was  redufcd  to  on*^  hundred  and  seventy-five  men, 
and  on  May  10,  i8(i2,  it  was  still  further  reduced, 
until  the  regular  force  num'  ;!rcd  twenty-five  men. 
The  expenditures  of  the  police  department  for  1801 
amounted  to  one  hundred  and  four  thousand  dollars. 

In  August  and  September,  1861,  a  change  was 
made  in  the  board  on  account  of  the  removal  and 
resignation  of  the  first  board,  and  the  membership 
was  reduced  to  four,  the  board  consisting  of  Jas.  8. 

1  Jdlin  A.  Ilrcwiilee  diuil  on  the  lUth  of  Ootiihor,  ISfil,  Mr. 
Brownlei',  who  hail  buun  ii  roideit  of  St.  Loiiiii  for  twenty-flve 
ur  thirty  yuiirs,  was  ii  iiiombor  of  the  flrin  of  Drowiilce,  Hoi-^r 
<t  Co.,  and  at  ono  time  prciiiili^nt  of  tho  Merdiants'  Uank,  a 
leading  hiisinciiii  man  and  infliivntial  cilicun.  Ho  left  a  wifo 
and  leverai  ohildriMi. 


I  Thomas,  mayor  and  cr  officio  member  dl  ,li,.  |,q„j 
John  How,  Wm.  Patrick,  and  Jdlm  Ui<;„||, 
Chief  McDonough  resigned  in  October  (.!'  the  sami 
year,  and  J.  E.  D.  Couzins  was  appoinird  in  his 
place.' 

In  1865  the  force  consisted  of  two  Inindred  and 
twenty-five  men,  including  twenty-five  (jtlicers.  At 
this  time  tho  police  of  St.  Louis  were  oliiiri^ed  wii), 
the  protection  of  persons  and  property  over  an  area 
of  sixteen  square  miles,  with  a  populiuion  of  one 
hundred  and  eighty  thousand. 

In  1860  the  force  was  constantly  vary  ins;  on  ac- 
count of  resignations,  sickness,  etc.,  tlie  averaire 
strength  during  the  year  being  225.  A  .-iiiall  .'itaiinn. 
house  was  erected  near  the  arsenal ;  also  one  in  .N'ew  j 
Bremen  and  one  in  South  Market.  By  reconiineiKJa- 
tion  of  chief  Laibold  the  force  was  increased  durin"  j 
the  year  until  it  aggregated  225  men.  The  expoudi. 
tures  for  1860  amounted  to  $104,9:!;5.4!t. 

During  this  year  (in  June)  was  organized  a  stoani- j 
boat  detective  police,  under  Capt.  J.  M.  Huijy  ^revi.i 
ously  connected  with  the  police  force  in  Nashville] 
Tenn.,  and  other  places,  who  was  authorized  to  orsan-i 
ize  a  body  of  men  to  be  called  the  Steamboat  DeiKiivel 
Police  Force,  whose  special  duty  it  was  to  protoctl 
steamboats  from  incendiarism,  accidental  fire,  robber?  f 
and  all  the  other  dangers  incidental  to  a  crowded  porf 
prevent  the  theft  of  freight  or  its  injury  in  any  ml 
so  far  as  possible,  while  lying  on  the  Levee  ;  in  fact, ' 
body  of  men  with  all  the  discipline  and  parapberiialii 
of  a  regular  police  force,  wholly  devoted  totheprotci 
tion  of  steamboats  and  property  moving  by  theriver,'! 
The  force  was  organized  on  the  petition  of  iheprin. 
cipal  steamboat  owners  of  St.  Louis,  who  staled  ihi| 
they  were  willing  to  pay  one  dollar  n  day  to  fa 
Baily  for  every  steamer  owned  by  the  pclilioreJ 
during  the  boat's  continuance  in  port.  During  ibi 
night  the  number  of  men  on  the  Levee  was  to  be  IM 
proportion  to  the  number  of  boats  in  port,  not  I 
than  one  man  being  allotted  to  each  boat ' 

In  1 867  a  much-needed  incroa.se  of  the  number o 
sergeants  was  authorized,  adding  nine  officers  to  lU 
force.     At  the  beginning  of  tho  year  the  force  eoi 

'  On  tho  5th  of  Septembor,  ISiil,  it  iviiMiiiindiinciil  thitCn 
Turner,  of  the  Central  I'nlice  Station,  hml  rwii^icJ  incirderl 
aocopt  ttie  eomnnind  of  one  of  tlic  giiiiljoal^  ibeii  liiiiig  l>i 
iiy  Capt.  Kndi". 

'On  thi'  .Ith  of  RoptcnibiT,  I8B1I,  ooi'iirrod  tlip  dcatli  «l  M^ 
catale,  HI.,  of  Paul  Horger.  who  wiin  burn  in  81.  I<"uii,  1 
partioipalod  In  many  of  tho  iuipuihiiil  evrnu  lunnw 
with  ltd  growth  and  devolupment.  In  carlv  jciiri  lie  «u 
tain  of  the  old  French  patrol  police  unilir  .Ma.i  W.  Carr,if«j 
which  nerved  the  eity  wlliiout  pay.  He  «m  »My-ii"rym 
old  at  the  time  of  hin  death. 


MUNICIPAL  DEPARTMENTS. 


(43 


B,  addiiiR  nine  officers  to  iB 
U  of  the  yeiir  tlie  lore  toi 

I  18,(1,  it  wiiMiiin.mn«-llli»'M 
I,  Station,  l.u.lro.i«.H'am»'toJ 

1  „r  II,..  Ku..!.'""'  "«"  '""^  '■ 

_  18firt,..e.M.nT(lthodc,>tl>.iMl 
r„h«  w,.«bnrniu?t.I..« 

I  the  iM.ro.t.»"  '■"■»"  """'^ 

Lont.      lnoarlvyc,.r.l.e««'«^ 
,..»      lie  «»»  »ixt)-""' 


ited  of  -fiC  ofiBoers  and  privates.  During  the  year 
)5  resi|r»i'd,  G  died,  and  45  were  dismissed  and 
ilioppcd  iVum  the  rolls.  Ninety-three  were  appointed, 
lejvint;  ail  aggregate  of  2G3  at  the  end  of  the  year. 

In  18li^,  under  an  act  amendatory  of  an  act  creat- 

i(,i  ihe  biiard,  approved  Maroh  13,  1867,  a  mounted 

police  forces  "f  twenty  men  was  organized  to  protect 

tie  outskirts  of  the  city,  and  proved  to  be  an  invalu- 

ilil;  auxiliary  in  suppressing  highway  robbery  and  in 

jjfjiiiiiir  \i]i  a  number  of  dens  for  stolen    property 

fliich  e^ii^tcd  outside  the  eity  limits,  and  in  various 

oilier  luattcrs  wliicli  could  not  be  well  reached  by  foot 

uirolmcii  of  the  force.      The  regular  force  was  in- 

■K&i  by  adding  twenty  men,  which  increased  the 

iipcnscs  for  the  current  year  to  three  hundred  thou- 

aml  dollars,  of  which  the  city  paid  three-fourtiis  and 

lie  county  one-fourth.     It  was  during  this  year  that 

lie  practice  of  "  beer-jerking"  was  entirely  suppressed. 

Id  18G?'  the  board  redistricted  the  city  into  four  police 

lisiricts.    During  the  year  the  number  of  patrolmen 

ippiiinted  was  84 ;  dismissed,  32  ;    resigned,  volun- 

luilv,  48  ;  died,  none  ;   leaving  the  force  at  the  end 

tftlieveai'  -'117  sfong,  classified  .as  follows:  1  chief 

if  police,  'A  captains,  21   sergeants,  240    patrolmen 

intluJini;  special-duty  men),  1  turnkey,  and  1  porter. 

In  18l)i),  the  aggregate  of  the  force  on  March  31st 

lis  two  liuiulred  and  seventy-eight  officers  and   men. 

Socliangt  was  made  in  the  number  of  districts,  and 

lie  >'ati(iii-h(rases   remained  the  same,   except    the 

IkirJ,  which  was  changed  to  the  west  side  of  Seventh 

JMt,  bi'twocn  Fri\nklin  Avenue  and  Wash  Street. 

Hiis  station-house  was  purchased  at  a  cost  of  814,- 

W.ill. 

The  raids  ('  the  police  on  gambling-houses  wher- 

cntliov  existed  were  very  frequent  and  destructive 

jiitin;  ili'  year  18G9,  yet  not  wholly  effectual  in  ex- 

WBiiiiatin!;  the  evil.     The  expenditures  for  the  police 

lifartuient  daring  this  year  were  $305,711.84.    The 

it([>m,<  of  expenditures    from   other  ii.uling   citii;.-. 

pKtil  that,  in  proportion  to  area  and  p>ipulation,  no 

iiy  m  sii  eciinoiniouUy  policed,  and  no  policemen  so 

■dvfaid.    The  heahh  "f  the  force  during  this  year 

scoedihgly  good ;  but  one  death  from  disease 

med,  and  one  patrolman,  John  W.  Skinner,  was 

Jon  the  night  of  June  15,  1868,  b^  a  drunken 

During  the  year  one  hundred  and  seventy-fivo 

nti  a|;aiii.st  gambling-liouscs  were  executed  by 

P'jlioc,and  gambling  implements,  etc.,  to  the  value 

131'  'DO  were  seized  and  destroyed. 

On  October  13,  ISGii,  the  force  was  divided  into 

platoons.    The  hours  of  duty  of  the  first  platoon 

from  11    P.M.   to  11    A.M.,  and  of  the  sec- 

1  from  11    A.M.   to    11     P.M.      The    aggregate 


of  the  force  at  the  mid  of  the  current  year  ending 
March  31,  1870,  was  three  hundred  and  three.  The 
station-houses  in  1870  were  valued  at  $27,500,  and 
the  rentals  paid  for  station-houses  amounted  to 
§5090.  By  the  annexation  of  Carondelet,  with  -lie 
intervening  territory,  the  length  of  the  city  was  in- 
creased to  twelve  miles,  and  the  area  to  be  patrolled 
by  the  police  to  twenty-two  square  miles.  A:i  increase 
of  forty-four  patrolmen  and  six  sergeants  was  asked  for 
by  James  McDouougli,  chief  of  police,  who  was  re- 
appointed Sept.  30,  IHiO.  Forty-three  fires  were 
extinguished  by  the  police  without  calling  out  the 
fire  department.  During  the  year  James  McClure 
and  William  D.  Bowen  were  promoted  to  captains. 

On  Sept.  26,  1870,  Ferdinand  M^yer,  William  A. 
Hequembourg,  and  Julius  llunicke  were  removed 
from  the  board  of  police  commissioners  by  Governor 
McClurg,  and  their  places  filled  by  the  appointment 
of  S.  M.  Randolph,  Wm.  Baker,  ..nd  Wm.  Moran. 
On  November  1st,  A.  llo.seiiblatt  was  appointed  to  take 
the  place  of  Samuel  Ijonner,  resigned.  The  latter 
board  were  removed  by  Governor  B.  Gratz  Brown  in 
1870,  and  their  places  filled  by  the  appointment  of 
the  following :  W.  F.  Ferguson,  vice-president,  Wm. 
Patrick,  treasurer,  and  Julius  Hunicke  and  O.  B. 
Filley,  commissioners.  Mayor  Jo.seph  Brown  was 
e.r  offiilo  president  of  the  board. 

The  force  in  1871  consisted  of  two  divisions. 
The  first  division  contained  17  officers  and  150 
patrolmen,  and  tho  second  division  17  officers 
and  154  patrolmen.  The  force  was  distributed  ac- 
cording to  districts,  as  follows  :  First  District,  66  ; 
Second  Di.strict,  112;  Third  District,  86;  Fourth 
District,  57  ;  mounted,  17  ;  headquarters,  8.  The 
mounted  district  include!  three  miles  outside  of  the 
city  limits.  The  force  was  increased  during  1871, 
6  sergeants  and  1 00  patrolmen  being  added,  and  the 
pay  of  detectives  was  increased  from  $75  to  $100 
per  month.  It  was  during  this  year  that  the  "  Insti- 
tution for  the  Houseless  ai'd  Homeless"  was  estab- 
lished at  No.  213  Green  Street,  under  the  control  and 
directiot  of  the  police  fori   . 

In  1872  tho  board  of  .,o>  issioners  nonsiated  of 
Joseph  Brown,  mayor  and  ex  njjfUio  presid^int;  Wil- 
liam F.  F'!'-a;uson,  vice-president ;  William  Patrick, 
treasurer;  Julius  Ili'uicke,  purchasing  member; 
Joseph  Pulitzer,  commissioner;  George  Gavin,  secre- 
tary ;  and  Wm.  Patrick,  attorney.  The  force,  inclu- 
•ding  officers  and  men,  numbered  366,  clitssified  as 
follows  :  chiefs,  1  ;  captains,  4  ;  sergeants,  34  ;  patrol- 
men, 318;  detcciive.s,  ,"),  and  turnkeys,  4.  On  ac- 
count of  II  fuither  extension  of  the  city  limits,  adding 
thirtvtw  •  'liiJ  three-fourths  square  miles,  ati  increase 


744 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


n   ;i 


im 


of  the  force  was  made,  adding  1  captain,  3  seroeants, 
and  66  patrolmen,  twenty  of  wiiom  were  designated 
as  mounted  men  in  the  new  district.  The  rate  of 
taxation  assessed  for  police  purposes  was  three-twen- 
tieths of  one  per  cent,  in  the  old  limits,  and  three- 
fortieths  of  one  per  cent,  in  the  ne.v,  which  realized 
the  sum  of  $212,270.05,  lacking  898,821.90  of  the 
amount  of  requisitions  oo  the  city.  The  two  exten- 
sions of  the  city,  taking  in  Carondclet,  Forest  Park, 
and  Northern  Park  districts,  occurred  in  such  clo.se 
succession,  tliat  a  correspondingly  rapid  increase  in  the 
strength  of  the  police  force  was  necessitated.  The  city 
limits  then  contained  fifty-two  and  three-fourths 
square  miles,  besides  a  large  outside  territory  to  be 
patrolled  by  the  mounted  force,  making  in  all  about 
eighty  square  miles,  comprising  a  larger  police  terri- 
tory than  that  of  any  city  in  the  Union  except  Phila- 
delphia, which  took  in  the  whole  county.  The  < 
expenditures  for  the  year  amounted  to  $393,721.54. 

On  Feb.  6,  1872,  the  Second  and  Tb-  i  Police 
Districts  were  subdivided,  thereby  creating  a  fifth  dis- 
trict. The  Second,  or  Central  District  was  bounded 
on  the  north  by  Washington  Avenue,  south  by  Chou- 
teau Avenue,  east  by  the  river,  and  west  by  city 
limits.  The  Third  District  was  bounded  on  the 
north  by  Cass  Avenue,  south  by  Washington  Ave- 
nue, east  by  the  river,  and  west  by  city  limits. 

In  1873  the  board  was  composed  of  the  following: 
Joseph  Hrown,  mayor,  <:r  officio  president ;  C.  C. 
Rainwater,  vice-president;  William  Patrick,  treas- 
urer; D.  H.  Armstrong,  member  of  the  board  of 
health  ;  Lewis  Dorsheiraer,  purchasing  member ;  and 
George  Gavin,  secretary.  The  total  strength  of  the 
force,  officers  and  men,  was  three  hundred  and  sixty- 
nine.  An  increase  of  nineteen  men  was  made  during 
this  year,  and  the  city  was  divided  into  five  districts, 
containing  five  main  and  five  sub-stations,  all  of  which 
were  connected  by  telegraph  with  the  police  head- 
quarters. Four  of  the  stations  were  leased,  two 
rented,  and  four  owned.  The  total  amount  of  sta- 
tion-house rent  paid  during  the  year  was  848{;3.92, 
and  the  total  cost  of  purchases  and  improvements, 
$23,820.15.  The  total  expense  of  the  police  depart- 
ment for  the  year  ending  March  31,  1873,  was 
$439,112.46,  boLig  an  average  of  $1164.80  for 
eaiih  man  ev.ployed  during  the  year. 

During  1873,  aside  from  the  "  Police  Relief  Fund 
Association,"  which  exteiids  only  to  relieving  mem- 
bers while  sick,  there  was  established  the  "  St.  Louis 
Metropolitan  Police  Life  Insurance  Association,"  Ail 
the  members  of  thr  force  except  ten  voluntarily  joined 
this  association,  and  bound  themselves  to  pay  two 
dollars  each  upon  the  death  of  any  member.     The 


monry  realized  froia  this  sotirce  was  .iv,  a  to  th 
widows  and  orphans  of  deceased  membois. 

In  1874  a  change  was  made  in  the  number  of! 
police  districts,  involving  a  reduction  fnun  live  to  fijur 

The  members  of  the  board  in  187")  m,.,,,  .\^,l 

B.  Barret,  mayor,  and  ex  officio  presid.'iit;  James 

C.  Nidelet,  vice-president  and  acting  prpsiJent  C  C  ' 
Rainwater,  treasurer ;  Lewis  Dorjliainui-,  purchasing  I 
member;  John  G.  Priest,  mem'.er  of  the  board  of] 
health  :  and  George  Gavii',  secretary. 

Two  new  station-housea  lere  built  ilmin"  1875  —  1 
one  on  the  corner  of  Seventh  and  C  •  >  Strecu  i 
one  on  Souiard  Street,  between  Seventh  and  Eighth  J 
and  the  construction  of  two  others  was  lic^un— iin»j 
in  North  St.  Louis,  at  the  corner  of  Ninth  and  \n.| 
gelica  Streets,  and  one  in  South  St.  Louis,  at  tiiel 
corner  of  Second  and  Taylor  Streets.  The  new  sia-f 
tions  are  all  substantial  brick  buildinsrs,  and  tiiein 
total  estimated  value  is  $25,000.  The  force  at  tliel 
end  of  the  year  1875  aggregated  four  Imndvcd  and 
sixty-two,  the  average  strength  throughou,  thi^  nl-lji 
year  being  four  hundred  and  five.  Tiie  expenJi; 
for  this  year  amounted  to  $504,()(!3.t'T. 

In  1876  the  only  change  made  in  the  mtiL  .rsliipj 
of  the  board  was  that  occasioned  iiy  tlu'  death  o| 
Mayor  Barret,  who  was  succeeded  by  .Mayor  BrittoaJ 
and  afterwards  by  Mayor  Overstolz,  as  fx  nfUcii,  pra 
ident.  The  total  force  in  1876  numbered  four  haul 
dred  and  thirty. 

In  1877   the  force,  owing  to  a  reduction  ofthj 
police  appropriation   by  the   City  Council,  was  cd 
down  to  two  hundred  and  forty-fmir  policcii.<'n 
serve  during  the  day  and  one  hundred  and  eiditv-sii 
during  the  night.    Its  total  strength  iu  theondofthl 
year  was  four  hundred  and  thirty. 

The  board  of  commissioners  for  1877  \m  co( 
posed  of  Henry  Overstolz,  mayor  and  ix  ';//iV/'.,  pre 
dent ;  D.  H.  Armstrong,  vice-pre.sidont ;  Basil  Duki 
treasurer ;  John  G.  Priest,  member  board  of  liealtlj 
James  C.  Nidelet,  purchasing  member:  and  Geoij 
Gavin,  secretary. 

In  1878  there  occurred  but  one  change  in 
membership  of  the  board,  occasioned  by  the  resii," 
tion  of  Col.  D.  H.  Armstrong,  wlid  was  app ointeJI 
Governor  Phelps  to  succeed  L.  V.  Bogy  (doceai 
in  the  United  States  Senate,  and  who.se  place 
filled  by  the  appointment  of  Silas  Bent.    The  1 
during  this  year  numbered  four  hundred  and  sixl 
seven  officers  and  men. 

During  1879  the  average  strength  of  the  force  i 
five  huMtlred  men,  all  told,  to  guard  a  police  tcrril« 
of  sixty-three  square  miles,  and  ilio  lives  and  p.Dix 
of  about  five  hundred  thousand  inhabitants. 


MUNICIPAL  DEPARTMENTS. 


745 


Burce  was  uivoa  to  the 
ised  mouili'i-. 
uade  in   thr  mmiber  of  i 
iduction  fmiii  five  to  four.  | 
rd  in  1^75  wiip  Arthur  I 
officio  prcsiiiiMit;  James 
id  actinj^  prt'sulcnt .  C.  C.  I 
s  DowliaiiiKT,  purchasini;! 
meoaVer  of  the  boanl  of| 

jjecretary. 
■ -ere  built  duvinu  1875.—  ] 
nth  and  C  •'■  Streets,  and} 
ween  Seventli  and  Ki|;hth-,| 
wo  othera  was-  lie;;un,— onel 

corner  of  Ninth  and  Ag-| 
n  South  St.  liouis,  at  thel 
ylor  Streets.  The  new  aa-j 
brick  buildinizs.  and  tlieiri 
(25,000.  The  force  at  the| 
;2resiated  four  ImndveJ  an4 
•ength  throu^hou,  tli,'  »I'-li 
and  five.  Thooxpw' 
)$504,OC.3.t:. 
nge  made  in  the  mem  .rsliirf 
occasioned  by  tlie  dcaili 
succeeded  by  Mayor  Britton, 
,r  Overstolz,  as'.T';rflc".prei 
187C  nuiubored  four  hun| 

owin"  to  a  reduction  of  \\t 

the   City  Comicil  was  ejj 

and  forty-four  poUceti,^n  I 

one  liundreil  ainl  eijitys 

otalstrengtliaithoendoftli| 

I  thirty, 
lissioners  for  1877  wa=  coi| 
olz,  mayor  ami  <-x  "f'i"  ¥'* 
^,  vice-president ;  Basil  Dud 
est,  member  board  of  lieallll 
ihasing  uieiuber;  and  Gwtf 


rred  but  one  change  m 

rd,  occasioned  by  the  rcsis 

BBtrong,  wb"  was  aifointed 

_ccecd  L.  V.I!o;:y«iooei 

Senate,  and  whose  place 

jnt  of  Silas  15ent.    The  f( 

bered  four  luindred  and  si: 

nrnge  strength  of  the  force  f^ 
,told,  to  guard  a  police  ternicg^^ 
ilea,  and  tlu- lives  and  p.^)^-*"- 


The  boanl  for  1879  was  composed  of  H.  Overstolz,  ' 

tsvoranJ  <  '■  o^cio  president ;  David  H.  Annstrong, 

^(^presidiiit ;  Basil    Duke,    treasurer;    Leslie    A. 

\|ilett,  purchasing  member ;  John  D.  Finney,  com-  . 

jisioner;  and  George  Gavin,  secretary.  j 

Ii  18»0  the  effective  force  of  patrolmen  as  limited 

I;  Ian  va3  f>>ur  hundred  and  one,  and  the  number  of 

iters  fifty-two.     There  were   also   ten   detecives, 

4reD  turnkeys,  and  twenty-two  other  employes,  mak- 

isjj'atal  of  four  hundred  and  ninety -six  membors. 

lie  expenditures  were  four  hundred  and   seventy- 

ik  thousand  five  hundred  and  seventy-five  dollars 

BJ  seventy-live  cents.     During  the  year  the  board 

niwesfnted  with  fifty-two  feet  of  ground  on  the 

uiiheast  corner  of  Clay   Avenue  and  St.    Charles 

Ijxk  road,  as  a  site  for  a  station-house,  by  citizens 

[ssiding  in  that  neighborhood. 

Chief  of  I'olice  James  McDonough  remained  at 

Lhead  of  the  department  until  June  8,  1881,  when 

it  resinned  and  was  succeeded  by  Capt.  Ferdinand 

llKenuott.    Capt.  McDonough  hud  been  identified 

lili  the  jioiiec  force  of  St.  Louis  for  many  years. 

1«  arrived  in  St.  Louis  in  1839,  as  a  journeyman 

nier,  and  worked,  at  the  trade  for  four  years,  as- 

\K  in  the  erection  of  the  Planters'  House  among 

■r  huildiiigs.     In  1843  he  was  appointed  captain 

ihe'city  guard"  by  l^'ayor  Wimer,  and  continued 

(2.0  under  Mayor  Pi  ttc  and  during  one  year  of 

iiPi  Camden's  adminisi  ration.     His  salary  during 

[«riod  wa,s  fifiy  d'-llars  per  month,  but  the  work 

bv  the  "  guard"  was  recognized  as  most  effec- 

In  1841)  hi  retired    from    that   position  and 

:5'i  a  detective  agency  in  one  of  the  two  small 

H*  that  then  occupied  the   northeast  corner  of 

M  ind  Chwtnut  Streets,  which  agency  he  miin- 

liuniil  tho  year  1852.     He  then  secured  a  posi- 

!-  '  vk  in  ti'e  post-office.     In  1856  be  was  ap- 

-I  .-ca^nior  of  the  (bounty,  and  during  the  suc- 

";  •h.Ti:    years  he  was  county  collector.     Just 

i  •'  iMii  piencement  of  the  war  he  was  urged 

Njiaiii.'l   i "  ^lia!!,  George    Knapp,  Daniel   G. 

lor,  and  o  In  r    lo  go  to  Jefferson   City  and  take 

towards  he  organization  of  a  metropolitan  police 

which  '  e  (lid.     He  assisted  in  drafting  the  bill 

itio:  the  iresent  ,'<ysteni,  and  being  appointed  chief 

[olire  uu  ler  ii,  he  organized  the  force.     When  the 

We  out  he  liappened  to  bo  on  the  wrong  side, 

ia  October,  18G1,  ho  retired  fr)m  the  force.    He 

lot  resume  that  position  again  till  1870,  when 

MiCluri;,  the  strongest  Uepiiblican  hoard  the  city 

■•'er  I -.king  around  in  vain  for  satisfactory 

..C'plei   the   assurance  of    a  well-known 


all  men  for  the  position  of  chief,  and  appointed  him  to 
that  position.  He  remained  as  3uch  for  three  and 
one-half  years,  when  he  again  retired.  On  Nov.  30, 
1875,  ho  was  reappointed,  and  remained  until  his 
resignation  in  1881. 

The  following  are  the  names  and  dates  of  appoint- 
ment and  retirement  of  the  various  chiefs  of  police 
who  have  served  under  the  metropolitan  police 
system  : 

Date  of  Dttte  of 

NiimcB.  Apiwhitmont.  RutiriMiient. 

James  McDonough April  10,  1861.  Oct.  18,  18B1. 

Jiihn  K.  I).  ('ou7,in» Oct.  18,  18B1.  Miircli  20,  I860. 

Bcrniiril  Liiibolil March  20,  I8li5.  Get.  22,  1866. 

Wm.  I'.  Fenn Oct.  22,  1866.  June  DO,  1868. 

Wui.  l.ee..    luly  1,  1868.  .Sept.  26,  1870. 

Jiimcs  McDonough Sept.  ;iO,  1870.  ."Miirch  10,  1874. 

I.uwriMice  llnrrigiin..  luno  I,  1874.  Nov.  18,  187.^. 

Jiimc.«  McDouough Nov.  .SO,  1875.  June  8,  1881. 

Fcnl.  B.  Kenuett June  8,  1881.  I'rcscut  incumb't. 

The  members  of  the  board  in  1882  were  Mayor 
Wm.  L.  Ewing,  president  ex  officio;  Daniel  Kerwin, 
vice-president ;  Alexander  Kinkeud,  treasurer  and  pur- 
chasing member  ;  D.  W.  Caruth,  member  of  the  board 
of  health  ;  F.  P.  McCabe,  commissioner ;  George  Gavin, 
secretary.  The  force  employed  during  this  year,  with 
the  salaries  paid,  was  composed  of  the  following : 

Saliirli'B  —  ,  , 

l-cr  Ani.um.  TotuU. 


3  I'olice  Comniissionori,  each 

1  I'olice  t'ouimii'sioner  and  Treas- 
urer   

1  .'Secretary  and  Property  Clerk... 

1  I'liief  of  Police 

6  Captains  of  I'olice,  each 

4;)  ."^orsjeants  of  Police,  each 

10  Detectives,  each 

401  Patrolmen,  each 

14  Turnkeys,  each 

1  Superiniemlent  of  Police  .Stables. 

I  Hostler 

3  Hostlers,  each 

,1  Hostlers,  each 

1  Janitor 

3  Janitors,  each 

1  Janitor 

1  t-'arpentcr 

1  Armorer 


Total  Salaries.. 


$1,000.00 

1„''>00.00 

2,060.00 

3,560.00 

1,800.00 

1,206.60 

1,260.06 

000.60 

726.00 

1,600.60 

720.60 

666.66 

546.06 

726.66 

660.66 

300.60 

UOO.OO 

900.00 


$3,060.00 

1.566.60 

2,606.60 

3,566.00 

10,800.00 

54,660.00 

12,660.00 

366,',I66.60 

16,680.00 

1,506  60 

726.00 

I, '.ISO. 60 

1,'20.00 

7.  >.60 

1.800,00 

306.00 

066.66 

',166.06 


$468,226.00 


thousand  inhahitants. 


|~Ji<»  '"lat  .lames  McDonough  was  the  man  of 


fnciarulal  KspeuH^n, 

Printing  and  stationery $1.4X7.04 

Stable  and  forage  expense 7,366.73 

Horses  anil  eiiuipage  account 5,175.27 

Fuel  and  lights 6,531  37 

Kent  of  stations 581.66 

Itepairs  on  stations 4,553.7& 

Feeding  prisoners 842.60 

Secret  service 1,260.00 

Purdinsp  of  patrol-wagons,  horses,  and  bo.xcs 25,000.00 

Kxpenso  of  carrying  on  same 10,060.00 

Miscellaneous  expense 4,493.28 

Total  incidentals $67,168.04 

Grand  total $535,388.04 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  different  police  sta- 
tions, with  dimensions,  estimated  value,  etc. : 


ift 


: 1 


746 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


City  Block.     Feet  front,  i   Feet  deep. 


Street  or  Avenue  on  which 
property  frontj. 


3056 

886 

373 
32 
1733  E. 

252 

970 
1227 


50.7 

r>(i 

48.4 

46.2 

78 

50 

60 

50 


137.11 
115.2} 

9U 

70.3 
147 
100 
118.3 
130 


Police  Stations. 


Tnylor  .^treet Police  station.... 

Eighth  .'^trcet I'oiii-p  utiition.... 

Soulnrd  Street I'olieo  stfttioii..,. 

Che.itnut  Strcpt I'oliio  station.... 

Manchester  Uoad !  Police  station.... 

Seventh  Street I  Police  stulion.... 

Dayton  Street Police  station.... 

Ninth  Street Police  station..,. 


Kattmatei 

value,  1883. 

Real. 


(700.00 

700.no 

6,0011.01) 
0,233.00 
5,460.00 
7,.MO.0O 
2,700.00 
1,000.00 


Eatlm.it.. 

vhIup,  1..' 

ltnpr<>\. 

mum,. 


$lfl,4iii.ii.i 
ll,3ni).hn 

18,(1(111. Hh 

12,fi'.i.i.|..i 
19,j|ii.iiii 
20.(lilii.iiH 
10,3(1(1.1111 
ll,O0U.IIU 


Tctnl  e«(i. 

miKcil  nil,, 

18S2. 


?U,l.iii.oo 
12,llit(i.(ii)l 
24.1101)1,1)1 
-1,92.1.(10 1 
25,nun.iJ0J 
2r,5(i»,0ol 
l.'!,Ol)|l.ool 
>2,0uo.(iol 


$33,293.00       $113,280.00  ;  »U6,o7.'!.Oo| 


The  following  comparative  table  shows   that   the 
cost  of  the  St.  Louis  police  departiucut  is  considera- 


bly lower  than  that  of  any  other  city  in  the  coimtii 
in  proportion  to  population  and  puliii'  torriicrv' 


New  York 

Brooklyn  

Philndclphia 

Chicago 

Boston  

Baltimore 

Washington  City., 

St.  Louis 

San  Francisco 


i 


I'ollc" 
Territory, 

Strength 

Pay  of 

Cost  of  Depart- 

Ndniiicr 
of  arrests 

Dpulation. 

of  Force  all 

Patn>lmau, 

ment  for  past 

tolJ. 

per  annum. 

year. 

nmilp  (lur- 

ing .vcnr. 

"...SiOO 

40 

2675 

$1200.00 

$3,293,318.34 

69.f>:il 

.,!i.ot'9 

2l'A 

642 

1000.00 

755,970.13 

28,S,'<!I 

900,000 

128 

1379 

821.25 

1,290.818.84 

I.>.l2ii 

500.000 

36 

553 

915.00 

577,033.77 

3i,:i:i 

305.000 

31 

756 

1095.00 

899,974.43 

2'.i.(i.i(; 

365.000 

145 

606 

930.00 

571.8,17.02 

22.(IL'1 

l.-O.OOO 

65 

238 

lOSO.OO 

300,000.00 

13,042 

375,000 

62i 

495 

900.00 

474,999.15 

18,5."ij 

235,000 

43 

405 

1224.00 

520,000.00 

2l,.in() 

S>stem. 


Miiniripiil. 

.M(ln,|..,iiian.j 
Municipal, 


The  following  table  shows  the  expenditures  for 
each  year  ending  March  Slst,  from  1861  to  1882 
inclusive : 


Tear.  Kxpeniliture.  ,  Year. 

1861 $104,01)0.00  i  1872. 

1862 121.000.00  i 

18H3 ."p3,()()n.o0  I 

1864 66,939.00  I 

1865 11.5,753.00 

1866 161.933.49  | 

1867 214.66fi.r5 

1868 

1869 


Expenillture. 

$393,721.54 

1873 439.112.40 

I.S74 45(1,834.18 

1875 504, 063. 67 

I,S76 464,584.00 

1877 474,620.01 

1878 474,799.77 

210.000.00  i  1,S79 513,356.26 

305,711.81  ,  1880 470,575.78 


1870 310,216.92 

1871 357,366.75 


1881 .'iOO.OOO.OO 

1882 475,000.00 


The  police  relief  fund,  established  in  part  on  the 
New  York  plan  some  time  in  '807,  for  the  benefit  of 
sick  and  disabled  members  of  the  force,  and  managed 
conjointly  by  the  board  and  a  committee  elected  by 
the  force,  has  been  found  highly  beneficial.  It  is 
made  up  from  rewards,  proceeds  of  lales  of  unclaimed 
property,  and  a  monthly  contribution  from  the  whole 
force.  The  distribution  of  the  fund  is  intrusted  to  a 
committee  called  the  "  Police  Relief  Fund  Commit- 
tee," consisting  of  six  representatives,  one  from  each 
district,  elected  annually  by  the  members  of  the  re- 
spective districts. 

The  members  of  the  Police  Relief  Fund  Commit- 
tee elected  for  one  year  ending  Feb.  1,  18S3,  are : 


Sergeant  Charles  llochow,  reproseiitiog  the  FiJ 
District. 

Sergeant  James  R.  McDonougli,  representii);' 
Second  District. 

Patrolman  Henry  M.  Jones,  representing  the  i 
tral  District. 

Patrolman   Robert  L.  Jacques,   represeniiii:- 
Third  District. 

Captain  Michael   Daley,  reprcscntiti;.'  the  Fo)ii 
District . 

Captain   Henry    Frangel,  representing  the  Fi| 
District. 

The  police  reserves,  consisting  of  ten  coiupania 
the  most  respectable  young  men  of  the  eiiy, 
voluntarily  sworn  in  by  the  police  board  to  as>ijtj 
regular  force  in  case  of  extraordiniiry  emer!:eD()] 
riot.  The  oath  administered  was  tiie  same  ai  I 
taken  by  the  regular  police.  They  were  suppl 
with  arms  and  equipments. 

The  officers  in  1881  were:  Colonel,  J.  G.  Bul| 
lieutenant-colonel,  E.  D.  Meier ;  adjutant,  .Uol) 
Meier,  Jr. ;  surgeon,  W.  A.  McCundiess;  qu4 
master  and  commissary,  C.  K.  Slayhack;  orda 
and  inspecting  officer,  Pierio  Ciio'jteau;  ser,i 
major,  H.  S.  Harmon ;  quarteriuastcr-sergean, 


MUNICIPAL   DEPARTMENTS. 


747 


Estlni.it   \ 
vulue,  I''-  ' 

munts. 


Total  Mli. 
ni:itcil  vahi?  I 


$10,451'. IHI 
ll,:(OO.iMl 
18,(ll»i.ii" 
12,B'Jil.l''i 
19,,')4(1."0 
20.fli)0.nii 
10,3(1(1.1111 
ll.UOO.lRI 


$11,150.0 
12,(100.00 1 
24.il00.iiol 
21,92?,.il0l 
26,000.001 
27,5110,00 1 
13,000.00 1 


$113,280.0U     $U(!,5:.",.i)0| 


y  Other  city  in  tlie  couiitn 
a  and  polioi'  tomtiry: 


' 

Niimlier 

- 

1 

of  nrrc«t^ 
niiulf  idl- 
ing year. 

Sj'tfra. 

1 



4 

Bo.fini 

Miinirifal. 

I! 

2S,8S'.i 

4 

4.-,',12'.l 

rT 

:!l,7i:'. 

'• 

4;i 

2',).o;iii 

■' 

02 

22,1121 

Mi'lrfiliun, 

00 

i;!,!l42 

" 

15 

18,.5.iJ 

" 

00 

21,^)011 

Municipal. 

lohow,  representing  the  Fij 

kleDonougb,  representiu; 

Jones,  representing  tlie  OJ 

Jacques,   represemiii.: 

Liey,  representing  the  Fui 

ingcl,  representing  the  Fij 

Lnsisting  of  ten  companij 
Loung  men  of  the  city,  « 
I  the  police  board  to  ais'istl 
Lf  extraordinary  merprif 
Ltered  was  tlie  samens^ 
1  police.     They  were  sup|^ 

Lnts. 

1  were:  Colonel,  J.  <>•  M 
Id.  Meier  ;  adjutant,  hio^ 
\  W.  A.  McCandless;  ofid 
U,  C.  E.  Slayback;  ordid 
I'piuno  Clio'Jteaui  se',"* 
1;  quarteriuftster-sergMOi 


Brinelli'-  There  were  six  companies,  with  a 
I  „(!,  of  two  hundred  and  fourteen. 
In  the  fall  "f  1^^^  ^^^  reserves  determined  to  in- 
thiir  organization  with  that  of  the  State 
liiiiiia,  and  at  ii  meeting  of  the  police  commissioners 
loj  \"ovenil'ir  15th  it  was  decided  that  they  be 
liooorablv  mustered  out  of  the  police  service. 

ijjjjiiioii  to  the  regular  police  there  is  an  average 
Liie  hundri'J  and  eighty-nine  private  watchmen 
litloTed  throughout  the  city  at  the  sole  expense  of 
Ijaremployt'is,  who  arc,  however,  sworn  in  by  the 
Itece  board,  and  required  to  give  earnest  and  prompt 
Liiance  to  the  regular  force,  as  may  be  required. 

EXECUTIONS. 

jj_i(,,tembi'r  Id.  .lulin  Long,  ,Ir.,  hanged  for  the  murder 

,.  (;j„r.ro  (iiiiilon.     The  first  execution  in  .St.  Louis. 
ii''-.Miv  211.  Hugh   King  hanged  for  the  murder  of  Mar- 

st  lireen. 
Li-Julv  f.    Miidii'on,  «(i'(i»    Blnnohard,   Charles    Brown, 

Jime.'  Sewiiril,  ii/i'<m  Scwell,  and   Alfred,  ntiaf  Alpheua 

tTiiriok,  all  ciilored,  hanged  for  the  murder  of  .lesse  Baker 

ijl.laci'b  Wonver. 

-March  .1.  .lohnson  hanged  for  the  murder  of  Floyd. 

-tujjast  16.  .lohn  McDaniol  and  Joseph  Hrown  hanged 
rtlie  iiiardiT  of  ChavLs,  a  .Mexican. 
L-D«ciiibcr  i:i.  Hugh  Gallagher  hanged  for  the  murder 
;Man  .Ann  Crosli.v. 

ii.-Frfcrimr.v  14.  John  'fhoinaa  hanged  for  murder. 

k-Jalv  22.  Doilgc.  (Wm»  Vanaandt,  and  ."Shoon,  aliai  Shaw- 

:w. 

Ei.-Iunf  17.  (iecirge  11.  Lamb  banged  for  wife-murder. 
-Nivembcr  II.    Joseph  W.   Thornton    hanged   for  the 
iirier  of  Mr.  Chnrlc'S. 

Jjnuar.v  2:1.  Michael  Kerns  hanged  for  the  murder  of 
i,  b»rt  linker. 

-I'KtiiibiT  li.  Peter  Christman  hanged  for  the  murder  of 
I  liwiM  and  Muses  Ross. 

Ii-.\iigufl  12.  Harney  Gibbons  shot  for  desertion. 
-Augu-t  19.  Win.  Jackson  Livingstone  hanged  as  a  spy. 
-Ootobtr  1.).  John  F.  Abshire  hanged  by  the  Federal 
1  r.ib  'rities. 
-[if'eraber  2ti.  James  M.  Uts  hanged  ns  a  spy. 
t-jMiinry  111.  Abraham  Purvis  »nd  Gphraim  Richardson 
litjd  b.v  llie  military  authorities. 

-M»ri'h24.  Willinin  J.  Harris  hanged  by  the  Federal 
lut.rilit*. 

-M,i;  1.  Thiiiiias  J.  Thorpe  banged  by  the  Fodiral  au- 
I  *.rit:c. 

I-J«ly2:).  Vim.  Kdwards,  (i/i'(i«  Roach,  colored,  hanged 
lltiiitimirdor  iif  Louis  Wilson. 

p.-1'otiber  22. Hrown  hanged  for  the  murder  of 

IPti'iMTarr. 

-Ibniary  1.  Wui.  WeincTs  hangeil  for  the  murder  of 
l.'^ar?  .M.  Lawrence. 

k-iiriUM  Henry  J.  Kedemeior  hanged  for  the  murder 
lifrranli  Vnsi.  .\t  the  same  time  and  place  Edward  Nu- 
[IMikiigi'J  for  wife-murder. 

te^Hottle8. — An  early  as  1811  a  project  for 

|nttii)n  uf  H  iniirket-house  was  set  on  foot,  Charles 

tt.  chairman  of  the  board  of  trustees,  anoounc- 


ing  on  the  29th  of  January  of  that  year  that  he  was 
authorized  to  receive  proposals  for  building  a  market 
"on  the  centre  si(uare  of  this  town."  It  was  added 
that  a  ])hiii  of  the  market  might  be  .seen  on  applica- 
tion to  Mr.  Gratiot.  On  the  5th  of  September, 
1812,  the  following  regulations  were  published  : 

"  For  the  better  regulation  of  said  market,  IVom  and  after 
the  first  day  of  September  nc.Kt.  each  and  every  WoJnu.''day 
ami  Saturday  in  each  and  every  week  shall  he  appointed  and 
hereby  are  appointed  market  days  al  the  said  market -house  in 
the  town  of  St.  Louis  aforesaid,  and  from  break  of  day  until 
ten  o'clock  in  the  morning  of  each  and  every  uf  said  days 
shall  he  and  hereby  are  declared  to  be  staled  market  hours, 
during  which  last-mentioned  periods  of  time  it  shall  not  be 
lawful  fur  any  person  or  persons  to  oiler  for  sale  in  the  street 
or  streets  of  the  town  of  .St.  Louis,  or  at  any  house  or  houses  or 
to  any  person  or  persons  residing  in  the  town  of  St.  Louis  other 
than  at  said  market-house,  any  article  of  provision  whatever, 
under  the  penalty  of  one  dollar  for  each  and  every  offense. 

"ClUni.K.S   (iU.\TIOT. 

"Thomas  Bihuv. 

"  RutMS    K.tSTOX. 

".TosKi'ii  Oinni.Ess. 
"J.   V.  Garnikii,  Clerk." 

On   the   23d  of  March,  1816,  it  was  announced 
that 

*'  the  St.  Louis  market  has  for  some  lime  sustained  nn  extrava- 
gant adviince  in  the  necessaries  of  life,  and  demands  the  notice 
of  the  citizens  generally.  Poor  beef  is  sold  at  from  si\  to  eight 
cents  per  pouml :  fresh  pork  will  readily  bring  five  and  six 
cents  per  pound  ;  butter  rates  at  twenty  and  twenty-five  cents ; 
lard,  twelve  and  ono-half  cents  per  pound  ;  egg,',  twelve  and  one- 
half  cents  per  dozen  ;  superfine  flour  will  command  t  m  dollars 
per  barrel;  horse-mill  flour  will  sell  at  throe  dollars  and  fifty 
cents  per  hundred  pounds;  corn  meal,  fifty  cents  per  bushel." 

"  We  would  beg  leave,"  adds  the  paper  in  which  these  state- 
ments appeared,  ''to  remind  the  trustees  of  this  borough  that 
I  the  evils  complained  of  can  be  remedied.  Instead  of  deuumd- 
ing  enormous  rents  for  the  stalls,  they  should  he  given  rent  free 
to  the  farmers  who  may  attend  tile  market,  reserving  the  four 
stalls  facing  Front  Street  for  the  butchers,  who  may  have  them 
at  moderate  rents,  and  inflicting  severe  penalties  on  outchers 
vending  meat  in  their  slaughter-houses,  and  on  farmers  hawk- 
ing produce  through  the  streets  before  ten  o'clock  a.m. 

".Vn  ordinance  was  passed  and  published  prohibiting  butch- 
ers and  others  slaughtering  within  the  most  populous  parts  of 
tlie  town,  or  selling  meat  in  their  slaugliter-houses;  but  tho 
subsequent  conduct  of  tho  butchers  evinced  a  sovereign  con- 
tempt for  the  law.  They  not  only  sold  their  beef,  etc.,  in  their 
slaughter-houses,  but  in  violation  of  the  ordinance  built  a  new 
one  in  the  i,entro  of  the  town,  where  the  stench  Iccame  so  in- 
tolerable as  to  induce  a  respectable  physician  to  remark  tliat 
should  an  epiilemio  break  forth,  it  might  be  traced  to  that  seat 
of  putridity."' 

I  '  In  the  same  issue  the  Jlepubticun  says,  "  Before  we  have 
done  with  tho  subject  of  town  police,  we  will  beg  leave  to  bring 
before  the  citizens  a  view  of  their  preKcnt  exposed  situation,  as 
it  stands  between  them  and  tho  nocturnal  robber  and  incendi- 
ary. 

"  There  are  at  present  within  the  precincts  of  this  town  nearly 
I  fifty  persons  who  have  no  visible  means  of  support.  There  are 
I  At  leist  ten  persons  who  sell  spirituous  lii|Uors  to  slaves,  etc,  and 


h 


\   f 


:uM 


-   »-  w- 


t*  I  i 


748 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


In  June,  1823,  an  ordinance  was  passed  to  regulate 
the  market  and  to  "  frovern  the  clerk  thereof,"  and 
on  the  12th  nf  July,  1827,  notice  was  given  that 
sealed  proposals  would  be  received 

"until  tho  lOtli  iliiy  of  August  next  for  building  n  mftrket  nnd 
town-house  upon  tlio  market  aquitre  in  this  oity,  ngrcenbly  to 
the  phvu  luloptcil  by  the  boiinl  of  aldermen,  which  nmy  be  seen 
in  the  register's  othce.  Tho  foundation  and  celhirs  to  bo  of  . 
atone;  tlie  wall^,  piers,  and  pavements  to  be  of  brick  :  tlie  tim- 
bers of  oiik  or  walnut,  and  the  chingles  of  cypress,  pino,  or  oak. 
Separate  proposals  will  be  received  for  the  masonry,  briek-work, 
carpcnter-wiirk.  painting  and  glazing,  pitistoring,  and  for  the 
paving  and  making  of  stalls." 

On  the  7th  of  February,  1828,  the  following  ordi- 
nance was  published : 

"An  Oimi.NANrE  nuthorizitig  a  Infiii  of  m'tnfy  for  thf  erection 
of  a  mtirkrt  mut  town  hnnse^ 

"Sko,  1.  Be  it  ordained  by  the  mayor  and  aldermen  of  the 
city  of  St.  Louis,  that  the  mayor  of  this  city  be  and  he  is  hereby 
authori/.ed  and  empowered  to  borrow,  on  tlie  credit  of  this  city, 
for  the  term  of  seven  years,  and  at  an  interest  not  exceeding 
eight  per  cent,  per  annum,  payable  semi-annually,  the  sum  of 
eighteen  thousand  fu  e  hundred  dollars,  for  tho  purpose  of  build- 
ing a  market  and  town  house  n]>on  the  market  square,  in  gen- 
eral accordan-.-e  witli  the  plan  adopted  by  the  board  on  this  day.   ■ 

"Ski.  2.     Uc  it  further  ordained,  that   the  revenues  of  this  ' 
city,  and  particularly  that  part  of  the  same  which  shall  arise  i 
from   the  market-house  and  its  appendages,  be   and  they  are  | 
hereby  pic  iu  d  I'or  the    -naynient  of  said  sum  and  interest,  and 
that  the  mayor  'ju  and  he  is  hereby  authori/.ed,  as  attorney  in 
fact,  to  mortgage,  in  fee-simple,  saiil  market  square,  to  secure 
the  payment  of  said  loan  and  interest,  and  to  execute  a  promis- 
sory note  therefor,  to  be  signed  by  him  and  countersigned  by 
the  register. 

"Skt.  I{.  De  it  further  ordained,  that  the  ordinance  entitled 
'An  ordinance  authorizing  a  loan  of  money  for  the  erecting  of 
a  market  and  town  house,  and  for  other  purposes,'  passed  I2th 
March,  be  and  the  same  is  hereby  rcpealoil." 

An  early  sketch  of  St.  Louis,  speaking  of  the 
markets  then  in  the  city, — the  Centre  and  North, 
owned  by  the  city,  and  the  South,  belonging  to  a 
joint-stock  company, — says, — 

"  The  principal  supply  of  provisions  is  derived  from 
the  fertile  farms  in  the  American  Bottom  in  Illinois, 
directly  opposite  tho  city,  with  which  a  constant 
communication  is  kept  up  by  steam  ferry-boats  plying 
between  the  city  and  Illinois  town.  The  lakes  a  few 
mites  back  of  the  town  furnish  excellent  fish  and 
water-fowl,  and  venison  and  smaller  game  are  pro- 

perhaps  receive  stolen  property.  There  arc  row  in  this  place 
eleven  men  who  have  no  visible  means  of  supptjrt,  and  we  be- 
lieve are  capable  of  committing  any  crime  within  the  catalogue 
of  offenses.  With  these  facts  staring  you  in  the  face  do  you 
not  believe  it  necessary  to  guard  against  impending  danger? 
We  would  therefore  propose  that  the  citizens  do  meet  on  .Mon- 
day next  in  town  council  at  .Mr.  Toeble's  tavern,  to  take  into 
consideration  the  propriety  of  establishing  a  nightly  guard,  and 
such  other  matters  as  may  be  deemed  neceeiary  for  the  general 
safety." 


cured  in  great  abundance,  and  con,>>>'. 
at  low  jirices." 

In  June,  1845,  a  proposition  w. 
heirs  of  the  Chouteau  estate  to  sell  i, 
dollars  the  south  half  of  the   blca.'L 


•■ml 


y  arc 


ii'do  by  thi 
'il'y  tliousanl 

'»  which  thj 

Centre  Market  stood,  extending  al).,i]t  una  hum] « 
ond  twenty-five  feet  on  Main  Street  mi.i  „iio  Imndn 
and  twenty-five  feet  on  Water  Street.  On  iho  Isk 
January,  1855,  the  Centre  Market  w  >.  <olil  mid^  (k 
direction  of  Messrs.  Bolt  and  Priest,  f  ,il ,  state  iv.-nii 
and  in  January,  1856,  the  work  of  i  Mrin;;  jy,,,  (|J 
market  preparatory  to  erecting  a  fiiu-  Mock  of  builj 
ings  and  a  merchimts'  exchange  w;i.s  ci.mineiiced 


Mou.ND  Market. — A  stock  cu 


'"i  ■■'»>■  WHS  forniJ 


and  incorporated  in  1842  for  the  i.tirpose  of  erectji^ 
a  meat  and  vegetable  market  and  :i  ineetinz  hall  i 
North  St.  Louis.- 

Early  in   1843,  Mr.  Holmes,  a  protuinciit  buildj 
began  tlie  erection  of  the  structure  wliidi  .stooj  ( 
Howard  Street,  at  the  junction  of  Seventh  Stn 
with  Broadway. 

The  site  belonged  to  the  city,  aiul  was  JoasiJ  i 
definitely  free  of  rent  to  the  MoimuI  Market  Asso 
tion  for  market  purposes  only.    The  lniiliiiiii;oecup 
a  space  thirty  feet  front  and  forty . •seven  feet  del 
The  structure  was  two  stories  high,  about  twentv  fiJ 
feet  elevation,  and  made  of  brick  manufactured  j 
clay  from  the  old  mound.    Tho  hriek  wall  was  thirtf 
inches  thick,  laid  in  ordinary    lime  mortar. 
mound  from  which  the  market  took  it.s  name  was] 
"  Great   Indian    Mound,"  located   between  Flori 
Webster,  Eighth,  and  Main  Streets.   The  topogi 
of  that  part  of  the  city  then  wa.s  billy  and  roll| 
Tvith  large  ponds  of  water  at  the  foot  of  the 
knolls,  with   small   water-courses   flowin'_'  from 
pond  to  the  other,  and  then  into  the  river.   Thei 
deuces  were  placed  upon  the  knolls,  and  kcto 
rounded  by  yards  some  of  which  were  .several  aon 
extent.     The  top  of  the  luound,  about  one  huiK 
and  twenty  feet  above  tho  present  level  of  Main  Sti 
was  a  public  park  of  three  or  four  acres  in  ana,  J 
was  the  fashionable  resort  for  cool  breezes  in  sum! 
time,  and  for  sleigh-riding  down  its  slnjies  in  win 
The  Mullanphy  Lake,  south  of  Howard  Siroetj 
etist  of  Eleventh  Street,  was  a  favorite  plaee  for  j 
ing,  boating,  and  bathing. 

In  those  times  the  marketing  for  family  pur] 
had  to  be  done  in  the  central  part  of  the  city,! 
several  of  the  residents  of"  tho  Mound,"  as  they] 
familiarly  designated,  planned  a  scbdiiefor  assij 
the  citizens  '•  to  get  fresh  beefsteak  and  provLsioi 
breakfast  and  tea,"  as  tho  notice  re.nd.  WM 
Stamps  was  tho  principal  director  of  the  proj« 


MUNICIPAL  DEPARTMENTS. 


749 


id  con?'-'   '.'  iilly  arc  sulJ 

iition   \v  .    mado  by  ihl 
to  siiU  111'  lifiy  tliousani 
he   block   "U  wliich  th| 
diiiii  ab'iiii  (me  hundre 
II  Street  i\\\'\  mie  Imnilra 
er  Strei'i      OnllielsK 
ilarket  w;i'  <iild  under  tb 
i  Priest,  T'  ,il  c.-tate  aiii'iiti 
work  of  I'liriii'.'  duwu  iH 
tin;;  a  fiiir  Mock  of  liuilj 
laiijie  w;ir-  ouiutueiiced. 
stock  ciiiiii'imy  was  formi 
for  the  I'UriKise  of  eroctii| 
ket  n'ld  ;i  meetini:  hall  I 

dines,  a  proiniiiciit  buildfl 
e  structure  which  stood  ( 
iunctiou  of  Seventh  Stn 

the  city,  ami  was  leased  i 
the  Moutnl  Market  Asso 
only.    The  luildin;,:  owapil 
it  and  forty-seven  feet  deT 
tories  hifih,  about  twentyfJ 
8  of  brick  manufactured  I 
The  brick  wall  was  thirtj 
irdinary   lime  mortar, 
market  took  its  name  was  i 
;•  located  between  FloH 
ain  Streets.   The  topo? 

then  was  hilly  »nd  w'fl 
er  at  the  foot  of  the  hill^ 
er-courses   flowin;.'  from 
then  into  the  river.   The  I 
on  the  knolls,  and  were 
,,f  which  wore  several  aen 
e  mound,  about  one  hun^ 
,c  present  level  of  Main  Sa 
hree  or  four  acres  in  area,  I 
,rt  for  cool  breezes  in  surnj 
ing  down  its  slopes  in  «ill 
south  of  Howard  Sireet 
t,  was  a  favorite  plaoe  for  I 

marketins:  for  family  l«fl 
central  part  of  the  cityJ 
of- the  Mound,"  as  they] 
[planned  a  sehane  for  assM 
ish  beefsteak  and  provisioj 
^8  the  notice  read.  M 
,pal  director  of  the  proj* 


Ijecun"  a  •"  ™  niavket,  and  most  of  the  wealthy  resi- 

1  Btiof  Nurili  St.  Louis  subscribed  for  stock  in  the 

I  lerprise.    The  lower  story  was  used  for  meat  stalls 

loiresetabh  stands,  and  farmers  from  the  vicinity  of 

lnorissant  and  Brid^cton  used  to  have  their  wagon 

\mi'  arouioi  the  market.     After  the  establishment 

Iijiijjic,  City,  and  Union  Markets,  the  improve- 

I   idf  gtreits  throufih  that  section  of  the  city,  and 

|'vc!iaD<'e  ill  the  class  of  residents,  Mound  Market 

liiiDdlcd  into  insignificance  and  became  an  eye-sore 

Ijjiirocates  of  public  improvements.  i 

1  Ike  second  story  of  the  Mound  Market  building 

JnigrraDjied  for  a  public  hall,  and  in  its  earlier  days 

Iniilie  finest  in  the  city.    Balls  and  "  sociables"  were 

Imainthe  hall,  which  was  also  frequently  used  for 


Lucas  Mauket. — The  contracts  for  the  erection 
of  Lucas  Market  were  made  about  October,  18 15.  It 
stood  on  Twelfth  Street,  between  Olive  and  Chestnut, 
and  was  demolished  in  1882. 

Broadway  Makket. — In  1832,  Peter  and  JesstG. 
Lindell  owned  as  tenants  in  common  an  undivided 
half  of  the  west  half  of  block  No.  67  of  the  city, 
frontini;  on  the  east  side  of  Broadway  and  extending 
from  Christy  Avenue  to  Morgan  Street.  On  the  26th 
of  February,  (832,  they  deeded  to  the  city  a  strip  of 
this  land  for  the  widening  of  Third  Street  for  the 
purpose  of  making  room  for  the  erection  of  the 
Broadway  Market-House. 

On  the  30th  of  May,  1 852,  it  was  announced  that 
twenty-five  stalls  had  been  leased  in  "  this  new  and 


'.ii» 


%,^----^': 
,^^^ 


Mm^^^^i'jS 


Ju**^  '^^ 


TIIK  1)1,1)    MAliKKT-lKHSK    .\N1I    I.KVKK   IX    lS4ii. 


am  and  political  meetings.     The  present  Trinity 

Wist  Episcopal  Church,  corner  of  North  Market 

iTonih  Stieet?.  the  Presbyterian  Church,  corner 

l&wmh  and  Cliainbers  Streets,  the  African  Baptist 

irch,  corner  of  Tenth  and  Chambers  Streets,  and 

Iftturtii  of  the  Latler-Day  Saints,  on   Broadway, 

itsiaried  and  partially  organized  in  the  hall,  which 

liiiio  the  (luarters  of  the  old  Mound  Engine  Com- 

I'ntil  about  18(58  the  Mound  Market  Associa- 

Maj  a  prosperous  corporation,  and  its  stock  was 

libjve  par,  though  the  amount  was  not  more  than 

iihoQsand  dollars.     Subsequently,  when  the  stock 

fWinin;,'  in  value,  about  two-thirds  of  the  shares 

ifMchased  by  William  Stamps,  and  finally  the 

Uny  was  purclia.-ied  by  the  city  for  twelve  hun- 

iimififtv  dollars. 


commodious  market-house,"  which  w.is  opened  to  the 
public  on  the  1st  of  June  following.  The  building, 
which  was  three  stories  high,  fronted  thirty..<!even  feet 
on  Broadway,  and  had  a  depth  of  one  hundred  and 
eighty  feet  to  the  street  in  the  rear.  The  basement 
was  used  as  a  vegetable  market,  and  on  the  street 
floor  were  located  forty  butchers'  stalls.  The  building 
was  owned  by  Thomas  Hunter  (one-half)  and  Messrs. 
Francisco  and  Hoffman.  After  the  demolition  of 
the  market-house  the  ground  remained  unused  until 
July,  18G9,  when  it  was  macadamized  by  the  city  and 
became  part  of  the  bed  of  the  street.  In  1865  a 
number  of  butchers  offered  to  lend  the  city  thirty 
thousand  dollars  to  build  a  new  market-house  on  the 
site,  but  the  proposition  was  not  accepted.  Subse- 
quently the  heirs  of  Peter  Lindell  brought  suit  for 


IS;  I  if  I 


'•lipids 


b:      i        '      ! 


W'/' 


) 


"1 


■i.::  ':;i 


750 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


the  property  on  the  ground  that  it  was  boing  used  fur 
another  purpose  than  that  contemplated  by  the  donors, 
but  a  decree  for  the  defendants  was  rendered  by 
Jud<;e  Bogle. 

City  Mahket.— The  "  City  Marlvet-House"  was 
orectod  in  1857,  on  Broadway  between  Biddio  and 
O'Failon  Streets,  and  subsequently  tlie  ••  City  Market 
Scales"  were  established  on  Broadway  near  O'Failon 
Street. 

Union  Market  was  erected  on  City  Block  121, 
fronting  two  hundred  and  twenty-six  feet  on  the  west 
side  of  Fifth  Street,  with  a  depth  westwardly  of  two 
hundred  and  seventy  feet,  and  bounded  on  the  north 
by  Morgan  Street,  south  by  Christy  Avenue,  and 
west  by  Sixth  Street.  The  great  inner  quadrangle, 
devoted  to  the  sale  of  meats,  had  a  vaulted  roof  sup- 
ported by  iron  arches,  and  the  outer  angles  of  the 
building,  which  was  of  red  brick  dressed  with  stone, 
were  flanked  by  four  quadrangular  towers.  The  side- 
walk spaces  outside  the  building  were  set  apart  for 
the  sale  of  vegetables  and  other  nrticles. 

The  markets  of  St.  Louis  in  1882  were, — 

Allen  Market,  State  Street,  northwest  corner  Rus- 
sell Avenue. 


Biddle  Market,  Thirteenth  Street,  l.twcen  Biddii 
and  O'Failon. 

Carondelet  Market,  Main  Street,  j.  uthwest  cor  i 
of  Schirmer. 
I       Carr   Market,  Wash    Street,   com,  r  „t'  Twenty 
fourth. 

Centre   Market,  Seventh  Street,  h.-tween  Sprud 
and  Poplar. 

City  Market,  Broadway  and  Bidd!.  Street. 

French  Market,  Convent  Street,  at  ilie  junction , 
Fourth  and  Fifth. 

Gamble  Market,  Clark  Avenue,  Mmtlmest  cornl 
of  Twentieth  Street. 

Lucas  Market,  Twelllh  Street  Ijttuten  Oliv, 
Chestnut. 

Magwire  Market,  Broadway  and  Siilisbnry  StreeJ 

Reservoir  Market,  Eighteenth  Sticct,  near  Jim 

Soulard  Market,  Seventh  Street,  mar  Carroll. 

St.  George  Market,  2527  Carondelet  .\vcniie. 

Sturgeon  Market,  North   Market  Street,  betwj 
Broadway  and  Ninth. 

Union  Market,  from  Fifth   to  Sixth  Streets. 
from  Morgan  to  Cliristy  Avenue. 


MAHKET   PROPERTY   OWNED   IIY   THE  CITY. 


y  Block. 

Feet  frunt 

311C 

300 

374 

300 

.381 

300 

417 

400 

121 

226 

30 

40.6 

Teot  deep. 


'  Street  or  Avenue  on  which 
I  projierty  fronts. 


Market*. 


291.6 
150 
150 
270 
270 

1103.10 
382.2 


Ektimitted 

nlue,  1882. 

Rekl. 


Main  Street South  St.  Louis  Market.  $9,650.00 

Carroll  Street Soulard 10,500.00 

Carroll  Street Market  Space 15,000.00 

Seventh  Street CentreMarket 08,000.80 

Fifth  Street Union  Market 282,500.00 

Twelfth  Street Lucas  Market 75,000.00 

Biddle  Street, Cit;  Market 12,150.00 


E«tliii»|pd 

T«luo,  ISM  wlalfiiiJ 

Iniiiriivc-  '""'■'  '•l«l 

menls.  '**- 


$5,350,011 
L'S.ono.OO 

7,0110.1111 

I  s'.'.niio.oii 

20,000.01) 
20,000.00 


Jo.OiillJ 

r.i.iiiioJ 
i::t,5iii)] 

il,i.WI0j 
:ii'.Ut] 


$478,800.00     $232,850.00  ■  fni.'jllj 


Parks  and  Sqnares. — Forest  Park. — In  1872 
some  enterprising  citizens  residing  in  the  western  por- 
tion of  St.  Louis,  among  whom  Hiram  W.  Lefiingwell 
was  especially  active  and  prominent,  procured  the 
passage  by  the  State  Legislature  of  an  act  authoriz- 
ing the  purchase  of  a  thousand  or  more  acres  of  land 
to  be  used  as  a  public  park.  The  movement  aroused 
the  determined  opposition  of  a  number  of  property- 
owners,  and  the  act,  rhich  had  been  approved  March 
25,  1872,  was  declared  by  the  Supreme  Court  to 
be  unconstitutional.  Two  years  later  the  project 
was  revived,  and  after  a  protracted  struggle  another 
act  was  pa.'ised  by  the  Legiwlature  and  approved 
on  the  25th  of  March,  1874.  This  act  also 
was  assailed,  and  another  legal  controversy  cusueii, 


Messrs.    Glover    and    Shepley  and  Judiio  Tliol 
T.  Gantt    being    retained    by   the   contestaiiis, 
ex-Governor    Fletcher   in   support  of  the  meal 
the  validity  and  constitutionality  of  wiiieh  wore  i 
wards  sustained  by  the  Supremo  t'ourt.    Tlie| 
having  given  the  county  court  discretionary  pow 
the  matter  of  the  purchase,  that  hodv  at  oiiw 
•  pointed   an    appraiser,   upon    whoso  report  iliil 
hundred    and    seventy-two   acres  of  laud  on 
Street  road,  four  miles  from  the  eourt-hoiiso  Jii 
west  of  the  centre  of  the  city,  and  rrontiiii;  nn* 
on  King's  Highway,  were  cunilciuncd  and  purol 
for  the  sum  of  seven  hundred  1.111I  iiinety-iiiiie  | 
sand  nine  hundred  and  niiiety-tive  ihillars. 
tract  there  were  over  eleven  hundred  acre.-  ol' 


MUNICIPAL  DEPARTMENTS. 


751 


Street,  1  ;t\veen  BidJll 
Street,  iMntliwest  coma 
eet,    corn  r  of   Twentjl 

Street,  lioiween  Sprii(| 

ind  BuUlii'  J^troet. 

,  Street,  ut  the  juiictii'iij 

Avenue,  southwest  corni 

Street  bitween  Olive 

iway  and  Salisbury  Stroelj 
iteenth  Siicit,  near  EiuU 
tb  Street,  mar  Carroll. 
27  Caroiuk'li't  Avenue. 
rth  Murkot  Street,  betw(^ 

Fifth   to  Sixlb  Streets. 
Avenue. 


iMed 


kl.  menla. 


..W.OO 
00.00 

00.00 

lOO.flO 
00.00 
100.00 
i&O.OO 


$5,S60.nO 
•28,500.00 

7,0110.1") 

i,'i'.',noo.oii 

20,000.00 
•20,000.00 


$16,0ii0j 
J5.0i>oJ 
15,M0l 
T.S.iwo] 

'J.i.i'iiOJ 


SOO.OO     $232,850.00  '  {ni.'-JO^ 

Sliepley   and  Judac  Tli( 
incd   by   the   contestaiiti, 
in   support  of  ibo  m" 
tutionality  of  which  wno 
lie  Supremo  Court.    The 
ity  court  discretionary  pu«( 
irchaac,  that  body  at  oticf 
upon    whoso  rc^wrt  tin 
--two   acres   of  laud  on 
>s  from  the  court-house  di 
the  city,  and  frontinp'iw 
were  condemned  and  vuri 
\mndrcd  b"d  ninety-nine 
i„d  nincty-iivo  dollars.   ' 
eleven  hundred  acre. '^t 


Itwsi  and  the  name  of  Forest  Park  was  therefore 
Ivjiowod  ui'Oii  it.  Under  the  provisions  of  the  bill 
fcurd  of  oomraissioners  wa.M  appointed,  consisting 
L"  Joseph  O'Neil,  Hiram  W.  Leffin<;well,  Ansyl 
Mlips.  Jolni  J.  Fitzwilliaro,  Peter  G.  Gerhart.  John 
liifjllon  P'liriar,  and  Andrew  McKinley.' 

The  board  met  on  the  17th  of  June,  1874,  and 
Lniied  with  Andrew  McKinley,  president ;  Ansyl 
liliips,  viceitresident ;  Charles  Bland  Smith,  sccre- 
Ijn.  AlthtoiL'h  appointed  and  organized  in  1874,  the 
lapi  of  conuiiissioners  did  not  obtain  possession  of 
Lfpark  land-  until  April  27, 1875,  and  under  a  pro- 
lijoof  the  act  providing  for  the  purchase  of  the  lands 
Injiin!:  the  St.  Louis  County  Railroad  a  right  of  way 
IlMsh  the  northeastern  portion  of  the  grounds,  ne- 
Ixiitions  ensuod  that  delayed  the  work  of  improve- 
liigt  until  the  following  August.  It  was  then,  how- 
prosecuted  with  vigor,  and  from  a  wild  unculti- 
ejpanse  of  forest  and  broken  country  the 
nds  were  transformed  into  a  beautiful  park  by 
■ilith  of  June,  1876,  when  the  formal  opening 
ki  place.  Although  the  work  had  not  been  eoni- 
isiJatthat  time,  suflScient  had  been  done  to  demon- 
n!e the  natural  beauty  of  the  site  and  the  opportuni- 
.!  offered  for  artificial  improvement.  One  of  the 
aiest  disadvantages  with  which  the  commissioners 
Jto  contend  was  the  presence  of  the  tracks  of  the 
I  Louis  County  Railroad  within  the  park.  This 
mi  ur*  only  to  be  a  source  of  annoyance  and 
sr,  lui  to  destroy  the  harmony  of  the  surround- 
The  company  had  a  right  of  way  of  seventy 
■entering  through  Duncan's  sub-division  on  the 
I  side,  running  westwardly  on  the  northern  side  of 
kRiver  de.s  Pores,  and  passing  out  at  o,  point  on  the 
(ikern  lino  thereof  cast  of  Union  Avenue."  Ac- 
felv  the  commissioners,  whose  approval  of  the 
lie  ihrough  the  park  was  necessary,  entered  into  a 
nite  agreomont  with  the  St.  Louis  County  and 
liJi. Louis,  Kansas  City  and  Northern  Railroads,  by 
the  latter  constructed  a  tunnel  one  hundred 
iloDL'at  the  oastorn  approach,  where  the  road  en- 
ithepark  through  an  open  cut,  and  made  an  cm- 


lli'trf"  MrKinlcy,  who  siiperintcnJc'il  the  cnibellishnicnt 

pw  I'lirk.  nn.i  cine  of   the  most   active  «nil  influential 

<uf  .-I.  I.uuiii.     He  wns  a  Kentuckiiin  by  birth,  and  a 

8ty|.riifosiuii.     In  1S40  lie  removed  to  St.  Loiiix,  whore 

M'.i-l  for  tin.  yeiirs,  returning  at  the  e.\|>iratiun  of  that 

«;;  Kfmui.'li.v.     In  IS.')!)  ho  retiirnetl  to  St.  Louis  and  lie- 

kimmbenif  tlic  firm  of  McKinley,  Peterson  A  Co.,  and 

iRMpjiKntly  |iii'sii|cnt  of  the  (Ireat  Uepublie  Insurance 

n;  anil  the  Diiiinl  of  Underwriters,  and  truetee  of  the 

1  liivi.i„ii  III  Uie  Union    raciflc   Kailroiid.     In  1865  he 

hill  New  Viiik,  but  in  1.''72  took  up  his  residence  for  the 

|U(  in  St,  Lguis. 


banknicnt  of  sufficient  height  to  admit  of  a  viaduct 
under  it  for  pedestrians  and  vehicles.  The  eastern 
boulevard  passed  over  the  tunnel,  so  that  absolute 
safety  was  secured.  The  unveiling  of  the  bronze 
statue  of  Edward  Bates,  formerly  attorney-general 
in  President  Lincoln's  cabinet,  June  25,  1876,  was 
iiiade  the  occasion  of  the  formal  opening  of  Forest 
Park,  within  the  bounds  of  which  the  monument 
had  been  placed.  Several  members  of  the  National 
Democratic  Committee  were  in  St.  Louis  at  the 
time,  and  they  accompanied  the  then  mayor,  Henry 
Overstolz,  to  the  park.  About  forty  thousand  per- 
sons visited  tiie  park  and  attended  the  ceremonies, 
which  included  a  prayer  by  Rev.  Dr.  Brauk,  and  ad- 
dre.-'ses  by  Governor  Hardin,  President  Andrew  Mc- 
Kinley, of  the  Forest  Park  comtuissioncrs,  Chief 
Justice  Chauncey  F,  Shultz,  of  the  county  court,  and 
Lieutenant-Governor  Dorsheimcr,  of  New  York.  At 
the  unveiling  ceremonies  Mayor  Overstolz  presided, 
and  addresses  were  delivered  by  Montgomery  Blair 
and  Senator  Doolittle,  of  Wisconsin.  Up  to  Jan.  1, 
1876,  the  park  cost  the  city,  including  the  purchase 
of  the  lands,  81,047,889.16,  and  to  Aug.  10,  1877, 
81,385,426.16.  After  the  latter  date  the  annual  ap- 
propriation was  cut  down  to  the  minimum  allowed  by 
law,  830,000,  and  the  completion  of  the  improvements 
in  the  magnificent  style  contemplated  in  the  beginning 
was  thus  rendered  inipracticiible,  yet  Forest  Park  is  to 
the  people  of  St.  Louis  what  Central  Park  is  to  New 
Yorkers,  Fairmount  to  Philadelphians,  and  Druid  Hill 
to  Baltimorians.  It  has  become  a  popular  resort  for  the 
masses,  and  especiiilly  for  picnic  parties.  Approached 
by  broad  boulevards  and  accessible  by  both  liorse  and 
steam  railroads,  and  the  centre  of  the  park  system  of 
the  city,  its  advantages  are  manifold.  Its  scenery 
embraces  a  diversity  of  landscape  seldom  to  be  met 
with  in  an  inclosure  of  its  size,  and  much  of  its  arti- 
ficial beauty  is  due  to  the  River  des  Peres,  a  romantic 
little  stream  which  traverses  it  from  northwest  to 
southeast  and  feeds  numerous  miniature  lakes  and 
cascades,  adding  greatly  to  the  picturesque  eifoct. 
Handsome  drives  and  shady  walks  traverse  the  park, 
and  fine  buildings,  pagodas,  music-stands,  etc,  have 
been  constructed,  and  many  other  attractions  have 
been  added  from  time  to  time,  greatly  enhancing 
its  value  a.s  a  place  of  popular  recreation. 

The  visitor  at  Forest  Park,  as  ho  .saunters  along 
the  well-drained  and  neatly-graveled  promenades,  or 
about  the  park  lake  with  its  plea.sant  island  orchestra, 
or  rests  in  the  grove  in  the  shade  of  some  one  of  its 
giant  oaks,  would  find  it  difficult  at  best  to  re-create 
out  of  all  the  ombellislinients  of  tho.se  beautiful  pleas- 
ure-grounds a  true  picture  of  the  wild  surroundings, 


!Mii!51 


I 


762 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


the  dnngcrs,  and  the  aavago  bewilderinetitH  uf  the 
primal  site.  The  property  wuh  retrieved  to  UHcfuhieNM 
indeed  loii<;  years  before  its  ownership  had  passed  to 
the  city  of  St.  Louis,  ii  large  part  of  it  within  tlie 
easy  recollection  of  the  present  generation,  as  the 
farm  of  tJie  late  Robert  Forsyth,  unibracing  the  ac- 
cessories of  a  complete  American  country  home,  with 
broud  wheat-  and  hay-fields,  and  on  an  elevation  about 
the  middle  of  them,  where  the  restaurant  now  stands, 
a  neat  two-story  frame  house,  flanked  by  the  necessary 
servants'  quarters,  barns,  and  out-houses. 

But  the  pioneer  settlement  of  tlie  noted  grounds 
goes  back  to  yet  another  age  and  race,  reaching  the 
period  of  primitive  Spanish  domination,  the  days  of 
picket-fences,  log  houses,  and  prowling  Indians,  when 
St.  Louis  was  a  village  outpost  only,  and  its  population 
a  meagre  band  of  adventurous  French  and  Spanish  , 
colonists. 

On  the  first  day  of  September,  1796,  a  concession 
was  signed  by  Zefion  Trudeau,  a  French  colonel 
acting  then  in  the  Spanish  service  as  Lieutenant- 
Governor  of  "  the  western  part  of  Illinois,"  which  in- 
vested the  family  of  Joseph  Marie  Papin  with  the 
ownership  of  a  tract  of  land  measuring  three  thou- 
sand two  hundred  arpens,  embracing  within  its  liberal 
scope  all  of  the  present  Forest  Park  (except  a  narrow  ; 
strip  along  its  southern  line),  and  extending  north- 
wardly quite  a  distiiuce  beyond  the  present  Olive 
Street  road.  The  title  wius  vested  in  the  wife,  Madame 
3Iarie  Louise  Chouteau  Papin,  a  sister  of  the  founders 
of  St.  Loui.s,  Auguste  and  Pierre  Chduteau. 

Joseph  3Iarie  Papin  figures  in  the  BVeneh  and 
Spanish  archives  of  the  period  as  u  "  negociant,"  a  , 
nierchaiit  or  trader  engaged  in  the  business  of  the  day 
and  settlement — the  purchase  and  shipment  abroad  ; 
of  Indian  peltries.  His  village  residence,  a  large 
square  stone  house,  planned  after  the  style  of  the 
better  French  colonial  dwellings,  with  high  basement 
for  stores  and  miscellaneous  uses,  and  an  upper  story 
for  the  family,  occupied  with  its  garden  and  grounds 
the  southern  half  of  the  city  block  now  bounded  by 
Main,  Second,  Pine,  and  Chestnut  Streets.  This  curly 
pioneer  was  the  American  progenitor  of  a  large  family 
whose  names  run  prominently  through  all  the  primi- 
tive as  through  the  sub8e(|uent  history  of  St.  Louis, 
surviving  notably  down  to  this  day  and  generation. 

Everybody  who  has  studied  the  early  occupation 
and  development  of  the  western  country  has  been 
struck  by  the  extreme  precaution  and  painstaking 
wariness  with  which  the  successive  French  and  Span- 
ish governments  moved  in  their  schemes  of  American 
colonization ;  and  the  dominant  precaution,  the  par- 
ticularity and  minute  methods  often  of  the  parent 


"'■■-licrei;ula 

t'lveii 
iiiiip|| 
'  'li<.'  histon 


governments  entered  largely,  and  son 

apparent  jiurpose,  into  the  lOcal  ami 

tions  and  habits  of  the  Freich  eoloiii-is  tli(,'nis,r'' 

The  various  town  archives  pn-sont  a  ciii.iiis  exum  I 

of  this   in   their  careful   perpei'iatimi 

and  experiences  of  the  inhabitants. 

Thus,  for  instance,  in  the  "lakiiii;  u]M,|tlie  pr,.,ei 
sketch  the  mouldy  records  still  xtai.i  in  (he  fj,,. 
Montreal,  Canada,  show  that  the  family  came  ov 
from  La  Rochelle,  in  France,  more  tlian  two  centuri 
ago.     The.se   records  also  furni.sh   many  Jnterostii 

'  facts  concerning  the  subsequent  liistcrv  of  the  fanji], 

,  The  first  American  of  the  name,  I'i.  rru  Papin  » 
born  in  Montreal  in   1666,  and   tin-  iwn  suceecdii 
generations  domiciled  respectively  at  L'Assonipti 
and  Montreal.     Joseph  Alexander  Papin  visited  tl 

,  French  settlement  of  St.  Louis,  niiiaininj;  only 
short  time,  however,  and  then  returning  to  Munin 
Later  on,  and  after  the  death  of  his  wile,  lie  tuok 
only  son,  Joseph  Marie  Papin,  who  was  then  a  lail 
France,  placing  him  at  a  college  in  the  vicinity 

,  Blois,  after  which  he  returned  to  Canada,  scttlini; 
the  border  post  of  Frontenac.  Ton  or  twelve  vei 
later  he  returned  to  Franco  for  his  son  (luittj 
Canada  forever,  as  did  many  other  l''ieneli  abuut  tl 
time,  the  period  of  the  cession  to  the  Kn"lisli.  Al 
a  sojourn  in  the  mother-country  oi'  only  u  Hir  yi 
he  returned  to  America  accoinpaniod  by  lii.ss(,n.i 
they  settled  permanently  at  St.  Louis.  This  n 
have  been  prior  to  1766,  as  shown  liy  a  deed  in 
St.  Louis  archives  of  a  first  jmrcliase  of  real  isl 
made  by  him  in  that  year. 

The  careful  education  in  Franoo  of  tiio  louiiJei 
the  St.  Louis  branch,  however  inst natively  auJ  ai 
ably  employed  in  a  social  way  within  the  in 
circle  of  the  village  outpost,  seoin.t  to  have  p 
unavailing  as  against  the  ventures  and  hazards  of 
Indian  trafiic  in  which  ho  had  eiubarked.  liir, 
meeting  various  minor  mishaps,  tho  more  serious 
finally  of  a  cargo  of  furs  and  peltries  put  a  -ti 
the  business  of  the  untrained  pioneer,  oiid  iiidi 
him  to  remove  with  his  fan.'ily  to  the  grant  ofj 
Spanish  Governor  mentioned  above. 

There   were  eleven   children   iiorn  of  the  Pi 
Chouteau  marriage  who  attained  the  a;.'e  of  uiati 
Of  these,  seven   were  boys,  who  .<et  out  as  j( 
to  retrieve  the  lost  heritage.     Two  ca.st  their 
the  settlement,  but  the  majuriiy  struck  out  foi 
farther    Indian  country,  the  wild  territories  ol 
Osages,  Sioux,  and  Blaekfeet.     After  the  lapse 
few  more  years  the  name,  always  rnaintaiued  ill 
and   honored  esteem  in  the  coiniuuniiy.  reap] 
multiplied  seven  times,  among  the  most  .solid  coni 


MUNICIPAL   DKFAUTMENTS. 


7B3 


and  Honii  liinca  wltliuuf 
a\  ami  I'.iiiiiiMic  ri>;:ul» 
\\  culiiiu-!s  tlu'iUM'lve 
flsciit  !i  cnviiiun  eximiplj 
leiniitii'ii   "i'  tlie  hisloti 
litaiitH. 

uiakiiiL'  u).  nl'  tlie  preseni 
:iU     xliiiii  in  the  city 
it  iho   I'ainily  came  ovi 
,  more  than  two  cciiturii 
riirnisli  iiuiiiy  iiuerostiq 
iient  liistuiv  (if  ll\e  fumill 
name,  I'iirre  Vapin,  wl 
and  thi!  two  succct'diJ 
icctively  hI  L'Assuiuptid 
lexandcr  l';i\iiii  visittd  tl 
Louis,   iciiuiiiiiii!;  oiilyj 
Uen  retuniiu};  to  Munira 
ath  of  Iti'^  wile,  lie  tool;  1 
apiii,  wl'ii  was  ihwi  a  liiiU 
»  college  in  the  vicinity  I 
urned  to  Caiuula,  settlingj 
enac.     Ten  nr  twelve  y« 
raiicc   for  his  son,  (itiittil 
lany  other  Freiieli  about  II 
icsHioii  to  tlu;  Eoi-lisli.  Alf 
r-country  of  only  a  f«  ye 
1  accotniiiinii'il  hyhissim.i 
at  St.  Louis.    Tills  ml 
as  shown  hy  a  deed  in| 
lirst  purchase  of  roal  id 

r. 

in  Franoc  of  the  fimu' 
,\voverinstrm'tivelyiiiid;i! 
)cial   way   within  the  u 
iitpost,  seonis  to  have  ] 
,e  ventures  anilbwrds. if 
ho  hiul  eiuhavked.  fur 

mishaps,  the  more  H-rious 

urs  iind  peUviesptitast 
litraiued  pioni-;:,  and  iiidi^ 

As  fau'ily  to  the  ^raui  ofi 

tionod  ahove. 
children  honi  of  ibe  Pi 

0  attained  the  ajic  of  matt 

boys,  wlio  sot  out  as  y 
ritagn.  Two  cast  ilwir  ' 
\o  majority  struck  out  foi 

•y    the  wild  territories  ol 
laJkteet.     After  the  lapse 

ime,  ttlWi-ys  maintamod  in 

li„  the  community,  reupi 
among  ibe  moat  solid  com 


urs  to  tl"  IxJok  of  the  town  tax  collector.  Thtfy 
jjve  left  m my  descendants,  and  the  nome  is  Htill  as 
,ell  known  and  as  hijj;hly  esteemed  in  the  overgrown 
jetropolis  i^  it  was  in  its  villa<je  cradle. 
TJieloiii;.  active,  and  prominent  business  career  of 
Ilioophilo  i'lipin  should  desinnnto  him  properly  as 
■lie family  representative  of  the  present  day.  lie  is 
•ke  jon  of  .■^ylvestre  Vilrey  Papin,  the  grandson  of 
je,ii  Marie  Papin,  and  was  educated  at  the  tit.  Louis 
[Diversity,  cunipleting  his  course  in  St.  Mary's  Col- 
ls^ Marion  (!ounty,  Ky. 

jdoiecariv  contributions  to  the  «SV.  Louis  liiwilk, 

ispri"htly  jmn'nal  of  thirty  odd  years  ago,  introduced 

iiiilo  the  late  J.  M.  Field,  its  proprietor,  and  secured 

Jiti  the  position  of  reporter  and  assistant  editor,  suc- 

nedlng  in  that  capacity  John  S.  Robb,  whose  brilliant 

iriiin"8  under  the  nom  deplume  of  "  Solitaire,"  many 

Jiiie  citizens  of  St.  Louis  still  remember. 

After  a  few  years  spent  in  this  occupation,  Mr. 

Pipin  enibarki^d  in  the  real  estate  business,  to  which 

lihas  applied  himself  without  intermission  to  the 

•eKnt  time  with  remarkable  success.     The  manage- 

Kti  of  a  larj;.^  private  business,  covering  frequent 

Miures  of  magnitude,  the  discharge  of  important 

lilies  imposed  upon  him  by  the  courts 

i  the  subdivision  and  adjustment  of 

mil  estates,  and  the  performance  of 

ie  varied  trusts  and  responsibilities, 

U  public  and  private,  confided  to  him 

like  course  of  an  especially  active  life 

lie  vindicated  his  unerring  judgment, 

Hon  for  him  tlie  abiding  confidence 

ilie  community  to  whom  he  is  so 

liiiarly  known. 

)lr.  Pupin  has  also  filled  a  number 

[nblic  positions.      He  was  elected 

City  Council  four  times,  being 

ieen  to  represent  successively  every 

at  he  has  ever  lived  in,  and  in 

Slat  the  instance  of  Gen.  Frank 

Bhir,  he  was  appointed   assessor 

iiiernal  revenue  for  St.  Louis  City  and  county. 

connection  with   the   late   Samuel  H.  Gar<Iner, 

cilcctor,  he  organized  the  service  in  St.  Louis. 

w  subsequently  elected  president  of  the  City 

iicii,  and  was  finally  chosen  county  collector  at 

line  ivhen   it  was  rated    as    the   most    profitable 

in  ihe  State.     While  thus  holding  public  office 

camini:  on  his  large  private  business,  he  has  also 

i«i  under  other  appointments,  and  has  fo.s'  .ed 

Ml  public  and  private  interests  in  various  ways. 

time  he  was  a  member  of  the  House  of  Refuge 

Mciit, director  in  the  Boatmen's  Savings-BauK, 


etc.  Mr.  Papin  was  one  of  the  first  and  principal  or- 
ganizers of  the  Ileal  Estate  Exchange.  He  was  three 
times  elected  its  president,  but  declined  a  proffered 
election  on  account  of  his  multiplied  business  cares. 

Mr.  Papin  seems  never  to  have  parted  with  the 
tastes  and  habits  of  his  original  calling,  and  all  his 
life  he  has  been  a  contributor  to  the  press.  On  the 
occasion  of  an  extended  tour  with  his  family  in 
Europe, recently,  aseriesof  his  letters, running  tli  hrH 
all  his  protracted  rambles,  were  published  in  the  Mis- 
sdiifi  lifjmliHani.  The  originality  and  good  sense  of 
his  observations  abroad  and  the  graceful  and  facile 
language  in  which  they  were  expressed  attracted 
general  attention.  Mr.  Papin  is  still  in  the  full  vigor 
of  matured  manhood,  and  the  lap.sc  of  time  has  left 
his  energies  unimpaired. 

Tower  Grove  Park For  two  of  the  most  pop- 
ular and  attractive  public  reservations  in  the  city, 
Shaw's  Garden  and  Tower  Grove  Park,  St.  Louis 
is  indebted  to  the  munificence  of  Henry  Shaw,  one 
of  its  most  prominent  citizens,  a  large  bulk  of  whose 
wealth  has  been  devoted  to  improving  these  two  beau- 
tiful resorts  for  the  inhabitants  of  his  adopted  home. 

Tower  Grove  Park  is  situated  on  Grand  Avenue,  be- 


TOWER  GROVE  PARK  ENTRANCE. 

tween  Magnolia  Avenue  and  Arsenal  Street  road,  and 
contains  two  hundred  and  seventy-six  and  three-fourths 
acres.  Early  in  18G8,  Henrv  Shaw  made  a  proposi- 
tion to  the  city  authoritii'.i  '^u  ^ive  them  one  hundred 
and  ninety  acres  of  groud.i,  extending  from  Grand 
Avenue  to  King's  Highway,  eleven  hundred  and 
twenty-one  feet  in  width  and  six  thousand  one  liun- 
dred  and  sixty-three  feet  in  length,  reserving  a  strip 
of  two  hundred  feet  around  the  tract  to  lease  to  the 
city  for  ninety-nine  years,  the  proceeds  to  be  devoted 
to  the  maintenance  of  Shaw's  Garden,  and  requiring 
the  city  to  devote  three  hundred  and  sixty  thousand 


1       I 


!         !: 


r-i\ 


I    1  / 

I 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


m 


dollars  to  the  improvement  of  tlio  ground  for  a  |iiiblic 
park.  No  action  was  taiten  by  tlic  City  Council,  and 
in  June  the  Board  of  Trade  appointed  a  eoniniittec  to 
inquire  into  the  matter.  This  committee  had  an  in- 
terview with  the  mayor  and  Mr.  Sliaw,  and  the  latter 
subsequently  prepared  e  deed  for  the  land  and  pre- 
sented it  to  the  board.  The  result  was  that  tlie 
Board  of  Trade,  supported  by  the  Union  Merchants' 
Exchange,  procured  the  passage  of  an  ordinance  ac- 
cepting Mr.  Shaw's  gift  with  some  modifications. 
Under  this  ordinance  a  board  of  commissioners,  con- 
sisting of  James  S.  Thomas,  Charles  P.  Clmuteau, 
Adoiphus  Meier,  Judge  Wm.  Ferguson,  and  Henry 
Shaw,  was  appointed  to  carry  out  its  provisions,  under 
the  general  supervision  of 
Mr.  Shaw.  The  work  of 
improvement  was  com- 
menced at  orico.  and  in  the 
summer  of  1870  the  tract 
was  formally  opened,  with- 
the  name  of  Tower  Grove 
Park.  The  park  i.s  orna- 
mented in  the  most  artistic 
style,  and  abounds  in  beau- 
tiful .sliade-trees,  shrubs, 
and  flowens  indigenous  and 
foreign.  There  are  also 
handsome  walks  and  drives, 
miniature  lakes,  springs, 
rustic  bridges  and  bowers, 
summer-houses,  pagodas, 
fountains,  statues,  etc.  Up 
to  1876  nearly  half  a 
million  dollars  had  been 
expended  on  the  park, 
twenty  five  thousand  dol- 
lars per  year  being  ap- 
propriated by  the  city,  in 

addition  to  the  original  appropriation.  In  1878  its  I 
value  and  attractiveness  were  further  enhanced  by  i 
the  gift  of  a  bronze  statue  of  Shakespeare  from  Mr.  | 
Shaw,  and  later  by  a  similar  statue  of  Von  Humboldt 
from  the  same  donor.  The  total  estimated  value  of 
Tower  Grove  Park  in  1882,  including  land  and  im-  i 
provements,  was  $1,027,075.  j 

Shaw's  Garden,  or,  more  properly  speaking,  the 
Missouri  Botanical  Garden,  situated  on  Shaw  Avenue 
west  of  Grand  Avenue,  embraces  about  fifty  acres  of  a 
tract  of  eight  hundred  owned  by  Mr.  Shaw,  who,  after 
liis  retirement  from  business,  began  the  preparation  of  < 
the  garden  with  a  view  to  presenting  it  to  the  city.  | 
Under  his  personal  direction  it   grew  from   year  to  j 
year  until  it  has  become  one  of  the  finest  places  of  the  ' 


HENRY    SHAW. 


kind    in    the   country.      Mr.  Shuw   :i1m,  ,^,,^.,,,,1 
museum,  where  curioHities  oi    the  aniiinl   V(..r,.|  i   , 
ami  mineral  kingdom  are  exhibited   fn .    i,,  [1,^. 
ing  public,  us  are  also  the  grounds,  wl.i  i,  \t■M^.  |„ 
tustel'uUy  beaut ifit'd  and  ornamented.      I  lie  Imtani,  li 
garden  and   arboremn   embrace  every  kidwii  variet  I 
of  flower,  plant,  and  tree,  and  there  i>  :>  -.,  ^n  ,,j,|,  ■  f 
mental  fruit  gurdi^n  that  bus  proved  a  ',  iIimKI,.  ,,(,, ,  ■  I 
.sition.     The  garden  has  been  for  year.-  in:untaiii,.d  uj 
Mr.  Shaw  at  his  own  expense. 

Henry  Shaw,  to  whose  liberality  il,..  uitv  of  ,S(j 
Louis  owes  some  uf  her  riohest  ami  most  \minl 
ornaments,  is  an  Kiigl'  '  "n  by  biitli.  and  i.,  eunl 
nected  with  a  family  «  noted  Inr  ii.<  t^[icc^.i^  J 

business.     At   the  aj;c  i 
nineteen  lie  I.Ct  lii,  |ia,j,| 
lountry  to  >.  .k  hi,  furiua 
111    Aineriii.   and   .injve 
in  St.  Liiiii-  .\la_v  4,  KSij 
I  .(tabli.-hiii'.:  Iiim.v'lf  in  tb 
hardware   Imimii(...>s  «i|||  i 
small  stock  .il'-uudswliicl 
he  had  liruii:;hl  wiiJi  jiig 
For  a  ciiiisidcnibic  [,t.iiJ 
he  managed  the  store  will 
out    the   aid   dt'  a  ,c'l. 
alteiiding  iHTHinallj  ii,  tl 
niiiiuteM  and  liiinil)|,.i 
tails,    ami    ]iiaitii'iii.'  t| 
most  rigid  ccoiioiiiy. 

usiiicss  JiiMspcml.  audi 
due  season  liiu  yi.uii;;  iii| 
chant    lioiian  dcailiiL' 
ill      supplies    fur    iiij| 
agents,      lli.'s  >nmy 
such  that  ill  abdut  twei 
years,    and  when  lie 
only  forty  years  oU.  he 
enabled  to  retire  from  business  with  a  fortiiiie 
was  regarded  at  tb"  time  as  very  larire,    Mr.  Sl| 
conducted  his  bu-sii.  -    on  the  strictest  |)riiiei|jb,  I 
paid  close  and  assiduous  attention  to  thu  ccuauiijia 
money-making;  but  in  other  rcsjieets  (even  in 
days    of  bis    early  struggles)  was   noted  fur 
minded   and   opcn-bunded   views   and  huliits. 
spare  hours  were  devoted  to  learning  the  Freiiihj 
guage  and  other  ])olite  accomplLshiueiits,  anJ 
leaving  trade  he  was  well  fitted  by  taste  and  thej 
impo.sed    training    he   had    undergone  to  enjoyl 
eight  or  ten  years  of  travel  that  ensued,  and  iif 
course  of  which  he  visited  nearly  every  quart 
the    habitable   globe.      On   bis  return  he  de^ 
much  of  his  time  to  the  cultivation  of  plaoti 


l\\o.  llliil"  ''  Vfi;cl;iliW, 
ill!*!  tV''  '"  ll>e  visit- 
nd8,  w>iii*i  liave  iii'eDJ 
icntod.  H"'  \iiiliuiii;il| 
:c  every  lv""wn  vmieiyj 
there  is  ■'■'•>"  «'>  i!il"'>-[ 
irovi'J  n  V  ilir,i\iK:  iiec|iii.j 
for  yeiir^  iiiHiiiUiiiii'tl  by 

herwlity  tl."  city  u(  St] 

iohcst  lui'l  most  lastind 

in  bv  Wf'''  ''"'"^  '*  '^""l 

noted  t'"V  i''*  »"<•'«>■* 


USUICHH. 


At    tlie  aue  i 


liiielcun  \u'  l.'I't  liis  ralivi 
jouiitry  tn-.,.klii>lViriun 
in  AiiHM-iri.  mid  anive 
i„  St.  l-"ui-  May  4,  l!<l^ 
ostidiU^hiiiu  iiiuiMlf  ill  ilil 

luirdwaVi-    iiUMII.•^-  Willi  I 

MimU  ^'ti.cl^  nl' -iiud>  wliid 
he  hud  iivi'ujit  Nvilh  liii^ 
l^or  a  i-oii^iili'i'abW  V-iid 
heniair.\'i''dtiie''li'ivwl| 

out    the   aul   '■»'  »  >'>' 
utlondin'i  i.^'i^miallj  tu  [\ 


ininutost 


mul  imiulilui  ( 


tails,    »ih1    V-'>^''^''"'^  " 
niost  riuiil  k^u'W'")' 

Vl.i.U'r-S    VilMSpeTia.Ulld 

aueseiiMmilwy'™in" 

e\.aut   iio-uu  ilcuiin^  ' 

i„     suvi'lHis    t'.r    l«i 

anonts.      His  Mu...^ 

:u,\,  tli;U.  ill  ^il'"":  '« 

Old  wlii^"  '"^  ' 


sueii 


years. 


„lio. 


M  U  N I C 1 1  •  A  li   1)  K  I' A  UT  M  K  N  TS. 


755 


only  lor' .VF''''^"' 
bu.im'sswitl»»f«'""', 

I-    „  .w  very  lar-5'.    ^'f  *' 
lime  as  mij      ■    .    .  , 

etcst  \m\K\\i«- 


on  ibc  stne 


U)  llie  ccmwniu 


l„  „t\>or  rcsvecls  levca  m 
L..,\es)  was  ..oted  lot 
Led  views  and  W- 
Ld  to  learning  tl>>' I'-''' 

l.eaccouiidi^l'"'^"'^';, 
,eU  fitted  hyta^ie  and  the 

V,„d  uuder.A'ne  'o  enjoy 
travel  tht.tenM»«^" 

IvWted  nearly  every  qo. 
On   lii«  return  lit  "«' 

lo  the  cultivation  of  pla' 


LKorn,  iiii'l  I'ttuhlished  tht^  nueleUH  of  wliat  Ih  now 
uinsliliiii'"'  of  St.  Louis,  the  .Missouri  Hotanieui  or 
^liaw'sl-'iii'lcn.    Ah  stated  above,  Mr.  Shaw  expended 
mach  til"    "'"^  n"J"«y  ""   tho  development  of   'he 
liauiics  111  nature  as  displayed  in  ilorieullure,  liorti- 
{uliuri',  aiil  kindred  pursuitH,  and  as  he   prosecuted 
ikisrecreaiiiHi,  the  desire  tliat  others  should  share  in 
iliecnjoynn  III  which  resulted  from  it  grew  upon  him, 
ud  he  ciimeived  tlio  idea  of   making  liis  estate  a 
wiblic  resort.     With  this  end  in  view  lu'  opened  his 
Mos  unre.scrvodly  to  the  eitizens  of  St.  Louis,  and 
to  many  years  has  supported  at  his  own  expense  the 
muiiJs  tliiii  were  virtually  the  property  of  the  pub- 
iie, alihous;li  owned  by  himself.     Subse<(Uently   Mr. 
Skj«  Jeterniiiied  to  present  to  the  city  an  even  more 
tiluable  property,  Tower  Grove  Park,  which  has  lie- 
(onio  aluKist  as  much  a  feature  of  St. 
Uisastlie  (.Jardens.    Although  the 
tin  maintains  the   Park,  Mr.  Shaw 
ill  since    expended    much    of    his 
iffllih  and  a  good  deal  of  his  time 
ipcn  ii,  and   two  of  his    donations, 
4e   Shakespeare      and      Humboldt 
mtues,  iiloiie  represent  a  small    for- 
,iiiif.    In  bestowing   his   gifts   upon 
[iktciiv  Mr.  Siiaw  exhibited,  as  in  all 
illiis  acts  wliieli  concerned  the  pub- 
lit,  a  muJe.'-ty  tliat  was  almost  severe. 
iii interest  in  his  fellow-citizens  was 
wre  and  luaniiest,  but,  as  far  as 
siliV,  lie  avoided  all  publicity  and 
stlav.    Mr.  Sliaw's  munificence  was 
msiun  (if  frequent  recognition. 
lilt!  iiL'casion  of  the  fiftieth    anniversary  of  his 
ival  ill  Si.  Louis,  May  4,  18Ci),  Tower  Grove,  his 
iJence  in  the  park  of  that  name,  was  thronged  by 
ianl  assemblage    of   St.   Louisians,   including 
ly  prominent  citizens  among  the  older  inhabitants. 
iliis  occasion  Mr.  Shaw  delivered  an  address  re- 
win;  his  first  arrival  in  St.  Louis  and  muny  inter- 
iiiiiariy  reiniiii.scences,  to  which  Governor  B.  Gratz 
iin  rospiinded.    In  the  Park  the  day  was  observed 
1  alii  day,  and  among  Mr.  Shaw's  visitors  were 
i>  of  children  from  the  Orphans'  Home  and  the 
leslant  Orjihaii   Asylum,  which    had    fre(|uently 
the  recipients  of  his  charity.     Another  interest- 
event  of  the  same  character  was  the  adoption  of 
iiiesof  resolutions  at  a  meeting  of  the  Merchants' 
imgeof  St.  Louis,  Dec.  19,  1878.     These  re,so- 
ins  «re  inscribed  on  white  satin    fringed  with 
mil  hmif;  upon  a  solid  silver  roller,  and  a  copy 
KID  was  transmitted  to  the  mayor  for  preservation 
the  archives  of  the  city.    They  read  as  follows : 


"To  IIkmrv  Shaw,  ><«(i'iii'|"''W  "/'•">(•«•■■» 'Oil/ </m/'«tn<<    '•.»!*• 

Mi-ri  Intiitn'  E.frhtin>tr  itf  St    l.tntit,   Ihftmhtr,   ts^.H. 

"Tin'  iiioiiiliciv"  of  ilio  .Mci'cilittiilo'  KxuliiiiiKt',  111  lidlmlf  iif  llio 
uoiiiiiiorL'inl  iiii'l  iii>lii!'triiil  olnr«?*t.'ri  of  the  I'ity  til  .St.  li'Miiii. 
riMili/iii^  iliu  Krfiit  nml  laMtin>(  lioiiotitrt  cniifemH)  njxin  tlio 
city  l>y  .Mr.  lli'iiiy  ."ilniw,  ciciiin  il  ii  iluty  li)  i'\|>rt'ss  In  i»  fHimal 
tui<l  |Mil)titt  inariniT  ttifir  iipprettiiilii.il  uiiil  gratitii>li',  aiiU  to 
tliut  oixl,  ill  iiiLi'tintf  ii-:<i'iiiblvil  in  lliu  hull  of  tlie  K\i'liiin';i', 
l)ro.  Ill,  IS7S,  ilci  (iiilrr  iiml  iiilii|>i  llii'  rullowini;  rcnolutions : 

''  /t*fif»/cc*/,  Tliut  in  ttu!  tiruiitioii  nC  Tower  tjrov*'  I'urk  tiy  the 
iloniiiioii  to  tile  lily  of  lliii  viiluiililu  liinilK  cuiiiponinK  i'.  ■»  t'lo 
reoiMit  i;tt't  of  tlic  mitKiiitioenl  bron/.t'  ,«tiit(ui.'4  of  .SIiiikri4|)oiir(«  iin<l 
Iliiiiiljolill.  nritli  tlirir  |i(vli'-tjil.>  iiml  rclii'ViK  lor  ihc  mloriiniuiil 
of  till'  Mwwv,  loiil  in  tliu  (stjiliiislnnuiit  of  tlic  .Vlii^oiiri  llotanioMl 
Oiirilviiii,  Willi  tlii'ir  iniiKi'iiiii.  oniijiTviitoiivK,  luul  tlie  inoHt  re- 
iiiiirloililo  collciioM  ill  iIim  conntiy  of  tbo  Horn  of  nil  oliiiioa, 
^tr.  .'^biiw  lius  iiiiiltM-iiilty  nitluil  tbu  rcputtilion  nml  growth  uf 
St.  Iiouis.  iinil  lit  the  i<nini'  time  itrentnl  ilollKlitfiil  nml  perinii- 
niMii  pk'uaure  re^ortD  for  our  fiti/rn,-',  in  wbifli  the  iiiflueiiccB 
of  nuturo  and  art  art*  ooinbinott  for  the  atlvaiiceinciit  of  tliat 


I  lllt.VCK.    SU.VW  S    HOT  A  .Mt  At.    (lARIiKN. 


;:(>nural  tnstu  anil  culture  without  whii-li  there  is  do  gcniiino 
civili/.ation. 

"  U' "nil  III,  That  in  the  ilcnotion  of  a  privati-  fortune,  aci|uire(l 
during  an  honoriiblc  hu^^inocs  careur  in  this  city,  to  the  ticnctit 
of  llio  publii',  anil  the  nilinirable  iiioile  Melcctcii  to  carry  out  his 
benevolent  ile.ii^n.x.  by  which  the  pleasure  iiiid  profit  of  all 
eili/ens  art*  periiiaiieiilly  secureii,  titgelh(M*  with  the  adornnienL 
of  the  city,  ami  the  creation  of  tho,He  features  of  local  interest 
which  are  alwiiy,i  iniporliint  eleiiienl."  in  civic  ))roi;ress,  Mr. 
Shaw  has  niailo  hinmelf  the  bciicfaetor  of  cuir  people,  lellecled 
honor  oil  the  ciiy  of  his  homo,  emiearcil  his  name  to  its 
present  and  future  population,  and  i.s  entitled  to  the  earnest 
gratitude  of  all  ehmsea  of  .society. 

"  Htniilrvd,  That,  as  merchants  and  business  men  of  the  city 
of  !f>t.  Louis,  it  i,s  especially  incumbent  upon  us,  and  wo  e  inom 
it  a  most  pleasant  duty  to  acknowledge  the  benetits  bestowed 
upon  the  city  and  its  citizens  by  ono  so  long  and  inliinatoly 
identified  with  the  mercantile  ir.terests  of  the  city.  Although 
now  retired  from  netivo  business,  he  worthily  represents  tho 
spirit  and  liberality  which  should  eharacteriie  the  merchants 
of  a  metropolis  representative  of  Western  civilization,  and 
throughout  a  useful  and  industrious  career  has  evinced  an 
active  interest  in  the  growth  of  the  city  which  ho  has  greatly 
aided.  It  is  peculiarly  gratifying  to  the  members  of  this  E.x- 
chango  that  a  citizen  who  is  among  tho  uldoat  of  our  merohaDti 


756 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


i<houUi  have  aohioved  the  illustrious  distini^tiun  of  bcncnting 
all  classes  of  our  people,  and  furnishing  nn  iniprvflsive  exninple 
of  individual  honor  and  rectitude  linked  with  the  most  exalted 
and  (ihilanthmpio  purposes. 

"  Heiohfd,  That  the  nieinberi'  of  the  Merchants'  Exchange, 
in  view  of  the  facts  herein  stated,  and  in  accordance  with  the 
universal  sentiment  of  the  people  of  >St.  Louis,  hereby  tender 
to  Henry  Shaw  their  deep  and  heartfelt  acknowledgments  and 
thanks  for  his  publio  spirit  and  noble  generosity.  No  other 
return  than  words  of  gratitude  and  respect  is  now  approprir.te 
or  possible,  but  their  significance  is  not  limited  to  the  present 
time;  so  long  as  his  gifts  to  the  city  endure,  and  there  arc 
people  to  enjoy  them,  bis  name  will  be  c  >nsecrated  in  the 
public  heart,  and  his  memory  will  bloom  in  the  beauties 
of  the  park  and  gardens  whicli  he  created  for  tho  enjoyment 
of  all. 

"Ordered,  Thai  vhese  resolutions  be  spread  upon  the  records 
of  this  body,  and  that,  when  suitably  engrossid,  a  committee 
consisting  uf  the  president  and  directors  o''  the  Kxchange  and 
twenty-one  citizens,  to  bo  designated  by  the  president,  shall 
formally  present  them  to  Mr.  Shaw. 

"(iKonGK  Bain, 

"/VetftWciit. 
"Eknry  C.  Uaarstick, 
"  Cpaio  Alexander, 

"  Yict-PretidenU. 
"JoBK  Crangle, 
•'John  A.  ScunnKB, 
'  E.  0.  Stanabo, 

"J.   r     EWALD, 

"A.  T.  Harlow, 
"S.  W.  Evans, 
"John  0.  Talbov, 
"P.  E.  Fleichkb, 
"  W.  Lkiqu  Wiukbah, 

"A.    OUYE, 

"nKOKQB  H,  Morgan,  aeeretary, 
"Direclori," 

The  followiug  gentlemen  were  appointed  a  coni- 
Ktilteo,  in  conjuneJ'^:)  with  the  board  of  director*  of 
the  Merchants'  Exchange,  to  present  the  resolutions 
to  Mr.  Shaw  :  Henry  Ovorslolz,  George  Knapp,  R.  J. 
Lackland,  11.  P.  Tunsey,  Gerard  B.  Allen,  Adolphu.s 
Meier,  John  Vj.  GilkesoM,  Joseph  Brown,  John  G. 
Priest,  Edwin  Harrison.  E.  0.  Stauan',  Oliver  D. 
Filley  Carlos  S.  Groeley,  Robert  Camphell,  D.  II. 
MacHdam,  Thomas  Allen,  Waymaii  Crow,  Charles 
P.  Chouteau,  James  E.  Y-;atinan,  Robert  A.  Barnes, 
Albert  Todd. 

Ever  ^ince  esfablishing  his  rehidehci'  at  Tow^r 
Grove,  Jlr.  Shaw  has  kept  practically  "open  house," 
and  his  attractive  residence  is  a  favorite  "vsort  of  the 
cultured  people  of  the  city,  who  find  in  him  a  most 
genial  and  geiiorous  hcit.  It  is  his  pride,  also,  to 
entertain  the  di;.tinguislied  people  who  from  time  to 
time  vl^it  St,  Louis,  and  the  most  eminent  men  of 
the  nation  (and,  it  may  bo  added,  of  the  world)  have 
enjoyed  his  hosfiiialiiy.  His  earocr  justifies  the  ob- 
servuiioii  that  St.  Louis  has  never  known  a  dose  und 
assiduous  busiueiis  oareor  tliat  has  been  suppletcenttid 


by  more  graceful  and  appropriate  don:iii,ins  of  j,<  j 
gregatcd  wealth  to  purposes  of  publiu  Msi.|ul,|,,sg  ^^^ 
adornment,  nor   one   of  its  citizens  who,  enj-rosscd 
for  a  long  time  in  the  pursuits  of  Imsincw^  ever ' 
opened  his  heart  more  abundantly  to  all  that  is  bcai 
tiful  in  nature,  or  displayed  more  zeal  and  liberality  j 
in   extending   to   the   general    public   the  pleasures  j 
which  he  himself  enjoyed. 

O'Fallon  Park  is  situated  in  the  northern  por. 
tion  of  the  city,  on  the  Bellefontaine  road.    It  is  usej  ] 
as  a  driving- park,  and  is  also  popular  as  a  picnic- 
ground,  and  has  great  natural  advantages.    It  vagi 
formerly  the  estate  of  the  late  Col.  John  O'Fall 
and  has  a  wealth  of  forest-trees  which  had  been  care-l 
fully  preserved  by  Col.  O'Fallon.     It  occupies  a  com-l 
manding  position  overlooking  the  river,  and  becamel 
the  property  of  the  city  under  a  leuislative  eiiact-i 
ment  in  !>375.     It  contains    159.41  acres,  and  itj 
land  and  improvements  are  estimated  to  be  wdrth  ili^ 
1882)?243,]74. 

Carondelet  Park  was  established  by  an  act  oJ 
the  Legislature  ir  1874,  about  the  time  that  Foresi 
and  O'Fallon  Parks  were  created.  It  comprises  odJ 
hundred  and  eighty  acres,  situated  on  South  XintB 
Street,  between  Loughborough  and  Kansas  Aveiiua 
In  May  of  the  same  year  the  county  court  appointw 
as  commissioners  M.  I.  Brennan,  B.  Guion.  Jr.,  1 
J.  Hinsraan,  E.  J.  Shores,  and  P.  A.  Bambtru'ir. 
whom  Mr.  Brennan  was  prtsident ;  Mr.  Guion,  vic( 
presitient ;  and  J.  F.  Young,  secretary.  The  giouul 
coat  over  one  hundred  and  sixty-five  thuusand  dollatj 
and  two  hundred  thuusand  dollars  liavinj;  been 
propriatod  by  the  "legislature  for  its  purchase  and  i 
provemcnt,  the  bt>!ance  was  usod  in  ai^aptin:'  til 
grounds  to  their  p  trpese,  ornamenting  them,  eic 

Old  Cahond'xet  Park,  coiuprLsinu'  iibuni  thrj 
acres,  was  acouired  from  the  general  g{jvernininitj 
1812,  and  was  a  part  of  the  old  St.  Louis  eoirnioi 
TiK;  character  of  the  land  and  its  localiuii,  Imwif^ 
made  it  unavailable  for  park  purposes,  and  akin 
some  improvements  were  made,  it  lias  never 
used  as  a  public  resort.  It  is  estimated  to  bo  wH 
four  thousand  eight  hundred  dollars. 

Laclede  Park,  a  small  reservation  of  about  thj 
acres,  bounded  by  Osage  and  Maraniec  Streets  i 
Iowa  and  Ciilifornia  Avennes,  wus  reserved  in  I 
sub-division  of  the  city  in  IH.iIJ  and  l*i.'i4.  It  I 
been  somewhat  improved,  but  not  in  ih''  ame] 
portion  as  other  squares.  It  is  cstiniiited  to  be  woj 
eleven  thousand  dollars. 

MissoiTRi  Park,  eomprisiiii:  lietwcen  tlin 
four  acres,  lying  between  Olive.  St.  C'haile.". 
tcenth,  and  Fourteenth  Streets,  was  created  by  < 


T~V 


MUNICIPAL  DEPARTMENTS. 


757 


ate  d()n;iii'iiis  of  its  a):- 
f  publii;  nserulnesa  and  I 
citizens  wiio,  engrossed  I 
'suits  of  li\isiiiess,  ever ! 
antly  to  ull  that  is  bean- 
more  zeal  and  liberality  | 
»1   public   the  pleasures  | 

itcd  in  tlio  uortbern  por- 1 
Fontaine  road.    It  is  used] 
ilso  popular  as  a  picnic- 
iral  iidvaiitaires.    It  waf 
late  Col.  Jolin  O'Fallonl 
fees  which  had  been  care-j 
ttllon.     It  occupies  a  com-i 
ng  the  river,  and  becaniej 
under  a  legislative  cnact-| 
ns    159.41  acres,  and  iU 
I  estimated  to  be  worth  tin 

as  established  by  an  act  ol 
ibout  the  time  that  Forest 
created.     U  coinprises  on^ 
s,  situated  on  South  NiiilH 
rough  and  Kansas  Avenua 
Mie  county  court  appointei 
irennan,  B.  Guion,  Jr,,P 
i,  and  P.  A.  Bambergor. 
president;  Mr.  Guion,  vio( 
mg,  secretary.    The  -mV 
1  sixty-five  thousanildolliiil 
ind  dollars  havin;;  been  a| 
turc  for  its  purchase  an^l  ifl 
was  used  in   i"'^l"i":-'  4 
,  ornaraentins;  them,  ett. 
AUK,  coiuprisini:  about  iliH 
the  general  goveriimentj 
the  old  St.  Lnuis  coinuod 
id  and  its  location,  iio«.»j 
park  purposes,  and  alil")« 
re  made,  it  has  nevi^r 
It  is  estimated  to  be  M 
dred  dollars. 
„all  reservation  ..faW.th^ 
,(.  and  Maramcc  Streets  i 
[venues,  wis  rcsovvvd  m  I 
in   IHivJ  and  1^"'+'    ^ 
,d,  but  not  in  thn:ainel 
It  is  cstiinalcd  to  be  H 

j,prisin-  between  threej 
ten  Olive.  St.  Chavle.,TI 
Streets,  was  created  by 


oiiinancc  in  1854,  a  portion  of  it  being  purchased 

fnim  Jam's  R-  Lucas  for  ninety-five  thousand  five 

hundred  dollars,  and  the  remainder  being  a  gift  from 

■lie  same  p'titleman.     The  first  city  appropriation  for 

iimsniado  in  1858,  and  up  to  1877  forty-one  tliou- 

511(1  one  hundred  and  sixty-five  dollars  had  been  ex- 

wnded  on  it.     It  is  a  popular  resort,  and  has  been 

j^tly  ornamented  and  improved.     Tlie  ground  and 

iiprovements  are  estimated  to  be  worth  two  hundred 

ilousand  dollars. 

HvDE  Park  was  acquired  by  purchase  in  1854 

from  Anu  ('.  T.  Ftrrar,  for  thirty-six  thousand  two 

knndred  and  fifty  dollars.     It  lies  between  Salisbury 

jirect  and  Bremen  Avenue  and  Twelfth  and  Four- 

nenth  Streets,  and  the  originitl  trait  of  fourteen  and 

,)OC-tialf  ac-es  has  been  redueed  to  about  twelve  by 

ikewideuinj.  jf  contiguous  streets.     Forsevernl  years 

ifier  its  purchase  it  was  leased  to  various  persons  as  a 

leer-garden,  and  the  revenue  accruing  therefrom  was 

apended  in  improvements.     Owing  to  the  occurrence 

if  1  number  of  disturbances,  however,  this  arrange- 

KDiwas  subsoijuently  discontinued.     No.  8  engiiie- 

\m  occupies  the  southeast  corner  of  the  tract.     Up 

s)lS77.  $6r),"H1.87  wa.^  expended  in  improvements, 

d  the  sijuare  is  now  \n    an    excellent   condition. 

IketTound  and  improvements  estimated  to  be  worth 

«e  hundred  and  thirty-five  thousand  dollars. 

Benton  J'ark. — In  accordance  witii  tht  provis-  i 

bis  of  a  city  ordinance,  approved  June  25, 18GG,  the 

tlJ  city  cemetery  was  transformed  into  Benton  Park.  I 

It  comprised  originally  seventeen  acres,  but  was  re- 

W  by  the  extension  and  widening  of  streets  to 

ijirteen  and  one-third  acres,  and  was  found  to  be  ex- 

idlently  adapted  to  park  purposes.     It  is  situated  be- 

ftM  Jefferson   Avenue   and    Arsenal   Street    and 

fensin  Avenue  and  Wyoming  Street,  and  iuinie- 

Wysprani:  into  popular  favor,  being  the  most  fre- 

fth'A  park  in  South  St.  Louis.     It  has  been  made 

ikutifui  spot,  and  the  inhabitants  of  a  large  sur- 

mdini!  district   flock    to    its    cooling    shades    and 

|bsnt  walks  for  rest  and  recreation.     The  land  and 

•ptovement.i  are  estimated  to  be  worth  seventy-five 

lioiisand  dollars. 

Lvo.N  1'akk. — .\n  act  of  Congress,  approved  March 
1. ISGSt,  granted  that  portion  of  the  Arsenal  grounds 
»iii: between  Carondelet  Avenue  and  Fourth  Street 
ifea  public  park,  on  condition  that  the  city  complete 
|fc  proposed  monument  to  Brig.-Qeu.  Nathanie :  Lyoii 
•iiliin  three  years.  The  grounds  were  transferred  to 
[4(  city  by  the  War  Department  in  September,  1871, 
*l  iitho22d  of  April,  1874,  the  then  Secretary  of 
"».  Gen.  \V.  W.  Belknap,  wrote  to  Mayor  Brown 
know  if  the  conditions  had  been  fulfilled.     /  n 


obelisk  monument  was  thereupon  dedicated  to  the 
memory  of  Gen.  Lyon,  Sept.  Hi,  1874,  and  the  res- 
ervation, which  is  situated  on  Carondelet  Avenue 
between  Arsenal  and  Utah  Streets,  was  thereafter 
known  as  Lyon  Park.  It  embraces  an  area  of  over 
ten  acres,  and  was  very  little  improved  up  to  the 
separation  of  the  city  from  the  county  in  1877.  Since 
then,  under  the  direction  of  the  city  authorities,  it 
has  been  made  a  very  attractive  spot.  The  estimated 
value  of  ground  and  improverac^s  is  seventy  thou- 
sand dollars. 

Washi.ngton  Square,  ontaining  six  acres  and 
situated  between  Market  and  Thirteenth  Streets  and 
Clark  Avenue  and  Twelfth  Street,  was  originally  a 
part  of  the  old  Chouteau  mill  tract.  It  was  purcha.sed 
by  the  city  on  the  28th  of  November,  1840,  with  the 
understanding  that  it  was  to  be  used  as  a  "  public 
square  forever."  It.s  original  cost  was  twenty-five 
thousand  dollars,  but  it  is  now  valued  with  the  im- 
provements at  two  hundred  and  thirty-six  thousand 
dollars.  The  sum  of  fifty-six  thousand  five  hundred 
and  twenty-five  dollars  and  fourteen  cents  was  ex- 
pended from  1855  to  1882  in  maintaining  and  em- 
bellishing the  grounds. 

Gravois  Park,  which  comprises  eight  and  a 
quarter  acres,  is  one  of  the  original  St.  Louis  com- 
mons' grants,  and  lies  between  Pontiac  Street  and  Kan- 
sas Avenue  and  Miami  Street  and  Louisiana  Avenue. 
Its  isolated  position  caused  it  for  a  time  to  bo  less  fre- 
quented than  any  other  of  the  city  parks.  It  has  the 
advantage  of  largo  shade-trees,  and  is  now  being  en- 
joyed by  large  numbers  of  people.  The  ground  and 
improvements  are  estimated  to  be  worth  twenty  thou- 
sand dollars. 

Carr  Square,  situated  between  Carr,  East  Six- 
teenth, Wash,  and  West  Sixteenth  Streets,  and  con- 
taining nearly  two  and  a  half  acres,  was  presented  to 
the  city  in  1842  by  Wm.  C.  Carr,  "  to  be  forever  used 
as  a  square."  It  was  for  many  years  a  receptacle  for 
refuse,  but  was  subsequently  filled  in  and  improved, 
and  is  now  a  popular  and  very  attractive  resort.  The 
estimated  value  of  land  and  improvements  is  seventy 
thousand  dollars. 

St.  Louis  Place  lies  immediately  north  of  the  old 
reservoir.  It  is  a  narrow  strip  of  ground  two  thou- 
sand feet  long,  and  contains  15.19  acres.  It  is 
bounded  by  Benton,  Hebort,  West  Seventeenth,  and 
West  Eighteenth  Streets,  and  was  given  to  the  city  in 
1848  for  a  pleasure  ground  by  Col.  Jcdin  O'Fallo'i, 
(}overnor  Miller,  L.  A.  La  Bauu  e,  Messrs.  Todd  & 
Dayton,  Jo.siah  Dent,  and  others.  The  land  and  im- 
provements are  estimated  to  be  worth  ono  hundred 
and  fifty  thou,  .nd  dollars. 


illlli 


•t;  .1;: 


MM 


lUL': 


te,  i 


758 


HISTORY   OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Lafayette  Park  i8  situated  one  and  a  half  miles  I 
southwest  of  the  court-house,  between  Mississippi  and  | 
Missouii  and  Park  and  Lafayette  Avenues.     It  con-  I 
tains  nearly  thirty  acres,  and  is  one  of  the  oldest  parks 
in  the  city.     Its  creation  was  due  uiainly  to  the  efforts 
of  the  late  John  F.  Darby  and  Col.  Thornton  Grimsley. 
In  1S35  a  bill  was   passed  by  the  State  Legislatu>-o 
authorizing:  the  sule  of  the  old  St.  Louis  commons, 
the  territory  wliicii  afterwards  becanio  Lafayette  Park 
bcinjr  reserved  by    the   city   for   a   park.     Notliing 
further  was  acfonipli.shed  until  1851,  when  Lafayette 
Park  was  dedicated  and  established  under  an  ordi- 
nance approved  November  l'2th  of  that  year,  under 
which  the  then  mayor,  Luther  M.  Kennett,  City  Engi- 
neer Samuel  R.  Curtis,  John  C.  Rust,  Stephen  D.  1 
Barlow,  and  Edward  D.  Bredell  were  named  as  com- 
missioners.    For  the  first  five  years  the  only  progress 


FOINTAIN    I.N    LAFAYETTE    PARK. 

made  was  by  means  of  eight  thousand  one  hundred  and 
seventy-three  dollars  contributed  by  adjacent  property- 
owners.  In  1857  the  I'ity  Council  made  its  first  ap- 
propriation fir  Lafayette  Park,  amo'iiiting to  two  thou- 
sand dollars,  and  gave  a  similar  sum  the  ensuing  year. 
Then  came  a  lap.se  of  six  years  of  inactivity,  and  in 
186:!,  $14,5,{li.l3  was  expended  in  improving  the 
grounds.  During  the  following  year  the  Legislature 
authorized  the  i,«sue  of  thirty  thou.saiid  dollars  in 
bonds  for  the  improvement  of  the  park,  and  in  18(58 
an  additional  issue  of  seventy-one  thousand  five  hun- 
dred dollars.  From  the  date  of  the  issue  of  thest 
bonds  the  improvement  of  the  park  was  rapid,  and  it 
is  now  line  of  the  most  attractive  and  popular  re.orts 


in  the  city.     Imposing  entrances  luivr  1„.,.„  ,.rj^,,pj 
walks,  drives,  and  avenues  have  been  Imi  1.  and  "rnvs 
of  trees  of  many  varieties  and  beds  d  tlnvors  liave 
been  planted.  The  park  has  also  a  lake.  ui:h  siiil-boats 
an<i  various  water-fowl,  grottoes,  ami  '.aM'adu 
many  other  ornamental  features,  inclnlin.j  ;,  ,.„p^.  ^^p  j 
Houdan's  statue  of  Washingf^.i,  and  a  iimtiz,.  .statue  ' 
of  Thomas  H.  Benton.     A  musie-staiul  »iis  enctid  in 
18f»",  and  was  replaced  by  another  in  l.sTB.  which  wa»  i 
dedicated  July  27th  with  imposing  cemiKiiijes.    ('on. 
certs  are  given  regularly  during  the  siiiniiier  season. 
The  park  and  improvements  are  valued  :it  (me  million  ' 
one  hundred  and  three  thousand  and  fil'tv  (joiiars 

Clinton  Place,  Jackson  Pi-ArK,  and  M.vrkdjJ 
Pla<      are   three  circular  lots  in  North  St.  Louis 
usen  respectively  as  isites  for  a  public  .scIkki],  a  publu 
square,  and  a  ch'-rch.     The  public  reservatioi),  Jack-1 
Place,  Tenth  and  Nonli  .Market! 
L.reets,  was  improved  by  the lity,  audi 
is  a  popular  resort  f.ir  cbililion.   The| 
three  reservations  were  ]iresciit(d  to. 
the    city    in     181().    bv    Chanihei 
Christy,  and  Wright,  for  the  pur|io.<ei 
for  which  they  are  used. 

Exchange  Sqi-ahu  was  ulsniire-i 
sented  to  the  city  in  181(1,  bv  1'liam.j 
bers,  Christy,  and  Wrivbt,  to  be  usci 
as  a  commons  forever.  It  is  boumJei 
by  Wharf,  Watren,  Jelferson.  ■M 
Front  Streets,  in  North  St.  LmisJ 
and  has  an  area  of  m>arlv  tliiriceij 
acres.  It  ha.s  been  uiiini)iriivoil  uii* 
recently,  when  a  ]Hiriii'n  ol'  it  wai 
fenced  in,  planted  with  trees, 
sown  in  grass-seed.  Part  of  the  bit  is  rented  t'lrii* 
storage  of  lumber,  and  the  remainder  is  beini;  till 
up  to  make  it  available  lor  park  purposes.  TIj 
ground  and  improvements  are  cstiuhueil  to  lie  wort 
ninety-six  thousand  one  hundred  and  fil'iy  dollars. 
Gamule  Place,  the  smallest  square  in  the  city, 
bounded  by  Gamble  and  Dick.son  Streets  and  tiarrisol 
and  Ghtsgow  Avenues,  and  occupies  the  site  ot  ill 
old  Gamble  reservoir.  It  coniprii'es  but  little  ovori 
acre,  and  was  opened  as  a  park  in  1S7.')  ai  the  exiund 
of  the  adjacent  property- owners,  Siiiee  then  it  hd 
been  maintained  by  the  city.  The  hind  and  inijirun 
ments  arc  estimated  to  be  worth  tweniv-two  tliuiisaq 
dollars. 


r-\ 


:s  luivr  \Avn  (greeted, 
been  l:ii  1.  :ind  proves 
beds  mI  lit. Wits  liave 
I  a  lake,  uiili  sail-boats 
les,  and  vasoiuk's,  and 
es,  inchidin','  u  wiiy  of  \ 
M,  mid  ;i  iiriiiize  statue 
.sic-stuiid  \v;is  croctwl  in 
tbcr  in  l>Tt').  which  was  ! 
)sing  ceroinonies.    Con- 
iig  tlie  sunnner  season. ' 
ire  viilued  :it  cine  million  | 
ind  mid  fil'ty  dollars. 
N   PLArK,  and  M.\RIosj 
)t.s  in  North  St.  liouis, 
a  public  school,  a  public! 
public  rosevvation,  Jack-] 
en(h  and  North  MarketS 
improved  by  the  city,  andl 
resort  for  children,   'i'liej 
atioiis  were  jiresenttd  to 
H     1816.    by    Chambers,! 
I  Wriiibt,  for  the  piiriiosea 
hey  are  used. 
GE  SQI'-VHI-'.  WiVS  ■>!''"  !"■«•} 
le  city  in  18Ui,  by  CliaraJ 
:y,  and  Wri;zht,  to  be  used 
lus  tbri'vcr.    It  is  hounJo(' 
Watrcn,   Jefferson.  ;in^ 
lets,  in    North  St.  Lumal 
|i   area  of  nearly  tliirto< 
has  been  uniniiimvoii  uu' 
rbcn    a   portion  of  it  w»i 
planted   with  trees,  ani 
lof  the  lot  is  rented  for  ih^ 
|e  remainder  is  beiu;; 
for  park  purposes.    Th 
are  estitnateil  to  ho  wort 
imdrcd  and  fifty  dollars. 
iiallost  square  in  the  ciiy.l 
liekaon  Streets  and  C.arris* 
d  occupies  the  site  ef  th 
Icoinprli'i's  but  little  ovor  i 
iparkinl8Tr)attlieesi«nd 

Lners.  Since  then  it  h^ 
|ty.  The  land  and  iiniirofl 
1  worth  tweiiiy-two  ibousr- 


MUNICIPAL  DEPARTMENTS. 


759 


PUBLIC   PAKK8  AND  Sl|UARES   BELONOlNa   TO   THE  CITY   IN   1882. 


OilJ 
BUk. 


Vei-t 

front. 


600 


:■*!  (      6110 


Feet 
deep. 


230 

231 


Acres. 


j  Street  ur  Avpiiiit*  nn  wliicli 
property  fronts. 


I*iirl(S. 


Estlmnteil 

value,  1882. 

Uenl. 


Estitnateil 

valuo,  1882. 

ImptMVe- 

mt'iitB. 


lowd    .\ll.'llUC 

Mioliigitti   Avenue., 


:ki  ) 

»\\    

:r,i:u| 
Wl 

Mwl  ■ 

M)6  

!ti:) 

|j>3   j  

■Itil  1250 

MI   '  T92 

'"I;  318 

m\  2S9.2 

j  Kill-  ;  200 
JM  ;  

I  i(ii«l 

iw;  [ 
\mi\    

w;i) 

iril 

"'Hi       .. 
II"    ;    •• 

I  ii;s  I 

1200 


10.02  ^  Caronilelet  .\venuu.. 

I 


17.00  :  Jefferson  -Avenue.. 


I         S.25  Knn!!iiii  Avenue.... 

1250            29.98  Liifiiyelto   Avenue. 

330  I        6.00     Tweirih  Street 

281.6  1       '  Olive  Street 

356 

236 


2.06     Carr  Street 

liaiiitile  Strei't 

1.67      Eleventli  Street 

15.10   .  Bentiiii  Street 

I 


I      12.00     sinlisburv  Street. 


I  473 ) 


12.86  !  Front  Street.. 


180.00  liOughbi.rouKh  Avenue.. 

270.75  (ininil  .Avenue 

1371.04  King's   Highway 

159.41  Bellefuntaine  Kuad 


l.ncleilc   I'lirk.". !  $8,400  '  .'!!2,800 

(;iiionilelet  I'arii,  0.  I, 4,800  I        

Lyon  Park , ,  5;i,l(l0  16,900 

Benton  Park '  42,500  32,500 

(iravois  Park 11,000  9,000 

Liifiiyette  Park 703,050  '  310,000 

Wasiiinglon  Square 180,000  56,000 

Missouri  Park i  172,000  28,000 

Ciirr  Square ;  41,200  28,800 

(iainblu  Place '  20,0011  2,000 

.Iiickson  Place j  22,400  2,000 

St.  l.ouis  Place 129,120  20,880 

i                          I  i 

Hyilo  Park '  120,000  1.5,000 

Exchange  Square 9(i,000 

Carondelet  Park.  N.  L 126,000 

'loner  Urove  Park s;tli,250 

Forest  Park 1,640,330 

i  O'Fallon   Park 223,174 


Total  Eatl- 
mateil  value, 

1882 


$11,000 
4,800 


70,000 


75,000 

20,000  I 
1,103,050  I 
236,000 

200,000  I 

70,000  i 
22,000  I 
24,400  '■ 

150,000  I 


135.000 


150 

74,000 

107,425 

25,000 

20,000 

96,150 

200,000 

1,027,675 

1,671,330 

\       243,174 

i?840,255 

i  $5,359,579 

Monuments. — In  the  public  squares  and  cemeteries 
Ji:}i.  Louis  arc  many  handsome  and  imposing  monu- 
Imis  to  public  personafjes,  together  with  a  number 
lifmlar  metuoriuls  of  private  individual.s,  situated  in 
lltiiffiintaioe  Cemetery  and  the  various  burial-grounds 
lii'King  to  religious  denominations.  The  first  popu  • 
III  muveiuent  tor  the  erection  of  a  monument  to  a 
Mine  man  seems  to  have  been  tlie  effort  on  the  part 
ItfieiJina;  citizens  tu  secure  funds  for  a  memorial  of  . 
\im  Clay.  , 

ilii  liie  10th  of  July,  1852,  a  masts-meeting  was  , 
lltH 111  eonsidor  the  p.oject,  at  nhich  the  following 
lntDiittie  of  fifty  was  appointed  : 

m\  Von   I'liul.    Datiii'l    II.    Donovan,    Daviil    It.    Rislcy, 

l'.iiim  I'lilm,  A.  H.  Chambers,  lieorge  11.  Taylor,  ('.  Kribben, 

IWi  X.  Hart,  J.   11.  S.  Loiuoine,  .lohn    McNeil,  H.  tiraU 

|lr>i.  11.  1.  Hoilley,  Henry  N.   Hart,  S.  M.   Ilrockonrlilge, 

my  tirey.  TlmiiiaR  Dennis,  lleriiaril  Crickard,  Fredeiick 

tMfhomr,  Thomas  I).  Hudson,  Clinrlos  I,.  Hunt,  Thoiuus  .1. 

pir.'imis  irNeil,  Willis  H.  Priloliarit, 'Ihoinaf"  J.  Sturgeon, 

kti(iTiiy|„r,  ('.  c.  Sitniiiont,  Henry  C.  Lyni  h,  Adolpho  Abele«, 

Miiehcll,  II.  ,■<.  DlennerlMKfctt,  \"eorgo  I.  Barnett,  (ier- 

E  Allen,  I,.  A.  LahoBUiiie,  J.  K.  Durtis,   P.  K.  MoOreery, 

ksf^llariHT,  IMward  Brooks,  E.  C.  Ulackburn.  A.  S.  Mil 

'harlf.  1'.  Chouteau,  Capt.  .lames    H.  Sprigg,   M.   B. 


Laughlin.  D.  H.  Armstrong,  James  L.  Fauocttc,  .1.  L.  Bailey, 
Ilinuu  Shaw,  .lolin  B.  Carson,  P.J.  McSherry,  Samuel  R.  t'ur- 
ti-',  Peter  D.  Papin.  To  whom  wore  added,  by  resolution,  the 
officers  of  the  meeting,  a.s  follows  ;  Mayor  Ti,  M.  Kcnnett,  James 
H.  Lucas,  Joshua  B.  Brant,  E.  M.  Hyhind,  llobert  Campbell, 
William  M.  fumpkins,  Thornton  (irimsloy,  James  Clemens,  Jr., 
Isaac  II.  Sturgeon,  .1.  .M,  Cleudenin. 

On  the  15th  of  July,  185'2.  the  committee  met 
and  designated  a  committee  consisting  of  W.  M, 
Tompkins,  C.  C.  Simmons,  J.  B.  S.  Lemoine,  M,  B. 
Laugblin,  and  Henry  N.  Hart  to  report  a  plan  of  or- 
ganization. In  September,  1852.  the  Clay  Monu- 
ment Association  was  organized  by  the  election  of 
James  H.  Lucas,  president ;  Henry  D.  Bacon,  D.  H. 
Donovan,  vice-presidents ;  J.  B.  S.  Lemoine,  secre- 
tary ;  Robert  Simpson,  trea.surer.  Directors,  Robert 
Campbell,  John  O'Fallon,  L.  M.  Kennett,  A.  B. 
Chambers,  3.  R.  Curtis,  Henry  N.  Hart,  John  O. 
Priest,  Joseph  O'Neil,  C.  C.  Simmons,  Thornton 
Grimsley,  George  R.  Taylor,  John  McNeil,  Edward 
Walsh,  and  Joshua  B.  Brant.  In  January,  1858, 
the  ast'ociation  received  a  charter  from  the  Qeneral 
Assembly,  and  began  soliciting  subscriptions.  Id 
May  following  the  following  officers  were  elected : 


III 


1  ■  ;  ■;  M 

i'i  ti 

Lkiii; 

760 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


James  H.  Lucas,  president;  Daniel  H.  Donovan, 
first  vice-president ;  L.  M.  Kennott,  second  vice- 
president  ;  Robert  Simpson,  treasurer ;  J.  6.  S.  Le- 
raoine,  secretary.  Directors,  Charles  P.  Chouteau, 
Thornton  Grimsley,  A.  B.  Chambers,  C.  C.  Simmons, 
Joseph  O'Neil,  John  G.  Priest,  Thomas  Dennis, 
Henry  D.  Bacon,  John  McNeil,  John  Knapp,  Sam- 
uel R.  Curtis,  Henry  N.  Hart,  Daniel  6.  Taylor. 
The  members  of  the  association  then  present  sub- 
scribed two  thousand  ei<:ht  hundred  and  twenty-five 
dollars  towards  the  erection  of  the  proposed  monu- 
ment, making  nearly  ten  thousand  dollars  contributed 
to  this  object.  This  monument,  it  appears,  was  never 
finished.  Quite  a  number  of  other  monuments  were 
also  projected  at  various  times,  but  never  completed. 

In  1854  a  monument  was  erected  in  Belletbntaine 
Cemetery  to  the  memory  of  A.  B.  Chambers,  one  of 
the  proprietors  of  the  Repithllcun  newspaper.  Tiie 
building  committee  appointed  at  a  public  meeting  held 
in  the  Merchants'  Exchange,  in  June,  consisted  of 
James  E.  Yeatman,  Hon.  Samuel  Treat,  John  Mc- 
Neil, Dr.  C.  A.  Pope,  William  D'Oench,  Hon.  J.  B. 
Bowlin,  H.  T.  Blow,  J.  How.  L.  M.  Kennett,  and 
6.  K.  McGunnegle. 

The  monument  to  Thomas  H.  Benton  in  Lafayette 
Park  was  the  first  testimonial  of  the  kind  to  any 
public  man  erected  in  the  State  of  Missouri.  In 
1860  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State  appropriated 
two  thousand  five  hundred  dollars  for  the  purpo,se,  on 
condition  that  an  additional  subscription,  on  the  part 
of  individuals,  should  be  realized  sufficient  to  secure  a 
bronze  portrait  statue  of  Col.  Benton,  and  Col.  John 
O'Falloii,  Edward  Walsh,  John  How,  J.  B.  Brant, 
Robert  Campbell,  M.  L.  Linton,  and  Wayman  Crow 
were  appointed  commissioners  to  superintend  the  ex- 
ecution of  the  work.  During  the  same  year  the  cuni- 
missioners  selected  Harriet  Hosnier  as  the  sculptor, 
and  in  the  following  year  the  statue  was  cast  at  the 
Royal  Foundry  of  Munich.  After  its  arrival  in  St. 
Louis  a  delay  of  several  years  occurred  before  it  was 
erected.  It  was  originally  intended  to  place  it  in 
Missouri  Park,  but  this  idea  was  abandoned,  as  was 
also  a  proposition  to  erect  it  in  Union  Square,  and 
Lafayette  Park  was  finally  selected  as  the  site.  The 
statue  was  unveiled  with  imposing  ceremonies  on  the 
27th  of  May,  18G8.  Gen.  Frank  P.  Blair  delivered 
the  oration,  and  Mrs.  Jessie  Bentui.  Fremont,  d-u^'.i- 
tcr  of  the  illustrious  statesman,  unveilcu  the  stu'ae, 
this  part  of  the  ceremony  being  attended  by  the  firing 
of  a  national  salute  of  thirty  guns  in  accordance  with 
an  order  from  the  War  Department.  Many  distin- 
guished persons  were  present,  and  in  tlic  afternoon 
there  was  a  general  suspension  of  business  ihroug)'  .at 


the  city  in  honor  of  the  event.  The  s 
a  site  immediately  north  of  the  nmsi. 
of  the  most  conspicuous  locations  in  tli' 
ten  feet  in  height,  and  stands  on  a  pi'df 
granite,  which  is  also  teu  feet  hi"li. 


""e  occupies! 

'■'"fl,  on  unej 

'  l«i'k-    Itiaj 

'•''"'"Quincyj 

.  „  ''"•'  fi|:»rc  iJ 

enveloped  in  a  Roman   toga,  and  if]   tl„,  i,„,|j,  j  I 

clasped  a  map,  the  idea  of  the  artist  h,  ini;  to  rcpro-f 

duce  as  nearly   as  possible   the  appoMi:iiice  nf  ('  1 

Benton  at  the  great  railroad  mooting  in  St.  Louis  ink 

1849.     On  the  west  side  of  the  ptMl(>tiii  is  the  in.f 

scription  taken  from  his  celebrated  spoccii  on  that  ocJ 

casion,  "  There  is  the  East,  there  is  India,"  audi 

the  top  is  the  word  "  Benton."     Tlio  cost  of  thJ 

statue,  mounted,  was  thirty-six  tliousaml  dollars. 

The  unveiling   of  the   statue   of  Edward  Bat 
attorney-general  in  President  Lincoln's  first  cabiiietj 
in  Forest  Park,  June  24, 187G,  was  nmh  the  occasiod 
of  the  formal  opening  of  that  beautiful  and  populai 
resort.     The  assemblage  present  on  this  occasinn  wm 
estimated  at  forty  thousand  persons.     Mayor  Hcun 
Overstolz  presided.  Miss  Minnie  Ilolliday  perlormei 
the  act  of  unveiling,   Hon.   Montgomery  Blair  dgj 
livered  the  oration,  and  United  States  Senator  D* 
little,  of  Wisconsin,  made  an  address.   The  moiiuii),iii 
was  designed  and  executed  by  J.  Wilson  MeDouald 
formerly  of  St.  Louis.     The  work  was  begun  in  thi 
spring  of  1871,  when  the  sculptor  had  just  coin|Jcte 
busts  of  James  T.  Brady  and  Charles  O'Conor  fj 
the  Young  Men's  Library  of  Now  Y<irk,  and  a  col 
sal    bust   of  Washington  Irving  for  Prospect  Pa 
Brooklyn.     The  clay  model  was  about  oue  vcar  i 
process  of  forming,  the  modeling  being  done  froin| 
photograph  and  the  artist's  personal  recollectiuiH 
the  man.     The  statue,  which  is  made  of  the  finJ 
bronze,  is  about  eighteen  feet  high.     The  .subject I 
represented  as  in  the  attitude  the  uio.st  eoinnioiilvi 
sunied  when  addressing  the  court  or  a  jury. 
elbow  rests  at  his  side,  and  the  forearm  is  streich( 
out  in  an  easy  manner,  the  forefinger  of  the  haml 
tended  as  if  to  draw  attention  to  some  point  in  I 
argument.     One  foot  is  placed  a  little  in  front  nt't 
other,  the  right  hand  resting  upon  a  volume  nflef 
lore,  which  in  its  turn  rests  upon  the  back  of  an  ta| 
standing  at  his  side ;  the  head  is  erect,  the  lip.s  Uro) 
closed. 

The  bronze  statue  of  Shakespeare,  which  wiili  tlj 
of  Humboldt  is  one  of  the  principal  attraciionsj 
Tower  Park,  was  presented  to  the  city  of  St.  LoT 
by  Henry  Shaw,  on  April  2IJ,  1878.  It  is  the 
of  Baron  Von  Mueller,  of  Munich,  and  stands  oi 
pedestal  eighteen  feet  high,  with  a  cer.trc-piecel 
polished  Missouri  granite,  on  which  arc  .several 
reliefs. 


MUNICIPAL  DEPARTMENTS. 


761 


The  St  nine  occupies] 
i\e  tnusii  -i;ind,  oi>  unej 
ons  in  tii  ■  imrk.    It  is} 
on  a  p('di>!.il  of  Quincyl 
it  bigli-     Hif  fij;\irc  ial 
,   and  in   'lir  hands  iaj 
le  artist  1).  inij  to  rc()ro- 
thc  appeiivnuce  of  Col.l 
mcctinf;  in  Si.  Luuis  ial 
'  the  pt'di  -till  is  tlie  in- 
brated  spi'ci'ii  on  tliat  oo 
there  is  India,"  and  all 
iton."     Tlic  cost  of  tlief 
six  thousand  dollars, 
tatue  of  Edward  Bate 
nt  Lincoln's  first  cabinet] 
70,  was  niuiU'  the  occasiod 
lat  beautit'id  and  populai 
•esent  on  this  occasion  wm 
1  persons.     Mayor  Hciir 
linnie  HoUiday  perlormei 
n.   Montgomery  Blair  da 
Juited  States  Senator  Dim 
in  address.   The  monuiucn 
d  by  J.  Wilson  McDomII 
:hc  work  was  begun  in  th 
sculptor  had  just  comfkt 
and  Charles  O'Oonor  fi^ 
of  New  York,  and  a  cola 
Irving  for  Prospect  Pari 
del  was  about  one  year  il 
lodeling  bciiis;  done  fromj 
Bt's  personal  recollection  ( 
hich  is  made  of  tlie  fins 
_  feet  high.     The  subject  | 
tude  the  most  commonly 
the  court  or  a  jury. 
,nd  the  forearm  is  stretch 
he  forefinger  of  the  Iwn.l 
ention  to  some  point  in  i 
placed  a  little  in  from  of  I 

sling  upon  a  volume  " 
■sts  upon  the  back  of  an  ea 

head  is  erect,  the  lips  lira 

Shakespeare,  which  wiiH  i 
the  principal  aitraclionsj 
ted  to  the  city  of  St.  Loj^ 
ril  23,  1878.  It  is  ili« 
of  Munich,  and  stands  d 
high,  with  a  ccnirc-piMej 
te,  on  which  arescventlP 


the  statue  of  Humboldt,  also  the  gifl  of  Mr.  Shaw 
1 10  the  city,  ^^»s  formally  transferred  to  Mayor  Henry 
loierstolz,  Nov.  24,  1878,  in    Tower  Park,  in    the 


I  pence 


of  ten  thousand  citizens.     It  is  of  bronze. 


I  Men  feet  in  height,  and  rests  on  a  granite  pedestal 
lilitfeet  lii^h,-which  stands  on  a  granite  base.     The 
Intue,  like  li'at  of  Shakespeare,  which  faces  it  from 
lihisher  ell  vation  one  hundred   yards  west,  is  the 
liotk  of  Fi  idinand  Von  Mueller,   of   Bavaria.     It 
iKPtesents  Unuiboldt  as  a  naturalist  at  the  age  of 
likiityyearif.     He  is  clad  in  the  costume  of  a  traveler  i 
Lib.,  oldeu  time,  and  leans  against  the  stump  of  a  i 
liK.sceniinirly  in  a  reverie,  holding  a  partially  rolled 
Bpof  South  America  in  his  left  hand.     His  head  is  ' 
Ifehtly  bowed,  and  his  eyes  set  as  though  he  were  ; 
liokiD"  down   from    some    mountain    height.      The 
lidiestal,  which  is  about  three  feet  square,  is  of  pol- 
iced Missouri  granite,  and  in  a  panel  on  each  of  its 
Iiri  sides  is  a   bronze  medallion   of  twenty   inches 
laiire.  On  the  front  medallion  is  the  name  of  Hum- 
lltlili  in  larse  letters.     That  at  the  south  side  is  a 
linkapeview  of  Mount  Chimborazo,  of  which  raoun- 
liii  Humboldt  made  the  first  ascent.     On  the  east 
(is  a  portrait  of  Henry  Shaw,  surmounting  the 
iKription,  "  In   honor   of  the   most   accomplished 
leteler  of  this  or  any  other  age.     Erected  by  Henry 
kit,  1876."   The  medallion  on  the  north  side  repre- 
kiiia  view  in  the  Amazon  valley.     This  statue  with 
II  of  Shakespeare  represents  an  investment  of  nearly 
itkndred  thousand  dollars. 

I  Id  Bellefonttiine  Cemetery  is  a  memorial  shaft 
Brfin  1879  to  the  memory  of  Bishop  Marvin,  of 
« Methodist  Episcopal  Church  South.  It  was  dedi- 
IMay  21,  1879,  and  cost  two  thousand  five  hun- 
i  dollars.  It  is  constructed  of  Maine  granite,  is 
«iiv.eij;ht  feet  in  height,  and  rests  on  a  pedestal 
II  feet  in  height.     It  bears  the  following  inacrip- 

"  Enoch  Miither  Marvin, 

Bi9liii|i 

.Mellioiiist  Episuupiil  Cliurcli, 

Born  in  Mi.«»ouri,  Juno  1-',  1823, 

Kntcrcd  the  Ministry  1 84 1, 

llnlaineil  Hisliop  1868, 

Diod  in  SI.  Louii,  November  20,  181  i." 

\h  luemnrial  in  Lyon  Park  to  Oen.  Nathaniel 
B.who  was  killed  at  the  battle  of  Wilson's  Creek 
11,  was  erected  by  the  efibrts  of  an  association 
Isinivors  of  the  war,  which  was  permanently  or- 
pifcJ  July  :U),  18G6,  with  the  following  officers: 
Am,  Dr.  K.  C.  Franklin  ;  Vice-Presidents,  Col. 
M  .V  Holmes,  Brig.-Oen.  Chester  Harding,  Maj. 
•(.Capt,  E.  Meyer,  Maj  .-Gen.  Ostorhaus;  Treas- 


urer, Col.  John  8.  Cavender;  Recording  Secretary, 
Brig.-Qen.  Pile;  Corresponding  Secretary,  Maj.  Mau- 
rice. 

At  the  first  meeting  the  project  of  erecting  a  monu- 
ment to  Gen.  Lyon's  memory  was  inaugurated,  and  a 
committee  to  take  charge  of  the  matter  was  appointed, 
as  follows :  Gen.  Pile,  Maj. -Gen.  Osterhaus,  Dr.  Stark, 
Col.  C.  D.  Wolf,  Dr.  E.  C.  Franklin,  Col.  Simmons, 
and  Maj.  Stone,  "  with  power  to  add  other  members, 
such  as  they  may  think  best." 

The  subsequent  progress  of  the  movement  up  to 
May  2,  1874,  is  shown  in  a  communication  of  that 
date  from  Isaac  T.  Shepard,  "  Secretary  Lyon  Monu- 
ment Association,"  to  Mayor  Joseph  Brown,  in  which 
he  says, — 

"  In  1868  a  public  meeting  of  the  friends  of  the 
deceased  hero  was  called  and  held  in  the  St.  Louis 
court-house,  to  act  in  accord  with  the  congressional 
purposes.  The  meeting  resulted  in  the  formation  of 
an  association.  .  .  .  This  association  has  been  in 
active  operation  ever  since,  and  has  made  much  prog- 
ress. An  equeptrian  colossal  statue  was  determined 
upon,  and  steps  at  once  taken  to  secure  funds  for  its 
completion.  About  fifteen  thousand  dollars  has  been 
raised  by  private  subscription  and  by  a  grant  from  the 
county  court.  Designs  and  models  were  submitted  by 
difierent  artists,  and  in  1870,  J.  Wilson  McDonald 
was  selected  as  the  artist,  and  a  contract  with  him 
executed  for  the  work.  The  artist  presented  a  model, 
which  the  association  adopted,  and  went  to  work 
upon  it.  Payments  were  made  according  tt)  prog- 
ress, and  now  the  p'  .■  is  completed  and  ready  for 
the  hands  of  the  foundry.  Up  to  this  point  ail  pay- 
ments have  been  made,  but  for  the  completion  of  the 
statue,  with  its  pedestal,  more  funds  are  needed,  and 
as  fast  as  procured  the  work  will  be  pushed  to  com- 
pletion, which  we  earnestly  ln)po  will  be  during  the 
summer." 

This  communication  was  in  response  to  one  under 
date  of  April  22,  1874,  received  by  Mayor  Brown 
from  Secretary  of  War  Belknap,  asking  if  the  pro- 
visions of  the  act  of  Congress,  approved  March  6, 
1869,  ceding  a  portion  of  the  old  arsenal  grounds, 
afterward  Lyon  Park,  to  the  city  as  a  public  reserva- 
tion, on  condition  that  the  monument  to  Gen.  Lyon 
be  completed  within  three  years,  had  been  fulfilled. 
The  territory  in  question  had  been  transferred  to  the 
city  under  instructions  from  the  War  Department 
bearing  the  date  of  Sept.  5,  1871.  Under  this  con- 
dition of  atfairs  the  erection  of  the  proposed  'bronze 
statue  was  abandoned,  and  a  granite  shaft  was  obtained 
instead. 

The  latter  monument  was  dedicated  Sunday,  Sept. 


-'-! 


,i  :■:.!! ^ 


iii! 


'Ili.i' 


'n 


762 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


13, 1874,111  Lyon  Park,  the  site  being  the  spot  wheu 
Gen.  Lyon  organized  his  military  division  for  the 
campaign  in  Western  Missouri,  and  whore  occurred 
the  first  military  preparations  for. the  Western  army 
on  the  Federal  side.  The  monument  is  of  Missouri 
red  granite,  twenty-eight  feet  high,  composed  of  a 
large  die  and  an  obelisk  resting  on  a  small  base  on  top 
of  a  sloping  and  wide-spread  knoll  about  ten  feet 
high.  Each  side  of  the  die  has  a  deep  circular  niche, 
two  of  which  once  held  large  photographic  pictures 
of  Gen.  Lyon,  while  the  other  two  were  left  unoccu- 
pied. At  the  dedication  there  was  a  large  military 
and  civic  procession  from  Central  Turner  Hall  to  the 
park,  with  Gen.  A.  L.  Smith  as  the  marshal,  and  ad- 
dresses were  delivered  at  the  park  by  Hon.  Joseph  T. 
Tatum,  Capt.  Valentine  Grimm,  and  Col.  John  A. 
Joyce,  who  wore  in  Gen.  Lyon's  command.  The 
military  part  of  the  procession  was  composed  of  all 
the  surviving  soldiers  on  the  Federal  side  in  St.  Louis 
and  vicinity,  who  organized  in  companies  and  regi- 
ments as  on  the  day  of  the  Wilson's  Creek  battle,  and 
carried  the  same  flags.  In  1879  two  bronze  medal- 
lions, one  a  portrait  of  Gen.  Lyon  and  the  other  an 
allegorical  scene  entitled  "  Bravery,"  were  made  for 
the  niches,  and  were  placed  in  them  with  imposing 
ceremonies  on  August  10th  of  that  year,  the  eighteenth 
anniversary  of  Gen.  Lyon's  death.  Each  medallion 
is  seventeen  inches  in  diameter,  and  weighs  over  one 
hundred  pounds. 

In  March,  1879,  a  monument  to  Gen.  Sterling 
Price,  located  in  Bellefontaine  Cemetery,  was  com- 
pleted. The  association  for  the  erection  of  this  me- 
morial was  formed  on  the  4th  of  August,  1870.  At 
the  meeting  for  the  organization  of  the  society,  ex- 
Governor  Trusten  Polk  was  chosen  president,  Mr. 
Shyrock  vice-president,  and  Mr.  Park  secretary.  Mr. 
Park  divided  the  State  of  Missouri  into  a  large  num- 
ber of  districts,  appointed  leading  citizens  as  solici- 
tors for  subscriptions  to  the  monument  fund,  and  in- 
augurated the  plan  un  which  the  money  was  subse- 
quently collected.  Messrs.  Park,  Pallen,  Shields,  and 
Polk  died  before  the  completion  of  the  work,  but  the 
association  was  revived  June  8,  1876.  when  C.  L. 
Thoinp.son  was  chosen  secretary.  Mr.  'J'hompson 
adopted  Mr.  Park's  plan,  and  prosecuted  it  to  a  suc- 
cessful issue,  a  sum  sufficient  to  carry  out  the  object 
of  the  organization  being  obtained  in  1877. 

The  officers  at  the  time  of  the  completion  of  the 
monument  were  Kdwin  Harrison,  presid-'nt;  Dr. 
McPhceters,  vice-president;  and  Mr.  Thompson,  sec- 
retary and  treasurer.  These  officers,  with  Silas  Bent, 
James  C.  Edwards,  John  E.  Liggett,  and  H.  Cloy 
Hart,  constituted  the  board  of  directors.     The  mate- 


rial used  in  the  construction  of  ili,    immument  w 
the   Hurricane  Island,  Me.,  gray   uuniite      V      J 
tract  for  the  stone,  and  for  the  (11:111).;  anj     || ,  1 
ing   of  the  material,  was   entered    in;,,  with  J   gj 
Hall,  afterwards  associated  with   III  n,  Culsus  P '   J 
a  son   of  the   general.     The   moniiinrnt  wns  raadJ 
near  Portland,  Me.,  and  the  twenty.  I'm.  tons  of  .rraJ 
ite  used  in  the  structure  was  pliucd  i,i  positjo'n  ij 
the  cemetery  early  in  March,  18711.     Tlie  site  of  thd 
monument  is  on  the  elevated  knoll  ni-ir  the  inteJ 
section  of  Lawn,  Balm,  and  Wooilbino  Avenues 
short  distance  west  of  the  main  natewny  on  BeliiJ 
fontaine  road.     A  few  yards  west  of  the  Price  munn 
ment  are  the  Masonic  grounds ;  on  the  .southwest  i 
the  Blow  monument ;  on  the  southeast  the  red  "ranitj 
vault  of  George  R.  Taylor,  and  on  the  north  th 
yellow  stone  tomb  of  Dr.  D.  S.  Bmck,    The  mwi 
ment  to  Gen.  Price  is  in  the  style  of ;,  pninted  K"vj 
tian  monolith,  and  on  the  order  of  an  ubolisk.    Tb 
lowest  base  is  a  stone  eight  feet  square  and  une  ai) 
one-half  feet  thick.     The  second  base  is  a  .stoin' fiJ 
feet  eleven  inches  square  and  fourteen  inches  thiol 
The  third  base  is  a  stone  four  feet  square  and  iliirtei 
inches  thick.     The  die  is  a  cubie  .stone  memni 
three  and  a  half  feet  on  its  sides,  and  is  the  only  1 
tion  that  is  polished.    Above  this  is  the  plinth,  a  stoi 
three  feet  square  and  fourteen  inches  thiek.    (hi  1 
plinih  rises  the  pyramidical  shaft,  thirty-three  incbl 
square  at  the  bottom  and  twenty  inches  square  al  I 
top,  and  twenty-four  feet  long.    This  shaft  is  one  so 
piece  of  stone,  weighing  about  lifteen  tons.  Thi  tol 
height  of  the  monument  is  tliirty-two  feet  and  I 
inches.     The  third  base  is  cut  in  as  a  letter  8  nioul 
ing.     The  die  has  chamfered  corners,  leading' 
pendant  block  cornice  about  the  plinth.     All  |iiiiu 
the  monument  except  the  die  have  a  haiunieredj 
unpolished  face,  giving  the  stone  an  appearance 
ilar  to  that  of  the  same  kind  of  granite  used  in 
fronts  of  the  St.  Louis  custom-house.    Three  Ma 
the  die  are  so  polished  that  they  have  refleetiiij;i 
faces.     The  fourth  or  south  side  of  the  die  is  w|ii 
polished,  and  has  cut  into  it  in  bas-relief  a  eircd 
shield,  with  four  spear-points  projecting  outside  of  I 
circumference  line  and  at  right  angles  to  each  otl 
Around  the  periphery  of  the  shield,  and  estena 
two  inches  towards  the  centre,  are  ;.,'rou]is  of  bar! 
parallel  lines.     In  the  centre  of  this  shield  is  cull 
block  letters, — 

Sterling 

Prioc, 

bum  in 

I'riiioc  Kilwui'il  Co.,  Vii., 

Sept  11,  I8OU, 

Died  .'opt.  211,  1867. 


MUNICIPAL  DEPARTMENTS. 


r«;i 


of  ill'  iiiimumenl  wj 
gray    ...imittv    A  con- 
,he  cutmiL'  and  polish, 
tered   \'\'.u  with  J,  gj 
ith   11.  h.  Celsus  Price] 
moiiiiirit  lit  w»8  roiide 
weiity-fivo  Ions  of  granJ 
s  phufil  ill  jiosition  \t 
1871'.    Tlie  site  of  tl 
•J  knoll  iK'ur  the  inter 
1  Wooilbinc  Avenues, 
main  izateway  on  Belle 
west  of  till'  Price  inonn 
nds  ;  on  tho  southwest 
!  southeast  the  red  firanili 
r,  and  on  the  north  tl 
).  S.  Brock.    The  moi-^ 
e  style  of  a  {lointed  Esij 
Dfder  of  an  obelisk.    Tli 
feet  ,sf(uavi'.  and  one  ai 
second  base  is  a  stniie  fi^ 
and  fourteen  inches  ihio 
(ur  feet  square  and  tliirte 
I  a  cubii^  stone  measuriil 
3  sides,  and  is  the  only 
vethis  is  the  plinth,  a sto 
teen  inches  thick.    On 
il  shaft,  thirty-three  iiicli 
twenty  inches  square  al 
an-;.    Tl>is  shaft  is  one 
bout  fifteen  tons.  Tlic  to 
is  thirty-two  feet  anil 
i  cut  in  as  a  letter  S  iiwu 
forcd  corners,  leading 
ut  the  plinth.     All  l>ait8| 
e  die  have  a  hamHiercii| 
lie  stone  an  appearanro 
Ikind  of  iiraiiite  used  in 
istom-house.    Three  siile 
jiat  they  have  refleetiii'^ 
th  side  of  the  die  is  WjU 
to  it  in  bas-relief  a  eirc) 
ntsprojeciins;  outside  of  j 
right  nnnles  to  each  .i( 
f  the  shield,  and  estciill 
lentre,  are  ;,;roups  of  kr  | 
ntre  of  this  shield  is  cull 


Itcrling 
ll'rioo, 
lorn  in 
llwaril  Co,,  V'.i. 

11,  iwm, 
Ut.  2H,  18«T. 


I  the  south  side  of  the  second  base  is  cut  in  large 
li«k  and  raised  letters  the  word  "  Price."  On  the 
Itgib  side  of  t)ic  plinth  is  cut  a  large  monogram  con- 
|j,injtheh'ttersS.  P. 

In  the  year  1880  there  was  placed  in  Bellofontaine 
llVtetery  a  monument  to  the  memory  of  Col.  John 
bD,whieh  at  the  time  was  said  to  be  the  largest 
luitjic  monument  in  any  cemetery  in  the  United 
l^ei.  It  consists  of  a  plain  pedestal  of  Hallowell 
l-jile  gurinoiinted  by  a  figure  of  "  Hope  "  thirteen 
lidin  height,  the  whole  weighing  eighty  tons,  costing 
Lditv  thousand  dollars,  and  rising  to  the  height  of 

liny  feet. 

1 0n  the  14th  of  October,  1879,  a  certificate  of  in- 
iMtontion  was  granted  to  the  Blair  Monument  Asso- 
liuon,  the  objoct  of  which  was  to  take  such  steps  as 
Imht  be  necessary  to  secure  the  erection  of  a  suitable 
Lnmentto  the  meT';ory  of  G:n.  Francis  P.  Blair. 
Kinamesof  the  members  forming  the  association  as 
mrated  were  Peter  L.  Foy,  J.  B.  McCuUagh, 
liiiiFiun,  Celsus  Price,  11.  J.  Howard,  Daniel  Able, 
lijn  G.  Prathcr,  E.  C.  Cabell,  Thomas  Richeson, 
1  D.  Finney,  D.  H.  Naylor,  Chas.  M.  Elleard, 
lies  L.  D.  Morrison,  John  S.  Griflin,  Ed.  P,  Mc- 
inr,  Jaiues  0.  Broadhead,  E.  M.  Joel,  John  J. 
Ity,  Dr.  W.  N.  Brennun,  Gerard  B.  Allen,  0.  D. 
kiltv.  James  J.  Lindley,  Henry  C.  Brinckmeyer, 
F.  Filley,  Michael  Doyle,  Samuel  Simmons, 
s Sells,  Erastus  Wells,  E.  S.  Filley,  Chas.  Gibson, 
m  B.  Eads,  George  Knapp,  0.  B.  Filley,  Louis 
pschiud,  Adolphus  Busuh,  St.  Louis  ;  James  Rol- 
.Mmnbia;  John  W.  Rcsi,  Lafayette  County; 
|L?iephens,  Hoonville  ;  James  Archer,  Colorado; 
tiinder  W,  Doniphan,  Liberty,  Mo. ;  Thomas  C. 
Uils. 

lUeasociation  was  organized  with  R.  J.  Howard, 
bsiieiit.audR.  J.  Griffin,  secretary,  and  on  the  12th 
JDliy.  1882,  gave  notice  that  "  the  contracts  for 
iisiauie  hail  been  let  and  the  monument  will  be 
yeicd  at  an  early  day." 

JFtoperty,    Debt,    Revenue,    Expenses. — The 

Irirof  St.  Louis,  Hon.  Wm.  L.  Ewing,  in  his  last 

I  iiit's.<a<;e  (May  19,  1882)  to    the  Municipal 

«Uy,  says,  ''  The  finances  of  the  city  are  in  an 

Mily  satisfactory  condition.     The  increased  as- 

■tnt  and  valintion  of  property  for  taxation  will 

«.<«  the  current  revenue  of  the  year.     The  tax 

kk  been  fi.ved  at  the  rate  of  last  year,  to  wit : 

j;.)f<r 81(10  valuation." 

IHtk-isuf  a.ssessment  in  St.  Louis,  the  property 
tto  taxation  at  the  end  of  the  fiscal  year.  May, 
p. is  1I1U.S  returned  by  David  Powers,  president  of 
Iteni  of  assessors : 


AaaTBAOT  or  tii«  Taxable  VAi.uca  or  tii«  Citt  or  St.  Loon  ron  Tni 
Taxes  or  1882. 


New  LimiU. 

Rtal. 

»2,r,(M),9*0 

7!l  1,1:10 

l,S7l,i«() 

2,ri77,8S0 

7,1811.170 

15,480 

815,14.'),60O 

Personal. 

Total. 

2;)(1  Ward 

J;t07.4S(l 

5.1,1120 

21ft,li><> 

728,120 

82,908,420 

S47,0,'i() 
2,087,Oi'0 

a.th     "     

26tli     "     

27tli     "     

2Hlll     "     

7,914,'JflO 

(1,458,09(1 

Totals 

816,602,490 
16,320 

3Ianufttcturer«  oxonipt  from  city 
tax 



Total  anbject  to  city  lax 

816,680,170 

OUl  lllnltH 

Mannlactnrera  exempt  from  city 
tax 


Real,      :  Porional.  |      Total. 

8140,530,640  828,808,92o|817B,:i4S,6CO 
I  211,140 


Total  subject  to  city  tax i j8n5,134,42() 


Rkcapitdlation. 


Real. 


Personal.        Total. 


New  limits  subject  to  city  tax $lrt,.580,170 810,,'i86,l70 

New  limits  I'xeiiipt  from  city  lax i        816,:t20  iri,;(20 

Old  limits  Biilijcct  to  city  tax 175,l;l4,420 17.%1:'.4,420 

Old  limits  exempt  from  city  tax |        211,140  211,140 


Grnud  totals 8191,720,.19o'      8227,460*101,948,080 


\aliiu  of  steamboat  property  included  lu  above  values §057,990 


Omitted  Property. 

1       Real. 

Personal. 

Total. 

Old  limits  for  tlie  year  1880 

8130 
1810 

.{             81040 

8130 

•'       "    "      "      1881 

8150 
8160 

1960 

Total 

$2090 
3200 

Now  limits  for  tlie  year  1881 

..]              3200 

Grand  total 

.}            86140 

8160 

8629l> 

Ex-Mayor  Ovorstolz  .said,  in  1880,  that  these  tax- 
able values  were  about  three-fifths  of  the  market 
values;  that  is  to  say,  that  the  8191,948,050  repre- 
sents about  $320,000,000  actual  property.  Charles 
W.  Knapp,  however,  in  a  recent  publication,'  contends 
that  assessments  are  made  very  nearly  upon  the  basis 
of  actual  values.  In  1870,  it  is  to  be  observed,  the 
relation  of  a.ssessed  values  to  census  values  in  Missouri 
was  very  netirly  as  five  to  twelve,  so  that  it  is  only  a 
fair  inference  that  the  estimate  of  Mr.  Overstolz  is 
about  correct. 

The  basis  for  cstiiuating  the  municipal  wealth  of 
St.  Louis  is  not  more  satisfactory  than  in  other  large 


n 


if  mm 


V0 


yMf-;-^ 


•>  V 


i: 


'  St.  Tionii",  Past,  Present,  ami  k'uturc. 


764 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


oities.  because  the  real  estate  values  are  necessarily 
only  approxiniationa,  and  a  large  portion  of  the  per- 
sonal property  cither  evades  or  is  not  subject  to  taxa- 
tion. The  aggregate  assessment  has  been  reduced 
the  last  few  years  owing  to  the  exemption  of  church 
property  and  that  held  for  charitable  uses,  under  the 
new  Constitution,  and  to  other  causes.  It  was  over 
$181,345,560  at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  the  new 
City  Charter  in  1877,  and  four  years  afterwards,  in 
1881,  the  assessors  reported  that  the  assessed  value 
of  real  estate  and  personal  property  in  the  city  of  St. 


Louis  subject  to  taxation  only  ann  m,ii,m1  to  SiwJ 
336,600.     This  to  a  stranger  woulil  li.iiiat,.  a  "falli  '] 
oflf  in  wealth,  when  of  course  the  r,  vrrs,.  i,«  ti,,, 
Thetaxable  values  for  the  taxes  of  Is-^^aummi,  ^    . 
have  seen,  to  8191,948,050,  and  il  >v,.  add  to  tlj 
assessment  a  rough  estimate  of  the  v.ihios  not  intluda 
therein,  and  the  $33,758,367  for  r.al  ostate  exinin 
from  taxation,  we  will  arrive  nearer  t(,  ilio  true  wealtl 
of  the  city. 

The  real  estate  exempt'  from  taxatinn  in  1881  wj 
as  follows : 


1.  Value  of  property  belonging  to  the  city 

2.  Vuluo  of  pro)ic'rty  belon^iii);  to  the  United  States 

«J.  Valuu  of  property  belonging  to  tliu  Stuto , 

4.  Value  of  property  belonging  to  tbu  public  schools 

7.  Value  of  property  belonging  to  tho  Mullanphy  Kniigrant  Kolief  Fund... 

10.  Value  of  ]>roperty  special  charter  exemptions  (not  before  classified) 

11.  Value  of  property  erroneously  classified  as  exempt  (now  taxable) 

0.  Value  of  property  belonging  to PrivateSchooIs 

j  &  Convents 

6.  Value  of  property  belonging  to I  Churches., 

8.  Value  of  property  belonging  to 

9.  Value  of  property  belonging  to 


I 


Cemeteries., 


Private  llospi- 
I  tals,  Asylums. 

it  other  purely 
j  Charitable  III. 

stitutions 


JlS.fill.MO  I 

iirsT.-iiii)  I 
r.i.iiiiii 

---,ii;a  I 

6,1110  j 

i.iis.iw 

"■l.',3J2l 


;,Mii 


$233,445 

91.550 

95,943 

355,038 

422,921 

131,645 

64,299 

210,505 

30,710 

668,461 

.3,404,352 

43,240 

3S,108 

206,924 

$5,997,144 


Baptist 

Christian 

CongregHlioniil 

Episcopalian 

tier  man  Kvangelical 

Bnglish  Evangelical  Lutheran.. 

Helirew 

Met  bod  i  (it 

Methodist  Episcopal 

Presbyterian 

Konian  Catholic 

Unitarian 

Medical 

Protestant  (noii  "ect.) 


$30,300 


24,810 
32,70'J 


3,540 


1,278,985 

26,440 

16,940 

5,750 


$233,445 

61,250 

94,654 

314,644 

362,426 

70,331 

64,299 

913,165 

.30,710 

630,914 

1,537,948 

16,800 


$1,289 
11,1.34 
35,685 
23,154 


1,800 


.•?2»,2tlll 

5,460 

12,000 


120,870 


37,550 
466,;)  19 


$1,418,466  $3,610,686 


151,420 
$346,352 


22,I6S 
49,754 

$622,741 


Grand  Total | i $3r>,;5$i,3g| 


The  assets  of  the  city,  as  given  in  the  last  report  of  {       A  part   of  these   assets  are  productive,  but 
the  comptroller,  are  as  follows:  revenue  derived  from  them  is  variable,  and  the] 


First  lien  upon  the  earnings  of  the 
Pacific  Railroad  Company,  bear- 
ing interest  at  7  per  cent,  per 
annum $700,000.00 

Stock  8t.  Louts  Gas- Light  Com- 
pany, par  value  $IO,lioU;  esti- 
mated viihio 60,000.00 

Real  estate  and  personal  property  : 

Water-works  ami  grounds $7,183,090.00 

Public  parks 5,359,579.00 

Public  niarketsar.d  grounds 71 1,650,00 

Engino-bousi'i'  and  grounds 153,833.00 

Policf>  stations  and  grounds 146,573,00 

Hospitals  and  grounds 1,108,880.00 

Work-h(aiso  and  House  of  Ref- 
uge and  grounds 148,485.00 

City  hall,  court-house,  and  Four 

Courts  and  jail  and  grounds..     4,286,700.00 

Other  real  estate 156.520.00 

Personal  property 497,420.00  19,762,740.00 

$20,512,740.00 


'  Section  6  of  Article  X.  of  the  Con«tituliun  of  .Miisouq 
rects  that 

"  The  property,  real  and  peraomil,  of  tho  Stiitc,  cuiniiif 
other  munioipal  corporations,  and  cenu'tcrics  .«liall  be  el4 
from  taxation.    Lots  in  incorporated  cities  ami  towns,  urwj 
one  mile  of  the  limits  of  any  such  city  irr  luwii,  to  llie  ( 
of  one  acre,  and  lots  one  mile  or  more  ilistiinl  froiii  (uoht 
or  towns,  to  the  extent  of  five  acres,  with  ihibuiMin^Jtlnl 
may  bo  exempted  from  taxation  when  the  eauie  are  i 
clusively   for  religious  worship,  for  schnuls,  or  for  {>u(| 
purely  charitable ;  also  such  property,  real  or  ppr.«oiial,« 
be  used  exclusively  for  agricultural  or  horticultural  locii 
provided,  that  such  exemptions  shall  be  only  by  general  F 
Section  7  of  the  same  article  says,  "All  laws  cximiiting  pro 
from  taxation  other  than  the  property  above  enumeratedi 
bo  void." 

Section  11  of  Article  II.  declares  that 


MUNICIPAL  DEPARTMENTS. 


765 


ly  iiuif  ijti'd  to  •?ltl7,J 
wimlii  ii.'i'u'ati!  a  fuUinJ 
tlui  r.  vi  rsc  is  the  cm 
8  of  1HH2  amount,  as  wJ 
and  ii'  we  add  to  thij 
['  the  vilr.cs  not  ineludw 
i'or  ii'iil  ostate  exenip 
learer  tu  iliu  true  wcaltj 

om  taxation  in  1881  wd 


iflS.fill.ilO 

ii,78i,Sll« 

T.i.lMD  I 

2,:i82,:U2| 

222,11;! 

IH6,S(i5] 

'.' 6,1110 

1,418,1(151 

;Vllii.5'!5| 

I      ;'.i;i,m1 

Private  llospi-i 

tills.  Asylums,! 

.totlici'inirply 

Churitiiljleln- 

8til.ulions 022,T11] 

i-      -       

I 

I !f2Sl,2fill 

1 5,460       . 

V2,m« 

4Bfi,J4'.l 

"  ■ii'.w 

49,"i4 
$622,741 

«3S,:5M5| 


Lta  are  productive,  but  I 
lem  is  variable,  and  the! 


;  the  Cooslittttiun 


of  MiiS'utl 


LIABILITIES. 


flptsand  expenditures  from  each  particular  source 

|,into  the  -eneral  account.     There  arc  also  in  the  ^he  bonded  debt  of  St.  Louia  at  the 

Lipiniiinp  fund  assets  to  the  amount  of  $426,246.53,  ^„j  ^^  ^j,^  g^^^,  y^,^^_  j^^^^  jggg^ 

Ijfbicli  ?100,00((,  however,  is  unavailable.      The  ^^^ 

L«rcefro."  thi.s  fund  for  the  fiscal  year  1882  was  ,  The  floa'tinf?  debt  consists  of  so  much 

|t;6.5'6.5-'.  applicable  to  the  liquidation  of  public  ^  j,,^  ^^^y  ^^^  j,^  compelled  to 
This   fund,  however  (although  since 


922,311,000.00 


Lebtedni's.- 

Lormnizatiiin  in  1870  it  has  purchased  and  retired 
111 $94  000  iif  the  municipal  debt),  is  not  a  true  siuk- 
, fund  in  the  proper  sense  of  the  word.  It  is  not 
L  product  (if  a  special  permanent  tax,  but  of  an 
Liual  appropriation  of  $10,000  from  general  reve- 
liK  ancl  it  i»  not  allowed  to  accumulate  at  compound 
liwest  on  the  principle  of  forming  a  fund  equal  to 
Inpayment  of  the  public  debt  at  maturity,  but  is 
limlT  used  to  purchase  and  cancel  the  interest-bear- 
Loiligations  of  the  city.     A  regular  sinking  fund, 


Lonivl.  of  tUo  state,  .•omme,.,] 

1  mill  ceiiuacries  sluiH  ^  "J 
l(,„rtttca.'Uics  11.1.1  towns,  "r»9 
,fUoh  citv  "r  town,  to  the  ( 
„„r  more  aistiuu  from  fuoh^ 
1  acres,  withth.buiUins^lW 

Ilion  whe»  "'«  *■""»  ""      j 
lip,  for   schools,  or  for  M 

1  property,  real  or  r"^«>«l' "J 
Luural  or  horliciUunvl  «««# 
Ls  sliall  be  only  by  genoralf 
laye  »  AH  la""  ">'"M'""'""1 
,  property  above  enuincratelj 

leolarea  that 


pay  in  the  final  settlement  of  the 
Gas  Company  claim.s  and  others 
growing  out  of  those  disputes,  the 
amount  of  all  the  claims  and  in- 
terest aggregating        .         .         .       1,420,922.63 

The  annual  interest  charge  upon  the  bonded  debt 
of  St.  Louis  is  81,350,280  and  the  purchase  of  prin- 
cipal brings  it  up  to  nearly  $1,500,000.  This  is  a 
permanent  charge  upon  the  revenue,  for  which  there 
are  special  provisions  made.     In  Mayor  Swing's  mes- 


|^„ced  by  taxation,  of  not  less   than   $200,000  ;  «»g«  «*"  May  19,  1882,  the  expenditures 
',8  annum,  would  be  required  to  meet  and  control  |  Yot   fiscal   year  ending   April    10, 


lilcbt  vhich   is   convertible   into    10-20    renewal  , 

liiods.'  j 

•Seilher  the  lleneral  Assembly,  nor  any  oounty,  city,  town, 
■mibip,  rehool  iliftriot,  or  other  municipal  corporation,  shall 
imake  sn  appropriation,  or  jiiiy  from  any  public  fund  what- 
.iinjthing  in  aid  of  any  religious  creed,  ohurch,  or  sectarian 
licM.*  or  to  help  to  support  or  sustain  any  private  or  public 
Ij^l  jeaJciiiy,  seminary,  college,  university,  or  other  institu- 
|>i,)(learDing  controlled  by  any  religious  creed,  church,  or 
luimn Jenominntion  whatever;  nor  shall  any  grant  or  do- 
li:  lof  personal  property  or  real  estate  over  be  made  by  the 
Iworniiy  county, city,  town,  or  other  uiiiniclpul  corporation 
liiiDi  religious  creed,  church,  or  sectarian   purpose  wbat- 

•ir." 

•  Jtliele  XIV..  Section  2,  of  the  city  chnrter  is  as  follows ; 

■Tttreis  hereby  created  a  sinking  fund  for  the  city  of  St. 

|«ii,  the  iiroct'cJs  of  which  shall  bo  appropriated  enolusively 

lidi purchase  of  bonds  issued  by  said  city.     Said  fund  shall 

iHin  of  three-fourths  of  the  net  proceeds  of  the  sales  of  the 

|iT  iMDimons  in  the  year  1854,  and  three-fourths  of  the  net 

pjiufcity  ooinmons  and  other  lands  belonging  to  the  city 

ifntlhcr  siiles  slinll  be  made,  and  three-fourths  of  the  net 

wliol.ill  sales  of  the  city  commons  and  other  hinds  be- 

j  to  the  eity  fiili.sci|uent  to  the  year  1H61  and  prior  to 

k|«f»;eof  this  I'liartor,  also  all  railroad  stock  belonging  to 

Loivinany  railroad  terminating  in  the  city,  or  opposite  to 

kiaiiie  in  the  State  of  Illinois;  and,  in  addition  thereto,  the 

wrir  ihall,  on  the  first  Monday  in  October  in  each  and 

Birar,  pay  over  to  the  fund  oomniissioners  the  sum  of  ten 

and  dollars  out  of  the  general  revenue  of  the  city,  which, 

iknoilh  the  money,  notes,  and  railroad  stock  above  nien- 

Ktshallcuiistitntcapcrjirtualand  irrevuoable sinking  fund 

lillipajnienl  of  the  city  debt," 

Iwiion  4  of  the  same  article  directs  the  fund  commission- 
kiiwnas  oioiiey  conies  in  their  hands  in  suitable  amounts, 
I'litest  the  same  in  bonds  of  the  city,  and  when  purchased 
iiiillhc  canceleil  in  the  preaenoe  of  the  Committee  on  Ways 
yuan!,  vhii'h  eiinocllation  shall  be  recorded  in  the  comp- 
!  jttice,  logi'ther  with  all  coupons  having  ten  years  to 
kfMiitlio  date  of  purchase." 


1882.  were  ....  $5,213,793.23 
Of  which  there  was  paid  for  interest 

on  debt  and  reduction  of  principal  1,693,766.79 
The  revenue  from  all  sources  for  this 

fiscal  year  was  .  .  .  .  5,488,646.34 
Estimated  revenue  for  current  year 

(1882-83)         ....       5,150,554.82 

Of  which  $3,469,863.05  is  available  for  general 
purposes. 

The  comptroller,  in  his  report,  says, — 

"  The  receipts  applicable  for  interest  and  general  municipal 
purposes  for  city  and  former  oounty  during  the  four  years 
preceding  the  adoption  of  the  scheme  and  charter  were  as  fol- 
lows: 

Reeolpts  fn-m 
all  Buurcos. 

Fiscal  year  1873-74 $4,175,540.77 

"  1874-75 3,flH'.7''A.8.'> 

1875-76  (tax  rate  increased) 5,1B7,5;1.48 

"  1876-77 5,30!>,flJ1..1O 

"  Receipts  for  city  un  I  new  county  ^ince  the  adoption  of  the 
scheme  and  charter,  for  '.ho  same  purposes,  wore  as  follows : 

Fiscal  year  1877-78 $4,59-4,502,:i6 

"  1878-79 4,I24,7:i:.5S 

"  1879-80 4,3ill,015.22 

»  1880-81 4,111I,;145.89 

"  1881-82 4,188,225.73 

"  1882-83  (fstimiite) 4,274,000.00" 

To  a  certain  extent,  however,  these  figurco  are 
illusory.  They  do  not  represent  the  amount  taken 
from  the  people  by  taxation,  direct  and  indirect,  nor 
do  they  represent  actual  expenditures. 

The  comptroller  also,  in  his  general  suiimary, gives 
the  following  abstract  of  the  financial  transactions  of 
the  past  fiscal  year : 


ii 


^■^i 


76<> 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Resouroea,  at  shown  by  "Ststeiuonl  A,"  ai  fol- 
loni : 

Ut.   Interest  and  public  ilubt  revenue $l,47l,fiH.1.U8 

2ti.  Munii'i|iiil  rorenuo 3,890,258.01 

3d.  Wiiter-HriirkK  revenue  (exolusive  of 
trRnolVr  to  inlerci<t  unit  |>ubHo  debt  reve- 
nue lor  intercut  on  wiitor  bonda) 554,596.43 

4th.  Ilnrbor  iind  wliiirf  revenue 90,296.40 

5th.  Collections  sot  apnrt  for  special  pur- 
poses         .174,844.91 

6tb.  Kcnewal  bunds I06,9lll).til 


Disbursements,  as  shown  by  "  statement  B,"  ai 
follows: 

1st.  Inlorest  and  valid  indebtedness  exist- 
ing prior  to  constitution  and  charter 

2d.  Oenerul  diiibursements  inunicipiil  reve- 
nue  

3d.  Harbor  and  wharf. „ 

4th.  Wiiter-worlis  (e.xcepting  interest  on 
water  bonds)  .. 

5lh.  Piiid  nut  ol'  special  oolleotions  and  pro- 
ceeds of  bonds  issue<l  for  special  purposes 

6th.  Uedeniption  of  bonds 

7(h,  Auditor's  warninis  unpaid  April  12, 
1881 


$5,488,64  0.:i4 


$1,460,273.54 

2,758,024. ;U 
62,612.84 

364,906.85 

274,158.46 
250,000.00 

43,817,23 


$5,2!3,7U3.'J3 
Condition  of  the  treasury,  <is  shown  by  "State- 
ment C,"  an  follows: 

naliinco  in  trciisury  April  10,  1882 $362,4 1 1.(1.'! 

Amount  due  treiiaury 178,527.41 


Total  uniount  due  and  in  treasury $540,<.MIS.I4 

Chargeable  against  this 463,320.34 


t?urplus  unappropriated $77,648.10 

TIlis  again  is  a  bouk-kcuper's  account,  and  docs  not 
give  the  inruriuation  8ou<!ht  as  to  the  costs  and  ex- 
penses of  city  government  in  St.  Louis.  Let  us  turn 
tu  8tili  anotl\er  account,  thiit  contained  in  the  report 
of  the  collector  of  revenue.    He  returns  the  following: 

roLI.KfniONS   FOn    THE   StATR. 
Taxeti  and  Intercut. 

Current  taxes  for  1881 $610,416, 

Back  taxes  of  1881 4,1.60, 

"        "      "    1880 44,8i;!. 


"         "      "    1879., 

"         "      "    1S7.S 

"         "      "    1877 

"         "      "    187li,  etc 

Delinquent  personal  tuxes  I8SI,, 

"      1880., 

"  "  "      1879. 

"  "  "      1878., 

"  "  "      1877. 


13,502 

5.III8 

2,19.!, 

3,088, 

971. 

3,342, 

1,653. 

598, 

185. 


Stale  Liceiiiet. 


$689,933.72 


Merchants $65,085.80 


Manufacturers., 
Auctioneers.. 

Brokers 

Billiards 

Peddlers. 

Dram-shops. 


52,410.00 

1,025.011 

850.00 

1,120.00 

1,140.00 

96,696.90 

$218,328.00 


Collections  fob  the  Public  ScnooLs. 

Taxet  and  Interest. 

Current  taxes  of  1881 $689,525.86 

Back  ta.xes  of  1881 4,866.87 

"    "   "  1880 50,418.04 

"    "   "  1879 16,198.12 

"    "   "  1878 5,643.07 

"    •'   "  1877 2,733.15 

"         '•      "  1876  and  prior  years.  2,204.22 


Delinquent  personal  taxes  of  1881.. 

l.ii'.'^'.M 

"            "       "    1880.. 

■"..MI.20 

"      "    1879.. 

^■-'»M 

"            "       "    1878.. 

'•'.■'.\:i 

"                "           "      "    1877.. 

1  -i.rn 

COLLF.CTION8    roil    THK    ( 

Taxei  and  Intermi. 

Current  taxes  of  1881 $2,47!i, 

Back  taxes  of  1881 

"    "   "  1880 

"    "   "  1879 

"    "   "  1878 

"    "   "  1877 

"         "      "  1876  and  prior  years 
Delinquent  personal  taxes  of  1881. 
1880. 


■?",l)SO.;,T 


1879. 
1878. 

1877. 


l«,lii|.il,3 

180,ii.VJ.'.i|( 

.■)3.'<(i>..i5 

IK.IIM.^'S 

!i,!i.S(i.i)8 
I  l.nni.i.dil 

■I.Ofil.19 
IWM.lJ 

Ii.l!!l|i.:i4 

-'.'.'llT.L'li 

t7::,ri7 
82.; 


City  Lieeiiiei  and  Miiicellane;iin  C;ltfHi,mi. 

Rents $4,1. ,11.117 

Weighers'  tickets ll.M7i.(;u 

Real  citato  agents  and  banks I0,ll.'i.s5 

Mnnufaoturors 105,li4S.70 

IJogs 8,2,^,^!50 

Opening  streets 15.fl'<(i.,'i,'i 

Commission  merchants l<l,:Uili.(i(i 

Register's  fees .'i.l?,'*.:^! 

I'cddlcrs  and  hawkers Il,.'i0l,:;5 

Ordinaries .'t, Kit. 1.5 

Insoranco  companies 15,177.75 

Vehicles lli:i,{IL'S.05 

Mcat-sho]i8 4,ll.'<..|(t 

Pawnbrokers 5,41111.110 

iMcrchants I9",I.S!i.'J0 

Dram-shops 194,7111.115 

Markets 39.7  1 7. ',15 

Wharfage 70,OI,i.S5 

Miscellaneous  collections 70,538.15.5 

$892,610.J 


I  RRCAI'ITri..4TII)X. 

'  Collect ioliH  fur  the  Stale, 

Taxes  and  interest $089,1.1:):). 72 

2I8,:!2S.|1U 


$3,6S<,6U6,7 


Licenses., 


$90S,262,I 


Colleettont  for  the  I'ublic  Schnnlt. 
Taxes  and  interest 

Collections  fur  the  City. 

Taxes  and  interest $2,795,990.53 

Iiicenses  and  miscellaneous  col- 
lections         892,01 0.'Jtl.S 


Commissions  collected  on  back 
and  delinquent  personal  taxes 


Total  collections.. 


-$,1,688,6011.1 
$5,;)74,8iiJ 

mm 

$5,386,193, 


DiSlllIllSKMKXTS. 

Amount  paid  into  the  State 
treasury $898,296.40 

Amount   paid    into   the    public 

school  treasury 774,1211.41 

Amount  paid  into  the  city  treas- 
ury      3,n5l,21,i.l.S 


Commissions  on  current  taxes, 
state  and  city  licenses,  and 
miscellaneous  city  collections..       $51,214.69.5 

Commissions  on  bai^kand  delin- 
quent personal  taxes 19,3311.57 


?5,323,SttJ 


61,i5<( 


$5,385,llli^ 


MUNICIPAL  DEPARTMENTS. 


767 


l,'i"-'.:.l 
."..^  1 1.2a 

i-.;.'..i:i 

I  '■<.Tl' 

-  $:7-,8SC.;.7 1 

I    TUK,    CllY. 
/lllfl<«(. 

$2,i:'.t,T'-.fi.S(l 

Ift.lnl.ilH 

isn,ii,vj.'.'il 

.■|:l.sll^.;l5 

l.l.l'.M.'iS 

'.l,il!Ml.lt8 

a         ll.iio'.i.r.rt 
I.  i.iir.i.i'.i 

).        I'j.r.M.iJ 

).  CSMM 

7.  t7:'..rt7 

$2,795,W,53| 

'ceHa»e>>ttn  Cotlfetiimt, 

...       $4,l;Ml.fi7 

...       12,171.111) 

10,ll.S.S5 

...     105,1148.70 

....      l,'),6Sll.,^,') 
i«.;i;iii.iio 

,'>,17S.50 
....       ll,:i01.:ii 

;i,l7(i.t6 

1.1,177.75 

ll);l,ll'j!*.0;) 

■l,ll«.-10 

.i.KIO.dO 
.....     l«7,lS',i.'iO 

Ilt4,7lrt.'.15 

litl, 717.115 

.....       70.1115.85 

70,538.15.5 

$89;,610.1 

$3,68<,6U6.7I 
$903,262.1 


in 

i 

ATION. 

/'"' 

Ihe  .'^lalf. 

ffi8a,'.IH3.72 
218,:i28.(i0 

the  riiblU-  .S'c(l.iri/«. 


777,9S6.I 


tj'iir  the  CHn- 

$2,7'J5,9SI0.5;! 

H- 

8U2,I)10.2(1.5 


Ick 
lets 


IllSKMK.STS. 

lite 


.$3,688,80<l.l 

$5,;i74,?J5.| 

lO.SSjJ 

$i,3S5,l'JjJj 


Ilio 


$898,2911.40 
-74,1211.41 


... 

3,fi51,215.18 

$5,323,640, 

OS, 

nd 

IS.. 

$51,214.69.5 

in- 

10,339.57 

.       61,55* 

CoHmSillOX    Ac'(X>FNT. 

uBimiwio"  "»  current  liixr(i,8lBte  anil 
„  liofiii'i''.  iind  niisoellaneoiii  city 

iti""' •"•••• ;•••••;.• ;  »M,214.69.5 

I  (,,oii!.ion'  "n  buck  iind  delinquent 
[,wi,aUin''» 'M3il.57 

$01,564.26.5 
OlSBUIISKIIIiMT!)  OV  CoMMIHSIONg. 

Llirid  "f  will'*''"'  »"''  <I«I>"I'<-' $44,394.42 

'  "mionerv.  piintlnit,  rcpairK,    cO...  $3,760.1(7 

!nve»li)(i>"""  "f  '"'''*  ""  '"''''  '"" 

liilUof  l'*7i»  nnd  1880 5,538.00 

9,098.97 

liirflui  coiniiii>'»ii)n«  paid  ovcranfol- 

"T'ltheSliiti' $I,fl.'?0.9a 

To  the  public  Boliools 906.5S.5 

T.tbeiily : 4,232.04 

8,169.55.5 

|[»iiiilMioD«  on  hand 1,891.32 

$01,554.26.5 

A  very  slijilit  compnrison  of  these  two  reports  of 

likcomptriilli'r  und  collector  will  suffice  to  show  that 

Itcli  contains  items  of  tasatioii  not  given  iu  the  other, 

Lutliiih  still  tlic  people  must  pay.     The  collector's 

liKort  lakes  110  note  of  receipts  from  the  water  rates, 

Ltrart  of  the  harbor  board  receipts,  and  of  those 

Liwcial  collections  set  apart  for  Mpccial  objects.    The 

|«i.irolli'r's  rnport  takes  no  note  of  school  tax  and 

Ijuic  las.    The  school  tax  is  of  course  a  State  tax, 

l«i  ills  a  special  levy.     It  is  part  of  the  municipal 

liujen  of  St.  liOuis,  and  no  computation  of  taxes 

Im  docs  not  include  it  can  bo  considered  complete. 

jliBilur  object  to  present  tho  actual  facts  as  fully  and 

|i|yrli.'eiK'  aiul  intelligibly  as  possible,  and  hence  we 
|r,.4 10  show,  actually  and  relatively,  the  amount  of 

pre  exerted  by  the  weight  of  government  in  St. 

IS. 

Uii/e  iif  Td.riititm. — Says  Comptroller  E.  A.  Ad- 

Ifti:  "The  rate  of  city  tax  for  the  year  1882,  on  the 

lnhiidrcd  dollar  valuation,  is  seventy-five  cents  for 

utrest  and  public  debt  revenue  and  one  dollar  for 

Bticipal  revpime.''     But    how    is    this    arranged  ? 

lull  lo  the  comptroller's  "  Statement  I),"  in  which 

npvon  the  "  estimated  resources  for  current  fiscal 

^t.i'rom  April  11,  1882,  to  April  9,  1883."     The 

Kjiiidthe  rate  being  the  same,  this  estimate  will 

Iflnu  ihe  revenue  collected  for  the  fiscal  year  ended 

f.villl,1882: 

I.— ISTKUKST    AND   PuBLlO    DEBT    RbVENUE. 

lipiiit)  fivponc  hundredths  of  one  per  cent,  on 

IKm79iVIOO,  rstiiuiitcd  value  of  real  and 

)<r!«n«l  |ir(ipeT(y  (except  stcaniboata)  in  old 

I  ImiK.lcsstwdvepcr cent. allowed  fordelln- 

1  \«m $1,139,820.00 

Ituiiiith  uf  ont'  per  cent,  on  $16,600,000,  esti- 

n  Mitil  iL«<i!i.«i'ii  value  of  real  and  personal 

ttpetly  ill  new  limits,  less  twelve  per  cent. 

I  lir  lidiniiucncy 14,608.00 

ItomJUiiij,  1882 10,000.00 


Delinquent  tnxe 102,000.00 

Transfer  from  wiitiir- works  revenue  for  interost 

on  water  biindx  140,000.00 

Interest  on  uurreiil  ileposits 8,500.00 

IMieitio  llailroad,  for  iulerest  on  $700,01111  loan.  49,000.00 
I'nupproprialed  balance  to  credit  (April    II, 

1882) 11,763.77 

$1,475,691.77 
II. — MrNicii'Ai.  Uevkniik. 
Taxes  1882: 

One  per  cent,  on  $172,700,000,  e<ti. 
mated  aSKi'si<eil  value  of  real  and  per- 
sonal properly  (e.\eept  wteaiiiboalii) 
in  old  liinils,  Icox  twelve  per  eenl. 

allowed  for  dulin)|ueuc,v 1,519,760.00 

One-leiilli  of  one  per  eeiit.  on  $1,000,- 
000,    esliniuted    asseiised    value    of 

steainlioat  property 1,000.00 

Four-tenths  of  one  per  eenl.  on  $16,- 
600,000,  esliiiialed  ait8e.''s«l  viilue  of 
real  and  perfoiiiil  property  in  new 
limits,  lens  twelve  per  cent,  allowed 

for  delinquency 58,432.00 

Railroad  la.\e.s  I8S2 1.1,400.00 

Delinquent  ta.xe.i 150,000.00 

I.ieenneH : 

roinmissiun  merchants $15,000  00 

Dram-shops 185,000.00 

Dog 7,500.00 

Miiiiufiu'turers 95,000.00 

Merchiints 185,000.00 

Vehicles 75,000.00 

MisccllancouK  lioeuses 70,1100.00 

632,500.00 

Miscclliuieous  Uevenuc : 

IliiililinR  permil.i $4,000.00 

lioilcr  inspoclions 6,000.00 

lines  and  fees 60,000  (10 

Miirkels 33,000.00 

Kent.-' 5,000.00 

Uccordiiij;  fee 25,000.00 

Seales 30,000.00 

Weights  and  meiisures,  inspection  of...      0,000.00 

172,000.00 

III.— IIahboh  rrsn. 

Wharfage    dues,     rents,     and     other 

souri'es  relating  lo  Inn  lior  und  wharf.        $65,000 

Unappropriated  iiahiiiee  loercdil,  April 

II,   1882 15,273.84 

80,273.84 

I V. — Watku-Wouks  Ukvkvue. 

Licenses,  taps  ami  permils $750,000.00 

Unappropriated  balance  April  II, 

1882 5,309.31 

$755,309.31 

Less  amount  to  be  transferred  to 
intere.-t  und  puhliu  debt  revenue 

for  interest  on  water  bonds 140,000.00 

615,309.31 

State's  portion  of  cost  of  assessing 

revenue $22,500.00 

State's   appropriation    for   support 

of  insane 15,000.00 

Opening  streets,  estimaled  collec- 
tion  of  special   ta.\    bills  issued     34,527.41 

Opening  streets  (new),  esliniuted 
collection  of  special  ta.x  bills  to 
bo  issued 20,000.00 

Dividends  on  gas  stock 5,000,00 

From  railroads,  for  Tayon  Avenue 

bridge 15,000.00 

Miscellaneous  collections 30,000.00 

Unappropriated  balance  April  II, 

1882 10,160.49 

2,099,279.90 

V. — Proceeds  of  renewal  bonds 205,000.00 

VI. — Proceeds  of  sale  of  real  estate  75,000.00 

Total $5,150,554.82 


''  Vii' 


j-i; 


.  i'*l 


fvw^n' 


768 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Statement  fi,  the  estimate  of  expenditures  for  tiio 
current  fisuul  year  ending  April  9,  1883,  is  rb  fol- 
lows: 

Outti,  Icgjil  cxpuDKoa,  intort'fit,  (iiaooui  t,  and 
exiicnsuK  on  bomluil  nnd  tciii|>»rury  ilulits 
(iiioludinK  $AA,UI(I  sinkiriK  fund  uuuponH), 
JiidgmentK,  iinil  ninking  fund  ii|>|irfl|>riiitiun 

rt-qiiired  by  ohiirter ifl,47/),OOO.0O 

Ociieriil  expciiKPa  t'lir  iiiiiDicipal  revoniie 2,69S,U7d,0U 

lliirbor  und  whiirl' 80,27.1.84 

Wiilor-wiirkK fll,'j,anil.:il 

Ilaiidn  iniiturinK 20.^,1)1111.00 

PuruhnaeH  of  rviil  estate 76,000.011 


Total !il6,141»,55S.15 

A  brief  analysis  of  some  of  the  foregoing  figures 
will  be  advantageous  in  explaining  the  main  avenues 
of  expenditure  and  the  main  sources  of  revenue  ;  and, 
first,  of  the  debt,  the  city  auditor's  report  contain 
the  following : 

RKrAriTii.ATioN  OF  City's  IJondkd  I.vdebtedmkbs. 

UcnernI  bond  account — «ity  ; 

For   general    purpuaca    and   renewal 

bomlK $7,738,000 

Real  estate,  etc 605,000 

Iniprovemcnts  of  Klraeta 70,000 

Water-works,  old 127,000 


Oenenil  bond  account — county  : 

Home  of  the  friendleaa $20,000 

Insane  asylum 100,000 

County  Jail 600,000 

(General  comity  purposes 1,100,000 

Ueiiewal  bonds 060,000 


$8,630,000 


Loan  to  Pacific  Railroad  Company  (by 
old  .St.  I.ouis  County) 

llridgc  approach  bond  account 

Fire  dopiirtmont  bond  account 

Harbor  ami  wharf  bond  account 

Park  bond  ai'cnunt,  county 

Tower  lirove  Park  bond  account 

Sewer  b*>nd  account • 

Water  bond  account 

Water-pipe  special  tB.\  refunding,  bond 
account 


2,370,000 

700,000 

461,000 

100,000 

041,000 

l,«00,000 

340,000 

1,110,000 

6,200,000 

800,000 


$22,167,000 
Thuii  wc  have, — 

Cost.  Estiniatod  volue. 

Park.-- *3.624,6«3  $5,35»,679 

Water-works 0,127,000  (bond-d  debt) 7,183,000 

Sewers 1,119,000         "  " 

Harbor 641,000 

Improved  real  estate. 
— markets,  engine- 
houses,  court*!,  hos- 
pital.', etc 0,712,651  6,712,851 

The  water-works,  which  represent  an  indebtedness 
of  86,1 27,000,  besides  so  much  of  their  cost  as  may  be 
chargeable  to  the  general  funds  and  accounts  current 
and  to  renewal  bonds,  have  yielded  to  the  city  since 
they  were  first  undertaken  an  aggregate  of  89,001,184 
revenue,  or,  deducting  cost  of  collection,  a  net  of  ?8,- 
500,000.  The  income  from  them  for  the  last  fiscal 
year  was  §706,145,  less  cost  of  collection  (5.02  per 
cent.j.  This  income  is  applied,  in  round  numbers, 
exclusively  to  the  payment  of  interest  on  the  water 
bonds  and  to  the  costs  of  current  expenses,  improve- 


ments, and  extensions  of  the  service.     If  t), .  \v    J 
Department  income  had  a  sinking  iuii.l  <  ,  i„|< , 
renewal  bonds  for  its  own  indebtedu, -,  ii  could  i* 
called  strictly  self-su.staining.      An  it  i^    th 
service  is  rather  expensive. 

The  sources  of  revenue  (calling  tlic  i.iiier  rents    i 
Miatct  liabilities  equal)  were  as  ^^Mun^  i'„f  i),,, ' 
fiscal  year: 

From  taxes  and  interest  on  revenue 

account       (including       :fl67,OIIO 

transferred  woter  revenue) — rate, 

-,%of  one  percent .<l,|-u«. 

From  taxes  and  licensea,  fees,  tinea,  '         '    ''•' 

commissions,    reuta,    bonelit    as- 

Bcssinents,    sales,  elc.,^ — rate,  one 

dollar  per  hundred loono. 

From  harbor  and  wharf "  9o'*« 

Special  colleclions  for  special  emls..  .ViTiii 

Renewal  bonds i,',.'     '! 

ll'Mifij.J 

Receipts  (less  woter  revenue)...  WTa-iiiaJ 

The  disbursements  were  aa  follows ;  I'l'iNS.I 

For  interest  and  debt j  ijni.,  J 

For  municipal  revenue  (including  leading  ileiiin): 
Cost  of  assessment Jjn  cin  q^ 

i^'ity  Hall i:\,2:n'.m 

Courts  and  court-houses I07  iKIIi.Sl 

Klectiona  and  registration 4,'.I29.47 

Fire  department 330,,'f2o!99 

Health  department 3.')0,48u!si 

House  of  Refuge 33,'944.14 

Insurance f*.  12(1.25 

•'»" 3lin70,51 

Jury  and  witness  fees 31,ll99.7ii 

Lighting  oily 27N,t>72.01 

Markets lft,|ii«.15 

Municipal  Assembly 2.\4riS.,i2 

Police I7l',!ill!l.|5 

Printing  and  stationery 1.'>,2.I.'1.54 

Pafka 7:!,lil2!95 

Sewers S3,smi.76 

•'^Ireeta 41f>,ll37!:il 

New        work, — streets,       sewers, 

bridges 7.'lll,{179.72 

Recorder  of  doeda 22.lli;i.45 

Salaries .ill.nii.ilj 

Work-house 3.s,716.79 

• L'.r.i«.ii24l 

Harbor  and  wharf j^uij 

Special  purposes 2'4lsr 

Redemption  of  bonds 250.o3 

Auditor's  warrants 4;j|| 

Total  (less  water  accounts) f4.(!s|,S|j 

l{lCliplllllltti:ill. 

Municipal $4,6S1,8.S6.3!! 

Stote,  direct 6S9,9;i:i.72 

"      license 21s,:i2S,60 

'•     schools 777,9.'<8.5" 

Water  rents 70ii,llj.6o 

Total $7,07I.2'<I>.!12 

Tlii"  rppri  Ills  th  '■  il  wei>:ht  of  Slate  audi 
nioi),  iv  irect  ami  imiirecl,  upon  St.  Louis.! 
i  It  to  a  direct  tux  upon  the  as.se.'ised  1 

I  leal  and  personal       ipiirty  (8172,700,0 

^1        III!  the  "^  100,  with  allow.iiu'i'  made  for  1 
queiuh  >.     T     .m  the  suppo.sed  autual  valuisofl 
and  personal  property,  it  would  represent  a  din 
of  $2.22  on  the  $100,  and  good  gorerDni'nt  ii 


MUNICIPAL  DKFARTMKNTS. 


m 


aervicf.     If  tin;  WateiJ 
in^luiiil  '  1  i;iki'  up  th« 
iidirbtcdii.  -  .  il  cdulJl 
As  it  U,  the  nat«d 

illinj!;  till'  v,;iii!rr«ntt  iinj 
I  EM  roUiiu..  for  the  lai 


00 
to, 

*1.47l,«''3.t| 

IIH- 

■  2,mfii 

W,29S,< 

iVu'..  :i:4.Mt,t 

lllW6!,j 

16)...  *i,i«;,ini).< 

r.l..  1,480,213.^ 

nuli'ailinKilcmii): 

.     *:i(t,r,io.o,t 
", i;i,r.4.39 

'  107,ii:i.''.21 

' •I,:i'i9.47 

■ 3X0,320.99 

"".'.'..  3riO,4l*9.SI 

".....  33,944.14 

s,l2o.2^ 

".'.'."...         31,070.51 
"'.'.'."..".         31,999.70 

27S,O72.01 

10,1119.15 

2.^,40S.:i2 

"",' '.       474,990.15 

i,^i,'2:;;!.54 

',".".".'.'..         73.102.95 
><3,SOO,7ti 

'.'.'..'.'....     4irt.o;i7.;ii 

T;10,079.72 

22.49:1.45 

,)0,fil5.95 

."         3S,7 16.79 

. ■J.i.'ii',*!!! 

"  K.fill 

jruif 

lyil 

It.) ^^ 

,  $4,fi»l,8S6.3» 

6.'<9.9;i;i."2 

21S.;i2S.60 

777,9t^«.57 
700,1 15.65 

$7,O74,2'*0.92 

\  wei'jht  of  State  audi 
iiidircci.  upon  St.  taftj 
•t  tiix  upon  the  assessed  \ 
l,„l  iporty  (8n2,Tr- 
illi  allowaiK'i'  luiide  tor  ( 
supposed  actual  valu^ofj 
it  woidd  represent  a  JW 
,  and  sood  governui.nt  i 


,  _  purcliased  so  cheaply.'     Of  thoso  total  diNburso- 
mnts  oil  iiii'ouiit  of  i'xpciidituri'8  there  am  durivud, — 

Mi'li.-i^''" $«!0,.|(.ll.-.'0 

ii,.]il«  iiitiri'MlH,  loi'!',  uoiiiiiiii'KiuiiB,  ('to..  1,390,400.111 

S|,«lill  nillectU.nii 3-4,844.',ll 

ulml  iiuiiues 100,908.91 

Tutul $2,7K2,«7H.72 

^jjj,,,;  to  Ipo  raised  by  diri-ct  tax  84.2(1  l,t>()2.'^0, 


"l"' 


,1  to  a  tax  of  82.75  on  the  81tlO,  with  allowaiico 
j'j  ,lelin(|ui'iic'ie8.  Of  the  entire  tax  proMHure,  tlio 
fiter  ^upl'l.V  is  ten  per  cent.,  in  round  nunibern,  the 
(^tofneloiiil-"'  eleven  per  cent.,  debt  twenty  per  cent., 
Jioc  and  flic  twelve  per  cent.,  health  and  strcetw, 
iicyioK  iK'W  «•>'■''.  twenty-five  per  cent. 

OFKUIAI.   ASSKSSMEN'l'.S   KllOM    11(04  TO   \M'i. 


Vt«r. 


Cily  of  SI.  I.oiili. 
Itcal  I'lutnte. 


ISM ?.'-.3,L'0.-.,820 

m;,         73,900,700 

Kjl;""  81,901,010 

,5- 88,025,000 

\m''Z «i,30;;,;;7o 


(;ii.v  i>f  SI.  i.iiuiB. 

ileitl  uiid  I'l'ifloiiiil. 

ifn3.o.iH,o7,s 

87,025,531 
IO.-,,2.|j,210 
11 2, 907, 000 
110,582,140 


ivction  12  "f  Article  X.  of  tlio  Cunslitiition    of  Miisoiiri 
|-ail!llicJi'l)t^i'f  eitien,  etr.,  »»  follows: 

■  \o  fuunlv,  L'ity,  town,  town.<liip,  bcOiooI  distriot,  or  other 
luiiliiaUorpornlion  or  subdivision  of  Ihu  ritoto  shiill  be  iillowcd 
jlwiiiiio  iniliOleil  in  »ny  nmiiiier  or  for  uiiy  |iur|ioi<o  to  an 
liitanl  picceitini!  i"  any  yi'iir  the  incouie  and  revenue  jirovided 
lluiuih  year  without  the  assent  of  two  thirds  of  the  voters 
I-itflif  votint!  lit  I'n  election  to  bo  held  for  that  iiurjiose,  nor 
liaK!  reiiuiring  siu^h  assent  shall  any  indebtedness  bo  allowed 
I-itiiicurrt'il  tu  nil  amount,  inoluiling  existing  indeblodne."s, 
Ijlln'aggfW'e  cxucoding  live  per  centum  on  the  value  of  the 
liukle  iiroiicrly  tliercin,  to  bo  ascertained  by  the  assessment 
luibvfurelho  lust  assessment  for  yiato  and  county  purjioRcs 
l|i(mu!tolho  ini'UrrinK  of  suuh  indebtedness;  jiitivideil,  that 
Irjiiucb  «Mcn(  any  I'ounty  may  bo  allowed  to  bcoomu  indebted 
LiUrgcr  umoiint  for  the  erection  of  a  court-house  or  jail ; 
in.ni/i'/  i'uiiIki'.  that  any  county,  city,  town,  township, 
IwlJijtrict,  or  oilier  political  corporation  or  sub-division  of 
liifiate  incurring  any  indebtedness  requiring  the  assent  of 
IkvoieriU!'  iiforcfaiil  shall,  before  or  at  the  time  of  doing  so, 
liniiletor  (he  collodion  of  an  annual  tax  sufficient  to  pay  the 
TibH  on  siirh  inilehtcdiiess  as  it  falls  due,  and  also  to  consti- 
b)-iiikiiig  fund  lor  payment  of  the  principal  thereof  within 
piiiitjwrf  I'loia  llie  tiino  of  contracting  the  same." 
tii.ii  l;;  of  Ihc  ^'aiiic  article  declares  that  "  private  property 
11  in'  taken  or  sold  for  the  payment  of  tlie  corpoiato 
»i  a  luiniii'ipiil  corporation." 
Iwii  BMif  Article  IX.  of  the  same  Constitution  sajs, — 
I -I'll' ™r|wnilc  authorities  of  any   county,  city,  or   oilier 
■iififil  li>i.-icin  of  the  State  liavini;  more  than  two  hundred 
jiindinlialjitaiils,  which  has  already  exceeded  the  limit  of 
l(»Me.lDP,<s  ill  Section  12  of  Article  X.  of  this  Constitution, 
K.insiitii'iiialiou  of  the  customary  revenue  thereof,  appro- 
ill,  lurinn  nny  liscal  year,  toward  the  governmental  cx- 
KCbiTcirf  a  sum  not  exceeding  seven-eighths  of  the  entire 
fini  a|i|iliL'iilile  to  general  governmental  purposes  (exclusive 
ItW  luvmi-nt  ot"  the  bonded  debt  of  such   county,  city,  or 
■•iii|:ilitv)tliat  was  actually  raised  by  taxation  alone  during 
pihtiini;  fiscal  year;  but  until  such  excess  of  indebtedness 
ofu.lliiT  bunded  debt  shall  be  incurred,  except  for  the 
^nl"f  ulhcr  bonds." 
Ill 


Vi'iu. 


Clly  of  81.  Lollla 

Itcul    KKllltc. 


1800 *  1 1 3,020,  no 

1H7II  110,OSII,SII0 

1871 I23,s:i:i,050 

1S72 129,235,180 

1873 1411,144,400 

1874 111,041,480 

1875 1:11,1  11,1120 

1870 132,785, I.pO 

1877  148,012,750 

1878 140,(170,510 

1879 130,071,070 

1880 135,910,11211 

1881 l:tl),809,IOO 

1882 1111,720,590 


riiv  of  81.  I.oiils. 

UcttI  anil  IVuMoiiiil. 

.*l38.ft23,480 
I  17,909,000 
158,272,130 
102,089,570 
180,278,950 
172,109,270 
100  9911,0011 
100,411,110 
181,345,500 
172,829,980 
1 03,  s  1:1,1120 
100,008,010 
107,:!30,OOI1 
191,948,050 


TAIII.K  OF  TAXES,  IlEVKNtIK,  AND   I'OI'UI.ATION,   FIlOJl 
1799  TO  188:i. 


Year. 

I7B9 

1810 

1811 

1812 

1818...  

1819 

1820 

1.821 

1822 

1823 

1824 

1825 

1820 

1.827 

1828 

1829 

1830  trevonuc).. 

1831 

1832 

18:i3 

1834 

1835 

18,10 

1837 

1838 

18:19 

1840  (revenue).. 

1811 

1842 

1843 

1844 

1845 

1840 

1817 

1848 

1850  (revenue).. 

1851 

18.52 

1853 

18.54 

1855 

1850 

1857 

1858 

1,859 

1800  (ta.\oe) 

ISOl 

1802 

1803 

1804 

KS05 


Taxes  nnil    Value  of  Ileal  and 
liuveiiuo.       I'cmonal  4:sliiU'. 


1800.,., 

1807... 
1808..., 
1809..., 
1870.... 
1875,.., 
1880..., 


$672.58' 
447.71" 
4,873.50 
3,390.4«J 
4,104.58 
3,823.80 
3,821.08 
4,050.32« 
5,082.29 
I,970.41J» 
2,509. «8J» 
2,933.45 
3,77S.83 
4,705.98 
14,291.89 
3,400.77 
3,897.04 
2,745.84 
2,579.61 
8,332.08 
20,615.41 
30,100,00 
33,408.76 
39,055.00 
119,173.00 
45,088.61 

"74,795^23 
122,411.82 
145,185.91 
152,021.20 
171,983.99 

'4:13,035.99 
380,824.45 
40:1,619.36 
425,580.22 
425,497.01 
459,068.14 

"oo"7,'i2i.02 


1,0:13,019.10 

8;i0, 049.74 

598,448.15 

631,934.20 

85,8,7,')2.7l 

1,10,1,031.12 

1,400,385.99 

1,432,481.113 

1,423,789.05 

1,875,899.55 

1,135,439.44 

2,071,735.13 

2,743,810.82 


$1:11,510.00 

1 3 1, :i  1:1.110 

I,2l8,:i!10.02 

1,1:12,103.33 

1,024,440.00 

955,950.00 

956,170.011 

8111,001.00 

1,028,217.00 

1,013,107.00 

1,003,870.00 

1,175,380.00 

1,510.332.00 

1,900,392.00 

1,8:10,010.00 

2,080,062.00 

2,338,584.00 

2,190,672.00 

2,o6;:,0S8.oo 

2,221,888.00 

8,1.38,104.00 

7,42.5,618.00 

8,169,657.00 

7,730,280.00 

8,082,506.00 

8,957,198.00 

12,101,02800 

8,308,480.41 

13,999,914.40 

14,519,591.53 

15.055,720.99 

10,005,145.75 

19,506,497.85 

29.070,049.24 

34,443,529.21 

38,281,008.96 

;19,397,I80.33 

11,104,921.13 

42,991,812.00 

59,0119,289.00 

7:1,002,043.94 

82,009,4  19.30 

104,021,300.92 

102,408,230.00 

90.975,497.00 

03,770,000.00 

00,019,292.00 

74,422,533.00 

87,625,534.00 

108,565,391.00 

106,845,340.00 

110,190,930.00 

130,553.120.00 

147.909,000.00 

100.999.000.00 

100,008,010.00 


I'oimhillou. 

925 
1,400 


4,928 


5,000 
'5i852 

'sisiii 

14,252 
10,469 


34,140 
36,721 


74,439 
94,000 


117,342 
125,000 

135,330 
143,800 
162,179 


104,466 
204,327 


310,963 
.150,000 


'  i  per  cent. 


'  J  of  one  per  cent.  *  J  of  one  per  cent. 

'  i  of  one  per  cent. 


I       !■     I    H    K, 


770 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


■■*  >.  .-v 


■■■■■•    ■•■Vt: 


J.  ■*    ^ 


^   V    ^  .         >•  ' 


TOTAL  RKVKNUK  OK  THE  OITY. 

Including  the  iuttrt-nt  and  jiuiili"  deht  i-evfiiiii:  i;iid  tho  rereutte 
opplicabtt  to  :ini.iifij)iil  jfiirjioten. 

1873-74 *-l,I7,'),440.77 

1874-7 J 3,11411,75 J.S.'i 

187.'>-7«  (tiix  rate  incrc«»*<l) .'),lft7,ft51.48 

1878-77 5,3i)(l,n4I.3() 

1877- rs 4,5«.,-'"-.3i; 

1878-79 4,124,731.58 


1879-80.. 

1880-81. 
1881-82. 


■  •>'l,:iii|.(il,^,22 

■  i.l'.M.:;(;,..s., 


lS82-S3(c8timatcil) |'. 


We  append,  for  convenience  of  r.'lmviioo,  a  detail  .d 
statement  of  the  bonded  debt  of  Si.  Liiui.x  fr,„,,  .i 
la.**!  report  of  the  city  comptroller  : 


nONDKD  '.)KBT  OK  THE  CITY  OK  ST.  LOtIS, 

April  7I,188'^. 

(Inoliidliig  debt  of  furniei'  county  uf  8t.  JiOiiia,  iu»uine<l  by  city  under  the  cliarter.) 


AutlKirlly  o' 

lNf*ue, 


liow 

'.lyiililt 


I 


I 


Whiiii  ImuMl.       I- 


I 


Onl. 
Ord. 
Ord. 
Ord. 
ilrd. 
Ord. 


Or<l 
Onl. 
Onl. 


Onl. 
Ord. 


:i«oo 
:isiiii 

;iK<iii 

38!ll] 


Currency... 
Currfpcy... 
(-"nrr^'.icy... 
('i.:"cncy... 
(?i!rn>ncy... 
Ciirroncy... 


;  Mkv  2(1, 1Rfi7., 
I  .lulv  I.  18/)7... 
1  July  l\  18.17. 

.luly  ;«l,  18.V... 

Auk.  I".  18.'i7. 


For  what  l'ur|«p»o 
luuoil. 


AriiimiilofI 

liiil«taii,|. 

'iJKl'riii. 

I'ipat. 


6  per  ct. 
!1  IHir  ct. 
f>  |i«rct. 
n  |H!r  rt. 
fi  ppr  ct 


DUK  1882. 
HI  ay  2(1,  1882. 
July  1,  1882., 
Jnlv  15,  1882. 
July  M,  1882. 
AUK.  1^>.  1882. 


Sopl.  2<),  1857.!  B  1><  r  ct.   26     Sept.  20,  !S82. 


NRtlciiBl  B»nk  of  Repulillc,  N.V.... 
N'utliilinl  llHhk  of  Kepulilic,  N.Y.... 
Niitlnuiil  Ilauk  ol  Ki'piililli',  N'.Y.... 
NnliiinHl  lluukiif  Itppuldlc,  N.V.... 
Nnliouul  Hank  of  ItopuMIc,  N.Y.... 
NhIIouiiI  Ilauk  of  Ui'publlc,  N.Y.... 


:)8!)(l     Currency....  Manb  1,18,'.8. 
aiM.l    Currumv...  May  10,  JV,».. 
:iOl:l     Currency...  Juno  12,  1858. 
(iuld  or  Sil- 
ver  '  July  1,  I8,'i3... 

3r.i;i    Currency....  July  12, 1858.. 

If.'iOli    Currency....,  Dim;.  2, 185b... 


I 


Ord.     5273    Currency... 
I  Ord,     5480    Currency... 

I  Stale    Act, 

[  Jan.  7,  'tj&    Currency... 
Ord.     551)3  '  Currency... 


April  M,  1864.1 
Dec.  2f,  1864..' 


Fell.  1, 1865.. 
July  1, 181)5.. 


Dl'E  1883. 

0  percl.   25    JIarcli  1, 1K8;1.  Nalloniil  Hank  of  Ke,    .i.llc,  N.V.  .. 

Bporct.  25  i  May  10, 188:1,.  Nalloiuil  Hank  c  f  Kepul.lic,  N.Y.... 

(i  iierct.   JS  !  June  12,  1883.  Natloi.al  Haul,  of  Uepubllc,  N.Y..  . 

n  per  ct.  :I0    July  1, 1883....  National  Dana  of  (^>niri<      e,  N.Y.. 

(Iperct.  25    Ju!v  12,  I88:i..  National  Hank  of  Re|mbllc,  N.Y.... 

Opcrct.  25    Dec.  2,  18S:i....  National  Riuk  of  Republic,  N.Y.... 

H  C  E  1 884      ' 

Ajirll  20,1884.  National  Hank  of  Republic,  N.Y.... 

Doc.  28,  1884..  City  Treaiiury 


!*. 

X) 

'■*'. 

«l 

U, 

<« 

III. 

<« 

m.. 

•  HI 

H.I 

«« 

Or.:. 
Ord. 
Onl, 
Onl. 
Onl. 
Ord. 
Onl. 
Ord. 


3,'i(V1 
.'>778 

r.,>4l 
.■.- 1.') 

57I.-1 


Currency.. 
Currency.. 
Currency.. 
Currency.. 
Cuirency.. 
Currency.. 
Cm  rency.. 


Fell.  9,  ia.')(l...i  fiperct.  30 
June  I,  1860.,, 1  (Iperct.  20 
June  1.5,  IMiU.   fiperct.   20 


ri74;>    Currency.. 


I  Onl. 

Onl. 

Onl. 

Onl. 
1  Onl. 
I  Ord. 

Onl. 
'  Ord. 
I  Ord. 
I  Onl.  (il77) 

Onl.  (121W  V 

Onl.  (i3(>4  I 
I  Onl.  (1220 
I  stale  Act, 
I  Mar.  7,  'i;T 
I  Ord.      11220 

Onl.      621!) 


5'4ft 
.'.745 
5745 
.'Hi  III 
805: 1 
(ill.-i:l 
;i5li5 
I'lOVI 

:ii)ii8 


Currency.. 
Currency.. 
Currency., 
Currency.. 
Currency., 
Currency.. 
C'urreiu^y.. 
Currency.. 
Currency.. 

Gold 


i<i'|it.  1,  I86H.. 
Sept.  15,  1806. 
Nov.  1,  18611 .. 
Nov.  I.'.,  1866.. 
Dec.  15, 1806..; 


Jan.  1,  18«7....i 
Jiin.  16, 1867 
Fi'li.  1,  1817... 
Afirll  I,  1S.'.7, 
Aplil  I,  18(17,. 
Mev  1,  1867, ,. 
Miiy  If.,  I8..)7. 
Juno  1,  1867  . 
June  10,  18.'i7. 


6perct.   20 
Operct.  20 

!     DUE  1885.     I 
7l>erct.   20    Fell.  1,  IHnS....   National  liank  of  Cotntuerce,  N.Y.. 
Gpercl.  2U    July  1, 188A....  National  Hatik  uf  Republic,  M.Y.... 

DCE  1880.    I 

Feb.  I),  1886. ..1  Nnll.iiiiil  llardi  of  Republic,  N.Y.... 

June  1,1886...'  Null.iniil  Ilauk  of  Itepnl.lic,  N.Y.... 

June  15,  188(1.  Natioup.l  Hank  of  Itepulill.-,  NY... 

.Sept.  1,  1886...  Null..nal  Hank  .if  R.'|inbllc,  N.Y.... 

.■^ept.  1.1,  1886.  Natboial  Hunk  of  H<'|iul.llc,  N.Y.... 

Nov.  1,  1886  ..  National  Hiuik  of  Kepul.lic,  N.Y. 

N.iv.  l,'.,  I880..I  NhII.iuuI  Hunk  of  llepublic,  N.V.... 

Dec.  1.5,  1881. .  National  ilank  uf  Republic,  NY... 


Oiwrct. 
0  per  ct. 
6|M.rcl. 
6  per  .-t. 
Operct. 


DUE  1887. 

Operct.  20    Jait.  I,  IH87...  Nalloiial  Ilank  uf  Republic, 

Uperct.  20     Jan.  1.1,  18^7,,  Nulloual  Hnuk  of  Republic, 

6|K.rct,   20     Feb.  I,  1887... i  National  Ilauk  of  Id  public, 

6perct    30     April  1,1887..  Nali.inal  Hank  ..f  licpuMic, 

A|>ril  1,1887..{  Natbiluil  Hank  of  Ke|iulillc, 

M.iy  1,  1887...  I  Natl.uial  Ilauk  of  Republic, 

May  16,  1887,,.  National  Hank  ol  R.pul.llc, 

June  I,  1887...'  NalliMial  Ibink  ol  Republic, 


lloepitalu 

(lonerol  |nnp..s.«. ..!!"" 

Cienural  piir|ioiio« ., 

Iinpnivciueut  111  atleets 

Ocueral  piii|io,4cs 

General  pin|i.isfs .,' 


fienernl  pur|Hw,., '  .^„„|„  . 

Ol.l  wator-«ork« "JiNjol 

Old  wati'r-wi.rk ,  in'imoj 

lloluoor  the  KrlelulleM  'ii'iinl 

Old  wulcr-worki. wool 

lloBpitalM .'i'rujol 

Renewiil  In.n  .« xmni 

Renewal  bon.lN I'l^iol 

Loan  bi  1'.  It,  It.Cu ;..jiiio| 

Renewal  Iiou.Ih :''iluO| 

Iinpnivcni..nt<.fliHrlMir,  I'lijol 

linimivenieul  'iriiiul>>:.  4,i'iu)l 

lloUHC  .if  lii'fut;.' '.'iMWll 

IluproveMieut.ifliiirlior,  »i«lol 

0|ieninK  F.iurlh  ..^tict  ,'i<i,iMl| 

'iupnivi'Uicnli.t'h«ili..i,  uTiOol 

lluiU'oveuientiirliiirlRii-.  Ii.'.k) 

lniprov.!Uiont..lliiirli'>i.  ;in' 


1", 

'-'  ''"^ 
'...'..in 


0  per  ct.  2( 

(iperct.  20 

(Ipi'rct  :io 

6|iercl  21 


Operct.  :io    June  lo,  1887.    Nali.mal  Uank  of  Republl.', 


June  25,  1867.  Operct.   20    June  25,  18S7.|  National  Ilauk  of  Kepubllc,  N.Y 


N.Y.,,. 
N.V.... 
N.V.... 
N.\ 

N.Y.,., 
N.Y.... 

Iluprovenieut 
Inipn.veuient 
li>ip-i<vt'iu.-nt 
City  lloKpilal. 
FloatlUK.Iebt. 
KluallHK  debt 

^ielViTS 

Kloalintf  .lelit 
liupi-oveuieut 

Now  wate;-w. 

tfliitrli.ir 

.Ml:nl«ir 
illiaiJKl 

NY. 

N.Y.... 
NY.... 

N.Y.... 

ifHtrfi.tit. 

iRk 

■| 

Cnrroucy....   July  1,  18(17...   6perct.  20    July  1, 1887... (  Nali.inal  Hunk  of  Repiiblli',  N.Y. ...   fauilary  piirp.i«.'ii. . 


Ord. 
Onl. 
Onl. 
Onl. 
Onl. 
Onl. 
Onl, 
Onl. 
Ol'l. 
Onl. 
Ord. 
Male 
Mar. 


(i:i08 
ll:l(18 
:i6i6 
:l(ilU 
:i«l6 

(i44!t 
(il4!l 

:i8!iii 
:>8'.io 
00:1:1 

35li5 

Act, 

2, '07 


Currency.. 
Currency,, 
Currency.. 


Currency.. 
Currency.. 
Currency.. 
Currency., 
Currency.. 
Currency. 
Currency., 
Cnriency., 
Curr.'U.-y.. 
Currency.. 
t  Currency.. 


Jnlv  I,  1867... 
Ani.  I,  18(i7.., 
Sept,  1,  1887... 


Jan,  1,  1808  ., 
Jan.  I,  1868... 
Fell,  I,  18.18,,. 
Feb.  5,  18.18... 
Mairli  0,18.18. 
May  I,  1868  .. 
May  I,  1808  .. 
May  20,  18.18.. 
Juui>  ■',  1858... 
Auk.  1.1,  1868. 
AU|[.  27,  18.18. 


7|»rcl.  2(P  July  1,  1887...  Nallnnal  Hank  ,if  Couilnerce,  NY.. 

Operct.   20  Anic.  1,  I887...I  Natbrniil  Hunk  nf  Republic,  NY.,,. 

8|>«rct.   211  Sept.  1,1887...  National  Hank  of  Republic,  N.Y... . 

Dl  E  D.<8. 

20  Jim.  1,1888...  Niiti.inal  Ilauk  of  lleiuibll.'.  NY.... 

20  Jail.  I,  1888.  NatloiiHl  Ilauk  of  lleiiublli,  N  Y  ,,, 

:lo  Feb,  1,  IS88,,.  Natl.inal  Hunk  of  Republl..  N,Y... 

:io  Feb.  .1,  INva  .  Nalbiiml  Ilauk  of  Republic,  N.Y... 

:I0  MarclHI,  1888.  National  Hank  ..f  llipublic,  N  Y... 

20  Mav   1,1888...  Nuti I  Hank  of  C.inimcne,  N.Y... 

20  Mav  1,  1888  Nati.iunI  Irnnk  ofl^onini'lce.  N  Y... 

(0  May  20,  1888.  Niitloiial  Ilauk  ol  Republic,  N.Y... 

:io  June  2,  1888.  Na:iiuinl  Hcnk  of  Republic,  N.Y.  .. 

20  Auk.  15,  1888.  Niitliinal  Hank  of  Republic,  N  Y.... 

:io  Autt.  27, '888  Nalbmal  Hunk  of  Republic,  N.Y.... 


InBaue  .Viiyluni... 

Fl.iatluK  .lebt 

SoulanI  Mark.'t . 


6  per  ct. 
0  per  It, 
6  per  ct. 
Operct. 
operct. 

cjierct. 

fllKTCt. 

Operct 
(iperct 
Operct 
0  iior  ct. 


Cnrreucy,,..    Sept.  1,1868...   7|>erct 


Ktate    Act, 

Mar.  2, '67    Currency lulv  1, 186fl       7|ierrt 

Ord.     (18.15    Currency....   Aug.  1, 1860...   0|H-rcl 


riiioti  Market , 

Itetii'Wiil  It.  uiIh 

city  Ibwpllal 

City  ll.ini.ltul 

City  ll..«|.itHl 

FloulluK  .lebl 

Sewern 

ti.'iienil  piir|NW4i 

(leuertil  |iiir)hw.'ii 

ItuproveiniMitofltarlNi 
.Hewem 


2(1    Sept,  1,  1888...    National  Ilank  of  Commerce,  N.Y..,  CounlyJidI, 

DIE  18vn. 
20  July  I,  188!),, 
20    Auk,  1>  1880,, 


Natl.iual  Hank  of  Ciimnierc".  N,Y„, 
National  Ilank  uf  I'oninien-e,  N,Y.,, 


Itenewnl  liolidf,. 
Hewem 


1,11 
41.011 


l.«.,l 


p  whftL  I'liri't 

ItoUtitl. 


Anion  lit  of  I 

OiilHtalnl. 

U)Kl'riii. 

ciiial. 


litiils 

Till  imiiHisf^ 

mil  i>miMwo> 

roVLMIUMit  lit  Ktll'OtH 

^ml  (Mii-|Mmi-^ 

ITul  ltllIIM)at'»  ; 


wiitoi-wtirkH... 
wutci-Wiirk». .. 


11(1  ijf  thi'  KriiMiille*, 

\iiiti'i-wtirkf 

jpitjili* ' 


8*,'«M  I 

U.KN  I 
!".'<«  I 


1M<«)I 


iiewiil  iHtii .»... 
iiewiil  IioikIh.. 


mitn  r.  U.  U.l'o... 
ilipwill  IhHI'Ih 


kprovemiMitoflmrlHir. 
iprovpiiii'iit'iflmilKT. 

.llHi' "f  llrfiiBi- 

iliruvellicntuf  ImrlKT. 
I'lllliK  Kuuitli  Stii'i'l 
Hil.>%''nii'iil"ll"iil'"l- 
|iH)ViMiii'iit")f  liiirlMir. 
iinoviinoiitol  tiurlf'r. 

lijirDVi'mpiit  I'f  liitrl'ir, 
lnir..vi'iiii'iiti'Hi:"l»'r. 

iri-VfiiuMil»il  U.iiIk  I. 

y  ll.wliilul 

iilllIlK  •W.! 

iilliHK 'l''l'> 


luiillnn  'MA 1      1*« 

li|)i,ivi'miMit"f»trci'l«. 


K.tl«l 
I.KJOl 


I.IIKIOI 


r',".jo| 
4.'i.'<n| 

w  1 110  J 
:'v«ol 

'.iT;«Ol 
1", 
■:l", 


tw  wtttm -W"i  k».  ■ 
liiiiiir.vii"riHi»™.. 


Ihuim'  AKylmn.- 

...lltlM,!  M'l 

liil.iril  Miirki't... 


Liiiiii  Mmkr't 

[■luivul  II'  nil" 

Ilv  ll""|'ii»l 

|ty  llii»l.lhll 

iV  II.iKlnllll 

.'■illliiK  >M<' 

I'WIM'*  

I'lHTiil  |mr|«wi' 

Uionil  iinriHW^'"  ■   ■  ■ 
■iiprnveuH'iit  oniiirlN"". 


Liiily  J»il' 


I'llPWIll  I'Otlil".- 

l)Wt*rfl 


MUNICIPAL   DEPARTMENTS. 


771 


j!|,:io  1,11 1:1.22     ^m 

fl^l 

I,lss.22.'i.7:t       ^^H 

of  rcloroncp,  a  dut:ii!t!C^Ha 
of  8t.  Ill  mis,  frui'i  tlie^H|| 

juihcr  ly 

iM 



BUNDED  DEBT,— Cbnllnutd. 


iUH  Act,    fi"lil. 
Onl,     lii-i    I'lirreucy 

erd.   73M    Currency.. 


JiiiieZA,  1870,  BporcL 
Doc.  1, 1840...   Aperct. 


When  Due. 


DUB  1890. 

.lune  2i>,  1800. 

80    Dec,  1,  18D0... 

I  j 

'    DUR  1891.    I 

i  Fob.  1,1871...    6pnrrt.   '20     Feb.  1,  1801... ' 

Opi    70'is    Giiid r....,  Junel,  1871,..  flperct.i  20    Jnne  I,  I8U1... 

I  I  DUE  1802. 

•al.  Aci,    Oold April  1,1872,.  « per  ct.  20    .\prll  1, 189a... 

ilir%,'7^    O.ilil June  1, 1872..!  6  per  ct.  20    June  1, 1892... 

(ri.   «lo;i    CM Dec.  10, 1872..|  Bperct.  aj    Dec.  1(1. 1892.. 

j  I  '  UUK  l«9;i. 

(irJ.   7070    liuld Jan.  1,  1873....   (Ipercl.  20    Jan.  1,  1893... 

.ittll  Act, 

ttt.f>,'''i  iio\<\.... 


Where  1'ayHble. 


For  wimt  Purpose 
luued. 


Amount  of 

OutMlnnd- 

iuK  Frlu- 

cipal. 


(See  nl«o"DM«  1000.") 

City  Treasury !  New  waler-worki WISO.OOO 

City  Treasury ruLllo  square _ 25,000 

i 

Nnllonal  Biink  of  Unpubllc,  N.V....'  Kennwal  bonds l.W.OOO 

JlotdsatNat,  Bk.Conimi'rce.  N.Y...  Ilenewal  bonds 1       475,000 

(Int.  nt  Nat.  Ilk.  lli'public,  N.Y.) 

National  Bank  of  Coiumerce,  N.Y...  Now  water-works 1     1,280,000 

National  Bank  of  Commerce,  N.Y.,  ' 

or  City  TreMury General  pnrpoees... 

National  Dank  of  Oomnicrce,  N.Y...  Bridge  approaches.. 


July  1,1873...   a  per  ct.  20    July  1, 1893... 

W    mi    llold,$l«iH)    Nov.  1,1873...  6 perct.  20    Nov.  1,  1893... 
£2(I>J  ,  ill 

j  i  '     nUB  1894, 

]  Jan.  1,  1874...;  Bperct.   20    Jan.  1,  1804... 

i  , 


600,000 
401,000 

National  Bank  of  Commerce,  N.Y...  Sewers 200,000 

Natloniil  Bank  of  Commerce,  N.Y., 

or  City  Treasury Reuowal  bonds 250,000 

Natioi.nl  iJiink  of  ronimorco,  N.Y.,' 

or  £,  London Ronewal  bonds 1,074,000 


iult   Act, 

Hit  ^  '"-    (lOld.- 

•H.   S'W    (5"1<1 ;  March  1,  1874.'  Operct.,  20     March  1,1H94, 


W    8791'.    Cold,  JliKKii  July  1, 1874.,. 
£'J(K) 

W    879-,:    Hold,   »I000  July  1,  1874... 
£200 

jale   Act    Oold,  SIO'k)  July  1, 1874... 


eperct.l  20  July  1,  1804.. 
Sperct,|  20  I  July  1, 1894.. 
6parct.|  20  'July  1,1894.. 


Renewal  bonds.. 
Sewers 


Renewal  bonds.. 


Fl'Mtingdebt.. 


DUK  m<r>. 

fi|)ercl.'  20  '  Jan.  1,  IK9A.. 


Refunding     water-pipe 
tax 


211    May  1, 1895... 
20    May  1, 189.1... 


(ifttt  Act, 

!I«S,'72   Colli Jan.  1, 1878..,, 

i.rt  W"ii   (Jolil,  i'.'KXJ  May  I,  187i"i...|  6per it.  20    Mny  1,  :«w 

£-.Vn  I  I 

r-i    m70   Gold,  JIOIHP  May  1,1875...   Bperct,  20    May  1, 189,'i 

£2iKI  I  I 

Ti  (MTil   Cold,  JlcKPii  May  1,  1875...  1  fl pcrct.j  20    May  1,1895 

£•200 
jut  \d.   Cold,  gliKS)  May  1,1875...  6 iwrcl. 
■      .  .  £200  ' 

Mr   Act,  I 

Jitll  "i.'i   OoM  May  1, 1875...!  flperct. 

M    \m    Ciin-iiiy...,  July  21, 184.5..  Operctl  ,80    July  2I,  189.) 

I  ml.  97W   Culd,  JIIHK)  Nov.  17, 1875..  6 per ct.l  20    Nov.  17, 1896, 

£;:uu  j  I 

I  iaii  Aft,  '  I  DUK  18110. 

tv.-),'i  Oold '  Jan.  1, 1878...'  tperct.i  20    Jan,  1,  IsOii,. 

i         I      Dt'K  1898. 

I  i«t  h:*:i   Colli,  $MKSI  Jnne  1, 18V8...'  6p«rct.'  20    June  I,  1»9H,. 
£'2IKI  ]  ' 

M.  mxi  Cold Aug.  1,1868...   6  per  ct,  30    Aug,  1,1x98.. 

i  i  I     DI;K  I8U9. 

:»lM,;i:i   CoM,  !ll«»l  Jan.  1,1870...   Bporrl.  20    Jan.  I,  18!i9,,. 
£!UI,                              I  I  I 

I  DUE  I'.iiki. 

|M.1I,06«  Cold,  lldtm  Jan.  1, 1880.,,  S per  ct.  20    Jan.  I,  19(Hi... 

£.1111 

1*1.11,161   (ioiil,  JliNKi  June  1,188U...,  Bpercl.  Id    June  1,  19(10,.. 

£-J(Ht  ■  —      Ued'llllll'l''    lit 

,  20    cily'a     opiiou 
after  IWKi.        j 

'  DI'E  i.kWl.     ' 

Operct.  311    A|iill  I,  I9(IA... 

Oporct.   311     April  1,  190.8... 

Operct.  30    April  1,1906... 

I     DUR  19(M. 
Operct.  40    April  l(i,  I9(J«. 


National  Bunk  of  Commerce,  NY., I 

or  C'ty  PreaHury 

Nntiiiiial  Blink  of  ('oiiiinnrco,  N.Y.. 
Niitloiial  Hank  of  Coininerco,  N.Y., 

;ii  C  Ltindoti 

(Inter  HI  iinyaldo  1st  M  :yiMid  Nov.) 
Nadolial  Ibilik  of  (Niuilnercu,  N.  Y., 

j        or  t  Loudon 

I  (Intori'Kt  I '.yaldelKtMiiyand  Nov.) 
Niitioiia?  Bank  of  Commerce,  N.Y., 

or  £  Lor  don 

^Interest  payable  IslMayand  Nov.), 

NHtionnI  Bank  of  Cnnimprre,  N  Y..^ 
■  Natl'iniil  Hank  of  ('uininerre,  N.Y., 

or  £  L<oiil<in 

Natiuniil  Hai.k  of  Commeri-e,  N.Y., 

or  £  Loudon 

NaMoiial  Biiiil  oKVnimerc.^,  NY., 

or  £  Lnn.ion 

.NiiliotMil  IVink  of  Commert'e,  N.Y., 

or  £  London 

National  Bank  of  Commerce,  N.Y.. 
Ntttloniil  Hank  ot  C^niiiiieice,  N.Y.. 
National  Hank  of  I'oninierce,  N.Y., 

or  £  l.iiiidun 

(Ititun'Ht  |iayattlu  Int  May  and  Nov.) 

National  Hank  of  (jnnimurce,  N.Y..   Renewal  bunds.. 


Ronewal  bonds 

Renewal  bonds i 

.Mill  Creek  sewer j 

Catiudelet  indebtedness' 
Fire  department 1 


(leueral  purfiosi'S.. 
I'lM-clnuu  Block  7.. 

House  of  Refu^),. 


National  Bank  of  Coninierce,  N.Y.,! 

or  £  l.iiiidon !  Renewal  lionds 

N'a(  olial  Bank  of  Uipuldic,  N.Y,...,  Tower  CJruvo  I'alk.. 


National  Bank  of  Comniene,  N.Y  , 

or  £  London 1  Renewal  bondf;.. 


National  Bank  of  Commerce,  N.Y.,i 

or  £  l.iiiidon Renewal  bjliils,. 

Naliuiiiil  Hunk  of  Commerce,  N.Y,, 

or  £  London Renewal  bo.'ids.. 


I  SU'  Art,  I 

llAi,  7,i  Oold A|irll  1, 1876... 

Itw  Arl, 

llulfTS  Gold April  1, 1875... 

I  to  ,VI, 

|li:t75  Gold April  1,  1876... 

I  j 

IM  S7l(i  (hirrency,,,.!  April  10, 1866. 


National  Bank  of  Commerce,  N  Y..^  Purchase  Forent  Park.,. 

National  Bank  of  Cominerre,  N.Y..'  Purchase       Carondelet 

'         i'ark 

National  Bank  of  Commerce,  N.Y..I  PuichaMeU'Kallon  Park 


National  Bank  of  Itepnblic,  N  Y,...!  Purchase  Block  121.. 


To(al.. 


T  llil<  amount  should  be  addetl  renewal  bonds  flitcal  year  1881-82,  held  for  sale  to  the  sinking  fund,  the  matured  bonds 
1**1-112  having  lieen  redeemed  by  means  advanced  from  llie  treasury 


100,000 
0,000 

372,000 
900,000 

800,000 

100,000 

372,000 

30,(100  ' 

66,(X)0  ' 
I 
100,000 

6(10,(100  I 
4o,UIK)  j 

50,000  I 

i 

100,000 


693,000 
340,000  j 


675,000 

476,000 
648,000 


1,300,000  I 

200,(X)0  ' 
4(ni,000 

248,000 


t22,lU7,00() 


144,000 


122,311,000 


f'M'IK.i-^vvJ, 

i'';,':'l:,>vV'     ' 

t   ''      ..         "v  '(TS' 

'  ,  ■''  .  ^ 

*  'vl^'iv,:^,'**.",: 

•  *■  ■'■4',i'«!'  •:'■;  :■ 

'  ^^K'U  i.. 


Il  III 


'  \ 


I    , 


772 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Sewerage  System. — As  early  as  1778  proviojin 
was  made  tor  drainiii';  the  town  uf  St.  Louis,  as  ap- 
pears from  the  fact  that  on  the  15th  of  March  of 
that  year  the  iuhabitants  af.senibled  at  the  close  of 
tlie  mass 

"  in  the  government  hall,  in  presence  of  Don  Francisco  Cruzat, 
Lieiiten»nt-(iovcrnor,  to  consider  ns  to  tlic  most  convenient 
nioiins  of  givin;;  it  jiropcr  drniniige  to  the  rain-wiitor  that  settles 
in  the  back  lots  of  the  village  along  the  buck  street ;  ami  they 
agreed  that  a  gutter  or  canal  should  be  made  at  once  down  the 
street  or  road  between  the  lots  of  Franyois  Bissonnet  and  Con- 
rad (now  Chestnut)  Street,  to  draw  the  water  to  the  Mississippi, 
and  to  allow  a  constant  drainage  to  the  water  from  the  gullies 
and  sink-iioles;  and  for  this  purpose  they  named  Lnpiorre, 
Taillon,  Desehennes,  Lachause,  and  Baccuunct  io  devise  a  plan 
for  the  same  and  have  it  done."  ! 

Those  present  and  signing  the  official  record  were  I 
Lachuusc,  Baccaunet,  Deschennes,  Taillon,  Bissonnct,  1 
Conand,  Dubreuil,  A.  Chouteau,  Labuscifjre,  Barada,  I 
Terraute,  Benito,  Jos.  Labrosse,  Ortes,  Koubien,  ' 
Bargas,  Francisco  Cruzat.  | 

No  action  looking  to  the  construction  of  a  general  I 
system  of  sewerage,  however,  was  taken  until  1843,  | 
in  which  year  the  Legislature  granted  the  city  a  new  I 
charter,  among  the  provisions  of  which  was  one  giving 
the  mayor  and  City  Council  power  by  ordinance  to 
"  establish,  erect,  and  keep  in  repair  bridges,  culverts, 
and  sewers,  and  regulate  the  use  of  the  same ;  to 
e8ti;blish,  alter,  and  change  the  channel  of  water- 
courses, and  to  wall  them  up  and  cover  them  over." 
In  the  message  of  the  mayor,  Hon.  John  M.  Krum, 
to  the  City  Council  on  the  8th  of  May,  1848,  it  was 
stated  that  the  want  of  proper  sewers  was  a  serious 
cause  of  complaint  on  the  part  of  the  citizens.  St. 
Louis,  he  added,  was  favorably  situated  for  the  con- 
struction of  sewers,  but  the  city  finances  would  not 
then  admit  of  the  expenditure.  Mayor  Krum,  how- 
ever, recommended  that  the  subject  be  kept  steadily 
in  view  in  all  the  street  improvements  tliercafter  made. 
"  Sewers,"  he  said,  "  are  so  essential  to  cleanliness, 
and  contribute  so  largely  to  comfort  and  convenience, 
that  their  construction  in  this  city  cannot  and  will  not 
bo  'ong  delayed.  If  the  public  mind  i.s  not  now  pre- 
jjitrcd  to  sHnction  lln'  undtrtaking  it  will  snon  be.  Of 
thii  I  liiivf  ni'  doubt."  Mr.  Krum's  prophecy  was 
realized  much  sooner  than  he  anticipated,  for  the  great 
c!iol"ni  epidemic  of  184!t  directed  public  attention 
most  forcibly  to  the  vital  importance  of  at  once  be- 
ginning the  construction  of  an  efficient  system  of  sew- 
era(:e.  Trior  to  llii.s  tinu  the  city  had  depefided  mainly 
upon  surfiiee  drainage,  and  within  the  city  limits  were 
u  nuntber  of  sluggish  streams  and  stagnant  ponds,  into 
which  the  driiiniige  of  the  'oost  ihiekly-seilled  quar- 
ters found  its  way.     The  water  thus  became  fearfully 


contaminated,  exhaling  noxious  vapor>  ;ui,l  miasi     | 
which  were  a  prolific  source  of  diseaM'.     Tho  clml ,  ' 
made  its  appearance  early  in  January,  ami  wa.s  un- 
doubtedly  Etimulated  by  the  wretched  sanitary  condl'l 
tion  of  the  city.     In  those  days  the  tupouraphy  A 
St.  Louis  was  very  different  from  what  it  is  at  ihel 
present  time.      There  were  sink-holes  where  level! 
streets  now  extend,  and  knobs,  moumls,  ami  liJUocks  I 
As  the  neighboring  grounds  were  clcaie,!  a-.iay  audi 
plowed  over,  and  there  began  to  be  accmiiuiationF  off 
garbage  in  the  city  which  it  ens  necef  ;aiy  ti.  remove  J 
the  great  p,ink-ho!es  that  used  to  gape  over  tiie  surface 
from   Eighth  Street  to  Twentieth  Street,  and  fro,J 
Chestnut  to  Salisbury  Streets,  became    lumps,  and 
their  outlets  became  obstructed.     In  course  ol'  tiiud 
the  city  was  surrounded  by  stagnant  pund.s  which 
tuidcd  green  in  summer,  and  from  their  ibtid  waten 
was  waflod  the  breath  of  the  dreadful  lualaria.    FoJ 
years  ^^t.  Louis  was  noted  far  and  near  as  the  •sick J 
city,"  and  men  avoided  it,  travelers  iiastened  theU 
journeys,  and  business  men  from  abroad  pre.ssed  theii 
affairs  to  a  speedy  conclusion  and  hastened  away  frort 
the  place. 

Among  the  most  noted  of  these  poison  laboratoriel 
with  which  St.  Louis  was  afflicted  a  generaiinn  as 
was    that   situated  about  where  are   now  Elevi'iitl 
and  TwoKlh  and  O'Fallon  Streets  aivl  ('ass  .\veiiaJ 
extending  north  of  the  last-named       ,'et  for  nearly} 
block.     It  was  called  "  Kayser's  Lake."    Mr.  Kavs< 
was  at  that  time  city  engineer,  and  the  residcuis  1 
ita  neighborhood,  no  doubt  thinking  he  was  in  son 
way  responsible  for  the  continuance  of  the  nuisaiio( 
dubbed   it  "  Kayser's  Lake."     It  was  a  verv  Ian 
pond,  the  basin  of  a  sink-hole  whose  outlet  had  ba 
stopped  up ;  and  it  was  a  very  ugly  body  of  wati 
which   in  summer  changed  to  a  yellovv-ureen.  ad 
emitted  vajrors  freight<;d  with  chills,  fevers,  and  dcatl 
Means  to  drain  it  effectually  were  demanded.    It  i 
deep  and  wide  then,  and  to  fill  it  up  at  enee  wuiiljl 
an  undertaking  not  to  be  thought  of    An  undcrL'iiiui 
sewer  was  the  practical  thing  by  which  to  airiiinplij 
the  desired  c  J.     Surveys  were  made,  and  "  K;ivse 
Lake"  became  the  location  of  the  Biddle  .^^treii -owl 
tho   first  of  the  great  underground  draina^'t 
with  which  St.  Louis  is  supplied.    This  was 
1851-52. 

The  dam  across  the  stream,  and  ili"  frrowth  nt'i 
city,  with  the  rapid  accumulation  nl'  uarhai'.'.  lil| 
up  the  lower  portion  of  the  course  cd'  .Mill  Civk, 
Chouteau's    Lake    became  an  uiisiuhlly  |iend. 
water  which  fell  upon  seven  thousand  aires  of  ;;ri)d 
WHS  all  collected  and  forced  down  the  valliy  of  1 
Crock,  and  hundreds  of  acres  of  land  on  wliicli 


MUNICIPAL  DEPARTMENTS. 


r73 


vapors  tiii.l  miasma, 
iliseiisc.  'I'lic  ulioli'va  | 
lanuiiry.  aii'l  was  un- 
itehod  sitiitary  eoiidi-j 
.ys  Ui(!  t(.i'o;irapliy  ufl 
om  wluit  it  is  at  tliej 
ink-liiilos  wlicre  level  I 

niounils,  ami  liillocks. 
¥evc  clean''!  away  and! 

to  be  accuuiulation?  of] 
(\s  iiecof  lary  to  rcuiuveJ 
to  j;ape  over  tlie  surfac* 
itieth  Street,  anil  frnml 
s,  became  lumps,  and 
:ed.  Ill  cdurse  of  tiiiiej 
stagnant  punds  which 

from  tlieir  fetid  waten 

dreadful  malaria.  Fed 
'  and  near  as  the  ■•  sickli 

travelers  liastened  theiJ 
from  al-riiad  pressed  theil 
1  and  liastened  away  ini{ 

r  tbese  pdison  laboratorid 

afflicted  a  geneiaiion  ag 

ivhore  arc   now  Elcvoiitl 

Streets  ai'.d  ("ass  .\vei\ttJ 

■  named       .'el  for  nearly  j 

ser's  Lake."    Mr.  Kays 

(neer,  and  the  ri'sidtuisi 

tbinking  be  was  in  sou 

Intinuance  of  the  nuisaiio 

,e."      It  was  a  very  Ian 

bole  whose  outlet  had  be 

very  u;i:ly  body  of  wati 

|d  to  a  yellow -green,  ad 

itb  cbills.  fevers,  and  deatj 

ly  were  demanded.    It ' 

till  it  up  at  once  wtiuM  1 
lOUfibt  of.  An  uiider-i. 
[lip  by  which  to  aeeeiaiilil 
were  made,  ami  •  Kiys 
of  the  15iddle  Street  n'uj 
ilerpround  draiaap  ^M 
supplied.     'I'l.is  was  at 

lam,  and  tli"  (rrowih  "f 
Imulalioii  of  p\M'y 
L«  course  of  Mil'  ('>'"''' 
I  an  miM-htly  pond. 
Ln  tliousaiid  aeres  "I' ':rol( 
led  down  lh(>  valley  M' 
lucres  of  land  on  wliidi 


I  .|v  is  now  built  were  converted  into  swampa  when 
ijligavy  sprinfi  rains  fell.  It  became  necessary  to 
Jo  soinetiiiiifj  with  Mill  Creek,  and  a  vast  arched 
miieri-TOuml  canal  was  projected. 

■it.  Louis  is  admirably  located  for  drainage  purposes, 
I ;,;  site  desccndinj;  in  a  series  of  terraces  to  the  river. 
lisiiirfaee,  almost  impenetrable  by  waterand  exhibiting 
1  HI  extensive  levels,  possesses  all  the  conditions  re- 
1  jui-iie  for  perfect  drainage  ;  but  before  the  streets 
ijie  traded  and  sewers  constructed  the  ground  was  ; 
hnto  bv  ridges  which  cut  off  large  districts  from  all 
llirft't  drainage  to  the  river,  and  there  were,  as  stated 
I  ilwve,  numerous  basins  or  depressions  of  considerable 
lueaffliicli  had  no  natural  outlet  for  surface  water 
Incept  through  sink -holes  and  crevices  of  the  rocks. 

Tlicse  natural  outlets  sufficed  for  a  time,  but  as  the 
hivrew  aid  grades  were  established  and  elevations 
hided  off,  the  earth  was  deposited  in  the  sink-holes. 
I(i«(|uenlly  the  natural  drains  were  clogged,  and 
liiMiiie  pools  of  stagnant  waiter,  into  which  most  of 
lie  city's  filth  was  swept,  were  created.  In  time,  as 
aJv  intlieateil,  malaria  was  generated,  and,  accord- 
|ti2  to  a  local  writer,  "  an  atmosphere  of  chills  and 
liter  seemed  to  envelop  the  town." 

The  iiroblein  of  constructing  a  complete  system  of 

|iijiuii:;e  was  eirefuUy  studied  before  the  work  was 

liuUy  undertaken,  and  at  first  it  presented  very  un- 

liicmisiii"  features  to  the  engineers.     Elaborate  sur- 

litti.  however,  developed  the  fact  that  while  there 

Iftre  few  natural  water-courses,  there  was  no  serious 

ImIc  to  a  complete  and  effective  drainage.     Mill 

Ifftk,  eulling  througii  the  centre  of  the  city,  was 

Imilv  the  only  natural  channel  practicable  for  a  large 

iHtr,  bit  there  were  several  important  basins  entirely 

liiijut  outlets,  and  to  tap  these  was  the  necessity. 

Ilie  suceession  of  ridges  rising  one  behind  the  other 

Inicfa  diversified  the  surface  of  the  city  constituted  a 

\mm  of  barriers  whiidi  had  to  be  pierced  through 

litiliiiNiwers  in  order  to  drain  the  stagnant  waters  be- 

liM.aiid  it  is  thij  method  of  piercing  through  a  ridge 

It  lip  the  inelosed  basin  that  distinguishes  the  St. 

Ikis  sewer  .system. 

The priiicijial basins  were  as  follows:   Beginning  on 

liitiiurth,  the  ridge  at  the  southwest  of  Gingrass 

ll'nek  enclosed  a  broad  depression  that  had  no  surface 

Iwirt.   Then  in  the  vicinity  of  Fifteenth  and  Benton 

Iniiniiiher  region  that  required  artificial  drainage. 

llwiDiliisran^'e  southward  along  Twentieth  Street  runs 

|irkv  rid^e  which  constitutes  a  divide  between  the 

ttsliipe  and  a  depressed  region  farther  west.     Tiiis 

^its.Mijii  was  formerly   filled  with   sink-holes,  the 

|iiiiiii..'e  (if  which  had  cut  natural  channels  through 

iiiock.^ioider  the  ridge.      Rocky  Branch  found  its 


way  under  the  divide  by  these  channels  and  brok-i  out 
on  the  eastern  .slope.  From  the  fact  that  the  ridge, 
so  to  speak,  bridged  these  drains,  it  was  called  the 
Natural  Bridge. 

West  of  Grand  Avenue,  in  Butehertcwn,  was  still 
another  sink-ho'e  basin,  comprising  about  one  thousand 
acres.  The  water  from  this  region,  draining  through 
uiidor  the  Grand  Avenue  ridge,  used  to  come  out 
about  Elliott  Avenue,  which  was  the  head  of  Rocky 
Branch.  About  the  neighborhood  of  Twentieth  and 
Wa.sh  Streets  was  a  depression  which  had  to  be 
tupped.  Pa.ssing  on  to  the  southward  the  valley  of 
Mill  Creek,  comprising  some  six  thousand  acres,  shed 
all  its  water,  freighted  with  filth  and  surface-wa.shings, 
into  Chouteau's  Pond.  This  eventually  became  an  un- 
wholesome slough,  and  was  made  the  central  artery  of 
the  great  system.  South  of  Mill  Creek  there  was  a 
broad  stretch  of  land  that  slopes  with  comparative 
evenness  from  the  region  of  the  city  hospital  to  the 
river.  At  Arsenal  Street,  however,  the  ridge  incloses 
another  depression  with  walls  of  stone.  Still  farther 
south  at  Chippewa  Street  was  one  more  sink-hole 
basin,  and  in  Carondelet  at  Stein  Street  was  another. 

The  need  of  a  thorough  system  of  sewerage  having, 
as  we  have  .shown,  been  brought  into  conspicuous 
prominence  by  the  frightful  mortality  from  cholera  in 
the  winter  of  184'J,  the  Legislature  passed  an  act 
authorizing  the  City  Council  of  St.  Louis  to  borrow  a 
sum  not  exceeding  fifty  thou.sand  dollars  for  the  con- 
struction of  a  sewer  or  sowers,  "  commencing  at  any 
point  on  or  near  Seventh  Street,  and  north  of  Wash- 
ington Avenue,  as  may  be  deemed  most  desirable,  to 
drain  off  all  the  water  that  collects  at  intersections  of 
cross  streets  with  Seventh  Street  and  north  of  Wash- 
ington Avenue."  This  act  was  approved  March  12, 
1849.  About  the  same  time  the  Legislature  pas.sed 
the  first  act  (also  approved  March  12,  1849)  "  to  pro- 
vide a  general  system  of  sewerage  in  the  city  of  St. 
Louis."     The  act  was  as  follows  ; 

"  /?!■  it  Vliitrt^d  hlj  the  (iflln-at  AiiHtinb/lf  nf  the  Stfltc  nf  MiMHnnri 

"  1.  Till!  Minyor  ami  City  Council  of  St.  Ijoiiis  sliiill  ciuise  by 
Dnliniinoc  tlio  city  to  be  laid  »S  into  ili:'triets  to  be  ilrained  l)y 
|o'iiiel|inl  mill  Intcial  or  tributary  sowers,  having  reference  tn  a 
);enoiiil  pliin  of  ilrainai;o  by  seworsfor  the  wliolo  city,  iinil  num- 
ber unil  record  Ihu  .lamc. 

"  2.  Whencv.r  a  niujurity  of  the  owners  of  real  esliitc  withi> 
liny  district  nhall  |>etiliiin  for  the  conntruelion  of  the  senera  iu 
.laid  district,  the  I'ily  Cmineil  shall  have  jiower  by  ordinnnco  t* 
levy  and  collect  a  special  tax  on  the  real  estate  witliin  said  dis- 
trict so  draineil,  not  to  exceeil  one-half  of  one  |icr  centum  per 
iiniiniii  on  the  assesjc.l  value  of  said  real  estate,  for  the  purpose 
of  ooiislriiciiii)(  said  sowers,  which  tax  shall  Ijo  annually  levied 
and  collecti'd  as  other  city  taxes,  and  AmW  I'liiL^titute  a  lien  on 
the  real  estate  on  which  It  ia  assessed,  and  shall  not  be  repealad 


If 


774 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


or  altered  until  the  debt  created  thereby  Rhall  have  beeii  fully 
paid. 

"  S,  Whenever  a  petition  signed  as  nforesnid  is  profiented  to 
the  City  Council,  they  shall  provide  by  ordinance  for  the  letting 
and  conHrut'tion  of  the  sewers  ur  such  parts  thereof  ii.x  Khali  be 
necessary,  and  may  from  time  to  time  extend,  enlarge,  or  alter 
the  same,  under  such  terms  and  un  such  conditions  as  they  may 
deem  necessary. 

"  4.  The  mayor  and  City  Council,  upon  the  presentation  of  a 
petition  as  aforesaid,  may  borrow  any  sum  of  money  ncces.-ary 
for  the  construction  of  the  sewers  in  any  district,  nnd  issue  the 
bonds  of  the  city  for  the  same,  |)ayable  and  predicated  in  interest 
and  principal  upon  the  tax  in  the  second  section  of  this  act 
mentioned. 

"  5.  All  moneys  collected  under  and  by  virtue  of  this  act 
■hall  be:ippli«d  to  the  district  from  which  they  are  so  collected, 
nnd  to  nu  other  purpose  or  use." 

Prior  to  the  pa.s.sage  of  this  act  a  number  of  short 
box  drains  had  been  built  aoross  the  public  landing  to 
the  river,  nearly  or  quite  all  having  been  constructed 
by  private  parties  for  the  drainage  of  their  own  prop- 
erty. In  March,  1850,  the  construction  of  the  first 
public  sewer  was  commenced.  It  was  known  as  the 
Biddle  Street  sewer,  and  was  intended  to  drain  a  large 
pond  formed  by  the  closing  of  sink-holes  or  openings 
in  the  rock  which  were  the  natural  outlet  for  the  drain- 
age of  a  large  basin  centering  in  the  vicinity  of  Ninth 
and  Biddle  Streets. 

On  the  27th  of  July,  1850,  the  mayor,  Hon.  Luther 
M.  Kennctt,  approved  an  ordinance  passed  by  the 
City  Council  "  to  provide  a  general  system  of  sewer- 
age," which  directed  that  the  .sowers  should  be  con- 
structed under  the  supervision  of  the  city  engineer, 
in  conformity  with  plans  and  specifications  to  be  made 
by  hira  in  each  case,  and  to  be  submitted  by  him  to 
the  City  Council  for  approval.  It  was  also  provided 
that  there  should  be  constructed 

"in  addition  to  the  large  sewer  on  Biddle  .'■treet,  already 
provided  for  by  ordinance,  another  large  sewer  on  Poplar 
Street,  commenoing  at  or  near  Ninth  .'Street,  and  c.iding  at 
the  low-water  lino  at  the  foot  of  I'lipliir  Street.  Said  sewer 
shall  be  twenty  feet  wide  in  ,  le  span  of  the  invcrteil  lint  areh, 
and  forming  the  bottom  of  it,  or  of  the  samj  width  if  tlie  hnt- 
tom  should  be  on  the  natural  rock,  anil  ten  feet  high  in  the 
middle,  and  shiill  have  a  regular  and  uniform  descent  from  its 
upper  to  its  lower  end." 

Besides  the.se  large  sewers  the  construction  of  other 
sewers  was  ordered, — on  Seventh  Street,  commencing 
at  the  highest  point  in  said  street  and  running  thence 
northwardly  with  a  regular  descent  into  the  sewer  on 
Biddle  Street ;  on  Ninth  Street,  couimcneing  at  the 
highest  point  on  said  street  and  extending  to  the 
sewer  on  Poplar  Street ;  on  North  Ninth  Street,  com- 
mencing at  the  highest  point  north  of  Biddlo  Street 
and  south  of  Cass  Avenue,  and  running  thence  tu 
the  Biddle  Street  sewer;  and  on  every  street  running 


east  and  west  between  Poplar  nnri  IViddle  .Streets     J 
sewer  commencing  at  the  highcFt  point  in  the  street 
east  of  Eighth  Street,  and  running  th. ncp  oastwardjv 
with  a  regular  descent  to  the  low-WMicr  line  m  ih   I 
foot  of  such  street;  and  also  from  said  ]\i"liest  i 
running  westwardly,  to  intersect  the  S(w,r  in  Seventh  I 
I  or  Ninth  Street,  as  the  case  might  be.    I'or  the  pnrnii    J 

■  of  draining  the  cellars  on  private  propi  i  ly.  it  wxs  pro. 
vided  that  lateral  sewers  should  be  con.-tnioted  on  all] 

j  the  streets  in  each  sewer  district  ruimini;  at  ri"htl 
,  angles  to  the  main  sewer  of  such  distrjit. 
j  Four  days  later,  July  31,1 850,  the  mayor  ay,pruved j 
I  an  ordinance  providing  for  the  creation  and  manimej 
mcnt  of  a  common  sewer  fund,  which  amliorized  liiml 

■  to  issue  bonds  from  time  to  time  as  thoy  were  needed 

j  in  the  prosecution  of  the  work  to  an  amount  not  ex-l 
ceeding  ten  thousand  dollars,  and  directed  the  oliieen 
'  of  the  Treasury  Department  to  open  an  account  to  i 
styled  the  "  Common  Sewer  Fund,"  which  should  1 
charged  with  the  amount  of  all  the  eomnion  sewei 
bonds  sold  and  with  all  payments  made  under  authori 
I  ity  of  the  ordinance.    It  was  further  provided  that  ii 
i  should  be  the  duty  of  the  auditor  in  the  month 
January  of  every  year  to  make  out  sewer  tax  bill 
charging  each  lot  in  any  sewer  district  with  a  tax  ij 
equal  proportion,  not  exceeding  one  half  of  one 
centum  on  the  assessed  value  thereof,  according  to  tb 
assessment  of  the  sawe  and  the  improvements  tliereoJ 
a.s  the  same  appeared  on  the  asse8.sniont  hooks  of  th 
city  for  the  preceding  year;  such  tax  to  constitute  j 
lien  upon  the  real  ef.tate  respectively  charired  ilien 
with  until  paid.     The  tax  Wiis  to  be  collected  in  th 
hame  manner  as  the  other  taxes  were  eolleeted.  aoj 
I  all  moneys  thus  obtained  were  to  be  jdueed  to  to 
I  credit  of  the  common  sewer  fund,  and  credited  I 
every  sewer  district  accordingly. 

In  his  message  to  the  City  Council,  Oct.  14. 1'^J 
Mayor  Kennett  stated  that  the  sewers  neeessirv  1 
low  Market  Street  had  been  put  under  enntraii,! 
recommended  that  the  Legislature  bo  pelitioiied 
legislation  authorizing  the  city  to  borrow  nuMiey  I 
the  completion  of  the  Biddle  Street  sower,  and 
construction    of  the   sewer   on    Poplar  Street  (n 
Ninth   Street  to  the  river,  and  the  sowers  pruviij 
for  by  the  ordinance  on  Ninth  and  Seventh  .*>ire( 
In  this  connection  the  mayor  said, — 

"  The  groBt  sewer  on  Diddle  Street  is  a  work  of  whlili  i 
might  he  proud,  as  well  on  account  of  its  mn|;nilij'li>  iiiid  j 
gooil  it  is  to  accomplish  as  the  excellent  iHiininT  in  »liich( 
being  eioistructed.   The  neeo8;"ary  nieiiiis  U<  cmiii|iIi'0'  mil  i 
the  eonueclion  on  .Seventh  Street,  >il  Iciisl  us  fur  up  .is  FoiDl 
Avenue,  eiiould  be  provided  at  thi^  en.    "sl  |iiis.«ililc  moa 
and    I   eonfldontly  hope   that   the    l.eiriylutu.e  will  nin] 
power,  and  thnf  these  works,  as  also  »  sower  of  htgf  iiii 


MUNICIPAL  DEPARTMENTS. 


775 


nil  IVuliUr  Strecto,  a 
■t  poiul  in  tlie  sticet 
ng  ihruco  eastwanlly  ' 
(>\v-w;iirr  lino  ill  the 
im  said  liijjliesl  jKiint,  I 
the  sewer  in  Seventh  I 
t  be.    I'or  llio  puvptwe 
:e  projiciiy.  it  was  pro- 
I  be  constructed  on  all 
rict  runnini:  at  ridit] 
:b  ilistrii't. 

)0,  the  mayor  approvedl 

!  creation  and  maiiai;e- 

,  whieh  aiithorized  himl 

me  as  tlicy  were  noededl 

k  to  an  amount  not  ex-j 

ind  directed  the  officer 

0  open  an  account  to  i 

i'und,"  which  should! 

'  all  the  coninion  sowei 

ents  made  under  auiliorl 

furtlicr  provided  that  ii 

uditor  in  the  month 

ake  out  sewer  tax  bil 

rer  district  with  a  tax  i^ 

liiifT  one  half  of  one 

,  thereof,  accordin;:  to  tb 

Ihe  iraproveincnts  llierwn 

aasesanieiil  hooks  of  th 

such  tax  to  constitute! 

ipectively  eharjicd  then 

rjis  to  be  collected  in  thj 

taxes  were  eollecti.'d.  an 

ere  to  be  placed  to  tl^ 

[er  fund,  and  credited  i 

|y  Council,  Oct.  U,18J 
the  sowers  necessary' 

|i  put  under  contract, 
[islature  be  petitioned  I 
city  to  borrow  money  I 

Idle  Street  sewer.  and 
on   Voplar  Street  fw 
and  the  sewers  provid 
linth  and  Seventh  Sire( 
or  said, — 
[,,H>tisaw.rl'»f»huli"'f 

Jxoellcnt  niio.niTi""'"''''' 
|ry  mmw  t"  coa.lil.-l'-'  i""' 
T-LiilloistiiKf"' "l'.>'f'*»^ 

ih.  ««.  "'l  1""'"'"'  """  , 
Ithc  l.oci-lul>i.f  «■'"  «'"• 
I.  ,il.o  »  8c«i'r  "f  '»'«'  *" 


I    gtreet,  from  Ninth  to  tho  river,  will  be  completed  before 
iiopiro''""  of  ">e  ensuing  year." 

lo  the  report  of  the  city  engineer  for  the  same 

I  M  attention  was  called  to  the  remarkable  advan- 

1  ujes  posses.sed  by  St.  Louis  for  the  perfecting  of  a 

Lmiplete  and  thorough  sy.steni  of  drainage.     "The 

lljcp  channel  and  rapid  current  of  the  Mississippi," 

L  remarked,  "will  be  the  great  trunk  which  lies 

1)K  hundred  and  nfty  feet  below  the  highest  portions 

Lilipcity.    The  Biddle  Street  sewer,  twelve  feet  in 

ifaeter,  now  in  progress  in  the  north  part  of  the 

I  ,n  will  serve  as  a  stem  for  all  such  branches  as  may 

li^  found  necessary  to  completely  drain  the  deep  de- 

|"jj.)ioD  in   the   northwest  part  of  the  city.     The 

L,j|j  i^  fapidly  progressing  under  the  efficient  exer-  : 

Imi!  of  the  contractor,  Mr.  Brooks.  .  .   .  The  north 

Isitofthe  city  will  next  year  in  all  probability  be 

Iwlrated  with  a  sewer  which  will  efifectually  drain 

lilt  offensive  pool  that  is  now  located  in  that  portion 

L'thecity."    Kven  at  this  comparatively  early  day  the 

Ijporiance  of  constructing  a  sewer  to  drain  Mill  Creek 

In!  fullv  recognized.     "  Another  large  sewer,"  wrote 

lit  city  engineer,  "  should  be  constructed  to  drain 

lit  valiev  of  Mill  Creek,  including  the  pool  of  the 

I  known  as  Chouteau's  Pond.     This  pool  is  now 

litticeptaclc  of  all  tho  sewage  water  of  the  adjacent 

IbmuJs,  and  it  is  constantly  filling  up,  as  a  great  cess- 

Iml,  with  the  solid  particles  of  the  sewage,  aup;mcnt- 

Ie  offensive  deposits  that  are  discharged  from  the 

Item  dwelliiiL's." 

In  the  engineer's  report,  Oct.  12, 1852,  it  was  stated 
lilt " sewer-work  continues  to  increase  in  all  sections 
liihecity,  and  in  all  instances  seems  to  satisfy  the 
|m  of  those  who  have  urged  it  forward."  At 
liniiDethe  Thirteenth  Street  sewer  had  been  coni- 
Ivdf'l;  Poplar  Street  sewer  was  "progressing  with 
Ikkv  :.iid  success ;"  Morgan  Street  sewer  was  being 
pjt;  and  St  Ciiarlcs  and  Christy  Avenue  sewers 
lulieen  comincneed. 

|j  the  city  engineer's  report,  Oct.  10,  1853,  the 

Itiitice  of  Ciiouteau's  Pond  was  again  brought  to 

Ii  mention  of  the  City  Council.     "  Tho  water,"  it 

liiit<i,  "collectiti;'  in  the  artificial  pond  created  by 

nlam  in  former  years  built  across  Chouteau's  vnl- 

|«»est'if  Ninth  Street  finds  its  passage  only  grad- 

Huhroutzh  the  flocd-gate  of  the  old  mill,  which, 

jiomtwhat  higher  than  the  surface  of  the  bottom 

<ilif|H)od,  doe-;  jiot  effect  a  complete  drainage,  and 

jail!  a  large  s'lallow  sheet  of  water,  which  during 

B Heather  sion  becomes  very  offensive  and  injur- 

i  th^  he  iltli  of  the  neighborhood.     With  tho 

, of  th'  owners  concerned  and  under  the  order 

U;Buurii  uf  Health  to  correct  the  evil,  a  cut  is 


now  being  made  through  the  dam,  in  continuation  of 
the  sewer,  wide  and  deep  enough  to  carry  off  all  the 
water  as  fast  as  it  collects,  and  to  effect  a  complete 
drainage."     On  the  8th  of  May,  185-1,  the  city  en- 
gineer reported  that  there  were  thirteen  districts  in 
which    s-^wers  had  been  built,  "  covering    together 
an  area  of  about  one  hundred  and  fifty-six  acres." 
The  totp.i  length  of  the  principal  sewers  in  these  dis- 
tricts W..S  about  twenty  thousand  five  hundred  feet, 
and  of  the  branches  upwards  of  twenty-two  thousand 
feet.     The  number  of  inlets  was  two  hundred  and 
seventy-five.     The  construction  of  the  common  sewer 
on  Poplar  Street  was  reported  to  be  progressing  slowly. 
In  fhe  report  for  the  following  year  (Oct.  8,  1855) 
the  engineer  stated  that  sewers  were  constantly  on  the 
increase.     At  that  time  there  had  been  constructed 
"  thirty-one  main  sewers,  draining  over  four  hundred 
acres  of  that  part  of  the  city  most  densely  populated, 
having  a  total  length,  including  laterals  and  inlets  for 
surface  drainage,  of  about  seventeen  miles."  Their  con- 
struction had  cost  over  four  hundred  thousand  dollars, 
excluding  Biddle  Street  sewer,  which  alone  cost  one 
hundred  and  twenty-five  thousand  dollars.    In  the  en- 
gineer's report  of  May  12,  185G,  it  was  stated  that 
the  whole  length  of  the  sewers  was  twenty  miles, 
draining  an  area  of  six  hundred  and  twenty-five  acres, 
and  their  cost  up  to  that  time  over  five  hundred 
thousand  dollars. 

The  construction  of  Poplar  Street  sewer  progressed 
very  slowly,  owing  to  the  fact  that  "  a  stratum  of 
quicksand  percolatef'  by  water"  had  been  encountered 
at  one  of  the  stages  of  the  work,  presenting  difficul- 
ties which  were  not  easily  overcome ;  and  on  the  10th 
of  51  ay,  1858,  the  engineer  reported  that  the  sewer 
had  nut  capacity  enough  "  to  drain  off  at  some  future 
time  all  the  water  and  filth  collecting  in  Mill  Creek 
valley,"  and  intimated  that  a  larger  sewer  for  that 
purpose  would  have  to  be  constructed.  The  sewer 
system  of  St.  Louis  at  this  time  is  thus  described : 

"(lur  sewer  system  is  iliviiliMl  into  tlirct'  |>arts, — |iublic,  dis- 
trict, and  privulo  si'wors.  Tlie  public  sewers  are  built  at  the 
general  expense  of  the  cor|>nniti»n  nlnnf{  the  main  lines  of 
ilniiuBf;*^,  such  as  Uenton,  lildille,  I'nplar,  liiirtun,  and  some 
other  streets,  and  arc  paid  fi>r  mil  "f  the  proeeeds  of  the  sale 
of  bonds  issued  by  the  city  under  the  aiitluirity  uf  a  vote  of 
the  jieople,  in  neoordiincu  with  the  charter  and  aetui'  March  12, 
1S49.  This  system  of  public  sewers  hai  not  yet  been  extended 
liver  the  territory  of  the  new  luirtion  of  the  city,  iinr  has  any 
plan  for  thai  purpose  ye,  been  p-edented  to  tin-  City  Council  for 
adoption. 

"  District  sewers  are  the  lateral  and  branch  sewers  connecting 
with  the  main  public  sewers.     The  districts  are  established  by 
the  City  Council,  and  upon  the  petition  of  the  owners  of  n  ma- 
jority of  the  properly  within  the  limits  of  adistriel.  the(^>uneil 
;   directs  the  enninoer  to  cause  .'..o  sower  to  be  constructed  under 
'  contract  with  the  lowest  and  best  bidder  for  tho  work  at  publio 


1  . 

1 

:    ■' 

1 

;;  '  '  ' 

;   } 

! 

1 

.       ^ 

-" 

\\       !■       ■ 

77G 


HTSTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


letting.  The  -owor  ia  pitid  for  out  of  the  proooeJi  of  the  sale  ' 
of  bonds  issiu'ii  h_;  tho  mn;k'or  iind  cuiniitriilicr,  for  the  vtiynicnt 
of  tho  |irin<ii|ial  imu  intcn-st  of  whiuh  a  siiwiiil  sowor  tax  of  one- 
half  of  one  per  cent,  ii  lovlcil  annually  upon  tho  propc'tly  within 
thn  limits  of  tlie  ilistra*.  aeccirdiu;;  to  it3  assciiscd  valuntinn, 
until  the  wli:tlo  debt  in  pai>l.  Tho  Counuil  apecitics  the  amount 
of  bonils  that  may  bo  Issued  lor  eaili  district,  and  tills  speeilicd 
amount  ii  geniMally  in  aLTurdauce  with  the  liborallyusliuinled 
cos*,  of  tho  sewer.  The  bonds  aro  negotiated  as  tho  numey  is 
required  ilurini;  tho  proj^ress  (if  tlie  work,  and  tho  amount  sold 
is  limited  to  the  linal  cost  of  the  sewer. 

"  Private  sewers  are  tho  drains  from  uellars,  etc.,  eonncetiui; 
with  tho  distriet  soworl,  and  are  built  and  paid  for  entirely  by 
the  jiersons  whose  premises  they  accommodate." 

Prior  to  1859  about  thirty  tuiliw  of  sewers  liad 
been  con.stnieti^d,  iticlii(liii<;  tiie  foUowini;  main  sewers 
with  their  branuiic''  Biddle  Street  sev.er  (already  de- 
scribed) ;  Benton  Street  sewer,  from  the  river  to  Fif- 
teenth Street,  thence  along  Fifteenth  Street  to  Howard 
Street,  draining  a  smaller  basin  adjoining  the  Biddle  , 
Street  sewer  on  the  south ;  southeastern  sewer,  on 
Lesperance  Street;  Kniniet  Street  .sewer,  draining  the 
then  southern  portion  of  tl  e  city ;  and  a  number  of 
smaller  sewers  in  the  central  portion  of  the  city,  built 
on  each  street  from  the  river  we.stwardly  to  the  sum- 
mit of  the  grades  near  Sixtli  Street.  On  the  14th  of 
Marcli,  1851),  the  General  Assembly  of  Mis.souri  pa.s.sed 
an  act  establishing  the  present  sewer  .system. 

F.  Ilasseiideubel,  city  engineer,  reported.  May  14, 
1860,  that  "u  thorough  sy.stem  of  public  sewers  for 
draining  the  whole  city  (as  far  as  the  tracts  of  land 
within  the  same  are  sub  divided  and  streets  laid  out 
therein)  wtis  at  the  close  of  the  hist  fiscal  year  sub- 
mitted to  the  honorable  Council  and  finally  adopted." 
The  public  sewers,  it  was  added,  would  as  nearly  as 
possible  i'ollow  the  natural  water-eotir.ses  and  tho  low- 
est parts  or  valley.s  of  the  city,  and  the  grades  of  the 
streets  were  established  so  as  to  drain  al!  -■•rface  water 
from  the  dividing  ridges;  '' the  district  .sewers  to  be 
established  and  to  extend  from  said  public  sewers 
towards  the  ridges." 

Tn  the  engineer's  report  of  Oct.  8,  18()0,  it  was 
announced  that  the  work  on  the  public  sewers  was 
progressitig  rapidly.  "  .Mill  Creek  sewer,"  it  was 
stated,  "  from  Chouteau  Avenue  to  Seventh  Street,  is 
a  work  of  great  magnitude,  and  although  every  elfori 
has  been  made  to  urge  it  forward,  yet  it  may  be  re- 
garded as  only  just  commenced.  The  portion  passing 
under  Chouteau  Avenue  has  proved  a  more  difficult 
piece  of  work  than  was  anticipated,  owing  to  the  soft 
nature  of  the  ba.se  upon  which  the  Chouteau  Avenue 
embankment  rests,  and  ^o  the  presence  of  the  main 
goS'pipo  and  district  sewers.  Serious  slides  have  oc- 
curred in  the  bide  slopes  of  the  excavation,  wliich 
have   cuused    uecewiurily   u  much   larger  amount  of 


work  to  be  performed  than  under  iin|in;iiy  circu 

stances  would  have  been  retiuired.  .  .      '|'l,ii,  a.,„,    .  i 
I  •  •  .   1  IMS  sower  is  j 

intended  to  drain  a  large  portion  of  i),,.  eityfnrlj 
future  time,  and  in  consideration  of  ilic  ('i^.t  it  ,,. 
deemed  advisable  to  remove  all  the  .,1,1  culv-its  '  I 
order  to  give  it  a  uniform  capacity  :iiii|  rcmler  it] 
complete  and  efficient.  .  .  .  The  piihli,.  scwora"e  is] 
much  behind  every  other  species  of  iinpidvciiK.nt'"  fori 
the  reason  that  the  former  system  had  tuconn.  inon 
erative    long    before  the   present  system  was  estiK 
lished." 

In  his  report  of  May  1:5,  1861,  the  city  en..'iii,,erj 
remarked  that  it  was  manifest  "to  ilic  most  ca»ua 
observer  that  St.  Louis  without  Iiit  si-wor  svstoii 
would  be  almost  uninhabitable  ni  cirtain  penuils  ,J 
the  year,  and  idtbough  there  is  over  tliiiiy  m\l'A  o| 
sewerage  completed,  .still  there  is  niiiL-li  to  he  (loj 
that  cannot  well  be  delayed."  During  tiic  war,  owiDJ 
to  the  general  suspension  of  works  of  iiiiiiruv.iii,n3 
the  progress  in  the  construction  of  sowers  m»  ma 
rally  slow,  and  in  the  city  engineer's  lopnrt  of  .MaJ 
8,  1866,  it  was  stated  that  tho  sewenige  of  tiio  citl 
was  still  far  behind  other  improvements,  aliiioua 
nine  miles  had  been  added  during  the  pievinus  waJ 
St.  liouis  was  again  scourged  by  cliokTa  in  tlie  hih 
tuer  of  18(i6,  and  public  attentioii  was  ouce  iuo( 
directed  by  the  stern  hand  of  death  to  tho  ihm^^l 
of  an  inadequate  or  defective  system  ol'  siwvrai 
in  so  populous  a  community.  It  is  woiiln 
note  in  this  connection,  however,  sis  sliowiiiL' 
part  the  good  results  accomplisliod  by  tin'  coJ 
struction  o,'  the  sewers  which  St.  Louis  tlioii 
sessed,  tha*  notwithstanding  the  populatiuii  liail  i| 
creased  edormously  tho  percentage  of  deailis  iliiril 
the  I'pii'emie  of  1866  was  not  .so  groat  bv  oi| 
third  as  during  the  epidemic  of  18411.  In  liis  in 
sage  of  Oct.  8,  1866,  Mayor  Thinnas,  al'ter  oonja 
lating  (he  citizens  on  tho  fact  that  the  eitv  was ' 
free  from  the  devastating  blight  of  the  foHrfulMnuij 
that  lia.s  lately  visited  us,"  .'iaid  that  the  experieii 
which  had  been  gained  during  tho  .sea.s(iii 
epidemic  taught  that  more  effioietit  atul  siring 
regulations  should  be  adopted  for  tho  care  nf 
public  health,  and  called  special  attention  lo 
delects  of  the  sewerage  .system.  "  Tho  groat 
of  this  city,  in  a  sanitary  point  of  view,"  .laiil 
city  engineer,  in  his  report  of  April  .'ill,  hSilT 
the  complete  extension  of  the  sewor  systoni,  and  | 
largo  public  sewers  needed  are  so  costly  that  e.'itn 
dinury  means  must  be  provideil  to  pay  fur 
In  the  revised  charter  granU.il  to  the  city  by  j 
Jjegisluturc,  and  approved  March  13,  ISli",  tlio 
Council  was  empowered  to  establish  a  geiioral 


MUNICIPAL  DEPARTMENTS. 


777 


861,  tho  city  I'liL'iiifet 
t  "  to  till'  must  (.■ibiij 
out.   lllM-   SCWIT  s_v~t. 
k>  at  t'l'vluiii  iiiM-iii,l,< 
is  (ivcr  thirty  inili's  ol 
•e  is  imifli  to  be  ilnn^ 
Durini;  tin;  wur,(rtvin^ 
works  (if  iini'Vovi'iiiint 
tioii  of  sewns  was  iiatt 
iifrincer's  re\>'\\i  nf  Ma] 
ho  seweviti-'i'  <il'  tlio  citj 
iniprovemi'iits,  althnuf 
lurin;4  tlie  iirevitius  vt'aj 
il  l)y  eliolcra  in  tlie  mw 
ttwitioii   was  mice  luoi 
of  ili'alli  to  tlic  iliingej 
ivc   systi'iii   ol'  setvcra 
iiity.      U   is  Wdiili) 
however,  as   sliowiiis 
loniplislu'd    by   llit'   « 
lich  St.  liouis  tlieii 
i  the  iioimlatiuii  liaii  il 
Icotitaiie  of  ileallis  liiiril 
IS    not   so   '.Tent  ly  on 
0  of  1S4'.».     Ill  liis 
\t  Tlioiiias,  afti-r  i'«iis:ralj 
■X.  that  the  eity  wiu^'mj 
lliulit  of  the  fearful  >wa^ 
said  thai  tlie  experie 
uriii'j:  the  neasoii  »if 
Iro  cffieient  atid  strinj 
ij.ted  for  the  care  (if 
special   attention  lo 
stem.     "  The  jiroat 
point  of  view,"  .sii'l 
.t  of  April  -Ml  IntlT,' 
;lie  sewer  system,  and 
aro  so  costly  that  exit 
lovided  to  pay  t'uf  ''" 
.anted  to  the  city  by 
March  i:5,lStH<'l« 
cHUblish  a  genera 


litstenii  ffl''''''  '*''ould  be  divided  into  three  classes, — 

1  \]ii,  district,  and  private  sewers.     To  pay  for  their 

r«n<tructioii   tho  Council  was  authorized   to  levy  a 

Ituon  ail  jiroperty  made  taxable  for  State  purposes 

l„er  the  wiiolo   city,  to  be  known  as  the  "special 

Idblio  sewer  tax."     Up  to  Oct.  11,  1869,  the  total 

li(02tii  of  public   sewers   built   was   nearly  twenty- 

lu,  mill's,  ai  a  cost  of  about  one  million  three  hun- 

ly  (huusaiid  dollars,  and  of  district  sewers  about 

1    iiiindred  and  five  miles,  at  a  total  cost  of  about 

liK  raiilioii  one  hundred  and  thirty  thousand  dol- 

1^  iiKl'.nlin-  all  expenses  for  repairs,  superintend- 

le*  etc.     At  this  time  the  seweraf;e  in  most  of  the 

liiKiris  oi    'l'*i  litty  had  been  completed,  and  tho 

lirsieiu  W!>     "'-tended  only  as  the  progress  of  improve- 

IvDi  reiiuiri  d  it.     The   followiiin;  table  shows  tho 

IiKih  of  sewers  built  during;  the  preceding  years,  be- 

\mK  in  1^'ili  witl.   the  cost  of  same,  including 

lidiinieous  expens&s : 

Milei.  Cost. 

liir' wnslruolucl  ui)  to  January, 

f,',:| 31.50  $,H41,768.7!< 

Iw-ioonstrnctcl  iliiring  tho  year 

r,(i 1.17  47,895.18 

liKtiCDn^trucled  (luring  the  year 

f«; 76  .•!7,0«0.10 

Iwiimnstructoil  (luring  the  your 

"„. 1.96  41,'.'62.18 

iitncouMructod  Juring  tho  year 

1% ;!.2.'>  73,7."!.'i.:')8 

wmwnstriiclcd  during  tho  year 

9.44  201,118.12 

^I(^.•nn!traot(•(i  during  the  your 

18.92  5a.'!,;i53.26 

iicH'on.'truilpd  during  the  year 

jl«; 16.jfl  ii5,519.23 

Vrswd.'tructcd  during  tho  year 
J, 17.50  57.'>,163.3.-) 

T.,.al 101  $2,977,.0O.,.78 

I  11  l!^6!)  the  fireatest  height  of  the  public  sewers 

^w  from  fo;.i-  feet,  the  height  of  Barton  Street 

pti. Ill  til'teen  feet,  the  height  of  Mill  Creek  sewer, 

iWsttifall  in  regard   to  construction  and  size. 

Kir '.Toatest  width  varied  from  four  feet,  the  width 

^Birt()ii  .Street,  Carroll   Street,  Chambers  Street, 

taStriHit.  and  Twelfth  Street  sewers,  to  twenty 

iihich  was  the  widtii  of  Mill  Creek  sewer,  while 

.il'iiic  braiiehes  were  not  higher  than  three  and 

<iiiior  than  two  feet.     Their  height  and  width 

tabbed  in  proportion  to  their  distance  from  the 

miiii  ilie  more  densely  populated  parts  of  the  city. 

t%A)-  Branch  sewer,  for  instance,  to  a  length  of 

bthoiisand  three  hundred  and  forty-seven  feet,  was 

m  foot  hijih  and  twelve  feet  wide ;  fronj  tliencc 

!« only  ten  feet  high. 

IIIi«.>«wor  system  was  made  to  conform  with  the 
(of  the  streets,  tho  main  or  public  sewers 
•iiij  up  the  lowest  grades  or  alleys  (except  in 
nciM  vhure  they  passed  through  lidges  to  secure 


more  direct  passage),  and  decreasing  in  size  as  they 
approached  the  head  of  these  valleys  ;  then  there 
were  brancli  sewers  fidlowing  up  the  valleys  on  either 
side  of  the  main  trunk,  into  which  the  district  sewers 
emptied  their  contents,  the  whole  system  correspond- 
ing with  the  natural  drainage  of  the  surface.  Tho  size 
and  capacity  of  the  different  sewers  wore  determined 
by  the  engineer,  who  had  to  estimate  tho  quantity  of 
water  that  might  be  required  to  pass  a  given  point, 
taking  in  consideration  the  rate  of  fall.  To  the  class 
of  public  sowers  belonged  also  the  so-called  wharf 
sewers. 

The  sewers  across  the  wharf  in  the  central  part  of 
the  city  were  originally  constructed  in  a  temporary 
manner  with  plank,  and  were  subsequently  connected 
with  the  district  sewers  on  the  west  line  of  tho  wharf. 

The  second  class  comprised  the  district  sewers. 
They  were  constructed  in  any  district,  whenever  a  ma- 
jority of  the  property-holders  resident  therein  peti- 
tioned for  them,  or  whenever  the  City  Council 
deemed  the  establishment  of  a  district  sewer  necessary 
for  sanitary  or  other  purposes.  Immediately  after  the 
work  was  accomplished  the  city  engineer  computed 
tlie  whole  cost,  and  asse.«.sed  it  as  a  special  tax  against 
each  lot  of  ground  within  the  district,  in  proportion 
to  the  area  of  the  whole  district.  The  repairs,  clean- 
ing, and  other  incidental  expenses  were  paid  out  of 
the  neneral  appropriations  made  for  that  purpose,  but 
iit  the  end  of  each  fiscal  year  they  were  charged  on 
the  tax  bills  of  the  property-holders  in  whose  district 
the  repairs  were  made. 

The  first  of  these  district  sewers,  built  in  1849, 
135(t,  and  IS")!,  we're  all  higher  and  wider  than  those 
mad^  subsequently.  They  had  a  height  of  five  feet 
and  five  feet  six  inches  by  a  width  of  from  three  to  four 
feet.  Gen.  Samuel  11.  Curtis,  the  city  engineer  dur- 
ing Mayor  Kennett's  administration,  is  said  to  have 
first  opposed  the  large- sized  district  sewers.  lie  re- 
duced the  original  size  of  the  Seventh  District  sewer, 
calculating  the  necessary  capacity  of  a  sewer  not  to  be 
the  sectional  area  alone,  but  taking  in  account  ahso 
the  length,  the  inclination,  the  friction,  and  the  head 
which  accumulates  at  the  inlets.  The  new  district 
sewers  at  the  commencement,  and  some  at  a  length  of 
about  two  thousand  five  hundred  feet,  were  not  mora 
than  three  feet  six  inches  in  height  by  two  feet  six 
inches  in  width,  and  then  they  narrowed  generally  to 
thirty  by  twenty  inches,  and  a  great  many  terminated 
even  in  round  pottery  tubs  of  eighteen  inches  in 
diameter. 

In  1871  tlie  total  number  of  main  sewers  was  56 
miles,  their  length  24  ii  miles,  and  tho  total  cost  up  to 
that  time  |1,730,389.U8.     The  number  of  district 


|,  *^i 


'v^ 


778 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


sewers  was  306;  total  length,  02^  miles;  total  cost, 
91,943,090.  In  1875,  1G4.40  miles  of  public  and 
district  sewers  has  been  constructed.  In  addition  to 
this  upwards  of  seventy-five  miles  of  private  sewers 
had  been  built,  at  an  estimated  cost  of  more  than 
one  million  five  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

Since  1875  the  work  of  extendinf;  and  perfecting 
the  system  has  been  carried  forward  with  great  energy 
and  skill  by  the  present  efficient  sewer  commissioner, 
William  Wise.  Section  20  of  the  new  city  charter, 
adopted  in  1876,  provided  that  a  sewer  system  was 
thereby  established  consisting  of  three  classes, — "  pub- 
lic," "  district,"  and  "  private"  sewers  ;  the  public 
sewers  to  be  constructed  "  along  the  principal  courses 
of  drainage,  at  such  times,  to  such  extent,  of  such  di- 
mensions and  material,  and  under  such  regulations  as 
may  be  provided  by  ordinance  to  be  approved  by  the 
board  of  public  improvements,"  with  such  branches  as 
might  be  considered  expedient ;  district  sewers  to  be 
established  within  the  limits  of  districts  to  be  pre- 
scribed by  ordinance  as  approved  by  the  board  of  pub- 
lic improvements,  and  "so as  to  connect  with  a  public 
sewer  or  some  natural  course  of  drainage;"  suuh  dis- 
trict sewers  to  be  constructed  in  any  district, "  whenever 
a  majority  of  property-owners  resident  therein  shall 
petition  therefor,  or  whenever  the  board  of  public  im- 
provements shall  recommend  it  as  necessary  for  sani- 
tary or  other  purposes ;"  private  sewers,  connecting 
with  the  public  and  district  sewers,  to  be  constructed 
"  under  such  restrictions  and  regulations  as  the  As- 
sembly may  prescribe,  by  general  or  special  ordinance) 
approved  by  the  board  of  public  improvements,"  the 
city,  however,  to  be  at  no  expense  in  the  construction, 
repairing,  or  cleaning  of  the  same.  All  special  tax 
bills  for  work  contemplated  by  the  section  were  to  be 
registered  by  the  city  comptroller,  and  by  him  de- 
livered to  the  party  in  whose  favor  it  was  issued  for 
collection,  "and  his  receipt  taken  in  full  of  all  claims 
against  the  city  on  account  of  said  work,"  the  tax  bill 
to  be  and  become  a  lien  on  the  property  charged  thijre- 
with.  It  was  further  provided  that,  except  in  case 
of  necessary  repairs  requiring  prompt  attention,  the 
work  should  be  given  out  by  contract,  afler  proposals 
had  been  advertised  for,  to  the  lowest  bidder.  Sec- 
tion 2,  Article  IV.  of  the  charter  authorized  the  mayor 
to  appoint  an  officer  to  be  known  as  the  sewer  com- 
missioner, who  was  to  be  one  of  the  members  of  the 
board  of  public  improvements  and  the  head  of  his 
department,  and  to  have  under  his  special  charge  the 
construction,  repairs,  and  cleaning  of  all  public  and 
district  sewers,  inlets,  man-holes,  and  other  appurte- 
nances belonging  thereto.  In  accordance  with  these 
provisions,  the  Municipal  Assembly  from  time  to  time 


enacted  ordinances  for  the  pcrfectini;  .f  dio  sow.r  „  1 
system,  and  for  carrying  on  the  woik  of  ihe  (Jcpart-i 
ment.     Article  V.  of  the  revised  oidiuaiiw  approvi 
March  29,  1881,  provided  that  the  .swor  eunimi 
sioner  should  hold  office  for  four  yi'iii>.  nr  until  I 
successor  was  appointed;  that  ho  nIiuuM  be  ;,  ,.,,.1 
engineer,  and  should  take  coguizaiiic  ,,|'  ,,11  n,atie 
pertaining  to  the  city,  hu-e   general  diaru'e  nf  thi 
sewers,  etc.     Various  other  ordinances  were  ailuijii 
providing  regulations  for  the  manageni.iit  of  iho J, 
partnient,  construction  and  repairs  nf'Mwers  cii' 

As  previously  indicated.  Mill  Creek  sewer  is  ih( 

most  important  of  the  system.     It  was  euimiieiiceil  ii 

August,   1860,  is  twenty  feet  wide  Ky  filteen  fe 

high,  and  is  now  three  miles  in  len^'tli.    The  .Mil 

Creek  valley,  through  which  it  is  located,  divides  1 

southern  part  of  the  city  from  the  eeuiial.  and  ist 

entrance  to  the  city  for  all  the  railmail  Hues  we.st 

the  Mississippi,  except  the  Iron  Mountain.    Scvei 

large  tributaries  to  Mill  Creek  sower  liave  Leuiieoi 

j  struct«d  in  the  valleys  branching  tu  tlie  north  a 

I  south,  and  the  western  portion  will  require  consiJ 

i  able  extension.     Among  the  other  main  sewirs  m 

be  mentioned  Arsenal  Street  sewer,  with  ii.<  brancln 

draining  an  area  of  about  seven  hundred  aeres  wost 

the  United   States  arsenal ;   the  snutlieni  scwor 

Chippewa  Street,  draining  an  area  uf  one  tlinu«ai 

I  acres;  the  Stein  Street  sewer  in  South  St.  Louii 

liouisa  Street,  Trudeau  Street,  Bartuu  Street.  Can 

Street,  Miller  Street,  Rutger  Stre(!t,  CliaiubirsStn 

Rocky  Branch,  Bremen  Avenue,  ami  Ferry  ^t 

sewers,  making  a  length  of  4i').'_'l{  miles  i.|'  pul 

;  sewers,  together  with  157.15  miles  nl' district  ^m 

:  The  total  length  of  public  and  distri'  t  sewers  i 

;  Louis  in  1882  was  202.38  miles,  (Iriimif;  an  ari-a, 

,  4215  acres,  and  providing  a.s  complete  and  ttfwti' 

system  as  any  in  the  country.     Kacli  .sewer  nr  ■^ei 

district  is  regulated  according  to  the  leijuirenii  nts 

it  comes  up,  but  is  made  to  conform  with  the  (xisl 

sewer  system.     Perforated  man-hole  covers  ari  | 

on  some  of  the  sewers,  but  the  great^'r  |iiirtii>n  is 

out  ventilation.     The  Mississippi  carries  ell'  the 

flow,   the  upper   portion  of  the  large  sewers 

above  the  surface  during  the  ordinary  huati'iu' 

and  the  mouths  of  the  smaller  sewers  delivering:  li 

the  surface  of  the  river  except  at  low  water.    Pi 

sewers,  which  are  the  main  eliannel.s  of  driiina;e,j 

paid  for  out  of  the  general  revenue  of  the  liij, 

district  sewers  are  paid  for  by  the  properiyo' 

1  within  the  district  in  proportion  to  the  irmuiid  ai 

I       Table  showing  the  length   in  miles  of  puhlio 

I  district  sewers  constructed  annually  froiu  April.  II 

'  to  April,  1882 : 


MUNICIPAL  DEPARTMENTS. 


779 


Dati. 


Harem 


jril,  1861 

iiDK  Anril,  1862.. 

1863.. 

1864., 
"  1865.. 

1866.. 

1867.. 
"  1868.. 

"  1869.. 

1870.. 

1871.. 
"  1872., 

"  1873., 

1874., 
"  1875., 

■'  1876., 

1877., 
"  1878., 

"  1879., 

"  1880., 

1881., 
"  1882.. 


Public  ..w.r.  I  DUtrtet  .,we«    ''.rJarTSon-"' '  TMhI  l.ugtb  of'  T.,t«l  l.uKlh  of  I 
ilrui'twl  ilurlng    |iuli1lc  sewers.     dlHtrirt  sewers, 
tile  yenr. 


coustructeil         coitstructcHi 
'during  the  year,  duiing  tlie  year. 


10. 


63 

74 
63 
2A 
60 
36 
56 
52 
20 
,10 
14 
.28 
.21 
.21 
.64 
58 
23 
.29 
67 
.86 
48 
.31 


20.89 

!54 

1.70 

2,65 

8.10 

17.24 

15.88 

14.60 

6.93 

3.89 

10.81 

9.54 

7.79 

10.75 

7.03 

4.30 

.45 

5.32 

4.''3 

4.83 

T.33 


46.50        I      164.80 


31.52 

.74 

1.17 

1.116 

3.25 

9.4B 

18.80 

18.40 

10.80 

9.03 

6.03 

12.09 

11.75 

9.00 

13.39 

8.B1 

5.53 

1.74 

8.99 

8.09 

6.31 

8.64 

211.30 


10.63 
11.37 
12.00 
12.20 
12.86 
14.22 
15.78 
18..S0 
20.50 
22.80 
24.74 
26.02 
28.23 
29.44 
32.08 
33.66 
34.89 
36.18 
39.85 
43.71 
45.19 
46.60 


20.89 

20.89 

21.43 

23.13 

25.78 

33.88 

51.12 

67.00 

81.60 

88.53 

92.42 

103.23 

112.77 

120.56 

131.31 

138.."!4 

142.64 

143.09 

148.41 

152.64 

157.47 

164.80 


Tulal  length  of 
puliiic  anil  dis- 
trict sewers. 


31.52 

32.26 

33.43 

35.39 

38.64 

48.10 

66.90 

85.30 

102.10 

111.13 

117.16 

129.25 

141.00 

150.00 

163.39 

172.00 

177.53 

179.27 

188.26 

100.35 

202.06 

211,30 


Tibic  showiiifi;  the  cost  of  public  and  district  sewers  (including  misuellancous  expenses)  for  each  fiscal  year 

,186210  1882: 


DiTB. 


I     Cost  of  public        Cost  of  district    I      Tutalcostof 
1  sewers  completed    sewers  completed    sewers  completed 
during  the  year,     during  the  year.  '  during  the  year. 


Total  cost  of 
public  sewers. 


|r,ioApril,  l.Sti2 1  $660,215.79 

liwinLg  .April,  1863 i  28,209.73 

1864 !  30,678.57 

1865 ;  42,690.58 

"     1866 1  80,707.56 

"     1S67 '  132,083.90 

"     1868 1  120,240.96 

"           1869 !  240,846..^9 

"           1870 '  219,748.58 

1871 286,653.53 

"           1872 265,300.91 

"            1873 304,111.110 

"           1874 1  2I4.85S.67 

"           1875 1  182,455.74 

1876 '  132,792.14 

"           1877 1  78,400.41 

1878 I  88,623.56 

1879 141,178.07 

"           1880 146,307.10 

18SI '  109,427.79 

"           1882 115,448.,S2 

Total $3,622,046.06 


$309,970.97 

8,859.13 

10,.582.61 

27,.M«.34 

129,256.44 

409,728.97 

441,838.8:". 

329,368.22 

112,217.13 

52,551.24 

123,334.75 

i:il,oy.-i.8i 

164.616.93 

179,111.82 

115,274.00 

55,386.;.2 

1.547.04 

63,260.86 

43,058.38 

43,023.29 

70.892.15 


$976,186.76 
37,068.86 
41,261.18 
69,920.92 
210.024.00 
540,812.87 
56,x,085.82 
570,214.81 
.331,965.71 
339,204.77 
378.635.06 
435,880.87 
379,475.60 
361,507.56 
248,066.14 
133.780.93 
93,171.20 
204,438.03 
180,365.4.8 
153,051.08 
186,310.97 


$006,215.79 

694,42,'>.52 

72.5,101.09 

767,r94.67 

848,562.23 

979,646.13 

1,10.5,893.09 

1,310.739.68 

1,560,488.26 

1, 85".,  I  11.79 

2,108,442.70 

2,412,503.70 

2,627,112.43 

2,809,868.17 

2,042,600.31 

3,021,060.72 

,3,109,684.28 

3,250,862.35 

3,397,169.45 

3,500,597.24 

3,622,046.06 


Total  eust  of 
district  sewers. 


$309,970.97 

318,830.10 

329,412.71 

356,649.05 

485,905.49 

895,634.46 

1,337,473.32 

1,666,841.54 

1,779,058.67 

1.831,609.91 

1,954,944.66 

2,086.040.47 

2,251,257.40 

2,430,3fi9.22 

2,545,043.22 

2.601,029.74 

2,00,^,577.3S 

2,608,838.24 

2,711,890.62 

2,755,519.91 

2,826,412.06 


Total  cost  of 
pntdic  and  dis- 
trict sewers. 


$076,180.76 
1,013,255.62 
1,054,510.80 
1,124,443.72 
1,. 334,467.72 
1,875,280.59 
2.443,366.41 
3,013,581.22 
3,345,546.93 
3,084,751.70 
4,063.387.36 
4.499.194.23 
4,878,669.83 
5,240,237.39 
5.188,303.53 
5,022,0110.46 
5,715,201.66 
5,910,700.50 
0,109,060,07 
0.202,117.15 
0.418,458.12 


$2,826,412.00    I  $6,448,458.12 


I 


llible  showing  the  cost  of  district  sewers  per  one  hundred  square  feet  of  area  assessed  for  each  calendar 
ii  from  October,  1859,  to  Jan.  1,  1882: 


Number  of 
sewers  built. 

Cost  pih  lou  sijuiitr. 

ruiiT.          i 

Mean. 

$1,768 
2.307 

I'.'so'i 

1.740 
1.973 
.3.124 
3.704 
:).319 
.3..301 
1.980 
1.793 

Ykar. 

1 

Number  of 
sewers  built. 

23 
34 
33 
46 

Cost  i-i 

Maximum. 

$2,862 
4.384 
4.199 
4.611 
2.7.53 
3.556 
1.712 
2.479 
2.257 
1.781 
2.370 

R  KXI  8QDAI1 

Minimum. 

$1,118 

.895 
1.110 
1.112 
1.175 
1.220 

.834 

.857 

.831 

.575 

.690 

1 

B    KKF.T. 

Mean. 

$1,767 
1.885 
1.851 
2.195 
1.7.52 
1.9:18 
1.440 
1.226 
1.408 
1.124 
1.252 
. 

Maximum. 

Minimum. 

$1,593 
.725 

".9i7 
1.740 
1.282      1 

.865      I 
1.S0O      1 

.842 
1.500 
I. .381 

1.382      , 

1 

•> 
26 

■4 

1 

« 
20 
48 
59 
53 
23 
15 

$1,943 
5.138 

1.715 
1.740 
.3.300 
4.565 
•.398 
5.834 
9.722 
2.973 
2.484 

1871 



1872  



1873 

1874 

8 

J 

i  1875 

..'         30 
14 
7 
14 
15 
18 
30 

H 

11 

1876 

1877 

1 

:  1878 

i; 

1879 

t 

1880 

* 

1881 

ft 

i  iN:t 


r.i 


m 


i'fi 


780 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Water- Works. — For  some  years  after  the  settle- 
ment of  St.  Jiouis  there  were  iiu  wells  sunk,  the 
underlying  furination  beiii^  limestone  but  a  Few  f'uct 
below  the  surface  and  cropping  out  at  various  poinUs, 
particularly  on  the  ediro  of  the  bluffs,  where  the  rouk 
was  bare  along  the  whole  front.  With  the  exception 
of  two  or  three  springs,  the  inhabitants  used  the  river 
water  fur  all  purposes,  and  for  this  reason  the  lots 
along  the  river-front  wore  first  sought  and  built  upon. 
"  A  long  period  elapsed  before  any  wells  were  dug,  ami 
the  original  water-works  of  St,  Louis  consisted  of  a 
man  with  Chinese  attauhnionts,  the  water  being  oar- 
ri(!d  in  buckets  fastened  by  strips  of  wood  to  u  yoke 
which  rested  on  the  shoulders.  Sometimes  the  water 
was  brought  up  to  the  village  from  the  river  on 
a  rude  .sledgo  drawn  by  ponies,  This  sledge  was 
constructed  of  two  long  poles  connected  by  cross- 
bows, the  front  ends  being  used  as  shafts  and  the 
rear  ends  rusting  on  the  ground.  On  this  primi- 
tive '  drag'  barrels  of  water  were  hauled  up  for  tiie 
use  of  the  inliabitants.  In  course  of  time  a  few 
wells  were  dug  on  Second  and  Third  Streets,  but  the 
cost  was  so  great  that  only  a  wealthy  man  could  afford 
the  luxury,  the  expense  of  sinking  a  well  through 
tlie  thick  bed  of  limestone  amounting  in  some  in- 
stances to  one  thousand  dollars, — in  those  days  a 
modest  fortune.  Nor  was  the  eftbrt  to  obtain  water 
always  successful  even  when  the  well  had  been  sunk. 
Col.  Chouteau,  for  example,  sunk  two  wells  on  his 
grounds,  one  of  them  being  over  one  hundred  feet 
deep,  but  in  neither  instance  did  he  succeed  in  reach- 
ing water.  The  river  water  was  healthful  and  pleas- 
ant to  the  taste,  but  in  summer  too  warm  to  be  pala- 
table. As  ice-houses  were  then  unknown,  wells  were 
the  only  sources  from  which  a  supply  of  cool  water 
could  be  obtained.  Even  those  who  had  wells,  how- 
ever, drank  the  water  from  then*  only  during  the 
summer  season  ;  in  cool  wc-ather  the  preference  for 
river  water  was  universal.'' 

In  the  summer  of  1829  a  movement  was  set  on 
foot  for  the  construction  of  a  system  of  water  supply. 
The  first  suggestion  appears  to  have  been  made  in  a 
communication  signed  "  An  Old  Citizen,"  and  read 
at  a  meeting  of  the  board  of  aldermen  on  the  17th 
of  July  of  that  year,  which  called  for  the  establish- 
ment of  water-works.  Later  in  the  same  year,  on  the 
7th  of  September,  the  then  mayor,  Daniel  D.  Page, 
sent  to  the  board  a  communication  relating  to  the 
subject,  and  inclosing  three  propositions  made  by  a 
firm  named  John  C.  Wilson  &  Co.  fur  building  water- 
works.    It  was  considered  important  enough  to  be 

>  Prof.  WHterbouse. 


referred  to  a  select  committee,  wliicli  wns  instruL.i 
to  hold  u  conference  with    the  firm      Still  funl  J 

.  action  was  taken  a  few  days  after,  wlh  i,  tji,.  ciiiiiiuit, 
toe,  in  conjunction  with  tlio  mayor,  wi  lo  autiidriyei 

I  to  cniitract  with  J.  C.  Wilson  &  (,'■).  Hir  siiiiiilvin 
water  to  the  city.  The  "  company"  u;is,  it  aiiririn 
Aliruham  Fox,  for  on  the  17th  of  S.|ii,iiil)i'r  WilsnJ 
&  Fox  entered  into  the  contract,  anil  ii  was  aririrovc 
by  Messrs.  Charloss,  Bryan  Mulluniiiiy.  and  tlu' otlJ 
members  of  the  board,  unanimously. 

IJy  the  terms  of  the  contract  Wilson  &  Fox  ui'rJ 
to  furnish  a  supply  of  '•  clarified  water"  from  tliu  MiJ 
sissippi.  The  condilion  of  tlK>  original  i.Meeuicnt  wJ 
that  Wilson  &  Fox,  for  and  in  eonsiiicration  of  loriaj 
grants  of  privileges  and  concessions  niailo  to  iluin  | 
the  city,  should  furnish  water  for  twilv,;  lin-liviiraoi 
for  the  Sisters  of  Charity's  hospital,  and  for  a  lumiial 
to  be  erected  on  the  grounds  of  (i.'ii.  Win.  II.  \jl 
ley,  free  of  charge  for  all  time.  This  ;iL'rwiii(,iii  i 
entered  into  and  signed,  as  stated,  on  tlie  ITth  diiyJ 
Se{)tember,  1829,  and  was  the  first  ilccisive  aciiJ 
taken  toward  supplying  the  city  with  water  bv  iimni 
of  reservoirs  and  a  .system  of  pi|)es.  'flic  lirst  i 
were  drawn  by  Tliaddeus  S.  Suiitli,  civil  I'li'.'innT. 

Nothing,  however,  was  done  toward  commi'iiciJ 
the  work  of  construction  until  the  I'dllmvin^'  M.riJ 

I  April  3,  1H;!0,  a  lot  of  ground  was  aeijuired  h\  Wilj 
&  Fox  from  Gen.  Win.  II.  Ashley,  one  liumlrtil 
seventy  by  one  hundred  and  sixty  feet,  on  what  «;istli 
known  iis  the  Little  Mound,  situated  on  the  omierl 
Ashley  and  Collins  Streets.   The  cost  of  this  nnipej 

'.  was  five  hundred  dollars,  coinlilioiieil,  huwevir,  un 
its  continued  use  for  the  purpose  of  a  rescrvnir.  i 
to  revert  to  the  original  owner  or  his  heirs  wliei 
should  be  diverted  from  that  use. 

On  the  2ath  of  June,  1830,  the  firm  punhi^ 
from  the  United  States,  for  the  sum  of  two  thiiua 
two  hundred  and  sixty-five  dollars,  a  lot  of  ltuiiik^ 
the  bank  of  the  river,  at  the  foot  of  Bates  Stmt,  j 
hundred  and  fifty  by  two  hundred  and  fil'ij'  feet,! 
a  site  on  which  to  erect  their  pum|iinj.'-eiii.'incs I 
such  buildings  as  would  be  necessary  fur  earrying 
the  business  of  the  company. 

Work  was  commenced  in  1830, but  very  liltli.] 
ress  was   made.     In   Jlay,  1831,  u  competent  i 
engineer  made  an  estimate  of  the  eost  of  thu 
when  completed,  placing  it  at  thirty  five  thousaiiM 
lars.     Previous  to  this  time  it  had  lieeome  manifaf 
the  projectors  of  the  St.  Louis  water-works  tli* 
conditions  to  which  they  had  subscribed  weremia 
and  could  not  bo  fulfilled  except  at  a  sacrifice  to  ( 

j  of  their  individual  interests.     In  those  days  i 

'  was  not  80  abundant  as  now,  and  St.  Louis  was  I 


MUNICIPAL  DEPARTMENTS. 


781 


linn  Still  I'lirilicJ 
r,  will  II  Uu!  coiumil] 
iy(ir,  wi  TO  !\utl:oriz« 
it  (^|.  i'lr  siiiiiilvin^ 
any"  w;is,  it  !i|i{ii';in 

of  Srliti'lllluT  WiUoJ 
l,  lUiil  ii  w;is  iijipriive 
Uiiiiiiiiy.  ;i"il  tilt'  iiiliel 
nusly. 

,  Wilson  iV  Fiix  a;:ri:6 
il  wilier'  I'mni  tliu  Mil 
i)rii;iii:il  .i^reeiiMii  wi 
cimsiiliTiilion  of  cortail 
(sii)iis  iiwiK;  III  llii'iii  1 
for  twi'lvi;  liri'-liyilraol 
*pitiil,  ami  fur  a  t'liuntal 

of  Oon.  Will.  11.  Asl 
a.  This  a;.:rL'L'Un;iit  vi 
lUod,  on  tlio  ITtli  day  I 
the  tirsl  ilciM-sive  arti^ 
iitV  Willi  water  by  meal 
[•  pijifs.  Thfl  first  I'lal 
Smith,  I'ivil  I'lViiiii'i-'r. 
Olio  toward  cuiiiun'iidl 
itil  the  foUowin':  -yn^ 
id  WHS  ui'ijuiroil  hy  Wilsl 
Ashley,  one  huiidni 

ixty  foot,  on  what  was ik 

1  situated  on  the  oiniefl 

The  cost  of  tlii.«  jirop 

|)iiilitioned,  however,  u|| 

iiirpose  of  a  reservnir, 

iwiier  or  his  heirs  wlie 

,t  use. 

Il830,  the  firm  pint'ti* 
tlio  sum  of  tffii  thous 
dollars,  a  lot  of  ground 

[cfootof  15atcsStrtHi,( 
miidred  and  fifty  fw'^ 
heir  i)umiiin;.;-eiii:iii«s| 
necessary  fur  carryinf 

y'  r  1 

18;in,  hilt  very  litiie 

I,  1831,  a  competent 

of  the  eost  of  tlv 

fat  thirty-five  thousaiid| 

,  it  had  heeotuc  luanift 
Jjouis  water-works  tlii 
fd  subscribed  were  im( 
Ixcept  at  a  sacrifice  to 
Ists.  In  those  days 
Iw,  and  St.  Louis  was 


Lfjvillape  oomparod  with  its  pregent  extent.     To 

In  10 the  inibnrrafsments  of  the  originul  propoHors 

lifihe  proji'i't,  who  were   Enstorn    inrclmnicx,  with 

lioch  encr;.'y  hut  hhirII  cnpital,  their  fundH  run  Hhort 

Ulote the  work  was  half  conipletcd,    It  thus  happened 

Lt little  ino'.'ress  was  made,  and  tho  unsatisfactory 

liwP«ot  led  the  city  authorities  to  enter  into  a  new 

iLjjient  with  tho  company,  which  was  accoropli.shed 

lltiill-i  1*^>'--    Meanwhile,  tlie  financial  cmbarrass- 

litotof  the  company  was  relieved  by  Daniel  I).  Pa};e, 

lil,i  came  forward  and  advanced  the  money  to  oon- 

Ititt  operations.   Tlie  work  thenceforward  progressed 

Mictorily.   A  reservoir  was  built  on  Little  Mound, 

lii»»aied,  and  partly  embanked.     The  floor  was  of 

ntj  board.s.  tongued  and  grooved  and  driven  to- 

iiber.  OD  which  was  laid  a  brick  pavement.     The 

iffli'ine  for  the  works  was  built  by  Mr.  Pratt,  of 

Ifitiburu'li.     It   was  not  a  very  largo  piece  of  ma- 

Ijijery.    Eiifiine-houses  were  built  at    the    foot  of 

lies  Street,  the  supply  and  service  pipe  laid  down, 

liatcr  dispensed  to  the  people  for  the  first  time  in 

1-32. 

lUt  main  pipe  at  that  time  was  only  six  inches, 

iihe supply  jiipes  for  the  city  were  four,  three,  and 

!  inches.    The  first  pipes  laid  down  in  the  city 

manufactured  by  Vanleer  &  Co.  and  Woods, 

■itiiri  Co.,  of  Tennessee.    Afterwards  the  Messrs. 

riiun  and  Gaty  &  Coonce,  of  St.  Louis,  furnished 

im.    About  1833  Fos  became  sole  proprietor 

^ilf  water-works,  and  acted  as  superintendent.     In 

iKvised  agreement  of  1831  he  had  a  right  to  tax 

fmr  familiei*  ten  dollars  per  annum,  and  hotels  and 

liii  establishments  in  proportion.    The  works  were 

jipralion,  but  the  proprietor  did  not  find  them  a 

iffofitahle  investment.     An  ordinance  passed  by 

iWrdof  aldermen,  Nov.  23,  1833,  and  approved 

uraiber  2t)tli,  authorized  a  loan  for  the   further 

isidD  nf  the  waterworks,  and  in   July,   1835, 

[the  mayoralty  ol'  Hon.  John  F.  Darby,  a  prop- 

mwas  made  to  buy  the  interest  of  Fox  in  the 

Morks.and  make  them  an  institution  solely  owned 

Itontrnlled  hy  the  city.     Previous  to  this  time  tlie 

been  compelled  to  lend  assistance  in  order  to 

I  the  works  in  operation.     The  proposition  met 

1  tor.  and  a  bar'ziiin  was  consummated  in  the 

iMtli.  the  city  agreeing  to  pay  Fox  eighteen 

1  dollars,  from  which  were  to  be  deducted  cer- 

iidvanees  made  to  Fox,  so  that  he  actually  re- 

1  only  about  seven  thou.sand  dollars. 

b ordinance  pas,»ed  by  the  board  of  aldermen  and 

Rtfd  March  ;n,  1835,  provided  that  a  superin- 

iiiiftliewaier-wofks  should  be  appointed  by  the 

.  who  should  hold  his  oflSce  for  one  year,  and 


receive  a  salary  of  eight  hundred  dollars,  and  that  the 
water  rates  should  be  as  follows  : 

'•  Fur  I'licli  priviito  riiiiiily  nut  oxceeilinit  oiglit  poraunii  in  num- 
ber, ftt  tliu  nitn  of  ti'ii  ilolho-i. 

"  For  a  I'nmily  nf  ninu,  and  nut  e.xoeedin);  aixtoen  peritonH,  nt 
the  riito  uf  twenty  ilullarH. 

"  Fur  I'lioh  luvcrni  Imtol,  ur  pul>llo-huusc,  at  thu  rate  of  imt 
li'*«  limn  fifty,  nor  iiioro  than  uno  liunilrod  ami  fifty  tlullurx. 

"  l''i,r  cacti  privnto  lioariling-hnuiii',  nt  the  rate  uf  not  less  than 
ten,  nor  more  than  one  iMiiidroil  dollars. 

"  For  eaoh  livory  stable,  lit  the  rate  of  not  loss  than  fifty,  nor 
mora  tliiin  one  hundred  and  fifty  ilollarK. 

"  Fui-  eauli  black.-mitirii  simp  or  foundry,  at  the  rule  uf  not 
less  than  ten,  nor  mure  than  two  hnndred  dollars. 

"  Fur  tho  supply  uf  any  sluro,  shop,  office,  or  other  establish- 
ment, any  sum  not  less  than  at  the  rate  of  ten,  nur  more  than 
live  hundred  dollars." 

It  was  also  provided  that  no  person  should  use  water 
from  the  water-works  without  having  a  license  for  that 
purpose.  Tho  necessary  hydrants  were  to  be  supplied, 
and  the  furnishing  and  laying  of  the  pipes  required 
for  the  conveyance  and  delivery  of  the  water  from 
the  main  pipe  or  conduit  to  the  place  where  the 
water  was  intended  to  bo  delivered  were  to  be  done 
at  the  proper  cost  and  expense  of  the  person  or 
persons  requesting  or  causing  the  same  to  be  done, 
and  no  pipe  or  other  fixture  for  the  conveyance 
of  water  was  to  be  permitted  to  bo  placed  in  com- 
munication with  the  water-works  under  any  pretense, 
unless  it  was  done  under  the  control  and  direction  of 
the  superintendent  or  of  the  mayor  and  aldermen, 
under  a  penalty  of  fifty  dollars.  By  an  ordinance 
approved  March  10,  1836,  the  superintendent  was 
empowered  to  appoint  a  deputy,  and  the  salary  of  the 
superintendent  was  fixed  at  nine  hundred  dollars,  and 
of  tho  deputy  at  four  hundred  dollars. 

Abraham  Pox,  who  continued  to  act  as  superintend- 
ent under  the  new  system,  gave  place  before  the  year 
1835  closed  to  John  M.  Wimer,  afterwards  mayor, 
who  remained  superintendent  until  about  the  end  of 
the  year  1836.     Mr.  Wimer  was  succeeded  by  Wil- 
liam Uurd,  who  ceased  to  be  superintendent  Oct.  19, 
1838.     Peter  Brooks,  a  somewhat  distinguished  civil 
engineer  of  those  days,  assumed  the  position  of  super- 
intendent Oct.  20,  1838.     During  his  incumbency  it 
was  found  that  the  demand  for  water  had  become 
greater  than  the  capacity  of  the  works  could  supply. 
Accordingly  he  proceeded  to  erect  a  new  reservoir, 
immediately  above   the   old   one.      This  was  really 
!  nothing  more  than  a  huge  tank  built  of  solid  oak 
■  lumber,  sustained  by  immense  beams  and  stays.     It 
was  one  hundred  by  one  hundred  feet  and  twelve 
;  feet  deep.     This  tank  proved  to  be  quite  durable ; 
I  but  as  it  was  built  imn\cdiatcly  above  the  old  reser- 
'  voir,  which  was  still  retained  in  use,  the  difiiculties 


,i. 


1       J- 


782 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


encountered  in  repairing  the  latter  were  very  grout, 
and  BH  it  had  become  cruokcd  and  the  oiubaulcuicnt 
was  HJiding  uway,  the  people  of  the  uei);hborhuoil  ^c- 
cnmo  much  alarmed  lest  it  should  burst  and  do  )!runt 
damage  to  surroundinft  property.  It  was  during  thi»i 
period  that  now  main  ]iipcs  were  laid  down.  Thene 
wore  ton-inch  pipes,  and  it  was  deemed  that  thoy  would 
be  sufficient  to  meet  any  probable  future  requircmunl. 

Before  184U  there  were  no  water-pipes  laid  down 
wwttof  Fourth  Street;  indeed,  that  street  was  scarcely 
marked  out.  All  the  pipe  that  had  been  laid  had 
been  manufactured  by  Vanleer  &  Co.,  Woods,  Stacker 
Si  Co.,  of  Tennessee,  and  by  Uarrison  Brothers,  and 
Gaty  &  Coonoe,  of  St.  Louis.  In  184H  the  third  enfjiiie 
put  up  in  the  water-works  was  built  by  Kingsliind  & 
Lightner,  of  St.  Louis.  This  engine  was  of  larger 
size  than  any  yet  erected  in  the  West,  but  owing  to 
want  of  stability  in  the  foundations  for  it,  it  was  in  a 
measure  a  failure  and  soon  broke  down.  It  was  after- 
wards repaired,  and  continued  to  be  run  until  Qaty  & 
Mc('une  placed  the  "  Hercules"  in  position  in  1852. 
This  engine  was  then  regarded  as  a  mighty  achieve- 
ment in  engine-building.  Nothing  like  it  in  the  way 
of  machinery  had  ever  been  seen  in  the  West,  and  for 
years  it  was  so  much  of  a  wonder  that  visitors  to  the 
city  were  deemed  not  to  have  seen  all  its  features  un- 
less they  had  inspected  the  big  engine  at  the  water- 
works. This  engine  cost  the  city  twenty  five  thousand 
dollars. 

A  newspaper  description  of  the  engine  before  its 
rompletion  (Jan.  6,  1847)  says, — 

"  In  this  foundry  we  saw  the  new  but  unfinished 
engine  and  pump  for  the  city  water-works,  and,  .so  far 
as  we  may  judge,  they  will  be  no  discredit  to  the 
manufacturers.  The  cylinder  of  the  engine  is  about 
twenty  inches  in  diameter,  and  of  eight  feet  stroke. 
The  new  pump  is  of  about  filYeen  inches  in  diameter 
and  eight  feet  stroke,  and  will  be  capable  of  throwing 
an  immen.se  stream  of  water.  This  pump,  it  should 
be  known,  is  manufactured  of  iron  from  the  Iron 
Mountain  in  this  State,  which  Mr.  Kingsland  pro- 
nounces greatly  superior  to  every  other  metal  used  or 
brought  to  this  city  from  any  quarter."  The  engine 
was  at  the  toot  of  Bates  Street,  and  its  capacity  wa.s 
not  any  larger  than  required.  The  ])lan  of  supplying 
the  water  was  the  same  imperfect  one  which  existed 
for  many  years  afterwards.  A  pipe  was  thrust  into 
the  current,  and  the  thick  fluid  forced  to  such  an  eh;- 
vation  that  it  could  be  distributed  through  the  mains 
with  just  such  a  small  portion  of  the  mud  freed  from 
it  as  could  torm  itself  into  a  sediment  during  a  short 
storage  in  the  reservoir.  As  the  city  grew  the  ca- 
pacity of  the  reservoir  lessened  by  reason  c  *'  the  accu- 


mulating deposits,  and  there  was  an  itj<  iiimed  (Ifui  J 
for  water.  The  step  next  taken  to  nuifdy  th,.  ,|,| 
eiency  was  the  construction  of  iinDth  r  rcccptucl, 


Benton  Street.  This  wasahout  two  liiiinli,  ,1  f,.i.|  „ 


considern'oly  larger  than  the  other,  but  still  of 
limited   extent.      The  power    had    ii   !i,. 


luilj 

and  an  engine  was  constructed  witli  an  .i.'liUoii.iniJ 
cylinder  and  ten  feet  stroke.  A  ikw  ciiirineh  u, 
was  also  erected. 

The  introduction  of  water  into  thf  iwvi  rcwvoir  I 
thus  described  under  date  of  Jan.  22,  1S5(I: 

"Vflslcrday  a  niiinber  of  the  inoiiihcrs  ui  the  Citv  i  nu  h 
city  iifflei'n,  nml  inviteil  (juosts  iittemlivl  h.  uiliicij  ihrini. 
iluotio'.  of  water  into  the  new  rcnorvoir.  Tlii>  new  reieno'  I 
»itiiiil.;il  in  the  iiurtliwcatcrii  jiiirt  of  the  ciiv,  wi'>l  uf  tlic  I 
Mrs.  Vright's  rosidcnco,  ii|)(iii  a  phit  of  nlmnt  t^„  „^„ 
by  the  city.  It  In  the  highcnt  piiint  uf  ki..uii.1  iin.iin.l  iheeJ 
within  a  auitable  di!>tnnoe  from  (he  river.  'IWn  rwcriuir  i<k 
the  comiiienoenient  of  nioro  oxtemloil  work-.  The  gniunj  1 
been  so  laid  off  that  it  i»  ealmihitnl  tliat  fimr  rcscrniin  ufma 
Mile  Willi  the  |ire«ent  may  be  oonntnu'lol  ii|in|i  tlietilm  [a 
two  hundred  and  Hfty  feet  Hijimro  and  fiflii  n  feci  Jeep  | 
eapablo  of  holding  one  million  of  gallons  of  wutur,  nr  irubi 
present  |io|nilalion  of  the  city,  a  supply  f.ir  sinen  Jiivj,  m 
lirmly  umbanlted  around  with  elay,  the  walls  well  cuvireJi 
Hagslone  coping,  a  mud  valve  in  the  centre,  a  twraiv.; 
main  leading  the  water  into  it,  and  other  |in,|ier  cuniifolt 
with  the  old  reservoirs  on  llroajway  and  Ihe  sirnl  luainf  i 
pipes  thruiigh  the  eity. 

"  The  now  reservoir  has  cost  the  eity  about  ihirlv  ili>iui| 
dollars,  and  the  laying  of  the  aseondin;;  iiniin^  |,||,|  ,1,1,,,, 
pvnilitures  have  swelled  the  whole  eo:'t  of  ihe  new  »iii,r  wod 
ns  stated  by   .Mr.   Donovan,  the  siiperiiiliMi.lint,  to  aboull 
sum  of  one  hundred  and  eighty  thousand  dollar^." 

The  demand  for  water  continuod  to  increase  an 
as  the  city  grew,  and  the  capacity  tif  the  works  1 
to  be  increased  to  meet  thedeinuiul.     In  IRM.  uq 
the  direction  of  the  then  city  eni,'im'i'r,  llenrv  Kaji 
the  Benton  Street  reservoir  was  I'mistructetl,  vtiti 
capacity  of  forty  million  gallons.     It  wii.s  conimeiJ 
in  the  spring  of  1854,  and  water  wiw  let  liiioj 
reservoir,  which  measured  five  hundred  aud  tifM 
seven  feet  in  length,  two  huiulred  and  lliiiiv-i 
feet  in  breadth,  forty-seven  and  (iiu'haif  feet  iin; 
and  ro.se  about  forty  feet  above  the  natural  sun 
of  the  ground  upon  which  it  was  biiill.  An;;.  lo,  1^ 
The  work  of  extending  the  uiain.s,  meaiin|jile,| 
steadily  gone  on.     During  thi.s  tiino  the  sipcriolj 
ency  of  the  works  had  successively  devolveil 
Willis  II.  Pritchard  and  Daniel  H.  Donovan.  Dgl 
the  o'trly  part  of  the  war  Gen.  8clioliel J.  thea  inj 
mand  at  St.  Louis,  relieved  Donovan  from  the  j 
of  superintendent,  and  Willis  R.  I'ritehard  w* 
pointed  his  .successor,  and  conliiiued  to  serve  thn 
out  the  war. 

In  his  report  of  Oct.  6, 1859,  Superintendent  I 
ard  stated  that  the  city  then  had  an  abuoJaut  t 


MUNICIPAL  DEPARTMENTS. 


783 


I'-t'h 


kH  Ull  ill'  II  Msoj  lIl'UIIIOl 

len  111  p'lui'ily  till'  lie 
r  iiniilli'  r  n'('i'ptiii;li' 
lwi)huiiilicilfei;t»i|iian 
)l\icr,  bill  slill  of  i|iild 
liiul  ti  !»•  increase) 
;J  witli  111!  i'ii;hU'wi-iiio| 
A  iiiw  (Mi'/mo-W 

into  llu:  iii'w  reservoir  I 
Jan.  2-i,  IS50; 

nnni'ii'f  "'  ''"'  '^''y  '  "" 
iltemlc'l  III  vviliiMs  ihf  inti 
lorvnir.  'Hii?  new  rciorvoirl 
•I  of  tho  oily,  wpstut  llii'l 
iiliit  of  nlidiii  ten  iicrej  im 
lint  of  Kniiinil  iinmnil  the  el 
lie  river.  Tlii- rwcrviiir  i' 
•iiiloil  wiirli-.  '\'\w  urnumH 
U.il  that  fimr  n'sorvniri  ufcqj 
)ii»triicli'il  ii|iiin  the  [lUl.  ll 
luro  iiml  liflcrn  feci  iltff, 
.>f  gftlliins  III'  «aliT,  iir,  "itlil 
ft  M\y\>\y  '''"•  ''•^■i"''  ''•>."•  ^\ 
3livy,  tlic  Willi'  well  riiviKiii 
e  in  llie  I'l'"'"'.  i>  t»i'iilv-l 
,t,  iinil  "tlior  iinijiiT  cunnwll 
ftJwfty  Kii'l  ll"'  "I"'"''  ""'"* 

it  tho  I'ily  iiboiil  lliirly  llim 
ftsconilinn  "iiiiiK  ni'l  "''"'I 
hole  i-iii't  "f  tl"^ "«"  "111'''"!" 
.he  Buiioriiilfiiilint,  to  iilrautj 
:y  thiiuaiiml  ilulliir'." 

foutiiiu«'l  to  increase  a| 

capiicily  111'  llie  vf»rl;s 

he  (kiiiaiHl.     InlHM.ui 

city  eiij;iiifi'r,llc»0^ 

Ivoir  was  cuiisiructcil.  nil 

gallons.     It  Wiw  fommei 

niul  Vfiiter  WiLS  let  into 

•d  five  liuiidreil  and  twi 

[o  huiKlred  and  tliiiiy-i 

jn  aiidoiie-lwlfreetinJi 

-t  abdve  tlie  natural  sui 

^1  it  was  built.  An;:.  15. " 

the  mains,  meaiiwliilc, 

[nj.  t\rw  time  tlie  sapevini 

"successively  devolved  i 

Daniel  ll.  l>onovau.  Ui 

(ien.  Scliotield,tlicnii> 

fed  Donovan  t'rum  tlio  iio 

Willis  11.  I'rit*'"''  "' 
lidcoulintied  to  serve  till 

llSSOiStipefio'^'*"' 
I'lheu  bad  an  abundant 


I  ,,|er  ill  it8  sevonly  luilcii  uf  irun  pipu,  and  that 

iiiiJitioniil  attachiiientfl  were  niudo  to  the  old  aHcond- 

1  ,,i  inain  on  Muliuiiphy  Street,  it  niij»ht  bo  expected 

ikii  tlie  t<'^v  hif^h   points  that  tlieii  experienced  a 

larcity  would  be  fully  Hupplied. 

nuriiiK  ill''  ^'"'  il'cru  was  a  general  HuaponHion  of 

lacrovemuiit.s  in  the  city,  and  but  little  wax  done  in 

Lnnectioii  with   the  wator-worka,  but  in  January, 

1.(5  the  Siuio  l^Kialature  passed  a  law  creating  a 

litinl  111' ""'''''  commissioners  for  St.  Louis. 

Ihefimi  board  was  appointed  by  Governor  Fletcher, 
Ljciiiisistid  <>'"  H""-  Jiitt"'*  y-  Thomas,  then  mayor, 
Ljlesurs.  Dwight  Durkee,  T.  Weigel,  N.  C.  Chup- 
Iho  and  S.  D.  Hurlow.  Dwijjht  Durkee  was  elected 
L-iilent  of  the  board,  tho  organization  being  effected 
|»iho24th  of  March,  18ti5. 

The  requirements  of  the  city  had  become  such 
ij^  liiiijr  Ijcforo  the  appointment  of  tho  first  board 
I  f ater-works  commissioners  it  was   deemed   abso- 
lelv  necessary  to  establish   new  works.     When  this 
ud  was  a|i|iointed  the  members   tiought  to  take 
lite  niea.surcs,  and  they  requested  James  P.  Kirk- 
Ito supply  them  with  a  plan.     lie  did  so,  but  it 
ireiected  by  tlie  City  Council.     The  plan  contem- 
(eii  the  pliicing  of  low-service   engines   and  tho 
»,iruciion  ol'  settling  reservoirs  and  filtering  beds 
kike  I'luiin  of  Kocks,  some  six  miles  north  of  the 
rhern  city  limits,  a  brick  conduit  to  Baden,  high- 
itkf  eni'ine.H  on  the  BcUefontaine  roud,  and  storage 
mmirs  at  Hiiiklea,  on  the  St.  Charles  llock  road, 
UD  auxiliary  reservoir  in  the  city  commons,  tiio 
itiiy  of  the  proposed  works  to  be  twelve  million 
iiiDi  daily.     It  was  estimated  that  the  total  cost 
not  be  less  than  seven  and  a  half  million  of 
|tin.   The  commissioners  recommended  the  adop- 
lof  the  plan  on  the  ground  that  if  the  water  was 
1  from  the  river  at  Bissell's  Point  it  would  con- 
iwii)  impurities,  while  at  the  Chain  of  Hocks  it 
Ike  much  purer.     This  plan  was  submitted  to 
^Council  in  March,  1866.    It  was  rejected  because 
(complex  and  costly  and  the  result  doubtful,  the 
rbein;;  repirded  as  merely  experimental.     Mr. 
tiood  devoted  much  time  to  the  subject,  and  vis- 
iEurope  to  inspect  the  most  celebrated  water-works 
i.ind  atlerwards  prepared  the  plans  which  led  to 
kiMstniclion  of  the  present  works.     It  was  ropre- 
1  to  the  ("ily  Council  by  a  sub-committee  ap- 
Itoinijuire  into  the  matter  that  the  objections 
IHmU's  Point  were  based  upon  popular  prejudice, 
Iki  upon  l';iets,  and  the  Bissell's  Point  plan  was 
Sjitiitly  carried  out. 

k  tlie  rejection  of  their  plan  the  commissioners 
d.and  a  new  board  was  appointed  by  the  Gover- 


nor, whiuii  organiz(>d  on  the  2d  of  Augu.st,  1866.  This 
board  was  composed  of  Mayor  Thomoi^,  Messrs.  Ama- 
deo  Valid,  G.  M.  Dreyor,  C.  K.  Salomon,  and  George 
K.  Budd.  New  plans  were  submitted  to  tho  Council 
without  result,  and  during  the  session  of  1867  tho 
liOgislature  passed  another  act,  approved  March  Ul, 
1867,  which  created  a  board  of  three  commissioners, 
named  in  tho  act,  viz. :  Alexander  Crozier,  Henry 
Flad,  and  Amadce  Valle.  The  board  met  on  the  22d 
of  March,  and  organized  by  electing  Mr.  Vall^"-  presi- 
dent, Mr.  Crozier  vice-president,  and  A.  K.  Bowman 
.secretary.  Thomas  J.  Whitman  was  subsequently  ap- 
pointed chief  engineer,  at  a  salary  of  four  thousand 
dollars  per  annum,  Mr.  Kirk  wood  being  retained  as 
consulting  engineer. 

The  works  which  came  under  the  charge  of  the  first 
board  of  water  commissioners  were  the  two  reser- 
voirs on  Benton  Street  and  the  engine-house  at  the 
foot  of  Bates  Street.  Subsequently  a  reservoir  two 
hundred  feet  square  was  constructed  on  Gamble 
Avenue,  near  Garrison  Avenue.' 

The  smaller  Benton  Street  reservoir,  however,  was 
abandoned,  as  it  was  too  low  and  nearly  filled  with 
mud.  The  adjoining  one  was  forty  feet  higher,  and 
was  one  hundred  and  thirty-nine  feet  and  ten  inches 
above  the  city  directrix.  The  machinery  in  1870 
still  remained  on  Bates  Street.  The  engines  were  tho 
one  with  an  cighteen-inch  cylinder,  before  referred 
to,  and  two  with  cylinders  thirty  inches  in  diameter 
and  with  ton  feet  stroke.  No  improvement  had  been 
effected  in  the  quality  of  the  water  supplied  to  the 
public  since  the  first  reservoir  was  built.  The  old 
works  cost  one  million  seven  hundred  thoii.sand  dollars. 

Ninety-.ieven  acres  of  land  at  Bissell's  Point  were 
purchased  of  Capt.  Bissell,  and  work  was  commenced 
in  tho  fall  of  1867.  The  work  was  not  without  tho 
delays  which  frequently  take  jdace  in  such  under- 
takings. Considerable  difficulty  was  experienced  in 
laying  the  foundations  of  the  low-service  engine-house, 
but  they  wore  at  lost  laid,  and  the  reservoirs  were 
constructed. 

The  settling  reservoirs — the  object  of  which  is  in- 
dicated by  their  name — are  the  most  important  part  of 
the  system.  Situated  about  three  hundred  feet  from 
the  river-bank,  they  are  each  six  hundred  feet  in  length 
by  two  hundred  and  seventy  feet  in  width  and  four- 

'  Qround  wiia  brukcn  .luly  6,  lsil7,  fur  a  new  reservoir,  with 
a  capacity  of  two  hiinilrcil  thousiinil  );iilh>ni',  in  block  \a.  1007, 
t'xtrndini;  from  (inniblo  Avenue  through  to  Diiylon  Street, 
whieh  was  intcniicd  to  ti'in|iorarily  supply  tho  city  with  wnter 
while  the  olil  reservoir  wiiii  beiui;  clouncil  out,  the  cuntruuton, 
Messrs.  liudd,  Decker  A  Ault,  engaging  to  ciiinpletc  the  work 
liy  the  l.'ith  of  October.  The  reservoir,  which  cost  four  hun- 
dred and  Hfty  thousand  dollars,  was  abandoned  prior  to  1870. 


1 

r.  \-  ] 

> 

'     '      '       , 

Im! 

m  '< 

784 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


teen  feet  in  depth.  There  are  four  of  tliese  liuge 
bnains,  whioli  are  separated  from  each  other  by  di- 
vision wails  eleven  feet  in  width  nt  the  base  and  ci^ht 
feet  at  the  top.  The  outer  walls  are  five  feet  in  width, 
buttressed  every  seven  feet,  with  an  ciubankincnt  bo- 
hind  them  twenty  feet  wide  at  the  top,  and  having  a 
nlope  of  two  to  one,  which  frives.  wliere  the  walls  are 
fifteen  feet  hijih,  a  width  of  about  fifty  feet  at  the 
base.  The  foundations  of  the  walls  are  in  excaV!\tions, 
and  are  laid  upon  a  bitse  of  sis  incites  of  cuncrcic, 
bedded  oak  timbers  placed  transversely  and  lonj;itu- 
dinally,  and  anotiier  layer  of  concrete.  The  material 
used  in  the  construction  of  the  walls  is  Grafton  lime- 
stone, but  the  copin<>s  are  of  Cannelton  sandstone. 
Between  the  masonry  and  the  embankment  ther;;  is  a 
puddle  wall  of  clay  four  feet  in  thickness. 

The  bed  of  the  reservoirs,  with  the  view,  of  course, 
of  rendering  it  impervious  to  the  water,  is  formed  of 
a  layer  of  clay  puddle  one  foot  in  thickness,  si-x  incites 
of  concrete,  and  u  course  of  brick  paviit;;  laid  on  edjie. 
The  bed  h.is  a  .slope  to  the  centre,  where  there  is  a 
wide  ftutter  for  the  carryin;^  off  of  the  mud. 

There  is  a  distributing  well  near  the  centre  of  the 
east;>rrt  bank  and  opposite  to  tlic  middle  divisioit  wall, 
and  the  vrater  is  conveyed  into  it  by  the  two  linos  of 
pipe  before  ntentioncd.  The  inside  divisions  of  the 
well  are  twenty-six  feet  by  cij;ht  feet,  and  the  depth 
eighteen  feet.  The  water  is  carried  from  this  well 
by  two  other  lines  of  thirty-six-iuch  pipe  two  hun- 
dred aitd  seventy  feet  in  length  to  ends  of  the  north 
and  south  divisioit  walls,  where  >t  flows  into  the  iitflux 
wells.  There  is  a  waste-well  in  the  middle  of  the 
front  well  of  each  reservoir  for  carrying  off  the  sedi- 
ment during  the  process  of  cleaning.  There  are  two 
gates  in  each  influx  well.  On  the  opposite  side  of  the 
reservoirs  are  the  efliux  wells,  with  "ight  gates  in  eacli 
chauibor,  i'or  the  taking  of  the  water  from  the  surface, 
at  whatever  height  that  may  be. 

The  water  settles  in  twoiity-lonr  hours,  which  i-< 
considered  a  sufiicioitl  time  to  eliiiiiiiate  all  the  itiud 
from  it  except  that  which  would  r(-i|uire  filterinu-beds 
lor  the  jiiirpiise. 

The  buildings  at  Bisscll's  I'oiiit  eumpriso  two  series 
of  itniclures,  known  iw  the  high-.service  and  low-«'r- 
virt'  iiuililiiigs,  the  latter  locaied  on  the  rivcrliaiik, 
and  till-  Icniter  about  a  i|uarter  of  a  inile  di.staiit. 
They  are  of  brick  triinmed  with  stutio.  On  the  pedi 
niciit  of  llic  jiriiiiipal  fai/iidc  f  flie  high-ricrv!  ' 
engine  house  are  two  scuiptuixTl  ligiires,  tlie  I'liiuit  of 
Waters,  represent iitg  the  union  of  the  >li.'<souri  aitd 
Mls.MisHi[i|il. 

Kach  of  the  reserviiirs  lia.s  ;<  ■apieily  o(  iwenly- 
three    millions   of  gallons,   and    while      ne    is    being 


cleaned,  the  second  reservoir  is  beiiij.'  lillcd,  tlw  thj  i 
being  drawn  from,  and  the  fourth  mi.  i„iii„  s,,|t|^,  i 

The  water  flows  from  the  reservoirs  inaltrick  v 
duit,  after  it  has  gone  thro-ugli  this  icu;:!,  .ir,,,.^ 
of  purification,  to  the  clear  well.  This  is  a  lia,«iii  onl 
hundred  by  one  hundred  and  fifty  fnt  and  sixiea 
feet  deep,  adjoining  the  highservi.c  .'in-iii,,.!,,,,,,, 
and  tiot  far  from  the  settling  reservoirs.  It  li;is  l^ 
consti-ucted  for  sifety  and  as  a  preventive  ■)(  acddej 
to  the  engines  in  ease  tlie  water  at  tli  nsurvoirs  slnmU 
be  shut  off  by  mistake,  or  any  acciijent  occur  ii,  J 
gates. 

The  pumping  is  done  by  two  sets  el'  imnipin:-,;! 
gines.  The  first  set,  consisting  d'  two  ]iuiiipi 
engines  of  a  capacity  of  eighteen  niilJinn  '.'iilloiis  nd 
and  one  engine  of  twenty-four  milliun  ^■uIIdiis  vim^a 
lifts  the  water  from  the  river  into  the  settlin.j  1,mJ 
After  being  cleaned  of  its  .sedinieiit  I  lie  water  i« 
vated  into  the  storage  reservoir  and  intu  the  distribl 
tion  mains  by  another  set  ui  puni|iipi,'-ent'im'>  li 
of  which  have  a  capacity  of  .sixtec'uand  eiiolmiri 
lion  gallons,  and  the  third  a  capacity  of  twenty-fnurii 
lion  gallons  per  day.  The  water  is  carried  luabrl 
conduit  ten  feet  in  width  and  sixteen  feet  in  lioid 
from  the  clear  well  U)  the  wet  well  of  tlie  hiijii-.trJ 
engine-house,  and  is  puntped  through  oijilitcn  ih^ 
sand  feet  of  thirty-six-inch  pipe  anil  seven  tlimisi 
feet  of  thirty-inch  pipe  laid  along (Jrand  .Vviniic. 
Cass  Avenue,  Laclede  Avcniie,  ami  v;  rimis 
points  connectioits  are  mai'e  with  tweiiiv  inch  mti 
and  the  water  is  there  partly  dislriimied  thnn.lij 
city ;  but  the  distribution  is  not  eiini|iliied  intil 
pa.sses  through  Contptoii  Hill  reservmr 

A  stumlpipe  was  erected  at  Fonrleentli  .Sinvtj 
(iraitd  Avenjc  to  relieve  the  strain  i>n  tlie  !,::hj 
vice  engines  at  the  time  of  starting.     Ii  win  i.i 
ily  seen  that  to  move  the  mass  of  wiiier  in  ilie| 
miles  of  pipe  between  the  high-serviee  eiijiiin'  l> 
and  ('ompti)ii   Hill  reservoir   up  graile  rii|iiiroi| 
incline   power.     The  slaiid-[iipe  is    iiie  liuiniivd] 
sixty  feet  in   height,  aitd  thi;  power  ri'ijuirn 
the  iiddy  of  water  in  tin  lion  i.s  le.ssennl  liv 'li.' 
Iieing  broken,  a  portion  nl'i'  being  I'Mririi  upllk-i 
pipe.      'I'he  diameier  >  f  the  pipe  is  live  tW't,  ana 
made  of  various  tlii"koesses  of  Itniier  iiiiii.  tlh'  I 
deereiibiiig    as  the    lieiiilit    iiiereasis.     Tlie  |iil 
inclosed    in  a    (Jorintliian    coliiinii.  ami  ilni'' 
niouiid  eight  lect  in   height  ami  iniianiiiiliil  wM 
Chicago  stone  at  the  base.    The  sliatl  i.s  uri'iii'lt 
itie  interior  a  spiral  Htaiieose  winds  reuiid  (iieJ 
'lid  1 1. ere  i.s  an  ohservalorv  at   the  inji  Iniu  wh 
line  vit!»  uf  the  surrounding  coiinliy  may  lie  "bij 

The  storage  resttrvoir  known  us  ('uiu|itiiii  III 


le'ui!-'  lilltMl,  \.\»:  tliitq 

ll  nllc  lii'illS  sotllwl. 

.•rviiir--  ill  ;v  livick  con 
\\  this  in\itrli  jiriiM 
1.    'riiis  is  a  l]asin  i 
fifty  tilt  uiiJ  sixiL'ei 
•HcrviiT  oiiuiiii'-liiiu* 
.^aervoirs.     ll  Ir.is  Id 
provciitivn  'if  amJed 
at  t\i    ri'M'rvdirs  slumll 
I  imeiili'iit  occui  ti>  to 

(fo  ;wis  111  \imii]iiiii;  el 

itiiij:  111'  '«'"  liu'i'l" 
•on  luiHiim  iraUoiis  la 
:  milliuii  ■_';illi>iis  «i|>Ml 
■  into  ilif  M'tilinu  i'xsi 
diinenl  llir  w:iIit  i' 

oil'  tiiul  ill'"  ll"'  '1'^"''' 
ot  puin\m";-eiii.'iiii's, 
sixteiiii  and  nno-huH' 
I'lpiieity  of  twcnty-fuur 
wtttor  is  ciirrietl  by  a  bi 
11(1  sixtttcii  t'oet  in  ln>>| 
»,.t  wi'U  of  ilu' iii'^li* 
ed  tltrouuli  eisilitivii  i 

\  pipe  and  -^''V''"  <'>"«■ 
J  u\,)ni;»!ranilAvi'imi«, 

vcnao,  and  v;  rimi* 

with  twi'ntyim-li  mt 
Iv  dial rilmi I'll  tlin.ii-li 
is,  not  I'liniv''''^'''  '""' 
ill  resiTviiir. 
,a  ut  lAmili'i'iitli  !^>ri"l| 
„!  Htrain  mi  ''i'^^  ■'■-H 
startin'.'.     ll  wi"  '"■ 
muss  111'  wiif''  '"  ''" 
hijrh-wrvii'c  i'ii;:ii»' 
,„ir   „,,  );rad."  ri'iimnll 
l.|,ipi>  is  imi'  liiiiiiiii'? 
thi'   piiwiT  ri'iiiiinii 
•„,„  ia  h>>si'iii'il  hy'li" 

i.  h.-iiinl'"r>-'''l"l"'"'' 
1„.  ,.i,,-islivvt'M,;ml 

,,s  ot'  hllil'T  ii'"'''  *'"' 


MUNICIPAL  DEPARTMENTS. 


r85 


,t    innr.'usif 


in    CO 
ihl  »" 


ilunin.  ail' 


Till' 
1  llu 


ll  orni 


iiim'Uiii 


•I'll,,  .halt  i> 


,4  U'x* 


lll'USO 


1..1II 


a  I  lid 


Uiry 

llin^ 


at   ll 


If'  111  ' 


kni'wn 


luiiiiy  iii'iy  I"' 


I  piir  is  situated  on  the  block  of  ground  Houth  of 

Utiivftte    Avenue  und    ndjninin<;    Grand     Avenue. 

The  area  owned  by  the   WattT-works  Department  i.s 

Isflv  acros,  about  half  of  whieh  is  covered   by  the 

1  .jerviiir-   The  dimen.sioiis  of  the  buiin  are  eiixht  hun- 

1  IreJ  feet  1)\'  *wo  hundred  and  fifty  feet,  and  the  depth 

•lentv  two  ft'ct,  and   it  has  a  total  storape  capacity 

L'fifiv-six  million  gallons.      It  is  divided  into  two 

Lniriar'nH'iiis  ^y  a  division  wall  runniiif:  from  the 

jj  t(i  'ho  efflu.\   chamber.      The  water   in   the 

Ifgiiipton  Hill  reservoir  i.s  one  hundred  and  scventy- 

Imffet  aliove  the  city  directrix,  thu,s  commanding 

li(*iioiei'ily' 

llntlio  Hilh  of  July,  1870,  the  eonipiction  of  the 

!■«  sottlinir  reservoirs  was  made  the  oecasion  of  a 

Isltbraiion.     \t   the   invitation   of   the   contractors,  ' 

I^MS  M.  llaekett  and  John  Ackley,  a  number  of 

l^jiiijfliiziiis  participated,  among  them  being  Hon 

llJ  liniiliv.  ('has.  M.   Elleard,  G        S.  P.  Simj)- 

Iwi  1'.  McCaliilli   city   auditor,   Bernard    MeSorley, 

li    Finl.y,    W.   J     IJudd,    Dr.    D.    V.    Dean, 

ll  ?.  Mclraif'i'.   M.  Lemmoii,  of   Hill,  Lcmnion   & 

VKdward  li.  Garrigues.  M.   B.  O'Reilly,  Judge 

kjcii   and    others.      The    system     thus    inaugu- 

\*ti  supplied    from   nine   to    t<'n    millions  of  gnl- 

\(tm  cliar  water  daily,   while    its    capacity   was 

lawn  and  a  half  millions.      Its  chief  feature  was 

litwurinf:  of  the  water  without  retaining  th'    mud 

It :tie  Missouri  and   Mis.sissippi,  and  the  furnishing 

Lii  in  a  cnniiiaratively  pure  state   tt    the  public. 

Iniiwas  llie  i:rcat  desideratum,  an<l  one  that  received 

Ifcuiit-'ntiiiii  from  the  board  of  water  commi8.sioiiers 

ItiiWi'iipinoers  which  its  importance  suggested. 

I  Ilif  siniili'n  changt!  in  the  water,  etfected   by   the 

I  Works,  was  very  niarke<l,  and  a  local  writer  de- 

»«i ihat  it '■  would  he  astonishing  to  our  i-itizens 

tniit  been  l'O!. orally  anticipated,     'i'liis  ehange 

61- vet  bci'ii  uiiaec:im]....;'   J  I  y  any  public  eelebra- 

|k  r  ovation,  as  wa.'  done    n  oiher  cities  on  tlie 

■lltlinii  of  Mioh  eiif-rpriiCi.     Where  the  .supply  is 

^liitu  nil  are  •   .Ui    od  in  their  praise  of  the  char 

nhatllii'V  now    iToelve,  instead  of  the  inuiMy 

|)i  ilial  they  have  heen  in  the  habit  of  using  for 

IlkuTi'ai  advantage  possoKsed  by  St.  liouiseimsisls 
ffaft  iliui  its  soiireo  of  Hupjily  is  inexhaustible. 
li)li>-is>lp[ii,  in  lime  of  an  ordinary  stage,  (-'vri.  .-' 
llllf  lily  Hlmiit  one  million  gallons  of  w.iii  >•  ]'  r 
iif  oniiu^h  in  a  few  seennds  to   suppiy  th" 
ml  iicciNsiiy  lor  a  whole   day.      1 1   is  not  only 
iiiiiii.lmt  ■»  one  of  the  raoBi   wholesome  waters 
wi    ll  is  iruf  th.it  in  lime  of  high  water  it  emi- 
i(ilar:c  [iiTi'eiitage  of  sediii.eiitury  matter,  brought 
iO 


down  by  the  swift  current  of  the  Missouri  River,  but 
of  this  it  is  easily  freed  by  settling  and  filtering. 

An  analysis  of  the  river  water,  made  by  Dr. 
Theodore  Fay,  chemist  of  the  board  of  water  com- 
missioners, is  given  in  the  following  form,  exhibiting 
the  comparative  quality  of  the  water  obtained  from 
the  old  and  new  reservoirs  : 

W  fttfi-  dr»\r»  ffnm  hif(ti-aut  {ntU  supply). 

Solid  matter  depnrutod  by  titter '232  grains  per  gallon. 

Ilitr<liic8» T.Oi) 

Oxi'!i«iil)l'j  orKiini';  uiatler .."iDI  gniin'  p<?r  Kallon. 

(.'iirbnnatc  of  lime d.liU     grains  per  f^allon. 

Settled  witttr  tlntwn  from  hyihitnt  (new  Ktippli/). 

lianlness S.T.'i 

Oxiili/.iilile  or^tiiiiij  mutter .7H1  ^raiiiH  per  gallon. 

Carbiinnte  of  lime 7.17     grains  per  ({ftllon. 

.Auiuialcolic in    eootfi«lerable   nuiuber.s. 

Dr.  Kay,  in  connection  with  the  above,  makes  the 
following  explanation : 

'  The  alicivo  Flateiiu-nt  ir.  regard  to  tlie  dilTerenco  in  nrgaiiio 
matter  ami  hardneKS  is  hardly  a  fair  test,  on  neennnt  of  the 
exees.4  of  tiaio  tha^  the  water  remained  e.xpo^sed  to  tlio  Hun, 
the  .solation  of  n  portion  uf  the  lime  ased  in  tho  otinslruction 
iif  the  ri'servoirs  and  eulvertu,  in  whieh  iniuiy  tljonsnnds  of 
bushels  have  been  nsed.  It  is  my  opinion  that  we  will  havu 
nx  ^'lod  v.'ater  fri>in  the  Mia^issippi  aH  any  in  the  United  Statea 
when  the  uiay  and  ^and  are  roiu<ived." 

Early  in  March,  1871.  a  test  of  the  high-service 
engines  w;is  made.  "  On  Monday  afternoon,"  says  a 
contemporaneous  account,  "  high-service  engine  No.  2 
was  started  and  was  worked  several  hours,  but  without 
tho  water  being  let  on.  The  engine  was  run  at  vary- 
ing speed,  making  as  high  as  fifteen  and  twenty  revo- 
lutions in  a  minute.  Oii  Tuesday  afternoon,  after 
running  tlu;  engine  light  lor  about  half  an  hour,  the 
water  was  let  on,  and  in  n  moment  was  rushing 
through  the  main  pipe  towards  Coin|iiiin  Hill  leser- 
viiir,  live  inile«  distant,  and  at  an  elevation  above  the 
river  of  nearly  two  luiiulred  feet.  At  halfpast  five 
o'clock  the  er.taraet  tmrst  through  the  eireiilar  mouth 
of  the  pipe,  and  a  steady  stream  was  soon  pouring 
into  the  r-servoir. 

•'  On  riiursday  and  on  Friday  afternoons  the  en- 
gine was  kept  luniiinu'  several  hours,  and  was  satis- 
factorily tested  in  various  ways.  On  Friday  morning 
steam  was  let  on  No.  1  high-service,  but  tho  water 
w:\s  not  let  in.  Six  hours  afterwards  the  load  was 
I  put  on,  and  the  engine  was  worked  for  some  time, 
])uinping  directly  int'i  ilu'  reservoir.  The  condiiet  of 
the  eiigiiK  was  )ironoui  'd  eleuanl,  anil  the  n'siilt  of 
I  lie  lirst  informal  lest  was  iienerally  regarded  as  most 
.saliNfactory, 

"The  new  waler-works  an-  now  |ii'at'lieallv  com- 
pleied,  Ml  a  cost  to  ilu'  city  of  nearly  four  million 
dollars.  The  actual  lost  of  the  eonsiruetion  is  an 
follows  I  in   a   few    pailiculai's   the   figures   ure   cIuho 


m 


i  .1 


78G 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


appruzimatioiis,  as  tlio  work  is  uot  yet,  quite  devel- 
oped) : 


"  Low  fiorvi'^o  ongines 

]|igh->?rvicu  ongines 

Settling  rcKcrvoir 

"oinptiin  Hill  ro»crvoir , 

Iligli-i<or<'ic(-  engine,  foundntinns , 

Iiiiw-serni'u  engine,  I'Dinidationa 

Twd  ?ngini'  hi>UKrs,  cliininevH,  etc 

Uivor  inlet  tower  (iron  resting  on  roek^ 

I'ipe  line  and  bridge 

Ue.'*ervoir  gntes,  stop-coekt*,  etc 

Piping  lonnoi'ted  with  new  works 

Stiind-pipe 

Kcul  catiite 


*111,9I,1...4 
l«S.;i7t.llO 
.')7«,i:iB.II4 
l!(lll,4ll.lil 
i'iO.Odll.UO 

'j;iii,iiii(i.i)n 

22(1, (HII!. oil 

n,'>,(i((o.iii) 
n  (1,(111(1.1)0 
4:'>,(i(io.oo 

fi77.7-V.'.(10 

&(l,0(lll.ll(l 

444,000.0(1 


IIWII-SMUVICE  STATION. 
Hecor-l of  Wtwk  lUmt  by  High-iyrvu-   l:,>'tm*t. 


MuriTi.a. 


",;'•'"':' No  of  neT.'niui,ei«  i'-7'    N„.„ris, 

■ng-  I  .\»(iH«.    tiTii 


Totiil $:i,2if.,9:)l.o« ' 

The  value  of  ilic  entire  St,  Loiu-  jvater-wnrks  and 
prounds  wan  estim.ttcd  in  1 882  us  f'ollow.s :  real  prop- 
erty, 8263,090;  iniprovetuents,  8t>,'J20.000 ,  total 
estimated  v,ilue,  8';,  183,01(0. 

The  low-.-icrvicc  eiitjinos  were  tested  in  Juno,  1871, 
and  duriii.;  lliat  inontii  water  was  supplied  to  the  citi- 
zens L'enerally  fi'oin  the  new  works.  The  lenjrlh  ol 
the  forcB  main  pipe  from  tli.  tiver  at  His.sel)'8  I'oint  to 
the  Conipton  Hill  p'.servoii'  i.s  a  littlo  over  five  iiiiies, 
and  it!'  diainct>3r  is  thirty-six  inche.H. 

The  Water  Department  of  St.  Louis,  as  at  present 
conslituled,  is  in  eharfje  of  a  water  eoiniiiissioner, 
that  offiee  Iiavinj;  been  created  by  an  ordinance  of 
the  City  Council  (embodied  in  the  revised  ordinance 
approved  Marcli  29,  1881),  who  holds  office  for  four 
years,  and  must  be  a  duly  (|uulified  eiij^ineer.  The 
present  water  commissioner  is  Thomas  J.  Whiiuiun, 

In  his  report  for  the  fiscal  year  ending;  in  April, 
1882,  Mr.  Whitman  gave  t!ie  followinj;  statistius  of 
work  done  at  eacii  of  the  pumpin<;  statioDs : 

LOW-SKItVICK  STATION. 
K'COT'l  of  ir.jrA  iUmt  hy  Ifitp-Htrvief  V.ngintt. 


1881— April 1,22th  SM.fOO 

M.iy l,4.inl.3  1,008.1(1(1 

JuiiB 1  4:1?  I,(K,8,liMi 

July I.44;l  1,021,7110 

Aiinnst 1,.MT      I  1,0:1^900 

Si'(ilonitior...  1,4M>^|  1,0I8,8(NI 

OclM(.i)r 1,:H4«      i  »0(1,700 

N..vcMl(.or  ...  1,518^^  l,mr,,0l"l 

I)HCi'ml.or..,.  1,378  8;fi,.')(l0 

le82-J»miBr/  I,.101  8»7,i;il0 

Fehrimry 1,173'^  747,800 

JIurcli 1,491      I  1,1)3,100 


Total 16,8141^    11,437,100 


07,;104 

72,7;ir, 

71,4.V1 
7'J,M4 
77,'J«4 
7"i,8il 
(i!),4:l.-i 
Sll,.".7(l 
7ri,4.-.,', 
74,«Ill 
iin,»:i(i 
70,076 


88.3,808 


II 

7(2 

tr, 

1    KVx 

tt", 

•    f.H 

I-i 

m:, 

l.> 

IHW 

14 

«fl 

].» 

HM 

I  , 

7!lf, 

(.' 

*■-". 

i.i:,, 

I.I 

(^h.', 

(.'1 

827, 

'  I'UIIII'n 


,Il,V«i 

.Ji;, 
m.»ii  I 

,<A4,i«l 
.l«(,i>*) 

,:Vi(,llilO 

tm/'v  I 
mm 


9,8.i2,4:io,i.o  j 


llonra  of  piiniping,  Engine  No.  1 

It  ,1  It  It  tl       o 

"      "         "  "  "     3  ....'..'. 


Total.. 


UOKTHI. 


Iloiimof 
Piinip' 


No.  iif  It.'T-  lliialirU 


iDg. 


'•*■     olulloun.      t-f  Colli,  ^ii'i'i 


Per  i-t.    No  of  U.  8. 

r    giiiioiiHtit  uii. 


J 


1881-A[.ril  

»l«y 

Jiiiiti  

.|ill.V 

AuKOnt 

Si'pti'niliar.. 

Oclii(>«r 

Niivciitlit'r- .. 

llfi'i'MlUT... 

188'2 — liiiiuniy 

J-'dijimry.... 
Unreli 


1,1'.'8 
1. 1114 

i,:.'io 
i.ilfl 
l,ilt 
i.r.ii,, 

\,I.VV, 
I  J'.'B 
l.ltit 

I, mill  J 
l,14« 


ni5.4ii<i 
ni-.'.dKi 
7l7,:(iio 

fi01..'itltl 

7ii7,4iKi 
78'.4,:iOll 

ti.ii'.:uo 

(►II.WOII 

niii,.'ioo 
(I4i'<..'0ii 
587,iiiK) 

euj,iiHi 


'.'I.IM 

14 

•.'1,:ik4 

15 

'^•>,44B 

14     1 

'.'0.4.'iO 

1(1 

27,104 

14 

W.'.M.l 

14 

2il,7ii.'i 

14 

2'<  mi8 

14 

lira,     lui  pulnpfd. 


27,11.3 

211,110  I 

2.', 1 22  I 

':U,3MS  I 


14 
14 

16 


•;4!i, 

k;i4 
8W), 

HA-.', 

«:ii. 

R'l'.'. 
Kill. 
Tot, 
f.'i", 
KHi. 

08;, 
8:(4, 


,12I,IHKI 
7h.'l  IHVI 
OJH.IJIIO 

74II.INIO 
,7»'i  ooO 

,24  I. (MM) 
,M>.(H1II 
,027, IHK) 
,ON;t,IMH) 
,0,'i8,IHll) 

,2ii7,iiOO 
,:iUC,ii(iO 


Total [U,372<);    7,82«,3no    ,  308,774  I 


10,032,410,000 


The  cost  of  pumping  one  niilliuii  .jiilluns  wai 
$.')329  at  the  low  service,  and  813,010  at  tlie  lii;;l| 
service. 

On  the  (ith  of  December,  1881.  a  ciuKnut  «« 
awarded  to  U.  A.  llamsay  &Co.,  of  ih.  \'ulnii  Imii 
Works,  Bidtimore,  for  the  conslruciiou,  at  a  cMi.t  i 
88!1,90(l,  of  a  fourth  high-service  engine,  and  un  (b 
22d  of  February,  1882,  Skraiiika  it  \'ietlis  «e« 
awarded  a  contract  for  buildinf;,  at  a  cost  of  ?87,^ll 
the  foundations  for  engine  and  buildi..  -..■  u.!(j',,s, 

•■  Aiiolher  i|iieslion  re(]uirin<;  lonsi  i.  r.ii  i-  auiitli 
iiffieiul  action  of  the  municipal  authorities,"  said  .Mi 
Whiliuun,  in  iiis  report,  "  i.s  a:'  to  wIu'IIrt  wv  >1h| 
continue  to  take  the  water  from  the  river  at  lik^oll 
Point,  or,  in  the  extension  of  the  works,  the)  Miall 
planned  with  a  view  of  taking  the  water  hi'Ji.r 
the  river  at  the  '  Chain  of  Uoeks.' 

"Within  u  very  short  time  it  will  boivi|i(ind( 
procure  additional  pumping  caiiaii(v  ut  dio 
vice,  and  liie  (|uesiion  us  to  whether  the  iiiw  |iiiuipii 
machinery  shall  bo  temporary  or  permaiieiil  di'|i('a| 
upon  wli(!ther  we  continue  to  take  tliii«u|iplv  iil  wai 
from  the  river  at  bissell's  I'uint  or  not." 

During  the  year  ending  in  April,  1SS2,  over  ufel 
inilcH  of  wuter-pipt!  were  laid,  vi/., :  of  L'd  iodi  pij 
0.H73  miles;  of  12-inch  pipe,  1.1  :!2  luile.s  olijini 
pipe,  1U,72U  miles. 

The  following  table  shows  the  jini|iirly  intniHl| 
the  Water-Works  Departmeut  and  an  c.«iim»l 
value: 


MUNICIPAL   DKPAUTMBNTS. 


787 


MtaelH 
I  Colli 


I'.rrt.    N.I.  ull'S. 

■  ■f      i;iiUi'lii(iU>  I 
A-livs,     tiT  I'liiniiwl. 


67,:i94         11         14'AllS.Wiil 


7,!,7:'.l'. 


»;i:.,;»:.i«« 


71,4.'.', 

in 

8Ts,liKl,lii« 

Ti.Ml 

l.i 

ii6:.,iivi,i«i 

V.-M 

|:> 

1    «»J.VH,l>«) 

•l\M\ 

14 

«r.;A:.»ii 

fl9,4.1.i 

i:i 

«M,Wl,iii« 

S0,.'.70 

;.. 

7%,;ivi,i»fl 

7.'.,4.-..'i 

i:. 

M7.:£l».iilO 

74,«lil 

1.-. 

*i:.,81i-.'»<) 

(W,»;W 

IS 

6eri.i««,i>ii 

7C,070 

I'l 

82;,s'ji,i«» 

SfB,li08 


o.wa.cw.ux)  j 


WATGR-WOIIKS  AND  GROUNDS. 


S.iUU 

4,tlii«. 

T.b'.lS 

if'.m)| 

no    milliiiii    i;iilliiu*  wai 
iiid  8i;i,llltl  at  ilii'liii 

r  1881.  a  cmurad  «»( 
iCo.,  ot'llir  Vulnu  Ima 
construction,  at  a  c.i>l 
ervico  on|_'iiit'.  ami  mi  th 
Skraiiiku  it  Vielli-  we 
iling,  at  u  cost  of  S'^T.-l 
Hidbuildi-..  -.ulii'is,.! 
riii^!  consi  li  r;.iM>  auilili 
ipal  :iutlinrit'H'>."  !"">'  M 
is  a;'  ti)  wlit'ilier  \\f  >liir 
from  tlif  riviT  at  liissellj 

,f  tin' work.'-.  llwy>lalll 
kiiif.'  ilio  water  V'vihr 

llocks.' 

,inu'  it  v;ill  In'  ivi|Mir.'dl 
iii'  caiiai-iiy  at  'lio  l'« 

whetlior  th.'  n.w  !"taiH 

rary  or  in'riiiaiioiii  ilifi'iil 

to  tako  th.'  st'lt'.^  "'  "^"f 

I'oiiit  or  iml." 

ill  .\]iril,18S2,ov.'r"vfllJ 

laid,  vi'/.. ;  of  •2iiiii>'l'  i'if 
i,,o,  l.i:V2mi!.'s.  "I ''in 

ws  tlu'  vr.'l..ii.v  "«"''l] 
,,„oiit    and    its    ''>tinia- 


ni,       tft    \    Feet 
Block.    KiiiUl.  I    Do.'P. 


__ 

.'     

011 

02 

ai 

i;94 



i:!l-i 

i:« 

1 

is: 

\*)i 

Acre*. 


Strest  or  Avenue  on  which 
l*ru|)erty  frolite. 


E«tliimtetl         Kminiatpd  TiiIbI 

Water- Work!  mill  Grotinilii.      Vuliii',  1882.    Valim,  IKH'2.         Entlniatoil 
Keal.         IiDpruvein'lils.     Value,  tH8'2. 


36.08     Grand  Avenue !  Compton   Tlill  reaerrolr $126,100         $585,000         $711,00 

I  i  I 


97.85  !  flrnnd  Avenue St.  I,oui»  water-works |      136,990        2,750,000  I     2,886,990 

I  14th  St.  and  Gronil  Avenue.    Water  towor S.'i.uon  35,000  . 

I'ipoage ! 3,550,000  '      .3,550,000  I 


$263,090   $6,920,000  i  $7,183,090 

Tlieaverafre  daily  consumption  of  water  in  millions  of  United  States  gallons  since  1871  has  been  as  follows: 


Juujry... 
((bmnrj  . 

S.rch 


Ifnl 

Siy 

June 

Uj 

I  iQJUlt 

I  iff  [ember... 

1  ikiuber 

I  y<i«iiib(.-r. ... 

llU'tiiibiT..., 


Foi  'he  ye 


12.9 
13.2 
1.3.3 
13.1 
12.2 
12.6 


1872 

12.S 
13.1 
12.0 
12.5 
13.0 
15.0 
15.9 
16.9 
16.5 
Ifl.l 
15.1 
15.7 

14.5 


1873 


16. 

15. 
14. 

13, 
II. 
16. 
18. 
19, 
18, 
17. 
16, 
15 


1874 

16.2 

15.5 
14.6 
1.5.2 
17.5 
20.0 

i;i.5 

19.1 
111.7 
18.6 
17.8 

18.8 


1875 

1876 

21.1 

17.3 

21.7 

16.9 

21.3 

16.1 

18.7 

17.4 

18.9 

20,1 

10.6 

22.0  1 

20.1 

23.4  ; 

21.9 

21.2 

22.2 

24.S 

21.8 

21.5 

18.8 

21.2 

16.5 

22.6  , 

1877 


1878 


1871 


1880 


23.5 

20.8 

29.0 

21.3 

20.4 

19.6  ' 

24.6 

21.0 

19.8 

20.1 

22.6 

19.5 

19.1 

22.0 

21.6 

21.2 

20.8 

23.1 

24.8 

24.1 

22.7 

22.5 

20.0 

2.5.5 

24.9 

20.3 

27.0 

28.0 

27.3 

25.11 

28.5 

30,0 

25.4 

25.4 

25.3 

28.8 

23.7 

24.5 

25.7 

27.4 

20.0 

23.2 

21.4 

27.1 

20.0 

22.8 

22.0 

27.7 

16.4       17.9 


2(1.: 


20.9 


22.3 


23.1 


25.0 


25.1 


1881  \    1882 

31.8  I     26.1 

28.1  25.0 

24.0  26.3 
24.8  I 

27.4  i 

29.5  ! 

-"^•0  1 

29.4  : 

27.6  ' 

20.8  1 

20.1  

26.C  

27.5  


Tke  amount  of  revenue  collected  ouch  year  since 
■||.  anil  tlio  |i(>i'contrtge  of  cost  for  collecting  the 
lur.  have  been  : 


hm 


OollMttOM. 


I 


Gxpeniea.    I'or  Cent. 


188»V81. 

nuililiiig  pnrivne t8.l.3'jr>0 

Tilt iiilta  mill  tiipH :i.7Hii4ii 

Sli'ter  ri'italrB  iiiiil  connortloiiH.         7,44o.'Jii 
Trlvato  foiirila'iii ;iti7..'»t> 


1S81-82. 

SI0,(>4:1,"0 

4,(l'.7  111) 

3,HTU  7.'! 

4:l.'i.iii) 


:,1<:'|   . 

.May 

1,1871... 

•:t'W,n2(l.0l 

t'2(llMV1  13 

7.7 

1»TI 

I»72,., 

a7:i.iu4.in> 

•J«,7(l.l.i>:i 

7.^1 

ic; 

" 

1H71... 

*n\.vi2.:'0 

.I4.liutl.78 

8.1 

uri 

" 

1874... 

441,11  i-2.;i.'. 

ai),7.1'2.7:t 

n.o 

IUTI 

*« 

lH7.'i... 

414,8711.44 

a4.ti44.7;i 

8.3 

in,-.,... 

" 

187(1... 

4.Ml,lii:i.:l'J 

4241-J.lcl 

0  3 

i«?ii 

April 

1),  1H77... 

44.^,ll4l  14 

4.'.,:i.'i8  Vi 

lu.l 

r.hirt; 

Oil. 

11,  1877... 

'Ji'i:t,iHiii.'j8 

■i  i.a'iH  iij 

U.ll 

«,1»7T 

April 

8,  1878... 

24^t,ll.^2.■Jl 

M,ii1l4.7« 

6.B 

ri  1  l«TK 

'• 

7,  18711... 

6.'KI,I4I>.0(I 

211,44,'..  1". 

6.3 

t,'«;9 

» 

Vi,  18^0... 

B2(l,'28ll.lO 

:i4,4im.'.i;i 

M 

aiwi... 

" 

11,  1881... 

(1611,1124.7(1 

3n,4»5  21 

0.5 

lilsll 

" 

1(1,  1882... 

700,14.1,05 

3(1,823.21 

6.2 

»<iri(i,ii'J4.7.'")       »7u(!,U.'i.f.6 

There  are  now  attached  to  .service  pipes  nine  hun- 
dred and  five  meters,  of  the  followiii"'  sizo8 ; 


8ln. 


Pats. 


iiild 
«:«!  = 


Up  loApill  11,1881....!  ...     in!    8    KM 
lIuiliiK  the  iHiKt  year.   32 


107;  22     114 


32    224  •  30    34U 


01 !  81  •  311 


122    04  I  3» 


I 


i  li 


«     ...    »TS 
6       3    3"S 


12  I     3     006 


IHic  I'lilloniiiv'  i8  a  eouiparativi!  .slateiiMiit  of  the 
"I  loveiiiie    for    the    tisciil    years    1880-81, 

i'nl-82: 

1880-81.  1881-82. 

nmlllmuM t4'.''.',74l 'Wl  W.'S.OOfl.UtI 

I*  laii.lili.  akira IWi,!H4.:l.'i  •iii.W .00 

t<i>lici|>iiiikliii|i U.iiHii.m  l4,8iKi.U(l 

l"'ll(  •lulllkllllg 17,1811  (H)  U"1,8|I.IH1 

Un      1,1.74111)  'Al.VlOd 

•n'l;«nlii l,(K8i.liO  l.iUHI.OO 

tilllnii  cliKrm '^aH.OU  '^IGO.OO 


Comparative  statement  of  meters  and  elevators  in 
use  and  the  revenue  derived  therefrom: 


Flai-al  Yi'ar.     N'.i.  of  Kli'vaton. 


1877  78.. 
1878-70.. 
1870-80.. 
18WMI1.. 
1881-82.. 


85 
114 
VM 

n» 


N».  i>r  Mi>lora.       Auiuuiit  cullected. 


318 
36.3 
435 
^73 
MIB 


|n3,4,'Mn8 
127,nlfl  17 
I4^,84II.,MI 
1-M,I«H  35 
22'2,3l)7.0(> 


,-r&.\        '•        ' 


1,  •  '' 


I     ,;1 


^ : 


788 


HISTOllY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


The  yearly  revenue  derived  from  the  water-works 
from  thuir  first  introduction  into  the  eity  is  shown  in 
the  following  table : 


CHAPTER   XX. 

FIKEMKN.  FIHK    COMl'AMI-H,  AND    IUu,||mvi 
FIHKH.i 


DaTI. 


From 


Total  receipts  up 

to Miiy  I4,llt,Vv. 

Mhx    U,l»M> April,      imii.. 

April,       l»:iti 18.17.. 

1H;I7 •'  I8.i(i.. 

"             I8;W..  .  "  IKilll.. 

•'             IMU "  IMC).. 

'•             1840 •'  1841.. 

1841 "  1H4J.. 

1842 "  lR4:i,. 

"              I84:t "  1844.. 

1844  ...  ••  184.1.. 

184,1 "  1840.. 

"             184li "  1847.. 

"            1847 "  1848.. 

"                1818 •'  184U.., 

"              I84» "  18fiO.. 

•'             18,'.iF "  1851.. 

18.'il '  "  18.V,!.., 

18,V2 "  I8ft:i,. 

"             18,M "  18A4... 

"              18,'>4 "  I8.'l.'i... 

"              18.V. •  I.>lftB.. 

"             18.V, I  '■  I8S7.., 

•'               18,17....  "  l».-i«... 

"              1858 "  18.18.. 

"              18,1!) ••  I8(i()... 

"              18(111 j  "  18111... 

"         1801 "  nea... 

"                l8f.'J "  18«l... 

"          lso:i •'  18C4... 

"            U04 "  180.1... 

"             1805 "  1800... 

"              181,0 Mkjt  1,1807... 

M»y    1, 1807 "  1808... 

"                1808 "  1801).. 

"             180!)..  ..  "  1871)... 

"             187(1 "  1871... 

"                1871 "  187J... 

"        i8rj....  "  18711. .. 

l.«7;i  ...  "  1874... 

1874 "  187.1... 

"              187ft •'  1870... 

'•             1870 April    9,1877... 

April  10,  1877 '•  8,1878    . 

■'        1),  1878 "  7. 187'.)  .. 

"        8,1.870 "  12,1880... 

"       l;i,  18811 "  11,1881... 

"       Vi,  1881 "  1(1,  1882.. 


AlllKltll 

ColU'Ctluns. 


Ji1,4.1.1.51       

4,588.7:1      

ft,.i:i«.2l  874!).48 

8,:i7'.M:i  :i,ia:iD2 

12,(1)4.11  4,:lJ1.U8 

■-'(1,5 1 7. 2.'.  7,8-j;l.l4 

2(l,07'.',10  1,14.1(1 

14,11.14. 11       

1J,.11I7.81         

i:i,l()'j.l(>  8!)4.':i) 

14,518.0!)  I.IIO.IB 

15,44.'.47  l"2:l.7« 

17,«.1S.7(I  2.41 0.2:1 

25/^18.48  7,«71).78 

21,1)07.1)2       

li),.Vl)()(l       

:iO,i)4:i.78  Ii,:i8:i.78 

;lll,824  85       

:ioui)5.:i8  o,l7(>..i:i 

49,80.1(14  12,8(>1).00 

51,7:15.21)  1.871).2ft 

7(i,:i8(l.47  18,C45.18 

fl8,.107.2ll       

84.1121  1)0  15,424.70 

87,:i52.2()  :i,  .:i().24 

gil,.'811.88  12,141)08 

1l4,7(lli.:l5  M.'.-.18.47 

12:i,(>l)(l.2ft  8.!129.9() 

147,12"  1)5  2:1,4:111.711 

17ii,.'ii:i:iii  2;i,l!)2.:i5 

2(lH.:l4li.lHI  :|8,I'27.0U 

241,208  :i:i  ;ti),!i27  4:1 

248,.i75.:t()  :i(Mi.i)7 

288,1)1(1.1)7  4(),:i:i4.77 

;i2i,iii2..'i(i  :i2,.Ki24:i 

:i2:l,lll2.ll()  I,(i89.r)l) 

.•l:l.1,(,.'Ci.!)1  12,.124.U1 

:i7:l,l!i4  CJ)  :n,5),7.09 

420,1122.19  .'1:1,727.1)9 

441,022.:i5  17,01«).7fl 

414,87(1.44       

45(l.l0.l.:i!)  41,21)2.95 

4I5.()41.I4      

5I2,().V1  II)  07,1.54.15 

A5ll,l4().('>i>  :I8,()87.4I 

fl2(l,28ii.:i(l  70,119.71) 

8011,024.75  :i!i,744.45 

7(81,145(15  40,120.90 


Total  ri>viinii(<  of  wntcr  w.irkl       $9,0(11,1  S4.40 


No  spet^iiil  regulations  with  referents  1,,  ij, , 
tinjiuishinciit  of  nnis  appear  to  have  1  \i.t,.,|  j,,  (.. 
Loui.s  until  1810.  On  the  27th  of  Jiim.  nv  „-  .1  i 
year  Au{;u8te  Chouteau,  Win.  C.  Cur,  VAvMii 
!!!!'.;!!!!!!  Hempstead,  and  Jean  P.  Cabanii)',  ih,'  inisi(.T.s  (1 
;!.'.'.'.;!!!;;  the  town,  passed  "  an  ordinance  for  ronnin.;  il,,.  j,  L 
habitants  of  the  town  of  St.  Ijouis  into  lii-,.  ciin,.,,,,! 
ii;7i7.8.i      !'•«  iinJ  other  purposes."     The  ordiiiaii nict,,! 

■2,440,10  ' 

...........  'itlml  all   tlio    froo    iiialu    inhiibitanln    ivilliii,  ||„.  ,|||.         I 

"bovo  the  ago  uf  I'iKlili'cii  yuars,— 1„  wit,  all  ll„.  Uw  inal,  jj 

I  ""■"]"  Imbilants  as  aforosaiil  rosiiling  soiilli  (if  a  cr.i--  ftrci'i  ||,i 

2'4'or)"  """"""b'  ''.V  "  lol  the  pni|iorly  of  tliu   ,vi,|„„-  .4  Willi,,,,,  ',," 

...'.....'.'.'  ''«"■•.  ''''  ''"  *' pte.  niirllierly   hy  anolhiT  i..i  il„.  |,r„,„.rn.  , 

118.93  AiigUKtc  Clioiitcaii,  l';s(|..  mill  Itadiii;;  fruiu  ihi'  Mi..>i<ji|,|'| 
'.'.'"".'.'.'.'.'.  <•)•  court  hoiiso  of  tli(>  district  of  .-^i.  I,„iiis  ,||„||  1,,,  j|,„n 
to  fiiriii  a  firu  ™iii|)auy,  to  be  coiiiiiianiliil   hy  |'i,.rro  iii.jj  J 

1,78:1.27  Esq.,  and  all  tlic  Ire'  male  iiilialiitaniit  an  iifiircsni.l  rcilinj 

north  of  »aid  struct  HJiall   \m  onriillcd  to  form  aiinilii.r  (,„, 

piiny,  to  be  rominunded  by  llcriiard  I'rattc,  Ks.i. 

;"!!!!""!  "Skc.  2.   It  shall  bo  tliedutyof  thi'aiiiil„ni.i.r(,  iiii„„.,||„„u 

ttflcr  the  pim.mge  of  thin  ordiiiarico  and  n -vrry  .i,  „„„|||, 

!!."!!!."!!!  '"  I'Mfoll  ull  the  free  iiialu  inhiiliitaiits  a.i  afonmii,!  iiml  ai.i.  .iri 

their  under  otlieers,  add  to  cvcrci-c  their  rc>|„.,iiM.  c.imiioi] 

!.!!!"!!"!  m  least  one  hour  in  each  and  every  (mini li,  ni  «,ioii  |„,„.  J 

[ihiee  (18   shall  by  tlicin   be  thoutflit  most  lit  within  Ihi.  1, 

of  their  coiiipiinies. 

!!."."".."  ".■'kc.  :i.  The  said  oHicers  shall  iiuiiudiiiiuly,  ■m  ii..|i(.r 

....;_._ n  lire  has  broke  out  in  a  dwellinnhiiu,,.  .,r  ..ihcr  liiiillin. 

"..!!.^......  «''mhle  their  respective  coiu|mnic»  iind  maidi  tluin  i,iili...|K 

11,122.25  and  arrange  lliiiui   in  such  a  manner  as  t.r  riinlir  ilie 

]!!."!!!'.*.'.]  effeetual  scrvieo. 

",'<KC.  I.   Any  person  thus  en.-olled  who  shall  anftm  .r  (. 

! '.','.'...  fuse  to  inecl  at  the  time  and  place  appointed  fur  mr,i.«| 

aforesaid,  Siter  being  notilled  thereof,  or  who  iliulj  ni'si.tll 
refuse  to  obey  any  legal  orders  from  his  •  Mmmaiuiiii;;  ..fliM 
•ball  be  lined  u  sum  not  exceeding  one  dollar  I'nr  ik 


neglect  or  refusal.     And  if  an  officer  shall  rcfioe  ur  n.^ta 

The  Qssi-ssnient  of  water  rates  and  the  collection  of     do  his  duty  as  aforesaid,  he  shnli  he  nn.d  in  n  »i'i 1 , 

the  revenue  ihcrcfroni  arc  distinct    from  the  duties  of      ing  Ihree  dollars,  to  be  recovered,  with  TO-U.  Ii.f.ire  111,    h 

the  water  co lissioncr.  ami  are  cmiliiit  d  to  an  a.s8e.s-      "'""  "''  "»'  '"'""'  "''  "■"""«"  "'■  »  J'""''"  »'  H'"  l'"» f  I 

-111  »"i''  'own. 

sor   and   collector  ot    water   rates   appointed    l)y  the        ,.  c,.,.  ,,    i,'„.i,  „„i       ,„  1        ,1, 

''  •'  '  ,si-.c.  .1.   I'iiicn  and  every  liiMccholdi'i.  occiihier 'il  .1 

mayor  and  cotifiriiicd  liy  the  Couneil,     The  a,H.sesHor     shop  within  the  limits  of  the  i..wn  oi  si.  i.imi,.  ,kw  xiq 
and    collector    of  water    rates    in    1HS2    wa.s    John    D.      two  months  from  the  passage  hereof  fumith  IikmhM. 
Stevenson.        All     cntltraet.s    for    work,    supplies,    etc.,       "i"' •«"  l''"tl"'i- ->r  olher  bucke ,e  uni.le  (,„.,. r  „ 

,,,,,,,,.,.  ,  ,       lire,  and  in  case  of  neglect  or  refusal  to  proviil.lho -111'  »i| 

order((    t)V  the   \\  :iler  l>c|iartnicijt  iniisl    lie  aiiproved      ,1     ,.    ■,   ■  .  ,.  1.1.,,  T 

.  '  ''  the  limited  tune  an  aloresaid,  then  in  each  iiiel  lien  ..  hi 

by  the   Hoard  of   Public  liniiroVcmcnI.s.  ibe  captain   ia   hetehy  einpowo(ed  to  supply  sii.'li   id.n 

and  on  complaint  of  such  captain  to  ilie<'hiiiiiiiainifili<'t 

or   any   Justice   of  the  peace  of  the  .>.'ii.|  i.i»ii,  (ini 

issue  against   such  delini|iient  or  delini|iicii'<  fir  ilir  |  ure 

money  of  such  bucket  or  hui'kils  with  costs. 

"Si':e.  tl.  The  captain  of  each  cnmpanv  shnll.im.. 

;       '  111    the    preparation  of  this  iliapicr  the  null. ur  li.it  I 
,   greatly  nidcil  by  the  •'  History  of  the  \'nluiilicr  Fif   I'll 
lueiit  of  St.  I.ouis."  wliicli  was  kindl,\  place  I  (I  lii<  JiM') 
the  :(Utlior,  Mr.  Thotnas  l.yiich. 


.V«  I'unl 
""  III 

|illl<'0.>  oil 


XX. 

ANli    1'UiiM1N|:m 

rcferiMu'''  tn  ilir  cx- 
I  havi'  iNi-i>'il  ill  St, 
h  of  J;iiiu;uv  :m  llmtj 
I.  0.  r.iir,  K.ihvurdl 
mini'',  ilii'  inisU'i's  ofj 
c  for  t'unniii'.'  tli-  m-i 
juis  into  liii'  cimiinii.] 
I  ordiiiaiii'i'  vw.wu  i| 

inU    nilliin  till'  <ni'l  i<i»al 
I  wit,  ul\  tlic  t'rcp  limit;  iu^ 
h  of  11  Orel"  ftrci'l  li^uiili 
liu   widow  uf  Williiim  Ue< 
iinolhor  1"!  Ilif  lirii|ictly 
iiK  friiiii  till'  Mijfiiiiiiii 
St.    Itiiuin.  stiiill  lie  oiipillc^ 
immmli'il  liy  I'l'-rff  I'l'li" 
itiiiils  an  iifiircsiii'l  rcilinj 
li'.l  til  fiiri"  iiu'iiliiT  lirr  ■m 
:(1  I'liitti',  I'-'l. 
Ihi'  siiicliin'i'ir*,  immi-ii'.itel 
11!  uii.l  nii.'i'  I'vory  >is  iii'inltl 
lilts  n*  ftfori'siiiil  mill  ■■Ml"'^ 
so  their  rivi.i'i'tivi'  oilll|';i 
i-rv  lumilli.  Ill  siioli  liiiii'  >lf 
rlit  iiiiist  !il  "itliin  till' 

1  iiiiiiii-iliiiti'ly,  "II  ""liw  'bl 
r.hiiiisi'  "f  'illicr  liiiil-liii.', 
n  iiii.l  miiu'ii  lliviiitolti.-' 
miller  us  1"  r'"'!''  l''"  "" 

■nllwl  nil"  slv^'ll  ii'i:'''"-''  ■' ' 
jliioc  u|il».iiit'"l  f'i'  ""'■'■•I 
liiTi'iif,  iir  «li"  »li''"  I'';"-'! 
fr.iiii  Ills  '  i.imiiiiii'liiij  '*«< 
liTiK  .in.'  .l"lli'f  f'"  ""■*' 
Uvi.i'r  sliiill  ri'fii>e  urmuli*! 
Ill  l.i'  ftn."l  ill  ii  """  ""'  "'■■' 
,,1,  with  ,-.i.l.<.  hi'f'irellu'.ll 
,   u  jii-lici)  of  till'  |'«>''''  "'I 

LohoUn.  uL'i'in.ior-lii-"«l 
ll..\vii  of  St.  liimi*  'li»"  *''] 
Ivrnif  fiiriiiiihliim"'lf"'''«| 
].|«l.l  litl  luii.li' «'«  "f  " 
lfiisultoiir"vi.l-lliO.»i.i'«i| 
Ihi'ii  ill  ciiehiiii.lt'vny-iihj 
l,,,.,l  to  iiiii>i.lv  sui'li  'I't" 
liiiii  to  Ih.' .•lull' "iiiii  •'"'"' 
„r  111,,  sii.i  '"On.  I""  ■• 

!„,.  ,i„iin.ii.vii"  f"' '!"'  r"" 

,1<  Willi  .'"■'<'• 

,,,„„,,i,iiy  Jlmll.""'  ' 

,,.  ..liftpi''!-  '!"■  »""""'"• 
„,■  ||„.  Vnliinteri-  Fu.  !'•( 
Ui,i.ll>  plu.'.'ltll'i"'-!"' 


FIREMEN,  FIRE  COMPANIES,  AND  PROMINENT   FIRES. 


r89 


onili.  '"'''^"  '*  rctiii'D  "f  tho  ilelinqiionta  in  hix  limits  who  hnvu 
.clecli''!  1.1  furnish  hiiclti'ts  m  iirurcsnid  to  tho  ohiiirinan  of 


!«' 


ii..ir().  tinilor  thu  [iniiilty  of  fivo  ilollurn. 


...^EC.  1.  Iti'iiftll  hf  tlio  liiity  of  oiioh  occiipier  of  ii  honno, 
»(,ff.  or  iitl.er  hiiildiii|?  Ir   eiiuso  the  chimneys  tlioroof  to  bo 


1,1  tt  l<  ist  oni'o  in  eiii'h  month;  and  if  iiny  chiiniipy  sliiill 
|,jli|.e,  ilii' iiouupiiT  of  Riii'h  Ik. unr,  store,  or  other  building 
lijllf.irfi'i'  11'"'  1'".*  "  """  ""'  e.'"'''<'diiig  ten  dolliirs.  to  lie  rc- 
[r,i.il  willi  oo'ts  before  tho  ehairmiin  of  thu  siiid  boiinl  or  a 
n.lirc  uf  ll"'  jieiuic  of  tho  siiid  ti.  n,  iinless  such  person  proves 
Blhisulis' "■''""  of  siieli  ehiiirMun  or  justice  thiil  such  ehiiii- 
I  Ki  lias  li<"'i'  -""^'P'  within  one  month. 

■*Ski'.  8.  \  iii'iineies  c  'casloned  by  the  dentil,  resij^nntion,  or 
I  ^gi.val  out  of  the  limits  of  the  ti'wn  of  any  i'ii|itiiiii  of  n  lire 
gnaiiv  s>:i>'l  ho  lilU'il  by  the  uhnirmun  of  tho  liourd. 
,i,..  11.  ,\ll  lines  arisiii);  from  this  onliniincu  shall  k"  to  the 
I  sniMiiaii  nf  tlie  boiii'd  for  the  ufu  of  the  toivn. 

;,;,.  111.    this  ordinance  slinll   be   in   force   from    the  diito 

I  iff'l-" 

Ii  ffiialil  >«'''•"  tl'!i*  tlio.sc  loathur  bucket  coiupnnios 

umJ  to  ki'i'p  down   tiro,'*  fur  a  good  niiiiiy  3car«,  lor 

IjKisiioi  iiiiiil  iibout  1822  tliat  thu  first  re<»ular  fire 

enipmy  w.is  foriued  and  the  first  engine  procuretl. 

Ilki  ail;ii'liin<'"'  of  the  early  inhabitant,^  to  tlie  leather 

iMcU'ia  seems  to  have  been   nearly  as  great  as  that  of 

lieiMi'ttii  tlio  "old  oaken  bucket  that  iiung  in  the 

lielh"  and  if  'bey  were  not  regarded   with  ((uite  .sii 

siili  sentiment,  tliey  were  certainly  luadu  to  render 

ItiJv  ii.»  valibililo  .service.     In  those  primitive  tinies 

litetv  iioUM'liiildiT  wa.s  re(|uireil  to  kee()  a  ladder  high 

IwUili  to  e.xU'iid  to  the  roof  of  bis  luiuse,  and  two 

Inilhi  l)Uik(t.<  hung  up  near  the  door.      When  an 

lunii  III'  tire  was  given,  every  luati  took  down  his 

I  irt-bucket.'*  from  tlie  pegs  wiiereon  they  hung  and 

htiviiii  all  liii.ite  to  the  scene  of  conflagration  ;  or,  if 

Ittcnulil  iiiii  go  himself,  threw  them  out    into  the 

liWrtliir  ilie  use  of  the  first  comer  who  might  pass. 

Ihriii'^ilie  |iiiigre.ss  id'  a  fire  thiire  were  few  or  no 

liiiiro.r  iiiiTc  .sjH'ctators.      Long  lines  of  pi-ople  were 

IftiDcii.  I'Xii'iiding   from  the  pumps  to  the  fire,  to 

bil  .iluiig  the  buckets,"  and   if  the  curious  and 

|kll«aili'in|ili'il  to  pa.»s,  the  cry  echoed  along  the  line, 

•Fall  ill!    I'all   in!"     The   directors   of  companies 

In::  rri|tiiri'il  to  atleiid  all  fires,  and  to  distinguish 

jl'r.i.ii  uiiiilliir,  eiu'b  director  was  ri'i|uired  to  carry 

liim 111  .-lull  with  a  small  white  flag  on  the  end  of  it. 

lEk'li  o.iii|iaiiy  also    had    lane-men    who    were;    dis- 

lufui.'lii'il  liy  a  stiitV,  and  who  regulated  the  formation 

It! ik' laiii's  fill'  the  fire-bucket  men.     These  buckets 

Iwfuswl  ill  later  limes  for  convey  iiig  water  to  supply 

li<  riii;iiies.  us  hose  and  fire-plugs  were  not  then  in 

tit. 

Ni) further  safeguards  but  the  leather  buckets  ap- 
Ijiuii  Imve  lierti  consideri'd  neci'ssary  by  the  good 
Iw.dmiI.'^I,  Lmii.s  for  the  suppression  of  fires  until 
ILltli  ISIT.  when  the  Territorial  Lcgislaluru  pass.d 


"an  act  to  authorize  a  lottery  for  the  purchase  of 
fire-engines  tind  other  apparatus  for  the  extinguish- 
ment of  fire  for  the  use  of  St.  Louis."  The  lottery 
consisted  of  six  thousand  tickets  at  five  dollars  each, 
and  three  thou.siiiid  blanks  and  three  thousand  prizes. 
There  was  one  ]irize  of  five  thousand  dollars,  one  of 
one  thousand  dollars,  four  of  five  hundred  dollars, 
forty-nine  of  fifty  dollars,  and  two  thousand  nine 
hundred  and  twenty  of  six  dollars  each.  All  prizes 
were  subject  to  a  deduction  of  twelve  and  a  half  per 
cent.,  ]iayable  in  sixty  days  after  the  drawing  was 
completed,  and  prizes  not  demanded  after  the  expira- 
tion of  one  hundred  and  twenty  days  were  to  be  con- 
sidered as  donations  fur  the  benefit  of  the  town.  The 
commissioners  appointed  to  su|ierintend  the  lottery 
were  Augusts  Chouteau,  Theodore  Hunt,  Henry 
Von  Phul,  William  C.  Carr,and  Thomas  F.  Riddick. 
This  plan  for  the  organization  of  a  fire  department 
did  not  succeed,  however,  as  the  people  ''  so  .set  their 
j  faces  against  lotteries."  says  the  Gazillr.  of  Nov.  13, 
I  1H18,  "that  nothing  could  be  done  in  that  way  to 
rai.se  money  for  those  who  ought  to  buy  and  pay  for 
engines  out  of  theii-  own  purses." 

At  this  time,  the  citizens  seem  to  btive  been 
rou.sed  to  .1  8cn.so  of  their  danger,  as  two  attempts 
bad  been  made  to  set  fire  to  the  town.  "  They  now 
see  the  necessity,"  said  the  same  journal,  "  of  organ- 
izing fire  companies,  and  subscribing,  liberally  and 
agreeably  to  the  value  of  each  individiial's  property, 
a  sum  necessary  to  purchase  two  engines  and  a  proper 
number  of  ladders,  honks,  and  buckets."  It  added 
that 

**two  lire  com|ianies,  a  nortliern  ami  a  southern,  should  ho 
formed  out  of  the  «>wiiers  and  occii|iiors  of  town  lots,  their  sons 
above  twelve  years  of  aj^e,  aii.l  inmates.  I'iaeli  .-oui|iaiiy  siioiild 
liavosix  directors  and  twelve  siib-dircrtors,  whose  duty  should 
be  to  make  a  selection  of  twenty  f'liir  ciii;iiicers,  ten  guardians 
of  |ir.i)iorty,  an. I  a  siillicicnt  number  of  a\c-  ami  laiMcr-iiien. 
.^tatcl  meetiii;;s  of  the  .'om|ianies  slioiil.l  bo  held  to  exerciso  in 
forming  lines  aii.l  jiiissiu^r  buckils,  s.i  lliat  in  case  of  lire  order 
and  ilisi'ipliiie  wool. I  elVecl  every  tliiii);  in  the  alta.'k  an. I  .Iclekt 
of  the  enemy." 

The  alarm  occasioned  by  the  then  recent  danger 
caused  a  meeting  of  citizens,  which  was  held  in  the 
latter  part  of  November,  181S,  for  the  purpose  of 
forming  two  companies,  to  be  called  the '■  St.  Louis 
South  Fire  Ctmipany"  and  the  "St.  Louis  Noiib  Fire 
("ompaiiv,"  and  for  the  election  of  officers.  The  former 
cotnpany  met  at  the  auction-room  of  (!ol.  Thomas  F. 
Uiddiek,  and  the  latter  at  the  house  of  De  Vincent 
Hiiis.  The  '■  North  Fire  Company,"  it  is  believed, 
ni'.:aiiiied  and  elected  otFlcers  at  the  titiie  and  place 
appointed,  but  the  "South  Fire  Company"  liid  not 
form  until  I>i'c<niber  lltth.at  the  i    itnof  Mr.  IL)rrock. 


790 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


After  the  orpiiiiiza'.inii  of  thuso  two  compunies,  all 
anxiety  oii  the  subject  of  fire  seems  to  have  died 
away  far  a  time,  an-J  the  inhabilnnts  appear  to  have 
reposed  implicit  reliance  in  the  protection  and  guar- 
dianship of  those  famous  ''  hmther  buckets"  and  the 
stronf?  arms  of  the  firemen.  Indeed,  as  late  as  May, 
1823,  another  ordinance  was  passed  by  the  authori- 
ties, "  requiring  the  citizens  of  St.  Louis  to  furnish 
fire-buckeis."  Hefore  this  date,  however  (in  181!);, 
it  is  said,  the  citizens  raised  by  private  subscription  u 
sufficient  amount  to  purchase  two  small  rotary  fire- 
enf^ines  in  Cincinnati.  They  arrived  in  due  time, 
and  for  many  years  were  kept  in  very  unsatisfactory 
quarters.  Up  to  182G  they  were  operated  by  the 
citizens  in  general.  One  of  these  primitive  engines 
was  culled  the  "  None-Such,"  and  is  described  us  hav- 
ing been  "a  large  square  box  on  wheels,  said  wheels 
being  not.  over  eighteen  inches  in  diameter,  the  whole 
being  painted  red  and  black.  The  internal  pumping 
machinery  was  worked  by  two  large  iron  wheels,  one 
on  each  side,  revolved  by  the  hands  of  persons  stand- 
ing on  the  ground,  communicating  the  power  through 
cogs." 

The  first  two  fire-engines  finally  becaiin'  so  much 
out  of  repair  that  they  were  practically  useless,  and 
the  populace  returned  to  the  "good  old  way"  of  ex- 
tinguishing fires  with  buckets.  Af\er  the  introduc- 
tion of  the  engines,  howeviT,  greater  attention  a|)))ears 
to  have  been  paid  to  the  protection  of  property  from 
fire,  public  interest  in  the  matter  probably  having 
been  i|uukened,  tia  the  town  increased  in  wealth  and 
populatiidi,  by  some  disaster  or  danger  from  this 
source.  At  all  oventA  the  iidiubituiits  began  to  ap- 
preciate the  importance  and  nece.s.sity  of  greater  pre- 
cautions ant!  more  thorough  organization,  and  on  the 
12th  of  September,  1825,  it  was '' ordained"  by  the 
mayor,  William  Carr  Lane,  and  the  board  of  alder- 
men, of  which  William  ("harle.ss  was  jircsident, 

"tliiit  till'  cilizeiis  nf    Iho  cilv    In'    ami    licrvliy    iiro    i'in|io\v- 
ere<l  aful  iiulhnri/.e'l  to  tonii  thi'iii.-elve.'*  iiitu  tirr  ouiiipiiiiifs,  hii« 

ci)iii|)i)ny   in  Mich    wanl,  t ii.''iiit  solely  >'{  citizoiia  nf  tliut 

^Tttril,  itiitl   tliiit  no   |H>r!'uii   t-hnW   l)cMM)iiie  u   iiieinlx'r  of   eitlii^r 
company  who  shall  not  ho  at  li-ast  twcnty-ono  years  of  a^^c. 

'* /te  it  niitttiiiiit.  That  thu  nuhibcr  of  nioinhcrs  iu  eui.'h 
uiini|iany  rhall  not  ut  any  tiinu  c.xcoeil  Hi'vunlyflvo,  ami  as 
soon  as  llfty  moniliers  shall  have  nnhscrihcd  in  cither  wanl, 
that  a  meeting  slinll  be  called  anil  odlcerii  Hp)»ointeil,  ami  the 
aaiil  com|inny,  n  majority  beiiif;  present,  shnll  immeilinlely 
pruceiHl  to  draft  a  set  of  by-laws,  which,  if  approved  by  the 
mayor  and  bouril  of  aldermen,  slnill  be  deemed  to  have  tite 
force  and  effect  of  city  ordinances  until  repealed." 

In  accordance  with  this  ordinance  the  following 
citizens  enrolled  themselves  for  the  purpose  of  form- 
ing a  fire  company  in  the  .>Iiddl('  Ward: 


Joslah    Spalding,  Charles  WahrendorlV,    \ViU,,„  «,,, 
glo,  August  Kerr,  Andrew  Hay,  II.  I,.  Ilufln,;,,,,  |„|     ,.    ,"'"] 
Henry  Von    I'hul,  William    Hempstead,  Jo..  i,l,   i>, ..  i,  „"^' I 

'  1    '     '  "wcii^  {■  ,,,J^  1 

crick     Dent,    Theodore    I..    Medill,    Siininrl    Vliiii     i> ,         I 

Oharless,  Thomas  Andrews,  (leorgu   K.  .Mi.|in,: i.  I 

Ithenic,  William   E.  .^tarr,  Hu>;h    libhards,  •!    .pli'  ci,"!!'!'  | 
Jr.,  Thomas   Cohen,  John    Warburton,   Kfcienuk    1     iiii*' 

A.    I..    Magennis.  Charles   I)o«ser«n,   Jiilm    ).   | |,„     '    "', 

Itaum,  A.  Hill,  E.  F.  .'^niith,  N.  11.  .\twoo,i,  i:.  Iiaki.rl'w  A 
Derring,  John  1),  8arpy,  William  t'hristnian,.!.  u\,  M,.('.,  .'j 
Bernard  I'mlte,  K.  C.  I'ilkington,  I!.  Ileiili.,  I,  ,|„||.  ,;'  "if 
William  Smith,  Sep*,  I'tttua,  Sullivan  Illon.l,  Tiniiniu  Cri  I 
I'etcr  I'owcll,  James  S,  Thomas,  Williiuii  U.  Ciim.ipv  u  i/F 
iMcGill,  C.  M.  Price,  Thomas  I),  I'otts,  Hmrv  |;,.ii|,.  j,  t>| 
I'age,  I.J.  .Sparks,  D.  Shcpher.l,  Thomas  i:>-cv,.l„ht,  si'uio,,,]. 
Thomas   Kstos,  John    I..  Sutton,   Hiory  ('hiiiiti.;),,    j„|  i 

drcws,   James    Philibert,    It.   J.   Wilkinson.    M-|.liin.|  t. 
;  Jauiea  Clemens,  Jr.,  S,  Parmelee,  and  .1.  Wil-on. 

\  The  first  meeting  was  held  at  the  |{:ipii«t  Cliurcli 
on  June  2,  182ti,  when  Josiah  Spaldlni:  was  ,iin,  j 
chairman,  and  WiLson  McijuiiPco],.  M.|.r,.|,|,.y 
committee  consisting  of  Charles  Walir.Midorfr,  vhtj 
had  been  secretary  of.  the  St.  I^ouis  \i,rtii  pjf. 
Company  in  August,  1819,  Fldwani  < 'liiirlcss,  Wil^oj 
McGunnegle,  and  Charles  Spalding  w.is  a|i|iuiiii,.(i 
frame  a  constitution  and  by  laws  to  ^'uvurii  iho  ion 
puny,  which  task  they  satisfaelorily  (ii-iliar<.'i(i.  Thd 
following  officers  were  elected  to  .serve  t'nr  the  Qn 
year  :  President,  Bernard  I'ratte  ;  seen  tarv.  WilsoJ 
.Medlunnegle  ;  captain,  Christopher  .M.  I'riiv  li^J 
tenant,  .John  Siinonds,  Jr. ;  first  enoimcr.  AnJ 
Hill  ;  second  engineer,  John  L.  Siiitdii  ;  fii>t  ,lire( 
tor,  Henry  Von  Phul  ;  second,  Tlioina.'*  .Auilrcwil 
third,  John  H.  Gay  ;  fourth,  <'hailes  Waiirenilorff.  j 
The  organization  of  the  "  IMnenix"  Fire  ('niii|r:inj 

I  as  it  was  determined  to  call  it,  having  l)ii n  ii|i|.ruvo^ 
by  the  mayor  and  board  of  aldernien,  ilie  l;m,rliijd| 
passed  tiie  following  order  : 

"WiiKiiKAS,  an  association  of  the  Middle  Wiir.l -nl,.,!  ( 
Phcrni\  Fire  Company  have  submilteil   a  con»liliiliip|i  anl 
laws,  Th'rrfnrr.  bo  it  resolved  that  this  lumrd  ilu  a|i|.ri»e  t| 

conslilutiim  so  lubscribcd  and   conitiluli.  Ilie  i, ;, 

company  for  eaid  ward,  and  said  ,'onipnny  .'hall  Ilhh' ('l.ai|,'|l 
the  engine  now  in  the  market  hou.^o," 

whicii   was  tiie  "  None-Such,"  one  ol'  llie  tHu  \M 
chased  by  the  citizens  in  18111. 

The  "  I'lKunix  Fire  ('ompuny"  did  tioi  jircsiivoi 
organization  very  long,  and  in   I82'.l  aiinilitT  iM 
was  made  to  form  a  eoiiipuny,  wliieli  tvits  call 
'•.St.  Fiouis  Fire  Company"  ;  \:  •'.  like  its  pri'lci 
it  died  after  a  very  brief  existence. 

The  fever  of  rtii.i  ing  ''  wid  der  luasliccti"  Invii 
sj)read  thoiighotit  tin-  city  on  the  reeeipt  of  ili'  nJ 
•■ngiiie,  culminated  in  I  S;i2  in  the  lurtnaiioii  ut 
Iral   Fire  ('ompaiiy.  No.  1,"  and  in  liie  lall  nf 
■  year  in  the  organization  of  aiiniiier  cumpiinv  cai 


FIRKMKN,  FIRE  COMPANIES,  AND   PROMINKNT  FIRES. 


791 


ilorlV,    Uil-Ti   M, (Inline- 
.  ll..flln;n.,   I.,l,n  II.  liny,  j 
III.  .!..■'  |.!i   I'uwill,  V'ml. 

Siiiiiui'l  Willi,  Kdmirdj 
K.  .Mi'(jii:.m'i;lr.  AniiMinl 
iclmi'ls,  .L.-i'iih  (,'linrlMj,l 
-„n,   I'ri'.'i'ru^k    1,.  ll,i:.,i,,| 

»Io!iii    1  ,   l><.nl)eri  mn.  J,l 
,  Atwu.,,1.   !..  Iliikor,  W.S.I 
ri»ttiiiMi,.li>ii\i  Ml'Cuu.uiiiI,! 
11.  IliTtli."'!.  Jiilin  Sraitb,! 
lui  lUuii.l,  Tlioinns  Cni^.Q,! 
illiuiii   11.  liriln^lcJ■,  K.  11,1 
I'oUs,  lli'iirv   lli'illy.  li.  DJ 
lUiiiiiH  Ks.'i'X.  .luhii  Slmoiuli, 
lOiiry   CliMiiti'iiii.  .IipIih 
I'ilkiiiMin.    M'cliai'l  Tw 
iii.l  .1.  WiUuii. 

at    tln!    l{:ilpli:*t  t'liurc 

all  Spiililiii'.;  was  tliose 
lUiiPi'tili'   M'lTctiirv. 
iirles   \Viiliri'iuliirlT.  w 
St.  lidiiis   Ncirili  Fi 
fidward  Clr.irloss.  WiU 
jialilinj:  wii."  a|iiiiiirii,il 
iiws  to  jidVerii  llic  co 
iictorily  (li  'fliiirsu'd.  T 
oil  to  serve  t'lr  lh(?  n 
[*ratte  ;  sei-ri  liiry.  Wikl 
istopher   M.   I'rav;  lie 
r. ;    first    entiineor,  \m 
n  L.  Sdttdii ;  fibt  liin 
eoml,  Tlimiias  Amlrt' 
(Miarles  Walwcniliirff, 
IMm-iiix"  l''ire  CuiiiiiW 
it,  havin;;  Ixcn  apiirnvi 
ildonileii,  tlie  ialtd  Iw 

■  ihc  Mia.Ui-  Wiir.l  -i;li-l  I 
iiniltol   ii  iMiii-(iliUi"ii  anil 
li:i(  this  l.imril  ilu  :il'|'ruM 
ouplilutc   lln"  "'I'"'  ■''  ■' 
.iMimiiv  sliiill  luiii'>'li.ii;»l 

lU.-(!," 

ich,"  lino  ul'  tlu:  twu  1)01 

ijiany"  diil  »"'  liH'^""'"'' 
,a  ill   l«-'-'  »»"''"''■  'H 
any,  wliicli  wius  (mIIi'i 
1:  •!  like  its  pro'l'iT 
•xistouoo. 

vid  der  iiiiislifi"    liivU 
„„  tlie  r.Mvi|.i  of  ill'  nj 
;  in  the  rdrinali""  "' ' 
;■  and  in  llif  '""  "' 
„f  amillier  euiui.uuv  ^ 


,Lj  iijjdriliern  Fire  Company,"  its  location  being  in 
iheN'tirtl'  ^V'urd.  The  inembursliip  of  the  latter,  Mr. 
linch  says,  wast  compo.sed  prinuipally  of 

,:,l,^;ti7i'iii.  baokptl  by  influentliil   Americnns,  largo  |iri>|i- 

I  -lowner'  I'l  the  vicinity  of  Koiirth  nnd  Wnsliinntoii  Avoniip, 

kifili^  pi"'"''  "po"  l>i'i»K  <>  lot  on   the  t'lml  niile  of  Thinl 

^..,,1,  ju."t    TKirtli   of    Wruliingloii   Avrnuis   ri'iiioving  auljae- 

nllv  to  d"'  "est  iiido,  nne-half  block  boliiw,  when?  thuy  rc- 

I    iifil  up  I'l  the  dftto  of  their  (lin.tiiUitiiin   in    1S55,      'I'hpy 

I  wiiui'titlv  took  tho  niiiiio  of  '  I'nion,  No.   2.      Tliu  'Snuth- 

I     r,f£  Coitipiiny,*  ufturwiiriN  taking  tlio  niiiiie  of  '  Waxhiiig- 

I     N'i>.  3,'  I''"  I'o"  "^  wliofc  nicinl)cr!'hi|i  with  a  few  i'.\i'f|>liiins 

r(ieriinui  noil  Kriini'li  uili«uns,  was  <irgani7,eil  in  ls;!:t.  ihoir 

,,i„in  bi'iii:;  on   tho   east  Bido  of   Second  .'»trwt,  xoiilh  of 

I   nitf.  rpm">i'i)!   '"    "*''^  to  Sprui'p,   lictwccn  ."Second    and 

Street",  iiiid  again  in  IS.'iL'  to  Third  Street,  a  few  doum 

I    nuf  Kim  .^Irecl,  weat  side.     They  wore  eon«ideied  tliopro- 

l_.„r!iif  the  ""iithern  portion  (if  Ihoeily.  tliongb  in  after-years 

lAirtiraji  a  <''>iii|)any  a  niiie  auiith  of  their  lunition.     In  the 

I    j,i,f  is'.'.i  tho  'St.  I.miiH  Firo  ri)in|iany,  No.  I,"  was  or- 

cli  their  lii>t  location  being  a  one  sliiry  frame  shed  on  tho 

liiitli«f't  eormr  nf  I.ocuit  ami    Foarth  Streets,  removing  in 

liM'il.iltie  .'i"iilbeait  eornor  of  liOi'Unt  and  Third  Streets,  tbo 

lt.Dib«r*liip  of  which  was  almo.>'t   (ixeld.-'ively  yr»(iiig  moehan- 

K  |jri(j,  eto.,  the  proponiiernnee  being  aristocratic  Kastern 

Iki    in  the  lull  of  the  «»inc  year  the  '  Missuiiri   Fire  Com- 

I    ,  X".  .1,'  ""*  formed  by  a  number  of  businesn  men,  incr- 

|;iil<  tml  th"ir  employes,   they   sharing   the  same  shed    in 

|ilrhlhi''!'t.  I. '"lie' wa-t  domiciled,  removing  in    IMIl  to  the 

KMlc'if  Third  Street,  no.\t  door  to  I.udlow  .t  Smith's  thea- 

In.  lilt  pr'seiit    site   of    the    post  iifliec,   s(nitlieast  corner  of 

jilt,  «here  they  remained    up   to  tlio  year    IS52,  when   they 

|i[i!B mived  to  tho  ea.'it  side  of  Seventh  Street,  south  of  llliie, 

liiirffnl  IniMlion  of  ■  Old  nead(iuartor».'      In  the  yeur  IslJ 

liMfinv  wu."  forinod,  principally  from  tbo  cmployi's  of  (laty, 

■ijufi  C".'»  foundry,  thi   liriii  building  their  hrst  engine, 

I*  rtlii'n  «elected  lieing  n   lot  donated  by  ilie  city  lui  tho 

iMittdl  wriier  of    Franklin   .Avenue  and    llroadwuy,  which 

'I'liiiieil  up  lo  the  time  of  <lissolution  in  IS.'iS.     '['he  iie.«t 

ImiDV  to  come  forward  as  the  cl.atupion   of  public  safety 

Iia  IVnix  Fire  ( ^Kupany,  N.>  7,' composed   luaiuly  of  ller- 

Ini  i(iien»  whi>  had  (etlloi  lu  a  distaiii'e  south  of  tlie  most 

IK^^rly  (iigitiU'h'iuses,  don, idling  tlieuisclves  in  the  spring 

Ir.'l.:  in  a 'inestory  frame  buililing  situattvl  at  tho   junction 

I^wdI  and   Fifth  Streets  and  ('aroiidelet    Avenue,   suliso- 

Im'j^  QKidnic  across  to  the  v/est  side  of  Fifth  Street,  opposite. 

|',iti  Kintcr  111'  1SI7  tile  iiti/.en«  of  tlie  iiorthivesleni  poitioii 

.'Lroily  li'li  the  ile-iiloratuin  of  a  tire  organiiatinn   in  their 

;X'Mi.  I  I'lirnieil  '  Franklin   Fire  <'iimp:iny.  No.  S,' housing 

»'',-'i  ;ii'p;irat(is  in  a  shed  comprising  part   of  tho  wjiguti- 

Ivi  I  I'ri'il.  I.iiiiiiiudn,  Ks(|.,  siluateil  on  tho  iiurlhweal  cioner 

I/El'viiitli  Sireet  anil  Franklin   Avenue,  removing  ihenie  to 

Iriwlli  sirpet,  ii'Mtli  III   Wash,  west   side,  tbo  present  loca- 

nifNii.  13  ill  the  paid  dcpiirtment.     The  tnemltership  uf 

Iij -^'iDjiiny  WAS  also  (lermaii    citizens  ('  wooden  shoes,'  as 

l»;itrei|«risively  called)  with  n  few  exceptions,  developing 

In  ivery  .lulive  coiiipuny.     Next  in  order  was  *  .Mound   Fire 

liitigy,  Nil,  U,'  eouiposed  of  American  citi/.eiis  principally, 

•  iiiiinfiho  northeastern   jiorlion  of  the  city,  their  first 


Howard  Street,   east  of 


I" 

'  i  btini;  iin  tho  south   side 

|k'«liu:  ilirir  seeuiid  and  last,  llruadway  south  of  llruoklyn. 

^>^i  l>y  ihe  .^teiiiiier  of  the  niiino  and   number  of  the  pres 

I  M    Tiny  were  followed  by  '  liaclede  Firo  (Tompaiiy,  .No. 

J»i|UHrter  of  the  city  sadly  needing  their  ser 


thi 


subsequently  to  the  west  side  of  Si.xtoenth  Street,  north  of 
Chestnut,  and  again,  in  1850,  to  tho  north  side  of  Market 
Street,  three  doors  east  of  Fifteenth,  tho  present  location  of 
No.  11.  The  inemhorship  was  almost  exclusively  of  old  fire- 
men, members  of  other  companies  who  had  moved  into  that 
neighborhood.  Tliere  never  wero^any  hoso  compinios  proper 
in  tho  depiirtiiicnt,  each  company  including  its  own  hoso  ser- 
vice, am)  the  only  hook-and-ladder  company  ever  in  existence 
was  '  Lafayette,  N.i.  I,'  instituted  in  18,'i'.',  their  original  loca- 
tion being  on  the  east  side  of  Kighth  Street,  south  of  Washing- 
ton .Avenue,  making  several  changes  during  their  career, 
dissolving  in  l,H.^lH. 

"  Hut  one  other  company  may  bo  luontioned,  closing  tho 
record  of  the  volunteer  tiro  department,  the  '  (lood  Will  F'iro 
Company,  No.  II.'  They  were  an  olfshoot  of  several  of  the 
old  companies,  and  horn  of  tho  violent  opposition  of  the  volun- 
teers to  tho  establishment  of  the  paid  department.  After  an 
exislenie  of  a  few  months  they  succumbed  to  publio  opinion 
and  returned  their  borrowed  apparatus  to  their  respective 
owners."  ' 

Notwithstanding  these  efforts  to  cstabli.sh  a  firo 
systoni  for  St.  Loui.s,  thts  inliabitnnts  adhered  to  tho 
old  l(^ulh(!r  fire-buokots  until  a  very  lato  period. 

On  the  3d  of  June,  1815.5,  Mayor  John  F.  Darby 
approved  an  ordinance  rcipiiring  the  citizens  to  pro- 
cure tire-buckots.      By  this  act 

•'  every  owner  in  fee  simple,  fee  or  tail  tor  life,  or  on  perpetual 
lease  of  any  dwelling-house,  store,  or  warehouse,  or  every  ten- 
ant occupying  the  siiiiie,  at  the  expense  of  tho  proper  owner, 
shall  keep  at  his  or  tin  ir  own  proper  I'ost  and  expense  for  eaali 
story  which  such  dwrlling-house,  store,  or  warehouse  shall 
comprise  at  least  one  strong,  siibstanlial,  and  suflicient  leather 
bucket,  which  shall  ho  marked  in  paint  ami  in  cuiispicuinis  let- 
ters with  the  niiiiic  or  names  of  the  owner  or  owners  thereof, 
iiiid  which  shall  be  kept  in  sumo  convenient  or  public  part  of 
tho  house,  and  which  shall  nut  be  removed,  initwithslandiiig 
the  tenants  may.  and  which  shall  not  be  used  for  any  ilomestio 
purposes,  under  tho  penalty  of  live  dollars,  nor  bo  eiuployed  ex- 
cept on  occasion  of  fire  or  exercise  of  the  engines  belonging  to 
this  oorporatioii,  and  sliall  always  bo  kept  in  gooil  order  at  the 
expense  of  the  owner  or  owners  of  the  dwelling-house,  store,  or 
wiireboiise,  and  which  shall  bo  carried  or  sent  to  places  on  fire, 
or  to  places  where  the  engines  may  he  I'xercised,  by  tenants  or 
occupiers  of  such  dwelling-house,  store,  or  warehouse." 

For  a  violation  of  this  sootion  of  the  ordinance  tho 
offendor  wa.s  coinpollod  to  pay  live  dollars  f(ir  each 
buokcl  roijuirod,  and  it  was  ■  the  duly  of  the  city  con- 
stable, from  time  to  time,  and  at  least  (Hieo  in  every 
six  months,  to  visit  each  and  every  dwoliinirhmise, 
store,  (ir  warolmuse,"  to  o.\ainiiio  if  they  Wore  fur- 
nished with  the  retpiisitc  number  of  Krc-buckets,  and 
to  repiirt  to  the  mayor.  If  tlu-  owner  or  owners  of 
projierty  failed  tn  pinvidc  the  ntimlier  (if  fiic-liuekels 
reipiired  by  tlu;  ordinance,  lh(<y  fdrfeilod  and  were 
eompellod  to  pay  for  the  use  of  tln^  city  the  sum  of 
tiv('  dollars. 

In  time  the  old  hand-enoines  superseded  the  6ru- 

'  "The  Volunteer  Fire   Department  of  St.   l.ouis,''  by  Tom 


'    i;  'V 


fti.|,,«iiiiin  being  tbo  south  end  of  Luoas  .Market,  removing      Lynch,  pp.  s  >ind  U. 


792 


HISTOllY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


bucket!!,  mid  on  Mny  lit,  1840,  nn  onlinnnco  was  ap- 
proved ropoiiliiif:  tlio  (irdinaiiue  of  18:55  reliUivo  to  tlio 
buekctH.  When  tin;  biindon^rinoM  had  been  broii<;ht 
near  perl'ootioii  they  wore  in  turn  Huporsedcd  by  tlio 
present  steam  fire-eii}iin^s,  a.s  will  be  seen  heroaller. 

In  February,  1811,  the  fire  department  of  tlie  city 
consisted  of  the  Central,  Union,  Wasiiington.  Si. 
Luuiu,  and  Missouri  Companies.  To  aid  in  keeping; 
their  I'ligines  and  apparatus  in  repair,  the  city  aj.pro- 
]irialed  to  eaeh  eompany  the  sum  of  three  hundred 
dollars.  In  June  of  the  .same  year  the  city  al.so  pur- 
chased for  the  fin-  eoiupanius  two  thousand  feet  of 
leather  hose,  which  was  divided  amoni;  them  ;  and  in 
September  follnwin);  tiie  mayor  procured  from  Boston 
twenty-five  hundred  feet  more.  On  Feb.  !t,  1842, 
the  superintendent  of  the  water-works  was  directed  to 
erect  hydrants  in  the  eufjine-bouse  yards.  On  Auf;. 
24,  1S42,  the  City  Council  appropriated  the  lollowiuf; 
sums  to  the  companies  named  :  Liberty,  seven  hun- 
dred dollars;  Washington,  seven  hundred  dollars; 
Missouri,  two  thousand  dollars;  and  Central,  .seven 
hundred  dollars.  On  the  .'Ust  of  July,  184;{,  each 
firo  company  in  the  city  which  was  orfranized  and 
fully  eipiipped  witii  enjjiine,  hose,  and  other  necessary 
apparatus  was  authorized  to  receive  from  the  city  the 
sum  of  three  hundred  dollars  in  ((uarierly  payments 
on  the  last  days  of  March,  June,  Sepiember,  and  De- 
cember, provided  they  made  a  report  to  the  mayor  at 
the  end  of  every  (|uarlcr,  showinj;  the  condition  of 
tile  coni|)any,  tlu?  number  of  active  members,  the 
officers  of  the  company,  and  that  their  en<»ino  and  ap- 
paratus were  ready  for  service,  toj.'ether  wiih  a  <lutailed 
statement  of  their  expenditures,  signed  by  tiie  captain 
or  superior  officer  of  the  company,  and  attested  by  tiie 
secretary. 

On  August  14th  of  the  followint;  year  an  ordinance 
was  passed  "  for  the  prevention  of  fires,"  and  on 
Aug,  8,  1845,  the  superintendent  of  water-works 
was  authorized  to  lay  down  water-pipe  in  certain 
sections  of  the  city  aiul  to  contract  for  fire-|il»gs. 

'i"he  lire  department  thus  proi^ressed  until  July, 
1850,  when  it  was  organized  under  an  ordinance 
embracing  regulations  for  its  government  which  was 
parxed  by  the  City  Council.  By  this  ordiinine(>  an 
inspector  of  fire  deparlinent  was  a[ipoiiiled  by  tlie 
mayor,  <in  the  ntcoinmcndalion  of  tin'  Firemen's 
As.sociation,  at  a  salary  of  three  hundri!ii  dollars  per 
unniiin.  It  was  the  duty  of  the  inspector  to  make; 
an  examination  every  three  months  into  the  actual 
condition  of  each  fire  company  in  the  city,  and  report 
the  ''ine  to  the  City  ('oiincil.  lie  was  to  ascertain 
the  amount  and  condition  of  the  apparhlus  of  each 
cunipatiy,  the  number  of  members,  and  how  niuny 


were  under  the  ago  of  twenty-one  y.;ii>     '[•\^g 
was  authorized  to  pay  to  eaeh  conipaii\  iha  l^j  . 
efFcetive   organization  with   not    less   tin.ii  f.iriv  i  ,    j 
and   recognized  the  authority  of  di,.   iii,i„.,.||,f       .'I 
obeyed  the  city  ordinances  regulatiu-  ih.t  tire  i|,.imrt  I 
mont.  the  sum  of  one  ihou.sand  doljais  iiuniiiillv 
able  in  (|uarterly  installments.  The  de|.;iitiii,.|||',|||,]|,J 
this  organization  wti;>  conducted  succes>rii||y,  ai,,]  m  I 
number  of  tires  during  the  next  year  h;,s  I'uvcr  ijr  1 
during   the   preceding  one.      All   of  i|„.  e(,iii|,ai,i„ 
excepting  the  Union  and   Liberty  aece|.i,.,l  tli,.  i,r,|jj 
nance  immediately  on   iu  pa-ssage,  an.l  i,c,.iv,.,|  ,|J 
thousand  dollars  yearly  allowaiic(!  pruvi  LmI  |„r  i|n.j 
support.     Those  two   large  and   elli(i,.|ii   i(iiii|.aiiie«j 
under  a  niiswuiception  of  the  terms  nf  ih,.  ,,i(iiii;,|,a 
and  the  intention  of  the  Council,  nl'ii-cl  lo  a,,,.,,.. 
the    conditions    imposed,    and    picleired   to  rtiiiiaid 
independent  of  the    city  until   late   In   iS.Vj,  w||J 
they  joined  the  department.      In  the  nuaii  tiiiu'  ih 
had  continued  to  iciidi:i  \iilu,iL!o  .^.  im,i-  »in.ii,nr  j 
alarm  called  them  to  duty,  relying  Idi-  lijeir  .^uptigj 
upon  contributions  from  their  friends  a.s  Infiirf, 

In    accordance  with    the  "  ordiiiaiice   (■■.lahli^hiiiJ 
and  regulating  tiio  fire  departmcit,"  IMwaid  l{r.,„|(I 
the  inspector,  on   May  10,  18,"»2,  i:\ade  a  doiai 
port  of  the  condition  of  the  deparliiiem  fur  tliu  miartJ 
commencing  April  1,  1852,     At  this  l..ne  tint.' 
longed  to  the  departine.it,  under  ilie  niKaniMti,,,,  aJ 

control  provided  by  the  city  ordiimnce.s,  ,i^r||t , „ 

iiies,viz,:  the  ('entral, Washington,  St.  IkhiLs,  .Missiiuii 
PhivMiix,  Franklin,  Mound,  and    liaclede,  •■  having;  | 
service  four  forcing-engines,  four  suction  eiii;iiii'>.ilin 
four-wheeled  hose-carriages,  eigluecii  twu-whctliita 
ders,  and  nine  thousand  nine  hundi'iil  antt  lil'ivlirtl 
leather  leading-hose."      Besides  liaviiiL'  cij;lii  lninili 
and  fitly  fe<!t  of  leather  hose,  the  Central  liad  in  ...rvij 
six  hundred  feet  of  hem|)  hose,  and  the  .Mi>.iiiiii( 
hundred  feet  of  the  same  kind,  wliicli  Ha>  nsnlnij 
for   forcing  through    from    the   eiigiiie.     Tli.r. 
longed   to    the    department    \'J',i   enrolled  uiml^j 
distributed  among  the  several  e(iiM|ianii.<  a.-  loll.i 
Central,  48  ;   Mis.souri,  uli  ;   Franklin,  .V.'    \\A 
ton,  8(1  ;   Fhienix,  4C  ;  La(dede,  4") ;  .St.  |,i,ui>.  1 
and  Mound  City,  52      The  aggregate  aiiiniiui  .if  j 
delitedne.sa  of  all   the  companies  waf  StJIS.;')!. 
aggregate  amount  of  cash  on  hand  liclniiL'in;:  in 
companies  was  SiMll.t!!),     The  esiimatcs  nf  tliej 
partment  for  the  ensuing  year  were  an  I'ullow.^: 

.MInwio fi  r  fiiflit  i'iiiii|iuiiii'«  l$lliOO  iwlii ..  f*,ii"'i] 

lte|iiiir!<  (if  l>uil(linK'  «nil  ji|i|>iirHlUf< "il  I 

.■^iiliiry  of  oir«|MH!tor 

Illiu  IK'W  I'llgillO  lUHl  tWd  Hlllilioil^ I. I'll] 

Tliri'ii  iiiiw  liiise  riirrinm'i' -M'"'! 

Amount  iieoeKiiir^'  t.i  In'  iip|irn|.riiiip.|...*l'i,li)t| 


FIREMEN,  FIRE   COMPANIES,  AND   PROMINENT   FIRES. 


793 


our   V'  r. -,      llic  city 
[;()iuiiuii\  ilt.ii  liail  iini 

less   tli;.ii   r.irly  men, 
of  till'   iii>|pi'ctiir,  andl 
ilatiii'j;  ttn^  tire  ili|mrt.j 
1  (IciUars  ;iium;\lly,  |i;iy. 
Tlio  tlriKiriiiifiit  miilerl 
il  Huwcs-riilly,  and  th* 
xi  ytnir  wti'  I'twcr  tliun| 
All   (if   I  111'  fdiuiiaiiia 
erty  accci'ti'il  tlie  (inJiJ 
jsu'^i",  :uiil   ricciviij  ihj 
aiiw  iirovi'lfil  t'lir  ilnJ 
nd   I'tViiii'iii    i'iini|ani«i| 

tcriiis  dl'  till'  imliiiaiio 
um'il,  I'l'l'ii-cil  to  iwii'pi 
111  in'i'tV'iri'il  til  remaid 
itil  liitr  ill  H'l-,  wheJ 
III  till'  iiii'iiM  tlino  iho] 
,ablc  nil »ii''  Hiicnvur I 

relyin;;  I'm'  tln.'ir  ,«ufiH)i| 
ir  iVii'iiils  a.--  lii'l'ori', 

"  (irilimuu'i'  c-talirbliinl 
rtiiiL'Ml,"  I'lilwaiil  Un«ikj 
18.")-,  i:iaili'  a  ili'tailwl 
kpaiinuMii  till'  till'  i|iiart^ 
At  tliis  I.. Me  lliiv  ' 
iiiiliT  llic  or;.'aii.'.aliimiiii| 
ordiiuuici's,  i'i;;lit  imiip 

iii'tdii,  St.  liHif^,  Missiiu 
and  liai'li'ili',  ■•  li;iviiij 
I,  I'liursui-limi  eii'^iin'-.iliit 
1,  oiulUi'i'ii  iwii-ttin'i'li'ilta 
Lu  huiulr.'il  aiialitiyl'irtj 
[sides  haviiiL'  t'iiiln  Imu'lr 

.,  llioCt'lilralliailiiivTvij 

hose,  and  tlu'  Mi->'mii( 
kind,  wliii'li  »M>  ii*i'l "" 

till-   t'li^iiii'.     '1''"'"' 
[it    I'J'.i   I'lii'iilli"!  '"«"'''< 
Ivcral  n(in|iani>.'«  a*  I" 

;  Kraiiklin, .")-    \Vi<iii^ 
la.'u'do,  ■»•> ;  Si.  l/mi*    ' 
lu!  aj:j?r.-^ate  ami'iim  "fj 
i|mni>!H  was  Jlil^;"* 
oil  luiiid  hi'liiiiL'iii':  '" 

Till'  csliiiiaU's  III'  iWj 
year  were  as  lull"**  • 

lii|Hiiiriilii» 

I----, '.     I  I  M 

|h11i!I11)I1> 

,l,i'iipi'r"ri""-' ■■*''•'""] 


It  M«v,  1H54,  Edward  Brooks,  the  inspoetor,  nmda 
liioiber  rcpiirt  to  the  Council,  in  which  he  Hinted  that 

I  ,y  f.illiiiriii:;    niTiipiinii'H    lii'lnnic    to    IIhi  t)<'|itirti)H'nl    ttniln- 
J      jilfnliirihci'ilyf  Ccrilml.  I'nion.  Wnnliinntcin.  St.  I.imiIk. 
...ori,   I.i'"i'.v.    Mmiiiil,    I'liirnix,    Krniikllii,   iinil    Lai'lwlc. 
_,    [|,,v,.  ill  -nvii't'  livr  fi)ruiii|;'iMi){int's,  nine  ?'iiotiiin  cnKiiicM. 

I    ".n    lulll    I"  '■  '1'''**^      llnH0-c'nrriu|;4'r*.      scvflltfl'li     two   wlu'l'lfj 

I   K„  iin<l  ii'iii'  tliiiuHiinil  l»'i>  liiiiiilrcil  iinil  tU'l,v  tort  of  Unm*. 

Iiv,l(|nirliiii  I'  iiiiiiiliTiRO.'i  I'liriilli'il  nicinhon",  Ilii'HoviTiil  tniii- 

(.«  imiiilii'iiiiU  I"   fiillon-B  :     (Viitnil,   .'il  ;     Ht.   Loiii«,    UMI; 

Ihjnii.l'ii.  I.:ii'l"il''.  4"  i  Uniiiiiifl";  Miii»iiuri.  tlfl  I  .Moiinil,  H.'l ; 

Iviiiii'ii. '"  '   I'ibort;.  1^1  ;   Fniiiklin,  101.     Tlic  ug);r<'|!iUu 

juliil  inlil'li'iliii'Kd  of  Itic  riim|iiini('K  on  April  I,  IS,^.|,  win 

■r'ipi:'.  Thi'iiMioinit  of  ciihIi  on  Imiiil  wii^$Kt.St.|7.  rxrluf<ivc  of 

K  j,ilfrlv  iill'iwiiiiw  of  two  hiiniiroil  iinil  fifty  ilolliirs  iliio  to 

.   .iiiiiiaiiv.     'I'lio  uniount  |>iiiii  for  lio>i«,  ri'|mir^,  ctciliiriii^ 

|.j,.ir»ii.<-^li'^l.'''\  i"  ailililioii  to  wliii'liHi'venil  liilln  of  ri'|<iiini 

iwcrr  rrji'liil  I'V  llii'  iii-'iici'lor   iiiiiki'  llu'  wlioli'  fiiiii  r\ 

rtififitr  rrPiiir"  $2H.'>7. ?*.'•.     Tlio  fire  <li'|)iirtiiien(  will  rr(|uin* 

Ir-D'thi-oiirri'iil  year  »\\  tlioiisiinil  two  liiiii<lreil  ami  fifty  fi>rl 

%i;At  t'l  lie  I'lii'i-liaMvl   liy  Ihii  city.      TIki  ii|ipru|iriiitioii  ro 

(•flfinurri  III  (ixiiensuo  fur  tlio  proaciif  year  i.*  cstiiiiateil  at 

It!,:;'. 

la  May  "t  '111'  following  year,  Oeor>;e  N.  Stevens, 

linspt'i'lor  (if  the  tire  department,  recoiiiiuendod  to 

leCiiv  Ciiiuu'il  anion^  othi-r  thin  ;.s  the  propriety  of 

((limliiL'  (111'  requisite  appiiratus  I'ur  a  hook-and-iad- 

iwmpany.     This  company,  under  the  presidency 

^'I'brlt's  1'.  Cliouleau,  wiix  or};auized  about  the  same 

Miiiii  wa."  |iri)vided  with  a  house  for  its  truck. 

Uo.\priir),  1850,  an  ordinance  was  approved  by 

tDiivur  wliieli  regulated  and  reorptnized  tlie  fire 

iiiiiueni.     in  pursuance  of  this  ordinance,  on  May 

IbJT.ilie  inspector  (Oeorj^e  N.  Stevens)  reported 

;;ii(ri' were  then  under  the  control  and  orpiniza- 

s!vf the eiiyurdiiiaiiees  eleven  companies, — Central, 

i«nv.  Laelede.  MisMiuri,  Mound,   Franklin,  South 

I  i/uis,  .h'ffiTwin,    St.    Louis,    Washiiifrlon,   and 

ttri\.— Willi  a  total  membership  of  seven  hundred 

^riviiine  eiiriilled  men.     The  service  had  ei^ht 

ijeiij.'inci',   nine  suction-engines,  fourteen   four- 

»y  liiisi'-ettrriaj;os.  ten   two-wheeled  tenders,  and 

ttbouMiiil  ei'n'ht  hundrt^d  feet  of  leather  hose.     The 

ItMii  ami  Siiiiih  St.  Louis  were  new  lire  companies 

luil  licen  added  to  the  department  durini;  the 

;  anil  liiirin;,' the  same  year  tlie  Lafayette  Ilook- 

itUtii'r('iiiii]iany,  with  fifty  enrolled  members,  one 

i.liveladik'i'.'',  nine  hooks,  four  axes,  and  two  piek.«, 

I  ibu  iiicor|i(irated   with   the  department.     The 

ml  '•si'ciisc.'*  reiiuired  during  the   en^'uinl;  year 

Ri^iiiiiateil  at  eighteen   tiiousand  three  hundred 

liirtciiiy  dollars.     The  inspector  also  renewed  his 

Mill  iidai ion.  made  the  year  before,  for  the  erection 

|»rii>  near  the  intersection  of  the  several  streets 

!  no  tirc-plii(;s  were  located,  to  remedy  the  de- 

fc;  of  a  supply  of  water. 


'•  The  city,  up  to  tile  year  IS  10,  poMomioil  ii  hiiiiiII  rciicrvoir  of 
tli»  capacity  of  oiilv  liall  a  iiiillioii  galloim  per  ilay,  the  >il«  of 
wliieh  in  now  llie  Hoiilliwc-I  Comer  of  Unlet  iiii.l  Collin*  .'^treelK, 
the  ilelii  in  of  wliicli  Clin  flill  lie  seen,  while  the  '  pliij;'  privi- 
lcj(eM  anioiinted  to  a  .'laiiij-pipe,  incloHetl  in  a  cimt-iron  oyliniler 
I'iKlifi  en   inelici'   in   ilianictcr,  hy   a  heiulit   of  three  feet  ahove 

I  Ihcui.lewalk,  Kinniounteil  hy  an  in  n.  ami  liaviii;<  two  ojicnin^^H  of 
two  aii'l  one  half  inches  liiaineicr  em.h.  'I'hoe  plii;;i' or  hyilraiiti 
Were  ilinlrihiilcil  Ihrontth  the  huninc.**  portion  of  the  city  at  a 
iliKtance  of  every  tlirei'  lilockK.  or  ahoiit  'Hie  thiiii-anil  feel  apart, 
anil  nero  a  familiar  ohjei'l  to  all  tin  inhahitanlK  up  to  the  year 
ISilK.  aid  prohiilily  the  lai't  to  faile  away  liefoie  the  iiinich  of 
iniproveincnt  iviiH  one  which  ttooil  upon  the  Koutliea.it  corner 
of.-ii.xtli  ami  Olive  .'^treeti'.  The  larKCKf  iliaineler  of  pipe  in 
tlio.se  iliiy."  wa.tonly  nine  inched,  ami  it  wan  not  until  Iho  nilvent 
of  the  uteani-enuine  in  l."*;!!!  that  the  city  falhern  conchnlcil  to 
a<lopt  not  only  the  nnilor|;i'ouiitl  \i\ug.  of  which  there  Ik  now 
one  on  every  corner  in  the  ilifliii't  hoiimleil  hy  the  I.evee  anil 
l']i|;htli  .Street  ami  t'liKM  an. I  Cliouteaii  .\veniieii.  anil  one  on 
e\eiy  other  corner  in  Iho  rent  of  the  city,  hut  aluo  an  increancil 
ilianieti-r  of  pipe,  the  liitter  now  rciirhiii;;  u  mii.Ninitini  of  three 
feet,  while  the  pic-Tiil  wutciwork"  contribute  a.laily  i|iiiiiitiim 
of   tliirt,\   three   million   j^uIIoik  of  clcur  water.  In   place  of  the 

I   half  ami-half  uiml  iiiel  water  of  the  oM  rfijimv, 

".*^t.  I.ou'H  hein;;  huilt  upon  the  hank  of  the  river  principally, 
ami  of  very  narrow  hreailth.  the  majority  of  the  cnt{ine-lioaiiOK 
were  locatetl  on  Tliiril  Street,  or  liroailway  ;  the  former  iiaiiic  ex- 
teiclin;^  from  the  southern  limitH  to  (Jiccii  Street,  ami  then  Ink 
ill;:  the  name  of  llrnielway  to  tlie  northein  limit.-'.  These  two 
sfrcet.-i  were  the  main  artery  of  the  city  from  north  to  "onlh,  ami 

'  xix  of  the  engine-huusea  were  hut  ii  few  blocks  apart,  neces- 
-itatiii);  the  greatest  vigilance  on   the  part  of  the  inemhcni  to 

<  prevent  surprised,  anil  to  obviate  the  disgrace,  as  it  was  always 
con-iiilercil,  of  beiii;;  'passed  in  the  house."  I'arlicuhirly  was 
this  Iho  case  with  the  voliinleer  hose  compiinirs,  and  the  ex- 
citing contents  of  speed  ( tirriiig  on  tliis  thoroughfare  north  to 

the  *  .Mound'  and  south  to  the  *  I'hieiiix'  were  the  ine\haus. 
tiblo  theme  of  coiiiiiieiit  and  glorirh-iition  in  the  engiiie-lioti-'4>8. 
nii'l  if  writtt-n  up  wool, I  till  volume^," 

In  those  ilay.s,  when  a  lire  was  discovered,  "  the 
steward"  or  wateliinan  at  each  eiii:ine-bouse  would 
rinj;  bis  bell  violently,  and  not  only  members,  but  a 
certain  class  ol'sboulder-bitters  who  were  retained  by 
I  each  company  to  help  it  tbrougit  an  "  emerjjeney" 
'  made  a  (irand  dash  for  their  respective  eniiiiie-lniuscs. 
The  "  bunkers,"  or  such  of  the  members  as  occupied 
bunks  in  the  houses,  always  bad  all  in  readiness  for  a 
.start  ;  a  long  rope  was  led  olf,  all  hands  caui^bi  bold, 
and  with  a  wboup  and  a  yell  that  the  ulan<;or  of  the 
bells  could  not  drown,  away  the  brigade  went  fur  the 
tire.  A  captain,  with  a  huge  tin  trumpet,  alwtiys  ran 
alongNide,  shouting  encouragemc  and  making  liberal 
contributions  to  the  general  din.  The  aim  was  to 
secure  the  }>lug  nearest  the  fire,  and  to  tlirow  "  first 
water."  Not  infrequently  engines  met  at  the  inter- 
sections of  streets,  and  tiio  tactics  tiien  were  for  the 
engineer  having  the  strongest  force  to  run  in  on  the 
rope  of  the  other,  and  "  skin  the  rope,"  running  a'ong 
its  lull  length  and  compelling  all  who  had  hold  of  it 
'  to  let  go.    This  gained  a  little  time  and  distance,  ami 


«  > 


i.l 


794 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


unun  won  llu>  ncar«Ht  plug.  Rut  even  then  the  cuin- 
pony  aceoinpliHliiiig  thix  huccomh  wiin  not  Huru  of  "firHt 
water,"  for  Home  enthuHiutie,  eoiiNeientiouH  member 
of  unutlier  eonipuiiy,  rather  than  witneM  tht^  Jefeul  or 
hJH  orffunization,  mi};lit  uut  u  pip  in  the  lio.se  of  num- 
ber one.  Thin  last  wan  a  triek  often  re.sorted  to,  uml 
the  uniform  re.iult  ytun  that  two  or  three  eonipunics 
loft  the  fire  to  take  eare  of  it«elf,  while  they  IrieJ  i.s- 
8ue8  with  clubs  and  i<toneH.  The  plu<;M  in  vo^ue  then 
were  Inr^'e,  upri^iht,  uiiMi^'htly  objects  with  two  uttaeh- 
mcnlH,  Fre(|tiently  a  colliHion  wu.s  ncee8.sary  to  deter- 
mine whieh  of  the  companie.s  .should  have  the  lower 
uttachuicnt,  which  was  more  dcHirable,  for  the  obvious 
reason  that  the  one  having  po8se8.sion  of  that  could 
guek  nearly  all  of  the  water  away  from  the  men  who 
were  pumping;  on  the  other,  leaving  them  to  "  pump 
wind.' 

liesidcN  the  regular  apparatus  of  an  engine  and 
four-wheeled  reel,  each  company  had  a  light  two- 
wheeled  tender  or  '•  plug-eatehcr,"  the  nie>nber»  of 
whieh,  instead  of  being  a  neparate  organization,  gener- 
ally consisted  of  the  younger  members,  constituting  a 
company  within  a  company,  whose  duty  was,  to  be  on 
hand  at  all  timcH,  in  order  to  8eeure,  in  ease  of  tire, 
the  best  attainable  position  by  an  early  arrival  ut  the 
nearest  plug.  The.se  volunteer  hose  compaiucs,  com- 
bined with  others  whieh  several  of  the  companies  adop- 
ted, whose  province  was  I"  follow  the  engine  carrying 
tiio  re<|uisite  amount  of  "  leading"  hcse,  were  the  nu- 
cleus or  training-.s(diool  for  young  men  and  boys  under 
age,  in  which  they  were  fitted  to  become  ut  their  ma- 
jority the  best  and  most  efficient  of  firemen.  Fanciful 
names  were  generally  adopted  for  these  tenders  ;  No. 
I's  being  "Shanghai";  No.  2's  "  (Jreyliound"  ;  No. 
3's  "  Wild  Pigeon"  ;  No.  4'8  "  Tiger"  ;  No.  5's"  Snap- 
per" ;  No.  (J's'Miruy  Kagle" ;  No.  T's  ''Fashion"; 
No.  8's  "  Ucindtu'r" ;  No.  !>'»  "  I'eytona" ;  and  No. 
lO's  "  Fairy."  These  companies  consisted  on  an 
average  of  twenty  men,  and  were  considered  the  flower 
of  the  organi/.:itions  to  which  they  i>clonged  ;  and  no 
efforts  were  s[iared  to  make  them  all  that  |)racticc  and 
emoluments  could  make  them,  as  regarded  speed, 
vigilane(^  and  efllicieney.  Many  of  them  hud  a  regu- 
lar sy.stem  of  prizes,  to  be  given  to  the  member  taking 
out  the  tender  the  greatest  number  of  times  in  stated 
periods,  quarterly,  .icmi-annually,  or  annually  ;  and 
nearly  all  of  them  hud  their  race-course,  in  which  they 
practiced  speed  at  regular  intervals,  the  (Jreyhound's 
being  Washington  Avenue  from  Kighteenth  to  Third 
Street,  just  one  mile,  whieh  distance  wan  often  run, 
with  twelve  men  on  the  rope,  inside  of  six  minuten. 
The  (iruy  Kagh^'s  was  from  Mound  .Market,  on  Broad- 
way, "  home,"  time  at  thiu  day  unknown. 


Upon  the  estubli.shmont  of  the  piii.l  i;,,.  (l,.n,,r,,|„. 
in  1S57,  there  were  in  active  servii.   ;  „  |.,„|   .   • 
as  follows:  "Central"  Conipany,  \,,    i    „.,,,  i^^ 
on  Chestnut  Street,  between  Third  iu,.\  |'',,urih 
Inid  fiftysi.x  active  members,  two  fonin-  ,.„j;i,|,,.     j 

four-wheeled    hose-carriages,    and    iwe-wli,.,! 

One  engine  and  one  hose-carriuge  w,i,.  ,,k„„\ 
company,  and  the  otliers  by  the  city.        Wiisiiin  .|,„j 
Company.  No.  .'J,   was  located  on   tj,,.   ;v,.,,  ^jj^, 
Third  Street,  between  Klni  and  Myiil    .'^ipvi.  ;„, 
numbered  fifty-eight  members.     It  lii.l  ,„„.  ,„,|jj 
engine  ami  (me  four-wheel  hose-carriu-e,  liclim.-i,,,,! 
the  city.     The  company  owned  lli,  |,,i  ,,„  «\w\i\u 
engine  house  was  built,  but  the  city  (nvn.d  lliolmti 
"  St.    Fioui-s,"  No.  4,   was    located    on  il„.  ,„„||„,, 
corner  of  Third  und   Locust  Street:*,  iiii<l    .v,;„.,\ 
house  und  lot  and  one  engine  and  liosr ciuna'.v 
engine  and  hose-carriage  then  in  its  p(is-..'->i(,ii  |„,|„„,- 
to  the  city.     This  company  had  ennillr.l  ,,ii,.  li,,,,, 
active    members.       •■  Missonri,"  N,i.  .'i,  «•;„  |,„,,|| 
on  Seventh  Stnnit,  between   I'ine  an.l  (Hivc. 
one  engine  and  two  hose-carriages  in  its  |icis.»,...i(( 
and  the  engine-liou.se  and  lot  were  ownnj  j..iiiilv( 
the  company  und  the  city.     It  had  f.irty-iiulii  ii,e| 
hers   enrolled.       "  Ijiberty,"    No.   (!.  was  licai,,! 
Franklin  Avenue,  ;»t  the  corner  of  Fourth  .•^inri, 
had    ninety-eigl.i   enrolled  menilicrs.      lis  u|'|>:ira| 
consisted  of  two  forcing-engines  and  iwn  limr  wln^ 
and  one  two-wheeled  hose-eurriages,  lMleii..'ini;  i,, ( 
eompuny.     The  engine-hou.se  was  tiie  |ini|iiTiv  "!'( 
company,  and  the  lot  belonged  to  the  eiiv.    •  I'lmnil 
No.  7,  was  situated  on   Fifth  Street,  near  Park  \\ 
nue,  und  hud  eighty-seven  active  meinliers,  und  nwj 
one  forcing-engine.      It  also  had  iiiic  suclinn-iiiii 
und  two  ho.sti-carriages,  belonging  In  ilie  citv 
company  owned  its  engine-house,  but  the  lui  InlnDi 
to  other  parties.     "  Franklin,"  No.  S,  was  UrMii^ 
Kleventli   Street,  between    Wash  and  Ciirr,  uii'l  I 
seventy-three  active  members.      It  owneil (uif  Inrci 
engine?  and  one  four-wheel(!d  hose-carriaL'c.  anil 
part   proprietor  with  the  city  of  one  eiii:iiii' and) 
hose-carriuge.      "  Mound,"  No.  it,  was  .sjtualnl  iin| 
(torner    of    Broadway   and    Mound    .''(ircrt.s.  aiiil 
eighty  members  enrolled.     The  eily  ciwmil  iln' 
carriage,  and  the  engine  was  the  joint  |ir"|Mri_v  ntl 
city  and  the  eomp  .ny.     The  eiiginc-lKPii.^e  was  • 
by  the  city. 

'•  Laclede,"  No.  10,  located  at  tlieeoriicrnri'ilia 
and  .Market  Streets,  had  forty-eiglit  nii'niln'rsciin 
and  owned  one  suction  engine  ami  an  intiTiMJ 
the  city  in  another.  Its  ho.se-earriuge  bclnii'." 
the  eily,  the  engine-honse  to  the  coniiianv,  iukJ 
lot  to  Jumes  II.  Lucas.      Lafayette  IIuiik-uiiil-l4 


FIREMKN,  FIRE  COMrANIKS,  AND   I'ROMIiNKNT   FIRES. 


(1(5 


ipiiiil  till'  (li'p»riiiiiiiB 
iTvi'''   '11  <Mini|i;iniej 
y,  Nn.   1.  WHS  liiiMic 
liinl  iiii'l  I'durtli. 
ro  riiii'ih.:  '•iiL'iiii'«,  lw| 

Il(i      1 Iwn  wIiii'Iik] 

i(;C  Wi'li'   nwiicd  liv  ill 

city.  '  Wasliiiiuiii 
I  on  tlh-  Wf^i  Mill' 
ml  Myrili'  Siri'iiv  ;in 

(.       ll    ll:lil  iilli'  Mli'liul 

ic-»'urria^i',  lu'lini'^iii';  ( 
}d  \.\w  liii  (III  wliii'li  til 
!(■  I'ily  (iwiu'il  ilicliUel 
unloil    nil  I  111'  Mniilii'« 
Strwl!*.  nil'!    iwiiiil  I 
anil  111)'*!'  i';iiii;i;Zi. 
ill  itspii-iM'-.-iiiiilii'liiiiiJ 
iiJ  eiiriplliil  "111'  Iniuiln 
iri,"  Nil.  •">.  w;ii.  Iiii'iitj 

I'iiit'  ami  Olivi 
irriiim's  in  its  ]iiisni'"io| 
it,  WiTi'  iiwiii'il  jiiinily 
It  liail  i'lirtyciiilii  niel 
'    Nil,   (I,  was  lin'alril 
•niT  lit'  lAiurtli  Siroi'i.i 
nu'inliiTs.      lis  a|.].:ira(j 
[iiu'H  amliwii  limrwl 
jurvia';;!'.'*.  Im'Ihii'.'IH':  ioI 
so  WHS  till'  ]irii|ii'rt\>ifl 
1  til  the  eiiy.  •'  l'lnL'iii| 
I  Slri'i'l,  iii'ar  l';itk  Si 
•tivc  iiii'iiilii'rs.aml  nil^ 
hail  out-  siidimii'iig 
iiiiL'inL'  til  till'  I'i'y 
miisc,  hut  till'  111'  '"''""I 
111,     Nil.  S,  w;i.s  liH'iiicJ 
Wash  anil  Carr,  ;inil ' 
rs.      It  iiwiu'iliiiii'l"™ 
ll  hosc-carria',:!'.  awl ' 
'ily  (if  oni'  oniiiin'aiiilj 
Nil.  '.',  wii^  situaii'l  'inl 
M.mml   Slivi't.'.  ami 
Thr  I'itv  iiwiii'il  ill'' 
lis  thi'jiiiii'  I'ri'l'i'rt.v  on 


lie  fii^iiii' 


.l„„lM'\v:isii« 


,.(liil  tlii'i'iinii'ri'fi'it''« 
rtyi'iL'lil  iiii'mlH'r''i'iin 
,^ri,„.  mill  an  iniiri'^tl 

huso  lariia'.'i'  hi'' 
I  to  till'  I'limlKiiiy.  ■'"* 
jhiirayolit'  lliiiiliM'"'' 


li'oBP'»iJi  ""   WaMi    Stri'ot,   bctwui'ii   Sovfiitli    hikI 
U,{,ih,  iiuiii'il  ItM  ii|ipurulUH,  but  the  houHo  huioiiKud 

liiilii'i'i'.V' 

\i  iIiIh  liniD  tho    Kiiiid  Afwocintion  for   DiNiihluU 

r^mi'li  liail  oil  (loposit  bi'lwooii  hIx   lUid  Nuvcli  thoil- 

Lj  Jiillar-      Tliu  dopartiiicnt   wiw  ronulHtod   iiy  a 

iiioii  liiiuril  iifthruu  iiit'nilicrH  t'roiii  I'uch  coiiipHiiy,  (o 

iWii  ail  niatlurH  uonuuriiiii^  tin;  depart iiiuiit   wuru 

Urtiil'    '"'I'   ''''*'  ilcpartiiicnt    Hystciii   was   voluu- 

U.  iuil  till'  iirgaiiizutioii  waH  HiiHtainud  by  an  annual 

L,„|,|.iiitiiiii  of  lino  tliousand  dollars  to  each  uf  the 

Li'iiiio.'*,  anil  by  conlributiuim  iroiu  innurancu  cuiii- 

Ufj.  bii.siin'sM  inon,  property-owners,  and  tho  niein- 

Lof  till'  vaiiiiiis  eoinpanii's, 

TWi'iivini'liiiUHCM  were  all  uoiuforlulile,  and  supplied 

Ichrviry  I'lmvenieuoe,  and  aliiioHi  all  ol'tlie  hulls  or 

ti  III'  iiu'i^iin^  in   them   were  lavishly   Curnished 

lb  ill  tlmt  tuste  or  utility  uould  demand,  the  lincitt 

iilieiu  briiii;  the  beautiful  Uothiu  structure  erected 

I'uiiiii,  Nil.  '-• 

Till'  aliulitiiin  of  tho  old  department  waH  not  unat- 

;!fil  wiili  ri'j;ret.     For  many  years  it  had  served 

bcuiiiiiiiiiiy  faithfully  without  reward,  and  rendered 

Liiili'  anil   iiii]iortant  Hcrvico.     It  had  numbered 

It  Wave  Hiiil  p-neroUH  men  in  its  organization,  and 

lboa.1t  of  many  deeda  of  gallunlry,  self-sacrifice, 

iuToiiiiu.     Tho  (lid   aystcni,   however,  not  only 

bold  iiiid  expert  firemen,  but  >iave  rise  to  evils 

Iibf  greatest  nia};nitude.     The  spirit  of  rivalry  not 

ppniduci'il  ciiinpetition  in  battling  with  the  flames, 

'A  to  ciin.'^tant  disorders  and   breaches  of  the 


llirilerinlho  I'tpiiblieiiii  of  Di'c,  30,  1877,  miyii, — 

rl'(« '.f  itie^i*  "r|?:iiii/iitiiiiiH  wurp  oiiiii|Mi8ril  Inrgfly  of  iiirn 

'tf-rri"!  «  wlmli'  »l<in  M  llie  cxi'ilciiicnt  uf  n  liit  of  li)itil, 

k'Jt Kiij'irilv  liaihilniivH  Kimie  iinacllluil  acorr  aKiiiiiKt  Kiiiiiu 

ir  iillior,  uini,  nolwitliilHiiiliii)(  iiiiiiit'rouii  viiiii  niiii 

■•■«v«.  ai'vir  tiicii   iif  liyiiij?   ti>   I'llrti    ii    i<('itli'iiii'iit, 

iti  I'.'i  iiiiii'h  rliiiHiiii;  uliiiiit  liiwii  lii'iiiii'lit  nil  II  fiKliIiiiK 

".ffr  «:IH  *uro  III  lu<   It   tin'  alanii,  mill  I'viT.vtiinly  of  ii 

kftr^iii  ili<|iii*itiiin    Viiiti    fully    arcoiiiiiioilati'il.     Of   courfo 

I'liliPM-  alariiii^wi'ro  iMigiiM,  lull  thuy  Morvi'd  tlieir  piir|)u!<Q 

ilulif  geiniiiiu  it  WHS  an   i'Hi*y  thini;  ulwiiyn  to  open  tlitj 

■litiiniiiijt  a  stri'iiiu  of  water  into  xoiiif  iiiiliiKtrioud  piiiiip- 

■rxl.    ll  iniurialily  linil  iiliout  tlio  same  ('fTccI  nn  wntvr 

kinlinif,— L't'iiiTiilisi  nn  iiiliMi>i>  lioat  wtiiTii  it  ali);litt'il, 

kiMrt'l  lull  |iniii|ii'r.'  iovt  no   tiinii    in    alinniloiiinK    thuir 

■  lal  hiinlini;  I'"!' noiiititliiii^  tliiil   iiii^lit  Hurvtt  to   layout 

i.iiK'n, 

Ifij  itrbng  uf  rivalry  wan  i'.xi'cptiimally  "tninu  lii'twccn 
lliukiin  mill  Liberty  Coiiipaiiii*!',  and  tluiir  littlo  Ki't-toM 
TthreH  nil  "lliorM  in  tliu  ."liadn.  .'^o  f^rcat  tint  the  mil- 
liili|*iliy  bmiiiiii'  Iliut  it  wns  tho  rulu,  nml  not  tliii  I'.'iccp- 
ilti  ibrm  to  lic^iii  to  ^(|Uiiro  otV  at  caoli  olliur  on  ni^lit. 
Ih>1i  !i|U]iil  iif  ini'n  miictly  <'B'i"i'li'il  nn  luitninci'  to  tlio 
n^Widif  tl.i'  Kninklin  t'oinpany,  willioiit  awaltinK  thu 
Uloie  llic  liime  ri'iil,  rualiuil  it   out  to  tliu   vioinity  of 


Some  of  the  en^inr-houscB  becuine  hot-bt-ds  for  tho 
growth  of  lawlesfincHH  and  depravity.  Youths  nut  cnii- 
trolled  by  parental  restraint,  as  soon  as  the  shades  of 
nJKht  closed  in,  sought  the  eiifjine-housoH,  whore  hours 

t  lirlK'K  t'avi'.  Ii'il  nir  till'  lioM',  anil  laid  it  aloiiK  in  front  of  thu 
runiilini'i'  of  Ciipt.  ('o/,/,i'n<,  niid  tln'ii  liroko  IIh'  nn'  to  pirai'ii 
nhil  tlircn  it  into  the  pniiil  or  liollow  wliii'h  cviiiluil  tlirre  then. 
Iti'ch  had  fr<'i|ii>  iilly  loon  (Miplurdl  and  run  inio  pmidi  or  iiilii 
the  riviT  liffori',  Imt  tiny  won'  iilwaj  »  rui'ii\  ond.  and  lii'ni'o  this 
iiuprccedi'iilcid  piei-pof  nii'-i  liiiif  iiiuilc  tho  Kiankliii  Ipoyn  'look 
<'ro»«oyc.l.' and  lilli'd  tlioiu  with  a  ilofiio  for  \  on;{caiid'  that 
nothiii);  i-ould   milijfy.     Uf  i-oiirM'  tlio   tiii'k   was    ilialkid    up 

iiUainKi  tho  liihorly  iiir nd  nmiiy  n  m.ro  hiad  attontod  to  thu 

oiirnc»tiii'M  of  tho  dosiro  to  g<l  ovoii.  Finally  tlioKo  I'oiiipaiiii'S 
had  a  Imtllo  that  wan  oaloiilalod  to  <iili»ly  tho  most  Kava);i'  of 
llioir  nioiiiliom,  uii'l  that  '  laid  ovor'  anylhinu  in  tho  liiBtoiy  of 

llio  iloparl nl.     "no  .><«lurilay  oniiinn,  ""I  a  (.'roat  whilo  ho- 

foro  tho  paid  di'parliiiiut  wan  iimunuralod,  tliu  ounipanii'ii  mot 
at  Ihn  oiirnor  of  I'illli  niid  Morgan  ."^trcot^,  and  indulKoil  in  a 
low  knock  downs  as  uaiial,  and  oaoli  ilrow  off  vowiiiK  voiiKuain'o. 

<^n   thu  fullowin);  iiiurninK.  .'iiiinlay.  a  tin uurrod   in  a  litllo 

onostory  loiildin;;  ju«t  south  of  .\llon's  foundry.  I'lioru  wiis  n 
Kcnoral  turn  out.  The  hro  was  lasily  handled,  hut  a  fow  iiiin- 
iilos  liilor  thu  Franklin  ami  tho  l.ihorty  Companios  oanio  tn- 
Kollior  at  tho  oornor  of  liroailway  anil  l.iborly  .^troots.  fhe 
Idburly  iiioii  took  up  tlioir  pusilion  on  tlio  oaiit  sido  of  llroinl- 
way,  and  Ilio  Franklin  uion  on  tho  uosl  sido.  Two  l.iborty 
IIIOII  ^ot  on  thu  roof  of  a  small  Imuso  ihoru,  and  two  othois  ^ot 
on  thu  *  up  pur  (look'  of  tho  A^tnew  online  wliii'h  ihoy  possosscd, 
and  whioli  was  what  was  known  as  it  '  doiililo  docker.'  Inini; 
arraiiKod  for  two  sols  of  piimpors.  Tho  men  on  Ilio  roof  kii  koil 
tlio  brii'ks  of  Iho  tiro-wall  loose,  and  ihon  pitoliod  tloiti  lo  their 
companions  on  the  *  iippor  lUvk.'  who  pas<.('d  thoiii  below.  In 
this  manner  a  gnin\  stock  of  aniniunilion  was  laid  in  for  thu 
inevitable  coiillict.  Alter  a  little  joorinK  on  hoth  sidesllio  initia 
tive  brick  wa«  thrown  by  one  side  or  Iho  other,  and  Ihon  en- 
sued  a  terrible  aoeno.  The  air  was  fairly  hllod  wilh  clubs, 
bricks,  and  stones,  and  yells  wont  up  that  could  bo  hoard  lo  thu 
uttermost  limits  of  tho  oily  then.  Illoo'l  llowod  iis  freely  a-,  in 
a  alaiiKliior  liouso,  and  char|;u  aflur  oharBo  was  iiiadu  on  both 
sides  without  either  securing  any  marked  ndvanta);i\  Finally 
pistols  wore  drawn,  and  some  forlv  or  (ifty  shots  wore  tired. 
Men  dropped  hero  and  there  from  liullels  or  '•Imios,  ami  ll  o 
M'oiie  rosotnl  led  ii  real  batlle-^nmnd.  .\n  eye-HilIn'^^,  in  tolling 
of  the  onoouiitor,  said  that  it  was  simply  appalliiii;.  The  sharp 
bark  of  the  pistols,  the  dull  thud  of  kIoiics,  and  llie  yelU  and 
Kroaiis  of  men  made  many  believe  that  tliuro  would  bo  i|.iilo  a 
deatli-rull  for  thu  city  to  mourn  ovor  lliat  night.  '  Tliure  waa 
one  man  in  tliat  tiithl,'  procuede'l  this  relator, '  who  did  sonic  of 
tho  most  nonderfiil  iloilgin^  I  over  saw  in  my  lifu.  .Vbout  half 
n  i|o7.eii  of  thu  Franklin  men  gt.<  him  by  hiiiisolf  in  froiil  of  a 
brick  wall,  and  stood  ofl'  and  ho:,-an  to  polt  liim.  Ilo  wore  » 
rod  shirt,  and  was  i|iiilo  eonspioiiou*.  They  wore  all  throwing 
at  once,  and  th.'it  follow  kept  doditiiiK  around  lliure  for  live 
minulos,  with  bricks  cracking  against  ihe  wall  within  nn  inch 
of  liis  head  or  body  every  soeond,  but  noxor  a  one  of  thoiu 
breaking  his  skin.  It  was  probably  the  liiclio"!  work  ho  ever 
did  in  his  life,  and  ovorybody  who  wasn't  in  the  fight  w-aa 
hoping  that  he'd  get  away  from  them,  but  ho  began  to  grow  a 
little  lirod,  and  a  very  swift  shot  linally  doublod  him  up  on  tho 
sidewalk.     Then  llioy  lot  him  alone.' 

"(If  thu  loaders  of  the  Liberty  men  in  this  memoniblo 
battle.  .  .  .  two,  as  ro*^kless  dare-devils  as  over  lived,  siibso- 
()iieiitl\    entereil  the   (.'onfedorato  service    as    spies,  and    made 


Ii    ■  ■' 


l>' 


lM,t 


^ 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


"  IM    12.2 


1^ 


2.0 


i.8 


1.25      1.4 

1.6 

<« 6"     - 

i 

► 

Photographic 

Sdences 
Corporation 


33  WiST  MA*N  SrrEET 

WEBSTEI'.N.Y.  14S60 

(716)  872-4503 


1 


■ 


A 


*'?'' 


796 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


were  spent  in  the  rehearsal  of  deeds  of  violence  and 
crime,  the  planning  of  attacks  on  rival  companies,  or 
in  scheming  for  the  application  of  the  incendiary  match 
without  danger  of  detection.  Nightly,  however,  thflir 
conversation  would  be  interrupted  by  the  alarm-bell, 
"  which  in  a  majority  of  instances  only  heralded  the 
intelligence  that  the  incendiary  liad  been  at  work." 
The  "  masheen"  would  go  forth,  "  amid  hootings  and 
bowlings,  and  the  flames,  fierce  as  they  might  be, 
would  be  as  fiercely  fought  by  the  firemen,  and  when 
subdued,  if  not  while  they  were  still  raging,  the  in- 
sulting taunt  would  be  thrown  out,  and  then  a  wild 
scene  of  riot  would  follow.  Some  of  the  participants 
would  be  taken  to  the  police-station.s,  while  others, 
with  bloody  heads,  returned  to  the  engine-house,  to  be 
the  heroes  of  the  next  few  hours."  These  riots  were 
created  and  participated  in  by  a  certain  class  known  as 
"hangers-on"  and  "runners."  Many  worthy  citizens 
belonged  to  the  companies,  and  exerted  themselves  to 
the  utmost  to  prevent  or  check  tiiese  evils.     As  has  ; 

i 

many  pas!>iigcs  from  St.  Louis  'through  the  lines'  with  mails. 
Thoy  were  everywhere  in  that  row,  urging  on  the  boy.'i,  and 
doing  very  etl'cetivo  work  themselves,  yet,  strangely  enough, 
they  were  among  the  few  who  were  unhurt.  Once  they  went 
around  a  whole  block  and  attempted  to  flank  the  Franklin 
men,  but  were  set  upon,  and  barely  escaped  with  their  lives. 
The  outcome  was  that  the  Franklin  men,  in  one  of  the  most 
desperate  charges  of  tlie  day,  routed  the  larger  part  of  the 
Liberty  men,  just  as  the  police,  urder  command  of  Dan 
Itollins,  then  chief,  arrived  and  put  a  stop  to  the  prouoedings.  1 
An  inventory  then  showed  that,  although  there  was  u  very 
large  list  of  wounded  only  nine  wore  seriously  hurt,  and  only 
one  was  killed.  This  one  was  Uwon  Foy,  a  member  of  the 
Liberty  Company.  lie  was  hiding  behind  a  corner,  and  a 
orowd  of  the  enemy  coming  Biiddonly  round  that  nay  ran 
right  on  him,  and  one  of  them  shot  him  through  the  heart,  i 
Several  parties  were  arrested  on  suspicion,  but  it  was  never 
detinitely  ascertained  who  fired  that  shut,  although  it  was  dune 
in  broad  daylight.  None  of  the  nine  men  who  were  badly 
injured  died  of  their  wounds. 

"  Owen  Foy  wits  the  <pnly  fireman  killed  in  any  of  the  myriad  , 
rows,  which  is  a  very  remarkable  fact,  but  sumo  of  the  volun- 
teers met  violent  deaths  by  other  means.  During  the  groat 
lire  of  KS49.  for  instance,  Mr.  K.  Targee,  a  member  of  a  volun- 
teer company,  in  his  clfor's  to  check  the  flames,  carried  a  keg 
of  powder  to  a  building  which  bad  Just  ci  ugbt  fire  and  threw 
it  in.  It  explodeil  before  he  could  get  out  of  the  way,  and  ho 
Vfojs  blown  to  pieces.  The  accident  occurred  at  the  coruer  of 
iSecond  and  Market  Streets,  and  some  time  afterwards  some 
repairers  on  the  roof  of  old  ''ity  Hall,  at  the  corner  of  Main 
and  Market  Streets,  found  a  part  of  one  of  Targee'a  legs  in  the 
water-trough.  It  was  identified  very  positively  by  some  pecu- 
liarity which  WII8  known  to  some  of  his  friends.  Another 
volunteer  fireman  was  burned  to  death  on  the  steamer '  Sultana,' 
which  was  ilestroyed  at  the  foot  of  Florida  Street  in  1852  or 
18511.  He  was  on  the  upper  deck,  when  the  flames  got  so  strong  : 
below  him  as  to  cut  oEr  his  esoape.  He  was  a  member  of  the  , 
old  St.  Louis.  Another  fireman  named  Ilaker  was  murdered 
one  night  in  1841  or  IM42,  in  a  building  where  he  was  em- 
ployed, at  the  oorner  of  Pino  Street  and  Commeroial  Alloy."        ' 


been  truly  said,  the  system  had  become  a  stiimliti.r 
outrage.  The  spirit  of  rowdyism  which  had  urown 
up  under  it,  not  satisfied  with  an  occa.sional  il.nKin- 
stration  at  fires,  turned  to  the  highways,  ami  a^suilccl 
the  inoffensive  citizen  as  he  walked  to  his  hunio. 
Political  feuds  were  added  to  company  fights,  iiml  the 
climax  was  an  open  warfare,  not  only  as  to  coiiiiinnics 
but  individuals,  the  sight  of  a  member  (if  a  rival 
organization  being  the  signal  for  an  attack.  Siis- 
gestion  followed  suggestion,  and  restriction  folluwod 
restriction,  in  the  vain  hope  that  a  remedy  cuuld  bo 
found  for  the  evils  without  the  destruction  u{'  the 
system. 

The  old  system  was  a  power.     It  was  no  child's 
play  to  destroy  an  organization  which  the  habits  and 
needs  of  years  had  made  a  living  thing,  and  wliieli 
was  endeared  to  the  people  by  acts  of  tlie  tiobiost 
heroism.    The  advocates  of  the  department  could  pnjnt 
to  half  a  century's  unpaid  toil ;  to  acts  of  bravery  for 
which  comparisons  could  scarce  be  found  ;  to  deeds  of 
daring  which  would  have  appalled  the  sternest  warrior. 
All  these  deeds  and  all  this  half-century's  toil  Jiad 
been  given  without  reward,  or  at  least  none  other  than 
a  knowledge  that  a  whole  community  was  gralelul. 
They  claimed  for  the  members  ji  the  companies  ex- 
emption from  the  charge  of  being  riotous,  and  asked 
for  protection  against  those  who  used  the  departinont 
for  these  disgraceful  exhibitions.     On  the  other  iiainl. 
those  who  favored  the  change  saw  plainly  the  iinpns- 
sibility  of  separating  the  two  elements.     Notliinj;  Imii 
the  destruction  of  the  good  and  commendable  part 
would  eradiciite  the  evils  which  all  deplored.    Tlicv 
conceded  the  historical  facts,  of  which  ail  were  sn 
proud,  but  at  the  same  time  pointed  to  the  dismoi' 
which  was  inseparably  connected  with  the  departiiiuiit. 
They  asserted  that  a  volunteer  department  and  act'' 
of  lawlessness  were  concomitants.' 


'  iMr.  Thonms  Lynch,  in  his  interesting  history  of  the  old  lir» 
department  uf  St.  Louis,  says, — 

"Toward  the  year  18al,  two  causes  militiitnl  iipiinst  iIip 
further  successful  prosecution  of  the  cxtingnishiru-ut  Dl'liies  bv 
the  volunteers.     The  first  and  prominent  one  wiis  lliciicqiiisi 
tion  as  members,  from  time  to  time  by  the  cllHirciit  oumiiariirs, 
of  a  lot  of  refugees  from  justice  and  chronic  n>u;;lis  frum  tlie  '. 
departments  of  the   Eastern  cities.     The  typical  '  H'hov,' 
'Syksey,'  was  unknown  in  the  department  up  to  tliis  time, b'.t  j 
unfortunately  ho    involuntarily  transplanted   hiniH'lf  from  >  j 
clime  whore  his  safety  and  the  whiJeness  of  his  skin  were  in  j 
jeopardy    to  'the  West,'  where  he  woulil  be  unknown;  but,! 
alas  for  hunuin  caloulationi,  the  inherent  'cusseilness' of  tbcirj 
natures  did  not  allow  them  to  remain  in  ubsourity  iinjr  lenglh  j 
of  time,  for,  as  a  general  thing,  they  wore  the  best  knonn  r\m-i 
acters  in  tl'  ;  city  within  a  few  months  subsequent  to  ibclrl 
arrival.     ''  .lose  partiea  soon  changed  the  aspect  nnJ  ^xiioinirfl 
of  the  de  iirtment  from  a  band  of  friends  and  hrotliers  to  thitl 


lad  become  a  st;uuluij,' 
yisin  which  had  urnwn 
h  an  occasional  cUiium- 
>  highways,  and  ;i>s;iik'd 
e  walked  to  his  linmo, 

company  fights,  mul  the 
not  only  as  to  couipaiiics, 
of  a  member  of  a  rival 
al  for  an  attack.      Siig- 

and  restriction  followed 
B  that  a  remedy  cmild  be 
It  the  destruction  of  tlie 

)ower.     It  was  no  cliilds 
Xion  wlticlt  the  habits  and 
a  living  thing,  and  whiili 
3\e  by  acta  of  tiu>  noblest 
■  the  department  could  print 
toil ;  to  acts  of  bravery  for 
scarce  be  found  ;  to  deeds  of 
appalled  the  sternest  warrior. 
this  half-century's  toil  had 
•d,  or  at  least  none  nther  than 
le'  community  was  ;-'ratelul. 
embers  oi  the  companies  ex- 
3  of  being  riotous,  and  asked 
ose  who  used  the  deparimont 
ibitions.     On  the  other  hand, 
Ihange  saw  plainly  '!"=  ""P"*- 
,  two  elements.     Nothing  hut 
«ood  and  commendable  part 
l9  which  all  deplored.    Thoy 
facts,  of  which  all  were  so 
time  pointed  to  the  disgrace 
mnected  with  the  department, 
dunteer  department  and  acts 
lotnitantB.' 

|u  interesting  hbtory  of  the  ..Mf,re 

,';7o  cau»o.  milita.0.1  •..R.on-'t  t|.e 
Lofthooxtingu.slonentotrneslw 

Loo  and  chronic  n,«..«;j'' 
l„oiti«-    The  tyincal    1  ho),    - 

L  department  up  I" '1»«  "7' >"'■' 
I  ,y  tUplantcd  bin,....  fro.  , 
[JwU,Uenessofhi,.k,n«ro 

Le  h,  -ouid  be  m— 
ltl.einbcront•..«.-ln«,      th 

lt„remainin«b.."rHy"»Jl««^^ 
Lti.e.vworethobe..N-    - 

U„f  friend,  ana  hroti.er.  to  .h-l 


FIREMEN,  FIRE  COMPANIES,  AND   PROMINENT  FIRES. 


797 


It  becaiui:  evident  that  nothing  but  the  complete  , 
destruction  of  the  volunteer  system  would  secure  the 
resuhs  desired.  The  ordinance  creating  the  paid  sys- 
tem was  passed,  and  following  close  on  its  passage  was 
its  institution.  Tiie  volunteer  system  retired.  The 
en"iiio-houses  became  places  of  mourning.     The  ad- 

of  rioters, '  scalawags,'  and  thieves  nnil  to  this  cause  alone  may 
be  utti'ibuted  the  dissolutiun  of  the  Union  Fire  Company  in 

1H55. 

"Tlio  character  of 'Muse,'  brought  out  about  this  time  at  the 
tliontrrs,  contributed  hirgely  to  give  I'rlut  to  the  sayings  and  do- 
iiiirj  of  these  parties,  and  particul.arly  in  mouhling  the  future 
character  of  the  younger  members.     The  otiior  cause  which  also 
contril'uted  largely  to  the  change  in  the;)er«o)ii)(7of  the  compa- 
nies nas  the  passage  through  the  Council  in  1850,  and  during  the 
admiii's'ration  of  Mayor  Kcnnctt,  of  an  ordinance  appropri- 
ating tlie  sum  of  one  thousand  dollars  annually  to  each  com-  ' 
pany.  the  immediate  result  of  which  was  the  witbitrawal  of  all   ; 
the  wealthy  citi/.cns  who  heretofore  had  countenanced  them  by   | 
their  nirinbcrship  nnd  contribution.-*,  thus  taking  away  their  ' 
iimral  inllucncc,  or,  in  other  words,  their  rcsjicctability  or  '  pros-   : 
tii»e'  from  the  remainder.     Still  another  source  of  mischief  was  i 
the  practice,  too  much  indulged  in, of  giving  false  alarms,  'just  ^ 
lor  a  run,  you  know,' often  ending  in  ilisrcputabic  scenes  and 
luting  animosities.    As  may  be  imagined,  the  ilissolution  of  the  . 
I'liinn  I'ire  Company  and  their  introduction  o""  the  steam  fire-  i 
engine  created  the  greatest  consternation  in  the  ranks  of  the  j 
remaining  companies,  and  the  tremendous  opposition  set  on  j 
foot  bv  them  delayed  the  formation  of  the  ateam  paid  fire  de-  I 
na-tnunt  many  months.     Yet,  through  the  extraordinary  cx- 
frtions  of  Daniel  O.  Taylor,  George  Kyler,  of  No.  8,  and  Davis  j 
Slooro,  of  No.  0,  who  luckily  were  then  members  of  the  Common  | 
Council,  and  who  possessed  the  unprejudiced  foresight  to  recog- 
nize the  udvuntagos  of  the  otTcr,  the  bill  to  acce)>t  the  ]iroposal 
■  t the  Union  Fire  Company  to  present  a  steam  lire-engine  under 
certain  conditions  was  carried  ngninst  the  combined  efforts  of 
the  volunteers  nnd  all  the '  old  fogy'  element  at  their  back.  Thus 
«ii5  the  now  order  of  things  put  upon  a  secure  footing.     In 
nc'igniliun  of  the  supreme  efforts  of  the  two  latter  gentlemen 
mentioned,  the  first  engines  ordered  by  the  department  wore 
named  in   their  honor.     This  signal  failure  on  their  part  only 
iniTt.iJccI  the  opposition  of  the  volunteers,  who  strained  every 
nerve  to  not  only  strengthen  their  own  position,  but  to  throw 
evcrv  ob-taclc  in  the  way  of  the  successful  completion  of  the 
'new  fanglcd  idco,'  by  not  only  starting  new  companies,  but 
kharnssing  and  impeding  the  work  of  the  steamers  at  every 
Ofportunity. 

"Spite  of  all  their  efforts,  however,  they  weakened,  and  at 
list  gave  up  the  gho.^t.  Kvidcnt  superiority  will  conquer,  ami 
Ibis  fact  being  patent  to  a  discriminating  ))ublic  and  to  the  old 
Stemen  tbenLiclvcs,  they  gradually  wound  up  and  disappeared 
(mm  the  s.'cnc  of  action,  the  last  one  to  failo  away  being  the 
Central,  the  tirst  to  a])pcar  in  lS;i:'  and  the  last  to  succumb  in 
l<iS.  ,'^ome  of  them,  actuated  by  the  good  of  the  ]iublic,  and 
rfoopiizing  the  fact  that  they  owed  all  Ihcy  possessed  to  them. 
larneil  over  Ihcir  property  to  the  city  i  others  .sold  cult  and 
(tet'lily  poi'keted  the  proceeds,  nnil  one  became  so  disgusteil  at 
Ike  turn  iilliiirs  had  taken  that  their  promises  were  discovered 
OB  lire  cine  evening,  nnd  everything  they  possessed  went  up  in 
iiiiKe.  On  this  occasion  the  building  was  allowed  to  b.irn,  the 
iiid firemen  having  no  disposition  to  'conquer'  eo  as  to  'save' 
uylhing.  and  thus  ceased  to  uxist  an  active  company  descrv- 
muf  a  better  fate,  the  ground  upon  which  the  house  stood  re- 
wtini!  hi  tlie  city,  its  original  ownc  ." 


herenfs  of  the  .sj-stera,  chiigrined  at  the  cavalier  man- 
ner in  which  they  had  been  disposed  of,  met  nightly 
to  speak  of  the  ingratitude  of  the  people,  recount 
the  valuable  services  which  had  been  rendered,  or 
recall  the  crowd  of  reminiscences  which  were  the 
glory  and  honor  of  the  department.  All  the  deed.s, 
which  were  to  them  as  precious  jewels, — the  heroism 
which  only  ended  in  the  sacrifice  of  life,  the  winter 
midnight  scene,  the  generous  rivalry  to  risk  life  and 
limb,  the  hours  of  toil, — all,  all  were  poured  into  sym- 
pathizing ears.  One  after  another  of  the  martyrs  who 
at  the  post  of  duty  scorned  danger  and  courted  death 
were  reverted  to,  and  as  the  virtues  and  heroism  of 
each  were  truthfully  recounted,  many  an  eye  that  had 
looked  fiercely  and  defiantly  on  the  glaring  flame  grew 
dim  with  a  manly  tear.  But  while  these  brave  fire- 
men were  sincerely  mourning  for  the  destruction  of 
a  system  which  they  loved  for  the  good  it  had  done 
and  still  could  do,  there  was  another  class  who  were 
lamenting  its  demise  for  entirely  different  reasons. 
This  class  were  those  who  styled  the  apparatus  "  de 
masheeu!"  who  said  "nah!"  and  "yans!"  They 
regretted  its  destruction  because  they  would  have 
"  no  Ttiore  musses."  They  cursed  a  steam-engine  as 
it  passed  them  on  the  street,  and  called  it  a  "  liim- 
«i<V/"i 


•  A  writer  in  the  liepiihlican  says  that  when  the  oity  deter- 
mined to  establish  a  paid  fire  department,  the  proposition  mot 
with  tho  most  bitter  opposition  "  on  the  part  of  the  volunteers, 
and  on  the  )iart,  too,  .if  many  others,  for,  notwithstanding  their 
frequent  little  troubles,  the  volunteers  unnuestionahly  did  some 
splendid  service  in  fighting  fire.  Many  of  the  boys  opposed  tho 
'paid  department' ftrojoct  because  at  that  time  it  seemed  ab- 
surd to  pay  firemen.  Others  0]iposed  it  because  it  was  sure  to 
spoil  lots  of  fun  that  could  only  be  had  under  the  volunteer 
system.  Others  opposed  it  because  only  eight  men  out  of  each 
company  could  got  any  benefit  from  it ;  and  others  opposed  it  he- 
cause  it  threatened  to  do  away  with  all  opportunities  for  pillage 
at  fires  which  tho  volunteer  system  gave,  ami  which  were  always 
taken  advantage  of  by  a  riff-raff  class  who  are  hound  to  get  into 
all  such  miscellaneous  organizations.  Shortly  after  the  ordi- 
nance was  passed,  and  while  Mayor  Wimer  was  looking  about 
for  a  chief  engineer,  Marlow's  factory,  on  the  site  of  the  present 
foundry  of  Smith,  Beggs  A  Co.,  burned  down.  II.  Clay  .Sexton 
conducted  affairs  at  that  fire,  it  being  in  his  part  of  tho  town, 
nnd  through  his  efforts  a  man  who  was  caught  by  thu  fire  In  the 
fourth  story  was  .saved.  A  lot  of  quilts,  etc.,  were  formed  into 
what  is  known  by  tho  pnnipiert  of  tho  present  day  as  a  grip- 
sack, twenty  m-  twenty-five  men  held  them,  and  just  a.s  tho 
flames  reached  him,  tho  man  in  the  fourth-story  window  was 
induced  to  jump.  Jlo  was  caught  nnd  suffered  no  injury.  Tho 
mayor  was  so  well  pleased  with  .Sexton's  work  that  he  tendered 
him  tho  position  of  chief  of  the  now  department,  which  was  ac- 
cepted. Tho  Mound  Company  Joined  tho  paid  department  by  a 
unanimous  vole,  as  did  the  Washington.  Tho  other  companies 
wcro  very  vindictive  towards  these  organisations,  whom  thoy 
I  regarded  as  rcncgniles,  and  Sexton  found  a  big  job  on  hia 
'  hands,     lie   went   to   work,  quietly,   howovcr,   and   by   some 


■  m. 


\n 


« i';i 


'Hiil'^i:; 


i^t;> 


Is.:  .  .r 


•  i  t.k  1' 


798 


HISTOKSr   OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


i;  ;!;:j  ja 


^'■^ 


in:i 


:i;,li 


This  class  was  severely  grieved  that  they  could  not 
"  bunk  any  more,"  and  the  wisest  of  them  prophesied 
the  failure  of  the  system.  Overcoming  the  few  ob- 
stacles that  were  thrown  in  its  way,  the  new  system 
was  inaugurated,  and  years  have  since  elapsed.  The 
results  which  have  followed  are  the  best  encomiums 
which  can  be  paid  it.  The  startling  alarm-bell,  in- 
stead of  being  heard  at  almost  any  hour  of  the  night, 
sending  forth  notes  of  horror  from  its  brazen  throat,  is 


8mi>oth  talk  indiiceil  Diuk  Ueggs,  of  tlio  Franklin,  nnd  Jiuli) 
Bnmc,  of  tho  Phoenix,  both  of  whom  were  excellent  firemen,  to 
accept  positions  as  his  assistants.  The  Phoenix  nnd  Franklin, 
after  some  ugly  demonstrations,  were  induced  to  listen  to  a 
good-humored  address  one  night  from  tho  chief,  however,  and 
not  long  rtftewards  'came  in.'  The  Liboity  was  very  stubborn, 
but  one  night  some  one  got  into  their  engine-house  and  took 
the  wheels  off  the  engine  and  hose-reel,  so  that  they  could  not 
be  dragged  out,  and  then  set  fire  to  the  building.  It  burned 
down,  and  the  whcellcss  outfit  was  ruined.  This  was  the  night 
of  a  grnnd  parade  by  the  volunteer  companies,  and  not  long 
afterwards  the  Liberty  boys  plit  their  old  machine  on  wheels, 
put  on  it  the  placard,  '  Phoonix-like,  wo  will  rise  from  our 
ashes,"  and  poraded  the  streets  with  it.  They  never  carried 
out  tho  promise  of  tho  placard,  however. 

'•  The  opposition  to  Sexton's  men  soon  took  a  very  annoying 
form.  The  volunteers,  being  much  the  stronger,  used  to  make 
desperate  attempts  to  draw  the  paid  men  into  a  row,  but  of  course 
always  made  a  failure  of  it.  At  nearly  every  firo  for  the  first 
few  months  something  would  be  done  to  harass  the  paid  men 
and  prevent  them  from  accomplishing  any  good.  At  one  fire, 
on  the  corner  of  Broadway  and  Franklin  Avenue,  when  Madame 
Knglisb's  house  burnel,  two  fine  horses  belonging  to  the  de- 
partment were  stabbed  and  killed,  and  two  men  were  knocked 
down,  to  say  nothing  of  hose  cut,  etc.  One  night  Mike  Dres- 
Bol,  driver  of  tho  Mound  engine,  was  struck  with  a  stone  and 
knocked  off  his  horse  on  Franklin  Avenue,  between  Ninth  and 
Tenth  Streets,  while  going  to  a  fire,  and  frequently  men  were 
assailed  by  unknown  parties.  The  only  fire  for  a  long  time 
where  there  was  harmonious  work  on  tho  part  of  all  was  when 
the  Pacific  Hotel  was  burned,  and  so  many  lives  were  lost.  It 
was  a  bitter  cold  night,  and  engines  in  one  or  two  instances  got 
stuck  in  the  icy  gutters,  biit  always  found  ready  hands  to  help 
them  out,  as  everybody  apprecioted  tho  terrible  importance  of 
united  efi'ort. 

"  One  very  troublesome  trick  tho  volunteers  bad  was  that  of 
Bounding  false  alarms,  just  to  bring  out  the  paiil  department 
nnd  give  it  a  tiresome  run  to  no  purpose.  One  night  there  wore 
thirteen  aliirms.  The  paid  men,  of  course,  responded  each  time, 
and  their  horses  were  fairly  worn  out. 

"  The  volunteers  also  endeavored  always  to  beat  tho  paid  men 
out  of  the  nearest  plug  to  the  fire,  but  Sexton  conceived  a  plan 
to  beat  them  that  worked  admirably.  lie  had  a  light  vehicle, 
with  a  few  wraps  of  hose  on  it,  and  a  very  fast  horse  attached, 
looateil  in  a  shed  at  a  central  point,  and  on  the  first  alarm  of 
fire  Mike  Dressel,  the  driver  in  charge,  let  his  horse  go  his  best. 
The  result  was  that  he  reached  the  plug  before  any  of  the  hand- 
engines  of  the  volunteers  in  nine  cases  out  of  ten,  and,  having 
hose  with  him,  was  enabled  to  hold  it  till  the  first  paid  company 
arrived. 

"  Finally  all  of  thii  opposition  was  tired  out,  and  the  volun- 
teers, one  by  one,  either  dropped  into  the  paid  department  or 
diabanded." 


now  seldom  sounded.   The  institution  of  the  fire-al;irin 
telegraph,  which  is  the  great  auxiliary  of  the  di  i,;irt. 
mont,  is  another  great  blessing.     The  alarm  cunes 
noiselessly  over  the  wires,  telling  its  tale  with  uiiiMiinir 
accuracy.     At  the  first  stroke  of  the  signal-box  in  ilie 
engine-house  the  firemen  springing  from  their  iilaws 
rush  to  the  horses,  and  in  another  moment  tlit  liar- 
ness  is  on,  and  the   intelligent  animals,  apparrritly 
eager  to  reach  the  scene  of  fire,  stalk  unbidden  in  the 
apparatus.     The  match  is  applied,  and  in  anotln'r  in. 
stant  they  are  on  their  way.     Nothing  is  heard  but 
the  rumbling  of  the  wheels  of  the  engine  ami  hose- 
carriages,  the  quick  steps  of  the  horses,  and  tiic  occa- 
sional sharp  whistle  which  is  given  en  ruu/u  td  show 
that  in  five  minutes  and  a  half  from  the  timu  the 
signal  was  received  the  engine  was  ready  for  work, 
There  are  no  loud  words  spoken,  no  hooting  or  howl. 
ing,  and  no  street-fights.     The  same  daring,  the  same 
heroism  which  characterized  the  volunteer  firemen  is 
displayed  by  their  successors.     Tremendous  streams 
of  water  are  poured  incessantly  on  the  burning  build- 
ing, and  as  the  angry  flames  burst  out  the  Jint  of  the 
fireman  goes  forth,  "  Thus  far  shalt  thou  go,  but  no 
farther."     Sinew  and  muscle  will  fail,  the  stren;;th  of 
men  will  grow  to  weakness,  but  the  iron  muscles  and 
steel  arms  of  the  steam-engine  are  tireless, — no  exertion 
can  exhaust  them,  no  labor  affect  them.     As  soon  a 
the  fire  is  extinguished,  the  horses,  apparatus,  and 
men  are  returned  to  their  places.     Such  is  the  prac- 
tical working  of  the  St.  Louis  fire  department,— a 
model  in  every  particular,  a  source  of  pride  to  Si. 
Louis,  and  a  credit  and  honor  to  those  who  compose  it. 
The  Paid  Department.— For  many  years  before 
the  abolition  of  the  old  volunteer  fire  department,  tlie 
subjeut  of  introducing  a  new  system  had  occupied  ilie 
public  mind,  and  as  early  as  October,  1854,  the  atten- 
tion of  the  City  Council  was  formally  called  to  tke 
matter  by  Mayor  John  How.     In  his  message  of  ike 
9th  of  October  he  says, — 

"  I  deem  it  my  duty  to  recommend  to  your  body  tlio  grnlul 
abandonment  of  tho  volunteer  firo  department  and  the  igiablii 
mont  of  a  paid  one.     In  doing  so  care  should  be  lukcn  to .' 
as  far  as  practicable,  the  services  of  many  of  our  i'.\|icri™oel  I 
firemen,  whose  judgment  and  courage  have  been  ."o  Ircquenii; 
nnd  thoroughly  tested.     The  advantages  of  a   iveil-rcjiitad 
fire  ilepartment  are  so  groat  as  to  be  absolutely  ncew-arr fir  I 
our  safety  and  comfort :  and  experience  has  shown  that  nhiL-i  I 
the  volunteer  system  possesses  many  strong  i'ccummeiilali.>ni,{ 
there  are  defects  that  a  proper  pay-roll  would  roiiicily." 

The  condition  of  the  city  treasury  at  this  tiniewuj 
not  such  as  to  warrant  the  increased  expenditure  tvh 
would  have  been  necessitated  by  the  establishment  ofl 
a  paid  department,  and  no  practical  action  was  lakenl 
upon  the  mayor's  suggestions. 


le  institution  of  the  firc-;ilnrm 
ireat  auxiliary  of  the  dcpint- 
blesaing.  The  alarm  eunes 
,  telling  its  tale  with  unm lini- 
troke  of  the  signal-box  in  the 
I  springing  from  their  iihues, 

in  another  moment  tlx  liar- 
telligent  animals,  apparently 

of  fire,  stalk  unbidden  tn  the 
is  applied,  and  iu  anotlur  in- 
way.  Nothing  is  heard  but 
leels  of  the  engine  and  hose- 
is  of  the  horses,  and  the  occa- 
ch  is  given  en  route  to  show 
ad  a  half  from  the  time  the 
J  engine  was  ready  tor  work. 
s  spoken,  no  hooting  or  howl- 
I.  The  same  daring,  the  same 
rized  the  volunteer  firemen,  is 
lessors.  Tremendous  streuuis 
essantly  on  the  burning  buiid- 
ames  burst  out  the/';/  of  the 
'hus  far  shall  thou  go,  but  no 
auscle  will  fail,  the  strength  of 
less,  but  the  iron  muscles  and 
>ngine  are  tireless, — no  exertion 
ubor  affect  them.  As  soon  as 
d,  the  horses,  apparatus,  and 
leir  places.  Such  is  the  prac- 
5t.  Louis  fire  department,— a 
alar,  a  source  of  pride  to  Si. 

honor  to  those  who  compose  it. 
lent.: — For  many  years  before 

volunteer  fire  department,  the 
a  new  system  had  occupied  tiie 
rly  as  October,  1 854,  the  atten- 
icil  was  formally  called  to  the 
1  How.     In  his  message  of  the 


FIREMEN,  FIRE  COMPANIES    Avn 

' ^l-ANIES,  AND   PROMINENT  FIRES 


The  subject  was  revived  by  Mavnr  W  .  •  ^ 
Kit,,  in  his  message  to  the  cZ  c!  Washmgton 
of  the  following  year  but  ^  "^,?"'"=''  «"  May  14th 
mentioned,  and^^ LJ  ^itj't  ""°"  ^^^^'""'^'^ 
'•-'^■''00  the  part  o^f  the  tC  J^^^^^^^  --" 
establishment  of  a  naidsv^/,         '^""'"  '°  ^^^ 

iu  1856,  Mayor  How    in  h  "  ""'Joralty 

Council  on  >4l2!h,lJ„l:jJf'-^^ 

tion  tnade  to  that  body  in  Is?!!      '""^«°'"'"enda- 

:-i'-'..ani.ationoffh:Vr!t;    r^^ 
jeetw.,  allowed  to  rest  until  July  1857  wh         * 
ordinance  was  passed  by  the  Citv  P         ',        °  "" 
proved  by  the  mayor  ereatinl  a     ^1  fi"?    ''"'  ^P" 
The  first  section  of  this  nr^     ^  ''ep««ment. 

^redepartmentsho'ultorsttTftre'r.'^"-''^ 
assistant  engineers,  and  a  board  oj  I'f '"?'"''''  '^^ 

e»P!-^i-;and   twenty-five  melt'e       :r:^^^^^^^ 
gammed  company,  and  as  many  hook-.nd  L;  ^  "■" 
not  exceeding  twenty-five  as  sl.o.W  1^  *"'"' 

The  late  John  M    W.W  thf        '^"'■*^'^- 
-e,  took  great  intererr„    'h!  e  JbH  h"'"  ^'  '''  1 
-  fire  department,  and  appo  n    J  «   cT"  V'  '" 
* ;ad  been  president  of  tE^it  ,"p,?^„  --' 
nef  engineer  of  the  new  organization      tT^-' 
Council  appointed  George  Kyler  and  Tnl     «  ^ 

tlie  board  of  aldermen    and  n         t  ^''''™'  "^  ' 

Al— ,  of  the  bo    /or?,  !'!  ''°°^-"^  H-ry 


799 


,,        ,       „  '  "'"^  ^avis  J>loore  • 

1-tedt,  of  the  board  of  delegates,  as  a 


file  engineers. 


mi     „  " '  "»  «  •'  board  of 

...i.g.n  Aug.  24  185?  !T'"'  •'"''''  ""''  "■" 

W  T,,.c,,c.u.oi.,i.eJbX-p/S"'" 
*.  &»,,  Fir.  Co„p.„  J,  "T 1-  Y  .  """'"  »'■ 
»i..i.m  llM  marked  ,h'„„u  "'  '  °"'"-'  "  "■• 

hn  in  St.  Louis,  Nov  26    "s^fi      .  .     ""■"  ^"^  ' 
Irecollection.,  of  the    I    .  '  "'"^   '"''  ^'«""«t 

h  a  sun.        „  '     Z\TV''  "''''   "   -« 
l,ji  vi'iHge,  ana  the  rendezvous  ^p  t  j- 

Bfibes  cominc  to  rppfliu^  .u  •       ''""«'^*o"s  of  Indian 

|e^-atio'      172  ''""."?""•-•    Hereoeived 

H  .hrou.    a  full    „.f      !  ^'"'""^^'  '^•'-^  »'« 
r  "Up"  u  full  collegiate  course      Pnr  ^ 

fars  he  was  one  of  the  ehi:f  clerks   „  the  sT  T      -^ 

P«'office,  and  in  1849-'il  „  ^''  ^°"'« 

Ppli  Hues  on  ,hl    «  '  """"'^^''  °f  the  tele. 

ff  i'uesoD  their  fim  opening  to  St.  Louis 


^^^  Terre  Hau te  a^^It::  h  ,"  ""f '''''■  ^^''"^ 
•^"'i-  o^.-eralpa.i„tr ':„:'«'' /-•'-ged  "- 
"••«'•  of  the  company      vL    T  ^''"^'•"' '''««■''- 

Vandalia  line  to  St  To  •.  \'  '°'"P'^"'°°  °f  the 
'i'-'ket  agent,  which  "im!!  """'  "«  ^"^''J^nt 
»«  the  satis  acti      of  "h  P^'"-  ^^  «till  fi„« 

-  '-^-e.  No  Jn  on  rr;:f  V"'  "'^  P"*"'" 
system   of  St.   Louis   ;    I  "'^  ^"'^  ''^^'^'^d 

known  than  he.  Natulll""  °'  "'"''•'  ^''^'°'-'>bly 
-''  obliging,  He  is  on  :"rr:sr  7'""-'^' 
h's  position  in  the  city.  P^P"'*""  ">«"  i" 

Mr.  Colburn  was  for  eight  years  tl.„    «:  • 
-taryof  Union  Fire  Cornpa'yNo  •>       T"'  '"• 
active  member  of  the  orc^nni,  /'         "'  '""^  '^"^  ^n 
,  J854,  in  view  of      e  rS  "V-  '"  ''"  «P""^'  of 

^'-  '^epartu.ent,   th     ^Xr       "'  """  '""^^^^ 
stated,  resolved  to  cLr  th       ^  ''   ^^  '"'^'^   ^''''o^^ 
active  service.    The'ret    I    ""  '"'  ""^  ^'•- 
!  ■•"  'ietermining  how^o    Lpt:;;?''.''^'-' '-We 

i  they  were  the  only  companyThil  Z\TT  '" 

cept  the  stipend  of  ono  th         T  '^^'^"^^''  toao- 

'  P'-iated  by  the  cl  a„d  w"  M  '°  "^  "^^"  «PP- 

-s  of  the  only  ?n'd irern      "'°"  '"  ''"«'°^'- 

f  •apartment;  buUl^y  irfl'Z"!  "   '''  '"''^ 

'•ad  been  generously  giv„         '     '     u^''  '"'''''^^ 

-s.  and  should  in^'rw^;:,-,  Ve    '^  ^f  "-"'- 

I  "'o  public  benefit.      Severll  m '  '"^'"^''''^  ^°^ 

i-'-"-atter,but:s^„:::;^--"e'^to 

!  ""'^^'°"  *^^-  Colburn  offered  the  iwin"      "  "" 

I       "^'''"''-e,/,  That  the   Union   Pir„  p 
po.sse..si„„.,  „„a  „,,  ,„  „,^  ^^l^^r'  f "'"'"  "'  "'O'^ 
•"•"-engine,  .aid  engine  to  be  nre,l    ■       'T'''"'"'"  "^  "  '^t™-" 
;""er  ...e  r-l-onin/eonji.!  ^      "'"i:;  'T  f'];  "^  «'■  ^-1, 
f"'-  I'er  reception  i„  the  quarte    fn  ".^     ,  ^  '"  •"'"''  "  '""'«» 

ond,  to  empio,  „t  „  salaja      ffil  e'  ."  '  'r""^'  ''  "'■     •^- 
her  offieicnt.    Third  the  en!  ""'"ber  of  ,„„„  to  render 

No-  V  and  .aid  nil         r;pr?T\""^  "^"'^  ''^'I^""- 
"■«nt  for  all  time."  P^Totuated  in  the  new  depart- 


It  is  related  that  the  idea  strnolr  M 

I  a  revelation,  and  was  follow  dv  the       T""'"'  '"^ 

!  asm;  the  men  snranc    "  .,    .  ^^'^  ^''^^'^st  enthusi- 

selves  hoarse    „J  dot  °  .f"^  '''''  ''"^^a''ed  them- 

-ously.     Ti;  cUvatrdt       """""'-""^'"'■''"  ""«-■ 

h.th/onlotX7clt:tu^r^^^^^^^^ 

the  company      pti      ;?"'  ""'  "  ^"''"'^'^  '-u-, 

theresoLiroSr^/rsr---^^ 
wJs:ir;:ri:^,ii;::t"^'r-- 

ratus  and  property  to  othir  p    .i'  '"  Tb    ?  7"" 
thousand  dollars  was  thus  .aCr:ndi:red-n 


,' i «,' 


Bii ; 


^:    1 


I-  ;l: 


h^m;;!  ' 


t  ;^ 


800 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


handsome  steam  fire-engine,  and  equipments  manu- 
factured by  Abel  Shawic,  of  Cincinnati,  Oiiio. 

Thus  the  city  is  indebted  to  Mr.  Colburn  for  the 
conception  of  the  successful  and  brilliant  fire  depart- 
ment which  to-day  is  the  boast  of  all  her  citizens,  and 
in  which  the  name  and  fame  of  old  "  Union,  No.  2," 
vill  forever  live,  when  all  its  contemporaries  shall 
have  been  forjjotten. 

Upon  the  dissolution  of  his  company  in  1855,  Mr. 
Colburn  retired  from  a  fireman's  life.  He  has  for 
many  years  lived  on  his  farm  in  St.  Louis  County 
but  is  daily  at  his  post  iu  the  city,  dispensing  the 
courtesies  of  a  true  gentleman  to  the  traveling  public, 

Mr.  Colburn  is  most  respectably  connected.  His 
sister  was  the  wife  of  the  Hon.  J.  6.  Bowlin,  once 
member  of  Congress,  United  States  minister  to  Cen- 
tral America,  and  United  States  commissioner  to 
Paraguay. 

The  new  steam  fire-engine  purchased  by  the  Union 
Fire  Company,  No.  2,  arrived  on  the  esist  bank  of  the 
Mississippi  Dec.  26,  1855,  and  the  river  being  frozen  | 
it   was  drawn    over   on  the  ice  by  one  of  "  Myers  i 
teams"  at  a  cost  of  one  hundred  dollars.     The  new 
engine  attracted  a  great  deal  of  curiosity  in  the  city,  i 
and  a  vast  crowd  stood  for  hours  in  the  snow,  which 
fell  continuously,  accompanied  by  a  wind   from  the  ; 
north  and  northeast,  on  Jan.  26,  1856,  to  witness  the 
first  trial.     The  experiment  was  entirely  satisfactory, 
and  the  machine  proved  all  that  had  been  "  heralded  ' 
and  anticipated  of  it."     Six  minutes  and  five  seconds 
elapsed  from  the  first  application  of  fire  to  the  first 
stroke  of  the  engine ;  and  from  first  lighting  the  fire 
until  the  first  water  was  thrown,  six  minutes  and  fifty- 
eight  seconds.     The  Union  Fire  Company  having  re- 
quested a  number  of  prominent  gentlemen  to  witness  ■ 
the  trial  of  the  first  steam  fire-engine  introduced  into  ' 
the  city  of  St.  Louis  and  to  report  upon  its  merits, 
they  acceded  to  the  company's  wishes,  and  the  trial 
having  been  made,  rendered  a  very  flattering  report  in 
its  favor.     The  document  was  signed  by  W.  King,  J.  \ 
How.  J.  B.  Mounton,  J.  W.  White,  James  McCord, 
John  Renfrew,  Samuel  Gaty,  Wm.  H.  Clark,  Wm. 
Palm,  Edward  Brooks,  T.  H.  Buckland,  George  N. 
Stephens,  A.   Hull,  Georgo  K.  McGunnegle,  N.  J.  ; 
Eaton,  F.  L.  Ridgely,  G.  \V.  Sparhawk,  Sr.,  George  ' 
Kylcr,  James  Cuddy,  and  John  Sexton,  Jr. 

The  City  (^)uncil,  in  recognition  of  the  liberality  of 
the  Union  Fire  Company  in  presenting  to  the  city  the  ! 
first  stoam   fire-engine   in   St.  Louis,  on    motion  of 
Alderman  Kyler,  passed  a  vote  of  thanks. 

A  second  test  of  the  new  engine  was  made  on  Jan- 
uary 31st,  in  compliance  with  a  re(juest  of  the  com-  ' 
mittee  appointed  by  the  Union  Cumpatiy  ''  to  test  the  ' 


ability  of  the  ma-jhinery  to  keep  up  steam  I'nr  a 
longer  period  of  time  than  was  done  on  the  'Xih 
instant,  at  a  pressure  suflicicnt  to  warrant  the  Ix.'licf 
»hat  the  engine  will  do  the  work  which  is  expi-utej 
of  her."  The  second  trial  took  place  under  the  ilirec- 
tion  of  the  inventor  and  builder,  Abel  Shawk,  at  tliu 
foot  of  Carr  Street.  The  committee  in  their  ii-port 
say,— 

" Tho  committee  look  upon  this  yet  almost  untrlcl  .xpcri. 
ment  in  our  city  as  the  dawning  of  a  new  era  in  tlie  Ki^Muij,,. 
tlon  of  our  tire  dupartnicnt,  and  believe  wo  have  giiul  ica<oii 
to  assert  that  at  no  distant  time  the  t'lVioient  members  ulio  now 
compose  the  fire-fighting  force  will,  in  a  great  mcasuri'.  he  re. 
lieved  from  tlicir  moft  arduous  labors.  This  opinimi  is  fm,. 
ported  not  only  by  witnessing  tho  experiments  roconilv  inaJe 
in  our  city  of  the  operations  '■'  the  steam  firo-engino.  Ijui  from 
reports  of  their  oflicacy  in  other  cities,  where  tlicy  liavc  beep 
introduced  so  successfully  as  not  only  much  to  reduce  iln'  num- 
ber of  persons  employed  in  fire  departments  in  thosu  liiiw.  |,in 
have  had  the  efl'cct  of  saving  a  large  percentage  of  llic  cost  of 
keeping  up  fire  companies  and  lessening  the  rates  nt'  insiir. 
ance. 

"  Results  so  desirable,  if  they  can  be  obtained  at  ii  rcnsonnUa 
cost,  should  at  once  arrest  tho  attention  of  our  city  governniiiit 
so  far  as  to  cause  all  necessary  investigations  to  bo  niajp 
order  to  determine  the  propriety  of  introducing  more  uf  these 
engines  into  St.  Louis,  And  if  found  to  be  e.xpeiiicnt.  it  will 
be  well  for  contracts  to  be  entered  into  for  their  constniction 
without  loss  of  time,  in  order  to  secure  to  our  oitiwns  ilie 
greatest  amount  of  benefits." 

The  new  experiment  was  found  to  be  entirely  satis- 
factory; and  the  City  Council,  when  it  established  In- 
ordinance  the  paid  department,  in  July,  1857.  onicreii, 
through  the  board  of  fire  engineers,  from  A.  H.  Latia, 
of  Cincinnati,  three  additional  steam-eiigiiios,  to  lie 
delivered  in  ten,  thirty,  and  sixty  days.  Tlie  board 
of  fire  underwriters  of  the  city  also,  immediately  upon 
the  organization  of  the  new  system,  took  measures  to 
examine  and  assure  themselves  of  the  merits  of  the 
new  agent  for  extinguishing  fires.  Becoiniiii;  saiij- 
fied  of  the  benefits  of  the  steam  system,  tliey  deter- 
mined to  order  the  construction  of  throe  new  en^iiiej 
and  present  them  to  the  city,  as  aids  to  (he  four  tliat  j 
were  already  in  u.se  and  owned  by  the  municipal  au- 
thorities. Accordingly,  the  association  ciitorod  iiii-i 
a  contract  with  Jlr.  Latta,  who  funii-slied  llie  en- 1 
gines.  The  first  of  these,  tho  "  Missouri,'  arrivoJ 
in  St.  Louis  on  June  HO,  1858,  and  was  tested  on  I 
the  following  day  at  t.hc  corner  of  Olive  and  Main  | 
Streets,  in  tho  presence  of  the  insurance  represeiiia- 
tivps,  officers  of  the  fire  department,  and  iiwnyeiii-j 
zciis.  It  was  described  by  one  of  the  iie\v.s|Ki|ier-  "f| 
the  day  as  follows : 

"  It  is  called  the  '  Missouri,  No.  5,'  and  bear?  on  (lie  niitell 
hubs  an  inscription  indicating  that   it  is  the  lirvt  gilt  ul  iIkI 
board  of  underwriters  to  the  city  of  St.  Ijouis.    On  thoim 
lie  plate  on  the  tool-box,  in  the   front  standing-jilaoc  ol  >ti| 


FIREMEN,  FIRE  COMPANIES,  AND  PROMINENT  FIRES. 


801 


nini'hine,  is  engrnvod  the  motlo, '  A  sure  thing.'     The  engine 

koep    up    BtcalU   tor  a  ^1  ju^n;  hi  size,  form,  uml  capnoity,  is  an  oxi\ct  counterpart  of  the 

done   on   tho    -(')tl\  H  > (iicrgo  Kjler' and  '  Piivis  Moo'C,' both  of  which  lire  of  the 

nnt  the  lii'Ucf  ^1  Latlii  iniil<e  nnd  pi.tcnt.     With  it  arrived  a  hose  carriage  and 

'*'''''_.                    .  ^M  ijinkiT,'  »«  the  cart  for  the  conveyance  <if  fuel  is  called.     The 

work  which   W  exioctea  H  ^^^    j.  ^^^  ,  j,jgj„„,.|_  jjo_  5^.  „e  boUcve,  is  Hve  thousand  five 

)k  place  under  thi,'  nirec-  ^1  |,u„jred  dollars,  delivered,  and  the  price  of  the  whole,  inolu- 

,        Abel  Shawk,  ;it   the  H  din;;  tenders  and  nil  necessary  apparatus  put  down  in  St.  t.ouis^ 

'•           :.,    tlioir   v.-iinrt  H  ii  live  thousand  eight  hundred  and  fifty  dollars."  > 

lumittee  \n  intu  upon,     ^ 

As  soon  as  the  three  engines  of  the  fire  under- 
et  almost  untried  «,>"i-     H    wtitois  went  into  service,  the  old  volunteer  system 

of 'T new  era  in  the  orfluiija-      ■      begil"  rapidly  to  dissolve.'' 

believe  wo  have  gooa  reason  ■  fpi,^,  g^st  senii-annual  report  of  the  new  depart- 

the  ciTicicnt  members  «ho  nc™  ■  ^^^^^  rendered  March  1,  1858,  as  compared  with  the 

"'tolV'^'opiXri/sr;:  ■  report  of  the  old  system,  from  Sept.   14,  1856,  to 

Jr  experiments  rcociiH,v  mA«  ■  jiarcli  1,  1857,  makes  the  following  exhibit : 

the  steam  f.re-engino.  h„l  imn  ■  ^^_^  „,.;,„,„•,„„•„„. 

r  cities,  wliero  they  bui'   wn  H  ^^^^  ^^  ^.^^  ^,^^^  ^^^^^  ^^^  ^^'^^^  ^^  jj^^^l^  1,  1S57...      $.')95,5S0 

.tmilyinucb  to  rcdu.illunmn-  H     ^obs  to  insurance  companies  on  same 383,()10 

,lci>artments  in  those  (Uiw, but  H  _- 

1  r  eperoentageof  ili«co5tot  ■  Loss  over  and  above  insurance S:i212,,.70 

nd  lessening  the  rate-  "t  insiit-     ^B  y^^^  oryanisniinii. 

Loss  liy  lire  from  .«cpt.  14, 1857,  to  March  1, 1858...      $241,930 
n  be  obtained  at  a  riiisomUa    ^M     Ljsi  t"  i>i9"''im'e ''"mpanies  on  same 141,550 

.•  „  nf  niir  citv  covcrnmcnl    ^H 

ixttentionotourL   jh    ,,,,•■  Loss  over  and  above  insurance $103,380 

ry  investigations  to  be  uiado.m    H 

ety  of  introducing  more  of  thci«  H      ^^^,  annual  report  of  the  oflScers  dated  March  1, 

if  found  to  be  expedient,  it  «ill    H  ^^^^^^^  ,^  ^^^^  ^^^^.     g|,o„i„g 

,tered  into  for  their  ccnstn.ct™    ^ 
acr  to  secure  to  our  caucus  ili.    H  0,,;  oryauizati 

Losses  by  fire  from  Oct.  13,  1856,  to  Oct.  13,  1857...  $1,302,250 

a  fniind  to  be  entirely  satis-  H                                 Xtw  ,„vja,.i:„ilon. 
(VaSTOUi             ...,.,.■  i,„,ll,,.   ■    Losses  by  lire  from  March   1,1858,  to  March   1, 
'ouncil,when  it  established  1.;  H   "-^^.^  > ^211,629 

f  ill  Tulv  185" .  ordoreil,  ^B  _ 

tmem,  1"  "    j<      .    ,,  i  ,     ^B  The  first  anniversary  of  the  organization  of  a  paid 

e  engineers,  from  A.   ^  ^a  -^  H  ^^^  ^^^^^^^^  .^  g^.^  j^^^.^  ^^^  celebrated    Sept.  14, 

Iditionai  steam-    ^   j^  ■         ^B  ^^.g^  .^  ^^^^  appropriate  and  handsome  manner,  by  a 

and  sixty  days.                   h  ^^^^^  entire  department.     The  display  was  a 

,he  city  also,  immediately  up  ^  F                                » 

new  system,  too     ni"^'"  ^  ^»     i  On  March  25, 1857,  the  mayor  and  City  Council  and  a  num 

llliselves  of  the  merits  ot  tlil  ^B  ^^1,^^^^,,,^^  invited  guests  visited  one  of  the  Wiggins  Ferry 

,  •         fires.      Bcconiin;!  satl:-  ^H  (jj,„nny's  boats,  which  had  been  fitted  up  with  one  of  Latta's 
'^t  nni   SVStem,  tbev  deter-  ^B  steam  lire-extinguiahcrs.     It  proved  a  great  success. 

he  Steal        y  ,."„„;„«■     :  The  AViHiWicnn  of  March  31,  1858,  contains  the  following 

truction  of  three  iicYium.™^^^^^,, 

city,  as  aids  to  the  tourtna  ^m       ,^  ^^^^^^^  having  been  circulated  that  the  volunteer   fire 

wncd  by  the  mtllliciral  au-  ^H  t(i,„|,j„i,.,<  ,irc  opposed  to  steam  lire-cngines,  this  is  to  notify 

•i'ltion    entered  inl"  ^B  ikc  public  that  we,  tho  undersigned,  officers,  in  behalf  of  our 

•^  '  r    .   •  -1     1  the  en-  ^B  "M'"^'""  ''""'l'""'^"!  '"'"i  "'"  "*"  contrary,  in  favor  of  stcam- 

iftlta,   WllO    11  ^  ,  ^H  fii;ines,  anil  that  the  only  objection  or  dilVerence  between  the 

lesc    the   "Missouri,     a"     "^   ^B  nlunloor  and  ]iaid  irre  department  is  that  tho  volunteer  eom- 

Ul    1858    and   was  testeu  on  ^H  ^^^^^^  ,j|j|,  („  |„jyg  ^  voice  in  the  election  of  the  chief  cngi- 

'  if  Olive  mid  M'""  ^H  ""  noil  assistants,  believing  tliat  they  are  tlie  most  oom]ietont 

"^   '^^  inn'spi\tl-^B  P"'""*  to  j'"'K>'  ''*  '"  ^''ho  is  capable  of  taking  charge  of  the 

of  the  insurance  rip.       •  h  ^^^^^^,^^ .__  ^^^^^  ^^  ^  ^.^^ 

i  department,  aiul  uwin  '^^"'M  "A.  C.  Hri.i.,  Central,  No.  1  j  A.  .Sru.iot'B,  i<t. 

V  V  one  of  the   liewspver-  "'^H  Louis,  No.  4;  W.  W.  Branhox,  Missouri,  No. 

'^                                                 ^^  C;  J.  B.  Wiseman,  Liberty,  No.  8;  Gko.  H. 

.^^,  Ci.ACKKii,  I'hicnix,  No,  7  i    Jamks  Litiikv, 

ui.  No.  5,' and  bciivs  on  ^''' """^^  Laclede,  No.  10;    F.    A.    McDonami,  Good 

„g  that   it  '9  tl'"  '"■'  ^'"      "I'flj  Will,  No.  11 ;  E.  E.  Ai.i.en,  V.  P.  Lafayette 

,e  citv  of  ft.  1.0"''-    ''"  ""  '"'"'H  IIook-and-Ladder  Compony." 
i„,he   front  slan'>.ng-l>l«^«  »""H         51 


very  fine  one,  and  elicited  many  compliinentary  re- 
marks. The  firemen  were  all  dressed  in  their  uni- 
form,— black  pantaloons  and  white  shirts,  without 
coats  and  vests,  and  each  wore  a  water-proof  hat. 
The  machines  were  burnished  and  polished  to  the 
utmost,  and  several  of  them  were  gayly  dressed  with 
flowers  and  ribbons  arranged  in  a  tasteful  manner. 

The  procession,  under  command  of  H.  C.  Sexton, 
chief  engineer  of  the  depurtment,  after  forming  at 
the  corner  of  Fourth  Street  and  Washington  Ave- 
nue, traversed  the  principal  streets,  headed  by  a  band 
of  music  in  one  of  Arnot's  cars,  drawn  by  six  black 
horses.     Following  the  band  came  the  engines,  with 
their  respective  hose-carriage'i,  in  the  following  order : 
the  George  Kylcr,  No,  1 ;  Old  Union,  No,  2  ;   Davis 
Moore,  No.  3  ;  John  M.  Wimer,  No.  4;  Missouri,  No. 
5;  Underwriter,  No.  6;  and  Deluge,  No.  7.     Each  of 
these  machines  were  drawn  by  four  horses,  except  the 
old  Union,  No.  2,  which,  weighing  about  a  ton  and  a 
half  more  than  any  of  the  others,  required  six.     Ex- 
cepting the  old  Union,  No.  2,  the  engines  were  all  of 
Latta's  manufacture,  Cincinnati. 
j       At  three  o'clock  all  the  companies  were  in  readi- 
j  ness  at  the  corner  of  Fifth  and  Pine  Streets  to  show 
the  assembled  people  the  relative  elficiency  of  their 
respective  engines.    Patrick  E.  Burke,  A.  R.  Easton, 
William  A.  Robinson,  and  M.  W.  Squire  were  ap- 
I  pointed  a  committee  to  time  the  performance  and 
'  measure  the  distance  thrown.     Twenty  minutes  were 
'  allotted  to  each  engine  for  the  trial,  and  they  were 
tried  in  the  same  order  that  they  had  occupied  in  the 
parade.     Each  threw  through  one  hundred  fcit  of 
hose,  using  a  nozzle  of  an  inch  and  a  quarter.     The 
'  George  Kyler  raised  steam  in  five  minutes  and  fifty- 
five  seconds,  and  threw  two  hundred  and  forty  feet 
and  eight  inches.      The  old  Union  raised  steam  in 
nine  minutes  and  five  seconds,  and  threw  two  hun- 
dred and  thirty-one  feet.     The  Davis  Moore  raised 
steam  in  five  minutes  and  five  seconds,  and  threw  two 
hundred  and  forty-four  i'eet.     The  John  M.  Wimer 
1  rtiised  steam  in  six  and  a  quarter  minutes,  and  threw 
two  hundred  and  twenty-seveu  feet  and  tiiree  inches. 
The  Missouri  raised  steam  in  six  minutes  and  nine 
second;,,  and  threw  two  hundred  and  twenty-seven 
'  feet  and  seven  inches.   The  Underwriter  raised  steam 
in  six  minutes  and  fifty  seconds,  and  threw  two  hun- 
dred and  thirty  feet  ten  inches.     The  Deluge  raised 
steam  in  four  minutes  and  thirty-eight  seconds,  and 
threw  two  hundred  and  six  feet  and  eleven  inches. 
The  average  distance  thrown  was  about  two  hundred 
and   thirty  feet.      The  whole  affair  was   in  a  high 
degree  creditable  to  the  department  and  the  city. 
There  were  no  changes  in  the  officers  of  tho  de- 


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802 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


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Im  u  \ 


partment  from  its  organization  up  to  1882,  when 
the  water  and  fire  departments  of  the  city  were 
taken  possession  of  by  the  military  authorities. 
On  June  20th,  George  W.  Tennille,  secretary, 
was  removed  on  account  of  his  alleged  Southern 
sympathies,  and  on  or  about  September  3d  of  the 
same  year  H.  ('lay  Sexton,  chief  of  the  depart- 
ment, was  removed  by  Gen.  Schofield  for  the  same 
cause,  and  put  iu  Gratiot  Street  prison.  Charl  s 
H.  Tilson  was  chosen  .secretary  to  fill  the  vacancy 
occasioned  by  the  removal  of  Mr.  Tennille,  and  George 
N.  Stevens  was  appointed,  on  September  lOth,  chief 
engineer  by  Gen.  Schofield.  Richard  Beggs  and 
John  VV.  Bame  continued  as  assistant  engineers. 

In  May,  1863,  there  were  connected  with  the  depart- 
ment seven  steam-engines,  one  hook-and-ladder,  seven 
hose-reels  and  thirty-eight  horses.  Tlie  whole  member- 
ship of  the  department,  including  the  oflScers,  was 
sixty-six  men.  The  expenses  from  March  1,  18G1, 
to  March  1, 1862,  amounted  to  $56,11)2.62,  and  from 
March  1,  1862,  to  March  1,  1863,  to  $51,543.54. 
The  engine-house  of  the  Davis  Moore  was  burned  in 
September,  1862,  while  the  members  were  laboring 
at  another  fire.  During  the  year  ending  April  1, 
1866,  the  department  purchased  of  A.  B.  Latta,  of 
Cincinnati,  one  new  rotary  engine  at  a  cost  of  six  hun- 
dred dollars,  for  one  of  the  new  engine-houses  which 
was  then  being  built  for  the  city.  During  the  en- 
suing year  two  additional  companies  were  organized, 
which  increased  the  number  of  members  to  eighty- 
five.  The  city  also  purchased  two  of  Silby's  rotary 
engines  for  the  department. 

George  N.  Stevens  continued  as  chief  engineer 
until  January,  18G7,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  A. 
C.  Hull,  who  held  the  office  until  the  second  Monday 
in  May  of  the  same  year,  when  he  was  replaced  by 
John  W.  Bame  as  chief  engineer,  whose  assistants 
were  Jacob  Trice  and  Richard  Beggs.  During  the 
administration  of  Hull  and  Bame,  and  up  to  May, 
1869,  there  were  no  additions  made  to  the  apparatus 
of  the  department,  excepting  the  purchase  of  one 
hook-and-ladder  truck  from  E,  C.  Hartshorn,  of  Now 
York,  which  was  bought  while  Hull  was  chief  engi- 
neer. In  April,  1868,  the  fire  department  of  St.  Louis 
consisted  of  ten  steam  fire-engines  and  ten  four-wheeled 
hose-carriages,  one  tro-wheeled  hose-carriage,  two 
hook-and-ladder  trucks,  t  to  fuel-wagons,  eighteen  thou- 
sand feet  of  two-and-a-iia  f-inch  rubber  hose,  filly-eight 
horses,  and  an  old  tw  ■  i.heeled  hose-carriage  and  a  , 
hook-and  ladder  truck,  '/hieh  were  kept  on  hand  in  ; 
case  of  accident.  The  cost  of  the  department  for  the  i 
year  ending  March  31,  1868,  was  $137,734.48,  the  j 
expenses  for  the  previous  year  having  amounted  to  ' 


$173,864.31.    The  department  consisted  at  this  time 
of  the  Franklin,  No.  1,  which  had  been   in   sovice 
since  November,  1857,  and  was  located  on  tlic  wi'st 
side  of  Eleventh    Street,   between  Wash   and   ('arr 
Streets;  Union,  No.  2,  which  had  been   in  m  rvico 
since  December,  1860,  and  was  located  on  the  I'lrth 
side  of  Franklin  Avenue,  between  Twenfy-secoinl  and 
Twenty-third  Streets;  Washington,  No.  3,  whicii  liad 
boon  in  service  since  January,  1858,  and  was  lnuatcd 
on  the  west  side  of  Fifth  Street,  between  Spruco  ati'' 
Poplar  Streets ;  General  Lyon,  No.  4,  which  lia'l  boon 
in  service  since  April,  1858,  and  was  located  on  I'road- 
way.  between  Mound  and  Brooklyn  Streets  ;  Missnuri, 
No.  5,  which  had  been  in  service  since  Juiic,  1858, 
but  had  no  permanent  location  at  this  time,  its  aiipa- 
ratus  being  stored  since  Sept.  1,  1867,  at  the  (Viiirai 
Station,  Oil  Seventh  Street,  between  Pine  and  Olive' 
Underwriter,  No.  5,  which  had  been  in  serviw  since 
July,  1858,  and  was  located  on  Carondolet  near  Park 
Avenue;  Deluge,  No.  7,  which  had  been  in  seiviic 
since  September,  1858,  and  was  located  on  liic  doiiIi 
side  of  Market  Street,  between  Fourteenth  and  Fif. 
teenth  Streets ;  Veto,  No.  8,  which  had  been  in  mi. 
vice  since  December,  1865,  and  was  located  on  liiccur- 
ner  of  Twelfth  and  Salisbury  Streets  ;  J.  F.  Tlioiiitnii, 
No.  9,  which  had  been  in  service  since  June,  ISlitJ,  anj 
located  on  the  corner  of  Barton  and  Easton  Stroii-; 
Hampton  Woodruff,  No.  10,  which  had  been  in  sn. 
vice  since  October,   1866,  and  was  located  m  tli.. 
corner  of  Jefferson  Avenue  and  Estelle  Street;  Hunk- 
and-Ladder  Company,  No.  1,  which  had  been  in  sorvire 
since  September,  1859,  and  the  present  truck  e(]miia:iv. 
which  was  called  W.  T.  Sherman,  No.  1,  after  Sqittiu- 
ber,  1868,  located  on  Seventh  Street,  between  I'ineanJ 
Olive  Streets.     Fuel-wagon  No.  1  was  located  at  lumk- 
and-ladder  truck-house,  and    fuel-wagon   No.  '2  vta  j 
located   at  Washington  Engine-House.     The  hmi 
of  fire  engineers  were  Messrs.  Gottschalk.  Paiktr, 
Friedrich,  Etling,  and  Wells;  John  W.  Bame,  ciiirf 
ciigineer ;  Richard  Beggs  and  Jacob  Trieo,  mmm 
engineers;  and  Wm.  H.  Dangler,  secretary. 

In  May,  1869,  H.  Clay  Sexton  was  again  appointed 
chief  engineer  of  the  department,  and  has  retained  tlie 
position  ever  since.     Mr.  Sexton,  before  his  first  ap- 
pointment as  chief  engineer  of  the  fire  dopiirtnient  of  I 
St.  Louis,  had,  as  we  have  already  stated,  been  lor  j 
several  years  president  of  the  Mound  Fire  Couipniij.  1 

Henry  Clay  Sexton  was  born  in  Wheeliti;;,  Va.,  in  ( 
March,  1828.  His  father  (who  was  a  Viifiiniani 
gave  him  the  fullest  advantages  of  a  public  sclioclj 
education,  and  he  graduated  at  the  public  high  school,  j 
The  elder  Sexton  moved  to  St.  Louis  in  1844,  aiiij 
took  a  leading  position   as   carpenter  and  builder,! 


™ 

liMafli 

''Ill 

wnSv^ 

9 

lUIUil 

1 

Ml 

nrtment  consisted  at  tliis  linie 
,  which  had  been  in  si  rvicc 
and  was  located  on  the  wc-t 
Bt,   between  Wash   and   ('arr 
,  wliich  had  been   in  m  rvici; 
and  was  located  on  the  I'lrtli 
B,  between  Twenty-secoml  imj 
Vashington,  No.  3,  wlii(  li  hail 
nuary,  1858,  and  was  luatcii 
li  Street,  between  Spruci'  an' 
I  Lyon,  No.  4,  which  hii'l  Ixth 
i58,  and  was  located  on  Ijiuad- 
d  Brooklyn  Streets ;  Missnuri. 
in  service  since  Juiif,  1S58, 
ocation  at  this  time,  its  appa. 
Sept.  1,  1867,  at  the  Central 
eet,  between  Pine  and  Ollvi; 
ich  had  been  in  servii'c  sme 
iated  on  Carondelet  w.n-  I'ark 
7,  which  had  been  in  seiviie 
and  was  located  on  tlui  nonli 
between  Fourteenth  and  Fif. 
io.  8,  which  had  been  in  >i>i. 
B5,  and  was  located  on  liiu  cor- 
ibury  Streets  ;  J.  F.  Thorniini, 
n  service  since  June,  1  Still,  and 
f  Barton  and  Easton  Stroit<; 
X  10,  which  had  been  in  m- 
iC6,  and  was  located  uii  tlii; 
uue  and  Estelle  Street;  Hunk. 
lo.  1,  which  had  been  in  sorviii' 
ind  the  present  truck  cemianv. 
oherinan.  No.  1,  after  Soptiin- 
venth  Street,  between  Pine  aiiJ 
gon  No.  1  was  located  at  liimk- 
,  and    fuel-wagon  Nu.  L'  was 
I  Engine-House.     The  bourJ 
I  Messrs.  Gottschalk,  Parker, 
Wells  ;  John  W.  Bame,  M  | 
;g8  and  Jacob  Trice,  assistini 
[.  Dangler,  secretary, 
ay  Sexton  was  again  ii]i]iiiiiiii(l  | 
partuicnt,  and  has  retainid ihe 
r.  Sexton,  before  liis  fir-t  a]- 
ineer  of  the  fire  departnii  nt  uf 
have  already  stated,  been  r^rl 
of  the  Mound  Fire  CamiBiiij,  I 
was  born  in  Wheelinji,  Vn..  in  | 
,ther   (who  was  a  Virjiiniaui 
tdvantages  of  a  public  scliodj 
iiated  at  the  public  high  school. I 
ed  to  St.  Louis  in  1844,  audi 
ID   as   carpenter  and  builJtTil 


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jinitmcnt  fruni  its  (!TJ;7ii'ii/,iii!  .ri  up  to  trttili,  when 
til'!  woter  fiii'l  liio  tit.piirinkMits  of  tlie  city  worn 
tiikisii  pocscssiuii  iif  hy  i!i«i  luiiitHry  niitib>riiio.<. 
On  tJiinci  :iOth,  (M.-Drj;.*  \V.  'lY'iihillo,  uriTctiirj , 
wiiM  renmved  on  nfcuuiit  of  his  ulit-j^cil  Stiiifliorn 
svrapiUiiiua.  and  tm  or  :ilii.ul  St-'ptonibcr  3<i  nf  ilut 
Hiiino  your  H.  ('iaj  SijSiun,  (^Ini-f  vi'  ilu:  iopiirt- 
iiicnt,  was  rc-nuivi'd  liv  Goii.  ScholiolJ  for  tlte  saiiiw 
<!a>ise.  imd  j'Ut  ii'  Unrio*  *^treet  pri>  .u.  Cliarlt?8 
JI.  TilfMici  W:is  I  hosi^ii  wcrtrtiiry  to  til!  tho  vnciiiiRy 
u(.'C'!iti!<>iicd  by  the  rotnnval  of  Mr.  Tuiinilli.',  hihI  Gooru'i' 
N.  SiiiVoDS  wiis  appi'lntinl,  oil  Si'pti'nii'M-  ir»ili,  (.'liiol' 
Migiiiaer  I'y  ijen.  HdioC -Ul.  Hitilisrd  Bt{:j?i  .mi 
John  W.  Hfliuo  toiiUnued  vtt  (iMiifttniit  cripiiiftcrf. 

In  Mny,  ISO^-J,  nit'n>  w.^rt -I'linocrfd  vvjtli  ilir  drp:iit- 
ineai  m;voii  .-•ti'am-enj:.iit''M,  t.iu'  buokini'l-laiitlcr.  mnen 
hose-rouls  and  t!i!rty-citrhi  hursw.  Tlio  whole  nnjmbi'r- 
nhip  'if  thi-  ilnp.irtinciil,  inoliuling  tlu;  ofBcoris,  was 
sixiy  f*is  nun.  'I'bo  t'xpeiitf.*  frnui  Murch  1,  ISlil, 
to  Mutoh  1.  li*fii{,  Hiii-iMiilid  lo  8i»<i,l!)2.r>2,  and  from 
Miinh    1,   :•  ■'     '■''    t.  l!^-:*.   to   Sfil.54:!.5-1. 

■flii'  r'ii};iin         ■•  itV!.-  M'..jt.    »;i«  huini'd  in 

i?tfpt«snalM>r.  l^*.-"  ■•■:  n-embtirn  v?fre   laborinfi  , 

lit  un.Hh'-r  tire.  I'an..^  the  y»t  I'mlioi;  Apiil  1. 
\fHU>,  >.l'-^  di'p.'iriuii'nt  piirciiii'ifii  of  A.  Ii.  lirtUu,  r,f 
(Hiicinuati.oiie  new  rutary  engine  at-  a  cost  of  six  hun- 
dred dullutr .  for  one  of  die  new  enginr-hou.-cs  which 
wa.5  then  hcini,'  hiiili  fur  thfi  pity.  During  tlu'  en- 
mtinir  year  two  'iddiiional  eunipanies  wore  orgaiiizcd, 
■■.vhifh  incrcMfiod  the  nuiuL:;)-  of  lucnibcrs  to  oivrbiy- 
livi:.  Tho  city  also  purcliiisfid  two  of  iSilhy'a  rotary 
onjiincfi  fi'r  the  depart ineni. 

iyf.ii-u'o  N.  Stuveiisi  coiitinuod  US'  chief  en^incev 
until  Jiinuiuv.  1.8(jT,  whon  he  vva.s  fiuoccwlcd  by  A. 
C  >Jull.  who  li'dd  (ho  (illiot  uniil  tho  .si  oond  Moudny 
ii\  May  of  i)n  wime  year,  when  ho  was  roplaccd  by 
•  i  bii  W.  iiani<  :i<  ciiicf  engineer,  wlioso  a.s.'^islanls 
.(>ob  Trie*-  Mnl  Richard  Beggs.  During  ihc 
!.Ui)iii.i.'.iratioo  of  Hwil  mid  Ihimo,  and  up  to  May, 
1.S60,  ihoif  wtirt^  no  ftddiiions  mado  lo  tiio  apparatus 
of  tlio  dcpi  riuienf,  cxo.'-ptiug  the  purchase  of  one 
hook-aiidinddcT  truck  from  K.  C  Hartslu'rn,  of  Now 
York,  whii-'i  was  bi'«i:lu  wbiio  Hull  wa.'^  ohiuf  ongi- 
!i,er.  In  April,  18ti8,  th«  tin-  departuititit  of  St.  Louis  ■ 
f.msi-tod  often  Htram  firi'  er!^i.i.'8»'id  ten  four  wheeled 
houecarriages,  one  ( wo-wlieele.i  hy.-ie-etirriajre,  tiVii 
hook •ftiells'lder trucks,  tw«fu'  i-wuj!eiia,<!ii.'ht.ot-i}thou- 
Rui.d  fe<'!  I'f  iwo»nd-a-baif-ir  'h  njhHir  hose,  lifty-eijibo 
liorwes,  iind  an  old  two-wlicelf;d  lu*o-carrias<i  and  a  ; 
hH»V.-atid  ladder  truck,  which  wore  kept  on  hand  in  ; 
»*»■!<;  of  .n"t"  lent. .  The  cost  of  the  depannient  for  the 
y,.;,,  «.'.  ■  •  M'odv  n,  IStJS,  was  3i:;57,7;-}4.t8,  the  | 
cxpciKi  }i!oviou8  year  having  amounted  to 


«l7a,8f;4.31.    The  depftrttUfci  •  .i-"i 
of  the  Franklin,  No.  1,  wbitK    b 
(fini-i'  N'-'i^uiber,  iHoT,  and   ■• 
.••idi'  of  .Eleventh    Street.   h> 
8treelH;   llni>m.  No.  -,   wlii  b        1 
•<ince  I)ec'eiiib\.r,  IrtlJO,  aii.l  ■ 
f.ideof  Fr'tnkiin  .V  venue,  b^.•l.^ 
Twenty-third  Streets;  Waxhiiigi,. 
b't'ii  in  ?«orvio«  .since  JaiiuAi}  ,  ; 
i<n  (be  w(»t  side  >>{  Fiffh  Stt 
I'-ijilar  Streets;  (leneral  Lyoi; 
in  .soiv!oe.iiiice  April,  185.-'.  »■!  '    . 
way.  belweuii  TVfound  and  l{ri..o 
No.  5,  which  had  been  iu  servi 
but  bad  111"  permanent  1  'Wiii^ii.  u- 
riitus  beiniT  •'♦tored  since  St  p.  1, 
Station,  on  Seventh  Siroot,  Ix-twi 
Underwriter,  Nii.  5,  which  h  xi  1.x 
July,  18.18,  and  was  located  ..c  C 
Avenue;   Deluga,  No.  7,  wh..!i  I 
since  September.  1S5S,  and  vc'ih  h 
nido  of  Market  Street,  bei.we>ii  V 
toenth  Sireota;  Veto,  No.  8,  vhie 
viee"*inue  Deceniber,  18()5,  t.-i ' 
ner  i)l' Twelfth  and  Saili*bur_\ 
No.  9,  which  liad  been  in>icrvi  •' 
I'e.iled  o!i  iho  eorner  of  Km: 
Hampton  \Vi>o<lrutf,  No.  ii' 
vice  fiince  October,  18i  i 
eorner  of  .fefferson  Aveiiae  si;. 
aiid-fiadder  Company,  Xc.  1,  •• 
since  Septeuiber,  185!',  and  tK. 
wb'    I  was  called  W.  T.  ^lier;.. 
her,  Ifefi.'^,  located  on  .Se;eiitl'i  ' 
Olivu  Streets.    Fuel-wngon  .'^ 
aiid-Iadder  truck-bou.se,  auo 
located    at  Wu.shio;;t.on   Kie  ■:■ 
of  fire  entiinoers'   were  Me;  ■ 
Fri.drieh,  Ktlin-,  ut.d  Wei;.- 
eiif^iueer;  Hiehard  i''";:.'j,i;  lu  • 

cnj^ineer.s;  and  Wru.  M.  De,,. .'  •    ;e 

In  May,  lHfi9,  H.Clay  f-.-s        -,nv 
chief  engineer  of  the  deji.ivl!    •.       ti- 
pnsitioD  ever  siuce.     Mi     '   ,  ■  . 
pcilnitnent  as  chief  engmec!' 
St.  Liui?,  had,  a.s  we  have  , 

f'cveral  yorti-s*  prcsidout  of  tbfi  yt  .inr' 

Henry  Clay  SexTi.n  was  bi  ■  ■        ^' 
March,  1«2S.     His   father  ■  «■ 

ji;ave  him  the  fullest  advarii  : 

education,  and  he  jzradunied  J.  p./ 

Tho  elder  iSextou  moved  to  .       ■  :'. 
took  a   leading  po.filioi.    a.s       -^   ;. 


'inr 
an  . 


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•li  I... 

.N.. 
t, : 


■  fii 


■l:«l  «t  Ml' 


1  i 

h  : 

.11 

■f: 

1.- 


J  if 


FIRKMKN,  FIllK   COMI'ANIKH,  AND   I'UOMINKNT    KlUKS. 


803 


cri'L'tini;   aoiiio   uF  tho   fliiONt   ediflcutt   in    tho   city. 
YdMij?  Suxtoii  followed  hiH  futlK^-'s  triido  until  1H5T, 
iiiiil  wuH   a  fair  incciinnio.      As  we  liuvo  Hccn,  tlit; 
,111  >iiiin  of  orj;uniziiip;  ix  thorouf^lily-cquippi'd    and 
ni'll'puid  tiro  dcpurtmunt  wns  undor  coiiNidcrutioii  in 
IS;')?,  and  H.  Clay  Soxton,  who  was  a  louder  in  tlio 
lunvciuont,  exhibited  in  tho  dincusNionH  on  tho  wub- 
ieiM  wo  ihoroiif^h  u  knowledge  of  tho   re(|uirenient» 
of  I  lie  organization  that  his  opinions  were  generally 
Jci'iired  to ;  and  when   in  the  full  of  that  your  tho 
(IciKiitnient  was  established  ho  was  by  universal  con- 
jeiit    appointed     "  i'        chief"    by    Mayor    Wiiner, 
In  II   conipurativel,,-   biiort    time   he   organized    the 
(lejiiiiinient,   and   had   disciplined    his  men   so   thor- 
oui'lily   that   the   people    reposed   with  a   feeling  of 
secuiity   from  tho  ravages   of  fire,     lie  discharged 
the  iliitii's  so  well  tiiat  he  was  retained  in  tho  posi- 
tion liy  Mayors  Fillcy  and  Taylor;  but  in  1862,  when 
the  lily  was  under  military  rule,  ho  was  deposed, 
as  previously  stated,  on    alleged   political    grounds, 
iiltlKiimh  he  had  always  been,  and  was  then,  a  friend 
111  till-  Union.     The  removal  was  resented   by   the 
most  infiuentiul  property-owners  as  an  unwar;  ".ntable 
display  of  military  power,  but  their  protest  was  with- 
tiut  oflnct. 
Mr.  Suxton  tlien  returned  to  his  trade,  in  partnPT- 
'••1  witli  hia  brotlier,  John  Sexton,'  and  the  firm 
luiisai'tcd  a  very  lucrative  business,  erecting  some  of 
ilie  largest  and  finest  buildings  in  the  city.     This 
oiiiinection  continued  until  1869,  when  Mayor  Colo 
apfiiiiiiti'd  him    chief  of  the   fire   department   once 
uiuro ;  l>ut  the  salary  being  only  two  thousand  dollars 


Uiihn  Sexton  was  born  in  Wlieeling,  Vs.,  in  1825,  and  re- 
iiiiwl  in  IfU  to  St.  I.DuiH,  where  he  was  extensively  ciiguged 
:ii» contractor  anil  l)Tiilcler.     Many  of  the  principiil  buil.lings 
..(St.  I.miis  ivero  creeteil  by  the  Sexton  brothers,  among  them 
fein.'  the  It'fnihlieiin  office,   Jaccard's  eBtablishiuent,  Singer 
■eniiig  luailiino  building,  City  Hospital,   House   of  Industry, 
ml  ihc  lino  liiiililing.s  on  Fourth  Street  adjoining  the  Chamber 
f  luiiiiiicric  building.     Mr.  Sexton  was  a  member  of  the  City 
Ojiincil  fur  .Mimotcn  or  twelve  years,  being  first  elected  a  mem- 
ber ut  the  board  of  delegates  in  IH.'iZ,  liaving  succeeded  Hon. 
I'jnid  ti.  fiiylor  from  tho  then  Sixth  Ward,  as  a  Wliig.     In 
.-J7,  Ml.  Su.xton  wa.s  a  member  of  the  first  board  of  fire  en- 
.inefrs,  iiud  assisted  largely  in  organizing  the  present  Are  dc- 
prtment.     In  addition  to  bis  services  in  the  City  Council,  he 
Kpr(«utcd  hia  district  in  tho  Jjegisloturo  in  1880-61,  and  went 
;jt  with  tlie   "Juoltson"   Legislature   to   Neosho,    but   voted 
oiiist  the  ordinance  falsing  the  State  out  of  the  Union.     He 
•J! rcelMtod  to  tho  Legislature  in  1872  and  1874,  and  held 
jarlng  his  terms  there  the  chairmanship  of  the  Committee  on 
Aitounts  and  Retrenchment,  and  in  1S75  was  the  chairman  of 
lie  St.  Louis  delegation,  in  which  oapaoity  he  won   tho  oonfl- 
lenccof  his  colleagues  by  his  sturdy  honesty  of  purpose.     In 
amy  respects  ho  wielded  a  decided  influence  uvor  the  delibora- 
lions  of  the  House,  owing  to  his  energy  and  positive  character. 
Mr.  Sexton  died  April  25,  I87&. 


a  year,  hi'  declined.  The  insuratiou  companies,  liow- 
ever,  having  a  very  high  estimate  of  his  fiint'ss  for 
the  position,  oflfered  to  add  three  tliousand  dollars  u 
year  to  the  sum  proposed  by  tho  Council,  and  Mr. 
Sexton  then  accepted  the  office,  and  has  held  it  con- 
tinuously ever  since.  It  was  liis  determination  to 
make  tho  department  the  best  in  the  country,  and  it 
scoms  to  bo  generally  admitted  thai  bo  has  succecdod. 
Tlie  cstiination  in  which  ho  is  held  is  shown  liy  tlio 
fact  that  after  the  pre.;  in  Chicago  ho  was  offered 

ten  thou.xand  dollars  a  year  to  take  charge  of  the  fire 
department  of  that  city,  but  his  salary  having  been 
increased  ho  declined  the  j)roposition. 

As  "  fire  chief"  Mr.  Sexton  is  distinguished  for 
his  zeal  and  courage,  lie  is  usually  first  at  the  fire, 
and  subordinates  everytliing  to  duty,  frequently  risk- 
ing his  own  life  where  he  would  not  permit  his  men 
to  venturo.  In  "  fighting  fire"  his  judgment  ha.s  boon 
often  most  Ciii.-i  iouously  exhibited  in  directing  the 
right  thing  to  li'.  done  ut  tho  critical  moment.  He 
has  successfully  battled  with  some  of  the  wor?t  con- 
flagratiiMi  in  the  country  iid  his  .skill  was  specially 
display,' ;  when  hick  ofi  iigines  atid  of  water  rendered 
the  conditions  of  'lis  task  inconceivably  more  difficult 
than  at  pre?'  ut.  He  ha,-?  repeatedly  been  per.sonally 
complim-nted  by  distinguished  visitors  who  have  wit- 
nessed hia  efficienf"y  and  bravery  on  critical  occasions, 
and  has  frequently  been  injured  v'hile  in  the  discharge 
of  his  duties.  On  one  occasion  his  eollar-boiu^,  and 
on  another  his  arm  was  broken.  Among  the  mem- 
bers of  the  department  he  is  is  not  only  esteemed  for 
bis  devotion  and  efficiency,  but  also  for  his  magnani- 
mous disposition.  Althoiigh  a  thorough  disciplina- 
rian, be  is  generous  and  forbearing,  and  his  treatment 
of  the  men  is  of  a  character  that  begets  not  only  n- 
spect  but  affection. 

Mr.  Sexton  has  held  many  other  offices  of  respon- 
sibility. In  1851-53  he  served  us  constable ;  was  col- 
lector of  water  rates  under  Mayor  King ;  was  director 
in  the  Benevolent  Savings  Association ;  is  a  promi- 
nent Mason,  Knight  Templar,  etc. ;  belongs  to  the  St. 
Louis  Legion  of  Honor  and  nearly  every  other  secret 
society,  he  says;  and,  besides  this,  has  frequently  been 
solicited  to  become  a  candidate  for  mayor,  sheriff, 
etc.,  but  has  declined,  much  preferring  the  congenial 
dutiu  of  the  St.  Louis  Fire  Department. 

In  July,  1850,  Mr.  Sexton  was  married  to  Miss 
Sarah  L.  Lyon,  of  St.  Louis,  and  from  the  union  have 
sprung  four  children.  He  is  eminently  social  in  his 
tactes,  warmly  devoted  to  his  family,  and  a  man  of 
healthy,  religious  convictions.  For  many  years 
I  he  has  been  a  prominent  attendant  at  St.  John's 
'  Methodist  Episcopal   Church,  and  for  a  long  while 


V; 


804 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


I  i>,i- 1 


was  superintendent  of  the  Mound  City  Sunday-school. 
In  every  relation  of  life  he  is  esteemed,  and  no  man 
in  St.  Louis  is  more  highly  regarded  or  more  de- 
servedly popular. 

George  W.  Tennille  was  appointed  secretary  of  the 
fire  department  in  May,  1869,  uad  still  discharges  the 
duties  of  that  position  to  the  general  satisfaction  of 
the  public.  In  1871  an  ordinance  was  passed  by  th) 
City  Council  increasing  the  number  of  assistant  en  ■ 
gineers  to  three,  and  John  W.  Bame,  on  May  3d,  was 
appointed  to  fill  the  extra  position.  During  the  year 
ending  March  31,  1871,  the  department  purchased 
new  hose  and  a  new  engine,  and  erected  an  engine- 
house  in  Carondelet.  Two  years  later,  during  the 
year  ending  March  31,  1873,  the  department  was 
materially  strengthened  by  the  purchase  of  three  new 
steam  fire-engines  of  the  "  Latta"  patent,  with  Ahrens 
&  Co.'s  improvements,  of  C.  Ahrens  &  Co.,  of  Cincin- 
nati, Ohio,  and  four  new  hose-carriages,  one  of  E.  B. 
Leverch,  oj'  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  and  three  of  B.  Bruce, 
of  Cincinnati.  Two  lots  were  also  purchased  and  four 
new  engine-houses  erected,  three  of  them  for  the  three 
new  engines,  and  one  for  a  new  hook-and-ladder  appa- 
ratus which  was  purchased  of  G.  W.  Harris,  of  Chi- 
cago. The  cost  of  these  improvements  amounted  to 
more  than  fifty  thousand  dollars.  The  engines  were 
fully  equipped  with  men  and  horses  and  immediately 
placed  in  active  service.  The  department  had  now 
(April  1,  1873)  fourteen  steam  fire-engines,  two 
hook-and-ladder  trucks,  and  two  fuel-wagons,  all 
fully  equipped  and  in  good  condition.  The  total 
expenditures  for  the  year  amounted  to  $242,416.14. 
In  the  following  year  three  new  steam  fire-engines 
and  five  new  hose-carriages  wore  added,  and  three  of 
the  old  engines  were  retired  from  active  service,  the 
department  not  having  engine-houses  for  them.  Dur- 
ing the  year  ending  March  31,  1875,  the  department 
had  fourteen  steam  fire-engines,  fourteen  hose-carri- 
ages, two  hook-and-ladder  trucks,  and  two  fuel-wagons 
in  active  use.  Ou  the  Ist  of  December  there  were 
added  three  steam  fire-engines,  three  ho.se-carriagcs, 
one  chemical-engine,  one  fuel-wagon,  and  one  hook- 
and-ladder  apparatus.  All  the  apparatus  belonging 
to  the  department  was  then  in  good  condition  with 
the  exception  of  seven  of  the  old  large  engines,  which 
hud  been  in  active  service  since  1857  and  1858.  Al- 
though they  were  still  used  and  were  made  to  do 
good  work,  the  department  found  that  they  were  too 
heavy  and  took  too  long  a  time  to  generate  steam  to 
bo  as  efficient  as  they  should  be,  and,  from  their 
age  and  hard  service  and  the  increased  cost  of  keeping 
them  in  repair,  the  city  deemed  it  expedient  to  replace 
them  with  new  ones  of  lighter  build  and  all  the  later 


improvements.  Accordingly,  the  department  ordcrui 
seven  new  steam  fire-engines  of  Messrs.  C.  Ahrens  i 
Co.,  of  Cincinnati,  Ohio,  to  take  the  place  of  thr  oli 
oiii-s.  Provision  for  paying  for  them  was  made  by  ai 
act  ot  *he  Legislature,  which  authorized  the  ciiy  ti 
sell  one  h  <adred  thousand  dollars'  worth  of  bonds  foi 
the  <;quipmvnt  of  the  fire  department.  In  the  follow 
ing  year  another  new  engine  company  was  add^l  t( 
the  department,  whirh  then  had  in  all  eighteen  ntean 
fire-engines  and  hose-carriages,  one  chemical-ciiL'ine 


four  fuel-wagons,  and   three  hook-and-ladder 


ippa. 


ratuses.  There  were  eight  men  for  each  engine  and 
hook-and-ladder  company,  three  men  for  the  chemical 
engine,  and  two  men  for  each  fuel-wagon,  all  of  wliom 
except  the  one  on  night  watch,  were  on  duty  all  the 
time  both  day  and  night.  The  total  expenditures  for 
the  year  amounted  to  8292,339.71. 

The  department,  in  equipment  and  general  strength 
was  on  March  31, 1878,  at  a  higher  point  of  practical 
efficiency  than  at  any  time  in  the  previous  hi.story  of 
the  city.  The  number  of  engine-houses  was  seventeen  • 
the  number  of  fire-engines,  eighteen  ;  also  one  eliemj. 
cal-engine,   eighteen   hose-carriages,    four   hook-and- 
ladder  trucks  and  apparatuses,  and  five  fuel-waj.'ons. 
The  working  force  of  the  department  embraced  about 
two  hundred  men  and  one  hundred  and  twenty-seven 
horses,  and  the  length  of  hose  was  eighteen  tliunsand 
feet  two-and-a-half-inch  rubber,  and  sixteen  ImndreJ 
feet  two-and-a-half-inch  cotton  hose.  The  expenditures 
for  the  fiscal  year  ending  March  31, 1878,  asigregated 
8238,759.43,  and  the  annual  pay-roll  8197,410.83. 
The  amount  spent  for  new  apparatus  was  8:i403.8'.'. 
In  January  of  the  following  year  another  steam  lire 
engine  and  apparatus  was  added  to  the  departnieiii, 
making  nineteen  in  active  service.     During  the  fisal 
year  ending  March  31,  1881,  another  new  steam  fire- 
engine  was  purchased,  making  the  department  to  ci.d- 
sist  of  twenty  engine  and  hose  companies,  one  chemi- 
cal-engine, two  pompier  companies,  two  hook-aud  lad- 
der companies,  and  five  fuel-wagons;  tliu  force  nura- 
bering  seven  officers  and  two  hundred  and  seven  men, 
There  were  also  about  twenty  thousand  feet  nf  hose. 
and  one  hundred  and  thirty  horses,  and  one  csira 
engine  and  two  extra  hose-carriages.     The  cost  of  tliel 
department  for  the  year  ending  April  10,  1882,  ffasl 
8290,276.86.  All  of  the  engines  were  of  the  "  Ahrei 
Manufacturing  Company"  patent,  and  built  in  Cin-j 
cinnati.     The  hose-carriages,  which  are  two-wlieeleJ,! 
and  made  to  carry  one  thousand  feet  of  hose,  were  cuo-j 
structed  in  St.  Louis.     Under  an  ordinance  pa.«sed  drj 
the  City  Council  in  February,  1876,  two  more  assisl-j 
ant  engineers  were  added  to  the  department,  and  Joliiij 
Lindsay  and  John  W.  Shockey  received  the  apjioinij 


FIREMEN,  FIRE  COMPANIES,  AND  PROMINENT  FIRES. 


806 


y-  the  department  ord.  red 
g'of  Messrs.  C.  Abre.is  & 
,  take  the  place  of  th.  old 
.  for  them  was  made  by  an 
ich  authoriied  the  city  to 
dollars' worth  of  bonds  for 
iepartment.    In  the  fellow- 
,ne  company  was  add,  ■!  to 
,n  had  in  all  eighteen  steam 
iages,  one  chemical-cnjine, 
i„ee  hook-and-ladder  .ppa- 
,t  men  for  each  engn.e  and 
three  men  for  the  chemical 
ach  fuel-wagon,  all  of  wbom, 
watch,  were  on  duty  all  the 
The  total  expenditures  for 

192,339.71. 

uipment  and  general  strength. 

at  a  higher  point  of  rn>elieal 

me  in  the  previous  history  of 

r  engine-houses  was  sevciiteoir, 

nes,  eighteen;  also  one  cW 

,08e.carriage8,  four  hook-and- 
aratuses,  and  five  fuel-wagon, 
the  department  embraced  abnut 

one  hundred  and  twenty-seven 
of  hose  was  eighteen  tlKmmd 

uh  rubber,  and  sixteen  luu.lroJ 
h  cotton  hose.  The  expe,.d«ures 
inK  March  31, 1878,  aggregated 

tnnual  pay-rcAl  Sl^^lO-^ 

h  new  apparatus  was  Si-Wih., 

Lowing  year  another  steam  hrc. 

'was  added  to  the  departn.ont. 

.tive  service.    During  the  h.cal 

'   1881,  another  new  steam  hre- 

'making  the  department  to  e„u. 

and  hose  companies,  one  ehem.. 

tcr  companies,  two  hook-aud  lad- 
le fuel-wagons  •,  the  force  na.- 
\„d  two  hundred  and  seven  men, 
it  twenty  thousand  feet  of  ho., 
,d  thirty  horses,  and  one  em 
,  hose-carriages.     The  cost  of.W 
[ear  ending  April  10,  1S8.W. 
Le  engines  were  of  the  "Ah« 
Lny"   patent,  and  bu.k  n>    .• 
farriagcs,  which  are  two-wheelo 
e  thousand  feet  of  hose,  «ete  CO 

Under  an  ordinance  i«edbj 

February,  1876,  two  more  a..=> 
Idedtothedeparttueut.andJoW 
•  Shockey  received  the  appi 


mcnts.  On  Dec.  1, 1877,  Jacob  Trice,  one  of  the  as-  l 
sistant  engineers,  resigned,  and  M.  J.  Brennan  was 
appointed  to  fill  the  vacancy.  In  August,  1881, 
Ricliard  Beggs,  first  assistant  engineer,  died,  leaving 
a  vacancy  which  was  filled  by  the  appointment  of  John 
Lindsay,  M.  J.  Hester  being  promoted  to  the  position 
of  assistant  engineer.  In  October,  Assistant  Engi- 
neer J.  W.  Shockey  was  killed  while  on  duty  at  a 
fire,  and  was  succeeded  by  E.  J.  Gross. 

The  total  value  of  the  real    estate,  consisting  of 
engine-houses,  lots,  etc.,  owned  by  the  city  and  de-  \ 


voted  to  the  use  of  the  fire  department  is  estimated 
at  8150,000. 

The  oflScers  of  the  department  in  1882  were, — 

II.  Clay  Sexton,  chief  engineer;  John  Linilsay,  BrstossistAnt 
engineer;  John  W.  Bamc,  M.  J.  Brennan,  M.  J.  Hester,  E.  J. 
Gross,  assistant  engineers ;  G.  W,  Tcnnille,  secretary. 

The  ofiice  of  the  department  is  at  No.  816  North 
Seventh  Street. 

The  following  table  shows  the  location  of  the  dif- 
ferent engine-houses,  estimated  value  of  the  property, 
etc.: 


ENGINE-HOUSES. 


City 

,    Feet 

Feet 

Block. 

Front. 

Deep. 

3000 

166 

137.11 

1397 

40 

122 

743 

?S 

132.0 

Wfi 

00 

175  1 
184  f 

C91 

23.2^<i 

7B.8 

eai 

23,5 

75.0 

48,1  w 

50 

127 

183 

50 

127 

49'J 

26 

72.6 

17i:! 

30.61X 

128.4 

lio 

29.9 

128 

123 

40 

127.0 

204 

26 

103 

K>r, 

27 

82 

957 

25 

142 

1980 

110 

115 

359 

80 

112.0 

2448 

60 

i42 

Street  or  Avenue  on  wlifch  Prop-  [ 
iTty  Fronts. 


Olive  Street  (Suutli  St.  Loula) j 

McNair  Avenue ' 

Eastou  Street i 

Carondelct  Avenue 

Fifth  Street 1  I 

Fifth  Street /  i 

Second  Carondelet  Avenue ! 

Fifth  Street ' 

Market  Street 

Prattp  Avenue. j 

,  Seventh  Street 

Seventh  Street ' 

Eleventh  Street I 

Broadway I 

Wash  Street ' 

Leonard  Avenue 

Spring  Street 

ndlefontaine  Itoud j 

Locate<l  In  Hyde  Park 

Located  on  Old  Reservoir i 


EaUmated    , f,'"'"''*^''   I  Total  estl- 
Englne-Houaes.  I  value,  1881.  '",,''•'';„•    mated  value, 

!       Beat.  litiprove-  jj^j 


Englne-Uouse  No.  2  „ 
Kn^inc-House  No.  1... 
Engine-llouse  No.  11.. 

Englne-llouse  No.  3.,, 


Knt^ine-HouBO  No.  16 j 

Englne-House  No.  7 

Engine-House  No.  15 

Kngine-House  No.  14 

Engine-Honse  No.  10 

Engine-llouse  No.  0 

Kngine-llouse  Nob.  12  .(  18 

Knglne-Hnuse  No.  13 

Engino-HouBe  No,  9 ; 

Engine-House  No.  4 

Engine-House  Nt).  17 

Englne-H(iU!<e  No.  19 

Englne-llouse  No,  20 

Knglne-Hotise  No.  8 

Englne-llouse  No.  5 


82,030.00 

561 1,1  Ml 

990.00 

1,200.00 

2,400.00 

090.00 

2,,5(»,(KI 

n,(KX).oo  ; 

2,500.00 

2,288.00 

8,030.00 

5,600.00 

I.IXKI.IIO 

918.00  ■ 

750.00 

3,300,00 

1,4CSP.(HI 

90O.(KI 


84,000.00  1 
3,.'ilK1.00 
0,OIO.(HI   I 

3,800,IK)  i 

2,,'.00.00 

,50O.IX) 

4,.M10.00 

10,000.00 
8,0(KI.OO 
5,1X10.00 
7,,'iOO.OO 

12,CHKI.OO 
8,(Xi0.tK) 
4,0(MI.0O 
.■i,llllO.(«) 
5,000.00 
5,(HI0.(I0 
,5,lNlll.(XI 
3,500,00 
4,000,00 


$6,030.(X) 

4,00(1.00 
7,IKX).0O 

5,000.00 

4,9(XI.OO 
1,190  00 
7,IXX1.IK) 
lO.OIXI.OO 
10,5(XI,IXI 
7,288,(X) 

15  ,",:<o/>o 

17/ilXI,00 
9,0("),ilO 
4,gi8.(X) 
,'i,750.(H) 
8,31X1.00 
0,400,1  H) 
5,9(X1.(K1 
3,5(X).IX) 
4,000.00 


943,056.00 


I 


tl06,810.00  ■  9149,806.00 


Fire  and  Police  Telegraph. — One  of  the  most 
valuable  adjuncts  to  the  fire  department  is  the  fire- 
alarm  telegraph,  which  was  completed  and  put  in  opera- 
tion in  St.  Louis  on  January  2, 1858,  by  Qamewell  & 
Co.,  of  New  York.   The  original  cost  was  twenty-three 
thousand  dollars,  but  since  its  introduction  many  im- 
proTements  and  additions  have  been  made,  until  at 
present  time  it  is  one  of  the  most  complete  fire- 
I  alarm  systems  in  the  country.     Upon  the  completion 
,  of  the  work  and  its  transfer  to  the  city,  James  A. 
(iardiner  was  appointed   superintendent.      At   this 
time  the  alarm-bells  were  those  of  the  Cathedral,  St. 
Francis  Xavier's  Church,  acd  the  Mound  fire-engine 
I  and  South  St.  Louis  fire-engine  houses.    The  dopart- 
JDienthad  then  only  forty-five  fire-alarm  boxes  in  the 
[city,  but  these  have  been  from  time  to  time  increased 
I  until  now  it  has  in  operation  three  hundred  and  forty 
l&ve street  alarm  boxes,  eleven  eleetro-mochanical  tower 
Ibells,  about  seventy  alarm-gongs  (thirty  of  which  are 
pn  insurance  agencies  and  newspaper  offices'),  twenty- 
Itwo  Barreit's    engine-house    registers,    thirty-three 
foliee  dial  instruments,  and  five  hundred  and  twenty- 
(iwo  miles  of  wire.      The  wires,  which    originally 


stretched  across  the  house-tops,  were  nearly  all  re- 
moved in  1882  and  reconstructed  on  poles.  The 
appropriations  for  this  department  for  the  fiscal  year 
ending  April  22,  18a2,  amounted  to  837,900,  of 
which  818,900  was  expended  for  improvements  and 
additions,  and  818,997.64  for  salaries.  Shortly  after 
the  introduction  of  the  fire-alarm  telegraph  in  the 
city,  this  system  of  telegraph  was  adopted  by  the 
police  department.  Several  of  the  departments  of 
the  city  government  have  in  use  also  the  telephone 
and  police  patrol  ddegraphic  system,  which  have 
proven  valuable  auxiliaries  to  the  municipal  govern- 
ment. Ernest  Hilgcndorf  is  the  present  efficient 
superintendent  of  the  fire  and  police  telegraph  de- 
partment. 

The  Underwriters'  Salvage  Corps  was  organ- 
ized on  May  10, 1874,  succeeding  the  organization  then 
known  as  the  "  fire  wardens,"  which  had  gono  out  of 
existence.  The  corps,  which  is  conducted  in  the  inter- 
est of  the  underwriters,  relies  entirely  upon  volun- 
tary contributions  from  the  local  insurance  companies 
for  its  support.  During  the  year  1874  eighty-eight 
companies  contributed.     The  force,  as  organised  at 


,''i^m 


W'   s'. 


■V    w',! 


li'i'li! 


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>:    i: 
ii-l.i 


■'t-il 


Si' 


806 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


that  time,  consisted  of  one  captain,  one  assistant  cap- 
tain, and  six  men.  Charles  Evans  was  selected  captain 
of  the  corps  in  1874  and  has  retained  the  position 
ever  since.  The  first  executive  committee  consisted 
of  George  T.  Cram,  chairman,  W.  D.  Van  Blarcom, 
J.  B.  S.  Lemoine,  W.  G.  Bentley,  and  Lewis  E. 
Snow. 

During  the  first  (fractional)  year,  ending  Dec.  31, 
1874,  the  company  attended  sixty-seven  fires,  and 
spread  two  hundred  and  seventeen  covers.  On  Nov. 
21,  1874,  William  K.  Keyes,  a  member  of  the  com- 
pany, was  killed  at  the  fire  No.  309  North  Fourth 
Street.  He  had  been  a  member  from  the  date  of  the 
organization.  All  the  men  belonging  to  the  company 
have  been  selected  with  care,  and  are  young,  active, 
hardy,  and  intelligent. 

In  1875  the  executive  committee  was  composed  of 
William  Bowen,  president,  Martin  Collins,  James 
Bartlett,  W.  D.  Van  Blarcom,  and  R.  R.  Fritach, 
secretary  and  treasurer. 

In  1870  the  committee  was  composed  of  George 
T.  Cram,  president,  H.  A.  Blossom,  Martin  Collins, 
W.  6.  Bentley,  and  W.  C.  Butler,  secretary  and 
treasurer. 

In  1877  the  Salvage  Corps  purchased  for  its 
headquarters  the  instrument  known  as  "  The  Joker," 
by  means  of  which  alarms  are  received  direct  from 
the  alarm-boxes,  without  the  delay  of  waiting  for 
their  repetition  at  the  court-house,  as  had  previously 
been  the  custom,  thus  saving  much  valuable  time.  The 
executive  board  for  this  year  consisted  of  George  T, 
Cram,  president,  George  D.  Capen,  Martin  Collins, 
John  W.  Mason,  W.  C.  Butler,  secretary  and  treas- 
urer. 

In  1879  the  company  obtained  a  charier  through 
an  act  of  the  Legislature,  and  removed  to  No.  G19 
St.  Charles  Street,  leasing  the  premises  now  occupied 
by  it  for  five  years,  at  a  rental  of  twelve  hundred 
dollars  per  annum.  The  building  was  especially  con- 
structed for  the  Salvage  Corps,  and  is  complete  in  all 
particulars. 

The  members  of  the  corps  in  1882  were:  Captain, 
Charles  Evans  ;  lieutenant,  Frederick  Williams  ;  can- 
vasmen,  John  Conway,  Patrick  Powers,  Michael 
Kehoe,  Frederick  Williams,  George  W.  June,  John 
Leishman ;  driver,  Francis  Trowbridge ;  watchman, 
Henry  Henley. 

The  executive  board  at  present  consists  of  George 
T.  Cratu,  Martin  Collins,  George  D.  Capen,  Howard 
A.  Blossom,  and  C.  F.  Miller. 

The  following  table  shows  the  insurance,  losses,  and 
percentage  on  buildings  and  contents  during  thirteen 
years,  ending  December  31,  1881  : 


1 

Year. 

Il 

Anioiiiit  of  Insur- 
ance. 

Amount  of  Losses. 

18fi9 

146 

$974,160.00 

$362,322.00 

)87») 

2i;o 

1,708,950.00 

650,317.00 

1871 

240 

1,528,550.00 

413,710.00 

1872 

234 

2,442,945.00 

944,231.00 

1873 

206 

l,6il3,834.00 

6.3,3,317.00 

1874 

222 

2,214,13.3.00 

503,937.00 

I87.i 

246 

1,871,248.00 

358,520.00 

1876 

301 

2,181,890.00 

401,147.00 

1877 

297 

3,859,706.42 

1,999,800.18 

1878 

293 

2,0,')7,346.00 

372,186.67 

1870 

407 

2,918,863.00 

1,056,634.83 

1880 

401 

3,398,810.08 

1,110,725.34 

1881 



491 

3,651,654.80 

1,473,132.94 

■:;r.i9 

■-'7.110 


I'.MJ 

is.;,.-, 

•'i  1 .118 
IS. (Ill 

:in.L'ii 
:'L'.rii 
lii.lio 


Old  Volunteer  Fire  Companies. — Centu  at,  Fire 
Company,  No.  1.  This  company  was  organizud  in 
1832,  and  w.^  the  first  permanent  company  in  the 
St.  Louis  volunteer  fire  department,  its  piiiicinal 
originatoi-s  being  Edward  Brooks,  G.  K.  McGiinnegle. 
Thornton  Grimsley,  Thomas  Andrews,  Cliiules  F. 
Hendry,  and  E.  H.  Beebe.  To  supply  the  compimy 
with  necessary  fire  apparatus  the  mayor  and  alduimen 
of  the  city  authorized  Martin  Thomas  to  visit  the 
Eastern  cities  and  purchase  an  engine.  Mr.  Thomas 
performed  his  task,  and  purchased  a  small  brake 
engine  manufactured  by  John  Agnew,  of  Pliiladel- 
phia,  and  called  "  Pat  Lyon,"  in  honor  of  a  proaii- 
nent  iron  manufacturer  of  that  city  and  Pittslmruh. 
This  engine  was  of  the  second-class  pattern,  with 
six-inch  cylinders,  seven-inch  stroke,  and  had  a  "  iral- 
lery,"  "  brakes,"  and  "  foot-boards."  Thomas  Lyiieh, 
in  his  reliable  little  history  of  the  "  old  tire-fighters" 
of  St,  Louis,  says, — 

" This  engino  arrived,  as  near  as  any  inrurinallnn  larj  he  uij- 
taincd,  eiirly  in  tbc  fiill,  and  the  first  test  of  her  uvaihiljjliiv 
and  fitness  for  actual  service,  considering  the  sciintv  menmnf 
water-supply,  tuck  place  soon  alter  her  arrival,  at  Ihi'  soutlienn 
corner  of  Third  and  Market  Streets,  in  taking  naWr  fioui  tbe 
cellar  of  Grinisley's  National  Hotel,  which  stouil  upon  the 
origii]al  site  of  tbe  old  liaptist  Church. 

"Our  old  friends,  the  rotaries,  wore  on  hand  iil.-i],  an^l  the 
announcement  that  all  three  engines  wore  to  be  trio<l  un  a  hem- 
tiful  afternoon  in  Ootober  drew  forth  alino.st  the  iniiic  pui'iili- 
tion  of  the  town,  and  niuoli  interest  was  niauifestiil  when  one 
of  tbe  rotaries  was  put  to  the  test,  resulting  !ii  hir  i|i-coiiilitiirc 
by  the  breaking  off  of  almost  all  the  cogs  in  the  wlict'l^atllie 
third  or  fourth  revolution,  the  breakage  bein^;  ciiusul  by  ^u^t 
and  neglect.  This  fact  so  disgusted  the  embryo  limiun  uf  the 
'Central' that  they  refused  to  test  the  other  rutary,  iind  cho.<e 
tbe  '  .\gnew,'  which  on  trial  proved  satisfactory.  What  bioame 
of  the  two  former  engines  it  is  now  very  difficult  l<>  ilii>o>>vcr,  llie  I 
prevailing  impression  among  the  old  flreinen  hmng  that  tbe 
broken  one  was  entirely  discarded,  and  the  other  was  imi  by  I 
the  '  Union  Fire  Company,' pending  the  building  oftbcir  rega. 
lar  engino,  and  then  both  dying  an  inglorious  death  by  being  I 
■old  for  old  iron." 


FIREMEN,  FIRE   COMPANIES,  AND  PROMINENT  FIRES. 


807 


I'eri't  nt- 
lount  of  Lonaes.         j^. 


$362,322.00 
«50,3l7.n(l 

4n,7it).no 

944,231.(1" 

633,;!  17. 00 

503,937 ."« 

358,520.00 

401,147.00 

1,999,800.18 

372,186.67 

1,056,634.83 

1,110,725.34 

1473.132.04 


$".7.19 


IS.:,:, 
;;i.(iH 

IS.Il'J 

I'.i'i.'jii 
;■■.', 711 


anies.— Centuai.Fire 
npany  was  orsiuiiMil  in 
niaiient  company  in  tlie 
epartment,   its   pviiioipal 
ook8,G.K.McGunncgle. 
IS  Andrews,  Charles  F. 
To  supply  the  comiiiiiiy 
s  the  mayor  and  aldernieii 
rtin  Thomas  to  visit  the 
,  an  engine.     Mr.  Thomas 
purchased   a  small  brake 
[ohn  Agnew,  of  PhihiJel- 

on,"  in  ^ono''  ^^  *  1"™""" 
•  that  city  and  Pitlsburdi. 
second-class  pattern,  «ith 
ch  stroke,  and  had  a  "  gal- 
-boards."  Thomas  Lynch, 
of  the  "  old  tire-fisliters" 


p.  ft,  any  infurn...tin«  .■..>.  1«  ob- 
L  first  test  of  her  uvailaWl.ly 
LnBi<lcringtl.e8eai.l,vmoan,ol 
Ifter  her  arrival,  at  th,.  southeast 
Lets,  in  t,vkinK«at.M-  from  the 

1  Hold,    which   st..o,l  u,i...i  tke 

Ichurob. 

Is  wore  on  hnn.l  al^",  ^""1  »" 

tginonwcretobctriclunatau- 

1  forlli  ftlmoBt  tlio  I'lnif"  1"'1'»'»- 
LestwB8nmnifesU.awl.ca«« 
L,r«tulUng!nh..rai^comli.«r. 
[,Uhec-.g.in.ho«h..cl.»tll.e 

Ibreakago  being  cau.o.l  by  ru, 
Llca  the  embryo  li,Tm.n"fll>t 

lke.1  the  ot\.or  rotary,  an'l  '^"'^ 
■  vcl  satisfactory.   What  l.cc;u»e 

Lwvery.Uffic->lt..>.li--r.   e 

[the  old  firen.on  l.cn,K  thalt k 

Ld,and   the  other  was  uM  by 

rdingthebuiUiing»tttar"g.- 

L  an  inglorious -leath  by  bc.8 


The  "  Pat  Lyon"  was  comfortably  housed  in  a  two- 
story  frame  structure  situated  on  the  west  side  of 
Main  Street,  about  fifty  yards  south  of  Market  Street, 
and  opposite  the  only  market-house  in  the  city.     In 
18153  an  enf^ine-house  was  erected  for  the  company's 
use  oil  a  lot  belonging  to  the  school  board  on  the  south  i 
side  of  Chestnut  Street,  midway  between  Third  and  ' 
Fourth  Streets.     The  building  was  afterwards  greatly  i 
improved,  and  a  bell-tower  erected  on  the  roof.     In  I 
18l"i  the  lot  was  purchased  by  the  company. 

Ill  January,  1837,  Edward  Brooks,  B.  B.  Brown,  \ 
James  P.  Spencer,  and  E.  H.  Beebe,  "  their  associ- 
ates and  successors,"  were  "  constituted  and  declared"  | 
by  ilie  Legislature  "  to  be  a  body  corporate  and  poli-  ■ 
tic  by  the  name  and  'i-yle  of  '  The  Central  Fire  Com- 
puiiy  of  the  City  of  St.  Louis.' "    The  first  president 
was  James  Clemens,  Jr.,  who  served  one  year.     He  | 
was  succeeded  by  Thomas  Andrews,  who  served  two 
year.s ;   Edward  Brooks,  eleven  years ;    Asa  Wilgus,  ' 
one  year ;   Charles  F.   Hendry,  one  year ;  Edward  ' 
Brooks  (re-elected),  five  years ;  and  A.  C.  Hull,  until 
the  company  went  out  of  existence.     The  other  offi- 
cers of  the  company  during  its  existence  were  James 
G,  Bury  and  William  G.  Hill,  who  were  respectively 
secretary  and  treasurer.     The  foremen  were  Edward 
Brook.s,    Thornton    Griraslcy,    Edward    Polkowski, 
Auiiusi  Kehr,  John  Haywood,  Joseph  Andrews,  and  ' 
A.  C.  Hull.  The  company  numbered  among  its  mem- 
licrs  some  of  the  most  prominent  and  wealthy  citizens 
of  St.  Louis. 

The  first  engine  of  the  company  proving  inadequate 
to  the  demand.s  of  the  fire-service,  a  petition  was  pre- 
sented to  the  City  Council  praying  that  body  for  the 
purchase  of  a  new  and  more  serviceable  engine.  The 
petition  was  granted,  and  in  August,  1838,  the 
company  received  from  John  Agnew,  the  builder,  a 
fine  fire-engine  of  eight-inch  cylinder  and  nine-inch 
stroke,  At  the  first  trial  "  it  every  way  etjualed 
their  expectations." 

On  the  7tli  of  January,  1839,  the  following  ofiBcers 
were  elected  to  serve  for  the  ensuing  year : 

MwarJ  Brooks,  cji|itain ;  Cliarlea  Koemle,  lieiitcniint ;  Tlios. 
Anlrews,  first  direotor;  Nathaniel  Pascliall,  second  directm-; 
Edward  Uoldon,  third  directo.-;  Jno.  8.  Sliaw,  fourth  director  j 
B.  .M.  liackonsto,  first  enginoor;  Thos.  W.  Cubberly,  second 
engineer;  Joa.  \V.  Dougherty,  gccrelary. 


In  January,  1840,  the  officers  were, — 

Edward  Brookii,  captain;  C.  F.  Hendry,  lieutenant;  Jos.  S. 

Simpjon,  (irst  direotor;  John   Calvert,  second  direotor;  Thos. 

Anilrows,  third  diro<;tor  ;  Ueo.  Williams,  fourth  direotor;  Geo. 

Tr«sk,  lirst  engineer;    Asa  Wilgus,  second  engineer;    J.   \V. 

Douglierty,  secretary ;  A.  K.  Orino,  J.  Anderson,  \V.  AV.  .\raos, 
I  C,  K.  Hendry,  John  Calvert,  comnilttoe  of  inquiry  on  nppllca- 
I  tioni  for  memberabip. 


In  1843  the  officers  were, — 

Kdward  Brooks,  captain  ;  (ieo.  Tni.ik,  lieutenant ;  D.  H.  Par- 
ker, foreman;  J.  C.  Evans,  tlrat  director;  .S.  K.  Polkowski,  sec- 
ond director;  J.  S.  Watson,  third  dircot(jr;  Bernard  I'ratte, 
fourth  director;  A.  Wilgus,  first  engineer;  J.  F.  Mitohcll,  sec- 
ond engineer;  J.  1!.  Carson,  J,  F.  Mitchell,  I>.  Tatuin,  C.  F. 
Hendry,  and  D.  II,  Parker,  committee  on  inciuiry. 

After  it  had  been  used  for  ten  years,  the  company 
sold  its  second  engine  to  J.  P.  Stiegers,  and  pur- 
chased a  more  modern  engine  of  the  same  size  and 
make,  which,  after  a  service  of  nine  years,  was  sold  to 
the  city  of  Hannibal,  Mo.  "  Their  other  apparatus, 
up  to  the  year  1848,"  says  Mr.  Lynch, — 

"  consisted  of  a  brace  of  two-wheeled  ho^e-carriages  painted 
black,  one  of  which  was  surmounted  by  a  bell  bung  amidships 
on  a  broad  spiral  spring,  neither  of  which  ever  possessed  a 
name,  supplemented  in  the  year  mentioned  by  a  four-wlicelor 
built  by  Agnow,  of  Philadelphia,  and  called  the  MJrace  Dar- 
ling,' painted  blue,  which  color  was  thereafter  adopted  for  the 
apparatus  in  general.  The '  Grace  Darling'  is  now  in  service  in 
S|ii'inglleld,  III.,  and  was,  in  the  year  1853,  replaced  by  another 
of  the  same  make  and  of  improved  construction  called  the'  Perse- 
verance,' also  in  use  nt  present  in  the  same  place,  and  the  usual 
tender  or  '  plug-catcher,' called  the  'Shanghai.'  'I'be  uniform 
worn  upon  parades  or  other  gala  occasions  con.^istod  of  a  light- 
blue  sliirt,  trimmed  with  sliver  bullion  fringe  and  stars  (and 
while  on  this  subject  I  will  mention,  to  avoid  repetition,  that 
the  shirts  of  all  the  companies  in  the  department  were  made  of 
lino  merino, — no  flannel  being  used,  as  was  the  eustoni  in  tho 
Eastern  cities, — and  elaborately  trimmed  with  eitlier  silver  or 
gold  bullion  fringe,  the  wide  sailor  collar  having  a  tassel  and 
star  in  eoeh  corner),  white  pants,  black  necktie,  patent-leather 
bolt,  light-blue  low-orowned  flat-top  bat." 

In  August,  1859,  the  company  sold  its  property  to 

;  private  parties  and  divided  the  proceeds  or|ually  among 

:  the   remaining   members,  each  share  amounting  to 

I  about  seven  hundred  and  fifty  dollars.  The  Central  was 

I  the  last  of  the  volunteer  companies  to  di.sband.     The 

only  members  of  the  company  who  joined  the  paid 

department  were  A.  C.  Hull,  who  was  chief  engineer 

for  one  year,  Charles  Tilton,  of  the  "  Pompier  Corps," 

and  John  Murrell,  of  No.  8. 

I       On  its  roll  at  different  times  appeared  the  names  of 

the  following  citizens : 

Josephs.  Pease,  Frederick  Ii.  lilllon,  Bernard  Pratte,  Thomas 
II.  West,  Samuel  M'illi,  Michael  Tesson,  Orville  Paddock,  John  P. 
Ileilly,  Nathaniel  Paschall,  John  Evans,  E.  II.  Sheppard,  James 
Spore,  John  Mullery,  F,  L.  Cummings,  Charles  P.Chouteau,  8, 
W.  Meoch,  Alfred  Tracy,  Joseph  L.  Simpson,  II.  Smith,  John 
and  Robert  Irwin,  Edv^rd  Charlesa,  J,  A.  Dougherty,  Jolin  B. 
i  Gerard,  \.  Cross,  Edward  P.  Tesson,  John  J.  Anderson,  Jules 
j  Delisic,  Mark  Smith.  John  II.  Shannon,  David  Tatum,  William 
F.  Ferguson,  A.  L.  Lyle,  A.  G.  Swltier,  John  S.Watson,  R.  E. 
Ulrlci,  William  and  John  Haywood,  Charles  Tilton,  George  W. 
West,  .Tuaepb  Andrews,  and  William  J.  Austin, 

Edward  Brooks,  who  was  captain  of  the  Central 
Company  for  sixteen  years,  was  born  in  Philadel- 
phia on  the  19th  of  August,  1809,  and  came  to  St. 


808 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


'  It!' 

Hi; 


l^r.i|^i: 


Louis  in  the  winter  of  1830-31,  ctnbarlcing  in  the 
business  of  druggist  on  the  corner  of  Chestnut  and 
Main  Streets,  where  he  remained  until  burnt  out  by 
the  fire  of  1849.  He  then  went  into  the  insurance 
business  as  agent  of  the  North  American  and  Dehiware 
Insurance  Company,  of  Philadelphia,  and  afterwards 
accepted  the  position  of  secretary  of  the  Boatmen's  ; 
Insurance  and  Trust  Company,  of  which  Daniel  G. 
Taylor  was  president.  On  the  election  of  Mr.  Tuylor 
as  city  treasurer,  Mr.  Brooks  was  appointed  his  assist- 
ant, and  continued  to  fill  the  position  under  all  the 
succeeding  administrations  until  hisi  death,  which  oc- 
curred Jan.  23,  1879. 

Ho  was  universally  known  and  esteemed  throughout 
the  fire  department  for  the  sagacity,  energy,  and  all- 
absorbing  interest  he  manifested  in  everything  pertain- 
ing to  its  welfare,  and  held  more  ofiices  of  trust  in  it 
than  any  other  man  who  was  over  identified  with  it. 
As  previously  indicated,  he  was  one  of  the  founders 
of  the  Central  Fire  Company,  and  continued  an  active 
member  until  the  organization  of  the  paid  fire  depart- 
ment, when  he  retired.  Upon  the  creation  of  the 
oflice  in  1850  he  was  appointed  Fire  Inspector,  and 
held  that  position  for  some  years.  He  was  a  member 
of  the  First  Cavalry  Company,  commanded  by  Col. 
Thornton  Grimsley,  and  was  the  founder  and  patron  of 
the  Firemen's  Fund,  and  for  eight  years  its  president. 
He  was  also  president  of  the  "  Fire  As.sooiation"  for 
three  years.  He  was  a  member  of  the  board  of 
aldermen  from  1840  to  1846,  and  was  nominated 
by  the  Whigs  for  mayor  about  1840  or  1847,  but 
declined.  Mr.  Brooks  was  one  of  the  founders  of  the 
Missouri  Historical  Society,  and  contributed  materially 
to  e.Ktending  the  sphere  of  the  society's  usefulness.  He 
was  noted  for  his  kind-hearted  and  philanthropic  dis- 
position, and  was  generally  regarded  as  one  of  the  most 
valuable  citizens  of  St.  Louis. 

Union  Fiiie  Company,  No.  2,  was  organized 
in  the  autumn  of  1832,  through  the  efforts  of  Samuel 
Hawken,  and  was  incorporated  Feb.  0, 1837,  by  Hugh 
O'Neil,  Benoni  Severson,  and  Bryan  Mullanphy.  Its 
successive  presidents  were  John  11.  Dubyns,  Hugh 
O'Neil,  George  Trask,  Nathan  Coleman,  Benoni  Sev- 
erson, F.  W.  Beltzhoover,  George  W.  Atchison,  Wil- 
liam C.  Corby,  and  Patrick  Gorman,  the  latter  of 
whom  served  thirteen  years ;  and  its  secretaries,  Wil- 
liam A.  Lynch,  George  A.  Hyde,  James  Fortune,  M. 
Mooney,and  F.  M.  Colburn.  The  treasurers  were  Aug. 
Guelbreth,  who  served  nine  years,  and  Col.  Joshua  B. 
Brant,  who  retained  the  position  until  the  dissolution 
of  the  company. 

The  following  well-known  citizens  were  members  of 
the  orgaoiiation : 


David  Weston,  Jolin  It.  I'hilibert,  Jr.,  liOiiis  Le  DiU'.  (•CMrj'o 
Collier,  Jknjamin  Lawhoftd,  .lolin  Finiioy,  Jolin  U.Sarpv,  ,i  ilm 
anil  Kdward  Walsli,  Henry  Von  I'hiil,  Hubert  Campbell,  AllroJ 
Vinton,  R.  E.  llolton,  Sr.,  Paniuol  Jaokgon,  Charles  C.  Wlilitoi. 
sey,  William  nranna^an,  John  and  Steven  Uiee,  Henry  Win- 
Stanley,  William  Traynor,  William  Jluekley,  William   I'nllDn 
William  Ornmley,  William  A.  Watt,  William  Fullager,  Wiilium 
Flynn,  Ucesrin  'I'ownscnil,  Charles  Marlow,  Sr.  and  Jr.,  iJunici 
Howe,  Nathan  Roll',  Mark  Murphy,  Thomas  O'Flaliorly,  .\iii». 
Boardnmn,  John  C.  Smith,  Thomas  and  JaiiioK  Noonnn,  Mii  Imd 
Sonicrs,  Jeremiah  Dwyer,  Christ.  HofToiann,  Joseph  .Miii|i|iy 
P.  S.  liangton,  I'atriuk  Driscoll,  Fred.  Kngel,  James  L.  I'lnicitt 
Robert   Tueker,   John    E.    Sclieutz,    Edwanl    Eggers,    Cliiiiios 
and  h'dward  Doll,  Hugh   Lynehy,  Henry  Delisle,  John   liur- 
ley,  Fred.  Hnrkmun,  Morrison  llryan,  John  Foley,  John  Mar- 
tin, William  K.  Roggs,  Walter  Ransom,  A.  L.  Kimbull.  Pat- 
rick   anil    Martin    Deegnr     Moses  Craft,  Macklot  Tliumps,,]! 
William  Flynn.  Fred,  and  Louis  Siedekura,  John  Miil.lleton, 
John  I).  Reed,  Herman  Mctts,  P.  Norton,  Charles  A.  r.n-o,  A. 
C.  and  F.  Williamson,  William  Thorpe,  Hugh  Corennin,  .liimos 
and  Daniel  Coylo,  Chris.,  Samuel,  Jr.,  and  Jacob  Hawken.  Wi|. 
Ham  and  Thomas  I'ninoy,   .rauios  liarvin,  Aug.  iind  Willin,,, 
Lawrence,  Patrick  Lanigan,  William  A.  Smith,  John  I'lilij-h, 
Ed.  Shields,  Frank  and  Patrick  Mooney,  Richard  iiiiil  Enoch 
King,  Samuel  It,  Filley,  Thomas  Rucker,  Thomas  auil  .li>lin,l. 
Murphy,  John  Egan,  Chris.  Pickering,  Statins  Egger.<,  kniiiic 
and  Joseph  Boyce,  Rossington  Klnis,  Ferd.  L.  Oare.s.li'-,  I'liilii) 
Coyne,  .\llen  Riley,  Michael  and  William  Cody,  S.  Kiliiiiiiimi. 
Martin  Uurke,  M.  Fitzsimmons,  James  Quigley,  James  .^icimrt, 
William  and  Samuel  May,  A.  K.  Hynson,  F.  (Jrannis^-.  ,>>.  jiif. 
minghnm,  James  and  Hunt  Owen,  Bernard  Higgins.  Iteuben 
M.  JJavis,  Robert  Kollolier,  Joseph  (livens,  (Jeorge  rniiliiitik', 
William  Spencer,  John  Myers,  (ieorge  Trask,  Jr.,  Tom,  Hick, 
and    Hiury  Connor,  William  Cannon,  Joseph  Shieids.  Frank 
Dngal,  Daniel,  Richard,  and  Ed.  Ilyrno,  George  Hunt,  D.  Ilrlslin. 
John   Mulhern,  William   McDiinald,  Harry  Yeckcl,  IM.  Fos, 
(jeorgo  Fye,  and  Thonms  Lynch. 

The  company  was  first  located  in  a  one-story  fraiiio 
shed  on  the  east  side  of  Third  Street,  north  of  Washing;. 
ton  Avenue,  on  the  site  of  the  present  bridge  ajipioafli, 
but  subsc<]uently  secured  a  lot  of  ground  on  the  west 
side  of  the  same  street,  about  half  a  block  bolow. 
which  was  supposed  to  be  school-land,  and  crucled  a 
plain  two-story  brick  building,  using  the  lirst  floor 
only,  and  renting  the  second  for  school  |iui'piiso,«, 
The  company  first  occupied  the  building  in  Octolur, 
1835,  but  it  was  soon  discovered  that  the  propoiiv 
belonged  to  William  Chambers,  who  coni|icllt!(l  the 
company  to  pay  a  heavy  rental  for  it.  In  1845  the 
company  petitioned  the  City  Council  for  an  appropri. 
ation  of  two  thousand  five  hundred  dollars  In  piirciia:<e 
a  lot,  but  the  application  was  refused,  on  tlio  •:rouiiil 
that  the  appropriations  had  already  reachnl  tiic  limit 
allowed  by  law.  In  184G,  however,  the  lot  beluiijiiiii; 
to  William  Chambers  was  purchased  for  three  thou- 
sand dollars,  and  in  1847  a  handsome  Gotliiu  building  j 
was  erected,  at  a  cost  of  five  thousand  three  hundred 
dollars.  Pending  the  erection  of  the  biiildin;];,  the] 
apparatus  was  housed  in  an  old  amphitheatre  uii  thcl 
northeast  corner  of  Fourth  and  Green  Streets.   The] 


FIRKMEN,  FIRE   COMPANIES,  AND  PROMINENT  FIRES. 


809 


[r.,  Louis  he  Dm-,  ^'x-^'io 

,uoy,Ji>l'n"-S"I'>-  '  ''" 

Robert  Caniplrell,  Alin^l 

ckBon.ClmrlesC.XViru.l- 

Steven  Woo.  "'^^•"■y  ''^  '"- 
Huckley.  WiUian.  1  uU„n, 
WillittUi  FulUiger,  W.ini.iii 
*ftrloW,  Sr.  an.l  Jr.,  l'niic\ 
Thomas  O'FliiUcrty.  Aus. 
inilJnine!' Nooniin,  Mi.  bud 
lloffmuiin,  Joseph  MihI'Ii.v, 
a.  Kiigel.  James  L.  Va.ic.it, 
Edward    Eggi'rs,    rLiu-lts 
Henry  DoUB\e,  John  lliir- 
van,  John  Foley,  JoIm,  M»r. 
ansom,  A.  L.  KimbuU,  1',,.- 
,  Craft,  Macklot  ■ri,.in.|.*..ii, 
Siedckum,  John  MMhlm, 
Norton,  Charles  A.  V.msp.  A. 
horpe,  Hugh  Corcoran,  .lumo, 
Ir    and  Jacob  Hawkeii.Wil. 
;,'  li'arvin.  A«g.  an.l  «ilU»m 
.liam  A.  Smith.  John  ImvI.^I,, 
Moonev.  Hiehard  an.l  V.n.,cl. 
,  Uuoker,  Thomas  ami. I'.lm, I, 
Bering,  Statins  Egge.>,  .lon.mc 
,,„s,  Fcrd.  I..  (Jarcs.-I...,  I'loU,, 
,1  William  Cody,  S.  K.luuwni,,, 
.Tames  Quigley-J"""'-^"""'' 
t.  llynson,  F.  Oranni.^,  !-.  li.t- 
„on    llernard  Higgi"'-  ">■"''«■' 
„ei>h  tiivcns,  Oeorge  Vni.l«nk', 
,  (ieovgo  Trask,  Jr..  Ton,,  l.,..k 
Cannon,  Josepb  ShieU^.  Innt 
I  Uyrno,  George  Hunt,  I>.r.rislm, 
Jonald,  Harry  Yeekel.  VA.  Fo, 
ch. 

located  in  a  onc-stovv  frame 
-rd  Street,  north  of  Wush.n.;- 
the  present  bridge  avproaoli, 
a  lot  of  ground  on  tlu' west 
about  half  a  block  below, 
.  school-land,  and  erected  a 
tiding,  using  the  lirst  floor 
second   for  school  lu.rposos. 
led  the  building  in  Oetol..r, 
liacovered  that  the  rroperty 
.ambers,  who  compelled  the 
rental  for  it.     Inlrtl'-tl.c 
nity  Council  for  an  uppropn- 
hundred  dollars  to  purely 

,  was  refused,  on  the  sirou.i.l 
lul  already  reacho,!  the  limit 

6,  however,  the  lot  belon?ui? 
Is  purchased  for  three  tl* 

'a  handsome  Gothic  hull  i«8 
five  thousand  throe  hundred 

.vection  of  the  building,  le 
an  old  amphitheatre  on  Ae 

.,h  and  Urcen  Streets.    ll« 


first  engine  used  by  the  company  was  a  rotary,  and 
the  next  was  n  small  suction-engine  built  by  Chase  & 
Seymour,  of  Cincinnati,  which  arrived  in  St.  Louis 
in  1835,  and  was  sold  to  Hannibal,  Mo.,  in  184". 
Thi-  third   engine  was  a  fi''8t-cla.ss  suction-machine 
built   by  Apnew,  of  Philadelphia,  and  was  the  best 
cnciiic  that  bad  yet  been  used  in  St.  Louis.     It  was 
received  in  184H,  and  remained  in  use  for  twelve 
ycai>.  being  dismantled  in  1857.     During  that  time 
it  engaged    in    contests  with    the  "  Old    Bull,"  the 
"O'Fallon,"  the  "  Liberty,"  and  the  "  Phienix,"  de- 
feating tiiem  all,  and  gaining  for  itself  the  name  of 
'<  Tlu'  Emperor."     In  1850  the  company  purchased 
a  small  Baltimore  suction-engine,  built  by  Rogers,  as 
a  tender  to  "  The   Empe- 
ror," whicli  was  called  the 
"Dinkey,"    and    was    so 
small  that  it  was  an  easy 
matter  to  lift,  it  over  fences 
and  to  work  it  in  positions 
impracticable  for  the  ordi- 
nary engine.     It  was  sold 
iiv  the  authorities  in  185G 
10  the  town  of  Hii^hland, 
111.  The  company  also  had 
[m  reels,   one    built    by 
Joseph    Murphy,    of    St. 
Louis,  the  hind  wheels  of 
ifhieh  were   nine   feet  in 
diameter,   and    called    the 
•  Lodireaker,"     a     name 
which.   Mr.    Lynch    says, 
■she  richly  deserved,"  and 
the  other,  built  by  Agnew, 
at  a  cost  of  eleven  hundred 
dollars,  and  called  the  "  Sum 
Hawken."  in  honor  of  the 
fouiidiir  and  oldest  member 

of  the  company.  Tiie  hose  company  adopted  the 
name  of  "  Greyhound,"  and  the  engine-tender  that 
of"Sln\vline."  The  apparatus  was  painted  vermilion, 
sod  the  uniform  consisted  of  a  blue  shirt,  white  pan- 
I  laloons,  blue  low-crowned  round-toj,  hat,  red  patent- 
{ leather  hclt,  and  red  silk  necktie.  The  figure  2,  in 
d,  was  worn  as  a  breastpin.  Tlie  motto  of  the 
Iwmpany  was,  "  In  uuion  there  is  strength." 

During  its  existence  the  company  lo.st  two  of  its 
linewbers  while  attending  fires, — Frederick  Turnbull, 
Iwho  was  killed  by  the  falling  of  the  floors  of  a  ware- 
llouse  un  the  Levee,  near  Washington  Avenue,  and 
lAiithuny  L.  Kimball,  chief  engineer  of  the  company, 
nhovas  killed  by  the  falling  walla  of  the  store  of 


Mier  &  Pettus,  April  17,  1841. 


The  ruffiani.<)m  which  prevailed  in  the  volunteer 
depurtment  had  increased  to  such  proportions  in  1855 
that  the  company  resolved  to  disband.  The  question 
as  to  the  disposition  of  the  property  then  arose  and  gave 
the  members  considerable  trouble  before  it  was  satisfac- 
torily settled  ;  but  it  was  finally  determined  to  sell  it 
and  invest  the  proceeds  in  an  engine  to  be  presented 
to  the  city. 

A  committee  consisting  of  Capt.  P.  Gorman,  Wil- 
liam Fnliajiur,  and  William  L.  Lynch  was  appointed 
to  go  to  Cincinnati  and  procure  an  engine,  and  on 
the  2()th  of  DecemV)or,  1855,  the  engine,  built  by 
Abel  Shawk,  arrived  in  St.  Louis,  and  was  housed  by 
the  company  until  the  city  had  erected  a  building 
suitable  for  its  use  on  the 
south  side  of  Wa.shin<;ton 
Avenue,  west  of  Seventh 
Street.  The  old  house  and 
lot  were  sold  to  the  Collier 
estate,  and  the  proceeds, 
together  with  those  from 
the  sale  of  the  apparatus, 
netted  eleven  thousand  dol- 
lars, which  was  expended 
in  the  purchase  of  the  en- 
gine. The  Union  was  one 
of  the  most  popular  vol- 
unteer companies  that  ever 
existed  in  St.  Louis,  and, 
as  elsewhere  stated,  the 
city  is  indebted  to  it  for 
the  foundation  of  her  pres- 
ent efficient  fire  depart- 
ment. 

Samuel  Hawken,  the 
originator  of  Union  Fire 
Company,  No.  2,  was  in 
his  day  one  of  the  most 
prominent  and  popular  volunteer  firemen  in  St.  Louis. 
He  was  born  at  Hngerstown,  Md.,  Oct.  26, 1792,  and 
was  a  soldier  in  the  war  of  1812,  participating  in  the 
defense  of  Washington  and  the  battle  at  Bladensburg, 
which  was  afterwards  jocularly  termed  the  "  Bladens- 
burg races."  He  removed  to  St.  Louis  in  1822,  and 
became  a  member  of  the  Common  Council.  He  was 
a  irunmaker,  and  his  ''  Hawken  rifle"  was  famous 
from  the  Alleghenies  to  the  Rocky  Mountains,  and 
was  the  weapon  chiefly  used  by  the  hunters  of  the 
American  Fur  Company.  His  shop  was  located  on 
Washington  Avenue,  and  one  day  in  1832  there 
was  an  alarm  of  fire  in  his  neighborhood,  and  Cen- 
tral Fire  Company,  No.  1,  responded  to  the  call. 
One  of  its  members  (Gilbert  Chouteau)  laughingly 


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SAMUEL    II.WVKKN. 


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810 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


chafTed  Mr.  Hawken  on  the  fact  that  when  there  was 
a  fire  in  his  quarter  they  had  to  come  from  down- 
town and  put  it  out.  Mr.  Hawicen,  with  »omc  spirit, 
responded,  "  You  won't  have  that  to  say  long !" 
and  at  once  canvassed  among  his  neighbors  with 
such  success  tliat  the  Northern  Fire  Company  was 
organized,  the  name  of  which  upon  its  incorpora- 
tion by  the  Legislature  was  changed  to  Union  Fire 
Company,  No.  2.  It  proved,  as  we  have  seen,  to  be 
one  of  the  mo.st  active  and  popular  fire  companies 
thai  ever  existed,  and  "  Sam"  Hawicen  (or  "  Uncle 
Sammy,"  as  he  was  universally  called)  was  one  of  its 
most  efficient  and  best-beloved  members.  In  184.') 
the  members  purchased  a  four-wheel  "  reel,"  built  by 
the  famous  Agnew,  of  Philadelphia,  and  costing  elevoii 
hundred  dollars,  and  called  it  "  Sam  Hawken"  after 
their  trusty  comrade.  Ho  was  always  foremost  in  the 
perils  of  fighting  fire,  and  passed  through  many  start- 
ling experiences.  One  of  them  deserves  to  be  told. 
It  was  one  bitter  night  in  the  winter  of  1841-42  that 
the  members  were  called  out  at  a  fire  in  the  leather 
and  hide  warehouse  of  Raborg  &  ShafTner,  at  Main 
and  Walnut  Streets.  The  thermometer  was  twelve 
degrees  below  zero ;  the  streets  were  a  sheet  of  ice, 
and  it  was  with  the  greatest  difficulty  that  water 
could  be  made  to  go  any  distance  through  the  liose 
without  freezing,  and  the  experiment  of  pouring 
whisky  into  the  pumps  of  the  engine  was  resorted  to 
to  prevent  them  from  becoming  entirely  useless.  The 
experience  of  many  of  the  firemen  on  this  memorable 
night  was  indeed  frightful ;  several  were  picked  up 
in  the  street  insensible  from  the  cold,  and  one  was  re- 
suscitated only  after  hours  of  continuous  labor.  "  Un- 
cle Sammy"  surrendered  for  probably  the  only  time 
in  his  Hie,  and  while  on  his  way  home  from  the  fire 
fell  on  the  street  insensible  from  the  cold,  and  but  for 
the  lucky  circumstance  of  his  being  immediately  dis- 
covered would  never  have  achieved  his  brilliant  repu- 
tation as  a  fireman. 

Mr.  Hawken  remained  in  active  connection  with 
"  Union  Fire  Company"  until  its  dissolution  in  1855, 
when,  having  secured  a  competency,  he  retired  to  his 
farm  in  St.  Louis  County,  where  he  is  yet  living,  hav- 
ing passed  his  ninetieth  year,  in  October,  1882.  He 
is  quite  active  for  one  of  his  years,  and  nothing  so 
delights  him  as  an  opportunity  to  sit  down  with  "  the 
boys"  and  talk  over  "  old  times"  and  "  fight  his  bat- 
tles o'er  again."  Throughout  his  long  career  he  has 
been  distinguished  for  his  honesty  and  general  integ- 
rity of  character.  He  was  not  only  the  idol  of  his 
company,  but  won  and  held  the  esteem  of  every  fire- 
man in  St.  Louis. 

Washington   Fire   Comi'Any.  .'Jo.  3,  was  in- 


corporated in  183.3,  the  incorporators  being  H.  \V. 
Ayres,  John  D.  Daggett,  James  G.  Barry,  .1  W. 
Walsh,  Louis  Dubreuil,  P.  Walsh,  Isaac  McUom'  Jl. 
Steitz,  and  D.  S.  Richards. 

The  presidents,  in  order,  were  James  G.  Hirry 
John  Kern,  Hiram  Shaw,  John  Warren,  and  M.  M, 
Runyoii. 

Captains,  John  Warren,  Isaac  McHose,  and  houis 
Guerette. 

Secretaries,  L.  Dubreuil,  Eugene  Alcnn,  and  .Julin 
E.  Liggett. 

Treasurer,  Ezra  0.  English. 

Among  the  prominent  members  were  the  fiillow- 
ing ; 

Saiiniol  C.  Davis,  Eben  Riohanls,  George  R.  Taylm,  Wilson 
PriDim,  John  Grimsley,  John  F.  Thornton,  George  .Mll^•lli^c 
Joseph  L.  Sirapson,  ,)acob  Thomas,  Elknnnh,  Janu's,  :iiul  Ju. 
soph  English,  Rdno  Paul,  George  ami  Peter  Morten.  Kujjini. 
Laveiilo.  Jacob  Kern,  Peter  Guerette,  .James  L.  anil  ■Mmi.  Fau- 
cet, Peter,  RIohnrd,  Joseph,  and  .Tames  Warren,  Iliiviil  uiil 
Peter  Monastes,  J.  B.  Godet,  Jabei  Miilboiland,  .Jacoli  /.n,ii„ 
Isaac  McHose,  Jr.,  Peter  Berger,  John  W.  Fralies,  (ii.iini.  \\\ 
lirackett,  Milton  Richards,  George  Martin,  Ed.  I.  .liiiloaus, 
Frank  and  Cliarles  La  France,  Frederick  Krctchiiiiir,  .^r.  ml 
Jr.,  William  Weightman,  John  Blake,  Peter  Krucss,  A.  1.,  K,,. 
laud,  Louis  and  Peter  Turnot,  J.  Sabine,  Frank  Uoper,  ,1.  A. 
Giiyon,  John  and  Peter  Harvey,  George  Ebcrle,  .\.  Fisdier, 
Joseph  and  F.  Brohammcr,  M.  and  J.  Marley,  .Io,«i'|ili  anl 
Adolpli  lirazeati,  L.  Perrin,  t'harles  Mayhew,  (iiiljtMt  anl 
(ieorge  Yeoman,  B.  Laibold,  J.  B.  Tcft,  Thoma«  Busliv.Jumih 
and  William  Kribben,  William  Sanford,  George  Jlilkr,  John 
Mulligan,  J.  II.  Scott,  Paul  Wondorly,  William  (Jiitlliii„i;, 
Christopher  Burkland,  James  Moddicroft. 

The  company  first  occupied  a  one  story  franu'  ImilJ. 
ing  on  the  east  side  of  Second  Street,  between  Almond 
and  Spruce  Streets;  but  in  1836  removed  to  a  two- 
story  brick  engine-house  on  the  south  side  of  tipiuco 
Street,  between  Second  and  Third  Streets.    Tlie  erec- 
tion of  this  house  and  the  purchase  of  new  apparatus, 
etc.,  had  involved  the  company  in  debt,  and  in  order 
to  relieve  it  the  City  Council,  by  ordinance  apiiruved 
Feb.  22,  1843,  appropriated  one  thousand  tlirce  Imn- 1 
dred  dollars  to  pay  oflf  the  indebtedness,  providoil  the  | 
company  conveyed  to  the  city  its  ground  and  engine- 
house.     The  city  also  agreed  to  provide  anotlier  place  I 
more  central  and  convenien^t  whenever  tho  cumpany  I 
should  petition  for  it,  provided  it  could  be  done  with- 1 
out  loss  or  expense  to  the  city.     The  eouipanyae-l 
cepted  these  conditions,  and  continued  to  'H'cupy  ilie 
building  on  Spruce  Street  until  1853,  when  it  reiimvii 
to  the  west  side  of  Third  Street,  south  of  Elm.  ad-l 
joi.iing  Washington   Hallfi  where  it  remained  uutill 
its  dissolution  in  1057. 

The  first  engine  used  by  the  company  vas  iliij 
"  Pat  Lyon,"  which  was  loaned  by  the  city  f:overn| 
ment,  and  which  it  retained  until  1837.    lu  this  veal 


FIREMEN,  FIRE   COMPANIES,  AND  PROMINENT   FIRES. 


811 


rporator»  bcin-  U.  W. 
.mes  G.  Barry,  .1  W. 
alsh,  Isaac  McUo^.    M. 

were  James  G.   luvry, 
)hn  Warren,  and  H.  M. 

laao  MoHose,  and  Louis 

Eugene  Alcan,  and  Joliu 

.embers  were  tlie  loUow- 

vras,  George  R.  T«ylc.v.  Wil.on 
K  Thornton,  Ueorso  Masiure, 
,um9,  Elkiinnh,  Jamei-,  .m,l  J  ,- 
„e  una  l'«tcr  Morlmu  Kug.iio 
„,.cUe,.IamesI...vnaM.t,  F,u. 
n.l  James  Wnrrcn,  D^.v.'l  u.il 
aboi  Mulhollund,  J«e>.l)  ZiWin, 
.cr.Jol.nW.Fnikes,  li>"rg.  W. 

„,rge  Martin,  Ed.  1-    .Wto"<. 
e    FiederieU    Kretcl.tm.r,  ?r.  »..4 
,,'Blftke.  PeterKn.e.S  A.1..K.. 
t  J.Sftbine.Fnink  Uo,um-,  .1 .  A. 
•vey,  George   Eberle,  A.   FM.er, 
M    and  .1.   Marley,  ■h->^'V\^  »\ 
Charles    M.vyhew,    (iilL.rt  »nJ 
J    B  Teft,  Thomas  Bii?liy,.lu*efh 
»„',  S..nford,  George  Miller,  John 
,1  Wondorly,  William    IJ.u.U.wu, 
8  Moddiorott. 

apied  a  one-Story  frame  Wd- 

,cond  Street,  between  Almond 

in  1836  removed  to  a  two- 

on  the  sout\i  side  of  Spvuc; 

>„d  Third  Streets.    Tl.eerec- 

,e  purchase  of  new  apv^^vuius. 

,»upany  in  debt,  and  in  order 

uncil,  by  ordinance  approved 

ated  one  thousand  three  Imn- 

he  indebtedness,  provided  Ik 

,e  city  it«  ground  and  ensne- 
rreed  to  provide  anotlier  place 

'nient  whenever  tire  eompaoj 
rovideditcouidbcdone««b- 

the  city.  The  company  ac- 
I  and  continued  to"ccupytl>e 
et  until  1853,  when  it  removed] 

ird  Street,  south  of  Wm." 
Mf  where  it  remained  until 

led  by  the  company  w  A" 
L  loaned  by  the  city  iiovetn 

lined  until  1837.  lut^"*)'^ 


ft  first-class  forcing-engine  was  completed  for  the 
Washington  Company  6y  John  Kern,  of  St.  Louis, 
one  of  the  incorporators  and  afterwards  its  president. 
This  remained  in  use  for  sixteen  years,  and  was  re- 
placed by  one  of  Jeffries'  manufacture,  Pawtucket, 
R,  I,,  which  was  of  the  same  class  as  the  former,  but 
of  lighter  build.  On  the  dissolution  of  the  company 
it  was  sold  to  the  town  of  Washington,  Mo.  The 
rest  of  the  company's  apparatus  was  also  built  by 
Kern,  and  consisted  at  different  times  of  a  two-wheel 
hose-carriage,  a  four-wheel  one,  called  the  "John 
Kern"  in  honor  of  its  builder,  and  another  four- 
wheeler,  called  the  "  Ezra  0.  English,"  in  compliment 
to  the  lifelong  treasurer  of  the  company.  The  com- 
pany also  had  the  usual  tender  or  plug-catcher,  which 
was  called  the  "  Wild  Pigeon."  The  apparatus  was 
painted  blue-black,  striped  with  gold,  and  the  motto 
of  the  company  was  ''  Veni,  Vidi,  Vici."  The  uni- 
form consisted  of  a  yellow  shirt  with  silver  trim- 
miD<![s.  black  pantaloons  and  belt,  and  black  flat-top 
mcdiuni-crown  hat. 

Tiie  pirsonnel  of  the  company  was  composed  prin- 
cipally of  French  and  Germans.    Their  house  was  lo- 
oted in  the  district  known  as  Frenchtown,  and  the  few 
Americans  who  joined  the  company  were  well-known 
and  influential  citizens.     In  1839  the  oflficers  of  the 
company  were  Benjamin  W.  Ayres,  captain  ;  Isaac  Mc- 
Ho.se, lieutenant ;  James  Barry,  first  engineer;  Louis 
Dubreuii,  second  engineer;  Ellis  Wainwright,  first  di- 
rector ;  Hiram  Shaw,  second  director ;  Thomas  Denny, 
third  director;  Thomas  H.  Maddox,  fourth  director; 
Philip  Heilly,  secretary;  and  in  1840,  Benjamin  W. 
Avres,  eaptuin ;    Isaac    McHose,    lieutenant ;    Ellis 
Wainwright,  first  director;  Ezra  O.  English,  second 
director ;    David  S.  Richards,  third  director ;  John 
Dimn,  fourth  director ;  John  Kern,  first  engineer ; 
Daniel  Clover,  second  engineer  ;  Louis  Dubreuii,  sccre- 
lary. 
St.  Louis   Fire  Company,  No.  4,  was  organ- 
ed  in  1839,  and  incorporated  in  February,  1841, 
with  James  H.  Bayfield,  Edward  Holden,  S.  Sumner, 
Benjamin  Ames,  Joseph  Southack,  and  David  Wood- 
man, incorporators.     The  first  president  was  Joseph 
Southack,  who  was  succeeded  by  C.  W.  Allen,  John 
McNeil,  and  Ambrose  Sprague,  whoheKi  the  position 
for  thirteen  years.     The  first  secretary  was  Charles 
IE.  .\lleD,  whose  successor  was  Rudolph  Wohleim,  and 
Ithe  successive  treasurers  were  Oliver   Harris,  John 
[McNeil,  and  Sherr  C.  Hunk;  engineers,  David  Wood- 
liiaD,  Joseph  McNeil,  Antoine  Goodyear,  George  N. 
Stevens,  Chi-.ries  H.  Rigdon,  John  Pawley,  and  John 
inn. 
k  large  number  of  the  leading  citizens  of  St. 


Louis  were  members  of  the  company,  among  whom 
were, — 

Jiwuiih  Wdodiiinn,  George  and  John  Knapp,  Charles  (i. 
Clicflcy,  .lohn  Tlmrning,  ,Io.,'i']ih  Briggs,  .lanios  and  Thomae 
Turner,  Williiim  T.  unil  Tiiylor  Blow,  .lohn  B.  Gerard,  .1.  M. 
Kersliiiw,  A.  Brewster,  Oliver  A.  Hurt,  Ud.  Parry,  Kdwin  Kllis, 
Kd.  Chadwiek,  'Ihomiis  M.  Wannell,  John  J.  Murdook,  John  II. 
I'rie.st.  Isaiicj  l'.  (lieen.  \\.  Boyd,  C.  Kimball,  James  .McNeil. 
Chnrlcs  I).  Walton,  II.  Robinson,  0.  Diinsmore,  Gilbert  Doaron, 
H.  C.  llollingsworth,  Ccorgu  .Mattoon,  Charles  .'<mith,  6.  Bowen,  ^-j 
George  Sutton,  It.  K.  Bolton,  Charles  Purdy,  John  Waters,  \]fi  ^ 
I.oiiis  Noivcrgeldcr,  Thomas  .Stroiip,  J.  M.  KagaV-ft^^erniald-    ^" 


lip,  J.  .M.  Kagatlj-IWte 
win,  .Samuel  Trcadway,  Zero  Marks,  Samuel  and  Charles 
.«tevens,  Howard  Shibley,  Matthew  Burns,  George  Seott.  A. 
Robinson,  Jules  H.  liuibord,  A.  A.  Tutts,  J.  A.  Phelps,  J.  .1. 
.Monges,  John  English,  Jules  l.achaneo,  John  Bell,  Isaac  Rigdon, 
William  H.  Curtis,  and  J-'hn  O'Fallon, 

The  original  location  of  the  company  was  a  one-story 
frame  shed  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Fourth  and 
Locust  Streets,  where  it  was  afterwards  joined  by  the 
"  Missouri  Company,"  and  the  building  was  divided 
by  a  partition,  the  St.  Louis  Company  retaining  the 
south  side,  which  it  occupied  until  the  spring  of  1,'^41. 

Col.  John  O'Fallon,  who  was  one  of  the  earliest 
members,  had  in  the  moan  time  presented  to  the  com- 
pany a  lot  of  ground  on  the  southeast  corner  of  Third 
and  Locust  Streets,  upon  which  a  two-story  brick 
engine-house  was  erected,  the  City  Council  appropri- 
ating fifteen  hundred  dollars  for  that  purpose  by 
ordinance  approved  Aug.  23, 1841.  The  front  of  the 
building  was  adorned  with  Doric  and  Ionic  columns 
and  an  iron  balcony.  Above  the  roof  rose  a  tower 
crowned  by  a  figure,  half  fish,  half  human,  which, 
says  Mr.  Lynch,  for  want  of  a  better  name,  "  was 
yclept  a  '  Prock.'  "  Another  story  was  added  to  the 
building  in  1845  and  the  hall  refurnished,  making  it 
one  of  the  most  complete  engine-houses  in  the  city. 
The  company  remained  in  the  building  until  its  dis- 
solution in  1859. 

The  St.  Louis  Company  was  partial  to  engines  of 
Boston  manufacture,  but  their  qualities  were  not  ap- 
preciated by  any  firemen  outside  of  its  own  members. 
They  were  serviceable,  but  unwieldy  and  uncouth  in 
appearance.  The  first  engine,  a  second-class  suction, 
built  by  Thayer,  was  known  as  the  "  Little  Red,"  and 
after  six  years'  service  was  purchased  by  the  city  of 
Galena,  III.  The  second  engine,  "  first-class  in  every 
respect,"  was  built  by  Hunneman  &  Co.,  and  was 
named  the  "  O'Fallon"  in  honor  of  Col.  O'Fallon.  It 
remained  in  the  possession  of  the  company  until  the 
latter's  dissolution,  when  it  was  sold  to  the  city  of 
Belleville,  III.  The  last  engine,  also  a  first-class  Hun- 
neman, was  bought  for  the  company  by  the  city,  and 
reverted  to  the  latter  upon  the  disbanding  of  the  vol- 
It  was  known  as  the  "  St.  Louis," 


^1 


lH:ilii 


111  111 


«   .U'i 


r 


812 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


'  !!: 


and  was  also  eventually  sold  to  the  town  of  Belleville. 
The  company's  first  reel  was  called  the  "  Tiger,"  and  was 
followed  by  a  four-wheel  single-reel  with  no  name,  and 
the  "  Rover,"  a  handsome  four-wheel  double-reel.  The 
tender  was  called  the  "  Tiger."  These  carriages  were 
all  manufactured  by  Bruce  &  Snyder,  of  Cincinnati. 
The  apparatus  of  the  St.  Louis  Company  was  always 
of  a  vermilion  color,  and  the  uniform  consisted  of  red 
shirt,  white  pantaloons,  black  patent-leather  belt,  red 
silk  necktie,  and  red  low-crowned  round-top  hat.  The 
motto  of  the  organization  was  "On  hand."  The  com- 
pany disbanded  in  the  fall  of  1858,  and  disposed  of  its 
property  in  March,  1859.  The  proceeds  of  the  sale 
were  divided  among  the  members,  each  share  amount- 
ing to  between  four  hundred  and  five  hundred  dollars. 

During  the  existence  of  the  company  three  of  its 
members  met  with  violent  deaths.  Jesse  Baker  and 
Jacob  Weaver  were  murdered  by  negroes  April  17, 
1841,  in  the  store  of  Collier  &  Pettus,  corner  of  the 
Levee  and  Pine  Street,  the  building  being  afterwards 
tired ;  and  Matthew  Burns  lost  his  life  by  jumping 
from  the  steamer  "Sultana"  while  on  fire,  June  15, 
1851. 

Several  of  the  members  of  this  company  joined 
the  new  department,  viz. :  George  N.  Stevens,  who 
was  for  two  years  its  chief,  John  R.  Barret,  No.  13, 
Lawrence  Shea,  No.  17,  James  Fitzgerald,  No.  14, 
and  Henry  Burgh,  No.  4,  hook-and-ladder. 

Missouri  Fire  Company,  No.  5,  was  organ- 
ized in  1839,  and  incorporated  Jan.  29,  1841,  by  Na- 
than Coleman,  David  Watson,  Timothy  B.  Kdgar, 
Thomas  B.  Targee,  John  B.  Blount,  Edward  Walker, 
and  David  Baker.  The  presidents,  in  order,  were  Na- 
than Coleman,  R.  S.  King,  George  Burnett,  Thomas 
B.  Targee,  Isaac  S.  Smyth,  Thomas  B.  Hudson,  and 
William  W.  Branson.  Its  secretaries  were  Joseph 
Rowe,  John  W.  Allen,  R.  S.  King,  George  Burnett, 
William  L.  Kid,  J.  H.  Alexander,  John  H.  Simpson, 
Isaac  S.  Smyth,  and  William  Bright ;  and  its  treasur- 
ers, William  A.  Lynch,  B.  W.  Alexander,  D.  R.  Ris- 
ley,  and  S.  H.  Laflin.  Among  the  leading  members 
of  the  company  were  the  following : 

L.  I).  Bnkor,  jDseph  C.  Kdgiir,  ThoMias  Dresser,  Joliii  Fin- 
ney, (ieorj^o  W.  Huoker,  E.  H.  nnd  William  M.  8im|isnn,  Jnsoii 
Holbrook,  John  li.  Qibion,  J.  K.  Hammond,  John  llnneock,  M. 
R.  CunniiTe,  Charles  Logurriere,  A.  L.  Carson,  L.  S.  liassott, 
Charles  Keemie,  Charles  Pickering,  .(esse  and  Flem.  Calvert, 
W.  W.  Thompson,  William  Qlcnn,  K.  H.  Farnsworth,  Joseph 
Beakey,  R.  Beauvais,  T.  D.  Connor.  Benjamin  Philibort,  II. 
W.  Winstanley,  N.  A.  WaUon,  John  T.  and  William  H.  Chap- 
pell,  D.  J.  Uickey,  A.  J.  Nicolet,  William  R.  Singloton,  Samuel 
Ilagvr,  E.  S.  Evans,  William  M.  Harper,  Frank  Molair,  S.  Hib- 
bard,  V.  J.  Peers,  D.  Matlaok,  G.  8.  and  T.  A.  Day,  J.  B.  Colo- 
man,  F.  S.  Turnbull,  William  Coggswcll,  E.  A.  Manny,  F.  Mal- 
lett,  C.  R.  Wt>rrel,  S.  Vf.  Boyoe,  A.  h.  Perret,  M.  N.  llurohard, 


P.  W.  Freeso,  P.  Dunn,  J.  M.  Field,  John  and  William  Ivvma, 
J.  Gregory,  A.  Ilyon,  E.  W.  Illalohlord,  Enno  Sander,  /.  X 
Roberts,  J.  R.  f  nydcr,  A.  .T.  Noble.  E.  Adrianne,  John  T.  \\nt. 
tin,  Wilkinson  Bryan,  O.  W.  Childs,  Joel  Utiey,  Josepl,  anil 
Morgan  Russell,  Oliver  Bennett,  S.  K.  Wilson,  F.  A.  1:. mis, 
Edward  Colston,  James  A.  Marsh,  William  Green,  L.  N.  Nutz, 
James  II.  Remington,  Vineent  Yore,  Samuel  SpeiliiKi  i.  ](. 
(Irinslcad,  John  Knobbs,  J.  Sylvia,  E.  C.  Bluckbtirn,  W .  ,i. 
White,  J.  H.  Volckor,  George  Wetsel,  and  Thomas  Dnrri' «. 

In    May,  1840,  the   company  commenced   active 
service,  having  located  itself  in  the  one-story  IVaiue 
building  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Fourth  and  locust 
Streets,  occupied   by  the  St.  Louis  Fire  Coiiipiuiy, 
which  shared  its  quarters  with  the  Missouri.    A  year 
later  the  Missouri  Company  removed  temporiirlly  tu 
a  building  on  Third  Street,  below  Olive.     In  1842, 
under  an  ordinance  of  the  mayor  and  City  Council 
approved  March  2d  of  that  year,  a  lot  of  ground  at 
the  northwest  corner  of  Third  and  Olive  Streets  was 
purchased  by  the  city,  and  twenty-six  feet  of  it  front- 
ing on  Third  Street  was  leased  to  the  Missouii  Firo 
Company  at  the  nominal  rent  of  one  dollar  per  year, 
for  the  purpose  of  erecting  an  engine-house.    At  a  cost 
of  about  two  thousand  five  hundred  dollars,  a  substan- 
tial brick  engine-house  was  built  two  stories  lii^h, 
with  dome,  cupola,  and  bell.     From  this  locution  the 
company  removed   in  1852  to  a  house  on  Seventh 
Street,  below  Olive,  which  had  been  erected  for  its 
use,  where   it   remained   until    1858,  when   it  dis- 
banded.    The   first  engine  owned  by  this  eoni|ianv 
was  built  by  Farnham  &  Co.,  of  New  York,  and  ms 
known  as  the  "  Old  Bull."     It  was  considered  the 
best  in  the  city  until  1847,  when  it  was  defeated  bj 
the  "  Emperor,"  and  in  1850  was  sold  to  the  Belclicr 
Sugar  Refinery.    Subsequently  it  was  repurehased  by 
the  company.     In  the  mean  time  another  ciminc  was 
purchased,  but  it  did  not  prove  satisfactory.    The  last 
engine  was  the  "  Little  Missouri,"  built  by  Button  A  I 
Co.,  Waterford,  N.  Y.,  which  at  the  dissolution  of 
the  company  was  sold  to  the  city.     The  motto  of  the 
company  was  "Press  on."     In  1858,  W.  \V.  Bran- 
son  and    William    Bright   were   appointoil  trustees 
to  dispose  of  the  property  to  the  city,  which  thevi 
did,    the   city   paying   fifteen    hundred   dollars  and  I 
assuming  a  debt  of  four  hundred  and  filly  dollarsl 
upon  the  apparatus.     About  seventeen  hundred  dol-l 
lars  was  received  from  all  sources,  of  which  one  thou- 
sand dollars  was  expended  upon  a  picnic,  and  ihel 
balance  applied  to  the  payment  of  the  debt  of  tlitT 
company.  • 

Capt.  Thomas  B.  Targee,  who  was  one  of  the  iD< 
corporators  of  the  company,  and  who  hud  held  tbd 
positions  of  engineer,  secretary,  director,  and  presij 
dent,  was  the  only  member  who  lost  his  life  while  il 


FIREMEN,  FIRE  COMPANIES,  AND  PROMINENT   FIRES. 


813 


John  ttnd  WUlLvm  KvMm, 
lord,  Knno  SandLT,  /.  N. 
5    Adrimi™,  J"*""  ''    ''"■ 
,    Joel  IHlcy,  .I'""'l'>'  '""1 
'k.  W.Uon,  F.  A.  r,.n.is, 
Vimam  Orecn,  1.-  N.  NiiU, 
,re,   Suniuel   Speiliu...  K. 
1    E.  C.  lUiiokbiun,  ".  .1. 
j,  and  •n>'>'"'"'  "'"■""• 


;ii'Uve 


any  commenced 
in  the  one-story  iVame 

ler  of  Fourth  and  Locust 

,.  Louis  Fire  CompMiy, 

■ii  the  Missouri.    A  year 

.  removed  temporuvily  to 
below  Olive.  lu  1842, 
mayor  and  City  Council 

,t  year,  a  lot  of  ground  at 

,ird  and  Olive  Slr.ots  was 
twenty-si:^  feet  of  li  front, 
ised  to  the  Missouri  Five 
•ent  of  one  dollar  per  year, 
an  engine-house.    Atao«t 
hundred  dollars,  a  ^ubsian. 
vas  built  two  storioa  hvA, 
ell.     From  this  locution  the 
,52  to  a  house  on  Seventh 
a^had  been  erected  for  its 
'  until    1H58,  when   it  &• 
l„e  owned  by  thi.  .ouivany 
Co.,  of  New  York,  and  was 
\\\  "     It  was  considered  the 
7   when  it  was  defeated  bj 
850  was  sold  to  the  Bclehet 
luentlyitwasrepureliasedbj 
meantime  another  enuine™ 

prove  satisfactory.    The  to 
Louri,"  built  by  Button  4 
which  at  the  dissolution  ol 
the  city.    Themolt^ofthe 
In  1858,  W.  NV.  Bran- 
Iht   were   appointed  trustee, 
,rtv  to  the  city,  v<m  they 
fieen   hundred   dollars  a„d 
,  hundred  and  filVy  doto 
.out  seventeen  hundred  M- 
[sources,  of  which  one  lho«. 

Ided  upon  a  Vi='"«'/"V,y 
]paymentofthedebto(lh^ 

fgee,whowasoneoftl,eij 
Vani.  and  who  had  held  thj 

Letary,  director   and  H 
Lber  who  lost  his  hfewhtle-^ 


the  perrormance  of  duty.   He  was  killed,  as  heretofore 
stated,  by  the  premature  explosure  of  a  keg  of  powder 
which  he  had  thrown  into  a  building,  during  the  I 
"great  fire"  of  May,  184S».  ' 

I,iBEKTY  FiUE  Company,  No.  6,  was  instituted 
April  23,  1841,  and  incorporated  Feb.  17,  1843,  by 
James  McDonough,  Samuel  Gaty,  John  M.  Wimer, 
William  Piggott,  Thomas  0.  Duncan,  and  others.  Ita 
successive  presidents  were  John  M.  Wimer,  T.  O. 
Duncan,  Adolph  Phillbert,  and  James  Wiseman,  and 
its  secretaries,  T.  ().  Duncan,  William  Piggott,  Adolph 
Philibert,  John  F.  Jennings,  John  Wise,  and  William 
A.  Thornburgh.  Its  only  treasurer  was  John  F. 
Darby,  and  its  engineers  were  James  McDonough, 
Davis  Moore,  John  Evill,  Daniel  Grouse,  Nicholas 
Kitchen,  and  James  Wiseman. 

Tli(!  original  members  of  the  company  wore  the 
employ<:'s  of  Gratz,  McCune  &  Co.'s  foundry,  but 
durinj;  its  existence  its  roll  of  membership  contained 
the  names  of  many  prominent  citizens  of  St.  Louis, 
among  whom  were, — 


Richard  J.  and  John  Hownrd,  John  C.  Evan!",  John  E.  I). 
Cmizins.  Oeorge  A.  Hyde,  George  and  I'hilip  Kingsland,  Jaiiies 
H.  I.oeke,  A.  R.  MoXair,  I'eter  Brookes,  A.  U.  (ilasljy,  Chiirles 
Tudd,  I".  K.  Ferguson,  William  H.  I.ightner,  John  T.  Dowdall, 
William  Mulhall,  John  C.  Vogcl,  J.J.  Drake,  William  H.  lirant- 
mr,  Bernard  Crickard,  E.  H.  Kellogg,  D.  S.  Condit,  S. ,«.  Lewis, 
Jojeph  and  James  Kennedy,  Henry  M.  Snyder,  Theo.  Piinder- 
l.nJ,  William  Corby,  William  Caw,  W.  A.  Walt,  Jidin  O'Brien, 
Hiram  and  James  Ogdcn,  D.  Ford,  Joseph  Miirgo,  \\nw  Ware, 
Robi'rt  T.awson,   Jlichiiel  Bolden,  John  Ku|)ferlf,   Ed.  Dunn, 
Michael   Fit/.palriok,    Aioxiindcr  Boyd,    William   I'atchcll,  T. 
Sogers,  James  MoBride,  J.  A.  S.  and  George  U.  Kico,  B.  J. 
liailey,  Uobcrt  Lindsay,  William  and  George  Wolf,   Nat.  and 
Hobert  Warren,   William  MoCann,   Kd.  Dletz,  Alfred  !*myth, 
Junes  (iaiTCiighty,  J.  P.  Rohinson,  John  E.  Woods,  Charles  and 
James  l>eiil,  Patrick  McCauley,  Conrad  Bonikum,  J.  Walker, 
Henry  Williams,  William  Oondran,  George   Peisch,  John  Loo- 
ney,  tleorge  Biederman,  J.  V.  Liohtenstein,   A.  L.  Whitley, 
J.ihn  Hutts,  Nicholas  Ci>glan,  Patrick  Donnollan,  W.  S.  Black- 
man,  and  RufuB  Kayser. 

A  lot  of  ground  on  the  southwest  corner  of  Broad- 

I  way  and  Franklin  Avenue  was  presented  to  the  com- 

Ipiiiy  by  the  city  authorities  for  the  site  of  an  enginc- 

kiuse,  and  ou  this  lot  was  erected  a  two-story  brick 

I  Wilding  with  cupola.   It  had  a  handsomely  furnished 

.ind  other  conveniences.     The  building  was  oc- 

Icupied  until  Feb.  11,  1858,  when  it  was  destroyed 

Iky  fire,  and  the  apparatus  rendered  unfit  for  service. 

|.\t  different  times  the  company  owned  three  engines, 

lihe  first  built  by  Gaty,  McCune  &  Co.,  the  second  by 

lAiinew,  of  Philadelphia,  and  the  third  also  by  Aguew, 

lihich  was  called  "  Adolph  Philibert"  after  a  former 

nicsident. 

The  motto  of  the  organization  was  "  Wo  Conquer 

jSave,"    The  last  act  of  the  company  was  the  pres- 


entation to  Hon.  John  F.  Darby  of  a  gold-headed 
cane  as  a  token  of  his  service  as  its  lifelong  treasurer. 
PiiffiNix  FniE  Company,  No.  7,  was  organ- 
ized in  1843.  with  James  G.  Soulard,  John  Withnell, 
Charles  Huth,  D.  D.  Davis,  James  C.  Lynch,  and 
John  Dunn  as  incorporators.  Its  presidents  from  time 
to  time  were  Daniel  H.  Donovan,  Richard  Collins, 
Henry  Pitcher,  George  Mayhart,  and  Daniel  H. 
Donovan,  who,  being  re-elected,  continued  to  serve  until 
the  dissolution  of  the  company.  The  secretary  and 
treasurer  were  James  Lemen  and  Charles  F.  Blatteau, 
respectively.     Among  the  leading  members  were, — 

John  H.Fisse,  Henry  and  Samuel  Pilkington,  William  Stoops, 
Stephen  Stock,  John  C.  Degenhart,  Uiohard  Mawdsloy,  John 
W.  Bnme,  John  and  Joseph  Hercules,  Jacob  Trice,  Jacob 
Krucss,  .\loxanderTrii'klor,  Francis  Brincknuin,  '  ry  Meyers, 
Jacob  Docker,  William  O'Brien,  Henry  ("lacker,  .  Harvoy, 

Thonia.s  Wake,  William  Kerr,  John  and  Richard  Collins,  O.  W. 
Ayrcs,  George  W.  Campbell,  J.  D.  Taylor,  John  F.  Mitchell, 
Charles  F.  Taussig,  and  Jacob  Freirogel. 

The  company  first  occupied  a  frame  building  at  the 
junction  of  Second  and  Fifth  Streets  and  Carondelet 
Avenue,  but  in  1846  removed  to  a  two-story  brick 
engine-house  which  had  been  erected  for  it  on  Fifth 
Street,  north  of  Park  Avenue.  At  different  periods 
thr  company  owned  two  engines,  the  first  a  first-class 
forcing-engine,  built  by  John  Kern,  of  St.  Louis, 
and  the  second  a  second-class  suction  engine,  built  by 
Rogers,  of  Baltimore.  The  Phucnix  was  located  farther 
south  than  any  of  the  other  companies,  in  a  large  and 
sparsely-settled  territory,  and  had  to  rely  almost  en- 
tirely upon  wells,  cisterns,  and  ponds  for  water,  but  it 
was  usually  successful  in  subduing  <he  flames.  The 
organization  dissolved  Sept.  11,  1S58,  and  sold  its 
property  to  the  city.  At  the  time  it  possessed  a  small 
but  choice  library,  which  was  presented  to  the  Mercan- 
tile Library  Association,  in  return  for  which  the 
Mercantile  Library  gave  a  ten  years'  membership  to 
such  of  the  members  as  desired  it. 

Franklin  Fire  Company,  No.  8,  was  organ- 
ized in  1844,  and  incorporated  during  the  same  year, 
by  William  H.  Roberts,  S.S.  Carlisle,  Frederick  Lau- 
mann,  T.  R.  Moore,  C.  Harrold,  F.  W.  Engle,  Philip 
Plitt,  and  F.  Kenning.  Ita  presidents  were  elected  in 
the  following  order ;  William  H.  Roberts,  S.  S.  Car- 
lisle, F.  Laumann,  William  H.  Brant,  George  Kyler, 
Richard  Beggs,  and  Henry  Ungermann,  and  its  secre- 
taries were  G .  H.  Hazzard,  F.  Engel,  Willis  R.  Pritch- 
ard,  Louis  Laumann,  and  Earl  Matlack.  The  treas- 
urers were  John  Moore,  F.  Laumann,  John  McNamee. 
and  Alfred  Humphreys. 

Among  the  members  at  different  times  were  the 
following : 


!   t 


i  I  i  ::i: 


!'■   n 


1^^ 


814 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


John  K.  Reltle,  JohiiBton  Hcgi;a,  Ditniol  nnd  Williiiiu 
lliixiiril,  It.  W.  Clenrv,  Cinirud  Iiong,  'riiiiothy  Wlii^liin,  A»)(. 
Ilajn'r,  Diiviil  (ioodlV'lliiw,  Mutlbcw  Itiii'hniinn,  .Iiuiii'ii  Ciirliin, 
Friincifi  (}rniiiiiiii,Ciirrtiin  llofTmiinn,  Williiun  llrnuiiixcli,  KMiot 
and  .[nines  MoI.enn,  Bnrnoy  iind  IioulsSpolbrinrk,  .lolin  Diniin, 
Ilunry  (Hit/,,  (ieorgo  Kil|>ntri<:k,  Uourge  Chninherfl,  C.  tStcin- 
nu'ycr,  .Ta.'cpli  liruco,  Miiliiicl  Hunt,  Chrint.  Ilitniilton,  .lolin 
Jones,  John  D*>ylc,  Fnincis  Hufi^crfl,  ThoiniiR  Fitzpiitriuk,  Joliii 
Mct'arrnn,  Miclmel  I'ii'kott,  Patrick  Betjley,  Keiijninin  Jones, 
James  Carlisle,  Jacob  Brnnt,  An^.  lluttles,  Frank  Iloppor, 
Adiiin  Newman,  William  Howard,  John  Logan,  John  llolhnan, 
John  Martin,  .lnhn  Walsh,  John  Ueed,  iMii'hael  Gelsen,  II. 
WolTcnstvin,  Jninus  MvCaiisland,  Al,  Mntlack,  James  I)arnid)(e, 
James  Kcefe,  Willlnni  Warden,  I'hilipand  John  Poott,  William 
Dieckmnnn. 

The  company's  first  quarters  were  a  shed  on  the 
northwest  corner  of  Eleventh  Street  and  Franklin 
Avenue,  and  in  1847  it  removed  to  a  frame  building 
on  the  west  side  of  Eleventh  Street,  between  Wa.sh 
and  Carr  Street.s.  Upon  this  site  a  three-story  brick 
building  was  erected  in  1848,  the  City  Council  having 
appropriated  two  thousand  five  hundred  dollars  for  the 
purpose.  A  life-.size  figure  of  Franklin  flying  his  kite 
surmounted  the  building. 

Two  engines  were  owned  by  the  company  at  differ- 
ent times,  one  made  by  Agnew,  of  Philadelphia,  and 
the  other  by  Button,  of  Waterford,  N.  Y.  The 
motto  of  the  Franklin  was,  "  We  have  met  the  enemy 
and  they  are  ours."  In  1857  the  city  of  St.  Louis 
paid  the  company  five  thousand  five  hundred  dollars 
for  its  property,  and  assumed  its  liabilities,  amounting 
to  four  thou.sand  dollars.  With  the  five  thousand  five 
hundred  dollars  thus  secured  the  "  Franklin  Library," 
on  the  northwest  corner  of  Eleventh  and  Wash 
Streets,  was  established.  The  library  did  not  prosper, 
however,  and  in  1866  its  books,  numbering  two  thou- 
sand five  hundred  volumes,  and  its  shelves  and  furni- 
ture, were  presented  to  the  Public  School  Library. 
The  .surviving  members  of  the  Franklin  Company 
received,  each,  an  honorary  life-membership  in  the 
Public  School  Library. 

Mound  Fiue  Company,  No.  9,  was  incorporated 
during  the  winter  of  1847,  with  James  Gordon,  G. 
E.  Labeaumc,  S.  Robinson,  Wra.  G.  Clark,  M.  Broth- 
erton,  and  Charles  Guarcie,  incorporators.  Its  presi- 
dents, in  the  order  of  their  succession,  were  Dom- 
inick  Childs,  Charles  R.  Annis,  F.  Meyer,  B.  Jennings, 
William  Pallis,  and  H.  Clay  Sexton ;  and  the  secre- 
taries, C.  R.  Annis,  Joseph  Hull,  A.  Lemon,  and 
A.  C.  Durdy. 

Among  its  members  were, — 

Thomas  A.  Drydcn,  Hugh  and  Jefferson  Sexton,  John  R.  T)o- 
byns,  Charles  Case,  Levi  Asbbrook,  Sr.  nnd  Jr.,  John  Se.\ton, 
Henry  and  Francis  Overstol!!,  Joseph  Hull,  John  W.  Thoru- 
burgh,  Ellis  N.  Leeds,  Peter  Wiles,  James  MoKee,  James  A. 
Rogers,  Nath.  and  Charles  Chiles,  John  Davis,  Jacob  llixler, 


Kinhnril  James,  William  Cluxton,  Edward  K.  .Mien,  .h.imv» 
Slonn,  William  A.  Thompson,  Kredvriuk  Stewart,  John  M>'V  il,|, 
Miuhuol  Drossol,  Jaiiitw  Doyle,  Williiim  MoCaw,  Williiim  I'ui 
ton,  K.  Z.  C.  Jiidson  ("  Ned  lliintlino"),  Mnnniis  Knwh'.  ,lol  n  j( 
Winior,  Jr.,  .Ni'Wton  IJra/.i'lton,  John  ."^tevons,  H.  Wel/,i;..  .\||. 
chad  Carey,  A.  I'rcdoc,  and  Henry  D.  Young. 

The  company  began  active  operations  on  tlic  L'lid 
of  February,  1848.  The  first  fire  which  it  ati.  nded 
was  the  burning  of  Scott's  Hotel,  on  the  souiljeast 
corner  of  Second  and  Green  Streets  (now  Christy 
Avenue),  on  which  occasion  the  Union  Fire  ('iiiii|iuny 
rendered  it  substantial  assistance,  loaning  it  ho.sc,  )iup. 
plying  it  witli  water,  etc.  The  incident  was  never 
forgotten  by  the  Mound  Company,  and  the  wnincst 
friendship  sprang  up  between  the  two  organiziuidn^ 

The   first  engine-house  of  the  Mound    (jdiiipany 
was  a  frame  building  on  the  south  side  of  Howard 
Street,  east  of   Broadway.      In  1852  the  cdiupany 
removed  to  a  two-story  brick  engine-house,  erected  on 
a  lot  presented  by  the  city  for  the  purpose,  (in  die 
west  .side  of  Broadway,  south  of   Brooklyn  Street. 
The  building  had  all  tiie  (then)   modern  iinjirovc. 
monts,  with  a  cupola  and  bell ;  the  bell,  together  with 
an  immense  golden  spread  eagle  which  crowned  the 
pediment,  having  been  obtained  from  the  wreek  nf 
the  "  James  Robb,"  one  of  the  most  palatial  steam- 
boats that  ever  ran  on  Western  waters.    The  cumpanv 
never  owned  more  than  one  engine,  which  wa.s  built  Lv 
Agnew,  of  Philadelphia.     In  1851  a  "four-wheeler 
reel  was  purchased,  and  was  known  as  the  "  St.  Louis 
Belle."     It  was  wrecked  in  1856,  and  its  plaee  was 
supplied  by  another   four-wheeler,  the   "  Shakras." 
The  plug-catcher  was  known  as  the  "  Peytona." 

In  1852,  through  some  oversight  or  inadvertence 
upon  the  part  of  its  oflicers,  the  Mound  failed  to 
comply  with  the  city  ordinance  of  1850,  "establisJi-  j 
ing  and  regulating  the  fire  department,"  by  nc;:!ectin!r  j 
to  file  a  statement  of  its  condition  within  the  time  | 
.specified  by  notice.  Edward  Brooks,  the  itispeetor, 
suspended  the  company,  and  refused  to  allow  it  the  I 
regular  quarterly  allowance  of  two  hundred  and  til'tv 
dollars  until  it  should  be  reinstated  by  the  mayor  ami 
City  Council.  This  was  afterwards  done,  and  on  tlie| 
10th  of  December  of  that  year  the  company  was  re- j 
organized  and  the  following  officers  elected : 

D.  J.  Childs,  president;  C.  L.  Annis,  vicopresick.nt :  .M.  R.j 
Roll,  secretary ;  AVillinm  .S.  .Stamps,  treasurer;  U.  D.  GooJfel-i 
low,  superintendent  of  hose;  William  Clark,  J.  .Sliniib,  P.I 
Qoodfellow,  Sr.,  H.  Stevens,  directors  ;  J.  Chnytor,  chief  engi.j 
neor:  J.  So.\ton,  F.  Myers,  assistant  engineers:  WiHiaiii  ijJ 
Clark,  W.  D.  Loavitt,  U.  F.  Jennings,  J.  W.  Thoniburg,  .J 
Lemmon,  standing  committee;  S.  Treadway,  T.  liranl,  wj 
Cronk,  J.  liixlur,  L.  B.  Grafton,  J.  Henkins,  auiliting  commilJ 
tee;  II.  Overstoli,  l>.  A.  Knwiings,  L.  Perkins,  tiremen's  ,ii!o| 
oiation  committee;  James  W.  Sloan,  steward. 


KIKKMKN,  FIRK   COMPANIES,  AND    IMIOMINKNT    FIIUIS. 


815 


MoC«w.  WiUiiini 


I'ul 


•1  M.«>n''»'^"'"'''"'"  "^'' 
„  St«von»,  B.  WctMl-  Mi- 

1).  Young- 

operalionH  on  tin  Jil 
t  fire  wl*!*:^  it  uttnick-d 
Hotel,  on  tbo  souilieast 
,  Streets   (now  CUristy 
the  Union  Fire  CuiMi'iuiy 
inco,  loaning  it  Wr,  sup. 
The  incident  wu;*  nuvet 
jmpany,  and  the  w:»i..cat 
,n  the  two  orRaniwi  ions, 
of  the  Mound    C^uipaiij 
»e  south  side  of  Howard 
In  1852  the  cuiupaiiy 
jk  engine-house,  eroi'tedou 


y  for  the  purpose,  on 
iouth  of  Brooklyn  Slrool. 
3  (then)  modern  improve, 
bell;  the  bell,  togetl.or  with 
d  eagle  which  crowned  ilic 
.btained  from  the  Nvreck  of 
of  the  most  palatial  sto^m- 
esternv»aters.   The  emnpany 
ae  engine,  Which  ^asbmlt  by 

Inl85la"four-wheok 
as  known  US  the  "St.  Louis 
in  1856,  and  its  place  «as 
lur-wheeler,  the  "Shakr..«:." 
ownasthe"Peytona." 
,e  oversight  or  inadvertence 
fficers,  the  Mound  faile   to 
finance  of  1850,"  establ* 
,re  department,"  by  ne.;lcct.n? 
ts  condition  within  the  t>u.e 
ward  Brooks,  the  inspector, 
and  refused  to  alW  it  tk 

,nce  of  two  hundred  and  fifty 
reinstated  by  the  mayor  and 
afterwards  done,  and  on  the 

^atyear  the  company  waste. 
ing  officers  elected: 

L.Anni«,  vico.vre»ulont ;  M-R. 
•,tam,.Mro«urcr,U.a^oo'e, 

,.    Willmm  Clark,  J.  M>oub,  t 
directors  ;  J.  Cl>«ytor,  chief  engi- 

s.Ut»nt  engineers;   \V'..»  "J 

:.,cnmng»,  J-W-'l''-;''"',, 
,loe;  S.  Treadway,  T.omn.,^1 
fton.I.Henkins,auaHmgco, 

,V.  Sloan,  steward. 


Tlie  motto  of  the  orf^anizatiun  was  :  "  Wo  fly  to 
succor  and  to  save." 

Tliu  company  di.ssolved  in  February,  1858,  and 
conveyed  all  its  property  to  the  city  of  St.  Louis  for 
the  sum  of  one  dollar,  upon  condition  that  its  house 
iind  (ixturcs  should  remain  intact;  that  there  should 
always  be  a  company  stationed  in  its  district, 
and  that  tlio  old  name  •'  Mound"  should  bo  perpetu- 
ated in  the  new  de))artment.  Mound  Fire  Com- 
pany, No.  9,  of  the  paid  department  now  occupies 
the  I  lid  location.  Many  of  the  members  joined  the 
new  iloparlment,  among  them  being  II.  Clay  Sexton, 
the  jiresent  chief  of  the  fire  department. 

La(1<edk  Fire  Company,  No.  10,  was  ineor. 
poratcd  in  1848,  by  Thomas  A.  Bucklund,  John  J. 
Boawoll,  William  H.  Carroll,  Charles  llobb,  Josc'|ili 
Caldwell,  August  Guelbreth,  John  Knapp,  J.  B. 
McKown,  Joseph  T.  M.  Jiltoii,  Michael  Powers,  J. 
Sclirocr,  Thomas  B.  Targce,  and  Peter  Wonderly. 
Its  successive  presidents  were  William  II.  Carroll, 
Peter  Tliomas,  and  James  Luthy  ;  captains,  John  J. 
Boswcll,  Jacob  Schecr,  D.  Petorman,  John  Dempsoy, 
lleiirv  Cross,  and  John  MeCultough ;  secretaries, 
liarton  Hates,  Thomas  U.  Allen,  J.  M.  Downey,  and 
[{.  Dunn ;  treasurers,  August  Guelbreth,  T.  A. 
Biicklaiid,  M.  Powers,  and  D.  D.  Lynch.  The  mcm- 
krship  averaged  one  hundred,  and  upon  its  roll, 
among  others,  were  the  following  names : 

John   N'.  I<egg.  J.  II.   HoswcII,  John   Z.   Miller,   CImrlcs  0. 

llrieno,  K.  M.  Powers,  Henry  Wagner,  William  Long,  Williiim 

FUiiigiin,  .lolin   Peterson,  Jacob  Sclicer,  Tlieoilore  M.  Hunt, 

Jimt!  Ciililwell,  P.  It.  Mock,  Frank   Diigal,  Joseph   Vasques, 

li. .1.  (iordon,  Eph.  Shirley,  A.  Diukson,  L.  H.  t^'hapmnn,  Ed- 

«iid  King,  John    .'^.Taylor,  Uiohiin)   Ivors,  J.   M.  Sanndor?, 

Andrew  l>ict/.,  1>.   Powers,  Thomas  J.  Barrett,  Ocorge  Mat- 

I  ik«>,  M.  I'orsler,  Jackson  White,  Thomas  Dale,  Patrick  Mnr- 

jiiiiv.  Con.  Lynch,  H.  1'.  Farher,  Conrad  Ittner,  William  Dillon, 

[  I'.eorgc  P.  Curtis,  F.  P.  Doncho,  T.  M.  liarron,  James  F.  fmall, 

{Micki'l  Dillon,  William  Tohin,  D.  D,  Hunt,  and  J.  Loan. 

The  company's  headijuarters  at  first  were  a  IVame 

luilding  on  the  west  side  of  Sixteenth  Street,  north 

lof  Chestnut,  but  in  1850   they  were  removed  to  a 

Itwo-story  brick   engine-house  on  the  north  side  of 

iMarket  Street,  east  of  Fiftcentli,  which   had  been 

lluilt  ou  a  lot  of  land  presented  for  the  purpose  by 

Ijauies  H.  Lucas.     The  first   engine  was  a  second- 

[riass  forcing-engine,  called  the  "  James  Gulick,"  built 

p  Rogers,  of  Baltimore.    In  1855  the  company  pur- 

ihased  its  second  and  last  engine,  which  was  known 

silie  "  Laclede,"  from  the  same   manufacturer. 

In  1858  a  committee,  composed  of  James  Luthy, 

D.  Lynch,  John  McCullough,  and  P.  Murphy, 

las  appointed   to  take  into  consideration  the  best 

■eans  of  disbanding  the  company.     This  committee 


recouimenilud  the  sale  of  the  property  to  the  city  of 
St  Jiiiuis  lor  one  thou.sand  five  hundred  dollars,  ex- 
idu.sive  of  all  claims  of  the  city  or  others.  In  Sep- 
tember the  recommendation  was  adopted,  and  tlte  cash 
proceeds  were  ordered  to  bo  divided  equally  between 
the  Polytechnic  Institute  and  the  Protestant  and 
Catholic  Orphan  Asylums.  Tho  O'Fallon  Polytech- 
nic Institute  in  consideration  of  this  donation  ofl'ored 
memberships  to  the  members  of  tho  company,  nnmy 
of  whom  availed  tliem.sclves  of  the  privilege. 

Lafaykttk  II()iik-and.Ladi)1';ii  Cd.mpanv,  No. 
1. — On  the  2;Jd  of  July,  1855,  a  meeting  was  held  at 
the  (!entral  engine  house  to  take  iiito  consideration  the 
propriety  of  forming  u  hookand. ladder  company. 
Mayor  King  presided,  and  L.  Dorslieimcr  was  ap- 
pointed secretary.  Tho  sentiment  of  tho  meeting  was 
found  to  be  in  favor  of  the  formation  of  such  a  com- 
pany, and  a  eomniittee,  consisting  of  L.  Dorshoimer, 
Cnpt.  Couzins,  George  N.  Stevens,  John  Dunn,  David 
J.  Diekoy,  and  A.  C.  Hull,  was  appointed  to  procure 
tho  apparatus.  At  the  same  meeting  David  J.  Dickey 
was  authorized  to  purchase  a  truck.  Mr.  Dickey 
executed  the  commission,  and  in  November  following 
a  hand.somo  truck,  built  by  Pyno  &  Hartshorn  of 
New  York,  at  a  cost  of  one  tiiousand  dollars,  arrived 
in  St.  Louis  and  was  placed  In  active  service.  In 
1855  the  company  was  incorporated,  with  Charles  P. 
Chouteau,  I).  J.  Dickey,  E.  M.  Joel,  and  Edward  E. 
Allen  as  incorporators.  The  president  was  Charles 
P.  Ciiouteau ;  Vice-President,  Edward  E.  Alien; 
Secretaries,  Edward  E.  Allen  and  S.  S.  llubeson  ; 
Treasurer,  James  Sweeney ;  and  Foremen,  D.  J. 
Dickey,  E.  M.  Joel,  Lewis  Fuller,  and  Wm.  Mackey. 
Among  tho  members  were  the  following  :  L.  Dors- 
hoimer, John  Shore,  J.  A,  Price,  C.  llobeson,  James 
0.  Alter,  S.  Hendol,  James  Gates,  William  Oatos,  S. 
C.  Moore,  S.  Lambert,  William  Mallett,  T.  Wetmore, 
T.  J.  Greenfield,  C.  E.  Allen,  Hugh  McDermott, 
James  Oaney,  and  C.  Fredericks. 

At  first  the  truck  was  housed  in  a  shed  on  the  east 
side  of  Eighth  Street,  between  Washington  Avenue 
and  St.  Charles  Street,  but  was  afterwards  removed  to 
a  two-story  brick  engine-house  erected  by  tlie  city  au- 
thorities on  the  south  side  of  Washington  Avenue, 
west  of  Seventh  Street,  which  the  company  shared  in 
common    with    "  Union    Company,    No.    2,"    until 
October,  1857,  when  it   was   compelled   to   remove 
because  of  its  refusal  to  join   the  paid  department. 
The  Missouri  Fire  Company  offered  it  quarters  in 
i  their    building,    and    the   olfcr   was   accepted,   but 
:  on  May  20,  1858,  the  company  disbanded,  and  its 
;  truck  was  sold  to  the  city  of  Alton,  111.     After  the 
debts  of  the  company  bad  been  paid,  there  remained  a 


P 

ij 

-  -;■-'■  1'  it. 

•1 
1 

ill 

I 

1 

H 

816 


H [STORY  OP  SALNT   LOUIS. 


balance  of  thirty-fivn  dollani  and  (on  ccntR,  which  woh 
presented  to  the  "  Uuiitnn  Monument  Fund." 

The  motto  of  the  coiupiiny  wiis,  "  PubliL-  Servants, 
Dot  Ilirclinfts,"  and  its  uniforin  coiiHigted  of  red  nhirts 
trimmed  with  silver,  black  pantaloons,  bella  with  the 
word  "  Lafayette"  in  rained  letters,  and  bluek  regula- 
tion New  York  fire-lutts. 

The  Fire  Wardens. — By  an  ordinance  of  the 
City  Council  approved  Juno  17,  1841,  the  mayor  of 
St.  Loui.<i  was  authorized  and  required  to  select  from 
the  able-bodied  citizens  of  the  different  wards  in  the 
city,  not  memberii  of  u  fire  company,  any  number  not 
exceeding  twenty-five  from  each  ward,  who  should 
serve  for  one  year  and  be  known  and  designated  as 
"  fire  wardens  and  property  guards."  Their  duty 
was  to  attend  all  fires,  and  remove  or  cause  to  bo  re- 
moved, under  the  direction  of  the  mayor,  or,  iu  his 
absence,  of  such  ofiicer  or  officers  as  they  should  elect, 
all  goods',  wares,  and  merchandise  in  the  vicinity  of  a 
firo,  whenever  they  should  deem  it  necessary,  and 
take  charge  of  the  same  when  so  removed. 

From  this  body  the  mayor  was  required  to  select 
five  persons  from  each  ward,  to  be  designated  as  "  firo 
wardens,"  who  were  authorized  and  empowered  to  place 
a  chain  across  the  street  in  the  vicinity  of  a  firo  at 
such  a  distance  as  to  allow  sufficient  space  to  the  firo 
companies  and  property  guards.  They  were  also  em- 
powered to  remove  all  spectators  from  withiti  the  said 
limits,  and  to  prevent  any  person  from  entering  the 
same  unless  entitled  to  do  so.  The  fire  wardens  had 
also  the  power  to  compel  obedience  to  their  orders  and 
to  arrest  any  one  refusing  to  obey,  who,  upon  convic- 
tion, was  liable  to  a  fine  of  ten  dollars  and  costs. 
Each  member  was  to  be  furni.shcd  by  the  city  with  a 
badge  and  8ta£f  designating  his  station,  the  badge  to 
be  worn  on  the  hat  at  all  fires;  each  property  guard 
was  also  furnished  with  a  canvas  bag,  and  each  fire 
warden  with  a  suitable  chain  fiileeii  I'eet  in  length,  with 
a  ring  at  one  end  and  a  hook  at  the  other,  to  enable 
them  to  form  a  chain  of  sufficient  length  to  inclose 
the  street,  all  of  which  were  to  be  carried  to  every  fire 
by  those  having  them  in  charge. 

The  mayor  was  authorized  to  accept  the  services  of 
any  number  of  citizens  not  exceeding  erne  hundreu, 
who  should  form  themselves  into  a  volunteer  associa- 
tion for  the  object  designated.  If  no  such  association 
should  be  formed,  the  mayor  was  required  to  appoint 
the  wardens  and  guards.  An  efix)rt  was  at  once  made 
to  form  a  volunteer  company,  and  on  Jan.  22,  1842, 
at  a  meeting  held  in  the  town-hall,  at  which  the 
mayor  presided,  with  N.  E.  Janney,  secretary,  a  com- 
mittee of  five  was  appointed  to  prepare  a  constitution 
and  by-laws  and  report  to  an  adjourned  meeting  to  be 


held  January  27th.  On  that  date  the  committi  <  n;- 
ported  a  cunstitution,  which  was  adopted  and  tlir  \'<i\. 
lowing  were  elected  officers:  N.  E.  Janney,  ca|>i;iiii' 
William  Rislcy,  lieutenant ;  James  0.  Soulard,  lir$t 
director;  John  Pitcher,  second  director;  George  lien. 
derson,  third  director;  Wayman  Crow,  fourth  dirn  tur- 
John  Whitehill,  fifth  director;  E.  Klein,  HccntRry 
and  treasurer. 

At  a  subsequent  meeting  of  the  directors  (mi  .Ian. 
uary  lilst),  the  following  were  appointed  fire  wiu^lciu: 

/■'iifi  Wtinl. — D.  .S.  Donovan, Towntonil,  Jnnii'j*  liiicliip, 

.Tamos  i'lirker,  David  D.  C'arlvr, 

SecDiid  ]\'<iiil.  -.1.  R.  Stanford,  W.  I'rimui,  David  .'^li.  phtrj, 
.lolin  II.  (illy,  I,.  Howard. 

ThInI  If'iurf.— t'liiirli'i  Mullikiii,  W.  .1.  Lcatnun,  I).  I!.  I|ii|^ 
Peter  I'onell,  A.  U.  Chainbern. 

Fiinilh  Hull/, — K.  I'ricc,  F.  .fonu,  8.  V.  Farniworlli,  .I.e. 
Atkinson,  W.  W.  Aiiiux. 

Fifth  H'dir/.— (iforge  K.  Budd,  Geurgo  Bushy,  Dennis. Mark*. 
S.  1'.  Kt'tc'liuni,  P.  (1.  Ciuiidon. 

At  n  meeting  of  the  fire  wardens  and  pnipenv 
guards,  held  Oct.  22, 1842,  the  following  persim.s  w.ro 
elected  officers  for  the  ensuing  year : 

Williiiin  Kiioy,  captain  ;  E.  II.  Uolibins,  lieutenant:  \aili.ii: 
I).  Allen,  necretary  and  trcaaurcrj  Samuel  Town-^onil,  lir-t  I; 
reator;  John  Pitolicr,  aeconil  dircutor;  A.  1).  Chamlurs  ihirl 
director;  Charloa  U.  Hall,  fourth  direutor;  John  Wbilchill. 
fifth  director. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  directors  held  Oct.  2S,  1842,  | 
the   following  were   appointed  fire  warden.s  for  tlif 
ensuing  year : 

Flrit  Ward.—D.  W.  Donovan,  David  Cartan,  JaiiK  >  Kitchif, 
James  Parker,  Joseph  Liirtz. 

Seroiid  It'iin?. — J.  11.  Stanford,  J.  11.  (lay,  George  \V.  Dai-, 
Lewis  Howard,  Thoina«  J.  King. 

Third  Ward. — Honrv  B.  Belt,  W.  J.  Luanian,  (ieorgc  llrn 
deri<on,  Charles  Fillman,  Duke  Ilani<oni. 

Fourth  Ward. — Francis  Jone?,  S.  V.  Farnsworth,  X.  E.  Jan 
ney,  Rudolph  Birclier,  Mo.ies  Stout. 

Fifth  Ward. — S.  P.  Ketchum,  M.  Simpson,  J.  I..  Liiulcrmat, 
L.  F.  Ruckor,  R.  P.  Clarke. 

■  The  a8.sociation  was  incorporated  by  an  act  of  iliel 
Legislature,  Feb.  20,  1845,  with  the  name  and  >tyl.: 
of  the  "  Fire  Wardens  of  the  City  of  St.  Louis; '  m]| 
on  March  13th  an  act  was  passed  granting  themt 
same  immunity  from  militia  and  jury  duty  ui>  tliel 
regular  fiiomen  enjoyed.     The  incorporators  woro.- 

Willia-n  Hisloy,  H.  Von  Phul,  E.  Klein,  N.  Riiniioy,  JulinD| 
Daggett,  Edward  M'alah,  George  Collier,  Nathan  I).  .Mien.  H 
.Shnrlds,   Isaao   B.  Thomas,  Louis  T.  Labeaunie,  .luhn  Wlii:» 
hill,  D.  Hough,  J.  G.  Lindell,  L.  A.  Bonoist,  Tlioinad  J.  .Mcieil 
John   Leach,  A.  II.  Evans,  P.  Chnute.iu,  Jr.,  Ruljuit  1'.  Claru 
J.  B.  lirant,  Daniel   D.  Page,  .lohn   B.  Saipy,  N.  K.  J;im(.b 
William  Renshaw,  A.  Christy,  Ferdinand  Kcnncll,  l.iraan  lU 
well,  John  Simomls,  J.R.Stanford,  John  Ciivi'ii'lir,  V'illii^ 
M.  Morrison,  G.   K.  McUunnegle,  William  l!a,vli.'^  Aiigu^if 
Kerr,   Edward  Tracy,  Francis  Jones,  Martin  .•^iiiiiuon.  Joii 
Pitcher,  A.  M.  Swnrt,  Willinm   Vandevcnter,  C.  .M.Vata 
Peter  L.  Vandoventer,  S.  V.  Farnsworth,  and  A.  li.  Evtreti.j 


Iftte  the  comniUt.  0  rc- 
w  adopted  iind  t\ir  M- 
Si  E.  J»"noy'  e«l''""i 
lumen  0.  Soulurd,  lir^t 
I  director  •.Oeoruell.n- 
^n  Crow,  fourth  dir.M  lor; 
,r-,   E.  Klein,  sccntnry 

,f  the  directors  («>n  Jan- 
e  appointed  firo  wunlens; 

,W.Vriim...l>"vWSlK,,lmd, 

\n   W.  .1.  liOn"""'  ^-  ''■  "'"' 
Jon..,  8.V.FarM«»ri\,,  .I.e. 

are  wardens  and  rruveiiv 
,  the  following  peri«'»sw"« 
uin;:!  year : 

,„;,  Samuel  Town.en.U.r<t'l,. 

•"T  ^      tr.   John  \Vl.iUh,ll. 
ourth   director,   J""» 

lircctors  held  Oct.  2S,  1842,  i 
pointed  fire  wardens  I 

l)ftviJCartftn,Jii"'>.»KUclM, 
,nl,  J.  H.  a»y' «•="«"  ^^•""" 


,  K.  Jm-  1 


10  Kani'om. 
onc.,S.V.Farn.w«ra-,N. 


KIRKMKN,  KIHK  COMPANIKH,  ANT)   IMIOMINKNT   I'lUKS. 


817 


incorporated  by  an 
?45,  with  the  name 
,f  the  City  of  St.  Loui3 
,89  passed  firantins:  " 


act  of  Ae! 
and  >tyk[ 

them  I 

;;iUtia  and  jury  duly  .^  A' 
The  incorporators  wero.- 
,,,„,   E.  Klein,  N.lU"..'-yWr.B, 

L  Collier,  Nathan  1».  A"". 
^^:^:?:La.eaun.e,..n... 

v.  Choulciu,  Jr.,  K.^ui 
'    .lohnll.  Sarpy,^'.t.J.» 
^!>erdinanaKe„m.....y."* 

li«.vli*^  Aug"*! 

■.  M.Yall 


|ge 


1  Stanford,  Jolin 
Lnegle,  William 
incis  Jones,  Martin 


FarnswortVi, 


Oil  Doc.  5,  1845,  the  (7ity  (/'ouiicil  irnHHcd  an  ordi- 
niiiH'o  directin);  that  all  fines  riillected  from  perHoiiA 
8rii'»*ted  for  resiHfing  the  wardens,  etc.,  should  bo  paid 
ovrr  to  tlio  captain  of  the  said  wardens  for  their  use 
and  tinni^fit.  'I'he  officers  of  the  company  were  a  cap- 
tain, iir.Ht  and  second  lieutenants,  and  secretary  and 
trcMiurer  combined, 

'I'lio  captains  were,  successively,  F.  L.  Kidj!ely, 
Williiim  Kisley,  John  VV.  Luke,  and  D.  N.  Buriroyiio; 
and  the  sncrcfaries  and  treasurers,  Robert  Scott,  F. 
B.  Alexander,  and  D.  J.  Mange. 

In  Septomlicr,  18(58,  the  company  supplied  itself 
with  a  onu-horse  wa;;oii,  with  the  iieecssury  tarpau- 
lins, extinguishers,  etc.,  and  at  the  first  fire  attended 
gubsiiiueiitly  property  to  the  value  of  tlirco  ihoiisaiid 
Joliar.s  was  saved  by  it.  This  sum  was  several  times 
tlic  io8l  of  the  equipment.  The  wagon  was  first 
lumscil  in  the  engine-house  on  Seventh  Street,  near 
Olivi",  and  afterwards  removed  to  the  "  Franklin," 
on  Kleventh  Street,  near  Wash.  John  Shea  and 
MorL'iin  Russell  were  its  drivers,  and  0.  Uoper  and 
T.  Wiu'liin  tm    'a^its. 

In  May,  18i  i  the  board  of  underwriters  sent  to 
Cliit'iiL'o  and  obtained  the  services  of  Charles  Evans, 
the  present  captain  of  the  Salvage  Corps,  who  orgaii- 
izi'il  and  took  charge  of  the  Salvage  Corps,  and  to 
wlmiii  is  due  its  present  great  efficiency.  The  Salvage 
Ooriis  supplanted  tho  tiro  wardens,  and  they  have  done 
no  active  duty  since  that  time.  The  organization  is 
still,  hiiwcver,  in  existence,  but  no  new  meiuhershave 
ken  admitted  since  1876.  Tho  present  membirsliip 
numbers  one  hundred  and  twenty  persons,  who  pay  an 
;iiinuiil  Ice  of  f  ve  dollars.  Four-fifths  of  tho  receipts 
aro  paid  into  the  treasury  of  the  "  Firemen's  Fund." 
The  Firemen's  Fund  Association. — On  the 
•Ntii  of  January,  1841,  a  number  of  leading  firemen 
Wliiiii^ing  to  the  diflerent  companies  founded  the  Fire- 
men's Fund  Association,  the  object  of  which  was  set 
forth  ill  the  preamble  to  the  constitution,  whieh  de- 
clared that  "  whereas,  the  members  of  fire  companies 
in  the  city  of  St.  Louis  are  liable,  in  the  discharge  of 
tlieir  duties  as  such,  to  many  casualties  from  which 
citizens  generally  are  exempt ;  and  whereas,  they  are 
freiiueiitlj  very  injurious  and  sometimes  ruinous  to 
tlic  heultli,  comfort,  and  pecuniary  circumstances  of 
iliuse  oil  whom  they  fall,"  the  association  had  been 
furmed  to  afford  the  requisite  relief,  and  any  able- 
bodied  uieinber  of  the  department  might  become  a 
Bumber  on  the  payment  of  the  initiation  fee  of  five 
itillars,  and  a  further  sum  of  one  dollar  quarterly  in 
ilvance ;  also,  any  citizen  might  become  an  honorary 
meuiber  by  the  payment  of  five  dollars  annually. 
By  a  city  ordinance  approved  Dec.  1,  1841,  all  fines 


that  should  accrue  to  the  city  iif  St.  Louis  fur  vinla- 
tions  of  the  ordinance  regulating  tlin  keeping  and 
storage  cpf  gunpowder  were  ap|iropriat('d  and  given 
to  the  Firemen's  Fund  A.ssocialion.     The  a.ssoeiation 
was  incorporated  by  act  of  tho  Legislature  in   1H4H. 
The  diii'S  first  established  were  found  to  bu  very  oner- 
ous, and  Were  altered  so  that  firemen  were  only  re- 
(|uired  to  pay  one  dollar  per  year.    All  tho  companies 
adopt<'d  a  ruhs-to  ndiiiit  no  now  member  without  the 
payment   of  the  fee.      The  management   originally 
consisted  of  a  board  of  delegates,  composed  of  one 
member  from  each  tdiiipany  and  two  from  the  fire 
wardens  ;  but  this  was  ilianged  to  two  delegates  from 
each,  and  again  to  three  from  each  company.     The 
by-law  wlii<h  designated  and  provided  for  the  relief 
of  members  was  as  follows  : 

"  l!(.|ii!f  sliiill  Ijo  ){rniileil  liy  tills  assoolntion  nnilcrtlii'  fulLiw- 
inH  luHuIaticins,  viz.:  Any  iiH^nlipr  who  iniiy  rnccivt' an  injury 
to  lifo  or  llnih  or  hunllh,  or  who  iniiy  >>e(.omu  sii^k  no  an  to  in- 
ca|ja>'iliite  him  I'roiii  ni^tivu  <luly,  iiiiiy  ri'cuivu  aid  not  to  t'.xoecd 
six  dolluis  per  week.  In  eason  where  a|i|>lieation  is  niailo  lor 
funeral  expenses,  tlio  amount  allowed  shall  not  oxeevii  ihu  sum 
of  seventy-live  dollars.  The  widow  anil  ehildren  of  a  deeoasod 
ineinber  in  );oni|  standing  may  reoeivusnoh  sums  from  thu  asao- 
eiation  as  thu  hoard  may  determine."  .Such  'uini  was  generally 
twenty-tivu  dollars  a  month. 

The  presidents  of  tho  a.ssoeiation  in  success!,  were 
Hdwiird  Urooks,  Hiram  Shaw,  George  A.  Hyde,  Wil- 
liam A.  Lynch,  Thomas  A.  Hiickland,  Edward  Brooks, 
George  N.  Stevens,  and  D.  N.  Burgoync  (since  18()7) , 
and  the  secretaries,  George  A.  Hyde,  E.  M.  Bucking- 
ham, V.  Staley,  John  G.  I'riest,  William  F.  Ftnguson, 
M.  Mooney,  S.  Stevens,  D.  R.  Risley,  C.  F.  Hendry, 
P.  II.  Branson,  Robert  Scott,  J.  C.  Bury,  D.  N. 
Burgoyiie,  John  W.  Banie,  W.  H.  Dangler,  and  John 
Lindsay  (since  1871).  The  treasurers  have  been  Wil- 
liam A.  Jiyiich,  L.  S.  Bussett,  William  Risley,  and 
John  W.  Luke  (since  18(51).  The  original  lilti-inem- 
berswero  William  Chambers,  J.  V.  I'lather,  C.  11. 
Ruggles,  Elizabeth  MuUanjihy,  Daviu  Raiiken,  S. 
Labbadie,  Joseph  M.  Field,  A.  Vinton,  and  Jauics 
Clemens,  Jr.  Almost  all  who  were  ever  members 
of  either  the  volunteer  or  paid  department  belonged 
to  this  a.ssoeiation.  In  ISG'J  the  a.ssociation  purcha.sed 
acircular  lot  in  Bellefontaine  cemetery, and  dedicated 
it  as  a  la.st  resting-place  fot  its  members.  William 
Buttons  was  the  first  member  interred  there,  in  April, 
1870.  The  association  was  transferred  to  tho  paid 
department  Aug.  13,  18G4,  and  is  now  in  a  very 
flourishing  condition. 

The  Fire  Association,  organized  May  31,  1849, 
was  composed  of  three  delegates  from  each  company, 
and  its  object  was  set  forth  in  a  clau.se  of  the  con- 
•^litution  then  adopted,  which  reads  as  follows; 


818 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


"  WiiKitKAK,  variouB  questions  arise  which  concern  the  gen- 
eral interest  of  the  tire  ili-partiuent  of  St.  Louis,  the  sottloment 
of  which  under  the  |ire!<cnt  urgniiizution  is  liable  to  be  lUtcndod 
with  inconvenience  and  delay;  therefore  the  several  companies 
oomposing  said  department,  in  order  to  establish  a  body  in 
which  their  views  and  interests  iu  reference  to  all  subjects  of  ji 
general  character  connected  with  their  duties  may  be  suitably 
represented  and  promoted,  have  formed  an  association  to  bo 
known  as  the  Fire  Association." 

The  first  iiieetiug  was  held  on  the  above  date,  and 
the  following  were  present  as  delegates  : 

C.  C.  Simmons,  John  Mullery,  W.  J.  Austin,  from  No.  1 ; 
Samuel  Hawken,  Patrick  Gorman,  K.  E.  Bolton,  No.  2;  John 
Kern,  Iliram  Shaw,  John  Warren,  No.  3;  A.  Sprague,  S. 
Stevens,  J.  II.  Bryan,  No.  4  ;  D.  U.  Rislcy,  J.  H.  Alexander, 
George  Burnett,  No.  5 ;  Joseph  Margo,  A.  Philibert,  .1.  P. 
Bobinson,  No.  (1;  J.  D.  Taylor,  J.  Lemon,  John  Dunn,  No.  7; 
W.  H.  Brant,  W.  E.  Pritchard,  Juuies  McLean,  No.  8;  D.J. 
Childs.  W.  S.  Stamps,  Jaiucs  McKrn,  No.  9 ;  W.  II.  Carroll,  T. 
R.  Allen,  John  Knapp,  No.  1(1;  Robert  Scott,  William  Hisley, 
E.  A.  Johnson,  lire  wardens.  Iliram  Shaw^  of  No.  .S,  was  elected 
president;  Patrick  Gorman,  of  No.  2,  vice-president :  and  S. 
Stevens,  of  No.  -1,  secretary. 

The  subsequent  officers  wore :  Presidents,  Edward  Brooks, 
A.  Philibert,  George  Kyler,  T.  A.  Buckland,  (!.  N.  Stevens,  P- 
H.  Branson. 

Vice- presidents,  W.  11.  Pritchard,  D.  H.  Donovan,  F.  Lau- 
mann,  George  Kyler,  A.  Sprague,  John  E.  Dunn,  P.  II.  Branson, 
and  James  Luthy. 

Secretary  nud  Treasurer,  S.  Stevens,  J.  II.  Ale.xander,  D. 
R.  Rislcy,  William  Bright. 

The  delegates  were  elected  in  March  of  each  year, 
and  were  always  representative  firemen.  Among  their 
first  acts  was  the  adoption  of  a  set  of  rules  for  the 
gov'jiiiinent  of  the  companies  while  on  duty.  These 
rules  bear  upon  their  face  evidence  of  the  difficulties 
that  lay  in  the  way  of  a  successful  administration  of 
the  volunteer  department.     They  were  as  follows  : 

" Firt.  Any  company  or  part  thereof,  going  to  or  coming 
from  a  fire,  shall  not  in  any  way  obstruct  or  put  themselves  or 
apparatus  in  the  way  of  another  overtaking  them,  but  shall  in 
all  eases  give  a  chance  for  them  to  pass  by,  inclining  to  either 
sido  of  the  street  as  circumstances  permit, 

"  Second.  No  comjiany  i.s  to  run  their  n|>paratus  or  any  jiart 
of  it  thereof  on  the  sidewalk,  except  when  absolutely  neces- 
sary. 

"  Third.  No  person  having  control  of  a  pipe  Is  to  knowingly 
direct  it  so  as  to  throw  the  water  upon  a  member  of  another 
company;  should  he  accidentally  do  so,  he  must  cliangc  its  di- 
rection immediately  upon  notification  of  the  fact. 

"Fourth.  Members  of  companies  who  may  lie  at  a  lire  with- 
out their  badge  and  wish  to  p^s  the  line?,  arc  to  give  the  name 
of  tlie  company  to  which  they  belong,  otherwise  the  guards  may 
be  justified  in  detaining  him. 

"Fifth.  Members  violating  the  constitution  ami  by  laws  of 
this  association  arc  to  bo  reported  to  the  olTicers  of  their  respeo 
tivo  companies,  and  upon  L'oniplaint  being  made,  it  sliall  bo  the 
duty  of  said  company  to  invesliKatc  the  charges  and  award  such 
punishment  as  may  bo  necessary ;  and  if  nut  corrcctcil  by  them, 
complaint  iiiav  then  be  made  to  this  assficlation,  which  shall 
have  power  to  make  ini|uiry,  and  subject  the  olfendor  to  such  ' 
censure  as  it  may  sou  lit." 


An  address  was  also  birculated  by  the  associaiion 
censuring  the  city  authorities  for  not  more  libi'iallv 
sustaining  the  companies,  and  at  the  annual  meet  inn 
in  March,  1850,  the  following  resolution,  ofiercil  Lv 
D.  R.  Risley,  was  unanimously  adopted  : 

"  lieiolved,  That  a  committee  of  three  bo  appointeil  to  iiipin,!. 
rialize  the  Council  for  the  relief  of  the  fire  department;  tliui  iho 

indebtedness  of  each  company  bo  embodied  therein  and  n irud 

to  bo  paid;  that  th^  sum  of  one  thousand  five  hundred  dollars  be 
required  annually  to  sustain  each  company  ;  that  two  tljiiisiuid 
feet  of  hoso  be  made  up  to  each  one;  and  that  every  online. 
house  be  furnished  as  far  ns  practicable  with  gas.  That  in  the 
event  of  the  foregoing  being  granted,  we  pledge  ourselves  not 
to  call  upon  the  city  for  money  or  hose,  unless  from  ilcstructlon 
of  apparatus  by  fire  or  other  unavoidable  accident,  and  th^t  ive 
recommend  to  all  companies  never  to  go  before  the  public  tviili 
a  subscription-paper." 

The  City  Council  refused  to  do  this,  but  passed  a 
modified  ordinance  reducing  the  amount  to  one  thou- 
sand dollars  per  year  and  the  hose  to  one  thousand 
feet,  and  insisted  upon  the  appointment  of  an  in- 
specter.  It  also  refused  to  pay  the  companies'  deliis 
but  subsequently  consented  to  do  so. 

In  May,  1851,  Edward  Brooks  was  appointed  iu. 
spector,  and  served  for  three  year.s ;  he  was  succeeded 
by  George  N.  Stevens,  who  served  until  the  dissolmkin 
of  the  department. 

The  association,  while  ostensibly  having  tlic  govero- 
ment  of  the  companies  in  its  own  hands,  was  powerless 
to  carry  out  its  decrees.  It  suspended  and  fined  com- 
pany after  company,  and  reported  its  action  to  the 
City  Council,  but  with  no  results,  as  that  body  alwnvs 
reinstated  the  oiTending  company.  The  association 
finally  resolved  to  investigate  no  further  cliar;.'i 
brought  before  it.  In  1855  the  Union  Fire  Com- 
pany withdrew  from  the  association,  and  was  fuiloweil 
by  the  Franklin,  Mound,  Liberty,  Washington,  Mi^ 
souri,  Phoenix,  Laclede,  St.  Louis,  and  Central.  In 
1857  the  fire  companies  then  remaining  rejected  tk 
provisions  of  the  ordinance  establishing  the  paid 
partmeut,  and  the  association  elected  a  chief  eiifriiioor 
and  three  assistants  of  its  own,  who  were  respect- 
ively J.  E.  D.  Couzins,  A.  C.  Hull,  A.  Sprague,  aiiJ 
Joseph  Gregory.  Before  the  term  of  these  offierrs 
expired,  however,  the  compiinies  had  nearly  ail  ili- 
banded,  and  they  were  practically  officers  without 
department. 

The  last  meeting  of  the  association  was  held  Miirch 
15,  1859,  at  which  William  Bright,  secretary  aiid 
treasurer,  reported  a  balance  in  the  trea.sury  of 
twenty-eight  dollars  and  ninety-five  cents,  which  th 
ordered  to  be  turned  over  to  the  Central  Fire  C'niii-I 
pany,  the  only  volunteer  organization  then  in  cxi>i-| 
euce. 


culated  by  the  associatimi 
ies  for  not  more  libirally 
jnd  at  the  annual  uioetiiig 
ing  resolution,  offero.l  by 
lusly  adopted : 

ofthreobo»ppointeato.„o,„„. 
'„t  the  flro  department;  that  tho 
,e  embodied  therein  aiulvvmiroJ 
thousandflve  hundred  dollars  Ik 
loh  company  ;tlmt  two  t\wu.md 
loh  one;  and  that  every  .ngme. 
racticable  with  gas.    Thai  in  the 

granted,  we  pledge  ourselv.,  no, 
,y  or  hose,  ..ntafi  from  ae»t  ruction 
Unavoidable  accident,  and  tl.it  «c 
aever  to  go  before  the  pulilio  «itli 

jsed  to  do  thi8,butp,i«cda 
cing  the  amount  to  one  thou- 
^nd^tho  hoae  to  one  thuusand 
I  the  appointment  of  an  in- 
i  to  pay  the  companies'  dcks, 
ited  to  do  80. 

ard  Brooks  was  appointed  lu- 
three  years ;  he  was  sueceeded 
who  served  until  the  dissolution 

,le  ostensibly  having  tlicsrovern. 
,  in  its  own  hands,  wt.8  powerless 
8.    It  suspended  and  fined  com- 
and  reported  its  action  to  tlie 
;  no  results,  as  that  body  always 
l„g  company.     The  assoei;mo„ 
Lvesligato   no   further   cl.ar.es 
In  1855  the  Union  Vire  Com- 
[he  association,  and  was  foll..weJ 
iuA,  Liberty,  Wasliington,  Mis- 
Je,  St.  Louis,  and  Central.   In 
Lies  then  remaining  rejected  the 
inance  establishing  the  p;.id  do. 
Bciation  elected  a  chief  etiptieet 
of  iU  own,  who  were  resped- 
,s    A.  C.Hull,  A.  Spratiue,  ai.J 
fore  the  term  of  these  ofiioetsl 
companies  had  nettrly  .dl  dts- 
:e  practically  officers  wiil.out » , 

If  the  association  wa.s  held  M«tl' 
IwiUittm  Bright,  seeretitry  and 
la   balance    in    the   trea.sury  of 

Tnd  ni..ety-five  cents,  wliKliW 
I  „yortothoCentnilFiv>'l* 
fteer  organiiation  then  m  osi>t-l 


FIREMEN,  FIRE  COMPANIES,  AND   PROMINENT  FII.SS. 


819 


IjAnoB  FiiiES. — 1829.  Novembers. — The  extensive  brewery 
of  ,lohn  Mullanphy,  situated  in  the  upper  part  of  the  city,  was 
wliolly  destroyed  by  fire,  together  with  all  the  buildings  at- 
tnrlied  to  it.  This  was  the  first  serious  loss  from  lire  in  the  city. 
1S32.  April  23. — The  steamboat  "Talisman"  was  burned 
wliilo  in  port.     None  of  her  furniture  or  cargo  was  saved. 

!S.13.  April  18. — The  frame  buildings  occupied  by  A.  ii. 
Smith  it  Co.  us  a  confectionery-store,  ond  owned  by  L.  Dever, 
tdgither  with  their  contents,  were  •intiroiy  consumed. 

,hi1y  15. — The  building  containing  the  engine  of  the  city 
water-works  was  burnt  down,  and  the  machinery  of  the  engine 
dcs'roycd. 

1S;)7.  February  3. — The  old  theatre  was  destroyed  by  fire, 
anil  a  tenement  adjoining,  occupied  by  Mr.  Godfrey  as  a  blacU- 
jmilh-shop,  was  also  burnt  down.  The  theatre  was  unoccupied. 
1838.  December  10. — A  now  brick  tenement,  owned  by  E. 
Bredell,  on  the  south  side  of  Market  Street,  between  Main 
and  Second  Streets,  with  the  contents,  was  entirely  consumed. 
The  first  floor  was  occupied  by  Henry  Wienmn  A  Co.  as  a 
family  grocery-store,  and  the  upper  rooms  by  C,  D.  Osterloh  A 
Co.  lis  a  dry-goods  store. 

I'".;-,  .jcptcmijer  2. — The  warehouseof  Messrs.  Blaine,  Tomp- 
kins A  Barrett,  on  Water  Street,  between  Laurel  and  Vine 
Streets,  was  destroyed.  The  flames  spread  to  the  adjoining 
l)uil>li«gs.  On  the  south  a  number  of  wooden  buildings  (a 
grocery-  and  drug-store,  among  them, — Alleyno  A  Co.'s  and  0. 
Cobb'.")  were  also  destroyed;  on  the  north  the  adjoining  store 
of  Messrs.  Stettinius  &  January  shared  the  same  fate.  The  first 
frame  building  adjoining  Blaine,  Tompkins  &  Barrett  was 
iwcupied  by  G.  M.  Willing  A  Co.  In  this  house  several  persons 
ivcrc  employed  removing  the  goods,  when  the  gnlile  end  of 
Blaine,  Tompkins  A  Barrett's  building,  which  had  previously 
been  injured  by  an  explosion  of  gunpowder  in  the  store,  fell 
upon  it  and  crushed  to  death  B.  L.  Turnbull,  book  merchant, 
James  Haydcn,  son  of  Klijah  Hnyden,  Matthew  Medley,  and  a 
voung  man  name<l  Brewer,  son  of  Charles  Brewer.  The  losses 
cfO.  M.  Willing  A  ('o.,  Ulaine,  Tompkins  A  Barri-tt,  Stettinius 
i  January,  Allcyne  A  Co.,  0.  Cobb,  J.  lUce,  and  Z.  N.  Uoberts, 
lid  the  other  occupants  of  the  frame  buildings  amounted  to 
«bont  thirty  thousaml  dollars.  The  whole  loss  did  not  fall  short 
of  one  hundred  and  thirty  thousand  dollars. 

1841.  May  3. — The  suli  treasury  building  and  the  stores  of 
1>.  Levison,  S.  W.  Meceh,  Thomas  0.  Settle,  W.  11.  McKinstry, 
Mcjsrs.  Kinim  A  Tewes,  and  Wolfl"  A  lloppe,  on  Main  and 
Market  Streets,  and  a  number  of  snuill  wooden  stables,  coal- 
bousei,  etc.,  in  the  re.  i-  wore  entirely  destroyed.  Tho  stock  of 
ili  was  more  or  less  injured.  Tho  loss  on  buildings  nniounteil 
tobelwei>n  sixty  and  seventy  thousand  ilolluis. 
December  1. — A  row  of  cix  tenements,  belonging  to  the  estate 
■1  Mr.  Mullanphy,  was  entirely  destroyed. 

1844.  June  2'). — Tho  upper  story  of  the  United  States  Hotel, 
wriier  of  Vine  and  Second  Streets,  was  almost  I'ntiroly  destroyed. 
Octohcr  30. — The  Ho]«  Mills,  corner  Fifth  rind  Ha/.el  Streets, 
OKiieilby  James  (1.  Sutton,  Mr,  Black,  and  Dr.  Culver,  togollicr 
»illi  twii  hundred  and  fifty  l.arrels  of  flour,  w  ore  destroyed.  The 
mills  hail  been  recently  purchased  for  ten  thou:iund  dollars. 

ISIfi.  Pe|ilember  20. — The  hemp  warehouse  of  (1.  W.  Jonks, 
on  Main  ."'Ircct,  with  its  contents,  was  destroyed  ;  loss,  seventy 
tliMSiinil  dollars  ;  insurance,  fifty  thousand  dollars.  The  Wil- 
liam Tell  tavern  adjoining  on  the  north  was  considerably  daui- 
ijtil  by  lire  iiml  water. 

IMS.  Miu'ch  11. — Tho  steamers  "  Avalanche,"  "Hibernian," 
"Jdlui  J,  Hardin,"  and  "  Tinclede,"  lying  at  the  Fiovee,  near  tho 
(«"l  ipf  Washington  Avenue,  with  nearly  fiveivthing  on  board, 
we  I'ntiioly  consumed.  Two  barges  lyiiig  above  tho  "  Hardin" 
"tro  alio  destroyed. 


1849.  May  17. — About  ten  o'clock  nt  night  an  alarm  from 
the  steamboat  bells  was  sounded,  which  was  the  precursor  of 
the  most  disastrous  calamity  that  had  yet  befallen  St.  Louis. 
A  fleet  of  boats  was  lying  nt  the  Levee,  and  the  alarm  was 
caused  by  the  discovery  of  fire  on  board  the  "  White  Cloud," 
lying  between  Wosh  and  Cherry  Streets.  The  "  Eudora"  was 
lying  above,  and  the  "  Edward  Bates"  below  the  "  M'hite  Cloud," 
and  tho  "  Belle  Isle"  and  "  Julia"  below  the  "  Bates."  At  the 
time  of  the  commencement  of  the  fire  the  wind  was  blowing 
stiflly  from  the  northeast,  forcing  the  boats  directly  in  shore, 
and  contributing  greatly  to  the  extension  of  tho  conflagration. 
The  "Eudora"  was  soon  on  fire  from  the  "M'hile  Cloud,''  and 
the  "  Edward  Bates"  caught  almost  at  tho  same  time.  The 
hawsers  of  this  vessel  were  either  cut  or  parted  while  on  fire, 
and  she  drifted  into  the  current,  carrying  destruction  to  almost 
all  the  boats  south  of  her.  AlUiough  the  cables  of  all  the  boats 
were  hauled  in  and  the  vessels  drifted  out  into  the  current,  tho 
flaming  vessel  outstripped  them  all  in  the  speed  with  which 
sho  traveled  down-stream.  She  seemed  intent  upon  getting 
in  among  and  destroying  the  fleet  now  loosened  from  their  fas- 
tenings and  driven  about,  the  sport  of  tho  wind  and  the  waves, 
with  no  one  on  board  to  control  them. 

In  a  very  short  time,  perhaj.s  in  thirty  minutes  after  tho 
conflagration  commenced,  the  whole  lengin  of  the  wharf,  from 
Cherry  Street  to  tho  head  of  Duncan's  Island,  a  distance  of  at 
least  a  mile,  presented  (me  almost  unbroken  lino  of  either  lurid 
light  or  brilliant  blaze,  and  thus  was  sealed  the  destiny  of 
twenty-three  boats,  nearly  four  hundred  anil  forty  thousand 
dollars'  worth  of  property  being  destroyed.  Following  are  tho 
names  of  the  steamers,  together  with  the  ostinnited  marine  loss 
and  insuranoo : 


lloHlH.  Valuation. 

American  Eagle.  ?14,0n0 

Alice 18,000 

Ale.x.  Hamilton.  15.000 

Acadia 4,000 

Boreas,  No.  3 14,5110 

Belle  Isle 10,000 

Eliza  Stewart....  9,000 

Eudora 10,000 

Ed.  Bates 23,500 

Frolic 1,500 

Gen.  Brooke 1,500 

Kit  Carson 15,000 

Mameluke 30,000 

Mundan 14,000 

Montuuk 16,000 

Martha 10,000 

Prairie  State 20,000 

Red  Wing (1,000 

St.  Peters 12,000 

Sarah 35,000 

Taglioni 20,000 

Timour 25,000 

White  Cloi  1 3,000 


Iniuruni'c.       Where  Insiin-O.        Cargo. 

$3,500     Piltsburgh 

12,000  St.  Louis  and  East..  $1,000 

10,500     Eastern  offices 

4,000     Eastern  oflioes 1,000 

11,500    St.  Louis 

8,000     New  Orleans 

9,000     St.  Louis  and  Nash 

10,500     St.  Louis 

15.000     St.  Louis 


.><,000 
20,000 
10,500 
10,000 
10,000 
13,000 

11,000 
20,000 
15,000 
18,000 

3,000 


St.  Louis 3,000 

St.  Louis  and  East 

St.  Louis 

St.  Louis  and  East.     .'<,flOO 

St.  Louis 30,000 

Eastern  offices 3,000 

3,000 

Nash,  and  Louis 

Cincinnati 30,000 

Pittsburgh 12,000 

St.  Louis  and  East.     0,000 


$97,000 


$339,000  $22.., 500 
Total  number  of  steamers  destroyed,  23. 

Estimated  value $339,000 

Estimated  value  of  cargoes  burnt 97,000 


$436,000 

Esiiinated  valui  of  three  barges  burnt 2,500 

Estimated  valu^  of  one  canal  boat 1,000 


I  Total  value  of  boats  and  cargoes $439,500 

Many  of  the  steamers  were  among  tho  best  and  largest  engaged 
in  tho  St.  Louis  trade.  Some  bad  just  arrived  « ith  full  cargocl 
on  board,  some  were  in  like  condition  ready  to  depart,  and 
(tilers  piirtinlly  loaded,  either  in  the  act  of  receiving  or  dii- 

I  ch  irging  cargo. 

I       The  destruction  of  property,  though  very  groat,  was  only  tho 


1i'  ^ 


Sj!  ^  - 


>    ,i 


820 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


) 


forciunno,  of  a  much  more  sorioiis  cnlnmity.  On  the  Levee 
there  wore  considerable  qunntitiea  of  frei;;ht  of  a  combustible 
nature,  whioli  had  been  discliarged  from  boats  during  the  day. 
This  freight  soon  ignited  and  burned  for  a  long  time.  The  firo 
began  in  a  row  of  frame  shanties  on  the  river  between  Vine  and 
Locust  Street.1,  and  spread  very  rapidly.  Labeaume's  building, 
about  midwny  of  the  block,  on  the  north  side  of  Locust  Street, 
was  saved,  but  the  whole  of  the  block  south  of  Locupt,  with  the 
e.\ception  of  Mr.  Collier's  house  on  Olive  Street,  and  the  whole 
of  the  ne.xt  block  south  to  Pine  Street,  and  tlicncc  through  to 
Chestnut  Street,  and  south  on  Market  Street  until  tho  llamos 
reached  the  building  belonging  to  the  representatives  of  Pratte, 
on  the  corner  of  Mar.<ct  and  Front  Streets,  were  entirely  de- 
stroyed. The  buildings  on  Water  Street,  between  Chestnut  and 
Market,  wore  saved.  The  intervention  of  'he  Market  Square, 
although  the  market-house  was  in  imminent  danger,  put  a  stop 
to  the  fire  in  this  direction.  Going  back  to  Locust  Street,  in 
tracing  the  course  of  the  fire,  the  corner  house,  owned  by 
George  Collier,  was  burned.  Tho  Pratte  buildings  wore  tire- 
proof,  and  otTcred  successful  resistance  to  the  tianies.  Passing 
from  this  row  of  buildings,  the  fire  swept  down  t)  Olivo  Strett, 
taking  nearly  one-half  of  thi  block  in  its  course;  crossed  that 
street,  ccmsuming  nearly  three-fourths  of  the  block,  including 
tho  Itcieillc  oftice:  passed  over  the  whole  of  the  blocks  from 
Vine  Street  to  .Market,  and  terminated  with  tho  destruction  of 
the  row  of  buildings  belonging  to  Mrs.  S.  Perry  and  E.  Urodell, 
on  the  south  side  of  Market  Street,  between  Main  and  Second. 
Tho  yew  Em,  the  Organ,  and  the  Wc/ni/i/iciiii  utlicos,  on  Che.st- 
nut  Street,  wore  burned.  Tho  further  jirogress  of  the  fire  was 
Btayeii  on  Market  Street  by  the  blowing  up  of  several  buildings 
in  its  path.  During  tho  explosion,  by  the  premature  bursting 
of  a  keg  of  gunpowder,  T.  B.  Tiugoc,  a  well-known  citizen  and 
leading  volunteer  fireman,  was  instantly  killed  and  his  body 
blown  in  every  direction,  and  Wells  Colton  and  llu.sscll  Prentiss 
wore  seriously  injured. 

Almost  at  the  same  time  as  the  beginning  uf  the  fire  in  this 
section  of  the  city,  the  llames  from  one  of  the  burning  boats 
communicated  to  the  house  at  the  corner  of  Elm  and  Front 
Streets,  and  swept  away  almost  the  whole  block.  The  entire 
block  between  Main  and  Second  and  Elm  and  Myrtle  Streets 
was  dcstroycil,  and  fraotinnal  portions  of  the  block  north  of  tho 
one  just  described  and  those  south  of  Myrtle  running  to  Thinl 
were  also  destroyed.  Tho  llames  rageil  from  10  o'clock  P.M.  to 
7  o'clock  llio  ne.\t  morning,  aided  during  the  whole  time  by  a 
strong  wind,  which  sometimes  veered  a  little,  threatening  tho 
whole  city  with  destruction.  The  whole  or  parts  of  fifteen 
blocks  were  destroyed.  At  an  early  hour  tho  water  gave  out, 
and  the  fire  oompiiuies  were  unable  to  oiler  any  ellectivo  resist- 
ance to  the  progress  of  the  fire.  Fiftysevcn  persons  wore 
arrested  by  the  police  in  the  act  of  feloniously  carrying  oft'  the 
J)ro|^crty  of  sull'crers. 

The  aggregate  loss  of  property,  in  buildings,  steamboat.'!,  auvl 
mercbanilise,  was  estimated  as  follows  by  the  city  assessor! 

Stock  and  merchandise  in  store  and  on  wharf s5,000,nil(l 

Steamboats,  and  merehamlise  on  board fi(lll,IIIIU 

liuildiugs  burned '    2,'2'Mt 

Total f«,102,'J»0 

Tho  burning  of  the  "  White  Cloud"  was  believed  to  be  the  act  of 
an  incendiary.  On  the  22d  of  May  a  meeting  of  property- 
holders  and  others  interested  was  helil  at  the  I'lantors'  House, 
to  take  into  consiileration  the  expediency  of  widening  the 
streets,  0.x teniling  tho  wharf,  etc.  I.  0.  .Meier  was  called  to  the 
chair,  and  Thomas  Allen  was  appointed  scciotary.  It  was  re- 
Bolveil  tlnit,  provided  in  rebuilding  the  burnt  district  it  was 
praolicablu  and  oxpedienl  tu  improve  its  appoaruuce  and  guard 


against  a  like  calamity  by  widening  the  streets,  etc.,  the   art- 
way  on  Main  Street  from  Ijuonst  to  Market  shouM  bo  wide )  tg 

thirty-two  feet,  the  sidewalks  to  fourteen  feet ;  that  the  im ,  ivay 
and  sidewalks  of  the  cross  streets  from  Locust  to  Plum  slioilil  \^ 
widened ;  that  Commercial  Street  should  be  opened  to  forty  lit  in 
width  and  declared  a  public  highway  ;  that  the  alley  !ii;»oc]i 
Main  and  Second  streets,  from  Locust  to  Ehn,  should  botipi  ;.n|t„ 
twenty-five  feet;  thatthewharf  should  be  extended  by  dip" '.ting 
tho  rubbish  from  the  fire,  etc.,  upon  the  wreaks  of  stciinilioai! 
lying  in  tho  river,  and  erecting  a  wall  at  a  proper  distiiii.c  out 
to  meet  the  grade  to  Second  Street;  that  Main  Street  sIkhiM  Ijc 
lowercil  two  feet  lit  the  crossings,  in  order  to  efl'ect  a  proper  drain- 
age; that  fire-proof  buildings  only  should  be  erected  in  cirt.iin 
districts;  that  no  lumber-yards  should  be  permitted  cn.-i  of 
Seventh  street;  and  that  the  above  propositions  should  I  u  suli- 
mitteil  to  tho  City  Council  for  its  serious  consideration,  i  ic. 

This  disaster,  in  addition  to  the  direct  pecuniary  loss  iiiilitj|i;,| 
upon  owners  of  property,  threw  thousands  out  of  empli.ynn'ni 
and  the  diiinago  indirectly  caused  by  it  could  not  be  cniriilinni 
Among  the  principal  sufl'erers  were  Brown  A  King,  Cb^n'ics  .\t. 
linger,  James  Bissoll,  Pierre  Chouteau,  Jr.,  Michael  linliiluus 
J.  II.  Gay,  R.  H.  Miller,  K.  Kankin,  A.  Newberry,  ,1.  \V.  Kiui, 
Abraham  Jacobs,  II.  Von  Phul,  Isaacs  A  Brooks,  II.  IS"^tlloU'^ 
estate,    Isaac   Isaacs,   A.  Wickersham,    Sublette  it   t'aiii|il,el|, 
Lewis  M.  Levy,  L.  V.  Bogy,  Julien  Nicolot  A  Co.,  'fluo.  (iau. 
trie,  P.  C.  Ilavaker,  Aiine    Blaine,  Patterson  &  Dorslu'lmcr 
Samuel  Gensler,  B.  Pratte,  Wni.  II.  Jennings,  ILirvev  llcnrj, 
Simon  Lewis,  Saiuu^i  McNoilly  <fc  Co.,  Kaborg  A  Shullntr,  S. 
II.  Ilerrick,  Win.  L.  Chatterwood,  E.  M.  Sell,  Greeley  ,t  (juii., 
llur.yan,  llillman  .It  Co.,  George  Collier,  Charles  Sempic,  I'rake 
&  Baker,  S.  G.  Blanchard,  Smith  Brothers,  J.  Wood,  li.  ['.  Hali, 
Bullock  &  Lawrence,  Ileiskell,  Dudley  &  Thompson.  ,lulin  W. 
Eyre,  L.  .M.  Keiuictt,  J.  C.  Barlow,  Win.  Anderson,  A.  Ii..l..m.i 
Co.,  G.  W.  (Josnell,  lleid  &  Morgan,  W.  T.  Uoynolds,  liivan.t 
Miltenbcrger,  Mattcson  &  Preston,  Cabauui',  Rasin  ,V  L'o.,Jiiin 
(4.  Priest,  J.  C.  Grierson,  Edward  Brooks,  Adolplius  .Meier.  K. 
B.  Chamberlain,  lIcH'cnstein    &  Co.,   Maginis  estate,  i  haili^ 
Fredericks,  John  Mull i ken,  Robert  Rankin,  I'eter  Wilsui  ,v  i ,. 
Fred.  Dings,  P.  A.  Sarpy,  Joseph  Charless,  T.  lirimslcv,  llnrl, 
Itiicker  A  Co.,  Thos.  Andrews,  G.  C.  Itobhins,  N.  II.  Kiil^'i Icj. 
lirowiileo  A   Homer,  K.  B.  Mason,  Wiel  A  Bros.,  C'hiinikr  .f 
Commerce,  Edwards  A  Noltc,  E.  i;.  Sloan,  W.  C.  .1   K.  lajl  r, 
George  Presbury,  C.  B.  Fitch,  R.  M.  Fiinkhouser,  .M.  .Icrume. 
I/.  Newman,  James  Clemens,  Charles   Koderman,  Miirl^k  i 
Dixon,  Joseph  Eck,  'I'ewes  A  Haves,  Chiles  Brothers  ,t  i  .1..M.II, 
JIaiiii,  T.  W.  Ustiek,  .<.  V.  Farnsworth  A  Co.,  J.  F.  liiiibj..-j.ii.  | 
Otis  A  Co.,  L.  W.  A  L.  E.  Dupuy,  L.  A.  Benoist  A  Co.,  S.  Xi,|rl(i. 
J.  1;.  Woodriifl",  B.  II.  Randolph,  Keith,  R;iy  A  Co.,  ]'..  MutiLiri  I 
A  Brother,  James  Wood,  J.  C.  Reynolds,  John  .*<iiniiiiil<.  FrJ.  j 
Kcnnett,  II.  Choiiteiiu,  Helfenstein,  Gore  A  Co.,  All.  linger!,  .1, 
P.  Johnson,  J.  B.  S.  Lemoine,  II.  S.  A  J.  II.  Lester,  (1. 1!.  Clark.  I 
Riggs  A  Levering,  Humphreys  A  Tbatoher,  Cbiis.  |i;in:i,  llnirr  I 
Shaw,  Bcrthold  A  Ewing,  John  S.  Thomson,  Thos.  1;.  Ilcilnini.  | 
Wade,  Still  A  Co.,  Col.  O'Fallon,  A.  Paul,  Goodwin  .t  Miirriy,  j 
F.  Andrews,  .John  Moss,  Wood  .t  Shaw,  I).  Weitkaiiip,  liaiilj 
Dill,  Geo.  R.  Taylor,  A.  A.  A  K.  X.  Parker,  Woud-,  ( linii  1 1 
Co.,'fevis,  Scott  A  Tovis,  Wilson  A  Brothers,  Mary  lliiini'v.iri.j 
McCreery  A  Ilarksdale,  Win.  S.  Iloiiias,  Chas.  CIiiiiiiIht!.  .Mr!.| 
Boyce,  Page  A  Bauon,  Charles  .t  Ilamiiiond,  C.  liciiiinijtm.  II 
P.  Perry  A  Co.,  Hugh  O'Noil,  Wm.  Robb  A  Co.,  J.ilui   lliinl 
ding  A  Co.,  John  A  M.  Michael,  Levy  A  Brolhers,  AniailifVali;,! 
Larkin    Doaver,   H.   J.   Reed,   II.  Cohen,  J.   1).  ('ara.iii.  .<.  IJ 
Nourse  A  Co.,  Wm.  Lightciip,  George   Baume,  S.  Illodd,  Mil 
Valle,   M.   Rausch,   Buwcn  A  lliirlburt,  Eilwarl  .Mcml,  .lukil 
Shaw,  Wood  A  Violctt,  II.  Papin,  Rutherford  A  Hoy,  lit 
Baum,  Samuel  Turner,  Knapp  A  Shou,  C.  Cuunory,  (.  l'a|>iU 


the  streets,  etc.,  Ibc   iirt- 
.ttrkotshouUlbowi.Kb.  llo 
teen  feel;  tlint  llienn  w;iy 
-,  1,oou9tto  I'lumslii'MlK! 
uiabeoiieneiltofortyi    lin 
ly;  tliftt  the  alley  !"'«,:tn 
ttoEli>i,8>>"»ldbo..v>  ."U" 
,ldbeoxtenac.ll)y>lei.-.ting 
n  the  wrooka  of  steiuul.oal! 
mil  »t  a  propef  <li»''""'^'  "'" 
J  that  Main  Street  AvM  l,c 
LrdortocffeetiM.ioi.iMlruiii- 
r  shoaia  bo  creete.1  in  oitain 

should  be  v"'"'""''  '•'''  '"' 
0  provosilions  shouW  W  suli- 
loriousoonsidenUion,.!,;. 
direct  jieouniary  loss  iullKtc.l 
bousands  out  of  euu>l..v"i™., 
iby  itoouldiiotbeoi.i'.nblrJ. 
roBrown  AKing,Ch;u;c.-.\t. 
utcau,Jr.,Mieb.xel  UuV.l.mx, 
lin.  A.Newberry,  . I.  \V-l^'i'!.', 
Isa.ie»  A  lirooks,  U.  l-nlioH', 
,.8h.uu,    Sublette   .t   V:n»\m. 
ien  Nieolot  &  Oo.,  TImo.  liuu- 
ttino,  Patterson  &  Dm>l,>..ii,.«, 
II.  Jennings,   llarvey  Ikarl. 
i  &  Co.,  KaborgA  Sl.uta.N 
od,  K.  M.Sell,  tireeley.M  (ii* 
0  Collier,  Charles  Sempl-'.  l'«>ke 
U  Brothers,  J.  W"">1,H.1M1»11, 

,  Dudley  &'l'h"'»l'«»n' •'"''"  ^^■ 
jw  Win.  Anderson,  A.  U..l"ii.-4 
„rRan,\V.T.Heyn»ld.,Ii.v.>n.t 
,ton,Cabanu6,UasinACo.,J.W 
rard  Biouks,  Adolpbus  Meier,  i. 

&  Co.,   Maginis  eslute,  Cluuk^ 
.bertUankin.l'oterWilsoiii.., 

onhCharle»s,T.Orim.l.'y,l!u.l, 
,1   0.  Bobbins,  N.  U.  Hi.l|!M..y. 

ason,  Wiel  A  B-'o*'-  '•''"";!'";'' 
K  i:  J^loan,  W.  C.  .^  H.  li.vl-r, 
U.  M.  Funkhouser,  M.  Jerome, 
niarles   Bodcrnuin,  M"tl"'l^  i 

laves,  Chiles  Brothers  &  Co.,  M.U. 

„sworthACo.,.).lM'^'>l'y.7;«' 
,v   1,.  A.BenoistACo.,S.Ni.lmi. 

,h.  Keith.  U.y  A  «'>••• '■-■^'""';* 
Ueynolds,  JohnHi."..n.l^^M■ 
,lein,li»ro&Co.,  AU'.Uo^r.A, 
U  S  A.l.H.  Lester, li.H.lim. 
A  Thateher.  Ch.s.  l';.n^>.  ""•^y 
,„S.  Thomson.  Tb..s..;.Uovl''"». 

on,  A.  I'aul,  <l"oJ»-'"  ''  *''"'; 
,a  .t  Shaw,  B.  Weilkam,..  l'«vil 

);•    N.  I'arker,  \Vo,.ls,n,n-t)l 
;,A15rothers,Maryll^"-,u.y.>r.. 

S  nomas,  Chas.  Clmu.lK'rOlM 
Us  A  Hammond,  C.llwmngw.K. 
il.Wm.Robb  *Co...I..M,  r.a.;l 
U  |,„vy  A  Brothers,  Anwia«'\*l 
tl'  11.  Cohen,  .1.  l!.C,.v».,n.f,ll.| 
I'ueorgoBaume.  S.lll-U-;i|l 
L  llurlburt,  Kdwar.lM™.l,.lol.«l 

•apin,  Uutherford  A  lt'Vv.>.-r* 

|,p  A  Shea,  0.  Councry,  M^" 


FmrMEN,  FIRE   COMPANIES,  AND  PROMINENT   FIRES. 


821 


p,  D.  Page,  T,  A.  Hedges  A  Co.,  Settle  A  Sherwood,  Mittouri 
Bi  ■iililicaii  printing-oflico,  W.  T.  Knapp,  Geo.  A.  Miller,  Breed 
,1-  (\>wles,  American  Tract  Socie'.y,  K.  iMoKeniie,  E.  A.  Johnson, 
Mi'ri;nn,  Held  A  Co.,  S.  W.  Meeoh  &  Co.,  Elliott  A  Cauchois, 
D'oench  A  I'elloux,  C.  A  F.  Jacob!,  Warren  A  Joy,  N,  Philips, 
Will.  Itussell,  E.  J.  Gay,  Ilamill,  McMcoh  A  Co,,  Thomas  An- 
drews, Simon  Abells,  0.  Dolman,  1>.  V.  Papin,  F.  P.  Burke,  and 
many  others. 

July  29. — The  steamboats  "  Algoma,"  "San  Francisco," 
"Mary,"  "  Phoenix,"  and  "  Dubuque"  wore  consumed  by  fire 
nt  tlie  Levee.  The  following  is  a  statement  of  the  value  of  the 
boat-,  the  amount  for  which  they  were  respectively  insured,  and 
tlic  value  of  their  cargoes: 

"Algoma,"  viiluo,  SIO.CKX),  insured  at  $7,5(X),  value  of  cargo,  822,000 


"  Sum  Francisco,"     18,001), 


"Mary," 
"  Itiibuquo,' 
» I'liienix," 


19,(100, 

10,000, 

8,000, 

$05,1  K)0 


14,000, 

i:i,ono, 

8,000, 
6,000, 

$48,500 


20,000 
30,000 

;>,ixio 

4,000 
879,000 


?optcniber  2.'*. — The  Old  Scott  Hotel,  occupied  by  Messrs. 
Lewis  as  a  tiibacco-store,  and  a  lot  of  lumber  of  the  Union 
Luniljer  Company  wore  destroyed,  and  the  Virginia  Hotel  was 
sjiglitlv  damaged. 

Km  ember  15. — The  extensive  white  lead,  castor  and  linseed 
oil  and  vinegar  manufactory  of  Henry  T.  Blow,  on  the  corner 
of  Tenth  Street  and  Clark  Avenue,  wit  almost  entirely  con- 
sumed. The  loss  was  one  hundred  thousand  dollars;  insured 
for  forty-eight  thousand  dollars. 

December  Ifi. — A  disastrous  fire  occurred  in  Lewis  A.  La- 
beauiiio's  building  on  Locust  Street,  between  Water  and  Main 
Streets. 

1850.  October  2.'!. — The  Missouri  Mills,  on  the  corner  of  St. 
Clinrles  and  Eighth  Streets,  owned  by  Joseph  Powell,  were 
lotslly  destroyed  j  loss,  fifteen  thousand  dollars. 

Octoiier  21). — A  lire  occurred  in  the  block  of  buildings  occu- 
giied  us  the  town  hall,  and  the  building  occupied  by  S.  H. 
Biiiloy  and  Joseph  Neidner  was  destroyed.  The  books  and 
fapers  in  the  offices  of  the  city  register  and  engineer  were 
slightly  injured. 

1^51,  May  I. — Z.  F.  Wetnell  A  Co.'s  drug-store  on  Main 
Street,  between  Pino  and  Chestnut  Streets,  and  the  adioiuing 
building  were  destroyed.  They  belonged  to  Messrs.  Bridges  A 
Brothcis  and  Thos.  Andrews;  loss,  seventy  thousand  dollars. 

Juno  12. — The  steamer  "Sultana"  was  totally  destroyed  at 
Ibe  foot  of  .Mullanphy  Street,  and  several  lives  were  lost. 
S|iark8  from  the  "Sultana"  set  tire  to  the  Missouri  Sugar  Uo- 
finery  of  V.  Angelbeck,  and  inllicted  a  loss  of  twenty-five  thou- 
sand iliillars.  The  loss  on  the  "  Sultana"  and  cargo  amounted 
Ijseventy-flve  thousand  ilollars. 

ls,W.  February  23, — The   Broadway    House,    on    Broadway, 
b«lwocii  Wash  and  Carr  Streets,  east  side,  kept  hy  .Mrs.  Clemens 
Noirte,  was  consumed  ;  loss,  eighteen  thousand  dollars. 
i     November  10. — Two  buildings  at  the  corner  of  Spruce  Street 
mi  llie  Levee,  occupied  by  Ijafourolte  A  Cu.  as  an  oil  manufac- 
loty,  were  totally  destroyed. 
1856.  (iotobor  31. — The  cabinet  manufactory  of  Mr.  Prange, 
I  iilaateil  upon  the  block   between   Tenth  and   Broadway  and 
AngelroiU  and  Mallinkrodt  Streets,  was  destroyed.     Seven  of 
lliecraiiiiiyi's  of  the  establislimont — John  Mueller,  Win,  (iio- 
I  itker,  llirnian  Obonhaus,  Herman    Allert,   Henry   Uomment, 
I  ml  tno  brothers  named  llenelwan — perished  in  the  flames, 

Xorciiibcr  20, — The  block  known  as  the  City  Buildings,  situ- 
lile.!  on  the  Levee,  between  Market  and  Walnut  Streets,  was 
Itoniumed.  Morris  Punch  was  killed  liy  the  falling  of  a  wall. 
iTbeownorsuf  the  property  were  S.  B.  Wiggins,  Uubert  Camp- 


bell, John  Kern's  estate,  James  H,  Lucas,  Dr.  Joseph  Clark, 
Dr.  (leorge  John.son,  Kdward  Harcn,  F.  Coste,  R,  Barth,  and 
Mrs.  Dr.  J.  B.  .Johnson.  The  loss  was  estimated  at  throe  hun- 
dred thousand  dollars. 

December  Li. — Johnson  &  Uillum's  scale  factory,  on  the  east 
side  of  Second  Street,  l)otwoen  .Morgan  and  Cherry  Streets,  was 
destroyed  ;  loss,  twenty-eight  thousand  dollars. 

December  23.— The  largo  soap  and  candle  factory  of  N. 
Schaetrer  &  Co.,  near  the  corner  of  St,  Charles  and  Twenty-first 
Streets,  was  burned ;  loss,  one  hundred  and  twr—ly-fivo  thou- 
sand dollars. 

18."i7.  March  24, — The  large  cotton  manufactory  of  Adolphus 
Meier  A  Co.,  on  the  corner  of  Lafayette  and  Eleventh  Streets, 
was  destroyed. 

Juno  29. — Barnard,  Adams  A  Co.'s  drug-storo,  on  the  north- 
east corner  of  Second  Street  and  Washington  Avenue,  was  de- 
stroyed ;  loss,  one  hundred  and  ninety  thousand  dollars  ;  insur- 
ance, one  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars, 

September  Hi. — Fire  broke  out  in  the  carpenter-shop  of  Mr. 
Robb,  on  Eleventh  Street,  south  of  Market,  swept  the  entire 
block,  crossed  Market  Street,  and  destroyed  the  greater  part  of 
the  lumber  in  D.  F.  Wright  .t  Co. 'a  lumber-yard,  amounting  to 
between  two  and  three  million  feet. 

1858.  February  20, — The  Pacitic  Hotel,  corner  of  Poplar  and 
Seventh  Streets,  was  discovered  to  be  on  fi  e  in  the  lower  part 
of  the  structure  between  two  and  three  o'clock  a.m.  About  one 
hundred  persons  were  sleeping  in  the  building,  and  before  they 
were  aroused  all  the  stairways  were  on  fire.  The  outside  means 
of  escape  were  insutlicient,  and  the  inmates  were  driven  to  the 
alternative  of  leaping  to  the  ground  from  the  windows  or  of 
being  burned  to  death  in  their  rooms.  Many  escaped  by  .lump- 
ing, with  more  or  less  injury,  but  between  twenty  and  thirty 
were  either  killed  by  the  fall  or  mot  a  horrible  death  in  the 
flames.  The  exact  loss  of  life  was  never  known  to  a  certainty, 
tho  books  of  the  hotel  having  been  destroyed,  but  twenty  bodies 
were  recovered,  and  others  were  supposed  to  have  been  lost. 
Contributions  for  tho  sufTerers  by  tho  fire  were  raised,  and  a 
(lublic  funeral  service,  attended  by  military  and  civic  societies 
and  an  immense  throng  of  people,  was  hold  for  a  number  id'  tho 
victims  who  were  buried  together. 

1859.  April  10.— Tho  store  of  L.  A  C.  Speck  A  Co.,  dealers 
in  hosiery,  fancy  goods,  etc.,  No.  60  Main  Street,  was  burned, 
Tho  contents  of  tho  adjoining  stores,  belonging  to  William  F. 
Endcrs  A  Co.  and  McDowell  A  Co.,  were  serii  .sly  damaged  by 
wate      total  loss,  about  one  hundred  thousand  Jollars, 

Ju  ,e  30, — The  ploning-niill  of  Ladd,  Patrick  A  Co.,  on  the 
co.'ner  of  Smith  ami  Main  Streets,  and  the  grocery-store  and 
tlwelling  of  Henry  Dainer  were  consumed;  loss,  twenty  live 
thousand  dollars. 

September  7.— The  "  Pilot  Knob  Flouring-Mill,"  situated  at 
the  corner  of  Main  and  Ashley  Streets,  was  destroyed.  Tho 
building  was  owned  hy  Thomas  A,  West,  and  occupied  by  Good- 
win, Miller  A  Co,;  loss,  eighteen  thousand  dollars, 

September  10.— No,  101  North  Fourth  Street,  occupied  by 
James  Spore,  \Vallnee  A  Co.,  and  Boggs  A  Leathe,  was  destroyed ; 
loss,  nearly  eighty  thousand  dollars, 

November  3.— A  row  of  about  twenty  five  tenements  on  Green 
Street,  between  Fil'tli  and  Sixth  Streets,  was  destroyed.  The 
fire-engine  "John  M.  Wimor,"  in  making  a  sudden  turn,  ran 
upon  the  curbstone,  and  upsetting,  fell  upon  and  killed  a  son 
of  S,  S.  Brainord. 

18ii0,  July  31.— The  manufactory  and  agricultural  foundry 

of  McMiirray,  Winkelmeier  A  Co.,  on  tho  corner  of  Cliostnut 

and    Ninth    Streets,    was  destroyed;  loss,  forty-fi\e  thousand 

dollars. 

1       Septoiubor   22. — More    than    twenty    frame    tenements   oa 


I 


,.! 


822 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Kii 


I 


Twenty-third  Street,  between  Wnsh  ond  Carr  Streets,  were  ile- 
atroyod.     A  little  oliild  was  burned  to  donth. 

October  10. — Thomas  Allen's  rolling-mill,  between  Allen  ond 
Hueseli  Avenues  nnd  Carondelet  Avenue  nnd  Second  Htrt-et,  was 
partially  eonsumcd  ;  loss,  twenty-five  thousaml  dollars. 

1861.  Novembers. — The  hemp-factory  on  thi-  I.evee  at  the 
foot  of  Mulliinphy  Street,  formerly  known  as  Illaine's  hemp- 
factory,  was  destroyed;   loss,  one  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

1862.  July  l.l.— The  Kust  .St.  Louis  Hotel,  the  Uolleville 
House,  and  six  small  bouses  were  consumeil. 

August  27.— The  drug-store  of  Z.  T.  Wetzcll  A  Co.,  No.  .SO 
Main  Ifitrect,  was  destroyed  ;  loss,  fifty  thousand  dollars. 

October  27.— The  stcnmers  "  L.  L.  McOill,"  "  H.  D.  Bacon," 
"  Estella,"  "  A.  McDowell,"  and  "  W.  H.  Russell,"  with  a  large 
quantity  of  hemp  nnd  cotton,  were  destroyed ;  loss,  about  two 
hundred  thousand  dollars. 

1865.  January  22. — Trinity  Church,  corner  of  Kleventh 
Street  and  Washington  Avenue,  was  burned;  loss,  thirty-live 
thousand  dollars. 

February  14. — The  House  of  Refuge  wa^  partially  destroyed, 
the  damage  being  estimntcil  iit  one  hundred  thousiind  ilollars. 
It  was  supposed  to  bo  the  act  of  an  incendiary. 

February  17. — Woodburn  A  Scott's  spoke-factory,  on  the 
southeast  corner  of  Broadway  nnd  Ashley  Street,  together  with 
a  large  quantity  of  stock  and  machinery,  was  totally  destroyed ; 
loss,  about  two  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

1866.  February  27.— The  steara-tlouring  mill  of  C.  W.  Meier 
A  Co.,  on  thonorlhwest  corner  of  Franklin  Avenue  and  Twenty- 
third  .street,  was  destroyed.  The  flames  spread  to  a  Baptist 
Church  on  the  opposite  corner,  which  was  also  consumed.  Thu 
loss  on  the  mill  was  seventy  llinusnnd  dollars. 

May  4. — The  cnr-houso  and  stables  of  tho  .Southern  Division 
of  the  St.  Louis  or  Fifth  .Street  Railroad  Company,  on  Carondelet 
Avenue,  opposite  the  United  States  arsenal,  together  with  one 
hundred  and  fifty  horses  nnd  mules,  sixteen  street  railway  curs 
and  other  stock,  was  burned  ;  total  loss,  about  fifty-seven  thou- 
sand dollars. 

May  26.— Peter  E.  Blow's  drug-store,  Nos.  66  and  68  Main 
Street,  wns  destroyed,  and  several  adjoining  buildings  wore 
badly  injured  ;  loss,  two  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

May  30. — 0.  C.  Freeman  &  Co.'s  warehouse,  corner  of  Klin 
and  Third  Streets,  was  burncil;  loss,  one  hundred  thousand 
dollars. 

May  31. — Tho  Metropolitan  Theatre,  or  Wyinan's  Hall,  on 
the  south  siilc  of  Market  Street  near  Fourth,  with  several  of  the 
adjoining  buihlings,  wiw  destroyed.  The  thcnlre  was  tho  prop- 
erty of  Gen.  T.  L.  Price,  nnd  was  insured.  The  loss  in  build- 
ings nnd  property  wns  about  one  hundred  and  forty  thousand 
dollars. 

August  23. — The  Union  Stables  of  Collins  &  Gillespie  and  the 
lumber-yard  of  Chapman  A.  Thompson,  on  Brondw:ty,  between 
Bates  Street  and  Cnss  Avenue,  were  destroyed.  Serious  dnin- 
age  was  also  d(me  to  the  lumber-yard  of  Chapman  &  Thorp. 
The  total  value  of  the  property  destroyed  amounted  to  about 
dfty  thousand  dollars. 

186".  October  2S. — The  St.  Vincent  German  Orphan  Asylum, 
on  Twentieth  Street,  between  O'FnIlon  nnd  Cass  Avenues,  was 
badly  damaged  by  tire.  The  furniture  was  saved,  the  damage 
to  the  building  amounting  to  aiiout  ten  thousand  dollars, 

1868.  March  2.^The  steamers  "  M.  S.  iMephum"  and  "  Fanny 
Soott,"  helniigiiig  to  AI.  S.  Mepham  ,(  Brother,  were  destroyed 
while  lying  at  the  wharf  immediatHly  below  tho  Carr  Street  ferry 
'nnding,  the  loss  being  ab<mt  eighty-five  thousand  dollars. 
The  stenmer  "  Knio  Kinney"  was  also  slightly  dnmaged. 

A])ril  23. — The  Inrge  wholesale  stores  of  Blow,  Curd  i,  Co., 
Qrimsloy  A  Co.,  and  I)c  Greek  A  Co.,  on  the  west  tide  of  Main 


Street  near  Olive,  wore  completely  destroyed,  together  with 
their  contents.  The  adjoining  stores  of  L.  A  C.  Sprdi  ;ii„j 
Clark  A  Brothers  were  badly  dnmaged,  and  several  oilicri 
slightly.  The  office  of  the  Si.  Liiuin  Price- Current  was  also 
burned.  The  total  loss  in  property  and  stock  amounted  i.i  not 
less  than  one  million  dollars. 

November  30. — The  warehouse  of  Bloomfield  A  Co.,  cciiiimig- 
sion  merchants,  with  its  contents  was  destroyed ;  loss,  uhuiit  one 

I  hundred  thousand  dollars, 

I860.  Mny  8. — Kire  broke  out  in  H.  B.  Milk's  stnblc!-,  ciriicr 
of  Sixth  and  Myrtle  Streets,  nnd  extended  to  tho  0'Fnlli>ii  Dig. 

I  pensnry,  which  contained  the  Museum  of  the  Acmh my  of 
Sciences.  The  stables  were  destroyed,  .mA  tho  oontent>  vt  tho 
Museum  daiiiugcd  to  the  extent  of  fifteen  thousand  iliiU:>i.>, 

1873.  June  26. — Kngin  A  McQueen's pork-pnekingesiahlisji. 
nient,  Second  and  O'FnIlon  Streets,  was  destroyed.  Tliciowcre 
two  hundred  and  fifty  live  hogs  in  the  building,  besides  largr 
quantities  of  hnui  nnd  many  barrels  of  pork,  which  uiro  alsu 
consumed.  The  loss  ninounted  to  four  hundred  thouHumldnl. 
Inrs. 

1874.  May  U. — An  extensive  fire  occurred  at  Elleardsvilli',  on 
the  north  side  of  the  St.  Charles  Rock  road,  between  Hello  l^lujc 
and  Glendnle  Avenues.  Several  stores  and  dwellings  wiili  tlicir 
contents  were  ilestroyed,  entailing  n  loss  of  ten  thousniul  ilollari 

Mny  10. — McKittriok  A  Co.'s  printing  and  book  binding 
estahlisliment.  No.  522  North  Main  Street,  wai  burned,  Ingcilier 
with  the  stock  and  machinery,  which  were  value  1  at  «i.\lv  tlion- 
sand  dollars.  The  adjoining  store  of  Westeruian  i  .Veior, 
dealers  in  crockery,  gl.iss  i.nd  qiieonsware,  was  slighliy  iiijiirej. 
and  the  stock  damaged  to  the  extent  of  forty-five  thousunjilij' 
lars,  mostly  insured.  The  stock  of  Henry  Bell  A  Son,  w  h.ilcsiilt 
dry-goods,  ailjoining  on  the  north,  was  also  injured,  their  lo<i 
being  about  ten  thousand  dollars. 

1875.  September  28. — Several  manufacturing  estnl)li?limrats 
and  a  lumber  ynrd,  situated  on  the  block  boumled  by  I'liplsraml 
Spruce  Streets  and  Sixteenth  Street  and  Tnyon  Avenue,  fferp 
burned,  tho  estimated  loss  amounting  to  fifty  thousiuid  Juilar-. 

1877.  March  4.— Gerard  B.  Allen's  new  building,  on  the  cor- 
ner of  Washington  Avenue  and  Seventh  Street,  oocu]iicii  lij  U. 
T.Simou  A  Gregory  ns  a  wholesale  dry-goods  and  notion-sldreand 
Cluflin,  Allen  A  Co.  as  a  wholesale  shoe-store,  wns  ilcstrovfl, 
The  building  cost  sixty  thousand  dollars,  and  the  stock  <>t  Simon 
A  Gregory  was  valued  at  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousiiml  ilollan. 
The  tobacco-factory  of  Leggat,  Hudson  A  Butler,  in  tliosoutli- 
orn  portion  of  St.  Louis,  together  with  all  the  unuhinerv  and 
stock,  was  destroyed  on  the  same  day,  the  loss  nuKunitini;  to 
about  sixty  thousand  dollars,  partly  covered  by  insuriince. 

1879.  April  4. — The  block  bounded  by  Wasliingtim  .Avcnin 
and  St.  Charles  Street  and  Fourth  and  Fifth  .Streets  wue  nlin  <>; 
entirely  destroyed.  William  Rueti  and  Fred.  Niesson,  belong- 
ing to  the  pompier  corps  of  Uook-nnd- Liuhler  Coin|iuri,v  Xi. :!, 
and  George  W.  Farant,  agent  of  the  National  (hmnl  A.'mia- 
tion,  were  killed  by  falling  walls.  Tho  loss  was  e«tiuiai»l  si 
three  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  dollars.  Among  (be  jirind-  | 
pal  losers  by  the  fire  were  the  Mercantile  and  Real  K»tute  Amo- 
ciiiiion,  Appleton,  Noyes  A  Maude,  Hamilton  i(  Cu.,  .Mnok  i 
Ci) ,  Jacobs  Brothers  A  Hoffman,  Dodd,  Brown  .t  Vr., ,[.  M.  ilii' 
dall,  Morgan  estate,  Miss  S.  H.  Lackey,  W,  H.  Kluin,  J.  U. 
M)er  A  Brother,  B.  Monti,  White,  Altbeiiner  .(  On.,  .Miller.  I 
Unint  A  Co.,  Skinner  A  Co.,  Armory  Hall  building.  Thclofij 
WIS  partly  covered  by  insuranoe. 

May  10. — Tho  warehouses  of  Gauss,  Hunicke  A  (.'o.,  II.  i  j 
W.  Goldstein,  and  A.  Frankenthal,  Chase  A  Cnlbol.  401  lo  j 
409  North  Fifth  Street,  together  with  the  stock  in  llii'ni,  >mj 
partially  destroyed.  The  loss  amounled  to  three  hundri"!  tlioiii 
sand  dollars,  mostly  covered  by  insurance.    On  the  mnie  ilVi 


EDUCATION. 


823 


.lestroyod,  together  «ilh 
e.  of  L.  A  C.  Sl»'.l.  ^i..d 
„ftgca,  lind  Bcvcrnl  -ihcr. 
IM  Price-Curmit  \vii<  iilso 
ind  stock  mnountLMl  i.>  not 

l)\oomfli>l>l  &  Co.,  o...mnig. 
9  deBtrojrcl ;  lo«8,  iili.,.,t  one 

H  B.  Milk's  stnblcMMrncr 
U.",.ac.ltotl.oO'Fall"nDi.. 
„eum  of  llie  Acu.l,  .ny  «t 
,(.,1,  ,.nil  ll'o  oontont>  uf  tbo 
fifteen  thousand  dolliiv!". 
een'spork-pftd^'ng"'^''''''''"''- 
,  was  destroyed.  Thvrowcre 
„  the  building,  hesidi.s  \nrge 

eU  of  l.o'-'''  "*'''=''  """  '''" 
fuur  hundred  thou^nmi  1I..I- 

.eoccurrodatfillcardsviUo.on 
Lock  road,  between  IWIciiWt 
stores  and  dwellings  « ill.  tlieir 
,  u  loss  of  ton  thousan.l  .loU.ri. 
;  printing  and  book  bin,li,.8 
,in  Street,  wax  burned,  l"i;.'lW 
hichwercvaluilatsiMvll™- 
tore  of    WcBleruian  A   Mtior, 

,eenswftro,waa8liBl"l.vi"J''«J' 
aentofforty-flvclhou..ma.l.,l- 

of  Henry  Bell  &  Son,  «1>..1™1. 

Hh.was  also  injured,  tlHirM 

ruianufaoturinge8tublii.linu.nts 
the  block  bounded  by  I'oi.l"'"'^ 
street  and  Tayon  Avenue, -ere 

anting  to  fifty  thousund  AMm. 

Lllen's  new  building,  on  the  cor- 

i  Seventh  Street,  ooouimJ  lij  H. 

Ic  dry-goods  and  nolion-sti.rc  and 

lesale  shoe-store,  wa.«  drslroycl. 
.1  dollars,  and  the  8to,.k,.f?imon 
,ndred  and  fifty  thousiin.Moll»r!. 
Hudson  &  Butler,  in  tlH- south- 
her  with  all  the  mu.hinory  .inl 
vme  day,  the  loss  ani.iuntins  to 
ftrtly  covered  by  insunuue. 
pounded  by  Washington  Avonn. 
rth  and  Fifth  Streets  w...  aln.-t 
iueU  and  Fred.  Nies^ou,  belong- 
,ok-and-I-addert>in!>unyNo..', 
of  the  National  th.ur.l  Ae^.a- 
tails      Tho  loss  was  estimatol  «l 
„,d 'dollars.     A.non,' the  vri«.- 
MercanlileandUeali;.tateA.a.- 
laude,  Hamilton  A  to.,     «c 
„,  Dodd.  Brown  .tCo...';M.""- 
U.  Lackey,  W.  H.  Kl™'.    •  "• 
Vhite,  Altheimor  A  C.,    1'  "■ 
rinory  Hall  building.    The  to 

,f  Gatiss,  Hunieke  A    U.     •  * 

enthal,  Chase  A  ('*".""« 
,,„r  with  the  slock  in  then,  «.« 
amounted  to  three  hun.Mt«^ 
,yi„.ur»noo.     Ontl,e.».J.J. 


in  I^iist  St.  Louis,  the  Union  Warehouse,  Yokuin  A  Co.'s 
wanliousc,  and  tlio  freight  depot  of  the  Ohio  and  Mississipiii 
Railroad,  with  their  contents,  together  with  thirty-six  cars  filled 
with  iVeight,  entailing  a  loss  of  about  sixty  thousand  dollars. 

Angust  1."). — Elevator  B,  located  on  the  west  side  of  the  Levee, 
betwi'cn  Lombard  Street  and  Chouteau  Avenue,  together  with 
a  liirio  quantity  of  grain,  wag  destroyed.  The  building  be- 
longi'l  to  the  Central  Elevator  Company,  and  was  valued  at 
abiiut  ^<>xty  thousand  dollars. 

18>o.  August  17. — The  Yaeger  Mills,  on  the  east  side  of 
Jlercr  Street,  near  Clark  Avenue,  were  totally  destroyed.  A 
largi'  piece  of  burning  timber  from  the  mills  fell  upon  the  roof 
of  thi  St.  Louis  Riding  School,  or  the  Old  Kink,  at  Nineteenth 
ami  I'ini'  Streets,  and  ignited  it,  causing  the  destruction  of  the 
bulhli  ig.  The  St.  Louis  Light  Ounrd  and  ISuttcry  A,  St.  Louis 
Light  Artillery,  lost  many  of  their  ourbincn,  sabres,  uniforms, 
etc..  which  were  in  the  building,  the  loss  to  the  companies  and 
thouilintant-goneral's  department  aggregating  about  five  thou- 
itncl  ilollars.  The  total  loss  upon  the  Yaeger  Mills  and  the 
Itink  was  not  far  sliort  of  half  a  million  dollars. 

August  26. — J,  (!.  Cameron  &  Co.'s  planing-inill  and  the 
lumber  ufiiccs  and  yards  of  Knapp,  Stout  A  Co.,  (m  the  corner 
of  Bremen  Avenue  and  Main  Street,  I  nether  with  about 
•hxio  million  feet  of  lumber  belonging  to  .John  .Myers,  were 
deitruyed.  The  loss  was  estimated  at  one  hundred  and  fifteen 
ihou$ancl  dollars, 

Sepieniber  13. — Scarritt's  furniture-store,  Moeller's  notion- 
More,  and  the  establishments  of  T.  J.  Morritt  and  Hamilton  .t 
Co.  were  burned.  The  stock  of  ,T.  &  T.  Swallow  and  LcunanI 
Roos  was  badly  damaged  by  water,  the  total  loss  being  esti- 
mated nt  one  hundred  and  thirty-one  thousand  dollars. 

December  23. — Kehlor's  Pacific  Flouring-Mills  were  de- 
!lri>yeil.  t)nn  fireman  was  killed  and  others  injured  by  the  fall- 
iog  wnll.s.  The  loss  amounted  to  one  hundred  thousand  dollars ; 
meroil  by  insurance  to  the  extent  of  forty-six  thousand  dollars. 
The  destruction  by  fire  this  year  was  larger  than  during  any 
jirevious  year  subsequent  to  the  organization  of  tlie  paid  de- 
jartnicnt. 

18S1.  .January  9. — The  Broadway  Foundry  and  Maohine- 
j^bops  and  a  number  of  small  stores  were  burned  to  the  ground ; 
ko,  about  seventy-five  thousand  dollars. 

July  13. — The  foundry  ho  Kxoolsior  Manufactory,  corner 
ot  Smith  and  Lewis  Streets,  was  burned;  loss,  about  ninety 
ibnusand  dollars. 

February  5. — The  building  and  stock  of  the  flreeley-Burn- 
hani  Grocer  Company,  the  establishment  of  Peokham  &  Co., 
confectioners,  and  .S.  H.  Sale  A  Co.'s  grocery-house  were 
denroyeil.     Three  firemen  were  injured  by  the  falling  walls. 

May  2S.— The  Collier  White-Lead  Works,  on  Tenth  Street  and 
Clark  Avenue,  wore  destroyed  by  fire  for  the  third  time. 

.\ugu8t  12. — The  Atlantio  Mills,  on  the  corner  of  Plum  and 
Main  f^lreets,  were  struck  by  lightning  and  completely  destroyed. 
.\lmosi  in  nn  instant  the  entire  building  was  in  flames,  and  its 
I  deMrucliiin  was  inevitable  from  the  start.     Many  of  the  adjoin- 
ing tenements  were  also  consumed.     There  were  many  narrow 
I  Hcapes  tVum  death.     The  loss  amounted  to  about  two  hundred 
ihiusanil  dollars.      During   the  storm,   Anheuser's    brewery, 
truer  of  Eighth  and  I'estalozzi  Streets,  was  also  struck  by 
llightuinj;,  and   sustained   a   damage  of  abi>ut   ten    thousand 
I  dollars. 

i-eptemher  21.— The  Collier  While- Load  Wurks,  in  the  block 
Ibttaeen  Ninth  and  Tenth  Streets  and  Clark  Avenue  and 
IWalnut  Street,  together  with  many  surrounding  buildings,  were 
Ikuined,  The  corroding  sheds  of  the  works  wore  totally  do- 
IHroyed.  The  loss  was  eatimatod  at  one  hundred  and  sercnty- 
lite  thousand  dollars. 


CHAPTER  XXI. 


EDUCATION. 


In  almost  ovory  coinmuiiity  tho  public  school  is 
of  comparntivoly  recent  orii;iu  tint!  wii.s  preceded  by 
tlui  private  school.  Tho  humble  pedugoguc  was  the 
forerunner  of  the  modern  educator,  and  upon  the 
foundations  of  the  loj;  school-house  were  erected 
those  splendid  institutions  now  the  pride  and  orna- 
ments of  our  cities.  The  early  settlers  of  St.  Louis 
were  too  busily  occupied  with  the  necessities  of  their 
physical  welfare  to  devote  the  time  and  attention  to 
mental  culture  which  were  even  then  bestowed  in  the 
older  communities  of  the  New  World.  Tho  fur- 
trading  post  of  Laclede,  from  its  selection  in  1764, 
was  without  any  school,  as  far  as  appears  from  tho 
records,  until  the  arrival  from  New  Orleans  of  John 
Baptistc  Trudeau,  in  1774.  "  He  is  the  only  instructor 
whose  name  is  mentioned  in  the  French  records. 
His  education  entitled  him  to  the  patronaj^e  which 
he  received.  The  sons  of  the  principal  men  of  tho 
town  were  confided  to  his  tuition,  and  the  children 
of  his  cousin,  Lieutenant-Governor  Trudeau,  were 
educated  by  him.  Accordinsr  to  Paxton's  Directory, 
Mr.  Trudeau  was  in  1821  still  pursuing  his  vocation, 
his  school  beini;  then  located  on  the  south  side  of 
Pine  Street,  between  Main  and  Second  Streets.  He 
taught  school  in  St.  Louis  about  half  a  century'  and 
died  in  poverty,  the  profession  to  which  he  had  de- 
voted his  life  having  barely  afforded  him  the  means 
of  subsistence.'* 

"  The  second  school  of  which  there  is  any  record 
was  kept  by  Madame  Marie  Payant  Rigauche.  This 
school  was  opened  in  the  beginning  of  1797,  in 
Joseph  Mainville's  old  log  house,  on  the  east  side 
of  Main  Street,  just  south  of  Locust.  Madame  Ri- 
gauche taught  for  about  two  years.  It  is  probable 
that  she  retired  in  1799,  for  after  that  year  no  record 
mentions  the  existence  of  her  school. 

"  Under  French  and  Spanish  rule,  the  language  used 
in  the  schools  of  St.  Louis  was  French.     It  may 

1  In  1825,  J.  B.  Trudeau,  Sr.,  staled  that  "  ho  has  resided  in 
St.  Louis  fifty-one  years." — llunt'n  Miiiulcii,  vol.  ill.  p.  (52. 

*John  B.  Trudeau  was  born  in  1748  in  Canada,  son  of 
Joseph  Trudeau  and  Caroline  Menard,  and  married  in  1781 
Madolaine  Lo  Koy,  widow  of  Francis  Ilobort  (Belhomme), 
daughter  of  Julion  Roy  and  Barbara  Saucier.  Their  children 
were:  I.  John  Baptiste,  born  in  1782,  died  1783.  Aehildin  1785. 
2.  Euphroaine,  in  1787,  married  to  Louis  Bissotto  in  1803, 
secondly  tu  Joseph  Loblond  in  1HI2,  and  thirdly  to  John  B. 
Bercior  in  1821).  3.  Louis,  in  17U4,  married  Archange  Du 
Mouchct  in  1814.  4.  John  B.,  in  1801).  5.  Aspasle,  in  1803, 
died  18U4.  0.  Adrienno,  married  Antoine  Citoleur,  1813. 
Trudeau  died  in  1827,  aged  seventy-nine  years. 


m 


mm 


824 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


naturally  be  presumed  that  the  inatructiun  was  very 
superficial.  The  school-books  were  of  the  most  ele- 
mentary character.  Even  in  the  case  of  the  richer 
families  the  tcachin}»  was  confined  to  a  few  of  the 
principal  branches,  while  the  poorer  children,  from 
the  inability  of  their  parents  to  do  better,  either  re- 
ceived no  instruction  or  were  tauj^ht  only  the  simplest 
rudiments.  The  course  of  study  then  comprised  only 
reading,  writiiij^,  spelling,  and  possibly  the  elements 
of  arithmetic.  It  is  quite  doubtful  if  grammar  and 
geography  were  ever  included  in  the  instruction  of 
that  period. 

"  The  schools  kept  by  Trudcau  and  Madame  lli- 
gauehe  are  probably  the  only  ones  that  existed  under 
the  French  and  Spanish  riylmc. 

"  The  first  English  school  in  St.  Louis  was  estab- 
lished in  1804,  by  a  man  named  Rotehford.  His 
successor  was  George  Tompkins,  of  Virginia,  who 
became  chief  justice  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Missouri.  The  debating  society  instituted  in  con- 
nection with  Mr.  Tompkins'  school  became  famous 
for  the  ability  of  its  members  and  the  bril- 
liancy of  its  discu.ssions.  It  was  in  this  training- 
school  that  Joshua  Barton  and  Edward  Bates  devel- 
oped and  disciplined  forensic  powers  which  at  a  later 
day  achieved  distinction  in  the  councils  of  the  nation. 

"  After  the  transfer  of  Louisiana  to  the  United 
States,  in  1804,  intercourse  between  the  different  sec- 
tions of  the  country  became  more  general,  and  the 
young  men  of  St.  Louis  began  to  be  sent  away  from 
liome  to  be  educated.  The  semimiries  established  in 
Lexington,  Bardstowu,  and  Springfield,  Ky.,  had 
already  attained  a  reputation  for  their  excellence. 
To  these  institutions  many  St.  Louis  youth  were  sent. 
Gabriel  S.  Chouteau  spent  a  part  of  his  school  days  iu 
the  academy  at  Lexington. 

•'  In  1804-5  several  young  men  went  from  St. 
Louis  to  West  Point  and  graduated  with  distinction. 
Of  this  number  was  Charles  Gratiot,  Jr.,  who  in  1836 
became  chief  of  the  United  States  Engineer  Corps. 
Robert  Lucas,  the  eldest  son  of  Judge  John  B.  C. 
Lucas,  Baronet  Vasquez,  and,  later,  Pharamond  Chou- 
teau, son  of  Pierre  Chouteau,  Sr.,  were  members  of 
West  Point." ' 

As  St.  Louis  grew  in  population,  the  subject  of 
edueatirir.  at  home  naturally  received  attention  ;  and 
in  the  files  of  the  Missouri  Gozettr,  beginning  with  the 
simple  announcement  on  the  17th  of  October,  1808,  of 
"  a  number  of  school-books  for  sale  at  the  printing-oflSce 
of  this  paper,"  the  advertisements  of  schools  show 
the  gradual  development  of  public  interest  in  this 

1  From  ProreBior  Sylvcetor  WalerhoiKo. 


important  subject.     On  the  11th  of  January,  isOO 
Christopher  Friederich  Schewc,  formerly  profc-  .ir  in 
the  Lycee  Academy  of  Paris,  lately  minister   .f  tl,,. 
gospel  at  Pittsburgh,  informed  "the  respectabii  iiiiiuh. 
itants  of  St.  Louis  that  he  intends  to  establish  o  ^liool 
in  town,  in  which  will    bo  taught  the  Freiii  h  and 
English  languages  grammatically,  both  the  Fiviuliid 
the  English  and  the  English  to  the  French.    (Jn 
request,  the  subscriber  will  likewise  teach  aritlimetic* 
geography,  geometry,  and  anyother  branch  of  tin-  niiiih. 
ematics ;  likewise  drawing,  as  well  from  free  hand  as 
architecture,  civil,  and  military.    He  will  imnjcdiiitely 
open  an  evening  school,  from  seven  to  nine  nVlock 
for  grown  persons  whose  occupations   may  |irevent 
their  attendance  at  the  day  school.     He  would  l)e 
willing  to  employ  his  leisure  hours  in  giving  parti  ■ 
lar  lessons.    He  lodges  at  present  at  John  Couii.s',  Ksii 
coppersmith."      Professsor  Waterhouse  locates  .Mr. 
Scliewe's  school  "  at  the  house  of  Mr.  Alvarez,  .Mar- 
ket Street,"  and  adds  that  he  "  subsequently  became 
a  painter  and   glazier."      In    1810  we   find  (\  F. 
Schewe  advertising  thiit  he  "  will  continue  to  dve 
lessons  in  the  French  language,  as  well  at  his  M^ 
ings  as  at  the  dwellings  of  those  who  may  favor  liini 
with  their  employment.     He  gives  notice  to  tlie  pub- 
lic at  large  that  he  has  a  quantity  of  candle's,  luoulded 
from  the  best  deer's  tallow,  on  hand,  which  he  will 
sell  cheap  for  cash." 

While  Mr.  Schewe  was  thus  eking  out  an  humble 
livelihood  by  teaching  French  and  mouldins;  deer- 
tallow  candles,  Pierre  St.  Martin  (Sept.  2l),  180[)j 
offered  the  accomplishments  of  "  dancing,  rcnciiii;, 
and  the  use  of  the  broadsword  to  the  citizens  of  .St. 
Louis  at  Mr.  Yosti's,  where  he  hopes  to  receive  tlie 
patronage  of  the  public,  and  whore  all  the  new  Euro- 
pean dances  (particularly  the  waltz)  are  tauglit  in  the 
handsomest  style ;  lessons  in  fencing  and  the  u.«e  of  I 
the  broadsword  will  be  given  at  the  .'<iinie  [ilaoo; 
every  exertion  will  be  made  to  perfect  his  seholars  m 
each  science.  Private  lcs.sons  in  either  hramdi  will  | 
be  given  to  those  who  wish  it.  For  terms  (wliiih 
shall  be  moderate)  apply  to  the  subscriber  at  Mr. 
Yosti's."  On  Nov.  16,  1809,  Isaac  Sejitlivre.s  pro- 
posed to  teach  drawing,  geography,  matheniaties,  anJ  I 
French  grammar  at  Vincent  Bonis';  and  on  MaTj 
1,  1810,  George  Tompkins  advertised  that  he"mll| 
open  a  school  in  St.  Louis,  in  the  house  of  Mr.  Al-^ 
verez,  on  Monday,  May  7,  1810.'  The  followiiigj 
unique  advertisement  in  the  Miuonri  Gro/Auf  Mavj 
I),  1812.  shows  the  mixed  nature  of  education  in  iliej 
early  days  of  the  city.  "  Young  Ladies'  Aeadeiiiy.l 
Encouraged  by  the  friendly  advice  of  .several  bJicsl 
of  this  place,  I  will  open  an  academy  for  the  instruc-j 


EDUCATION. 


825 


Ith  of  January,  IriOO, 
I,  formerly  proff    'rin 
lately  niinistev    I'  tlie 
'  the  respectablr  iuliab- 
nds  to  establish  ii  xliool 
lught  the  Frenili  and 
,lly,  both  the  Viviuh.to 
1  to  the  Frencli.    On 
Lewisc  teach  aritlniiotic', 
ither  branch  of  till' math- 
well  from  free  liaiid  as 
y.    He  will  imiiiitliately 
1  seven  to  nine  n'clock, 
•cupations   may  iirovent 
8chool.     He  would  be 
hours  in  giving  parii  • 
sent  at  John  Coons',  E8t|,, 
Waterhouse  locates  Mr. 
jse  of  Mr.  Alvarox,  Mar- 
lie  "  subsequently  becaiue 
[n    1810  we   find  <'•  F. 
0  "  will  continiu'  to  dve 
uage,  as  well  at  his  hk- 
those  who  may  favor  him 
[e  gives  notice  to  the  pub- 
lantity  of  candles,  moulded 
?,  on  hand,  which  lie  will 

thus  eking  out  an  humble 
■ench  and  mouldiii'j;  deer- 
Martin  (Sept.  •!»,  IBOD) 
,t8   of  "  dancing,  ienciiii, 
rord  to  the  citizens  of  St, 
[e  he  hopes  to  receive  the 
id  where  all  the  now  Emo- 
[he  waltz)  are  tauirlit  in  tin 
[in  fencing  and  the  use  of 
^iven  at  the  same  pliw; 
le  to  perfect  his  scholars  in 
[sons  in  either  brainh  iiH 
ish  it.     For  terras  (which 
to  the  subscriber  at  Mr, 
.809,  Isaac  Septlivres  pro- 
fography,  mathematics,  ui 
•ent  Bouis  ;   and  on  May 
,  advertised  that  he"wll 
J,  in  the  house  of  Mr.  .\l- 
7    1810. '     The  folhiwin; 
[o  Missouri  G'K,  II.  oOUl 
nature  of  education  in  die 
I' Young  Ladies   Acadouiv. 
lly  advice  of  several  Um 
in  academy  for  the  ins""'- 


tion  of  young  ladies.     1  will  teach  young  ladies  read- 
ino',  writing,  the  French  grammar,  arithmetic,  and 
"eofiraphy.     Should  any  parents  wish  their  ehiidren 
to  leani  the  English  grammar  grammatically,  T  will 
have  an  assistant  capable  to  teach  it.     Select  reading, 
either  ancient  or  modern  history  or  morality,  will  eii- 
liilhtcM  their  minds  as  well   as  form  their   hearts. 
SeffiiiLT,  embroidery,  etc.,  will  fill  up  the  intervals  of 
their  lessons.     Those  wiio  will  come  in  the  morning 
al\«r  breakfast  will  dine  and  pass  the  day,  and  return 
Id  the  evening.     Seventy-two  dollars  per  annum  for 
the  class  expenses,  as  above,  accepted.  Those  who  will 
board  entirely  at  home,  and  will  only  come  to  take 
their  lessons,  thirty-five  dollars  per  annum  for  the 
class  expenses,  same  conditions.     Finally,  for  those 
who  are  younger,  and  not  susceptible  of  the  same  in- 
itructioMS,  twenty-four  dollars  per  annum,  the  same 
expenses  as  above  excepted.    Teachers  of  the  diflforent 
baches  of  the  fine  arts,  such  as  drawing,  dancing, 
etc.,  shall  be  paid  separately  ;  for  drawing,  nine  dol- 
lars a  quarter  for  one  lesson  every  day,  pencils,  paper, 
ell'.,  excepted ;    for  dancing,  the  same  price,  three 
lessons  every  week.    I  shall  begin  on  the  20th  of  this 
nwDth,  at  Mr.  Sanguinet's  house.  Second  Street.    Ve. 
Pescay."     On  Aug.  7,  1812,  I.  Septlivres  and  Or. 
Tompkins  associated  their  schools,  and  on  May  8, 
1S13,  Mrs.  Jane  Richards  advertised  to  "  commence 
.ithool  at  the  house  of  Manuel  Lisa,  Second  Street, 
formerly   occupied   by    Doctor   Simpson."      George 
Tompkins  gave  up  his  school  June  11,  1814,  and 
studied  law.     On   the   5th  of  July,    1814,    N.    B. 
Schols  respectfully  informed  the   public  that  "  he 
proposes  opening  a  school  for  the  art  of  writing  on  a 
new  elementary  and  systematic  plan,  which,  by  the 
lie  of  the  tliirt?en  lessons  of  two  hours  each,  persons 
II  a  proper  age  and  common  capacity  may  acquire 
liith  a  little  practice  a  fair,  regular,  and  elegant  hand- 
iriiing  with  ease  and  dispatch,  as  capitals,  figures, 
k'e  and  small  Roman  hands,  running  and  mercantile 
bils,  and  the  art  of  making  an  elegant  pen  in  the 
best  and  most  approved  manner.     The  room  lately  oc- 
[(opied  as  a  sherifi's  office,  on  the  street  leading  to 
le  court-house,  opposite  Col.  Chouteau's  lot,  will  bo 
(ady  on  Monday  next  to  receive  pupils." 
On  Jan.  1,  1815,  C.  Stewart  began  a  night  school 
the  house  of  E.  Beebc ;  Aug.  5,  1815,  James 
iwver  opened  a  school  on  the  Lancastrian  system 
Mr.  Beebe's  ;  Jan.  23,  1816,  "  A.  C.  Vanhurtune 
the  honor  to  inform  the  ladies  and  gentlemen 
St,  Louis  that  he  has  an  excellent  piano  for  teach- 
upon  that  instrument  at  the  corner  house  ad- 
ining  the  office  of  the  Gazettv,  where  the  clarionet 
also  be  taught.    The  room  is  intended  for  a 


musical  academy  only,  and  where  a  large  collection  of 
music  and  musical  instruments  are  expected  shortly." 
June  1,  ISIG,  Timothy  Flint  and  James  Sawyer  asso- 
ciated "  for  the  purpose  of  continuing  to  teach  the 
first  principles  of  education  upon  the  Lancastrian  sys- 
tem, and  the  higher  branches,  as  grammar,  geography, 
with  the  use  of  maps  and  globes,  composition,  rheto- 
ric, the  Latin  and  Greek  languages,  mathematics,  and 
philosophy.  They  propose  to  pay  particular  attention 
to  letter-writing,  a  branch  of  education  the  most  in- 
dispensable, and  at  the  same  time  most  neglected. 
They  will  strive  to  teaeh  their  pupils  a  correct  elocu- 
tion and  to  deliver  with  propriety,  while  no  principles 
of  religion  will  be  taught  that  militate  with  any  form 
of  Christian  worship.  They  pledge  themselves  to 
parent,s  that  they  will  watch  over  the  manners,  the 
morals,  the  improvement  and  happiness  of  their  pupils 
with  undeviatiug  strictness  and  fidelity."  On  the  14th 
of  September,  1816,  Michael  Cusahe  established  a 
day  and  night  school,  adding  to  the  ordinary  branches 
those  of  surveying,  including  trigonometry,  heights 
and  distances  ;  Oct.  12,  1816,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Giddings 
opened  school ;  May  27,  1817,  Robert  S.  T.etts  com- 
menced a  school  on  Main  Street,  next  below  Wilt's 
store;  Oct;.  25,  1817,  Mr.  Durocher  opened  a  danc- 
ing-school; Dec.  27,  1817,  the  Revs.  Messrs.  Peck 
and  Welch,  Baptist  missionaries,  announced  that  on 
Jan.  1,  1818,  they  would  open  an  academy  for  teach- 
ing reading,  writing,  arithmetic,  etc. ;  Jan.  23,  1818, 
it  was  announced  that  "  almost  every  denomina- 
tion of  Christian — Catholic,  Presbyterian,  Baptist, 
and  Methodist — have  now  their  teachers,  and  it  re- 
quires only  a  benign  sentiment  and  a  zealous  regard 
for  the  welfare  of  the  rising  generation  to  contribute 
generously  to  the  erection  of  temples  dedicated  to 
worship  and  halls  of  learning."  Jan.  3,  1818,  the 
Rev.  Salmon  Giddings  established  his  school  for  young 
ladies,  on  the  southwest  side  of  Market  Street,  above 
Fourth  ;  Oct.  23,  1818,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Neil,  assisted 
by  three  other  Catholic  priests,  under  the  auspices 
and  superiiitendenco  of  the  Right  Rev.  Bishop  Du- 
bourg,  opened  an  academy  for  young  gentlemen  in 
the  house  of  Mrs.  Alvarez,  Church  Street ;  terms, 
twelve  dollars  per  quarter,  payable  in  advance ;  books 
and  stationery  at  the  expense  of  the  parents,  each 
pupil  must  have  a  bag  to  bring  and  carry  ou.,  his 
,  books,  for  the  eventual  loss  of  which  the  masters  do 
j  not  hold  themselves  answerable." 
i  On  Sept.  8,  1818,  Mrs.  Perdreauville  opened  her 
'  young  ladies'  school,  and  on  June  2,  1819,  Mr.  and 
'  Mrs.  Hinckley  began  their  young  ladies'  academy, 
j  "  at  the  house  lately  occupied  by  Mr.  Guest,  one  door 
I  porth  of  William   C.   Carr's,  Esq."     P.   Sullivan 


826 


HISTORY   OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


established  a  school  at  Mrs.  Bennet's,  on  Main  Street, 
commencing  on  Jan.  19,  1820,  and  on  Jan.  26, 1820, 
Miss  P.  Lefevre  opened  her  young  ladies'  academy 
at    Michel   Tesson's   house   on  Main  Street;    April 
12,  1820,  Edward  McManus  commenced  his  juvenile 
school  at  Papin's  stone  house,  up-stairs,  on  Main  Street, 
"  In    the   fall   of  1820    the   college   established   by 
Bishop  Dubourg  was  opened.     The  edifice  was  built  | 
of  brick,  and  situated  on  the  site  of  the  first  old  log  : 
church,  on  Second  Street  below  Market.     The  follow-  [ 
ing  are  the  names  of  the  faculty  at  the  opening  of  the  i 
institution :    the   Rev.  Francis   Neil,  curate   of  the  ; 
cathedral,  President ;  Rev.  Leon  Deys,  Professor  of 
Languages  ;  Rev.  Andreas  Ferrari,  Professor  of  An- 
cient Languages ;  Rev.  Aristides  Anduze,  Professor 
of  Mathemathics ;  Rev.  Michael  Saulnier,  Professor 
of    Languages ;    Mr.   Samuel    Smith,   Professor  of 
Languages;  Mr.  Patrick  Sullivan,  Professor  of  Ancient 
Languages ;    Mr.    Francis   M.   Guyot,   Professor   of 
Writing  and  Drawing ;  Mr.  John  Martin,  Prefect  of 
the  Studies.     The  St.  Louis  University  sprang  from 
this  parentage." ' 

The  private  schools  in   1821  were  those  of  Mrs. 
Agnes  Gay,  ladies'  seminary,  Third  Street  above  Mar- 
ket  Street ;    Mrs.   Lucinda   Snow,  ladies'  seminary, 
southwest  corner  Main  and  Pine  Streets ;  Miss  Le- 
fevre, French  seminary,  northwest  corner  Main  and 
Elm  Streets ;  Rev.  Salmon  Oiddings,  school  for  boys, 
south  side  of  Market  west  of  Fourth  ;  Zebulon  Pen- 
dleton, school  for  boys,  southwest  corner  Third  and 
Spruce ;  Francis  Rochford,  school  for  boys,  north  side 
of  St.  Charles  Street  above  Fifth   Street;   William 
Machlin,  school  for  boys,  southwest  corner  of  Second 
and   Prune  Streets;    Moses  E.  Wilson,  school  for 
boys.  North  Third  Street  above  the  Bastion ;  Maurice 
Laurent,   writing-school,  46   South    Main ;    Francis  \ 
Regnier,  French  school,  northwest  corner  of  Second  ' 
and  Poplar  Streets ;  John  B.  Trudeau,  south  side  of 
Pine  Street  above  Main.     On  April  2,  1823,  Mrs.  ; 
Mary  Lewis  Elliott,   "  lately  from   Ste.   Genevieve,  t 
formerly  of  Connecticut,"  succeeded  Mrs,  Gay  at  the 
Female  Academy  of  St.  Louis,  at  the  house  formerly  ' 
occupied  as  the  Episcopal  Church,  and  on  Anril  19, 
1824,  Mrs.  Francis  Carr   opened  her  seminary  for 
young  ladies,  with  the  following  prices  of  tuition : 
Higher  branches,  per  quarter,  five  dollars ;  lower,  four 
dollars ;  music,  ten  dollars. 

The  advertisements  of  private  schools  after  1823 
grow  less  in  number  each  year,  and  though  many  of 
the  old-established  schools  and  seminaries  withstood 
the  gradual  growth  of  the  public  schools  and  continued 


'  Profeasor  Waterhouae. 


to  p;  '«per,  but  few  new  schools  are  animiimetl.  On  I 
Jan.  11, 1827,  was  opened  the  St.  Louis  I'iiilanthropioj 
School  for  one  hundred  and  twenty  scholai-.-,  conducted  I 
by  Edward  Baker,  with  terms  at  six  (luljars  mA 
annum. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  citizens  of  St.  In  mis,  held  jj 
the  Episcopal  Church  on  Tuesday,  16tli,  and  Thurs-i 
day,  18th  of  February,  1830,  a  society  was  formed! 
for  the  purpose  of  establishing  an  iiil'ani  scliooljiil 
the  city.  Joseph  C.  Brown  was  chairnian  and  William 
8.  Olmsfead  secretary  of  the  meeting,  A  coiistitutioJ 
was  ad(  i!;ed,  which  included  the  following  articles: 

"  Art.  1.  This  society  shall  bo  (ienominnteJ  the  Infant Scliool 
Society  of  St.  Louis. 

"Akt.  2.  The  object  shall  be  the  gratuitous  wluoalii.n  ol 
children  under  six  years  of  age,  but  they  shiill  nUo  silrjiiili 
the  school  pay-children,  provided  the  number  of  imv-seliolJ 
ahall  at  no  time  exceed  one  hundred  in  any  one  school," 

The  following  persons  were  elected  officers  of  thj 
society : 

President,  Col.  John  O'Fallon;  Vice-Presidents,  Dr.  Willia 
Carr  Lane,  George  Collier;  Secretary,   Dr.  (i purge  W.  Calll 
Treasurer,  J.  V.  Qarnier;  Executive  Committee,  Thomas  Cohei 
Dr.  n.  L.  Hoffman,  Matthew  Kerr. 

Managers,  Mrs.  John  Smith,  Mrs.  Olnsgow,  Mrs.  Gay,  MrJ 
Spalding,  Mrs,  Hough,  Mrs.  Hoffnian,  Mrs.  AVilliiun  Curr  LinJ 
Mrs.  Collier,  Mrs.  MoNair,  Mrs.  llobinson,  Mrs.  P.  Clioutei 
Mrs.  Matthew  Kerr,  Mrs.  Call,  Mrs,  Shaokfurd,  Mrs.  Wahri!) 
dorff. 

The  first  report  of  the  board  of  managers  of  tU 
Infant  School  Society  of  St.  Louis  was  made  on  Juq 
1,  1831.  The  Infant  School  Society  was  the  firj 
effort  which  the  community  made  towards  securig 
that  most  desirable  object, — equal  advantages  of  edJ 
cation  to  all.  By  the  liberality  of  the  subscribers! 
was  enabled  to  open  the  doors  of  its  school  to  i 
whole  community. 

Directly  after  the   organization  of  the  society,] 
correspondence  was  opened  with  a  lady  in  Pliilal 
phia  relative  to  a  teacher  and  the  requisite  apparatj 
for  a  school,  which  resulted  in  obtaining  the  servia 
of  Mrs.  Mary  Eastburn,  who  was  brought  to  St.  Loi 
from  Philadelphia  by  David  B.  Ayers,  of  JacksooviT 
The  school  went  into  operation  on  the  14th  uf  Jul 
1830,  with  twenty-one   pupils.     The  managers  i 
mitted  pay-scholars  to  the  institution  at  fid;  eel 
per  month.     The  school  continued  gradually  to 
crease  from  that  time  up  to  the  making  of  the  I 
annual  report.      The  whole  number  of  pupils  I 
were  received  during  the  yoar  was  one  hundred  I 
sixty-seven.     Tlio  number  at  the  time  of  makiDgf 
first  annual  report  was  ninety-six,  which  was  I 
highest  number  that  had  been  in  the  school  atj 
one  time. 


•  Vice-Presidents,  Dr.  WilliM 
oretary,  Dr.  licirge  W.  " 
itive  rommittcc,  Thomas  Coliei 

orr. 

Mrs.  (ilasgow,  Mrs.  Osy,  Mrj 
offman,  Mrs.  Williiim  Curr  I.hk' 
r».  Robinson,  Mrs.  P.  Cluiuttii 

Mrs.  Shaokford,  Mrs.  Wahrti 

board  of  managers  of  IB 

Louis  was  made  on  Juij 

:hool  Society  was  the  fill 

lity  made  towards  securid 

;qual  advantages  of  edi 

arality  of  the  subscriberaf 

doors  of  its  school  to ' 

anization  of  the  socieiy,j 
■d  with  a  lady  in  WM 
and  the  requisite  apparatj 
id  in  obtaining  the  setvid 
ho  was  brought  to  St.  Loj 
idB.Ayers.of  Jack8oovi( 
ration  on  the  Ulh  of  ^ 
pupils.  The  managers  i 
lie  institution  at  fifty  c« 
continued  gradually  to 
to  the  making  of  the  t 
number  of  pupils  ( 


lole 
year 


was  one 


Lr  at 


EDUCATION. 


827 


If"' 


8  are  anmunced.  On] 
3t.  Louis  I'iiilanthropiol 
snty  scholars,  eonductedl 
ms  at  six   dnUars  petj 

IS  of  St.  Lhuls,  held  atl 
isday,  16th,  and  Thurs-I 
J  a  society  was  formedl 
ling  an  iiit'ani  school  IdI 
as  chairman  and  William 
meeting.  A  constitution! 
the  following  articles: 

lenominnteJ  tho  Infant  School 

the   gratuituiH  education  o| 
I  but  they  shuU  also  aJmilti 
d  the  number  of  iiay-soli'ili 
red  in  any  one  srliool." 

are  elected  dfUcers  of  th^^Hj^^g, 


..fbe  irholo  number  of  pupils  that  were  presented  to  the 
liibwl  for  ).'riitnitou8  inatruotion  during  the  year,"  says  the  ro- 


ha.'  >>eon  but  twenty-two,  and  the  number  now  in  the 
rhidlnpoM  this  foundation  is  only  eight.  Still  it  is  proper,  to 
,,gid  mis<'""oeption  on  this  subjcot,  to  state  that  the  actual 


hundred  I 
the  lime  of  making  j 
vdliich  was  i 
Id  been  in  the  school  atl 


iggber  of  |<ny-scholara  in  the  sohool  is  not  more  than  ai.xty. 
Iinmnv  cases  of  dolinquenoy  the  money  will  probably  be  paid, 
Klin  others  the  boani  feels  aaliafled  that  delicacy  is  the  only 
«!un  that  prevents  the  families  from  availing  themsolvea  pro- 
u;,|lv'  of  iho  benuvolent  views  of  the  constitution  in  extend- 
,l,ii|  tn  Ihem,  and  that  their  oiroumstanoea  are  such  na  to 
Imlmle  the  e.vpectation  of  the  payment,  at  least  with  any 
riiWity.  During  the  last  year  two  hundred  and  fifty  dollars 
Intttai^eil  i>.v  subscription,  as  will  be  seen  by  the  report  of  tlio 
Lforrr,  which  has  all  been  paid  out,  together  with  the  whole 
from  tiiitiim  from  the  pay-scholars.  The  expenses  would, 
l^toarse,  he  heavier  than  in  those  succeeding,  on  account  of 
jifurniture  and  other  expenses  for  materials  not  perishable 
luith  remain  on  hand.  But  t)ie  income  from  pay-scholars  will 
HtoDsidernbly  short  of  supporting  the  establishment." 

The  above  report  was  rendered  at  an  anriivor-sary 
ifkation  of  the  society,  held  at  the  Presbyterian 
roh  on  the    Ist  of  June.      In  tlie   absence  of 
president  and  vice-president,  Alexander  Douglass 
e  called  to  the  chair,  and  W.  S.  Olnistead  was 
inted  secretary  pro  tern.     The  meeting  having 
I  opened  with  prayer,  the  report  was  read  by 
IT,  W.  S.  Potts,  in  the  absence  of  the  secretary, 
the  following  officers  were  elected  for  the  en- 
12  year ;    Joseph    C.    BVown,   president ;    Silas 
e,  treasurer ;    George  Collier,  John  Shackford, 
presidents;     Matthew   Kerr,     Hezekiah   King, 
mtive  committee ;    Dr.  George  W.  Call,    secre- 
;  Board  of  Managers,  Mrs.  Matthew  Kerr.  Mrs. 
Word,  Mrs.  Drake,  Mrs.  C.  Skinner,  Mrs.  Blood, 
E.  Charless,   Mrs.  Peck,   Mrs.  King,   Mrs.  Si- 
Is,  Mrs.  Runney,  Miss  Mary  Hopkins,  Mrs.  Wil- 
Wiggins,  Mrs.   Giddings,   Miss    Eliza  Collins, 
Beverly  Allen. 
Subscription-cards  were  circulated,  and  the  sum  of 
«ty-seven  dollars  and  twenty-five  cents  was  sub- 
ii  by  individuals  present  at  the  meeting.     The 
pts  during  the  year  amounted  to  four  hundred 
>eventy-nine  dollars  and  seventy-two  cents,  all  of 
ith  sum  was  expended. 

On  Sept.  IG,  1833,  J.  B.  Tucker,  a  graduate  of 
University,  opened  his  classical  school  for  boys, 
on  Aug.  29, 1844,  the  Missouri  Literary,  Scien- 
,ind  Military  Institute,  under  Maj.  A.  J.  Dorn 
Junes  V.  A.  Shields,  A.B.,  commenced  operation 
lie  corner  of  Seventh  and  Elm  Streets. 

!  learn  with  much  pleasure,"  says  the  Ilepnblicau  of 
k I!,  1846,  "that  an  institution  of  learning  of  very  high 
itidbout  to  bo  established  in  this  city.  The  college  build- 
Iw.  it  is  understood,  to  be  located  on  property  donated  by 
IMd  O'Fallon,  who  is  alio  a  liberal  ccmtributor  in  money. 
■  iilMriptions  have  alao  been  made,  and  the  whole  under- 
fills a  most  cheering  aspect.    The  officers  of  this  insti- 


tution have  been  already  selected,  and  constat  of  the  following 
gentlemen:  Cnl.  John  O'Fallon,  president  of  the  board;  Rev. 
T.  llurrell,  Uon.  W.  Milburn,  H..S.  (leyer,  Esq.,  Jamea  Ruasell, 
Esq.,  Jamc."  E.  Ycatman,  Esq.,  Dr.  .1.  W.  Hall. 

"Tho  Kill  says  that  at  a  meeting  of  the  board  the  Rev.  E. 
Carter  Hutchinson,  A.M.,  was  appointed  president  of  the  insti- 
tution and  Professor  of  Moral  and  Intellectual  .'Science.  Mr.  J. 
W.  .^underland,  A.M.,  was  elected  tu  the  chair  of  mathematics 
and  natural  philosophy,  and  Mr.  Kdward  Harry  to  the  chair  of 
modern  languagea.  The  acting  faculty  will  till  the  department 
of  ancient  languages  until  a  profujriur  be  appointed.  Tempo- 
rary accommodations  have  been  procured  at  tho  corner  of 
Fourth  and  Olive  .Streets,  and  tlie  exercises  of  the  institution 
will  commence  on  Monday  next,  tho  IRth  in.staut." 

On  May  2,  1851,  the  same  paper  announced  that 
an  effort  was  being  made  to  organize  the  Mis.souri 
Reform  School,  and  said, — 

"  It  is  proposed  to  organize  a  '  house  of  refuge'  for  juvenile 
olTenders,  and  by  the  act,  when  a  certain  amount  is  raised  for 
the  |)urpose  by  private  .subscription,  the  State  is  to  give  an 
equal  sum  towards  the  erection  and  support  of  the  institution. 
.Several  generous  eiti/ens  have  already  proffered  liberal  sub- 
scriptions to  the  object,  and  others  stand  ready  to  do  the  same. 

'  Our  purpose  now  is  to  remind  the  corporators  named  in  the 
act  that  a  meeting  will  beheld  this  evening  atfour  o'eloelt,  in  the 
mayor's  ofhcc,  to  take  measures  for  an  organization.  It  is  im- 
portant that  all  should  be  present,  that  incipient  steps  may  be 
taken  with  such  caution  and  zeal  aa  will  secure  successful  results. 

"  The  following  are  the  names  of  the  corporators  mentioned 
in  tho  act,  viz.:  Col.  John  O'Fallon,  L.  M.  Kennctt,  John 
Cavendor,  Asa  Wilgus,  John  G.  Shelton,  David  Prince,  Charles 
II.  Haven,  .Tobn  B.  Camden,  Ueorge  K.  liudd,  Edward  K.  Pitt- 
man,  Wayman  Crow,  J.  B.  Crockett,  A.  B.  Chambers." 

On  Oct.  22,  18.52,  it  added,— 

"  The  Legislature  at  its  last  session  passed  an  act  incorporat- 
lUfl  an  institution  with  the  title  Missouri  Juvenile  Reform 
School,  with  the  following-named  persona  as  a  board  of  direc- 
tors: 

"  Jolin  O'Fallon,  Luther  M.  Kennett,  John  Cavandcr,  Asa 
Wilgus,  John  0.  Shelton,  David  Prince,  Charles  H.  Haven, 
John  B.  Camden,  George  K.  Budd,  George  Truak,  Edward  F. 
Pittman,  Wayman  Crow,  Joseph  B.  Crockett,  and  A.  B.  Cliam- 
bers. 

"  The  act  authorizes  the  city  of  St.  Louis  to  subscribe  thirty 
thousand  dollars  to  the  institution,  and  authorizes  the  board  to 
organize  when  ten  thousand  dollars  is  subscribed  by  individ- 
uals." 

The  livpublica II  ou  the  27th  of  February,.  1853, 
again  referring  to  this  subject,  says  that, — 

"  It  was  mentioned  a  few  days  since  that  the  county  court 
had  authorized  a  subscription  of  ten  thousand  dollars  to  the 
Juvenile  Reform  School.  A  proposition  for  additional  sub- 
scriptions and  donations  is  now  pending  in  tho  City  Council. 
Tho  bill  introduced  in  the  Board  of  Aldermen  on  Friday  pro- 
vides as  follows,  to  wi* :  That  block  No.  80,  in  the  city  common, 
containing  thirty-eight  acres,  being  the  block  known  as  the 
poor-house  or  old  county  farm,  and  now  occupied  in  part  aa  a 
smallpox  hospital,  be  donated  with  all  its  buildings  and  ap- 
purtenances to  the  board  of  managers  of  the  .luvenile  Reformed 
School  and  their  successors,  and  the  mayor  be  directed  to  exe- 
cute a  deed  for  the  same  to  the  said  board,  reserving,  however, 
such  claim  aa  the  St.  Louis  Board  of  Public  Schools  may  have 
therein. 


I-.  ■  (. 


828 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


"Alio  that  posaeMion  of  tlie8o  grounds  and  buildinga  ■hall 
be  given  to  the  board  of  manugera  as  soon  as  a  suitable  place 
oan  be  prepared  for  the  reception  of  amallpox  patients,  on 
Arsenal  Island  or  elsewhere,  and  that  the  Duard  of  Ilonlth  bo 
empowered  and  in8tructe<l  to  erect  iuimodiatoly  the  buildings 
necessary  for  a  hospital. 

"Also  that  the  mayor  be  diret^ted  to  issue  ten  bonds  for  one 
thousand  dollars  each,  having  no  more  than  twenty-flvo  years 
to  run,  and  bearing  six  per  cent,  per  annum  interest,  payable 
■erai-annually,  for  the  benefit  of  the  said  Reform  .School ;  pro- 
Tided,  however,  that  this  issue  of  city  bonds  shall  be  submitted 
to  and  authorized  by  the  people  at  an  election  tu  bo  held  for 
this  purpose." 

The  Public  Schools  of  St.  Louis  are  among  the 
most  efficient  educational  institutions  in  this  country. 
Munificently  endowed  by  the  Federal  government, 
they  have  also  been  most  liberally  sustained  by  pub- 
lic taxation,  and  as  the  city  has  grown  in  population 
and  wealti),  the  scheme  of  instruction  has  been  wid- 
ened until  the  system  equals,  if  it  does  not  surpass, 
that  of  any  city  in  the  Union.  The  principal  source 
of  this  prosperity  is  to  be  found  in  the  early  liberality 
with  which  Congress  provided  for  carrying  into  effect 
the  treaty  of  ce-ssion  of  Louisiana.  The  third  article 
of  this  treaty  reads  as  follows ; 

"  The  inhabitants  of  the  coded  territory  shall  be  incorporated 
in  the  Union  of  the  United  States,  and  admitted  as  soon  as 
possible,  according  to  the  principles  of  the  Federal  Constitu- 
tion, to  the  enjoyment  of  all  the  rights,  advantages,  and  im- 
munities of  citizens  of  the  United  States,  and  in  the  mean  time 
they  shall  bo  maintained  and  protected  in  the  free  enjoyment 
of  their  liberty,  property,  and  the  religion  which  they  profess." 

In  pursuance  of  this  article  Congress  passed  the 
following  acts  for  ascertaining  and  adjusting  titles  and 
claims  to  land  in  Louisiana :  Act  of  March  26, 1804  ; 
act  of  March  2,  1805  ;  act  of  Feb.  26,  1806 ;  act  of 
April  21,  1806  ;  act  of  March  3,  1807,  and  act  of 
June  13,  1812." 

In  these  acts  of  Congress  will  be  found  the  origin 
of  that  rich  grant  of  land  to  the  public  schools  which 
has  been  growing  in  value  and  increasing  in  annual 
revenue,  year  by  year,  as  the  city  has  extended  its 
area  of  wealth  and  business.  The  act  of  Congress 
of  the  13th  of  June,  1812,  provides, — 

"That  the  rights,  titles,  and  claims  to  town  or  village  lots, 
common  field  lots,  and  commons  in,  adjoining,  and  belong- 
ing to  the  several  towns  or  villages  of  Portage  des  Sioux,  St. 
Charles,  St.  Louis,  St.  Ferdinand,  Ville  i\  Robert,  Carondclet, 
Ste.  Genevieve,  New  Madrid,  New  Bourbon,  Little  I'rnirie,  and 
Arkansas,  in  the  Territory  of  Missouri,  whioh  lots  have  been 
inhabited,  cultivated,  or  possessed  prior  to  the  twentieth  day 
of  December,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  three,  shall  be, 
and  the  same  are  hereby,  confirmed  to  the  inhabitants  of  the 
respeotivo  towns  or  villages  aforesaid,  according  to  their  several 
right  or  right!  in  common  thereto;    Provided,  That  nothing 


herein  contained  shall  be  construed  to  afl'evi  :  .    ri^'lim  uf  J 
person    claiming    the   said   lands,  or  ony  pii,i  i|i,.|,,„f  ,. 
claims  have  been  confirmed  by  the  board  of  ,    uiiiii^, ;,„„,.,  ,m 
adjusting  and  settling  claims  to  lands  in  llv  -,ii,|  'iVrrii, 
And  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  principal  ili.|,,iiy  siirvov.r  i 
the  said  Territory,  as  soon  as  may  bo,  to  surn  v.  nr  nu  ,. 
surveyed,  and  marlied  (where  the  same  has  ii.,t  l„,c||  ;i\„,.A 
done  aiTording  to  law)  the  out-boundary  lines  of  ihp  ^,j,| ,  J 
oral  towns  or  villages,  so  as  to  incluclo  the  uiit-l.ts,  c.iin.  J 
field  lots,  and  commons  thurotu  respcetivulv  IiuIudl'Iii'     iJ 
he  shall  make  out  plots  of  the  surveys,  whiil  h.'  ^Imll  i, i 
to  the  surveyor-general,  who  shall  forivunl  ,i,|,iea  uf  ilit . 
plats  to    the  cummissionor  of  the  general  Innil  olliic  auj  I 
the  recorder  of  land  titles.      The   cxpeiisi'  .m   survoviii' 
said  out-boundary  lines  shall  be  paid  by  tin:  I'liiii;.!  >'t.iin„ 
of  any  moneys  appropriated  for  surveying-  ilio  public 
I'inn'ilid,  That  the  whole  expense  shall  ii(,i  oxeced  three  di 
lars  for  every  mile  that  shall  be  actually  sui\  cjel  ani  ijinrkJ 
"Skc.  2.  That  all  town  or  village  lots,  uui-lols,  or  craij 
field  lots  included  in  such  surveys,  which  nru  not  rii-liifui 
owned  or  claimed  by  any  private  individuiil-,  or  held  a-  roj 
mons  belonging  to  such  towns  or  vilhigcs,  or  lljat  llie  rrniiiJ 
of  the  United  .States  may  not  think  pr()|per  to  rwerre  for  nil 
tary  purposes,  shall  be,  and  the  siirae  arc  hereby,  renriel  j 
the  support  of  schools  in  the  respective  town-  iir  villnp.  jfgl 
said  ;  J'rnvidcil,  That  the  whole  quantity  ..f  Innd  cuiiiiiiriejl 
tlir^  lots  reserved  for  the  8U|iport  of  sehixjis  in  unv  uiic  ii»n 
village  shall  not  exceed  one-twentieth  piirt  of  tlie  \tli.,lc  |J 
included  in  the  general  survey  of  such  tuwn  or  villnge.' 

On  the  12th  of  July,  1813,  C.  15.  Penrose,  dij 
man  of  the  town  trustees,  called  the  .subject  of  t 
school  property,  as  reserved  in  the  act  of  Coii;: 
to  the  attention  of  the  trustees ;   u|ioii  wliicli 
board    took    action,    instructing   the  ciiairniiin, 
Penrose,  to  ascertain,  so  far  as  in  his  power  U\;  wl 
lots  had  been  vacant  prior  to  the  act  of  Con};rosj| 
the  year  1812,  and  which  lots  were  then  by  saidf 
the  property  of  the  town  of  St.  Louis ;  and  \w 
further  empowered  to  lease  said  lota  to  indiviJiJ 
lor  a  term   not  exceeding  throe  year.',  partioiiH 
sach  lots  as  had  been  intruded  on.     On  liie  iUihl 
August,  Chairman  Penrose  reported  to  the  board  I 
correspondence  with  the  Governor  on  the  sulijei 
the  lots  which  the  President  of  the  Uiiitwl  St| 
had  the  power  of  reserving  for  military  purpi 
and  also  recited  in  detail  that  tlieie  weie  vacant | 
amounting  to  one  hundred  and  forty-seven  and  ( 
half  arpens,  and  that  the  number  uf  lot.s  in  and! 
joining  the    town  could   not  be   ascertained  esJ 
without  a  survey,  but  that  there  would  not  in ; 
the  quantity  granted  by  the  act  of  Congress,  viz.,] 
twentieth  part  of  the  whole. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  trustees  of  the  town,' at  »| 


•  Committee  Report  of  the  Board  of  President  and  Directors 
of  the  St.  Louis  Public  Schools  relative  to  the  Real  Estate  of 
the  Board,  1858. 


•  Among  those  who  held  seats  in  the  board  of  toirn  Irt 
wo  find  the  names  of  the  following;    Klijali  Bcebe. TU 
Brady,  Pierre  Didier,  Manuel  Lisa,  Alexiimler  McXair,  Ji 
Norvell,   Clement  B.    Penrose,   J{(-n('   I'liiil,  Itisilon  II. 
Thomas   F.   Riddick,  Charles    Sanguinetle,  Robert  Sin 
Mosea  Scott,  and  Henry  Von  Phul. 


EDUCATION. 


829 


to  nffeul  I:h'  riBliUiif  au 
>r  iiiiy  pa  1 1   lliiTcuf,  «r|, 
board  of  <  .ii)mt!'<iitii<>r4  fj 
unilK  in  til'  -a'ul  Tcrriiun 
Inoipnl  ili';i,ily  survey 
bo,  to  survi>.  Mr  cauM..  i,, 
gumu  bus  iii't  tM-cii  uln-ij 
injury  liin'*  mI  itic  call  sgj 
ic\iiilo  thi'  "Ut-liils,  ("iiiiiiiJ 
oapcclivi;lv  liuliin|;iiia.    aJ 
iroys,  whii'l  lio  slmll  iiiinii 
11  forwiinl  .''.iiics  uf  Ibu 
a  gencrnl  luiul  olTu'C,  uujl 

0  cxjionsi!  "f  siirvejiii',' 
mill  by  tlw  I'liitcil  ''Uilen 

aurvoyiii^i  tlio  yiMW  hndi 
3  ihttll  iKil  I'xceed  three  ll 
otimlly  suni'jeil  aii'l  uiarkJ 
iii;o  lots,  Dut-lols,  or  cuiiiinl 
jyn,  wbidi  iui!  nipt  riijMful 
)  iniliviclui\W.  or  licH  as  eoJ 
villagi'!',  or  lli:it  till.'  I'rffUd 
inlt  Jiroiicr  1m  ri'serve  for  ml 
same  arc  hcri'ljv,  resend  I 
|)colive  town*  or  villnurMifol 

1  qunntity  "f  liitnl  coniainedl 
of  8cbo(ils  ill  liny  une  l'iivii| 
uiitictb  imrl  of  tlie  wlmle  I 
)f  siicb  tijwi\  or  villuge." 

813,  C.  B.  Penrose,  iliij 
,  called  the  subject  ol' 
3d  in  the  act  of  Coii'.' 
trustees;   upon  which 
icting   the  ehairnian. 
,r  as  in  hi:^  power  lay,  wl 
to  the  aet  of  Con^re<8| 
lots  were  then  by  said  | 
of  St.  Louis ;  and  lio 
so  said  lots  to  iinliviJd 
three  years,  particuJ 
ided  on.    On  the  im 
reported  to  the  board 
rovernor  on  the  sulije 
dent  of  the  United  Sti 
'ing  for  military  p^'P 
that  there  were  vacant] 
and  forty-seven  and  ( 
number  of  lots  in  aiidj 
not  be   ascertained  exi| 
there  would  not  in  i 
he  act  of  Congress,  viz, 

)le. 
nsteesofthetown,'at»| 

ts  in  tbo  board  of  town  Ir 
Uowing:  Klijnh  Beebe.Tjl 
Li,,,,  AlexiimlerMeXair.JJ 

RfnC-   I'liiili  "'"'""  ": 
'  Sanguinutlc,  Robert  Ji" 

Phul. 


d 


Ir  B.  Penrose,  ohairraan,  and  Messrs.  Price,  McNair, 

lil  Lisai  »"J  f-  Didier  were  present,  the  chairman 

liiisinted  his  correspondence  with  the  Governor,  as 

litll  as  hii  action  under  the  resolution  as  to  Icas- 

|m  the  lots,  and  recommended  a  survey  as  necessary, 

liliich  recommendation  was  on  tlie  25th  of  December 

liioi'iod,  niid  authority  given  to  the  chairman  to  employ  | 

liinrveyor  tor  "  the  purpose  of  regulating  the  streets, 

Iniiolay  "»t  such  lots  as  may  be  vacant  and  now, 

liact  of  Congress,  the  property  of  the  town  of  St. 

Uy"    At   a   meeting  of  the   board  of  trustees, 

L  ]3^  1S14,  the  chairman,  Mr.  Penrose,  stated  that 

ifliad  been  unable  to  carry  into  effect  the  resolution 

Lwctin?  the  town  surveys.    It  does  not  appear  that 

lilicvear  1S15  any  material  progress  was  made  to- 

ifls  procuring  the  survey  of  the  vacant  lots,  iil- 

(iii;li  in  March  of  that  year  the  board  of  tru.stees 

[f,,ii,lml,  That  the  chairman  of  the  board  of  trustees 

Ll'  a  survey  of  the  town  of  St.  Louis,  under  his 

V^rintendeiicc."      And  on  December  16th   it  was 

ctter "  licf'ihril,  By  the  board  of  trustees  for  the 

mration  of  St.  Louis,  that  Mr.  William  Rector 

Liiid  he  is  hereby  requested  forthwith  to  complete  the 

liirev  of  the  town  of  St.   Louis,  and  to  make  out 

i  fair  plots  of  the  same,  and  lay  them  before  the 

^<ieos  of  said  town."     Again,  Saturday,  Jan.  ii, 

ilj. the  board  of  trustees  "  lirnolvtil,  iiiuiiiimniiiify, 

5it  the  chairman  of  the  board  of  trustees  beauthor- 

i to  have  made  a  survey  of  the  town  of  St.  Louis, 

las  it  stood  in  the  year  1803,  and  that  he  cau.se  a 

Hiof  the  said  survey  to  be  taken  by  the  surveyor  of 

litounty  of  St.  Louis,  to  be  made  out  for  the  u.se  of 

idtard."    The  difficulty  of  ascertaining  what  lands 

•rightfully  owned  or  claimed  by  individuals" 

|«iitto  the  'JOth  day  of  December,  1803  (the  day 

itFrench  commander  gave  possession  to  the  United 

luesi,  was  one  not  easy  to  overcome.    To  determine 

ibtvere  the  lands  actually  "  inhabited,  cultivated, 

^[«issessed''  on  that  day,  and  which  were  confirmed 

\k  owners,  was  the  work  entrusted  to  the  board 

((onmiissioners  under  the  act  of  1812.    The  decis- 

|iof  this  board  as  to  who  were  entitled  to  lands  did 

fifive  satisfi\ction  either  to  the  claimants  or  to  the 

of  trustees  of  the  town  of  St.  Louis.     The 

maiiLs'  "  representatives,"  not  heirs,  kept  the  mat- 

(«t  lands  belonging  to  the  town  unsettled,  and  by 

pRof  "influence"  shaped  the  legislation  of  Con- 

i  in  their  interest  rather  than  in  that  of  the  • 

8  of  St.  Louis.     The  act  of  Congress  of  March 

[1813,  and  of  the  12th  of  April,  1814,  were  wholly 

!  interests  of  the  "  claimants,"  and  the  act  of  j 
|)iil20, 181G,  confirmed  the  decisions  of  the  com-  1 
Boiers,  which  were  "  in  favor  of  the  claimants." 


Consequent  upon  these  acts  settling  the  village 
claims,  and  upon  the  petition  of  the  town  trustees  of 
Jan.  8,  1815,  the  Legislature  of  the  Territory  of 
Missouri  established  a  board  of  school  trustees  fur  the 
town  of  St.  Louis,  as  follows : 

*'  An  .A(T  tn  iiiporpttratr  a  hnnnl  of  tninteet  for  mtperiutetidiitg 
8vhotila  ill  the  tiiwii  of  St.  Lohia  : 
"Skc.  1.  Uu  it  cniicti'd  by  the  Gontriil  Assoiubly  of  tbc  Ter- 
ritory of  Missouri,  tbat  Williain  Clark,  William  C.  t'lirr,  Tbos. 
II.  Uenton,  lii'rnanl  rriitte,  .\ugiislo  Choiitcnii,  .\lpx.  MeNair, 
ami  John  1'.  Cabanni"',  and  sueh  other  iieraons  as  shall  bo  ap- 
pointecl  in  manner  and  to  thu  niiinber  hereinafter  directed, 
shall  form  and  uoniititule  a  board  of  tnisti'BH  for  the  regulation 
of  ."L'hools  in  the  town  of  St.  Louis,  and  the  said  corporation, 
and  their  ."uceessiira,  are  cuiii'tituted  and  deelared  a  body  cor- 
porate and  politic,  and  shall  have  full  power  to  lake  and  bold, 
Ijy  gift,  giani,  or  otherwise,  any  estate,  real  or  personal,  which 
uniy  be  given  for  the  use  of  aohoolsj  and  to  lease,  rent,  and 
dispose  uf  to  the  best  advantage  all  lands  and  other  property 
whieb  hath  been  or  may  be  given  by  Congress  to  .said  town  for 
the  support  of  schools,  and  appropriate  the  same,  with  the 
avails  of  what  is  rented  or  leased,  as  by  law  directed  ;  and  by 
themselves  or  by  attorneys  to  institute,  niaintiiin,  or  dul'ond  any 
suit  ur  suits  which  ahull  be  sued  ur  prosecuted,  either  in  law  or 
equity,  for  the  recovery  or  defense  of  said  property,  as  they 
shall  find  nece.saary  i  to  employ  teachers  to  direct  tbestudiesof 
the  youth:  to  make  and  establish  all  necessary  rules,  regulations, 
and  by-laws  for  the  government  of  said  school..^ ;  I'ruvidtd,  hiiw- 
ecir,  that  the  rules,  regulations,  and  by-laws  shall  not  be  re- 
pugnant to  the  laws  of  this  Territory ;  uiid  I'rtirldid,  iilmi,  that 
the  said  by-laws  sliall  not  tend  to  give  a  preference  to  any  re- 
ligious denouiinatiun  whatever. 

"  Skc.  2.  And  he  it  fiirfhcr  eniietvd,  That  the  said  trustees 
shall  have  jiower  to  fill  all  vacancies  which  may  hagipeu  by 
death,  removal,  or  otherwise  ;  and  whore  and  as  often  a,s  they 
may  deem  it  necessary  to  promote  the  interest  of  said  schools, 
to  appoint  other  persons  in  addition  to  their  number. 

Skc.  3.  Antl  be  ll  further  enuftid,  That  the  person  tirst  named 
in  the  board  of  trustees  be  empowered  to  call  the  lirst  meeting 
of  the  board  of  trustees,  at  such  time  and  place  as  be  may 
think  proper ;  and  when  convened  the  said  trustees  shall  appoint 
a  chairman,  and  adopt  regulations  for  their  own  proceedings  ; 
shall  take  into  cousideratiou  the  giants  and  donations  for  the 
use  of  schools,  and  devise  means  for  securing  the  same  and  of 
putting  them  in  a  state  of  prolit ;  and  as  soon  as  the  state  uf 
the  funds  which  may  be  appropriated  will  justify,  shall  erect 
or  procure  suitable  buililings,  and  provide  the  necessary  appa- 
ratus fur  instruction,  and  transact  such  other  business  as  they 
shall  find  necessary  and  proper  to  be  done  towards  establishing 
schools  in  the  town  of  St.  I.ouis. 

Skc.  I.  And  he  it  further  eiincted.  That  the  trustees  shall 
keep  records  of  their  proceedings,  and  when  required,  shall  lay 
them,  with  the  state  of  the  funds  and  the  appropriations  by 
them  made,  before  the  hogislaturc  of  the  Territory. 

Sec.  5.  And  he  it  further  eiiiirled,  That  this  act  shall  take 
effect  and  be  in  force  from  and  after  the  passage  thereof. 

•'  Edwaiio  Ukmpstead, 
"  Speaker  of  the  Howte  »/  /Irpretentatiret. 

"John  Waiid, 
"  I'renidrnt  of  the  Lryislaiive  Council, 
"  Approved  January  30,  1S17. 

"  William  Clakk, 
**  Governor  of  Mimonri  Territory,** 

Agreeably  to  the  provisions  of  this  act,  Governor 


830 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Clark  called  a  meeting  of  the  board  of  trustecH  nt 
hid  office  in  St.  LouU  on  the  4th  day  of  April, 
1817,  at  which  were  present  Governor  Clark,  Aii;;u8te 
Chouteau,  Alexander  McNair,  William  C.  Carr,  and 
Thomiis  H.  Benton.  Governor  Clark  wait  choMen 
chairman,  and  Thomas  H.  licnton  secretary  pro  tern} 
The  rcsolutiooH  adopted  at  this  mcediig  by  the 
trustees  for  the  regulation  of  tlieir  own  proceedings 
arc  as  follows : 

'■  lletolvil,  Tlinl  Ihecliiiinimn  fur  the  time  beiii({  sliiill  liino 
power  tocnll,  lit  sui'li  time  mid  pineo  nn  he  ulinil  tliinli  proper, 
in  tlio  town  uf  St.  I.uuIh,  nil  I'utiire  iiicetinf(8  of  thlx  bonni,  by 
notice  in  n  publiis  paper  or  by  writing  under  liin  hnnd,  or  by  nn 
order  through  the  yeoretnrv  of  the  boiinl. 

"  litiohed,  Tliiit  all  <|Ue9tiona  Hiibuiitted  for  the  doterminii- 
tion  of  the  board  nhnll  be  dpcidcil  by  a  iiinjority  of  voicen,  the 
votei  to  be  cnlU'd  for  iind  ciclivered  ii'i'i  I'orc  ;  but  the  jcnn  and 
»ay<  shall  be  tiiki'n  and  entered  of  record  upon  the  deolalon 
of  any  quention,  when  the  game  aliall  be  called  for  by  any  one 
member  and  seconded  by  another,  and  any  person  voting  in  tho 
minority  ihall  hare  the  right  to  enter  the  reasonn  of  hiii  dissent 
upon  the  records  of  the  board. 

"  lleiolved,  That  the  nhairman  of  ibis  board  instruct  the 
seoretary  pro  tempore  to  obtain  from  the  aurveyor-gcneral'K 
office,  kept  by  Gen.  William  Rector,  a  plat  of  the  survey  of  the 
town  of  St.  Louis,  showing  the  town  lots,  thu  out-lots,  if  any, 
included  in  theeaiil  survey,  and  such  or  so  many  thereof  as  may 
bo  vacant,  or  not  rightfully  owned  or  claimed  by  any  individ- 
uals, or  held  as  commons  by  the  said  town  of  St,  Louis,  and  lay 
the  same  before  a  meeting  of  this  board  as  soon  us  possible. 

"  Reiolred,  That  the  secretary  procure  a  blank-book  in  which 
to  record  the  proceedings  of  this  board,  and  that  he  enter 
therein  the  act  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Territory  of 
Missouri  incorporating  this  board,  and  so  much  of  the  net  of 
Congress  of  the  United  Slates  as  may  have  made  any  donation 
of  lots  or  lands  for  the  benefit  of  schools  in  the  town  of  St. 
Louis. 

"lleiolved,  That  the  proceedings  of  tho  present  meeting  of 
the  board  of  trustees  be  autlienticatcd  by  the  signature  of  tho 
chairman  and  each  member  present,  and  that  all  future  pro- 
ceedings of  t'le  board  b*"  authenticated  by  the  signature  of  tho 
chairman  end  the  attest^ition  of  the  secretary. 

"And  the  board  adjourned,  to  meet  again  at  the  oHico  of 
Governor  Chirk  on  Thursday,  the  lOth  instant,  at  three  o'clock 
in  the  afternoon. 

(Signed  by)  "Wiluah  Clabk. 

"Thomas  H.  Bkstox. 
"  Willi  \jr  C.  Caiir. 
"  Ai'u,  Cii.'iiT  ;au. 
"  A.  MoNaik." 

The  loss  of  the  records  of  thi.s  board  renders  it 
impossible  to  present  a  connected  narrative  of  its  ef- 
forts in  behalf  of  the  early  public  schooLs,  but  letters 
found  in  the  school  archives  from  Josiah  Meigs,  of 
thegcneral  laud  office,  of  dates  26th  August,  1817, and 
3d  of  November,  1817,  addressed  to  "  His  Excellency 
William  Clark,  Chairman  Board  of  Trustees  of  Schools, 

'  The  original  manuscript  of  the  proceedings  of  this  lirat  meet- 
ing, in  tho  handwriting  of  Thomas  II.  Denton,  is  on  file  in  the 
office  of  the  ]iublic  schools. 


St.  Louis,''  show  that  tho  board  succpid. ,]  ;„  .^^..f 
ing  a  most  valuable  service  in  protc.  ili,_.  the  s,.| 
lands  from  tho  entry  of  New  Madrid  i.riificate, 

The  survey  of  Gen.  Rector,  thoiigti  nicntioned  i„. 
note  by  Bishop  Dabourg,  Sept.  4,  ls:;:.>  ^^  i.  j 
ised  to  them"  (Bishop  Dubourg  and  (',,1,  B,,,,)  1 
with  the  statement  that  in  the  spacp  of  thrcoorf  J 
weeks,  at  moat,  tho  committee  slioulii  he  furiiisU 
with  a  plat  of  all  the  vacant  lands  in  i,i„|  ah.in 
Louis,  was  not  received  from  the  surveyor  until  1 

While   waiting  for  the  surveys  uf  the  nutl 
daries,  the  board  of  trustees  proceeded  tu  Iwe  ,u 
lots  inside  the  town,  and  in  the  .)//.<.sv„„/  Gii:,/iA 
April  17,  1817,  is  to  bo  found  the  rnllowiiii;  adj 
tisement : 

"Piiii.ic  XoTiiK  is  hereby  given  that  the  iindir-ign,  |,,y 
man  of  the  board  of  trustees  for  supporting  -ihooij  jn  ||„, ,  J 
of  St.  Louis,  will  on  tho  3d  day  of  May  mxt  rem  t„  ii,„  j,,  j, 
bidder,  until  Christmas  next,  tho  houses  iin,|  otlicr  tnwaJ 
on  the  vacant  lots  and  vacant  grounds  wiihin  the  miikv  „fi 
town  of  St.  Louis,  and  which  belong,  li.v  a  l;i«  uf  immA 
the  schools  which  may  bo  established  in  siid  town.  Alli 
sons  who  may  be  in  possession  of  ai.y  imii  of  ^ij  ,.,, 
will  immediately  make  known  to  Joseph  V.  UuniiiT,  (ecioj 
of  the  board,  tho  nature  ami  extent  id'  Ihilr  pi.jjMii,,,,, 
from  whom  derived.  Those  persons  ucluall.v  in  j,o..e.,j 
any  part  of  the  aforesaid  property  iiinv,  piinr  to  tlio  <iiiij| 
day  of  May  next,  obtain  preference  in  leasing  bviipplicaiio 
the  undersigned.  Bond  and  approved  sciiirily  foriluMjaviii 
of  the  rent,  ami  the  performanco  of  such  I'livennnt  .i<  uiaJ 
agreed  on,  will  be  expected  from  those  who  lenso. 

"  Portions  of  land  intended  to  oiler  for  Iciue : 

"Ist.  Jail,  and  ten  feet  around;  and  2d.  I'ourt  lioii-o,  j 
to  parallel  with  street,  to  the  ditch  and  nuiih  to  the  .jM,|i| 
at  intersection  of  Fourth    and  Walnut  .<(rctt.-,  in  Hjikil 
and  1U4. 

"  3d.  The  land  between  the  gully  and  town  lots,  l.oundei 
Cross  Street,  and  passes  by  Ccrrc's  (blocks  ICiii,  I  js,  etc. 

"  4th.  The  log  house  and  all  the  liuid  between  Chuuti 
line  and  the  town  line  cast  (same  blocks  as  No.  .|  i, 

"5th.  The  lands  back  of  Mrs.  Alviircz's  (lilock  Sj  . 

"  6th.  Back  of  Capt.  Brotly's  (block  85). 

"7th.  Hound-tower  or  jail,  and  lands  hiick  of  C;i|it.  Ptj 
(presumed  block  87). 

"  8th.  Land  back  of  ne.xt  square  ( presumed  hluck  Ss). 

"  9th.  Back  of  next  square  (presumed  liloek  S'.l). 

"l«th.  Back  of  Gen.   Rector's  end  nmieltoivcr  preJ 
block  90). 

•  These  were  certificates  issued  by  special  act  of  Congre* 
of  February,  181.'!,  for  the  relief  of  sutrcicrsb\thi-cartln)uil 
1811,  for  lands  destroyed  by  said  enrtbqniike,  orfiiljmeri;e.ll 
on  what  is  known  us  the  Big  Enrtliquakc  .-^iviimii,  in  .'^jutf 
Missouri.     Under  tiicse  certilicutc"  any  |inblii;  lanil- fubjJ 
entry  could  ho  entered  ami  patents  oblttine.l  thcrel'or. 
this  law  of  Congress  was  subsequent  to  the  law  ilnnatit 
lands  to  schools,  of  course  these  ccrlilicatis  cuulil  nolle  li 
located   upon   school  Iambi,  which  were  n"t  ^ubje(t  I 
entry.     Yet  nearly  all  the  school  hinds  in  .'^1.  Lmiijife.'to 
by  them,  and  Superintendent  John  II.  Ticc,  In  bisli^^t^ 
report,  adds,  "And  a  large  portion  is  still  lieWadver*! 
schools  under  them." 


w. 


1  iuccni'ilid  ill  iiiTl'Mrn 

protlM'liliL'    llli;   Sell 

kladriil  i  rnifiH\i('», 
th(»i};li  tiiciiiioncd  in| 
pt.  4,  1822,  as  '•iimii 
mrg  aiul  Cul,  Bintdnl 
e  upacc  III'  ilirw  nr  fiJ 
ce  shotiM  be  furnish^ 
liiiida  in  hikI  uIjuiu 
the  survi'Vnr  uijiil  hl| 
irveyt*  nl'  tlic  "Ui-lji 
1  proccinloil  tu  lease  tl 
the  Miiifiniri  (/ii;w(e( 
ind  the  tiilluniiiu  ailvJ 


n  that  the  uiuliTnignrl.nlnl 
mnportiiig  m'IiooU  in  ihi'  toJ 
f  Mny  in'Xt  "'lit  to  iho  lii;»l« 
0  houHi'rt  mill  iilliLT  toiitun^ 
oiiml."  wUliin  the  Minty  uf  J 
;lon|5,  'iv  «■  '"w  uf  I'liiH-'tniJ 
lUslieii  in  'iiiil  town.    All| 

111'  uiiy  |iiiil  "f  !uW  |ir"| 
tu  JoiiO)>li  V.  (iiirnicr,  iecroll 
ixtont  "f  lliiir  |iosscsii"iii, 
jraiina  actually  in  ira-evim 
lorty  may,  |irior  to  the  JaidI 
unco  in  Icasinj;  liy  a|)iiliciiiii)« 
(provcil  security  fortht  |iayii 
ICO  of  sudi  I'ovennnt  as  iiiijj 
a  tiiose  niu)  lense. 

u  otViT  fur  lease  : 

nd  ;  ail  J  -J.  Courtliuu-e, ! 
jlitcli  and  ninth  tu  the  M  Jtl 
Walnut  r'Irci'ls,  in  blixki] 

Igully  nnil  town  lots,  liouudei 
Ire's  (iilo.'ksllJil,  IJ",  ftp. 
,11  the  lanil  between  t-'huut* 
me  liloclis  as  So.  4i. 
,  Ahare/.'s  |,bluckSi). 
Ojlnck  85). 
,nii  lands  liacli  of  Cav*-  PH 

luave  (prc.suiucJ  lilock  8^l. 
1  iiresnincd  lilook  8','). 
lor's  and  round-tower  '[mi 


led  by  siieeial  act  of  CongreM 
If  of  sulVerers  by  the  fMlln'H 
|d  earthquake,  or  fubinerwlj 

...rtliquake  Swamii,  i"  >"»t| 
Icate-  any  I'ublic  \M'  fiibjjj 
lilents  obtained  therefor. 
^sequent  to  the  biw  ibmiini 
■seeerlilieatesouulil  nolle '■ 
Ibich  were  n"!  subje.t  t'j  pl| 
Ll  lands  in  St.  1.'""' '"•'•' 
[.lidni  ll.Tice.  iu  his''"--" 
Irtiun  is  still  beUadvcr-elyf 


EDUCATION. 


831 


.,  nth.  I.anili  bnek  ofHine,  below  Col.  Biuton'l, 

..{jth.  I'ack  of  tlientro  (iireauinni  blook  80). 
1.1th.  llii^k  of  Jeffrey'*  (pri>auineil  block  7U). 

•  lllh.  lliii'k  of  CerrA'a  (block  77). 

■15tb.  ('  |it.  Wherry'i  ihtiighter-houae,  and  between  Chou- 
Ini'illne  innl  Kiddick'a  claim,  and  weat  of  houao. 

"Itth.  ('Id  blook-hotiso,  and  lands  frvii  Clioiiteau'l  line  and 
|j,jjick'»eliiim  to  Ilagley'a  »hop. 

•  17lh.  Iiii|,'l''y'"  "blip,  and  the  puhlio  lands  between  Chou- 
|»j,Riddiik,  and  town  landi. 

ISth.  I.iinda  hetweuii  Cboutoau,  the  river  road,  and  Cuillou.\ 
I  jblock  4o.  also  another  lot  In  block  45). 
-Wth.  Miirkot-houae  lot."' 

Governor  Chirk  addressed  letters  to  President  Mon- 
L,  under  date  of  June  20, 1817,  and  April  19,1818, 
Ijkinsthat  the  selections  for  military  reservations  be 
lade  of  tlie  lands  donated  by  Congress  for  the  pur- 
lute  of  establishing  schools  in  the  town  of  St.  Louis ; 
I.  «liich  C.  Vandevcnter,  in  the  absence  of  tho  Secre- 
lanof  War,  to  whom  the  letter  of  the  20th  of  June 
Im  referred,  replied  "  ilat  the  chief  engineer  had 
littn  ordered  to  cause  the  lands  required  for  military 
lijiposes  in  St.  Louis  to  bo  set  apart  as  early  as  prac- 
libble"     Hon.  J.  C.  Calhoun,  Secretary  of  War^ 
limie  to  Governor  Clark,  Aug.  17,  1818,  that  "  Maj. 
\m.  of  the  topographical  engineers,  will  be  chargtv 
jiiih  this  duty  upon  his  return  to  Missouri."     Maj. 
L^,  under  date  of  St.  Louis,  May  1,  1820,  reported 
Is  Col.  Walker  D.  Armistead,  United  States  chief 
Iwcer,  Washington,  D.  C,  that  on  his 

lw»l  in  tlio  miinnier  of  1819."  ho  "could  not  procure  the 
InntntK  ro(|ui«itc  for  tho  survey,  and  accordingly  apprinod 

iitkief  cnsinoer  by  report.     On  further  inquiry  this  spring, 

llave  keen  informod  by  tho  aurvcyor-general  thot  no  regular 

Isinof  the  town  and  tho  out-lots  belonging  to  it  hB«  ever 

iniiidc  in  any  manner  calculated  to  show  the  extent  or 

«.ilu»tion  of  the  lots  or  tracts  to  which  the  United  States 

fcimment  have  a  claim,  and  that  no  such  survey  can  be 
M  till  the  pro]irietor8  of  grants  or  concessions  situated 

Irtm  iir  about  the  town  are  compelled  to  give  puolioity  to 

jwiiilMby  having  them  recorded." 

I  ^.  Long  added  that  the  lots  were  of  "  inconsid- 
ikle  dimensions,"  with  the  exception  of  "a  commo- 
|iii- landing"  on  the  river,  and  also  a  tract  sufficient 
k  a  street  between  the  Bastion  and  the  aemicircular 
m.  which  tracts  he  recommended  be  reserved  for 
iury  purposes ;    notwithstanding,  he  felt  "  some 


lllleie  are  also  among  tho  aroliivos  of  tho  board  applications 
nWilliaui  and  (,'.  L.  .Tones  for  the  lease  of  a  "  lot  of  ground  situ- 
diilliewesterupnrtof  the  lower  end  of  tho  town  of  St.  Louis, 
iiiag  tho  lino  of  Col.  Auguste  Chouteau,  and  to  include  a 
1,1;  them  miiilc  some  years  since  for  the  purpose  of  afl'ording 
ktwisary  sujiply  of  water  to  a  brick-yard."  An  application 
piiio received  from  Mackey  Wherry  for  "one  acre"  at  the 
iiod  of  St.  Louis"  for  a  "butcher-shop;"  and  also  an 
kiatibD  from  Paul  Primcau  for  the  bouse  occupied  by  him- 
HiC'i  [amilv. 


uncertainty  whether  tho  government  have  a  rightful 
claim  to  the  entire  tracts  hero  spceified,  but  it  is 
highly  probable  that  they  have."  On  that  supposi- 
tion he  rccuromended  the  reservation  of  those  tracts, 
and  stated  that  the  residue  of  tho  out-lots,  etc.,  belong- 
ing to  the  government,  immcdiu'cly  in  this  vicinity, 
might,  without  detriment  to  the  military  service,  be 
applied  to  the  support  of  schools,  as  contemplated 
by  an  uot  of  the  general  government.  On  Jan.  25, 
1821,  Urig.-Qen.  II.  Atkin.son,  commanding  the  Ninth 
Military  Department,  informed  Governor  Clark  that, 
"  agreeably  to  instructions  from  the  Secretary  of 
War,"  he  had  selected  for  military  purposes  "  the 
lot  on  which  the  atone  Bastion  stands,  and  another 
lying  on  the  river  below,  and  near  MuKuight  & 
Brady's  stone  warehouse,  together  with  tho  narrow 
strip  of  vacant  public  land  running  down  the  river- 
bank  before  the  town,"  and  that  "  the  other  vacant 
lots  in  town  are  subject  to  the  operation  of  the  act  of 
Congress  of  the  13th  June,  1812."  Governor  Clark, 
on  the  6th  of  January,  1824,  called  the  attention  of 
Gen.  Atkinson  to  the  impracticability  of  adapting  the 
stone  Bastion  to  military  purposes,  and  Gen.  Atkinson, 
upon  review  agreeing  with  Governor  Clark,  the  lot 
and  Bastion  were  relinquished  to  the  board  of  school 
trustees.  The  last  paper  among  the  old  archives  of 
the  board  of  trustees  is  the  application  of  Eliakim 
Redfield,  dated  Oct.  14,  1828,  for  the  lease  of  a  lot 
and  agreement  thereto,  signed  by  John  O'Fallon  and 
Gabriel  Paul. 

The  military  reservations  having  been  determined, 
the  board  of  trustees  had  now  to  deal  with  the  "  in- 
habitants, possessors,  and  cultivators,"  or  such  rep- 
resentatives as  came  within  the  laws  and  claimed 
adversely  to  the  board  of  trustees.  Up  to  the  26th 
of  May,  1324,  acne  of  the  "representatives"  had 
proved  their  claims  under  the  Livres  Terriens,  which 
on  the  28ih  of  November,  1812,  were  made  records 
■  by  a  note  to  Frederick  Bates,  signed  by  Thomas 
F.  Kiddick,  Pierre  Chouteau,  Alexander  McNair,  Wil- 
liam C.  Carr,  Charles  Gratiot,  Auguste  Chouteau,  M. 
P.  Leduc,  Gregoiro  Sarpy,  Julius  de  Mun,  Bernard 
Prattc,  B,  G.  Farrar,  John  McKnij^ht,  and  Cabann^. 
From  thif.  date  to  that  of  the  act  of  Congress  approved 
May  26, 1824,  these  "  representatives,"  though  failing 
to  establish  their  claims,  had  nevertheless  kept  them 
alive.  This  act  of  Congress  extended  to  tho^e  claiming 
"  on  the  ground  of  inhabitation,  cultivation,  or  posses- 
sion," eighteen  months  from  the  passsage  of  the  act, ' '  to 
designate  their  said  lots  by  proving  before  the  recorder 
of  land  titles  for  said  State  and  Territory  the  fact  of 
such  inhabitation,  cultivation,  or  possession,  and  the 
boundaries  and  extent  of  such  claim,  so  as  to  enable 


iii 


W'  ' 

1  ' 

'!.i 

^  l 

;'. 

Ii 

m 

1 

1 

1 

III 

/ 

1 

i 


i  i 


832 


HISTORY  OF  SATNT  LOUIS. 


the  surveyor-<reneral  to  distinguish  tlie  private  from 
tlie  VHcant  lots  appertaining  to  said  town  and  village." 
The  act  also  made  it  the  duty  of  the  surveyor-gen- 
eral, immediately  after  the  expiration  of  the  eigliteen 
months,  to  proceed  "  to  survey,  designate,  and  set  apart 
to  the  sf.id  towns  and  villages  respectively  . 
said  vacant  .'own  lots  or  village  lots,  out-lots,  and  com- 
mon field  lots  for  the  support  of  schools  in  said  towns 
and  villages  respectively." 

The  report  of  Recorder  Hunt  of  testimony  taken 
under  this  act  has  never  been  published,  but  the 
eonfirmations  of  title  made  by  him  arc  to  bo  found  in 
"  Hunt's  Minutes,"  at  the  hnd  office  in  Jefferson  City. 
Congress  again  came  to  the  relief  of  the  "  claimants" 
of  the  school  lands,  and  by  another  act  on  the  26th 
of  May,  1824,  and  again  by  an  act  of  the  24th  of  May, 
1828,  relieved  the  claimants  from  the  necessity  of 
bringing  forward  the  distant  representatives  of  any  of 
the  names  ol  those  on  the  Livres  IWrieiis.  But  little 
that  is  now  discernible  was  done  under  these  acts. 
The  few  claims  that  were  allowed  under  them  by  the 
District  Court  involved  those  acts  in  connection  with 
which  the  impeachment  of  Judge  Peck  took  place, 
and  the  discussing  of  tliem  threw  much  light  upon 
the  prosecution  of  Spanish  claims  in  Missouri. 

The  efforts  of  the  board  of  school  trustees  to  lease 
the  lands  within  the  city  had  been  defeated,  owing  to 
the  want  of  a  proper  title  in  them,  and  their  attention 
therefore  was  chiefly  directed  to  the  settlement  of  the 
militiiry  reservations,  and  to  their  protection  from 
intruders.  The  act  of  Congress  of  1824  kept  the 
town  lands  unsettled,  and  the  board  closed  their  records 
on  the  5th  of  April,  1828,  and  awaited  the  result.  By 
the  act  of  Congrer's  of  Jan.  27, 1831 ,  the  United  States 
relin(|ui.shed  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  several  towns  or 
villages  of  Portage  des  Sioux,  St.  Charles,  St.  Louis, 
St.  Ferdinand,  Ville  a  Robert,  Carondelet,  Sto.  Gene- 
vieve, New  Madrid,  New  Bourbon,  and  Little  Prairie, 
in  the  State  of  Missouri,  all  right,  title,  and  interest  in 
and  to  all  the  lots,  out-lots,  .  .  .  and  directed  that 
the  same  "  be  ^old  oi-  disposed  of,  or  regulated  for  the 
same  purpo.se,  in  such  a  manner  as  may  be  directed 
by  the  Legixlatu'.e  of  said  State." 

The  amount  of  land  which  the  board,  as  at  present 
constituted,  took  possession  of  through  their  bailiff 
was  as  follows : 

150  fnMit  feet  at  corner  Market  and  Fourth  Streets. 

220  front  feet  on  Chestnut  Street,  south  side. 

32  front  feet  on  (Miestnut  Street,  north  side. 

Portions  of  blocks  106,  107,  and  108,  fronting  on 
Fourth  Street,  from  Myrtle  tc  Poplar.  Portions  of 
block  10!»,  and  all  of  158  and  IGO,  I'roni  Poplar  to 
Lombard,  between  Fourth  and  Filth  Streets.  ' 


1 23}  feet  on  east  side  of  Fourth  non  i;  M'  MiilborrJ 
Street  (block  70).' 

Portions  of  block  G8,  on  Broadway.     .\s>iT|||||,„., 
by  the  surveyor  of  those  lands  did  notini  .,v  until  isi 

In  that  year,  William  Milburn,  thtii  Mirvoyor-.-cnl 
eral,  established  all  out-boundary  for  .<i.  J^i^y  i 
which  it  was  found  that  the  city  coiitniiKd  an  aroac 
7701JJ'5-  acres,  one-twentieth  of  wliith  is  ;j85_ 
acres. 

The  area  actually  designated  and  set  niiart  to 
schools  was  two  hundred  and  ninety  and  five-jiuj 
dredths   acres;    and   notwithstanding   ilijs  area 
ninety-five  and  three-hundredths  acres  short  of  whi! 
the  one-twentieth  would  have  given,  it  is  never'';'' 
less  a  magnificent  endowment.     In  the  tii-st  ani 
report  (1854)  of  the  St.  Louis  public  Sfiiduis.  Sun 
ir<tendTt  John  H.  Tice  says,  "The  value  uf  theffli(J 
amount  of  property  acquired  through  con!;re.<.«iuiK 
bounty  in  the  posse.ssion  of  the  board  is  pioLablv  abi 
8400,000,  and  yields  an  annual  rent  of  abuut  8ul 
500."     In  187()  the  landed  property  donated  by  I 
general   government   was    estimated    in    the  scjiol 
reports   at    81,252,895.72,   yielditig    an  income 
852,855.75. 

To  whom  is  due  the  honor  and  credit  of  havi| 
secured  this  magnificent  gift?  John  F.  Darbv.unil 
date  of  Nov.  15,  187G,  thus  answers  this  question  j 

"  Tlie  vnliic  of  these  liinds  now  owned  by  the  sriiooli 
round   nunibeis,  inny  bo  stilted   to  be   to-dny  a  uiilliun  i 
a  liiilf  of  dollurB.     Tlie  second  eection  of  this  law,  girini  ili| 
liinds  to  tlio   public  schools,  was  inserted  in  the  art  Iv 
Jleiiipstoiid,  lit  the  spoeiiil  and  earne..^t  icqiit'sl  of  I'll  ii.jjl 
Uiddick  It'nl.  Kiddlek  haii  lived  here  in  ."^t.  I.iiiiis  biriniha 
who  Itncw  all  about  the  town,  and  knew  that  there  wc 
tain  lots  of  (ground  in  the  town  fir  wliicli  no  righiml  i 
or  olainiants  could  be  found,  and  with  him  originatij  the  i 
of  giving  these  lots  not  rightfully  claiiiieil  to  the  iiablic 
And  for  this  purpose  Col.  Uiddick  slarteil  on  hmfcla jk  J 
rode  all  ttn>  wiiy  to  Washington  t'ity,  and  at  lii.s  own  in.liriJ 
cvpense,  to  have  tlii."  desirable  oliject  cnnsiiiniiiatecl  iiiil  tail 
out,  which  was  done.     Of  these  things  f  liave  heard  I'miii I 
Uiddick  himself;   and  afterwards  Archibald  liamljlo,  L-qJ 
long  theeOicient  and  active  agent  uftlie  |iiiblic  .^cIiikiImiiiJ 
ing  after  their  interest  in  these  lands,  informed  aic  Ilia!  tjf 
Uiddick  was  due  the  credit  of  having  this  };iant(it'  hiiil: 
and  which  Mr.  Ileinpslcad  ci  rried  through  t'oiiu'res;. 

"  l''or  this  great  and  valualile  inhuritance  nuw  iiijinei  b 
schools,  Col.  Uiililick  cleservcs  to  have  a  iiionuiiient  en 
his  memory.       It  wan  my  good  fnrtune  to  kii'iiv  Col.  I.n 
intiinutcly  and  well.      I  had  visited  his  house, an. I  liatr 
the  generous  liospitalify  of  his  domicile,  aiul  have  rmivi 

'Those  parcels,  constituting  the  must  valiiahle  iiorti" 
real  estate  for  revenue  belonging  to  the  scIkwN.  ilif  I 
proceeded  to  lease  for  Ji/ii/  years,  at  rates  whi.'h  ' 
ealculiiled  iit  si.\  prr  rtnt.  oil  valtiiitiun.  The  fact  ihil 
board  leased  these  lauds  for  II lly  year"  would  wein  In  iai 
that  that  boily  did  not  anticipate  any  very  rajiitl  liiiTcueij 
value  of  St.  Louis  real  estate. 


irnr' 


irth  pinii  of  Mulbcrrjl 

oadwiiy.  As>i;inmi'iit( 
lidiiott'i'i''  wuiU\riS40| 
urn,  tht'ii  Hirvoyiir-^cnl 
idary  t'ov  St.  Louis,  bj 
fity  containril  an  arcac 
h  of  which  is  38r)-j|J 

:cd  and  set  ;i|iart  to  th 
nd  ninety  uiiil  fivehml 
hstandin<:   liiis  area  fel 
idths  acres  sliort  of  wli^ 
ivo  given,  it  is  nover'.'.i 
ent.     In  tlu-  first  anim 
luis  public  sclinols,  Sup 
s  "  The  Viihic  of  the  who! 
red  throus;h  conirressioB 
the  board  is  proliaWy  abol 
innual  vent,  of  about  814 
id  property  donated  by  tl 
estimated    in    the  stboT 
J,   yielding    an  income 


EDUCATION. 


833 


honor  and  credit  of  baviJ 
TJft?  John  v.  Darby, uiij 
hU8  answers  this  question  j 

a  now  owned  by  the  sriiool*, 
ited  to  be  to-iliiy  a  milli"n 
section  of  tWis  liiw,  giving  ih 
was  insertiMl  in  llic  luil  by 
|,ul  carni'.-l  request  of  Tii.miuJ 
.ed  liereiii  SI.  l,Miisl)tf'irvlli 
111,  lUid  liiiew  lliat  tticrc  «cre  I 
vv'n  f'>r  wlii'-li  no  riglilliil  i'»l 
liuul  witli  iiiiii  orii:iii:ili-'l  Ite  ■ 
fully  cliiiniod  Ki  llie  \mh\'y 
nl.lioU  Marteil  on  linr-olt.  k  i 
on  City,  no'l"'''''* ''"■"''■''"■"' 
[lo  oliject  cimsuiniiialo'l  an  I  an 
ose  things  r  luuc'lie«r'll>"">l 
[vivr.1*  Arehil).>Ul  (iamWc,  H\ 
gontoft!'eimWicscli.Ml*>nl 
Ueliuida.  informed  m^tli:it  to  I 
,niftvini;tlii8t;rantoriaiia- 

rrio.1  l'iruu;;li  Coni-ro*-. 
Loinl.oritan,'en.o»uij,i.veab^ 
les  to  liiive  a  nionioiitiit  ci« 

.,,0,1  fortune  to  k.Hovful.H 
[l  visited  liisli'"'^".  ■■'"'"'•'"'■ 

Ills  doniieile.  and  li^ivc  r«cive 

t,r  the  must  v,.lnnbleF'ti..n!j 
llonKinK  to  tlie  ^oIrh,K  Ita  » 
vear..  .it  r..f'  «l,i,b  «r«l 
J  ,;„  valioiti..".  TlioM.hJ 
lr«ltyvear-«....ld»'eml.it>l 
l,,ateanyve,yra,.i.lia.re«l^ 

Ic. 


Innn.  f"™'"y  Bfeofngs  of  his  friendship  and   that  of  the 
I  ibolc  fmnily-     f"°'-  lliddioli  was  among  the  very  first  trustees 
I  abolii'lili''  sehools.     Ue  was  a  member  of  the  convention  that 
1,  jjfj  the  first  Constitution  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  being 
I  Jieted  on  the  same  ticket  from  the  County  of  St.  Louis  with  such 
1  m  Kdward  Bate.",  Governor  MeNair,  Gen.  Bernard  Prattc, 
I  111  Pierre  Chouteau,  Jr.    When  he  embarked  in  any  measure, 
lj,,,ji,neor  the  most  enthusiastic  men  that  have  ever  lived  . 
■  this  town.     Ho  clicd  at  the  Sulphur  Springs,  in  JelTorson  , 
L'unlv,  M".,  about  the  year  18.S0  or  1831,  beloved,  honored,  and 
lypected  by  all  who  knew  him.     It  ia  with  tho  most  beooming 
|lii«euce  and  respect  toward  the  members  of  the  board  of  tlio 
ht  lou'8  |inhlio  schools,  and  certainly  in  no  spirit  of  oKcious 
liiottiisirouhtrusivcness,  that  I  maybe  permitted  to  express 
Itehope  that  the  very  intelligent  and  worthy  gentlemen  who 
iapo!e  the  board  will,  before  long,  take  some  suitable  action 
lettect  a  proper  monument  to  the  memory  of  one  who  has  eon- 
iMupon  them  the  means  of  doin<7  so  much  good,  anil  from 
lilkhthofc  under  their  charge  have  been  blessed  with  and  have 
IjttiTed  such  lasting  benefits.     In  foot,  so  far  as  the  St.  Louis 
liUic  schools  are  ooncerned,  Col.  Thomas  IT.  Riddiok  was  tlio 
Initor  and  originator  of  that  noble  system  of  instruction  in 
lit  Louis.  I 

"Of  Edward  Hempstead,  the  delegate  in  Congress  wl'o  intro-  I 
IlKfUnd  had  mssed  this  act,  a  word  should  b«  snid.     I  did  i 
Idknun  him  personally.     But  I  did  know  his  father,  Stephen  | 
liiaiiitcad,  wlio  rode  in  the  carriage  v/ith  LafayeUe  when  he 
Imt:  and    1    know  all    hi»   brothers,  William,   Lewis,   and 
l!lit!e*;  in  fact,  I  knew  the  whole  family,  who  were  amongst 
Irnrllest  and  best  friends.    Charles  S.  Hempstead  died  about 
limr  ago,  at  the  advanced  age  of  more  than  eighty  years. 
t  more  than  forty  years  he  had  been  a  practicing  lawyer 
Idjilena,  111.,  where  he  died.      He  was  for  many  years  the 
In tartner  at  I]  ilena  of  Mr.  Washburne,  the  present  minister 
T(lli( United  . -states  in  Paris. 
'Eii»nrd  liatcs  informed  me  that  when  Edward  Hempstead 
name  to  St.  L'^uis,  be  cuiuc  ali  the  way  from  Vineeuiie.s, 
il., on  but  nith  a  little  bundle  on  hi3  back.     He  was  a  mtn 
)ility,  pure  iiiid  without  rciironch,  and  his  loss  was  deeply 
■ttteil  by  all  who  knew  him.      He  died  in  St.  Louis,  10th 
lliji^t,  IMT,  a  littlo  over  thirty-seven  years  of  ago. 
I  •This  short  nolieu  is  duo  to  one  who  did  so  much  for  his 
uity,  and  especially  who  had    rendered   such  lasting  and 
kiiUc  Jcrvice.s  to  tl  >  St.  Louis  public  schools." 

|llie  act  of  Oongress  of  Jan.   27,  1831,  having 

tid  over  to  tliu  State  all    the  vacant   lots,  and 

them  under  the  control  of  the  Legislature, 

tWard  OS  now  constituted  was  organized  under 

lictof  the  Legislature  approved  Feb.  l.i,  1833. 

tact  itroviilcd  that  ftU  free  white  persons  residing 

ilia  the  limits  of  the  city  of  St.  Loui.*  s'lould  be 

isiitutod  a   body   poliiie    and    corporate    by  the 

■inii  style  of  the  "  Board   of   Presiilent  and 

Mors  of  the  St.  Louis  Public  Schools,"  whose 

Betsfk'uld  bo  vested  in  a  president  and  board  of 

Muts.  lonsisling  of  two  persons  to  bo  elected  in 

bard  of  the  city,  no  mayor  or  alderman  at  the 

«iiuio  to  he  a  member  of  the  board.     The  board 

(Imc'cirs  was  ouipowcred  to  elect  its  president,  to 

«u:le8  fur  the  government  of  its  own  proceedings, 

|We  charge  uiid  control  of  the  public  school!*  and 


all  the  property  appropriated  to  the  use   of  public 
schools  within  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  and  to  "  make 
all  rules,  ordinances,  and   statutes    proper   for    the 
government  and  management  of  such   schools  and 
property,  so  that  the  same  shall  not  be  inconsistent 
with  the  laws  of  the  land,  and  generally  to  do  all 
lawful  acts  which  may  be  proper  or  convenient   to 
carry  into  effect  the  objects  of  this  corporation."    The 
members  were  to  be  elected  for  three  years,  and  until 
their  successors  were  duly  elected  and  qualified ;  one- 
third  to  go  out  of  office  at  the  end  of  every  year,  for 
which  purpose  the  board  was  directed  to  cause  its 
members  to  be  divided  by  lot  into  three  classes,  the 
first  class  to  go  out  of  office  at  the  end  of  one  year, 
the  second  at  the  end  of  two,  and  the  third  at  the 
end  of  three  years,  so  that  one-third  of  the  board 
should  be  elected  every  year.     When  the  e.stablish- 
ment  of  new  wards  in  the  city  required  the  election 
of  new    niemberB  of  the  board,  such  newly-elected 
members  were  to  be  classed    accordingly.     It  was 
further  provided  that  there  should  be  four  stated 
meetings  of  the  board  in  every  year,  and  the  president, 
or  any  three  members  of  the  board,  was  authorized 
to  call  special  meetings  by  giving  one  week's  notice 
in  writing  to  the  other  members.     In  all  meetings  a 
majority  of  the  whole  number  elected  was  to  consti- 
tute a  quorum  to  transact  business,  but  any  smaller 
number  might  adjourn  from  day  to  day  and  compel 
the  attendance  of  absent  members.    All  vacancies  were 
to  be  filled  by  an  election  in  the  proper  ward  as  pre- 
scribed   by  the    board.      Tlie    latter  was   also  em- 
powered to  appoint  a  treasurer  and  secretary,  "  and 
such  other  servants  and  agent.s  as  to  them  shall  seem 
necessary  to  accomplish  the  great  objects  of  the  cor- 
poration, and  prescribe  their  powers,  duties,  obliga- 
tions, and  compensation."     The  board  wiw  further 
directed  to  cause  a  true  and  faithful  record  to  be  kept 
of  all  its  proceedings,  and  lay  them  before  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly  or  either  house  thereof  when  required, 
vr  before  a  general  meeting  of  the  inhabitants  of  the 
city  whenever  one  hundred  qualified  electors  of  the 
board  should  by  written  application  require  the  same 
to  be  done;  tilso  at  least  once  .    "'very  year  to  cause 
to  be  printed  and  i.ublishod  .  t^  ■'  statement  of  the 
condition  of  the  public  schools  anii  of  all  the  n'oney 
concerns  of  the  corjioration.     "  As  soon  as  conveni- 
ently may  be,"  the  board  was  "to  take  possession, 
charge,  and  control  tf  all  the  lands  or  lots  in  or  near 
the  city  of  St.  Louis  which  have  been  either  received 
for  or  gi'anted  to  the  iiihab'tants  of  St.  Louis  for 
school  purposes  by  an  act  of  the  Congress  of  the 
United  States,  and  to  dispose  of  and  apply  the  same 
to  the  purposes  (■♦■  education  under  the  provisions  of 


li  '. 


:,m 


I:  !l 


S34 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


this  act ;  and  to  that  end  the  title  to  all  such  lands 
and  lots  (as  far  as  this  General  Assembly  can  control 
the  same)  is  hereby  vested  in  the  corporation  hereby 
created."  It  was  further  enacted  that  it  should  be 
lawful  for  the  board  "  to  cause  the  dcpo.sitions  of 
witnesses  to  be  taken  touching  the  title,  locality, 
boundaries,  or  extension  of  any  of  the  lands,  lots,  or 
real  estate  aforesaid.  And  the  manner  of  takin<;  such 
depositions  shall  bo  conformable  to  the  provisions  of 
the  act  entitled  '  An  Act  directing  the  mode  of  per- 
petuating testimony  in  this  State,'  passed  Jan.  22, 
1825,  except  that  the  application  for  the  commission 
or  dedimus  need  not  be  supported  by  any  oath  or 
aflBdavit ;  Provided,  that  any  person  or  persons  claim- 
ing property  in  any  of  the  said  lands,  lots,  or  real 
estate  may,  upon  complying  with  requirements  of 
the  last-mentioned  act,  proceed  to  take  depositions  in 
relation  thereto.  And  all  such  depositions  taken  on 
either  side,  as  aforesaid,  shall  be  filed  in  the  office  of 
the  clerk  of  the  Circuit  Court  of  St.  Louis  County, 
and  the  same  or  authentic  copies  thereof  sh»"  be 
legal  evidence  and  may  be  read  in  testimony  in  any 
suit  in  which  they  shall  be  relevant  in  any  court  in 
this  State."  The  act  "to  incorporate  a  board  of 
trustees  for  superintending  schools  in  the  town  of 
St.  Louis,"  approved  Jan.  30,  1817,  was  repealed  by 
the  act  of  1833. 

At  an  election  held  on  the  first  Monday  in  April, 
1833,  the  following  persons  were  elected  directors: 
Hon.  Edward  Bates  and  John  F.  Reilly,  for  the  South 
Ward ;  Josiah  Spalding  and  Judge  Mario  P.  Leduc, 
of  the  Middle  Ward  ;  and  Dr.  Cornelius  Campbell  and 
Hugh  O'Neil,  Sr.,  of  the  North  Ward.  On  the  18th 
of  the  same  month  these  gentlemen  met  and  organ- 
ized by  the  election  of  Judge  Marie  P.  Leduc  as 
president.  Imraediateiv  upon  organization,  the  board 
initiated  action  for  obtaining  "  knowledge  of  school 
lands"  by  inviting  all  jiersons  having  information  rel- 
ative thereto  to  conimuiiicr.tc  the  same  to  the  board, 
and  on  May  11,  1833,  Dr.  Cornelius  Campbell  re- 
ported "  that,  in  compliance  with  the  resolution  direct- 
ting  him  as  a  committee  to  call  upon  such  persons  as 
may  be  proper,  to  request  a  delivery  to  the  board  of 
all  bocks,  papers,  and  ovidnnces  relating  to  school 
lands  in  or  near  this  city,  he  had  called  upon  Joseph 
V.  Garuier,  secretary'  of  the  late  board  of  trustees 


'  Ciil.  Tlionms  II.  Tlunton  netpd  iia  seorelnry  until  Feb.  16, 
1827,  na  uppears  hy  Ins  resigniilion,  now  on  tllo  :n  the  office,  as 
follows : 

"WAsniNOTOM,  Fob.  15,  1827. 

"tiKNTi.KMEN, — Tho  prubabUlty  th".t  Ishiill  bo  iibaent  from  St. 
Louis  for  twu-tliii'ds  of  ovor>  your  for  si.\  ycurd  to  oomo,  render! 
it  proper  that  I  iliould  resign  the  place  ftt  your  board,  the 


for  superintending  schools  in  the  town  uf  St.  Louis 
who  had  ('riiivered  to  hira  a  book  entitled  '  Hocord  of! 
the  Proceedings  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  \'m  SSiiperiii- 
tending  Schools  in  St.  Louis,  beginning  April  4, 1817  [ 
and  ending  April  5, 1828.' "  This  record  was  delivoiedi 
to  Wilson  Primm,  then  secretary,  but  \vm-  boon  lust  I 
The  investigation  into  the  school  lands  ilms  iinmedi] 
ately  undertaken  by  the  new  board  was  ijuminuod  bw 
a  committee  appointed  to  call  upon  Cid.  iU'ne  Pimlj 
city   engineer,  for  a  plat  of  all  h.v.f ,  i,,  hi^  „giJ 
known  to  b<»  school  lands,  and  uyon  E.  T.  Liiii'liaml 
surveyor-general,    to    ascertnin    ;:   (he  oiit-boundarl 
line  had  been  run  so  as  to  include  the  Gra;.^  "rairiJ 
field,  the  Cul  de  Sac  field,  and  the  comiiion  field  ol 
Prairie  det,  Noyers,  as  contemplated  by  llu'act  of  Cjn 
gress  of  June  13,   1812.     The  cominitteu  report 
April  27,  1833,  that  Gen.  Langham  had  inl'ormedtli 
committee  that  the  line  had  not  been  run  as  th 
indicated,  but   he   assured  them  that  it  should 
speedily  corrected.     However  much  Gen.  Laiii:liad 
may  have  desired  and  intended  to  correct  this  iuipoi 
tant  error,  the  speculators  in  lands  exercised  too  imuJ 
influence  at  Washington,  and  the  Secret i;\  ,.f  tK 
Interior  and  commissioner  of  the  general  1  od   diM 
before  whom  the  matter  was  brought  upoi,  ;i|,m'al,  ddl 
cided   adversely  to  the  interest  of  the  schools,  ai^ 
New  Madrid  locations  and  old  French  and  SpaniJ 
concessions  wore  allowed  to  more  than  equally  div 
the  land  intended  by  the  act  of  Congress  for  sclidj 
purposes.     Had  the  out-boundary  line  been  run 
indicated  by  the  committee,  tho  area  of  St.  Lod 
would    have  been  over  fifteen  thousand  aeits,  oi| 
twentieth  of  which  would  have  been  over  sevc'i  hq 
dred  and  fifty  acres.     Thus  the  schools  of  St. 
lost  385  J  gj  acres  of  the  land  which  they  rightful 
owned  by  the  clear  title  of  the  act  of  Congress. 

In  consequence  of  public  complaint  as  to  the 
proper  managem-int  of  the  school  lands  during 
first  twelve  years  of  the  new  board,  the  LegislaiurJ 
Missouri,  by  the  act  of  March  17,  184r).  piovij 
that  "  no  member  of  the  board  of  aldermen,  ( 
the  board  of  delegates,  or  parson  holding  office  tin 
the  city  of  St.  Louis,  whether  elected  or  appoini 
shall  be  a  member  of  the  board  of  school  directm 
the  city  of  St.  Louis"  ;  that  "no  person  slial 
gibic  as  a  director  in  said  board  who  \\i\i  nut  bca 


dtitleii  of  whloh  I  shall  not  be  nhle  to  fulfil.    Tn  (IhItij;  I 
beg  to  add  the  nesiirance  of  my  best  ni^^hev  for  llio  miioi 
the  object  conimittod  tn  you,  and  tn  ollV'r  my  icrvicci  iai 
other  nay  in  which  I  can  bo  avnilubic  to  you. 

"  Very  respectfully,  your  obodioulservnnt, 

"Thomas  II.  Btsti 
"  TBI'»Tr.l!ll  OF  THR  Sciiooi,  Lanps  IN  St.  f.oi  is." 


EDUCATION. 


835 


3  town  iif  S(.  Louis, 
:  enlitloil  '  Kocord  of] 
Frustees  tor  Superiii 
inning  April  4,1817,] 
s  record  wi\s  ilelivcre 
y,  but  '.la;-  licon  lost, 
)1  lands  ilni?  immedl 
ard  was  ijimiiiiund  b 
upon  Cil  ili'iie  Paul, 
lU  li'.r,(' .  ill  his  nffic 
avon  E,  T.  L:uii;liaffi, 
;?  ihe  out-boundar 
ude  tbe  Gra;..  l*rairi 
1  tbe  coninion  fill  1  ol 
ilatcdby  tbeattofCi 
lie  couuuilteo  repcirtci 
i"hrtinbad  informed  t 
not  been  run  as  thej 
hem  tbat  it  sbnuld 
r  mucb  Gen.  Lan^lui 
id  to  correct  tliis  iinjici 
lands  exercised  too  mm 
ul  tbe  Secretr,\  pf  t 
p  the  general  l.nd  .Ti 
brought  upoi.  ^ppoai,  d 
■rest  of  tbe  seliouls.  a 
old  French  and  Spaiiii 
more  than  equally  divi 
ct  of  Congress  for  silv 
jundary  line  been  run 
the  area  of  St.  boi 
icen  tliousand  acres,  o 
|u\ve  been  over  sevci  li 
tbe  schools  of  St.  bo' 
jind  which  they  nslufi 
lie  act  of  Congrnss. 
|C  complaint  as  to  tlic 
school  lands  duviiii: 
board,  tbe  Legi>latur 
arch  17,  1345.  pvuvii 
board  of  aldennen,  or 
arson  holding  offi« " 
her  olceted  or  apfoin' 
Lard  of  school  dircet«: 
Lt  "  no  person  shall  boi 
ioard  who  has  not  bee 

|nl)1e  to  fulfil.  In  ''"'"S 
^  bc.l  wii'l"-''  f"'  ^l""  ■"' 
Ind  to  oftVr  my  »"vicos  ■» 

Iftiliililo  10  you. 
T,ur  oboaidit  Jcivnnt, 

"TlWMAS  II.  li"' 
Ianiis  in  St.  I.ons." 


tesident  of  tlie  ward  in  which  he  is  elected  at  least 

uclve  months  prior  to  his  election  ;  and  if  any  per- 

jun  who    shall    have    been  elected  from  one  ward 

ibll  move  from  said  ward,  he  shall  vacate  his  seat  in 

{ud  board,  and  an  election  shall  be  ordered  and  held 

i!Eoon  as  may  be  to  fill  said  vacancy,  and  the  said 

jireclor  shall,  moreover,  possess  all  the  qualifications 

itquired  in  the  act  to  which  this  is  amendatory  and 

iipplementary" ;  that  "  no  director  shall,  directly  or 

iidircctly,  borrow  any  money  belonging  to  said  corpo- 

rjiion,  either  as  principal  or  indorscr"  ;  that  "  it  shall 

be  the  duty  of  the  president  and  directors  of  this  cor- 

[oiation  to  carry  out  and  enforce  all  the  provisions  of 

ilieei"hth  section  of  the  act  referred  to  in  the  second 

ijMtion  of  this  act"  ;  that  "  if  any  director  or  oflBcer  of 

ilis  corporal  ion  shall  violate  any  of  the  provisions  of 

ISIS  act,  and  of  the  act  to  which  this  is  amendatory 

;upplementary,  approved  Feb.  13,  1833,  he  shall 

;« suilty  of  a  misdemeanor  in  oflSce,  and  shall  be 

Imislicd  for  such  misdemeanor,  as  provided  for  by 

iiw.  and  shall,  moreover,  be  disqualified  from  holding 

liif.a,'  said  board  or  acting  as  one  of  its  ofiicers"  ; 

that  "  no  director  shall  receive  compensation  for 

lilt  services  as  director." 

On  tbe  -tjtii  of  March,  1845,  the  Legislature  fur- 

lier  enacted  th  it  "  no  person  shall  be  eligible  as  a 

iirfctor  in  the  corporation  established  by  said  act 

iloniay  be  interested  in  an"  property  hold  by  lease 

said  lorporation,  or  whi  is  interested,  directly  or 

U-'-'ly.  ill  any  title  adversj  to  the  title  of  said  cor- 

Ipiion  to  any  property  which  is  claimed  by  said 

linpotatiou  ;  that  no  person  who  is  or  hereafter  may 

iKome  a  director,  or  who  shall  hold  any  oflRce  in  or 

Wr  said  corporation,  shall  purchase  or  lease  from 

Isii  corporation  any  property  claimed  by  said  corpo- 

pioii,  nor  shall  any  such  person  be  interested,  directly 

<tiii(iireeily,  in  any  purchase  or  lease  of  any  such 

Merty,  anil  anv  si'ch  purchase  or  lease  in  wliich 

a;  such   hittUir  or  other  person   is  so  interested, 

iillk; '.tt'ily  ,iall  and  void."      These  acts  closed 

|ied(H.r^.r  ibv  li'i-rd  to  the  speculators  and  olaim- 

p  «ho.  prior   ii>   'lie  j.aasngo  of  these  laws,  had 

llieo  an  active  ii  tev  st  in  the  election  of  directors, 

Why  moving  into  wards  where  vacancies  would 

m  occur,  sflcu  -cd   the  election  of  tiiemselves  or 

liiirrcpresuntatives,  and  thus  obtained  an  influence 

kifnot  a  cent  ol  of,  the  board  for  the  accomplish- 

|mi  uf  purposes  by  no  means  iu  the  interest  of  the 

y^aiid  too  often  most  injurious  and  detrimental 

ikcm.    The  effect  of  fhcje  laws  was  most  salu- 

'       treat  and  irreparable  mischief  had  already 

I'r-  uiiiin  tl .    manipulatioD  of  the  board  by 

siia.'W '  u.iu  "  ( iuimante." 


Notwithstanding  the  new  board  was  organized  in 
1833,  there  does  not  seem  to  have  been  any  material 
progress  made  in  the  establishment  of  schools  even  as 
late  as  1837,  for  in  the  Republican  of  April  10th  of 
that  year  it  was  stated  that, — 

"  There  is  not  at  tills  tiino  n  single  common-8clioo1  under  pub- 
lic patronage.  After  all  the  legislation  upon  the  subject  no 
system  has  been  formed,  nor  onestcp  taken  that  is  likely  to  re- 
sult in  securing  anything  to  the  cause  of  education.  The 
practice  is  to  employ  a  teacher  for  three  or  si.i  months  at  the 
lowest  possible  rate  at  which  his  services  can  be  procured,  and 
this  is  at  such  a  price  that  he  feels  bound  to  seek  other  employ- 
ment lis  soon  lis  anything  else  can  bo  had.  The  school  is  con- 
tinued about  three  months,  and  then  closed  till  another  man, 
driven  by  wont,  or  because  not  qualified  fur  any  other  situation, 
is  called  to  re»-  .  le  it;  hence  a  large  part  of  our  population  are 
growing  up  without  oven  knowing  how  to  read." 

This  complaintdocs  not  appear  to  be  without  founda- 
tion, for  the  board,  in  its  memorial  to  the  Legislature 
of  Dec.  HO,  1834,  stated  that,  "owing  to  several 
causes  not  necessary  to  be  enumerated,  this  board 
cannot  at  present  employ  the  money  raised  or  to  be 
raised  in  support  of  schools,  or  the  erection  of  school- 
houses;"  and  as  no  mention  is  made  in  the  records  of 
that  date  of  any  appropriation  for  the  support  of 
schools,  it  is  very  evident  that  the  Ripiihlican  voiced 
the  sentiment  of  disappointment  which  the  commu- 
nity entertained.  On  Nov.  29,  1834,  Messrs.  Camp- 
bell, O'Neil,  and  Dumaine  were  appointed  a  com- 
mittee of  the  board  to  prepare  a  plan  for  a  public 
school-house,  and  reported  on  the  8th  of  December ; 
but  the  report  was  laid  on  the  table  and  never  acted 
upon.  At  a  meeting  of  the  board  in  February,  1835, 
■A  committee  was  appointed  to  take  the  census  of  edu- 
cablo  children,  but  the  number  ascertained  is  not  now 
to  be  found  in  the  record.  Messrs.  Campbell,  IIoflF- 
inan,  and  Finney  were  appointed  May  7, 183G,  a  coin- 
mitleo  to  confer  with  the  board  of  aldermen  on  the 
subject  of  erecting  school-houses  in  the  city.  The 
results  of  this  conference  cannot  now  be  ascertained, 
as  the  records  furnish  no  information,  nor  is  there  on 
file  any  report  from  the  committee. 

On  the  3d  of  December,  1836,  Mr.  McLaughlin, 
from  the  "  committee  on  the  erection  of  .school-houses," 
reported  that  the  comiaiftee  '•  had  selected  a  lot  on  the 
corner  of  Spruce  and  Fourth  Streets  as  the  situ  iiir  a 
school-bouse  for  the  First  and  Second  Wards,  and  a 
lot  on  Federal  Avenue  and  Hickory  Street'  as  a  site 
for  a  school-house  for  the  Third  and  Fourth  Wards." 
The  report  was  adopted,  and  two  thousand  dollars  ap- 
propriated for  the  erection  of  each  house.  Messrs. 
Campbell  and  HofTman  were  appointed  a  committee  to 
report  upon  a  plan,  but  failing  to  agree  were  discharged 

'The  present  northeast  earner  of  Cherrj'  and  Broadway. 


v.m. 


II :: ': 


836 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


on  the  25th  of  February,  1837,  and  Messrs.  Campbell 
and  Gamble  were  appointed,  who  reported  on  the  4th 
of  March,  reconimendin<;  "  that  a  committee  of  three 
be  appointed,  with  power  to  contract  for  the  erection 
of  two  school- houses  on  the  sites  heretofore  selected, 
and  that  the  plan  of  the  building  submitted  by  Elihu 
H.  Shepard  be  adopted,  as  far  as  practicable ;  the  cost 
of  each,  including  fencing,  furniture,  and  outhouses, 
&c.,  not  to  exceed  three  thousand  five  hundred  dol- 
lars." The  committee  subsequently,  on  the  18th  of 
July,  1837,  reported  that  the  lots  were  too  small,  and 
recommended  that  two-story  buildings  be  erected  in- 
stead of  one-story,  which  having  been  adopted  by  the 
board,  Messrs.  Whitehill  and  Weston  were  contracted 
with  for  building  the  North  school-house,  and  John 
H.  Ferguson  for  building  the  South  school-house, 
each  at  a  cost  of  three  thousand  one  hundred  and 
seventy  dollars.  The  North  school-hou.se.  being  near 
the  Centre  Market,  was  >  ../ly  abandoned,  and  after 
being  known  as  "  Liberi ,  1.'"':,"  was  destroyed  by 
fire  about  1850-51.    The  llf  id  A  Armstrong,  ; 

afterward  United  States  Senacii    >  as  the  first  pr.Vlio 
school  teacher  in  St.  Louis,  and  opened  the  school  i 
at  the  corner  of  Fourth  and  Spruce  Streets  in  April,  ; 
1838. 

In    its    i.ssue  of  Nov.    2,   1837,   a   local  journal  { 
remarked, — 

"Our  rcader.s  in  the  city  are  probably  not  aware  of  the  tact 
that  there  are  now  two  school-houses  erecting  in  the  city,  which 
will  shortly  bo  rcajy  for  scholars.  Those  houses  are  built  by 
the  school  commissioners  from  the  city  school  fund,  and  we 
regret  to  observe  that  but  little  interest  seems  to  bo  talicn  in 
the  progress  of  the  building,  save  by  the  builders." 

On  the  14th  of  December  the  same  paper  called 
attention  to 

"  An  advertisement  in  the  city  papers  of  a  recent  date,  that 
the  president  and  directors  of  the  St.  Louis  public  schools  have 
advertised  that  they  will  receive  proposals  for  tcucheis  in  the 
two  school-houses  lately  erected." 

At  the  meeting  held  on  the  3d  of  December,  1837, 
at  which  the  board  decided  to  advertise  for  teachers, 
the  purchase  of  "  four  unlettered  maps  of  the  world"  ^ 
was  ordered  for  the  schools  about  to  be  opened,  and  [ 
at  an  adjourned  meeting  two  weeks  later  the  appli- 
cations from  teachers  were  opened.  There  were  ten 
male  and  two  female  applicants,  who  were  referred  to 
a  board  of  school  inspectors  composed  of  William 
Carr  Lane,  mayor;  Bryan  Mullanphy,  Beverly  Allen, 
Wilson  Priinm,  George  K.  Budd,  Dr.  John  M.  Green, 
Elihu  II.  Shepard,  and  William  Garvey.  At  a  meet- 
ing of  the  inspectors  on  December  22d,  William  Carr 
Lane  was  chosen  president,  and  Wilson  Primui, 
secretary.      This   board   was  authorized  to  examine 


and  appoint  teachers,  and  fix  their  compensiiion.  which 
was,  for   male   teachers,  nine   hundred   doHiirs  perj 
annum,  and  for  female  teachers,  five  hundrod  dollars  1 
per  annum.' 

The  board  was  also  authorized  to  fix  the  tuition  I 
fee,  to  admit  free  all  that  were  unable  ir,  pay  the 
tuition  fee,  and  to  provide  "that  teacliors  should 
enter  into  a  written  contract  with  the  ooard  faithfulU 
to  discharge  the  duties  assigned  them  for  the  space  of 
one  year,"  conditioned,  however,  upon  the  provision 


'  The  following  regulations  for  the  govenmuMit  of  ilie  Sui 
Louis  public  schools  were  adopted  by  the  Hoard  „(  Director!- 

"First.  The  lower  rooms  in  each  of  the  scliii.il.hniifcs  <hall 
be  appropriated  to  the  boys,  and  the  upper  tnios  to  tlic  'jrlij 

As  each  room  can  conveniently  accomniodntu -uhi.lar-  ihn 

number  and  no  more  will  be  received. 

Second.  There  shall  be  a  competent  teacher,  and  an  minnni 
teaelier,  if  necessary,  assigned  foi  each  siihool,  male  and  feimilJ 
The  female  schoois  shall  be  taught  by  female  lencliers.  Sd 
teacher  shall  bo  omiiloyed  who  cannot  ]iri)iliii-L.  satisfaolirj 
evidence  of  good  moral  character  and  con ect  haliit*.  Ai^lii 
order  to  prevent  any  sectarian  jealousy  from  nrisiii"  helvteej 
the  Protestant  and  Catholic  population,  by  |iiminj;  ihe  scliooj 
under  the  influence  of  the  clergy  of  either  denomiimtiou,  «e  di 
ordain  that  no  priest,  clergyman,  preacher,  or-  othc-r  rcligi,i 
teacher  shall  be  received  as  a  teacher  in  eiiher  tlie  inili 
female  schools.  The  best  qualified  Ipiichers  shall  he  elm 
without  reference  to  which  denomination  they  bolon.r,  ^^j , 
we  are  anxious,  in  putting  our  school  systeni  into  opciati.m,  i 
guard  against  collision  or  jealousy  among  our  fcllow-i-nijeii 
upon  the  subject  of  sectarian  influence,  «e  onlain  llnit  i 
rcligiou.s  instruction  be  given,  other  than  to  enforce  inort 
obligation  under  the  sanction  of  accountability  to  Hod. 

"  Third.  The  board  shall  appoint  yearly  lour  school  inspn-toj 
for  the  schools  in  each  house,  who  shall  be  person*  qiialilieJl 
education  to  examine  teachers,  and  judge  corrcclly  of  tin-  on 
fieiency  of  the  scholars.     They  shall  not  be cicrgynun.  but  iJ 
of  each  board  of  schocd  inspectors,  ami  no  more,  sliall  lieeiio 
from  the  body  of  Catholics.     The  inspectors  of  each  schawl  shJ 
form  themselves  into  separate  boards,  to  be  eallcd  ibch'jrdl 
inspectors  fur  school    No.  1    North   and  scli.iol   No.  :'  s„u(j 
The  inspectors  shall  have  the  management  nn  I  direciinn  i 
schools  under  the  regulations  of  the  board.     It  shall  1*  thj 
duty  to  examine  such  teachers  as  shall  be  n-fcrrcl  lu  theia  I 
the  boiird,  and  communicate  to   Ihe  prosidi'nt  their  opiuionl 
their  qualilications.     No  teacher  shall  bereccivoil  wiiliuul  sif 
examination,  to  be  by  him  submitteil  to  the  board,    fliey  < 
once  a  month,  and  oftenor,  if  they  see  lit,  visit  the  schuoh 
make  such  examinations  as  to  them  uuiy  sccin  necessary.   TIJ 
shall   make  i|uartcrly  reports  to    Ihe  board  of  Ihe  state  if  j 
schools.    Children  shall  be  received  into  Ihe  schooN  only  tliroj 
the  inspectors ;  and  as  it  is  tlie  desire  of  the  hoarJ  of  ilirod 
that  these  schools  should  afl'ord  the  means  of  education  to  il 
as  would  othenvise  go  uniustructed,  they  unlaiii  thai  iiu  apj 
cation   from    parents,   unable  to  pay  for  llic  luiliiii   -f  llf 
children,  be  rejected  whilst  there  is  a  vncancy  in  llic 
No  scholar  under  the  age  of  six  years  shall  liv  receive!. 

"  Fourth.  Kdueation  in  these  schools  shall  i-oniineiicc  itithl 
rudiu:ent.s,  and  shall  embrace  all  that  properly  comes  unlrrl 
denomination  of  an  Knglish  education.     The  choice -It'. <cf 
and  the  fixing  their  salary,  also  the  ratcsuf  tuition,  sh.i 
with  the  board  of  directors." 


EDUCATION. 


837 


id  to  fix  the  tuition  I 

I  unable  to  pay  tWl 
;liat  tcaelicrs  should! 

II  the  ooiird  faithfully! 
them  for  the  space  nfl 
',  upon  the  provision! 

10  governiiu'iu  of  tlie  ?t.i 
the  Unanl  i>f  Director':  f 
of  tlie  ?i:liii"l-hcmfe!  ^hl\■ 

0  \ii)j>cr  "HI'S  to  tlic  girlsJ 

.modiitu ^clullar^,  ihat' 

1. 

lit  toachor,  iiml  an  assistani 
eh  school,  mate  ami  fcinala 
t  by  fiMiialo  icacliers.  Si 
amiot  pruiliice  salisfaoi'ir; 
md  correct  lialiil*.  Ai.<l  ii 
lousy  from  arising  ticlweei 
ition,  by  imllinK  the  sdiool 
'  either  denomination,  we  dj 
preaehiT,  or  otiier  rcligi',1 
lehor  in  cither  the  male  _ 
!d  teachers  shall  lie  eliMsei 
nation  they  bolon);.    And  ■ 

001  system  into  opcraliun, 
sy  among  onr  fcllovviiii«I 
ifluunce,  we  or^lain  iliai  r 
ither  than  to  cnforco  uior 
•oountnbility  t"  HoJ. 
t  yearly  four  school  insiiecto^ 

'  shall  beVPi-s"nsqaalitie.lK 
,d  judge  correctly  of  llie  ]• 
inll  not  bo  clcrs;ynn'n.  but  ti 
,  and  no  more,  shall  1*  *<« 
Lisiici'tofs  of  each  sclii'ul  shl 
Irds,  to  he  called  the  lizard 
[th    and  scliool   No.  2  >'•»' 
liageiuent  and  dircdion  "ft 
|tlio  hoard.     It  «hall  lie  tW 
shall  he  referred  to  tlicui ' 
[he  i.residcnt  their  ol'ii»oil| 
Ishall  be  received  willuml  ii 
Ued  to  the  hoard.     Phey  ' 
y  ace  lit,  visit  the  scliw)!' 
ni  nuiy  seem  necessary.    CI 
the  hoard  of  the  slate  "t 
d  into  the  schools  only  tlirot 
Lire  of  the  board  of  Ji 
|ho  moans  of  educalioQ  to 
ted,  they  ordain  that  no  a] 
,„>y  for  the  tuition  -f  t^ 
■u  is  a  vacancy  in  tin'  "'' 
•  cars  shall  be  received, 
ehools  shall  commence  «itlij 

that  properly  comes  under 
.ation.  The  choice"!  I.. ic| 
1,0  rates  of  tuition,  .dull  rei 


ihat  the  board  had  the  right  to  dismiss  at  any  time 
lachci^  found  negligent,  unfaithful,  or  incompetent. 
Edward  Leavy  and   Miss   Mary  H.  Salisbury  were 
lileoted,  l''eb.  24,  1828,  teachers  for  "School  No.  2, 
Siwth,"  t'orner  Spruce  and  Fourth  Streets,  but  Mr. 
^,jvy  withdrawing  his  application,  David  H.  Arm- 
tiroiis  was  on  March  3,  1838,  elected,  and  the  school 
opened  on  the  1st  of  April.'     An  effort  made  by  the  i 
herd  to  elect  teachers  for  school  No.  1  failed  on  I 
hiaroh  l"th  by  the  disagreement  of  the  board,  but 
Li  .\pril    17th,    Edward   Leavy   was    unanimously  ! 
ilected  luale  principal  and  Miss  Mary  Hardy  female 
hiincipal,  and  the  numbers  of  the  schools  changed,  I 
Hi  South  School  being  known  as  No.  1,  and  the  ; 
ISotth  School  as  No.  2.     Thus  were  the  first  two  ' 
htkoU  organized  in  1838,  twenty-one  years   after  ; 
I  lie  appointment  of  the  board  of  trustees  for  siiper- 
liitending  schools,  in  the  town  of  St.  Louis  by  the 
llerritorial  Legislature,  twenty-six  years  after  Congress 
lu  donated  the  public  lands,  and  five  years  after  the 
lirjanization  of  the  new  board  under  State  legisla- 
Im.   These  schools   were   public,  but   not   wholly 
Ivt  schools,  a  tuition  fee  of  two  dollars  and  fifty 
\bU  per  quarter  being  charged,  and  this  notwith- 
lunding  the   fact  that  a  revenue    from    rentals   of 
Imblic  lot.s  was  received  by  the  board.     The  Rejutb- 
,11  of  Oct.  16,  1839,  noticed  the  fact  that  on 

I'lit  12th  inst.  the  president  and  board  of  directors  of  the 
litkuii  iiublic  schools  leased  out  at  public  auction  the  whole 
lilbiick  No,  lliO,  having  sub-divided  the  satno  into  thirty-two 
liiiri.Ueen  of  vthich  front  twenty-flve  feet  on  Fifth  Street,  and  ' 
luHiinrenly-fivo  foot  five  inches  on  Fourth  Street.  It  will 
IkKollectcd  that  this  is  the  same  bluclc  which  the  city  had 
lnMi^l  to  lease  and  set  apart  as  a  public  square.  The  hoard 
liMblie  schoids  offered  it  to  the  city  at  the  annual  rent  of  two 
litistnd  five  hundred  dollars,  but  this  sum  was  consiilored  en- 
Itililo'i  high,  and  the  city  declined  any  further  negotiations  ; 


lAneivspapcrof  Feb.  2n,  1860,  said,  "On  Friday,  tho  24th 

■k.  11 4  o'clock  P.M.,  the  Laclede  Primary  School,  situated  on 

ktoTDcr  of  Fourth  aud  Spruce  Streets,  adjourned  line  die. 

Mil  'iS  the  first  school  cetablished  by  the  board  of  directors 

liiitdiy  of  St.  Louis,  the  house  having  been  erected  in  18117- 

ll.  Thi  school  wont  into  opcnition  on  the  2d  day  of  April, 

wpi.  The  building  of  this  house,  which,  including  furniture, 

(ibout  tbriH'  thousand  live  hundred  dollars,  was  regarded  at 

xiiu  a!  a  great  triumph  in  the  cause  of  public  education, 

bii!  designeil  to  accomuiodale  about  one  liundrod  and  sev- 

?lite pupils,  and  supposing  it  to  have  been  full  all  the  time, 

lltbit  the  average  attendance  of  the  scholars  was  two  years 

Ul  follows  Ihat  about  two  thousand  children  have  received 

mtion  is  the  school.    From  flrst  to  last  about  thirty  diSer- 

biadiers  have  been  employed  in  this  building. 

rlke ielioUrs  who  have  boon  in  this  building  are  nowtrans- 

dlothc  liaclcdo  School,  on  the  corner  of  Fifth  and  Poplar 

». tliB  first  story  of  which  has  been  thoroughly  repaired 

limied  ffitli  new  furniture  adapted  to  the  use  of  primary 

i>ki<." 


respecting  it.  Tho  following  are  the  prices  at  which  the  loU 
respectively  were  lea.sed  per  front  foot: 

"  Lot  No.  1,  corner  of  Oratiot  and  Fifth,  H.oO ;  lot  2,  $3.94 ; 
.I,  .^.621 ;  4,  $3,024  ;  5,  *2.87i  ;  fl,  .^.STl ;  7,  *3.25 ;  8,  $3.75  ; 
a,  $4.00;  10,  $4.00:  11, $4,121;  12,  $4.25;  13,  $4.25  ;  14,$4.l2i; 
15,  $4.25;   10,  $(i.2o. 

"  Lot  No.  17,  corner  of  Cerrfi  and  Fourth  StreeU,  $«.00i  ;  18, 
$1,124;  19,  $3,024;  20,  $3.25;  21,  $3.23;  22,  $3,081;  2,3, 
$3.50  ;  24,  $3,874  ;  25,  $3,624  i  20,  $3.30  ;  27,  $iA3i  ;  28, 
$3,374;  29,  $3,311;  30,  $3.44  ;  31,  $3,374  ;  32,  $.3.75.  Making 
an  aggregate  annual  rent  to  tho  schools  of  about  three  thousand 
dollars,  being  live  hundred  more  per  annum  than  tho  sum  for 
which  the  same  ground  was  offered  to  the  city,  and  making  a 
dilTorenoo  of  about  twenty-five  thousand  dollars  for  fifty  years, 
tho  term  for  which  the  ground  is  leased." 

Benton  School,  school-house  No.  3,  was  liuilt  in 
1841,  at,  one  authority  says,  a  cost  of  "  about  ten 
thousand  six  hundred  and  twenty-five  dollars,"  and 
another,  eight  thousand  dollars,  the  contractors  being 
Messrs.  Dresser  &  Gibson.  The  school  was  opened  in 
January,  1842  "  Admission  fee,  12.50  per  quarter, 
and  salary  of  male  principal  nine  hundred  dollars ; 
female,  five  hundred  dollars." 

On  Dec.  11,  1841,  the  committee  appointed  by  the 
board  of  public  school  directors  to  report  a  suitable 
address  to  the  citizens  of  St.  Louis  submitted  the 
foUowin^; : 

"To    THK    I'iDi.ir. 

"  The  great  object  of  public  schools  is  that  elementary  edu- 
cation bo  so  freo  as  not  to  e.\oIude  the  indigent  from  its  bene- 
fits ;  and  it  is  with  this  view,  as  is  well  known,  that  tho  Federal 
government  has,  in  the  disposition  of  public  lands,  mar*  j  pro- 
visitm  for  common  schools. 

"  Ueretofore  the  public  schools  in  our  city  have  been  con- 
ducted entirely  upon  tho  free  system,  and  it  is  tho  wish  of  the 
present  directory  so  to  oontinuo  them;  but  at  this  time  the 
school  fund  is  so  low  as  to  compel  thom  to  charge  a  small  tui- 
tion fee,  to  enable  thom  to  meet  the  current  e.\penses  of  all  the 
schools,  and  pay  what  they  now  owo. 

"  There  has  lately  boon  a  spacious  school-house  built  on 
Sixth  Street,  at  a  very  c  nsiderable  oxpenBo,  which  must  re- 
main closed  if  the  public  will  pay  nothing  towards  tho  educa- 
tion of  the  children  admitted  as  scholars.  Tho  board,  then,  be- 
lieving that  this  small  sum  will  bo  paid,  and  conceiving  it  more 
judicious  to  open  the  new  school,  charging  for  tuition,  than 
to  let  it  remain  as  it  now  is,  for  want  of  means  to  pay  teachers, 
etc.,  have,  at  a  late  meeting,  adopted  sundry  resolutions,  by 
which  it  will  be  seen  that  this  house  will  be  opened  on  tho  1st 
of  January,  1842,  for  the  reception  oi  children,  and  that  the 
public  schools  in  this  city  will  hereafter  be  conducted  on  differ- 
ent principles,  at  least  for  some  time. 

"  At  tho  meeting  referred  to  it  was  resolved  that  all  the 
schools  be  opened  for  tho  reception  of  scholars  on  the  Ist  of  Janu- 
ary, 1842,  upon  the  following  conditions  :  That  children  bo  ad- 
mitted, and  taught  reading,  writing,  etc.,  at  two  aud  a  half 
dollars  per  quarter,  stationery  furnished  by  the  school,  and  two 
dollars  per  quarter  only  fur  those  who  do  not  write,  payable  in 
advance,  as  it  is  distinctly  undorstood  that  no  name  will  be  en- 
tered until  the  money  is  paid. 

"  At  said  meeting  tho  city  was  divided  into  three  school  dis- 
tricts, viz. :  AM  that  part  of  the  city  south  of  Myrtle  Street  for 
sobool  No.  1,  situated  on  Fourth  Street ;  all  north  of  Morgan 


jijiij'    . 

m 


;iin 


838 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


atroct  for  sohool  No.  2,  situated  on  Drondwny  ;  and  the  balance 
of  tlio  city  for  sohool  No.  .T,  on  Sixth  Street. 

"  A  committee  of  throe  liivo  been  appointed,  whoso  duty  it 
shall  bo  to  devote  two  hours  each  day,  next  woi'k,  from  3  to  5 
o'olool<  I'.M.,  commencing  on  Monday,  the  13lh  inst.,  to  receive 
appllcutions  for  the  admission  of  schulnrs  iind  issue  curliRciitos 
to  all  who  shall  bo  ailmittcd.  One  of  sitid  committee  will  bo 
found  at  schoolliouse  No.  1,  one  at  No.  2,  and  one  at  No.  3. 

"The  board,  wishing  to  give  all  the  a<lviintogcs  of  a  plain 
English  education  to  as  many  as  their  limited  means  will  allow, 
have  resolved  that  twenty-live  scholars  bo  admitted  to  school 
No.  1  free  of  chargo,  and  twenty-live  to  school  No.  2,  and  50  to 
school  No.  ;i,  making  in  all  one  hundred  free  scholars,  who  are 
not  to  be  known  as  such  by  those  who  pay. 

"  All  papers  friendly  to  the  cause  of  education  will  confer  a 
favor  by  giving  tliis  an  insertion  for  one  week. 

"JOII.N   B'lNNEV, 

".JosKi'ii  Taiioii, 
"John  McEvov, 

**  Connnlttee." 

This  address  ereated  tlie  fear  that  tltere  was  some- 
thing wroii^  in  the  niana^^ciuent  of  the  school  fund.x, 
and  drew  forth  criticisius  in  the  newspapers  which 
throw  con.^iderable  light  upon  the  condition  of  affairs 
at  that  time.  A  writer,  over  the  signature  "  W.  P.," 
thus  arraigns  tluj  aiiJress  : 

■' Hy  a  vote  of  the  citizens  of  St.  Louis,  in  18.35,  in  pursu- 
ance of  an  act  of  tlie  (ienenil  Assembly  of  our  State,  ten  per 
cent,  of  tlie  net  prnccc  's  i'  the  s'lle  (if  the  St.  Louis  common 
is  set  apart  for  the  >u;i|  t  m  |)iibllo  schools  in  St.  Louis. 
Such  are  the  resources  .;'  our  suimols,  which,  wo  are  now  in- 
formed l)V  the  board  of  directors,  have  been  exhausteil,  wliile 
only  two  sc'iools  have  been  kept  in  operation,  and  tliese  only 
since  IS38,  instructing  two  hundred  and  sixty  chiMren  out  of 
two  thousand  eight  hundred  who  want  instruction,  as  appears 
from  the  report  of  the  committee  of  the  board  a<loptc<l  in  De- 
cember, 1S3!),  and  published  by  order  of  the  board.  The  same 
report  states  the  means  of  the  board  as  follows  : 

Due  to  the  board  by  the  city $2481.24 

Due  to  the  lioanl  by  individuals 2412.10 

Together $4Sy3.34 

From  which  deduct  debts  due  by  the  board..        890.00 

Which  leaves  surplus  means $4003,34 

besides  a  balance  of  $513. 7  J  in  the  treasury.  The  annual  reve- 
nue, from  lots  leased  out  and  ten  per  cent,  on  sale  of  Common, 
is  stateil  at  $0200.27  ;  the  annual  expenses  for  conducting  two 
schools,  anil  expenses  of  the  board,  at  $3600.27,  showing  an 
annual  surplus  of  iiicomo  of  $51109.  The  nuintior  of  schools  and 
teacliers  has  not  increased  since  then,  nor  have  the  salaries  of 
the  teachers  been  raised,  consequently  the  expenses  cannot  vary 
much  from  what  they  were  then.  The  reuouroes  also  remain 
the  same.  There  ought  to  be,  then,  at  present  a  surplus  of 
$l,'>,915.fl»,  to  wit: 

Balance  in  favor  of  board,  December,  IS30.     $4,003.34 

Dulancc  in  treasury i 513.75 

Surplus  revenue  for  two  years 1 1,398.00 

Total $15,015.09 

omitting  the  interest.  There  has  been,  however,  a  now  school- 
house  built  last  summer,  ut  the  enormous  sum  of  $8000,  as  I 
have  been  irrormed.  Still,  according  to  their  own  statements, 
the  board  ought  to  have  a  balance  of  nearly  $8000  in  ensh 


or  its  equivalent,  nnd  the  revenue  ought  to  lio  m:,r,.  ^\y^„  ,  ».  ] 

oienl  to  conduct  three  schools,  or  even  mmi'      Hv  ..  ,„  1 

".'  '  "'I'piiriniri 
these  results,  drawn  from  the  published  statciu.  iii<  „l  iht  hu    rl  i 
with  their  pre.«ent  announcement,  that  /,,)•  unnl  ../■  „„„„,  .i,,' 
niu«t  raise  money  by  charging  tuition  Ices,  '  /..  „„,(  .i,,.,.,,,, 
neiiiira  (111(1  p(i;i  irlial  ihey  miic  oirc,'  we  are  \\\c\  iiiil,|v  \f,\  („  .u 
conclusion  that  either  the  slateincnLs  and  i»tiiiiat,.,<  iiuUiil 
by  the  board  in  December,  1839,  were  grossly  iii(,ini.i..t  uril    I 

culiiablo  mismanagement  must  have  taken  \i\:wc  livui.i.i 
I  "  1        •  ".^  "iiioii  uiir 

noble  school  fund,  that  sacred  trust,  for  whiih  we  ;ir,.  ri  <iniiuhl 
to  our  posterity,  is,  perhaps,  threatened  with  a  similar  faic  t 
that  which  has  destroyed  the  Giiard  I'liud,  fur  llm  ediioaiim, 
orphans  in  I'hiladelphia.  [t  is  not  my  desire  tu  iiijiiit  imu 
cent  men  with  groundless  suspicions.  Hut,  as  an  hiiiiil,loii„,,j, 
ber  of  this  community,  interested  iif  its  present  and  liiliiro  nel, 
fare,  I  demand  the  attention  of  all  citizens  in  tlio  siibin't 
no  reason  for  alarm  exists,  there  can  be  no  harm  .|i,nc  liv  in 
quiring  into  it.  On  the  other  hand,  tlie  sa.rcd  'liity  wi.  ,ii,c 
our  posterity  sternly  rebukes  tame  indiireieiicc  In  r,.^riir,|  to 
subject  which,  of  all  others,  ought  to  bo  nearest  uml  dearest 
a  patriot'r  heart," 

At  a  meeting  of  the  board  in  Juno,  IS  12.  u  loi 
niittee  was  appointed  to  report  a  plmi  fur  ilio  raj 
organization  of  the  schools,  in  crdur  to  iiiiToase  ilieil 
number  and  tisefuhiess,  and  with  iiistnutiuiis  tlm 
"  in  tlie  opinion  of  the  board,  no  system  of  iiiiani;ciiieJ 
that  does  not  embrace  at  least  two  grades  of  school 
can  be  to  a  high  degree  efficient,"  This  eoiniiiittal 
reported  June  27,  1843,  that  "  tlicy  deem  it  cxind 
ent  for  the  board  to  establish  and  locate  in  eatli  wart 
of  the  city  four  public  schools,  to  wit :  oiie  male  uij 
one  female  primary  school,  one  male  ami  one  I'einiJ 
elementary  school ;  and  that  a  high  school  shoulil  all 
be  established  in  some  central  jiart  of  the  ciiv,'  ivil 
a  recommendation  that  "  if  the  views  iil'  this  coil 
mittec  be  adopted,  the  plan  pointed  out  by  thciu  1 
strictly  adhered  to,  and  carried  out  from  lime  to  tin 
as  the  finances  of  the  board  will  justify."  This  i 
port  was  signed  by  A.  Renard,  Edward  Jdiics.  li. 
Brown,  and  Elijah  Ilaydon.  In  atrordaiicc  with  t| 
recommendations  of  this  report,  the  bnanl  dciid 
"  that,  as  a  beginning  of  the  .sy.utetn  resolved  opiinl 
their  meeting,  to  establish  now  scluioKs,  a  piiiui 
mtile  and  female  school  be  establisheil  in  the  Fil 
and  Sixth  Wards,  provided  the  citizens  doiiiitel 
the  board  means  sufficient  to  defray  roiii  and  fuel 
And  yet  a  newspaper  of  the  If/tli  of  Fcliniary,  '. 
said, — 

"  It  ap|)cars  frim  the  annual  statement  of  tlio  huarl  ofl 
rectors  of  the  St,  Louis  public  schools  that  the  lntal  iiiii'iiinr 
rents   received   for   the  years   1843-44  was  SI  l,.iiiii.:;:t,  "«! 
which  they  paid  taxes  and  various  other  elaiiii"  !iiii'iui)iii 
$710.7(1.    There  was  received  on  account  of  this  fiiiul  liv 
of  school    lands,  city  commons,  claims  ciiiiipniinisnl,  nnl 
sources  other  than  for  rents  of  1813-41  the  .siiiii  I'f  S16, 
from  which  they  paid  liabilities  of  former  lioaril,  iigiiit',1 
I'cntage  for  claims  compromised,  and  for  legal  sonioi's^lHI 
making  the  aggregate  gross  receipts,  after  deihii'liiij;  Hnj 


f':i 


EDUCATION. 


839 


tiitcmiMil  c«f  the  l)..ar.l  ofl 
,„ls  tlml  the  l"tiil  »"""'5 
3-11  w:.s  Sll,:.oo.:i:l,"«| 
9  olh.T  cl;iiin»  lU.w" 
L.e«u«tu(ll.isf,milfn"»l 

jliiims  cninvr'iniirf'l 


I  itDt)  iforcsaid,  $23,388.30.  The  total  expenailiires  for  the  I 
Kgjpcriiiil  amoiintoJ  to  $10,471.43,  On  the  1st  of  Jiinuiiry, 
sij  iho  l<it>'l  resources  uf  the  funil,  incliiiliiig  city  bonds  for 
IjlilOOlhlepositeil  in  the  bank,  nmomited  to  $12,9111.87.  The 
litliiiol  property  now  in  possession  of  the  hoard  is  vnliied  at 
Ijlljjjl.i;.  The  rents  iicoruing  to  the  board  for  the  year  1845  j 
liillnmuuKt  to  $G2G8.88.  The  amount  of  rent  duo  on  lots  for- 
biieJ  to  the  board  during  the  lost  two  years  is  $702.38."  ■ 

From  1S40  to  18-14  the  question  of  the  salaries 
lofteaclicrs  had  a;ritatcd  both  the  boitrd  and  the 
Ittjcliers.  In  the  fall  of  the  latter  year  these  salaries 
|,„c  fixed  as  follows:  "All  males,  except  principal 
Itf school  No.  3,  five  hundred  dollars;  all  females, 
liiccpt  principal  of  school  No.  3,  four  hundred  dol- 
I'ffi:  assistants,  both  male  and  female,  two  hundred 
\d  fifty  ilollars  per  annum."  The  teachinj;  of  vocal 
liisic  was  lirst  authorized  during  this  year. 

A  primary  school  was  opened  in  the  Fifth  Ward 
lb  .\pril,  I''  ^^>  under    the  charge  of   Miss  Sophia 

lljKl'll. 

Clark  and  Mound  schools  were  built  in  1845,  the 
linncr  nn  the  lot,  having  a  front  of  seventy-four  feet, 
ImcliaseJ  IVotu  G.  S.  Chouteau  for  fifteen  hundred 
liolkrs.    The  schools  were  opened  in  July,  1846. 

Mossrs.  J.  II.  Tice,  William  S.  Stamps,  and  Jere- 
liiah  Laiif-'ton  were  appointed,  Sept.  15,  1847,  a 
Lniiuitteo  to  ascertain  upon  what  terms  a  suit- 
lile  li/t  for  a  .--chool  in  the  Fifth  Ward  could  bo  ob- 
Isioeil.  Tliti  committee  selected  a  lot  on  the  corner 
f  Ninth  ami  Wash  Streets,  measurinj^  eighty-two 
liiiioiio-hairfoet  front  on  Wash  by  one  hundred  and 
Ik  foet  (in  Ninth,  and  reported  that  for  the  fifty 
Iki  next  tiie  corner  the  price  was  fifty  dollars  per 
fcni  lout,  atitl  for  the  reinainino;  thirty-two  and  one- 
luif  Hot  forty  dollars  per  front  foot.  Their  recom- 
Iwilaiioii  that  the  property  be  purchased  was  adopted 
111 ihe  hoard.  I\Ie.«srs.  Tice,  Hall,  and  Stamps  were 
liNn.  2,  1S47,  appointed  a  building  committee, 
|ci ri'iiorted  a  plan  for  a  building  and  a  contract  for 
|«iin;,'  tlie  saiuc.  The  contract  was  made  with 
llfsrs.  lirior  k  Stearns,  and  tht^  building  was  com- 
IfaeJin  the  summer  of  1848,  and  the  school  opened 
HOdiihcr  of  the  same  year.  '•  A  few  weeks  sineo," 
lijsa local  jdtirnal  of  Aug,  19,  1848, — 

I'Ht  Jirectors  of  the  St.  Ijouis  public  schools  very   wi.'ioly 

laiomctl  Mr.  E.  Wyinnn,  of  this  city,  to  proceed  to  Massa- 

lnw,  ami  scliTt  a  sufHi'ient  numl)er  of  competent  teiiehers 

Itike  public  schools  of  ,**t.  Iiouis.     lie  has  performed  this 

linunil.ffp  hiivc  no  doubt,  in  a  manner  acceptiibte  to  tlie 

ivrj, anil,  a8  ive  hope  the  result  will  prove,  to  the  citizens 

tnwst  iiilorosted  in  the  improvemeiil  and  elevation  of 

^'Sirftctor  of  lliese  schools.    The  tuaehorH  thus  selected  were 

miijfrs  in  lliu  'Athiiitis,'  on  Thursday  eveninj;.  from   the 

•  ml  will,  we  presume,  soon  entor  upon  their  duties.     We 

«i  their  iiBini's;    Mr.  C.  Edwards,   C.  A.   Putnam,    N.   D. 

IMr.  C.  Kimhnll  and  lady,  Miss  N.  Foster,  Miss  L.  II. 


Gushing,  Miss  M.  Rutrick,  .Miss  S.  Wing,  Miss  K.  Frothingham, 
J.  Smith,  Miss  K.  Itrooks,  Miss  L.  Stone,  Miss  E.  II.  I'altner, 
Miss  C.  I.illle,  and  Jliss  E.  lladley. 

"  Ml-.  Wyuiiin  was  also  a  passenger  in  tlje  '  Atlantis,'  prepared 
to  enter  upon  liis  duties  n«  the  principal  of  his  excellent  and 
successful  institution  for  tho  education  of  youlh  In  this  city." 

The  following  extracts  from  a  St.  lintiis  newspaper 
under  date  of  Jan.  8,  1847,  give  a  very  clear  idea  of 
the  condition  of  education  in  the  State  in  that  year: 

"Tho  system  of  co-  mon  schools  in  tiiis  State  may  bo  said  to 
bo  in  its  infancy.  Aahcugh  the  law  providing  for  the  organ- 
ization of  scliools  was  passed  at  the  session  of  18:iS-3!t,  yet 
there  is  reason  to  believe  that  tho  failure  for  several  years  of 
tile  bank  to  declare  dividends  has  materially  retarded  the  ex- 
tension of  the  system.  Hut  other  causes  have  tended  to  produce 
tlio  same  result.  Many  of  the  counties  are  new  and  sparsely 
populated,  and  tlic  organization  of  schools  in  some  portions  of 
them  is  impracticable.  Wo  believe  that  a  large  portion  of  the 
lieople  possess  but  little  information  on  the  suliject ;  they  do 
not  know  the  system  by  which  Ihe  townships  may  be  lugan- 
ized.  or  tlie  benefits  which  would  result  to  them  from  such  an 
organization," 

**  In  connection  with  the  above  report,"  said  the  same  jour- 
nal, "it  may  be  well  to  apprise  tlie  reader  that  the  'State 
school  fund'  consists  of  all  the  money  deposited  witli  tlio  Slato 
by  tlie  United  States,  under  the  act  of  Congress  to  regulate  the 
deposit  of  public  moneys,  approved  2"d  of  June,  ISHO,  gener- 
ally known  as  the  OiMtn'f>iiU''ni  Art,  and  tbejiroceeds  of  sales  in 
the  saline  lands  in  tliis  ,^tate,  ami  all  lands  which  have  passed 
to  tlie  Slato  by  escheat,  ]Mirclia5e,  or  forfeiture.  This  fund  is 
invested  in  Iho  stock  of  the  Hank  of  Missouri,  and  is  depend- 
ent t)n  the  <1  idends  of  that  institution  for  tlie  auiouut  of  dis- 
tribution. 1  les  and  forCeitures  for  criminal  otlcnses  constitute 
a  county  school  fund  for  the  ('oiinty  where  tlie  ollense  was  com- 
mitted. The  school  system  is  foundeil  on  ctnigressional  town- 
ships and  fractional  townships,  that  is,  every  si.x  miles  square, 
as  marked  in  tlie  United  States  surveys,  constitutes  a  seliool 
township.  These  are  again  sub-divided  into  ns  many  districts 
as  a  majority  of  the  inliabitants  deem  jiroper.  'I'lie  United 
States  goveriiiiieni  has  granted  to  eacli  congressional  township 
the  sixteenth  section — a  mile  square — for  eoininoii  school  pur- 
poses. In  many  iustances  these  sixteenth  sections  have  been 
so  prudently  manageil  that  they  have  become  a  source  of  large 
revenue  to  the  township,  but  in  others  they  have  been  liadly 
manageil.  The  proceeds  fioiii  this  source,  added  to  Iho  Slate's 
fund,  in  some  in-^taiices  are  sufhcicut  to  (lay  tlie  salaries  of  tho 
teaeliers  for  all  the  children  witliin  the  township." 

From  1833  to  184[>   the  following  gentlemen  at 

different  times  held  seats  in  the  St.  Louis  board  of 

school  directors:  John  Alteinus,  Edward  Bates,  Kd- 

;  ward  Uredell,  John  Hyriie,  John  II.  Baldwin,  Dr.  B. 

B.  Brown,  Wait  Barton,  J.   C.   Beidman,  Cornelius 

Campbell,  Joseph  (Miarless,  J.   C.  Carpenter,  J.  C. 

Degenhart,  T.  B.  Diiti^her,  Lucien  Dumaiiie,  Antoino 

Dubreuil,  John  Dunn,  Patrick  Deegan,  William  O. 

Eliot,  T.  B.  Edgar,  Joseph  Eck,  Du  Bouffay  Fremon, 

William  V.  Fisher,  S.  V.  Farnsworth,  John  Finney, 

Dennis  Galvin,  Archibald  Gamble,  V.  M.  GareschC', 

I  Patrick   Gorman,   II.    L.    Hoffman,  Charles   Huth, 

'  Edward  Haren,  Elijah  Ilayilen,  Alexander  Hamilton, 


840 


HTSTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


William  Hare,  Elijah  Hall,  E.  A.  Humphreys,  Bran- 
noek  Jones,  Edward  Jones,  David  Keith,  Mathow 
Kerr,  Marie  P.  Leduc,  Peter  Latour,  Jeremiah  Lanj;- 
ton, McLaughlin,  Isaac  McHoae,  Stewart  Mat- 
thews, James  Maguire,  John  McEvoy,  Samuel 
McCullough,  Hugh  O'Neil,  J.  W.  Ormsbee,  Wilson 
Primm,  Daniel  D.  Page,  Trusten  Polk,  Joseph  Pow- 
ell, T.  P.  Reilly,  James  Ritchie,  A.  Renard,  Barthol- 
omew Rice,  Nathan  Ranney,  Josiali  Spalding,  John 
Shannon,  Spencer  Smith,  William  S.  Stamps,  John 
F.  Thornton,  John  H.  Tice,  Henry  Von  Phul,  Sam- 
uel Willi,  Peter  A.  Walsh,  Asa  Wilgus,  David  Wes- 
ton, and  Thomas  H.  West. 

In  June,  1849,  a  mill  tax  was  voted  to  build  up 
and  sustain  the  schools,  and  from  that  time  the  de- 
velopment of  the  system  has  been  rapid  and  complete.* 

*  An  Act  to  authorize  the  ierying  and  coUecthig  of  a  tttjr  In  the 

city  of  St.    houtH,  for  the  purpose  if  education. 

**  Be  it  etuirted  by  the  (ieneral  Ansf-.ntbty  of  the  Slate  of  Mia- 
$owi  ae  foUoKe  :  Skl'.  I.  There  shall  be  levied  and  collected 
annuall;,  upon  all  real  and  personal  property  vritiiln  the  cor- 
porate limits  of  the  city  of  St.  I.nuis  made  taxable  by  law  fur 
State  purposes,  a  tax  not  exceeding  one-tenth  of  one  per  cent., 
which  tax,  when  collected,  shall  be  paid  to  the  president  and 
directors  of  the  St.  Ijoui!"  public  schools,  and  by  them  [to]  ho 
used  and  applied  in  the  same  manner  and  for  the  same  pur- 
poses as  other  money  belonging  to  the  corporation  of  the  presi- 
dent and  directors  of  the  St.  Louis  public  schools,  and  in  .-strict 
aooordance  with  the  provisions  of  the  act  or  acts  of  the  Legis- 
lature of  the  Territory  and  State  of  Missouri  in  relation  to 
said  corporation. 

"Skc.  2.  The  collector  of  St.  Louis  County  shall  have  au- 
thority, and  it  is  hereby  made  his  duty,  to  collect  the  tax  in 
the  first  section  of  this  act  specified,  and  in  the  same  manner, 
and  under  the  same  restrictions,  penalties,  and  responsibilities, 
and  with  the  same  power  as  is  provided  in  the  third  article 
of  an  act  entitled  '  .^n  Act  to  provide  for  levying,  aasessing,  and 
collecting  the  revenue,'  approved  March  27, 1S4J,  and  faithfully 
and  punctually  to  pay  over  the  same  to  the  president  and  di- 
rectors of  the  St.  Louis  public  schools. 

"  Sec.  3.  The  collector  of  St.  Louis  County  shall,  before  he 
enters  upon  the  duties  imposed  upon  him  by  this  act,  enter  into 
bond  to  the  president  and  directors  of  the  St.  Louis  public 
schools,  in  such  sum  as  they  may  require,  with  good  and  suffi- 
cient securities,  to  be  approved  by  said  president  and  directors, 
conditioned  fur  the  faithful  performance  of  his  duties  as  such 
collector  of  the  tax  in  this  act  specifieil. 

".Sec  4.  The  said  collector  shall  taUe  the  assessment  made 
by  the  assessor  of  St.  Louis  County  within  the  limits  of  the 
city  of  St.  Louis,  and  from  the  said  assessment  is  hereby  au- 
thorized to  make  a  tax-list  in  pursuance  of  and  for  the  purpose 
in  this  act  mentioneil ;  and  for  his  compensation  for  such  ool- 
lection  shall  receive  the  same  per  centum  as  is  allowed  him  by 
law  for  the  collection  of  the  Stale  and  county  revenue. 

"Sk.'.  5.  On  the  first  Monday  of  June,  in  the  year  eighteen 
hundred  and  forty-nine,  this  act  shall  be  submitted  to  the  quali- 
fied voters  of  tlie  city  of  St.  Louis  for  their  approval  or  rejec- 
tion, and  if  the  majority  of  such  qualified  voters,  voting  upon 
the  clay  aforesaid,  shall  vote  in  favor  of  this  act,  the  same  shall 
become  and  be  a  valid  and  binding  law  from  and  after  said  day. 
But  if  a  majority  of  suuh  qualified   voters,  voting  on  the  day 


The  first  tax  under  this  law  was  collected  in  Igsy 
and  amounted  to  about  eighteen  thotis.iii.l  ilnHnr., 

On  the  19th  of  February,  1850,  Messrs.  ThorntonI 
&  Eliott  were  appointed  a  committee  of  the  board  fori 
the  selection  of  a  lot  for  a  school  in  flic  Tliinl  Ward  I 
and  on  the  15th  of  March  reported  that  tliey  liadl 
purchased  a  lot  on  the  corner  of  Fifth  and  Poplarl 
Streets  from  Isaac  Walker,  containinj;  sovunty  foetl 
front  by  one  hundred  and  twenty-seven  flet  deep 
eighty-seven  dollars  and  fifty  cents  per  from  fimt.  XhJ 
plan  submitted  by  Mr.  Eliott  for  a  tmildinu'  waL 
adopted,  and  contracts  were  ordered  to  be  entered  intd 

aforesaid,  shall  not  approve  of  this  act,  the  some  shall  hv  null 
and  void. 

"Ski'.  6.   No  person  shall  be  qualified  to  vole  f.,rnr  »gainil 
this  act  but  such  persons  as  are  twenty-one  \ <ars  »|  ace  ana 
residents  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  and  who  at  llie  tiineuf  ■ 
voting  shall  be  owners  of  real  or  personal  prupc  rt.v,  sulijc  1 1 
taxation  by  the  laws  of  the  State  for  county  and  Stale  puri,. 

"Sec.  7.  The  justices  of  the  peace  within  ilic  lity  „f  gd 
Louis,  or  a  majority  of  them,  shall  have  power  to  apiioint  lir] 
or  more  persons  to  open  polls  and  superintend  the  voting  o 
this  act  as  aforesaid  in  the  several  wards  uf  the  ciiv  i,f  $1 
Louis,  which  voting  shall  be  t-iivi  looc,  and  the  jaij  |iersijnsi 
appointed  by  the  justices  as  aforesaid  shall  be  the  jmlgts  ( 
the  qualifications  of  voters,  and  shall  make  returns  of  ilie  rt 
suit  of  said  voting  to  the  clerk  of  the  county  court  of  thooouDB 
of  St.  Lcjuis,  whoshall  certify  said  return,  under  fhu  aialijf  sal 
court,  to  the  president  and  directors  of  said  St.  Louis  pnbll 
schools,  who  shall  transmit  the  same  to  the  Sccrelarv  of  SistI 
who  shall  file  the  same  in  his  nflice,  which  shall  he  cvi>lence| 
whether  this  law  is  in  force  or  not, 

"Sec.  8.  The  polls  for  voting  upon  this  act  shall  heopeni 
in  the  respective  wards  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis,  at  the  ulai 
where  the  city  elections  are  usually  held  ;  and  it  shall  lio  I 
duty  of  the  presiilent  and  directors  of  the  St.  Louis  publ 
schools  to  publish  this  act  in  all  the  newspapers  printed  >■ 
published  in  the  city  of  St.  Louis  three  weeks  succcssi?* 
before  the  day  of  said  voting;  they  shall  also  put  up  prlolj 
notices  of  the  said  voting  in  five  prominent  places  In 
ward  of  the  said  city  ten  days  before  the  said  first  Momlsyl 
June,  1S49. 

"Ai-fiiovED,  Feb.  13,  1849. 

"Officf.  of 
Secretary  UP  State  of  .MissofbiJ 

"I,  ErnRAiM  B.  Ewino,  Secretary  of  State  of  the  Slate| 
Missouri,  certify  that,  in  compliance  with  the  smculh 
of  an  act  authorizing  the  levying  and  collecting  <>f  tax  ia| 
city  of  St.  Louis  for  purposes  of  education,  appriivcd  Feb,  j 
1849,  William  U.  Eliot,  Jr.,  president  of  the  board  of  .lire< 
of  the  St.  Louis  public  schools,  has  transmitted  to  this  uffi* 
abstract  of  the  returns  of  an  election  held  in  the  sever.il  i 
of  the  city  of  St.  Louis  on  the  first  Monday  of  .lunc,  a.i>.  II 
in  pursuance  of  the  act  aforesaid,  and  that  said  ahitruol  ii 
file  in  this  office. 

"  Tn  testimony  whereof,  I  have  hereunto  sit  ray  hand  | 
affixed  the  seal  of  said  office.     Done  at  the  city  of  \ 
[l..  s.]  ferson,  this  twenty-fifth  day  of  June,  A.n.  IS19. 

"  Ei'HKAiH  B.  Ewino,  Seii;i,i.y  if  StalA 

This  aot  was  amended  by  the  act  of  1859,  approved  Marol^ 
and  by  the  act  of  1863,  approved  December  ITlli. 


EDUCATION. 


841 


18  ufilKricd  in  1850,] 
thous;iiiil  (Inllars. 
50,  Mt'ssr.s.  Tliormiinl 
itteu  (if  till!  Imard  I'orl 
1  in  tlic  Tliinl  \Yurd,l 
jorted  that  they  liadl 
of  Fifth  :uid  Pcplarj 
itainini;  suveiity  feed 
ty-sevcn  foot  deep,  an 
Its  per  frtjiit  foot.  Th« 
,  for  ii  biiildini;  wai 
ered  to  be  entered  iiitq 

not,  the  sniiK-  ^\iA\\  Ijc  null 

ficil  to  vote  f'lr  or  ngi\iiis( 
renty-onc  yciir:*  nl'  ;igp  anJ 
il  ntio  at  tlu'  time  uf  -uclj 
■rsoiml  iirii|icilv,  sulgid  I 
county  ami  Suite  |iur|i' 
ICO  within  till'  t'ity  uf  8i 
hiivo  [lower  to  a()|ioiiit  t«l 
auperinti'nil  the  voting « 
il  wards  of  tlic  city  vi  S| 
r.M,  anil  llic  f-M  |iorsiiin  i 
said  shall  he  the  jmlgcs 
mil  make  iclurns  of  ther 
le  county  I'oiivt  of  thctounU 
return,  under  the  seal  uf  M 
lorsof  said  ?t.  Louis  |rabl| 
lie  to  the  Secretary  of  SiatI 
i,  which  shall  he  evidence ( 

pon  this  act  shiiU  be  cpenf 
y  of  St.  I/ouis,  lit  tlie  iilai 
y  held ;  and  it  shall  be  I 
tors  of  the  St.  Louis  |>ubl 
tho  newsiinpers  printed  li 
is  three  weeks  suocessiva 
ley  shall  also  vut  "1>  \"M 
e  prominent  jilaees  in  ea( 
[ore  the  said  first  Momlay | 


'  OVKICT.  OF 
HY  OK  SrTATK  of  MissorMJ 
lary  of  State  of  the  StatJ 
Inco  with  tho  seventh  fcolf 
and  collectini;  "f  tnsini 
leducation,  apcroved  Feb.] 
lent  of  the  board  ot  dir» 
L  transmitted  to  this  uffi* 
[ion  held  in  tlie  several  »d 
\t  Monday  of  .lunc,  v.n.  1^ 
and  that  said  ahstniot  ' 

le  hereunto  set  ray  band  j 

lice.     Done  at  the  city  of  | 

|y  of  June,  v.i'.  ISl'- 

KwiNO,  St'-nlivn  »/  SMti 

|lof  IXo'.l,  approved  Miirollj 
I  Docemher  ITlh. 


lor  building  two  new  schooUhouses,  one  on  the  corner 

KfFifleeiith  and  Pine,  and  the  other  on  the  corner  of 

I  Fifth  niid  Poplar  Streets.     The  contracts  for  both 

I  ,ere  awiiidod  to  Messrs.  Sage  &  Warner.     The  for- 

Ipervtis  (ompleted  so  that  school  was  opened  in  it 

Lrlvin  iU'ceniber,  and  the  latter  about  the  middle  of 

jjinuary,  1851. 

Ihefini'  lot  upon  which  Webster  School  stands  was 

JoDated  in  the  year  1817  by  Col.  William  Chambers, 

h>i.  Thimms  Wri>;ht,  and  William  T.  Christy,  who  in 

ligb'dividiiig  their  property,  and  laying  out  the  same, 

I  panted  II  circular  lot  of  three  hundred  feet  in  diameter 

Lthe  inhabitants  of  North  St.  Louis  forever  for  a 

Ljiiiiary  of  learning.     Charles  W.  Schaumburg,  on 

|iji(9th  of  January,  1844,  submitted  a  petition  to  the 

I'j^rd  prayii'g  them  to  take  possession  of  the  land 

ligd  erect  thereon  a  public  school-house.     Tho  diffi- 

Lliy  of  title,  which  was  involved  in  the  fact  tiiat  a 

liKii  conveyance  from  an  unincorporated  community 

mill  not  be  made,  caused  a  petition  to  be  presented 

iiitheLejii.-lature  praying  for  a  law  to  appoint  trus- 

l^jtoadniinifiter  the  trust  and  convey  the  property 

Like  board.     The  act  was  passed  by  the  Legislature 

liJanuary,  1851,  and  the  board  became  invested  with 

i«ood  title  to  the  property.     The  Webster  school- 

liiiisewas  completed  on  the  first  Monday  in  February, 

l;j53.  The  building  was  eighty  feet  by  fifty-two,  and 

jiiee  stories  high.     The  first  story  was  intended  for 

liepriniary  department,  and  contained  two  large  clas.s- 

Iwms.    The  second  story  was  devoted  to  the  male 

ImDiniar  school.     It  was  divided  into  three  apart- 

lints.and  accommodated  one  hundred  and  sixty-eight 

tffk   The  female  grammar  school  was  assigned  to 

hi  third  story.      This   contained  four   rooms,   and 

Idii  cuuifortably  seat  one  hundred  and  sisty-eight 

IjipiLi. 

The  dedicatory  services  of  the  Webster  school- 
Ikigsctook  place  on  the  2d  of  February,  1843.  The 
iMcisos  were  opened  with  singing  by  the  pupils  from 
l»i«veral  grammar  schools  in  the  city  under  Professor 
llile.  teacher  of  vocal  music  in  the  public  schools, 
lfcr»liich  >Ir.  Tucker,  the  president  of  the  school 
Imid.  delivered  the  following  historical  address : 

'luMmmemorating  the  opening  of  thin  building,  tho  board 

kfiblic  schools  feel  gratified  that  their  call  boa  been  so  fully 
(oileil  to,  and  recognize  in  your  presonoe  that  sympathy 
^thtirciiuse  and  tlieir  labors  which  is  their  chief  object  and 

l^irtole  reward. 

i'lhi! bring  the  llrst  ocoasion  of  a  publio  celebration  of  this 
l.i!hort  history  of  the  beginning  and  progress  of  the  pub- 

kKbwb  miiy  not  be  unacceptable. 

rTiiuall  kuuw  whence  tho  system  was  derived  and  on  what 
mlkiiis  established,  and  we  would  not  avoid  remembering 
liitkiiudedging  the  wisdom  of  our  forefathers  in  engrafting 
>«!  rciy  being  as  a  State  ample  and  liberal  provisions  for 


publio  education  to  the  children  of  all,  poor  and  rich,  and  to 
them  together,  uniting  them  in  sympathies  on  tho  threshold  of 
life. 

"Those  noble  men  know  well  how  essential  are  intelligenoe, 
law,  ond  Older  to  the  permanency  of  government ;  their  fore- 
fathers hail  been  developing  tho  rij;hts  of  the  individual  and  of 

the  people  I'r the  days  of  Cromwell  to  our  Kevolution,  and  in 

guarding  those  they  placed  foremost  the  principle  of  universal 
public  education,  and  provided  liberally  for  it. 

"  t'nder  these  provi.-.ons,  as  early  as  1812  reservations  of 
vacant  lands  in  this  then  town  of  St.  Jjouis  were  made  fur  the 
public  schools  hy  Congress;  but  not  until  l.S3li  was  a  charter 
from  the  State  obtained  enabling  this  present  board  to  avail  of 
these  jirovisions,  and  in  this  interim  much  of  the  expected 
property  had  been  claimed  and  taken  hy  old  slumbering  titles, 
and  none  as.signed  to  the  schools,  and  no  assignments  of  lands 
were  obtained  till  May,  I8t;i. 

"The  first  possessions  of  tlio  board  *ere  therefore  such  as 
were  known  a.'  vacant  lands,  and  were  Miiall,  so  small  that  the 
first  rents — the  rents  of  the  year  IS.'i.i — were  only  six  hundred 
and  forty-tlve  dollars,  and  had  not  increased  two  hundred  dol- 
lars up  to  the  year  1840;  and  the  sales  of  real  estate  amounted 
in  lS:t8  to  only  four  thousand  two  hundred  and  thirty-six  dol- 
lars, and  were  not  increased  thereafter.  With  these  limited 
funds  two  school-houses  were  started  in  18.'t(i,  but  were  not 
opened  till  the  1st  of  April,  1838.  These  wore  the  jiresent  old 
Laclede  School,  on  Fourth  and  Spruce  Streets,  and  a  school 
long  disused,  corner  Cherry  and  Broadway,  since  destroyed  by 
tire. 

"  These  schools  exhausted  tho  available  funds  of  the  board, 
and  languished  for  want  of  income  to  keep  up  free  and  full  in- 
struction, and  the  board  was  much  embarrassed  in  legal  ex- 
penses and  exertions  to  obtain  assignments  of  lands  intended  to 
be  granted  by  the  United  States,  which  expenses  and  exertions 
have  continued  with  indifferent  and  partial  success  only,  up  to 
the  present  time,  and  still  continue. 

"  In  1842  the  market  on  Broadway  caused  the  renting  of  the 
building  there,  and  the  transposing  uf  the  school  to  the  present 
Benton  School  on  Sixth  Street;  but  the  school  languished  for 
want  of  means,  and  the  crisis  of  1843  caused  a  reduction  of  tho 
school's  rents  of  twenty-five  per  cent,  for  five  years,  to  retain 
tenants  and  secure  on  income.  With  the  assignments  ut  last 
made  in  1843,  and  compromise  made  on  same  in  December, 
1844,  we  find  the  funds  and  activity  of  the  board  improved,  and 
in  1 84a  the  present  Clark  School,  in  the  First  Ward,  and  Mound 
School,  in  tho  Siith  Ward,  were  commenced,  and  opened  in  1846 
early,  the  annual  rents  at  this  time  amounting  to  $u571.52. 

"  In  1847  tho  Jefi'erson  School,  in  tho  Fifth  Ward,  on  Wash 
Street,  was  commenced,  and  opened  in  1848,  and  from  this  time 
a  new  life  in  the  public  schools  may  be  dated,  they  filling 
'  rapidly  with  pupils,  and  becoming  of  public  interest.  Tho 
cholera  of  I84U  clouded  the  schools  temporarily,  and  in  some 
cases  the  houses  were  devoted  to  public  service  fur  the  sick. 

"  In  185U  the  Eliot  School,  in  the  Third  Ward,  and  the  new 
Laclede  School,  in  the  Second  Ward,  were  commenced,  and 
opened  in  ISJl,  as  also  the  primary  school  on  Seventh  Street, 
in  the  Fifth  Ward;  and  in  1852  were  commenced  the  Lafayette 
School,  in  the  First  Ward,  and  Webster  Scliool,  in  the  Sixth 
Ward,  the  latter  of  which  wo  have  now  the  pleasure  uf  opening 
to  you,  and  with  these  two  schools  in  operation,  the  board  are 
able  to  aocummodatc  four  thousand  pupils,  and  still  see  increase 
wanted,  and  are  preparing  fur  it. 

"  The  income  of  the  board  is  now...  $14,3(10  from  rents. 
And  this  year 26,'2fl3  from  taxes. 

"  Their  expenses  fur  instruction,  repairs,  fuel,  legal  und  office 
I  services  have  been  twenty-five  thousand  dollars  in  round  num- 


842 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


bers  fur  the  past  year,  ani]  the  reiiininder  devoted  to  building. 
With  the  new  high  school  now  in  progresa,  and  inatruolion  in 
tlioHo  two  new  sciiools,  tlieir  cx|ieni408  will  be  increased,  but  we 
trust  these  explnniitiona  will  show  that  our  trust  has  not  been 
slaclily  used  and  appropriated.  Among  the  friends  nnd  sup- 
porters of  our  cause  we  uan  Dumber  many  of  our  most  valued 
citicena. 

"The  chairman  of  the  town  trustees  in  1813,  C.  H.  Penrose, 
Esq.,  with  Oovcrnnr  William  Clark,  Bishop  DuBourg,  Hon. 
Thomas  Benton,  Col.  John  U'Fallon,  and  many  others,  was 
lealous  in  priservinf;  cognizance  of  the  lands  for  the  object,  and 
among  the  fimt  members  of  the  present  board  under  the  charter 
of  18,'i.S  were  the  Hon.  Kdward  Bates  and  the  late  .losiah  Spald- 
ing, Esq.,  to  whom  the  origin  of  the  valuable  rales  and  provis- 
ions may  be  traced. 

"The  interest  in  the  cause  has  not  ceased,  but  has  gone  on, 
combining  tn  it  others,  year  after  year,  both  in  the  board  and 
out,  and  to  this  interest  wo  should  ascribe  the  noble  donation 
of  this  noble  site  of  land. 

"We  therefore  present  the  public  school  cause  to  you,  both 
aa  emanating  from  the  fathers  of  the  Constitution  and  since 
supported  by  well-known  names,  both  past  and  present, 
statesmen  and  legislators,  with  private  citizens  innumerable. 

"  But  your  presence  here,  and  the  progress  the  schools  have 
made  under  every  difficulty,  also  proclaim  the  interest  the  people 
have  in  the  public  schools,  and  to  the.'<e  Bchool.'<  we  welcome 
their  children,  who  are  to  become  the  men  and  women  of  our 
land,  and  who  will,  we  trust,  appreciate  and  protect  to  their 
children  the  high  heritage  we  now  foster  for  theni,  not  as  a 
charity,  but  as  a  public  right  and  duty." 

After  the  address,  the  pupils  sang  a  few  stanzas 
appropriate  to  the  occasiun,  which  were  foil(jwed  by 
an  eloquent  address  from  John  A.  Kas.son,  the  orator 
of  the  day.' 

The  Lafayette  .school-house  was  opened  on  the  28th 
of  March,  on  which  occasion  an  address  in  English 
was  delivered  by  Hon.  B.  Gratz  Brown,  and  one  in 
German  by  ^Ir.  Jaeger.  The  schools  in  St.  George 
Market  Hall  were  transferred  to  this  building,  and  the 
schools  in  Mound  School  and  Chambers  Street  pri- 
mary were  transferred  to  the  Webster  building,  In 
April,  1850,  a  primary  school  was  opened  in  the  St. 
George  Market  Hall. 

The  schools  in  1854,  when  Superintendent  John 
H.  Tice's  report,  the  first  annual  report  of  the  St.  Louis 
public  schools,  was  published,  numbered  twenty-seven, 
employing  seventy-two  teachers,  and  when  full  ac- 
commodating upwards  of  four  thousand  pupils.     The 

'"At  this  time,"  says  the  /i!>"/)r(fc^Vnii,  "  there  were  in  the 
whole  city  ten  public  school-houses,  scattered  in  the  various 
wards,  as  follows :  In  the  First  Ward,  1 ;  in  the  Second  Ward, 
S;  in  the  Third,  1  ;  in  the  Fourtli,  1 ;  in  the  Fifth,  2;  in  the 
Sixth,  2.  These  give  facilities  for  the  schooling  of  about  40UU 
pupils.  The  number  of  children  now  being  educated  in  these 
schools,  we  learn,  is  .3400.  The  complement  of  teachers  musters 
strong.  There  are  now  sixty,  of  wlium  about  forty-flve  .ire 
females,  and  the  remainder  males.  The  most  competent  per- 
sons are  employed,  as  all  are  required  to  undergo  a  thorougli 
examination  before  a  committee  of  the  board  of  directors 
before  they  are  admitteil  in  the  public  schools," 


j  daily  average  attendance  at  that  tiniu  w  ;.;  ||ir,,^.  ,i 
I  sand  seven  hundred  and  ninety-on,',  ih,.  swlmon   i 
\  teachers  varying  from  three  hundred  ;ui<|  incniv.fi, 
dollars  to  one   thousand  three   hutidii'  I  doHi,, 
annum,  the  average  expense  of  each  |,ii],l  ij,,;,,,,  ^^j  ■ 
dollars  and  seventy-five  cents  per  aniiuin. 

The  success  and  popularity  of  tlicpn  i,.  schools  ij 
St.  Louis  contributed  to  a  very  great  (li-.-rco  t,ny.,J 
esUiblishing  a  system  throughout  the  .Stiitc.  ami  thj 
Legislature  in  1856  passed  a  law  appropriutini-  (ir,„tJ 
Jive  pet  cent,  of  the  State  revenue  for  tlio  support  l 
free  schools,  the  same  to  be  distributod  in  the  djifj 
ent  counties  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  childrei 
between  five  and  twenty-one  years  of  .ace,  FroiJ 
this  source  St.  Louis  received  a  revenue  of  tWiMitJ 
seven  thousand  four  hundred  and  fifty  si.\  dollars  am 
fifty-one  cents,  making  the  total  income  of  the  school 
over  eighty-seven  thousand  dollars. 

The  board  met  with  financial  embiinassiiicnistVoi 
the  time  of  its  establishment  until  piihlie  taxatioi 
came  to  the  assistance  of  its  revemics  dcrivcil  Iroi 
the  leasing  or  sale  of  its  lands.  Tiic  hiw  of  Fe| 
13,  1849,  providing  for  "a  tax  not  exccdiiij;  ou 
tenth  of  one  per  cent."  upon  all  real  and  pcrsoni 
property  within  the  corporate  limits  of  .St.  Louis,  ^k 
accepted  by  the  qualified  voters  on  tli.<  first  .Mondl 
in  June,  1849.  This  act  was  ameiidL'd  by  the  iitt  j 
March  2,  1859,  without  altering  the  amount  of  i 

The  Legislature,  by  the  act  of  tlio  ITtli  of  Dccej 
bor,  1863,  increased  the  tax  provided  for  in  both  I 
preceding  laws  to  "  a  tax  of  not  more  than  oik'-I 
of  one   per   cent."     Under   the  Cemstitutiun  .if  i 
State,  the  board  is  prohibited  from  creating  any  Jel| 
or  expending  in  any  year  more  than  the  incimxc  \ 
vided  for  that  year ;  but  for  the  purpose  of  piiyii 
the  principal  and  interest  of  the  indebtedness  cxisti 
at  the  time  of  the  adoption  of  the  Constitution,  NJ 
30,  1875,  a  special  tax  (not  exceeding  one  luilli 
nually)  is  permitted  to  be  levied, 

From  1849  to  1857  the  board  consisted  of  tweJ 
members.  The  following  is  a  list  of  the  dircctj 
who  served  at  different  times  : 

Samuel  H.  Bailey,  Joseph  Baker,  Hciijainin  Biii 
J.  C.  Degenhart,  T.  B.  Butcher,  W.  G.  l':iiol,  AJ 
Krford,  Louis  Espenchied,  Waldeinar  Fisher, 
Forbes,    Andrew  Finley,  George  M.   Fichtcnkad 
Alexander  Finley,  Carlos  S.  Greeley,  FVnlinand  (tu 
I  chalk,  Isaac  T.  Greene,  Archibald  (Jaiiihle,  Willj 
W.  Greene,  William  Garwood,  Patrick  (ioniian, 
ward   Hale,  John  R.  Hammond,  Edward  Jones 
drew  Krug,  William  C.  Kennett,  (Jeorge  W.  Lj 
Adolph  Levy,  F.   H.  Milligan,  William  S.  Mc 
Frederick  Mosberger,  P.  T.  McSlierry,  Arthur  I 


EDUCATION. 


843 


time  wii-;  ilirce  tlnmJ 
y-0I).^  llir  saliirics  ol 
ndroil  lui'l  twoiily-fivJ 
huiiihc  I  ildlhirs  |)cJ 
oacli  pvi]i'l  bfiii'4  nlnj 
r  iimuiiii. 

f  till'  Jim'  h'  sulidols  id 
ry  proat  (li"j:n!o  tuwurJ 
out  tlu'  Shiti'.  ami  ih^ 
f  iippvopriiilin;;  hrmtf 
inuo  fill'  ilie  suppuri  i 
stribiiteil  to  iho  dityefl 
he  iiuiiiljiT  (if  cliilJrei 
years  of  a;;o.    Frod 
I  a  rcvoiiuo  of  tweutj 
and  fifty  six  dollars  m 
\\  incoiuo  of  tlic  silioo| 
jUars. 

lal  embai  riissini'iits  froi 
it  until  (ivililic  taxatio 
!  revemius  durivcil 
ands.    Thfi  law  of  Fel 

tax  not  oxcpeiliii;;  > 
m  all  real  and  pevsHn 
■  limits  of  St.  Louis,  > 
tors  on  till!  first  Mnndi 
IS  ameniled  by  the  act  j 
prin;_'  tlie  amount  of 
^t  of  the  ITth  of  Die 
provided  for  in  both  I 
not  more  tlian  oncl 
the  Constitution  of 
from  creatiiif!  any  > 
lore  than  the  incoitu  pi 

the  purpose  of  p;iy 
the  indebtedness  existij 
of  the  Constitution.  ^ 
exeeediui;  one  mill  I 
ivied. 
loard  consisted  of  t-ve 
a  list  oi'  the  ilirect^ 

Baker,  Benjamin  Bris 
tchcr,  W.  G.  Kliot,  A, 
Waldeinar  Fisher,  U 
eor<^e  M.    Fiehtenka^ 
Greeley,  FerdinandCii 
rchibald  (jainbte,  Wil 
ood,  Patriek  Gorman. 
;nond,  Edward  Jnnos,, 
ennett,  George  W.  If 
igan,  William  S.  McB 
r.  McSherry,  Arthur  I 


Liu«n,  Joseph  O'Ncil,  William  Patrick,  George  Part- 
liite,  Jo^cp^  ^-  P"*'"")  Henry  Pilkinjiton,  11.  M. 
Ipirks,  Cliiirle»  A.  Pope,  Seth  A.  Ranlett,  S.  B.  She- 
I  J  William  S.  Stamps,  Frederick  Schulenhprg,  Solon 
I;i,r|i,  Cliiirlea  W.  Stevens,  Thoina.s  Salisbury,  John 
If  Thornton,  Thomn.s  M.  Taylor,  Charles  L.  Tucker, 
Ij  W.  Tliornburj;,  Edward  Wyman,  Louis  Winkel- 

liier. 

The  yeiir  1861-62  is  noted  in  the  school  reports  "  as 
\in('ir  iif  calamltj/  to  our  public  schools.     The  Re- 

illion  has  deprived  us  of  all  State  aid  and  reduced 
lull  other  revenues  about  one-half."  At  a  moetin;j; 
Lihe  board  of  directors  held  on  the  14th  of  May, 
IlSGl,  the  following  preamble  and  resolution  were 
lilcpied : 

•ni'C'i  I'll"  T'ei;isIatiiro  of  llio  >Stnte  of  Missouri  has  by  its 
IrfflUi'l'""  I"'"'"''""''  ""  distriljution  of  tlio  schiml  money, 
I  j  iiivcrtcil  it  to  (lefniy  the  expenaoa  of  arming  tlie  Stnto, 
linforo  depriving  this  board  of  (i  liirgo  amount  of  its  ouatom- 
■{iKvenucs  wliiiili  ore  set  a|mrt  by  law  to  bu  I'.noiiisivcly  used 
ll'lhe imri"!*''  i>f  poyiiK  the  teachers'  salaries;  and,  Wherciin, 
liatwanl  tins  n"  available  means  of  supplying  this  dcBcicnoy 
111 mt  ting  the  uurrent  expenses  of  the  schools  for  the  uaual 
Ijiiiiiic;  therefore, 

'l,;.Jnil,  TImt  all  the  public  schools  be  closed  for  the  re- 
luiikrof  the  present  scholastic  year  on  Fridoy,  the  ITth  inst., 

Idiir  iVloik  I'.M.,  and  that  a  pm  nila  deduction  iif  the  teach- 

<!a!:irii's  be  made  tor  the  term-time  hereby  cut  olT." 

I  Thus  circumstanced,  the  board  experienced  great 
luioiv  and  embarrassment  as  to  the  reopening  of 
lit  schools;  but  being  determined  to  do  every- 
Ifeiii  its  powi.r  to  meet  the  wants  and  expectations 
\ii]f  eoniinunity,  it  appointed  a  special  committee 
lieiamine  the  financial  condition  of  the  board  and 
Upon  a  feasible  plan  for  the  management  of  the 
dools  during  the  year.  This  committee  reported 
•we  find  the  total  amount  of  revenue  due  the 
1  last  year,  as  shown  by  the  books,  was  8173,- 
IRiiI.  Of  this  the  board  was  able  to  collect  less 
ill  fifty  seven  ])er  cent.,  say  $98,344.26,  leaving  a 
Slit  of  over  forty-three  per  cent. ;''  and  "  that  it 
>  imperatively  necessary  to  levy  a  tuition  fee, 
kitli  sliall  be  sufficient  to  pay  the  teachers'  salaries, 
Biinfiich  small  amount  ^)f/'  capita  as  will  be  easily 
pt  by  the  parents  of  the  scholars.  In  the  high 
1  urinal  schools,  in  particular,  it  is  recommended 
fciiknnnual  tax  be  sufficient  to  meet  the  entire 
jfflscs  of  these  schools."  The  board  in  adopting 
iplaii  felt  compelled  to  cut  down  expenses,  and, 
Kjuently,  to  reduce  largely  the  salaries  of  tcach- 
Imniediatcly  after  opening  the  schools,  it 
tisccrtained  that  a  considerable  portion  of  thj 
Mren  would  bo  deprived  of  the  benefit  of  the 
oolsin  consequence  of  the  tuition  fee.  To  obviate 
iJifficulty  the  board 


"  Ittinheil,  That  orphans  who  nro  unable  to  pay,  the  children 
of  indigent  widows,  and  the  children  of  indigent  invalid  parcnia 
be  aduiitted  to  the  public  schools  free  of  tuition  iliarge,  and  thai 
they  be  allowed  free  tuition  throughout  the  present  si'hohislio 
year,  unless  they  forfeit  their  scats  by  misconduel  or  irregular 
atlcudanco." 

Under  these  circumstances  and  conditions  the  public 
schools  were  conducted  in  1861-62,  with  76  teachers 
and  5787  scholars.  The  total  tuition  fees  amounted 
to  $24,115.^.10.  The  same  plan  was  continued  for  the 
year  1862-63,  but  with  more  satisfactory  results,  the 
average  number  of  teachers  employed  being  111,  the 
number  of  pupils  8105,  and  the  amount  of  tuition 
fees  $23,518.35,  about  15  per  cent,  of  the  whole 
number  of  pupils  being  admitted  free.  In  July, 
:  1863,  the  board  resolved  unanimously  to  open  all 
I  the  schools  free  for  the  ensuing  year  of  18(53-64, 
and  from  that  year  to  the  present  no  step  backwards 
has  been  taken  in  the  conduct  of  the  public  schools 
of  St.  Louis. 

The  reports  of  Ira  Divoll,  late  superintendent  of 
public  .schools,  have  mainly  furnished  the  facts  from 
i  which  this  sketch  of  the  public  school  system  of  St. 
Louis  has  been  prepared. 

Mr.  Divoll  died  after  a  long  illness  in  June,  1871, 
at  the  residence  of  his  brother-in-law,  at  Baraboo, 
Sauk  Co.,  Wis.  He  was  a  native  of  Vermont,  and 
was  educated  at  Burlington  University  in  that  State. 
After  his  graduation  he  removed  to  New  Orleans, 
where  he  held  the  position  of  principal  of  a  public 
school  for  some  time.  His  health  failing,  he  removed 
to  St.  Louis  and  commenced  the  practice  of  law.  In 
1857  he  was"  elected  superintendent  of  public  schools, 
which  office  he  held  for  eleven  years.  The  disease, 
consumption,  which  had  attacked  him  in  New  Orleans, 
continued  to  make  inroads  upon  his  health,  and  became 
more  severe  from  year  to  year,  but  his  great  strength 
of  will  seetned  to  keep  it  in  check,  and  buoyed  him 
up  in  the  greatest  trials.  He  was  elected  State  super- 
intendent of  public  schools  in  the  fall  of  1870,  and 
continued  to  merit  the  high  esteem  in  which  he  was 
held  by  members  of  all  parties,  and  in  every  part  of 
the  State.  During  the  last  three  years  of  his  admin- 
istration as  superintendent  of  the  St.  Louis  public 
schools,  a  large  portion  of  hir  .iu'  was  given  to  the 
founding  of  the  public  schu  ■!  i'  rary,  in  which  he 
tfok  a  deep  interest.  The  subject  of  making  a  good 
school  law  occupied  much  of  his  attention,  and  was  a 
matter  of  earnest  investigation  with  him.  5Ir.  Divoll 
gave  active  attention  to  the  duties  of  his  office  up  to 
within  a  short  time  of  his  death,  and  his  unwearied 
energy  and  industry  won  the  golden  opinions  of  a  largo 
circle  of  admirers,  particularly  among  the  friends  of 
educational  progress. 


844 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


The  folluwiii<;  is  a  list  of  the  directors  who  served 
at  various  times  from  1857  to  1867  ; 

Juhn  II.  Aiiilrewa,  Stoplion  D.  Unrluw,  Uenjiimin  llriaon, 
.Iiiiucs  II.  Ilritton,  .)oii.!|>a  Uakor,  .Saiiiuol  II.  liuiloy,  L'liurlos 
Biiyhii,  Chiii'lcH  lllank,  .lulin  II.  Uuuneiimnii,  Algeruon  S. 
BiiriK'K,  Ilonry  lilock,  A.  ('.  Cordi'if,  Aiohibiilil  Carr,  .lobii 
Clark,  iTainua  M.  Corbett,  Fulix  ('oetr,  John  Cnnzolinan,  .Tuliun 
Conrad,  Samuol  Copp,  Jiilen  Detchiiiendy,  William  D'Oonob, 
JoBtiph  Uavix,  Jnuiea  Diiross,  Timothy  II.  K(l);ur,  Loiiid  Eapen- 
acbioil,  Conrad  Fatb,  Ueorgo  .M.  Kiehtonkarop,  Isaiah  Forbea, 
Joi<iah  Fogg,  I.^aau  L.  OiirrlBon,  William  Garwood,  William  W. 
Oreun,  leiiao  T.  Uroene,  Adam  Hammer,  M.  W.  llogan,  Joaopb 
Hodgmar,  Robert  Hulraea,  .Samuel  Ilagar,  John  Hartinan, 
Thi  maa  ilnyward,  Tbco.  Hildubrandt,  Cbarlea  W.  Irwin, 
Mark  C.  Jennings,  C.  I'.  K.  .lohniion,  Waxbington  King,  Jamoa 
K.  Lake,  John  A.  Loavy,  .laines  I).  Leonard,  Charles  L.  Lips, 
Morris  I,  Lippman,  John  F.  Long,  Jauc:i  D.  Maguire,  Androw 
Miller,  Daniel  MoAulifTo,  Andrew  Murrey,  Francis  Mols,  Thos. 
MoVicker,  William  P.  Mullen,  Freil.  Mosberger,  Charles  F. 
Meyer,  John  Nioolay,  Joaopb  O'Neil,  Charles  A.  Pope,  August 
Pasquier,  Moses  L.  Pottle,  Eben  Peacock,  Henry  S.  Parker, 
William  Patrick,  Fred.  Partenhelmer.  James  Richardson,  Ed- 
ward P.  Rice,  .1.  P.  Davold,  Julius  Rapp,  Shmusl  Robbins,  I. 
P.  Roliison,  Francia  Sigel,  Jamo^  13.  .Sickles,  F.  A.  H.  Schnei- 
der, Charles  Stevens,  Caspar  Stolle,  Philip  Stremmel,  John  A. 
Straat,  lUebard  11.  Spencer,  LouisSpies.  H.  Schweickbardt,  II. 
M.  Thompson,  John  F.  Thornton,  Herman  Tiefbrunn,  Emil 
Ulriol,  C.  D.  Wolf,  D.  T.  Wright,  and  Edward  Wymiin. 

The  total  bonded  and  floating  debt  of  the  board  at 
the  time  of  tlie  adoption  of  the  State  Constitution, 
Nov.  30,  1875,  was  8754,000.  This  indebtedness 
had  been  reduced  in  1881  to  $175,000,  payable  as 
follows,  in  six  per  cent,  bonds : 

Jan.  I,  1882 $50,000 

Jan.  1,  ISS;! 50,000 

Jan.  1,  IS84 50,000 

Jan.  I,  1885 25,1100 

Total $175,000 

The  condition  of  the  fund  Aug.  I,  1875,  was  as  follows : 
Cash  on  hand,  proceeds  of  bonded  debt  tax  $.'iO,8.S0.43 
Nineteen  Miasonrl  State  bonds 20,140.00 

Total $50,970.43 

Leaving  to  be  collected  to  pay  oflF  debt  in  full, 
«1 24,01^9.57. 

Article  XL,  Section  8,  of  the  State  Conatitutioo 
requires  that  "  all  moneys,  stocks,  bonds,  and  other 
property  belonging  to  a  county  school  fund,  also  the 
net  proceeds  from  the  sale  of  estrays,  also  the  clear 
proceeds  of  all  penalties  and  forfeitures,  and  of  all 
fines  collected  in  the  several  counties  for  any  breach 
of  the  naval  or  military  laws  of  the  State,  and  all 
moneys  which  shall  be  paid  by  persons  as  an  equiva- 
lent for  GxcmptioD  from  military  duty,  shall  belong  to, 
and  be  securely  invested  and  sacredly  preserved  in 
the  several  counties  as  a  couoty  public  school  fund, 
the  income  of  which  fund  shall  be  faithfully  appro- 
priated for  establishing  and  maintaining  free  public 
schools  in  the  several  counties  of  this  State."     And 


to  further  "  preserve"  this  fund  the  l.iirisluiure 
acted  the  law  of  May  16, 1879,  whi(!li  ]  invido.s  'tlji 
all  school  lands  heretofore  granted  1a  the  {}(.t.^.„ 
Assembly  to  any  city  or  town,  or  to  anv  iiKorimrata 
board  for  the  benefit  of  any  city  or  (nvn,  or  the  id 
habitants  tiiereof,  for  the  purposes  of  puKlio  educuiii  J 
including  all  lands  set  apart  or  grantc'ii  \,y  the"c,n.- 
govcrnment  of  the  United  States  to  iliis  Stale  ani 
lying  within  the  limits  of  such  city  ur  Knvn  furtli 
support  of  schools,  and  granted  to  or  i)liiced  in  eliaJ 
of  sucii  city  or  town  or  incorporated  ImurJ  iisi,fe„ 
said,  shall  constitute  the  pei  •■■luiiil  /„,„/ 

such  city  or  town,  only  the  it  ,,1'  wliidi  slm 

used  for  the  support  of  the  public  scIkidIs  in  sud 
city  or  town."  The  second  section,  wliile  peritmtij 
the  sale  of  such  property,  required  that  "  the  piJ 
oeeds  be  duly  invested,  and  only  tlu'  iiinmio  thera 
used  for  the  support  of  schools."  Tlu'  funds  ariMJ 
from  these  provisions  of  law  and  the  ■•  county  schol 
capital  fund,"  received  by  the  board  from  the 
county  of  St.  Louis  under  the  scheme  of  separatiod 
constitute  the  permanent  school  fund  uf  St.  Louis,] 


•  From  the  "acheme  for  the  government  of  the  counlvi 
city  of  St.  Louia,  and  charter  for  the  city  of  .St.  Luui«,"a!pi 
posed  by  the  board  of  freeholders,  acting  umlcr  mi  in  part 
anco  uf  Section  20,  Article  IX.,  of  the  Cuii^titiiliun  uf  theSlJ 
of  Missouri,  and  ratified  by  the  qua'''''cd  vulers  .\u".  22.  Ig| 

"Skc.  3(1.  In  all  oases  where  tt  its  of  the  citj  nf  J 

Louis,  aa  herein  extended,  inolui  '  (inly  «f  anv  kU 

district,  the  following  shall  be  '  if  inljuslment  ; 

property  hold  by  or  for  the  use  or  ucni'fil  nt'  siali  Jisirf 
Fimt.  Where  the  part  of  such  dist-  '.et  inohnleil  \iiihin  iJ 
extended  limits  contains  any  Bchool-houso  or  (ithir  roaleitl 
belonging  to  the  district,  the  board  of  president  iiml  (lirectj 
of  the  St.  Louis  public  schools  shall  pay  into  tlic  coiintv  tr< 
ury  of  St.  Louia  County,  for  the  use  of  that  part  of  the  did 
not  so  included,  such  proportion  of  the  valiiaiion  of  saiJ  <clj 
properly  as  the  taxable  value  of  property  in  the  |'arl  of  i 
district  not  so  included  bears  to  the  taxable  value  of  all  pm 
in  such  district  as  constituted  before  such  extonsiun. 
Where  the  part  of  such  district  not  included  nithiii  suih] 
tended  limits  contains  any  school-         i  ur  other  leal  t',-iat«| 
longing  to  the  district,  the  inhabitants  of  the  illHricl  noJ 
included  shall  pay  to  the  board  of  president  and  ilireclotj 
the  St.  Louis  public  schools  such  proportion  of  the  valuiKiol 
said  school  property  as  the  taxable  value  of  |iro|iertj  in] 
part  of  such   district   included  within  the  city  liniils  bei 
the  taxable  value  of  all  property  in  such  district  as  coDstiti 
before  auoh  extension.     The  valuation  of  sehool  propcrlji 
tioned  in  this  aeotlon  ahall  be  made  by  arbitrator,',  one  of  a 
shall  be  selected  by  the  board  of  president  ami  director!  ofl 
St.  Louia  public  schools,  and  one  by  the  direetora  of  ibei 
district  affeoted,  who,  if  disagreeing,  may  select  a  third; 
unable  to  agree  on  the  aelection  of  such  third  arbitrator,! 
aohool  director  or  member  of  the  board  of  president  and  d 
tors  of  the  St.  Louia  public  schools  may  apply  to  the  Cii 
Court  of  the  Eighth  Judicial  Circuit  tti  appoint  one.    A  p 
of  the  valuation  made  by  auoh  arbitrators,  or  a  uitjority  t 
of,  shall  be  filed,  a<  soon  as  practicable,  in  the  clerli'ioll 


i  tlio  l.r'^isluluro  (!» 
wh'u-li  I  riivitk's  "ilii 
untud  li\  tlie  Gcnin 
or  to  iiiiv  iiifor|ii>r;ii8( 
ity  or  iiiuii,  i)r  tlie  iii| 
nos  of  piililii:  t'dui'ulini 
graiitcil  liy  tlii.' ^omn 
iites  to  iliis  Stiito,  anl 
jh  city  or  town,  fur  tin 
1  tu  or  \)\mox\  ill  eliarj 
poratcd  lin.ird  iis  ulon 

"Itnol  fmil 

of  wlik'h  sliu 
publiu  Hcliiiuls  in  sud 
lectiuii,  wliile  pcriiiiiiid 
equired  that  "  the  prj 
only  till'  iiicnnip  tlietel 
ols."  Tilt'  funds  iirisid 
and  tlie  ■'  I'uunty  schoj 
the  board  from  the 
ho  scheme  of  separaiioB 
lool  fund  of  St.  Louis, ' 


EDUCATION. 


845 


flie  great  bulk  of  the  permanent  fund  is  invested 
lithe  rciii  estate  which  was  derived  from  the  oun- 


Ijesjional 


''rants  under  the  law  of  1813,  in  the  out- 


holders  under  adverse  claims.  This  pormanont  fund 
at  the  close  of  the  school  year  for  1881  consLsted  of 
the  following : 


ovornuient  of  the  county  i 
•  the  city  of  s?l.  Luui«,"  iispl 
8,  acting  uiiiler  anJ  in  (jurt 
of  the  Coii^titulion  of  tlie  SU 
quft'''''cil  voliTS  Aug.  22. 
tl  it?  of  the  city  n(\ 

'   iinly  iif  any  srll 
if  ail.iustmenl  i 
fo  or  uencfil  "f  su'li  JislH 
(list-  '.ct  inclu'lcil  ffilliin  M 
Ihool-house  or  otlitr  real  esti 
»rd  of  iiresiJent  ami  ilitccd 
ilittU  pny  i"'«  '1"^  t'ounly  in 
use  of  that !«"(  nf  "'« '''*'| 
of  tlio  valuaiion  of  saiJ  "olj 
,r  iiro]ierty  in  the  v"''  "f ' 
ihctiixablcvaluiMif  all  prop 

jefore  sucli  cvlunsion.    .^a 
[t  not  incluili'd  within  surhj 
lol-         i  'ir  other  real  cjUiu] 
jabitants  of  the  .lislriel  nd 
]d  of  president  ami  ilirectoij 
h  proportion  of  tlie  valuaiio* 
Lablo  value  of  i.ro|'erly  ioj 
jwithin  the  city  limit?  ba 
in  such  district  a.'  constiH 
luntionof  sclio.,1  properly  1 
lade  by  arbitrator.',  une  of  r 
If  president  aniUirectorsofj 
leby  the  direcfrs  of  ther* 
jcing,  may  select  athirJ; 
[n  of  such  third  arbitmlor.j 
le  boanl  of  president  and  (f 

ihool.  may  apply  to  ""^<^j 

lirouit  tv  appoint  "OC.    .\  r 

,rbitratorB,oraui.jorityl 

itioable,  in  the  clerk'!  o« 


1^  eoniiiiin  field  lotfl,  etc.,  and  such  of  the  original 
lutMntli  .section'    lands  as  may  be  recovered    from 

L, Circuit ''"«'■'  of  'hi'  Eighth  Judicial  Circuit.  Any  money 
I  be  paid  lo  the  board  of  prosidcnt  and  dirccti.rs  of  the  St. 
ii/jii public  ."chocds  shall  be  provided  for  by  tlio  asBossment, 
•„  ,n,l  collection  of  a  special  tiix  on  «ll  tri.vablo  property 
Lihiniuch  .li.dricts  not  so  included. 
•  Skc.  .17.  All  property,  real,  personal,  or  rai.xed,  uf  every 
Itil  »nd  dewription,  and  the  cvidonco  of  title  thereto,  now 
L  by  the  county  of  St.  I.ouis,  or  by  tlm  county  court  of  .St. 
.nii  County,  in  trust  or  for  the  use  of  the  inhabitants  of  town- 
Itoforlv-live  north  of  range  neven  cast,  for  school  purposes,  , 
Llill  ."ucli  property,  and  the  evidences  of  title  thereto,  held  j 

J,  ,|.jl)lio  officer  for  the  use  o(  any  school  district  In  said 
inibip,  ur  held  by  or  for  tho  benefit  of  any  such  district, 
L.|,,  joiin  ii<  this  scheme  gees  Into  effect,  pass  ami  be  dc- 
nttfjl'i  the  hoard  of  presldont  and  directors  of  the  St.  Louis 
illie  >clicols ;  and  the  title  to  any  and  all  such  property  shall, 
L,Kralion  hereof,  vest  in  said  board." 

An  .\CT  III  relation  (»  the  title  tn  the  nljrteenlh  ncctlmi  in 

iiMiininn'ii;'", 

li,:iin<irle(l  hy  the  Oeiieral  Aiieniblj/  of  the  State  of  Minnmri, 
;;.,if..   Ski,   1.    Whenever  any  township  in  which  the  si.x- 
ib section  (.'runted  by  tho  United  States  to  theStatoof  .Mis- 
rit.rthc  use  of  schools,  or  any  part  thereof,  remains  iindis- 
ij(  lies  wholly  within  the  limits  of  any  inoorporated  city, 
liile  10  the  sixteenth  section  of  such  township,  or  such  portion 
1 1!  now  remains  undis]iosed  of,  shall  be,  and  the  same  is 
!tv,  vested  in  the  corporation  having  by  law  the  inanagc- 
luf  the  pulilic  schools  in  such  city,  by  whatever  name  or 
!UM  corporation  may  be  known  or  designated ;  I'roviiled, 
11  it.  by  any  laws  of  the  State  now  in  force,  commissioners 
been  appointed  to  take  charge  and  dl.'pose  of  any  such 
Bib  sceiion,  no  action  or  proceeding  commcnoed  by  such 
;tiL<iioners  for  the  recovery  of  the  same,  or  any  part  thereof, 
10  contract  made  with  attorneys  for  the  prosecution  of 
utiuns  or  proceedings,  shall  be  in  anywise  affected  by  the 
tiKof  title  herein  provided  for,  but  all  such  actions  iind 
dl's  shall  continue  in  the  name  of,  and  be  carried  to  a 
i lelerniination  by  such  commissioners;  and  all  the  rights, 
toelils,  and  interest  acquired  by  said  commissioners  of 
Mieuf  Mis.souri,  by  virtue  of  any  such  action  or  proceed- 
isll,  upon  the  determination  thereof,  vest  in  such  cor- 
ili«a.and  such  corporation  shall  thereafter  have  full  charge 
isBtrol  iif  the  pro]>erty  and  funds  so  acquired. 
!!•■. 2.  Said  commissioners   shall    make   report  of    their 
I!, proceedings,  and  expenditures  to  such  corporation,  and 
ilseiilitled  to  a  reasonable  compensation  for  their  services, 
iitie'l  by  three  arbitrator.",  one  of  whom  shall  he  chosen  by 
mporation,  one  by  such  commissioners,  and  tho  third  by 
lio  chu.<cn  hy  the  parties.     Said  arbitrators,  so  selected, 
knr  the  evidence,  and  award  such  componf  ition  as  they 
liinli  sucheomniissioners  are  justly  and  equitably  entitled 
li  be  paid  hy  such  corporation;  and  such  award  shall  be 
uii  binding  on  all  partici.     All  compromises  agreed  upon 
■ih  commissioners  with  any  adverse  claimant  to  the  lands 
tbefore  mentioned,  or  any  portion  thereof,  shall  be  sub- 
lo.<aid  corporation  for  approval,  and  if  approved  by  said 
iiion,  a  deed  shall  be  executed  by  such  corporation  to 
virerw  claimant. 
I'lfprored  May  16,  1879." 


Cash 

Missouri  State  bonds $:'l.lllll).OII 

I'rciiilum  uu  same l,'2llll,UU 


Amount  duo  from  Iteohlien  fund, 
mils  receivable,  face  value., 


$27,131. "S 


22,2(I0.m> 

rt,.').'<.t.«8 

27,1110.0(1 


Kstlmated  value  of  real  estate l,2HS,478.,'i7 


Total $l,;iil,858,.'tl 

The  permanent  fund  was  not  created  by  the  net  of 
May  IG,  1879.  but  existed  by  virtue  of  the  Constitu- 
tion, and  tho  only  effect  of  the  act  of  the  General  As- 
,sembly  was  to  remove  doubts  as  to  the  .status  of  the 
government  land  grants,  which  constitute  the  greater 
part  of  this  fund.  During  tho  school  year  of  1881 
the  board  received  over  seventy  thousand  dollars  from 
the  rentals  and  interest  of  tliis  fund. 

The  general  revenue  fund  is  the  available  source 
of  all  revenue  for  the  current  expenses  of  the  schools, 
and  is  derived  from  the  foui  uiills  tax  and  the  income 
from  the  permanent  fund.  The  account  for  1881 
was  :  Total  receipts,  8881,964.14  ;  total  expenditures, 
8770,789.06.  Of  the  receipts,  the  sum  of  848,919.10 
was  received  from  the  tux  for  1881  in  advance,  and 
therefore  dues  not  properly  belong  to  the  receipts  for 
tho  year  ending  July  1,  1881 ;  and  the  further  sum 
of  811,">84.40,  received  from  sureties  of  a  former 
treasurer  of  the  board,  properly  belongs  to  the  receipts 
of  former  years.  Making  these  corrections,  the  ordi- 
nary income  exceeded  the  current  expenses  in  the  sum 
of  8'>",670,5^,  and  during  that  year  the  beard  ap- 
propriated from  its  surplus  revenue  the  sum  of 
822,000  (excluding  8202.50,  proceeds  of  land  sale, 
omitted  from  receipts)  to  the  building  fund  for  the 
purchase  of  .school  sites  and  erection  of  school  build- 


PUBLItJ  SCHOOLS— PERMANENT  FUND. 

"An  Act  tu  pre/tcrve  the  pitlilin  school  fumU  of  cifiet  and  towns 
of  this  Stctle. 

"  lie  it  enacted  hy  the  Oencral  Astembli/  of  the  State  of  Mhtoiiri 
an/ollows;  SfX'.  I.  -Ml  school  lands  heretofore  j;rantcd  by  tho 
General  Assembly  to  any  city  or  town,  or  to  any  incorporated 
board  for  the  benelitof  any  city  or  town,  or  the  inhabitants 
thereof,  for  tho  purposes  of  public  education,  including  all 
lands  set  apart  or  granted  by  the  general  government  of  the 
United  State.i*  to  this  State,  and  lying  within  the  limits  of  such 
city  or  town,  for  support  of  schools,  and  granted  to  or  )ilaoed 
in  oharge  of  such  city,  town,  or  incorporated  board  as  aforesaid, 
shall  constitute  the  permanent  .school  fund  of  sucli  city  or  town, 
only  tho  income  of  which  shall  be  used  for  the  support  of  the 
public  schools  in  such  city  or  town, 

"Sec.  2.  Nothing  heroin  contained  shall  affect  the  existing 
right  of  any  city  or  town  or  inoorporated  board  to  dispose  of 
Buch  lands ;  Provided,  That  the  proceeds  be  duly  invested,  and 
only  the  income  thereof  used  for  the  support  of  schools. 

"Approved  May  16,  1879." 


846 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LODIS. 


in<:;s,  and  also  paid  into  the  permanent  fund  the 
sum  of  J18,H68.81,  being  the  amount  of  the  county 
Bcliool  capital,  crroneou8ly  paid  into  the  revenue  fund 
before. 

The  correct  account  of  the  fund  for  the  year  1881 
is  therefore, — 


Roi'eipts 

Ex|'.entliture9.. 


^'."i,'i,Ui,s.,",i', 


Balance  on  hand  Aug.  1,  1881...     $',i.\  ii|ii.|i| 

A  tabulated  comparative  statement  is  lirewithsuk 

xjifudimrei 


roitted,  ,';iviDg  the  items  of  receipts  un 
since  1 877 : 


RECEIPTS. 


1877. 


Four-mill  tnx I     $655,99.>.73 


Uents  of  reiil  estate  , 

Stilts  (chool  fund 

Hills  renci»'nl)lc2 

IntiTCPt  on  bills  receivable. ,, 

Intores't  on  current  dv,;"?its., 

{   Kin>ler;;nrt('n  Hup.  fees 

I  Tuition  lion  rusidcntB 

Miscellaneous 


47,000.28 

131,946.05' 

42,003.59 

5,227.80 

"  "3,228.00 

890.00 

2.3,548.03 


Total. 


$909,846.08 


1878. 


$714,990.56 
47,427.10 
85,117.07 
46,907.6t 
10,300.12 

sjooV.'so 

485.00 
24,353.68 


$934,679.01 


1879. 


$676,074.50 
50,285.65 
71,268.85 
42,427.04 
10,165.70 


343.75 
l,39o.50 

$851,958.99 


1880. 


$667,707 

61 

51.819 

51 

74,725 

,sn 

18,217.87 

7,47.^ 

50 

2,77s 

«:) 

312 

511 

1,424.13 

?72ll,0«  ,-.9 1 
•''2,0,SB.13J 
.6.ll(i:).29J 
".Mr.85| 
■1,224,1131 
5,86:t.:(7l 
S374.10| 

i:n,iio| 

l,lU2,6l)i 


$824,491.67  '    $872,SSI.55| 


1  Tncltiiles  tlie  Amount  approprlnteO  to  ttie  city  and  county  of  St,  Lo'its. 
'Fur  the  }'eara  prior  to  1881  the  "  bills  receivalile"  Include  both  principal  and  interest  uotei;  since  August,  1880,  only  "Interest"  notest 
iDcladeil. 

EXPENDITURES. 


Junitord'  9'iliiries  . 

OfBccra'salarion., 

Repairs. 

Fuel 

Gut 

Sup|iliesi — proper 

Supplirs — Kind'jrgurirn'., 

Runt  of  school-houses 

Library 

Furniture 

Iiinernl  expenses 

('en.<us 

I  CleaniPf:  vaults 

(leneri-l  t:i.\es 

Special  ta.xes 

Ill  sura  nco 

I'lintii:); 

Wiitei  license 

Sprinkling  streets 


Total 

New  school  sites  and  buildings., 


Grand  total. 


1877. 

1878. 

1879. 

1880. 

1881. 

$564,478.25 
48,453.80 
26,598.35 
28,334.81 
14,428.91 
4,651.05 
12,294.17 

$607,929.25 
53,537.30 
27,162  35 
36,782. i."4 
7,012.63 
5,120.11 
23,874.32 

6623,630.85 
57,450.95 
23,654.55 
35,586.08 
13,994.99 
0,099.95 
13,643.93 

$594,410.95 
56,938,65 
2'!,900.00 
33,323.11 
12,904.97 
5,565.02 
13,031.79 

$585,45i!.9J 
56,:illl,6( 

n.m.i 

37,9,'*  li.l, 
15,!l!lli,6 
6,l9rt,r 
4.2!l«.4 
4,2ii:,i 
6,(i:2,9 
11,1)1111,0 

5,2j:,» 

6,o:U.J 

3,409.18 
13,400,00 

7,577.81 
12,023.21 

5,674.00 
12,999.50 
12,913.42 
15,111.11 

6,090.00 
10,800.00 
7,581.65 
6,228.29 
5,603.40 
3,279.'  1 
4,000.3 
1,322,4.' 
1,275.8  i 

4,oao.'3 

3,432  10 
l,28-..49 

$829,132.27 
58,208.55 

5,381.45 

13,508,00 

5,477.01 

5,957.51 

5,.i00,00 

323, y;) 

8,787.15 

1,086.18 

29.25 

3,132,50 

l,yi;!.,'iO 

1,430.20 

9S»7.7V 
2,017.09 
1,977,74 
1,490.25 
4,784.05 

812.35 

331.80 

278  82 

1,132.2.'> 

5,944.87 

SIU.J 
I,59M 

4ir,- 

29,1 
3,5  i;i,? 

$816  667  62 
170,902.93 

$992,670.55 

$746,977.04 
16'!,367.97 

$792,102.13 
1,501.92 

$?"2.9I5.I 
11.95:1.1 

$899,335.01 

$887,340.82 

$793,604.05 

$784,S6S, 

I  Prior  to  18X1  Included  In  supplies  proper. 


The  buildir.g  fund  is  the  creation  of  the  board  and 
not  of  any  law,  its  receipts  being  taken  from  tli3  gen- 
eral revenues  of  the  board.  While  under  the  Consti- 
tution of  the  State  a  spsoial  tux  for  the  erection  of 
ucw  school  buildings  iiiay  bo  authorized  by  the  vote 
of  two-thirds  cf  the  qualified  vot^ira,  the  board  has 
never  availed  itself  of  this  provision,  but  has  provided 
new  school  accnmmodutioDb  frotn  its  general  reve- 
nues applicable  to  that  purpose.     This  fund  oonsista, 


I  Jirst,  of  appropriations  from  the  turplus  current ' 
j  nues  of  the  board;  dcc^Mt^,  of  township  bills  receivil 
received  under  the  scheme  of  separation  on  lioliall' 
the  school  districts  lying  within  the  cxiondod  lii 
j  of  the  city  which  belong  to  the  townsliips  intcrst 
by  the  new  city  line  ;    l/urd,  the  bills  roecivablo 
seiiting  deferred  paynii'nts  on  all  iral  oswio  ,-iil 
:  the  board  pn'or  to  the  enactment  of  Miiy  10, 18 
I  and  fourth,  the  proceeds  of  all  rnles  of  land  tioi 


*',ill.'i,l'.IS.36 

^n,i;,7.s7 


881...     S'.il.mo.l'.i 

smeiit  is  ii  rewith  sub 
iipts  ami  yxiieudiiurei 


1880. 


1881. 


,67,707.01 

$72O,0W  ,i9 

51.819.54 

."12,080.1:) 

74,725.80 

i6,iili:',.21) 

18,217.87 

7,a8;.85 

7,475.50 

4,221.«3 

2,778.03 

5,86:i.:i7 

\;)T4.10 

3 12.50 

lli-.llO 

1,424.13 

1,1U2.5» 

f824,491.67  '    $872,831,051 


;,  1880,  unly  "  Interest"  notes* 


1880. 

1831.    1 

$594,410.95 
56,938.05 
22,900.00 
33,323.11 
12,904.97 
5,565.02 
13,031.79 

$585,45i-|.9fl 

56,:tl!i.«fl 

2:l.il3il.2S 

37,tl8r..lfl 

15,<.l'J'.i.6fl 

5,l»i'.3fl 

4.2<.il>.4M 

t          4,2ii;.5|| 

6,881.45 

13,508.00 

5,477.61 

5,957.51 

5,.iOO,oe 

323.9: 

8,787.4 

1,080.1 

29.2 

3,i;V2.5 

l,yi:i.5 

1,430.2 

1 

1 

'  i 
5  i 
1 
0 
6 

6.1I72,» 

11,01111.0 

6,5:il.2 
8110.0 
S04.J 

1,598.0 

4i:." 

29.1 

3,5i:t.7 

2,!'2T.( 
1,5:)l.t 

$792,102.13 
1,501.92 

$772.'.il.)J 
ll.'.ii:l. 

- — - 



$:93,«04.05 

$184,863. 

' 

1  the  Eurplus  eurrpnt  i 

,f  township  bills  reccm 
of  separation  on  lielial 
Mm  the  .'xtendod  li 

)  tho  townsliips  inters* 

/,  the  bills  receivable  re 

on  all  veal  estate  soil 

ictmcnt 
,f  all  cl 

Df 

es 

May  Iti, » 
of  land  fiol 

EDUCATION. 


847 


fioni-in"  to  the  permanent  fund.      Tlis  receipts  and 
|Jisbursea)cnt8  of  this  fund  for  the  school  year  of 

ll881  were,— 

Receipts $42,859.91 

Exiiciiiliturea , 11,953.00 

llalance $30,906.91 

Including  Mis.scnri  State  bonds  and  premium 
|iB0UDtin<:  to  $6360,  the  total  cash  and  bonds  in 
Ai-.  1,  1881,  were  837,266.91.  The  build- 
Jjjfund  for  the  year  18S2  was  increased  from  the 
l^;e  balance  of  $37,266.91  by  an  appropriation  of 
||}3,000  to  387,267.91,  wiiich  is  believed  to  be  sufiB- 
lientforthe  completion  of  all  buildings  nowin  progress. 

Vai.ub  of  School  I'hopei.ty. 

Iviiie  of  school  lota $777,777.00 

|til«tol  buildings  a:   •  fu.-nituro 2,075,5:14.91 

Tulal  viilue  of  property  used  for  school  pur- 
poses   ;-.2,863,3ll.91 

TEACHEnS. 

Nunibey  of  Principals. 

Male.  Female.  Total. 

IjiheXormal  School 1                 ...  1 

Iblhe  High  School 1                 ...  1 

I'liiliedislrict  schools  (white) 34                 14  48 

l'JllleJi^lrictM■hlJola  (colored) .'2                 ...  12 

I'jlbe evening  School  10                  ...  10 

Total  number  of  principals 58  14  72 

j^'i.mlter  of  A»8islantSt 

IlitlitXiirnial  School 6  6 

Ibiht  High  ."School 11  15  20 

liiiie district  schools  (white) Ifi  634  650 

liiB?  iKtrict  scliools  (colored) 17  30  47 

liilii(Kii;ilcrgiirtciie 178  178 

Ijiil]!  evening  schools 11  19  30 

Total  number  of  assistants 55  882  937 

Ibitind  drawing  teachers 4  4  8 

Total  i;umber  of  teachers 117  900  1017 

Smltriif  Amiilanti  ill  Ihc  Ditlrict  SchooU,  by  Jtaiik. 

White.        Colored.       Total. 

|ju!i^:l)nt8 45  ...  45 

hL<!i!liint>(grnininar) 38  1  39 

"Nusiitnnts  (|iriiiniry) •*'  ...  47 

«di!siHnnt»  (grammar) 41  1  42 

»U.'!iM«nl8  (primary) 51  3  64 

Uumnlt 371  42  413 

filtrjartin  directors 61  ...  60 

•dttfiirien  |mid  iissisliint 118  ...  118 

ilwi-tants  ((icrmiin  Ucpt.)  ...       17  ...  17 

)tit!i!lnnl9((lerninn  Uept.) 21  ...  21 

«Ja!sisti\nts  (tierman  l)e|it.)..         9  ...  9 

felinistunts  (Uerinun  Dopt.)...       17  ...  17 

!otil  aisiilaDU 835  47  i»" 


PlI'ILS. 
Xilmber  of  PiipiU  Enrolled, 
Boys. 

In  the  Noi;r'al  School 

In  the  High  School 257 

In  the  district  schools  (white) 23,105 

In  the  district  schools  (colored) 1,714 

Total  in  day  schools 25,076 

In  the  evening  scl  ools 2,142 

Total  day  and  evening  school' 27,218     26,747 

Average  Xiimher  of  PtipiU   Itelongiufj, 

In  the  Normal  School 

In  the  High  .^ohool 

In  the  district  schools  (white) 

In  the  distric*.  schools  (colored) , 


Girls. 

Total. 

134 

134 

671 

928 

23,762 

46,867 

1,938 

3,652 

26,505 

51.581 

242 

-,384 

53,965 

100 

723 

34,814 

2,250 

37,887 
1,333 

Total  dny  and  evening  schools 39,220 

Average  Xnmher  of  Ptipils  in  Daily  Attttidnnce. 

\  In  the  Normal  School 97 

i    In  the  High  School 701 

In  the  district  schools  (while) 32,070 

In  the  district  schools  (colored) 2,025 


Total  in  day  schools., 
In  the  evening  schools.... 


Total  in  day  schools 34,893 

In  the  evening  schools 1,049 


Total  day  and  evening  schools 35,942 

Nitmher  of  PapiU  enrolled  in  the  Kindergarten. 

Boys.    Girls.    Total. 
Receiving  primary  and   Kindergarten   in- 

struclirn 1.892     2025     3917 

Receiving  Kindergarten  instruction  only....  2I7I     2547     4718 

Total  ruinbcr  enrolled 4063     4572     8635 

Average  Xnmher  of  Pnpila  belonging  in  the  Kindergarten. 

Receiving  primary  and  Kindergarten  instruction 2206 

Receiving  Kindergarten  instruction  only 221t> 

Total  average  number  belonging 4515 

Average  Daily  Attfjndanee  of  Pnpih  in  the  Kindergarten, 

\  Receiving  primary  and  Kindergarten  instruction 2025 

!   Receiving  Kindergarten  instruction  only 1901 

Total  average  daily  attendance 3926 

Xnmber  of  Pnpits  remaining  in  the  Kindergarten  at  the  clor,e 
of  the  Year, 

Receiving  primary  and  Kindergarten  instruction 2240 

Receiving  Kindergarten  instruction  only 2265 

Total  remaining  at  close  of  the  year 4505 

Cwit  of  Tuition  in  Day  Sehooln,  baaed  on 

Average  number  attending $16.59 

Average  number  belonging 15.28 

Average  total  number  enrolled 1 1.22 

CoHt  of  Invidentah, 
(looduding  fuel  and  light,  janitor  biro,  and  supplies.) 

Based  on  average  nuinbor  attending $2.16 

i   Unscd  on  averug     lunibcr  belonging 1.99 

:   Rased  on  number  enrolled 1.46 

Total  Coat  of  Tuition  and  Incidentala, 

Rased  on  attendance $18.75 

Rased  on  number  belonging 17.27 

Based  on  number  enrolled 12.68 


til 


mMi 


f:     ii!!-!ii 


i'i  ,■ 


848 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


KNROLI,MENT,  ATTENDANCE,  AND  COST  OF  IN8TRUCTI0K. 


Whole  Number  enrolled 


ill 


i 

■S 

a 

1 

1^^ 

YlAR. 

sl-a 

S 

-a 

^1 

1 

i 

V 

1 

< 

Average . 

i 

1857-:i8.  ... 

»,0»8 

4,VII 

9,769 

5,814 

6,3i!l 

92 

68 

18fi8-S9 

.        5,342 

4,709 

10,111 

6,25.3 

6,739 

92 

57 

185»-B0 

.        5,933 

5,409 

11, .342 

7,040 

0,422 

01 

66 

1G60-81 

8,347 

5,819 

12,100 

8,098 

7,407 

92 

61 

1861-62 

2,909 

2.878 

5,787 

3,0.54 

3,304 

03 

68 

186Z-(W 

4,116 

3,989 

8,105 

5,272 

4,752 

91 

68 

SH83-04 

6,139 

0.210 

12,340 

7,715 

7,a-i8 

91 

67 

18M-65 

0,960 

0,900 

13,920 

9,090 

8,121 

90 

68 

ISB.'Mie 

7,-.'66 

7,300 

14,f.0l, 

E,..93 

9,840 

91 

61 

18flf.-07.  ... 

7,8;io 

7,461 

15,291 

10,751 

10,029 

93 

66 

18(l7-«8 

9,240 

9,214 

18,400 

12,281 

11,848 

93 

64 

1868-69 

.      10,757 

10,4^9 

21,180 

15,282 

14,218 

03 

67 

1869-7n 

.'     12,175 

12,172 

24  ,.347 

17,070 

16,277 

92 

67 

1870-71 

.  1     13,0H8 

13,809 

27,687 

19,884 

18,428 

93 

67 

1871-72 

.      15,085 

15,209 

30,294 

22,010 

20,479 

93 

07 

1872-73  .... 

16,895 

17,033 

33,928 

23,002 

21,113 

92 

62 

187H-74 

.       10,825 

17,448 

34,273 

24,731 

23,105 

93 

67 

1874-7,'i 

.       17,092 

18,249 

35,941 

20,183 

24,438 

93 

68 

1875-70 

.       18,825 

19,535 

38,390 

27,601 

25,426 

93 

66 

187B-77 

.      20,729 

21,707 

42,430 

29,774 

27,581 

93 

66 

1877-78 

.      24,379 

2.5,199 

49,.'i78 

.•16,710 

33,075 

93 

67 

1878-79 

.,     24,053 

24,783 

48,830 

36,860 

33.087 

02 

68 

1879-8(1 

25,l>4u 

20,19,'' 

51,241 

37,150 

.34,310 

W. 

67 

1880-81 

.;     25.076 

26,606 

61, .581 

37,887 

34,893 

92 

68 

The  following  table  shows  the  number  and  capacity  schools,  and,  approximately,  the  receipts  and  expenl 
of  the  Bchool-hou.ses  owned  and  rented,  number  of  itures  for  each  fiscal  year  (endinf?  July  H],  igji 
teachers,  enrollment  of  scholars  in  day  and  evening  i  since  1850 : 


2  ®  t3 
YEA-..|5|f 

1        .si'i 

I  3  e.s 


I  s 


8 

S 

■9 


h 


a  4> 


KlCKIPTS. 


EXPKKIlITUBIii. 


Sf   '  Sf 


1850 

6 

1861 

7 

1C62 

7 

1863 

0 

18.'>4 

0 

1865 

11 

18,50 

II 

18.57 

12 

18.^8 

13 

1850 

23 

I860 

22 

1S6I 

21 

1862 

21 

18611 

1864 

21 

1805 

22 

1860 

25 

1807 

20 

1808 

27 

1809 

:u 

1870 

3S 

1871 

44 

1872 

49 

1873 

49 

1874 

50 

1876 

50 

1870 

50 

1877 

50 

1878 

82 

1879 

92 

1880 

93 

1881 

03 

3     1,800    31 

3     2,850    1    2,427    47 

,li    2,876    ,    2,025     ,52 

3  .3,755     '    2,968     00 

I  4     3,800    3,681     (i7 

4  3,017     6,990     4,105    74 

5    8,12:1!   '  80 

i  7     110 

:10'    0,773     9,709     6,8M  6,301  131 

I  3     9,289   10,111     6,253  5,739  145 

2  9,441    12,218     7,.570  0,880  108 
2'    9,441    13,.180     8,710  7,983  181 

*  1      8,945     5,787     3,054  3,364  70 

...      8,004     8,937     5,088  6,101  111 

...      8,970   13,370     8,220  7,489  102 

I   1     9,910  16,9.17     9,871  8,804,  194 

5   11,0,65   10,228   |o,4.''4  9,."i97  230 

3  13,510  17,.VJ4   11,041  10,802  201 

11  15,282  2ll,.'.U4  13.1172  12,923  315 
I  0   IS,(H)0  23,714   l.-),282  14,218  3iMI 

10  211,105  20,811    18,9(18  17.3.'.8  4.'i3 

7  2:1,222  29.924   19,884  18.428  510 

0  2.6,7.'iO  ;i2,05s  22,0|il  31,479  .'lOO 

,  8  20,810  :iO,807  23,002  21,113  028 

4  :«l,6;iO  ;I9,H.'.0  27,857  25,707  711 

I  6  :12,070  41,092  29,:iO0  27,I(KI  709 

5  :(:i,5io  4;i,ofl;i  29,;il8  29,700  785 

5  :14,I00  47,1170  32,(:|8  :io,iKl2  B7o 

13  :l7,.'i»o  W,  995  39,:.:io  :lli,17o  l,n.-il', 

12  42,270  ,65,122  .■10,:iOB  :iO,o77  1,1 11 
ilO  42,500  55.780  30,725  :10,449  1,044 
,10  42,010  53,006  39,220:  35,042  l,o17 


S 
E 

Ik 


»14,.5:i7, 
14,220, 
14,154, 

14,0tUI, 

l3,;i.6;i, 

16,014, 
14,547, 
li,,784, 
26,704, 
30,54i, 
33,497 
2,5,074 
25,937, 
27,204, 
:15,:I45 

:i5,2:l4 

4:1,788, 
42,iKiO, 
48,fl:io, 
49,011, 
.52,014, 
5:1.224, 
51,.'>k:i, 
50,547, 
50,JO8, 
62,856. 
60,276, 
47,000, 
47,4-.:7. 
60,-85. 
61,819, 
52,080. 


a  3  5 
£3fc 


s 

.a 

it 

B 

a 


If 


$31,043 

II, .58:1, 
24,289 
28,179, 
32,7:10 
32,955 
29,1,69. 
7,020, 

"l',5'98 

21,801 

4,2.69, 

5,40:1 

7,7lKI. 

:iO,7lHI. 

4.1,6181. 

47,019, 

6l,:l,''iO, 

71,108, 

50,2111, 

74,046 

9,,r'''!, 

90,74:1 

131.940 

s.xin, 

71,208 
74,725, 
76,(J6:l. 


...  $18,4:12. 
...  25,:i44. 
...i  20,26:1. 
79  i  27,7.59, 
,47  28,481, 
:io'  31,210. 
,84l  :i:i,880, 
,:16,  5: 1, .500, 
,981  00,815, 
70  70,710, 
:!2  02,765, 
...i  47,.187, 
24'  50,000, 
,001  60,222. 

70  118,571. 

79  10:1,92:1. 
,00  27;l,729. 
,45  410,771, 
86  414,:i:i2 
92  ,'.21,6.1;. 

71  ,'1,60,8,10, 
,(HI  lilis.lO 
,88  f.94.90l> 
07  02:1,2:!!' 
r.  0,l,',,170, 
00  ',  11,627, 
,0.'.  7ll5,4:'.rt 
,07  891,6.01, 
85  769,860, 

80  746,442, 
,29  720,04:1, 


3 

o 


S£ 


27'  :12, 

,00  27, 

,38  42, 

73  48, 


,82  :14, 

09  :tt, 

56  «4, 

,08  48, 

,28  119, 

,13  121 
,67:  '20, 


00  29 
.'i4  18, 
13;  2:1, 
.09  00, 
.14  .'lO, 
74  l.'io, 
.O81  87, 
9«  00, 
.01  70, 
.501  :io, 


,026.02 
,1.60,01 
,857.11 
,070,99 

,9:i2.:i8 
,000.0:1 

,980,04 
,438.27 
224.69 
,000,07 
,369  49 
,068.01 
,121.05 
,880.73 
,o,i0.8l 
,999.89 
,!«ll,17 
,580.2.>: 
:73,I2 
,4:16.64' 
,22:1.11 

,,6:10  90, 

,I:12.(H|: 

,049.68; 

,121.24 

,;i98,25 

,1.60.64 

802.78  I 

,;92.76, 

,2.60  20' 

,758.02' 

,899.24 


820,,50a.30 
40,802.09 
47,:l,56.21 
43,992.58 
87,088.55 
87,2:10.24 
08,0.30.9:1 
120,282.8:1 
100,220.20 
107,974.64 
102,7:1.1.30 
102,124.30 
107,440.73 
115,410.31 
197,480.45' 
207,005.91 
:i:  1:1.070.95 
446,07(l.:i5 
522,:18I.15 
.601,.17:i.38 
0:l7,4ll5./2 
670,942.50 
7.69.983.181 
719,717.31 
770,004.73' 
849,6 1:1,24 
904,090  85 
,126,194.48 
,111,9:10.90 
941,070,08 
948,746.97 
879,092.25 


Jl:l,703.(IO 
37,.676.1H1 
20,IHI<1.IK) 
2:1,506.85 
78,400.17 
34,819.12 
42,705.25 
.67,020.33 
67,742,21 
8:1,074,90 
92,141. :16 

68,:loo.o:i 

40,028,78 
61,886.05 
88,078,64 
1'20,ir2:i,42 
15:1,2:12.80 

107,1:14.90 
207.702.80 

249,228,26 
:l(  14,407,45 
37:1,074  .65 
420,5:10,00 
4O0,46'.'.4O 
499,420,10 
622,;i5o,(lil 
,64:1,74 1„62 
504,478.'i6 
007,929.25 
0:12,988.16 
604.410,115 
685,450.95 


(H,117 

20,760 
I9,:i48 
ll,:iii:i 
41,09:1, 
.1o,o-.'o, 

4ll,K0li, 
71,029, 
6.'i,6.'.4 
66,228, 
45,7:1:1, 
1:1,660 
l:i,.67(l 

'.i.MO, 
20,914, 
7,811 
157,67:1, 
1.64,227 
245,4r« 
24l,2.'>0 
•241,710, 
202,.6(i:i 
l>l-.:,9.'ili 
l.-|8,:l,-.l 
111,471 
6:1,0.6:1, 
188,'J7il 
2'i'>,.61)!l 
|ii|,:;;i; 
■|ii,:iiiJ 
61,6711 


4,;i',i(i,ii7  le.Strij 
S.KC.SI  4T,:l5« 

9.'.iji).7i  tva, 

17,.'>-JS,M  |.T,(k>aJ 

i\i»:i.>;  ':,ai| 

■-I,SJII,Tli  It'ilti 

■Ji,:i:vi;  iifi,;i 

iVll'ill*"',; 

1.71    :',i,i'.7(l,ST.16;,97| 

01   ■.'.l,n.-.;iiKi|iv. 

811  •jii,i:ii,«:n'ii24l 

:13  47.>C.  Ml  i.c,««l 

,04  47,(m;im,'4,6iiL 

11  l2i',»J'.l.C8  2u'J.*ff| 

.:i(i  )iii',,r.m-ji;:.ii,«' 
:lll    S,'..7i',HiI4|i,13l 

■>l  ll,'i,!.'.l'>M>" 
:iH  yi.ui  .111  .'.".iiTl 

.42  ll^,lll^.:l,)l<>l,;l 
.x-i  ii7,'jit„i::.viia| 

1«1  l.ll.'i.'.lln  ^^" 

;i:i  i;ii,:i«7,i': 

1.1  1T^.'^I.' 

.t:i  bl,.v.ii.'ii»l.M| 
SM  Hl.'JTJ.w: 
.'.!!  IHI,i:'..i'i9H.S< 

2.1 1  '".iKJlUn^.U 

114  l,'.i,';ii,iii: 
.66  ia,i6i52 


EDUCATION. 


o  5 


^7) 

xi. 

Si.? 

•a 

E? 

t< 

< 

—  - 



. 

85 

sum 

8,™  7.-. 

«1 

17.1'-. 

.i»;i.5l 

■M 

1 1..')7 

.•.»:i.'ji 

.83 

ll.ls 

4il9.'ii 

.40 

U,i»i 

8II5.C1 

11.19 

4iV.,i;i 

..49 

1.1  Jill 

Ml.'f,  1 

i.86 

17.17 

.■„^7.:4  1 

1.98 

V.i.|:l 

":'■"' ! 

1. 09 

I'.M 

7i*7T  j 

2.1.1 

17  lU 

71.1.10  f 

2.(13 

17. SO 

711.»4 

li.!!.'! 

IS.'.H) 

7iilM 

2.49 

'.:0.S2 

7tv51 

2.28 

'.:ii>i 

7tl.l.h^ 

2.18 

■i\.:n 

7411.115 

2  71 

■Jl.M 

77.1.« 

2.')3 

21.71 

77141 

2.1« 

Ul.iG 

7M.-1 

2  LI 

211.19 

714  M 

2.0r) 

1S.4.T 

K»,i« 

2.0tl 

1S73 

W.." 

1,04 

n  M 

CIS  05 

1.99 

17.27 

5'j:.'.1 

;he  roceipis  and  espeni 
ending  July  31,  1S81 


EXPENl'lTl'ltS- 


►-S 


ll,;iu;i.i>2    V- 


7    41,1193.011    r/'-^.W  >7i''; 

12  ,111,(1211.12  is,iii;i.;7  -,;-« 
U    411,K1H1.I<I1    -l,!-.:!'.'"  ''  '"■ 


21  r.i.,.'..-.4..-. 

9(1  fi.'i,22S.71 

ll.!-.  4,'i,1l3i'l 
Iw    13,.'i.-ill  »il 


The  fiillowinj;  statement  will  show  the  amount  ex- 
iKiiJed  liy  ''"'  board  for  new  school  sites  and  school 
iliiings  during  each  year  from  Aug.  1,  1863: 


White.        Culureil. 

Mnlo .')(),«2fl        2,772 

Fouialo Ii(l,2l6        2,768 


849 


Total. 
611, 308 
62,«7t 


llllll 

Iklhe  J'cnr  ending  Aug.  1,  1864. .. 
'"  "  "      18fiD... 

18(15... 

1887... 

ISfiS.. 

I8«U.., 

187"  „ 

187i.  , 

1872.., 

187-..., 

1874... 

1876.. 

187f... 

1S77.. 

1878  . 

1879.. 

1880.. 

1881.. 


ft!  117  7.'i  8.1,741111  Si  _ 
W7.'l'.211  4,3110.1.7  46,«irii 
,.(:34S.2S     S.I«l7.W,  47,m 


:ii.71  4:i;.'.«| 


ll.Mlli'V.'.'fll 
,i,ri7li>T  h'^'i 
_4,S.V.Illli  111.  "  " 
,ili,\7hl'7U';,li4] 


nn    13'ri71l.33    47.M:..mi  lii7,« 
1^^,    '   •     M,f,M.4111S.W 

,4  'liiMiMH  47,(m.;i»i,w; 

!«    ,i,  914.11  122,»*'."-*»«"1 

Iko    7,«ii.3iii«.™-';:, 

90  LiT-fii:''"*  *■'■',-■;;' 

'hoI.UWT^'""-  •     .!. 
.4,r,.i11,i,l.42   1-,      :■..; 

.',.',  24i,"iii.''2ii',;i' ■•;.':■ 

lH)2ll2,.'ill3i«ll'''-*.!"..; 

,4(nH2,9;.ii  111  ;;'■•";■','... 
.10  i.-.8,3.M.i.i  ';■.''-:,,,„ 

.09  111,471.^:1  ';':-i--M 

b.9a   51  ,(1711.55  i«.-«--"   'H 


$7,702 
6,061 

8«,«79 
149,476 
135,761 
439,682 
191,895 
197,:il3 
152,698 
133,904 

18,888 

44.345 

2 1, .3,88 
162,357 
175,902 

58,208 
1,501 

11,953 


Total 100,842 

School  Buii,bimo.s. 

Totnl  number  of  school-buildings 

Number  of  school  buildings  owned  by  the  hoard 
Niiinher  of  school  buildings  rented  by  tlio  boiird 

Nuiubor  of  school-ruotns 

Souting  cnpaeity  for  pupils 


5,530       106,372 


103 

93 

10 

763 

42,610 


Total $1,965,003 

The  population  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis  June  1, 
IliSU.was  3r)0,522;  school  population  June  1,  1880 
lleiwecD  the  ages  of  six  and  twenty), — 


Year. 
1807.. 
1868  . 
1,><69  . 

1870  . 

1871  . 

1872  . 

1873  . 
1874. 
1875. 
1876. 
1877. 
1878. 
1879. 
1880. 
1881. 


CoUPAnATIVU  TaDLE  for  Flt'TEKN  Yeaks. 

Nu.  iloiiRes.  No.  Seats. 

30  11,055 

, 35  13.610 

40  18,(100 

48  2(1,105 

52  23,222 

58  2,,750 

67  27.785 

54  28,530 

66  30,070 

66  31,510 

88  3,5,790 

95  37.680 

104  42.270 

103  42,560 

103  42,610 


SCHOOL  PROPERTY,  JULY  31,  1881. 


Namk  or  School. 


lM):it.*chool,  I'lilylechnic 
I  BuilJiiig 


Where  Locatod. 


m 

lUiiiiJ 

llrSngiim 

|li» 

IliUmil 

Ik'." 

lines 

liti.tveiiui' 

Ifalon 

IkiliiiSliitiun. 


lK,„llill 

|{i\ir..le!i  I 

lf»: 

|ii:'l..ilic 

linl.iuie  I'nmiiry. 

Itnwl 

ISirle.! .' 

ItilKnluiiii 

Mjute;iii 

hj 

Ailin 

pun  lliMiich 

U|iiun. 

(kt  ilrilliunte 

al'iTCf 

(Jul! 

*■!'»' 


kinliiillc 

nifi 

ntlin 

»b:e 

nJiovillc 

I  View 


|«»(i... 

^■l»lJl.. 
N 


(^ll1nnc»nndold)„ 


Corner  Seventh  nnd  Chestnut  Streets 

Corner  Fil'tvenlh  nnd  Olive  .^Irtels 

I  Tuylorwiuk  i^tiition,  I'acificU.  It 

,  St.  Chiirles  Hock  roail,  one-hull'  mile  east  of  Kiukelville. 

!  llcbi'it  Street,  between  Fourtientli  and  Fil'tecntb 

I  Uridjiton  roiul,  ono  milo  west  of  Qraml  Avenue 

i  nuilc'n  1*.  O 

Collins,  belwccii   Hales  Street  unil  Cuss  Avenue , 

liell  Avenue,  hall'iuilo  west  of  tirand  Avenue 

Corner  Nimli  aiid  Locust  Streets 

Manchester  mail,  near  IJinton  Stiition 

Corner  Filth  Street  and  Loaghhoro"  Avenue 

,lohu  Avenue  nnd  Hiiiily  Street 

'  Corner  Third  and  llurck  Streets....  

I  Corner  Sixteenth  and  Carr  Streets 

Southwest  eoiiier  'rweiity-fourtli  aoil  Carr  Streets 

!  Northwest  corner  Twctity- fourth  and  Carr  Streets 

Corner  Carroll  and  Uuel  Streets 

Kin;;8liury  Street,  near  (Jriu  iiis  road 

Cheltenhiini  .Statiiin,  I'acilic  It.  It 

ChuuteKU.  near  Suuniiit  Avenue 

Corner  Teidh  and  Farnir 

(Iiatlan,  near  Hickory  .Street 

Fast  side  (i rattan,  near  Hickory  Street 

Henrietta,  lutween  Aikansiis  and  Illinois  Streets 

Kinni'dy  road,  north  of  St.  Charles  road 

;  Fourth  II  id  Illinois  S'reets 

Diiytoii  -itreet  and  (il.isgow  Aveiiuo 

!  Cm  iier  Klevcnth  iinil   Howard  Streets 

.1  Fifteenth  and  i'ine  Streets 

,1  Firitenth  and  Wiilnut  iStrcets 

.'  Klleurdsviilu  (lost-ofllce,  four  miles  out 

,'  I'JiKlidi,  between  O'Kiilluii  Street  and  Cass  Avonuo 

,|  Luias  Aieniiniind  Fightecnih  Street 

,    F'ifth  and  I'oplar  Streois 

.    (Inivoisroad.  near  King's  Highway 

,    Watson  ro.id,  south  of  Old  Mancliestor  road 

, .  Oravois  rond  and  \Vyoining 

,   Twenty-seventh  Kiid  Diiksnn  Streets 

.1  Corner  Jackson  and  Lespernnee  Streets 

.{  Corner  llreinen  and  Kiiss'ith  Avoi.ucs 

,   Comer  Nliiettenih  ,'''reol  and  Maiden  Iiuno 

.    Corner  Ninth  nnd  Wash  Streets 

,1  Corner  Si.\tli  nnd  I'oplar  Streets , 


Estimated 
Vnlueiif 
Uiuuud. 


$60,000.00 

36,0(10  (10 

1,760.(10 

1,060  00 

13,0(;o.OO 

2,000.00 

1,500.00 

17,571.00 

4,000  00 

40,000.00 

500  00 

5,0(10.(1(1 

2,000.00 

2,500.00 

7,300.0(1 

10,000.00 

7,600.(10 

10,000.00 

3,000,00 

1,000.00 

3,000.00 

10,00(1.(111 

11,000.00 

7,349.00 

3.600.00 

4.000.00 

7,000.(10 

13,040.00 

11,300.00 

16,000.00 

25,000.101 

3,260.00 

11,000.00 

22,000.00 

17,000.00 

500.00 

1,000.00 

3,000.00 

6,000.00 

8,000.00 

6,000.00 

4,000.00 

45,610.00 

34,000.00 


EMthiiiited  Vtdne 

U(    llullHCM  uiul 

Furiiituie. 


$376,397.52 
41,400.98 

2,036  26 

4,793.00 
62,748.66 
10,600.00 

8,500  00 
38.070.32 

(i,.'i77.8« 
38,288.30 

2,0011.00 
11.776.27 
11,372.13 
33,984.64 

4,002.77 
39,794.01 

3.000  (10 
44,(ill2.20 
25,'!  14.43 

3,260.00 

9,621.38 
37,026.32 
46,290.63 
16,721.00 
14,329.01 
20,(100.00 
ll,l:i6.00 
39,060.84 
47,232.00 

9,310.73 
39,411.05 
22.350.00 
13,763.33 
38,621.72 

6,200.00 

3,260.00 

1,690.00 
17,083.42 
30,635. 1 8 
61,313.61 
36,126.77 
23,101.20 
49,574.22 
51,473.40 


ToTAt. 


$436, 
76 
3 
6, 
76, 
12,1 
10. 
55, 
10, 

78.: 

2 
16, 
13 
3(V 
11, 
49, 
10. 
54, 
2,8, 

4 
12, 

*', 
56 
23, 
17 
24 

1.'*, 
62, 
58, 
24, 
61, 
25, 
24, 
60, 
23, 
3 
2 
20 
36 
69 
42 
2 

96 
85, 


397.62 
409.98 
790.25 
853.00 

18.56 
600.00 
000.00 
641.32 
577.86 
288.30 
500.00 
776.27 
172.13 
-I.SI.64 
302.77 

91.01 

IHI.OO 
(162.20 
24  I. -1 3 

fiO.IIO 
621.38 
020.32 
290  03 
070  60 
829  01 
(MM). 0(1 
136.00 
100.84 
632.00 
310.73 
411.05 
600.00 
763.33 
621.72 
20000 
,760.00 
,090,00 
083,42 
,635. 1 « 
313.51 
r.'5.77 
,401  20 

184.22 
473.40 


ij*;' 


"  s 

$:i 

<  i  ■ 

'■;■     ■       ! 

m 


850 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


SCHOOL  PROPERTY,  JULY  31,  1881.— Opu/iniMd. 


Naki  or  School. 


Wliore  LoCAtod. 


Lafayette Corner  Ann  Avenue  iind  Decatur  Street ' 

Lincoln Eugenin  and  High  Streets ' 

Lincoln  Branch Walnut  and  High  Street! ' 

Lowell I  Lowell  |io!>t-officc,  near  liellefontuine  rood 

Lyon I  Eighth  and  I'eatalozzi 

Madinon Seventh  and  Hickory  Streets 

Madison  (new) Seventh,  between  Hickory  and  Liibadie  Streeta 

Madison  Branch Corner  Seventh  and  Hickory  Streets 

Maramec Corner  Iowa  and  Marameo  Streets 

Mullanphy Fourteenth  and  Howard  Streets 

Oak  Hill Russei  Avenue,  south  uf  Arsenal 

O'Fallon Sixteenth  Street,  between  O'Fallon  and  Cass  Avenues... 

Peabody Second  Curondelet  Avenue  and  Carrol  Street 

Penrose Penrose  Street,  between  Clay  and  (llasgow  Avenues 

Pestalozzi Corner  Seventh  and  Barry  Streets 

Pope Corner  Ewing  and  Laclede  Avenues 

Pope  Kindergarten Le|Hngwell  Avenue  and  Chestnut  Street.....  I 

Rock  Spring Manchester  road,  half  mile  west  of  Grand  Avenue 

Shaw Old  Manchester  read  and  King's  Highway 

Shepard Murine  Avenue,  near  Hospital 

Spring  Avenue Parsons  Street,  corner  Spring  Avenue 

Stoddard Corner  Lucas  and  Ewing  Avenues 

Stoddard  Branch Lucas  Avenue,  near  Ewing  Avenue 

Webster  (old  and  new) Eleventh  and  Exchr  ige  Streets 

Sumner  High Eleventh,  between  Poplar  and  Spruce  Streets 

Colored  No.  I Lucas  Avenue  and  Fourteenth  Street | 

No.  2 Twelfth  Street,  near  Webster ■ 

"        No.  4 Cozzens  Street,  near  Pratt  Avenue ' 

"       No.  6 Fifth,  between  Fillmore  and  Market  Streets 

"        No.  7 Rock  Spring ' 

"        No.  8 Elleardsville ' 

"     .  No.  11 Baden  P.  U 

Bought  for  School  Pnrpo$e»  and  not  yet  Improved,      1 


I  Lots  17  to  22,  inclusive ,  Caroline  Street,  near  Park  Avenue 

I  Lots  5,  6,  and  7 St.  Louis  Avenue  and  Eighteenth  Street., 

'  Lota  1  to  7,  block  1084 1  Bell  and  School  Streets 


South  St.  Louis.. 

Eiler's  survey,  South  St.  Louis., 


Block  40,  survey  3 
Northwest  half-block  49.. 
North     part     block    1520, 

149.8  X  249.6 Wyoming  and  Clara  Streets  and  Jefferson  Avenue.. 

Lots  l.'iO  z  120  feet Gravois  road  and  King's  Highway. 

Lots  II,  12,  13,  and  14 i  One  hundred  feet  on  Capital  Avenue.. 

150    feet    on     Dominique. 

Street I  Lowell 


Bstlmateil 
VHlueof 
Oruund. 

$8,000.00 

12,000.00 

Leased. 

1,500.00 

5,000.00 

13,000.00 

15,000.00 

Leased. 

3,000.00 

Leased, 

1,000.00 

10,000.00 

16,500.00 

3,500.00 

15,000.00 

11,525.00 

Leased. 

3,000.00 

1,500.00 

3,000.00 

3,000.00 

20,000.00 

8,800.00 

25,000.00 

22,500.00 

12,500.00 

8,000.00 

3,000.011 

1,500.00 

1,000.00 

800.00 

800.00 


5,000.00 

10,000.00 

15,000.00 

9,000.00 

1,000.00 

5,100.00 
2,012.00 
2,000.00 

.1,000.00 


EitlinnleilValii,. 

of  IIUUMM  filiil 

I      Furiillurs. 

!      $20,22 1. 2J 

46,707.'J2 

18,607.4,5 

3,5110.1)11 

56,528. B7 

'         35,823.4:) 

'  15,820.40 
4,000.1111 

'  •  l,44».:!.l 
4,117.42 

i  .S,5(I0.II|| 

64,700.85 
61,l7fi.',i;i 
30, 1 28. Hi 
20,411.211 
36,15:).2.i 

3'ji).r,,s 

15,355.11(1 

7,011(1.(111 

2l,07il.,H,S 

3,857.22 

27,«(ia.il5 

23,87.S.fi(l 

66,473.55 

11,703.50 

18,5.'):t.2« 

5,513.0(1 

12,267,64 

9,73,1.61 

6,500.(1(1 

1,576.46 

8U0.0U 


$777,777.00  l$2,075,534.9l    $2,853,.11l,( 


Tom, 


■?2''.2!l.24  I 
58,ruT,ll2 
IS.fill7,4J  i 
5,(111(1.(10 
"1,528.8; 
■<'*,S2:i.43 

-l.lliKi.oo  I 
4,14!i.:)j  I 
^,ll!.42) 

■',il)(J.llO  I 

"■i,rii(i.S5 1 

H,«(1.93| 
''l'i,628.ltl 
'''1,^11,291 
■'7,6rS.25l 
^I2'.l,08| 
1S,W5.90I 

8,50U.00| 
24,nrii,:)8| 

6,85:,2l| 
47,(i0ii.0}| 

:t4,2!i:i.5« 
•'il,(i:i:i.23 
l:t,5i:i.(iS 
i5,2ii;.6a 

ll,2.;:i,6« 
7,511(1.01 

2,::;6.i| 
i.eoo.t 


5,11110.0 
lll,<i(>(i.O 
15,(1(10.0 
9,(100,0 
1,000,0 

5,100.0 
2,(1)2.0 
2,(i( 


3,000.1 


NAMES,  LOCATION,  DIMENSIONS,  AND  VALUE  OF  SCIIOOL-HUUSES,  SIZE  AND  VALUE  Or  OROUNDS,  FOR  JU.VE  I,  |g||,| 


I    Number  of 
'    Teachers. 


Niai  or  ScBooi.. 


L 


Polylechnic  Ruildlng  (purchased)... 

Niirmal  (Pulylpchiiic  lliiililiiig).. 

,  HiK 

'  Dr.  IIIkIi  \o.t(Pnlytachnlc  Building).. 
j  Fiaiiklin  llnincli  lilgli 

Bl<iw  llmiich  lligli 

'  Adams   

Auies 

I  Ashland 

j  Baden 

I  Bales 

I  Bell  Avenne 

i  Bentiiu 

Bentun  Sliitlun 

Blow 

Bryiiiilllll 

Caniudelet 

Carr 


1 
1 

30 
6 
4 

18 

iJ 

1 

is 

4 

9 


'a 
ca 


1807 

i   I  "i8m" 
1     

'.'.'.   I  "{'m 

'.'.'.    I  '.'.'.'.'".'.'. 

1872 

"i     "im 

IS7() 
1  IHAH 

i      "mi" 

1      I      18W 


2. 


.J'S 

>2 


tCO,00O.no     (.'(76,307.62 

;iu,iioo.o()      'ii'iioB.bs 


a 


I 


I. WW.'"' 

2,0.1«.'iS 

l.'I.MUUUU 

02,748..'-.(i 

2,(KKI.r, 

IU,IHJ<I.II<) 

I.WIC  J(l 

8,riU(l.(K) 

17,571. (HI 

38,07(1:12 

4,I)(IU.IK) 

o,s77.cn 

40,IK)(IU() 

38,288.:W 

S(XI.U(I 

2,(KMI.(H) 

5,(100.00 

11,770.27 

2,0110.110 

ll,:i72.i;t 

2.fiOO.INI 

33,»84  «4 

7,300.0" 

4,002.77 



160    z  1(10 

84 

X  67 

2«A     X  110 

2.W^^x  147"^ 
210     X  128 

inn    X  I2A 

182)<;x  107J^ 

i"27""x  "ii'i' 

100     X  218 
l.'iO    X  115 

7« 
60 
20 
70 

70 
50 
100 

X  00 

X  X 

X  '2(1 
X  80|^ 

"x'soi; 
X  :i« 

X  34 

15U     X  138 
78    X  155 


80 
40 


X  0.1 
X  75 


ii 

•■ 

? 

1 
,1 

.1 

3 

S 

2 

.1 

u 

1 

3 

lo 

'i 

3 

1! 

i 

edVuUiv 

■ 

■«H  lUhl 

ToTil.       ■ 

Ituie. 

1 

,221.21        ?2«,221.24B 

,7«".'J- 

59,7(17.1)2 

,6{\'A:i 

18,6117.45 

,,=1(1(1.00 

5,(1(111.(10 

},52S.fi7 

61,52!i.6i 

5,a2;).i;i 

4SS2:i.« 

5,82'J.40 

?.li,!<29.)0 

4,«m).oo 

4,111111.110 

l,44'.i.:'..^ 

4,H!l,:i5 

4,117.12 

4,117.42 

3,5»0.00 

4,0011,00 

.4,-oo.sr, 

74,700.«5 

^i,iTii.'.i;i 

"fi'M: 

10,128.10 

3:i,628.U 

29,111.211 

44,411.29 

.<6,15;f.2.i 

47,678.25 

;i2'.i.o.s 

32S.68 

15,355.90 

1S,J55.90 

7,000.00 

8,500.00 

2l,0T9.;iS 

24,07i).'.i8 

»,857.22 

6,857.2J 

27,fi"8.05 

47,60S,0i 

23,878.0,(1 

;VJ,6T8.66 

6«,473.55 

a  1.473.55 

11,793.59 

34,29;i.5( 

18,533.20 

31,1133.21 

5,513.00 

13.5!3.0i 

12,267.64 

15.267.8 

9,733.61 

11,233.61 

6,500.00 

7,5011.01 

1,576.46 

2,376.4 

800.00 

1,600.0^ 

5,11110.(1 

lt»,00O.( 

15,iiilO.( 

.  1         9,0110.1 

.  i         1,000.1 

1 

5,1  M. 

2.012 

2,1100 

..  1     s.*"" 

2,075,534.91    $2,853,311.< 
buNDS,  FOB  J.USB  1, 1M1<| 


i'x'of' 

i 

B 
P 

K 

5 
"■i 

1 

It)    X  90 

«)     X  3(1 

la  X  211 

16     X  80!  4 

3 

3 

<      3 

3 

■      2 

ill   X  m\i 

68     X  38 
00    x»4 

3 

1 
3 
'i 

80     x05 
40    X  15 

3 

111 

1-i 
u 

5 
1 

ll 
1<1 
6 
6 
I'l 
4 
12 
2 
III 
( 

11 
I 


EDUCATION. 


8&1 


NAMES,  LOCATION,  DIMENSIONS,  AND  VALUK  OF  SCHOOL-HOUSES.— CwKiiiued. 


1     80 

X 

80 

86 

X 

M 

8U^X 

38 

48 

X 

35 

,58 

X 

32 

68 

X 

32 

61 

X 

38 

56 

X 

26 

1     

*     i 

4  1 

'^ 

1 

1     ' 

1 

..^     1 

480 
240 
700 
240 
1,100 
1,100 
600 
480 
800 
480 
240 
700 
120  i 
700  , 
720 
7:'0 
720  ' 
■.DO  ! 
600 
240 
240 
240 
120 
240 
240 
240 
120 
60 
200 


IksM.vs-ENdMsii   Instruction. — As   early   as 

1  ilie  Geriimn  residents  of  St.  Louis  petitioned 

\\fwi  to  establish  schools  wherein    both    the 

m  and  Eiii^lish  lanfjuages  should  be  taught ; 

kilie  8tatc  suhuul  law  interdicted  the  establishuiciit 

liav  scliools  except  such  as  taught  tlie  English 


language  oiili/.  The  same  question  was  repeatedly 
brought  to  the  attention  of  the  board,  but  no  action 
was  taken  until,  in  1864,  it  was  presented  in  such 
shape  as  to  be  adopted  by  the  board  unanimously,, 
and  the  German  schools  were  accordingly  e.stablished. 
The  census  of  1870  showed  that  out  of  every  one 


m\ 


r<y\ 


wB 


jik  i 


I.ii  :i'  -i^ 


.'ii 


852 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


hundred  persons  in  St.  Louis  twenty-eiglit  were  from 
parents  born  i;*  the  United  States,  and  t^evcnty-two 
from  parents  born  out  of  the  United  States ;  of  the 
seventy-two  born  of  foreign  parents,  thirty-ei^lit  were 
from  German  parents,  twenty-one  were  from  Irisli 
parents,  five  were  from  English  parents,  two  were 
from  Swiss  parents,  two  were  from  Bolicmian  par- 
ents, two  were  from  French  parents,  and  two  were 
from  parents  of  other  nationalities.  Many  of  the 
twenty-eiqiit  whoso  parents  were  born  in  the  United 
States  had  foreign  ^'andparents.  From  these  sta- 
tistics it  appeared  to  tlie  board  that  the  city  was  very 
nearly  equally  divided  between  nationalities  whose 
home  language  is  English  and  those  wlio  received 
Bome  other  language  from  their  parents. 

The  Repuhlican  of  April  5,  1800,  gives  the  follow- 
iug  statistics  of  the  German  schools  in  the  city  at  that 
time,  taken  from  a  report  by  a  committee  acting  under 
instructions  from  an  association  of  German  teachers; 

"  Tliero  aro  in  nil  in  St.  I<oui8  38  aerman  soliools,  nt  wliich 
S524  piijiils  receive  instructiun ;  whole  number  of  tcnclicrs 
employed,  9S;  of  whom  76  aro  i!!?>ln  nnii  22  fomalo;  average 
number  of  pupils  to  one  te:icher,  50 ;  averiigo  yearly  fee  lor 
each  pupil,  $U.r)U.  Of  the  schools  the  great  majority  aro  Prot- 
estant, 8  are  Catholic,  10  are  not  commiltcil  to  any  denomina- 
tion, 1  is  conducted  by  an  association  of  '  Free-thinkers,'  and  1 
is  Israelite. 

"Tho  committee  also  institute  a  oompariron  between  these 
and  the  public  schools  in  this  city,  from  which  we  adduce  the 
following  public  school  stati.-^tics. 

"There  arc  in  St.  Louis  115  public  schools,  with  an  arerage 
number  of  625.'!  pupils;  number  of  teachers  employed,  1-tO,  of 
whom  4U  arc  male  and  lOO  female;  average  number  of  pupils 
to  one  teacher,  45  ;  average  yearly  expenses  fur  ono  pupil, 
$17.17." 

NUMKIIICAL  CONDITION  OF  GERMAN  rUDLIC  SCHOOLS   IN 
ST.  LOUIS  FKOM   1804  TO  1881. 


I       The  Hiou  School  was  established  I'd),  u  ]§;;, 
j  Every  well-devised  and  well-executed  plun  of  pubiij 
'  education  necessarily  implies  this  grade  of  sth,,,] 
I  Without  it  any  system  would  be  imperrrct  luid  inajJ 
I  quiite  to  tho  wants  of  the  community.    The  brin.nni 
together  of  the  most  advanced  scholnis  of  tlie  .U 
metitnry  schools  and  furnishing  thoni  instruction  ij 
,  the  higher  English  and  classical  studies  is  anarrani'J 
ment  both  natural  and  philosophical,  and  on,,  wliid 
has  been  adopted  and  sustained  in  every  system 
public  schools  in  the  Union.     The  St.  J,ouis  11]^ 
I  School,  under  tho  charge  of  Jeremiah  D.  Low  A  )u 
wont  into  operation  in  the  Benton  schonl-liouse.  wliej 
it  remained  until  the  completion  of  tlio  Ili'li  Sdin 
[  building,  at  the  corner  of  Fifteenth  and  Olive  iHni 
I  in  the  Sixth  Ward,  which  was  dedicated  on  Mardi'i 
;  1830. 

The  usefulness  of  this  school  and  the  wisdom] 
'  sustaining  and  enlarging  its  scope  of  instrmiidn  JiaJ 

become  so  apparent  that  a  new  High  Siiiool  buiidi 
i  was  recommended  in  the  report  of  1880-81.  "TiJ 
I  need,"  it  was  stated,  "  is  dictated  alike  by  consiJei 
j  tions  of  economy  and  by  the  interests  of  tlie  pupilsj 
,  the  first  year  of  the  course." 
i  The  following  table  shows  the  number  of  purf 
I  enrolled  for  each  year  (excluding  year  in  bramjiesll 


|SEcnsi>  Year.  Thibd  Veaii.  1  Sesiok  Year.      CocuJ 


Year. 


&     u 


TlAI. 


i8ni-fi5 

1805-00 
1800-07 
1807-08 
180S-0a 
180«-7(t 
1870-71 
1871-72 
1872-7.1 
187:t-74 
1874-75 
187.')-70 
1870-77 
1877-78 
1878-79 
^87«-8U 
188U-8I 


1    5r 

XH 

o 

0 

0 

< 

ic 

5 

SB  » 
9  'r 


^       I 


7 

9 

14 

19 

;<2 

.17 
41 
41 
44 
44 
44 
44 
40 
50 
54 


HI 
17 
25 
38 
40 
5;i 
59 
07 
74 
70 
78 
89 
95 
09 


4.50 

710 

1,410 

2,470 

.'1.840 

6,21  :t 

8,1171 

10,240 

1 2,055 

15,709 

17,197 

18,101 

18,727 

20,851 

20,428 

19,787 


54  I  64 J,  20,258 


260 

7:i6 

l,ii:io 

i,:i04 

2,H7:» 

I,,S.58 

2,175 

1,809 

3,714 

1,423 

904 

50A 

2,12  i 

—423 

—041 

471 


u 

u 

s. 


58 
104 
71 
55 
02 
30 
27 
18 
31 

9 

i.ii 

3 
11 

2  dee 

3  dec 


18.M 

IKVi 

\m\ 

I«fi7 

ISM I 

IH.VJ 

IHIkl  

iKfll 

18tii 

IWil 

IWU 

imk". 

180(i 

lNli7 

1W18 

18l.il 

1K7U 

1871 

187^ 

187:l 

187* 

1875  

18711 

1877 

1878  

1870 

18811 

18S1 


Ift, 


a.-.'     T.'il 


ar 

40 

111' 

•.!:.! 

48, 

All, 

40| 

4.| 

4.1 

61 

SI 

117    liO 

8U  I.Vi 
81.  1J8  -JhU 
or  III  -Ml 
a  1:r,  'J  II 
9S;  1i|.^.  -i'M) 
8:1 ;   afj    '.is."! 

&<:  1.111   I8U 

(17  1X7,  -J.-il 

.V.I  \m'  Hi 

fiji  16&I  ■IM, 


118 1 
74 
OJ 

8.'i 

7.'i 

7li 
70 
71 

'JO 
IIS 
110 


111 

8 
12 

7 

10 
18     II 


(i   :  3      ^     i     j 


io;  18 

1(1  iJ8 

10  17! 

U;  '«! 


:i  14 

il    it 


•M    n 

42 

2.' 

VI       li) 

40 

12 

n       9 

24 

1.1 

I'J    11 

a4 

'.1 

17,    « 

411 

M 

III    ai 

4'.) 

14 

111     '^7 

41! 

12 

an    n 

.'.2 

Ml 

28    ai 

ni 

17 

2li^     42 

118 

21 

21j     2.'. 

48 

17 

:til     45 

81 

IJ 

a2    &a 

8.i 

22 

28      47 

7.', 

211 

44!     74 

118 

la 

1:l      a2 

4.^ 

42 

27 1     K> 

112 

20 

■M'   108 

141 

18 

2li     77 

U8 

i:i 

24|  loa 

127 

IS 

ail  1U9 

i 

14.1 

18 

1> 

.•;    ...  4; 

,1    111  .-.i 

<i     la  i;i, 

0    22  ;; 


:i2  04 

211  1,1 

211  (i; 

111  fij 

21  .'..1 

:i>  1)1 

31  .VJ 

41  W 

4:l  :i; 

l'\  ►.; 

4l,  V.I  la 


:"  111 


a;i    111  !;■ 


4j  ir.  la  ; 

:14  47  r.i 

(II  linl'  I.M  ^m 

44  14  11: 


f>4  7: 

.17  Til 

82  117 

ea  lui 


Gradkd  Schools. — In   18.')7,  Ira  Di\oll,j 
then  appointed  superintendent  of  public  ecIuhiIsJ 
vi.siting  other  cities  and  examining  their  public  i 
systems  made  a  report  to  the  board,  and  ilicn 
the  following  general  principles  were  agreed  tipi 


lished  I'fl).  11,1853 

cuted  I'hin  of  puUij 

lis  griido  of  SL'hoolJ 

impeifrct  and  inadji 

unity.    The  briii^inl 

seholavs  of  tlie  e'a 

them  instruetii)n  il 

studies  is  an  artangj 

)hical,  and  one  whit 

id  in  every  systeau 

The  .St.  Louis  Hig 

reniiah  D.  Low,  A.M 

on  schuid-liousc,  wliej 

on  of  tlie  \\v^  Sclitt 

enth  and  Olive  SivceJ 

dedioiitcd  cm  Maidi  2l 

lOol  and  the  wisdom  I 
eope  of  iiislrudiiinlial 
1  Hi^l)  Sehool  buiidil 
,rt  of  188(1-81.  •••[» 
:ated  alilce  by  considel 
intcre.st8  of  the  pniiilsl 

'8  the  number  of  pud 
din^  year  in  brantlics)! 

t 

:au.  SesiokYeab.      C(iCUi| 


I 

-I 
Ifl, 
18| 

n! 

29 

^ 

4'.), 
411; 

Oil 
(IS 
48 
Sll 
8.i 

118 

4."> 

1    "- 
141 

IW 

V  vn 

■  14.1 


...  21  14 

...  ■:\  i» 

...  b  .;T 

...    \:  .ll 
i;i    .-..i 

Vi     I.S 


II 


Hi    t.i 
■n   .M 


■i",     41 

2ii    4;i 

V.'l      I'l 

'.1(1 
•ji 


31    :/>  ia 

'.12  nd 

ii:  ll| 

>ii  111 

47,   W  Itf^ 

;iT  lit  isl 


;«    111  r-' 


'Jn 

4o 

li'. 

i;i 

:U 

4';: 

4: 

«l 

li«i 

so 

44 

Ct 

IS 

54 

7i 

i:l 

Ki- 

7" 

ifi 

rn 

m 

18 

sa 

lul 

1857,   Ira  Divoll,] 

lent  of  public  scluwls, 

niiiinin^'tbeir  public  I 

the  board,  and  tlioral 

jipleH  were  agreed  iip 


EDUCATION. 


853 


.■I.  Th»t  it  ia  the  true  policy  of  the  bonrd  to  build  and  own 
L,^l,„ol-liMU8C8  rather  thnn  rent  unsuitiiblo  tenements. 

.'2,  Tliiii  no  more  liouses  bo  built  nccnrding  to  the  old  pinn, 
■  jjl llint  i;r<r'/f(/ «c^oo/«  bo  cstftblished  in  future, 

..-,,  Tliut  the  pohool-housei  hereafter  to  bo  built  be  of  uni- 
llHOfiio  Ibinughout  the  city,  ub  neiirly  ns  the  demands  of  the 
Itljrentdi.-liicts  will  permit;  those  in  thinly-settled  diiitricts 
I. !,« onchnir  or  ono-third  the  full  size,  and  constructed  with 
l.i,neirof  receiving  additions  when  required, 

.(.  That  each  Hrst-class  school-house,  in  order  to  secure 
I  jjdasiiilli^iition  and  economical  management,  contain  twelve 
l^i,  nith  seats  for  about  seven  hundred  scholars,  and  bo 
I  ,ije,l  with  separate  play-grounds,  doors,  stairs,  etc,  for 
lilt!  ind  girls, 

•j  Tli«t  the  scholars  be  classified  according  to  their  re- 
iMtirc.ittiiiioncnts,  so  that  those  who  may  ho  allotted  to  any 
IttWK'licr  will  ho  equally  advanced  and  pursuing  the  same 
leiit':  tlie  primary  scholars  to  be  seated  on  thcfimt  floor,  the 
Litoediato  un   the  tecvnd,  and  the  most  advanced  on  the 

frt'. 

■•:.  Tlmt  there  be  one  organization  and  one  principal  teacher 
|j,Bcli  buililing. 

Tlint  such  of  the  old  buildings  as  will  admit  of  altera- 
Itiibcrcconsiructed  and  adapted  to  the  graded  system. 
l-i.  Tliat  wherever  there  are  several  independent  depart- 
ml-inlbo  saiue  building,  these  shall  be  consolidated  under 
(irincipnl  us  soon  as  circumstances  may  justify  such 
ti'.'n." 

Financial  difficulties  prevented  the  immediate  reali- 
^ion  (if  this  comprehensive  system,  but  it  has  since 

1  fully  carried  out. 

iDwiiij!  the  year  1857-58  an  inquiry  established 

||;  fact  that  there  were  ''  at  least  eight  thousand 

liUreu  in  the  city  between  six  and  sixteen  years  of 

•  wliose  names  had   not  been  registered   either  in 

Lllic  or  private  schools  (luring  the  year."     Efforts 

!  iiuuiediately  made  to  provide  school-houses  for 

siar:e  number  of  children,  the  board  authorizing 

liUcsiJeut  to  negotiate  a  loan  of  fifty  thousand 

Itlin  fur  six  years,  said  loan  to  be  expended  exclu- 

ifiv  for  purchasing   sites   and    erecting  buildings 

jin.    This  loan  could  not  be  raised  in  St.  Louis, 

tns  placed  in  Philadelphia  at  an  annual  interest 

r:i'  of  ten   per  cent,     Messrs,    Bailey,    Barlow, 

ii'Dkaiiip,   (ireen,    Leavy,    Leonard,    Ilodgman, 

|kjir,  O'Xeil,  llobbins,  Robinson,  and  Divoll  were 

fjiBtod  a  special  committee  to  examine  and  report 

1  fkre  seluiol-houses  should  be  erected;  (2)  the 

laud  cost  of  each  ;  ( 3)  the  number  of  seats  it 

mill  contain ;  fl)  the  annual  expense  of  carrying 

^ike  same.    This  committee  on   March  8,  1859, 

Mied  in  favor  of  building   eight   school-liouses, 

» were  subsequently  named  WaMngtnn,  Everett, 

firil,  Cluiikst,  Chouteau,  Stoddurtl,  Humilton, 

ihdwn. 

|5vtMN0  Schools. — Prior  to  1859  the  evening 

swcre  conducted  under  the  auspices  of  Wasli- 

|«  I'tiiversity.     They  were  held  in  the  public 


school  buildings,  and  the  expenses  of  their  manage- 
ment were   e(|ually  borne  by  tiie  Washington  Uni- 
versity and  the  Board    of  Public  Schools.     In  tiiat 
year  they  were  taken  under  the  exclusive  control  of  the 
school  board.    These  schools,  which  now  constitute  an 
important  featurcof  the  educational  system  of  St.  Louis, 
originated  with  Ralph  Sollew,  who  in  1853,  after  ad- 
vising with  others,  offered  to  guarantee  tlie  money 
needed  for  the  establishment  of  night  schools  for  the 
benefit  of  the  working  boys  of  the  city.     The  experi- 
ment  was   heartily   seconded   by  the   authorities  of 
Washington  University,  who  furnished  facilities  for 
instruction.      The  practical  working  of  the  project 
greatly  exceeded  expectations,  for  while  an  attendance 
of  about  thirty  was  anticipated  and  planned  for,  no 
less  than  three  hundred  young  men  pre.sented  them- 
selves.     So  great  was  the  interest  excited  by  this 
venture,  and  such  was  the  demand  for  more  schools  of 
the  sort,  that  in  a  year  or  two  the  board  of  educa- 
tion was  constrained  to  organize  the  system  of  night- 
schools  which  have  been  in  vogue  until  the  present 
time,  and  which  have  proved  of  inestimable  benefit  in 
affording  a  large  number  of  persons  ihe  education 
which  otherwise  would  have  been  denied  them.     The 
university  gladly  relinquished  the  night  school  to  the 
board  of  education,  and  proceeded  with  the  develop- 
ment of  a  scheme  of  mechanical   education   which 
culminated  in  the  establishment  of  the  existing  Manual 
Training  School.     The  progress  of  the  latter  has  been 
watclied  by  Mr.  Sellew  with  the  utmost  interest,  and 
he  has  demonstrated  his  sympathy  with  the  movement 
by  continuous  contributions,  aggregating  a  large  sum. 
Ralph  Sollew  was  born  in  Connecticut,  and  prior 
to  18-tG  was  engaged  with  his  brothers  in  the  metal 
trade  in   Cincinnati.      In  that  year  he  removed  to 
St.  Louis  to  establish  a  branch  house,  and  in  1849 
became  sole  proprietor.     Only  about  fifteen  thousand 
dollars  capital  was  at  first  invested,  and  the  first  year's 
sales  amounted  to   only  about   thirty  thousand  dol- 
lars, but  the  growth  of  the  business  was  rapid  and 
steady,  and  the  yearly  sales  now  aggregate  not  far  from 
two  million  dollars.     In  18GG,  Mr.  Sellew,  feeling  the 
need  of  assistance  in  managing  so  large  a  business,  ad- 
mitted two  younger  men  us  partners,  and  the  firm  has 
since  been  known  as  R.  Sellew  &  Co.     The  house 
deals   in    metals   and    manufacturers'   supplies,   and 
occupies  a  large  four-story  building  of  its  own,  with 
basement,  at  805  North  Main  Street.     Its  splendid 
business,  which  was  woven  out  of  the  active  and  enter- 
prising brain  of  its  founder,  has  hardly  any  rival  in 
St.  Louis,  and  in  its  distinctive  line  is  representative 
of  the  growth  of  St.  Louis,  and  typical  of  her  com- 
mercial spirit. 


Si 


I.! 


■•    ll 


If  «■■ : 


!■     i-%ni 


854 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Mr.  Sellew  lias  always  exhil)ited  a  warm  affection 
for  the  city  of  his  adoption,  and  it  would  be  hard  to 
select  eny  one  of  her  business  nicn  who  has  taken  a 
deeper  interest  in  every  judicious  sehonie  to  advance 
her  prosperity.  The  Vulcan  Steel  Company  (now 
the  St.  Louis  Ore  and  Steel  Company)  and  tlie  Harri- 
son VVira  Company  are  among  the  important  enter- 
prises with  which  ho  has  been  closely  identified.  For 
twenty- one  years  he  has  been  a  director  in  the  Me- 
chanics' Bank,  in  whose  prosperity  he  has  taken  preat 
pride,  and  has  rendered  the  management  invaluable 
service  as  a  counselor  of  ripe  experience  and  accurate 
judgment. 

Mr.  Sellew  is  a  gentleman  of  retiring  habits,  and 
is  seldom  heard  of  outside  of  his  chosen  calling.  He 
is  known  to  not  a  few,  however,  as  a  person  of  warm 
sympathies  for  the  unfortunate,  and  his  name  will 
alwajs  be  associated  with  one  of  the  most  important 
features  of  the  educational  system  of  St.  Louis. 
Himself  once  an  apprentice  and  a  journeyman,  and 
having  been  for  many  years  an  employer,  he  compre- 
hends perfectly  the  disadvantages  under  which  most 
mechanics  labor,  and  sympathizes  intensely  with  their 
condition.     Being  especially  interested  in  the  boys  in 


i  the  shops  and  foctories,  who,  compelliMJ  i,,  i,,!,,,^  j.^ 

'  living,  wore  growing  up  without  edtuMtioiml  advaaJ 
tftges  and  restraints,  it  .seemed  to  him  a  duty  to  jJ 
something  for  them,  and  he  devoted  niiuh  (i('i,j,  ,j  1 

;  and  money  to  the  establishment  of  ni-ht  schools 
stated  above.  Mr.  Sellew  has  often  Ij.'en  hean]  [i 
express  the  regret  that  in  his  boyhood  In.'  wa.'t  depriva 
of  educational  advantages  such  as  an^  afforded  hi 
these  schools  and  the  Manual  Trainiiii;  SLhuol 
The  same  large-hearted   pliilantlir(i]iv  jiaa  Jijd-J 

I  guished  Mr.  Sellow  at  every  point  in  liLs  career  bui 
our  limited  space  forbids  more  than  a  reference  to  hi] 
numberless  charities,  which  have  bc(>n  liestnwed  witi 
a  graceful  modesty  which  has  characterized  all  [\\J 
he  has  ever  done.  A  self-made  man,  he  chcryiesj 
warm  and  ready  sympathy  with  his  young  collcaiiuJ 

I  in  business,  and  in  his  quiet  way  has  e.xtonded  praJ 
tical  encouragement  to  many  beginner.s.     Ho  alihoa 

I  dissimulation  and  hypocrisy,  but  tho.su  whu  "ain  hi 
confidence  may  count  upon  the  friendship  uf  one  i 
the  most  estimable  citizens  that  St,  Louis  ha.s  crfl 
possessed. 

The  following  table  of  comparative  .statistics  A 

I  show  the  growth  and  value  of  the  .schools : 


Years. 


.S 

S 


8 


No.  of  I'liplla  Gnrolled.  i     & 


O  o 


S.1 


1859-6U 5 

1860-61 o 

1862-6.S -t 

1863-04 5 

1864-85.. ..• C 

1865-66 8 

1866-67 S 

1867-68 12 

1868-69 12 

1869-70 11 

1870-71 16 

1871-72 17 

1872-73 17 

1873-,  4 22 

1874-75 21 

1875-76 24 

1876-77 24 

1877-78 34 

1878-79 41 

1879-80 29 

1880-81 11 


14 

777 

84 

861 

536 

460 

17 

1027 

122 

1119 

618 

556 

12 

•,■26 

1(10 

.S3  2 

416 

340 

18 

869 

152 

1021 

514 

431 

23 

1177 

294 

1471 

781 

683 

32 

1372 

300 

1072 

861 

751 

30 

1364 

189 

15.)3 

887 

773 

43 

193() 

198 

2134 

1191 

1075 

46 

2324 

2o4 

2528 

1402 

1259 

42 

2253 

211 

2404 

1247 

1081 

63 

2908 

707 

3615 

2055 

1773 

80 

342,') 

712 

41,37 

2290 

1990 

81 

3417 

5.i4 

3971 

2016 

nil 

110 

4807 

710 

5577 

3126 

2602 

115 

4999 

7.52 

5751 

3070 

2644 

117 

4623 

650 

5273 

2817 

2368 

118 

4525 

715 

5240 

2844 

2421 

140 

5464 

953 

6417 

3620 

3095 

14B 

.■)378 

908 

6286 

3509 

2990 

91 

4008 

531 

4539 

2575 

2128 

40 

2142 

242 

2384 

1333 

1049 

H 

«  =  *- 
5.S  — 

'    « 

U&l 

<         1 

85 

39  1 

89 

30 

83 

35 

79 

28  1 

86 

34 

86 

25  ] 

87 

28  ! 

90 

28  1 

90 

30 

87 

30 

86 

33 

87 

29 

85 

25 

85 

28  ' 

80 

27  , 

84 

24  1 

85 

24  •' 

85 

26 

85 

28  ; 

83 

31  I 

79 

33  ! 

$2,041.00  I 

2,621.00  ' 

1,624,00  '■ 

2,220.00  ! 

3,610.00  ; 

5,450.011 

.1,500,00 

7,fi2l,oo 

8,713.:!5 

8,450.116 

11,696,95 

15,718.30 

14,413,90 

17,983,0.-) 

19,841.07 

19,1S9.48 

19,688,70 

24,337.64 

25,81 1.<I9 

17,985.5;) 

7,763.2: 


t  r 


?:i.S(i 
4,:'i 

3,llii 

3,o; 
4.i;2 

ii.'jii 

6.4i> 

6,:'i 

6." 

5,6;i 
6.sr. 
7,1,1 
i.'i 
6,41) 
6,S1 
Ii,!l2 
6,72 
7,:ij 
6,iiS 


KiNDEKQAiiTEN  SciiooLS. — The  school  age  under 
the  Constitution  of  Missouri  is  from  six  to  twenty 
years.  In  his  report  for  1870-71  the  superinten- 
dent called  attention  to  the  fact  that  ''  in  certain  sec- 
tions of  the  city  where  influences  are  corrupting  to 
the  children,  they  being  obliged  to  play  on  the  street, 
it  is  decidedly  better  to  have  them  in  school  at  an 
early  age,  and  to  so  far  modify  the  tasks  imposed  upon 


them  as  to  prevent  overstraining  their  dt'licaieor{ 
ism.     The  Kindergarten  culture  for  the  yiiun!:,"| 
continued,  "  is  justly  receiving  much  attoniion  I 
educators  everywhere.     To  it  we  must  look  !'or( 
able  hints  on  the  method  of  conducting  ouriustj 
tion  in  the  lowest  primary  grades."     Q'he  stipi 
tcndent  accordingly  recommended  the  esiablii^iiil 
of  an  experimental  Kindergarten,  but  the  projecl 


iipelloil  1.1  luhnr  Inn 
t  eiliuMtiuiml  ailvanJ 
to  him  i\  duty  t(j  lij 
)ted  luiulidt'liistimd 
t  of  ni-lit  scliodls.  i 

often  Iji'Cii  lioaril  tj 
hood  lu'  was  dejjrivc 
li  as  me  affurded  bj 
'rainiii<j  Schnol. 
knthni]iy  has  distinl 
)int  in  his  career,  hi 
than  a  reference  to  hil 
ve  he«n  bestowed  witi 

characterized  all  tliil 
le  uiun,  he  chcri»he3| 
h  his  youii^  colleaiiuei 
ray  has  extended  prad 
bu!j;inncrs.  He  alihoB 
but  those  who  fiain  h| 
he  friendship  of  one  ( 
hat  St.  Louis  has  evJ 

mparative  statistics  nl 
'  the  .schools : 


-       7J 


$2,041.00  I 
2,«21.00  ! 
1,B21.00  I 
2,220.00  I 
3,610.00  1 
I      5,4i0.00 
!      .n, 500.00 
I      7,fi'.'1.00 
I      8,7i:t.'.!5 
I      8,4;>0.1lf> 
n. BOO, '.15 
15,71S.;iO 

I  i4,4i;i,iio 

I    17,983,0,^ 

,     111,841,07 

19,180,48 

19,088.70 

24,:l;l7.l>4 

;    25,811.99 

17,985.5;i 

7,763.27 


!;;i,Sii 
4,-Jt 
3,0" 
3,5T 
4.62 
fl,5ii 

ii,2n 

6,40 
6.21 
6,77 


j.6',1 
6.Sii 
7,15 
5,7i 
6,16 
6,S1 
li,!12 
6,72 

7,:i5 

6,!IS 
o,S2 


liiing  their  delicate  or| 

luure  for  the  youni:,"' 

ling  much  attention  i 

lit  we  must  loolc  !'or  v 

If  conductin;;  our  iust^ 

jTrades."     The  sop 

Lended  the  ostablisl 

Lrten.buttheprojecl 


M 


■    '^ 


<:/ 


^  <'  ^  /'a  A 


-V 


I    11 


I'll  I-,! 


1 ,  l-l  1 


s54 


in>J'"<>RY    0\- 


■»r.l!.'»¥  lias  always  exliihiti'd  a  .v.ir  n    if! 
llY  of  U\t  iitlo)itioii,  1111(1  it  wimlil  III    ii 

II. y  ow  of  liiT  bnsirinsn  moll  wlio  b'^s  i 

•  '•'l^.r  iiUiTAHi  in  cviry  iiidiiiinis  >(','lii>i»''  m  ".. 

'."   {jr<w7<erity.      Tl.i'  Vuliun  Stivl 

i;if  Ml.  lifui-t  On'  and  Stocl  Cumpaiiy         > 

-..n  Wire  Conijmiiy  are  uuioii}{  iii»   ••■ 

|iri~)  *  with  wlii.'h  lio  lm.-t  lieen  oli^w*!;.  ■ 

twenty- Dti'-  yi:aw  ho  hnt  hvcu  a  'lir. 

I'hanic."'  U;iiik.  in  whone  firnsporitv  lu 

jiriile,  and  !iii»  roiuiureil  ?hf  n.' 

iM'rvici!  as  a  cfmnsl-lor  'if  '•• 

jitilgnieiit. 

Mr.  nelltiw  i-  a  .v.. 

is  si'IHoiu  ht/al^i  .'f  iu:tn 

is  kno-.TU  W>  not  a  f*ir,  h'.wi'v*^,  an  &  I'vriuin  uf  warm 


si 


I'liriuv  hai>iii>.  nn>l 
'lotion  iMilliiii.     lU^ 


syinjiatliii'.M  (or  I  hi*  u 
always  '"'  a.Hs'lii'mu!'!  \t 
fi>aturt'i»  i'*"  *hi'    -idiK-,. 
Hini»pit'  onct!  uii 
ha\in;;  !»f«ii  fti  11 
biMiHs  pwlV't'ly  III 


iiid   hi!<  natiiij  will 

'  the  luo.st  iuiportant 

■11  om   of    St.    Liuin.  i 

atiil  It  jouMipynmu,  .-md  ' 

i\n  cniplii-.'i-,  he  ooropi-e- 

lairtM  niiuiii  which   'no»t 


ui.'.^K.Miio  liibor,  ami  •ymj/iiihit!*;.''  iiui.'us<?',v  witli  (heir 
■Mnuitioi).      (ieiu;^  tapeoially  ii'fi-cvi.^'l  '•   ih.'  buy-  i-i 


.. 'I'l  fiotorioH,  who.  '• 
winj?  n)>  with 

iiuilllS,  it  !(i    ■;n 

.  ,  'iir  tlit'iii,  Hriii  l.i: 
■y-'iroy  tv  lhi>  citalili-   . 
afovi-..      Mr    S.-lli- < 
s  tlw  rcgrrt  that  in  1 
0*   ori'inationul   ailvniiiai.'it' 
''i:-«p  ^I'lu'olij  riiid  tho  Mil;   1 
The   iaiU(!  Inrtri'lumi'tf  • 
1  i^th' <i   Mr.  Silltjw  III  i.c, 
(ir  liiiiiti;i]  spaci'  furliior  vt 
lUib'Tli'*'  i-hari(ii)8,  wi:ii 
It  tsrui-cfnl  rui.xle-sty  wliicl 
he  hit.>  o/or  doni;.      A  Hri.i 
warm  atid  ready  nympaih^ 
in  hn.siiirxs,  and  in  hin  ii) 
tifid  uncourairenii-nt  w  u, 

diwiiuul.itii.iti  and  hyj 

i.'iinlidetiiw  may  ooutit  n.r. 
ihr:  mc»t  osiiiniii)'    "11  i 


Th 

1.  W   tt' 


•win: 


Ulili' 

.11-! 


Yf  Ann 


J     j  Nd.  n(  VufiUt  EiimliriJ. 


|Sii..-()l> 

tW     ••! 
1^    ■    ■ 
),- 

l^■.  (   1..J.. 

i.'<«ii-iir.. 

IHiJV    .IB., 
I.<«»-lt9 

r-T'l  Tt.. 


mi 


\ 

12 

in.' 

1    Ul 

'  ' 

M 

Sli-.. 

.' 

0 

Xi 

117: 

::n 

i  t  <  1  . 

(Lil 

i.,».l 

8 

:i2 

LIT.' 

ItlUI 

1«7.' 

Sfll 

751 

s 

:iu 

1.^4 

l«il* 

1  f>:<.\ 

.'■S7  . 

•  o 

SiJ 

:':i  :•! 

lafi 

■;  1 

2b'JiX 
24rt» 

IH'I   i 
141^:- 

I2-I- 

2(1. 

229') 

t  ■•■    . 
liiJii 

41 

■:.4t 

20  Id 

Ull 

i>l 

JIO 

<M'.r 

*  i'< 

J.,', 

.•iI2« 

srtaj 

yi 

115 

4!>»i( 

7!,2 

;»7J1 

.■'0711  ' 

26n 

Vl 

ii; 

4S!i3 

A'M 

A2r.'l 

2.St7 

23flS 

■■  1 

lis 

4AId 

Hi 

J2tl> 

2I»4J  1 

nil 

liii 

H4«l 

VfiS  1 

6417 

3i»2ll 

:»'9& 

•  1 

•■•IS 

1 

R2SR 

S."i(lii 
2r)7i 

i",i-| 

2990 

■l-(      tiu'iii  as  io  prevent  .ivet'.; 

V      i.-iin.      riie  Kindi;i'„':trun 

i       I'ontinin'd,  "is  justly  >•  ■ 

1  ikicat'irs  every  where. 

1  ,■■.!<     1   II     tl,       H'    ' 

nun  lu  tue  iuweai  primary  j;ruue.s. 


IIIC 


viio  V.IIIIUICII,  tiicrj  Liciu^  uuiigt^u  lu  piuy  Ull  iiiu  Kireei, 

it  is  douidcdiy  better  to  have  them  in  suhool  at  an     tcndent  accordingly  recommended  the  t.^tablj 

early  age,  and  to  so  far  modify  the  lasku  imposed  upon     of  an  experimental  KiDder<;artcn,  but  the  pn 


\^^^-"] 


WW  'i 
1:1     ; 


iBofurtlii 
hiift'il  ill 

IjillOO    I" 

It'inimili'' 

I  P'Oc'lll-'ll . 

"1.  Thii 

liein-tilul 

J„.|im{mii 

•■:.  Thn 

■  Hgnili'rtli 

lltnof  till.' 

;.  Thiit 

<,i\  in  t 


It""' 


'■\.  Th;i 
■'S.  Tliiit 

Iliipli'.V-"'' 

iMninilleef' 

-ti.  Tlint 

Ltlfrum  til 

This  rc] 
I'iToralily  I 
l«tof  187 
IHe  offer 
lit  iiistru( 
|).iai(l  und 
Ipvidi'd  t 
liliriod  to 
Ik  teachc 
Imimnend 

"That  rooi 
IfiKiilyeart 
lust,  nil  lit  V 
lu  bcutilizi 
liii  Mi«.<  Ml 
liinukorfi 
Ijrftred  her 
IttKhual  be 

Tlie  Kini 

Itil  53  uii[ 

dwlars. 

School 

liw  Saniu( 

||«enied  t 

lie  esiablis 

lit  central 

Ins  referred 

iBofXovei 

i'' the  est 

I'deif  m 

IM  buil( 

&  report 

tiers'  coi 

itlkher  t 


EDUCATION. 


^•tr, 


lnofurtliiTthan  tho  experiment  nt  the  Everett  Priinnry 
lj(li(K)l.  I»  November,  1871,  Col.  Uoinbaucr  intro- 
hnceil  into  the  boiird  u  rcsolutioD  appointing  a  cora- 
luiitcc  t'l  i>ropiire  a  report  on  "  plny-schools."  This 
Lfliiimilti'<'i  consisting  of  Robert  J.  Rombaucr,  W. 
Ip'Ofneli.  und  Thomas  Riuhcson,  reported  Miiruh  12, 
\i'i.  roconimendin};, — 

"I.  [hut  i>nu  tliousniiil  dulliira  lira  hereby  a|i|)ru|irii>tO(l  for 
liein'tilii'i""  "f  *  |>'i')"»'''"">'i  provided  prlviite  citizens  fur- 
l„,l,i)iiiiilitr  niiiouiit  Tiir  tho  viiiiiu  piirpiiae. 

";.  Tliiit  the  iiiHtilutiiiii  nnd  the  funds  ^rented  at  alxivexhiill 
|yin'l>'rtl>t'''u"ti°ulor  the  president,  »u|iL>rintundunt,  nnduhiiir-   | 
liiiiiif  tia'  ti'aohera'  ooinnilttee  uf  the  honrd. 

";;,  Tliiit  llio  object  of  tbiit  'chuol  kIiiiII  be  the  aiiiuo  as  ox-   | 
■  piM'ilin  thia  report. 
'  4.  Tl)iit  iidniisiion  to  said  play-school  xhiill  be  free. 
'i,  Tliat  the  citizens  contributini;  to  the  extiibllshnicnt  of 
|j(pl,iY.Hhi>nl  niny  seleot  its  looality  und  elect  nn  iidvisury 
Isjiiiiilleefnr  its  manftucinent.  I 

TImt  the  inperintondent  of  the  public  scliools  shnll   re-  i 
iKrifriini  time  to  time  upon  its  oondition  ami  progress."  . 

This  report  was  laid  over.     Tho  subject  was  again 
jitirahly  mentioned  in  the  report  of  the  superintcnd- 
Idt  of  1871-72,  and  again  in  his  report  of  1872-TiJ. 
Ilbe  ofur  of  Miss  Blow  to  undertake  gratuitously  : 
lii(  instruction    of  one    teacher   appointed    by    the  [ 
lii«ril  und  to  supervise  and  manage  a  Kindergarten,  ' 
Ititviiied  the  board  would  furnish  the  rooms  and  a  ; 
Ijliried  teacher,  was  accepted ;  and  in  the  report  of  j 
lli  teachers'  committee,  Aug.   20,   1873,    it    was  I 
limminended, —  j 

I 
"Ibiit  mom  No.  4  of  the  Des  Teres  School  be  devoted  for  the  j 

Ivwnl  yeartu  tho  purpose  of  ascertaining,  by  a  faithful  o.\peri- 

lint,  nlint  valuable  features  the  Kindergarten  may  have  that 

lubeutiliseil  in  our  primary  schools;  and  for  thia  purpose,  { 

|:/  Mi!«  .Mary  A.  Timberlake  be  assigned  to  this  room,  with  | 

ciiik  of  first  assistant ;  and  that  Miss  Susie  E.  Illow  having 

Irftred  licr  services  gratuitously,  the  same  be  accepted,  and  ', 

luKhool  be  placed  under  her  control  and  supervision."  | 

The  Kindergarten  reported  in  1880-81.  178  paid 
Id  .V,i  unpaid  teachers,  a  total  of  231,  with  8035 
Idwlars. 

JciiflfiL  FOR   Dkaf   Mutes. — A  communication  j 
Ik  Samuel  Brnnt,  Jacob  S.  Merrill,  and  others  was  ' 
liseiited  t3  the  school  board  Oct.  9,  1878,  praying 
lit  esiablishment  of  a  day-school  for  deaf  mutes  in  | 
liecenirdl  portion  of  the  city.     This  communication  | 
Insreferred  to  the  teachers'  committee,  and  at  the  meet- 
liMlNuveniber  12th  that  committee  reported  in  favor 
p 'the  establishment  of  a  school  for  the  instruction 

(deaf  mutes  in  one  room  in  a  centrally  located 

IdiDol  building,  and  that  one  teacher  be  employed." 

j  report  was  referred  to  the  joint  legislative  and 

there'  committee,  which  on  December  12th  asked 

iiiiinher  time  for  consideration.    In  the  mean  time  a 


second  petition  had  been  presented  to  the  teachers' 
committee,  asking  for  the  use  of  one  room  in  one  of 
tho  centrally  located  school  buildings  for  a  deaf  niuto 
school,  tho  petitioners  agreeing  to  bear  the  expen.sos 
of  the  same.  This  re(|ueHt  was  grunted,  and  tho  puti- 
tioners  wore  informed  that  tln-y  could  have  tho  use 
of  one  of  tho  then  vacant  rooms  in  the  Franklin 
Branch  building  (now  No.  1),  located  on  Lucas  Ave- 
nue,  between  Thirteenth  and  Fourteenth  Streets.  ')n 
December  2d  the  school  was  opened  by  Delos  A.Simp- 
son with  eight  pupils.  On  the  8th  of  April,  1879,  tho 
joint  legislative  and  teachers'  committee  recommended 
that  "  one  teacher  be  employed  for  the  reiuuindur  of 
the  scholastic  year,  at  a  salary  not  to  exceed  fifty  dol- 
lars per  month,  to  instruct  deaf  mutes,"  it  being  at 
that  time  the  opinion  of  the  uommittee  that  this  ex- 
periment would  be  "  sufficient  to  determinu  what  the 
action  of  tho  board  should  bo  in  undertaking  this 
branch  of  instruction  permanently."  This  rccotu- 
mendation  was  adopted,  and  on  the  13th  of  May 
Delos  A.  Simpson  was  appointed  instructor  of  deaf 
mutes,  at  a  salary  of  fifty  dollars  per  month.  The 
school  was  removed  in  September,  1879,  to  the  old 
Jefferson  building  ut  Ninth  and  Wash  Streets, 
and,  since  its  establishment,  there  bus  been  a  gradual 
improvement  in  the  method  of  instruction  and  un  in- 
creafjcd  patronage.  Tho  number  of  pupils  Dec.  1, 
1880,  had  reached  thirty-two.  The  school  has  proven 
of  great  value  to  those  directly  interested,  providing 
suitable  instruction  fcr  these  unfortunate  children 
without  removing  them  from  parental  care  und  homo 
influences,  both  of  which  are  so  essential  to  their  fu- 
ture welfare.  Two  teachers  are  now  employed,  Delos 
A.  Simpson  and  Miss  Sylvia  Chapin. 

Normal  School. — The  difficulty  experienced  in 
procuring  suitable  teachers  for  the  public  schools  was 
found  to  increase  with  the  growth  of  the  system.  The 
reluctance  of  persons  to  engage  in  teaching  compelled 
the  board,  as  we  have  seen,  to  send  to  the  East  for 
teachers.  It  was  in  order  to  obviate  this  difficulty, 
as  well  as  to  furnish  first-class  teachers  (those  trained 
professionally  for  the  work),  that  the  board  determined 
to  establish  the  Normal  Schoo',  which  went  into  op- 
eration in  October,  1857,'  under  the  principalship  of 


■The  RtpiMican  of  Got.  21,  1857,  says,  "The  St.  Loaii 
Normal  School,  which  is  to  go  into  operation  on  the  28th  inst., 
has  been  established  by  the  board  of  school  directors  to  meet  a 
pressing  want, — that  of  a  aufRcient  number  of  well-qualified 
touchers  for  the  public  schools.  It  is  tho  first  institution  of  the 
kind  west  of  the  Mississippi.  As  stated  above,  and  in  an  adver- 
tisement in  another  column  of  this  paper,  the  St.  Louis  Normal 
School  will  open  on  the  2Sth  of  this  month,  and  the  examination 
of  candidates  will  take  place  on  Monday,  the  26th,  at  the  High 
School  building.   The  board  have  scoured  Mr.  Richard  Edwardi 


i'  i 


'!•    ' 


856 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Biuliard  Edwards,  nff^rwa'ds  president  of  the  Illinois 
State  Noriiial  Univeisity.  Fnini  its  organization  to 
the  prcbont  (imc  the  school  has  fully  realized  tlie 
expectutioiis  of  i's  friends,  and  has  supplied  a  desid- 
eratum which  could  be  filled  in  no  othe-'  way.  It  has 
furnished  a  lurj;"  uiajoiity  of  the  teachers  oraploj'cd 
in  tile  publiu  schools,  and  these  feaeliers  have  proved 
themselves  the  eciuals  in  every  respect  of  any  otliers  In 
the  employ  of  the  board. 

^•\n  important  feature  of  the  work  of  the  Normal 
School  is  the  imparting  of  professional  information, 


which  is  defined  by  the  report  of  F.  Lmiis  Sold 
tiie  principal,  as  "a  knowled'-e  of  tlii!>l.naturc''i 
"  He"  (the  teacher),  adds  Mr.  Soldan,  ''  is  niit  siintil»^ 
a  teacher,  but  also  the  person  who  is  Id  wiiith  ,  r  I 
the  health  of  the  children  during  the  tim.'  tiicy  .,r  i 
nnder  his  care,  and  to  teach  them  how  ii:  take  care  off 
themselves."  i 

The  following  table  shows  the  "umbcr  of  applioimJ 
for  admission  for  each  year,  the  number  admitt,.,!  J  J 
number  of  pupils  in  each  cla.ss,  their  a<:i's,  an:l  ilj 
number  of  graduates : 


Veaks. 


\*!>7-:>S 

iS:>S-,V.» 

IS:V,l-«0 

I8li'l-ll| 

ISC.I-RL' 

lSC.2-«;'. 

18«.l-f.t 

isiii-e.j 

I8fi.i-«r. 

isiifi  c; 

1,<17-«S 

ia«s-ri» 

18li'.l-70 

is;n-7i 

IH-l-72 

lS72-7;i 

IS7.t-74 

lS7l-7:> 

I87.'i-7f> 

1S76-77 

Ii.t  term... 

2il  tvrin 

I87S-79|. ',■•;' ,""■'"••• 

i    *'il    rnriii 


"33 


1877-78 


70 

61 

&« 

44 

il.i 

7i) 

12:1 

!lfi 

1(l!l 

SI 

10(1 

72 

H2 

!I2 

I81I 

1:17 

ISIl 

lir> 

221 

l,iii 

112 

lO.l 

1879-SO  ; 


2(1  term. 
(  I't  turm... 


j  2d  term... 

1880-81     iV  '"■'"••• 
I  2(1  turiu... 


Ill) 
I II.-, 
4 
.•i4 
14 
.1.1 
16  i 


a 

I      lis- 


70 
1U4 
106 

m 
;is 

48 
6l> 
S4 

77 

(■.:> 
11.4 
i;!0 

1411 

I.l'.l 

177 
220 
251 
200 
21;") 

'     22;.  I 


I 


I   • 


47 
,•!.■( 
I 
22 
12 
.10 
13 


22.1  I 
102  I 
134  I 


27 
40 

;to 

14 
14 

12 
I.-i 
25 
1;! 
18 

r.ii 
:») 

27 

14 

26 

.•1(1 

.M 

51) 

(  .'i4 

151 

I  5S 

I  44 

I  6« 

1  80 

(  «7 

(85 


2        *; 

■5  =  3 

a    i-i    h. 


70  i 
7 

(in 
44 

24 
34 

:7 

49 


(^0 


2'J.Um 


.\(ii.8  AT  Tiie  Ci.nsr.  or  Yf.ar. 


^■'>.  IT  Gr.ii.vjTrj.. 


2  5 


70 
18 
24 
24 

h 

50 
87 
44 
112 
.lO 
H(i 
40 
4:1 
42 
22 
8 


52 
70 
4H 
17 
1)2 
21 


;!0  8.-! 

4S  84 

5(1  5!l 

45  02 

42  40 

;m  77 

;!7  1-2 

II  75 

52  :i:i 

;i«  ... 

II  ... 


18.11111 

l».7m 

20.4111 

1 0.Oin 

-Ml. ■Jin 

l'.i.5m 

1 8. 8m 

20.,'fiii 

I '.1. 1m 

1«.;(iii 

I'.I.IOm 

20.5111 

l(l.4m 

lO.iltii 

l'.l.4m 

I '.1. 4m 

1 11..')  in 

I'.l.Om 

1 11.5111 

r.l.:iiii 

111. 2m 

20 

IV.lOm 


17.1Im 

20 

22.IO111 

lU 

21.2111 

20.:!iii 

10.4111 

ia.S;n 

1S.4m 

1U 

l.S.llin 

10  Im 

mini 

10.5111 

10. hn 

1S.5m 

10.8m 

20 


21              

IS.2m    '    

IC.fiiii       

1S.4II1    !    

18.0in        

lO.lim 

18.1  l|n      

1 0.7m 

lS.2m        

IS.Ciii 

10.0m 

1S.4III 

10.1  111 

18.8m 

10.5m 

18.5m 

18.7in 

18.0m 

17.11  :ii 

186111 

IS.  I  III 

17.7m 

1 8.8111 

IS.Smi 

18.;!m 


10.2m 

10.7m 

17.5in    ' 

10  I 

18.4m 

IS 

18.4m 

17.10m 

17.0m 

IS 

18.4m 

IS. Hill 

IS.hii 


lo.r.iii 

10.  Mm 

18.  tim 

lO.Om 

10.:im 

18.4m 

Is.Om 

IS.Iilll 

18.7m 

IS. fill, 

IS.Oiu 

IS. 7  111 

is.lllin 

1 0.1  111 

IS.Iiiiii 

2o.:iin 

lO.Ihii 


II 

111 


Id 
1:; 


I.S 
24 
111 
•-'I 

i: 


111 


The  O'Fallon   Polytechnic   Institute, — In   its 

original  plan  the  Washington  University  contcm- 
plateil  the  organization  of  a  practical  or  industrial 
department,  looking  to  the  cducatinn  of  members  of 
the  iiidu.slrial  cla.sses  with  rei'erenee  to  fitting  theiu 
for  their  pursuitH  in  life.  The  object  was  to  acipiaint 
them  with  the  principles  and  rules  of  science,  mo  as  to 
enable  them  to  woik  to  the  best  advantage  in  their 
cho.sen  line  of  labor.  W'i'h  a  view  to  the  cslalilish- 
nient  of  such  an  institution,  several  gentlemen  who 
were  I'ligiigud  in  mechanical  and  nianufucturiiig  enter- 
prises began   in   1855  the  organization  of  a  library 


•■  prinuipul.  Mr.  KJwanli'  wM  for  novflral  yeiim  nHOcinteil  willi 
Mr.  Tiillifi){lini<t  in  tli)'  niiinii;;riM('iit  iiinl  limtrncllun  nf  (he  Stnli' 
Normal  .'iobiHil  nt  llri>lK«wiitpr,  Muss.  Mr.  I'MwanlK  wu*  nller- 
wards  for  nomo  limo  engn);pi1  a'<  nK^iinlant  to  tlio  accretarj  of  llic 
Mnaaacbiitells  Doanl  of  Kiliication." 


and  reading-room.      In  this  eonneclioii,  as  well  :i.s| 
every  other  tnovenient  designed  to  biiijil  up  ilii'inji 
lute,  the  name  of  Hon.  John    How  iIi-mtvo  : 
mention.      With    him  wito   'is-sociatod  oilior  pi.ldl 
spirited  citizen",  omong  whom  were  (Jilt'.<  F.  Till 
(JeraiJ   H.   Allen,  and   (Japt.  N.  .1.  Ivunn,    Thd 
four — Messrs.  How.   Fillcy,  Allen,  ami  Kai"ii— w« 
ap[iointed    by    tlie    university    aull.oriiii's   the 
iniiiiagers,  and  the  rooms  were  npi'iii'il  liir  uso  in  1 
summer  of  1855.    The  library  starteil  with  a  rofpi 
able   number  of  volumes,   the   ^mI'is  of  iniiii'iiju^ 
which  grew  to  about  seven  thmisaiiil  in  I8ii'. 
library  and  reading-rooms  were  snuii  siippifiiuiiied  j 
free  evening  luhools,  which  weii'  npiiud  to  appr 
tiees,  journeytuen  clerks,  and  oilier   vouiil' iiicin 
eould    not   attend   nclioel   during  tlio  day.    Th 
schools,  as  previously  stated,  have  lieeo  liopl  up  1 


r  ¥.  Louis  Suldanj 
of    iliiKl-naturc."! 

Jail,  ''  is  iiiitsimplyl 

,0  is  til  Wiitdi  uverl 
llio  tiiiH;  ilu'y  arel 

how  tc.  tal<e  anm 

lunibor  nl' applicant^ 
iui«b(M-  ailmiUHl.ilul 
their  aui's,  and  ihd 


Mo.  or  Gr.jM-iTM. 


fi 

':') 

111 

IS 

'.I.l'.m 

-3 

'J.Tin 

H 

S, 1)111 

>       24 

'.l.l'plil 

VI       111 

M.llm 

U       21 

S.tini 

111     i; 

111. ".Mil 

IT       ■-'2 

l«.;iiu 

■.'11       21 

I8.4in 

2r>       22 

is.dm 

■I.-.       .f> 

IS.diii 

12       111 

18. Tm 

12       .i.i 

IS.Ilui 

22 

IS, 1)111 

27 

IS. Tin 

22 

Ix.lOiii 

lli.liii 

III 

IS.IIiiii 

"'. 

20.:(in 

;;l 

lU.lliii 

;;9l 
ul 

:il 

sll 


kimuM'tion,  as  well  as 
:.,!  Ill  ImiM  iiji  ill!' iiii 
li  Hi'W  ili'M'rvi'  >!' 
Issoriali'il  iillii'i'  l''"'j'^ 
\\\  wevi'  ("ill's  V.  I'll 
N.  .1.  Ivitiin.  Tl 
IaI'i'ii,  anil  lvii"ii-»« 

uiitliorilit's  ilif 
[,.  opi'iii'il  IVr  uso  in 
|y  starti'il  willi  a  ^'^ 
L.   ,ri,'is  111'  iinliviiliMl 
hdiisawl  i"  l^''"- 
In-  soirn  siippli'iii.iut'ill 
weri'  iipi'lifd  til  iipi' 
|l  oiliiT   ymiii'iiiif" 

lurin^r   l>i''  'l''}'    '^^ 
hiive  hi'oii  kopt  up 


EDUCATION. 


85" 


fliiat  spirit,  and  their  opportunities  einbrticed  by  a 
I  liKC  miiiibcr  of  the  class  of  persons  for  whose  benefit 

iliev  aro  intended.  Many  of  the  pupils  iiave  been 
I  ijults,  some  of  them  over  tliirty  years  of  aire,  who 
I  iifff  acfjuircd  t'lc  first  rudiments  of  learning.  Seventy 
Iwrcent.  orij.;ii.alIy  were  appronticos  and  jouriioymaii 
liic  '.lanics.  In  these  schools,  besides  rcadiu<;,  writing, 
liml  uritliinctic,  are  taught  grammar,  geometry,  alge- 
llira  iiiciisuration,  physical  geography,  and  industrial 

[jrwiii!-'. 

[lie  uoiistitution  of  the  institute  declares  its  object 
111) be  till!  establishment  of  a  library,  of  reading-  and 
L«u'rsation-rooms,  cabinet  of  models,  etc.,  and  a 
lidwDl  ofiicsign,  together  with  class-,  exhibition-,  and 
llh'iurc-nioius, 

Ai  the  first  meeting  of  the  board  of  managers,  in 
|im5,  Hon.  John  How  was  chosen  president ;  G.  B. 
hllcii.  vice-president ;  A.  M.  Anderson,  librariac  and 
Iwretary,  and  John  Cavender,  treasurer. 

The  institution   has   received   from   time  to  time  a 
limibor  of  liberi-1  gifts  from  public-spirited  citizens  of 
Is.  Louis,  '.'oiispii'uous  among  whom   was  Col.  John 
lilFalliin,  who  ))re8ented  two  blocks  of  hinil  "  adjoining  < 
lie  new  reservoir"  containing  nearly  throe  thousand  ! 
I»|iiiri'  feet,  with  an  average  depth  of  one  hundred  and  j 
lifivlVet,  the  only  condition  being  that  the  land  should 
\u  lie  sold  within   ter   years  from   the  date  of  the 
Itti.   There  was  also  a  money  endowment  paid  in  i 
|«loCjli,v  securod  of  fort^'-five  thousand  dollars,  of 
liMi.  however,  fifteen  thousand  dollars  was  applica-  i 
ly>iiiilyt(i  the  expenses  of  instruction,  and   not  of  I 
iMiiiliiiir.    The  Benton  Public  School  was  granted  by 
lje|iul)lic  school  dire'itors  for  the  use  of  the  evening 
liliiHil.  with  lights  and  fire,  free  of  charge. 

In  lSl)7  the  institute  removed   from   its  original 

iMiiiiu  to  its  new  building,  on  the  southwest  corner 

wSfVi'nth  and  Chestnut  Streets.    The  lot  covered  by 

litkildin;,'  has  a  front  on  (!hestnut  Street  of  one 

iJnl  iinJ  thirty-five  feet,  with  a  depth  on  Seventh 

liiM  iif  one  hundred  and  nine  feet.     The  building 

lifurMiirios  ill  height,  crowned  by  a  Mansard  roof, 

Inc'I'iilly  I'll  istruel'.;d  and  admirably  suited  to  the 

li-tliiini'jral  eharaeter  of  the  edifice.      The  entire 

:l>i  I'ruiii  the  .sidewalk  to  the  vertex  of  the  roof  is 

(luiiiilri'J  and  twtnty-two  feet. 

I  Ilk<  material  used  in  the  construction  of  the  prin- 

f,ii;ades  is  a  species   of  magiiesian   limesionc. 

Ml  as  "Nipper's  stone,"  being  of  a  cream  color, 

luDlikc  the  Parisian  stone,  but  more  resembling 

Kfflinc,  iLseii  in  the  construction  of  the  church  of 

IPt'Ur'.s  at  Home.     The  walls  of  the  building  aro 

liully  mussive,  and  constructed  in  the  must  solid 

diiiiperi.ihahle  manner,  hard  brick,  iron,  and  stone 


being  the  sole  constituents.  The  building  was  begun 
in  1858,  and  completed  at  a  cost  of  three  hundred 
and  fifty  thousand  dollars.  The  architects  and  super- 
intendents of  the  work  were  Messrs.  Walsh  &  Smith. 

The  building  was  formally  opened  on  June  12, 
1S(J7,  and  at  the  inauguration  ceremonies  addresses 
were  made  by  Hon.  John  How,  Rev.  Dr.  Post,  Dr. 
Charles  A.  Pope,  Ciiancellor  Chauvent,  and  Rev. 
W.  G.  Kliot,  D.D.  In  his  address  Mr.  How  paid 
the  following  well-deserved  tribute  to  Col.  John 
OFallon : 

"The  name  given  to  our  institute,  that  of  t'ol. 
John  O'Fallon,  was  and  is  so  well  known  to  oureom- 
niunity  that  it  hardly  requires  an  explanation.  Many 
who  hear  me  claimed  him  as  their  friend ;  his  liberal 
views,  his  willingness  to  aid  in  all  endeavors  to  advance 
the  inte-est.T  of  our  loved  city,  would  be  sufficient  to 
entitle  him  to  any  honor  we  could  bestow  ;  but,  in 
addition  to  tiiis,  he  was  an  early  sympathizer  in  our 
movement,  and  though  not  the  largest  contributor  to 
our  funds,  yet  he  was  one  of  the  largest.  To  him 
also  the  manufacturing  interest  of  our  city  is  largely 
indebted  ;  some  who  hear  me  end  many  who  will  read 
this  will  remember  that  wh  jre  a  friend  was  needed  to 
advance  their  plans,  his  purse  was  always  open  and 
his  name  indorsed  them.  It  is  not  considered  wi.se  to 
indorse  paper,  and  I  shall  not  here  justify  the  prac- 
tice ;  still,  this  I  may  say,  on  the  authority  of  Col. 
O'Fallon,  that  it  is  pleasant  to  look  around  you,  as 
you  descend  into  the  vale  of  years,  and  see  the  .i.'ood 
done,  business  created,  families  comfortable,  city  jtros- 
pering,  even  if  it  has  been  brought  about  by  the  want 
of  common  prudence  in  indorsing.  True,  as  Col. 
O'Fallon  said,  he  had  been  often  disappointed  in  those 
he  had  aided,  yet,  on  the  whole,  he  was  satisfied  with 
the  result.     So  much  for  the  name — O'Fallon." 

In  18C8  the  Washington  University  made  a  prop- 
osition to  the  board  of  public  schools  to  traiisl'er  the 
Polytechnic  Institute  building,  together  with  the 
ground,  the  library,  and  u  be(|uest  of  one  hundred 
thou.sand  dollars  made  by  the  lite  Henry  .\mes  to  the 
library  of  the  Polytechnic  Institute,  to  th-' hoard  of  pub- 
lic schools  for  two  hundred  and  eighty  thousand  dollars. 
The  board  appointed  Messrs.  ('oste,  Meyer,  Thompson, 
Duros,  Peacock,  and  the  superintendent,  Mr.  Harris, 
10  consider  the  proposition.  Upon  the  report  of  this 
committee,  the  board  of  publ'c  schools  adopted  the 
following  resolution : 

"/iV«i)/i'ii/,  Tli.it  llio  proposition  of  tlie  WBcliiiigton  I'nivoif- 
Hity  for  tliii  di'lo  iif  llio  O'Fiilloii  I'liljtri'hnio  lii.«titiitc  In'  iiml 
till*  tinino  in  liproli.v  urcopti'il.  providcil  the  vuiiio  lie  nioililiril  in 
llio  follow  iiiR  two  piirtii'iiliirn  : 

"  Klrft.  Hy  ntrlking  out  tlin  follnw inK  nenlpiiop,  '  'I'lif  iniivor- 
sity  will  Hlio  itgi'i'e  to  piiy  ovor  to  llir  |Mililii'  m-luinl  lioitnl  a  niim 


i'^ 


I 


858 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


of  monfy  equal  to  thiit  reovivod  from  Hoiiry  Amos'  estate  so  ' 
soon  as  the  snme  shall  bo  rcocivod  tboroupon,  eaiil  beciuest  being 
one  hundred  thousand  dollars,'  and  by  inserting  iustoad 
thereof  the  following  aonteni'o,  viji. :  '  The  university  also  agrees 
to  pay  to  the  board  of  the  St.  I.ouis  public  sehools  the  sum  of  one 
hundred  thousand  dollars  on  the  first  day  of  December,  1872 ; 
provided,  however,  that  if  by  reason  of  the  provisions  of  the 
thirteenth  article  of  the  Inst  will  of  the  lato  Mr.  Henry  .\uic8 
bikI  the  order  of  payment  therein  established,  and  for  no  other 
reason,  the  legacy  to  the  ^Va^hington  University  named  in  said 
will  shall  bo  reduced  in  amount,  then  and  in  such  ease  the  sum 
of  money  to  be  paiil  by  the  university  to  the  public  echools shall 
be  reduceil  to  the  same  extent.'  i 

"Secondly.  The  deferred  payment  of  thirty  thousand  dollars 
is  to  be  met  in  two  years,  instead  of  in  eighteen  months,  and 
all  deferred  payments  to  be  made  to  Washington  University 
shall  bear  six  per  cent,  interest  per  annum."  j 

These  modifications   of  tlie   proposition  wore  ae-  1 
ccpted  by  Washington  University,  and  the  transfer  | 
was  effected.     On   Feb.  11,  1869,  the  building  was  I 
publicly  dedicated  to   scliool   purposes  witli   appro-  I 
priate  exorcises.     It  now  bears  the  fitting  appellation 
of  the  Public  School  Polytechnic  Building,  and  forms 
a  striking  and  appropriate  centre  of  the  public  school 
system  of  St.  Louis. 

In  it  are  now  located  the  public  school  library,  the 
normal  school,  and  the  offices  of  the  school  board 
and  superintendent.  The  Missouri  Historical  Society 
also  holds  its  meetings  i'l  the  same  building. 

St.  Loniii  TJaiversity. — Soon  after  his  arrival  in  ' 
St.  Louis  (J.'.n.  5,  1818),  Bishop  Dubourg  made 
strenuous  efforts  to  procure  the  establishment  of  a 
college  under  Catholic  auspices.  With  this  end  in 
view  the  bishop,  in  1818,  routed  the  Alvarez  residence, 
a  one-story  .stone  building  on  the  north  side  of  Market 
Street,  between  Second  and  Third  Streets,  for  a  school, 
and  in  1820  a  two-story  building  of  brick  was  erected 
for  a  college  south  of  the  old  log  church.'  Rev. 
Father  Niel,  a  French  priest,  was  the  president  of 
the  institution,  and  among  the  pupils  were  a  few 
boarders.  Bishop  DcNccker.  of  New  OrleanSj  and 
Fatiiers  Saulnier  and  Dahmen,  studied  theology  at 
the  college,  and  Father  Dahmen  was  the  first  priest 
ordained  in  St.  Louis  by  Bishop  Dubourg.  Klihu 
H.  Shcpard  /.as  at  one  time  Profiissor  of  Languages 
in  the  instittition,  which  was  attached  to  the  cathedral, 
and  conducted  by  five  secular  priests.  Owing,  how- 
ever, to  the  fact  that  the  pastoral  duties  of  the  priests 
were  so  onerous  that  they  were  unable  to  give  suffi- 
cient time  and  attention  to  their  classes,  the  enterpri.sij 
did  not  prove  successful,  and  iti  18'Jt5  the  college  was 
discontinued.  Two  years  later  another  effort  was 
made  to  put  (he    project  of   Bishop    Dubourg  into 

'  Aniilber  <laleini'nt  i<  that  the  building  stood  un  the  lite  of  I 
the  old  log  eh'iroh.  ' 


fsecvtion,  and  the  foundation  of  the  future  St.  Loui  i 
University  was  laid. 

Fati'ier  Van  Quickenborne,  superior  of  the  Jesuit} 
mission  at  Florissant,  undertook  the  ta.sk  nl'  or'Mnizi|]„i 
the  college,  and  issued  the  preliminary  aim.. uiici.inoiitsl 
to  the  public  in  September,  1828.'^     Aecoinpaniedul 
an  assistant,  Father  Tiinmerraans,  and  seven  Jcsuitl 
novices.  Father   Van  Quickenborne  hail  settled  at! 
Florissant  in  June,  1823,  with  the  view  ui'  teacliinJ 
and  civilizing  tht>  Indians ;  but  becoming  siitisficd  tliati 
he  and  his  compan'Oii?  could  accomplish   n.iio  valuaUai 
results  by  the  establishm-jnt  of  a  sclimil  of  lii'-heri 
education  in  St.  Louis,  he  decided  to  rcinove  to  thd 
city.     Bishop  Rosatti  extended  all  possible  encournoei 
ment  to  the  enterprise,  and  John  Mullanpliy  offeroJ 
to  piosent  a  desirable  lot  for  the  college.     His  prnni 
sition,  however,  was  coupled  with  the  eiinditinn  tlial 
the  college  should  support  twenty  orphan  iiupik;  ana 
Father  Van  <^*  .ickenborne,  unwilling  to  accept  thd 
responsibility    of    so   grave   a   charge  and  possiblif 
onerous  tax  upon  the  college  in  the  future,  decline 


''  tn   the   llfpublii-an  of  .'*ept.  2,  1S28,  the  l.illoiting  ,„„i|j 
appears  : 

"  College  in  St.  Louis,  Mo.     Having  been  fdr  several  . 
earnestly  solicited  by  the  Uight  Kov.  Dr.  Diibmirg,  laic  biOioJ 
of  this  diocese,  and  the  Right    Kev.  Dr.  U.isalli,  his  !iiff,...o|I 
and  his  other  respectable  friends  of  all  di'n.iiniiiati.iii. 
a  college  in   this  city,  the   Hov.  .Mr.  Cliarli>  1'.  Vn-.  ij. 
borne  deems  it  bis  duly  to  inform  the  public  iit  liii|;e  ilui  | 
will  soon  have  it  in  his  power  to  ciunply  witli  tin.  rehciicle 
triatie."  that  were  made  to  him." 

This  was  supplemented  on  the  2;id  of  the  f:\uif  im.ntli  bv  tid 
following  announcemeut : 

"  College  at  .St.  Louis,  .Mo.  In  a  foriner  |.iililii:iili..n  I  biJ 
api|uainted  the  public  with  my  desire  of  ii|ii'nin);  mm  a  I'i 
lego  in  this  city.  The  exprosnion  of  this  .li.-ire,  I  hiJ 
been  nisured,  has  met  with  the  satisluolion  nnJ  a|.|.r 
tion  of  friends.  The  branches  of  litiTiiluro  thai  itili 
taught  in  the  institution  may  be  reduced  t.i  tlic  r.jll.iij 
general  heads:  the  (Jreek,  Latin,  Knglish,  nn.l  I'mu'h  I 
guagcs,  natural  philosophy,  iniithviiiatiis,  K>'<>l<ri>|iliv, nnl  I 
use  of  the  globes,  to  which  will  be  adilcl  rou'liiij;.  irritiij 
book-keeping,  etc.,  and  .should  it  be  lU'.'irc.l  liy  any  i.^ri-ni 
lessons  in  music  and  drawing  will  be  gircii.  Tlic  i>diic:iti..af 
youth  being  essentially  lin!vil  with  the  »tuil\  uf  r(li;i.n,«lilJ 
is  to  form  their  hearts  to  virtue,  while  tlicir  iiiiiul:'sri' 
by  arts  and  sciences,  the  learning  of  pr..fnnc  liii.<.jry  nill  I 
interwoven  with  the  study  of  sacred  iiii.l  iliviiicilijci'. 
religious  opinions,  however,  no  uiulue  inlliicn.c  fliall  lit(i( 
elsed  on  the  mind  of  any  pupil.  A  .'eriaiii  iii'uil.or.l  I...111 
will  be  received;  these  will  have  to  pay  a  |icM»ii>n,;in.|i'.<nl'o( 
to  the  rules  and  conditions  that  will  be  S|ii'.'ilieil  in  ihr  |iij 
pectus.  Hut  as  the  primary  view  of  the  inslituti.m  i« 
the  bonetit  uf  a  polite  eduoalion  as  far  as  po:<8ilil(.,  ilt,T<cli.il| 
will  have  a  free  access  to  (he  classes,  and  nunc  vliali  lieexdm 
but  upon  the  reasonable  groumls  of  a  lilciiii.jii'il  rluru 
The  spot  which  has  been  pilcho.l  upon  fur  ilie.li.<.rilin.i(il 
llshment  is  known  by  the  name  of  college  lot,  dlunle  111  CnM 
uddilinn  (o  St.  Louis." 


EDUCATION. 


859 


.•  rulluwiiig  ii'ilid 


,8itiiic  montli  bv  tn 


5Ir,  Mullanphy's  offer.     Bishop  Rosatti  then  made 

,f(>r  tn  the   Jesuit   Fathers   the   lot  on  which    the 

iinivrfity  now  stands,  on  Ninth  Street  and  Christy 

\venue.  which  had  been  given  by  Jeremiah  Conner, 

hfeaseil.  for  a  colle<»e  in  St.  Louis.     The  remaining 

1  (f.rtion  III'  the  square  west  of  Ninth  Street,  bounded 

bvWasliiiifjton  Avenue  and  Christy  Avenue,  together 

fiih  two  thirds  of  the  next  .square  immediately  west, 

I  detweeii  Tenth  and  Eleventh  Streets,  was  subsequently 

LuKliaseil  for  the  college,  the  entire  premises  having 

lifront  on  Washington  Avenue  of  four  hundred  and 

liewnty-five  feet.' 

At  tills  time  (1828)  the  Jesuit  mission  of  Mis- 

I  icuri  comprised  only  eight  priests,  all  of  whom  were 

Msily  employed    at   Florissant  and   elsewhere ;    but 

I  Fiiher  Van  Quickonborne  was  a  man  of  exceptional 

L(r!>v  anil  tact,  and  through  liis  strenuous  exertions 

I ihe  ciillo'.;)'  was  speedily  organized.     St.  Louis  then 

LgtaiDCil  a  population  of  only  about  six  thousand 

Ipeoiilc,  but  subscriptions  wore  soon  obtained  among 

jiheiD  nmniinting  to  live  thousand  dollars  in  aid  oi  the 

Ippposed  institution.    Subsequently  the  Jesuit  Fathers 

liercas.'sistcd  in  the  erection  of  their  second  and  third 

iJinirs  by  the  As.sociation  for  the  Propagation  of 

like  Faitli.  then  recently  established  at  Lyons,  France, 

linii  bv  friends  in  Belgium.     The  construction  of  the 

liioiniation  for  the  first  building  was  bci-un  in    tl'.e 

liiramn  of    1828,  the  structure  to  he  fifty  feet  in 

Mjtli  by  forty  feet  in  width  and  three  stories  high, 

iKsiies  a  basement  and  attic.     "  It  fronted  south  to- 

InrJs  the  pulilic  road  leading  out  of  the  town  to  St. 

Ifmrles.    The  site  of  the  college  was  then  surrounded 

liiwrnly  ponds,  groves  of  sorry  Oakland  suburban 

liitiiis."' 

The  building  was  completed  sufficiently  for  the  use 
Irf ilii' I'dileL'o  cm  Monday,  Nov.  2,  1829,  and  classes 
littf  iirpinizcd  on  that  day.  There  were  then  "  about 
lllieen  white  hoys,  sons  of  respectable  parents  in  St. 
Iki-  iiiui  simie  from  other  localities,''  at  the  Floris- 
lui  Si'iiiiiiiiiy,  and  these  were  transferred  to  the  new 
IkLiiuis  Ciilli'ge.  The  first  name  recorded  (June  12, 
llJi^'  wai<  that  of  "  Charles  1*.  Chouteau,  aged  eight 
IwK '  Tile  rciistor  of  the  Florissant  Seminary  also 
knthe  names  of  Francis  Cabann6,  Julius  Cabaiini^, 
|l>iThil  Calianne,  John  Shannon,  William  Boilvin, 
lliysn  Miiihiiipliy,  Francis  Hosseron,  Julius  Clark, 
lloiird Christy,  Alexander  La  Force  Papin,  Kdmond 

*ll))turii'al  Sl'.vtoli  of  llio  St.  I.ouia  Univeniity ;  the  Colo- 
Ualiir  Fit'tielli  Annivoi'iHry,  iir  (lolilttii  Juliilce,  on  .luiie 
'^H.'^.v  WiiUor  II.  Hill,  .'*..I.,  Ill  whom  tho  jiiitlinr  of  lliiH 
>^ii*(rriilly  imli'ljleil  Tor  viiluiilile  inntortnl  in  llie  |ir«|iHralion 
|(!i(«fniin|.anyini!  iikp'oh  of  St.  Iinuia  Univeriity. 
'Uuiurickl  Skrich  of  the  St.  IiOtiiA  Unlvornity,  p.  .'*U. 


Paul,  Edward  Chouteau,  Thomas  Forsyth,  and  Paul 
F.  Du  Bouffay. 

Kev.  P.  J.  VerhcBgen  was  chosen  to  be  the  first 
"  president  of  the  St.  Louis  College,"  and  uiuong  the 
professors  were  the  Kev.  Father  De  Smet,  ,so  well 
known  throughout  the  literary  world  for  his  letters 
descriptive  of  his  journeys  to  the  Rocky  Mountains, 
and  his  labors  as  :i  missionary  among  the  Indians,  and 
Rev.  J.  A.  Elet,  Brother  James  Yates,  and  Rev. 
Peter  Walsh.  Thomas  B.  Taylor,  John  Servary,  Ben- 
jamin Eaton,  Bartholomew  McGowan,  and  Jeremiah 
Langton  were  employed  in  the  early  years  of  the  col- 
lege as  teachers  of  mathematics  and  English.  Ten 
boarders  and  thirty  externs,  as  day  scholars  were 
then  termed,  entered  on  the  first  day,  and  in  a  short 
time  the  boarders  had  increitsed  to  thirty  and  the 
day  scholars  to  one  hundred  and  twenty,  making  a 
total  of  one  hundred  and  fifty.  There  was  but  little 
variation  in  the  number  of  .scholars  until  the  year 
1831,  when  an  additional  building,  forty  by  forty  feet, 
was  begun  at  the  east  end  of  the  main  building.  The 
structure  was  completed  in  1832,  and  was  ready  for 
occupancy  at  the  beginning  of  the  summer. 

On  the  24th  of  October,  1831,  Rev.  James  Van 
de  Velde  arrived  in  St.  Louis,  preceded  by  Father 
Van  Lommel  and  Mr.  Van  Sweevelt,  all  three  of 
whom  had  been  sent  by  the  Jesuits  of  Maryland  to 
act  as  professors  in  St.  Louis  (!ollege.  Early  in  1832, 
Father  Van  de  Velde,  who  was  an  eloquent  preacher 
and  an  accomplished  scholar,  visited  Louisiana  and 
Mississippi  with  the  view  of  making  tho  college  bet- 
ter known  to  the  people  of  those  States,  and  succeeded 
so  well  that  before  the  close  of  the  session  twenty-one 
addit'onal  boarders  from  Louisiaim  were  registered  on 
the  co.lege  books.'^  At  the  beginning  of  the  next 
session,  Sept.  7,  1832,  the  number  of  boarders  had 
increased  to  such  an  extent  that  the  faculty  became 
convinced  that  the  permanent  success  of  the  institu- 
tion was  practically  assured,  and  determined  to  apply 
to  the  Legislature  for  a  charter,  which  was  granted  and 
signed  by  the  Governor  of  the  State  on  Deo.  28,  1832. 
Tho  petition  for  the  charter  was  signed  by  P.  J.  Ver- 
hiegen.  Theodore  Do  Theux,  P.  W.  Walsh,  C.  F.  Van 
Quickenborne,  and  James  Van  do  Velde,  who  consti- 
tuted the  first  corporation.  The  charter  provided 
that  the  institution  should  be  known  as  the  St.  Louis 
University,  and  that  the  trustees  named  in  the  act 
should  have  power  to  fill  vacancies  in  the   board,  to 

'  I'ciur  Puiiminu,  of  Nuw  Orloann,  wa.<  Iho  first  stniient  from 

Iionifiana,  arriving  Kuh.  27,  IH^KI,  at  which  ilatc,  iiuiMinlinK  to 

liiK  own  statement,  "tlie  uolluKO  liuililinK  was  not  yet  finished, 

the  ntudcnt!!  hiivlDn;  tu  aseonil  to  tlie  ilifi'arent  ttorieii  by  nieana 

'  of  ladders." 


i] !"  ■ 


i  (I 


860 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


control  and  manago  the  property  and  affuirs  of  the 
University,  to  awitrd  literary  degrees,  "and  generally 
to  have  and  enjoy  all  the  powers,  rights,  and  privileges 
usually  exercised  by  literary  institutions  of  the  same 
rank." 

In  1851  an  act  amendatory  of  the  original  charter 
was  parsed  by  the  Legislature,  empowering  the  uni- 
versity to  hold,  purchase,  and  convey  any  estate,  real, 
personal,  or  mixed,  for  the  use  of  the  corporation 
for  educational  purposes,  the  General  Assembly 
reserving  the  right  to  repeal  or  modify  the  act,  and 
that  of  which  it  was  amendatory, "  whenever  it  believes 
said  St.  Louis  University  has  failed  to  accomplish  the 
beneficent  purposes  of  its  institution."  ' 

The  regular  faculty  was  organized  under  the  char- 
ter, with  Kev.  P.  J.  VerhiEgen  as  rector  of  the  uni- 
versity. 

The  Asiatic  cholera  visited  St.  Louis  in  1832,  and 
again  in  1833,  and  during  its  greatest  prevalence  the 
students  were  removed  to  the  novitiate  near  Floris- 
sant. Notwithstanding  the  drawback  which  was 
caused  by  this  calamity,  and  the  destruction  wrought 
by  a  tornado  which  swept  over  St.  Louis  during  the 
period  of  the  epidemic,  the  attendance  of  scholars 
became  so  large  that  the  building  completed  in  1832 
did  not  afford  sufficient  room  for  the  boarders.  Ac- 
cordingly during  that  year  the  western  wing  was 
begun,  and  was  completed  in  ''834. 

The  i'liilaleihic  Literary  and  Debating  Society  was 
organized  in  1832. 

In  January,  1834,  there  were  thirty-four  Jesuits 
in  the  Missouri  .slalion,  of  whom  twelve  were  priests, 
six  scholastics,  and  six  lay  bnilhors.  Of  these  ton 
were  stationed  at  the  St.  Louis  University.  There 
were  at  that  time  fifteen  professors  and  tutors  engaged 
at  the  university,  eight  of  whom  were  members  of  the 
Jesuit  society  and  seven  externs  receiving  compen- 
sation. The  Hiiiish  governmer  in  1834  presented 
to  the  library  of  the  university  nearly  one  hundred 
large  folio  volunies,  ccuitaining  the  ancient  statutes  of 
the  realm  and  various  State  papers,  the  famous  Domes- 
day Monk,  with  its  index,  etc.,  all  reprinted  from  the 
original  by  order  of  the  government.  Printed  at  the 
beginning  of  each  volume  is  the  following  injunction  : 
"  This  book  is  to  be  perpetually  preserved  in  the 
■Library  of  St.  Louis  University.  C.  F.  Cooper, 
Sec.  Oimi.  Pub.  Kee  ,  iMareh,  1834." 

A  visit  to  the  south  of  the  llev.  J.  A.  Klet  in 
1834  resulted  in  his  returning  in  April  of  thai  year 

I  Tho  oharter  of  tho  .^t.  I.ouiit  Ilniveraity  ia  to  be  founi)  in 
the  "  I.iiwa  of  Mimiouri  from  IS24  to  IH.'trt,"  vol.  ii.  pii){0  298, 
•nd  in  Father  IlillV  "  IliiitoriL-ai  SItctch  of  tlie  8t.  Iiouis  Uiii- 
ver»lty,"  pp.  II,  15,  •16,  imd  47.  i 


with  thirty-three  students,  who  were  speed iK  MU,^^  | 
by  seventeen  others,  making  a  total  incI■(■il^^  of  fifty  ( 
students,  nearly  all  of  whom  were  from  Liinisiunii  so 
that  at  the  beginning  of  May  there  were  ;ii  the  uiiivir. 
sity  one  hundred  and  forty  boarders.     At  ilie  nnnuail 
commencement,  July  31,   1834,  the  first  irrailuatw  I 
received  their  diplomas,  and  the  degree  (if  Ij;ic|ii.li,f  I 
of  Arts  was  conferred  on  Paul  Augusle  I'riMiiin  ])A 
BouflFay  and  Peter  A.  Walsh,  and  that  of  Mas;  r  ofl 
Arts  on  John  Servary,  all  three  of  whom  w('iuLiiizc.|.jJ 
of  St.  Louis.     Messrs.  M.  Pin  and  J.  II.  iMni;.  (v..„| 
added  to  the  staff  of  professors  in  1834.  (liirini.Mvliichl 
year  the  erection  of  a  new  building  on  \V:i.«liii)i;toi,| 
Avenue  was  commenced.     The  structure  was  coiu-l 
pleted  by  the  summer  of  1835,  the  first  stury  Win»| 
used  as  a  chapel  until  the  competion  dC  St.  Fruiidsl 
Xavier's  Church,  in  1843.     On  the  1st  orSeptcmWrl 
183"),  the  faculty  petitioned  the  United  Stiitos  iruVfrn-T 
ment,  through  the  Hon.  Thomas  U.  Huntoii,  t;,i 
grant  of  land  towards  establishing  the  institution  niu 
more  solid  and  permanent  basis.     Their  iviiuom  waj 
not  acceded  to,  and  indeed  the  university  never  nxoiuJ 
any  public  aid,  nor  an  endowment  fnnii  any  .suunel 
but  has  been  enti.ely  dependent  for  its  sup|]nit  on  tlij 
fees  of  its  students. 

A  medical  department  was  establislii'd  in  uonnectluii 
with  the  university  on  the  Sth  of  Octuljer,  IS3(i,(.iiii 
sisting  of  Drs.  C.  J.  Carpenter,  J.  Jdlmsdii,  Williaa 
Hciiumont,  E.  H.  McCabe,  H.  Lane,  and  11.  Kin;,  buj 
the  design   was  not  perfected  until   Lsl'J,  wlnu  J 
first  course  of  lectures  was  inaugurated  in  a  ImilJiDJ 
erected  '"or  its  use  on  Washington   Avenue,  wnt  ( 
Tenth  Street. 

• 

Tho  llev.  P.  J.  VerhiJBgen  was  made  ,»u|i(.rio( 
of  the  Jesuit  mission  in  Missouri  .Maieh  L'4,  IrfllJ 
and  removing  from  Flori,s.sunt  made  tliu  univer^in 
his  future  home,  which  arrangement  was  coniiuaa 
after  tho  mission  was  erected  first  into  »  viec-priivinfl 
and  then  into  a  province,  and  is  .^till  in  I'orco  at  (l( 
present  lime.  The  a[ipointment  of  the  llev.  .^Ij 
Verhaigen  to  the  supcriorship  of  the  lui.s.sion  iTcatJ 
a  vacancy  in  the  oflice  of  presidi-nt  or  redor  nf  tl 
university,  which  was  filled  by  the  Rev,  J,  .\,  Kli 
who  became  president  at  the  opeiiiie,'  of  tln'  ii«{ 
•session,  in  September,  183G. 

A  new  site  for  tho  university  oni^ide  of  .**!.  Lu| 
was  determined  upon  at  tho  meetin;.' of  the  tnwe( 
May  3,  183(i,  and  the  Revs.  P.  J.  Verli.ivin, 
Klet,  and  T.  De  Thcux  '.Fere  appointeil  a  comniillj 
to  select  it.  The  locality  chosen  for  this  punm- 
a  farm  containing  three  hundred  aire.s.  .su.  iiJ  ] 
the  Uellefontainc  roud,  three  and  a  liulf  iiiilts  fr^ 
St.  Louis,  V  hich  u  short  time  before  had  been  i 


ire  speedily  rullowed  \ 
tal  incn';i>f  ol'  fifty 
from  L'liil^iuiiu,  So  I 
D  were  iii  ilii>univi'r- 
era.  At  ilu;  animal  I 
the  fii'sl  ;;riiiluati;s  I 
de<:vee  111  U;itlifW I 
lUirusle  I'ri' 111011  l)u| 
id  that  of  MiisM  of  j 
,f  whom  wcrociiizcnsl 
ind  J.  B-  iMiii;^  wiTel 
1  1SH4.  (lurin;;  wliich] 
[ding  on  \V;isliini;toii) 
!  structure  was  com- 
,  the  first  st(iry  Wingl 
ipetion  til'  St.  I'raiidsl 
I  the  Ist  III' ScpiomljcrJ 
United  Si;itesi:uVfm-j 
nas  U.  Hi'iitnii,  li)i 
n"  t\ie  iiistitutiiin  uii  i 
is.  Tlioir  ii'i|Ut:<i  ffai 
Diversity  never  rocei.o^ 
nent  tVimi  any  suiircoJ 
it  for  its  supiiiirt  mi  llii 

istablished  in  eonin'Clim 
I  of  Octulier,  183(;, 
pr,  J.  Jiilinsdii,  WilliaH 
Lane,  imd  11.  Kiiii.bttl 
I  until  1st-,  will"  itj 
augurated  in  a  UilJinj 
in"toii   Avenue,  wnt  ( 

en   wa.s   made   .*u|iLTid 

laouii   March  24,  Ifs'il 

made  llie   univorsitj 

emeiit  was  cuiniuuM 

rst  into  a  vice-pruvini 

is   still  ill  t'lTw  at  in 

meiit  III'   the  Rov.  )Ij 

uf  the  mis.>ioii  tratJ 

■esidcnl  vt  recliir  of  tij 

by  the   llev   .I..\.K1( 

10  opeirne^  nl'  llif 

sily  oiit-iide  of  St.  Lol 
meclin'.:  of  the  tru>te( 
\\  J.  VerlKe,:i'n,  J. 
V.  appointed  .i  eoiiiniitll 
osiMi  for  ihi-  pii""'-" 
undred  a.-res.  si>.  "•'Jj 
■o  and  a  half  miles  fl^ 
line  before  had  Iw"  [ 


fir 


1' 


EDUCATION. 


861 


(lijsed  by  the  university.     The  plan  of  the  proposed 
lioiliiin,-  was  prepared,  \ti  erection    contnicted    for, 
md  the  foundations  dug  (whicli  are  still  a  conspic- 
I  nous  point  on  "  College  Hill,"  in  North  St.  Louis)  ; 
but  t'"^  contractor  dying,  its  construction  was  sus- 
wndcd,  and  all  further  woi-k  was  postponed  to  a  future 
tear.     Subsequently   the    project   was    abandoned. 
fhc  purebase  of  the  land,  however,  proved  a  fortu- 
Bjie  investment,   and    the   property    becoming  ex- 
neniely  valuable   in  after-years,  the   university  was 
(tabled  to  make  costly  improvements  on  it.s  premises 
I  Id  tlie  c'ity,  and  to  purchase  valuable  additions  to  its 
1  library,  philosophical  npparatus,  and   museum.     In 
1857-58  buildings  were  erected  on  a  part  of  the 
I  firm,  and  on  Sept.  11,  1858,  a  scholasticate  or  the-  | 
olreieal  department  was  opened,  with    Rev.  F.  X.  ! 
Iwippern  as  superior,  which  flourished  just  two  years, 
Uhi'ii  it  was  transferred  to  Boston.     More  tbun  half  i 
I  of  the  farm  was  sold  prior  to  1854.     In  1855  a  por- 
on  of  the  remainder  was  divided  into  lots  and  sold,  i 
leprofits  accruing  from  these  sales  serving  matcriully  j 
)  aid  the   university,  and  add   to  its   collections  of  \ 
ookj,  apparatus,  etc.     On  May  25,  1807,  a  piece  of 
[properly  was  bought  for  fifty-two  thousand  six  hun-  ' 
ly  dolhira,  its  dimensions  being  four  hundred  foet  ] 
Ion  Grand  Avenue   by  tliree  hundred  and  sixty  feet 
loiLiiidell  Avenue.     In   18G!)  a  farm  of  throe  hun-  , 
Idmland  seventy-six  acres  was  purchased  for  sevenly- 
Isj  thousand  dollars  at  "  College  View,"  nine  miles 
Ita  the  city,  on   the  St.  Louis,  Kansas   City   and 
l^'vrihern  Railroad,  and  seven  thousand  five  hundred 
liilbrs  was  expended  in  perfecting  plans  for  the  new 
l»lli'i:c;  but  the  enterprise   was  abandoned  in  con- 
ljt<|uenee  of  a  change  in  the  railroad  line  which  took 
|i:tTO  miles  away  I'roni  the  farm. 

The  Rev.  Gco'ge  A.  Cariell  was  a  member  of  the 
IWiy  at  the  opening  of  the  session  in  September,  , 
lliitj.  and,  t(i,i;etbcr   with   the   Rev.  James  Van   de 
IMJc.  became  pre-eminent  among  the  professors  of 
lieiiisiiiution  for  superiority  of  literary  attainments. 
|llii>  inistees  of  the  university,  on  May  6,  18;J7,  ap- 
piiiit'il  a  ciimmittce,  with  Rev.  Jauies  Van  do  Vclde 
Idaiiuiaii,  to  take  time  and  considerately  "  to  specify  i 
lihi  .studies  and  acquirements  shall  henccfortii  be 
iiiUid  neces.sary  for    fini.'-liing  the  classical  course 
Ikinj:  found  {{ualificd  for  taking  the  degree  of 
1.B,  ill  the  .St.  Louis  Uoivursity."    The  scope  of  the  | 
i^iiiiy  Was  afterwards  o'llargcd  so  as  to  embrace  the 
uper  (|ualifieutions  th.it  should  be  required  for  the 
'iif  A.M.     The  report  as  adopted  by  the  board 
trustees  on  .'uly  1^8,  1838,  was  as  follows: 
I  "fi'r<f,  lint  the  classical  onursc  shall  comprehend 
Itoupctcat  knowledge  of  iho  Qreok,  Latin,  and 


English  languages;  of  geography,  u.se  of  globes,  an- 
cient and  modern  history,  logic  and  principles  of  moral 
philosophy,  including  ethics  and  metaphysics ;  of 
rhetoric  and  ma'heniatics,  including  arithmetic,  alge- 
bra, plane  and  solid  geometry,  trigonometry,  survey- 
ing, mensuration,  conic  sections,  and  the  principles  of 
natural  philosoriiy."  It  was  also  further  provided 
that  "  as  to  grar'uates  of  other  colleges  or  universities 
that  shall  apply  for  the  degree  of  A.M.,  it  shall  bo 
required  that  they  produce  the  diploma  of  A.R.  and 
testimonials  that  after  their  graduation  they  have  de- 
voted at  least  two  years  to  some  literary  pursuit." 

In  1832  the  Rev.  P.  J.  De  Smet  was  compelled  by 
ill  health  to  .suspend  bis  labors  in  St.  Louis  and  make 
a  trip  to  Europe.  While  abroad  he  procured  many 
valuable  instruments  for  the  department  of  physics, 
and  also  many  v(dumos  for  the  library,  and  sent  them 
as  a  donation  to  the  university,  for  which  he  received 
the  "  special  thanks"  of  the  board  and  faculty  in  ap- 
propriate resolutions  adopted  March  7,  1835.  The 
donation  also  included  "  a  collection  of  minerals, 
classified  according  to  the  liystem  of  Dr.  Hauy." 
They  were  brought  over,  together  with  the  instru- 
ments, by  M.  Oakley  and  P.  Verbeyden.  The  "  Phil- 
harmonic Society"  was  established  in  1838. 

]More  than  half  of  the  active  students  recorded  in 
1837  and  1838  were  from  Louisiana,  and  during  the 
ten  years  beginning  with  1829  twelve  persons  were 
graduated  from  the  university. 

The  fifth  building  of  the  university  consisted  of  a 
suite  of  classrooms  on  Ciiiisty  Avenue,  erected  in 
1839.  It  was  one  and  a  half  stories  in  height,  the 
attic  being  u.scd  temporarily  as  a  dormitory.  The 
sixth  was  St.  Xavier's  Church,  croeted  in  1840-43; 
the  seventh,  built  for  the  Medical  Department,  on 
Washington  Avenue,  west  of  Tenth  Street,  and  now 
used  as  a  dormitory  ;  the  eighth,  a  three-story  brick 
structure,  built  in  1840,  on  Christy  Avenue,  the  first 
story  of  which  was  used  for  wardrobe  and  infirmary 
purposes,  the  second  for  the  parochial  school,  and  the 
third  as  a  dormitory ;  the  ninth,  a  Sodality  Hall,  at 
the  southeast  corner  of  Ninth  Street  and  Christy 
Avenue,  completed  in  1855,  and  containing  a  hall, 
library  and  reailing-roonis,  etc. ;  .ind  the  tenth  and 
prineipul  structure,  erected  in  '8,")3-5."),on  the  corner 
of  Wa.shinglon  Avenue  and  Ninth  Street,  as  the  east 
wing  of  a  building  intended  to  extend  from  Ninth 
Street  to  a  point  one  hundred  and  ibiriy  feet  west  of 
Tenth  Street.  The  original  plan,  however,  was  aban- 
doned, and  the  structure  as  complefcd  fronts  sixty 
feet  on  Nintli  Street,  with  a  depth  of  one  hundred 
and  thirty  feet  on  Washington  Avenue,  It  is  divided 
into   three  stories,  iho   first  of  which   contains  the 


>  1 

H 

1 

1 

1 

i"  -    f 


jit' 


862 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


students'  chapel  and  stu^y  hall,  the  second  the  library 
and  uiuseum,  and  the  thirl  a  public  exhibition  hall 
(one  of  the  finest  in  the  West),  one  hundred  and 
thirteen  by  fifty-five  feet,  and  cvith  a  seating  capacity 
of  over  twelve  hundred.  The  eleventh  and  last  build- 
ing of  the  Sdrie.s  dosed  up  the  remaining  gap  of 
eighty  feet  on  Ninth  Street,  and  made  the  front  con- 
tinuous; it  is  forty  feet  in  depth,  four  stories  high, 
and  contains  class-rooms,  the  Philalethic  Hall  in  the 
third  story,  and  dormitories  in  the  fourth. 

The  removal  of  the  Rev.  J.  A.  Elet  to  Cincinnati 
in  1840  '  created  a  vacancy  in  the  presidency  of  the 
university,  to  which  the  Rev.  James  Van  de  Veldc 
succeeded,  who  remained  >n  office  until  appointed 
vice-provincial  of  the  Jesuit  society  in  Missouri  in 
1843.' 

I  Tho  llepulUicaii  of  Oct.  »,  1840,  says,— 

"  Yestonliiy  the  Right  Uev,  Fiithor  .1.  A.  Kiel,  liiti'  president 
of  SI.  Loiiiii  University,  Ijiil  farewell  to  the  inatitiition,  and  loft 
in  the  xteiiiner  'Messenger'  fur  Oinuinnat  ,  Ohio,  whither  he 
goes  to  establish  another  school.  Vt'e  understand  that  liishop 
I'uroell  in  that  city  has  placed  his  largo  property,  probably 
about  one  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  dollars,  at  the  disposi- 
tion of  the  .lesuil  society,  encumbered  with  only  one  comlition, 
which  is  that  it  shall  be  forever  applied  to  tho  purposes  of  edu- 
cation and  the  advanceuient  and  pronmlion  of  science.  The 
property  in  part  embraces  what  is  known  in  Cincinnati  ns  the 
Athenieuui,  a  site  sufficient  for  a  largo  and  well-appointed  in- 
stitution, and  eligibly  situated  in  the  city,  and  is  hereafter  to 
be  linown  as  the  .St.  Xavior  College.  The  selection  of  Father 
Elet  is  of  itself  a  gui:rantee  that  the  institution  must  Uourish, 
and  if  ho  is  spared  as  its  head,  it  must  \  -tome  one  of  the  llrst 
in  r''pulation  in  the  West." 

•  The  St.  I.ouis  University  Free  School  wos  openeil  in  Octo- 
ber, 18-12,  for  the  benefit  of  the  children  in  tho  neighborhood. 
The  school  was  free  for  the  children  of  all  persons,  without  dis- 
tinction as  to  religious  belief.  Three  gentlemen  of  tho  univer- 
sity, says  the  Hepuhlicitn  of  .March  U,  184;t,  "  devote  themselves 
to  tho  duties  of  this  school.  About  one  hundred  ami  iniuty 
scholars  have  been  in  attendance  since  the  organization,  and  at 
least  one  hundred  or  more  have  been  unavoidably  denied  a<l- 
niission  for  the  reason  hereinafter  stated. 

•'  When  tho  school  was  opened  it  was  rather  an  experiment, 
and  of  somewhat  doubtful  result,  as  one  of  tho  public  schools 
of  the  city  hod  been  closed  from  want  of  pupils  or  money,  and 
wos  necessarily  opened  in  a  sniiill  room,  there  being  no  larger 
at  tho  disposal  of  the  institution.  The  room  in  nhicli  the 
school  was  commenced  and  is  now  kept  is  in  fact  not  largo 
enimgli  to  accommodate  more  than  sixty  or  eighty  pupils; 
nevertheless,  tho  one  hundred  and  twenty  lone  been  crowded 
into  it.  it  was  the  intention  and  expectation  nf  the  rcvcr- 
enil  gentlemen  connected  with  tho  university  tip  Imvc  the 
largo  Imscment  room  of  the  new  church  completed  and  lilted 
up  for  the  accommodation  of  this  school,  but  the  ercc'tic.n  and 
completion  of  the  church  have  alisorlicii  the  meai\s  nl'tlie  insti 
lutiiiu.  Sensible  of  llio  utility  and  i-ionil  aihonlages  tci  the 
community  of  the  continuance  of  the  school  and  the  placing  it 
in  an  aparti.ient  where,  instead  of  ouu  humlred  and  twenly,  at 
Icist  three  humlred  pupils  ivin  be  accommodated,  the  gentlemen 
having  il  in  cha'ge  havo  resolved  to  appeal  to  the  aid  and  con- 
tributions of  the  community  to  iinish  the  room  in  the  basement 


The  financial  crisis  of  1842  compelled  die  buan]  I 
of  trustees  to  reduce  the  board  and  tuition  tVc  to  ono 
hundred  and  thirty  dollars  per  session  of  uw  luunti ; 
but  notwithstanding  "  hard  times,"  tho  >  l.issus  vftr>  I 


all  full,  and  the  institution  lost  none  of  its 


irosperily. 


The  medical  department  of  the  university,  wliith  was  I 
organized  Oct.  5,  183G,  did  not  begin  ii.i  lecturL«| 
until   March   28,    1842,  but  subsequentU,  tJiruu-hi 
the  efi'orts  of  Drs.  M.  L.  Linton  and  Cliules  l'oi,e  f 
it  became  very  successful.    It  existed  unilii-  a  tharterl 
of  ita  own,  and    removed    to    Sevenlh    and  Mvrilel 
Streets   in    1849,  when  the    building  ii   haj  [^^,.A 
pied   was    purchased    by  the   univer.sitv  fur  a  dor.! 
mitory.     The  medical  faculty  for  the  se-^sioti  u|'  \i\'\ 
-43  was  composed  of  Drs.  Daniel  BraiimrJ,  .]nw\ 
W.  Hall,  H.  Augustus   Prout,  James  V.  Prailierl 
Moses    L.  Linton,  Joseph    J.  Norwood,  and  Alvia 
Litton.     The  law  department  began  its  first  sc-jiJ 
in  October,   1843,   but  notwithstanding  the  effnrti 
of  the  Hon.  Richard  A.  Buckner  to  sustain  it.it, 
soon  dissolved.'' 

of  the  new  church.  Their  applications  have  nlrcidv  be™  nj 
in  a  very  liberal  spirit  by  several  of  the  most  wcaiiin.  .,f  (ij 
citizens,  and  we  trust  that  all  will,  in  proportion  to  their  uifam 
contribute  something.  There  is  surely  no  nhivnuciii  oi  ihi 
day  which  appeals  more  directly  and  strongly  to  tho  u).,i 
and  politician  than  this.  The  gentlemen  i>r  the  inMliuiioJ 
with  a  liberality  which  hns  no  equol  in  th;.'!  ••ouinMiiiiiv  i-iJ 
their  time,  labor,  and  assiiluous  attention  to  llieiiiMtruciiunag/ 
education  of  the  youths  sent  to  them  ;  they  give  it  \viih<  ut  t 
cuniary  reward,  and  to  the  children  of  parents  of  ulliui||.( 
sect;  they  devote  their  efforts  to  the  mental  iiiil  nionl  i 
provemeni  of  their  pu|ils,  but  without  any  cffcirt  ur  inKniio 
to  influence  their  be''..f  for  or  against  any  p^trlicular 
Three  of  thorn  now  devote  themselves  unrciiiittiii'lv  ti  lU 
labor,  and  as  soon  a^  they  can  procure  a  ]nr;;cr  rnuiii  the  t 
ber  of  teachers  wi.l  be  increased  in  propnrtion  tu  iheimrrti 
of  pupils." 

The  some  pap.T  of  Sept.  S,    ISlj,  spealiing  "f  ihis  <,ln( 
says,  "  Since  the  oreotion  of  the  church  ailjuinin;;  theuiiiij 
sit}  buildings,  the  school  has  been  kept  in  the  biiwiiuntfll 
church.    The  number  of  scholars  in  utlcndancc  sinoellit.ihj 
was  opened  in  the  basement  .  .  .  hns  avern«ed  ihrcchriidn-lii 
fifty,  and  at  times  has  been  as  high  as  four  hiindretl.   ThJ 
ore  six  teachers  constantly  engageil  in  insliuclin^  tlie.lDi 
one  of  whom  devotes  his  time  exclusively  I"  (icnnaiu'hiHn 
Children  of  all   denominations  are  adniilli'd,  nunc  beiuiti 
eluded  on  account  of  religions  opinions;  neither  !■  Ihrrei 
inlerference  with  the  religious  opinions  of  ilie  |ii|ii!.. iiimM 
than  to  require  a  eonlormity  to  the   rules  and  "it.i'rv:in;elj 
the  school  during  school  hours.     .All  the  \nri.iii8  kanihr..  of  I 
I'Inglish  education  are  taught,  and  liondrcl-  are  eriiiliHtuJ 
tain  this   important  desideratum  nlio,  but  lur  tlii.<  ii|.|,t«l|| 
would  be  compelled  to  live    in    ignonincc   anil  it>  iitler.Jf 
vices." 

'  The  following  nutii'C  appeared  in  the  yi''(.i.l/n„j,  .,i  J| 

\:>.  isi;i: 

"  All"-    Oeptirlmriil  nf  Ihr  Si.    l.nul^    /'iiii.  r.ilj. -In 
quence  of  tho  applications  mode  by  umny  aluiuni  ni;>n<h| 
devote  themselves  to  tho  regular  study  of  Inn  under 


The  Rev.  G 

I  James  ^'an  de 

ment  of  the  lal 

)lis8ouri.     As 

jeverity."'  and 

Iggniber  of  stud 

I  presidency,  thei 

jlisiie  yi^ar  endi 

(.ie(|aence  of  tlii 

I  Ml  to  New  Or] 

|(«va.«.«  llip  city 

Iriihllic  fullest  s 

litturned  with  li 

I  former  prosperit; 

(iiicri'ased  by  the 

I  for  the  study  of 

|li)(aiion  ill  the  ( 

■Coliepo  Hill," 

I.VorihSt.  Louis  u 

Itfthefiirin  then  bi 

Ijiita  B.  Druyts  w 

Itf  tlie  sclioiastio  j 

ly  beet. .  ->iployed 

||Rlt;j«tirs,  the  board 
luttiit  length  taken  i 
llo«d»/of  nc.vl  Oclob 


'hi  <ame  paper  on 
Iw'iriiif  the  corame 
Iw 

"Tfipannunl  conime 
ImI!  was  held  on  M(i 
lliduilien  .  wii.  very 
Im.<.  niimljcrs  who  wei 
lliliii'l,  and  were  dcp 
Innnirs.     I'residenl 
wi  eletrant  nnd  poli 
WwHul  Hichelorof  I 
jtmnt  Dnelor  of  .Me 
■•".'•III  truth  say, 
^i;enllpm,inly-looklr 
''ieKediiMl  students 
pii!"!  Iiis  numerous  , 
"lletdllowing  nro  11 
l*'%pe(ir  Doctor  of 
['"■illlam  Browne,  o 
PT.  H.  H.  Iinvis,  of 
irrrrilory;  u.  W.  || 
I*"*.'  I'.  !•'.  Knott,  ol 
MTavlor.  of   Jli»„ 
ff-H'hillir,si„,|,  of 
"":  <•'.  1'.  Wilson, 

nif  houurury  degree 
P''i»H  K.  I,„,.y,  of  ! 
Vw-n,  .Mo." 
P'lkerilill'sHi.iufjj 


EDUCATION. 


863 


A'-T' 


The  Rev,  George  A.  Carrell  succeeded  the  Rev. 
I  James  Van  de  Velde  iis  president  upon  the  appoint- 
ment of  the  latter,  Sept.  17,  1843,  vice-provincial  of 
Missouri.     As  president  he  was  "  austere  even  unto 
Lverity." '  and  there  was  a  marked  decline  in  the 
jnniber  of  students  during  the  first  two  years  of  the 
I  presidency,  there  being  less  than  eighty  for  the  scho- 
lliitic  ytiir  ending  in  the  summer  of  1845.     In  con- 
lieiiuciicc  uf  this  decline  the  !*uv.  John  Gleizal  was 
Lent  to  New  Orleans  in  the  early  spring  of  1846  to 
luovass  ilic  city  for  students.     His  visit  was  rewarded 
I  jiili  tlic  rullest  success,  and  a  large  number  of  students 
Itnurnod  with  hiii!.     The  college  soon  regained  its 
Ifmer  prosperity    "^nd  the  number  uf  scholars  was 
1  increased  by  the  transfer  in  1843  of  the  scholasticate 
'  the  study  of  theology  and  philosophy  from  its 
Ikatioii  in  the  country,  at  what  is  now   kndwn  as 
'College  Hill,"  to  the  university.     That  portion  of 
h'orih  St.  Louis  usuaKy  called  Lowell  is  built  on  a  part 
Iff  (he  farm  then  belonging  to  the  university.    The  Rev. 
Ijiiba  B.  Druyts  was  appointed  president  at  the  close 
Lfibe  scholastic  year  in  July,  1847.    Father  Druyts 
Iwbeei.   iiployed  either  as  professor  or  disciplinarian 

■iMtsjori!,  the  koaril  and  facull;  of  tlio  Slit.  Luuix  I'liivcraity 
laitat  U'ligtii  taken  nien^urcs  to  upen  n  luw  sellout  on  tbo  first 
lltjiij/  of  nc.vl  October. 

"  In  tlio  name  of  the  fiiculty, 

"  J.  Van  iiK  VKT.nK, 

**  PreKiiieitt.** 

Tbt  nme  |mper  on  March  A,  1S4&,  gives  the  following  |iiir- 
|:ni'ir!  '<!  the  commencenicnt  hold  nt  the  iiniviTsity  in  that 

-The  annual  comraenromciit  of  Iho  medical  and  liiw  depart- 

litiliKis  held  on  Monday  nvening  \aM  at  the  medical  hall. 

lUuuilien  .  win  very  la.  ,c,  and  thtmgh  the  hall  in  very  upa- 

liH!,  nmnliiTS  who  went  there  were  iinahle  even  lo  find  a  place 

lnunl,  and  were  dcpriveil  of  the  piciwiire  of  witnessing  Iho 

Irrainii'!'.     Treiiiilent  Carrell  delivered  to  the  graduates  a 

wi  dciinnt  and   polished  address.     He  then  conferred  the 

(tttof  Itachulorof  liaw  upon  two  young  gentlemen,  and  the 

kjMiif  Doi'tiir  of  .Medicine  upon  fourteen  graduates,  and  wo 

luiitli  truth  *ay,  never  have  we  beheld  a  more  intellijienl 

kti.'emloiii.inly-looking  elays.     The  valedictory,  by  Dr.  I'ope, 

I'iKc^eiliail  students  more  than  fultilled  the  high  c.xpecla- 

I  Ills  numerous  friends. 

Ik  I cillowing  nro  the  nauius  of  the  gentlemen  admitted  to 

»jf<rfeiir  Uoctoripf  Medicine: 

Killinm  llruwne,  of   Kentucky;    II.   W.  Darnall.  of   Mis- 

;  K.  R.  liavis,  of  Illinoia  ;  William  II.  Dews,  of  Wlscon- 

i  Itrritiiry  ;  t).  W,  llerefurd,  of  Missouri;    11.  .lohnson,  of 

r.  F.  Knott,  of  Kentucky  ;  II.  F.  Kusscll,  of  Indiana  : 

|.R.  Taylor,  uf   Missouri;  W.  .*<.  (1.  Walker,  of  Kentucky; 

l.f. Wliittinnlon,  of  Mlhsouri;  U.  U.  Wickersham,  of  Mis- 

n'i;  C.  F.  Wilson,  o(     Kentucky  ;    Thomas    L.   Young,  uf 

l"Tht  liouorary  degree  of  Doctor  of  Medicine  was  eonferrod 
iRHinl  K.  I.ncy,  of  Savannah,  Mo.,  and  J.  I.a^.  icnce  Page, 
l*wi"n,  Mo." 
^'Fuller  liiira  Historical  Sketch  of  St.  Louis  I'niveriity,  p.  (16. 


in  the  university  for  twelve  years  preceding  his  pro- 
motion. His  experience  then  acquired,  together  with 
his  natural  aptitude  for  such  a  position,  made  him  one 
of  the  roost  popular  and  successful  presidents  that 
had  thus  far  filled  the  position.  In  October,  1848, 
the  medical  faculty  rc(|uested  the  trustees  of  the  uni- 
versity to  have  the  connection  of  the  medical  depart- 
ment with  the  university  dissolved,  and  this  request, 
though  then  declined,  was  repeated  Jan.  24, 1849.  The 
reason  assigned  for  this  request  was  '•  fear  of  injury 
to  the  medical  department  arising  from  religious  preju- 
dice among  the  people  at  large  against  Catholics  and 
Catholic  inst'.tutions."  The  trustees  declined  to  permit 
the  separation.  When  the  "  Know-Nothing"  ex- 
citement arose  in  1854  and  1855,  it  was  again  decided 
by  the  medical  department  that  a  separation  from  the 
university  was  expedient,  and  that  it  should  be  hence- 
forth conducted  under  a  distinct  charter  of  its  own  ; 
and  this  time,  by  mutual  consent,  its  connection  with 
the  St.  Louis  University  was  dis,solved. 

The  Rev.  John  S.  Verdiii,  at  the  beginning  of  the 
session  of  1854-55,  succeeded  the  Rev.  J.  B.  Druyts 
in  the  presidency  of  the  university,  but  did  not 
actually  enter  upon  his  duties  until  Oct.  2,  1854. 
His  term  of  office  lasted  until  1859,  and  during  this 
period  the  institution  made  rapid  progress.  In  the 
autumn  of  1855  there  was  the  largest  number  of 
boiirders  at  the  university  within  any  year  of  its  ex- 
istence, the  number  being  one  hundred  and  eighty- 
eight.  In  November,  1855,  the  "Student's  Library 
Society"  was  instituted,  with  a  view  of  collecting  suit- 
able w^rks  on  branches  of  polite  learning  which  could 
be  made  a-  -.essible  to  all  classes  on  easy  conditions, 
A  small  fee  was  required  of  members  for  the  use  of 
the  books.  The  library  was  a  success  from  the  begin- 
ning, and  has  proved  to  be  a  great  advantage,  espe- 
cially to  the  advanced  classes. 

At  the  opening  of  the  se.ssioii  of  1858-59  the 
classical  department  was  .separated  from  the  commercial 
department  and  assigned  to  distinct  class-rooms,  and 
distinct  teachers  appointed  for  it.  The  course  of  the 
former  was  made  to  comprise  six  years,  and  that  of 
the  latter  four  years. 

The  Rev.  Forilinand  Coosemnns  succeeded  Rev, 
Father  Verdiii  in  the  presidency  on  March  19, 
18;">!l.  The  war  between  the  States  from  1861  to 
18t!5  was  attended  with  very  serious  effects  upon  the 
university.  Most  of  the  students  being  from  the 
Southern  States,  the  excitement  uf  the  times  and 
their  impatience  to  get  to  their  homes  before  the 
movements  of  urniics  and  military  results  rendered 
that  impossible  caused  the  suspension  of  all  classes 
ou  May  '24,  1801  ;  and  though  the  classes  were  re- 


wV;; 

864 


HISTORY  OF  SAIiNT  LOUIS. 


Bumcd  in  the  following  September,  it  was  with  a 
greatly  reduced  nunibcr  of  students.  Rev.  Thomas 
O'Neil  succeeded  Rev.  Ferdinand  Coosetnuns  in  the 
presidency  on  the  IGth  of  July,  18(52,  and  the  scshiun 
of  1862-G3  began  with  an  increased  number  of  stu- 
dents, notwithstanding  the  evils  and  disasters  incident 
to  the  exi.sting  war,  which  caused  the  institution  the 
loss  of  all  its  Southern  patronage.  At  the  annual 
conimenceraent,  July  2, 1863,  three  students  received 
the  degree  of  A.B.,  four  received  honorary  certificates, 
and  the  total  number  of  students  registered  for  the 
jcholastic  year  was  two  hundred  and  ninety.  In  18U5, 
the  "  Drake  Constitution"  imposed  a  heavy  burden  of 
taxes  on  the  churches,  schools,  hospitals,  orphan  asy- 
lums, and  cemeteries  of  Catholics.  The  tax  paid  by 
the  university  for  one  year  reached  ten  thousand  dol- 
lars. The  Legislature  subsequently  empowered  the 
city  to  remit  general  r:unicipal  taxes  on  all  such 
property,  and  the  university  was  relieved  of  a  burden 
under  which  it  must  have  sunk.  The  Dmke  Consti- 
tution was  finally  abolished  by  popular  vote  on  (he 
30th  of  October,  1875.  Immediately  after  the  war 
the  university  recovered  its  former  prosperity,  and 
the  number  of  students  during  the  scholastic  year  of 
18f)5-GG  was  three  hundred  and  seventy-six.  The 
register  for  the  scholastic  year  18(i7-fiH  contained  the 
names  uf  three  hundred  and  forty-six  students. 

The  Rev.  Francis  H.  Stuntebeck  succeeded  the 
Rev.  Thomas  O'Neil  as  president  on  the  2d  of  July, 
1868.  On  the  8th  of  August,  1871,  the  Rev.  Joseph 
Zealand  was  installed  as  president,  and  the  register 
fur  that  year  shows  that  four  hundred  and  two  stu- 
dents attended  the  university.  The  Rev.  L.  Bushart 
succeeded  Rev.  Joseph  Zealand  as  president  on  Nov. 
22,  1874,  and  resigned  on  Aug.  2,  1877,  when  the 
Rev.  Joseph  E.  Iveller  was  installed.  Father  Keller 
was  .succeeded  by  Rev.  R.  J.  Jleyer,  S.J.  The  scien- 
tific cour.se  was  begun  at  the  opening  of  the  session 
of  1877-78. 

The  6th  of  October,  1871,  was  the  fiftieth  anni- 
versary of  the  entrance  into  the  Jesuit  society  of  the 
six  young  missionaries  who  accompanied  the  Rev. 
Charles  Van  Quickciiborne  to  Mi^<souri,  viz.,  I*.  J. 
Verliacgen,  J.  F.  Van  Assche,  V.  J.  De  Smct,  J.  A. 
Elet,  J.  B.  Smedts,  and  F.  L.  Verreydt.  The  faculty 
of  the  university  determined  to  celebrate  the  occur- 
rence of  their  "  golden  jubilee,'"  and  to  invito  the  sur- 
vivors to  meet  for  that  purpose  at  the  university. 
This  tribute  to  their  memory  from  the  university  was 
deemed  appropriate,  because  they,  with  their  novice- 
master,  the  Rev.  C.  Van  Quickcnborne,  had  estab- 
lished the  institution.  The  only  surviving  members 
were  the  Rev.  P.  J.  De  Smet,  then  traveling  in  Eu- 


rope, the  Rev.  J.  F.  Van  Assche,  and  tlu'  Km',  p  j 
Verreydt.     The  celebration  was  held  on  ilii'  Kttliofl 
October,  and   among   those  present  wor.'   ilic  i{„„  j 
Thomas  O'Neil,  provincial  of  Missouri;  lliv.  Jdscnh  I 
Zealand,  president  of  the  university;  Hcv.  p,  CuDie.! 
mans;  Rev.  L.  Bushart,  president  of  St.  XuvierCo 
lege,  Cincinnati ;  Rev.  I.sidore  Boudreaux.  Hov,  I'  [f 
Stuntebeck,  Rev.  J.  De  Blieck,  Rev.  J.  Scliuliz,  I|,.f  j 
S.  Lalumiere,  Rev.  J.  Rocs,  Rev.  V.  Tsclieider,  Uev  1 
I  D.  Niederborn,  and  Rev.  T.  Braun. 

St.  Mark's  Academy  was  organized  in  ISTi;,  iiiiwtl»| 

I  by  former  students  of  the  university,  Imvin;;  fir  iigl 

I  object  "  the  development  of  lin  active  Catliulic  spirit] 

!  by  philosophical,  literary,  and  scientific  culture." 

,       In  1879,  fifty  years  after  its  estiiblislniu'iit,  the  uniJ 

I  versity  had  eleven  buildings,  whose  coiiiliined  lon-tl 

'  was  about  eight  hundred  feet,  erected  at  n  total  cost 

of  two  hundred  and  fifty  thousand  ddllar!',  ilmu'bj 

I  as    previously  stated,  possessing   no  onduwuient 

!  other  revenue  except  what  it  derived  fruin  the  | 

[  of  students  for  board   and  tuition.     It  Lad  alsn 

j  select  and   valuable  library  of  twenty-five  tliousanfl 

,  volumes,  and   a    collection    of    insitruincnl.s  Tor  all 

classes  of  physics   and   chemistry,  includiiii;  manj 

curious  and  costly  objects. 

,       On  Tuesday,  June  24,  1879,  was  held  anotl 

"  golden  jubilee,"  signalizing  the  fifiietli  year  f-no  ih 

establishment  of  St.  Louis  Uiiivcn<ity.    Ili"li  iiia>sH 

celebrated  at  St.   Francis  Xavicr's  Cimrcli.  Iii«lioi 

1'.  J.  Ryan  oflBciating,  with  Rev.  Clmrlcs  ZicJir  i 

deacon.  Rev.    Michael    McLouglilin   as   sulidoaioij 

and  Rev.  II.  A.  Scliapinan  as  master  iiT  cercn; 

The  sermon    was    delivered    by  Rinlit    Itov.  .J 

Spalding,  of  Peoria,  III.     At   twu  o'eluik  in  th 

al'teriioon  the  alumni  dinner  was  held.  Bisliop  liyJ 

presiding,  with   Bi.sliop  Spalding,  of  Peoria,  on 

right,  and  Father  Damen  on  his  loft.     lu  tiieevonid 

a  literary  entertainment  was  given  at  the  lari;e  iJ 

I  of  the  university,  next  to  the  coriier  of  Ninth  Sirei 

I  and    Washington  Avenue.      The  exorcises  iudnd 

poems  by  John  C.   Burke  and  Walter  J.  libkelj 

I  and  addresses  by  Dr.  J.   K.   Bauduy  and  UovcrnJ 

Reynold.s. 

In  1881-82  the  university  had  a  t'aculiy  of  nm 
teen    professors    and    two    hundred    and   nini'ty-( 
students.      The  total  number  of  students  reuisteii 
,  since  the  beginning  in  1829  is  six  thousand  tn'oiiii 
dred  and  fifty-three.     It  is  related  as  a  lunaikalilec 
!  cumstanec  in  the  history  of  the  uiiivorsity  that  Jurij 
none  of  the  three  visitations  of  cholera  in  St. 
(18;52-:}H,  1849,  and   1866)  was  one  of  the  inini 
of  this    institution    attacked    by   the  disease 
'  university  has  grown  up  with  the  city  itself,  andl 


EDUCATION. 


865 


jnd  Uu-  lli'v.  I',  L. 
old  on  till'  null  of  I 
iiit   vieV'-    [\\i'  Rev. 
souri;   Ui'v.  Joseph  I 
ity;  Ui'v  I'.  C\ii)se-j 
;  of  St.  XavierCol-l 
udreaux.  llov.  P.  H.) 
lev.  J.  Sdmliz,  Ri'v. 
.  P.  Tsclicider,  Rev.] 
in. 

ized  in  187(1,  innstljl 
irsity,  liaviiin  fur  iiil 
ictivc  Catliulic  splrid 
icntiBu  culture." 
)tiiblislinu'iit,  the  uni-| 
lose  combined  lon;jth 
•ected  at  a  total  cost 
isand  dollars,  thou;:hJ 
isr  no  ondowiuent  od 
lerived  from  the  feet 
ition.  It  had  also 
twenty-6vc  thousanJ 
'  instruments  for  all 
istry,  indudiiii.'  uanj 

79,  was  lield  atiothe 
10  fiftieth  year  >''iieihJ 
orsity.    Ui;Jiina>swa 
vier's  Cluireli.  l!i>lio 
;ev.  Cliarles  Zie:ler 
uj^lilin    as   saliJoai^olj 
(  master  of  cereii; 
)y   Uij;lit   Ucv.  J. 
It    two   o'l-liiek  in  H 
|was  held.  Bislioii  liys 
iiv.;,  of  Peoria,  on  h| 
is  left,     liltlieevonin 
;ivcn  at  the  lar^o  li^ 
corner  of  Ninili  S;re 
I'l'lio  exercises  mUii 
U  Walter  J.  Hlakelj 
Baiiduy  and  Governl 

had  a  faculty  of  nil 
kndrcd   and   ninety- 
of  studt'iit.s  re:i>icr 
six  thui^anJ  t«o  ln 
latcdusauniarkalilci 

lie  university  tli^i'M 
lof  chdlcra  in  ^^i-  ^M 
Iwas  one  of  the  i"U" 

by    the   disease. 
Ih  the  city  itself,  and 


I  ,„eof  <'!<  i^oat  useful  aa  it  is  one  of  its  most  crcdita- 

|),|(  institutions. 

Washington  University,' — In  tlic  year  1853,  ut  i 
lilioinstiMiee  of  the  Hon.  Wayraan  Crow,  tlien  a  mem-  j 
Ij^rof  the  State  Senate,  a  charter,  approved  Feb.  22,  | 
llj53,  w:is  <;ruDted  to  an  educational  institution  to  be 
I  known  as  the  Eliot  Seminary.     This  was  the  begin- 
liins;  id'  Wu»hinj;ton    University,  which  has  prown 
Ifnim  a  snmll  grammar  school  with  two  teachers  and 
lilwut  thirty   scholars    to    an    institution  compri.sinj;  i 
Lvi'ii  distinct   departments,  in  which   are   enrolled  ' 
Iwrlv  fiiurteen  hundred  students.    The  names  of  the  [ 
Lwratiirs  and  first  board  of  directors  v/ill  indicate  ; 
lliiiri'eiinine  was  the  interest  in  this  now  entcrpri.se. 
Illiev  were  as  follows:  Christopher  Ilhodcs,  Samuel 
iTri'iit,  John  M.  Krum,  John  Cavender,  Georfje  Par- 
Id'.'i',  I'hiicion  11.  McCroery,  John    IIow,  William 
liilas^uw,  Jr.,  Ooorj^o   Pofiram,  N.  J.  Eaton,  James 
Ijiniih,  Sclh  A.  Kanlett,   Mann   Butler,  William  0. 
Ifiioi,  Hudson  E.  Bridge,  Samuel  llu.ssell,  and  Way-  ; 
Itiii  Crow. 

On  the  -2d  of  February,  1854,  the  directors  or-  | 

Isuizeil  under  the  charter  and  chose  the  following 

.iir>:  William  G.  Eliot,  president;  Waymun  Crow, 

|iin|ire.>ideiit ;    Seth    A.    Uanlett,    secretary ;    John 

ll'iwiiJer.  treasurer.     When  Mr.  Cavender  re-signed, 

lik  vcars  later,  Mr.  llanlctt  was  made  secretary  and 

lIta^urer,  and  held  the  two  offices  until  his  death  in 

kkiber.  1  SSI,  when  George  M.  Bartlctt,  a  graduate  of 

It* vvllege  in  187ti,  was  appointed  to  fill  the  vacancy. 

Il.iullic('s  of  president   and  vice-president   arc  now 

|y  liv  the  .same  gentlemen  who  were  elected  to  those; 

l^iiiiiiLS  at  the  first  meeting  of  the  board. 

.\t  this  meeting  a  constitution   wius  adopted,  in 

liliih  the   name    Kliot    Seminary    was  changed    to 

Ik-liinL'tuii  In.stitute.      This  change  of  name  was 

la::esteJ  hy  Dr.  Eliot.      It  had  happened  that  the 

Imtur  was  granted  on  the  22d  of  February,  and  also 

liinhe  meeting  for  organization  iu   1854  wits  held 

li;lK'.«aiue  date.     This  accidental  circumstance  sug- 

Iseil  the  new  naiue.      But  this  name,  also,  was  a 

li::tsii(iii  (if  the   breadth   of  the   foundation   upon 

Ir.h  these  friends  of  education  would  build.     The 

|«iiii]iy  had  been  changed  to  the  institute,  and  it 

l'i!iiiii  long  before  the  word  university  was  adopted 

^liiF  imly  one  sufficiently  comprehensive  to  include 

fihe  plans  that  were  made  for  its  development. 

1  it  ihe  very  beginning  a  declaration  was  made  of 

np'irposc  of  the  directors  to  keep  the  new  institu- 


I  Ticiuthiir  if  indebted  to  Proressor  Mnrslinll  S,  Snow  Tur  tliia 
lib  of  Washington  University,  wliiob  lie  kindly  prepared 

i'ly  fur  this  work. 

IS.) 


tion  forever  free  from  sectarian  or  partisan  government 
or  instruction,  for  the  eighth  arti^'lo  of  the  constitu- 
tion, adopted  at  this  first  meeting,  declares  that — 

"  No  instruction  either  sectarian  in  religion  or 
partisan  in  politics  shall  bo  allowed  in  any  department 
of  the  university ;  and  no  sectarian  or  partisan  test 
shall  be  used  in  the  election  of  professors,  teachers,  or 
other  officers  of  the  university ;  nor  shidl  any  such 
test  ever  be  used  in  said  university  for  any  purpose 
whatever.  This  article  shall  be  understood  as  the 
fundamental  condition  on  which  all  endowments  of 
whatever  kind  are  received." 

Three  yesirs  later,  by  act  of  the  General  Assembly, 
the  charter  was  amended  by  fixing  the  name  Wash- 
ington University,  and  by  incorporating  the  above- 
mentioned  article.  The  university  was  thus  made 
secure,  both  by  constitution  and  charter,  from  the 
dangers  of  theological  or  ptditical  dis.scnsions. 

About  eighty  thousand  dollars  in  money  and  land 
were  given  to  the  university  at  this  first  meeting  of 
its  board  of  directors,  and  never  since  that  day  has  it 
wanted  generous  and  devoted  friends. 

In  the  winter  of  1854-55  an  evening  .school  was 
opened  in  the  old  Benton  schooMiousc  on  Sixth 
Street.  This  was  the  first  work  under  the  charter  of 
the  university,  although  a  snnill  school  had  been  iu 
operation  the  year  previous  to  the  granting  of  the 
charter.  This  evening  school  was  called  the  O' Fallon 
Polytechnic  Institute,  in  honor  of  Col.  John  O'Fallon. 
The  whole  number  of  pujiils  in  the  evening  schoid, 
which  was  in  charge  of  Nathan  D.  Tirrell,  was  two 
hundred  and  twenty.  The  school  was  continued  t()r 
several  years,  sustained  at  first  wholly  by  the  uni- 
versity. After  a  while,  as  elsewhere  stated,  the  ex- 
pense was  shared  with  the  board  of  public  schools; 
ill.  J  finally  by  a  special  arrangement  the  entire  burden 
of  the  evening  schools  was  sissuuicd  by  the  public 
school  board. 

In  September,  185(5,  the  school  now  known  as  the 
Smith  Academy  was  opened  in  a  new  building  on 
Seventeenth  Street,  near  Washington  Avenue.  During 
the  first  year  one  hundred  and  eight  scholars  were  en- 
rolled. The  teachers  were  James  D.  Low  and  Nathan 
D.  Tirrell. 

The  formal  inauguration  of  Washington  University 
took  place  on  the  22d  of  April,  1857.  Its  chief 
feature  was  an  oration  by  Hon.  Edward  Everett,  in 
Mercantile  Library  Hall,  upon  academical  educa- 
tion. There  were  also  addr&sses  by  President  Eliot ; 
James  D.  Low,  principal  of  the  icademy ;  Hon.  John 
How,  president  of  the  board  of  managers  of  the 
O'Fallon  Polytechnic.  Institute;  Hon.  Samuel  Treat, 
one  of  the  directors ;  and  Ilev.  Dr.  Truman  M.  Post. 


'i* 


I' 'I 


'h       I 


1 

i 

!, 

1  i  > 

866 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Durin<;  the  same  year  (1857)  a  building;  was  erected 
for  the  clieinical  laboratory,  and  Professor  Abruiii 
Litton  was  appointed  to  the  chair  of  chemistry,  which 
position  he  still  holds.  Professor  J.  J.  Ucynolds,  now 
brevet  major-general  United  States  army,  was  also  ap- 
pointed to  the  chair  of  mechanics  and  ungineerin<;.  In 
1858,  as  heretofore  stated,  work  was  be^iin  on  the  build- 
ing intended  for  the  O' Fallon  Polytechnic  In-stitute,  on 
the  corner  of  Chestnut  and  Seventh  Streets,  upon  a  lot 
of  land  given  by  lion.  John  How.  Progress  was  slow 
and  difficult.  The  plans  adopted  proved  very  expensive ; 
the  breaking  out  of  the  war  caused  many  suspensions 
of  the  work,  and  the  building  was  not  fully  ready  for 
u.so  until  nine  years  had  elapsed.  This  magniGccnt 
building,  erected  at  a  cost  of  upwards  of  three  hundred 
and  fifty  thousand  dollars,  was  soon  found  to  be  en- 
tirely unsuited  to  the  wants  of  the  university.  Its 
situation  was  bad,  the  arrangement  of  its  rooms  was 
inconvenient,  it  burdened  the  university  with  debt. 
It  was  therefore  thought  wise  to  accept  an  offer  made 
for  its  ))urchase  by  the  board  of  public  schools,  and 
the  building  and  its  furniture  were  sold  during  the 
summer  of  18H8.  The  board  of  public  schools  agreed, 
as  one  of  the  terms  of  tlie  purchase,  to  maintain,  ac- 
cording to  the  original  intentions,  the  polytechnic 
evening  schools. 

But  in  the  mean  time  the  college  had  been  organ- 
ized, and  a  college  building  had  been  erected  oil  the 
corner  of  Wa.shiiigton  Avenue  and  Seventeenth  Street, 
and  on  the  17th  of  December,  1858,  Professor  Joseph 
0.  Hoyt,  then  holding  the  (;hair  of  mathematics  in 
Phillips  Academy,  Exeter,  N.  H.,  had  been  elected 
chancellor.  He  entered  upon  the  discharge  of  the 
duties  of  his  new  position  in  February,  1850,  and 
was  formally  inaugurated  in  October  of  the  same 
year. 

A  .school  for  girls,  called  Mary  Institute,  was  estab- 
lished May  11, 185'J,  and  opened  in  September  of  the 
same  year,  with  Professor  Edwin  D.  Sanborn  as  prin- 
cipal. 

On  the  19th  of  March,  18ii0,  by  vote  of  the  di- 
rectors, the  law  department  was  established  under  the  ; 
name  of  the  St.  Louis  Law  School.  The  opening  of 
the  iaw  8('hool  was  delayed,  however,  by  the  war, 
until  October,  1867,  when  its  organization  was  com- 
pleted and  its  first  classes  taught. 

The  outbreak  of  thi  civil  wor  in  1861  brought  to 
Washington  University,  .is  well  as  to  all  educational 
institutions  in  the  city  and  State,  many  trials  and 
hardships,  which  it  hardly  seemed  pos.sible  to  survive. 
The  number  of  students  was  greatly  reduced,  a  corre- 
sponding les.sening  of  the  number  of  teachers  was 
necessary,  and  it  was  with  great  difficulty  that  the  ' 


UriDj; 


various  departments  were  sustained.  It  wu.s  i 
'his  period  of  struggle  and  discouragcunni  ili^  ,|,,, 
first  college  class  was  graduated,  in  Jmiu,  1^|"> 
Chancellor  Hoyt  conferred  the  degrees,  bin  was  even 
then  struggling  with  the  di.sease  which  wus  in  g  |^„ 
months  to  take  him  from  a  position  of  sn  miali  [i^., 
fulness.  In  his  death,  on  the  26th  of  Novi'iiilier,  Isi)' 
the  university  suffered  a  loss  wliich  could  liardly  be 
repaired.  A  ripe  scholar,  an  able  and  <'iitliu.Miuiii) 
teacher,  gifted  with  a  rare  tact  and  sound  juJ-mtMiti 
ready  with  his  pen,  and  an  eloquent  .speaker  m  » 
a  vigorous  executive  officer,  he  was  a  maii  pi't'iiliarlfj 
well  suited  to  the  needs  of  the  young  universitv,  iiiiii 
his  death  was  nothing  short  of  a  calaniiiv.' 

The  vacant  chancellorship  was  filled  by  tln'  ekiioBi 
of  William  Chauvcnet,  Professor  of  Matlii'inutk' 
was  formally  inaugurated  in  June,  18(!o. 

'  JoDepli  G.  lliiyt  W118  born  in  Uunbarton,  .V.  ||„  .i,,,  |jj 
1SI,5.     Ill  curly  joulli   his  o|i|ii;rliinitii;8  fur  "li|:iiriinj;ari  pI'jI 
ontiun  were  limited.    Until  be  wna  sixteen  he  wiis:ililt.|.i3m„J 
the  publiu  nuhuol  only  tbroe  months  out  of  the  vinr. 
fitted  for  college  at  Hopkinton,  N.  II.,  und  «t  Amlnvcr.  Mj.J 
and  was  an  assistant  teaulier  in  liotb  inatitiilions  tliruncLiiii 
his  preparatory  conrse.     His  varied  and  exIriMiliiiarvrairiclL 
ties  had  already  begun  to  exhibit  themseU  i-s.     \\  hil,. ;,  .||,,|,J 
at    AndoTor  he  took   eliarge  of  Professor    IlaitoiiV  i'la..(.  A 
niatheniutivs  durin;;  the  four  months  thai  In' was  .n 'ii.tI fgJ 
the  ijovernment  in  the  survey  of  the  iNortheii-iirii  \~,iiuhn 
In  IS;i(!  ho  entered  Yale  College  without  cniliii m.. 
distinguished  at  Yale  for  superior  scholarship,  i!i  Icin'ijli,, , 
einiraeter,  and  originality  of  thought  and  expriomn.    lii.ii 
his  collegiate  uourse   he  took   prizes  for  exiclliiice  in  miihi 
matieal  sliulies  and  in  G'lglish  eomponition.    Ili'n;i.  i;r:i,|,i|U 
sixth  scholar  m  a  class  of  one  hundred.     Wliili'  in  (■..lli; 
was  chosen  one  of  the  editors  of  the  Vuli'  Liiinin  Mifivt 
und  was  elected  by  an  almost  unanimous  vote  (mviicnl  uf  t 
Brothers  in  Unity.     He  was  conspicuous  aiuiui;;  llir  meiijb( 
of  Vale  for  powers  of  clear  and  original  arguimnl,  anj  f  r  tid 
general  intlueueo  which  arises  from  the  possession  uf  f..riai 
abilities  and   manly  virtues.      His  genial   uature.  Iii' -iijaJ 
sini|ilicity  and  transparency  of  character,  his  oonliaiitv.  uiu 
loyed  with  hypocrisy,  and  his  native  strength  nf  iiiin.l,in»'i; 
there  was  no  element  of  pretension,  secured  fur  lijm  ;ei!«J 
esteem  :iiid  friendship. 

In  the  spring  of  1840  he  took  charge  of  an  ucailimy  m  ( 
mouth,  N.  H.     His  popularity  in  the  manageiMinluHhiii 
institution  was  based  upon  true  success.     In  I'-ll  liti.i! 
pointed    I'rofessor  of  Malhematics  and  .Vatiiral  riii!iii.i| fiyl 
Phillips  .Academy,  Kxeter,  X.  II.,  where  he  remaincl  cii-iill 
years.     At  Kxeter,  Professor  Hoyt  was  foreiiiosl  in  even  eol| 
prise  of  public  uiouient.    Every  measure  for  llie  iiu|iriifiiifii( 
the  town,  fur  the  advancement  of  education,  fur  tlio  jirom  liol 
public  interests   received   his  efficient  su|>|iort.    Tiic  bnutl 
school-houses,  the  pulilie  institutions  and  iMi|jrov<.H|  a|)prira 
of  that  quiet  village,  arc  largely  due  to  liis  |ivr.'(iniil  iff.rl!. 

In  IN.'il  ho  was  n  member  of  the  conveutlDii  fur  thorrilj 
of  the  ."^tate  Constitution.  In  IS.M  he  barely  iwain"!  a < 
grcssional  noniinali(m.  In  December,  I S.iS,  lie  aev|ili'J  j 
appointment  ofidianeellor  ami  Professor  of  llitdrefk  l.an.'i 
and  Ijitcruturn  in  Washington  University.  In  h.V.Mii' »•«( 
from  Dartmouth  College  the  degree  of  Iiodur  <if  ],:w. 


EDUCATION. 


867 


Xbe  wnr  at  last  came  to  an  end,  and  with  the  in- 
liRase  of  tht!  city  in  wealth  and  population  came 
I  neater  prosperity  to  the  university. 
I  On  Oet.  16,  1867,  the  law  school,  which,  as  ha.s 
l^'asai'l.  was  established  in  1860,  was  fairly  opened 
Ittimdeiits. 

Under  date  of  Feb.  22,  1868,  the  anniversary  of  I 
L;  Institution,  the  sum  of  twenty-five  thousand  dol-  ' 
1^  was  presented  to  the  university,  as  a  part  of  its 
Ipttmanent  endowment,  by  Messrs.  John  P.  Collier,  ' 
IWam  B.  Collier,  M.  Dwight  Collier,  and  Thomas  '. 

'.Collier.     The  disposition  of  the  income  of  this  \ 
liQOiwua  left  to  the  directors,  subject  only  to  (he  re- 


in 1871  a  course  in  mining  and  metallurgy  was  ar- 
ranged. The  first  profcssionul  degrees  were  conferred 
in  June,  1871,  viz.,  five  degrees  in  civil  engineering. 

In  the  death  of  Chancellor  Chauvenot,  in  Decem- 
ber, 1870,  the  university  suff"ered  another  severe  loss. 
His  reputation  as  u  teacher  and  a  writer  upon  mathe- 
matical subjects  had  made  the  university  of  which  he 
was  the  head  known  not  only  in  this  country  but  in 
Europe,  and  regret  at  his  death  was  universol. 
President  Eliot  became  acting  chancellor  upon  the 
death  of  Professor  Chauvenet,  and  was  inaugurated 
chancellor  in  February,  1872. 

In  the  year  1871  a  large  addition  was  made  to  the 


r 


kh  "f  iiiii^l.innlll 


,il  ill  fvorv  eul 


Lion  f>ir  th"  ""I 


WASHINGTON    UNIVERSITY    UAM-. 


ei "  that  until  the  board  of  directors  shall  oflBcially 

mine  a  different  employment  of  it  to  be  required 

kike  well-being  of  the  institution,  it  shall  be  applied 

Ue  university  professorship  of  Greek,  in  grateful 

nitinn,  by   his  former  pupils,  of  the   fidelity, 

niog,  and  ability  with  which  the  present  incum- 

it  of  that  cliair  has  for  years  past  discharged  its 

lie."  The  incumbent  of  the  professorship  referred 

Ins  Professor  Sylvester  Waterhouse. 

lit  18G9  professional  courses  of  study  were  adopted 

Itinl  and  mechanical  engineering  and  in  chemistry. 

iiO  a  fourth  year  was  ouded  to  these  courses,  and 


building  on  Washington  Avenue.  An  extension  was 
made  to  the  west  end  and  a  new  roof  with  an  additional 
story  was  added  to  the  old  building,  thus  more  than 
doubling  its  capacity.  Upwards  of  two  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand  dollars  were  given  during  this  year 
(1871)  for  buildings,  apparatus,  and  endowments. 
Since  that  time  the  career  of  the  university  has  been 
one  of  uninterrupted  prosperity.    • 

In  1878  the  need  of  more  room  and  greater  con- 
veniences for  the  school  for  girls,  Mary  Institute,  was 
met  by  the  erection  of  a  large,  convenient,  and  well- 
furnished  building,  at  a  cost  of  more  than  seventy 


868 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


thuU8and  diillura,  at  tlio  cornur  of  Bouumunt  and 
LooUHt  StrceUt.  In  187!)  u  itiiuihir  ncvotwity  cauHed 
the  croctiun  of  a  liaudnunie  and  coniuiudiuuN  building 
at  the  corner  of  Wasliin);ton  Avciiuc  und  Nineteenth 
Street,  for  tlio  use  of  the  Smith  Auudeiuy.  On  Muy 
22,  1870,  WU8  couipieted  tiie  organization  of  u  de- 
partment of  tiie  univerMily  known  uh  the  8t.  Louis 
School  of  Fine  ArlM.  Instruction  in  art  liad  always 
been  provided  in  tlie  courses  of  study,  but  the  ever- 
increasing  demand  for  more  thorougli  and  broader 
work  led  to  llio  foundation  of  this  separate  de[)artnient. 

Throujih  the  generosity  of  the  Hon.  VVayman 
Crow,  always  a  warm  friend  and  benefactor  of  tlie 
university,  a  building  for  a  museum  and  for  class- 
rooms, containing  also  u  fine  lecture  liall,  was  erected 
at  a  cost  of  one  hundred  and  thirty-iive  thousand  dol- 
lars in  the  year  1879-80,  at  the  corner  of  Lucas 
Place  and  Nineteenth  Street. 

The  year  1880  saw  also  the  addition  of  still  another 
department  to  those  already  or<;aniy.cd  in  the  es- 
tablishment of  tlic  Manual  Training  School,  and  the 
erection  of  a  building  for  its  uses  at  the  corner  of 
Washington  Avenue  and  Eighteenth  Street.  The 
ordinance  establishing  this  school  was  adopted  June 
6,  1879.  The  object  of  the  scliool  is  instruction  in 
mathematics,  drawing,  and  the  English  branches  of  a 
high  school  course,  and  instruction  and  practice  in 
the  use  of  tools.  The  building  was  paid  for  by  h)dwin 
Harrison,  one  of  the  directors  of  the  university,  and 
the  endowment  fund  and  furnishing  were  provided 
by  Samuel  t'upples,  another  director,  and  Gottlieb 
t'onzelman,  with  contributions  also  from  other  public- 
spirited  citizens.  During  the  summer  of  1882,  the 
original  building  having  become  inadequate  to  its 
ueeds,  an  addition  wsis  made,  chiefly  through  the  lib- 
erality of  Ualph  Sellow  and  U.  Conzelman,  on  the 
Washington  Avenue  front,  doubling  the  capacity  of 
the  .school. 

Washington  University  now  comprehends  the  fol- 
lowing (Ifpartnicnts : 

I.  The  Undergraduate  Department. 

II.  The  St.  Louis  School  of  Fine  Arts. 

III.  The  St.  Louis  Law  School. 

IV.  Smith  Academy. 

V.  Manual  Training  School. 

VI.  Mary  Institute. 

The  Undergraduate  Department  includes  : 

I.  The  College. 

II.  The  I'olytechnie  School. 

The  standard  of  admission  to  both  branches  of  the 
Undergraduate  Department  has  always  been  high,  and 
is  kept  fully  up  to  the  demands  made  in  the  best  of 
lilasteru  or  other  institutions.     The  college  iiaa  two 


;  courses  of  study,  one  of  whicli  leads  at   '< „j   <| 

1  four  years  to  the  degree  of  Baeliclor  in  .Ai    ,  anil  luf 
other  to  that  of   Bachelor  in    IMiilosopiiv       In  tlid 

!  second  coursu  no  Greek  is  required  for   i  lini,>«iii|| 
after  entrance,  a  somewhat  more  extend.  !  c.Hni,.  j., 

'  scientific  studies  being  taken  as  a  substitiiic ,  in  i>(|.. 
respects,  however,  the  courses  run  in  p.nMllil  Ijim,! 
The  college  courses  have  been  changed  auil  liniadin, 
very  much  during  the  last  six  years  lo  -iiii  il,,.  ,| 
mands  of  the  times  for  a  more  truly  HIm  r:,!  (.iii,,.,,,  , 
study.  More  latitude  is  allowed  in  iIk  (.luijcf  ol 
studies,  and  greater  prominence  is  given  lo  iliv  ,(iji|J 
of  modern  languages  and  literature,  atnl  in  lii»t„ri,.. 
Work.  It  is  safe  to  say  that  no  stinleiii  lake.  Iii, , 
grce  without  a  sufficient  knowledge  nf  I'lvmii  „j 
tiierman  (o  read  easily  at  sight  any  onliimry  FniK 
or  German  book.  Some  historical  wmk  is  rn|iiire( 
every  term  during  the  four  years.  Tin- 1  anlnl  .m,] 
of  the  Knglish  language  and  literature  is  u  I'lainr,. 
the  college  work.  At  tiie  .same  time  the  stnijv  Ml'tbi 
classical  tongues  is  not  neglected,  and  ilinse  wlimlJ 
sire  can  pursue  such  studies  tlirougliom  ilic  luiira 
Excellent  opportunity  is  also  given  fur  tim  ^uuiu 
general  chemistry,  physics,  botany,  and  otiicr  lirain  li 

;  of  natural  science,  according  to  the  lasti'  and  aiiiiiirt 
ments  of  the  students.  In  short,  the  itliirt  js  mnjJ 
both  in  the  arrangement  of  the  courses  df  .siu.lv 
in  the  direetio!i  of  the  student's  inclinaiinii,  ti):;ivo| 
broad  and  liberal  education  in  the  best  .s|.ns(. ,,(' [^ 
term,  to  lay  the  foundation  upon  whicli  lii<'|i  hu^n 

I  and  professional  scholarship  may  be  roaicj.    Tlic 
lege  is  under  the  special  charge  of  I'ml'i'SMir  .Mar>lJ 
S.  Snow,  dean  of  the  college  faculty. 

The  courses  of  study  in  the  Polytcclinic  Silitm; 
five,   as  follows :    civil  enginci'iing.  nici/haniral 
gineering,  chemistry,  mining  ami   nu'talliir';y,  l><iil 
ing  and  architecture.     The    ci)ni]i!ctioii  nf  the  to( 
years'  course  entitles  the  successful  eandidati'  (" 
degree  of    Bachelor  of  Science,  tin'  |iini'i-s|„iial 
grees  being  conferred  only  at  the  end  ul'  a  tilili  yd 

:  devoted  exclusively   to  professional  wnik.    Tlif 

i  cellence  of  the  work  done  in  this  .scIkkiI  lia> 
proved  in  the  best  and  most  .satisfactiiiy  wav,— hv( 
success  of  its  graduates  who  have  actively  ciiL'aj 
in  professional  work.  The  laboratories  fur  ilio  pii 
tical  study  of  chemistry,  physics,  and  lueialluryj 
very  complete,  and  the  collection  of  minerals  llir  | 
in  geological  work  is  hardly  surpassed  in  ilieiouiii 

I  The  Polytechnic  School  is  under  the  ininieiliati  .>u| 
vision  of  the  dean.  Professor  Calvin  .^I.  Wwnjw 

:  In   many  of  their  studies  the  classes  nt  the  mil 
and  the  Polytechnic  School  are  coiiildacd,  aiulioj 

I  students'   societies  no  distinction    is  luudo  hi\t 


EDUCATION. 


869 


t'u'  I'lid  <if| 
ii'S  amltliel 
>y.  In  tli(| 
aluiiMtiiiii  nrl 
l>'i!  (Murw  itl 
lit'';  iuiithuri 
;i.iv;illcl  liiiw.! 
III!  liniuiltiH 
)  .-nil  tlic  <|u. 

llii'  uliuiev 
II  t'l  tliv  stinlj 
il  III  liisiiiriri 
t  tuktf.4  llii  ilej 
>l'  Fi'ciicii  iiiiil 
iliiiiiry  I'ri'wlj 
ii'k  is  ri'miirei 
c  i-iiri'l'iil  «iii'li 
I  is  i\  li'iiluri' 
lu'  stmly  iil'ilil 
1  lliiise  kIumIJ 
mil  tin;  I'.uN 
III-  till!  Mii'iy  I 
I  (lllllT  liriiirl 
isle  :iiiil  ji'i|iiir( 
I'  I'tl'iirt  is  iii.iilj 
sr.s  III'  SlU'ly  :in 
fniiiiiin,  Irt  L'ivi)| 
St  sense  yf  tl| 

liii;li  liU'i 
wri.  Till- 1 
iV.-Mir  >l;ir>li^ 

cliiiii'  Si'liii"! 
iiiri:liii"i';il 
rtallur;;v.  '"»■ 
tiiiii  III'  llio  tbj 

(Mlllli'llltl-'  t" 

|,rur(->i'i"ui 
1,1  III'  a  til'lh  y^ 
wiiik.  Tlio 
si-luiiil  li;i> 
ory  way,— liy  1 
ariivi'ly  iii-i( 
li.'S  for  tlio  |>d 
|ul  mi'talluri:y  | 
iiini'rals  U  \ 
III  ill  till'  ojuiii 
;  iniiiiotli:iti'  >»| 
III  M.  \Vi".'J' 
Ls  111'  till'  >'"1 
ll.iiicil,  aiiJinj 
luaJe  bi^t' 


LhcD.    An  ezcellont  pymnaaium  wm  croctod  in  1879 

(,r  thu  <i^c  "f^  'I'*'  studcntH  of  tho  Undcr^raduiitn 
Uepartiiii'iit,  und  re^julur  iuMtruction  ih  ){ivun  in  t;yni- 
,|.iics  mill  Cttliithcnic!).  Fiitlh  Hcxns  nre  admitted 
ipoii  «<|"'''  ''''''"I''  '"  ^^''^  dopnrtment,  nnd  nliio  in  thn 
')W  KchiKil'  Tlio  fuiiowin^  list  includes  tho  namo8  of 
kIk)  liavo  at  iiiiy  time  been  inember»  of  the  faculty 
Ld  ciirps  <if  instructorR  in  this  dopariniunt.  Tho 
lijiiicsor  ilio  present  faculty  ore  printed  in  ilalici: 

fniniiin  ^t.  l'o»t,  Professor  of  Ancient  iind  Modern 
l|,iory  IVom  1857  to  1869;  Hince  then  University 
Iprvt'i'ssor  iif  History. 

\li,iiiii  Llllim,  Kliot  Professor  of  Chemistry,  ap- 
Iwinii'd  l'^.">7.  This  chair  was  named  in  honor  of 
ItbaiicelliT  William  0.  Kliot. 

Jiisopli  .lonos  Reynolds,  now  brevet  major-jiencral 
Iriiteil  States  army.  Professor  of  Mechanics  and  ('ivil 
lEni'iiioeriiitr.  1857-00. 

(,'.f.i(/('  Einiclminin,  Professorof  Botany  and  Natural 
k't'irv,  IS.")"-7();   University  Professor  since  1870. 

I'harli's  .\.  Pope,  Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Coiu- 

iiivi'  I'liysiiilojry,  1857-07. 

Jisijili  (i.  lioyt,  Clmncellur,  olected  Dec.  17, 1858  ; 

-INuv.  2(1,  1802. 

Finliiiiiiiil    Hochcr,  Instructor    in    Modern    Lan- 

;es,  I851I-01. 

drl  r.  ('.  /cus.  Instructor  in  Oermao  and  Gyra- 

Kiics,  IS,V.)-01. 

tlwiii   1>.  Sanborn,  Principal  of  Mary  Institute, 

|>t;ii-i;2,  and  Professor  of  Latin  and  History,  1800 

illiiiiu  Cliauvenet,  Profes.sor  of  Mathematics  nnd 
Jiitiiiioniy.  1800   to   December,  1809;  Chancellor, 
W18fi;!,  died  December,  1870. 
|].ilin  .McAllister  Schotield,  now  brevet  niajor-jien- 

I'liited  States  army.  Professor  of  Physics  and 

il  Kni;iiiei>iiii!,',  1 800-01 . 
I.yojff;'  Wiilerhoune,  Tutor  in  Greek,  1858-62 ; 
yimct  Professor,  1802-64  ;  University  Professor  of 
«U8ti4-tl!) ;  Collier  Professor,  1809.    This  chair 

!  namcil  in   honor  of  John   P.  and   Thomas    F. 
lier, '.'rail nates  of  the  collep;e,  who  have  since  died, 
lihotn.with  their  two  brothers,  as  heretofore  stated, 
itniiowment  of  this  professorship  was  made. 
liWS.  Hartwell,  Tutor  in  Latin,  1860-01. 
Iniird  F.  Bliss,    Adjunct   Professor   of    Latin, 


L.  Tafel,  Professor  of  Modern  Languages 
parative  Philology,  1860-68. 
IMn  D.  Crehore,  Professor  of  Civil  Engineeriuf:, 
11-62, 
Ihiius  Roetter,  Instruotor  in  Modern  Languages, 


Ocorgo  B.  Stone,  Principal  of  tho  Academy  and 
Professor  of  lUietDrie.  1802-74. 

.John  K.  Sinclair,  Assistant  Professor  of  Matho- 
malies,  1801-02. 

Wllliiim  (i.  Ktlnl,  Acting  Professor  of  Kthical  and 
Politii-al  Science,  1802-04;  .Acting  Tileston  Professor 
of  Politiciil  Keoiioniy,  1804-(i0;  Chancellor,  and  Tiles- 
ton  Profes.sor  of  Political  Kconomy,  1871. 

The  name  of  this  chair  is  in  honor  of  Thomas 
Tileston,  of  New  York  City,  by  whose  dauiihter,  Mrs. 
Mary  Ilemcnway,  it  was  endowed. 

Cn/uiii  S.  Pdintfl,  Principal  of  Mary  Institute,  and 
Professor  of  Intellectual  and  Moral  Philosophy, 
1802. 

George  W.  C.  Noble,  Professor  of  Latin  and  Classi- 
cal Fiiterature,  1804-07. 

Benjamin  F.  Tweed,  Professor  of  Knglish  Litera- 
ture, 1804-7(1. 

William  H.  Clark,  Tutor  in  Mallieinatics,  180;{-04. 

Gcorgi!  H.  Howison,  Assistant  Professor  of  .Mathe- 
matics, 1804-00;  Tileston  Professor  of  Politieid 
Kconomy,  1800-09. 

llegis  Cliuuvenet,  Tutor  in  Malheniatics,  1804-05. 

John  (Jast,  Teacher  of  Diawing,  1804-08. 

.John  L.  Kwell,  Professor  of  Latin,  lS0(i-C7. 

('iilclii  .][.  Ilwii/irari/,  Instructor  in  Mathematics, 
1800-07  ;  Assistant  Professoi  of  Mathematics,  18(i7- 
09 ;  Professor  of  Descriptive  (leometry  and  Topo- 
graphical Drawing,  1809-70 ;  Tliayur  I'rofessor  of 
Mathematics  and  Applied  Mechanics,  1870.  This 
chair  was  named  in  iionor  of  Nathaniel  Thayer,  of 
Boston,  Mass. 

Charles  E.  Illslcy,  Instructor  iu  Engineering  and 
Mathematics.  1807-08. 

Marshall  II.  Holmes,  Teacher  of  Drawing,  1807-08. 

Gi'oiyr  K.  Jdcksiiii,  Teacher  of  Latin  and  Greek, 
1807-08;  ActingProfcssorof  Latin,  1808-70;  Pro- 
fes.sor of  Latin,  1870. 

GeoflTroi  Goepp,  Profes.sor  of  Modern  Languages, 
1808-70. 

George  W.  Minns,  Professor  of  Mathematics  aod 
Astronomy,  1809-70. 

J.  W.  PattLson,  Teacher  of  Drawing,  1809-73. 

Miirshnll  S.  Snriic,  I^rofessor  of  Belles-Lettres, 
1870-74;  of  History,  1874. 

Leopold  Noa,  Professor  of  Modern  Languages,  1870 
-73. 

Henry  Poiueroy,  Professor  of  Mathematics  and 
Astronomy,  1870-75. 

Denhitm  Arnold,  Assistant  Professor  of  Physios, 
1 870-74  ;  Professor  of  Physics,  and  Principal  of 
Smith  Academy,  1874. 

Clittrka  A.  Smith,  Assistant  Professor  of  Civil  and 


870 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Mechanical  Eii^ineerinn;,  1870-73;  Professor,  1873. 
This  chair  is  named  tho  William  Palm  Professorship 
of  Civil  and  Mechanical  Euf^incuring,  in  honor  of 
William  Pulm,  who  died  in  1875. 

Frederick  M.  Crundcn,  Instructor  in  Mathematics 
and  KK)cution,  1871-72;  Professor  of  Elocution,  1872 
-75. 

William  Eimbeck,  Professor  of  Practical  Astron- 
omy, 1871-75. 

William  B.  Potter,  Allen  Professor  of  Mining  and 
Metallurgy,  1871.  This  chair  was  named  in  honor  of 
Hon.  Thomas  Allen. 

F.  William  Kaedcr,  Professor  of  Architecture, 
1871-78. 

K.  Thompson  Bond,  Assistant  Professor  of  Mathe- 
matics, 187.'i-75,  Profes.sor,  1875-70. 

Rudolph  C.  Arndt,  Instructor  in  Modern  Lan- 
guages, 1873-74. 


Charles   V.  liilet/,  University  Professor  nf  E[,t,^| 
mology,  1876. 

Herman  Mcister,  Assistant  iii  Miuing  uiid  Meial-I 
lurgy,  1877-7 'J. 

John  R.  Scott,  Instructor  in  Elocution.  I877, 

Alexander  Leonhardt,  Instructor  in  Assayin",  18So| 
-82. 

GtiHitiv  /loinliach,  rn«-tructor  in  Botany  and  ZoolJ 
ogy,  1880. 

Thomas   B.   Annan,    Instructor   iu    Arcliitccturci 
1880-81. 

Ifowfinl  Kietchmiir,  Instructor  in  Modoiiiig. 

Kdmiiiiii  A.  h'liffler,  Assistant  Professor  uf  .MaiL* 
I'latics  and  Descriptive  Geometry,  1881-82;  Ppla 
Hov,  1882. 

Ilinry  S.  Pritvhetl,  Assistant  Profe.ssdi  of  MaihH 
raatics  und  Astronomy,  1881-82  ;  Profassnr,  18S2, 

Charles  E.  Lndeking,  Assistant  in  Clieiuiatry,188lJ 


MC8EUM    OF   PINK    ABTS. 


John  U.  Jiiilt-f,  Professor  of  Physiology,  1871. 

Janicf  K.  IIosiiiiT,  Professor  of  Eiigli.sh  and  Ger- 
man Literature.  1H71. 

A.  B.  Copeland,  Teacher  of  Drawing.',  1873-74. 

Fraiicit  K.  Niplur,  Assistant  I'ldfcssor  (>f  I'liysicj', 
1874-75  ;  Waynian  Ciow  Profifsor  of  Fliysics,  1875. 
This  chiiir  is  named  in  honor  oi'  lion.  Waymaii  Crow. 

Uiihiy  C.  /iv'^,  Teacher  of  Free- 1  land  and  Mei'liani- 
cal  Drawing,  1874-76;  Professor  of  Drawing  and  De- 
sign. 1876. 

John  K.  Uees,  i'rofessor  of  Mallicmatics  and  As- 
tronomy. 1876-81. 

John  T.  Hodgen,  University  Professor  of  Anatomy 
and  Pliysiology,  1876-82. 

Williiiin  T.  lliirrln,  Professor  of  the  l'hiloHoph\  of 
Education,  1876. 


AiuiiiM  Mufgge,  Instructor  in  Gyiniiujiiis,  l^^J 
TiiK  St.  Louis  School  or  Fine  Akts,  alilioii| 
included  in  the  proposed  plan  of  the  iuHlituiion  In 
the  beginning,  was  not  brought  into  any  ro;:ular  >hi 
until   ii.x  organization   in   1879  'is  a  HO|iiira!i'  <w\ 
nient.      I'rofessor  Halsey  C.  Iv.js  has  liccii  iliiiiiij 
loi  siiKte  its  organization.     The  schoul  lias  lln  w 
the  fine  collection  of  casts  purchased  in  \'m\«\ 
use  in  the  art  work  of  thi,  university,  wliiili:ir('fiii| 
in  the  museum  and  in  the  cla.Ms-ro(iMis  uf  ilii'*b( 
Free  adn<!8sion  is  given  all  art  studoiit.s  i<i(lii'< 
lions  of  sciil|iture  end  paintings  in  tin'  iiiiiM'iiiii.  1 
the  beat  </pporliinities  are  afforded  for  iimst  ili<ri 
prosecution   of    art    ciudy.      Kvcniii;;  iiinl  SiliJ 
classes  for  ib<!   aecominodatioii  of  tlioix'  »li"  *^ 
attend  at  other  times  are  arranged  every  war 


ly  Profegsur  nf  EnU).j 

ia  Miiiinj;  uiid  Mrt»l.| 

Elocution,  187". 
ictor  in  Assaying,  1 

jr  in  Botany  and  Zool-j 

actor   in    Arehilccture 

ictor  in  Mmloliii!!. 
lint  Professor  uf  Mail* 
ictry,  1881-82;  Pr..;*. 

ant  Professoi  of  Mathfj 
-82  ;  Professor,  1882. 
slant  in  Ctiemiatry,  18811 


^W 


tor  in  Gyinnasiiis.  l^SOJ 

01?    FlSK  AUT.S,  all'jM 

Ian  of  tho  iiiMiiuiionfi 
u.^ht  inio  any  ro;;ular 
879  '!«  a  «ei«ira'o  ■! 

The  Bchool  has  llu'  J* 
s  purchased  in  Ki"'f 
univi-rhity,  wlii'l""'''!'" 
I'la-sw-rniinis  "f '!"'  **' 
art  sluiltMits  til  ill' 
iutinpi  in  llie  imw 
afford.'.!  for  ni.wt  tWi 
Kv.'nini:  :iiiil  !*»iw 
Inlion  ..f  tlio».'«li"'; 
iirrann.'ii  ''^''O  .^'''»'' 


EDUCATION. 


871 


hundred  and  sixty  studentH  arc  enrolled  the  present 
yfar.  I'lie  sehoid  is  under  the  direct  control  of  a  [ 
commiticc  of  the  board  of  directors  of  the  university, 
I  yho  witli  Heveral  <!entlcnien  not  othcrwiso  connected  ! 
,ith  the  university  constitute  the  board  of  control  of  [ 
ihcSelioul  of  Fine  Arts.  The  following  arc  thi;  names  < 
I  of  the  lioard  of  control  and  of  the  teachers  in  this  | 
ilepiirtiueiit : 

/('/(;/•(/  "/  Control. — Daniel  Catliii,  Edwin  C.  Cusb- 
L|n.  ,)(din  B.  Ilcnd.^rson,  Ethan  A.  Hitchcock, 
I  fliarloii  Parsons,  Thomas  E.  Tutt. 

f,iiilitr.t. — Halsey  {].  Ives,  director  ;  ('uri  Outherz, 
Ipaiil  K.  Harney,  Howard  Kretchniur,  Edmund  A. 
I  Knuler,  John  H.  Fry. 

The  founder  of  the  School  of  Fine  Arts  wa.s  the 
IBiid.  Wayman  Crow.'  Mr.  Crow  wa.s  the  y.iun<;est 
lioniif  Jii.^liua  Crow.  His  father  was  horn  in  Vir- 
tinia.  Apiil  18,  1760,  and  March  27,  ITSf  iiarried 
Mary  Wayuian,  at  P.)plar  Sprin<;,  Anne  Arundel 
Ifn..  .Md.  Tiio  issue  of  this  union  was  twelve  children, 
III  III  wliom,  except  two  boys  who  died  in  childhood, 
Ittioliod  mature  years. 

Thi-  Crows  came  from  North  Irish  stock;  the 
|Waviiian.'<  were  of  English  extraction. 

,)ii>liim  Crow  tiled  in  Hartf.ird,  Ky.,  April  20, 
llSiii.  lie  was  a  man  of  good  abilitie.s  and  sterling 
Iwc.'riiy.  lint  .somewhat  deficient  in  vigor  of  character. 
Hi-  ffiic.  who  died  near  Hopkinsviile,  Ky.,  Sept. 
1.".  iS27,  w:is  endowed  with  strong  native  sun  le  and 
liTOorilioury  energy.  TIk!  subject  of  this  sketch 
liDhifiiiil  liis  activity  and  cxeeutive  capacity  from  his 

ll'tlliT. 

Sliiirily  lifter  his  marriage,  Joshua  Cr.)W  invested 

Iblirnjieriy  in  the  manufacture  of  flour  in  the  District 

1: 1  limiliia.  hut   the  busin.'ss   proved  unsucce.ssful. 

TiuiMu'  it  easier  t.)  re-esi.iblish  his  shattered  fortune 

i  mw  I'ouiitry,  Mr.  Cr.)v/  wv.,i;   lO  .•Ceiitucky  and 

Wii'il  ill    iluitford,   Ohio   v.. I.     Til  •    Indians    were 

1  imiuerous  in  that  regior;  .".nd  u  "  i  temper  so  tickle 

luiitrii'iiiily  that  tiie     li:    >nce  of  a  Tort  at   Hart- 

wii*a.>i  B  fact  that  had  conciderabl.!  weij,'lit  with  Mr. 

m  ill  the  »el(>ctioii  .)f  his  new  h.un.'.      Aller  his 

Mval   III    Kenlncky,    Mr.    (Vow   studi.^d    law   ami 

wiiiij  lii.^  profi*Msion  in  the  linH-n  River  counti.w. 

)lr«  ("row  was  appoiiite.l  post  mistress  of  Hurt  lord, 

i  liir  w'veral  years  acceptably  discharged  the  duties 

Wr  (iffiue 

Wnmiiii  Crow  was  born  in  Hartford,  Ky.,  March 
:  1HU8.  Wiii'ii  Wayman  was  six  years  old  h's 
tier  iiuivi'il  to    Hopkinsviile,   Christian   Co.,    Ky. 

|'Tb<  «n»im|iniiyliij{  "lo'tiih  (if  M"-.  ('run  wan  |ir.'|iiir('d  fur  tlii» 
Wki  rr.ifi..»,ir  S.  WRterhniMs. 


At  the  age  of  seven  Wayman  was  sent  to  the  district 
school.  The  school-house,  situated  in  the  outskirts 
of  the  village,  wa.s  a  rude  log  cabin,  whose  chinks 
were  imperfectly  closed  with  mud.  The  floor  was 
clay.  It  was  here  in  this  log  cabin  that  Wayman, 
between  the  ages  of  .seven  and  eleven,  and  under 
teachers  whose  system  ol'  instruct  ion  was  as  rude  as 
the  building  in  which  they  taught,  acquired  the  ele- 
ments of  his  imperfect  education. 

In  1819  his  father  removed  to  a  farm  six  miles 
fiom  Hopkinsviile,  and  here  Wayman  spent  one  year, 
attending  school  in  the  winter  and  working  on  the 
farm  in  the  summer.  In  February,  1820,  he  was,  at 
the  ago  of  twelve,  apprenticed  to  Strother  J.  Haw- 
kins, who  kept  »  store  of  as.sortcd  dry-goods,  groceries, 
and  hardware  in  Hopkinsviile  The  period  of  his  ap- 
pret  ti  .eship  was  five  years.  By  the  terms  of  his  in- 
deiitu.»-o,  he  was  to  receive  his  "  victuals  and  clothes" 
and  to  board  in  the  family  of  his  "  ma.ster."  He 
took  his  meals  with  the  family,  but  slept  on  a  cot  in 
the  counting-room.  He  made  the  fires,  brought  the 
water  from  a  spring  two  hundr<:d  yards  from  the 
house,  opened,  swejit,  and  closed  the  store.  Mr. 
Hawkins  was  a  thorough  merchant,  and  iimler  his 
careful  instruitti.m,  Waymaii  easily  mastered  the 
difliculties  of  book-k.^eping  by  d.iuble  entry,  and  be- 
came familii'.r  with  all  the  duties  inci.leiit  to  the  con- 
duct of  a  country  store.  In  the  course  of  a  year  and 
a  half  Mr.  Hawkins  retired  from  business,  and  Way- 
man  was  transferred  by  agreement  to  the  firm  of  .\n- 
dersoii  &  Alterbury.  The!*  mereiiant.s  had  previously 
been  doing  a  wholesale  business  in  iialtiniore,  and  in 
conseijuence  of  their  unfamiliarity  with  the  details  of 
a  retail  trade,  Wayman,  though  not  yet  fifteen  years 
old,  was  intrusted  with  the  chief  control  of  their  busi- 
ness. T.)  him  was  confided  the  responsible  duty  of 
making  out  the  inventory  for  purchases  an.l  the  lists 
of  credits.  Aflor  the  expiration  of  his  apprentioe- 
sliip,  he  was  eiviployed  by  the  firm  at  a  .salary  of  three 
hundred  dollars  per  annum,  and  at  the  end  of  the 
first  yi^ar  .Messrs.  Anderson  &  Alterbury  ofl"ere.l  to 
.>stuhlish  a  branch  house,  furnish  it  with  three  thou- 
sand dollars'  worth  of  merelvinilise,  an.l  give  Wayman 
one-(|uartcrof  the  pr.ifits  to  inaiiag.'  the  business.  The 
young  clerk  accepted  the  offer,  ond  in  ()etob.>r,  1821), 
"p.  lied  a  store  ;:;  Cadiz,  Trig  Co.,  Kentucky.  Al- 
th.iiigh  Cadiz  is  .inly  twenty  miles  from  Hopkinsviile, 
six  months  elapsed  before  Wayman  received  a  visit 
from  either  of  his  employers.  Their  .•onfidence  in  his 
integrity  and  capacity  did  not  need  tlie  reassurance  of 
a  friMpient  inspection  of  his  hooks. 

In  D.-eember,  1828,  Messrs.  Anderson  &  Alter- 
bury, in  constHpienco  of  their  dvtcrminati.)ii  to  re- 


M  j;,  i 


tl 


« 


S72 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUfS. 


move  to  Pittsburgh  as  a  lnr<;cr  field  for  tnunmntilc 
optirations,  voluntarily  offered  to  sell  to  Waymaij  on 
credit  the:,  stock  of  jioods  at  Cadiz.  But  Waymnii 
Was  still  in  lii.s  non-age,  and  to  his  suggestion  that 
the  note  of  a  minor  i'<  not  legally  bindiiiu,  his  cni' 
ployers  replied  thi»t  they  were  willing  to  assume  the; 
risk,  feeling  assured  that  he  would  never  pKad  the 
statute  of  infaney  in  bar  of  a  just  claim. 

During  the  tweniy-six  nin  itlLs  Wayinan  had  been 
engaged  in  business  in  Cadi/,  the  firm  had  cleared 
four  thousand  five  liundred  dollars,  hut  Wavman's 
shaf!  of  the  prulits  had  been  ik-orbed  in  the  neees- 
>»ary  expenses  of  living, — expenses  that  were  imttv^-rially 
increased  by  the  fact  i!i»t  he  was  the  sole  reprc.'^entaiive 
of  the  firm  at  Cadiz.  In  his  final  settlement  with  his 
employers  prior  to  piing  into  business  for  himself 
Waynian  foun<l  that  be  owed  the  firm  tifty-four  dol- 
lars, but  the  [layu/int  was  kindly  dci'erred  and  the 
amount  iitehnlcd  in  the  sum  which  he  was  to  pay  for 
llis  stock  of  good-i.  Acceplioi.'  ihc  tc  i:s  proposccl  by 
.Mc-isrs.  Anderson  kV  Alterbuty.  Mr.  Crow  started  in 
business  ti)r  liiu!<elf  Jan.  1,  1><2!),  owing  his  forniiir 
employers  about  three  tbouMiiMl  dollars,  on  a  credit 
of  six,  twelve,  and  fii'lecn  months.  He  paid  the  notes 
before  their  maturity,  and  in  July,  18:55.  sold  out  with 
a  vi(!W  of  going  elsewhere,  having  made  in  six  years 
and  a  half  after  deiiucling  all  !ii-  family  expen.ses,  the 
sum  of  twenty-one  thousand  dollars, 

Nov.  5,  lH2t»,  Mr.  Crow  married  Mi.ss  Isabella  il. 
Conn,  the  third  daimhter  of  Capt.  H.  Conn,  of  Uninu 
County.  Ky.  Of  this  marriage  nine  children  were 
born,  of  whom  Alphmisine,  Victor,  Medopi,  and  Alice 
died  in  childhood,  while  Cornelia,  Kinma,  Mary,  Isabel, 
and  Waymaii  reached  adult  life, 

ill  the  fall  of  ISlJi).  when  be  was  only  ninctoen  years 
old,  .^lr.  Crow  was  appointed  pi.stmaster  at  Cadiz,  lie 
held  this  trust  till  the  winter  of  \A'.i)i  when,  in  eon- 
8ei|;itiice  of  his  support  of  Henry  Clay  for  the  I'lesi- 
deiiey,  he  was  removed  from  olhee.  Hut  his  dismissal 
wiiM  so  unpo]iular  that  tuxiti/en  of  (7adiz  woidd  accept 
the  (losition.  and  the  vacancy  wok  filled  by  a  man  from 
llopkinsville. 

For  .some  time  Mr.  Crow  had  been  contemplating  a 
removal  to  a  larger  field  ol'eomiuereial  enterprise.  In 
the  spring  of  \Ki')  be  sitt  out  in  (piest  of  a  new  home. 
Detained  in  >St.  Louis  for  several  weeks  by  a  severe 
illness,  he  um;d  tin-  opportunities  of  eonvalcseenee  In 
oxaniine  the  biiHiness  features  of  the  place,  and  deeply 
impresseil  with  its  commervial  facilities,  he  determined 
to  settle  in  8l.  liouis. 

While  he  was  lying  sick  in  St.  Louis,  the  Hank  of 
Kentucky,  without  solicitation,  appointed  iiiui  a  di- 
rector for  the  purpow!  of  organizing  a  branch  bank  at 


llopkinsville.     He  was  a  member  of  the  li<  ,ni  u^i;| ; 
the  followiufi  Novemboi,  when,  in  view  of  Ms  imnjc. 
diate  removal  to  .St.  Louis,  he  resigned  his  |.|;ie(>. 

At  this  time  Mr.  Crow  formed  a  partii.  i-l,ip  iv|||| , 
his  cousin,  Joshua  Tevis,  of  Philadelphia,  .ml  dii  tlie 
ISth  of  November,  18IJ5,  be  landed  at  ,Si.  I.uui,,  anj  j 
Ix^gan  business  under  the  style  of  '•  Crow  ,V  Tivi. 
Such  was  the  humble  beginning  of  one  of  iju'  lar;;,',i  I 
comnierrnal  hoii.sesin  St.  Louis.    Under  the  lniiTiiam,.,  I 
of  '•  Crow.    MeCreery  iV:  Co."  and  "  (Vow.  lliiriMiliin.) 
&  C  I."  tiie  firm  has  eontiniu^d  in   biisine.s>  until  i|ie| 
present  tii.i'i.     I<rom  the    date  of  its  organi/.iition  di,. 
hou.so  has  never  known  a  reverse  or  reecivnl  a.<i;,Jn| 
upon  its  commercial  honor.      From  the  bi'i^iniiiiiL'  .Mr.l 
Crow  has  been  the  lieail  of  the  firm,aii<l  ii  was  ijiiinyi 
owiiii;  to  his  practical  wi.sdom  and  busiiii'>>  rnr("i;>|ii| 
that  the  firm  lias  b(U'ii  able  safely  to  weailj,  r  ||||.  |||,.,„ 
cial  storms  that  have  from  time  to  time  swi'i.i  MMli..| 
astrously  over   the  ciuintry.      In   18117,  '.'iT,  (11.  ,ii;ij| 
71!,  when  eommcrci.il  confidence  and  cn'ilit  witciit-l 
Icrly    unsettled,    and   when    many    of   the   sirpiiij.stj 
hou.ses  were  sinking  in  ruin,  this  firm  iwwr  |';ii|,.| 
meet  all  its  obligations  at  maturity.     The  iiaiiii'dl'  |\'i;| 
overtook   the  house  when  it  was  eiiciiiniicicil  wjiii 
debt   of   several    hundred    thousand    diillars.     lluiJ 
seemed    inevitable.      In  this  desperate' eiiiirL;iii.\  mJ 
Crow  borrowed  money  at  two  and  a  hall'  |Kri.. 
month,  and  secured  the  payment  of  liiinl'.  »» 
the  benefit  of  the  firm  by  the  jiledge  ol  liis  nwn  irjJ 
vate    property.       He    also    i.ssiu'd    a    cii.iilar  Hliiil 
evinced  great  foresight  and   knowledge  of  huiiiaiiiJ 
tore.      By  its  candor  of  statement,  exhililt  nl  linainiJ 
stri'iigth,   and   adroit   appeal   to   the  .syiii|iatliir.  mJ 
interests  of  the   debtors,  this  circular  cHiciiv.v  raj 
lieved  the  einbarra.Hsnieiit  of  the  hoii.sc. 

One  senlenee  is  specially  worthy  of  .{iiHiaiiMii; 

"To  us  our  eommi'reial  honor  i.-  as  (liM)' :i>  < 
lives;   to  preserve  it  we  are  prepan-d  to  make  aii\  | 
euiiiary  sacrifice  short  of  impairing  cnir  aUiin  lifM 
ultimately  every  dollar  we  owe." 

So  manly  an  address  met  a  generous  r('S|>iin.x'  id 
the  moneys  derived  from  eolleetioiis  and  |.rivaii' lind 
were  sufiieicnt  to  rescue  the  firm  IVoiii  (  iiiiiiKroi^ 
danger,  'i'lie  house  may  well  be  pimiil  el  ii-  ifl 
founder,  of  the  fine  example  of  mereanlilc  Ihhihi  nliid 
he  has  set,  and  of  a  commercial  career  s<>  ili.^tiii^iii-li^ 
lor  sagacity  and  unvarying  success, 

111  18-10,  Mr.  Crow  was  unaniniiiii!<lv  clt'cicii  [M 
dent  of  the  St.   Ijouis  (..'hamber  of  ('niiiiiicrn'. 
held  this  office  for  about  ten  years  in  sai'i'i'i»ii>ii 

In  18M)uiid  again  in  18.'i()   he  wa.s  < hrini  Ni 
Stale  Senate  on  the  Whig  ticket.     The  .-(■ciJiiJ  irf 
of  senatorial  scrviuo  was  four  years. 


f  of  lliti  I"  'I'll  mail 
1  view  of  111-*  imiiit. 
iii^ntid  111--  ! 'iiw. 
il  tt  pariii.  i-l.ip  witli 
Ittdolpliia.  iiiil  III!  ill,.  I 
i<led  lit  J^'-  '•"iii>.aii(i| 
of  '•  Crow  iV  'I'lvi. 
of  ono  111'  '.hi'  lar:.<t| 
IJndi^r  till'  l;iliTii;iiiii'«l 
;id  "  Crtiw.  ll;ir:;iiliiiel 
in  busiiii'.-.-  until  iWl 
if  its  oriiaiiiMtiiiii  tli'^ 
•so  or  rv'o>'i\ril  u  >i;iin| 
•om  tliu  bci;inniii'.'  MrJ 
firm,  anil  it  was  iliiiHyj 
and  bti^iiii->  riiri-i:lit| 
ly  to  woatlii  r  tlii' liiuii-| 
,e  to  tiiiw  ^wi'l''  '""'i- 
In   1S:5",  '.'iT.  I'll.  Jiiii 
iici!  and  ri-i'ilit  Win  i|t-| 
iiaiiy    i)f  i'"'  ^"'"'i- 
his  firm  luvit  liii'  i 
rity.    Tlii'iaiiii'i'l  b'i'l 
vas  uiictitiilirii'il  «i'li 
lonsand    ilnllat^..     I'lU.Hl 
li'sjH'ratc  rinrt-inr\  Mr| 
o  and  a  lialt  (h  r  i 
imi'iit  of  ttiml'  ii> 
liled^o  ol  lii>  "«ii  l^l^ 
iu.-d    a    e'ir.Milur  »i. 
kllowli'il:_'0  iif  IlllllW": 

mi'iit.''xliiliii  iiMiiai-i 

lo    till'    >Ullli.lllil'-  :l 

s  circular  rtVii'iiv.)  r«| 

tin-  llllVlSl'. 

,„.tliy  of  i|lli'lali"'i. 

iMiiiir  i>  as  il'Mr  J- 
iiT^i.iri'd  111  tiial.   iiijH 
l.iiinn;.'  utir  al'iin.^  '"K 

Wl'." 

n  jn'in-roii-  ti s|»'ti« 
IcL'tioiis  ami  I'liviit.' i"id 
,  lirni   rruiii  iinmi'ffi* 
•11  l.i>  jirtuiil  I't  ii»  II"' 
,i'nu'rcaniil''li""""''' 
,,\  ..„r.vr  SI.  ilistitti:ui-l 

.lll'WSS. 

jiaiiimiini'l^  rli'ftcil  p^ 
,„,lK.r  of  I'.itiitiiitiv 

yoars  ill  Mll■^•l^>l"" 

,5(»   111-  was  1  li'<t«'l  t" 

i,,k,,,.     -rii.  si'i-"'l  tcij 
ur  yoiirx. 


ll 


// 


c 


Til 


\\ 


872 


WTSTOWV    CkV    QATVT    T.nTTTS! 


'I 


move  tc 
operatio 
credit  t 
was  8ti 
tlic  no 
ploycn 
risk,  f 
stiitut 
Du 
er.jxai 
four 
shor 
sary 
inoi 
oft 
em 
W 
la) 
ai 
h 
J 
I 


•  ;t.-it',i  i„  s.il  It.  'tViijDi. 
■•U  at  l.'«<Ji«  l!»t  Wi' 
.>  nrnl  W)  his  sa«i«"i"' 

(ht-y  wcriv  vUiiiij; 

I  that  ho  would  nflver  plewo  ihi 

II  hat  '>r  ii  ju"!  da'  I' 

lljll.ll'l'l' 


t  iirt*   It*.    '^ 

ill  Ills  ;. 
.'  imo  I 


a  in«;inl"-i 


'. I  I     ' 


kI    (AtTi! 


'■'i.    (    l.'A    .nil    1  it  .1      "*' 

.  ■■],■  ..  ..rf.jiL  I!  I 


iiiD«  ehi 


>'    liumlu'ii 

N  -,    .  I 
I  l.l-tHl    Ul'.l    I 


n<i  "if  a  1  1.1 


.1..1     in    »4'      I.nll 


lii^kl 


Llliilli  IlUi        :\wc   W.L-   ImUI   ;'1ii: 


Pi' 


I'i 


tZOcc^<^ 


^i^\ycyc^^  /^-f.^t  >-v 


'  t^J^rz^ii 


I 

Mia 


Mr 

I.I'mIIII, 

:  ( 

In-  Inr 

Ill  Is 

|!>>'jr;ini 
Iwil  tli 
l/Hii' 

Y>  "&'■> 

ms  .Iii;i;(i, 
MrCi 

■  lllliTi 

}><■'  lllllll 

P^uli.  11 

'6aiirii 


III 


i.iii 
iLarl  111 
I  l^l"ll:rli 
■'  Oll||0( 

><  dial 


EDUCATION. 


873 


It  wiis  ill  1850  thut  tlie  present  railroRil  policy  oF  \ 

\|iiisoiiii  was  inauj^untcd.      Mr.  Crow  aided  in  pro-  i 

ciirin'.'  I  lie  charters  of  the  Hannibal  and  St.  JoHCph 

,„J  till'  Mis-souri   Pacific  Uailroads.     Of   the   latter 

riiad  111  was  one  of  the  ori<;iiial  stockholders,  and  was 

iciintn'iutor  on  the  eventful  evcninj;  when  the  joint 

.iibsirii'iioM    of   one  hundred  thousand   dollars    was 

raised,     lie  was  subsequently  one  of  the  directors  of  j 

I  iiie  riiixl,  and   showed  his   faith  in  its  future  by  rc- 

1  iiiiiiii!.'  liiM  stock  for  more  than  twenty  years  witli- 

1  out  any  return  of  dividends.  ' 

III  ilio  liwt  session  of  the  State  Senate  in  18511,  he 

was  a  niciiiber  of  the  Coiiiinitteoof  Ways  and  Means. 

While  III'  was  servinj;  in  this  capacity.  (Jovernor  Price, 

i  yin;  bcvond  the  limits  of  his  own  party  and  nut  ex- 

ifiins;  si'iurity   for   a   trust   involviiiij  two   hundred 

I.Wusiiiiii  dollars,  appointed  him  a<;ent  to  sell  a  new 

^.uc  (if  till  Slate  bonds.     Mr.  Crow  diK])i>sed  of  the 

yiiiils  in  the   New   York  market  at    a  prctuiuiu  of 

Lirly  fiiiir  and  thrce-quurters  percent.      Up  to  that  • 

1  ill,,  iiii  snii'  of  State  securities  had  (ivcr  been  made  on 

Tins  Ml  favorable.      His  commission  of  one-half  of 

Ur  ]«T  eciit.  amounted  to  about  niio  thousand  and 

li!u  i|iiil;iis.     One-half  of  this  sum  he  uMve  to  New 

Uiirl.  Imiikers  for  aid  in  negotiating  the  loan,  and  out 

lil  ilic  live  hundred  and  twenty-five  dollars  that  re- 

liiiiiiil  lie  (mill  his  own  e.xpiMi-vs.      For  his  success  in 

lil.  ininsiK'liiin   he  was  hiiihly  coni|ilimented  by  Gov- 

iKt'ir  I'riie  in  a  public  inessajre. 

Mr.  Cmw  iililaincd   the   charter   of  the   St.  Louis 

kiiiiii  till'  ilio  HIiiid  and  of  the  Mercantile  Ijibrary 

11(1  Ciinipiiiiy.       With    j:ene-  ..      contributions    he 

r.|  in  ilie    erection  of  the  library  buildinir.  and 

Ih-i't  many  years  a  member  of  the  board  of  dirce- 

in  \><\i  ho  was  chosen  president  of  the  Murine 
iMraiici'  Oiiinpaiiy.  Five  or  six  years  later  he  re- 
IishhI  this  |iiisition,  and  was  elected  president  of  the 
h'wU  I'lTpotual  Insurance  Company.  He  held 
lib ulli.r  till  the  outbreak  of  the  civil  war,  when,  at 
Ii8>iii;i:('siiiin.  the  stockholders  closed  up  the  affairs 
m'.\\'-  i'iiiii|iiiiiy. 

I  Mr  (iiiwi.s  a  Unitarian,  and  has  liberally  supported 
* inii'ri'«t.s  of  his  denomination.  He  has  been  for 
|imIi;iii  iliirly  years  a  trustee  of  the  (Miureh  of  the 
Bisiili,  and  tor  many  years  president  of  the  board  ] 
iti'iiinil,  While  in  the  Senate  he  procured  the 
Hit  III'  tlie  mission  school  connected  with  the 
[liurian  Cliiirch,  and  was  several  years  a  member  of 
flw\  of  inana^'ors.  I 

U!;li  11  native  of  a  Southern  State,  Mr.  Crow  ; 
i^iV  iMiicviviil  a  love  of  free  institutions.  The  ! 
»f  iliat  .Miiwouri  would  noon  become  a  free  Slate  ' 


was  one  of  the  stronjicst  motives  that  induced  him  to 
settle  in  St.  Louis.  In  order  that  his  daughters  might 
be  surrounded  by  the  influences  and  imbued  with  the 
principles  of  freedom,  he  sent  them  to  New  Kngland 
to  be  educated.  It  was  while  his  daughter  ('ornelia 
was  at  .school  in  Lenox,  Ma8.s.,  that  Mr.  Crow  met  her 
classmate,  Harriet  Ilosmer.  The  young  school-girl, 
who  had  already  determined  to  devote  her  life  to 
sculpture,  was  invited  to  St.  Louis,  and  pas.sed  eight 
months  in  Mr.  Crow's  family,  engaged  in  the  study 
of  anatomy,  as  an  introduction  to  her  more  strictly 
technical  education.  Afterwards,  when  she  was  strug- 
gling in  Rome  under  the  discouragements  which  so 
oft(!n  beset  an  artistic  career,  her  patron  sent  her  a 
check  of  two  thousand  five  hundred  dollars,  and  gave 
her  an  order  to  be  executed  at  her  pleasure.  At  a 
later  period  his  influence  as  chairman  of  a  committee 
to  erect  a  statue  in  honor  of  Col.  Ucnton  enabled  him 
to  secure  the  commission  for  Miss  Hosmer. 

It  was  also  at  Lenox  that  Mr.  Crow  formed  the 
aci|U»intance  of  Fanny  Kemble  and  Charloile  Ciish- 
man,  with  whom  he  maintained  a  lifelong  friendship. 

Mr.  Crow  has  always  been  an  active  supporter  of 
the  public  schools,  but  his  gifts  to  Washington  Uni- 
versity are  his  most  important  contributions  to  the 
cause  of  education.  Ho  may  indeed  be  ealleil  the 
founder  of  that  institution,  inasmuch  as  be  was  the 
first  to  conceive  the  idea  of  a  university  and  to  embody 
that  idea  in  an  organic  form.  In  the  winter  of  185:i, 
during  his  last  term  of  service  in  the  Senate,  without 
consultation  with  any  one,  he  drafted,  introduced,  aixl 
secured  the  passage  of  the  charter  of  Washington 
University.  In  tin;  remarks  which  Mr.  Crow  niaile 
at  the  festival  held  on  the  22d  of  April.  1882,  in  com- 
memoration of  the  twenty-fifth  anniversary  of  the 
foundation  of  Washington  University,  he  used  these 
Words, — "  .Mniost  thirty  years  ago,  near  the  close  of 
my  last  senatorial  term  of  office,  without  consiiltatii  .i 
with  others,  I  drew  up  and  introduced  into  the  Sen- 
ate the  charter  of  this  institution."  The  catholic 
provisions  of  that  instrument,  its  clear  recognition  of 
the  literary  wants  of  St.  Louis,  its  absolute  prohibi- 
tion ,if  partisan  politics  or  sectarian  religion  in  the 
administration  of  thj  university,  attest  the  liberality 
and  practical  sagacity  of  the  mind  that  conceived  it.' 
In  .June,  1875,  he  gave  twenty-five  thousand  dollars 
to  the  university  for  the  endowment  of  the  professor- 
ship of  physics.  The  total  amount  of  bis  endow- 
ments is  more  than  two  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

On  the  21st  of  December,  1875,  Mr.  Crow,  as  the 


l!    i 


'  Mr.  t'ripw  himheon  vloe-iiriwlilcnt  nf  the  iinlvurnity  fruin  iti 
iirKitnitiitioii  to  the  iirracnt  tiiiio. 


874 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


oldest  survivii));  ex-|>rcsident  of  the  Merchants'  Kx- 
chiin^u,  delivered  the  valedictory  address  in  the  old 
hall,  prior  to  the  inauguration  of  the  new  edifice  on 
Third  Strwt.  His  remarks  on  that  occasion  were 
pervaded  by  that  lofly  spirit  of  niercnntilo  honor  that 
should  be  the  inspiration  and  (luide  of  our  (iomiiier- 
ciul  life. 

On  the  Ist  of  March,  1878,  Wayman  Crow,  Jr., 
died  in  Leamington,  Knglnnd.  In  the  following 
suinnior  his  father,  with  the  approval  of  his  family, 
decided  Ut  erect  a  memorial  art  muHcum.  A  lot  nno 
hundred  and  fifty  feet  in  front,  and  one  hundred  and 
fifty-five  feet  in  depth,  situated  at  the  corner  of  Lucas 
Place  and  Nineteenth  Street,  was  bought  in  February, 
1879.  The  work  of  construction  was  at  onco  begun. 
The  edifice  was  formally  dedicated  on  the  10th  of 
May,  1881,  and  conveyed  by  deed  to  Washington 
University  on  the  sole  condition  that  twenty-five 
thousand  dollars  should  be  raisiul  as  u  permanent 
fund,  the  interest  of  which  should  b<;  expended  for 
works  of  urt  for  the  museum. 

The  total  cost  of  the  ground  and  building  was 
about  one  hundred  and  thirty-five  thousand  liollurs. 
The  St.  liouis  Museum  of  Fine  Arl.s  is  u  superb 
structure.  Tasteful,  well  built,  and  admirably  adu[ited 
to  the  uses  of  an  art  gallery,  it  is  at  once  a  bctautiful 
memorial  of  a  beloved  son  and  a  lasting  monument  of 
the  beneficent  public  spirit  of  the  father. 

Through  the  lapse  of  ages,  this  noble  gift  will  fos- 
ter the  culture  of  ifsthetic  art  mid  develop  new  .sources 
of  refined  enjoyment.  Mr.  Crow  is  a  man  of  great 
genoro.sity.  When  his  old  employers  were  overtaken 
by  business  reverses,  he  showed  his  gratitude  for  the 
encouraging  confidence  which  tlu'y  reposed  in  his 
youthful  honesty.  The  declining  years  of  one  of 
them  were  brightened  by  a  generosity  as  delicate  as  it 
was  con.slant.  while  the  son  of  the  other  was  placed 
in  u  position  which  enabled  him  to  maintain  his  widowed 
mother  in  comparative  case.  .Many  a  man,  disheart- 
ened by  adversity,  has  been  relieved  by  Mr.  Crow; 
but  the  charity  was  often  given  in  the  considerate 
disgui.se  o.'"  payment  for  services  which  he  did  not  need. 
His  encouraging  words  and  helpful  hand  have  aided 
many  young  men  to  rise  in  the  world,  and  enabled 
muoy  elder  ones  who  have  stumbled  in  (he  arduous 
paths  (if  business  to  regain  their  footing.  During 
his  life,  the  aggregate  of  .Mr.  Crow's  gifts  to  his 
church,  to  Washington  Univrrsity,  to  the  support  of 
the  Union  during  the  civil  war,  to  private  charities 
and  public  i'nt<!rpri.s(>s,  must  have  aiUDunted  to  three 
hundred  thousand  dollars.  Though  a  man  of  wealth, 
Mr.  Crow  is  not  a  millionaire.  That  he,  while  yet  liv- 
ing and  still  cxfHtsed  to  the  hazards  of  business,  should 


from  a  comparatively  moderate  fortune  dcvot'  •inUi;, 
a  sum  to  public  munificence  is  proof  of  a  lilt 'raljivaj  I 
rare  as  it  is  noble.     To  give  away  money  wWwh  ihf 
owner  can  no  longer  use  is  not  the  highest  e^iTiisiMif  I 
benevolence;  but  to  forestall  death  and  bcrdnic  ti|J 
executor  of  his  own  legacies  is  the  act  of  an  i!uli<:lii. 
ened  and  self-denying  benefactor. 

The  domestic  life  of  Mr.  Crow  has  been  siiiu'ularl;! 
plea.sant.  Ho  has  spent  his  happiest  hours  .it  hniuel 
in  the  endeared  companionship  of  his  wile  and  ihii.l 
dren.  He  has  always  sought  to  make  thai  liunicihel 
scene  of  cultivated  pleasure  and  the  centre  af  icnJerl 
associations.  He  has  filled  it  with  objects  uf  an  ia| 
plea.se  the  eye  and  educate  the  taste,  lie  lim  iiath- 
ered  in  his  drawing-rooms  men  and  wnnii'ii  of  culJ 
turo,  in  order  that  ho  might  enjoy  the  ricli  and  variijl 
results  of  study  which  the  eircuiustiinces  of  lijjovu 
early  life  prevented  him  from  attaining.  Ills  ;;,g.| 
erous  hospitality  will  be  long  and  kindly  rciueiulnrcdl 
by  the  guests  who  have  been  so  forturnite  m  to  »hart 
it.  His  sprightline.ss  of  mind  and  his  lar^'o  I'uin]  oh 
information,  derived  from  observation  aii<l  Iravdiooj 
tribute  much  to  the  pleasure  and  profit  lA'  Wu  socjj 
entertainments. 

Mr.  Crow  is  es.sentiully  u  self-made  man.  anu  !« 
example  is  full  of  suggestive  encouragement  to  yuuni 
men.     Three-quarters  of  a  century  ii'.'n  ilic  iinwssa 
of  leaching  were  everywhere  throughdiii  iln'  cnuiiin 
far  less  perfect  than  they  are  to-duy,  but  in  u  IroniiM 
Slate  both  the  methods  and  subjeet-maticr  ul'ln-irua 
tion  were  singularly  defective.     It  wa.s  iiiuiiT  ilic 
conditions,  in  a  Kentucky  log  cabin,  that  Mr.  I'roJ 
obtained  in  less  than  six  years  all  the  scliniil  Mm 
ti(m  which   his  circumstances  perniitU'ii  him  lu ; 
(|uire.     Yet  by  reading  and  reflection,  liy  lioiui'  agj 
foreign  travel,  and  by  extensive  interemirM'  wiili  iiiji 
kind   he  bus  become  u  man  of  large  viewi<  ami  varitj 
information,      lieginiiiiig  his  business  life  ai  ivA^ 
with  the  humble  duty  of  sweeping  a  small  imiiil^ 
store,  he  rose  step  by  step,  without  a  sini'lo  reveid 
throughout  his  long  career,  until  he  lia.<  Incoiuci 
of  the  merchantprinces  of  the  land. 

.Mr.  Crow  is  a  nnin  of  eminent  u.seriilmss.  Fir  I 
honorable  services  in  mercantile  life,  in  pulilio;il  truj 
ill  public  enterprises,  in  educational  wnrk,  auil  i^  | 
vate  charity,  St.  Louis  will  long  cheri.^li  ilie  lueiim 
of  its  distinguished  benefactor. 

The  St.  Louis  Law  School,  at'iiT  ii.«  <«' 
opening  in  18li7,  had  its  rooms  and  its  ia'turrti 
given  in  the  I'olytcehiiic  building,  corner  of  !"tf«l 
and  (Miestnut  Streets.  On  the  c()in|il('ii(inof  tliol 
wing  of  University  Hall,  on  WashiiigtuM  .Uodud, 
1872,  the  Law  School  removed  to  eligible  rciuiiisibtl 


EDUCATION. 


675 


jrtune  dcvot.' solarje  | 
roof  of  aliti>riiliiyii| 
lay  money  whiili  i 

>aih  and  bui-diuc  the] 

the  act  of  an  onli'jht- 

r. 

iw  has  bci'ii  I'iir^ulark 

uppicst  himrs  iit  lioniel 

of  his  will'  ;uid  iliii. 
o  make  that  limui'  the! 
d  the  centre  dl'  tendetl 
with  objects  of  art  lol 

taste.  Hr  has  wlh-f 
icii  unJ  wiimeii  of  calJ 
ijoy  the  rie\i  ami  var'u  Jl 
rcumstJiiici's  u(  liis  owi^ 
u  ullaiiiiii}:.  His  m-I 
and  kiixlly  rfmi'iHli.rdl| 

so  fortunatt'  as  tn  jhan 
d  and  his  lari^cfunJe 
icrvrttioii  aii'l  travcl.ooa^ 
and  profit  ul  'lis  swij 

self-uiaJf  mail,  ana  'i| 
encoiiraj:>'iiit!"t  to  ynuni 
century  ai:o  llio  pr(icess«( 
i  t\iriiui;himt  ilu'  c'"iiiiiij 
3  to-day,  but  ill  a  fr.iniid 
subject-uialleroliirtruJ 
vc.     It  was  iiiiiltT  liie 
og  cabin,  lliat  .Mr.  t'r( 
-ars  all  the  school  wlui 
les  perniittctl  liini  i" 

reflectiipii.  liy  Imini'  ai 
iive  intiTciiiirM'  wiili  mi 
of  larjii!  views  uml  varil 
,8  business  lilV  ill  '»' 
?wecpin:_'  a  ""';>"  ^"""' 
witliout  a  siiijo  ri«" 
I,  until  be  ii;us  Wwiuc 
Itbo  land, 
iuent  usefuliiiss.    h'J 

[itile  life,  i" !'"'''''"''"" 
icational  wurk,  luni  ij 

long  cherish  tlie  n\M 
;tor. 

[school,  afU'r  it.«  I'"' 
looms  and  its  ltctur« 
luildiiig,  corner  of  :*fV( 

the  completion  of''" 
111  Wusbii'i;toii  Avfiiiii 
|vedtocli'::ihlcf"""''''" 


liiit  the  growth  of  the  Undergraduate  Department  and 

the  need  of  much  nmru  room  for  t)ie  rapidly  iiicreas- 

liii.r  cdlleetions  made  it  necessary  to  seek  new  quarters 

fyr  this   importv.d  department.      When,    therefore, 

Mary  Institute  was  removed  to  its  new  building,  the 

I^ff  Si'lioiil  was  transferred  to  the  old  institute  build- 

iD«.  Nil.   1417  Luca.s  Place,  whore  it   lias  since   re- 

igaiiieJ,  and   where   it  hus  ample  room  for  growth. 

Xhr  character  of  its  faculty  and  the  high  standard 

muired  for  graduation  which  is  rigidly  adhered  to 

have  made  the  Law  School  well  and  most  favorably 

I  hoffn,  and  it  stands  among  the  first  institutions  of 

ilie  kind  in  the  country.     A  diploma  from  this  .school 

idniits  its  owner  to  practice  in  the  courts  of  the  State 

mJ  United  States  without  examination,  upon  simple 

ai'ition.    These  diplomas  are  conferred  only  upon  those 

ilio  successfully  pass  the  .severe  written  examinations 

I  ,.f  (lie  school. 

The  chancellor  of  the  university  is  r.r.  iijfirin  the 

,|(ial  head  of  the  law  department,  but  the  control 

linii  nianagement  of  the  department  has  always  been 

\mti  in  the  law  faculty.    At  its  organization  in  I8U7, 

Ilii'Dry  Hitchcock   was  appointed   dean    of  the  law 

Ificuliy.  and  was  executive  officer  thereof  until  Oeto- 

ly.  1870,  when   he  re-signed   in  eon.se<|ucnce  of  ill 

lyth.     (ieorge  M.  Stewart  was  then  appointed  dean 

.f  the  law  faculty,  and  remained  such  until  May,  1878. 

Mr.  Hitchcock,  having   returned  home  with  re- 

litwod  health  in   December,  1871,  was  reappointed  n 

liember  of  the  faculty  and  made  provost,  and  us  such 

Ir>uiuci1  the  executive  management  of  the  haw  School, 

luii  continued  to  exercise  the  same  until   May.  18TS. 

hithat  time  the  entire  faculty  resigned  and  the  law 

llifulty  was  reorganized,  Henry   Iliteheock  being  re- 

Lpi'iiitvd  dean  and  the  number  of  the  faculty  being 

Imiiia'J,  though  the  course  of  study   was  enlarged. 

Ill  June,  1881,  Henry  Hitchcock   having  resigned, 

IVil'iiani  (i.  Hammond,  liL.D.,  was   appointed   dean 

lif  the  law  faculty,  which  office  he  now  holds  with  the 

la^utivc  management  and  control  of  the  Law  School. 

lPr>lV.s.s(jr  ilaniinond  entered  upon  his  duties  in  Octo- 

lltr.  1S80,  aAer  many  years  of  Ruecossful  work  in  a 

lilar  position  in  the  lown  State  University.     To 

lleiiry  Hitchcock,  however,  more  than  to  any  other 

IbDiimst  be  ascribed  the  successful  establishment  of 

■lit  .<('iiii<il.     He  was,  as   we   have  seen,  for  .several 

K!  tlie  dean,  then  provost,  and   dean  again,  and 

holds  an  important  chair  among  the  faculty. 

The  fiiljowiiig  Hat  incluiies  the  names  of  all  who 

beat  any  time  been  members  of  the  faculty  of  the 

IwSchooi.  Those  in  ilidu-x  are  tlie  present  members : 

^mi„l  Tiint,  18(i7;  Nathaniel  Holmes,  18ti7-tt8; 

If^ri  7o(/,/,  18G7 ;  John  D.  S.  Dryden,  18i;7-«8; 


llmry  Ifilclnor/c,  18t)7;  Alexander  Martin,  1867- 
78  ;  Samuel  Ueber,  1808-79  ;  John  M.  Krum,  18«8- 
78;  Grorgi:  A.  Mnili/f,  1868;  George  M.Stewart, 
18118-78;  Hodcrick  K.  Rombauer,  1872-7:J;  Chester 
II.  Krum,  187:J-82  ;  Gimfm-us  A.  FnilcelMinj,  1878; 
Oeorge  W.  Cline,  1879-82;  WillUuu  G.  Ilammuwl, 
dean,  1881. 

H.MITI1  AcADK.MV,  which  was  the  real  beginning  of 
the  university,  pa,ssed  from  the  hands  of  Messrs.  Low 
and  Tirrell  in  the  year  18»)2  into  the  care  of  I*rofes.sor 
George  B.  Stone.  Under  his  vigorous  udmini.stration 
the  academy  grew  and  prospered,  even  throughout  the 
trying  days  of  civil  war,  and  its  reputation  for  thor- 
oughne.ss  and  general  excellence,  so  well  established 
by  l*rofe8.sor  St^jne,  is  maintained  and  strengthened  by 
his  successor.  Professor  Dcnliam  Arnold,  who  became 
principal  at  the  resignation  of  the  former  in  1H74. 
Recent  improvements  have  been  made  in  the  courses 
of  study  which  make  the  academy  a  good  fitting  school 
for  any  college  or  polytechnic  school  in  the  country. 
It  hos  a  large  corps  of  teachers  and  an  attendance  of 
nearly  four  hundred  pupils.  The  following  are  the 
names  of  those  now  constituting  the  body  of  govern- 
ment and  instruction : 

Dcnliam  Arnold,  principal ;  George  K.  Jackson, 
John  H.  Jenks,  James  A.  Lanius,  William  S.  Curtis, 
Kli  R.  OITut,  Charles  P.  Curd,  Henry  K.  Seaver, 
Horace  A.  Hrown,  Asa  K.  Goddard,  John  R.  Scott. 
Richard  D.  Swain,  Charles  P.  Morrison,  Anna  C. 
Ilillman,  Inez  Borden,  Mary  B.  Cushman,  Amanda 
Ford,  Isabel  H.  Noyes,  Charlotte  M.  Martling. 

i^I.VHV  Institiitk,  the  university's  school  for  girls, 
has  been  under  tlie  charge  of  Professor  Calvin  S. 
Peiinell  since  the  year  1802,  when  he  .succeeded  Pro- 
fe.siior  Sanborn.  The  Brat  building  was  on  Lucas 
Place,  No.  1417.  This  becoming  inadequate  for  the 
uses  of  the  rapidly  growing  school,  the  building  at 
the  corner  of  Locust  and  Itcaumont  Streets  was 
erected  and  occupied  in  1878.  The  school  has  » 
large  corps  of  teachers  and  more  than  four  hundred 
])iipils  on  its  rolls.  ^Llry  Institute  has  always  enjoyed 
a  Well-deserved  reputation  for  the  th,  oiighness  with 
which  its  work  is  done  and  the  admii.iiile  spirit  which 
pervades  the  whole  school.  Tlio»(!  of  its  graduates 
who  so  desire  have  free  admi.ssidii  t(i  either  branch  of 
the  Undergraduate  Department  of  the  university.  The 
teachers  of  the  institute  are  as  follow.s :  Calvin  S. 
IVnnell,  principal ;  Caroline  K.  Pendleton,  Henrietta 
Sawyer,  Margari't  T.  Wallace,  Sophie  Desloge,  Flora 
L.  Whitney,  Surah  V,.  Cole;,  Annie  Wall,  Mury  J. 
Uychiicki,  Jennie  R.  Greene,  Annie  L.  MeCargo, 
Sallie  B.  Dunnica,  Emily  .\.  Nelson,  Emma  G.  Noyes, 
Kate  J.  Bruinerd.  Saiah   >L  Milln,  Lizzie    Butler,  S. 


i 


it 


876 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


1).  Hiiydon,  .Towic  Klliot,  Lily  Irwin,  Theo.  Ilagon, 
Kininii  L.  Tiiiis!<i<;,  Aihi  Jnliiifnn. 

In  till' year  1S7"»,  William  IL-nry  Smith  iinil  liis 
wife,  Kllcn  Smith,  pivi>  to  tin-  iinivfirnily  a  »uiii  of 
mnnoy  which  Iiuh  since  incroasial  to  thirty  thoiiRand 
(lolinrs  for  the  h«'j.'innin)r  of  a  Iccturo  fniinclution. 
LecfurcM  known  as  thi-  Smith  lucturps  arc  ^'ivpn  ovcry 
year,  either  in  the  larje  lectunvrooin  or  in  claiw-rooniH. 
upon  nil  nnhject8  which  are  suiteti  to  the  needs  of  the 
public.  The  8uni  of  five  thouxnnd  dollars  has  also 
been  (»iven  by  Mrs.  Mary  Henieiiway,  of  Hoston, 
MaM.,  for  tho  encourajienient  of  the  study  of  Anicri- 


Woodward,  dean  of  the  Polytechnic  School.  '  tliiMJ] 
rector  of  the  Training  School,  and  is  as.si>i  ,  |,y  ,||., 
following  teachers : 

Jtihn  W.  SparfTo,  Charles  F.  White,  (I  ,,..,,  w 
Krall.  W.  Henry  Vauirhn,  ('harles  K.  .Ion  \\.,„f^ 
M.  Newington,  Oscar  W.  Hueder,  (Jeorirc  I;.  W,,,,]. 
ward,  H.  S.  Ncwiand,  Charles  C.  Swafl'ord. 

The  property  of  tho  university,  ineluditi  l.iiililinii 
anil  furniture,  is  estimated  to  he  worth  mori'  iliiin  nnp 
million  ih)llars,  all  of  which  tins  been  given  l>y  ii|||,|;,.. 
spirited  men  and  women,  most  of  them  r. -ii|,.|iis,,t' 
St.  Louis.      No  aid  from  the  State  has  ever  Iicm,  p. 


M.VM'AI.   TU.\I.NI.\(1    .SClllMH,. 


can  hi.slory.  The  people  of  St.  Lonis  now  look  to 
the  university  every  year  with  eonlidrnce  that  the 
dt^nnmd  for  instruelion  in  this  form  will  he  regularly 
met. 

TlIK  M.VMAI.  TllAININfl  SclKiol,,  as  has  been  he- 
fore  stated,  is  a  school  for  iIk'  instruction  of  boys  in 
English  branches  and  the  ii>e  of  tools,  the  purpose  be- 
ing not  to  ti!ni;h  ]iarticnhir  trades,  bnt  to  give  such  an 
vdueaiion  in  the  us(-  of  tools  as  will  he  a  good  prepa- 
ration for  those  wishing  to  b(>  skilleil  mechanics.  Tli(< 
course  of  study  is  also  so  arranged  as  to  tit  the  pupils 
for  the  I'ulytcchniu  Suliuol  of  the  university.    I'rufcsHor 


eeiveil,  nor  has  any  money  been  olil^iiin'il  fruin  ;ia^ 
deniimiinitional  source,  for  the  univc-rsiiy  is  in  ibi 
strieti'sl  sense  of  the  term  non-sectariaii  ami  iii'ii[ 
tisaii,  and  doires  no  connection  with  ciiluT  iliurili 
Stall'.    The  following  list  includes  tlir  iiaiiics  "f  *in 
nf  till'   benefactors  of  the   univei-siiy,  iimv  cimwt 
with  a  few  of  those  who  are  still  alive  In  hv  ihol'mi^ 
of  iheir  generosity,  and  the  sums  givcti  by  wrh  I 
nearly  as  can  be  ascertained.      Much  Iimh  liccn  siire/ 
rrei|Ui'ntly  in  large  sums,  as  tin.'  iiniiii'ili:iit.'  iiiwl 
ifuired,  and  without  publicity; 

Nathaniel  Thnycr,    of    Boston,    .Miinv,  ?I:''" 


D  Seluml       lliinli. 
IM   llHni>i     i  liy  th» 

s  K.  <Ii"i'   ■  Ham 
Opiir-^''  1'  NViB«l. 
iWiitTi)ril 

fortli  miir''  iti;in  .110 

)f  tlxmi  iv-iil.'iiNi.f 
ito  hii»  I'ViT  In't'i.  p'- 


J^gV^_ 


„),,;,i„,.,l  I'pmi  allj 
iv,.r>iiv  is  i"  'k 


ctiiriaii  iiml  n""! 
\,  ..iiluTchuMii 


iiini'S 


■on-Hc 
Bon  wit 
eludes  tlu'  " 
Uivfi-sity 
ttill  alive  111  !»•« 
suiiw  uiv" 


EDUCATION. 


877 


lU'W 


lltfl'l>< 

ihf  frui 

liy  I'lA 


L  t\„,.  iiiiini 


iimton, 


.ili;ite  lu--' 


?l':,i« 


\lrs.  ^Iiiry  UiMiienwuy,  of  HoHtun,  Maiw.,  8:15,00(1 ; 
J,iD.>  Smith,  of  St.  liouin,  ^-TiO.OOU  ;  Hudson  K. 
Itrid^:.'.  of  St.  Louis,  817!),0O0;  John  O'Fullon,  of 
5i.  l"W»,  $t)2,000;  William  i'ulm,  of  St.  Louis, 
j5.'),(iiiii;  Wuymnii  Crow,  of  St.  Louis,  $170,00(t; 
Jaiui?  II.  Luca.s,  of  St.  Louis,  $10,000;  Oiorj-u 
1'jrlriil.n',  III'  St.  liouis,  $100,000;  thu  Collier 
bniilici^  "I'  St.  Louis,  $25,000. 

\\\^  liiive  |:iveii  not  ucuurate  Htntciucnts  of  umounti) 
oiniriliiiti'd,  but  such  upproximuti-ly  correct  .stiitc- 
BtoU  n»  huvu  been  mailu  from  time  to  time  in  pub- 
;..|i('(l  n  jiiirlH  itnd  dociiuientM. 

Jaui>'>  Smith,  who,  asiiidicMtudBbi)Vu,  wum  the  larjicst 

Muiile  contributor  to  the  fund.-*  of  tliu  university,  was 

i„rn  lit  IVterborounh.N.  II.,  on  the  2Sih  of  OetobiT, 

l«ii4.    Ills  father,  John  Smith,  was  a  man  of  note  and 

n.iiHM|ii<'iiee.   He  had  very  limited  o|iportunilies  of  cdu- 

uiiiiii.  Inn   possessed  ^reat  natural  vi;:or  and  activity 

<l  iiitt'llii'i,  and  made  liiais<>lf  fclr  as  11  potent  factor 

mill'  iiU'airs  of  the  town.      For  twelve  annual  ti^rms 

Misoi'Utively  he  served  the  town  as  its  representative 

iDtiit'  Si.iln  Le^islature,  and  tilled  the  office  of  local 

ijii.-trati'  with  j^reat  acceptability  for    many  years. 

Oiif  villi  knew  him  well  said  of  him.  ''  lie  was  a  man 

:  va«t  jiiiiportions,  ^ireat  in  Imily,  mind,  and  heart." 

He  bi'liin'.'ed   to  a  family  of  stalwart    mm,  and   his 

ititlu'rs  Were    also    gifted    with    uiiennimnn    natural 

l^liiwaiLiils.     One  of  them,  Jeremiah  Smith,  ro.se  to 

l;W  liiu'lii'"'  ilistiiiction  by  sheer  force  of  his  own  na- 

Wf  laleiits,  enerjry,  and  ambitinn.     After  liavini;,  by 

tioliif  liaiil  strujjulc,  obtained  a  collegiate  educatiiiii, 

i( ditured  the  profession  of  the  law,  which  he  soon 

iliii iiineil  I'lir  the  field  of  politics,      lie  was  elected  a 

UtiMiitaiive  in  the  Slate  Lef-islalnre,  in  which  pnsi- 

IhD  Ik'  served  with  honor  to  himitelf  and  acceptability 

Llii<  iMiiLslilueiits.      II(!  was  then  chosen  a  member 

It!  riiii};re>.»,  where  lie  served  his  native  State  durini; 

|c'  xliiilu  period  of  Washin^tun's   two   adAiinistra- 

i>.    .^uUeciuently  he  held  in  succe.s.sion  the  olliees 

lU'li'i' of  the   I'nitcd  States  District  Court,  and  of 

Mrf  justice  and  Governor  of  New  Hampshire,  slied- 

ii;;iiall  nf  them  new  lu.stre  on  the  family  name. 

Ijiiios  Smith  inherited  from  his  father  a  powcrl'iil 

Ull'.  all  active  intellect,  un  iron  will,  and  thu  ambi- 

In  excel.     His  mother  was  a  woman  of  tine  in- 

j':"iiL'i.',  a  ilauj,'liter  of  David  Steele,  of  I'eterbor- 

;li.  ami  nf  a  family  which  (;ave  to  the  State  one  of 

iriy  (iiiveriiors,  and  has  always  been   noted  for 

ui  uiiil  liiitlily  vipir.     It  was   from   her  chiefly 

It  lio learned  those  habits  of  industry,  economy,  and 

ill  iliut   liirmed    the    basis    of   al!    his    husines.s 

(["■riiy.     His  youth  wits  spent  amid  very  liyini; 

liUuii.s,  lor  he  WU8  one  of  u  family  of  ei^ht  chil- 


dr(tn,  with  only  scanty  moans  of  support,  and  lived 
in  an  obscure  country  village,  with  but  little  school- 
ing and  that  ut  irregular  intervals;  but  the  discour- 
agetneiit.s  and  trials  he  was  called  upon  to  endure 
served  oidy  tu  temper  and  develop  his  natural  strength 
of  character.  Hy  the  death  of  his  falliiT,  who  was 
aecidentally  killed  in  1821,  new  and  heavy  responsi- 
bilities Were  laid  upon  him.  His  three  brothers 
being  absent  and  engaged  cl.scwhere,  the  whole  care 
of  the  family  devolved  upon  James,  who  was  then 
only  .seventeen  years  of  age.  At  length,  after  three 
years  of  courageous  and  irdiious  efJurt  to  win  a  livo- 
liliood  from  the  sterile  .soil,  it  wits  decided  to  give  up 
the  farm  at  I'etcrborough  and  remove  to  Franklin, 
where  his  brothers  and  a  sister  hail  already  taken  up 
their  abode,  and  where  a  business  opening  for  him 
presented  itself.  The  change  was  accordingly  made, 
and  with  his  mother  and  .sisters  he  took  up  his  resi- 
dence in  Franklin  in  182 1,  and  ut  once  obtained  ein- 
ployiiKMit  as  a  clerk  in  the  store  connected  with  the 
new  mill  at  that  place,  which  had  recently  been  built 
by  bis  brother-in-law,  John  Cavciider,  and  ntliers. 

Four  years  were  sficnt  in  Franklin,  but  hisaml>ition 
was  not  satisfied  with  the  slender  promise  afhirded  by 
the  business  of  u  small  village,  and  he  accordingly 
removed  to  the  city  of  New  York,  where  he  also  re- 
mained four  years  engaged  in  business.  He  then  ro- 
lurned  to  New  Hampshire,  and  was  married  on  the 
Itlih  of  May,  18U2,  to  IVr.is,  daughter  of  Juiues  Gar- 
land, of  Franklin.  The  newly-wedded  pair  wcik  to 
New  Vork  City,  but  the  outlook  not  being  .satisfactory 
to  the  young  merchant,  he  turned  his  face  in  thu  fol- 
lowing year  to  the  great  West  In  the  .spring  of  18.'i.'5, 
Mr.  and  .Mrs.  Smith  started  on  their  journey,  and  after 
four  weeks  of  wearisome  travel  reached  thu  spot  on 
the  west  bank  of  the  .^l i.ssissippi  which  was  destined 
to  be  their  future  home.  St.  Louis  was  then  little 
more  than  a  frontier  town,  but  the  influx  of  the  New 
Knglund  element,  with  such  repicsentative  names  as 
lliiise  of  (Jreelcy,  Gale,  Filley,  and  Uridgc,  soon  began 
to  be  fell  in  its  commercial  and  ih  lu.stiial  life.  Shortly 
after  his  arrival  Mr.  Smith  entered  into  a  copartner- 
ship in  the  wholesale  grocery  trade  with  his  brother, 
William  II,  Smith,  and  John  Cavender,  under  the 
.M'/lc  of  Smith  Urolheis  k  (.'0.  All  the  partners  went 
to  work  with  a  will,  each  playing  the  part  of  porter, 
book-keeper,  and  salesman  indiflerently,  and  it  was 
not  long  before  the  sterling  (|Ualities  of  liiese  thrifty, 
hardworking  Vankees  came  to  be  known  and  appre- 
ciated, the  new  tirui  soon  achieving  an  enviable  repu- 
tation li'V  fair  dealing  and  integrity  among  thu 
merchants  of  the  city. 

In  Mr.  Stuith's  family  circle  the  habits  of  industry 


I  I  i 


%. 


IMAGE  EVALUATION 
TEST  TARGET  (MT-3) 


1.0 


I.I 


1.25 


28 


u 
'-  ,. 


25 
2.2 

2.0 


1.8 


1.4    111.6 


Photographic 

Sciences 

Cbrporation 


23  WEST  MAIN  >TltEET 

WEBSTER,  N.Y.  M580 

(716)  872-4503 


ts 


M.^ 


i/.. 


878 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


and  thrift  that  had  been  learned  among  the  hills  of 
the  Granite  State  were  transplanted  to  the  soil  of 
Missouri.  Every  dollar  saved  was  added  to  the  capi- 
tal which  wus  one  day  to  build  and  endow  institutions 
of  learning  and  philanthropy. 

As  the  years  passed  by  the  firm  of  Smith  Brothers 
&  Co.  continued  to  develop  and  extend  their  business, 
keeping  pace  with  the  rapid  growth  of  the  city  and 
surrounding  country,  and  experiencing  the  usual  vicis- 
situdes of  good  and  bad  fortune.  The  great  fire  of 
1849  inflicted  the  first  and  only  serious  loss  that 
Smith  Brothers  &  Co.  ever  suflfered.  It  destroyed 
their  store  and  stock  of  goods,  and  temporarily  gave 
a  check  to  their  .^usiness.  It  was  also  the  occasion  of 
the  retirement  of  Mr.  Cavender  from  the  firm.  With 
fresh  ardor  and  undiminished  confidence  the  Smith 
brothers  again  resumed  business  as  soon  as  a  new  store 
and  new  goods  could  be  obtained,  admitting  as  a  part- 
ner Levi  Parsons,  who  had  been  in  their  employ.  The 
death  of  Mr.  Parsons  within  a  year  led  to  the  fovma- 
tion  in  1851  of  another  partnership,  to  which  George 
Partridge  was  admitted  as  a  member.  The  new  firm 
took  the  name  of  Partridge  &  Co.,  and  prospered  as 
the  old  one  had  done,  James  Smith  being  again,  as 
before,  the  master  spirit.  At  length,  in  1862,  weary 
of  the  cares  and  responsibilities  of  a  business  life 
which  had  lasted  for  more  than  a  third  of  a  century, 
Mr.  Smith  withdrew  from  the  firm  of  Partridge  & 
Co.,  and  never  again  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuits. 
He  did  not,  however,  retire  from  business  pursuits, 
and  the  large  itiv  rests  which  he  had  acquired  in  some 
of  the  leading  banks  and  business  corporations  of  the 
city  continued  to  receive  his  constant  attention.  For 
many  years  he  had  held  the  position  of  director  in 
the  Boatmen's  Savings- Bank,  Provident  Savings  In- 
stitution, Belcher  Sugar  Refining  Company,  St.  Louis 
Gas- Light  Company,  and  the  Missouri  State  Mutual 
Insurance  Company,  and  during  the  remainder  of  his 
active  life  continued  to  give  them  a  large  share  of  his 
time  and  strength, 

As  his  activity  fn  aflFairs  of  business  lessened,  Mr. 
Smith's  thoughts  turned  more  and  more  towards 
works  of  charity  and  philanthropy.  For  many  years 
the  Washington  University  had  been  u  special  object 
of  his  benefactions.  One  of  the  original  incorporators, 
and  always  a  member  of  the  board  of  directors,  he 
had  from  the  first  taken  a  deep  interest  in  its  welfare, 
and  given  largely  of  his  means  for  its  support,  and 
for  the  promotion  of  its  growth  and  development. 
These  gifts  had  previously  been  made  us  the  current 
needs  of  the  institution  from  year  to  year  required, 
and  aggregated  a  large  sum  ;  but  in  187S  he  signal- 
ized his  devotion  to  its  interests  by  placing  at  the 


disposal  of  the  university,  without   conditions,  bank 
stock  valued  at  seventy  thousand  dollars.     In  i|ie.,e 
larger  benefactions  he  always  regarded  his  wife  as  an 
equal  partner,  and  it  was  at  her  suggestion  that  the 
last-mentioned  gift  was  made.     The  purpo.se  to  matj 
final  disposition  of  one-hnlf  of  his  property  for  edu- 
cational, charitable,  and  religious  uses  had  been  defi- 
nitely settled  in  Mr.  Smith's  mind  for  yours,  and  in 
fulfillment  of  this  purpose  a  will  had  been  executed  is 
early  as  1855.     When  the  matter  can.o  up  for  con- 
sideration, however,  it  a  later  day,  it  was  tliouijlit  i 
that  certain  provisions  of  the  will  might  prove  inop- 
erative,  being  in  conflict  with  the  new  Constitutinn  I 
of  the  State.     Accordingly  Mr.  Smith  had  a  new  will  I 
prepared,  in  which,  after  bequeathing  one-half  of  his 
estate  to  his  wife,  and  declaring  certain  minor  specific 
legacies,  he  devised  to  the  Rev.  William  O.  f;iio( 
without  express  conditions  or  instructions  as  tu  its  I 
use,  the  residue  of  his  estate,  and  named  him  a!  his] 
executor.     Thus  was  laid  upon  the  trusted  friend  the  I 
burden  of  carrying  out  the  charitable  purposes  which! 
had  been  cherished  so  long  by  Mr.  Smith. 

In  February,  1876,  an  attack  of  paralysis  pros- 
trated Mr.  Smith,  but  he  rallied  and  was  enabled  tol 
resume  in  some  degree  his  old  interest  in  the  world! 
and  its  afi°airs.  In  the  following  summer  he  souchtl 
a  renewal  of  health  and  strength  at  the  seashore,  ial 
Hampton,  N.  H.,  ond  returned  in  the  autumn  much| 
refreshed.  Towards  the  close  of  his  life  his  mind  ^^ 
verted  to  the  old  home  among  the  granite  hills  oh 
New  Hampshire,  and,  animated  by  the  desire  to  leavJ 
something  as  a  memorial  of  gratitude  to  tlie  place 
that  had  given  him  birth,  he  f.eated  a  trust  fundol 
three  thousand  dollars,  the  income  of  which  in  perj 
petuity  should  be  devoted  to  the  purehi;;e  of  1 
for  the  town  library  of  Peterborough,  N.  H.  ThJ 
summer  of  1877  was  spent  by  Mr.  Smith  at  the  hom 
of  his  friend,  Josiah  C.  Palmer,  at  Hampton,  N.  HJ 
and  on  the  15th  of  October  of  that  year  his  deati 
occurred.  His  body,  in  accordance  with  his  wisha 
was  taken  to  Franklin,  N.  H.,  and  laid  beside  the  r 
mains  of  his  mother  and  oldest  brother.  His  devotaj 
wife  and  their  adopted  son,  George,  for  manyyeal 
a  resident  of  New  York  City,  still  survive  him. 

It  was  us  a  man  of  business  that  Mr.  Smith  wJ 
best  known  to  the  nion  of  his  own  time,    .\5an1d 
chant,  he  had  a  high  sense  of  coniuicreial  honor  ad 
integrity,  and  was  scrupulously  exact  in  all  In*  hii| 
ni'ss  transactions,  both  giving  and    asking  what  1 
thought  was  justly  due.     He  was  cautious  and  l'H 
sorvative  in  tempcianiRnt,  preferring  nimieialo  prul 
with  f  .icty  to  greater  speculative  gains;  was  a  1 
judg   of  men,  rarely  making  mistakes  in  his  o-timal 


ithout   conditi(iii,<,  bank 
isand  dollars.     In  tliew 
regarded  his  wife  as  an 
her  suggestion  that  the 
!.     The  purpose  to  make 
of  his  propcrtj'  for  cdu- 
;iou8  uses  had  bfcn  defi- 
i  mind  for  years,  and  in 
will  had  been  executed  as 
natter  can.o  up  for  cen- 
ter day,  it  was  tliou;rlit 
e  will  might  prove  iiiop- 
th  the  new  (.'onstitutinn  | 
tf r.  Smith  had  a  new  wil 
jueathing  one-half  of  his  I 
ing  certain  minor  specific  j 
Rev.  William  a,  Eliot. 
or  instructions  as  tu  iol 
e,  and  named  hiniasliisl 
pon  the  trusted  friend  the! 
charitable  purposes  wiiichl 
by  Mr.  Smith, 
attack  of  paralysis  prus-| 
allied  and  was  enabled  lol 
old  interest  in  the  world! 
lowing  summer  be  soushtl 
rength  at  the  seashore,  ial 
rned  in  the  autumn  iiiuchl 
ose  of  his  life  his  mind  re- 
imong  the  granite  hiiis  on 
ated  by  the  desire  to  learj 
of  gratitude  to  the  plaa 
he  r  veated  a  trust  fund 
I  income  of  which  in  per| 
1  to  the  purelir.se  of  bookt 
eterborough,  >f.  H. 
by  Mr.  Smith  at  the  honi 
ilmer,  at  Hampton,  N.  I 
ber  of  that  year  his  dean 
iccordanco  with  his  wislie( 
H.,  and  laid  beside  the  r 
Idest  brother.    His  devetej 
in,  George,  for  many  yeal 
ity,  still  survive  him. 
siness  that  Mr.  Sniiili  wi 
his  own  time.    As  a  uie| 
3  of  comuiereial  honor  a 
lously  exact  in  all  hi- 1 
ving  and   asking  what 
He  wa.";  cautiims  and  co 
preferring:  nnHlerate  prii( 
iculalive  gains;  was  a  i 
ig  mistakes  in  his  estinial 


:^^'-^- 


J^'- 


*»i>^-:> 


^l  !l: 


878 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


.•\nd  tl.uH  '  .1  ...i'i  iicv'ii  loanicd  aimmjr  tlif  JiiH"  *' 
t'ii.  (ir.ui'.t*  State  weif  tnumpliiiit^ii  tu  thu  soil  <>f 
^!i-     ii.     -Ji^'.-i-ry  'loll.r  j»ivo<l  was  iiduci  to  tho  '.'.ij'' 

•ll  '.flisi  utii'  liay  (O  blliitl  ilfii  I'li'li-M-  !!:<!itl.  luno 

iif  tiuniiug  iiii'l  j/uiluiithmpj*. 

i  ,  .1,^.  yerin  pas»i'<I  i-r  iln'  lin.i  of  .-juiiiii  i"."iiii-i.< 
■^  ('■•  i-iin;?"!  ll  ll.  (]cVi;li)JiKll(l  uxl;:iiu    '■  '•  '     ■';■--■■■ 

k{'i'|'it>,',  paise  with  iIk^  rapid  jrrDwH 
■"UTf'ii..  ling  foiintr;.  ■.n<.)  fjcpciii'iininv;  iln;  'isuui  visio 
sii.uucs  til  giui'J  and  ba<i  iVuiisno.     TIi    jrresi  (ire  uf 
IMtf   inflictui  the  Krst  ivml  o-iiy  scriuiw  Ions  that 
rtiiiilh   Brothers  fi  V.'i.  kvhf  so^r^i>ci.      Ft.  '.ti.'Mrc-r  i 
(heir  stjire  and  stock  of  ^^ood.'!.    frl  ti-iiipttniiilv  :«.;; 
5  ohe«!c  to  their  huininess.     It  was  iil.n*  thu  <hji  ... 
the  rctiieiiu'iit  ff  Mr.  V'avemier  frnm  tt'c  firii!.     V»'    U 
Tieih  atdc   ;i:id  iiiidiiiiiniMiiO  cuuiidence  th^  :^.In^ih 
^.'iihfcfs  HKiiin  rcifuitt'sd  busincw  miinHr.i  ua  nuwsture 
aiiii  nfi'v  m)i!e«  «(>ti!d  bo  ob*  I'uijd.  /idmiitiiiur  tw  »  paiT- 


:!  bs 


■  '.^^!i  tit  sht>  fV>rii»a- 


.uii  nrr.i»p<!r.'.i(  .H'i 
;'aiiiii   Lui.R'  )i'.ruin,  .is 


iror  Ix;vi  Pjirsn)!;*.  \vi!;i  < 
lii'mh  of  .Vr.  I'vrsoi.- 
tilH)  Hi   1  f^.'. '      • 
i-'jir'it-ijp?    ■K  . 

*  .nk  jh«  wah'  af  f'ai 

t!u'  ik'  b>iJO,  Oi.n-.iS 

bofor*    '  ■  (tpiiii.     At  lenirth,  in  l'''>2,  !TCi.ry 

of  thtt  wwt  .-•u^i  i^s5i>oit)»jbilitii>  '  a  baiiiias^  life 
vvliiah  bud  im-tod  for  won:  ttiun  a  'bird  ol  a  cotiturv, 
Mr.  rimi'-'i  .Ubdnv,  Irom  tbc.  llnu  of  i'ftrtnd;,o  i 
I.'...,  an':  .    u    Mipaged  iu  lueroautilo  idir-uii-'. 

l)i  Hi]  111.;,  ii.M^iviT,  retirii  frrini  bnVmrM  imnttiit.', 
nod  th'.  ivtfj.-;  iiHi-iost.'  wliioli  ho  bad  acquirisri  in  s<inio 
i.|  :'u'  !ci  ;ic  iianitjt  aud  Ijii^iup^s  corpjr:itioii.-  ..il'tlio 
uity  oi..n'iuuoa  to  rof-mv*-  his  i.'yost^int  atUiatinn.  Kur 
iiijiiy  v..r  '■■  b.td  brld  'be  position  of  dir-X-tor  in 
•'     !i. ...  hmk,  Provhieut  Suvings  1 

:■■  .  -  ■  ■■  HpfmM\L' '"'••n.'pany..  St    f- 


di!<[n>8i»l  of  the  mii;'«rrsily,  witb.m: 
,  nuifk  valued  At  scvttiiiy  tliou'tiKtu 

i-if.<f7  ht'ncfii'ition.'i  h"  alvr-.xys  ti.'-z:- 
<■•.(  -i'  partp'  7,  and  it  was  al  Ik  " 

■  <  iil;('in»d  t?i!y  was  tiiad''. 
liKid    .'  :    :  iif  oiie-balf  'U   bit 

cti<,  '  lob'    :ili'.l    ivilj.iima    ■ 

pleiy  .-Nsliiod  m  Jlr.  rfraitb'-; 
liiiiiHt  I'-i.t  of  tlii.H  purpoSft  It  '; 
fiarlv  h;«  l.''.ri5.  'VVbiMi  ili-  •: 
sideratiiiii,  iimv.'v.jV.  ut  »  biti  r  ■'■ 
thut  •.■fvlwiii  proviiijous  1)1"  'bi' 
i':ui.-t'  bi'vj^  in  <:ij!:fli'-i  wi;'- 
:•  Vccoi-diriclv  M. 

propuM  i,    1)  wiiich,  uRo.r  tj';ijuiM' 
ef)tatr>  to  bi.s  wile,  '^nd  doclurii)'.:  <•• 
!:,.r)i''ifH.   br  dovi^ed  tii   the    ]<•;• 
without  nxpr(;ssi  tondi.i.!;i.>,  or    :.■■' 
nsc,  ibc  rtiiduij  of  hi«  osla!.-,  ;ui»! 
executor.     Thus  whs  liiij  rq-uu 
burdun  «''  Mi  tying  oui,  :'  ■.  <•! 
bad  b<*ftn  rlii-risbed  so  loii;i  b^   .'' 
Ttt  Ft'bni.iry,   l.S7li,  im  .attaiiit 
irm;-l  M-    Siuitli,  but  lie  r:iiii<«!  .. 
'.  r(»umu  in  souii;  degree  his  <-k\  ini 
'  and  itj*  alfiiirs.     In  tbo  fblloBi:!..- 
i  a  ri"i)t?wni  of  bt.iitli   niid  srr*  . 
I  Lliimptiji),  N.  H..  niid  ri>.urri  ■•■ 
riffrosht'd.     Towards  rlu'  eio:-; 
vr.-teJ    to    tiie    .Id    h(jiui:   ■■.i 
'  Ntfw  Hanipsliiro,  atid,  uimnui'-'     ' 
something'  uh  ■.'.   in-'inormt  of 
tbit  h.'i'i  ...vi.n  I'ti  t  birtii,  h> 
i'.n  '.  tb' maud  dolbire,  ib.t-'      .  . 
■  .     ibl    lift   dHViilixi  '. 
"r   hbr.ii-y  of  IVt'-: 

'x^T  '.Vll'S  lip«!lt  b\    . ' 

•VI.  .Ifvijiah  C.  I'alwi 

■  J   un  iho   lath  of  0<"' 
•i'Ciirr<ii.      ni.s  body,  in 

t  »-i  tnl<eii  to  Franklin,  N.  II 
!iuWi-(  'f  bii  'Doilier  jdd  obb-. 
':''■•  ami  ihi'ir  ndot.tpd  ■   ii.  '    j 
1         lent  of  New  V 

li  wa"  ;i-^  ;i  niiui  ol'  ! 
b>'-i  '■;nowii  to  lh«  Uioil    ,     • 
'^ad  8  hiirh  h-i 
I  >;  V,  and  •.>!ii  -■•rii(  • 

■  .:  tnni.- action.-',   bi.lb    . 
;'ooo,L'bt  Was  ji;    ' 
-'!rvitli\i' in  ti>iiii..'raiiii.-fii    :  •- 
.villi  i»iib'ty  tu  jrixiiier  s.   ■ 

jiidvjo  of  ui  ■•! .  rnr  !y  nmk  i  > 


i  '■    :i.! 


1:1  ill 


>-i  -t    (S^         C-<-^-a 


r,-^. 


'1 


EDUCATION. 


879 


of  them,  and  possessed  that  rare  quality  of  mind  pop- 
ularly known  as  "  comiuon  sense,"  which  when  suc- 
ecfsfully  applied  to'  the  miina^^enient  of  great  cnter- 
nriscs  the  world  calls  genius.     Money-making  he  re- 
I  larded  in  the  light  of  a  duty,  as  George  Peabody  is 
I  reputed  to  have  done ;  and,  like  Peabody,  he  valued 
wealth  only  for  its  power  to  benefit  mankind.     Wash- 
iDi'ton  University  was   the   largest  recipient  of  his 
kounty,  and  he  was  its  largest  single  benefactor.    His 
lniunificont  liberality  toward  that  institution  sprang 
1  from  his  conviction  that  the  education  of  the  people 
1  is  the  only  sure  foundation  of  our  form  of  govern- 
Bcnt,  and  that  the  establishment  of  a  great  institution 
1  of  learning  in  St.  Louis  would  be  the  best  guarantee 
jfthe  city's  future  prosperity.     Confidently  believ- 
jiDj that  Washington  University  would  one  day  realize 
ideal,  he  was  led  to  devote  to  that  institution 
Ijirectly  or  indirectly  nearly  one-half  of  all   he  pos- 
I  x$9i'd. 

Mr.  Smith  was  a  Unitarian  in  his  religious  belief. 
Id  one  of  the  original  members  of  the  congregation 
lifietwards  known  as  the  Church  of  the  Messiah.    He 
lias  conspicuous  for  his  devotion  to  the  interests  of 
■k  society,  and  was  one  of  the  lar';";st  contributors  | 
wards  the  erection  of  its  first  two  churches  and  its  : 
linrrcnt  expenses.     During  his  lifetime  he  was  a  gen-  | 
hm  giver  to  the  Mission  Free  School,  a  charity  de- 
Iioied  to  the  succor  of  destitute  jhildren,  and   an  i 
lagrowth  of  the  Church  of  the  Messiah,  a  liberal  ; 
liare  of  its  present  endowment  in  real  estate  having  : 
\\t^n  received  from  him,  as  also  by  his  will  a  further 

1  of  five  thousand  dollars.  Mr.  Smith's  gener-  ■ 
|«iiv.  however,  was  by  no  means  limited  to  the  few 
Ijccte  indicated.  His  sympathies  were  broad  and 
lalliolic,  and  no  worthy  enterprise  was  undertaken  in 
ii.  Louis  for  the  general  good  during  the  active  period 
If  kis  long  life  which  did  not  receive  his  substantial  ' 
litpport. 

Altiiouj;h  he  always  took  a  deep  interest  in  public  i 
Ifche  never  sought  or  accepted  any  public  office, 
Ikmas  always  prompt  as  a  citizen  to  discharge  every  ; 
Ibj.   In  politics  he  was  -x  stanch  Republican,  and 
liiiiii;  the  civil  war  never  faltered  in  his  devotion  to  i 
lit  I'liion.    Upon  great  questions  of  public  policy  \ 
Mii'wswerc  broad  and  liberal,  and  it  was  not  in  his  \ 
Urn  to  be  a  partisan.     His  manners  were  genial 
I  kindly,  and  throughout  liis  conversation  ran  a 
pin  of  wit  and  humor  which  made  him  a  delightful, 
upanion.      Although  tolerant  of  the  opinions  of 
liers.  lie  was  tenacious  of  his  own  convictions  and 
pi;  and  outspoken   in  their  expression.     In   his 
pnWiips  ho  was  strong  and  devoted,  and  always 
pioj  himself  upon  the  plane  of  perfect  sincerity, 


he  had  no  toleration  for  whatever  was  dishonest  or 
insincere.  His  motle  of  life  wtui  plain  and  simple, 
and  temperance  and  moderation  characterized  all  his 
habits.  Domestic  in  his  tastes,  he  found  his  chief 
enjoyment  in  the  quiet  pleasures  of  his  own  fireside. 
Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  his  early  school  educa- 
tion had  been  extremely  limited,  he  was  a  great  reader 
and  keenly  enjoyed  the  society  of  the  best  books,  of 
which  his  library  contained  a  goodly  store.  Charles 
Dickens  was  his  favorite  among  the  novelists,  and  he 
never  wearied  of  quoting  from  that  author's  pages. 

No  child  was  born  to  him,  but  he  took  to  his  heart 
and  home  the  children  of  others  and  cherished  them 
with  a  father's  afiection.  Still  others,  whose  names 
cannot  be  mentioned  here,  to  whom  ho  extended  the 
helping  hand,  and  whose  sense  of  grateful  obligation 
no  words  could  express,  will  never  cease  to  hold  his 
name  in  blessed  memory. 

In  March,  1871,  Hudson  E.  Bridge  presented  the 
university  with  8130,000  of  the  8179,000  stated 
above  as  the  amount  of  his  contribution,  divided  as 
follows:  8100,000  for  the  endowment  of  the  ehan- 
cellorship  and  for  a  library  fund,  815,000  towards 
the  erection  of  a  building  for  the  Polytechnic  School, 
and  815,000  for  providing  it  with  furniture  and  ap- 
paratus. In  recognition  of  this  liberality  the  board 
of  directors  voted  that  the  office  of  chancellor  should 
receive  the  title  of  "  the  Bridge  chancellorship."  At 
the  annual  meeting  of  the  alumni,  March  2,  1872, 
Hon.  Thomas  Allen  ofiered  the  interest  for  five  years 
at  seven  per  cent,  of  the  sum  of  $40,000,  for  the  pur- 
pose of  endowing  a  chair  of  mining  and  metallurgy. 
His  offer  was  accepted,  and  a  complete  School  of 
Mines  was  organized. 

In  the  following  list  will  be  found  the  names  of  all 
who  have  served  the  university  as  directors  since  its 
organization,  those  in  italics  indicating  names  of  the 
members  of  the  present  board  of  directors : 

William  G.  Eliot,  Wayman  Crow,  Seth  A.  Ran- 
lett,  John  Cavender,  Christopher  Rhodes,  Samuel 
Treat,  John  M.  Krum,  George  Partridge,  Phocion 
R.  MeCreery,  John  How,  William  Gla.sgow,  Jr., 
George  Pegram,  N.  J.  Eaton,  James  Smith,  Mann 
Butler,  Hudson  E.  Bridge,  Samuel  Russell,  Thomas 
T.  Gantt,  John  O'Fallon,  James  H.  Lucas,  Henri/ 
Hitchcock,  Charles  A.  Pope,  D.  A.  January,  James 
E.  Yeatman,  Robert  Campbell,  Carlos  S.  Greeley, 
John  K.  Shepley,  Albert  Todd,  John  P.  Collier, 
John  T.  Davis,  George  E.  Leighton,  Edwin  Harri- 
son, Henry  W.  Eliot,  M.  Dwight  Collier,  William 
A.  Hargadlne,  Samuel  Cupples. 

Misoellaneous  Schools. — In  addition  to  the  pub- 
lic and  private  schools  of  St.  Louis  which  are  con- 


\^'^ 


m 


'!^' 


880 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


(iuutud  on  a  non-seotarian  basis,  there  are  a  nuinbor 
of  schools  inuintuined  and  controlled  by  religious  de- 
Doniinutions.  Tiie  earliest  of  these  and  the  most  im- 
portant in  point  of  numbers  are  those  established  by 
the  Catholic  Church.  As  will  be  seen  in  another 
portion  of  this  work,  tie  Society  of  Jesus  early  ad- 
dressed itself  to  the  task  of  supplying  educational 
facilities  of  a  superior  character  to  the  youth  of  St. 
Louis,  and  it,  is  to  be  presumed  there  were  already  in 
existence  when  they  arrived  on  the  field  several  parish 
schools  undt..'  the  direction  of  the  resident  clergy.  In 
1852  over  three  tliou.sand  children  were  being  edu- 
cated at  the  Catholic  free  schools,  which  then  num- 
bered thirteen  in  all.  Of  these,  St.  Xavier  School, 
at  Ninth  and  Green  Streets,  numbered  376  pupils; 
Tenth  Street  School,  840;  the  Cathedral  School, 
270 ;  and  the  Biddle  Street  School,  370.  In  1870 
the  total  attendance  of  .scholars  had  increased  to  be- 
tween seven  thousand  and  eight  thousand.  The 
largest  of  the  schools  then  wore  St.  Joseph's,  SS.  Peter 
and  Paul's,  and  St.  Patrick's.  All  the  male  schools 
are  under  the  charge  of  the  Christian  Brothers,  who 
when  they  arrived  in  St.  Louis  in  1840  numbered 
onlv  three  individuals.  In  1870  their  number  had 
increased  to  fifty-seven,  with  a  novitiate  averaging 
thirty,  and  they  then  had  in  charge  one  college,  with 
an  attendance  of  350  students ;  an  academy,  with  an 
attendance  of  250  ;  eight  parish  schools, — one  at  St. 
Vincent's  Church,  four  teachers,  350  pupils  ;  one  at 
St.  John's,  three  teachers,  200  pupils;  one  at  the 
Annunciation,  two  teachers,  130  pupils;  one  at  St. 
Patrick's,  three  teachers,  300  pupils ;  one  at  St.  Law- 
rence's, two  teachers,  130  pupils  ;  one  at  St.  Bridget's, 
three  teachers,  300  pupils;  one  at  St.  Michael's,  two 
teachers,  120  pupils;  and  one  at  St.  Mary's,  Caron- 
delet,  two  teachers,  130  pupils.  In  the  pari.ih  schools, 
besides  the  elementary  branches,  reading,  writing,  and 
arithmetic,  the  pupils  are  taught  geography,  history, 
grammar,  algebra,  and  linear  drawing. 

COLLKOK    OF   THE    CHRISTIAN    BrOTIIEHS. — It  i.S 

not  generally  known  that  Archbishop  Keuriek,  of  St. 
Louis,  was  the  first  Catholic  prelate  to  invite  the 
Brothers  of  the  Christian  schools  of  France,  who  as  a 
religious  order  had  been  founded  in  1681  by  the  ven- 
erable J.  B.  de  la  Salle,  to  establish  themselves  in  the 
United  States.  The  first  institution  opened  by  them 
in  this  country,  however,  was  in  Baltimore,  in  1846. 
They  did  not  come  to  St.  Louis  until  1849,  locating 
then  in  the  Rider  mansion,  at  the  corner  of  Eighth 
mid  Cerre  Streets,  which  has  ever  since  served  all 
the  purpoi-es  of  an  excellently-conducted  educational 
institution.  The  founders  of  the  present  college 
were  tluj"  brothers,  Geiisaire,  Peter,  a;id  Dorothy. 


The  corporation  of  the  "Academy  of  tho  Clii^iian 
Brothers"  was  organized  in  Autrust,  1849.  inul  oliar- 
tered  in   1855  by   the  State  Li^gislaturo.  tlm  ini.,|f. 
porators  being  Brothers    Patrick,    Pauliun,   H.irimj 
Dorotliy,  and  Laurence.     The    first   and  Miuawive  1 
presidents  have  been  Brothers  Patrick,  Allllinl^l.,  ]•;,]. 
ward,  and  James,  and  the  present  bourd  nl  (jffiuurs  ij  j 
composed   of    Brother    James,    president ;    ISroiliir 
V  irgil,  vice-president   and   secretary  ;    atiil    liiutlier 
Kdward  John,  treasurer.     On  arriyiiig  in  .St.  Lduij  I 
the  brothers  opened  (Sept.  11,  1849)  a  paii>li  scliijoll 
at  the  Cathedral, and  subsequently  establi>liiil  schimljl 
in  several  otiier  parishes  of  the  city. 

The  Cathedral  School  at  its  opening  cnn-iistoj  ol'twol 
classes,  and  a  third  was  added  in  Novt'inlnr.    Tliel 
school  prospered,  and  by  the  middle  of  Mari.-ii.  185i|  I 
scarcely  more  than  half  a  year  after  its  cstablishniiiit 
the  patronage  had  grown  so  large  that  tiio  luiinbir  ufl 
brothers  was  increased  to  nine,  and  on;  tiio  cnj  4 
May  following  had  grown  to  twelve.     In  June,  18."iij] 
the  brothers  purclnised  the  two-story  briuk  ri'sidericel 
at  the  corner  of  Eighth  and  Cerre  Streets,  and  esiab-| 
lished    themselves   there,    continuing,    howfvei,  tli^ 
schools  as  they  then  existed. 

The  closest  economy  was  practiced,  and  witiiiii  i 
year  additions  were  being  built  to  the  brick  lusidincj 

In  1852  the  first  improvements  were  c [ilL'ttiJ.  and 

the  educational  interests  of  the  brothers  were  all  ohqj 
•solidated  under  one  roof.  The  college  was  Ibuiidid  iij 
1851,  but  not  formally  opened  until  1S.")2. 

Brother  Patrick  was  plu.ad  in  active  eliiiri;e  bv  tlij 
superior-general,  and  from  that  date,  under  tiic 
management  of  his  presidency,  its  suceess  was  oii\var( 
and  upward.  For  eight  years  Biullior  Patrick  coi^ 
ducted  its  affairs  with  the  highest  .sneeess,  uiiiil  hi 
was  transferred  by  authority  and  placed  in  emjiruU 
other  important  branches  of  the  order. 

Brother  Patrick   was  succeeded  in  ilie  pie.^idi'iiol 
by  Brother  Ambrose,  who  filled  tlie  eliair  fur  ilirej 
years,  and  he  by  Brother  Edward,  who  served  Hfl 
years,  until  in  1870  the  present  incumbent.  UreiliJ 
James,  was  inducted  into  the  oftice,  wliieli  he  has  I 
with  such  ability  and  fidelity  as  to  cause  the  |iri»iii| 
demand  for  more  facilities  in  the  work  to  wbicli  1 
has  dedicated  his  life. 

The  location   in   1869  of  the  freight  depot  of  tlj 
old  Atlantic  and   Pacific  Railroad  Ci'Mpany  un  tl 
si|uare  directly  across  the  street  from  the  eullei'ebiiilj 
ings,  and  the  subsecjuent  erection  in  the  viciiii'j 
the  college  of  the  Union  Depot  and  (MJier  striaiiin 
for  railroad  purposes,  rendered  the  neiL:liburhei)d « 
treiuely  noisy,  and  the  brothers  began  looking:  abd 
for  new  quarters.     It  was  not  until  1871,  howevd 


EDUCATION. 


881 


my  (if  tlip  ''liiii*tuiii 
;u»t,  lH4lt.  ;.iulolmt- 
:!j;isliiturL>,  tin:  iiK'iir- 
;k,    Ptturmti.  B.irto, 

first    luiJ  s\ic(.'essive 

'iitrick,  Amlirosi',  EJ- 

nt  board  nl'  nffiuui's  ij  j 

president ;    UrolluT  1 

retary  ;    ami   BrMllicr 

arri.ving  in  Si.  l,miij| 
1819)  a  |Kui.--li  sclidol] 
itly  eslabli.-lu'il  Milnmls  j 
!  city, 
peniiijl  consisted  of  two  j 
id  in  NoVL'inliLT.  Tiiel 
liddle  of  Miireli.  ISJil,! 

after  its  establisliintntJ 
ifi'e  tliat  thi>  iiuiuljiT  of| 
lO,  and  eni  llie  end 
welve.  Ill  .June,  IS'iOj 
vo-story  liriek  resiJoiicM 
^efVL-  Streets,  iiml  esUib-l 
alinuing,   however,  tlmj 

practiced,  and  within  i 

ill  to  tlie  bricli  resiAiR'oJ 

enfcj  were  eoinpleteJ.  mid 

he  brotliers  were  all  m\ 

lie  colb'ge  was  fouiidvil  il| 

ed  until  18J2. 

d  in  active  eliarie  liy  tlJ 

,hat  date,  under  the  alilj 

y,  its  success  was  oiiwarj 

ar.s  Bmlher  Patviek  ion 

liii^hest  sneeess,  uiuil  h| 

and  plaet'd  in  ediitiol  ( 

the  order. 

jceeded  in  the  presidenoj 

Hod  tlie  ehair  for  il'te 

lEdward,  who  served  li» 

jeseiit  iiicunibeiit,  Biuihd 

office,  which  lie  has  lille] 

ly  as  to  cause  the  yh-^M 

in  the  work  tu  whicli  "■ 

If  the  frei;iht  depot  et'  tl 
llaihoMd  C.'upaii}-  00 
leet  from  the  eolle':c  bull 

(eroclion  in  the  viciniij 
Liot  and  other  strudui 
Vred  the  iieiulihorhood ' 
Lrs  began  looking  ab( 
|„ot  until  1871,  h«ev( 


that  a  suitable  Hite  was  found.     In  that  year  Brother 
James,  president  of  tlio  college,  purchased  the  Cote 
Brillianto  property  of  the  late  James  H.  Lucas,  cora- 
prisio'-'  about  twenty-one  acres.     The  site  was  pointed  i 
out  by  llev.  Father  Henry,  of  Sr.  Lawrence  O'Toolo's 
Church.       The  deed  was    made    out   and  the  pur-  1 
chaseiiioney,    fifty   thousand  dollars,   in    part    paid 
on  the  17th  of  March,  1871.     That  he  might  never 
jmin  be  annoyed  for  want  of  room.  Brother  James  ■ 
iijo  purchased  about  nine  acres  adjoining  the  Lucas  ; 
tract  on  the  north,  making  in  ail  nearly  thirty  acres,  i 
The  site  uhosen  was  the  spot  that  Mr.  Lucas  once  set  ' 
ipart  for  an  observatory  which  he  contemplated  build-  i 
ijff  and  presenting  to  the  city  of  St.  Louis.     Various 
causes  prevented  the  commencement  of  work  on  the 
I  buildins!  until  1877.     The  corner-stone  was  laid  amid 
ippropriate  ceremonies  in  the  .spring  of  that  year. 

The  structure,  which  is  in  the  shape  of  a  cross, 
consists  of  a  central  edifice  and  four  wings,  and  was 
Jesigned  by  James  McGrath.  The  total  frontage  of 
1  the  building  is  three  hundred  and  seventy  feet.  : 
Some  idea  of  its  magnitude  may  be  gathered  by  re- 
Biemberinj;  that  the  total  length  on  Walnut  Street  of  ' 
ik  Southern  Hotel  is  only  three  hundred  feet.  The 
total  depth  of  the  college  building  is  two  hundred 
feet.  The  southern  wing  of  the  building  is  eighty 
feet  in  length  by  fifty  in  depth.  The  total  elevation 
i-about  one  hundred  and  ten  feet,  divided  into  three 
iiories.  The  first  story,  which  is  nearly  twenty  feet 
JQ  height,  contains  a  magnificent  vestibule,  finished  in 
ihite  marble  and  Philadelphia  enameled  brick,  and 
fiur  grand  parlors  and  reception-rooms.  The  .second 
litory,  which  is  about  thirty  feet  from  floor  to  ceiling, 
I  ii  intended  solely  for  the  purposes  of  a  library.  The 
Iti'llcuiion  of  books  belonging  to  the  college  numbers 
leariy  forty  thousand  volumes  and  manuscripts.  The 
lipirtment  is  fitted  up  with  iron  book-cases  (similar  to 
lihoso  in  the  Mercantile  Library,  and  contains  the  ac- 
Itescuries,  usual  to  such  apartments,  of  pictures  and 
Imiuary.  The  third  story,  about  forty-five  feet  in 
eijhl,  contains  the  college  hall.  The  dimensions  of 
lie  hall  are  the  same  as  those  of  the  library,  and 
litis  capable  of  seating  one  thou.sand  people. 

The  north,  south,  and  east  wings  of  the  building  are 
lite  stories  each.  The  rooms  on  the  second,  third, 
|iiiil  fifth  floors  of  the  south  wing  are  given  up  for 
! purposes;  those  in  the  east  and  west  wings  are 
liseii  for  the  college  dormitories.  Each  of  the  four 
liiogs  leads  to  the  grand  rotunda,  which  may  be 
Innied  the  architectural  triumph  of  the  whole  edifice. 
IHie  rotunda  is  sixty  feet  square,  the  same  dimensions 
liucily  as  the  court-liouse  rotunda.  The  college 
|iitiinda,  however,  is  free  from  the  unsightly  pillars 
56 


which  detract  so  much  from  the  beauty  of  the  uourt- 
housc  rotunda.  The  college  rotunda  is  surmounted 
by  a  glass  roof,  so  that  it  is  a  veritable  well  of  light 
for  the  entire  institution.  The  building  is  supplied 
with  a  steam  pas-senger  elevator.  One  admirable 
feature  of  the  internal  architecture  of  the  building  is 
the  system  of  ventilation.  Each  room  in  the  vast 
edifice  is  supplied  with  its  own  air  shafl  and  hot-air 
register,  so  that  a  constant  circulation  of  pure  air  is 
insured.  The  heating  of  the  rooms  is  by  steam,  and 
the  boilers  for  generating  heat  and  power  are  situated 
in  a  separate  building,  located  in  the  angle  formed  by 
the  junction  of  the  west  and  south  wings.  This  build- 
ing is  about  thirty  feet  from  the  walls  of  either  of 
these  wings,  so  that,  save  in  the  kitchen,  there  is  not 
any  fire  in  the  whole  building  from  year's  end  to 
year's  end.  The  kitchen  is  located  in  the  south  wing. 
It  is  built  altogether  of  iron  and  brick,  so  that  in  the 
contingency  of  a  fire  breaking  out  in  this  room  it  could 
not  be  communicated  to  any  other  part  of  the  build- 
ing. The  dining-room  is  in  the  south  wing  immedi- 
ately beneath  the  parlors.  The  other  apartments  in 
the  basement  are  designed  for  chemical  laboratories, 
store-rooms,  pantry,  and  the  like.  Underneath  the 
basement  is  a  sub-cellur. 

In  the  course  of  a  few  years  the  brothers  will  erect 
a  separate  building  in  some  suitable  part  of  the  grounds 
for  an  astronomical  observatory.  The  playground  for 
students  is  at  the  southwestern  corner  of  the  college 
inclosure.  It  contains  ten  acres  of  ground,  and  is 
sufiBciently  remote  from  the  college  to  prevent  the 
noise  of  the  players  from  disturbing  the  scholastic 
quiet  within.  The  grounds  attached  to  the  college 
are  bounded  on  the  east  by  King's  Highway,  on  the 
.south  by  St.  Charles  Rock  road  (now  Easton  Avenue), 
on  the  west  by  Union  Avenue,  and  on  the  north  by 
Cote  Brilliante  Avenue.  The  principal  entrance  is 
at  the  corner  of  King's  Highway  and  St.  Charles  Rock 
road.  The  site  is  on  the  summit  of  the  hill,  which 
is  one  hundred  and  sixty-eight  feet  above  the  city 
directrix. 

From  the  summit  the  hill  declines  gradually  to  the 
St.  Charles  Rock  road,  and  in  the  rear  of  the  build- 
ing is  a  beautiful  grove  of  forest-trees  covering  several 
acres.     That  tract  is  now  within  the  city  limits,  and 
is  accessible  by  means  of  several  good  routes.     The 
;  extension  of  the  Franklin  Avenue  street  cars  passes 
!  immediately  by  the  main  entrance,  the  Union  Avenue 
depot  of   the   Narrow-Gauge   Railroad  is  within  a 
quarter  of  a  mile  of  the  grounds,  and  the  Forest  Park 
I  depot  of  the  St.  Louis,  Kansas  City  and  Northern 
!  Railroad  is  but  one  mile  distant.     The  site  has  been 
'  beautifully  favored  by  nature,  and  besides  is  suscep- 


8fi2 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


tible  of  fiToM  iniproverai^nt,  iind  the  brothers  have 
added  urt  to  niituro's  work.  From  the  main  entrance 
at  the  corner  of  King's  Highwiiv  and  the  Rock  roiid, 
a  broad  drive  nsccndH  the  liiil  and  circles  around  the 
building  to  the  grove  in  the  rear. 

The  new  college  \n  four  miles  from  the;  court-house, 
and  was  opened  at  the  ))eginning  of  October,  1882. 
The  building  was  not  quite  completed,  nor  is  it  yet, 
but  enough  was  made  ready  to  answer  present  demands. 
It  is  large  and  commodious,  :;  solid  wor^,  and  with 
considerable  pretensions  to  architectural  beauty.  The 
school  is  in  a  very  flourishing  condition,  with  the 
prospect  of  a  highly  successful  future  in  ita  new 
career. 

By  authority  of  the  superior-general,  Brotlier 
James  has  founded  a  system  of  free  scholarships. 
These  scholarsliips  are  of  two  kinds,  full  scholarships 
and  day  scholarships.  Five  thousand  dollars  will  es- 
tablish a  full  scholarship,  one  thousand  dollars  a  day 
scholarship.  A  full  scholarship  entitles  the  holder  to 
board  and  tuition  ;  a  day  scholarship  to  tuition  only. 
Each  founder  of  a  scholarship  reserves  the  right  to 
educate  one  student  for  twenty  years.  After  twenty 
years  the  college  is  allowed  to  throw  it  open  to  com- 
petition, or  the  founder  may  leave  it  so  from  the  be- 
ginning. Several  scholarships  have  already  been  estab- 
lished, and  Brother  James  has  assurances  that  a  num- 
ber of  others  will  be  taken. 

The  Convent  of  the  Saoiied  Heaht,  Maryville, 
is  situated  on  Maramec  Street,  near  Pennsylvania 
Avenue.  On  Aug.  22,  1818,  five  ladies  of  the  Sacred 
Heart,  with  Madame  Duchesne  as  superior,  arrived  in 
St.  Louis,  having  come  from  France,  by  way  of  New 
Orleans,  at  the  solicitation  of  Bishop  Dubourg,  and 
proceeded  to  St.  Charles,  where  they  opened  a  school, 
Meeting  with  insufficient  encouragement,  they  re- 
moved to  the  bishop's  farm,  near  Florissant,  on  Sept. 
3,  1819,  and  on  December  24th  following  occupied 
their  own  house  in  the  town  of  Florissant,  where  they 
conducted  a  school  and  academy  until  they  finally 
removed  to  St.  Louis,  selling  their  property  in  July, 
1846,  to  the  Sisters  of  Loretto,  by  whom  tliis  educa- 
tional work  has  since  been  carried  on.  Madame 
Duchesne,  who  came  in  1818,  was  made  vicar  of 
Upper  and  Lower  Louisiana,  and  governed  the  prov- 
ince until  1840,  when  it  was  transferred  to  Madame 
(Princess)  Galitzin,  of  the  houfj  at  Grand  Coteau, 
La.,  who  died  in  1842.  Madi>  me  Cutis  held  the  office 
till  18")4,  and  Madame  Jouve  till  1865,  when  the  vicar- 
iate was  divided  into  two.  Western  and  Southern, 
St.  Louis  being  in  the  Western,  with  Madame  Galway 
as  vicar,  who  was  followed  in  186i(  by  Madame  Guuthe- 
reaux,  during  whose  administration  Chicago  was  made 


the  mother-house.    Upon  Madame  Oautlicrciiii\s(|im|| 
in  1872, and  thecoinplotionoftheconventat  M  irvvil||. 
the  dignity  was  transferred  back  to  St.  Ldu-  iwhiTf 
it  will  henceforth  be  maintained),with  Madiiii  .■  'rucli,,,. 
as  vicar.     Madame  Boudreaux  became  vicar  in  ISjij 
and  at  her  death  in  1880  the  present  vicar,  .^In(lll|||,l 
Niederko.-n,  succeeded.    The  work  of  tlic  (]|il(.r  in  St 
Louis  began  in  1827,  when  Judge  John  Mullnnhliv 
donated  to  the  ladies  a  tract  of  twenty-six  acres  nf  I 
which  the  block  on  Fifth  between   Hickorv  ami  J,;,,  f 
badie  Streets  is  tho  remnant,  on  condition  that  ihiv 
should  perpetually  support  twenty  orphan  '.'iris,    (j,, 
the  property  stood  a  house  (considered  )ialaiiiil  in  i 
those  days),  which  has  been  the  nucleus  df  tiie  pros. 
ent  cluster  of  buildings.     In  1837  the  chapi.'l  b^s  I 
built  on  the  south  side  of  the  original  stnicturo;  in 
1844  class-rooms  were  added  on  the  Udrili,  ami  ij 
1859  the  last  and  large   building  was  erected  at 

north  end.  The  Maryville  property,  containinL' twenty- 1 
one  acres,  was  bought  of  John   Withiull  in  |,Si;4  f 
for  forty  thousand  dollars,  which  price  has  sineolwnl 
swelled  by  interest  to  almost  sixty  thousand  diillars.l 
The  construction  of  the  convent  buildiiii;  was  boiiiml 
in  1807,  and  it  was  opened  in  August,  1S72.    Tliel 
structure  has  a  front  of  two  hundred  and  fifty  fot  \ 
with  a  depth  of  sixty-five  feet,  and  throe  rear  winal 
(the  southern  one  of  which  only  is  finisliodi.tluHvii.j 
tral  one  to  be  one  hundred  and  twenty  by  cii;liiyt'o(tl 
and  the  others  each  one  hundred  by  si.xty  feet.    Thel 
central   wing,   when    completed,   will   cnnstitiiie  tlij 
chapel,  now  temporarily  located  in  thesnuthenntin; 
and  in  which  the  services  are  conducted  hv  tlioFranJ 
ciscan  Fathers  of  St.  Anthony's  Church  ciiweby.  .\| 
this  ,  jnvent  there  are  stationed  seventy-two  h\m 
who   conduct   an   academy  for  boarding  pupils  lol 
whom  there  are  now  one  hundred  and  twenty)  esclai 
sively  and  the  parochial  school  for  the  sjirls  «{ ia 
Anthony's  parish.     At  the  old  hou.se  on  Fifth  and 
Hickory  Streets   there   are  twenty-nine  ladies.  ivhJ 
conduct  a  day-.school  for  girls  and  have  charge  of  thj 
orphans.     The  Western  vicariate,  of  which  this  i| 
the  mother-house,  has  jurisdiction  over  the  bouses 
Chicago,  St.  Charles,  St.  Joseph,  Omaha,  and  Tiiiian 
New  Zealand  (the  first  house  of  the  order  cstablisiiei 
in  Australasia),  and  numbers  in  all  txvn  hinidrcd  anj 
.seventy-two  ladies. 

The  Convent  of  the  Nuns  of  the  Visitatio| 
was  originally  established  in  Kaska.skia,  111.,  in  1 
being  a  branch  of  a  house  of  the  same  iirdor  still  ( 
isting  in  Georgetown,  D.  C.  For  ncaily  eleven  yia 
the  convent  prospered  as  one  of  the  most  pifiiM 
seminaries  for  the  education  of  youn,i;  ladies  in  tH 
West,  but  in  the  great  freshet  of  1S44  the  wliM 


EDUCATION. 


883 


5  0autlierei\u\'siliatli 
!  convent  at  >).iryvillf, 

to  Ht.  li(i\ii-  (whore 
,withMndaii  I'Tiidit 
)ecamo  vicar  in  ISTB, 
riiseiit  vit'iir,  Miiiliini(> 
irk  of  tlio  (inliT  in  Si. 
d"e  Jolin  Miillan|iliy 
if  twenty-six  uitos.  nf 
'een  Hickory  iiiul  L. 
,n  condition  tlmt  iWy 
nty  orphan  jiirls,    On 
'considered  imlati.il  in 
lie  nucleus  ni'  tlie  prts- 

1837  the  chiiiiel  was 
)  original  stnicturo;  in 
I  on  the  mirth,  and  in 
jii"  was  erc^t'ted  ut  the 
jerty,  containiii'.'  twenty- 
ohn  WithniH  in  18W, 
licli  price  has  since  heon 
l  sixty  thoiisaml  (lnllars, 
rent  buildinL'  wns  hvm 

in  August,  ISTl    Tlie 

hundred  and  til'ty  foct, 
let,  and  throe  roar  winy! 

only  is  finishof'D.thcoen- 
ind  twenty  by  oisility  l«t, 
|dred  by  sixty  IVct.  Tlii 
|eted,  will  cnnstituto  tin 

ited  in  the  simthern  winj; 

•e  conducted  by  tlio  Fria- 

ly's  Church  eloseby.   At 

itioned  seveiity-twn  hniief 
for  boarding'  pujiils  ol 

indred  and  twenty)  exdaj 

fhool  for  tht"  L'irls  nf  Si 
old  house  on  Firth  aii( 
twenty-nine  ladies,  wli| 

iris  and  have  cliarM  of  t' 
icariate,  of  which  this 

Isdiction  over  the  houws 
iseph,  Omaha,  and  Tiniai 
\seof  the  order  ostablislii 
jrs  in  all  'wn  hundred  ai 

Inuns  of  TiiK  VismTioj 
Tn  Kaskaskia,  111.,  i"  1^' 
|of  the  same  order  still 
For  neatly  eleven  yi-i 
one  of  the  most  i>"fiil 
Ion  of  youn;:  ladies  in  tt 
Vreshet  of  lS«tl.e* 


loifn  (if  KaskasklB  was  laid  under  water,  and  the  in- 
liabitai  :s   oompeilcd    to    take   refuge   on    the    bluffs 
deyomi  the  Okaw  River.     The  convent  grounds  ex- 
tended to  the  banks  of  the  Okaw,  but  as  tlio  location 
,M  eltvated,  it  was  tliought  secure.     About  the  1st 
iif  April  tlu)  Mississippi  lliver  was  very  high  and  still 
risini;.     As  this  rise  occurred  every  spring  nothing 
itriiius  was  upprehcndod,  but  on  the  night  of  June 
■>l8t  tlio  water  rushed  into  the  convent  cellar.     Next 
Biirnini.'  the  well  caved  in.'     The  greatest  danger  lay 
in  the  nature  of  the  soil,  for  under  the  stratum  of 
jand  and  clay  lay  one  of  quicksand,  and  it  was  appre- 
hendot'   that  the  whole  would  sink  in  tlie  mighty 
ood. 

The  convent  could  now  be  approached  only  on 
Uorsebaok  or  in  boats.     Friends  urged  the  nuns  to 
I  desert  the  convent  for  their  safety,  and 
1  ii  six  (I'olock  that  evening  Amedeo 
Menard  i)rouglit  a  flat-boat  propelled 
hv stout  (larsmen,  and  taking  on  board 
1  Mother  Isabella,  with   a  number  of 
I  wns  and  pupils,  conveyed  them  to 
I  lb  own  residence  on  the  neighboring 
ffs.  Next  morning,  Sunday,  Father 
Iji.  Cyr  said   mass   in    the   convent 
Itkapel  for  the  last  time  for  those  who 
liemained,     On    going    to   breakfast 
i  sisters  found  the  water  oozing  in 
I  under  the  planks  at  one  end.     The 
hricks  of  the    kitchen   hearth   sank 
lilieD  trodden  upon,  so  that  with  all 
lapedition,  as  soon  as  breakfast  was 
Iijver,  the  inmates  began   to  remove 
lulilcs,  dishes,  and  kitchen  furniture  to  the  assembly- 
lioomson  the  next  floor,  where  they  passed  the  rest  of 
likeday.    In  the  evening  they  bade  adieu  to  the  doomed 
Itonvent  and  withdrew  to  the  bluff's.    During  two  days 
liiey  were  kindly  entertained  at  the  Menard  mansion. 
liDd  early  Wednesday  morning  a  steamboat  came  up 
lileOkaw,  and  immediately  afler  breakfast  the  sisters, 
liiih  their  sixteen  pupils,  went  on  board.    The  day  was 
lictnpied  in  removing  their  furniture  from  the  convent 
licihe  boat,  and  late  in  the  afternoon  they  were  under 
Invfor  St.  Louis.    Here,  by  the  kindness  of  Mrs.  Ann 
lie,  the  refugees  were  installed  in  her  elegant  and 
Ifacious  mansion  on  Broadway,  which  they  occupied 
lijttwo  years. 
In  July,  1846,  they  rented  the  archbishop's  newly- 
(cted  building  on  South  Ninth  Street,  and  continued 
)  occupy  it  until  1858,   when  Mrs.  Ann  Biddle, 


having  at  her  deatli  bequeathed  the  si.sters  n  Iiimd- 
.soine  tract  of  land  on  ('ass  Avenue,  above  Twentieth 
Street,  suitable  buildings  were  erected  for  thcin.  The 
foundations  were  laid  in  the  autumn  of  1851.  On 
April  Hi,  1855,  the  instittition  was  incorporated  under 
the  title  of  the  Academy  of  the  Visitation  at  St. 
Louis.  Ill  May.  IH58,  the  sisters  moved  to  the  new 
location,  and  on  Oct,  It!,  lSli:i,  laid  the  eornerstono 
of  the  west  wing,  the  convent  jiroper,  of  which  they 
took  possession  June  '21,  lH(i5, 

The  convent  buildings  are  extensive  and  beautifully 
situated  in  large  ground..^  well  shaded  and  fitted  for 
the  recreation  of  young  ladies.  Mother  Agnes  Brent 
was  the  first  mother  superior,  and  her  successors  have 
been  Sister  Helen  Flanigan,  Sister  Seraphina  Wick- 
ham,  Sister   Isabella   King,    Sister    Agatha    Uussle, 


I '  In  tlii<  well  a  man  ai^crwards  pcrishod,  being  swallowed  up 
It  tbt  quicksand. 


VIKW   OF  KASKASKIA    IN   1840. 

Sister  Aimee  Brent,  and  Sister  Vincentia  ^larotte, 
the  present  mother  superior. 

St.  Joseph's  Convent  and  Acade.my. — The 
congregation  of  the  Sisters  of  St.  Jo,seph  was  founded 
by  Rev.  P.  J.  Medaille,  S,J,,  and  had  its  first  estab- 
lishment in  the  town  of  Puy,  in  Velay,  France,  where 
Madame  Lueretia  de  la  Planche  gave  the  si-stcrs  an 
abode  in  her  house  until  on  Oct.  15, 1050,  the  Bi.shop 
of  Puy  gave  them  charge  of  the  orphan  asylum  of 
that  city.  In  1836,  at  the  invitation  of  Bishop  llo- 
satti,  six  sisters  of  this  order  came  to  St.  Louis  and 
established  themselves  at  Cahokia,  in  Illinois,  where 
they  conducted  for  nearly  eight  years  a  flourishing 
school.  On  Sept.  1'J,  \8ii6,  the  first  novitiate  of  the 
order  was  founded  in  Carondelet,  and  was  presided 
over  for  twenty  years  by  Mother  Celestine.  It  occu- 
pied at  first  a  log  cabin,  fifteen  feet  square,  and  its 
one  room  .served  at  once  for  oratory,  dormitory, 
refectory,  kitchen,  and  parlor.  A  frame  shed 
was  added  and  used   for  parochial  school  purposes. 


m 

1 

% 

1    '. 

' 

,  I'l 


884 


IIISTOUY  OP  8A1NT   LOUIS. 


Tho  pront  flood  of  1844  ciiiiiiicllud  tlin  Ni«»t'rn  to 
abiindun  their  eRtublixlinniil  iit  Cahokia,  and  soon 
aTtur  thn  prcNcnt  )>rouiids  ut  Tliird  iiiid  Kiinmis  HtruptH, 
Curoiidolet,  woro  ^ivmi  to  thi-m  by  Jiid;;o  Bryun  iMul- 
lanphy,  and  ii  lar^^o  brick  building  wuh  orccti'd  on 
them,  which  wbm  burnud  down  in  1858.  The  proscnt 
spuoiouH  and  Htutuly  structure  wax  begun  iuinicdialely 
afterwards,  and  opened  with  eifrhly  boarders.  It  is 
tho  niotlier- house  of  the  order  for  the  United  States, 
and  has  under  its  jurisdiction  sixty-five  subordinate 
establishments,  including  thrcj  provincial  novitiates, 
five  liospitals,  ten  orphan  asylums,  one  deaf-muto  in- 
stitute, and  several  academies.  The  total  number  of 
sisters  owning  allegiance  to  this  house  is  eight  hun- 
dred. 

The  Ursumne  Convknt  and  Acauemy  was 
first  organized  in  1848  by  seven  Ursuline  Sisters,  who 
came  over  from  Oermany  upon  an  invitation  from  the 
archbishop.  Tho  convent  was  founded  under  tiie 
direction  of  Very  Rev.  Joseph  Melcher,  V.G.  Its  first 
location  was  oo  Fifth  Street,  below  the  French  market, 
in  a  house  bought  by  the  sisters.  In  1849  the  king  of 
Bavaria  donated  a  large  sum  of  money  to  the  Ursuline 
Sisters,  which  enabled  them  to  build  a  convent.  Ti-oy 
purchased  the  ground  on  which  tho  present  building 
is  located,  and  erected  a  building  in  1850.  In  1857 
the  chapel  was  built,  and  in  1866  the  north  wing  was 
added.  The  buildings  are  now  citcnsive,  covjring  an 
entire  block  on  State  Street  and  llussell  Avenue. 
Rev.  Mother  Johanna  is  the  superior,  and  Very  Rev. 
Henry  Muhlsiepen,  V.G.,  is  the  manager.  Although 
this  convent  is  one  of  the  oldest  and  most  extensive 
in  the  city,  it  has  never  been  incorporated. 

St.  Elizabeth  Institute,  situated  on  Arsenal 
Street,  between  Gravois  road  and  Grand  Avenue,  and 
condueied  by  the  Sisters  of  the  Precious  Blood,  was 
removed  to  St.  Louis  from  O'Fallon,  Mo.,  in  the  fall 
of  18S2.  This  institution  has  for  its  special  object 
the  training  of  young  ladies  who  already  possess  the 
usual  knowledge  of  the  elementary  branches  in  all 
that  is  required  to  fit  them  for  assuming  the  duties 
of  housekeeping.  Its  present  quarters  are  those  for- 
merly occupied  by  the  convent  and  asylum  of  the 
Sisters  of  St.  Mary. 

St.  Philo.mena'8  Orphan  Asylum  and  School, 
northwest  corner  of  Summit  and  Clark  Avenues,  is 
conducted  by  the  Sisters  of  Charity  from  Emmitts- 
burg,  Md.,  where  the  mother-house  of  the  order  for  the 
United  States  is  located.  The  institution  was  estab- 
lished about  1844,  on  the  southwest  corner  of  Fifth 
and  Walnut  Streets,  where  the  St.  James  Hotel  now 
stands ;  but  the  location  grew  to  be  unsuitable,  owing 
to  the  encroachments  of  trade,  and  in  1867,  Archbishop 


Kcnrick  gave  to  the  sisteni  their  present  l.i.  w|,j,,|, 
has  a  front  on   Clark  Avenue  of  two  hiihinj  a^j 
thirty-five   feet.     The  present  building  w;l^  mi  once 
commenced,  and  was  finished  and  occupied  in  i}^(j)j 
It  is  a  handsome  brick   structure,  three  Murieit  In 
height,  tho   main  building  one  hundred  and  >ixiv  bv 
fifty  feet,   and   the  two   wings  each  sixty  Tit  Ion- 
The  property  on   Fifth  Street  was  sold   for  scvcniv. 
eight  thousand  dollarg     ■.«  the  proceeds  Wiiv  applii'j 
to  the  erection   of  the   present   building.     l|,.|e  .^^^ 
e<inducted  the  girls'  parish   school  of  St.    Mulaclii'ii  I 
Church,  taught  by  four  sisters,  and  attcndd  liy  threi. 
hundred  pupils,  and  a  select  school  for  ;.iiii|cr  {.,(]j|,,  ! 
numbering  eighty-five  pupils,  in  charge  dl'  three  uf 
the  sisterhood.     But  the  most  important  Wdik  uf  the  f 
institution  is  the  care  and  educatioM  of  ilie  (irphaiij 
who,  at  a  suflicient  age,  are  sent  hither  rnnii  utherl 
Catholic  orphan  asylums,  nnc'  Wiio  here  rii'eive  un  in- 
dustrial education.      Several  of   the   hi>ier.«  devote  I 
themselves   exclusively  to    this  mission;  .setvini'  is] 
taken  in,  and  some  of  tho  finest  sewing  (lime  In  ihoeiiyl 


is  the  handiwork  of  the  sisters  and  of  t1 


n'lr  Iiu|iilsinj 


the  sewing  classes.  Only  female  orphan.',  are  receiwi]  I 
and  for  those  who  are  proficient  in  ilicir  uvuciitioiul 
places  elsewhere  are  found  by  tho  sisters,  wlm  neverj 
p  ^rmit  any  of  their  pupils  to  roam  the  street.s  in  searthi 
jf  places  or  work.  Moreover,  the  asylum  is  made  a] 
home  for  its  inmates,  and  to  it  they  are  welennicd  backl 
whenever,  from  no  matter  what  cause,  tliey  find  them. 
selves  out  of  a  place.  There  are  at  pre.seiit  tilteeo 
sisters  in  this  asylum,  and  ninety-two  nrfihnn.s. 

LoUETTO  Academy,  corner  of  Jefferson  ,\venu«| 
and  Fine  Street,  is  conducted  by  the  Si.sters  of  L» 
retfo,  of  the  same  society  as  those  who  liiivo  ehargJ 
of  the  institution  of  the  same  name  ut  Fluris-^antj 
It  is  included  in  the  charter  of  Lorettn  Aeadeiiijl 
Florissant  being  a  branch  of  that  institution,  in  whiclf 
its  property  is  vested.  The  title  of  the  corporatioa 
is  "  Sisters  of  Loretto,  Missouri." 

The  first  school  conducted  in  St.  Louis  by  the  Sii| 
tero  ui"  Loretto  was  situated  on  the  corner  of  Tentl 
and  Morgan  Streets.     This  they  8ubsc(|uently  diwoiJ 
tinued,  taking  charge  of  the  parochial  .selinoi  eouneeta 
with  St.  Michael's  Church  on  North  Eleventh  tjtret 
The  property  on  Jefferson  Avenue  and  Pine  Sira 
was  donated  to  the  Sisters  of  Loretto  by  Mrs.  Anne  J 
Hunt  in  1868  for  educational  purpo.scs.    The  found 
tion  for  an  academy  and  boarding-scliool  fur  youiJ 
ladies  was  laid  during  the  same  year,  but  the  projccU 
building  was  not  finished,  and  the  property  was  ofien 
for  sale  with  the  consent  ,of  Mrs.   Hunt.    No 
ceptable  offer  was  made  for  the  lot,  and  in  183J 
Mother  Ann  Joseph   Mattingly,  of  the  academy  I 


EDUCATION. 


886 


jTlnriKMiint,  began,  with  the  approval  of  tho  ^ciiornl 
superii'r,  ut  Loretto,  Ky.,  iho  erection  of  a  Bupor- 
itructiii'c  on  the  foundation  already  laid,  but  tho  plan 
(iiD  w  modified  aa  to  adapt  it  to  an  academy  exclu- 
sively lor  day  scholarH.     The  building,  a  plain  but 
„,iiiiii(i  Ii(iu8   and   substantial   structure,  was   finally 
laJo  ready  for  occupancy  Sept.  7,  1874, 
lu  cliapcl  was  dedicated  to  divine  worship  on  Dec. 
.  1871,  under  the  title  of  "  The  Seven   Dolors." 
)|oihcr  Simoon  James  was  appointed  the  first  superior, 
I  ind  still  retains  that  office.     The  first  corps  of  teachers 
-nsistiil  of  Sisters   Mary   Austin   Gough,   Macrina 
[laydeii.  Clotildo   Bertant,   M  ■      Oda   Smith, 
Oitavia   Robertson.     Those  wi.'.  compose   the 
mscnt  faculty  are  Sisters  Mary  Austin  GoH!;h, 
B«atric('   Doyle,    Dositheus    Madigan,   Clotilde 
Bertunt,  Mary   Stephen    DuflPy,  Marie   Louise 
yConunr,  Bernadette  Forbes,  Mary  Denis  Abell, 
Clarasinu  Walsh,  Odila  Bishoif,  Christina  Dacuy, 
I  Pauline  lU-ed. 

The  Loretto  Academy  is  well  patronised, 
[iliere  beit)<r  a  regular  increase  of  pupils  every 
I  jQcceediii;;  term.  The  total  number  of  scholars 
risistcred  for  tho  session  ending  June  21, 1875, 
1 115  50 ;  the  total  number  registered  for  the 
lifssion  ending  June  21  '882,  was  148;  tho 
Minbpr  rouiatered  for  tne  session  of  1882-83 
jiptoJan.  ""   1883,  was  156. 

Kkmpkr  Colleqe,  named  afler  Right  Rev. 
Ijjckson  Kemper,  D.D.,  Bishop  of  Missouri,  was 
IgTi.'anizcd  under  the  auspices  of  the  Protestant 
lEpiscopal  Church  in  1836,  in  which  year  one 
Ibandrcd  iind  twenty-five  acres  of  land  were  pur- 
Itbcd  and  buildings  erected  with  twenty  thou- 
loilars  that  had  been  secured  in  the  Kast- 
liiD  States.  Tho  institution,  which  was  located 
litxut  four  miles  from  St.  Louis  in  a  south- 
liwtwardly  direction,  on  a  healthful  site  sur- 
iMiided  by  beautiful  scenery,  was  opened  under 
echarneof  Rev.  F.  R.  Minard,  Oct.  15, 1838. 
Illie  folluwing  gentlemen  were  the  first  trustees 
lilihecollejjc;  Bi.shop  Kemper,  Robert  Wash,  William 
'Clark,  J.  L.  English,  Charles  Jaline,  Rev.  P.  R. 
Ilnard.  Col.  J.  C.  Laveille,  Augustus  Kerr,  N.  P. 
Ilijk  Edward  Tracy,  J.  P.  Doane,  W.  P.  Hunt,  H. 
IL Hoffman,  J.  Spaulding,  Daniel  Hough,  Henry  Von 
iPkul,  H.  S.  Coxe,  and  Capt.  J.  Symington.  Li  1840 
Imcdical  department,  of  which  a  full  sketch  is  given 
Ifewhcre,  was  established  by  Dr.  J.  N.  McDowell,  and 
liihe  winter  of  1846  was  established  as  an  independ- 
|«or;!anization  under  the  title  of  the  Missouri  Medical 
^^e.  The  literary  department  of  Kemper  College 
iMtinued  in  existence  until  1845,  when  it  became 


financially  einbarra.ssi><l,  ami  the  pro[ier(y  wa.s  sold. 
The  insane  aNylum  now  stands  on  a  portion  of  the 
grounds. 

TllK  Cnv  IfNlVKiisiTY,  at  one  time  a  popular  and 
flourishing  school,  enjoyed  a  companitivcly  brief  ex- 
istence. Tile  building,  which  was  .situated  at  tho 
corner  of  Sixteenth  and  Pine  Streets,  was  completed 
and  made  ready  for  occupancy  in  1H5H,  but  was  not 
opened  as  an  institution  of  learning'  until  the  fall  of 
1859.  The  oflieers  of  the  corporation  at  tint  time 
were  Hamilton  R.  Gamble,  prcs''lopt ;  Kdwiinl  Bre- 
dell,    vice-president;    Daniel    II.    .,„;.. op,    secretary; 


r.OllETTO    ACADK.MV. 

faculty,  Rev.  E.  C.  Wines,  D.D.,  president;  David 
B.  Tower,  John  W.  Atcheson,  Edward  Keller.  The 
money  which  had  been  raised  prior  to  the  opening 
was  just  sufficient,  it  soen;s,  to  pay  for  the  building 
and  purchase  only  a  meagre  and  inn<le(|uate  supply  of 
furniture,  apparatus,  and  the  other  usual  paraphernalia 
of  a  wcll-fiirnishod  school.  At  the  expiration  of  two 
years  the  board  of  trustees,  upon  an  inspection  of  their 
finances,  found  that  they  had  conducted  their  experi- 
ment ai  ■  net  loss  of  thirteen  thousand  dollars.  Ac- 
cordingly, in  the  summer  of  1861,  they  dismissed  the 
faculty,  suspended  their  school,  funded  their  floating 


tA 


88G 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


debt,  inortgnged  iheir  property,  and,  to  secure  payment 
of  the  debt,  leased  the  building  to  Edward  Wyman  for 
a  series  of  years,  to  conduct  the  school  as  a  private 
enterprise  under  their  appointment  as  president,  and 
upon  a  rent  expressed  by  a  perceiiuge  of  tuition  fees. 
Mr.  Wyman,  who  had  previously  been  a  highly  popu- 
lar educator,  tided  the  institution  over  the  shoals  and 
quicksands  of  the  civil  war,  and  for  some  years  subse- 
quently conducted  it  with  marked  success. 

Dknominational  Schools. — The  following  is 
a  list  of  the  educational  institutions,  in  addition 
to  those  already  given,  which  are  conducted  by  re- 
ligious denominations  in  St.  Louis :  School  of  the 
Good  Shepherd,  2029  Park  Avenue,  conducted  by 
the  Sisters  of  the  Good  Shepherd  of  the  Protestant 
Episcopal  Church ;  St.  Francis  College,  Church 
Street,  N.  W.  corner  of  Clay  Avenue ;  St.  Vincent's 
Academy,  Grand  Avenue,  corner  of  Locust  Street, 
conducted  by  the  Sisters  of  Charity. 

Parochial  Schools. — Annunciation,  Chouteau 
Avenue,  cor.  Seventh  ;  Assumption,  Sidney,  cor.  8th  ; 
Benton  Street  M.  E.,  13th,  N.  W.  cor.  Benton ; 
Bethania,  24th,  N.  W.  cor.  Wash  ;  Bethania  Ger- 
man Lutheran,  Natural  Bridge  plank-road  near 
Prairie  Avenue  ;  Cathedral,  Walnut  Street  between 
2d  and  3d ;  Evangelical  Lutheran,  Victor,  N.  E.  cor. 
Easton ;  Bethlehem  Evangelical  Lutheran,  13th,  S. 
E.  cor.  Salisbury ;  German  Evangelical  Lutheran 
High  School,  Barry,  cor.  Fulton ;  German  Lutheran, 
Beekville,  Gravois  road ;  German  Protestant  Evan- 
gelical, 13th,  cor.  Webster;  German  Catholic,  Belle- 
fontaine  road  near  College  Avenue ;  German  Evan- 
gelical Lutheran  Zion's  School,  ccr.  Warren  and  15th 
Street ;  German  Friedeus,  Hall  Avenue  near  3d, 
Lowell ;  German  Evangelical,  810  Decatur  Street ; 
German  Lutheran  Evangelical,  Jefferson  Avenue  be- 
tween Miami  and  Winnebago ;  German  Protestant 
Evangelical,  1840  S.  9th  St. ;  German  Evangelical 
Friedeus,  13th,  cor.  Newhousc  Avenue;  German  Lu- 
theran Grace  School,  St.  Charles  Rock  road  opposite 
St.  Louis  Avenue ;  Holy  Ghost  Evangelical,  1937  8. 
9th;  Holy  Trinity,  1108  Mallinckrodt ;  Immaculate 
Conception,  1527  S.  8th  St.;  Immanuel's  Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran,  Kith  and  Morgan ;  Industrial  School 
for  Girls,  Morgan,  S.  E.  cor.  23d ;  Mission  Free 
School,  9th,  S.  W.  cor.  Wash ;  Northern  School  of 
the  Church  of  the  Holy  Ghost,  1123  and  1125  N. 
11th  ;  Our  Lady  of  Perpetual  Succor,  w.  s.  14th 
near  College  Avenue;  Sacred  Heart,  18th,  cor.  War- 
ren ;  Sisters  of  St.  Joseph,  Marion,  N.  W.  cor.  Ful- 
ton ;  St.  Agatha's,  8th,  cor.  Utah  ;  St.  Anthony's, 
Maramec,  N.  W.  cor.  Stringtown  road ;  St.  Augus- 
tine's, w.  8.  W.  22d  near  Hebert ;  St.  Bernard,  Tes- 


son  Avenue  near  Sarpy  Avenue  ;  St.  BoiiiCaue  Con- 
vesi  Goiiool,   ■■'1  Street,  "jr.  Schirmer,  ('urnndelef 
St.   Bridget's,  w.  s.  25th  Street   between  Carr  and 
Biddle;  St.  Columbkille'f.  4th  near  Hurck,  Caron. 
delet ;  St.  Elizabeth's  Catholic  (Colored),  81 1  N.  15th' 
St.  Francis  de  Sales,  Gravois  road,  cor.  Ohio  Avenue 
St.  Francis  Xavier,  10th,  S.  E.  cor.  Christy  Avenue 
and  922  Morgan  ;  St.  John's  Evangelical,  14th,  S.  E, 
cor.  Madison;  St.  John  Nepomuck's,  1621!  Rosatti' 
St.  John's,  Ifith  cor.  Chestnut;  St.  John's  Female 
1520  Walnut;  St.  Joseph's  Convent  School,  Marion 
cor.    Fulton ;    St.    Joseph's   Free   Academy,  Clark  i 
Avenue,  cor.  15th  Street;   St.  Joseph's,  II tli,  be- 
tween O'Fallon  and  Cass  Ave. ;  St.  Joseph's,  e.  s, 
2d  near  Kansas,  Carondelet ;  St.  Kevins's,  Conipton 
Avenue,  cor.  Sarah ;  St.  Lawrence  O'Toole's,  1415  j 
O'Fallon;  St.  Liborius,  North   Market,  eor.  19th;} 
St.  Luke's  Evangelical,  Scott  Avenue,  cor.  Jefferson  I 
Avenue;    St.    Malachi's,    cor.    Summit  and  Clark  I 
Avenues;  St.  Mark's  Evangelical,  cor.  Soulard  and! 
Jackson  ;  St.  Mark's  German  School,  744  S.  8d ;  t:it,j 
Mark's,  10th,  cor.  Biddle;  St.  Mary's,  Help  of  Chris- 
tians, 14th  near  College  Avenue;  St.  Mary's,  e  s.) 
3d   near   Illinois,    Carondelet;   St.   Michael's  Uirla'j 
School,    11th,   cor.    Benton;   St.   Nicholas's,  Liicasi 
Avenue  near  20th  ;  St.  Patrick's,  111.')  N.  Tth;  al 
Paul's  German  Lutheran,  Henry,  near  Bryan  Avenue,! 
Lowell ;  St.  Paul's,  1814  Decatur;  St.  Peter's  Evan-' 
gelical,  1509  Carr;  St.  Teresa's,  Grand  Avenue  n 
Parsons ;   St.  Thomas's,  Lowell ;  Trinity  Evangeli-i 
cal  Lutheran,  6th  Street  near  Kirk,  Carondelet ;  St. 
Vincent  de  Paul,  Decatur,  cor.   Park  Avenue;  i?SJ 
Peter  and  Paul,  cor.  Allen  Avenue  and  8th;  Ziooj 
Evangelical  (German),  Benton,  cor.  W.  2!)th ;  Zion 
Eviingelical  Lutheran,  Benton,  S.  W.  cor.  13th ;  Zioij 
Heiligcn  Kreuz,  Ohio  Ave.,  cor.  Potomac. 


CHAPTER    XXIL 

LIBRAUIES. 

At  a  very  early  period  the  citizens  of  St.  Louij 
took  action  looking  to  the  establishiueiit  nt'  a  pubiij 
library.     On  the  14th  of  February,  1811,  notice  wij 
given  of  a  meeting  to  be  held  ou  the  Itith  uf 
same  month,  at  the  house  of  Henry  Caprun,tu  urgai 
izo  an  association  for  that  purpose.    It  was  also  pn 
posed  to  establish  in  connection  with  the  librar}' 
museum    for    such    natural    curiosities  us  uiuy 
offered."    In  April  of  the  same  year  mention  is  mti 
of  the  fact  that  Joho  Audubon  and  Ferdinand  l{ozie| 


e  ;  St.  Bonil'iice  Con- 
Ichirmer,  ('iircindelet ; 
et   between  Carr  and 

near  Hurck,  t'aron- 
Colored),  811  N.  15th; 
ad,  cor.  Ohio  Avenue; 
.  cor.  Christy  Avenue, 
Ivangelical,  14th,  S.  E. 
nuck's,  1621!  Rosatti; 
t;  St.  John's  Female, 
)nvent  School,  Marion, 
Free    Academy,  Clark  I 
It.  Joseph's,  11th,  be- 1 
e. ;  St.  Joseph's,  e.  s,  j 
St.  Kevins's,  Compton 
rrence  O'Toole's,  1415  j 
i\\   Market,  cor.  19th; 

Avenue,  cor.  Jefferson] 
r.  Summit  and  Clark] 
elical,  cor.  Soulard  and! 

School,  744  S.;W;  St.] 
I.  Mary's,  Help  of  Chris- 
enue;  St.  Mary's,  e.  3.1 
t;  St.  Michael's  (jirla'j 
,  St.  Nicholas's,  Lucagl 
•ick's,  1115N.  Tth;  Sul 
nry,  near  Bryan  Avenue,] 
catur ;  St.  i'eter's  Evan-j 
ja's.  Grand  Avenue  nearl 
well;  Trinity  Evangeli-j 

r  Kirk,  Carondelet ;  SU 
Bor.   Park  Avenue;  SS^ 

Avenue  and  8th;  Ziori 

on,  cor.  \V.  2!)th;  Zioii 
,  S.  W.  cor.  13th ;  Zioi^ 

cor.  Potomac. 


,he  citizens  oi'  St.  Louij 
istablishmcnt  iif  a  publll 
bruary,  1811,  notice  wiT 
eld  on  tlie  IGth  of  tij 
Henry  Capron,  tu  orgai 
urpose.  It  was  also] 
ition  with  the  library  '|| 

curiosities  as  way 

mo  year  uiimiioii  is  mai 

III  and  Ferdinand  Uozi«j 


LIBRARIES. 


887 


of  Stu.  Genevieve,  had  dissolved  partnership,  Audubon 
having  sold  his  interest  to  Rozier.     This  "  John  Au- 
dubon" was  John  James  Audubon,  the  celebrated 
naturalist,  who  was  born  in  Louisiana,  May  4,  1780, 
and  dii  d  in  New  York,  Jan.  27, 1851.     From  earliest 
childluiod  he  displayed  great  fondness  for  studying 
the  habits  of  birds.     Of  those  which  he  kept  as  pets 
he  luiule  careful  sketches,  which,  considering  his  youth, 
were  surprisingly  accurate.  When  about  twenty-seven 
years  of  age  he  removed  to  Henderson,  Ky.,  and  in 
1810  made  the  acquaintance  of  Alexander  Wilson, 
the  cc  lebrated  Scotch  ornithologist,  whom  he  accom- 
panied in  his  expeditions  to  the  western  country  in 
search  of  specimens.     In  1811,  Audubon   went   to 
Florida,  where  he  collected  a  number  of  subjects  for 
his  pen  and  pencil.    From  Florida  he  appears  to  have 
"one  West,  and  to  have  established  a  trading-post  at 
Ste.  Genevieve.   He  did  not  remain  long  at  this  point, 
however,  and  in  1824  we  find  him  in  New  York,  en- 
deavoring to  arrange  for  the  publication  of  his  writings 
and  drawings.    Two  years  later  he  sailed  for  England. 
He  was  warmly  welcomed  by  British  and  Continental 
naturalists,  and  speedily  secured  one  hundred  and 
seventy- five  subscribers,  at  one  thou.sand  dollars  each, 
for  his  famous  work  "  The  Birds  of  America."     In 
18'29  ho  returned  to  the  United  States,  where  he  col- 
lected material   for   another   work,  "  Ornithological 
Biographies."     In  1832   he  made   another  vLsit  to 
England,  but  returned  in  the  following  year.     After 
completing  a  new  and  enlarged  edition  of  the  "  Birds 
of  America,"  he  projected  a  work  on  the  "  Quadru- 
f(h  of  America,"  but  died  before  it  was  published. 
His  SODS,  however,  finished  it,  but  they  also  died  with- 
out writing  a  biography  of  their  father,  as  they  had 
!d  to  do.     In  April,  1843,  Audubon,  the  elder, 
D  visited  St.  Louis.     The  notice  of  his  arrival 
Slated  that  he  was  registered  at  the  Glasgow  House, 
and  that  he  intended    starting  in  the  boat  of  the 
American  Fur  Company  for  the  mouth  of  the  Yellow- 
stone, whence  he  proposed  to  proceed  to  the  Rocky 
Mountains  with  several  gentlemen,  among  whom  was 
I  Sir  William  Stewart,  of  Scotland.     Mr.  Audubon's  ' 
I  object  in  undertaking  this  journey  was  to  collect  new 
ipeeitticns  of  animals  and  birds. 

On  March  1, 1819,  the  St.  Louis  Debating  Society, 
ibrough  a  committee,  consisting  of  Thompson  Doug- 
liss,  Horatio  Cozens,  Jeremiah  Conner,  Henry  W. 
Conway,  and  Arthur  Nelson,  subinittod 

'lolhe  cilizonn  of  St.  Louia  tbu  following  oonstitutinn  for  a 
I  library  to  be  estubliabcd  in  this  place : 

"Sec.  1,  The  itookholders,  or  aubsoribera,  and  their  Buccosfiors 
I  iliill  bo  luuociated  by  the  name  and  atjie  of  '  The  St.  Louie 

Libnry  Cumpany.' 


"  Sec.  2.  The  amount  of  ."lock  of  the  eaid  library  abnil  be 
live  thousnnd  dollars,  in  two  hundred  shiires  of  twenty-live 
dollar!!  each. 

"The  undersigned,  having  been  appointed  commixaionora  by 
the  St.  Louis  Debatiri;  Society,  inform  the  public  that  tlio  hooka 
of  subscription  will  l)o  opened  on  the  tuntli  day  of  the  present 
month,  at  ten  o'clock  a.m.,  at  the  store  of  Dr.  helson  and  at 
Mr.  Bennet's  tavern." 

Then  followed  the  names  of  the  committee  as  given 
above.  This  appears  to  have  been  the  first  movement 
looking  towards  the  establishment  of  a  public  library, 
and  there  is  no  evidence  showing  that  it  was  oven 
partially  successful. 

On  the  28th  of  January,  1824,  a  meeting  of  citizens 
favorable  to  the  establishment  of  a  circulating  library 
was  held  at  the  mayor's  office ;  William  Carr  Lane  pre- 
sided, and  Archibald  Gamble  acted  as  secretary.  A 
constitution  was  submitted  by  Charles  8.  Hempstead, 
and  it  was  adopted.  Rev.  Solomon  Giddings,  Wilson 
P.  Hunt,  Josiah  Spalding,  Capt.  Gabriel  Paul,  Horatio 
Cozens,  Hon.  James  H.  Peck,  and  Daniel  D.  Hough 
were  appointed  a  committee  to  solicit  subscriptions. 
Subsequently  a  permanent  organization  was  effected 
under  the  name  of  the  St.  Louis  Library  Association, 
and  early  in  February  the  committee  reported  that 
they  had  received  books  from  about  fifty  persons,  the 
number  of  copies  amounting  to  about  eight  hundred. 
The  price  of  a  share  in  the  corporation  was  five  dollars, 
payable  in  money  or  books.  Within  the  year  eleven 
hundred  and  six  books  were  collected,  and  one  hundred 
and  eighty-one  shares  sold. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  subscribers  to  the  St.  Louis 
Reading  Association,  held  July  7,  1831,  Henry  S. 
Coxe  chairman,  and  C.  F.  Randolph  secretary,  James 
Clemens  was  elected  president  for  the  ensuing  year, 
John  F.  Darby  secretary,  James  S.  Thomas  treasurer, 
and  Henry  S.  Coxe,  James  L.  Murray,  and  C.  F. 
Randolph  board  of  managers.  In  July,  1833,  Dr. 
Gamier,  Professor  of  Modern  Language.<i,  was  elected 
librarian  of  the  St.  Louis  Library,  "  Col.  Delaunay, 
the  late  incumbent,  having  received  a  place  in  the 
New  Orleans  custom-hniise."  In  October  of  the 
same  year  Theodore  L.  McGill,  Thomas  Andrews,  and 
James  P.  Spencer  announced  to  the  directors  of  the 
St.  Louis  Library  Association  the  donation  of  two 
hundred  and  fitly  dollars  to  the  library  by  "  the  mem- 
bers of  Missouri  Lodge,  No.  1." 

On  the  26th  of  January,  1839,  Messrs.  Fo\''zer  & 
Woodward,  proprietors  of  the  "  Literary  Depot,"  ad- 
vertised that  they  were  making  an  effort  to  enlarge 
the  circulating  library  which  thoy  had  then  recently 
established  in  St.  Louis. 

Meroantile  Library. — On  the  30th  of  December, 
1845,  eight  gentlemen  engaged  in  mercantile  pursuita 


in 


t|« 


■■'■  h 


M! 


iVh 


888 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


met  to  form  an  organization  whose  object  was  the  es- 
tablishment of  a  permanent  library.  At  a  subsequent 
meeting  at  Concert  Hall  (Jan.  13,  1846)  a  constitu- 
tion was  adopted,  and  a  board  of  directors  chosen. 
On  the  2d  of  February  following  collections  were  re- 
ported to  the  amount  of  eighteen  hundred  and  nine 
dollars  and  twenty-five  cents,  and  subscriptions  ag- 
gregating four  hundred  and  ninety-eight  dollars. 
Rooms  for  the  library  were  secured  at  the  northeast 
corner  of  Pine  and  Main  Streets.  Josiah  Dent  was 
elected  first  librarian,  and  on  the  9th  of  April,  1846, 
the  new  library  was  thrown  open  to  the  public.  At 
the  close  of  this  year  (1846)  the  library  contained 
1689  volumes,  and  its  membership  numbered  283. 
During  the  year  it  had  issued  720  volumes ;  its  cash 
receipts  had  been  $2689.92,  and  the  property  acquired 
was  valued  at  $1954.85.  In  September,  1846,  the 
library  was  removed  to  roomier  quarters  at  Nos.  110 
and  112  Glasgow  Row,  Fourth  Street,  and  on  the 
16th  of  February,  1847,  the  association  was  incor- 
porated by  an  act  of  the  Legislature.  James  E. 
Yeatman  was  the  first  president,  and  from  the  start 
was  one  of  the  most  energetic  and  unflagging  pro- 
moters of  the  enterprise.  In  1 848  he  was  succeeded 
by  Alfred  Vinton,  who  held  the  oflice  two  years.  Mr. 
Vinton  presented  the  library  with  many  valuable 
books  and  other  gifts.  To  Mr.  Vinton  is  mainly  due 
the  creation  of  a  building  fund,  which  he  suggested 
and  promoted  with  characteristic  energy  and  enthusi- 
asm. At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  association  held 
on  the  11th  of  January,  1846,  the  president  made 
the  following  report; 

Number  of  mombers  for  1846 2fll 

"    1847 360 

InoroHsc  of  mombers 99 

The  iiRMiibci's  for  1847  oonsistcil  of: 

Life  members 20 

llencfieiiiry  members 41 

Mcrcbant^ 147 

Clerks 152 

Th(>  receipts  into  the  treasury  were: 

For  184(5 $2664.44 

For  1847 2541.67 

Total $5206.11 

The  expenditures  for  the  same  period  were..     5141.88 

Leaving  the  treasurer $54.23 

\umbcr  of  volumes  purchased  in  1846 lOIS 

Presented 6118 

Number  of  volumes  purcliaccd  in  1847 648 

I'resonted 108 

Total  number 2282 

There  were  twenty-four  periodicals  subaoribed  for  and  re- 
ceived, of  which  twelve  were  foreign  and  twelve  American 
publications.  The  number  of  members  who  took  booka  from 
the  library  for  poruKal  was  only  one  hundred  and  twenty-five, 
out  of  a  total  of  four  humlred  and  thirty-three  member.'.  The 
number  taken  out  from  the  origin  of  the  associatUin  to  the  date 


I  of  the  report  was  itated  to  be  two  thousand  one  buiiilred  and 

I  fifty. 

I       The  library-rooms  were  greatly  enlarged  durin;;  the  year 

The  two  houses  adjoining  the  Odd-Fellows'  Hall  wciv  ihrown 
J  together  and  used  by  the  aseooiation.     Gas-light  wu.  ;i|$(,  ;„ 
i  troduood  into  the  room. 
i 

During  1850  one  thousand  and  twelve  diillars  wm 
I  secured  for  the  building  fund,  and  in  January  of  the 
;  following  year  H.  E.  Bridge,  the  president,  proposed 
;  the  organization  of  a  stock  company  distiuci  from  tlie 
',  library  association  in  order  to  expedite  the  ruisin"  of  I 
,  the  funds  needed  for  the  construction  of  the  new 
I  building.     The  company  was  formed  at  onco,  and  was 

incorporated  Feb.  17,  1851,  under  the  title  of  the 
[  Mercantile  Library  Hall  Company  of  St.  Louis  with 
!  authority  to  issue  stock  in  shares  of  ten  dollars  each 
j  to  purchase  a  lot  and  erect  thereon  a  buildinir  for  the 

library,  the  library  association  to  be  permitted  tooc- 
I  cupy  such  building  free  of  rent,  upon  their  defraying  ' 

all   expenses  for   taxes,  insurance,  and  repairs,  and 

further  paying  to  the  hall   company  .six  per  cent. 

annual  interest  on  all  the  stock  held  by  the  latter. 
:  The  company  was  required  to  tran.sfer  the  premises  j 
'  in  fee-simple  to  the  library  association  as  soon  as  tiic 
'  latter  should  have  become  possessed,  by  piirohase  or  I 
I  otherwise,  of  the  entire  amount  of  stock  issued  by  I 
I  the  former.  Stock  was  issued  by  the  coinpanv  to| 
I  the  amount  of  one  hundred  thousand  dollars. 

At  the  annual  meeting  of  the  stockholders  of  the] 

Library  Hall  Company,  held  on  the  19th  of  January,! 

1852,  J.  H.Lucas  presiding  and  C.K.  Dickson  and  S.I 

Humphreys  secretaries,  the  following  were  appointed! 
I  a  committee  to  solicit  subscriptions  to  the  stouk  of  the! 
I  company : 

A.  Vinton,  A.  Abelcs,  J.  A.  Allen,  .1.  11.  AIcxiiiiJit,  C.  P.I 
Chouteau,  Calvin  McClurg,  Hiram  iShaw,  J.  1,'.  VnUiuan,  11,1 
E.  Uriiigo,  \V.  II.  Belcher,  Joseph  Charlci^s,  Wuviiiiin  Crow,] 
John  How,  Charles  K.  Dickson,  J.  R.  Hamnion'l,  J.  11  Sickle!,! 
H.  Campbell,  A.  B.  Chambers,  Morris  Collins,  J.  K.  Wo'ilruf,! 
William  M.  Morrison,  Solon  Humphreys,  I.  II.  .stiirKcm,  Jolia| 
T.  Douglas. 

The   following  were   elected   directors;  .John  .\,j 
Allen,   George    Collier,  Alfred   Vinton,  Conrad 
Stein,  J.  E.  Yeatman,  Hudson  E.  Bridge,  Willian 
M.  Morrison,  H.  D.  Bacon. 

At  this  meeting  the  directors  reported  that  thejl 
had  purchased  from  Alexander  Finluy  fifty-seven  anil 
a  half  feet  of  ground  at  the  corner  of  Fifth  and  LocujI 
Streets,  for  the  sum  of  thirteen  thousand  five  hiindra 
dollars,  and  fifty-seven  and  a  half  feet  next  adjoinind 
for  twelve  thousand  dollars.  Thi.s  last-named  lot  wa 
claimed  by  Col.  Brant  and  also  by  Mr.  llobertsoi^ 
both  of  whom  executed  bonds  to  convey  their  title  i 
soon  as  it  should  be  established  by  law,  the  librai] 


md  ono  l.unilred  and 

;e(l  durin*^  the  year. 
»b'  Hall  wi'iL'  tlirovtn 
3a8-1ight  wiis  :ilso  in- 


twclvc  dollars  was 

in  January  of  the 
president ,  proposed 
ly  distiiu'l  from  the 
)edite  the  raisiiif;  of 
notion  of  the  new 
led  at  once,  and  was 
er  the  tide  of  the 
^  of  St.  Louis,  with 

of  ten  dollars  caiih, 
n  a  building;  for  the 

be  permitted  to  oc- 
upon  their  defraying 
je,  and  repairs,  and 
opany  six  per  cent. 

held  by  the  latter. 
Tansfer  the  premises 
jiatioii  as  soon  as  the 
Bssed,  by  purchase  or ! 
it  of  stock  issued  by 

by  the  company  to 
usand  dollars. 
>  stockholders  of  the] 

the  19th  of  January,! 
C.K.Dickson  and  S,  I 

owing  wore  appointedl 

)DS  to  the  stock  of  the  | 

.1.  11.  AlfxunJiT,  C.  P. 
Slmw,  J.  i:.  Vci\liiiiin,  ll.j 
'liiirlcss,  Wiivmiin  Crow,] 
Uimimon.l,  .1.  1!.  Sickle!,! 
Cullinp,  .1.  i;.  Woiidmff,! 
cya,  I    "■  >tur;;o"n,  Juhu] 

directors:   John  A,| 
Vinton,  Conrad 
E.  Brids^e,  Willnu 

rs  reported  that  the] 
Finley  tifty-sevcn  mi 
er  of  Fifth  and  Local 
thousand  five  hundn 
If  feet  next  adjoininf 
Itis  last-named  lot  wi 
L  by  Mr.  Uobertsoi 
lo  convoy  their  title 
led  by  law,  the  librat 


LIBRARIES. 


889 


I  eoDipBiiy  paying  the  purchase-moDey  to  the  successful  ! 
I  Etigant. 

The  board  of  directors  offered  premiums  for  plans  , 
I  for  the  proposed  buildings,  one  hundred  and  fifty  dol- 
lits  for  the  best  and  fifty  dollars  for  each  of  the  three 
I  gejt  best.  Eleven  plans  were  submitted  by  Messrs. 
Uldrich.  Andrews,  Barnett,  Edgart,  Walsh,  Green- 
if,  Johnston,  Mitchell,  Pond,  Vogdes,  and  Wright, 
I  ill  of  whom  were  or  had  been  residents  of  St.  Louis. 

None  of  the  plans,  however,  fully  met  the  ideas  of  i 
libeboard,  and  it  was  only  after  prolonged  considera- 
laon  and  with  hesitancy,  that  the  premium  of  one 
Ikoodred  and  fifty  dollars  was  awarded  to  Robert 
Ig.  Mitchell,  and  the  three  premiums  of  fifty  dollars 
lachto  Messrs.  George  I.  Larnett,  Charles  H.  Pond,  ■ 
liDdE.  Greenleaf.  | 

Unable  lo  adopt  entirely  any  one  of  the  plans,  the  | 
lloard  appointed  a  committee  of  three  of  their  own  ' 
luembers,  to  whom  all  of  the  plans  were  referred,  with  | 
litstructious  to  prepare  another  which  should  unite,  i 
Ijacrcater  degree  than  any  of  those  presented,  all  j 
Lf  the  objects  of   the   company.      This   committee 
Lid  the  Bubject  in  charge  for  several  weeks,  obtained 
■lie  aid  of  architects  and  mechanics,  and  at  length 
Imrted  two  plans,  which  underwent  critical  exami-  i 
Ltion  by  the  board  at  numerous  meetings,  extending 
Itiiugh  several  weeks.     On  the  2d  of  December  one 
liliksc  plans  was  adopted  by  the  board.    It  was  drawn  ; 
t;  Robert  S.    Mitchell,   architect,    and  was   for   a  ' 
liiiliiinj;  one  hundred  and  five  feet  on  Fifth  Street  by  : 
luehaadred  and  twenty -seven  feet  on  Locust  Street,  ' 
M  four  stories  high,  the  principal  front  on   Fifth 
fcreet, 

The  site  occupied   the    entire    space    on   which  i 
lie  "old    carriage    repository"   and    the    Laclede 
lilwn  had   previously  stood.     The   building   is   of 
U  brick  with  .  cut-stone    facings,   in    the   Italian 
jnle  of  architecture,  and  is  one  of  the  handsomest 
Imciuros  in   the   city.       The    first    floor,  fourteen 
I  hi;;h,  is  rented  out  for  stores  ;  the  second  floor, 
timy  feet  six  inches  high,  is  entirely  occupied  by 
( library,  the  library-room  being  eighty  by  sixty- 
kit  feet,  aud  the  reading-room  adjoining,  which  for 
uv  years  was  used  as  a  lecture-room,  being  eighty 
hfortyfour  feet.     The  third  story,  used  for  a  public 
lis  one  hundred  and  five  by  eighty  feet,  and  thirty- 
efcet  six  inches  high.     The  lot  and  building  cost 
itkiidrcd  and  forty  thousand  dollars.    The  library 
Dtiation  some  years  ago  absorbed  the  stock  of  the 
i  company,  a  large  portion  of  it  having  been  pre- 
1  or  ^exchanged  for  life  memberships.     Henry 
I  Bacon  was   one    of  the    leading    promoters    of 
litntetprise,  and  it  was  mainly  through  his  instru- 


mentality that  it  was  brought  to  a  successful  conclu- 
sion. Mr.  Bacon  took  shares  of  stock  to  the  amount 
of  twenty  thousand  dollars,  and  at  a  crisis  in  the 
affairs  of  the  company  advanced  ten  thousand  dollars 
additional,  and  thu.s  tided  it  safely  over.  On  the  23d 
of  January,  1854,  the  building  was  sufiiciently  ad- 
vanced to  permit  the  removal  of  the  library  to  the 
room  set  apart  for  its  use. 

On  the  2d  of  March,  1854,  the  Illinois  delegation 
were  entertained  at  dinner  at  the  libiary  hall,  this 
being  the  first  time  that  it  was  used  for  an  occasion 
of  this  sort.  Elarly  in  September  of  the  same  year 
Louis  Pomarede  "  gave  the  finishing  touches  to  the 
grand  hall  of  the  Mercantile  Library."  The  hall  was 
richly  and  tastefully  decorated  by  Mr.  Pomarede  with 
mouldings  and  figures  and  designs  in  fresco.  In  the 
following  month,  Oct.  17,  1854,  it  was  formally 
opened  with  appropriate  exercises  and  an  address  by 
the  Rev.  William  Holmes.  Several  nights  later  an 
operatic  concert  was  given  by  Madame  Rosa  Devries. 

The  report  for  the  year  ending  Jan.  1, 1854,  shows 
that  the  library  contained  10,565  volumes;  its  mem- 
bership for  the  year  was  944 ;  its  issue  of  books, 
9885  volumes ;  its  receipts,  $7693.27 ;  the  value  of 
its  property  was  $22,756.71.  Josiah  Dent,  who  was 
the  first  librarian,  held  office  for  one  year,  and  was 
succeeded  by  William  Allen,  who  retained  the  position 
for  the  same  period.  In  1848,  William  P.  Curtis 
was  elected  librarian,  and  continued  to  fill  the  office 
until  1859.  Mr.  Curtis  prepared  the  first  catalogue 
of  the  library,  published  in  1850,  and  a  supplement 
to  it,  published  in  1851.  This  catalogue  was  arranged 
alphabetically,  with  titles  in  full,  and  an  index  classi- 
fied under  general  heads,  with  sub-divisions,  such  as 
history,  theology,  jurisprudence,  works  of  reference, 
etc.  Edward  W.  Johnston,  who  became  librarian  in 
1859,  undertook  the  preparation  of  a  second  catalogue. 
At  this  time  the  library  contained  about  fourteen 
thousand  volumes.  The  classification  was  different 
from  the  method  at  first  pursued.  All  the  books  were 
placed  under  the  three  great  divisions  of  history, 
philosophy,  and  poetry.  Books  dealing  with  two  or 
more  subjects  were  assigned  to  a  separate  or  "  inde- 
terminate" class.  The  first  class  was  sub-divided  into 
seventy-four  sections,  the  second  into  one  hundred 
and  twenty,  the  third  iato  thirty-one.  In  selecting 
books,  Mr.  Johnston  endeavored  to  fill  up  one  section 
at  a  time,  with  the  view  of  making  it  as  nearly  ccm- 
plete  as  possible.  He  began  with  English  history  and 
literature,  and  procured  for  the  library  many  of  the 
best  editions  then  obtainable  of  the  ear'y  chroniclers 
and  poets.  In  18G2,  Mr.  Johnston  was  succeeded  as 
librarian  by  John  N.  Dyer,  the  present  (1883)  effi- 


..',   !r 


It; 


890 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


! 


dent  incumbent.  During  Mr.  Johnston's  term  of 
office  the  library  secured,  at  a  cost  of  one  thousand 
dollars  (the  orij;;inal  subscription  price),  a  copy  of 
Audubon's  "  Birds  of  America,"  with  test  and  plates 
complete.  The  copy  has  a  special  interest  uud  value, 
from  the  fact  that  it  was  the  author's  reserved  copy. 
It  bears  in  every  volume  of  the  plates  his  autograph 
attached  to  his  bequest  of  it  to  his  sister. 

In  June,  1872,  the  directors  made  the  experiment 
of  throwing  open  the  library  on  Sunday  from  two  p.m. 
until  nine  p.m.,  solely  for  reading  and  reference  pur- 
poses, no  books  being  issued,  and  none  but  members 
being  admitted.  The  average  attendance  from  June 
9th  to  December  29th  was  71},  and  at  the  annual 
meeting  in  January,  1873,  it  was  decided  that  the 
experiment  was  a  failure  and  should  be  discontinued. 
During  1874  the  third  general  catalogue  was  published, 
at  a  cost  of  eight  thousand  one  hundred  and  seventy 
dollars.  It  differs  slightly  in  classification  from  Mr. 
Johnston's  method,  and  its  typography  and  general 
appearance  are  very  haadsome.  According  to  the  re- 
port of  the  directors  for  the  year  ending  Dec.  31, 
1874,  the  statistics  of  the  library  were: 

Total  number  of  volumes ■12,013 

Number  of  volumes  udded  during  the  year: 

By  purcliaso 1,235 

B;'  donation .318 

1,543 

Number  of  new  members  enrolled 606 

Totiil  membership: 

Honorary 18 

Life fi«n 

Proprietors 727 

Clerks 1,611 

Bcnefieiariea 1,530 

4,446 

Volumes  issued 132,175 

Total  cash  receipts $46,.')U5.49 

Total  value  of  property *27!*,fi«8.68 

A  supplement  to  the  catalogue,  with  an  index  of 
authors,  containing  four  thousand  five  hundred  titles 
in  addition  to  those  in  the  catalogue  of  1874,  was 
published  in  1876.  The  terms  of  membership  in  the 
library  are :  for  proprietors  (merchants),  five  dollars 
initiation  fee,  five  dollars  annual  dues ;  for  clerks  (in 
mercantile  business),  two  dollars  initiation  fee,  three 
dollars  annual  dues ;  for  beneficiaries  (persons  not  en- 
gaged in  mercantile  pursuits),  five  dollars  annual  dues, 
DO  initiation  fee ;  life  memberships,  fifty  dollars.  The 
rooms  are  open  every  day  from  nine  a.m.  until  ten 
P.M.  Once  in  four  years  the  library  is  closed  for 
general  examination. 

The  Mercantile  Library  is  one  of  the  most  important 
and  valuable  institutions  in  St.  Louis.  It  is  admirably 
managed,  and  its  influence  as  an  educational  agency 
is  almost  incalculable.  Many  valuable  books  and 
works  of  art  have  been  presented  to  it,  among  which 
are  the  Peck  collection  of  books  and  pamphlets  re- 


lating to  America,  marble  statues  of  (Jmioiiu  andi 
Beatrice  Cenci,  by  Harriet  Hosmer,  marl.lc  l,uj(g  ^^I 
Bums  and  Walter  Scott  (presented  by  the  (  aledoniaQl 
Society),  a  number  of  fine  paintings  and  inirtraiis  i 
large  sculptured  slab  of  marble  from  Nimroud,  in.| 
scribed  in  cuneiform  characters,  and  a  nuinlicrorothctl 
articles.  The  rooms  are  handsomely  furnished  aDd 
very  attractive  in  appearance.  As  tho  lilirary  isiJ 
need  of  more  commodious  quarters,  the  .^ule  of  thd 
present  property  and  the  erection  of  a  lari'er  anJ 
more  convenient  structure  are  contemplated. 

On  the  evening  of  the  13th  of  Jaiiuury,  1871  thj 
twenty-fifth  anniversary  of  the  founding  of  the  libran 
was  celebrated.  Among  those  present  were  Mayo 
Cole,  Hudson  E.  Bridge,  Gerard  B.  Allen.  Gen.  Xjj 
than  Kanney,  Judge  Treat,  Rev.  Dr,  I'ust,  Judm 
Knight,  Col.  George  Knapp,  Henry  Sliaw,  C'harle 
Speck,  Wayman  Crow,  J.  B.  S.  Lemoinct,  Alfred  Can 
Silas  Bent,  J.  C.  McAllister,  Dr.  Engelmaiin,  ThomJ 
Allen,  Dr.  Hodgen,  Bishop  Robertson,  Gen.  Louis  1 
Parsons,  and  others. 

The  proceedings  were  opened  with  an  address 
James  E.  Yeatman,  first  president  of  the  association 
who  was  introduced  by  John  T.  Douglas,  chairman  ( 
the  committee  of  arrangements.     In  the  course  of  b 
remarks  Mr.  Yeatman  said, — 

"This  institution  had  its  birth  in  a  most  ii|ipio|iriatp  {ilu 
the  merchant's  countin|;-room.     The  patornily  a9  iisi'ril>e.|||| 
between  two  of  our  old   and    uucomplisbeil  iiuTclmiit.s  Pet 
Powell  and  John  0.  Tevis.     The  former  has  lung  /mm  I 
gathered  to  his  fathers ;  the  latter  has  retired  to  tlic  uiorc  qu| 
and  peaceful  pursuits  of  the  country.     Theae  gentlemen  »J 
ably  seconded  by  A.  B.  Chambers,  the  then  editor  of  ihelB 
miiiii  Uepulilietin,  one  of  the  most  publie-spiritcil  men  lliit) 
ever  graced  our  city.     Those  who  remember  lihii.and  thered 
many  who  bear  the  sound  of  my  voice  wlm  du,  will  bur  j 
out  in  saying  that  he  was  foremost  in  every  enleriirlsclhalli 
for  its  object  the  improvement  and  advameiiient  oT  tliecilJ 
which  he  not  only  contributed  with  his  pen,  through  ilie-'iiuii^ 
of  his  paper,  then  one  of  the  leading  I'oinniiTcial  jriunialil 
the  West,  but  by  his  personal  efforts  and  privalu  mciuis. 

"  My  own  recollections  are  that  the  more  e-^pccinl  Imnarj 
being  the  originators  of  the  library  Ijeloni;^  lo  JolinC.  Tfl 
and  K<ibert  K.  Woods.     These  recollections  hiivek'enrulljrt 
Qrmed  by  a  letter  which  has  been  placed  in  my  liniidj  b;i 
president  of  the  committee  of  arrltngellH'nl^'  within  Ibe  | 
week   from  Mr.  Tevis,  in  which  ho  says,  '  One  tl'tcrnoun  III 
fall  of  1845,  while  standing  chatting  at  our  doors  "ii  i 
Street,  which  wero  adjoining,  the  subject  of  forming  a  ratrt 
tile  library  was  first  broached  between  Mr.  Robert  K.  IV| 
and  myself.     After  some  conversation,  Mr.  Wood;  and  1 
solved  "  to  make  an  effort"  at  least  liy  calling  in  perion " 
few  active  and  enterprising  citizens,  who  agreed  to  meet  | 
us  and  dieouss  the  matter,  which  they  did  one  nighl  i 
counting-room  of  Tevis,  Soott  it  Tevis,  on  Main  Street.' 
C.  Tevis  was  a  Philodelphian  by  birth,  iind  a  man  of  III 
education  and  genial  manners  and  habits,  and  al  tbnlttj 
prosperous  inerchint.     The  first  meeting  was  held  at  bii  o 
ing-room  at  night,  on  Deo.  30,  1845.     There  were  eifbtg 


Lues  of  (Ki\i)iK>  and! 
iner,  marlil.'  Lusts  oL 
ted  by  tli(!  ( 'aledoniuttl 
tings  and  iiortraiis,  i 
e  from  Niuiroud,  in-l 
andanuiiilnTofotlietj 
somely  fuiiiished, and 

As  the  libriiry  is  id 
arters,  the  sale  of  tha 
ution  of  u  liivger  aoj 
sontemplatod. 
of  January,  1871,  thJ 
foundin;:  of  tlie  librar] 
e  present  were  M;\yo( 
ird  B.  Allen.  Gen.  N« 
Rev.  Dr.  Pust,  Judg 

Henry  Shaw,  Clwrla 
I.  Lemoine,  Alfred  Can 
Dr.  En^eluiaun,  Thomd 
,obertson,  Gen.  Louis  1 


LIBRARIES. 


8!}l 


in  a  most  iiiipiopralf  v'l", 
The  piitornity  as  asoribcl  111 
icomiilisheil  miTchaiil!,  Pol 
former  Ims  lung  fince  I 
r  has  retirod  to  Hit  more  qui 
jntry.     Thfsc  gentleiiicn  ti 
•8,  the  then  editor  of  tlie  W 
k  publio-spirileil  men  tlul  i 
>  remeinlicr  liini,  ami  there  ^ 
ly  voice  who  do,  will  bcir  ( 
at  in  every  enleriiriiclhiiti 
lid  iidvnni-einonl  of  the  cityi 
hhispcn,  throui;tillR"-"liii| 
lading  coiniiaToittl  jouniallj 
forts  and  private  iiieuii!.     T 
Int  the  more  e-pcoial  \v<m 
Irary  belongs  to  John  C.  TJ 
jeoUections  linve  been  fully  ol 
jun  placed  in  my  lia"''»  ^l\ 
[vrrangcmciits  within  the  1 
ho  says,  '  One  aflcrnoun  ill 
latting  at  oiir  doors  ""  T 
le  subject  of  formini!  a  met^ 
jbetwoen  Mr.  Uobert  K.  Wl 
crsatioii,  Jlr.  Woods  ""J  W 
ffti.thycallini;inper«oii"n< 
iiens,  who  agreed  to  raetti 
lioh  they  di.l  one  nijlit  M" 
i,  Tevis,  on  Main  Stm''' 
[by  birth,  and  ft  uisn  of  Ul 
and  hftl)it»,andattbalt^ 

t  meeting  wi>9li«l'' »''■'" 
1845.     There  were  eight* 


giea  present, — Col.  A.  B.  Chambers,  Peter  Powell,   Robert  K. 

1  Woods,  -lohn  F.  Franklin,  K.  P.  Perry,  William  P.  Scott,  John 

Ijall.  and  John  C.  Tevis, — all  of  whom  were  morcdiants  ex- 

,pl  Col.  ("htmbers.     All  have  since  passed  away  save  John  C. 

Itvinnnd  R.  K.  Woods,  the  latter  of  whom  is  present  with  us 

iliij  evening,  a  witness  of  the  success  of  the  organization  which 

ij  took  :-o  prominent  a  part  in  founding.     Mr.  Peter  Powell 

itlie  ,  liairman  of  thib  meeting,  and  the  following  resolutions 

I  lire  offercil  by  Col.  Chambers  : 

'  H'j"'lrtih  That  it  \»  deemed  expedient  by  the  merchants  of 
Itbiioit.v  10  found  a  Mercantile  Library  Association  for  their 
I  on  luutuiil  improvement,  and  for  the  improvement  of  those  in 
I  ibdr  ein|'loy ;  and  that  in  so  doing  they  deom  it  exjiedient  to 
Itirnin  library  principally  devoted  to  such  subjects  as  are  uso- 
Ifiltoiuen  employed  in  oummeroial  pursuits;  but  that  whilst 
1  ibe  iirimary  object  is  mercantile,  all  other  professions  are  re- 
liwctfully  invited  to  unite. 

'  lic'ilved,  That  a  uommittue  of  five  be  appointed  at  this 
liHting  to  select  a  committee  of  Ufteen  to  report  to  n  meeting 
I  if  merchants  and  others  a  constitution  and  by-laws.' 

"In  compliance  with  the  above,  Messrs.  Powell,  Budd, 
Lumbers,  Konnett,  Hall,  Rust,  Clark,  Barnard,  Hiclicson, 
Ijiliall,  Pmigbcrty,  Peterson, Southaok,  Glasgow, and  Ycntman 
I ittF  appointed  to  draft  a  constitution  and  by-laws." 

Mr.  Yeatman  added  that  he  was  elected  president, 
Ldtliat  the  other  oflBcers  were  Luther  M.  Kennett, 
liice president ;  Robert  K.  Woods,  treasurer ;  S.  A. 
lHaniett,  corresponding  secretary ;  John  A.  Doiigh- 
liny,  recording  secretary  ;  William  .  M.  Thompson, 
Iliilin  C.  Tevis,  Peter  Powell,  George  K.  Budd,  Alex- 
Ldcr  Peterson,  J.  F.  Franklin,  and  Robert  Barlh,  di- 
Ittciors;  Josiah  Dent,  librarian. 

in  addition  to  the  ordinary  attractions  of  the  library 
Itourses  of  lectures  were  given,  but  they  did  not  prove 
liiiaiiciaily  remunerative. 

Mr.  Yeatiuan  also  stated  that "  in  the  designs  of  the 
Ijkary  hall  building  tiiere  was  to  have  been  a  fourth 
orv.  wliich  was  to  have  been  used  exclusively  for  a 
lite  art  gallery,  but  during  its  erection,  from  econom- 
lidl  considerations,  this  story  was  dispensed  with. 
Ilio  funds  of  this  association  liave  ever  been  used  for 
Le  promotion  ot  this  object,  unless  some  eighteen 
liiodred  dolhirs  expended  in  procuring  the  portraits 
l<!  Henry  D.  Bacon  and  Baron  Von  Humboldt  bo  so 
lijiisidercd.  The  large  number  of  works  of  art  now 
Ij«i«s8ed  by  the  association  have  been  the  gifts  of 
Isi  friends  and  patrons,  the  value  of  which  now 
laounts  lu  twenty  thousand  five  hundred  dollars." 

At  the  close  of  the  address  the  Liedcrkrauz  sang 

llleetiioven's  chorus,  "  Glory  to  God,"  after  which  T. 

IL  Garrett  recited  an  original  "  Ode  to  Progress." 

lUie  poem  was  handsomely  illustrated  with  a  series  of 

fcux  suggested  by  the  narrative.    They  were  pre- 

1  under  the  supervision  of  J.  R.  Meeker,  artist, 

I  Mrs.  Edwina  Dean  Lowe.     A  portion  of  the 

litJ  part  of  the  poem  was  recited  by  Miss  Gertrude, 

igliter  of  Oen.  N.  Ranney,  who  represented  Colum- 


bia. Orchestral  music  was  rendered  at  intervals. 
Following  i.s  a  list  of  tlie  presidents  of  the  association 
up  to  and  including  1871 : 

IH46-47,  James  E.  Yeatman;  lM4a-4!i,  Alfred  Vinton; 
1 8,50-,^ I,  n.  K.  liridge;  IS52,  Henry  I).  Bacon;  1 853,  J.  H. 
Alexander;  1854-o5,  J.  T.  Douglas;  185(1,  W.  .M.  Morrison; 
1857,  John  W.  I.ukc:  1858,  M.  V.  L.  McClelland;  l85tf-6(),  J. 
B.S.  Lemoine;  ISIil,  Alfred  Carr;  1862-63,  John  H.  Beach; 
IS(i4-8.^,  ChnrlcN  Miller;  I8fi(l-07,  (Jeorge  R.  Robinson  ;  1868- 
69,  Lafayette  Wilson:   1870-71,  Richard  M.  Scruggs. 

The  officers  and  directors  at  the  time  of  the  celebration 
were, — 

President,  Richard  M.  .'Scruggs;  Vice-President,  Charles 
Speak;  Secretaries:  Corresponding,  M.  N.  liurclinrd  ;  Record- 
ing. J(din  H. Tracy;  Treasurer,  Henry  11.  Wernse;  Directors, 
James  P.  Fiske,  Frederick  Ilawes,  James  0.  Carson,  John  S,  J. 
Miller,  Lorraine  F.  Jones,  Henry  T.  Simon,  Francis  Carter; 
Actuary  and  Librarian,  John  X.  Dyet ;  Assistant  Librarians: 
First,  W.  H.  H.  Ander.ion;  Second,  .1.  M.  II.  Washington; 
Third,  d.  B.  Wobb. 

■  The  officers  in  1882  were  Robert  E.  Carr,  presi- 
dent ;  R.  S.  Brookings,  vice-president ;  Emii  A.  Mey- 
senburg,  corresponding  .secretary  ;  William  L.  Scott, 
recording  secretary ;  John  11.  Liunbcrger,  trea.surer ; 
Gerard  B.  Allen,  Robert  S.  Brookings,  Samuel  M. 
Konnard,  J.  W.  Munson,  B.  F.  Adams,  Henry  Stan- 
ley, Pierre  Chouteau,  directors;  John  N.  Dyer, 
actuary  and  librarian. 

Public  School  Library. — The  St.  Louis  Public 
School  Library,  situated  at  the  southwest  corner  of 
Seventh  and  Chestnut  Streets,  is  another  of  the  highly 
successful  and  useful  institutions  of  St.  Louis.  On 
the  10th  of  January,  18G(),  Ira  Divoll,  superin- 
tendent of  public  schools,  presented  to  the  school 
board  a  report  in  favor  of  establishing  a  public 
school  library.  At  the  time  of  that  report  the 
then  library  consisted  "  of  forty-two  volumes  of  the 
I  annals  of  Congress  and  a  collection  of  school  and 
I  miscellaneous  books,  amounting  altogether  to  about 
one  hundred  volumes,  and  worth  perhaps  one  hun- 
dred dollars." 

In  his  report  Mr.  Divoll  recommended  that  the 
proposed  library  be  established  iu  connection  with 
and  as  supplementary  to  the  public  schools,  for  the  di- 
rectors, officers,  and  teachers  of  which  it  was  to  be  free, 
the  pupils  to  pay  a  small  fee  for  its  use,  and  all  other 
persons  who  wished  to  do  so  to  become  annual  sub- 
scribers at  low  rates.  He  also  recommended  that  the 
school  board  appropriate  a  sum  sufficient  to  purchase 
the  nucleus  of  a  library,  which  was  to  be  sustained 
by  donations  and  membership  fees.  Mr.  DivoU'a 
proposition  was  favorably  received,  but  owing  to  the 
unseUled  state  of  affairs  which  intervened  during  the 
period  of  the  civil  war,  it  was  not  acted  on  until 
1864,  when  the  project  was  revived  and  efforts  were 


ll-:^ 


892 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


I  ( 


made  to  establish  a  library.  Mr.  Divoll's  acheme 
was  then  discussed,  but  S.  D.  Barlo^',  president  of 
the  school  board  at  that  time,  suggested  in  his  annual 
report  the  formation  of  a  separate  library  association. 
At  the  ensuing  session  of  the  Legislature,  Feb.  3, 
1865,  an  act  of  incorporation  was  passed,  among  the 
incorporators  being  S.  D.  Barlow,  Ira  Divoll,  and  0. 
F.  Childs.  The  association  was  known  as  the  "  Pub- 
lic School  Library  Society  of  St.  Louis,"  and  its  ob- 
jects were  stated  to  be  "  the  establishment  and  main- 
tenan  3  of  a  public  school  library  society  and  lyceum." 

The  charter  provided  that  all  the  directors,  officers, 
teachers,  or  pupils  of  the  public  schools  might  become 
life  members  by  the  payment  of  twelve  dollars,  and 
that  there  should  be  no  other  members ;  but  there 
might  be  annual  subscribers.  The  management  was 
vested  in  a  board  of  sixteen  trustees,  six  of  whom 
might  be  women,  and  who  were  empowered  to  assess 
all  the  life  members  "  any  amount  not  exceeding 
three  dollars  per  annum."  The  board  of  public 
schools  was  authorized  to  appropriate  out  of  its 
general  fund  a  sum  not  exceeding  five  thousand  dol- 
lars for  the  purchase  of  books. 

The  Library  Society  was  organized  in  accordance 
with  the  provisions  of  the  act,  and  in  March,  1865, 
a  series  of  regulations  and  by-laws  were  adopted  pro- 
viding the  details  of  organization  and  management, 
and  that  the  library  should  be  open  daily  from  ten  A.M. 
until  ten  p.m.,  except  on  Sundays  and  holidays.  On 
the  11th  of  March  the  secretary  reported  that  one 
hundred  and  fifty  persons  had  become  life  members 
of  the  society.  The  first  board  of  tru.stees  under  the 
charter  was  composed  of  S.  D.  Burlow,  president 
board  of  public  schools ;  Ira  Divoll,  superintendent 
of  public  schools ;  Charles  F.  Childs,  principal  of  the 
High  School,  and  Miss  Anna  C.  Hrackett,  principal  of 
Normal  School,  all  vx  officio;  W.  G.  Kliot,  D.D., 
James  Richardson,  T.  B.  Edgar,  C.  S.  Greeley,  Dr. 
John  Conzelman,  Dr.  Charles  VV.  Stevens,  Miss  Kate 
T.  Wilson,  Mrs.  E.  C.  Clement,  Mrs.  K.  C.  Dunham, 
William  T.  Harris,  John  A.  Gilfillan,  and  Carlos  W. 
Mills. 

On  the  1st  of  November,  1865,  the  treasury  of  the 
society  contained  five  thousand  seven  hundred  and 
twenty-six  dollars  and  sixty-five  cents,  obtained  from 
membership  fees,  donations,  and  an  exhibition  given 
by  the  pupils  of  the  High  School,  which  netted  one 
thousand  dollars.  Of  this  the  "um  of  five  thousand 
dollars  was  appropriated  for  the  purchase  of  books. 
When  the  library  was  first  opened  for  the  issue  of 
books,  Dec.  9, 1865,  with  John  J.  Bailey  as  librarian, 
it  contained  fifteen  hundred  volumes.  The  member- 
ship then  numbered  three  hundred  an-^*  four  life  mem- 


bers, and  about  two  hundred  who  held  cerlilicatesofi 
partial  payment.     The  location  of  the  libiiir\  was  ia ' 
Darby's  building,  corner  of  Olive  and  Fiftli  Streets 
As  soon  as  the  books  commenced  circulating  the  pumU  j 
of  the  schools  enrolled  themselves  a.^  members  at  the 
rate  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  per  month,  and  at  the  I 
close  of  the  first  year  of  the  library's  cxistince  it  had! 
a  membership  of  fourteen  hundred  and  ilijrtytvto  f 
Its  net  o»8h  receipts  for  that  year  amounted  to  ei-litl 
thousand  one  hundred  and  thirty  dollars.     The  num. 
her  of  volumes  issued  during  1866  wn.s  thirty-ouel 
thousand  five  hundred  and  seventy-two,  and  in  tliel 
following  year  the  collection  of  books  numbered  ten! 
thousand  five  hundred  and  fifteen  voIuhuh,  and  the! 
membership-list    two    thousand    two    lumdrcd  audi 
twenty-seven  persons,  of  whom  eighteen  hundred  werel 
or  had  been  connected  with  the  public  schools.    Thai 
amount  of  money  expended  up  to  Aui;,  ],  ]%i\ 
amounted   to   twenty  thousand  eight   hundred  untj 
thirty-seven  dollars  and  ninety-six  cents,  the  whole  oi 
which  sum  had  been  obtained  from  nienibersh'''  feesj 
lectures,  exhibitions,  and  donations  varyiiii:  in  aniounl 
from  fifty  to  one  hundred  and  fifty  dollars,  for  whichl 
in  a  majority  of  cases,  certificates  of  mcnibershipwon 
issued,  in  accordance  with  the  directions  of  the  donon 
The  library  was  thus  financially  self-su.staiiiini;  froa 
the  start.    During  the  winter  of  18G()-(i7  the  soeietj 
furnished  a  course  of  thirteen  lectures  bv  distinL'uisl 
speakers,  which   proved  very  popular,  and  were 
great  benefit  to  the  institution.     In  1808  the  boar 
of  public  .schools,  as  authorized  by  the  charter  of  tb 
Library  Society,  contributed  five  thou.sand  dollars  foj 
the  purchase  of  books.     Another  provision  in  lit 
charter  of  the  Library  Society  gave  authority  tu  ih 
school  board  to  furnish  rooms  for  the  library,  and  I 
heat  and  light  them.    The  library  occupied  the  roonl 
in   the   Darby  building  for  nearly  three  years,  an 
when  the  school  board  purchased  the  O'Falloii  I'olJ 
technic  building,  the  library  was  invited  to  nccuij 
more  spacious  quarters  there,  and  has  since  enjoyed  t 
markable  prosperity.    Besides  the  library  room  prop 
it  had  a  reading-room  twenty-seven  by  thirty  feet,  i 
ranged  in  the  most  convenient  style  lor  reader.*. 

Subsequently  the  library  outgrew  it.s  acconiniw 
tions  again,  and  the  school  board  appropriated  anotW 
and  still  larger  hall  for  its  use,  one  hundred  liy  fi^ 
feet,  with  a  ceiling  forty-two  feet  in  heijiht. 
library  now  has  one  hundred  and  seventy  linear  fcelJ 
files  for  newspapers,  and  one  hundred  and  fortyeij 
feet  of  reading-rooa.  at  the  tables.  .\  large  numl 
of  books  were  acquired  by  the  absorption  of  utl 
libraries.  The  St.  Louis  German  Institute  and  tliel 
Louis  High  School  Library  Association  gave  all  tM 


LIBRARIES.  393 

I  looks  in  exchan<,'e  for  certificates  of  membership,  and  J5900 ;  income  from  memberships,  fines,  etc.,$5000 ; 

linlSti'.l  the  Henry  Ames  Library  of  the  O'Failon  total,  $16,900. 

l>olyte(!hnio  Institute,  together  with  a  legacy  of  one  In  June,  1874,  the  library  was  thrown  open  to  the 

I  handrtd  thousand  dollars,  which  had  been  transferred  public  free  for  reading  and  reference,  the  membership 

10  the  school  board  along  with  the  Polytechnic  build-  fees  being  retained  unaltered  for  such  as  desired  to 

io!!,  WHS  merged  into  the  Public  School  Library.     It  borrow  books  for  home  use.     On  the  1st  of  May, 

(ontributed   about  six   thousand  volumes.      In   the  1875,  the  condition  of  the  library  was  shown  by  the 

Lineypiir  were  purchased  the  entire  libraries  of  Dr.  following  statistics; 

Sliuraard  (geological)  and  Professor  Rossmaessler,  of    volumes  in  library 38  753 

I  leipsif  I  natural  history).    Subsequently  the  Academy  ^'ewpapera  and  iioriodieais  in  roading-rooni                    '241 

I  of  Science,  St.  Louis  Medical  Society,  Historical  So-  PorpeTuri  mo'nbeVahVpaZ^^^^^^                          "'"30 

tieiy,  Institute  of  Architects,  Engineers'  Club,  Micro-     I'^mporary  niombor« '"".^"ZZZ    3,5iu 

I joopical  Society,  Local  Steam  Engineers'  Association,  Issues:                                                                       ' 

L  Art  Society  enriched  the  library  with  their  liter-  III  lrbrr;us;:::::::;:::::;::;::::::;::::.;;:::;;  ll'JZ 

I  irv  possessions.  _! —       121,201 

The  library  was  owned  for  three  years  and  a  half    ^■"'"*  "'  '""''"'y  («'"■»"""») $72,127.31 

hjthe  Library  Society,  but  it  was  a  part  of  the  design  In  1880  the  library  contained  48,308  volumes  and 

lofiin  founders  that  it  should  eventually  be  owned  and  141  unbound  pamphlets,  and  the  total  issue  of  vol- 

jioiiirolleil  by  the  board  of  public  schools.    This  branch  umes  for  the  year  was  202,834.    The  membership  on 

|(f the  desi^in  was  consummated  in  April,  1869,  by  the  the   1st  of  August,  1881,  numbered  4164  persons, 

Imnsferti)  the  absolute  ownership  of  the  school  board  and  up  to  July  31,  1881.  the  total  receipts  and  ex- 

lif  the  library  and  all  its  belongings.     The  conditions  penditures  had  amounted  to  8156,434..55. 

Iierethat  ihe  board  should  keep  it  in  operation  under  In  1883  a  movement  has  been  begun  to  abolish  all 

liboard  of  sixteen  managers,  nine  of  whom  should  be  membership  fees,  and  to  recognize  what  is  even  now 

lifpdinted  by  the  school  board  and  seven  elected  by  true  in  effect,  that  the  library  has  developed  into  a 

lie  life  members  of  the  library;  also  to  appropriate  public  library.     The  small  amount  now  received  from 

|ioi  less  tliiin  three  thousand  dollars  annually,  besides  membership   fees,  the  possession  of  a  collection  of 

if  revenues  of  the  library  itself,  to  its  maintenance  fifty-five  thousand  volumes  so  well  selected  that  com- 

lui!  increase.     Should  the  board  fail  in  its  part  of  the  parison  with  the  great  Eastern  libraries  is  not  to  be 

lioDiract,  llie  library  was  to  return  to  its  original  owners  feared,  the  strong  and  growing  sentiment  in  favor  of 

|k  the  terms  of  the  transfer.    In  five  and  a  half  years  a  public  library,  all  render  it  probable  that  in  the 

e  board  bad,  besides  providing  a  large  increase  of  near  future  the  library  will  undergo  its  lust  trunsfor- 

loom. contributed  the  sum  of  thirty  thousand  one  hun-  mation,  and  wheel  into  line  with  the  free  libraries  of 

llmi  and  furty-one  dollars,  principally  for  the  purchase  Boston,  Cincinnati,  Chicago,  San  Francisco,  and  other 

liftoks.    Active  membership  in  the  library  is  now  large  cities.     The  items  of  general  interest  are  ap- 

lifento  all,  without  regard  to  sex  or  occupation,  at  pended  as  copied  from  the  last  annual  report: 

likesaiiie  terms  as  provided  by  the  original  society,  i  During  the  year  ending  July  31,  1882,  84  380 

lie  Sunday  ('ijening  of  the  library  to  the  public,  i  volumes  were  drawn  for  homo  reading,  51,687  vol- 

liliith  was  inaugurated  June  9,  1872,  has  proved  umes  were  consulted  in  the  library,  56,946  periodicals 

uglily  successful  and  satisfactory.     By  an  act  of  were  read  in  the  reading-room. 

|il»Lc|.'islature,  approved  March  27, 1874,  the  school  Besides  the  total  issue  of  193,013  books  and  peri- 

lloinl  was  authorized  to  provide  for  all  the  wants  of  I  odicals,  hundreds  came  daily  to  read  the  newspapers 

|ielibrary,  which  under  its  management  continues  to  on  file  from  the  principal  points  of  the  United  States 

wish.    During  the  months  of  March  and  April,  j  and  Europe. 

|K5.  a  classified  record  was  kept  of  the  rcinling  in  The   average   week-day  issue   was   542  volumes* 

li«  library-rooms,  with  the  following  results :  There  Sunday,  345  volumes.    The  librarian  is  Frederick  M. 

liere drawn  on  week-days,  novels,  227  volumes;  juve-  Crunden. 

k  408 ;  other  books,  2026  ;  on  Sundays,  novels,  |  Among  those  who  assisted  in  the  organization  of 

Ivolutties;  juveniles,  799;  other  books,  607.     In  the  Public  School  Library,  and  who  have  since  con- 

1874,  the  school  board  appropriated  to   the  tributed  to  its  successful  management,  none  has  been 

try  86000  for  the  current  year,  and  the  annual  |  more  zealous  and  eflScient  than  the  eminent  merchant 

btnues  of  the  library  became :  School  board  appro-  '  and  philanthropist,  James  Richardson.     Mr.  Richard- 

piioD,  $6000;    interest  on  Henry  Ames'  legacy,  •  son  was  born  in  Hopkiuton,  N.  H.,  July  14,  1817, 


m 


ii  'f 


i 

J 

894 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


the  son  of  a  thrifty,  well-to-do  farmer.  His  father  was 
a  direct  descendant  of  Ezekiel  Richardson  who  camo  > 
from  the  south  of  England,  and  who  belonged  to 
the  celebrated  "  Winthrop  Colony"  which  landed  at 
Boston,  Mass.,  in  1630,  and  who,  as  the  country  was 
sub-divided,  became  one  of  the  original  incorporators 
of  Woburn,  near  Boston.  James  Richardson  was  the 
eighth  in  descent  from  Ezekiel  Richardson. 

James  received  a  good  district  school  education  and 
enjoyed  the  advantages  of  an  academy,  one  of  the  first 
in  the  whole  country  having  been  established  in  his 
neighborhood,  which  was  attended  by  pupils  from  far 
and  near.  When  about  eighteen  his  school  privileges 
terminated,  and  from  eighteen  to  twenty-one  he 
worked  on  the  farm  in  summer  and  taught  school  in 
winter,  faithfully  bringing  his  wages  home  to  his 
father  in  the  spring.  When  he  became  of  age,  he 
continued  to  teach  in  the  winter,  while  he  worked  at 
some  mechanical  employment  in  the  summer  ;  for  his 
father,  although  in  good  circumstances,  seems  to  have 
deemed  it  best  that  the  boy  should  provide  for  him- 
self, which,  indeed,  he  appears  to  have  been  fully 
capable  of  doing.  In  1843,  James  was  married  to 
Miss  Laura  Clifford,  of  New  Hampshire,  and  in  1845 
he  removed  to  Pittsburgh,  Pa.,  after  the  great  fire 
there,  with  just  one  thousand  dollars  in  his  pocket, 
solely  the  fruit  of  his  earnings  since  becoming  of  age. 
He  was  then  twenty-eight  years  old.  He  successfully 
managed  a  grocery-store  there  for  twelve  years,  which  : 
he  sold  for  thiny  thousand  dollars,  and  in  1857  re-  ' 
moved  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  engaged  in  the  whole- 
sale drug  business,  under  the  style  of  Richardson, 
Mellier  &  Co.  Soon,  however,  Mr.  Mellier  withdrew, 
and  the  business  was  conducted  by  Richardson  & 
Sods,  the  partners  being  his  sons. 

The  establishment  occupied  a  small  store  at  704 
North  Main  Street,  but  the  business  rapidly  increased 
and  more  room  was  from  time  to  time  taken,  until  at 
present  the  house  of  Richardson  &  Co.  occupies  six 
numbers  on  North  Main  Street  and  three  large  ware- 
houses on  Front  Street,  on  the  Levee,  besides  con- 
ducting a  large  chemical  and  pharmaceutical  labor.i- 
tory,  embracing  Nos.  1121,  1123,  1125,  and  1127 
North  Second  Street,  and  employin"^  one  hundred  and 
twenty-five  hands.  In  the  aggregate  the  house  em- 
ploys over  one  hundred  and  fifty  hands.  It  keeps 
stuck  on  hand  amounting  to  half  a  million  dollars,  and 
its  yearly  sales  arc  in  proportion.  It  enjoys  the  repu- 
tation of  being  the  largest  importingand  jobbing  drug 
house  in  the  West,  and  there  is  but  one  in  the  coun- 
try that  docs  a  larger  business.  Indeed,  its  reputation 
is  world-wide,  for  there  is  hardly  a  quarter  of  the  globe 
where  it  does  not  have  correspondents,  from  whence  it 


does  not  import  goods,  and  whither  it  dm-i  not  send 
its  manufactured  products.     It  everywhere  ■  njovs  the 
highest  reputation,  and  in  St.  Louis,  wheir  it  is  ihor. 
oughly  known,  its  founder  and  head  pi,    ':(sc8  thfli 
fullest  confidence  and  esteem  of  his  fellow  Imsinpsgi 
men,  who  have  watched  the  unvarying  pniLrross  of  higl 
house,  and  have  noted  on  what  a  solid  fdiindntion  of! 
integrity,  prudence,  and  sagacity  this  itiiincnse  busi-] 
ness  has  been  built  up. 

Mr.  Richardson's  success  in  the  mana<roinciit  of  |,i|l 
growing  and  intricate  affairs  attracted  the  attemicn  oi 
his  friends,  and  he  was  repeatedly  solicitiii  to  takJ 
part  in  other  enterprises,  but  being  cmi-iirvative  hJ 
usually  declined.     However,  he  has  been  a  directoi 
in  several  banks,  but  recently  has  severed  all  conne 
tions  of  this  kind,  and  has  persistently  rcl'iised  to  makj 
new  ones.     He  has  been  led  to  this  coui-se  throuKH 
no   lack   of  public  spirit,  and  whenever  solicited 
serve  the  public  in  a  useful  capacity  lie  has  scidoii 
refused.     Thus  for  many  years  he  was  a  member  ( 
the  board  of  education,  and  for  some  time  was  pret 
ident  of  the  body,  but  ultimately  deulincd  a  rc-olectiooj 
During  his  administration  the  school  system  was  place< 
on  a  more  efficient  basis,  involving  radical  and  esteiJ 
sive  reforms ;  and  in  advocating  and  securini»  thet 
Mr.  Richardson  was   foremost   as  uii  iiispiriii!;  ai^ 
shaping  mind.     His  name  has  long  been  assmiated  i 
the  public  mind  with  that  of  the  lamented  Ira  Divol 
as  one  of  the  founders  of  the  present  excellent  sclio 
system  of  St.  Louis. 

Upon  retiring  from  the  school  board  he  was  brouglJ 
as  we  have  seen,  into  very  close  relations  with  the  Pul 
lie  School  Library,  "an  institution."  he  has  been  heal 
to  say,  "  which  I  regard  as  of  more  wide-spread  inflJ 
ence  than  anything  in  St.  Louis  except  the  publ 
schools  themselves."    Again  he  is  seen  workiiif:  wii 
Divoll  for  the  establishment  of  this  great  enterprise d 
a  sure  footing ;  and  among  the  noblo  men  whom  Diva 
gathered  around  him,  none  were  more  zealous  ihi 
James  Richardson.     They  labored  during  the  vra 
and  amid  many  and  peculiar  embarra.ssments,  yet .« 
Richardson  and  his  brave  associates  never  waveri 
in  their  expressions  of  courage  ond  confidence,  i 
finally  succeeded  in  placing  the  enterprise  upon  j 
present  substantial  footing.     Without  disparat'emd 
to  others  who  assisted  in  this  enlightened  fforkj 
may  be  said  that  the  chief  burdens  were  borne  | 
Mr.   Divoll   and    Mr.  Richardson.     Their  inspiri 
confidence  and  energy  carried  the  cause  aionL', 
when  Divoll  died  his  mantle  fell  on  Richardfoii. 
pushed  the  work  unflinchingly  until  success  was! 
complished. 

In  recognition  of  his  share  in  this  great  eduoatioj 


ther  it  docs  noi  send 
iverywherc  cnidys  the 
ouis,  when'  it  is  tlior- 
d  head  pi.  -"sscs  thej 
of  hi8  fellow  Ijusincsgl 
varying  proLToss  of  liiaj 
b  a  solid  f(mii(i:ition  off 
ty  this  immense  busi- 

the  maiiaj.'1'mpiit  of  liiJ 
Tactcd  the  lUtentiiin  ol 
tedly  solicited  to  takJ 
being  conservative,  hi 
le  has  b(!('M  a  (iireetoi 
[las  sevored  all  conneq 
istently  refused  to  maki 
to  this  course  throusill 
whenever  solicited 
capacity  lie  has  seldou 
irs  he  was  a  nieiubcr  ( 
or  some  time  was  prei 
dy  declined  a  re-electioa 
school  system  was  placei 
Iving  radical  and  exteuj 
ting  and  securiii<:  thei 
St  us  an  iiispiriiii;  at) 
is  long  been  associated  i 
the  lamented  Ira  Divo| 
!  present  cxcelletit  schoi 

ool  board  he  was  brough| 
se  relations  with  the  Pul 
ution,"  he  has  been  1 
f  more  wide-spread  inflJ 
Louis  except  the  publ 

he  is  seen  workiiii:  m\ 
of  this  great  enterprise « 
le  noble  men  whom  Divd 

were  more  zealous  th| 
labored  during  the 
r  embarrassments,  yet )( 
associates  never  waverj 
irage  and  confidence, 
s;  the  enterprise  upon  i 
Without  disparafremd 
this  enlightened  workij 
if  burdens  were  borne 
hardson.     Their  inspiri 
ried  the  cause  aloni.'.  i 
tie  fell  on  Richardfoii,  i 
ingly  until  success  was  J 

ire  in  this  great  eJuoatid 


..» 


rf^^^-':  -v^A  i. 


.4 


t     • 


Ul: 


f 


894 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


the  80D  of  a  thrifty,  well-to-do  farmer.    His  father  was 

II  >l-  ••  of  Esuikini  liicliBid^iin  who  raiiui 

!■     •('  Hiiiiiiinil.  ai)d  whn  I,.;l(inj:i'il  to 

Wiiilliroc  Colony''   wiiiijh  laiideU  at 

■•lass.,  ill  li>,i(l,  anil  whi;,  ax  tho  country  van 

•  't:  -'h'.i.-A.  lii'i'Riiio  oii«  uf  iIji;  orijjiiial 'O'Kjrpiiriitora 

"i  VVuburn,  iio.ir  Hiwitoii.     Jhiup.h  llii'hnrilii.u  w^is  fh.' 

iti^hili  ill  •Imk^mi  from  Ezokiul  Kiuliardsrni. 

fiaiutw  rocelviid  n  iiocmI  (ii.jtrir;;  sclioyi  ttduciii""!!  '•:»! 
i-iijiiyod  i!i'  adviinlHLtivi  of  iin  nnndt-iiiy.  one  of  Hm  ftoL 
11  thi;  »¥liol(-  ciiiinlry  Iniviug  beun  <>nial.ili«li  a  lu  iiiit 
iMjisrlilMtilicx'd,  which  was  .'ittcndpd  hy  piipilri  r^un  fi'" 
and  iM.'ar.  Whi'O  nbi'ut  cij^'htocii  Ins  nchuol  priviluia"* 
toriuiiiiUnd.  arid  from  ciRiitouii  to  twonty-<irio  he 
wotkcd  (in  the  farm  iii  surcmcr  nnd  taught  aijhool  In 
<Tiiit«r,  faithfully  briiigiiig  hi.  wiipfti  liouift  to  hi.i 
father  iu  the  «priiig.  Wben  he  b«Mi4iUP  of  a^iv,  he 
eontiniiiid  tn  i'^iacli  in  tho  wiiitor,  whiid  h«  work'-d  at 
s.'tiiu  tucchaiiioal  "iti'il'.<-"v>nt.  iu  th<r  .iiiiumer  ;  for  tiiir 
taitier,  ulthui:  .uiintunnes,  d.'oiod  to  have 

"itwriicwj  !•  '■     ■  '     •    .  ■  ' 

:..■  V.ip  of  dmujj.     Iti  lh4o,  Janitts  wii«  ninrriod  tn 

MiK-  t^vOrH  Oliffo:  H     '    ^'  ••  " ■   -tj,  .md  m  IMo 

ht  r«m(ivtu  to  T"  .   tli<j  yri^tt  fire 

there,  «l■i«^  nust  un«  ihoiwi'-id  d<>liars  in  his  {>ookct, 
solt^ly  the  <To;t  of  hia  caruiujjps  uiiKo  bfwroiiij;  of  u^n. 
He  was  ilu'ii  twf-nty-oifrhl  y?r,^  old.  He  sutwei^fully 
uianaf.'ed  a  grotiory-giore  there  for  iwelvc yvars,  wUi<!h 
hi>  noid  loi  il.irty  thousand  dolLire,  a>id  in  1857  ri-- 
UMViid  'o  8t.  Loui.»,  rthtri>  ho  ougu^ud  in  the  whoh;- 
saJe  d'"«g  hi'^inicss,  under  the  style  «»'  Kiobcnltou. 
Mfltier  t-  Po.  3oon,  however.  Mr.  Metlior  withdntw. 
and  thi!  iiu.iit)es.'«  wa.s  conduot«(l  bv  Ri'hunli^'iM  .V 
fiyns.  Ul<i  Mrtnw-s  being  his  nons. 

.ifidlv  1?"' 


.1  OU»|>lt>\ 
Ml    tbi^  «Kjrifi;«i..     1(1- 
:    ..iiirfid   auU   jifYy   liatvli. 
'  'tuiouDti'ig  r,((  half  a  luii 


1 1    !tu..i 


i      ..;)itj^  dnu; 
but  one  in  the  ooun 
inilijed,  ifs  reputarii  t^ 
.   ii .  II  ijUarlor  of  tho  globe 
"jioB'ieiits,  from  whaoce  ii 


doea  not  import  goods,  and  whither  it  dixs  nd  nend 

Us  innniifaiiiirud  pi-oduutn.     T'  *  '       .i 

lii^tliesl  rnnUatiiin,  and  iu  St.  i 

■>ii;.!hl^    known.  it«   loundtT   an 

fulli»i   rontidfiicd   and   cin'm  i-., 

men,  who  havi;  wntchwl  the  '.niii 

lumoc,  and   iiav-,!  ooti-d  nn  \ih*<   -. 

;  •tt*>;rity,  pru'lenun,  and  p-i'/ticfv 

ii"."i«  Mw  been  built  up. 

Mr.  liii.'liui'dfioii'H  nuC':i;ii«  in  '• 
vTfwimr  and  iniricacu  artiiim  a;: 
his  friend.,  and  he  was  lepin;.  ■ 
part  in  other  cnicrprit^es,  but   i  • 
iisnally  declined.     However,  ti. 
5n  Mver<i(  banlcM,  but  incc:  ;: 
tioOf  (if  'iuM  kind,  tind  liiiN  | 
new  oiKiR.     lie  ha^  been  loiJ  ■■ 
no  lack  af  public  spirit,  ntiu 
si^rve  the  public,  in  a  uwil'ul   -n- 
Ti;fu.>fed      'I'hus  f'lr  many  vcfci" 
'''.<!  tx>ard  ;if  i'dii.;ati<i(i,  mid   *i 
:  1  ot.  of  thii  body,  but  ult<iniA'' 
(inrinu;  hii^  adiviinist^rntion  thi-  ^'  • 
<!{\  v.  aiorv:  i?Hicieiit  ba.si<,  invi..' 
sivt!  reforiii.> ;  aad  in  advocutu 
Mr.  Kiuh'irdiioii  was   foreniOf" 
(thapinf;  mind.     Tlis  name  bn* 
the  juiblii'  :»iih!  with  iha;  of »'. 
as  one  of  tho  founders  of  tbt: 
oyctfm  of  St.  Jjonis. 

I'pon  reliving  from  the  soho'i' 
fw  we  have  aiMsn,  iiito  very  iilcwc  - 
lie  Hchool  Library, ''  an  in^'v 
'••  «ay.  '"  which  I  regard  :i»  . 

'I'.an  aiiyihinsir  in  St.  Lt  ■ 
ihem.sciviw."     .Njiinr.   ■ 
'.'!  the  cjstabli.sbnifti 
'iuitintt  i  and  amon^  ih'( 
•'.  uniund  him,  roii;!  -x 
Kieiij'-dBon.     They  l;:*i-  ■ 
•Ail  many  and  jieculiar  '>» 
o  liiirdnon  and  his  brarr-    •  • 
!  their  espiwsious  of  o    .. 
tinally  .succeeded  iti  plaoing  d 
present  substantial  fooling,      ^'i 
to  others  who  assi.ited  in   tbi^ 
may  be  said  that  the  chii;f  im      • 
.Nir.   Divoll   and    Mr.  Rich  41  d^^.  : 
■Mi'«Ji?ij(!e  and  liii'.iruy  oarrii-d  li 
whon  l)ivoll*dicd  his  nianth:  feii  m 
!iu.-ibt;d  tho  work  unfiinehiu|j;lv  m 
coinplishcd. 

Iii  r<.'cof);nitioM  of  hi.s  .shnre  iu  ib: 


er  it  docs  not  «enil 


Jy 


! 


tu 


|nu:.'lv  "1 


/ 


^^Mj^d       J 


^.LCyf^-^^^  ^^o^'^' 


I  fork,  ni 

I  KtitinK 
linlson. 
I  The  pici 

<,f  the  11 
I  Barlow, 
I  liy  othcr.- 
liDilpubl 
Imd  idcii 
|:ottituti(i 
Mr.  Hi 
IPresbylcr 

preiident 
Iwtees, 
latl  trotibl 

ii  render 
litreral  ou 
Jfletely  fre 
Ikiffothc 
\h,  and  J 
|k<e  insti 

isd  ^auacii 

Mr.  Kit' 

I  'K  lunrri 

llidiardsdi 

:i  the  liou! 
I'lal  fur  8(1 
Kuost  wli 
lifaira.  and 
litdbelittiti 
WD>ivcly,  a 
Uilin;;  by 
liinil;  for 

«vear8  I 
Imys  a  st 
■(.stfss  a  b 

s.  or  can 
p  10  others. 

ilv  on  uii 

i  by  the 
pslern  W 

Ii  made  t) 
I  ^^uch  is  a 

li  biirldy  i 
►a.  not  on 
f  ikose  wli 
fi  fcave  not 
pest  of  ]i 
I  liisouri 

f  iiitfresl 

sidhead  1: 

1  that  tl 


LIBHARIK8. 


895 


|(ork,  :ind  as  a  Airthor  token  of  pemonnl  eateem,  a 
lirge  iiiimbor  of  hU  friondH  joiiiod  in  1881  in  pre- 
Lntiii).'  tho  library  with  u  fine  portrait  of  Mr.  Kioh- 
linlsoii.  painted  by  Qeurgo  Kiuhbauni,  of  St.  IjouIh. 
I||ie  picture  was  preHonted  to  the  board  of  oiuna^erH 
lihfi  library  March  15,  1881,  by  the  Hon.  8.  D. 
I  Barlow,  in  a  fulicitouH  addret*H,  und  he  waa  followed 
l|i(Qlh(MH  who  appealed  Htrongly  to  men  of  wealth 
liDii  public  Hpirit  to  follow  Mr,  RichardHon's  example 
liad  idt'tilify  theinHelvea  with  thin  great  and  useful 

liMlitUtiiill. 

>lr.  Hichardson  is  a  prominent  member  of  the  First 
Ipresbytorian  Churoh,  ond  has  been  for  many  years 
Itresideut  of  that  corporation  and  of  ita  board  of 
|ini»tec8.  Tho  church  has  frequently  been  in  finan- 
Igil  trouble,  and  it  has  been  Mr.  Richardson's  privilege 
lunnder  important  and  gruatly-nccded  assistance  on 
hnni  oci'asiona,  and  the  congregation  is  now  com- 
Itlttely  fruo  from  debt.  Mr.  Richardson  is  also  director 
lit  two  theological  schools,  Drury  College,  Springfield, 
Kd.  and  Lindenwood  College,  St.  Charles,  Mo.  Both 
lk<«  institutions  look  up  to  him  as  a  generous  patron 
ligil  iiaiiacious  counselor. 

Mr.  llit'liardson  has  foi;i  children, — two  daughters 

I cni' married  and  one  single)  ond  two  sons,  J.  Clifford 

lichardsoti  and  James  Richardson,  who  are  partners 

■  ithehou.w,  und  have  shown  such  business  capacity 

lilt  fur  some  years  Mr.  Richardson  has  been  relieved 

liniost  wholly  of  the  active  management  of  tho  firm's 

liiairs,  and  bus  enjoyed  his  well-earned  rest  with  a  quiet 

Lj befitting  dfgnity.    Mr.  Richardson  has  traveled  ex- 

l>g^ivcly,  and  has  made  several  trips  to  Europe,  thus 

IdJins;  by  observation  to  the  stores  of  a  well-stocked 

L(l;  for  notwithstandirg  the  fact  that  ho  has  until 

■lie  years  been  engrossed  with  business  cares,  he  was 

liinvs  a  student,  and  few  business  men  of  St.  Louis 

l«!(sj  a  better  fund  of  general  information  than  be 

($.  or  can  more  readily  or  more  interestingly  impart 

pto  others.   He  frequently  writes  for  the  press,  espe- 

iiilv  on  matters  connected  with  his  business,  and  is 

lliiiibv  the  trade  in  the  highest  esteem.     When  the 

[((Stern  Wholesale  Drug  Association  was  formed,  he 

lunaJe  the  first  president. 

I  Juch  is  a  brief  outline  of  Mr.  Richardson's  active 

Jlii|:hly  successful  career,  which  is  full  of  instruc- 

inot  only  to  the  young  and  struggling,  but  also 

ose  who  have  become  rich  and  prosperous  and 

ave  not  learned  what  the  poet  declares  to  be  the 

best  of  pleasures,  "  the  luxury  of  doing  good." 

]lij!Ouri  Historical  Society.— From  an  able  and 

i  interesting  address  delivered  by  Col.  James  O. 

|t»(ilicad  before  the  Missouri  Historical  Society  we 

I  that  the  first  effort  looking  towards  the  forma- 


tion of  a  historical  society  in  tho  State  was  made  at 
Jefferson  City  in  1844.  On  the  18th  of  December 
of  that  yoar  o  muvting  was  hidd  in  the  Senate  cham- 
ber at  Jefferson  ('ity,  at  which  measures  were  taken 
to  organiiit'  the  Missouri  Historical  and  Philosophical 
Society.  A  constitution  was  adopted  for  its  govern- 
ment, fourteen  gc  lemen  enrolled  their  names  us 
members,  and  a  committee  was  appointed  to  apply  to 
the  (letioral  A.sai>nibly  for  an  act  of  incorporation. 
On  the  '27th  of  Februory,  1845,  an  act  of  the  General 
Assembly  was  passed  incorporating  the  society,  and 
the  following  were  named  as  incorporators,  with  such 
other  persons  as  might  aflerwurds  be  associated  with 
them,  viz.:  George  \V.  Hough,  William  Claude  Jones, 
William  M.  Campbell,  James  L,  Minor,  Hiram  B. 
(ioodrich,  George  W.  Waters,  John  I.  Campbell, 
John  H.  Watson,  Adum  B,  Chambers,  John  McNeil, 
Samuel  Treat,  Robert  I.  Boas,  Erich  Plump,  John  G. 
Walker,  George  W.  Huston,  Hiram  H.  Baber,  John 
C.  Edwards  (then  Governor  of  the  State),  Benjamin 
F.  Stringfellow  (then  attorney-general),  B.  M.  Hughes, 
Trusten  Polk,  Robert  Wilson,  John  D.  Colter,  Wil- 
liam Carson,  George  A.  Carroll,  Thomus  G.  Allen, 
William  G.  Eliot,  William  G.  Minor,  R.  G.  Smart, 
Mann  Butler,  S.  II.  Whipple,  Robert  T.  Brown,  and 
Harrison  Hough. 

At  tho  first  meeting  the  following  were  elected 
honorary  members:  Andrew  Jackson,  of  Tennessee; 
George  Bancroft,  of  Massachusetts ;  Albert  Gallatin, 
of  New  York;  Jared  Sparks,  of  Massachusetts;  P. 
A.  Brown,  of  Philadelphia;  Judge  Hull,  of  Cincin- 
nati ;  W.  Gilmore  Simms,  of  South  Carolina ;  and 
Lewis  Cass,  of  Michigan.  Correspondence  was  after- 
wards kept  up  by  the  president  with  several  of  these 
honorary  members. 

At  the  first  meeting  the  Rev.  Dr.  Goodrich  pre- 
sented to  the  society  a  volume  entitled  "  Travels  in 
North  America  in  the  Years  1780,  '81,  '82,"  by  the 
Marquis  de  Chustelux,  and  olso  a  /nc-simile  en- 
graving of  six  brass  plates  found  in  a  mound  in  the 
State  of  Illinois  in  the  year  1843.  These  constituted 
the  beginning  of  the  library  and  cabinet  of  the  society. 
On  the  6th  of  Jan'iary,  1847,  the  General  Assembly 
passed  an  act  giving  to  the  society  the  use  and  control 
of  the  semicircular  room  on  the  first  floor  of  the 
capitol,  afterwards  occupied  by  the  Governor  as  his 
office,  for  the  purpose  of  keeping  therein  their  library, 
museum,  and  cabinet,  and  providing  that  the  Secre- 
tary of  State  should  furnish  the  society  with  a  copy 
of  all  publications  that  should  be  made  by  authority 
of  the  State.  On  the  16th  of  February  following 
the  General  Assembly  by  a  joint  resolution  directed 
the  Secretary  of  State  to  have  the  room  furnished 


896 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


! 


with  shelves  and  other  furniture  suitable  for  the  re- 
ception of  books  and  specimens,  and  made  an  appro- 
priation for  putting  the  room  in  repair. 

William  M.  Campbell,  of  St.  Charles,  was  elected 
the  first  president  of  the  society,  James  L.  Minor, 
of  Cole,  secretary,  and  George  W.  Hough,  treasurer. 
Mr.  Campbell  was  re-elected  president  at  every  annual 
meeting  thereafter  until  his  death,  which  occurred 
Dec.  31,  18-19.' 

At  the  meeting  at  which  Mr.  Campbell  was  first 
elected  the  treasurer  presented  his  annual  report, 
showing  the  balance  in  the  treasury  on  the  18th  of 
January,  1847,  to  have  been  86.90  ;  amount  received 
from  members  during  and  since  that  time  $8.95, 
making  a  total  of  815.85.  Of  this  sum  $1.05  was 
paid  for  the  use  of  the  society,  showing  a  balance  in 
the  treasury  of  $14.80.  At  the  same  meeting  a 
resolution  was  passed  providing  for  the  appointment 
of  a  committee  to  petition  the  General  Assembly  to 
provide  by  law  for  a  thorough  geological  survey  of 

1  Mr.  Campbell  was  born  at  Lexington,  Va.,  in  the  year  1804, 
and  was  a  graduate  of  Washington  College  (now  Wiishington 
and  Lee  University),  and  was  licensed  to  practice  law  in  1827. 
He  came  to  Missouri  in  1S20,  and  settled  in  thecity  and  county 
of  St.  Charles,  where  he  engaged  in  the  practice  of  his  profes- 
sion. In  18.'I0  he  was  elected  to  the  lower  brunch  of  the  Legis- 
lature from  the  county  of  St.  Charles,  r,'hich  office  he  continued 
tu  hold  until  1830,  when  he  was  elected  to  the  Senate.  From 
that  time  he  held  the  office  of  senator  till  184a.  About  the 
spring  of  1845  he  removed  to  St,  Louis,  and  in  August,  1845, 
was  elected  one  of  the  delegates  to  the  Constitutional  Con- 
vention which  assembled  nt  JefTersoD  City  in  the  winter  of 
1845-4(1  and  framed  a  new  Conatllulion  fur  the  State. 

In  many  respects  Mr,  Campbell  was  one  of  the  most  remark- 
able men  who  have  figured  in  the  history  of  Missouri,  His 
mind  was  well  stored  with  knowledge  upon  all  subjects.  He 
wns  a  man  of  great  research  nnd  untiring  energy,  and  had  more 
to  do  with  the  legislatiim  of  the  State  from  18.3U  to  184»  than 
any  other  man  in  Missouri.  He  prc)iarcd  a  revised  edition  of 
the  laws  of  Missouri  of  1835.  Perhaps  no  man  in  the  State 
was  more  familiar  with  her  early  history  than  Mr.  Cuuipbell. 
He  had  collected  many  interesting  facts  in  connection  with  the 
early  French  and  Spanish  settlements,  voyageurs,  Indian  wars, 
alarms,  and  traditions,  the  ranging  service,  the  Santa  F6  and 
Rooky  Mountain  trade,  incidents  of  heroism  in  the  lives  of  the 
pioneers,  and  the  minutest  detaiU  of  Territorial  history.  He  had 
all  the  qualities  of  a  hii^torian, — love  of  truth,  a  discriminating 
mind,  devotion  tu  his  subject,  and  a  vigorous  and  graceful  pen. 
He  kept  up  a  regular  correspondence  with  scientific  and  profes- 
Bional  men  uf  other  States,  and  bad  collected  a  vast  amount  of  hii- 
torical  and  scientific  informiilion.  Mr,  Campbell  was  prominent 
as  a  lawyer,  and  continued  in  the  practice  of  his  profession  up  to 
the  time  of  his  death.  For  a  period  of  nearly  twenty  years, 
during  which  ho  was  a  member  of  one  or  the  other  branoh  of 
the  .State  Legislature,  it  is  said  be  drafted  more  than  one-half 
of  all  the  bills  introduced  Into  the  Legislature.  When  he  re- 
moved to  St.  Louis  in  1845  he  engaged  with  Charles  (},  Kaui- 
ify  in  the  publication  of  The  A'ne  Era.  In  politics  bo  was  a 
Whig,  but  so  popular  that  no  party  discipline  oould  defeat  him 
when  B  candidate  for  ofilco. 


the  State.  The  following  gentlemen  were  iippoJDted  I 
on  the  committee:  Falkland  H.  Martin,  tlion  ijccre-j 
tary  of  State,  city  of  Jefferson ;  S.  T.  Glover  I 
Marion  County;  Edward  Bates,  St,  Louis;  1).  gl 
Ballou,  Benton  County;  S,  D.  Caruthcs,  Madison  I 
County;  John  F.  Ryland,  Lafayette  County;  Wil. 
Ham  G,  Minor,  city  of  Jefferson.  Mr.  Glover  pre-i 
pared  the  memorial  to  the  Legislature  on  tliu  subject  f 
and  this  was  the  first  step  taken  towards  the  passai'el 
of  the  law  providing  for  a  geological  survey  of  tbel 
State,  which  has  developed  and  brought  to  the  knowl-l 
edge  of  the  world  the  inexhaustible  mineral  rcsourcesl 
of  Missouri. 

At  the  annual  meeting  on  the  15th  of  JatiuaryJ 

1850,  David  Todd,  of  Columbia,  was  elected  prasiJ 
dent,  and  Austin   A.  King,  then  Governor  of  thq 
State,  B,  L,  Edwards,  James  L,  Minor,  Robert  wj 
Wells,  E,  B.  Cordell,  James  Lusk,  and  S.  D. 
uthers  vice-presidents,  and  Ephraim  B.  Ewin"  secre- 
tary. 

After  the  death  of  William  M.  Campbell,  whoi 
be  considered  the  founder  of  the  Missouri  HisloricJ 
and  Philosophical  Society,  but  little  was  done  to  prJ 
serve  its  organization  or  to  continue  its  labors. 
may  be  said  to  have  died  with  him.     The  last  luoej 
ing  held  was  a  called  meeting,  late  in  thewiatero 

1851,  on  the  occasion  of  the  death  of  it,s  stcretan 
William  G.  Minor,  at  which  Col,  James  0.  Broadlie«| 
presided. 

Col.  Broadhead  learned  in  1878  that  after  tlies 
ciety  ceased  to  hold  its  meetings,  its  buuks  aud  otiij 
property  had  been  removed  into  the  basement  of  tU 
Capitol,  where  they  remained  uninjured  until  the  lal 
war,  when,  the  capitol  being  occupied  by  a  miliuil 
force,  the  basement  was  used  as  a  military  jirison.i 
during  that  time  most  of  the  records  and  proper^ 
were  destroyed.     Col,  Broadhead,  however,  louiidl 
collection  of  books  and  pamphlets,  which  were  attej 
wards  presented  to  the  Missouri  Historical  8oeiety,[ 

The  latter  organization  was  formed  in  18(i6,  t| 
initial  movement  being  the  following  address,  wliii 
was  issued  on  the  1st  of  August  of  that  year: 

"The  undersigned,  old  residents  of  St.  Louis,  who  liimip* 
the  flower  of  their  lives  in  advancing  its  intcristf,  anJ  flill  b 
a  conspicuous  part  in  promoting  its  future  greatnu;,  rr^pa 
fully  address  you  on  a  subject  of  lasting  iiitt're$t  lo  u!  i 
posterity. 

"An  authentic  history  of  the  city  from  its  lir«(  sflllfinlj 
written  under  the  supervision  of  a  diroctury  scleitid  frui 
be.'t  scholars,  is  a  desideratum  which  should  be  luimcJiM 
supplied. 

"  This  wcmld  insure  a  carefully  prepared  recorJ  of  its  fouj 
ing,  progress,  inalitulions,  benefactors,   pniriiiiicnl  wen, 
events  that  mark  itsdlHercnt  epochs, 

"  We  now  have  the  means,  the  talent,  and  tlio  lime  lo  >d 


LIBRARIES. 


897 


emen  were  iippointed  j 
I.  Martin,  then  Secre- 
son;    S.    T.  Glover,] 
>8,  St.  Louis;  1).  E,l 
I.  Caruthc'^,  Madison) 
fayette  County;  Wil-I 
ion.     Mr.  Glover  pre- 1 
islature  on  tlie  subjeet,[ 
en  tovfards  tlic  passage! 
jological  survey  of  the! 
d  brought  to  the  knowl-F 
stible  mineral  rcsourceal 

1  the  15th  of  JanuaryJ 
nbia,  was  elected  presiJ 
then  Governor  of  thel 
s  L.  Minor,  Robert  \V,f 
is  Lusk,  and  S.  D,  Carjj 
Jphraim  B.  Ewing  secreJ 

m  M.Campbell, who majj 
f  the  Missouri  Historici 
but  little  was  done  to  pre| 
)  continue  its  labors. 
fith  him.  The  last  iueel| 
ting,  late  in  the  winter  c 
the  death  of  its  sccretar] 
1  Col.  James  0.  Broadliet^ 

m  1878  that  after  the 
setings,  its  books  and  otlii 
into  the  basement  of  tl 
ed  uninjured  until  the 
ng  occupied  by  a  mili' 
das  a  military  prison,  ai 
the  records  and  propef 
loadhead,  however,  found] 
.mphlets,  which  were  afte 
Bsouri  Historical  Soeicty.j 
was  formed  in  18t)(),t| 
le  following  address,  ffliij 
ugust  of  that  year: 

Ltsof  St.T,oui9,wlwk"« 

tncingitsinteror^'i'.""''^"'"' 
„g  its  future  greftlnc!!,r('in 
fct  of  liislinK  '"'««*'  '"  "' ' 

ke  city  from  il.-s  lirst  >M\m< 

of  tt  directory  selcottJ  from 

L  wir.oh  should  be  immedii 

Illy  prepared  leoorilot  its  to 

Incfaotor.,  pr»".iiicnt  inra, 

Jepooht. 
rhet.ilent,..ndtl.otm«to« 


plish  it,  and  wo  must  improve  the  opportunity  before  it  passea 
I  i»»y. 

'A  century  will  elapse  on  thellth  day  of  .August  next  (1866) 
I  lince  the  first  grant  of  land  wns  made  in  St.  Luuis. 

'We  propose  to  celebrate  the  centenary  anniversary  of  that 
(tent  by  meeting  on  tlmt  day  at  the  court-house  at  two  o'clock 
1  r.K.,  and  forming  a  historical  society  worthy  of  our  ago. 

"We  cordially  invite  all  who  feel  interested  in  the  enterprise 
lioallend  nnd  participate  with  their  old  friends  in  forming  a 
1  wiety  tli:it.  wo  Hatter  ourselves,  will  be  more  lasting  and  useful 
I  ikon  any  other  we  are  now  acquainted  with,  and  most  likely  to 
I  do  juiticc  to  the  subjects  on  which  they  write. 
"Si.  Louis,  Aug.  1,  1866." 

Among  the  signers  were  N.  Paschall,  James  G. 
Soulard,  William  L.  Ewing,  Henry  Shaw,  Henry  Von 
John  D.  Daggett,  Frederick  L.  Billon,  James 
H.  Luca.s,  Pierre  A.  Berthold,  Edward  Bates,  Daniel 
Hough,  L.    A.    Benoist,  John    F.  Darby,  Sullivan 
I,  Joseph  H.  Locke,  J.  Ridgely,  Samuel  Gaty, 
jCliarlcs  l).  Drake,  Samuel  B.  Wiggins,  John  How, 
Elihu  B.  Shepard,  John  Withnell,  M.  Brotherton, 
lijwrge  K.  Budd,  Daniel  B.  Gale,  Charles  P.  Chou- 
leau.  Napoleon    Muiliken,   ex-Governor    Archibald  ; 
Cwiblc,  Judge  Primm,  ex-Mayor  James  S.  Thomas, 
imedee  Vallo,    Nathan    Ranncy,   James    Clemens, 
Benjamin  Stickney,  Austin  Pijigot,  D.  B.  Hill,  An- 
te Christy,  E.  Carter  Hutchinson,  Lewis  Bissell, 
ll'illiam  M.  McPherson,  Samuel  Willi,  Hudson  E. 
Ige,  James  Smitli,  Richard  Dowling,  Daniel  H. 
Ilkinovan,  Lewis  V.  Bogy,  Henry  C.  Lynch,  John 
Ifcin,  Joshua  Cheever,  Sol.  Smith,  Peter  E.  Blow. 
On  .August  11th  a  i<umber  of  the  old  residents  met 
|)>ir«uant  to  this  call  at  the  court-house,  in  Circuit 
Ifart  Room  No.  1.     Hon.  John  F.  Darby  called  the 
Miing  to  order,  and   moved  the   appointment  of 
llinies  11.  Lucas  as  chairman  of  tlie  meeting.     Mr. 
Ikas  having  been  unanii  .ously  chosen,  Hon.  John 
ll, Darby  then  proposed  the  ibllowiii;.',  list  of  officers 
the  permanent  organization  of  the  .society,  which 
unanimously  agreed   to :    President,  James  H. 
icas;  Vice-Presidents,  Hon,  Edward  Bates,  Hon. 
ii*  F.  Darby,  J.  C.   Barlow,  Henry  Von   I'liul, 
ora  11,  Keimcrly,  Danii.l  D.  Piige,  Dr.  llobert 
on,  Archibald  Gamble,  Daniel  Hough,  Lewis 
I,  James  Clemens,  Jr.,  Louis  A.  Benoist,  James 
soma.'i,  James  G.  Barry,  Edward  Dobjns,  Wil- 
K.  Rule,  John    D.   Daggett,   Bernard   Pratte, 
InB.  Uortiz,  Henry  Shaw,  David  B.  Hill,  James 
Urd,  Klkannh  English,  Nathan  Ranncy,  Fred- 
tk  L.  Rillon,  A.  Valli>,  A.  Christy  ;  Secretaries, 
Ska  Shepard,  William  H.  CoiienH,  George  Knapp; 
iDiiitcc  to  Drall  the  Constitution  and  By-Laws, 
kt  William  G.  Eliot,  Hon.  John  F.  Darby,  Elihu 
%ard,  Capt.  Edmund  Paul,  Wilson   Primm, 
ties  1',  Cliouteau. 
57 


A  second  meeting  was  held  October  27tli  at  the  same 
place,  at  which  Hon.  John  F.  Darby,  on  behalf  of  the 
committee,  reported  the  draflof  a  constitution  for  the 
association,  which  after  careful  revision  was  accepted 
by  the  gentlemen  present,  and  ordered  to  be  submitted 
to  the  members  for  final  adoption  at  a  meeting  to 
be  held  Saturday,  November  3d,  at  the  room  corner 
of  Fifth  and  Olive,  proffered  for  the  use  of  the  .society 
by  Hon,  J.  F.  Darby,  The  names  of  Henry  O'Reilly, 
Dr.  William  Dickinson,  and  Frederick  L.  Billon  were 
presented  for  membership  and  accepted. 

James  L.  Butler  moved  that  all  those  present  come 
forward  and  enroll  their  names  as  members  of  the 
association,  in  order  that  a  beginning  might  be  made. 
The  following  names  were  then  enrolled :  James  H. 
Lucas,  Edward  Bates,  J.  C.  Barlow,  E.  Dobyns,  J,  F. 
Dal  by,  W.  G.  Eliot,  James  B.  Eads,  George  Knapp, 
William  Lingo,  John  D.  Daggett,  Samuel  Willi,  Na- 
than Cole,  R.  Dowling,  Robert  P.  Todd,  Nicholas 
D.  E.  Menil,  Austin  Piggot,  L.  M.  Kennctt,  Joseph 
C.  Edgar,  Howard  Gray,  D.  B.  Hilt,  AVilliam  K. 
Page,  Elkanah  English,  William  Fayct,  Wilson 
Primm,  Daniel  H.  Donovan,  James  G.  Barry,  T.  A. 
Buckland,  John  D.  Mackay,  Bernard  J.  Riley,  David 
Shepard,  John  J.  Middletoii,  Charles  F.  MocUer, 
R.  Beauvais,  Adolph  Paul,  Joseph  S.  Pease,  B.  B. 
Minor,  John  Lee,  H,  D.  Minor,  James  L.  Butler, 
Elihu  H.  Shepard,  W.  H.  Cozens,  James  S.  Thomas, 
V.  Hoeffner,  Thomas  Hopkins  West,  Gustavus  W. 
Dryer,  Peter  Guerette,  Abdiel  Sherwood. 

The  society  mot  again  in  its  rooms  in  Darby's 
buildings,  corner  Fifth  and  Olive,  Nov,  3,  ISOG. 

In  the  absence  of  the  president,  Hon,  James  H. 
Lucas,  on  motion  of  Dr.  W.  G,  Eliot,  lion,  John  F. 
Darby  was  elected  to  preside.  Gen,  N,  Ranncy 
moved  that  the  constitution  as  accepted  at  the  meet- 
ing held  on  Saturday,  October  27th,  should  now  be 
adopted  in  full. 

The  constitution  was  then  read  by  Henry  B, 
O'Reiily,  after  which,  on  moticn  of  William  W. 
Green,  it  was  adopted.  The  society  then  proceeded  to 
the  election  of  officers  to  hold  their  positions  until 
the  annual  meeting,  Aug,  11,  18G7,and  Maj,  Edward 
Dobyns  and  Gen,  Nihan  Ranncy  were  appointed 
tellers. 

The  following  officers  were  elected  :  James  II,  Lu- 
Ciis,  president;  W,  G,  Eliot,  first  vice-president; 
Wilson  Piimni,  second  vice-president ;  W,  H,  Cozens, 
correspuriding  secretary  ;  Elihu  H.  Shepaid,  record- 
ing seer''ary  ;  John  F,  Darby,  treasurer. 

The  society  did  not,  however,  prosper.  In  1872  a 
new  act  of  ncorporation  was  eft'ccicd.  In  1873,  Albert 
Todd  was   ilcctcd  president,  and  the  usoociation  took 


898 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


a  fresh  start,  but  matters  dropped  back  into  the  old 
groove  i,'  1874,  and  in  1875  a  new  constitution  and 
set  of  r.iles  were  adopted,  and  a  reincorporation 
effected.  But  it  was  not  until  1878  that  the  society 
began  to  fulfill  the  objects  for  which  it  was  created. 
At  the  beginning  of  that  year  it  had  no  furniture, 
library,  or  cabinets,  and  scarcely  any  collections.  The 
money  value  of  its  personal  property  was  estimated 
at  five  hundred  dollars,  with  debts  amounting  to  one 
hundred  and  eighty  dollars. 

On  the  l.^th  of  September,  1878,  a  meeting  was 
held  to  merge  the  society  into  the  older  organization, 
founded  at  Jefferson  City  in  1844.  Hon.  Samuel  T. 
Glover,  vice-president,  called  the  meeting  to  order. 
On  motion,  Hon.  W.  F.  Switzler,  of  Boone,  was  ap- 
pointed secretary.  There  were  also  present  Col.  Rob- 
ert Campbell,  Hon.  James  0.  Broadhead,  Capt.  George 
C.  Pratt,  Andrew  King,  and  Hon.  Samuel  Treat. 

Judge  Treat  moved  the  adoption  of  the  following 
as  a  by-law : 

"  Resolved,  That  five  members  shall  constitute  a 
quorum  to  elect  members  and  transact  any  business 
of  the  corporation,"  which,  being  seconded  by  Capt. 
Pratt,  was  adopted. 

Col.  Broadhead  proposed  the  following  persons  for 
membership  :  P.  L.  Foy,  Albert  Todd,  0.  W.  Collett, 
John  H.  Terry,  Silas  Bent,  Richard  Dowling,  M.  L. 
Gray,  and  J.  \V.  Herthel,  all  of  whom,  on  motion  of 
Andrew  King,  were  admitted. 

Judge  Treat  moved  that  the  meeting  proceed  to 
elect  oflBcers,  and  the  motion  being  carried.  Judge 
Treat  nominated  Peter  L.  Foy  for  president,  who  was 
duly  elected.  William  P.  Switzler  nominated  Oi^car 
W.  Collett  for  secretary,  and  Mr.  Collett  was  elected. 

On  motion  of  Judge  Treat,  the  election  of  the 
other  oflScers  was  adjourned  to  the  next  meeting. 
Judge  Treat  then  moved  the  appointment  of  a  com- 
mittee of  seven  on  membership,  and  the  motion 
having  been  carried,  the  chair  appointed  W.  F.  Switz- 
ler, Albert  Todd,  0.  W.  Collett,  J.  H.  Terry,  Silas 
Bent,  Capt.  Pratt,  and  Andrew  King. 

Col.  Broadhead  moved  the  appointment  of  a  com- 
mittee of  three  to  revise  the  con.stitution  and  by-laws, 
and  the  motion  having  been  adopted,  Messrs.  T.dd, 
Switzler,  and  Collett  were  appointed  the  committee. 

After  the  reorganization  of  the  society  there  was  a 
large  influx  of  new  members.  Among  them  it  would 
seem  were  some  capable  and  earnest  workers.  The 
new  management  liad  large  and  decided  views,  and 
resolved  that  the  past  should  not  be  the  measure  for 
the  future.  It  was  soon  perceived  that  the  entire  or- 
ganization needed  to  bo  remodeled  and  placed  upon  a 
permanent  basis,  and  its  acquisitions  guarded  beyond 


peradventure.     The  reform  was  begun,  and  parried 
out  in  an  earnest  spirit.     It  was  thorough  ruid  effec- 
tive,  and  was  finally  oonsumniated  by  a  'liarter  of  i 
incorporation.    By  this  charter,  and  by  the  State  law 
the  society  has  no  further  control  over  its  iio.-sessions 
than  is  necessary  in  order  to  manage  theui.     It  cannot 
sell,  it  cannot  mortgage,  it  cannot  give  away  anything  i 
it  acquires,  nor  can  it  contract  a  dollar  of  debt.   What- 
ever it  obtains,  whether  by  gift,  devise,  or  purchase 
must  be  held  by  it  simply  as  a  trustee  for  ilie  public 
All  other  organizations  are  the  real  owners  of  their  1 
possessions,  and  can  sell  them  if  they  wish.    The  His- 1 
torical  Society  cannot,  so  that  if  some  one  gives  it  a 
lot  of  ground  or  a  sura  of  money,  the  same  cannot  I 
be  alienated,  but  must  be  held  for  the  purpose  furl 
which  it  was  given. 

The  tree  thus  planted  has  continued  to  exhibit  a  I 
vigor  that  betokens  permanent  vitality.  In  the  I 
of  local  history  it  has  done  much  good  Wdrk  and! 
in  archaeology  has  made  substantial  proiiress.  Iisl 
accumulations  towards  the  creation  of  a  museural 
are  already  considerable.  In  1880  it  had  in  itgi 
library  between  four  thousand  and  five  thousand  vol 
umes,  and  possessed  some  six  or  seven  cabinets 
large  number  of  pictures,  relics,  and  other  objectj 
classed  under  the  general  head  of  curiosities,  and  ove< 
eleven  hundred  archtBologieal  specim..i.s. 

Peter  L.  Foy  was  succeeded  in  the  presidency  b^ 
Edwin  Harrison,  who  retained  the  position  until  ISSS 
when  Col.  George  E.  Leighton  was  elected.  Th^ 
secretary  is  Oscar  W.  Collett.  It  has  been  luainlj 
through  the  earnest  and  unflagging  zeal  of  .Mr.  CoH 
lett  that  the  Historical  Society  has  been  kept  alivl 
during  the  last  few  years.  Mr.  Collett,  at  i.'ivat  perf 
sonal  sacrifice,  has  made  for  the  society  one  of  thl 
finest  collections  of  prehistoric  remains — relics  of  tit 
mound- builders  and  the  ancient  Indian  tribes  of  th 
Mississippi  Valley — to  be  found  in  the  United  Stata 
Some  of  his  specimens  are  unique,  and  the  collcelioj 
is  highly  valued  by  distinguished  arcliii'olopsts  boB 
in  this  country  and  in  Europe. 

The  Western  Academy  of  Natural  Scienit 
was  incorporated  in  1837,  the  charter  niei.ibers  beiij 
H.  King,  M.D.,  George  Engelmann,  M.D..  B. 
Brown,   D.D.S.,  P.    A.   Pulte,   M.l).,  and  Willie 
Weber,  Theodore  Engelmann,  and  G.  SehuetEe, 
ihose,  Dr.  George  Engelmann  and  Theodore  Kiia 
mann  are  the  only  ones  now  (ISS.Ti  livini: 
society  held  regular  semimonthly  lueetinjis  forab 
six  years.     A  small  library  which  had  been  <::iihoi| 
during  these  years  is  now  held  by  the  St.  Loi 
Academy  of   Natural   Science.     This  latter  siicil 
also  has  such  of  the  specimens  from  the  luuseuu 


LIBRARIES. 


899 


•gun,  and  ciirried 
lorough  ;iii(l  effec- 
l  by  a  f-liartcr  of 
,  by  the  State  luw, 
(ver  its  jKi.-sessioiis 
!  theui.     It  cannot 
^ive  away  anything 
lar  of  (IcVit.   Wliat- 
levise,  or  purchase, 
istee  for  the  puhlie. 
eal  owners  of  their 
ley  wish.   The  His- 
some  one  gives  it  a  j 
sy,  the  same  cannolj 
for  the  purpose  fori 

itinued  to  exhibit  al 
itality.     In  tho  fieldl 
ach  good  work,  and! 
antiiil  progress,    lisl 
ation   of  a  musemnj 
1880  it  bad  in  iti 
nd  five  tliousand  vul-l 
or  seven  cabinets, 
C8,  and  other  ohjecU 
of  curiosities,  and  nve 
peciiu .  .IS. 
in  the  presidency  by 
be  position  until  1^83 
9n  was  elected.    Th^ 
It  has  been  main] 
ing  zeal  of  Mr.  I'olj 
has  been  kept  iiliv 
CoUett,  at  great  veil 
10  society  one  "f  th| 
•emains— relics  of  th 
it  Indian  tribes  of  tl 
d  in  the  United  Stiita 
(jue,  and  th(^  eollcetio 
bed  archit'ologists  bolj 

of  Natural  Scieni 

cliarter  nieinbeis  lei 
geluiann,  M.D..  B. 

.,  M.D.,  aii-1  Willi 
and  Ct.  Schuetio 
and  Theodore  En 

J  (18S:i)  living. 

ithly  meetings  for  a 

Ihlcb  bad  been  g^nhol 

Iheld  by  the  St.  Li 

Te.     This  hitter  mi 

[m  from  the  luu.seui 


had  not  been  lost  or  scattered  in  the  period  interven-  ' 
iQir  between  the  discontinuance  of  the  old  academy 
and  the  organization  of  the  new. 

Of  the  twenty-four  members  who  were  received 
jgto  the  society  during  the  period  of  its  existence, 
only  six  are  now  (1883)  living.     These  are,  besides 
the  two  charter  members  already  mentioned,  Rev.  W.  | 
(}.  Eliot,  C.  J.  Carpenter,  Hon.  D.  A.  Avmstrong,  j 
jnd  Dr.  A.  Wislizenus. 
The  St.  Louis  Academy  of  Science  was  organ- 
iied  March    10,   1856,  and   incorporoted   Jan.  17, 
1857.    The  original  members  were  Drs.  George  En- 
jelmann,  H.  A.  Prout,  M.  M.  Fallen,  Benjamin  F. 
Shumard,  Charles   A.   Pope,  William    H.    Tingley,  < 
William  M.  McPheeters,  J.  PoUak,  C.  W.  Stevens, 
i.  Wislizenus,  M.  L.  Linton,  and  J.  H.  Walters,  and 
Messrs.  James  B.  Eads,  N.  Holmes,  and  Charles  P. 
Chouteau.     The  officers  for  the  first  year  were  Dr. 
George  Engelmann,  president ;  Dr.  H.  A.  Prout  and 
1 S,  Holmes,  vice-presidents ;  Drs.  B.  F.  Sbumard  and 
1  William  H.  Tingley,  secretaries ;  and  James  B.  Eads, 
I  treasurer.     There  was  also  a  board  of  curators  and  a 
Itard  of  council. 

In  April,  1856,  Dr.  C.  A.  Pope  offered  "the  free 
Licof  the  cabinet  hall  and  other  rooms  suitable  for 
ike  purposes  of  the  academy  in  the  dispensary  build- 
iif  of  the  St.  Louis  Medical  College,"  which  offer 
118  accepted.  The  academy  was  incorporated  by  an 
leiof  the  Legislature,  Jan.  17,  1857.  Through  the 
ttettions  of  its  early  presidents  and  secretaries  it  was 
|«oa  placed  on  a  prosperous  footing,  and  valuable 
kations  of  oooks  and  transactions  of  other  societies, 
lioeether  with  gifts  and  exchanges  of  specimens,  were 
Iftured. 

Ill  May,  1869,  the   library  and  museum  were  al- 
Itoji  totally  destroyed  by  fire.     The  library,  which 
liii  said  to  be  the  most  extensive  of  its  kind  west  of 
it  .Mleghenies,  comprised  about  three  thousand  two 
luDdred  volumes  and  pamphlets,  and  was  particularly 
•A  in  the  proceedings  of  foreign  and  home  societies, 
|e  ihe  academy  was  receiving  regularly  the  transac- 
ts iif  (ine  hundred  and  seventy  foreign  societies 
liiii  seventy-five  home   societies.      The   library  was 
W,  but  ill  a  very  damaged  condition,  the  books 
liiing  saturated  with  water.     They  were  afterwards 
Imved  to  tho   adjoining  room  in   Pope's  College 
ppcr,  under  the  superintendence  of  Dr.  T.  C.  Baum- 
peii.tlie  librarian.    In  the  room  ne-xt  to  the  library 
m  the  publications  of  the  society  and  a  number  of 
W  which,  together  with  the  furniture,  wore  de- 
sjcd.    The  records  of  the  academy  happening  ut 
Ikiiaic  to  be  in  tho  possession  of  the  secretary,  Pro- 
or  Spencer  Smith,  escaped  injury.     The  museum, 


which  occupied  the  third  floor  of  the  building,  was 
destroyed.     It  contained  Dr.  Prout's  collection  of  fos- 
sils, as  originally  arranged  by  Dr.  B.  F.  Shumard,  and 
a  large  collection  of  mammals,  part  of  which  belonged 
to  the  old  Western  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences, 
which  was  dissolved  about  1843.    The  collection  em- 
braced originally  the  mastodon  bones  discovered  in 
Missouri,  and  the  bones  of  the  deplias  primc.yensis. 
Among  the  mammals  destroyed  were  also  the  stuffed 
skin   of  a  grizzly  bear,  the  head  of  a  buffalo,  and 
specimens  of  deer  from  the  Rocky  Mountains,  pre- 
sented by  Charles  P.  Chouteau,  Col.  Vaughn,  and  Dr. 
Stevens.     The   skull  of  the   caviformis,  an    extinct 
race  of  the  ox,  found  in  Chouteau's  Pond  when  the 
excavations  for  the  gasometer  were  made  and  aban- 
doned on  account  of  the  unfitness  of  the  soil,  was 
saved  in  a  damaged  condition.     A  fine  collection  of 
stuffed  birds,  amounting  to  soveral  hundred,  presented 
by  the  Smithsonian  Institute  and  the  Pbihidelphia 
Academy  of  Natural   Sciences,  were   consumed,  aa 
were  also  specimens  of  meteoric  iron,  representing 
thirteen  different  localities,  but  the  largest  meteorite, 
from  Dakota,  twelve  miles  west  of  Fort  Pierre,  pre- 
sented  by  Charles    P.  Chouteau,  was   saved,  being 
among  Dr.  Shumard's  raineralogical  specimens  at  the 
Bonham  Female  Seminary.     A  number  of  valuable 
specimens  were  also  saved,  owing  to  the  fact  that  at 
the  time  they  were  at  the  Washington   University, 
having  been  used  in  illustrating  Dr.  Shumard's  lec- 
tures before  that  institution.    Six  hundred  specimens 
of  marine  shells,  presented  by  the  Smithsonian  Insti- 
'  tute,  were  consumed. 

The  museum  was   unusually  rich    in   crania   and 
'  skeletons  of  birds  and  reptiles,  which  were  destroyed, 
together  with  Dr.  Pope's  mounted  skeletons  of  mam- 
mals, abo'.  c  twelve  hundred  specimens  of  minerals, 
embracing  a  full  suite  of  Mis.souri  minerals  and  ores, 
'  a  collection  of  the  bones  and  teeth  of  extinct  animals 
and  fossil  turtles,  prepared  by  Profes.sor  Hayden,  spe- 
,  cimens  of  rock,  illustrating  various  geological  periods, 
Indian  relics  and  curiosities,  and  specimens  of  porce- 
lain from  a  porcelain  tower  in  China,  presented  to  the 
\  academy  by  Lieut.  Clarke,  U.S.A. 
!       Shortly  after  the  fire  an  agreement  was  entered 
I  into  between  the  academy  and  the  board  of  public 
I  schools,  by  which  the  former  was  permitted  to  hold 
I  its  semi-monthly  meetings  in  the  session-room  of  the 
latter,  and  the  library  and  remains  of  the  academy 
wore  placid  in  the  Public  School  Library.  The  cabinet 
!  of  tho  academy  was  located  in  the  reading-room  of 
;  the  library,  and  its  library  occupied  an  olcove  in  the 
1  same   library-room,  being  accessible  to  users  of  the 
'  Public  School  Library  for  purposes  of  reference. 


900 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


The  academy  holds  regular  semi-monthly  meetings, 
and  has  published  four  large  volumes  of  transactions 
(the  firrt  number  having  been  issued  in  1857),  in- 
cluding a  number  of  very  valuable  reports  and  papers 
on  various  scientific  subjects. 

Tiic  academy  now  has  rooms  and  holds  its  meet- 
ings in  the  Washington  University,  where  it  is  accu- 
mulating a  large  and  valuable  library.  Correspondence 
is  maintained  and  literary  exchanges  arc  made  of 
transactions  and  other  books  between  the  academy 
and  the  scientific  societies  of  all  parts  of  the  globe, 
some  three  hundred  or  more  in  number. 

The  present  membership  numbers  over  one  hundred, 
and  the  present  board  of  officers  comprises  Dr.  George 
Engeliuann,  president,  who  has  held  that  office  during 
more  than  half  of  the  academy's  existence ;  Dr.  James 
M.  Lute,  vice-president ;  Professor  F.  Nipher,  record- 
ing secretary ;  Professor  Pritchett,  corresponding  sec- 
retary ;  En  no  Sander,  treasurer. 

The  St.  Louis  University  Library  contains  over 
seventeen  thousand  volumes,  exclusive  of  students' so- 
ciety libraries,  which  number  eight  thousand  volumes. 
The  main  library,  which  is  intended  for  the  use  of  the 
professors,  but  to  which  any  inquirer  is  always  made 
welcome,  contains  very  complete  collections  of  the 
early  writings  of  the  Catholic  Churcli,  such  as  the 
works  of  the  Fathers,  treatises  on  the  canon  law  and 
ecclesiastical  history.  Several  works  in  the  collection 
are  unique  in  our  country.  The  library  possesses 
some  illuminated  mediaeval  manuscripts,  numerous 
rare  and  original  editions  of  the  Bible,  and  fine  col- 
lections of  the  classic  writers,  as  well  as  of  the  modern 
historians  aiid  theologians.  It  was  begun  in  1820  by 
the  priest.s  from  Belgium  who  founded  the  university, 
and  who  brought  a  small  rollection  of  books  with  them, 
to  which  additions  have  been  made  from  year  to  year 
from  the  funds  of  the  university. 

Washington  University  Libraries. — There  are 
four  distinct  collections  of  books  at  Wasliingfon  Uni- 
versity,— the  general  library,  containing  four  thousand 
five  hundred  volumes,  chiefly  books  of  reference;  the 
scientific  department  library;  the  law  library,  of  three 
thousand  volumes;  and  the  Mary  Institute  library,  of 
five  hundred  reference  books. 

Gills  from  prominent  citizens  have  assisted  in  their 
increase.  The  professors  of  the  law  department  gave 
tlieir  salaries  for  one  year  to  add  books  to  the  law 
library,  and  Hudson  E.  Bridge  bequeathed  to  the 
university  the  sum  of  one  hundred  thourand  dollars, 
the  interest  on  which  is  tc  be  divided  between  the 
ciianccllorship  and  the  libraries.  The  income  of  the 
latter  is  about  fifteen  hundred  dollars  a  year.  With 
the  exception  of  the  law  library,  no  great  effort  has 


been  made  to  build  up  the  university's  coII(rii,,n.s  the 
Mercantile  Library  and  the  Public  School  Liliiiiv sun- 
plying  to  a  great  extent  the  wants  of  the  univfrsltv 
St.  Louis  Lyceum. — This  organization  wis  (stab- 
lishcd  in  St.  Louis  in  1831  as  a  branch  of  tin  AniLMJcan 
Lyceum,  which  was  instituted  in  New  Ymk  in  JIiiv 
of  the  same  year,  for  "  the  advancement  of  iducaiiun 
especially  in  public  schools,  and  the  genLial  iliffu.Mon 
of  knowledge."     The  objects  of  the  St.  Lduis  brantli 
were  "  the  mutual  improvement  of  its  nicinbcis  and  j 
the  general  diffusion  of  knowledge."    Its  (.fljccrs  were-  i 
President,  Beverly  Allen  ;  Vice-President,  Jnsepli  (.' 
Lavcille ;    Treasurer,    A.    Gamble ;    Conc-ipondinij  i 
Secretary,  James  A.  Murray;  Rccordiii;.'  Sucretary 
J.  C.  Dennies ;  Curators,  R.  K.  Richards,  Joim  p. 
Darby,  Peter  Ferguson. 

In  1839  the  following  were  elected  offieors  of  the! 
St.  Louis  Lyceum  for  the  ensuing  yc';ir:  I'losidont 
Andrew  J.   Davis;   Vice-President,  Dr.  J.  X.  Ji^.J 
Dowcll ;  Second  Vice-President,  Philip  Ucilly ;  lUcurd- 
ing  Secretary,  George  W.  Dent ;  Corrcfjiuiidin-  Stwe-' 
tary,  Samuel  Knox;  Treasurer,  Charles  i'.  Henry ■| 
Directors,  W.  P.  Dames,  J.  H.  Bayfield.  J.  h.  Walker'J 
t)r.  T.  J.  White,  Dr.  E.  T.  Watson.    The  last-naiued 
lyceum  we  find,  however,  was  not  an  uut^'rowtli  oil 
the  former,  but  was  an    association  of  yuuiii:  men 
formed  for  the  purpose  of  mental  cuiliire.    It  wai 
incorporated,  and  in  1844  had  a  membership  oCaboulj 
one  hundred  and  fifty,  a  library  of  tWd  thousand  volJ 
umes,  and  a  lecture-room  on  the  second  floor  of  thi 
building  corner  of  Third  and  Pine  Streets. 

Library  of  the  Academy  of  the  Visitation.- 
This  library  was  organized  in  1832,  by  tbe  .Sisters  ol 
the  Visitation.     It  contains  over  four  tlmusand  vol 
umes,  including  every  variety  of  literature.    It 
supported  by  the  pupils,  who  pay  a  yearly  lee  nl  ivr| 
dollars  for  the  privilege  of  its  use. 

The  Library  of  the  Ursuline  Academy  wii 
begun  by  the  sisters  in  1840,  and  now  numbers  abuii 
two  thousand  volumes.  The  pupils  pay  a  tee  of  (« 
dollars  per  annum,  by  means  of  wliieli  ilie  librnrd 
sustained. 

The  Young  Men's  Sodality  Library  and  Rea 
ing-Room,  Ninth  Street  and  Christy  Aveuiic,  datj 
from    the  comnicnccment  of  the  Sudaliiy-  buildiJ 
which  was  ercttcd  under  the  dircetori-liip  of  tbe  Itq 
A.  Damcn,  S.J.,  about  the  year  185.').    lis  objeetj 
to    furnish   sound    moral    literature   in    its   variol 
branches  to   the  members  of  the  sodality.    Ab 
1870,  however,  it  became  accessible  to  tlic  frieiidil 
the  society,  who  can  become  members  by  ppt^ 
initiation  fee  of  one  dollar,  and  afterwards  lifiv  td 
a  quarter.     The  library  and  readiiig-roums  are  i 


luline  Academy  wij 


LIBRARIES. 


901 


ported  out  of  the  general  funds  of  the  sodality.  There 
arc  about  fifteen  hundred  books  in  the  library,  and 
twenty-seven  periodicals  in  the  reading-room.  The 
uumbiT  of  members  is  three  hundred. 

The  Library  of  the  College  of  the  Christian 
Brothers  was  founded  in  18H0,  and  contains  over 
twenty  thousand  volumes  and  about  one  hundred  and 
fiHy-si-^  manuscripts.  Its  income  is  about  sufficient 
for  its  support,  and  is  derived  from  membership  fees 
paid  by  pupils. 
The  Oerman  Evangelical  Lutheran  Concordia 
College  Library  was  begun  in  1840,  and  now  num- 
bers iibdut  five  thousand  volumes. 

Hissouri  Medical  College  Library  dates  back 
from  1^40,  and  contains  one  thousand  volumes. 

St.  Louis  Medical  College  Library  numbers 

1  eleven  hundred  volumes.     It  was  founded  in  1844, 

I B  restricted    in    use    to    the   faculty   and   students, 

ind  is  maintained  and  increased    solely   by   volun- 

I  urv  contributions.     The  library  of  Dr.  Charles  A. 

I  Pope  (five  hundred  volumes)  passed,  in  1875,  into 

the  possession  of  the  college,  one-half  by  purchase, 

the  other  half  being  given  by  his  widow. 

The  St.  Louis  Turnverein  Library,  located  in 

I  lurncr's  Hall,  Tenth  Street  between  Market  and  VVal- 

lut,  was  begun  in  1855.    It  contains  over  two  thousand 

lolmnes,  of  which  two  hundred  and  fifty  are  in  Eng- 

liiti.  the  remainder  chiefly  in  German.     The  Turn- 

Iwein  appropriates  twenty  dollars   per   month   for 

library  purposes,  and  the  fines  collected  amount  to 

likut  ten  dollars  more.     The  reading-room  is  open 

liM  nights  during  the  week,  and  is  supplied  with  a 

I  number  of  newspapers  and  magazines. 

Independent  Order  of  Oid-Fellows'  Library.— 

like  order  of  Odd-Fellows  in  St.  Louis  has  a  library 

mberinc;  four  thousand  volumes,  which  was  begun 

ID  13l)8.    For    its   support   ten    lodges   contribute 

luenty-five  cents   semi-annually    for   each   of   their 

luembers,  and  fifty  cents  for  each   now  member  in- 

liiiited.    This  gives  the  library  a  yearly  income  of 

|il»ut  fifteen  hundred  dollars.     It  subscribes  to  the 

lUnt!  popular  American  magazines,  and  has  about 

iii  hundred  volumes  of  German  works,  popular  and 

Ismilard.    The  room,  located  at  Fourth  and  Locust 

liireets,  is  open  daily  from  Monday  until  Friday,  from 

Isveii  to  ten  P.M.,  and  on  Saturday  from  two  to  ten 

liM.   It  is  accessible  only  to  members  of  the  con- 

|itibating  lodges  and  their  families. 

The  St.  Louis  Law  Library  was  founded  in  1838, 
|i«l  incorporated  in  1830,  with  Edward  Bates,  Josiah 
lij^lJinj;,  John  F.  Darby,  Montgomery  Blair,  Ham- 
liion  R.  Gamble,  Beverly  Allen,  Warwick  Tunstall, 
IWcn  Polk,  and  others  as  incorporators.     At  the 


time  of  its  formation  the  bar  of  St.  Louis  numbered 
less  than  forty,  and  the  population  was  about  fifteen 
thousand. 

The  original  number  of  members  was  twenty,  each 
of  whom  agreed  to  pay  twenty  dollars  on  the  1st  day 
of  May,  1838,  and  five  dollars  every  three  months 
thereafter.  Nothing  was  done  towards  the  purchase 
of  books  until  the  following  September,  when  a  con- 
stitution and  by-laws  were  adopted,  officers  elected, 
and  the  first  order  for  books,  principally  standard 
trcati.ses,  forwarded  to  Boston.  In  forming  its  con- 
stitution the  association  took  no  model ;  there  was  no 
"stock"  system,  and  the  members  acquired  no  indi- 
vidual property  in  the  books  or  other  effects  of  the 
association.  In  one  particular  the  original  by-laws 
were  less  fortunate, — in  providing  that  no  new  mem- 
ber could  be  admitted  except  upon  the  payment  of  as 
great  an  amount  as  had  been  assessed  upon  the  origi- 
nal members,  including  their  first  contribution.  At 
the  end  of  the  first  year,  therefore,  the  cost  of  admis- 
sion was  forty  dollars,  and  at  the  end  of  the  second, 
sixty.  Such  a  disproportion  between  the  admission 
fee  and  the  then  advantages  of  the  library  was  a  serious 
barrier  to  an  increase  of  members,  without  which 
vigorous  growth  or  permanency  could  not  bo  expected. 
The  quarterly  assessment  of  five  dollars  was  likewise 
deemed  unnecessarily  large,  particularly  for  the  young 
members.  It  was,  therefore,  in  1840  resolved  to  sub- 
stitute a  semi-annual  assessment  of  that  sum  ;  but  how 
to  establish  the  admission  fee  was,  at  various  times 
during  ten  years,  the  subject  of  controversy  and  vacil- 
lating action.  An  effbrt  was  made  in  1840  to  fix  it 
at  twenty  dollars,  but  without  success.  As  a  mea.>>ure 
of  compromise,  an  upward  slidin<;  scale  was  adopted, 
by  which  members  admitted  within  the  year  ending 
the  1st  of  November,  1841,  should  pay  twenty  dol- 
lars, those  admitted  during  the  next  year  twenty-five 
dollars,  and  so  on,  adding  five  dollars  each  succeeding 
year.  This  rule  continued  until  January,  1845,  when 
it  gave  place  to  one  fixing  the  fee  at  twenty  dollars. 
This,  in  its  turn,  was  supplanted  in  February,  1846, 
and  a  fee  of  forty  dollars  established.  This  had  a 
brief  existence  of  less  than  one  month,  and  was  super- 
seded by  a  resort  again  to  the  upward  sliding  scale, 
fixing  the  fee  at  twenty  dollars  until  Deo.  31,  1846, 
and  thenceforward  adding  five  dollars  eoch  year  until 
it  should  reach  forty  dollars,  at  which  it  should  be 
stationary.  This  held  its  place  until  December,  1850, 
when  it  gave  way  to  the  unanimous  adoption  at  a 
large  meeting  of  the  association  of  a  fee  of  twenty 
dollars.  As  an  immediate  result  of  the  action  of  De- 
cember, 1850,  forty  new  members  were  admitted. 
In  November,  1842,  the  number  of  volumes  was 


VI 


902 


HISTORY   OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


only  six  hundred  and  f'urty.  Tliin  is  the  earliest  date 
at  which  reliable  inforuiatiun  on  that  point  can  be 
obtained.  From  that  time  until  May,  1847,  the  prog- 
ress made  is  indicated  by  the  following  statement  of 
the  number  of  volumes  at  diti'ercnt  periods : 

January,  1845 717  volume;, 

February,  1X16 932        " 

November,  IS  16 1132        " 

May,  1847 1285        " 

Between  1851  and  1859  the  progress  of  the  library 
was  as  follows : 

October,       1851 1U57  volumes, 

"  1852 23fi6        " 

"  1853 2634        " 

"  1854 3000        " 

December,  1855 ,'i211        " 

1856 3664 

"  1857 4125 

"  1858 4457 

The  expenditures  of  the  association  during  these 
years  were  as  follows : 

Tears  ^"  °"""' 

*  ""•  Books.  Exiwiises. 

1851-52 $1229,90  $374.18 

1852-53 785,45  481.07 

1853-54 760.62  351,78 

1854-55  894.23  544.83 

1855-56 1144,59  410,90 

1856-57 1307.70  638.59 

1857-58 1414.72  739.24 

$7537.21       $3541.17 

From  1812  to  1857  the  library  was  kept  in  a  small 
room  in  the  court-house,  which  for  several  years  be- 
fore its  abandonment  afforded  very  insufficient  ac- 
commodations. It  was  the  best,  however,  that  could 
be  obtained  until  October,  1857,  when,  by  the  liber- 
ality of  the  St,  Louis  County  Court,  a  new  and  ele- 
gant room,  fifty  feet  in  length,  aud  partly  thirty-three 
and  partly  thirty -six  feet  in  width,  was  assigned  to 
the  association,  and  handsomely  and  conveniently 
fitted  up  with  shelving,  furniture,  and  gas  fixtures  by 
the  county. 

The  benefits  of  the  library  are  not  confined  to  the 
members  of  the  association.  Any  member  of  the 
legal  profession  residing  anywhere  outside  of  St.  Louis 
County  has  the  privilege  of  using  the  books.  The 
library  is  much  resorted  to  by  members  of  the  bar 
from  the  interior  of  the  State  during  the  sessions  of 
the  Supreme  Court  at  St.  Louis,  and  frequently  profes- 
sional gentlemen  from  Illinois,  and  sometimes  from 
Iowa,  visit  St.  Louis  for  the  purpose  of  consulting  it. 

The  books  are  not  allowed  to  leave  the  room, 
except  to  be  taken  to  some  court  of  record  for 
use  in  lawsuits.  Without  endowment  or  support 
from  any  public  fund,  this  library  has  become 
one  of  great  value.  In  1876  it  contained  about 
eight  thousand  volumes,  of  which  fifteen  hundred 
were    text-books,  the   best    having    been    selected, 


fifteen  hundred  reports  and  digests  of  foreijin  cases 
and   five   thousand   reports   and   digests   of  United 
States  courts,  and  was  used  by  three  hundred  and 
eighty  members.    The  library  now  contains  un  thou, 
sand  volumes,  and  is  still  located  in  the  couutv  cuurt- 
house.      The  presidents  of  the  association  Aaca  lb 
organization  have  been  Josiah   Spalding,  lS;i8-40- 
Henry  S.  Geyer,  1840-41 ;    Hamilton   11.  Gamble 
1841-43;  Beverly  Allen,  1843-46;  Edward  Bates 
1846;  Joseph  B.  Crockett,  1846-47;  Hiuiiikon  r! 
Gamble,  1849-50;  Trusten  Polk,  1847-49;  Fletcher  | 
M.  Ilaight,  1850-51 ;  Benjamin  B.  Dayton,  1S51-55 
Samuel  Keber,  1855-57;  Charles  D.  Drake,  1857-66 
Charles  C.  Whittlesey,  1866-07;  John  K.  iSlieplev.i 
1867-70;  lloderick  E.  Ilombauer,  1870-73;  Alei.| 
ander    Martin,   1873-74;    Albert  Todd,   1874-7 
George   A.    Madill,    1877-78;    John    15.  ShepleyJ 
1878-79;    Alonzo    W.    Slayback,    1879-81;  ArbJ 
N.    Crane,    1881-82.      Frank    W.    Peebles  is  tlie| 
librarian. 


CHAPTER    XXIIL 


THE   PRESS, 


Missouri  Republican.' — The  history  of  the  .l/J 
souri  JfepvUiciin  is  coincident  with  that  of  St.  LouiJ 
from  a  period  anterior  to  the  creation  of  the  Torriion 
of  Missouri  down  to  the  present  day,  and  in  its  fil 
is  found  a  wonderfully  full  and  accurate  record 
the  growth  of  St,    Louis   from   the   proportions 
an  insignificant  town  to  those  of  a  great  and  coo 
manding  metropolis.    The  Republican  was  estahlishei 
with  the  name  of  the  Missouri  Gazelle,  by  JosepI 
Charless  in   1808.      Mr.  Charless  was  a  native  ( 
Westmeath,  Ireland,  and  was  born  on  the  16th  i 
July,  1772.     He  was  the  only  son  of  Capt.  HdwsiJ 
Charles,   whose    paternal    ancestor,    John    Charlej 
was   born   in   Wales,  and  emigrated   to  Ireland  i 
1 663.     Joseph  Charles   having  been  implicated  i 
the  Irish    rebellion  of  1 795,  fled   from  Irehind  I 
France,  and  ader  remaining  a  short  time  in  the  latt^ 
country  sailed  for  the  United  States,  arrivinsr  at  .N'ej 
York  in  1796.     On  reaching  this  couiitr}'  he  add! 


1  The  author  is  greatly  imlebtej  to  the  preccnt  pro|iritlor!| 
the  Hepiibiicaii,  Messrs.  George  Knapp  A  Co.,  tor'iiiviiigtoni 
eously  placed  at  his  disposal  the  files  of  the  paper  from  il^nl■ 
lishment  to  the  present  time.  It  is  scarcely  nccc'siirv  to  l 
that  ho  found  them  of  incalculable  value  in  prv|mriMgllii!wg| 
and  thatthey  furnished  an  immense  maseof  hii^toricaluutirl 
much  of  which  it  would  have  been  impossible  toublainfil 
any  other  source. 


>sm 


ests  of  forei^in  cases, 
,   digests  of  Uiiiitd 
three  hundred  and 
)W  contuins  umi  tliuu- 
I  in  the  couiiiv  court- 
associatioD  ^siDce  ibi 
Spalding,  ISIiS-lO; 
lamilion  11.  Gamble, 
M6;  Edwuvd  Bates, 
46-47  ;  Haiiiiltun  R. 
Ik,  1847-49;  Fletcher  I 
iB.  Dayton,  lsr)l-55; 
esD.  Drake,  18:)T-6G, 
D7  ;  John  11.  Sliejiley, 
lauer,  1870-7:i;  Ales-I 
ibert  Todd,   1874- 
1;    John    R.   Sheiiley,! 
aack,    187D-81;   Arbal 
ik   W.    Peebles  is  ilie| 


■■:<.  «'*<WWf  «.■  .,:■;«■ -.r  J  .  »♦,■!♦, 


•«»<>. 


1'^  ■ 


pThe  history  of  the  ik 

nt  with  that  of  i^t.  Loui^ 

creation  of  the  Territor] 

esent  day,  and  in  its  61^ 

and  accurate  record 
;rom   the   propDrtions 
000  of  a  great  and  com 
epubliciin  was  establisy 
sown  Gazette,  by  JosepI 
Iharless  was  a  native 
fas  born  on  the  16tb 
)nly  son  of  Capt.  Ed\?aij 
ancestor,    John   Charlej 
emigrated  to  Ireland 
living  been  implicated) 
95,  fled   from  Irebin' ' 
g  a  short  time  in  the  lattj 
ed  States,  arriviiis:  at  Sel 
ing  this  country  he  addJ 

ted  to  the  prei-enl  vroiimtorij 

Knapp  *<•'"■. '■'"•''■'^'''S'l 
(  flies  of  the  p»P"'™i"  •''"'] 

It  is  soiircely  nccMSiiry  to  J 
l,leviilueinprei,iiriiigtl'i'"i 
lonseraftss  of  historical  uiiiwrl 

been  impossible  to "bl>»'i 


8.  «.  c®iJ.  «!F  <&nM  i%m  «J!£i  rmf. 


y^i 


\V*\ 


902 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


•,  un'l  '111;' 


1,'oliiuiea  at.  .Ji;lvi.iiii.  iHiK'ti; 


•    tlCfll     ) 

1  -  H'    i 


■let 


■:i;)  tlio  I'i M^iiv 


:o(.ii-.  u;   ;!>'■  '■•«.  wliioli  for 

ibrc   Its  ii'ui»ii  '•■ii'WH!    vff'i'd'il 


ililtV    of   lllc 


;iiiucr    M;irtin,    1B7. 

,:   .,    .    \     ^TM■i;h 


nii-;   I 


wouderfiUi)' 


;..ItS.    Th 


.:.      lie.  ^■■■f   ' 


'i   I  111'!..--    i; . 
..■lli..n  uf   1"' 
■"  ,   .!'<;'■  r'fTnii 

cumKi.v  .•,i.iit'..l  for  tlu!  I  • 
r.rL  W,  *i7')('      Oil  r<" 


IL'      lUllU 


l.il.ll.^      Uljll      Klik-Il-'^       au 


:!' 


1^;i  %r:i 


the  letter  s  t 

to  secure  the 

tied  ill  Pliilu 

he  Hccured  r 

that  time  w 

Mr.  Clmrless 

injr  tlio  first  (| 

in  till!  Unite 

family,  lie  rei 

Ky.,  and  the 

place  he  proc 

labliiihed  the 

sissippi,   and 

Subsei|uently 

died  in   1834 

Charless  was  i 

age,  and  Inboi 

sition  niid  en 

fatal  to  his  en 

the  highest  de 

Louis  was  the 

tion  largely  c 

kt  for  his  w 

industry,  consi 

ud  a  strength 

could  shake. 

ber  of  his  fam 

(if  the  Irish  g 

Ik'iijg  his  inos 

snd  hospitable 

sation  sprightl 

cry  of   the   ti 

I  fathered  arouni 

The  first  nun 

I  weekly,  was  issi 

gotten  out  by  t 

.Mr.  Charless,  a 

I  ibo  had  come  a 

I  Ky,  to  assist  ii 

I  lication  office  at 


'In  17!)8,  Mr. 
I'iiow  witli  ono  oil 
I'Mburn  Jiin.  28,  1 
I  Hnolutionary  war 
pjllislleaaiana  frc 
I  nrd  resided  in  I>h 
I  )>  Uiingtun  and 
I  »l»re  she  ooiitinuo 
'« the  3d  of  Man 
I  pfl  in  tlio  organi: 
l*lied  in  St.  Lc 
l-'hon  IJiddings,  ii 
I  l»lj,  a  generous  fr 
I  nther. 


THE  PRESS. 


903 


the  letter  «  to  his  natno,  milking  it  CharlcHR,  in  order 
ti)  (jM'ure  the  Irish  pronunciutinn  of  Charles.     He  sot- 
lied  in  Philadelphia,  where,  being  a  printer  by  trade, 
lie  Hocured  a  situation  with  Matthew  Carey,  who  at 
thut  time  was   the  leading  publisher  of  the  town. 
>lr.  Chnrless  prided  himself  on  having  assisted  in  print- 
inc  the  first  ({uarto  edition  of  the  Bible  that  was  issued 
in  tin!  United  States."    In  1800,  accompanied  by  his 
family,  he  removed  from  Philadelphia  to  Lexington, 
Kj„  and  thence  in  1806  to  Louisville,  from  which 
place  he  proceeded  in  1808  to  St.  Louis.    Here  he  es- 
lablislied  the  first  newspaper  printed  west  of  the  Mis- 
Mppi)  and  continued  in  active  charge  until  1820. 
Subscijuently  he  engaged  in  the  drug  business,  and 
died  in  18H4,  at  the  age  of  sixty-two  years.     Mr. 
Charless  was  a  man  of  indomitable  energy  and  cour- 
ai;e,  and  labored  for  many  years  in  the  face  of  oppo- 
sition and  embarrassments  which  must  have  proved 
fatal  to  his  enterprise — an  undertaking  audacious  in 
the  highest  degree  when  we  consider  the  fact  that  St. 
Louis  was  then  a  small  frontier  town  with  a  popula- 
tion largely  composed  of  French-speaking  people — 
kt  for  his  wonderful  tenacity  of  purpose,  untiring 
I  industry,  consummate  ability  and  tact  as  an  editor, 
and  a  strength  of  will  which  no  disasters  nor  threats 
could  shake.     Personally,  he  is  described  by  a  mera- 
I  kr  of  bis  family  as  having  been  "  a  noble  specimen 
of  the  Irish  gentleman,  impulsive  warm-heartedness 
king  his  most  characteristic  trait.     He  was  polite 
mil  hospitable,  his  countenance  cheerful,  his  conver- 
stion  sprightly  and  humorous.     Sweet  is  the  mem- 
ory of  the   times   when    his   children   and   friends 
gathered  around  his  plentiful  board." 

The  first  number  of  the  Mitsouri  Gazette,  published 
I  weekly,  was  issued  on  the  12th  of  July,  1808,  and  was 
joiten  out  by  two  men,  one  of  whom  presumably  was 
Mr.  Charless,  and  the  other  Jacob  Hinkle,  a  printer, 
thohad  come  at  Mr.  Charless'  request  from  Louisville, 
Kv.,  to  assist  in  establishing  the  Gazette.  The  pub- 
I  lication  office  at  first  and  for  some  years  was  situated 


'In  1798,  Mr.  Charless  married  Mrs.  Sarah  MoCloud  (  a 
liiloir  with  une  child),  whoso  miiidcn  name  was  Jordan.  She 
|>vbjrn  inn.  28,  1771,  near  Wilmington,  Del.,  but  during  the 

tvolulionary  war  her  parents,  with  their  family,  wore  driven 
h;lhe  lleaaianii  from  their  home  in  Delaware,  and  thoncefor- 
I  oril  resided  in  Philadelphia.  8he  acoompanied  her  husband 
leUiingtun  and  Louisville,  Ky.,  and  Anally  to  St.  Louis, 
I 'here  she  continued  to  reside  until  her  death,  which  occurred 
lulhe  3il  of  March,  1852.  Mrs.  Charless  took  a  prominent 
I  (lit  in  the  organitation  of  the  first  Presbyterian  Church  cs- 
laUiibed  in  St.  Louis,  and  greatly  assisted  the  pastor.  Rev. 
pInoD  (iiildings,  in  that  work.  She  was  a  woman  of  fervent 
I  )itl;,  a  generous  friend  to  the  needy,  and  a  devoted  wife  and 
I  uther. 


on  the  east  side  of  South  Main  Struct,  in  the  northern 
portion  of  the  old  Robidoux  house  of  posts  on  Block 
5,  between  the  present  Kim  and  Myrtle  Streets,  and 
next,  on  the  south,  to  the  old  stone  house  on  the  same 
lot  which  was  occupied  Hubaoqueutly  (in  1817)  by 
the  old  Territorial  Bank  of  St,  Loui.s.  Mr.  Charless 
afterwards  removed  the  establishment  to  the  southeast 
corner  of  Second  and  Walnut  Streets,  to  a  two-story 
frame  house  which  he  purchased  from  Abram  Ool- 
latin  in  1816,  and  where  his  family  had  resided  for 
some  years.  In  1820  he  removed  to  the  "  hill"  at 
the  southeast  corner  of  Fifth  and  Market  Streets, 
where  the  paper  continued  to  be  published  until  sev- 
eral years  later. 

The  first  number  was  printed  upon  a  sheet  of 
foolscap  paper,  twelve  and  one-half  inches  by  seven 
and  three-fourths  inches,  in  small  pica  type,  and  was 
worked  off  on  an  old-fashioned  Ramago  press,  which 
is  described  as  having  been  "  a  rude  diminutive  ma- 
chine, made  mostly  of  wood  with  a  stone  bed,  and 
worked  by  hand," 

At  this  time  Missouri  was  still  part  of  the  'L  'ritory 
of  Loui,siana,  and  St.  Louis  was  a  village  of  about 
one  thousand  inhabitants,  with  a  post-office,  but  a 
mail  only  once  a  week  to  Cahokia,  on  the  Illinois 
side  of  the  river,  with  no  brick  house,  and  a  trade 
consisting  only  of  "  lead,  furs,  and  peltries."  The 
embargo  act  of  1807  and  the  non-intercourse  act  of 
1809  "l>ad  produced  a  withering  influence  upon  the 
prosperity  of  St.  Louis,"  '  d  it  was  under  these  dis- 
couraging circumstances  that  Mr,  Charless  commenced 
the  publication  of  his  newspaper.  The  subscription 
price  was  fixed  at  three  dollars  per  annum,  "  paid  in 
advance,"  while  "  advertisements  not  exceeding  a 
square  will  be  inserted  one  week  for  one  dollar,  and 
fifty  cents  for  every  continuance,  those  of  a  greater 
length  in  proportion.''  The  first  two  numbers  are 
missing,  but  the  third  number,  published  Tues- 
day, July  26,  1808,  "by  Joseph  Charless,  printer 
to  the  Territory,"  is  extant.  It  was  printed  on 
fair  white  paper,  and  is  of  four  pages,  with  three 
columns  to  a  page.  The  first  page  is  filled  with 
foreign  news  under  date  of  London,  April  22d,  de- 
scriptive of  Admiral  Duckworth's  cruise  afler  the 
French  fleet  in  the  West  Indies,  which  is  continued 
on  the  fourth  page,  and  is  followed  by  news  from 
Amsterdam,  Ramsgate,  and  Harwich.  The  second 
page  contains  news  from  Paris  dated  April  12th, 
Boston,  June  16th;  Baltimore,  June  18th;  Phila- 
delphia, June  16th ;  and  Norfolk,  June  13th.  In 
the  foreign  news  mention  is  made  of  the  case  of  the 
"  Edward  Madison,"  a  Charleston  packet,  and  another 
American  vessel "  boarded  by  British  cruisers."    The 


If,     -'I 


004 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


editurial  und  local  dcpnrtnionts  arc  iimde  up  of  Bevoii 
short  piiru^ruplm,  one  of  wliicli  is  a  notice  of  the 
cloctinn  of  Au<;ugte  Chouteau,  Edward  lIvnipRtend, 
Burnard  Praitu,  Pierre  Chouteau,  and  Alexander  Mc- 
Nair  asi  tru8tec8  for  the  town  of  St.  Louis  "on  Sat- 
urday last."  The  paper  contains  but  four  udvortise- 
nionlH.  On  the  third  page,  under  the  heading  "  St. 
Louis,"  the  Guziftr  announced  that  Samuel  Solomon 
would  "  receive  Hubscriptions  and  advcrliHcnicnts  for 
this  Gdxiilc  during  the  editor's  absence  to  Kentucky." 
In  August  the  day  of  publication  was  changed  from 
Tuesday  to  Wednesday,  the  paper  appearing  for  the 
first  time  after  the  change  on  Wednesday,  August 
10th.  On  the  21st  of  September,  which  would  in 
the  ordinary  course  have  been  the  day  uf  publication, 
no  paper  was  issued  owing  to  the  illness  of  the  editor, 
but  in  the  following  week,  September  28th,  the 
Gazette  appeared  in  a  slightly  enlarged  form,  being 
two  inches  wider.  Other  improvements  were  added 
from  time  to  time  by  the  enterprising  publislier, 
among  which  was  a  "  Poet's  Corner."  In  the  issue  of 
August  17th  a  poetical  tale  was  printed  entitled 
"  Leonard  and  Rosa,"  and  signed  by  K.  S.  J.,  which 
was  two  columns  und  u  liaif  in  length.  AdvartLse- 
nicnts  were  often  printed  in  French.  Among  the 
many  vexations  with  which  Mr.  Charless  liad  to  con- 
tend was  the  uncertainty  of  the  mails.  Thus,  for 
instance,  on  the  25th  of  January,  1809,  the  Gazetlr 
announced  that  there  had  been  no  mails  from  tlie  East, 
on  which,  of  course,  the  editor  depended  for  the  greater 
portion  of  his  new.**,  for  two  months.  On  the  29th  of 
March,  1809,  the  paper  appeared  in  an  enlarged  form, 
four  columns  to  a  page,  sixteen  inches  long  by  eleven 
inches  broad,  and  printed  on  one  sheet  of  two  pages. 
Owing  to  the  fu'lure  of  the  publisher  to  procure 
news  paper,  it  was  printed  on  letter-paper.  A  further 
increase  was  made  in  May,  the  paper  appearing  on 
the  2-lih  of  that  month  with  four  pages,  eighteen  by 
eleven  inches,  with  four  columns  without  rules  to  a 
page.  In  the  issue  of  July  19th,  Mr.  Charless  ad- 
drcs.«ed  his  patrons,  felicitating  himself  on  the  com- 
pletion of  the  Gazette's  first  year,  but  regretting:;  that 
his  paper,  under  the  untoward  circumstances  undti 
which  he  had  labored,  had  not  "come  up  to  hU  own 
calculations,  and  perhaps  to  the  expectation^^"  cf  the 
subscribers.  He  added,  however,  that  having  dis- 
posed of  his  ofiice  in  Lexington,  Ky.,  and  brought 
his  family  to  St.  Louis,  together  with  a  supply  of 
good  paper,  he  trusted  that  he  would  "  henceforth 
meet  the  expectations  of  his  friends."  Owing  to  the 
change  of  time  in  the  arrival  of  the  mail,  the  day  of 
publication  was  changed  Oct.  12,  1809,  to  Thursday. 
The  Gazette  continued  to  thrive  and  prosper,  and 


among  the  features  introduced  during  the  finntin.i' „i' 
1809  was  correspondence  from  Baltimore,  (Ik  ii  im  ipj. 
portant  point  for  the  distribution  of  news.  The  fjf. 
culation  of  the  paper  was  not  restricted  to  Si,  ]^„^'^^ 
for  we  find  that  in  July  of  this  year  tlii'  iMlluwin,. 
agents  at  other  points  had  been  Hcleotcd  :  Si.  I'lmrles 
Capt.  M.  Wherry;  Sto.  Genevieve,  Mr.  Klli  .t ;  c^.,^ 
Girardeau,  Mr.  McPherson ;  Cabokia,  Mr.  H^.^. 
Kaskaskia,  Mr.  Finney ;  Ilarrisonville,  Jicul,  \ 
Boyes ;  New  Madrid,  Mr.  Michel. 

In  November,  1809,  subscriptions  to  tlic  (';„j,7((  i 
wore  paid  in  flour,  und  on  the  7th  of  DeccniluT,  IgiiD 
the    paper   appeared    as    the    L<>ii!»iinui   ( iii!it«ij  i,f  I 
Mkniiitri)    Gazette,    in  order    "  to  ohang.:  tiw  tii|«  [ 
from  a  local  to  a  more  general  one,"  Mis.Mniiri  bf'n" 
then  a  part  of  the  Territory  of  Louisiana.   Winn,  huvf. 
ever,  Missouri  was  erected  into  a  Territory,  iIk.  papwl 
(July  11,  1812)  resumed  its  original  appi  ll;itjyn  |,fl 
the  Mi'tsoiifi  Gazette.     On  the  19th  of  .Inly,  isjn  [ 
the  completion  of  the  second  year  of  the  (iindk  was! 
announced  by  the  editor,  who,  on  the  ^Sd  of  Octuber 
gave  notice   that  the  day  of  publication  had  been  I 
changed  to  Saturday,  and  on  the  9th  of  NnveDiberl 
called  upon  those  of  his  subscribers  who  Inid  y}\tA 
their  notes  or  word  of  honor  to  pay  in  fliiiiroridrol 
"  to  bring  it  in  directly,"  and  upon  (itlier.s  wlm  liadj 
promised  to  pay  in  beef  or  pork  to  deliver  it  a.s  suddI 
as  possible,  or  their  accounts  would  be  placed  in  ihel 
magistrate's  hands.     The  responses  would  imt  upprarl 
to  have  been  very  prompt  or  liberal,  for  on  tlie  IDihl 
of  December,  Mr.    Cliarless  uiade  the  loilowin^  .si£.| 
nificant  announcement : 

"  Tiiour  I'atrons:  The  weekly  expeiisi;  of  publbh-j 
ing  the  Z/'i«/.s(a«a  Gazette  is  upwards  of  twenty  iJm|| 
lars.  When  this  is  duly  considered,  our  subscribci 
will  see  the  propriety  of  our  requiring  uf  tbeiii  pav| 
ment  in  advance.  Neither  paper,  types,  iiur  inkcaa 
be  had  without  cash,  and  that,  too,  lit'ri.ire  a  $ia;li 
paper  can  be  issued." 

On  Saturday,  Oct.  9,  181!i,  the  Gn-.itie  appiarel 
on  paper  of  a  smaller  size,  measuring  thirteen  aiij  i 
half  by  eight  and  a  half  inches,  the  roduelion  kini 
cau.sed,  probably,  not  by  any  lack  of  support,  but  bi 
the  scarcity  of  suitable  paper,  as  we  find  in  theissuj 
of  December  17th  a  notice  from  the  editor  tbat  "bl 
the  most  cruel  and    unfortunate  disappciintmeiit  ii 
the   receipt  of  paper"    he  would    be   coiiipclleil 
suspend  the    publication    of  the    Gazilli-  for  a  feJ 
weeks.      He  added  that  every  Saturday  a  baniibij 
would  be  printed  and  sent  to  the  subscribers  gratij 
giving  a  summary  of  the  news  received  by  the  niailj 
Mr.  Charless  was  subjected  to  serious  eiiibarrasnied 
for  more  than  a  month  at  least,  for  on  the  ilii 


THE   FRKSS. 


906 


llir   (iiliiltt 

!mlnT,  18(19, 
(iiiKtwul  of 
!■;(■.  tlw  tiili; 
lissii\iri  W'ni^ 
NVlii.'ii.huw. 
try,  tlie  paper 
HHii'lliiUon  of 
f  .)iily,  ISKI, 
e  (lii:.iHi'  Was 
5(1  111'  Octobtr,! 
linn  hud  kt'D 
ol'  Niivenibtr 
vlio  liail  pven 
n  flmir  or  e'urnl 
itlicrs  wlio  Imd 
jlivtT  it  as  soun 
c  pl'.ieetl  in  tliel 
mid  Hut  appear! 
for  (III  ilie  I'Jih 
|c  liilkiwiiii:  sig. 


Janiiiiry,  1SI4,  lio  wiin  Htill  williuutu  Hupply  uF  paper. 
In  till'  iHHUc  of  tlint  ilalt!  he  miiil,— > 

■'  .\lthuu){li  cut  off  by  nil  iiiiniciiMn  iipncn  iifuountry 
from  »  Houroo  ofHuppiy,  thu  printer  Iuih  liillierto  boon 
fiirtuMute  enough  to  pniuuro  a  sufficiency  of  paper. 
1q  this  iiiHtniiue  ho  is  bluniolcfitt,  inusiuueii  hh  ample 
fun(i>  wore  furwnrJed  to  Lexington ;  but  in  conne- 
i|ucni'<'  of  no  rc(;ulur  trade  being  curried  on  with  tliat 
placu,  liis  paper  waits  for  an  accidental  trader  coming 
this  way." 

In  iliu  conduct  of  his  paper,  Mr.  CImrless  appears 

1 10  hove  been  outspoken,  fearless,  and  n""ressivo  from 

the  iitHrt.     He  supported  the  administrations  of  Jef- 

fernon  nnd  Madison,  and  gave  and  took  no  quarter  in 

yin^  with  his  political  antagonists.     Kurly  in  1814 

in  acrimonious  controversy  arose  between  Mr.  Chnr- 

Iwand  certain  leading  citizens  of  8t.  Loui^  (among 

tliain  were  Wni.  C.  Carr,  C.  B.  Penrose,  Miij.  Wm. 

Hiristy,  Uobert  Wash,  and  David  V.  Walker),  grow- 

ig.'  out  of  communications  published  in  the  Guzctte 

lcritioi.tiiig  Gen.  (formerly  Governor)  Howard,  and  nc- 

Itcmpaiiii'd  by  editorial  comments  from  Mr.  CImrless. 

Illieautiiorship  of  the  original  communication,  which 

liassipiccl  "Q,"  was  attributed  by  .some  to  J.  B.  C. 

llucas,  and  by  others  to   Mr.  Chariess  him.self.     In 

I  orJer  to  break  down  Chnrless,  Messrs.  Carr,  Christy, 

Ipenrusc,  etc.,  raised  one  thousand  dollars  for  the  pur- 

l|io!«  uf  establishing   a   paper   in  opposition  to  the 

I d'lcW''^,  and  advertised  in  the  Lixinglon  (Ky.)  Re- 

Lr/fi-  as  follows : 

'  r»  rrinlers :  The  people  of  St.  Louis  are  desirous 
l,f  procuring  a  printer  at  that  place.  A  man  of  correct 
lEepublii'im  principles  with  even  moderate  abilities  ' 
liould  satisfy  tlicni,  though  it  is  unquestionable  that 
Ilk  profits  of  a  well-directed  press  would  richly  reward 
like  labors  of  a  man  of  genius  and  acquirements." 

Tiie  attempt  to  procure  a  printer  was  not  successful 

liDiil  May,  1815,  when  Joshua  Norvell,  from  Nash- 

Irilif.  Tciiri.,  issued  the  WcHfeni  Jnurunl.      He  was 

Imcceedcil  in  the  management  by  Sergeant  Hall,  of 

IfiDciniiali.  who  i.ssued  the  first  number  of  his  paper, 

ike  name  having  been  changed  to  the  Western  End- 

jraii/.  May  17.  1817.     In  the  summer  of  1819  its 

toprietors  were  Isaac  N.  Henry  and  Evarist  Maury, 

bni  Nashville,  with  Col.  Thomas  H.  Benton  as  edi- 

Jtt.and  it  was  then  known  as  the  St.  Louis  Enqtiirer. 

\  In  the  mesn  time  the  controversy  between   M<. 

Uess  and  his  opponents  waxed   more  and  more 

|iuer,  and  seems  to  have  been  conducted  with  intense 

jiniony  and  extreme  personalities  by  both  parties.' 

I'Aiaipecinien  of  the  poUtioiil  journalism  of  the  dny  wo  ap- 
tlhe  following  extract  from  the  Republican  of  Jul;   16, 


At  length  the  feeling  became  so  intense  that  it  cul- 
minated on  the  21st  of  July,  1814,  in  u  personal  en- 
counter between  Mr.  CliarK'ss  and  W.  (,'.  Carr.  The 
version  of  this  ufl'iiir  pMb!i-<hod  by  Mr.  Chariess  in 
the  Giivit)'  of  July  22(1  is  as  follows  : 

"A  iiiudnl  for  Iho  lirun- ;  Voaterilu.v  evening,  when  I  wim 
i-onviTaing  with  Kninc  gi^ntli'iiidi  neiir  the  |i(ii>t  iinieii  of  .St. 
IjouIk,  Willliini  ('.  ('iirr  iipprimchinl  i^Iuki-  to  i,io,  without  my  oli- 
Hvrving  him.  iiml  npit  in  my  I'lU'c,  mid  nt  thr  miino  innliint  drow 
n  piKlol  itnd  pi'CKi'iitud  it  towiiriU  inc.  Iluing  ultoxcthor  un- 
iirincd,  nut  oven  ii  Hticl*  in  my  Imnd,  1  had  mi  nlhor  report  but 
Ktiining  liiin,  from  whii'h  I  wim  noun  prevented  liy  individualii, 
who  interfered  and  laid  hnld  of  me.  whiiili  gave  Carr  an  oppor- 
tunity of  lelroating  to  IiIm  hini»e,  no  doiihl  exulting  nt  hin  own 
brave  nnd  manly  inanagomenl  of  the  allair,  and  nt  tho  iitrong 
proof  he  had  given  of  hin  being  u  gentluinnn." 

The  efforts  of  Mr.  Carr  and  his  friends  to  conquer 
Chnrless  with  hi.4  own  weapons  by  establishing  a  rival 
newspaper  in  St.  Louis  having  thus  far  proved 
ineffectual,  they  seem  to  have  determined  to  try 
{  intimidation,  and  waited  upon  him  at  liis  office  in 
u  body.  Mr.  Chariess  gives  the  following  account  of 
the  interview  : 

"  As  soon  a>  tliu  (Jazrile  wan  published  eontaining  tho  above 
j  criminal  matter,  William  C.  t'arr    called    a   cabinet   meeting, 
;   wliurc  it  was  debated   what  kind  of  punixhinont  the  printer 
j  n.ould  receive  for  thiH  olTenso  to  thuir  High  Mightliiesdes.    After 
mature  deliberation  h  was  resolved  that  Miij,  William   C.  Carr, 
1   Maj.  Clement  H.  Penrose,  Maj.  William  Chrinty,  Dr.  Farrar, 
i   and  Ur.  Walker  should  coll  on  Charlons  and  demand  the  author 
of  'Q.'    Next  morning,  .'Sunday,  tho  party  opened  the  door  and 
rudely  entered  the  ollico,  Christy  armed  with  a  largo  cliio  and 
Penrose  with  asw.rd.     Judge  Christy,  in  an  ungry  sityle,  de- 
manded (in  behalf  of  a  meeting  hold  the  evening  before  I  tho 
author  of  'tj.,'  to  which   I  answered  I  vin^  well  informed  that 
the  meeting  had  denouneed  mo  as  the  autiior,  and  therefore  I 
would  give  them  no  satisfaction  on  tho  subject  ;  that  if  they 
had  applied  in  a  proper  manner  every  sutisfaetion  in  my  power 
would   bo  given.     Cliristy   then  said  with  much  warmth  nnd 
agitation  that  tho  paragraph  was  a  lie,  that  they  considered  me 
as  tho  author,  and  would  jtublish  me  as  a  liar  throughout  the 
State  of  Kentucky,  to   which    Penrose  and  Carr  assented.     I 
then  ordered  ChrLsty  out  of  the  olViee,  but  a»  ho  declined  to  go 
1  pushed  him  out  of  the  door,  when  he  raised  his  ilub  to  strike, 
and  proposed  to  drag  ino  into  tho  street,  and  there  perhaps  as- 
sassinate me.     At  the  same  moment  Penrose  shifted  his  sword 

"It  is  rumored  that  Robert  Wash,  Esq.,  is  a  c<iiidi'J<i(e  to 
represent  his  county  in  tho  General  Assembly. 

"  Says  Hob  to  Dave,  as  they  bounced  up, 
M'dstdin  of  olittcr-olatter, 
'  I  feel  so  like  a  mongrel  ]iup 
My  j.iws  goes  chittcr-chatter.' 

"  Dave  answered  Bob, '  .<hnkc  off  base  fear, 
I'll  lend  you  on  to  battle.' 
Says  Hob, '  Oh,  dcnr,  what's  that  I  hear, 
t — I— I  augur  things  most  fatal.'  " 

Robert  W.ish  nnd  David  V.  Walker,  referred  to  above  a>  '  Bob 
and  '  Dave,'  were  afterwards  sons-in-law  of  William  Christy. 


906 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


in  the  nttitude  uf  driiwiii^  it,  and  in  a  high  tone  of  anger  they 
told  ine  they  wuiild  nut  gu  unt;  that  it  wits  not  my  house,  but 
a  public  oilice,  in  which  they  hud  a  right  to  stay.  Thus  situ- 
ated and  unarmed,  I  directed  my  son  to  go  for  the  constable, 
intending  to  collect  a  force  to  commit  thvin  to  prison.  How- 
ever, befor  tlic  cnnstabic  oame,  or  ft  sufficient  force  was  col- 
lected, they  retr(  atf.'d,  'f'^towing  upt.-u  nie  a  torrent  of  abuse. 

'  [he  next  week  w:is  spent  by  these  great  men  in  trotting  up 
ami  down  our  streets  to  obtain  signatures  to  an  address  to  the 
printer,  disapprobating  the  little  paragraph,  and  after  much 
labor  and  fatigue  twelvo  names,  including  their  own,  were  all 
that  could  be  obtiiincd." 

The  Gazette  appears  to  have  thriven  on  persecution, 
for  on  the  24th  of  June,  1815,  it  announced  that  it  had 
"  upwards  of  five  hundred  genuine  patrons,  who  re- 
ceive it  regularly  every  weeit,"  the  original  number 
of  subscribers  having  been  one  hundred  and  seventy- 
four.  In  the  same  i.ssue  it  was  stated  that  a  new 
press  of  the  largest  size  was  "  expected  shortly  by 
Mr.  Moses  Scott  from  Pittsburgh,"  and  that  when  it 
arrived  the  Gazette  would  assume  the  "  size  of  the 
Kentucky  papurs,  super-royal." 

In  181(5  the  Gitzette  published  a  number  of  para- 
graphs which  proved  offensive  to  Joliu  Scott,  a  lead- 
ing citizen  of  St.  Louis,  who  demanded  the  name  of 
the  author  from  Mr.  Charlese.  A  belligerent  cor- 
■  respoudence  ensued,  but  oil  was  finally  poured  upon 
the  troubled  waters  and  a  compromise  effected.  In 
his  reply  to  Mr.  Scott's  warlike  note,  Mr.  Charless 
said,  with  characteristic  vigor,  "  I  may  be  threatened, 
but  I  will  continue  an  independent  course.  If  I  am 
attacked  for  exercising  the  honest  duties  of  my  pro- 
fession, I  know  how  to  repel  injury." 

On  the  19th  of  April,  1817,  the  Gazette  appeared 
in  "  a  new  and  beautiful"  dres.s  of  type  of  American 
manufacture,  an  evidence  of  prosperity  which  must 
have  been  very  irritating  to  its  enemies.  The  day  of 
publication  was  changed  on  the  9th  of  January  to 
Friday,  and  on  the  3d  of  July  the  paper  was  enlarged 
to  such  proportions  as  to  be  "  equal  in  size  and  type 
to  any  six  column  paper  in  the  Union."  In  August, 
1818.  while  Mr.  Char'ess  wau  talking  in  his  garden, 
he  was  fired  upon  by  some  one  unknown,  "  who  had 
concealed  him.self  in  or  behind  the  lot  south  of  the 
garden,"  but  ho  escaped  unhurt.  He  was  also  threat- 
ened with  incendiarism,  for  we  find  in  the  Gazette  of 
Jan.  1,  1819.  that  "  D.  Kimball  requests  the  incen- 
diaries of  St.  Louis  to  defer  burning  Mr.  Charless' 
establishment  until  his  removal,  which  will  bo  on  the 
20th  of  April  next."  The  subscribers  to  the  Gazette 
continued  to  increase  in  number,  and  on  the  20th 
of  October  the  editor  announced  that  "  the  number  of 
our  patrons  from  one  hundred  and  seventy-four  has 
nearly  reauhed  one  thousand  actual  subscribers." 
During  the  same  year  (January  27th)  the  publica- 


tion-day was  changed  back  to  Wednesday,  unci  it  wjg 
announced  September  11th  that  an  extni  liall'-sheet 
would  be  issued  every  Saturday  without  mljitioniil 
charge.  The  half-sheet  was  known  as  the  M,  mmtn,. 
Paper,  or  Gazette  extra,  and  contained  '•  iidvortise- 
ments,  prices  current,  marine  memoranda,  and  com. 
mercial  news."  The  subscription  price  was  diie  dol- 
lar and  a  half  per  annum.  On  the  19th  uf  Jitnuvrv 
1820,  the  Gazette  stated  that  "  the  eomnuMcial  paper  I 
I  hitherto  published  on  Saturday  is  discuntinued  until 
a  supply  of  paper  is  obtained,  when  the  Gazette  will 
(if  required)  be  published  semi-weekly." 

On  the  13th  of  September,  1820,  Joseph  Charless  | 
retired  from  the  editorship,  having  sold  the  paper  to  I 
James  C.  Cummins.  The  latter  retained  the  proprie-j 
torship  until  March  13,  1822,  and  during  liis  control 
of  the  paper  removed  the  oflBco  to  the  Sanu'uinetl 
House,  at  the  northeast  corner  of  Main  and  Elm  I 
Streets.  In  March,  1822,  Mr.  Cuniniin.s  sold  the! 
paper  to  Edward  Charless,  who  engaged  Josiahj 
Spalding  as  editor,  changed  the  name  to  the  J/i'ssov/ij 
Rrptibfican,  and  issued  his  first  number  on  the  2UthJ 
of  March,  1822,  from  the  old  location,  his  fatlier'sl 
frame  building  at  Walnut  and  Second  Streets.  Tliei 
publishing  firm  was  known  as  Edward  Clinrless  &| 
Co.,  Josiah  Spalding  being  the  company.  This  st}le| 
of  partnership  continued  until  Feb.  i(!,  1820,  wheul 
Edward  Charless  became  the  sole  proprieior.  Mr.l 
Spalding  having  retired. 

The  liberty  of  the  press  and  its  right  to  freely  critJ 
icise  the  official  acts  of  public  officers  was  the  sulijectj 
of  a  long  and  earnest  discussion  in  Congress,  result 
ing  from  a  publication  in  the  RipnhHain  in  182 
relating  to  Judge  James  H.  Peck,  United  States  dis 
triet  judge   for  Missouri,  who  was  afterwards  irnJ 
peached.     The  causes  which  led  to  this  inipeachmeDl 
grew  out  of  the   trial  of  an   action  bioui;lit  hy  th(j 
widow  and  heirs-at-law  of  Antoine  Soulard  againil 
the   United  States  concerning  an  old  Sjianish  lanij 
grant.     In  December,  1825,  the  judge  decided  a^'aiiiM 
the  heirs,  and  they  appealed.    In  Mareh,  182G,  Judg 
Peck  printed  in  the  liepuhlicai.  an  elaborate  o 
on  the  cabe,  to  which  Luke  Edward  Lawless,  the  i 
torney  for  the  heirs,  published  a  respectful  reply  ova 
the  signature  of  "  Citizen."     Judge  Peck  considcn 
this  reply  an  act  of  contempt  of  his  court.    Mr.  Lull 
less  admitted  the  authorship  of  the  article,  and  aA 
various  proceedings  he  was  sentenced  to  twenty-fi 
hours'  imprisonment  and  suspended  from  practice  i 
an  attorney  for  eighteen  months.     Fur  this  the  judd 
was  impeached  by  the  House  of  Roprosentatives ; 
May,  1S30,  and  the  trial  commenced  before  the  Scm 
in  December.    Judge  Peck  was  defended  by  Mr.  Meri 


THE   PRESS. 


907 


dnesday,  iiml  it  was 
an  extra  liiilt'-slieet 
without  additioDiil 
Nn  aB  the  M  mmiik 
intained  '•  iulvcrtise- 
iinoranda,  ami  wnii- 
n  price  was  mie  dol- 
he  19th  (if  Jiinui'.ry, 
,he  commereial  paper  I 
is  discontinued  until 
hen  the  Guzetfe  m\\  \ 
weekly." 
820,  Joseph  Cliarlesa  I 
ng  sold  the  paper  to  1 
'  retained  the  proprie- 
ind  during  liis  control  I 
ice  to  the  San^uinetj 
ir  of  Main  and  Elm  I 
r.  Cummins  sold  the! 
who   engaged    Josiahj 
name  to  the  .l/('s8oi/ii| 
it  numher  on  the  2UthJ 
1  location,  his  fatlier'sl 
Second  Streets.    Tiiel 
i   Edward   Ctiarloss  &| 
I  company.    This  stjlel 
1  Feb.  If),  1820,  wlieul 
sole   proprietor.  Mr,] 

its  right  til  freely  critJ 
fficers  was  tlie  subjeotj 
on  in  Congress,  result^ 
lii-pithllciin  in  1828 
8ck,  United  States  di* 
was   afterwards  iu 
to  tills  impoaclimenl 
action  brought  liy  tlMJ 
ntoine  Soulard  iigainij 
an  old  Spanish 
judge  decided  ajiiiinsl 
In  March,  182G,Judg 
an  elaborate  opinio^ 
dward  Lawless,  the  i 

respectful  re]ily 
Fudge  Peck  cotisiden 
)f  his  court.     Mr.  La 
f  the  article,  and  aft 
ntenced  to  twenty-foi* 
ended  from  praclioei 
8.     For  this  the  judjj 
of  Representatives 
enced  before  the  Sei.J 
defended  by  Mr.  Men 


jith,  of  Philadelphia,  and  William  Wirt,  of  Virginia, 
the  managers  on  the  part  of  the  House  being  McDuf- 
§e,  of  South   Carolina,  Buchanan,  of  Pennsylvania, 
Spencer,  Storrs,  and  WickliiFe.    It  was  shown  that  the 
opinion  of  the  judgu  was  published  at  the  request  of 
the  members  of  the  bar  and  of  those  persons  who 
were  interested  in  the  case,  and  that  such  publications 
irere  usual  in  bot'n  England  and  the  United  States ; 
that  the  case  before  Judge  Peck  was  a  select  and  test 
I  cause,  and  an  adverse  decision  would  produce  dissat- 
isfaction in  all  other  claimants ;  that  the  respondent 
I  considered  the  publication  by  Lawless  a  gross  and 
le   misrepresentation   of    the  opinion   of    the 
I  court;  that  Lawless  had  an  opportunity  ofifered  him, 
on  his  defense,  of  clearing  himself  of  intentional  dis- 
respect, but  had  refused  to  answer  the  interrogatories 
of  the  judge,  and  reasserted  the  allegations  of  his 
)lieation.     At  the  close  of  the  trial  William  Wirt 
I  delivered  one  of  the  most  brilliant  and  eloquent  argu 
Bents  of  his  whole  legal  career,  in  which  he  defined 
I  «ith  great  force  and  clearness  the  distinction  between 
;  liberty  and  license  of  the  press.     Tiio  case,  which 
I  atiractud  national  attention,  resulted  in  the  acquittal 
of  Judge  Peck  by  a  vote  of  twenty-four  against  ini- 
[wcliraent  and  twenty-one  in  favor  of  it ;  but  Congress 
I  It  the  same  session  passed  a  law  limiting  the  author- 
iiy  of  judges,  in  accordance  with  English  common  law 
ioctrine,  in  punishing  for  contempt,  to  ca.ses  of  mis- 
yiavior  in  the  presence  of  court?,  or  so  near  them  us 
lioubstruct  the  administration  of  justice,  and  to  the 
1  misbehavior  of  oflRcers  of  the  courts.    In  1836, 
I  Luke  Edward  Lawless  himself  appeared  as  plaintiff  in 
ilibel  suit  against  tbo  Republican.    He  was  then  judge 
I  oflhe  Second  Judir'.al  Circuit  of  Missouri,  and  brought 
m  for  ten  thousmd  dollars  damages  against  the  Re- 
I  fMaiii  for  def imation  of  character  in  publishing  a 
I  toDinmnication  which  complained  of  the  short  sittings 
I  of  the  court  over  which  Judge  Lawless  presided.     A 
I  verdict  was  rendered  in  favor  of  the  Repulf'tin. 

In  the  mean  time  the  paper  had  coniinueii  to  pros- 
||«rand  to  grow  in  character  and  iiifluen'ie.  On  the 
I  at  of  January,  1827,  George  Knapp,  v,-he  was  des- 
liined  to  become  the  head  of  the  estabiishuient,  and 
loneo''  he  leading  citizens  of  St.  Loui.-),  ei.tered  tkie 
loiceas  an  apprentice  to  leurn  the  trade  of  printing. 
Goorge  Knapp  was  born  in  Montgomery,  Orange 
|Co.,  iN.  Y.,  on  the  25th  of  September,  1814  In 
&  his  father,  accompanied  by  his  family,  removed 
)  St,  Loiiii?  and  when  twelve  years  of  age  George 
111!, an  pieviously  indicated,  bound  to  Edward  Char- 
liat,  proprietor  of  the  JUmouri  Repnhlicnn,  as  an 
lifprenticu  "  to  learn  the  art  and  mystery  of  print- 
At  that  lime  Elihu  H.  Shepard  was  hia  guar- 


dian, and  the  indentures  were  prepared  with  the 
conditions  that  he  was  to  l)e  taught  the  trade  of  a 
printer,  to  receive  "  three  months'  day  schooling  or 
nine  months'  night  schooling  "  and  at  the  end  of  his 
apprenticeship  to  be  given  a  Bible  and  a  new  suit  of 
clothes.  His  apprenticeship  terminated  in  1834, 
after  which  he  worked  as  a  journeyman  printer  for 
nearly  two  years,  part  of  the  time  at  nine  dollars"  per 
week  and  part  at  teu  dollars.  For  muny  year.3  Mr. 
Knapp  also  served  as  carrier  of  the  paper,  delivering 
it  weekly  and  afterwards  semi-weekly  to  the  sub- 
scribers in  the  town,  and  at  different  periods  worked 
as  pressman  and  general  manager  of  the  printing  de- 
partment. In  1836  he  was  made  part  proprietor  of 
the  book  and  jobbing  department,  and  in  1837,  on 
the  purchase  of  the  RepuhUcuii  from  Charle.ss  & 
Paschull,  became  one  of  the  proprietors  of  the  paper, 
as  a  member  of  the  firm  of  Chambtirs.  Harris  & 
Knapp.  In  1854,  on  the  death  of  Col.  Chambers, 
he  was  associated  with  Mrs.  Chambers  in  the  publi- 
cation of  the  Republican,  but  in  the  following  year 
purchased  her  interest,  and  huving  taken  his  brother, 
John  Knapp,  and  Nathaniel  Paschall  into  partner- 
ship, established  the  firm  of  George  Knapp  &  Co., 
which  still  continues  to  publish  the  Rejiiiblirun. 

In  1835,  Col.  Knapp  entered  the  volunteer  military 
service,  in  which  he  took  a  prominent  pan,  and  on 
the  breaking  out  of  the  war  with  Mexico  was  among 
the  first  to  offer  his  services  to  the  government.  As 
a  lieutenant  in  the  St.  Louis  Grays  of  the  St.  Louis 
Legion,  he  went  to  Mexico  in  184G,  and  upon  the 
return  of  the  regiment  to  St.  Louis  was  promoted  to 
a  captaincy,  and  subsequently  was  made  lieutenant- 
colonel  of  the  First  Battalion  of  the  St.  Louis  Legion. 
During  the  civil  wai-  (^iu  1862)  he  organized  the 
Missouri  Republicau  Guards,  composed  of  Republi- 
can employes,  and  became  their  captain. 

In  December,  1840,  he  was  married  to  Miss  Eleanor 
McCartan,  daughter  of  Thomas  McCartan,  of  St. 
Louis.  In  1867,  1870,  and  1870,  Col.  Knapp  and 
family  visited  Europe  and  spent  several  years  in  for- 
eign travel.  On  the  occasion  .^f  the  opening  of  the 
new  Republican  building,  Jiii.  1873,  Col.  Knapp 
deliveved  an  address,  in  wh.ch  .,'  briefly  reviewed 
the  forty-six  years  of  his  connection  with  the  paper, 
and  received  tiie  wrdial  congratulations  of  his  friends. 
The  fiftieth  anniversary  of  his  entrance  into  the  Re- 
publican oflSce  (up  to  1822  the  Missouri  Gazette) 
was  cehbrated  on  the  flth  of  January,  1877,  by  a 
meeting  of  the  Merchants'  Exchange,  at  which  a 
portrait  of  Col.  Knapp,  painted  by  Maj.  Conant,  was 
presented  to  the  Jhichaiige.  On  this  oucasion  ad- 
drcssea  were  delivered  by  Col.  Broadhcad,  Governor 


m 


908 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Stnnard,  Capt.  Eads,  and  others.    In  the  course  of 
his  address,  Col.  Broadhead  said, — 

"The  career  of  the  distinguished  citizen  whose  portrait  is 
before  us  presents  an    a|ipropriate  example  of  whnt  may  l)e 
achieved  by  honest  industry  under  the  benign  influence  of  our 
institutions.     It  is  a  career  of  which  any  one  might  be  proud. 
J  have  Icnown  Col.  fleorge  Knapp  and   have  enjoyed  his  inti-  I 
mate  friendship  for  more  than  twenty  years,  and  it  may  not  bo 
inappropriate  on  such  an  occasion  as  this  to  refer  briefly  to  his  j 
early  history.     Without  any  adventitious  aid  he  has  attained  | 
the  exalted  position  he  now  holds  in  this  community.  ...  To  | 
his  ability  and  energy  is  mainly  to  be  attributed  the  fact  that  | 
the  Miitnnri  Itfpitbltrati  is  on*:  of  tile  best  and  ir:ost  influential    ; 
papers  in  America.  .  .  .  That  he  should  tal<e  a  just  pride  in  its 
growing  |)opuIarity  and  influence  is  not  at  all  astonishing,  and 
belonging  as  it  docs  to  the  highest  type  of  Ameriuan  journal- 
ism, it  is  a  fitting  monument  to  his  ability  and  energy.     But 
bis  connection  with  this  journal  and  tlie  signal  ability  he  has 
displayed  in  its  management  does  not  by  any  means  constitute  ; 
the  only  title  he  has  to  our  respect  and  admiration.     From  his  i 
early  boyhood  he  has  grown  up  with  this  oily  of  his  adoption, 
and  there  was  scarcely  un>i  single  enterprise  wbi'ih  was  calcu- 
lated to  exgiand  her  growth,  tu  add  to  h'jr  wealth,  to  .spread  her 
commerce,  which  has  not  received  an  impetus  frjra  his  indom- 
itable energy  in  its  support.     He  was  one  of  those  who  a    ed 
more  than  all  others  in  thecreotion  of  the  mngniflcent  building 
in  which  wo  now  stand,  and  he  has  been  '■ver  ready  tu  give  a 
helping  liand  to  every  work  which  was  calculated   to  ailvancc 
the  interests  of  this  great  city.     Such  men  are  public  benefac- 
tors, and  it  is  tu  such  that  the  imperishable  finger  of  art  should 
point  fur  the  admiration  and  emulation  of  the  generations  that 
are  to  come  after  us.     To  say  that  this  has  been  done  with  a 
master's  skill  in  the  work  of  genius  which  has  just  been  pre- 
sented to  the  Merchants'  Exchange,  is  bu',  doing  .<iinple  justice 
to  the  eminent  artist  who  produceil  it.     As  a  likeness  it  is  per- 
fect, as  a  work  of  art  it  is  unsurpassed,  worthy  alike  of  the  ! 
author  and  the  subject.'  i 

To  Col.  Broadhead's  eulogium  Governor  Stanard 
added  a  warm  indorsement  of  the  public  and  private 
career  of  Col.  Knapp. 

"  Thi\t  gentleman."  he  said,  "  had  bein  connected  with  the 
Itading  interests  of  the  city  for  morn  than  fifty  years.  For 
forty  years  he  ha<l  been  in  a  poi^ition  to  do  as  much  for  the  [ 
weal  or  woe  of  the  city  as  any  other  man.  His  inuucnce  as  tlio 
iiianiigor  of  a  groat  newspaper  had  uhvnys  been  in  the  right 
direction.  He  could  mink  of  no  ;Treat  enter])rise  that  had  nut 
had  tho  inlluci.ce  of  his  grc.it  newspaper  and  business  tact. 
This  grand  Merchants'  I'^^chango  would  have  been  ten  years 
later  in  it:'  cun>truction  had  it  not  been  fur  tho  energy  and  pa- 
triutism  of  Col.  George  Knapp.  The  construction  of  the  great 
hotel?  had  been  arsisled  i)y  Co!.  Knapp  with  voice  and  purse. 
He  was  glad  that  it  had  been  in  tho  mind  of  the  unknown 
donor  of  this  picture  to  make  such  a  present  during  the  life  of 
Col.  Knap|j." 

The  columns  of  tho  kepiihlirmi  have  been  con-  [ 
trolled  Ijy  Coi.  Knupp,  in  as.sociation  with  Col. 
Chambers,  Mr.  Paschall,  his  brother  Col.  John 
Knapp,  and  others,  since  18.37,  a  period  of  more 
than  forty  five  ycar.f,  and  tho  uniform  prosperity  \ 
of  that  Rrcut  journal  and  the  steady  expansion  of 
ita  influeoco  for  good   have  been  in  large   measure 


due  to  the  wisdom  and  energy  of  the  man  ..lio  p^. 
tered   the   otiice  an  humble  printer-lad  in  .i.inuarv 
182V.     As    apprentice,   compositor,   cariici     oJiior 
and  proprieixjr,  Mr.  Knapp  displayed  an  imli:-iry  i.nil 
a  versatility  of  talent  which  must  have  won  su,'ces.s  in 
any  walk  of  business  life.    In  the  political  niaiiu^cnient  J 
of  the  paper  his  course  has  been  marked  bv  a  nianly  i 
independence  and  just  moderation  which  Imvc  topf 
theJiepiililicnii  free  from  those  "entanj;!'!)^  alliances" 
which  invariably  precede  the  creation  of  a  servile  pariy 
or  "  peraoaal"  org.-xn.    Positive  in  his  'Jonviet ions,  and  1 
emphatic  in  thfir  cxpresr.ion,  he  thinks  fur  liiniself 
and  never  hesitates  V.j  utter  his  thoughts,  iiutaulicl 
same  time  he  always  exhibits  a  respectful  cunsiiiera- 
tion  for  the  honest  opinions  of  others,  and  praciiccji 
tho   liberal  views  which  he   has   always  inculcated, I 
His  almost  judicial   equipoise  in  dealing  with  tiiel 
great  questions  of  the  day  was  never  better  iiius.l 
trated  than  in  his  course  during  the  civil  war;  fur  J 
while  strenuously  opposing  the  march  of   secession  I 
and  supporting  the  Union  with  all  his  strciistli  liei 
was  none  the  less  pronounced  in  his  hostility  t ,  ov  :t'i 
measure  which  he  considered  an  encroachin  si  on  tlie^ 
reserved  rights  of  the  States  or  the  poliiici:  lilKi.?^ 
of  his  countrymen.    Tho  interests  of  St.  Lnuisanlcifll 
the  State  ot   large — material,  moral,  social,  and  oJu-l 
cational — have  uniformly  commanded  his  (>aino<t  .mi 
enthusiastic  support,  and  during  the  long  period  ofliiJ 
incumbency  as  senior  proprietor  of  the  Ri'piiUieim.i] 
public  enterprise  that  seemed  worthy  of  it  has  Mti 
to  receive  his  liberal  encouragement  and  aid.    liij 
large  fortune,  the  result  of  many  years  of  li(im.'>t  tiiil 
in  various  capaciMes,  has  been  freely  used  Hir  tliopJ 
motion   of  the  business  and  other  interests  ami  foj 
the  adornment  of  St.  Louis;  and  now  in  bis  ri]ii'ti|il 
age,  in  the  cheering  presence  of  the  niultiidiid  fvi) 
dcnces  and  memorials  of  a  well-spent  life,  (\d.  Kiiapi 
continues  to  watch  over  the  destinies  of  the  W 
journal  whose  fortunes  he  has  shared  from  i(.s  tdj 
youth. 

On  the  28th  of  March,  1828,  the  h', imhlmm^ 
peared   in  an   enlarged  form,  and  duriii','  the  m 
month  Nathaniel  Paschall  was  iissociaiiHl  wiili  H| 
ward  Choi'less,  the  firm-name  being  Charles  k  I'a 
chull. 

The  spirit  of  modern  journalistic  enterprise 
existed  in  the  office,  as  wc  have  shown,  from  tliea 
ttiblishnient  of  the  paper  by  Joseph  ('barli's,>.  wlJ 
would  have  proved  a  formidable  rival  fur  llio  irni 
energetic  and  aggressive  editors  of  otir  own  diiv.j 
strong  within  hiui  was  the  eagerness  toseetire  llief 
and  freshest  news,  which  is  the  first  rc(|ui»iieiflsd 
cess  in  journalism.     His  successors,  one  of  whom,! 


)f  the  man  ■..lio  en- 
iter-lad  in  .l.muary, 
itor,  carrii'i,  oJiior, 
lyed  an  iiuluMiy  i.nd 
;  have  won  siu'cess  in 
political  nuM I ;i moment 
[)  marked  by  :i  manly 
ion  which  huve  kept 
'entan!;l'p;i  ■illianccs" 
it.ion  oF  a  servile  parly 
in  his  'jonvii;iions,anii 
16  th'nks  Pur  liimself, 
B  thoughts,  liiit  ai  tlic 
a  respectful  cunsidcra- 
if  others,  and  praeticij 
las  always  inculcated. 
1  in  dealinp;  with  the 
vas  never  bc'tor  ilius- 
•ing  the  civil  war ;  for, 
iic  march  of  secession 
th  all  his  striMistli  lie 
in  his  hostility  1 1  ev  :v 
an  encroachini  lit  on  tlie' 
or  the  politicii;  iil  .i;i'S<,?, 
rests  of  St.  Louis  an-l  uf] 
,  moral,  social,  and  cJu 
nnanded  his  earnest  an 
,n"  the  lon^  period  of  111 
:or  of  the  l{)'piil'lim».n 
worthy  of  it  lias  faili 
ranement  and  aid.  11 
(lany  years  of  linnot  ti, 
freely  used  fur  tlio  pr 
other  interests  and  f( 
and  now  in  bis  vijiiMjl 
•0  of  the  niultiiiliid  cv 
■cll-spcnt  life,  Col.  Kiuf 
ic  destinies  of  the  -re; 
has  shared  from  its  ad| 

1828,  the  /i'./i"''/'"i»a^ 
m,  and  duri'i;.;  the  m 
was  nssociati'il  wii 
ne  being  Charles's  ^U'l 

ournnlistic  enterprise  hij 
have  shown,  from  tlie 
by  Joseph  Charless.  wl« 
idable  rival  for  the  mJ 
iditors  of  our  own  diiy.j 
jgernesstoseeuretho 
..  the  first  rc(iuisitcuisij 
jccessors,  oneofwhoiu.il 


vv'-"   -Iv 


•.«;■'•;■;■;;,. 


■i^:Vl;:^.-.:..s:-.- 


■  •■;.'■?•  "it;'. ^•■' ■■■■'.:    .  •■ 


■.  ■■'■,V-  '■■■'.'•- tV'**    ■■■■?,'■:■■  ■/'.'■. 


..■•^rv.  . , 


■ .  < .  •  •; 


^4: 

n' 
i  ' 

t;s 

i--,:  '■' 


):■    ■     ■.!.■  '.  ■' 

■■'■'■■!    '.>;/ 


/ 


mi  ■ 


908 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


'tthers. 


In  iho  course  of  ' 


Slanurd,  Caf 
liis  address, ' 

"Tliocftre<  itiy.cn  wlniii!  [i>rlroil  i* 

boforo  us  p'  Jiniiiplii  nt  wlisl   ii.av   1 1- 

achierod  by  ■'  .h^'  be  ijrn  ir.llueiiw  of  our 

institution!  fU  nny  oim  luijfht  li«  )iri.u.l. 

I  liuve  l<n  \>  an^l   hiivu  onjoye-i  hl»  Inti- 

niiite  fric  ;\mnly  j«»ri,  .in  J  it  iim)-  nil  bp 

inapprof  .'.n  as  this  to  ri-IVr  bri»(Iy  tu  his 

early  hi  >  it'lvcntil;  >ui>  nxi  h«  hii«  aKsincd 

the  exo  >?  h<ilil»  iu  tliia  i^atomutiity.  .  .  .  I'o 

bis  abi  •ifliiilv  i.o  bn  nttrklxitixi  tho  fori  thitt 

the  M  1'  iiuv  of  the  iwst  iinil  luoft  iiiflu"n!inl 

pnpe  ,  Thii' b«  shoul'l  Uk-' a  Jtisl  t>riO"  M  !i ' 
grov                            iiii'l  iiillueuoo  iy  not  ul  nil  uitoninhini;.  mn! 

bell  (1  lie  Ui^hisl    typ"  of  Amori.'un  j  ,urri,i.l- 

isr  iMiriuint  to  hii*.  iibiin.y  au'I  iiuT^y.  lUil 
hi  ttMli  tbi.^  joiirna!  inl  Lhn  signal  ability  he  h»>! 
d  It*  .MiinnjroiDool  ilons  mil  by  any  u)<unj  wnii-tituti! 
'                    IV  h«  flii.»  to  our  ninpect  niul  aiitnirntioii.     Pion;  his 


Qf<i  -i  !in  'ia.li  gnv 

•    >■  1  her  ^fi- 
U  hn»  no! 


»'it!:   thif  oity  of  hij  iidoption 

.  rjiiisc  ivliicli  wud  ciik'i. 

)it^r  wvftl:h,  to  sprenl  hci 

ri"ili'»  from  his  Inrtom- 

11       •  ■  "'•■^.  V  vtho  (lidt'l 

J  ■  ■t'o-  .iillciMit  buil.liUK 

■    .'    "■'^*  "'o '.  aid  ;.  •  iiAf   bix>        "r   r*ja.iy  to  jf  in    . 

kn  I   to  every  Fork  irhi.jh  w»»  oitioulaCitl   m  »il>,».  • 

•II..    •  ivn-st*  of  lhi»  grcHi  city,     f  uch  tunn  arn  publio  brmsfiK  • 

to'-',  »«.!  It  i«  to  «ui;b  tlmt  the  ioippi-islinblp  liMfji-r  of  nrl  4iioiil,t 

fMonl  lor  tbo  ailtuiration  it^nd  riiiulaii..u  of  tbti  gmiernti  m^lbai 

ftva  to  totiif  nftor  iin.     To  soy  tl'at  this  lias  been  <!oqv  oith' a 

it]iu!t>^r  ii  iiiill  in  lhi>  work  of  K"iiiu'  whiuii   Ion  jri«l    bri;n   |'r<'- 

jcnieil  to  iho  Muri'biinK'  K.\uhongo,  iit  but  <loinf»  sioiplii  jurl' 

to  the  muiiiuiit  aitist.  nho  protlui'Dil  it.     Ai  a  liken.'ioi  it  is  n«r 

feci,  a«  u   «  irk   .(f   1.     It   Is  •infiirp.is'i'd,.  vvoitlij  uliko  of  )hi 

aii.'hor  .mil  Ih.' 

To  <^)l.  Brci  ili(;;iit*  (Milogiuiu  (tnvirnor  Stanfinl 
''lo'l  ;i  wiirm  ii'loiutviifiit  iif  llip  piiblii:  :iiid  piivulf 
iffer  of  {^il.  Knnnf). 

'I'll.'  liJ.  "b».l  l)pi-u  rnnneuKi)  with  »hi» 

•    ''    '  'in   fifty  years,     For 

)■'    i»  iniirh  for  tl<c. 

Ill«  inilusncp  !•.»  the 

liooo  in  the  right 

>ip.(l  not 


Iliioori-'  '      .    ■. 

iC  ;i  •  PI.    Vi  ,        . 

I...  ..VI, 


UifiiilUf  nit  listvo  hoeti   cftii- 

■J    .iH-oi'iatidii   with    ('■'). 

tiis    linithor    (\ii.     ,Iil  II 

IHH7,  a  {icriod  of  tiiort» 

iri    tite    iinifiirin    jirosprritv 

'    (111;    "to,nly   csinri-tuin   of 

•     '    i)'i'u   in   1  irfjo    ir«^«Hiirt" 


diir>  to  ♦hf  fi'Is'loin  mid  .mum-jtv  "I   ■ 
ti;r<'d    ilio    hIEci.'  nri   iuiuibie   prin; 
H'.'T.     An    i\fl;lrl»'!(ict^    couijiosii 
atiii  iinprii'tiir,  Mr.  JKtmpp  displny 
a  ventntiiilv  of  talent  wliicii  loust  Wn;-- 

•my  wiilk  of  l)nsiiio.'<s  lile.    In  tlio  t 

of  ih«i  paper  hi^  0(.ur.«c  lia.s  hetm  ■■ 
iiid«!pi;ri.lcn«i'  ntiJ  ju.st  iuoderal!>.;. 
tliK  lirfiuUii'iiii  fri'o  from  tho.ii!  '•  i  < 
wliiclt  iiiv:iriftbly  [irecivlii  tliii  imv.iiA 
or  '•  f>''fsonal''  oi^aii.     I'li^jitivo  in  • 
f^nipliiitiu  in  tbeiv  i!Xpv<;ssion,  !)'>  .; 
;iiu!   never  llcsitnlw  ti>  uttor  lu8  :•  ' 
Biimo  time  lie  iilwnys  exliibltB  ii  '  • 
(i.in  f(>r  thi"  huiipst  n^.ininiis  ol 
the   iibt-ni!   views   wIikjJi    be   b:i> 
His  uliuo.s(,  judicial   cfpiipoiso   ii 
j;r<!at   questiims   i:f  thi;  day  ••  in 
uaiC'l  t.hati  in  bis  courwi  iturii:; 
wbile  strenuously  oppo.siiig  thi 
and  supportin;.'  ibt   L'liion  will, 
w.is  rictfie  ihfl  ics.s  proiioumvd  ;;•    • 
mi!;j*'ure  wbieb  be  or'iisidi'ri'.d  i. 
re.si-rvod  liobts  '.'f  tic-  .'Platen  o! 
(if  bi<  (Kj.miryuii'n.    Tho  inii'iv  ■ 
the  Stato  nt   large — raiitcrial.  ii>  • 
cational— havo  iiiiironiiiy  O'lniiM 
ciithusia.stii?  Hupjort,  and  dm  i:. 
incuinhcncy  a.s  senior  pftprii't.:    . 
p'tblic  euifirpriso  thut  .^ei.'infl 
t.i  rvt't>iv't;   bis   liberal  uiicmir: 
inrgi;  fortune,  tbo  rcfillt  uf  " 
in  various  rapa</'ies.  ba.-;  ikm- 
niot.ioti    uf  tbe  Vm.sin('s.s  .ni'i 
tbe  addrnmiTii  of  St.  Loaic  . 
Bj;e,  in  ilin  ebetjrin;;  nirsi  in-: 
di;;>eos  and  iiierii,)riais  of  a  «* 
e.ttjtiniii!S  li)  wateb  «ver  "li  ■ 
j.-)iiiiH4l   wboso  tiirfunpM  ho  '•>• 
v'.ii'b. 

•  tbe  23th  of  Marrb^  .• 
[.••aii'ti  ii.  an  cnbiroji'd  liti:!. 
iiiinlb  Nitbatiiei  I'nsibai'  ■■ 
ward  Ohnrli'ss,  ilu-  firtnnair. 

rbilll 

Tbi'  spirit  of  modern  j."  ' 
ixinted   in   the  officu,  ar.  wo  '  :  . 
t;ibli.«htn.'ni.  of  (h'»  p-.iper  iy   .^  .■ 
woiild   liavi'  jirovod  a  foniiidabb-        ■ 
I'uergotic  and  afri;rt!i<«ive  editor*  of  i'.; 
stronirwilbin  biui  WM' th'- .'aironirs- 
and  freslifit  news,  wbii-b  is  fbt>  hi. 
ce-is  in  i.jiifiiull<in.     His  siioeesstirs,  oiii 


/ 


^ 


/z'  ^>  f^    ■■yl^lyL-^'\A 


/  ./ 


Ly 


!:■:■  ■'^■^ 


fj; 


11 

1 1 , 

uB'fiik  i 

own  s( 
,eir,  " 
oclerit 
Coii'.'n 
laili  <J 

Mills  i 
from  V 
I  ■es»ion 
from  \\ 
ind  fro 
The 
I  Datum  I 
I  Jcnatoi 
I  flirr, 
poured 
(liarged 
I  ilioni  ii 
Diiralioi 
transfer 
If  liad 
avowed 
every  o 
aiaii. ' 

I  j  Co."  I 

No  es 

I  )Iarcli, 

kriuoiil 

lentefcii 

Fiiilays, 

tlic  papc 

four  b}'  t 

sM,  it 

hue  arm 

I  tould  be 

Ibof  tl 

ilie  2Uili 

hiicaa  1 1 

lien  dulla 

witUy  a 

I  liuii  prie( 

jliltor  tlir 

e  daily 

liilli  udv 

liliccspei 

year 

I  tim\'^  a 

|!(({ucntly 

hiibidenil 

I  ID  the  em 

linil  frmi 

I  .^retr  ol' 

Id  the 


THE  PKESS. 


909 


gvrn  son,  Edwurd  Cliarlesa,  had  been  trained  by  biin- 
,elf,  were  no  less  enterpi  isiiij;,  as  appears  from  the 
celeriiy  with  which  President  Jackson's  message  to 
Cuii}.''i!ss  in  1829  was  received  and  printed.  On  tlie 
15tl)  of  December  the  livpuUican  said, — 

'Tliroufjh  the  unexampled  exertions  of  Messrs. 
Mills  k  Wetzel!  and  other  contractors  on  the  route 
from  Washington,  the  public  have  been  put  in  pos- 
session of  the  President's  message.     It  was  conveyed 
from  Washington  to  Cincinnati  in  less  than  fifty  hours, 
I  jnd  fnim  Louisville  to  this  place  in  forty-eight  hours." 
The  establishment  of   the  opposition   paper   had 
1  oatunilly  caused  a  keen  journalistic  rivalry,  and  as 
Senator  Benton  was  for  some  time  editor  of  the  Eii- 
,  .jiiiVcc,  the  vials   of    the    Jiepiiblicaii's  wrath  were 
Lmrcd  upon   him.     In  February,  18:i8,  the  paper 
clmrjicd  him  with  having  deserted  Henry  Clay,  for 
jlioni  lie  had  professed  the  warmest  friendship  and  ad- 
iiinitiori,  and  with  having  from  motives  of  self  interest 
iraiisferied  his  allegiance  to  Gen.  Jackson,  of  whom 
le  had   previously  been   "the   bitter,  eternal,  and 
ivowod  enemy,"  and  whom  he  had  traduced  "  on 
1  every  occasion,  both  as  a  gentleman  and  a  public 
man."    Subsequently  it  denounced  "  Benton,  Birch 
H'd."  ii.s  "  vile  cxcre.scences  upiin  tlie  community." 
.Nu  I'scential  change  was  made  in  the  paper  from 
(larch,  1828,  to  April,  1833.    On  the  9th  of  the  lat- 
I  uriuoiith  it  was  announced  that  the  liijtiiUicdn  would 
henceforth  be  issued  twice  a  week,  on  Tuesdays  and 
FiiJap,  at  five  dollars  per  annum.     In  May,  1835, 
ilic  paper  was  enlarged  to  a  sheet  measuring  twenty- 
Ikurb}'  thirty-four  inches,  and  on  the  18th  of  August, 
I  ISM,  it  was  announced  that  as  soon  as  the  requi- 
Isilc  arrangements   could    be    made    the   liepiiljlivaii 
lioulJhe  i.ssued  daily  except  Sunday.    The  first  num- 
Ikof  the  Jhii/i/  Ji(j)iiUwuii  made  its  appearance  on 
hlic'JOtli  of  September  following.     It  was  the  same 
piicas  the  tri- weekly,  and  the  subscription  price  was 
I  tin  dollars  per  annum.     The  publication  of  the  tri- 
Iwlily  and  weekly  were  still  continued,  the  subscrip- 
liiuii  price  of  the  former  being  five  dollars,  and  of  the 
liiiicrtiireo  dollars.     Of  the  twenty-eight  columns  of 
hiiodailjon  its  first  appearance  twenty-five  were  filled 
jiidi  advertisements.     Fortunately  for  the  success  of 
liliecsperinient,  the  Harrison  Presidential  eauipiign  of 
iht  year  created  a  ferment  of  popular  excitement, 
Inusiiii!  a  constant  demand  for  political  news,  and  con- 
li«|ucntly  steady  sales  of  the  Duiti/  Ri'puliUcan  for  a 
JMbidcrahle  period.     The  paper  thus  became  rooted 
In  the  ciMitidencc  and  support  of  the  St.  Louis  public, 
linilfrcin  iliat  day  to  this  has  continued  to  enjoy  a 
larecrot  uninterrupted  prosperity. 
Id  the  winter  of  1837  negotiations  were  opened 


with  Col.  A.  B.  Chambers,  proprietor  of  the  Salt 
River  Journal,  published  at  Bowling  Green,  Mo.,  for 
the  sale  of  the  Jirpublicun.  and  soon  afterwards  the 
sale  was  consummated,  the  purchasers  being  A.  B. 
Chambers,  Oliver  Harris,  and  George  Knapp.  The 
new  proprietors,  however,  did  not  take  charge  until 
the  1st  of  July,  and  in  the  mean  time  (Thursday, 
April  20th)  a  new  "  power  press"  had  been  received. 
The  first  issue  of  the  paper  under  the  new  manage- 
ment (the  firm  bei,<g  known  as  Chambers,  Harris  & 
Knapp)  appeared  c!  the  3d  of  July,  1837.  In  the 
same  number  of  the  paper  Edward  Charless  announced 
his  retirement  from  editorial  life. 

"  We  appear  before  the  public,"  wrote  Charless  and 
Puschail,  "  in  a  new  character,  that  of  visitors  making 
a  morning  call,  to  shake  hands  with  our  friends  and 
bid  them  'goodby.'  The  proprietorship  of  this  jour- 
nal, and  of  course  all  interest  or  concern  in  it,  passed 
from  us,  in  accordance  with  an  arrangement  some  time 
since  announced,  on  the  1st  of  July.  Now  that  we 
have  nothing  to  do  but  to  make  our  bow  and  retire, 
it  were  useless  to  say  in  parting  with  the  tried  and 
valued  friends  who  have  sustained  and  cherished  us 
through  so  many  years  of  labor  and  in  a  time  of  ex- 
cited and  tumultuous  political  feeling  that  we  do  so 
with  regret."  The  announcement  was  signed  by  both 
Mr.  Charless  and  Mr.  Pasohall,  but  the  latter  subse- 
quently ren  wed  his  connection  with  the  paper.' 

Under  the  direction  of  the  new  proprietors,  all  three 
of  whom  were  trained  and  practiced  journalists,  the 
JiejmUicaH  continued  to  thrive,  and  on  the  2d  of  Octo- 
ber an  advertisement  for  a  "  local  editor"  appeared, 
indicating  an  expansion  of  editorial  labor  which  is 
significant  not  only  of  the  paper's  growth,  but  of  a 
marked  development  of  journalistic  enterprise  in  St. 
Louis.  The  desired  local  editor  appears  to  have  been 
secured,  for  on   the  following  day  were  printed  the 


'  Edward  Chnrlcss  wh."  the  son  of  .Tosppli  Chiirlcss,  founder  of 

the  Ileiiiililltitii,  nnd  was  born  about  1"9'J,  in  Phibidcl|ibin.    He 

foivc'd  iin  appronliccsbip  as  printer  in  the  oflicuoftbu  Miumniri 

j    Uiizcile,  nnd  was  aubsci|UBntly  associated  with  liis  father  in  tlie 

I  niiinii|;i'nicnt  of  that  paper.     In  March,  1S22,  liopuri'lin.''Vil  tho 

I    ^'ii:(  (fifriMn  tlie  then  proprietor,  JauicsC.Ciimniins,  nnd  changed 

the  name  to  tlic  MlsHtmyi  liepith/lfati,  continuing  as  proprit  tor 

i  (in  eunipniiy  with  NnthnnicI  I'nschnll  from  Mjirch,  I,S2K)  until 

July  I,  1S:17,  when   he  trnn,«fcrrcd  it  to  Chambers,  Harris  & 

Knnpp.    It  was  during  Mr.  Charless'  mnniigenicnt  thnt  the  He- 

piibtiiiin  bccumo  adaily, and  his  course  as  editor  was  uniformly 

I  marked  by  sagacity,  enterprise,  nnd  vigor.     He  tilL»  several 

I   municipal  offices  with  credit,  nnd  was  in  bis  day  une  uf  the 

lending  men  nmong  tbt^  public-spirited  oitizcns  nf  St.  Louis, 

!  c(mtributing  largely,  not  only  by  Iheinllucncoof  his  newspaper, 

I  but  niso  by  his  personal  exertions,  to  thocity's  industrial,  social, 

I  nnd  moral  development.     Ho  d  cd  in  the  latter  part  of  July, 

I  1848,  in  the  fiftieth  year  uf  bia  uge. 


910 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


first  regular  report  of  the  proceedings  of  the  St.  Louis 
Court,  and  a  full  account  of  the  running  races  on  the 
previous  day  at  the  St.  Louis  race-course.  On  the 
23d  of  December  following  the  paper  stated  that  "  the 
newspaper  and  the  book  and  job  office  of  the  Missouri 
Republican  have  been  removed  to  the  rooms  over  the 
store  of  Mr.  P.  E.  Blow,  45  Main  Street,  adjoining 
the  drug-store  of  Messrs.  Charless  &  Blow." 

The  partnership  of  Chambers,  Harris  &  Knapp 
was  dissolved  on  the  9th  of  August,  1839,  Oliver 
Harris  withdrawing,  and  it  was  announced  that  the 
business  would  be  continued  by  A.  B.  Chambers  and 
George  Knapp,  under  the  firm-name  of  Chambers  & 
Knapp.'  This  partnership  continued  until  the  Ist  of 
January,  1840,  when  it  was  announced  that  Joseph 
W.  Dougherty  having  become  a  member  of  the  firm, 
the  business  would  in  future  be  conducted  under  the 
name  and  style  of  Chambers,  Knapp  &  Co.  At  the 
same  time  the  sheet  was  enlarged  to  twenty-six  by 
thirty-eight  inches.  Mr.  Dougherty  did  not  long  re- 
main in  the  firm,  and  upon  his  retirement  the  name 
reverted  to  that  of  Chambers  &  Knapp. 

The  proprietors  of  the  liejitiblivaH  announced  on 
the  24th  of  November,- 1841,  that  in  connection  with 
A.  J.  Noble,  they  were  preparing  "  a  complete  direc-  ' 
tory  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis."     On  the  20th  of  No-  ' 
vember,  1843,  the  paper  was  again  enlarged,  its  di- 
mensions being  twenty-seven  by  forty-six  inches. 

Nathaniel  Paschall,  who  for  four  years  hiid  been 
editing  the  A^ew  Era,  renewed  his  connection  with  the 
Repuhlican,  Jan.  1,  1844,  and  continued  in  charge 
of  the  editorial  management  until  his  death  in  186G. 

Nathaniel  Puschall  was  born  at  Knoxville,  Tenn.,  ; 
on  the  4th  of  April,  1802.     His  father  removed  to 
St.  Louis  when  Nathaniel  was  not  quite  twelve  years  ' 
of  age,  and  being  poor  apprenticed  his  son  to  Joseph  '. 
Charless,  of  the  Missovri  Gazette,  to  learn  thft  trade 
of  a  printer.     The  lad  applied  himself  to  his  new 
occupation  with  great  industry  and  perseverance,  and 
with  a  determination  not  merely  to  excel  in  the  me- 
chanical details  of  his  craft,  but  to  educote  himself  for 
the  higher  walks  of  journalistic  life.     He  had  attended 
the  village  school  at  Ste.  Genevieve,  where  his  father 
had  been  located  prior  to  his  removal  to  St.  Louis, 

1  Oliver  Hiirria  wiis  one  of  the  lending  journalists  of  St.  Loui?. 
In  18,'!7  lio  removed  to  Si.  Louis  from  l'il«i'  County,  iind  wn? 
nsaocinti'd  for  two  years  with  A.  I!.  Cliituibera  and  (iei>r)i;e  Knii|i|>  [ 
ill  the  ninnageniunt  of  the  Jirpittitiran,  SuhHcfpiently  In*  lic- 
cnino  interested  in  various  nowspaper  enterprises  In  St.  liouis, 
and  filled  the  positions  of  clerk  of  one  of  the  St.  Loui:'  oonrt", 
Justice  of  the  peace,  and  other  offiees.  lie  then  removed  to  Ste. 
Genevieve,  where  lie  publisliod  a  paper  and  Bervc<i  as  post- 
maater  and  mngistralc.  lie  died  at  Ste.  Oenevieve  in  the  latter 
part  of  August,  1863. 


bit  his  opportunities  for  acquiring  knowldlm.  \^^^ 
been  very  limited.  To  remedy  this  deficieir  v  he  d^. 
voted  all  his  spare  time  to  study,  and  griiliMllv  ne- 
quired  such  proficiency  in  writing  that  he  w;i,-i  iMialjlftd 
to  furnish  contributions  for  the  Gazette,  wliiih  were 
accepted  and  printed  by  Mr.  Charless.  I'dnre  his 
apprenticeship  had  expired  he  had  become  a  valued 
coadjutor  in  the  general  management  of  the  paper 
Gradually,  step  by  step,  he  rose  to  the  jnurnalistic 
level  of  the  proprietor,  Edward  Charlc.-s,  who  in 
March,  1828,  associated  him  with  himself  in  the  I 
ownership  of  the  poper,  the  firm-name  beiiij;  Charleys 
&  Paschall.  Besides  working  as  a  coinpii>itor  and 
writing  for  the  paper,  Mr.  Paschall  operated  the  hand- 
press  on  which  the  liepuhlican  was  piiiitod  bein"  I 
assisted  in  his  labors  by  George  Knapp,  now  the 
senior  proprietor,  part  of  whose  duty  it  was  to  ink  I 
the  forms. 

With  practice  Mr.  Paschall  developed  into  an  easy  I 
and  forcible  writer,  and  the  burden  of  his  editoriala  | 
was  the  development  of  the  natural  resources  of  St. 
Louis  and  the  surrounding  country.    With  an  accurate  I 
perception  of  the  conditions  which  are  iieee.«sary  toj 
the  expansion  of  a  community  in  commerce  ami  manu 
factures,  he  foresaw  at  a  very  early  period  that  the  I 
city  of  his  adoption  was  destined  to  become  a  ureatl 
centre  of  industrial  activity,  and  labored  strenuously  I 
to  impress  the  readers  of  the  Repvlj/iam  with  the! 
vastness  of  the  opportunities  before  them.    In  183" 
having  secured  a  pecuniary  competence,  Mr.  Paschall  I 
sold  his   interest   in   the   Republican  to  Chambers  | 
Harris   &   Knapp,  who  also  purchased  that  of  thel 
senior  partner,   Edward    Charless,  and   the  firm  of] 
Charless   &    Paschall    ceased  to  exist.     Some  vearsl 
later,  however,  having  met  with  pecuniary  reverses,! 
he  again  entered  the  field  of  journalism,  and  in  com-f 
pany  with  Charles  G.  Ramsey  comiuenced,  in  1840,1 
the  publication  of  the  JVcw  Era,  the  firm  beinuknoffnl 
as  Paschall  &  Ramsey.     In  1 842,  Mr.  Paschall,  bnving 
been    urged   by   his  friends,  consented  to  become 
candidate  for  clerk  of  the  Court  of  Conitiion  Plea 
and    was  elected.     This  was  the  only  public  off 
which  he  ever  held,  and  it  was  only  after  much  per-i 
suasion    that  he  was  induced  to  oppear  before  tlid 
public  as  a  candidate  for  the  clerkship.     In  18t:'  hj 
was  invited  by  the  proprietors  to  return  to  the  ll'j'i' 
liran,  and  on  the  1st  of  January,  1844,  it  was  ;in| 
nounced  by  that  paper  that  he  had  a.ssuined  thedutia 
of  associate  editor ;  Col.  A.  B.  Chambers  beini;  tl)4 
editor-in-chief.      His  relations  with  Col.  Chaiiibi'i 
were  of  the  most  cordial  and  intimate  character,  aiij 
as  an  evidence  of  the  respect  which  the  senior  editoi 
entertained  for  his  judgment,  it  is  staled  ih;it  I'olj 


■ing  knowliil;;e  had 
(lis  deficieii'  y  he  de- 
y,  and  gni'luiilly  ac- 
;  that  he  wa.<  unulilnd 
Gazette,  which  were 
harless.  Oolnre  his 
lad  become  w  valued 
;ement  of  the  paper. 
)  to  the  jimnialistic 
d  CharlcsM,  who  in 
vith  himsoll'  in  the  j 
-name  beiiijj;  Charless 
as  a  compositor  and 
all  operated  the hand- 
i  was  iiriiitoil,  hein" 
ge  Kimpp,  now  the 
)  duty  it  was  to  ink 


evcloped  into  an  easy  I 
rden  of  his  editorials! 
tural  rosources  of  St. 
ry.    With  an  accurate 
bich  are  necessary  to] 
I  commerce  and  uianu- 
early  period  that  the! 
led  to  become  a  irreatj 
d  labored  streiiuou.^ly  j 
Repulilican  with  the! 
ifore  them.    In  1837,1 
ipetence,  Mr.  Paselialij 
iihlican  to  Chamhers,] 
lurchased  that  of  t 
less,   and   the  firm  ot] 
0  exist.     Some  years! 
th  pecuniary  reverses,] 
urnalism,  and  in  com-} 

commenced,  in  1840,| 
',  the  firm  beinjikn 
2,  Mr.  Paschall,  having 
jnsented  to  become 
urt  of  Common  Pie 
the  only  public  off 
3  only  after  much  per-] 

to  appear  before  tlia 
ilerkship.  In  ISi:!  Iiej 
to  return  to  the  fty'«4' 
nary,  18-44,  it  was  aa 
had  assumed  the  diitia 
}.  Chambers  heinL'  tli< 
8  with  Col.  Clianibfi 
intimate  character,  aii^ 
which  the  senior  editoi 
,  it  is  staled  that  Coy 


i 


t\ 


i'  J? 


'i 


910 

\\r»v  ;■.,•:. I , 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


■■'■  tlu-  ''Itiliiil^  fartja  nil  t>H' 

•    .     •      ■     .  •■:    irttiiis  rncf  odtivsc      (l«i  tlif' 

■  (. ,' ihi  'n-.i»!;  iin'J  ji)t>u(ifiot»  of  the -5/m,ii  . 
■•■•/   I  '■  \>f'u  I'Miji.',:'!  lo  ih.v  r:"i(ii.  iivi'r  fn- 

.l.<  ilnii;Ht'>n  1.!'  Mircsri*.  <!li'  ■ 

'l'l)f>   I  ariTi'-rship  111' <.'litttub.:r' .   ■'      i    i     k  ,,.i>';. 
•.Till?  disH'iU«>l   fi!    iIk'    \n)i  (if  Au..,n.^;.    \ '-V-   Vr-v.-r 
>!.ii"i-«    witlulrsi'''- I'l. .  mc:!   it  Wv;    iloiK'll,  ".•I'li 
Iiii.y.'i.'.'.'i  wiiiiid  i.r  1.1  numori  >>v  AT"''  : 

'ii.Nji;''  Iviihj  J),  unl'i-  tHtv  Hin-'W..  • 
K'liip;i.'     .riliji  ;'iiniior!<hi|i  c:>!::itiaed  'iiilil  Ui.-    '  ^t  ■■( 
J.  .-iirv    :AJlO  Tifhcii  it   ■.tav  HOf,i>iii'i.":i     '<''.''  ■■n'a 


,1  * 

''"Tiiirli^'ci  V 

I'M- 

>V,v    >Kit..iMl 

,■,    M    ll'C'JIjlr 

.  -»H, 

^  1, 

blijfi  :W 

•h-K  "lUa 

til 

■.'  n/d  • 

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••■■■'W  ■ 

At  tt)f> 

■•1'. 

)'•       'A. 11. 

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■■     ..r.sl    1-0 

'i'l'?"t  1?  'M  "v    i>_V 

Ur 

ty  cisrlit  Hi. 

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.\r;  . 

i  '.><«  !',>!j|;  P'' 

tllo 

,  ;••         :; 

:,.,  ' 

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l-f-v 

.,    .■ 

A.  J   KobU-.  i:- 


th».*  /  /.«Wt'.<!»  4Bi;mim";3  on 

I  -'i;.  iliiu  Ju  oonfiiii-'iiMi  with 

■'[lid-iiii',  "  n '.'.omr '.'■!•- \!in'.. 


Ur_y  of*  tiw  cii;y  ol  ^!    i,<)ii>.«t.''     ()«  tJn  .'•!■.• 

f..iiibf     !H-4;5,  Jhi'  paper  whs  u^:»iii  oKiuy:'-!.  .  :-  lii- 
lilt:;  sic-o*  boil.;;  twcs'ty-stisoa  hy  fi>i;y-.'iin  iiJiMi''.s. 

■«<i.i:iiii''!    iV'^oliii!':   «'i.j  for  Jour  yu»r.»  bud  byun 
.  il  li'i.;  fh"    'i'--?f  .i!iV^'-,  •.«i;\v--i!  h)K  <Ni;r;>;.:ti':'r  witli  lln^ 


U:»  iMit.ori  il  <TC4.f"iv5>'iut.<iii  uti'ii  i. 


■■im-'gc 


,   >  :  18)16 

N  i.*i)-ii)i.  ■    '  .:'  vian  born  !it.  i.-  'y^si",  Ten»; 

:   •'..    irj.  '     iHil'J.      II iw   j'atlil-.t   vrm  ••'.'.  .-5   til 

.\at!i3n>«l  wa-i  tuit  quiw  twriv,    c  ^;■.^• 

:  ■'  ]>\iM!  'ht'  '■"•■•■I- 


,<•.!. J  (;<>llf. 


b' ;   liR  ('r'..,r.itij;  ii.i»;.s  t'ur  MWjuirinj^  icji. 
.  :  f    '  T  "  ccwedy  tiiif  it-  :i 

•,•■!••»   ,ii!   .'ii-*   :-('uri'  tiiiift  1o  .stinly,  Ainl  , 
.'"•;!  I'li'.li  j.V'iHciftni'.y  i'l  wririnir  »liu,t  h 
■  •  ■  C'.(itriVmioii»  for  ttiH  QiizKf' 
'■    (.rinffil  liy  Mr.  Ohurl.ifw 
:    ha  ^  •■x?>irf?fl   ti:>  liia!  Iv" 
'■y  '■'.■■     )  'I."     '.     ''ftl  !uani(jj;<jm>!)i 
•'t.::.nii'-,,  *yfi',-    l>y   :.i' ?•,  hf    t'Wr    !.■    .' ■ 
]>iv.j1  c!    ti)t>  jiiojiriDt.'V,    'Oiiwtird    '''v 
Man'ii,    t82H,   :i».«(iciato'i    liJm  witii    i;! 
■   ir.'.tiip   11  tlif  pijAir,  ibi>  lifiu  ivHiK 
i'Hh«:L,ii!.      rJe.tfi'li'^  ■wurkiui.'  m  v.  >■ 
writing  ('ir  Un' pa|i«r,  Mr.  PiiKchall  i.pfi'.- 
;r' w    ■Ti   which   1.1u(  L'r/>''l>i''nin    wah  - ! 
«.wiHt.(i    i.     !ii«   kboifi   Ijy  fjunii-'t    liir- 
.wciii»r  jirnpritlor,  p,in  vl'  <i'how  duty 
lilt'  rar.';'-^ 

VViiii   (niHfic.;  Mr.  l'a«.'hftli  lU-.' rlu, 
s'lil   !l)(Tilil«  wctwr.  nriJ  (liu  Im;. 
WiW  thij  cieviMiipui'.-ii'  11*'  ilifl  nniuri  .  •■ 
Lt'uixaiiJ  tbeiiiirioiiijiliiitfiMutitry.    V,  ; 
{Wfisefvtiw;.  (if  thrt  ooovJiUoiw  which  :i- 
thi-  ('.x|>»n.*K'ia<ifa  WiHXiiHrtiiy  in  eoiiu: 
f.ji.-i'.ii'o.'i,  if;  fti't"i'«w  at  n  vf-viiiily 
oirj  of  \n^  *J.iptiori  wns  (lo»ttin>,d  t?i     . 
nontro  ot'  .■ndiMri.i!  wrtivity,  ar.d  lal  • 
to  iiDpii'ss  tiur  nig'li.'.'ij  of  the  Rq>' 
viiMiii;i*s  iif  the  tipportuiiitiw  beforR  t '■ 
h.svm;:.^  •=R<;nr'><i  a  pooutiiary  ciimjct:-:: 
■M'lf.i    hsri    iiilute.st    in   the    !i< pahl.'.- , 
ii&m'f  fi,   Kisapp,  who  iil«o  pn 
;  irriKir,    Kdwtticl    Charhv- 
X;     Pa.'-xhail    i-e.iv!il   '..•  •  :•. 
:.■•..    't  (-.vvvHr    hiu'itif;  iiuit  witU  jW" 
'■••    ,:;■•■■!  'K'v  rni  the  iJehi  ••./■  journal  .-. 
i...-!.       ■    •'     <  h'K* ■■■'    <.l.  B-U-:w,    •TMl" 


:  ■  li-^    fritM)dtf,  ;;;)!  • 

■.■Afiimi  fci  clerk  of  tho  (.'-^yii  ■ 
:    •  ,  •^od.     This  waa  ih.. 

hiMfi.  <jnH  i!  W.1S  i  :. 
;  li.it   lie  vfUf!  iudui:ed  i. 

;■!,.;;,•  ,;v  ,i  '•hJiil-'lilt'i  i'lr  tin'  <'l.  /  i.    ■ 

■•■■•;;  ii:yiti'il  !>y.th',- propiiotor.s If' 

,  I' ..I    '11   ■!•     tat  of  January,  184^1, 

■     .   ■  .'  ;  '•  y  'hut  yni-fs  th»t  hn  li;.''   .     . 

i'  ■  ■■  ■,  1  ic-  .'(liinr ,  Co!.  A.  H.  :    ■ 
editdr-iii-ohiif.      Ui.s  rcliiiioivs   with 
ivcci)  of  ihf-  HlOiil  cordi.-il  and  iittiiua'.i 
i;..;  jin  «viucin:'3  of  tho  r'ispi-,"t   which  ;; 
•■^nt.  rtaiued  fur  hi»  jiidgnieirt.   it   'si  >:,:.■ 


|::lr 


til    ':■'' 
[     f   if  " 


,))v-    «i!'^    ■  '• 

nhii'h  tl 
:t.,  it  'a  St-' 


t.,c(!) 


iP:  i  '■ 


Chainbf 
articles 
iheiu  ill 

185;')  wi 

Knapp, 

ing  Gi'o 

(ontiimu 

I  jdJ  niuc 

I  »ere  dw 

snd  to  1 

only  ill 

ihecliiui 

I  of  disLT 

I  should  111 

hyMr, 

I  born  edit 

I  of  news, 

1 10  the  wi 

I  nieiiiory 

lith  an  i 

resrarded 

hulled  in 

I  tieen  pub 

]  thiit 

I  respect  t( 

liirseiectci 

Imd  colui 

I  of  type  th 

lit  <aid,  w 

Ijraphcd,  ; 

I  iW  select  i 

I  of  ills  ow 

I  it  was  on  I 

I  wald  be  i 

bi  polii 

I  sever  an 

jiftheW 

Ithnan,  tl 

I  During   t 

Liided  tli( 

lihe  storm 

liDcrring 

linii-Soutl- 

liecessionis 

I  lie  was  tb 

luiltrickei 

I  audi  less 

Ikied  aca 

leitept  wb 

■in  argu 

i,  lu 

llewed  his 


THE   PRESS. 


911 


Chambers  wan  always  in  the  habit  of  submitting  his  , 
articles  for  the  rcviMon  of  bis  associate  before  putting 
iheiu  ill  type.     Upon  tlie  death  of  Col.  Chambers,  in 
I  Muy,  1854,  Mr,  Paacbali  became  chief  editor,  and  in 
185.')  was  adiiiitteil  by  the  surviving  partner,  George  | 
Knapp,  to  an  interest  in  the  business,  the  firm  beconi- 
I  ingOiorge  Knapp  &  Co.     Until  IStiC),  Mr.  Paschal! 
eonliiiued  to  direct  the  columns  of  the  RrpuhUcdu, 
,i)d  much  of  the  paper's  great  success  and  popularity 
vere  due  to  his  energetic  management  of  its  afliiirs, 
jnd  to  the  wise  discretion   which  he  exhibited    not 
only  in  admitting  but  in  omitting  matter.     One  of 
ihe  diief  qualities  of  a  successful  editor  is  the  power 
of  discriminating   between    what   sliould   and   what 
ihould  not  be  published,  and  this  (|uality  was  possessed 
;  Mr.  Paschall  to  a  pre-eminent  degree.     He  WiW  a  ; 
I  born  editor,  iceen  in  his  appreciation  ofthe  relative  value 
1  of  MOWS,  and  nearly  always  correct  in  his  judgment  as 
lotlic  wisdom  of  a  contemplated  line  of  policy.     His  : 
memory  was  extraordinarily  retentive,  and  was  stored 
1  with  an  inexhaustible  fund  of  information.     He  was 
Kardcd  as  a  living  chronological  table,  and  was  eon- 
ialtcd  in  the  office  as  an  index  to  everything  that  had 
I  ten  published  in  the  paper.     It  has  been  a.sserted  of 
liin  tliut  "  he  was  not  only  accurate  as  to  dates  but  in 
I  respect  to  particular  articles,  whether  communieated 
lorselccted,  and  frequently  could  tell  not  only  the  page 
Imd  column  wherein  they  were  printed,  but  the  kind 
I  of  type  they  were  in."     There  were  weeics  together,  it 
|is«aid,  when  he  "  wrote  all  the  editorials,  read,  para- 
l™hed,  and  punctuated  the  correspondence,  made  all 
iW selections, from  the  exchanges,  and  read  the  proof 
|)f  his  own  articles."     He  never  used  spectacles,  and 
litffas  only  after  his  health  had  begun  to  fail  that  he 
loould  be  induced  to  wear  an  overcoat. 

In  politics,  Mr.  Paschall  was  an  earnest  Whig,  but 

I  never  an  extreme  partisan,  and  after  the  dissolution 

I  of  the  Whig  party  in  1856  he  supported  James  Bu- 

Itknan,  the  Democratic  candidate  for  the  presidency. 

1  During  the   troublous  period  of  the   civil  war   ho 

Loided  the  fortunes  ofthe  Republican  safely  through 

like  storm  of  internecine  strife,  and  with  a  firm  and 

liDorring  hand  steered  clear  of  the  Scylla  of  extreme 

liniiSouthern  views  on  one  side  and  the  Charybdis  of 

l!eces.«innist  partisanship  on  the  other.     As  an  editor, 

\iims  the  relentless  foe  of  corruption,  demagogism, 

iMil trickery  in  every  form,  and  scorned  to  countenance, 

liiutli  less  to  advocate,  a  mean  or  ignoble  act.     He 

Iked  scandal,  and  never  indulged  in  personalities, 

latept  where  he  considered  it  imperatively  necessary. 

jin  argument,"  says  the  Republican  of  Dec.  13, 

mA.  ill  an  obituary  notice  of   Mr.  Paschall,  "  he 

lewcd  his  path  through  with  heavy,  ponderous  blows, 


without  stopping  to  cull  the  flower  of  language  by  the 
wayside.  He  always  plunged  at  once  into  the  heart 
of  the  subject,  and  tlio  keen  blade  struck  homi-. 
Kniinently  practical  in  his  views,  he  habitually  looked 
to  results.  In  politics  he  may  have  occasionally 
varied  from  his  chosen  line  as  the  front  of  his  antag- 
onists changed,  but  this  was  incidental,  for  he  wiw 
consistent  as  to  the  point  aimed  at  and  entirely  faith- 
ful as  to  principle." 

Personally,  Mr.  Paschall  was  of  a  kind  and  genial 
temperament,  devoted  to  bis  family  and  friends,  lenient 
to  his  subordinates,  and  generous  to  the  poor.  In 
18)54  his  health  began  to  fail,  and  by  the  advice  of 
his  friends  he  sought  relief  at  different  periods  in 
visits  to  more  Northern  climates.  Ho  returned  greatly 
benefited  on  every  occa.sion,  but  in  the  autumn  of 
18Gti  he  contracted  a  serious  dropsical  affection,  which 
resulted  in  his  death  on  the  12th  of  December,  1866. 
At  a  meeting  of  the  Merchants'  Exchange  of  St. 
Louis,  held  for  the  purpose  of  taking  suitable  action 
with  reference  to  the  death  of  Mr.  Pa.schall,  an  emi- 
nent member  of  the  bar  paid  *'.u  following  eloquent 
tribute  to  liis  character : 

"  It  is  eminently  fit  that  the  merchnnts  iinil  others  engiigcd 
in  the  ooinincrou  and  otiier  btisincsH  ecntreJ  in  this  city  sliould 
jiiiy  ft  proper  tribute  of  rc."pect  to  the  worth  nnd  memory  of  Na- 
tlmnicl  Pftschiill,  a  citizen  of  tlie  Territory  and  State  of  Mis. 
Bouri  for  a  hiil!  i  ntury,  and  during  nearly  forty  years  of  that 
time  nssooiatt'd  in  the  mnniigement  and  editorial  oonduot  of  one 
of  tile  oUlest  and  most  widely  circuluted  newspiipers  in  the  city 
and  tlie  great  West.  Mr.  I'asidiall  early  became  intiniately  and 
closely  identified  with  all  the  great  interests  of  ooinmercc.  nianu- 
faeture.1,  and  other  enterprises  in  which  the  people  of  this  city 
and  .'^lale  liave  been  concerned.  His  career  of  msnliood,  it  may 
be  said,  c<>irinionc'--d  about  tlic  time  of  the  organization  of  our 
State  govui  ninent.  Possessed  of  a  vigorous  and  active  intclleot, 
with  habits  of  rare  industry  and  stubborn  persi'verancc,  be 
seemed  to  have  nerved  himself  in  early  life  to  tin  task  of  de- 
veloping by  his  pen  the  material  resources  and  wealth  of  the 
\  great  West,  and  of  pointing  out  in  particular  tlie  advantages  of 
'  the  local  aituiition  and  commcruini  facilitiesof  St.  Louis.  In  all 
that  tended  to  promote  the  growth  and  prosperity  of  his  adopted 
State,  in  all  that  tended  to  enlighten  and  elevate  the  eharautcr 
and  promote  the  interests  of  its  people,  in  all  that  temled  to  In- 
culcate learning  and  to  extcml  its  infiucncc tothe  magics,  in  all 
that  tended  to  improve  and  strengthen  the  moral  and  social  con- 
dition of  his  fellow-citizens,  and  especially  in  all  that  tended  to 
promote  the  immeiliate  interests,  whether  of  trade,  nn^nufac- 
i  tures,  or  whatnot,  of  the  people  of  St,  Louis,  Nathaniel  raschall, 
'in  season  and  out  of  season,'  was,  during  nearly  the  whole  of 
his  active  life,  an  earnest,  enlightened,  diligent,  and  faithful 
worker ;  therefore  the  tribute  of  respect,  the  expression  of  regard, 
and  the  words  of  sympathy  and  consolation  expressed  in  your 
resolutions  emanate  with  peculiar  fitness  from  this  chamber. 

"Thirty-two  years  since  I  became  acquainted  with  Mr.  Pas- 
chall, and  in  those  thirty  years  I  learneil  much  of  his  character, 
j  of  his  principles,  and  of  his  habits  of  thought;  in  short,  we 
I  often  came  in  contact  in  the  political  strifes  of  the  day,  as  well 
as  in  the  social  circle,  in  suoh  a  way  as  to  beoome  well  ac- 
quainted with  each  other. 


\:  >i 


ijli 


I 


912 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


"The  respect  which  I  cnlertnined  for  the  (leceai<e(l,  which 
grew  up  and  strengthened  aa  time  passed  on,  prompts  inc  on 
this  ocoapion  to  unite  ni.v  personal  tribute  with  .yours  to  his 
memory.  There  are  otlicrs  surviving  Mr.  I'lischall  in  this  cily 
who  knew  him  longer  and  more  intimately  than  uiyself.  There 
are  a  I'ew — iiIhk!  how  small  the  number^vcnerahle  men  in  our 
midst,  some  ol'  these  merchiinis  who  have  lived  in  8t.  Louis 
during  the  whole  period  that  the  dccenscl  made  this  city  Ills 
home  and  field  of  duty.  To  suoh  i;f  my  fillow-citizers,  and  lo 
others  who  have  been  residents  here  even  twenty  or  twcnty-tive 
years,  many  pleasant  memories  will  spring  up  in  connection 
with  your  acquaintance  with  the  deceased,  and  ycursympa  hies 
and  sorrows,  I  Ted  assured,  are  this  day  in  unison.  Uoiibiless 
in  duo  time  tlie  liTe  and  character  of  the  deceased  will  by  fit 
eulogy  be  carried  down  to  posterity.  Tliisduty  will  not  be  ex- 
peeled  of  me  on  this  occasion,  nor  am  1  competent  for  it.  I 
may,  however,  with  propriety /-j.rak  of  some  few  of  the  promi- 
nent characteristics  of  our  deceased  frienil.  To  say  he  was  a 
remarkable  man  is  but  a  feeble  expression,  and  noexpression  at 
all  of  bis  real  character  and  racrii.  The  mention  of  t.ie  promi- 
nent traits  of  his  character, of  his  habits  of  thought,  and  of  his 
practical  life  will  develop  the  thought  to  which,  in  a  few  words, 
I  de8i"-e  to  direct  your  attention.  I  think  I  do  not  miRstiito  iho 
fact  when  I  say  that  Mr.  Pa^chall  did  not  in  early  life  hiivo  the 
advantage  of  aoailemical  and  collegi:ite  study  and  discipline, 
but  he  supplied  the  place  of  these  by  an  assiduous,  earnest, and 
patient  self-culture,  lie  was  truly  a  student,  and  a  faithful  one, 
from  early  youth  to  old  age.  Few  men  tlicre  arc  within  the 
circle  of  my  acquaintance  who  have  studied  and  read  books  to 
better  or  as  good  profit  and  a<lvantnge  as  he,  lint  with  him  it 
was  not  much  reading  that  he  souglit  to  a<'Complish.  lie  rc- 
flecte  I  upon  anil  mastered  his  reading,  and  treasured  up  in 
memory  the  rich  fruits  of  his  study  and  labor.  His  memory 
was  a  va^'t  store-house,  n'>t  .if  frivolous  or  useless  lumber,  but 
of  substiintiai,  useful,  and  valuable  facts,  gathcrcil  from  books, 
nevvspapcrs, and  fniin  observation.  As  a  writer,  and  especially 
as  II  wriicr  for  n  leadingbusincss  as  well  as  polit  cal  news  jour- 
nal, .Ml.  I'aschall  hi  d  few  equals  and  probably  no  superior  in  this 
counti;;.  The  evider.ce  of  this  was  seen  in  the  editoi'ial  columns 
of  the  Mimtiinri  lUpiibtit-nH  during  the  la^t  quarter  of  a  century. 
To  the  business  men  of  this  c^iinmunfly  \  need  not  say  that  when- 
ever he  diseiis.-i'd  any  question  touching  the  coinmei'ce,  the 
manufacturing  interests,  or  any  subjeetconDecteu  with  thepros- 
perit,\  or  niMtcrial  interest!  of  this  .ily,  Mr.  I'aschall  was  al- 
ways compiehensive,  clear,  vigoious.  and  pointed,  lie  was 
never  misinterpreted,  but  always  undeistuod.  lie  possessed 
peculiar  api|ie.-s  to  grasp  subjects  coniicclej  with  the  business 
interests  of  the  community.  .So  too  it  was  in  liis  discussions  ol 
political  topics.  Thoiigh  an  earnest  [artisan  the  grcat>'r)iorliun 
of  Lis  editoiial  life,  he  was  nevertheless  capable  of  sinking  the 
mere  partisiin  and  dealing  willi  political  subjects  «iih  the  open 
dignity  of  ii  tar-seeing  stiitesinan.  This  inmle  iiim,  as  he  un- 
do.ibtedly  was  I'li.ing  the  hist  tv/ent.v-fno  years,  a  leader  in 
['"liticiil  jour'.iliBiii.  His  varied  resimrecs,  rarneied  in  his  vast 
storehouse  of  iiieinory,  enabled  him  to  lake  the  lead  in  the  dis- 
cussion of  suljects,  and  to  develop  and  illustrate  them  bofoiu 
his  renders  with  rare  ability,  and  the  productions  fiiiiii  his  pen 
rarely  failed  to  eoo'maiid  the  attention  of  the  reading  public, 
Tn'sing  from  these  con-sideratii  ns,  I  desire,  in  conclusion,  to 
noy  a  word  it,  respect  to  the  fo'jial  qualities  and  relations  of  the 
deceased.  That  lie  was  unsclllsn,  generous,  and  magnanimous 
ull  will  bear  witness  who  knew  him  well  mil  oad  iiitercourso 
with  him.  lliiosteiitalious  in  his  deuieiinor,  retired  and  domes- 
tic iu  his  h  bits,  he  moved  evenly  and  quietiv  in  his  coiiisu  of 
life  and  day  alter  l.iy  .iiid  year  afte:'  year  he  returned  (o  his 
tecusloi'icd  tusk   and    ir.iored  with    untiring    leal   that  novc> 


Hagged,  not  to  enrich  himself,  not  for  personal  aggriiimifciup,,, 
not  for  political  emoluments  or  tlio  honors  of  oflice,  Imt  r„r  |||, 
great  indiistriea  of  the  State  of  Missouri,  for  the  aclv;.rM'iiii(,|,t 
of  comiuurce,  of  science  and  literature,  and  above  all  lur  ||,, 
threat  interests  and  good  of  bis  fellow-citizens  of  St.  I.,Miij," 

In  1832,  Mr.  Paschall  was  married  at  Sprinoficld 
III.,  to  Mrs.  Martha  K.  Etljrur  (widow  of  Gen  Kdjiar) 
who  difld  about  1859,  leaving  a  family  of  four  iluuirh. 
ters  and  two  suns. 

At  the  time  of  Mr.  Paschall's  return  to  tlic  office 
the  paper  was  increased  in  size  to  twenty  ijoht  U 
forty-eight  inches. 

Another  signal  exhibition  of  tho  JiepitliliVmi'.'sen- 
terpriso  was  given  in  Dcccniber,  1844,  in  piintins  dig 
President's  message.     In  its  issue  of  Dcceinlicr  lOih 
it  stated  that  the  message  was  delivered  on  Tiicsdar 
rcHshed  Cincinnati  on  Friday  afternoon   by  .speiiai 
express  to  the   Clnciimuti  Gazetl/',  was  put  in  type 
then;,  and  copies  dispatched  to  Louisville  liy  .steam- 
boat.    Thence  it  was  conveyed  to  St.  Louis  "  by  .Mr, 
Fwst,  of  the  Eastern  Stagc-Coach  Line,  by  express," 
and  delivered  at  one  o'clock  Monday,  the  whole  dis- 
tance between  Washington  and  St.  LouI;«  beitig  nor. 
foimcd,  including  stoppages,  in  a  little  over  six  days. 
Taking  into  consideration  the  difficulties  and  uncertain- 
lies  of  Western  travel  at  thattinte,  the  feat  wn.s  one  nn  i 
which  the  RepitbUcan  might  well  congratulate  tlui.<e 
who  were   concerned   in    its  execution.      The  first 
number  of  the  twenty  fourth   volume  of  the  dail? 
issue  appeared  oa  the  1st  of  July,  184.5,  on  wlmh 
occa.sion  the  editors  remarked  with  pardunahie  pride 
that  "  it"  (the  litpuiliam)  "  may  claim  to  be  one  of  I 
the  monuments  of  the  past,  a!"  it  has  '  grown  witii  liie 
growth  and  strengthened  wit!    the  sireiigih'  ol'ihel 
city,  and  is  in  every  way  idenf.&cd  with  lis  history." I 
It   also  congratulated   itself  jpon   the  fact  tiiat  liir] 
nearly  twenty  years  it  had  'oeen  neither  the  recipieiitl 
of  the  patronage  nor  tiie  favorite  of  the  United  SialesI 
government,  yet  nevertheless  had  won  its  way ''to a[ 
po.<'ition  which  we  liavo  no  disposition  fn  exehaniraj 
or  relincpiisli  for  any  other."     On  the  litJili  uf  Ja 
ary,  184t»,  tho  public  was  informed  that  liio  A'l/iiiJ-J 
licuH  printing-office  had  been  retnovod  to  "Chi'siiiuJ 
Street,  No.  1(5,  southwest  corner  of  the  ajlev  betivecnf 
Main  and  Second,"  and  that  the  count In^rinnu  vail 
situated  on  the   ground-<!our   fronting  nn  d'csiiiutl 
Street. 

Steam  was  introduced  as  the  motivc-pnwer  of  ih^ 
lifpuhUaiii  press  in  February,  184G.     In  tiic  isswl 
(if  the  Itth  the  editors  said,  "  Wc  present  iln'i"aJcn 
of  ilii'^  ii.orning's  Itcpiilillcnn  a  paper  printed  liy  I 
agency  of  the  steam-engine,"  and  odtii'd,  "Tliisi 
thv)  first  instance  in  the  city,  mid  no  believe  tiic  fiisl 


THE   PRESS. 


913 


nal  aggrniwiiioiiipm, 
of  office,  tint  f.irilie 
for  llio  iKlvjiicdiiciit 
nil  above  all  [ur  iht 
tens  of  St.  [."iiH." 

ied  at  Spriiijificld, 
)Wof  Gen  H(l<;ar), 
oily  of  four  duu^-h- 

return  to  tlie  office 
;o  twenty  eight  by 

le  RepnUltitii'.f  en- 
844,  in  piintinjiihe 
)  of  Dcceuilier  lOih 
'livered  on  Tuesday, 
i'ternoon   by  fjieeiai 
r/,°,  was  put  ill  lype 
Louisville  liy  steam- 
o  St.  Louis  "by  Mr. 
;h  Line,  by  e.xprcss," 
mdiiy,  the  wliule  dis- 
St.  Loub  beinp  per- 
il little  over  ^ix  days, 
iculiicsand  iiiieertain- 
le,  the  feat  was  one  on 
ell  conpralukte  tliose 
xecution.      The  first 
volume  of  the  daily 
uly,  1845,  on  wliieh 
ith  pardoiial'V'  pride 
ay  claim  to  be  one  of 
|t  lias  '  lirowii  wiih  tlie 
tlie  sivciiiilh'  ol'  ihe 
llicd  with  its  history," 
on  the  fact  that  for 
neither  the  reiipieiit 
oof  the  United  Slates 
Had  won  its  way  "to  a 
jsposilion  to  excliangD 
On  the  2(iil>  of  Jaim- 
•mod  that  the  R'p«l)- 
removed  to  "  t'hesir.ut' 
r  of  the  alley  hetwecni 
he  count in;.;rooiuv[iul 
fronting  on  Cl!csinut| 

|ie  motive-power  of  the 
k  184G.  Iti  ilic  i*sw 
kvo  present  the  raJci 
la  paper  printed  hy  ili< 

and  adiied,  "Tliis 
Ld  wo  believe  the  fill 


irest  of  the  Mississippi,  of  the  application  of  the  steam- 
engine  to  printing  puri>ose8." 

By  means  of  a  "  special  and  extraordinary  express 
for  the  St.  Louis  Repuhnvan"  the  President's  mes- 
^ire  of  December,  184(i,  was  received  in  four  days 
from  Baltimore,  and  printed  in  the  issue  of  December 
14th.  the  time  consumed  being  less  by  half  a  dfiy 
than  that  of  any  previous  performance  of  the  kind. 
This  feat,  liowever,  on  which  the  Republican  plumed 
itselfat  ihe  time,  was  cast  into  the  shade  by  the  trans- 
oissioii  and  publication  of  the  message  in  December 
of  the  following  year.     The  message  was  telegraphed 
from  Philadelphia  (whither  it  had  been  conveyed  by 
•overnmcnt  express)  to  Vincennes,  Ird.,  and  was  con- 
veyed from  that  point  to  St.  Louis  by  express,  spe- 
cially arranged  for  Iv  the  RipiMican  with  Eastman's 
line  of  stages.     The  .ime  occupied  in  its  transmission 
from  Washington  to  St.  Louis  was  three  days,  apd 
the  Republican  declared  the  performance  to  be  "  the 
most  magnificent  enterprise  of  th  j  age."     On  its  ar- 
rival in  St.  Louis  the  message  was  placed  in  the  hands 
of  the  compositors,  and  in  two  hours  and  a  holf  was 
in  type.     A  few  minutes  later  it  was  printed  and  in 
circulation.     On  the  same  nigi;t  it  was  "  forwarded 
to  subscribers   all   over   Missour:   and  Illinois,  and 
iitras  .vere  printed  for  oflBces  in  both  States,  and  sent 
off  in  like  manner  during  the  night."     The  Rcpubli- 
mU  success  naturally  aroused  the  jealousy  of  its  con- 
I  temporaries,  and  compliments  of  a  doubtful  character 
were  promptly  exchanged  between  the  rival  journals. 
The  completion  of  the  telegraph  to  the  east  bank  of 
till  Mississippi,  in  the  latter  part  of  December,  1847, 
U  away  with  the  advantage  secured  by  organizing 
spo'ial  expresses,  and  placed  the  newspapers  of  St. 
I  Louis  more  noaily  on  a  par  with  respect  to  the  facili- 
ties for  procuring  news.     The  competition  between 
ike  IhimUiixin  and  itd  rivals  was  very  keen  about 
bi»  time,  and  the  Union  having  claimed  a  larger  cir- 
Ituiation,  tl^e  proprietors  of  the  former  paper  offered 
(Id  March,  1847)  bets  of  fifty  dollars  each  that  the 
lUly,  tri -weekly,  weekly,  and  combined  subscriptions 
111'  the  Republican  were   greater   respectively  than 
ibeol'  the  Union;  also  fifty  dollars  more  that  the 
Yi'\>Mv<in  subscription  doubled  that  of  the   Union. 
Three  days  later  the  Republican  demanded  the  verdict 
|«l  the  public  in  its  favor,  as  "  our  neighbors  of  the 
I'lim  have  very  handsomely  backed  out  from  our  pro- 
jfosed  bet  as  to  the  circulation  of  our  respective  papers.'' 
The  flrst  regular  issue  of  the  Sumlat/  Republican 
bpeared  on  the  3d  of  September,  1848.      It   was 
'tent  forth  as  a  sample,  without  charge,  and  as  only 
|iD  iiupeifect  earnest  of  what  the  Sunday  morning 
ilitloD  will  be."     The  subsoription  price  was  two 
58 


dollars  per  annum,  and  single  copies  were  sold  for 
five  cents.  The  publication  cf  the  Sunday  edition 
elicited  an  earnest  protest  addressed  to  the  publishers 
against  its  continuance,  in  which  the  subscribers  ex- 
pressed their  deep  regret  "  that  a  journal  of  such 
deservedly  high  staiiding  should  lend  its  influci.ce, 
not  by  arguments,  but  someth.ng  far  more  powerful, 
its  example,  against  the  proper  keeping  of  that  holy 
day,"  and  requested  a  discontinuance  of  the  Sunday 
paper.  The  protest  was  signed  by  "  Very  -""pectfuUy, 
your  friends  and  patrons,"  John  Simonds,  John  S. 
Thomson,  T.  B.  Butcher,  D.  J.  Ili.ncock,  Burtis  & 
Brother,  G.  A.  Hurarickhouoe,  William  Finney, 
Archibald  Gamble,  J.  S,  McCune,  J.  Spalding,  R. 
P.  Perry,  George  Myers,  S.  M.  Tibbits,  J.  \V.  Hall, 
D.  T.  Wheeler,  Sinclair  Curtley,  James  E.  Yeatman, 
Doan,  King  &  Co.,  Edward  J.  Gay,  George  K.  Budd, 
B.  B.  Hanenkamp,  Asa  Wilgus,  H.  D.  Bacon,  B.  H. 
Randolph,  E.  F.  Pittraan,  A.  M.  Rueker,  William  T. 
Christy. 

Messrs.  Chamber.?  &  Knapp  replied,  thanking  them 
"  for  the  kindness  manifested"  in  their  communication, 
but  declining  to  comply  with  their  request. 

On  the  17th  of  May,  1849,  the  office  and  fixtures 
of  the  Republican  were  destroyed  in  the  great  confla- 
gration of  that  year,  but  on  the  21si,  a  sheet  somewhat 
reduced  in  size  was  printed,  and  on  the  10th  of  June 
the  paper  reappeared  in  its  former  shape.  The  building 
thus  destroyed  occupied  a  front  of  eighteen  feel  on 
Chestnut  Street,  with  a  depth  of  one  hundred  and 
twenty-seven  feet.  The  front  or  corner  room  on  the 
ground-floor  was  occupied  as  the  counting-room,  in 
which  were  kept  the  files  of  the  paper.  The  latter, 
fortunately,  were  rescued  from  the  flames,  together 
with  the  books  aud  accounts  of  the  firm.  The  office 
of  the  Rept'blican,  after  the  fire,  was  temporarily  estab- 
lished in  the  buildings  afterwards  occupied  by  the 
Leader^  "  where  the  cholera  shortly  afler  raging, 
our  editor  was  forced  to  remove  his  desk  to  the  adjoin- 
ing billiard  saloon."  On  the  5th  of  Au^^ust  the  Ri pub- 
lican announced  that  its  office  had  been  removed  to  the 
new  four-story  building  on  the  corner  of  Chestnut  and 
Third  Streets,  the  counting- rtom  being  "  the  first  door 
on  Chestnut  below  the  corner,"  and  the  editor's  (|uarter8 
"  the  corner  room  up-stairs."  Immediately  after  the 
fire,  one  of  the  proprietors  being  in  the  East  at  the 
tiiLi ,  n  new  press  from  the  manufactory  of  R.  Hoc  & 
Co.  was  pureha.sed  and  shipped  to  St.  Louis,  where  it 
arrived  on  the  5th  of  June.  Owing  to  the  derangement 
of  the  new  machinery,  no  paper  was  issue,  for  city  cir- 
culation on  the  Uth,  but  on  the  10th  the  Republican 
appeared,  as  stated,  in  an  enlarged  form,  with  new  type 
frcm  the  St.  Louis  fc  ^ndry  of  A.  P.  Ladew  &  Co. 


914 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


At  different  periods  the  Repiihlican  published  even- 
ing ediiioim.  On  the  15th  of  April,  1849,  it  iufbrnied 
its  readers  that  "  on  Monday  cveninj;,  and  thoreaftur 
so  long  as  the  river  remains  open,"  it  would  issue  an 
evening  edition,  which  would  contain,  in  addition  to 
the  news  published  in  the  morning,  all  the  important 
news  that  might  arrive  by  mail  or  otherwise  u))  to  the 
hour  of  publication.  Similar  notice  was  given  March 
16,  1851,  the  Repahllcan  stating  that  it  would  issue 
an  evening  edition  every  day  in  the  week,  Sundays 
excepted,  during  the  season  of  navigation,  "  in  time 
for  the  packet  and  other  boats  leaving  for  ('le  upper 
and  lower  river."  On  the  16th  ot'  July,  1861,  the 
Hvpubluait,  to  satisfy  the  popular  thirst  for  war  news, 
announced  that  it  would  thenceforward  issue  an  after- 
noon edition. 

A  new  building  five  stories  high  was  erected  on  the 
site  of  the  bui-ned  structure, "  on  Chestnut  Street  be- 
tween Main  and  Second,  on  the  alley,"  and  was  occu- 
pied on  the  l«t  of  Janui;ry,  1851.  Its  dimensions 
were  forty-six  feet  eleven  inches  front  on  Chestnut 
Street  by  seventy  feet  deep  on  u  twenty-foot  alley. 
The  basement  was  occupied  as  a  press-room,  and  con- 
tained two  Hoe  presses,  and  the  ground-floor  was  used 
for  a  store  and  the  counting-room  of  the  paper,  busi- 
ness offices,  etc.  The  second  story  was  used,  the 
eastern  half  for  law  offices,  and  the  western  half  for 
editors  and  reporters  and  for  an  engraving  establish- 
ment. On  the  third  floor  were  the  Republican  bind- 
ery and  jompositioii-rooms,  and  the  fourth  and  fifth 
floors  were  devoted  to  the  Republican  book  and  job 
office.  The  building,  which  was  a  very  handsome  and 
imposing  edifice,  was  designed  by  Brewster  &  Hart, 
architects,  and  the  contractor  was  Lloyd  Jeter.  After 
its  removal  into  the  new  building  the  paper  continued 
to  flourish,  and  from  time  to  tine  additional  enlarge- 
ments were  rendered  necessary.  In  January,  1854, 
the  size  of  the  sheet  wa..  :hirty-tliree  by  fifty-six 
inches.  The  paper  remained  in  the  hands  of  Chambers 
&  Knapp  until  the  latter  part  of  May,  18.i4,  when 
the  partnership  was  dissolved  by  the  death  of  Col. 
Chambers. 

A.  B.  Chambers  was  born  in  Mercer  County,  Pa., 
on  the  9tli  of  January,  1808,  i-nd  settled  at  Bowl- 
ing Green,  Pike  Co.,  Mo.,  in  1829,  with  but  seventy- 
five  cents  in  his  poekci.  He  had  studied  l.iw,  and 
in  order  to  obtain  a  license  it  was  necessary  tha' 
he  should  attend  court  at  Fayette.  One  friend 
loaned  hiui  a  hur.se  and  another  the  money  needed  to 
defray  the  expenses  of  his  journey.  He  was  admitted 
to  the  bar,  and  very  soon  took  rank  as  a  lawyer,  both 
in  civil  and  criminal  eases.  His  success  was  very 
rapid,  and   while  still  a  young  man  he  contributed 


largely  to  the  growth  of  the  town  in  whicli  Im  i^j 
located,  "  building  good  houses,  encouragiiij.'  schools 
aiding  worthy  young  mechanics,  counseling  students 
etc."  He  also  devoted  much  of  his  time  to  ai,'ricui- 
tural  pursuits,  especially  the  rearing  of  gon.i  stock 


In  18i52  he  volunteered  as  a  member  of  the 


■iJinpiiny 


from  Pike  for  the  Black  Hawk  war,  itid  .vorved 
during  the  expedition  to  the  Des  Moines  as  (luarter- 
master.  On  returning  home  he  was  elected  to  tin;  Le^is. 
lature,  and  soon  afterward  was  appointed  ]ir(isa'uiinif 
attorney  for  the  county,  retaining  the  po.sitiuii  until 

1836,  when  he  was  again  elected  a  meuiher  cit"  the 
State  Legislature.  In  1833,  in  conjunction  witli  Oliver 
Harris,  he  had  established  the  Jonrnul  newspan  r  at 
Bowling  Gree-      id  conducted  it  successfully  until 

1837,  when  he  removed  to  St.  Louis,  anil  with  Jlr. 
Harris  and  George  Knapp      ■  med  the  niaiiaueuient  | 
of  the  RepuLlicdii.     Asa       .itor.  Col.  Cliainliorsdis- j 
played  qualities  of  a  high  order.     He  was  a  man  ol' 
deep  and  strong  convictions,  and  fearles.s  in  the  e.i- 
pression  of  them ;  but  his  impulses  were  kindly  and  I 
generous,  and  in  all  the  various  rclation.s  >it' pulilic 
and  private  life  he  steadily  maintained  th(>  charaeteri 
of  a  pure  and  thoroughly  honorable  man.     He  was  I 
untiring  in  the  discharge  of  his  journalistie  duties 
and  in  the  trying  crises   of  pestilence,  fire,  and  fluodj 
with  which  St.  Louis  was  visited  during  the  period  ofl 
his  editorial  management  he  exhibited  cunspieiiuusl 
courage    and   lofty  devotion    to   duty.     Durini;  tliel 
cholera  epidemic  he  served  as  a  member  id'  llie  St.l 
Louis  Board  of  Health,  and  was  unreinittiuu  in  liis| 
labors  throughout  that  friglitfu!  period.     As  part  nr 
prietor  of  the  Republican,  he  was  closely  and  promiJ 
ncntly  identified  with  all  the  projects  whicli  arose  I'pi 
time  to  time  for  the  improvement  'of  St.  J^ouLs  \a 
commerce  and  manufactures,  and  everything  ealeuliitcJ 
to  add  to  her  wealth  and  population  and  the  intellil 
gence  and  refinement  of  her  inhabitants.     He  diet 
on  the  22d  of  May,  1854. 

The  interest  of  Mr.  Chambers  in  the  Uijmhlmd 
became  after  his  death  the  property  of  his  widow,  whJ 
with  the  surviving  partner,  George  Knapp,  conductet 
it  until  the  19th  of  May,  185"),  when  she.'ioid  lurin 
terest  to  George  Knapp,  who  assumed  all  the  liaiij 
ties   of  the    establishment  under  the  lirninann' 
George  Knapp.     On   the  7th  of  Aui.'u-!t  tdlliiwinj 
(•porga  Knapp  announced  that  he  had  adniittid 
brother,  John   Knapp,  and   Nathaiiiel  Paschall  ' 
partners  in  the  publication  of  the  MiKsaiih  lifjmlii 
Cfr)i,"an(l  that  thenceforth  the  business  would  lie  > 
dueled  under  the  style  of  George  Kiiapji  &  d. 

Col.  John  Knapp,  who  thus  becanie  a  niciibcr  j 
the  firm,  and  is  now  one  of  tho  principal  owners  oi 


in  whicn  III;  liad 
ura<j:iiij.'  sdiools, 
nseliiii;  students, 
time  to  ;i',;ricul- 
j  of  gouil  stock. 
r  of  the  cminwny 
war,  ind  served 
loincs  as  i|uurtcr- 
ected  to  tlie  Le^is- 
jinted  jiruseeiuinj; 
the  positiuii  until 
a  meiiilier  of  tlio 
inction  with  Oliver 
riial  iiowspap  :r  at 
succcssl'iilly  until 
mis,  ami  with  Mr. 
1  tlie  niiinai^euient 
Col,  Cliuiiihers  dis- 

He  was  a  man  of  | 
fearless  in  the  ex- 
188  were  kindly  and  I 
relations  nf  public] 
tained  tho  iharacierj 
able  man.     He  was  I 
J  journalistic  duties,  I 
lence,  tiro,  and  flundl 
during  the  period  of  I 
;hibiteil  conspieiKiusj 
duty.     Darin',:  ilicl 
a  member  id'  llie  Si.i 
s  unreniittiui;  i"  liis| 
leriod.     As  part  pr.j 
riw  cljsely  and  pmmi-j 
ects  whith  arose  li' 
lent  "of  St.  Louis 
everythiiiii  ealeulated 
lation  and  the  intolli^ 
nhiibitants.     He  Jici 


'    i 


"■    ( 


A  , 


'     if* 


■%       / 


II 


■t  «!*.   V/> 


irs  in  the  A'c/inW"'!! 
>rtv  of  Ills  widow,  wlitj 
rge  Knapp.coiiduoiei 
when  slu!  sold  Iut  iii| 
issunied  all  the  li.nil 
der  the  lirniiniuifi 
of   Antnist  follewini 
lie  hml  adiniitt 
iithaniel  Paseliall 
tlie  MiM^in.  Ii'l<«>'i 
business  would  lie '' 
Vfje  Knapp  ik  ('  '■ 
s  became  a  inei^TJ 
o  priueipal  owners  ai 


«)N 


TirSTnRT   or   ^AiNT   LOCI? 


ijiq  editii.ii'i.  On  tlir?  !.">th  i;f  April,  ]'*'i\\,  it  iiiKnniL'J 
its  ".oili.T.-;  ibu'  ''ri  M'.fMlay  f.vtiiin;;  and  tborcnttur 
.-  :>*  t.h-'r  riv(fr  ri  iiiiiiii:*  .nwii."  it  would  i-'Ui-  ad 
ir'jinoji,  wh'ujh  would  coufaiii.  in  jiddif.ii  ii  in 
fii.-  ivws  (iuWish'id  ill  th<!  iiiorniti^',  ;ill  iho  ^iiipurta;!! 
ii»jw:'  thai,  loi'.'ht  lurive  by  in, ill  or  othcnviso  u;>  i-o  !■■■ 
hour  ol"  |iui)iicatiiiii.  Sitiiilar  tioti''i'  was  i;iv<>i\  SJai 
IC,  1H51,  tlnj  /i'';)>//(/i'(v//(,  Stalin}.'. t.lisvt.  it  >vould  i.ssue 
ail  uvttiiiif?  iiditim  uviiry  day  in  Uit  wtt'k,  t-vi  >  ■:•  - 
ftxi^i'piod,  durin-;  tli«  sftiinon  of  !mvi-.;i»tt(in,  •■■'■ 
lor  tlio  jiiii'ket  an<l  otucr  lioiil.^  Ihuvid'.  t< »  (he  i!pp...[ 
p.nd  liiwcr  iiv<it."  On  ihft  Ititli  of  July,  li^'U.  th:-. 
firj.iM,'  (III.  to  iitt(i«.fy  th«  popiihif  thir<it.  lor  war  iit!«s, 
liiini  unced  that  it  w."iM  thoMceTorwftnl  Usiiu  on  afi*r- 
i.oo{;  t.>diti<m. 

.^  now  hnildiiij.'  five>tori(!ii  Iiijj;li  wa.s>i;oiM<'d  cm  ihn 
rtitt>  of  t'   •  liurjlt'i  s;uirturp, "  on  ('hentuut  Stifi>t  [if- 
•■>''    '  **'.  ■'  •'  i  Hcfoiul,  on  the  alloy."  and  w;is  ocou- 
f  .I^iiiuiry,  1851.     Iti  di'3ii.-nsiori« 
<v,  ^   ■•'<•<■.>  ckv^<."n  iiichiiS  front  «..ti  (Mipstnut. 

i^£  •>     .  '■'■    f<-\i   'iccfj   oil  a  iwtuuy  tnit  alioy. 

The.  bit-  '(cupied  1!^  »  prists- roi  !«i,  nnd  con 

iiMi.d  tw'j  U'n>  (,r,i»>.>.!.  viiid  ihejrtound-fl  •  m-  vv:w  used 
for  H  sloro  .iiid  iht\  (viuivtiiig-room  of  the  i  ajior,  hiwi- 
n-'s  <ifl)ci-fi,  etc.  The  second  story  wii.s  usi^l,  th<' 
•  -iir.;  hnlf  for  law' olfic(«,  uiid  v'  W(*(ert)  h.iU'  for 
.  .!■"  •  mid  np'iricrs  mid  for  an  i  »'j;ruvir»S£  cs-tuiiligh- 
IVK'  ,'.  ()ii  It  third  floo^wtirt?  tht  l\*e.jnihiiv.i>  ■  hind- 
■  •ly  and  roni|  .-(iii'.ri:  riH>tti.^,  :inii  t';-:  t'oiirh  uiid  tilUi 
ihi!  r-J  wore  dtHi  itid  ti'  ihu  Rtpuiuotn  h....k.  iind  joh 
Tio'  huiltliiijr,  .vhich  w.-y  »  v.-ry  (m;!  i.^.ii»)'iiitid 

HI).;    rdil'm..  '^TllH    'h'siv'ni  d    by   UrPVS>-:i'    t*<.  ll;i, ', 

•  •■'-    \!,d  this  Contractor  wati  Lloyd  .]-T 
it.-'  itr.  the  Uftw  Inuldiri;^  the  pHpi 

t"  .•  'Ill  tini.i  to  tiuio  Lid.liti,  ' 

M  •  '■   •'-Kry.     Jn  Jun  i, 

thirty  ibrtiii    '  i\ 

(!'  ,       .  .11  ihi'  hiind-^  I)' 

A  ;...:■  '>••   ■•■'■  >'  1^'    : 

thi-   |)i)r. 
Ch  oi)i,  . 

*    >■      ■  ■       .  .  .1.. 

I  Kow) 

!..,-    ..  „.-     I.,     •  ,.     i.„.l    .,,.-..  .-.      ,.:., 

'..lO.   it    w.'iK    ni'ii  -V.I  y    111... 
!•',.•  1  •' 

• 1'        Mull.   .    il...    .    -l   ■■ 

1 1'-  v«js  Hdmitl.id 

.r  ;(  lawynr,  hoili 

.  '  .•i-.-.'i.ii  wuf«   Very 

lio  V'titribuiud 


ofli., 
:uii- 
.ir-1 


An.-r 

-I'lliDllud 


in  order   lo    ' 
h'l    .<h.>old    .1  '. 

•  tiio'd  hitn  a  'i. 

i,  fiHy  thi'  I'xi'fl'i- 
lo  thf  bar.  II  ■ 
in  t'f»il  !inil  • 
r/ipid,  fttid    V, :  ■ 


i:U);    i)    In    ''II'      irl(-'"lii    III     ii)i>    l!)H 

loijutcd,  '■  building  j;>iod  hou.sof.,  eiu    . 
aidini;  worthy  youiif;uiecbanii!H,  coutj-f 
Pto."     IJi!  al>o  dovot'.d  uiiioh  of  hv 
tuiul   (••in-ui!.'*,  c'Mpi'.;i.«iiy  tho  marin;: 
In  i't-^'l  ho  volunt'K-red  iia  si  tneiiiboi  i.- 
:■   ••     Piko   (or  tho  Hiacit    Hmvlc    ■*/• 

t     ..   tlo.>  o.'cpt^ditioii  to  t!io  I)eH  Mm 
niMstcr.  On  titnrniu<T  home  he  was  I'ici;!. 
i  itiir«?,  and  v-onliifiorwurd  was  nppi-i.' 
uiorucv  fiif  the  ftjanfcy.  rftainios:; 
183(),  whon  hft  wa.<  apiain  o'u-.'tcd  a  • 
rft.-il.o  ii';;;i.»iatBre     In  1S;);>.  in  (ionjur,, ' 
Hiirri-:,  !:.»  I.ad  o.stablihiiod  I  lie  Jourit-  / 
Bowling  ijroen,  luid  conduotcd  it  m 
1337,  when  ho  ritmoved  to  St.  Jjoni- 
Harris  nnd  Oporjrc  Knapp  atssuinr-d  ri, 
«kt'  tbii  licpnlsliiuin.      A.''  an  editor,  (..V; 
{ilayod  (jiiulitiea  of  a  high  order.      !!■ 
dwjp  and  siroiij^  oonviutions,  and   ■    • 
piTn.*ion  of  them  -,  hut  his  inipuis'  ■  , 
grnijri>Ui?,  and  in  all  the  variouK  i  i 
and  privalo  lifi?  Iib  stwidily  maiiitai-^    • 
of  a   fiurr  Olio  !y  honm-,  ■• 

untiring  . Ml   ih-    .    ...  i.in;  of  lii,'.  ii 
and  in  t!  d  trying;  ci'ifRS  of  pestii-n 
with  whi'h  8t.  LoJi.-i  vii\A  vis^itcd  d  i.' 
his  inlitorial  niaino^oniunt   hi-  .'xhi! 
cour«j;»  "and   lofty  dtvotion    to   il  i; 
cholo.ru  npiieinio  ln',"-i>rved  a,<  a  : 
Louii)  Hoard  of  Hoiji'ii,  and  was  o, 
labors  throuj-'hout  that  frifrhtful  \V:.'- 
prictor  of  ihn   llepuhli'iin,  ho  wa^^  •.')  . 
nently  idontiticd  with  all  tht-  pnjoc'' 
time  to  time  for  tho  improveinea' 
.initnercc  and  niaiiufaftures,  and  ev..  ;■• 
•  1  add  til  htr  wi  alth  and  populai-,-.- 
ueiiott  and  refineim-nt  of  hor  inh    .. 
n  lb.;  22d  of  May,  l^^o-l. 

'I''^i.'  iniorf'st  of  Mr.  Cbnaibcr.s  i'. 

:    1  -  aUer  his  diMtb  thi!  propfirt;,  ■ 
",(li  tlic  survivinjr  [•■iiiner,  (Icortri;  .- . 
a  nntil  iho  I9ih  of  Jiay,  lS">r»,  wh, 
t'Tivst  ti^  tfoorv;*  Kniipp,  who  ait.w;, 
,'!■.<   .if   th(>    rPtalilishnienl    nnder   .' 
(!<>,.••;'■•   Knapp      On    llin  7th  ol'    ■' 
Owiy  .  Knopp  announwd  thai  lo 
'rothor,  .lnhii   Knapp    and   Naiiia  ■ 
p.'rtncrs  in  tho  piiblicaii'm  of  the   <i 
c<n  "and  that  Ihonwliirtli  thu  bus,.;, 
duciid  nndi-r  the  nyio  of  (Jcor^re  hi 

('o!     .ohn   F'tnapji,  who  thu.i  b- 
the  firm  ami  Im  iiow  one  of  ibo  pi  :    ' 


,,.crt,. 


'.ii.ii.'  ■ 


■^^AA 


t^' 


A 


'l-ii ... 


us   .1 

111."  '. ■.- 


m 


ii....  y. 


THE  PKESS. 


915 


r: 


the  active  business  nianaj^^er  of  the  Republican,  has  '  commander,  to  which  he  was  twice  commissioned. 


been  in  char<;e  of  the  business  department  of  the 
paper  for  nearly  twenty-nine  years,  covering  the  period 
within  which  the  greatest  development  of  the  paper 
and  of  the  city  of  St.  Louis  has  occurred.  Although 
not  u  native  of  St.  Louis,  he  is  among  the  oldest  resi- 
dents, not  more  than  a  dozen  others  having  lived  in 
St.  Louis  for  a  longer  period. 

Born  in  the  city  of  New  York,  June  20,  1816,  he 
arrived  in  St.  Louis  early  in  1820,  his  father  and 
niothcr  removing  to  the  city  in  that  year,  when  it 
va8  little  more  than  a  country  village.  Within  the 
sixty-three  years  of  Col.  Knapp's  residence,  St.  Louis 
has  increased  its  population  fully  a  hundredfold,  and 
during  this  period,  which  comprises  ti\e  entire  history 
of  St.  Louis  as  a  city,  the  name  of  John  Knapp  hsis 
been  Intimately  associated  with  nearly  every  enterprise 
that  has  contributed  to  its  development.  For  fully 
hair  u  century  he  has  borne  an  influential  and  busy 


His  connection  with  the  service  did  not  terminate  until 
the  disbanding  of  the  volunteer  militia  during  the  war. 
He  was  among  the  volunteers  who  formed  the  St. 
Louis  Legion  at  the  breaking  out  of  the  Mexican 
war,  and  went  to  Mexico  as  captain  of  Company  C 
of  the  First  Regiment  of  Missouri  Volunteers,  leav- 
ing St.  Louis  May  23,  1846.  He  was  also  in  com- 
mand of  the  First  Regiment  of  Missouri  Militia, 
which  formed  the  bulk  of  the  battalion  sent  to  the 
southwest  frontier  of  Missouri  in  the  fall  of  1860,  at 
the  time  of  the  Kansas  "  Jay-hawk"  troubles,  and 
again  in  1861  had  command  of  the  .same  regiment  aa 
lieutenant-colonel  at  Camp  Jackson,  Col.  A.  R.  Eu.ston, 
the  colonel  of  the  regiment,  not  being  present  at  the 
camp.  Col.  Knapp  was  among  the  prisoners  taken 
when  the  camp  was  seized  by  Capt.  Lyon,  and  after  the 
disbanding  of  the  old  volunteer  militia,  which  resulted 
from  this  seizure,  he  was  appointed  colonel  of  the 


part  ill  all  the  projects  which  have  combined  to  make  |  Eighth  Regiment  of  Enrolled  Missouri  Militia   by 


the  city  what  it  is.  His  father  dying  in  182.3,  Col. 
Knapp  was  at  an  early  ago  thrust  single-handed  into 
the  battle  of  life,  and  in  1825,  when  he  was  only  nine 
years  old,  went  to  a  farm  near  Bluifdale,  III.,  to  do 
Khat  a  boy  could  to  earn  his  living.  Remaining  there 
nearly  six  years,  he  returned  to  St.  Louis  in  March, 
1831,  and  was  apprenticed  to  Samuel  Willi  to  learn 
the  tailoring  business,  in  which  he  continued  until 
51ay  17, 1849,  eighteen  years  in  all.  During  the  year 
1S37  he  traveled  through  Illinois,  Indiana,  Kentucky, 
and  Tennessee,  teaching  an  improved  system  of  cut- 
I  ting.  Stopping  at  Jack.son,  Tenn.,  in  January,  18'J8, 
he  purchased  a  tailoring  establishment  in  that  place. 


Governor  Gamble,  and  later  colonel  of  the  Thirteenth 
Provisional  Regiment  by  Governor  Hall.  Still  later  he 
was  appointed  aid  on  the  stafl'  of  Governor  Hall,  whom 
he  accompanied,  with  the  brigade  of  enrolled  3Iissouri 
militia,  in  pursuit  of  Gen.  Sterling  Price,  at  the  time 
of  the  famous  raid  through  Missouri  in  1864. 

Col.  Knapp  married  Miss  Virginia  Wright,  a  native 
of  St.  Louis,  April  22,  1844.  His  wife,  three  sons, 
and  three  daughters  are  all  living. 

The  year  1856  was  the  most  prosperous  the  paper 
had  known  thus  far,  the  advertising  patronage  being 
double  that  of  1854,  and  the  circulation  much  larger 
than  ever  before.     In  1857  the  chief  editor  was  Mr. 


ind  remained  there  until  February,  1839,  when  he  i  Paschall,  who  was  assisted  by  nine  persons,  being  the 


I  leiurned  to  St.  Louis,  and  formed  a  partnership  with 

Jaraes  Shea,  which  lasted  until  the  great  fire  of  1849, 

ithich  destroyed  the  greater  portion  of  the  business 

Nbtrii't  nf  St.  Louis,  including  the  establishment  of 

Knapp  &  Shea.     Col.  Knapp  then  sold  his  interest 

I  to  Mr.  Shea,  and  soon  after  established  himself  in  the 

I  wholesale  grocery  business  in  partnership  with  William 

lliiiw.    In  December,  1852,  he  purchased  the  interest 

Irf  Mr.  Low,  and  continued  the  business  until  October, 

1S.')4,  when  he  purchased  an  interest  in  the  Republican 

|ieff.<piiper,  to  the  business  of  which  he  has  given  his 

Itsdusive  attention  since  that  date. 

Ciil.  Kniipp  owes  his  military  title  to  long  and 
littivc  service  in  the  militia  of  Missouri,  in  the  course 
Icf  which  he  has  had  a  great  deal  that  has  been  more 
Itkn  mere  holiday  duty  to  perform.  Starting  as  a 
pvate  in  1840,  he  remained  in  the  military  service 
^  ilie  State  for  more  than  a  quarter  of  a  century, 
ft^siut;  through  every  grade  up  to  that  of  regimental 


associated  editor,  one  commercial  editor,  one  monetary 
editor,  a  river  reporter,  two  local  reporters,  one  sten- 
ographer, and  two  assistants.  The  paper  also  em- 
ployed reporters  and  correspondents  stationed  at 
London,  England,  New  York,  Springfield,  III.,  Inde- 
pendence, Bio.,  San  Francisco,  and  other  points.  The 
press-room  was  supplied  with  two  power-presses, — 
Taylor's  double  cylinder  and  Hoe's  single  cylinder, — 
the  two  being  capable  of  printing  at  least  six  thousand 
copies  per  hour.  On  the  12th  of  July,  1858,  the 
Republican,  recorded  the  fact  that  it  had  completed 
half  a  century  of  existence.  During  this  period  it 
had  successively  advocated  the  Republicanism  of  Jef- 
ferson and  the  Whig  doctrines  of  Henry  Chy,  but 
it  now  floated  the  Democratio  flag,  with  J.  Richard 
Barret  for  Congress. 

In  1862  the  military  spirit  invaded  the  Republican 
ofiicc,  and  a  company  of  militia  known  as  the  Missouri 
Republican  Guards  was  formed  ou  the  5th  of  Sep- 


1:^ 


li!  h 


916 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


tember  of  tliat  year.  It  was  composed  of  the  em- 
ployi-s  of  the  various  departments,  and  numbered  one 
hundred  and  ten  men.     The  officers  were  : 

George  Knnpp,  captain  ;  George  W.  Oilxon,  Hrit  lieutenant; 
George  W.  Puriiell,  second  lieutenant.  Nun-ciiminissioned  offi- 
cers: Willinin  II.  Wells,  first  sergeant;  Robert  E.  Craig,  second 
sergeant;  Aubert  II.  llaggerty,  third  sergeant;  I'liili))  F, 
Coghlun,  fourth  sergeant;  Hubert  MuKenna,  tifth  sergeant; 
George  Clark,  first  corporal;  Frank  (iliokert,  second  corporal; 
W.  H.  Woodward,  third  corporal;  John  F.  Fraier,  fourth  cor- 
poral. 

In  April,  1864,  anew  "  No.  3  eight-cylinder  rotary 
fast  printing  machine,"  manufactured  by  R.  Hoe  & 
Co.,  and  capable  of  printing  twenty  thousand  copies  an 
hour,  was  placed  in  the  Repnhlicini  press-room.  It 
was  thought  at  the  time  to  be  the  climax  of  printing 
machinery,  but  in  1872  it  wa.s  found  inadequate  to 
the  demands  of  the  licpuhlicdits  vast  circulation,  and 
an  improved  Bullock  and  a  Walter  press,  the  latter 
then  recently  invented,  were  purchased  and  used  for 
the  first  time  on  the  27th  of  October.  Their  ca- 
pacity together  was  about  twenty-seven  thousand 
copies  an  hour.  In  May,  1879,  a  new  machine,  manu- 
factured by  R.  Hoe  &  Co.,  and  capable  of  printing, 
folding,  pasting  the  backs,  and  cutting  the  ends  of 
thirty  thousand  eight-page  papers  in  one  hour,  was 
set  up  in  the  press  room.' 

Mr.  Paschall,  who  had  so  long  been  the  guiding 
head  of  the  editorial  department,  died,  as  previously 
stated,  on  the  12th  of  December,  1866,  and  William 
Hyde,  who  had  joined  *.he  staff  as  a  reporter,  was 
promoted  to  the  chief  editorship. 

Previous  to  the  death  of  Mr.  Paschal!,  the  owners 
of  the  Rrpiililicnn — George  Knapp,  Nathaniel  Pas- 
chall, and  John  Knapp — had  formed  a  joint-stock 
compiiny  for  eonvenience  in  the  transaction  of  business. 
After  Mr.  Paschall's  death  his  son,  Henry  G.  Paschall, 
took  his  place  as  director,  and  soon  afterwards  Mr. 
Hyde,  the  chief  editor,  was  admitted  to  an  interest  in 


the  company.  On  the  19th  of  January,  1869,  William 
Homes,  of  the  editorial  staff,  died  in  New  iiuvcn 
Conn.' 

On  the  evening  of  May  24,  1870,  the  /^<y. //,//,„„ 
office  on  Chestnut  Street,  between  Main  and  Scconj 
was  again  destroyed  by  fire,  the  loss  being  e.«iiina(ed 
at  one  hundred  and  eighty  thousand  dollars,  (il  wlijcli 
one  hundred  and  six  thousand  five  hundred  <l<illar$ 
was  covered  by  insurance.  For  the  second  time  the 
files  of  the  paper  from  1808  were  saved.  Tlio  ciifjit. 
cylinder  Hoe  press  was  destroyed,  together  witii  ihe 
type  and  fixtures,  but  a  four-cylinder  Hoe  press  was 
protected  in  a  fire-proof  vault  and  saved,  sn  that  the 
paper  was  only  forced  to  suspend  publication  for  a 
single  day.  A  temporary  two-story  brick  liiiiidinz 
was  erected  on  the  site  of  the  burned  struct  iiro,  and 
on  the  30th  of  May  an  office  was  opened  at  319 
Chestnut  Street,  between  Third  and  Fourth.  The 
size  of  the  paper  was  curtailed  for  some  days,  hut  on 
the  1st  of  June  it  reappeared  in  its  old  shape,  bein"  j 
printed  on  the  four-cylinder  press  on  the  site  uf  [he 
old  building. 

About  the  same  time  the  proprietors  effeetcd  the  I 
purchase  from  James  Archer,  through  Messrs.  Bill 
&  Priest,  of  a  lot  on  the  southeast  corner  of  Chcsiiiiii 
and  Third  St.eets,  upon  which  they  doteruiincd  to  | 
erect  a  firej^iroof  building.' 

On  the  9th  of  December,  1872,  the  ViV/ikWiVhii 
announced  the  removal  of  its  business  office  to  the 
new  building,  which  had  not  then  been  conipieteJ.mTl 
wore  the  arrangements  of  the  establishment  "|'ul|v| 
Miade  in  any  department."  The  paper,  however.  1 
been  issued  from  the  new  structure  for  about  sis  I 
weeks  previous,  the  first  publication  having  been  luadel 
on  the  27th  of  October.     The  appearance  of  thiil 


'  In  its  issue  of  May  7,  1879,  announcing  the  arrival  of  the  j 
new  Iloe  prey's,  the  Wc/mA/i'crtn  gives  an  extended  account  of  the  j 
presses  used  at  difl'erent  periods  in  printing  the  paper  from  its  I 
toundution.     Its  de.'cription  of  the  earlier  presses  may  be  sum-   ! 
marinecl  as  follows  :  The  press  used  in  printing  the  old  .Vi'«««iiri   | 
Giizelte  from  IM08  to  l,s;!2  was  the  first  press  built  west  of  the  | 
Mis.-issippi  Itiver,  and  was  one  of  the  kind  then  known  as  the   : 
Itainagc  press.    Il  was  hard  work  for  two  men  to  print  seventy   • 
five  copies  on  one  side  in  an  hour.     The  r.e.\t  press  was  the 
Stnnsberry  patent  luver,  with  a  capacity  for  printing  two  hun- 
dred and  foity  papers  an  hour  on  one  side.    It  was  followed  by 
the  Washington  press,  with  which  a  good  workman  oould  print 
three  hundred  sheets  in  an  liour,  anil  in  1S37  by  an  Adams 
power  press,  capable  of  printing  eight  hundred  sheets,  one  side, 
an  hour.     To  this  succeeded  in  184.1  a  single-cylinder  Hoe,  in 
18511  a  double-cylinder  Hoc,  and  in  1858  n  four-cylinder  Hoe. 
In  1864  an  eight-cylinder  Uoe  was  purchased,  an  atated  above. 


'  Mr.  Homes  was  born  in  Boston  on  the  6th  of  Fibniiirv,  iSul 
ond  removed  in  1843  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  labored  fDisevedf 
year.s  us  a  Presbyterian  minister.     In  1856  he  jouicj  ilie  fJiJ 
torial  stair  of  the  Jirpiibliain,  remaining  about  a  vcar  .inJ  i 
half,  when  ho  resigned  to  accept  the  position  of  iiit..rnetf«l 
the  Ohio  and  Mississippi  Railroad  Company,  hmiii'  in  im 
mean  time  studied  law.     In  1864  he  wont  to  Cuiirniiiin,  .trij 
zona,  and  Me.\ico  on  mining  business,  and  suppiieil  ilie  A'tjinM 
lirnii  with  letters  descriptive  of  the  customs,  life,  aw\  n-ymta 
of  those  regions.     After  an  absence  of  two  years  ho  rcliirr 
St.  Louis  and  resumed  his  editorial  connection  with  llio  llifni 
liniii.     In  IS68,  however,  failing  health  compelled  biiii  luKiltl 
draw  from  journalistic  labor,  and  hia  death  resulted  in  Jaiiuii] 
of  the  following  year.     He  was  a  graceful,  scholarlv,  an  I  full 
cible  writer,  and  one  of  the  ablest  of  the  many  brillhintjnoriij 
istii  who  have  been  employed  by  the  Uepitb'iemi. 

•  On  the  27th  of  July,  1870,  occurred  the  death  of  ffilliij 
Fowler,  who  had  been  connected  with  the  paper  for  twcnlffi 
years  as  foreman  of  the  composing-room.  Ho  was  a  nilin  j 
Staffordshire,  Kngland,  fifty-seven  years  of  age,  and  hadworkJ 
at  the  "  ease"  with  Horace  Oreeley. 


THE  PRESS. 


917 


,1869.  William 
n  New  lluvcii, 

the  Ri I'l'^'liriin 
ain  and  Sriimd. 
being  c^iiniiited 
dollars,  ul  whieli 

hundred  ilolkts 

Bccund  time  the 
»ved.  Tlui  t'i^lit- 
together  with  the 
er  Hoe  pnss  was 
saved,  so  tliiit  the 

publication  for  a 
iry  briek  buildiii'^ 
ned  Btrufturo,  and 
as  opencil  at  319 
and  Fourth.    The 

some  days,  Imt  im 
ts  old  shape,  bciii<;  ! 
I  on  the  site  of  tiic 

prietors  effected  the 
irough  Messrs.  Belt 
,t  corner  of  C'liosinut  I 
they  duteruruied  to 

572,  the  Uqnibricn^ 
jusinesa  office  to  the 
nbecnconiplotcd.nitl 

establishment  "fully I 
paper,  however,  hall 

ucture  for  about  sisl 
Ition  having  been  madel 

e  appearance  of  tliij| 

tho  6th  of  February, !««,! 
licre  lie  liiboreil  (or  scvcrJ 
L  1856  he  jciinca  llie  eJi 
lining  about  n  .v-^r  and 
Te  position  of  uilurnc)  f( 
I  Compuny,  lii»i"«  "'  'I" 
L  wont  to  Culifoniia,  Ari< 
[»,  anil  suiiplii'il  ll'C  "')'"' 
LuBtoms,  lito,  iiivl  r.-iurc 
lof  two  years  be  rduniel 
Connection  wilb  tlio  K'f 
Lth  compcllcJ  bim  tn  "ill 
fa  death  reaulK'.l  in  hmu 
graceful,  scbolnrly,  m\  ti 
tliomanybrilliiintj""" 
Uepub'ic'in. 
fu-red  the  doi.tb  of  Wiilii 
lith  the  paper  f"' '««"'? 
-room.     Ho  was  an"'" 
ircftriiofftge,andh»d«otkl 


number  was  signalized  by  a  change  from  the  folio  or  i 
blanket  sheet  to  the  quarto  form.  The  quarto  sheet 
then  had  six  columns  to  a  page,  but  in  1874  its  size  I 
vas  increased  by  the  addition  of  one  column  to  the  | 
pa<!e,  makiii^  an  eight-page  paper  with  seven  columns  | 
to  the  page.  The  new  building  was  completed  and  ' 
rejinlarly  occupied  for  the  first  time  on  the  8th  of 
January,  1873. 

The  new  building  thus  "  inaugurated"  is  one  of  i 
the  largest  and  finest  newspaper  establishments  in  the  | 
United  States,  and,  in  fact,  in  the  world.     It  stands  ' 
on  a  lot  fronting  eighty  feet  on  Third  Street,  and  ex-  j 
tending  back  one  hundred  and  ten  feet  on  Chestnut  \ 
Street.     It  is  five  stories  high  above  the  pavement,  { 
the  distance  from  the  sidewalk  to  the  crest  of  the  I 
dome  being  one  huudrcd  and  twenty-five  feet,  and  is  i 
in  the  Renaissance  style  of  architecture.     Moth  fronts  j 
are  of  Missouri  iron  manufactured  in  St.  Louis,  and  | 
the  sides  are  of  hydraulic-pressed  brick,  the  walls 
being  of  great  thickness.     The  basement  walls  are  of 
heavy  stone,  and  the  lathing  used  for  the  ceilings  and 
mie  finish  of  the  walls  and  partitions  is  of  iron.    The 
main  stairway  ascending  from  Third  Street  to  the 
Gflh  story  is  also  of  iron,  and  the  floors  are  of  hard 
pine  laid  on  fire-proof  cement,  thus  making  the  whole 
structure  as  nearly  as  possible  fire-proof.     The  build- 
ing is  lighted  by  handsome  windows  of  plate-glass, 
indthe  interior  finish  and  fittings  of  the  establishment 
are  of  a  superior  character.     The  basement,  which 
covers  the  entire  lot,  is  twenty  feet  in  height,  and  is 
roofed  with  brick  arches  sustained  by  iron  girders.  It 
is  occupied  by  the  engine  and  presses  used  in  print- 
ing the  lieimhlicaii,  the  paper  store-rooms,  and  the 
mail  department.     The  first  floor  is  used  for  ofiScea 
and  fur  the  counting-room  and  private  apartments  of 
the  proprietors,  George  Knapp  &  Co.     The  second, 
third,  and  fourth  floors  are  rented  for  oflSces,  with  the 
eiception  of  one  room  on  the  fourth  floor,  which  con- 
nins  a  large  and  carefully  selected  library  for  the  use 
of  the  editorial  staff"  of  the  paper.     The  fifth  floor  is 
monopolized  by  the  various  departments  of  the  paper, 
including  the  editors'  rooms,  compo.sition-room,  proof- 
room, etc.,  and  the  communication  between  this  por- 
tion uf  the  building  and  the  ground  floor  and  base- 
.ment  is  by  means  of  both  stairways  and  elevators. 
Notwithstanding  the  fact  that  the  building  is  regarded 
18  fire-proof,  an  iron  tank,  capable  of  holding  twenty- 
liii  thousand  gallons  of  water,  has  been  placed  on  the 
loof,  and  is  kept  constantly  full  in  case  of  sudden 
mergeney,  the  supply  being  obtained  from  a  spring 
the  basement  by  means  of  pumps.     The  water  thus 
ibtained  is  conducted  by  pipes  to  every  story  in  the 
railding.     The  interior  finish  is  all  of  hard  wood, 


nearly  all  of  black-walnut  and  white-ash,  and  the 
building  is  complete  in  all  its  appointments.  The 
architects  were  Walsh,  Smith  &  Jungenfuld. 

In  addition  to  this  magnificent  edifice,  the  Re/nih/i- 
caii  has  an  ofiSce  on  the  grounds  of  the  St.  Louis 
Agricultural  and  Mechanical  Association,  where  it 
keeps  open  house  every  year  during  the  fair  season. 
Perched  upon  the  top  of  the  flag-staff'  is  the  armorial 
emblem  "  which  the  IlepubUvim  was  assigned  by  the 
universal  voice  of  the  Whig  party  in  the  existing 
Presidential  election  of  1840,"  a  coon  timc/iaiit,  which 
since  the  days  of  "  Tippecanoe  and  Tyler  too"  has 
been  the  central  figure  of  the  Republicans  escutcheon. 
The  figure  was  wont  to  adorn  the  top  of  the  lofty 
smoke-stack  that  towered  above  the  old  Repuhliv.an 
building,  destroyed  by  the  fire  of  1870.  Though 
temporarily  cast  down  by  that  event,  it  was  not  long 
before  the  "  old  coon"  occupied  the  accustomed  place 
on  the  smoke-stack  at  the  temporary  building  which 
was  speedily  raised  above  the  old. 

After  a  career  of  more  than  seventy  years  the  Re- 
piib/ican  is  as  lusty  and  vigorous  as  when  in  its  early 
youth  it  was  guided  by  the  keen  eye  and  steady  arm 
of  Joseph  Charless,  the  pioneer  of  Ameriuaii  journal- 
ism west  of  the  Mississippi,  while  its  circulation,  pros- 
perity, and  influence  have  increased  to  enormous  pro- 
portions. It  is  now  one  of  the  leading  journals  of 
the  country,  and  in  the  intelligent  treatment  of  con- 
temporaneous topics,  in  the  collection  and  handling  of 
news,  and  in  the  advocacy  of  great  enterprises  affect- 
ing the  growth  and  well-being  of  the  United  States, 
especially  those  which  immediately  concern  St.  Louis, 
it  is  always  to  be  found  in  the  foremost  rank,  but 
always  controlled  by  that  spirit  of  conservatism  and 
prudence,  united  with  great  energy  and  lofty  courage, 
which  has  been  the  guiding  star  of  its  course  from 
the  very  beginning,  on  the  turbulent  currents  and  over 
the  dangerous  rapids  of  its  infancy  as  well  as  on  the 
smoother  waters  of  its  groen  old  age. 

In  politics  the  Kipubiknn  has  always  been  a 
recognized  power,  not  only  in  St.  Louis  and  Missouri, 
but  throughout  the  West.  In  its  earlier  days  it  was 
the  consistent  and  fearless  exponent  of  the  principles 
of  Thomas  Jefferson,  but  when  the  Whig  party  be- 
came prominent  before  the  country  it  transferred  its 
allegiance  to  Henry  Clay,  and  was  the  pronounced  and 
unequivocal  antarauist  of  Thomas  H.  Benton  and  his 
following.  Froiu  1830  to  1855  it  ranked  among  the 
most  influential  organs  of  the  Whig  party,  but  repu- 
diated Locofocoism  and  Know-Nothingism,  and  in 
the  disintegration  of  parties  caused  by  the  s'avery 
agitation  the  RepabUcan  gravitated  towards  Democ- 
'  racy.     In   1856  its  vast  politicd   infiuenue  in    the 


918 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


West  was  tiiveii  to  Buchanan,  but  durin<r  the  Presi- 
dential strup^lc  of  1860  it  espoused  the  cause  of 
Stephen  A.  IJuu^rlas,  and  notwithstnndinj;  the  opposing 
influence  of  tiie  Buchanan  udiniiiistration  and  tiiu 
efforts  of  Senator  Green,  Missouri,  largely  through 
the  untiring  exertions  of  the  lirpuliUcan,  was  carried 
for  the  "  Little  Giant  of  the  West."  During  the  civil 
war,  while  opposing  all  secession  tendencies,  tiie 
Republican  consistently  antagonized  all  measures  of 
doubtful  constitutionality  on  the  part  of  the  Lincoln 
administration,  and  it  was  owing  chiefly  to  its  utter- 
ances and  influence,  steadily  anil  persistently  escrted, 
that  the  "  bolt"  in  the  Republican  party  which  led  to  the 
election  of  B.  Oratz  Brown  as  Governor  was  organized 
and  consummated.  In  1872,  the  year  made  memor- 
able in  political  annals  by  the  Greeley  fiasco,  it  advo- 
cated a  passive  policy  on  the  part  of  the  Democratic 
party,  and  since  that  disastrous  campaign,  while  ad- 
hering to  the  principles  of  the  national  Democracy,  it 
has  practiced  entire  independence  of  party  control, 
approaching  more  nearly  to  Mie  ideal  of  a  liberal  and 
honest  party  journal  than  almost  any  other  news- 
paper in  the  country.  Its  identification  with  the  de- 
velopment of  St.  Louis  and  Missouri  has  from  its 
earliest  days  been  so  thorough  and  so  complete  that 
many  years  ago  the  GmeKe  and  Repuhlican  came  to 
be  household  words,  and  its  own  prosperity  and  growth 
represent  step  by  step  the  prosperity  and  growth  of 
the  great  city  whose  interests  it  cherishes  and  pro- 
motes to  the  fullest  extent  of  its  influence  and  power. 
The  publishers  are  still  the  venerable  firm  of  George 
Knapp  &  Co.,  with  Henry  G.  Paschall,  son  of  Na- 
thaniel Paschall,  so  long  the  editor  and  part  proprietor 
of  the  Jifjnib/ican,  as  cashier,  and  William  Hyde  as 
editor-in-chief. 

Mr.  Hyde's  full  name  is  William  Elisha  i>yde,  but 
thirty  yeart;  ago,  preferring  a  single  patronymic,  he 
dropped  the  middle  name,  and  has  since  been  known 
as  William  Hyde.  Ho  was  born  at  Lima,  near  Ro- 
chester, N.  Y.,  Aug.  27, 1836.  His  father  was  Elisha 
Hyde,  at  that  time  a  teacher  in  Genesee  College  or 
Seminary,  a  native  of  Connecticut,  and  a  lineal  de- 
scendant of  William  Hyde,  of  Norwich.  His  mother's 
maiden  name  was  Amanda  N.  Gregory,  of  Ithaca, 
N.  Y.,  where  she  was  born.  She  is  now  Mrs.  Ed- 
ward W.  West,  and  resides  at  Belleville,  III.  William 
Hyde  was  the  eldest  son.  Two  of  his  brothers  are 
dead  and  one  living,  and  his  elder  sister  is  the  wife  of 
William  H.  Barnum,  one  of  the  judges  of  the  Chicago 
Circuit  bench.  The  other  sister  is  single.  He  has 
also  a  half-brother  and  a  half-.sister,  the  latter  mar- 
ried. 

Mr.  Hyde's  father  was  an  educator  by  profession, 


I  and  never  followed   any  other  pursuit.     Hi;  wn.s  a 
classical  scholar,  and  very  proficient  in  the  IiI'^'Ikt 
,  branches  of  mathematics.     His  mother  was  alxi  liir  n 
:  long  time  a  teacher,  a  woman  of  extraordinary  nu'ti- 
tal  vigor  and  acquirements.    His  education,  tlicielorc 
was  largely  obtained  from  his  parents.     His  liitlicr, 
j  always  of  a  restless  nature,   caught  the  (lalifurriia 
I  fever  of  18-19,  and  soon   after  his  mother   nsuiiid 
I  teaching  in  Belleville,  where  the  family  then  rcsiJcd, 
;  William,  though  a  mere  youth,  undertook  to  learn  the 
I  drug  business,  in  which   he  remained  for  ii  yuur  or 
more,  when   he  obtained  u  situation  as  teai'lior  (jf  n 
.  country  district  school.     Afterwards  he  attended  Mc- 
i  Kendree  College,  where  he  remained  two  years.   Sub- 
sequently, ill  1853-54,  he  attended   law  lectures  at 
Transylvania  University,  Lexington,  Ky.,  under  Mar- 
i  shall,  Robertson,  and  Wicklitfe,  noted  jurists  of  thiso, 
I  days,  his  license  to  practice  being  granted  by  Judije 
Marshall.     He  never  practiced  law,  howcsvei,  or  cs- 
I  tablished   an   oflice  for  that  purpose.     The  Kansas- 
i  Nebraska  excitement  arising,  Mr.  Hyde,  wlin  was  an 
i  ardent  admirer  of  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  wrote  edi- 
torial articles  for  the  Jiclkvi/k  Trilniiw.  and  tinallj 
I  took  a  partnership  in  the  concern.    During  the  Presi- 
dential campaign  of  1856  he  conducted  the  SlirliiK/ 
(III.)  Tlinis,  and  in  November  of  that  year  east  iiis 
first  vote  for  the  Democratic  nominee,  James  Bu- 
chanan.    Leaving  the   Times  he  went  to  tiie  State 
capital,  with  the  view  of  becoming  a  candidate  fur 
clerk  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  the  Deni(icrat.s 
being  in  the  majority,  but  instead  accepted  tlie  offer 
of  the  »S^/.  Louis  Rcpuhtlcan  to  make  him  its  Sprinj:- 
field  correspondent  during  the  session.     He  also  en- 
joyed the  emoluments  of  a  committee  clerkshi|p.  This 
was  in  1857.     In  the  fall  of  that  year  he  was  em- 
ployed by  Mr.  Paschall  to  conduct  the  city  depart- 
ment of  the  Repuhliaui.     Having  a  strong  likin;.'  fur  j 
political  writing,  and  the  Republican  being  tiien  an  i 
enthusiastic  supporter  of  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  he  fre- 
quently contributed  editorial  articles,  in  addition  toj 
his  duties  as  local  reporter.     It  was  in  this  way  that  J 
in  1860  he  became  an  assistant  editor,  tnkin;^  ciiur;.'o] 
of  the  exchanges,  doing  the  clippings,  and  wriiiiigj 
editorial   paragraphs.     The   war   revolutionized  tliei 
newspaper  business ;   more   help  was   needed,    Mr.l 
Paschall,  who  had  led  a  very  active  life  from  Ijoy-j 
hood,  was  gradually  declining  in  health.     He  liked 
Mr.  Hyde,  who  was  devoted  to  him  and  to  the  iiitcrJ 
ests  of  the  paper,  and  who  studied  his  methods  and 
tried  to  become  the  practical   editor  that  he  was, 
From  about  1865  the  details  of  the  editorial  manaj; 
ment  have  been  under  Mr.  Hyde's  supervision,  sub 
ject  to  the  directions  of  Col.  George  Knapp,  and  o^ 


THE   I'UKSS. 


919 


lit.     \h'  was  a 
;  in  tlio  lii;,'lii>r 
ur  was  iil.-(i  tor  it 
rnordiniiiy  men- 
cation,  tlic'ierorc, 
its.     His  liiilior, 
t  tho  Culii'i)rnia 
mother   rcsuinoil 
lily  tlicii  resided. 
rtoolc  to  learn  the 
cd  i'or  11  year  ur 
!\  as  ti'iiclicr  1)1'  a 
I  he  attended  Mc- 
1  two  years.   Sub- 
i  law  lectures  at 
,  Ky.,  under  Mar- 
cd  jurists  ot'ilv.iso. 
granted  l)y  .luJuo 
J,  however,  or  es- 
se.    The  Kansas- 
Hyde,  wild  was  an 
ouglas,  wrote  cdi- 
'riltiinc,  and  finally 
Durinj;  the  Presi- 
lucted  the  Slnliity 
that  year  cast  his 
minee,  James  Bu- 
went  to  the  State 
n"  a  candidate  for 
ives,  the  DeuKicrats 
accepted  the  otfer 
ike  him  its  Sprin;,'- 
ision.     He  also  en- 
;ee  clerkshiji.  This 
year  he  was  ein- 
|cl  the  city  depart- 
a  stronj:  I'.kin;-  f"'  j 
[can  beinj:  then  an  | 
A.  Douj-his,  he  frc- 
;les,  in  addition  toj 
■as  in  this  way  that 
liter,  takinj,'  char-ioj 
ipiiigs,  and  wriiingl 
revolutionized  thej 
was   needed.    Mr.j 
;ive  lite  fru'i  '^"y*] 
health.     He  liked 
and  to  the  inter-j 
his  methods  and 
iitor  that  he  was 
le  editorial  maiia?e 
['s  supervision,  sub 
irge  Kiiai'P.  •""!  °i 


the  death  of  Mr.  Paschnll,  in  1866,  Mr.  Hyde  sue 
ccedcd  to  the  chief  editorship. 

On  the  4th  of  June,  18GC,  Mr.  Hyde  married 
Miss  Hailie  BenNon,  then  residing  nitli  her  family  in 
Toroiito,  Canada.  She  is  a  native  of  Missouri,  born 
in  1847,  and  with  the  exception  of  a  few  years,  when 
she  was  a  child,  and  a  fovr  montlis  when  she  lived  in 
Canada,  St.  Louis  has  always  been  ''cr  home.  Her 
fath<T  is  James  L.  Benson,  who  lias  for  many  years 
been  engaged  in  the  oflScial  inspection  of  flour  in  St. 
Louis.  Her  mother  is  the  daughter  of  Col.  Blakcy, 
furnierly  a  prominent  Democratic  politician  of  northern 
Mis.souri. 

Mr.  Hyde  is  a  Master  Mason  and  a  member  of  "  tho 
Elks,"  the  only  two  secret  societies  he  ever  belonged 
to,  and  is  connected  with  several  sooi-l  clubs.  He 
has  never  been  a  candidate  for  any  political  office, 
and  never  desired  to  hold  one.  He  has  served  as 
delegate  at  large  from  Missouri  to  two  National  Dcm- 
ocraiie  Conventions  and  us  a  member  of  several  State 
Democratic  Conventions.  He  took  a  prominent  part 
in  whnl^  is  known  as  the  Missouri  passive  policy,  by 
which  the  State  was  restored  to  the  Democracy,  was 
a  pronounced  Tilden  man  in  the  canvass  preceding 
the  nomination  in  1876,  and  as  the  champion  of  Til- 
den for  1880,  received  one  hundred  more  votes  in  the 
State  Convention  for  delegate  at  large  than  Senator 
Vest,  one  of  the  most  popular  men  in  Missouri. 

Perhaps  the  most  romantic  incident  of  Mr.  Hyde's 
life  was  the  balloon  voyage  with  Professors  Wise  and 
Lamountain  and  0.  A.  Gager,  on  the  1st  and  lid  of 
July,  1859,  from  St.  Louis  to  Henderson,  Jefferson 
Co.,  N.  Y.,  which  voyage  was  made  between  seven 
o'clock  in  the  evening  and  two  o'clock  next  day,  the 
balloon  passing  over  the  whole  length  uf  Lake  Erie 
nd  Lake  Ontario. 

Mr.  Hyde  is  still  in  the  full  vigor  of  his  powers,  and 
is  justly  regarded  as  one  of  the  ablest  journalists  in  the 
country.  Added  to  a  ripe  experience  in  the  service 
of  the  RfpidiUcim,  he  possesses  a  clear  analytical 
j  judgment,  a  rich  store  of  general  information,  ex- 
haustless  energy,  and  intense  devotion  to  the  interests 
of  the  paper.  Under  his  able  management  the  Rcpiil- 
lican  continues  to  enjoy  undiminished  the  respect  and 
confidence  of  the  community,  and  its  columns  daily 
1  bear  witness  to  the  fact  that  Nathaniel  Pasehall  has 
found  a  worthy  successor  in  William  Hyde. 

The  Western  Journal  was  the  second  newspaper 
I  established  in  St.  Louis,  and  had  its  origin  in  a  move- 
luent  headed  by  Mnj.  William  Christy,  William  C. 
Carr,  and  others  who  were  dissatisfied  with  the  politi- 
al  course  of  the  ^^ssourl  Gaztfte,  then  edited  by  its 
founder,  Joseph  Charlc»^s.     A  fund  of  one  thousand 


dollar.>4  was  raised  for  the  purpose  by  these  gentlemen, 
and  the  publication  of  the  Junniaf  was  commenced 
in  1815,  with  Joshua  Norvell  as  editor.  In  ISlrt  its 
name  was  changed  to  the  h'mi</niiit.  and  Sergeant  Hall 
becam^ 'he  editor.  In  1818  the  h'miyiinit  wan  ^nr- 
enascd  by  Isaac  N.  Henry,  Evuri^t  Maury,  and  Col. 
Thomas  H.  Benton,  tho  firm  being  Isaac  N.  Henry 
&  Co.,  and  the  name  was  changed  to  the  .SV.  Louis 
Enquirer.  For  some  years  Col.  Bent(m  was  tho  chief 
editor.  In  1820,  William  Henry  died  and  Mr. 
Maury  withdrew,  whereupon  Patrick  H.  Ford  took 
po8.session  of  the  ofSce  for  ('ol.  Benton,  the  surviving 
proprietor.  Mr.  Ford  retired  in  October,  1824,  and 
died  in  January,  1826.  lie  was  succeeded  by  Gen. 
Duff  Green,  afterwards  editor  of  the  Untied  States  Tele- 
(/nip/i,  who  purchased  the  e.stublishnicnt.  In  1825, 
Gen.  Green  retired,  and  the  paper  was  transferred  to 
Cliurlcs  Keeinle  and  S.  W.  Foreman,  the  latter  of  whom 
had  removed  a  small  printing-office  from  St.  Charles 
to  St.  Louis.  In  February,  1826,  Mr.  Keemle  with- 
drew, and  Mr.  Foreman  then  associated  James  E. 
Birch  with  himself  in  the  management  of  the  En- 
(jiiirrr.  During  the  same  year  the  material  of  the 
Enquirer  was  sold  under  a  deed  of  trust  from  DuflF 
Green  to  Col.  Benton,  and  was  purchased  by  L.  E. 
Lawless.  Mr.  Lawless  then  became  the  editor,  and 
Charles  Keemle  the  printer  of  the  paper.  In  1827 
the  establishment  again  became  the  property  of 
Charles  Keemle,  who,  with  Charles  Orr,  transformed 
the  jiaper  into  the  Beacon,  which  expired  in  1832. 

Col.  Charles  Keemle,  for  many  years  a  prominent 
journalist  of  St.  Louis,  was  born  in  October,  1800,  in 
the  city  of  Philadelphia.  His  grandfather  was  a  physi- 
cian, who  had  emigrated  from  Amsterdam  and  settled 
in  Penn.sylvania.  His  father  was  a  skillful  mechanic, 
yet  devoted  only  a  small  portion  of  his  life  to  that 
pursuit,  but  as  a  commander  of  trading  vessels  .spent 
most  of  his  time  upon  the  rivers  and  the  ocean.  His 
mother  died  in  the  city  of  Norfolk,  Va.,  when  he  was 
but  six  years  of  age,  and  he  was  placed  in  charge  of 
an  uncle  until  he  was  nine  years  of  age,  and  then  was 
put  to  learn  the  printing  business  in  the  office  of  the 
Norfolk-  Herald,  where  he  remained  until  1816. 

On  leaving  the  office  of  the  Norfolk  Herald,  at 
the  suggestion  of  Dr.  Jennings,  of  Norfolk,  who  had 
a  brother  residing  in  Indiana,  he  determined  to  go 
to  Vincennes,  Ind.,  and  there  establish  a  paper.  Ac- 
companied by  a  fellow-printer,  he  started  for  his 
future  destination,  where  he  arrived  March,  1817, 
having  performed  that  portion  of  the  journey  be- 
tween Baltimore  and  Pittsburgh  on  foot.  On 
March  14th  tho  first  number  of  the  Indiana  Sentinel 
was  issued  by  Dillworth  &  Keemle. 


920 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Subsequently  young  Kccnile  removed  to  St.  Louis, 
and  entered  the  offiue  of  the  Kmigniitt,  uflcrwards 
merged  into  the  St.  Louis  Enquirer.  The  continued 
confinement  beginning  to  toll  on  his  constitution,  he 
gave  up  the  printing  business  in  August,  1H20,  and 
cnpnged  as  elcrk  to  the  American  Fur  Company. 
Tiij  company  started  from  St.  Louis,  September, 
1820,  and  spent  the  winter  in  trading  successfully 
with  the  Kansas  tribe  of  Indians.  In  1821,  Mr. 
Keerale  was  selected  by  Muj.  Joshua  Pileher  to 
make  one  of  a  company  of  fifty-four,  carefully  picked 
for  the  occasion,  to  penetrate  to  the  Ilocky  Moun- 
tains, to  trade  with  the  Indians  who  inhabited  those 
wilds.  The  party  started  from  Fort  Lisa,  in  the  vi- 
cinity of  Council  Bluff,  and  afler  some  perilous  ad- 
ventures arrived  at  the  mouth  of  the  Yellowstone. 
Here  they  commenced  trading  with  the  Crows,  who 
inhabited  that  country,  sending  out  in  all  direc- 
tions experienced  hunters  and  trappers,  that  they 
might  obtain  us  large  a  (juantity  of  beaver-skins  as 
possible.  Mr.  Keemie  acted  as  agent  and  clerk  of 
the  expedition,  and  for  three  years  suffered  the  hard- 
ships incident  to  living  and  trading  in  the  remote 
wilderness. 

While  in  these  remote  regions  he  narrowly  escaped 
a  murderous  attack  by  an  overwhelming  number  of 
Indians.  The  two  leaders  of  the  expedition,  Immell 
and  Jones,  fell  early  in  the  engagement,  and  the  com- 
mand devolved  upon  Mr.  Keemie,  who  ordered  the 
men  to  fight  while  retreating  from  ravine  to  ravine. 
After  a  conflict  of  eight  hours,  they  succeeded  in 
driving  off  their  enemies  with  considerable  loss.  The 
little  party  suffered  severely,  having  had  ten  killed, 
nine  wounded,  and  one  missing.  They  afterwards 
reached  a  Crow  village,  and  having  constructed  boats, 
arrived  safely  at  the  mouth  of  the  Yellowstone. 

Col.  Keemie  remained  connected  with  the  company 
until  1825,  when  he  returned  to  St.  Louis,  and  again 
engaged  in  the  printing  business.  He  was  a.ssociated 
with  five  or  six  newspaper  enterprises,  none  of  which 
had  a  permanent  existence,  but  during  their  time 
were  the  organs  of  the  Democratic  party. 

In  1839,  Col.  Keemie  was  married  to  the  only 
daughter  of  Thomas  P.  Oliver,  and  had  a  family  of 
three  children.  He  possessed  in  a  high  degree  the 
esteem  of  his  fellow-citizens,  and  was  offered  several 
honorable  positions.  In  1839  he  was  nominated  for 
mayor,  but  declined  running,  and  when  Gen.  Harrison 
became  President  he  received  the  first  appointment 
made  by  him  in  Missouri,  that  of  superintendent  of 
Indian  affairs  for  Missouri.  In  1840  he  received  the 
appointment  of  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  and  under 
Gen.  Taylor's  administration  that  of  Indian  agent  for 


the  entire  Platte  River  district,  both  of  which  he 
declined. 

His  last  newspaper  connection  was  with  the  Iv  i;  ///,, 
which  at  one  time  was  a  bright  and  flourishini.'  juiir- 
nal.  Col.  Keemie  was  elected  recorder  of  di'iifs  fur 
St.  Louis  County  in  1855,  and  retained  that  imsiiiaii 
for  six  years.  The  last  yean^  of  his  life  were  .s[iLMit  in 
the  quiet  of  his  home  on  Compton  Hill,  St.  ],om. 
where  he  died  on  the  28th  of  September,  ISGn 
mourned  by  a  host  of  friends  as  a  man  of  r;irc  and 
genial  qualities,  and  by  the  community  at  lur<;n  ^  a 
useful  and  public-spirited  citizen. 

St.  Louis  Herald. — A  paper  called  the  IJfrntd^tm 
established  in  1820,  but  had  a  brief  existcni'o,  and  la 
1834  another  paper  of  the  same  name — the  first  diiily 
issued  in  St.  Louis — was  published  by  Trcudwny  /c 
Holbrook,  but  soon  suspended.'     Another  llimhl was 
established  by  Warren  Woodson  in  1840,  and  niill 
another  by  Russell  S.  Higgins  and  Philip  G.  l'"eri;u.son 
in    1852.     Mr.    Higgins   had   already  becuiue  well 
known  as  the  editor  of  the  I'eoplc'n  Organ,  but  had 
sold  his  interest  in  that  journal  to  Anderson  k  Stalcy. 
Subsequently  Staley  disposed  of  his  interest  to  Kdniund 
Flagg,  and  the  firm  became  known  as  Anderson  Jc 
Flagg.     The  lotter  finally  retired,  and  the  paper  was 
managed  by  Ander.son  alone,  who  merged  it  into  the 
Price   Current.     The  first  number  of  the   new  8l. 
Louis  Herald  made  its  appearance  on  the  morning  of 
Dec.    20,  1852.     It   was   sixteen   and   one-halt'  hy 
twenty-three  inches  in  size,  was  conducted  wiili  ability 
and  spirit,  and  was  published  at  five  cents  per  week. 
On  the  4th  of  July,  1854,  it  was  enlarged  to  a  sheet 
of  twenty  by  twenty-seven  inches,  and  the  price  of  I 
subscription   was   increased  to  ten  cents  per  week. 
Among  the  regular  contributors  to  the  paper  were  { 
Mr.  Allen,  the  well-known  financial  editor  of  the  .SV, 
Jjoiiis  Republican,   and   Thomas   Gales    Forster,  a ; 
spiritualist,   and   aderwards   editor  of    the    Himiiiii  j 
Banner  of  Light.     On  the  18th  of  November,  1853, 
James  L.  Faucett  joined  the  staff  of  the  Herald,  and] 
some  nine  months  later  purchased  the  interest  of  Mr.  j 
Higgins.     The  paper  was  now  published  by  Ferguson! 
&  Faucett.     The  change  of  proprietorship  was  signal- 
ized by  another  enlargement  of  the  sheet,  which  wail 
increased  to  twenty-one  and  one-half  by  ''    *y  inches. 
The  publication  of  a  Sunday  ed    on  of  "/il 

was  also  commenced.     <*       b<>   .4th  of  April.  IS'iS,! 
the  fifth  volume  was  id  on  thi.s  ucca^i     tlie 


'  Richard  M.  TreaJway,  oi.      '  the  Urn'     .;ul  lnon  foreman o 
tho  /ff/jMi/iCTiii  coinposing-rooiji.     Afli     ihe  su.»|iiii.<ion  of  tbd 
lleralil  he  went  to  Alton,  III.,  where     i-  publislicil  ibf  -IM 
Telegraph.     Ho  died  in  Alton  in  1837,  at  the  age  of  tiiirtv  thro 
y«sn. 


THE  PRESS. 


921 


\i  of  which  he 

ith  the  ]{'viilli; 
lourishiiiu'  jnur- 
ler  of  diTilii  fur 
ed  thnt  ]ioxition 
fe  were  sjiont  in 
Hill,  St.  Lnuis, 
sptember,  1865, 
nnn  of  viirc  und 
lity  at  Uir^n  as  a 

1  the  lli'iiihlim 
exiHtcnro,  and  in 
le — the  first  daily 
by  Trcadway  k 
other  lliiitldvm 
1  184(»,  and  still 
'hilipG.  l'Vr;,'usun 
sady  bet'oiuu  well 
I  Orgiin,  but  had 
nderson  i*t  Staloy, 
nterest  to  Edmund 
n  as  Anderson  & 
and  the  paper  was 
merged  it  into  the 
r  of  the  new  ,S'/. 
on  the  mnriiinp;  of 

and  one-halt'  hy 
dueled  with  ability 
vi;  cents  per  week. 
mlarged  to  a  sheet 

and  the  priee  of  ] 
cents  per  week. 
Ito  the  paper  were 
ll  editor  of  the  St. 

Gales  Forster,  a' 
|r  of  the  /Mwij 
|f  November,  1853, 

if  the  lla<ild.mi\ 

the  interest  of  Mr. 
jlished  by  Ferguson  j 

itorship  was  si^znal- 
sheet ,  which  WM I 

[if  l,v  t'  ityinehe9.f 
,,11  of  "''*| 

lltb  of  April,  ISodJ 

111  this  ocea^i     'li9l 


„1  licen  fori'Uiiin « 
„•  susiii'ii.'io'i  of  'M 
I,  ,,„bli>li.M  111''  ■""" 
flho  agP  uf  lliif'>-""* 


paper  appeared  for  the  third  time  in  an  enlarged 
form.  It  continued  to  f^row  until  on  the  lilst  of 
March,  1857,  its  tile  was  increased  to  twenty-four  by 
thiity-six  inches.  On  the  3d  of  July  of  this  year, 
Mr.  Faucett  purchased  Mr.  Ferguson's  interest,  and 
thus  became  the  solo  proprietor  und  editor.  In  1858 
the  Heralil  was  printed  nt  No.  24  Market  Street, 
between  Main  and  Second  Streets.  Attached  to  the 
regular  publishing  establishment  was  a  job  office  under 
the  charge  of  E.  H.  A.  Habieht. 

The  St.  Louis  Leader  was  a  daily,  tri-wceicly,  and 
weekly  Democratic  journal,  which  was  published  at 
JJo.  48  Third  Street,  corner  of  Pine.     It  had   its 
origin  in  a  religious  paper  of  the  same  name  published 
in  the  interest  of  the  Catholic  Church,  and  which  had 
been  established  early  in  1855.     The  founders  of  this 
journal  had  made  proposals  to  Dr.  J.  V.  Huntington, 
then  editor  of  the  Baltimore  Melvopolitim  Mugaziiie, 
who  was  visiting  St.  Louis  by  invitation  of  tlic  Catholic 
Institute  as  a  lecturer,  to  aid  them  in  establishing  a 
Cathidio  journal.     Satisfactory  arrangements  having 
been  effected,  subscriptions  were  raised  and  paid  over 
to  Dr.  Huntington,  who  was  recognized  as  both  pro- 
prietor and   editor  of  the  new   journal.     The  first 
number  of  the  Lrailer  appeared  on  the  10th  of  March, 
18.55,  and  the   publication  was  continued   regularly 
until  the  summer  of  1856,  when   Dr.   Huntington 
I  determined  to  take  part  in  the  political  campaign  of  that 
year.     In  order  to  do  this  more  effectively  ho  estab- 
1  lishcd,  on  the  1st  of  July,  1856,  the  Daifj/  Evening 
Imilfr,  which  warmly  espoused  the  Democratic  cause. 
I  Tlie  weekly  was  also  continued  in  its  original  form. 
.it  that  time  the  Kvming  Pilot,  established  June  25, 
1 1854,  was  the  recognized  Democratic  organ  of  the 
city;  but  such  was  the  success  of  the  Leader  that 
early  in  the  fall  Charles  L.  Hunt  entered   into  an 
itraiigenient  with  the  proprietors  of  the  Leader  and 
I'iht,  which  resulted  in  the  purchase  of  the  Pilot, 
tk  consolidation  of  the  two  interests,  and  the  cstnb- 
llishment  of  a  new  daily  morning  paper,  which  retuinnd 
I  ike  name  of  the  Leader,  John  V.  Huntington  and 
liarles  L.  Hunt  becoming  its  joint  proprietors.     The 
Itm  number  of  the  new  daily  was  issued  on  the  13th 
I  of  October,  1856.     It  was  recognized  at  once  as  the 
I  regular  organ  of  the  Democratic  party.     The  editors 
liere  Dr.  Huntington  and  William  Seay.   The  Snndai/ 
Ujimkr,  a  literary  edition  of  the  paper,  was  established 
I ia  the  spring  of  1857,  under  the  editorial  charge  of 
1  Donald  McLeod.     In  the  fall  of  this  year,  Mr.  Hunt 
[hiving  purchased   the  interest  of  his  partner.  Dr. 
itington,  became  sole  proprietor,  and  in  February, 
11858,  placed  the  Leader  under  the  charge  of  Edward 
|V.  Jol     ion ;  Mr.  Seay  retaining  his  post  as  political 


editor.  Mr.  Johnston  had  previously  been  connected 
with  the  National  liittlliijencrr,  the  liichmiiml  Whig, 
and  the  A'isMJ  Orleans  (h-esrenl.  The  paper,  which 
bad  been  a  quarto,  was  transformed  into  a  folio,  and 
in  its  new  shape  enjoyed  t  greatly  increased  prosperity. 
Four  editions  were  published, — daily,  Sunday,  tri- 
weekly, and  weekly.  In  18.)8,  Mr.  Johnston  bought 
the  paper,  and  Messrs.  Hunt  and  Seay  withdrew. 
The  Leader  then  became  independent  in  politics,  and 
about  two  months  akev  its  purchase  by  Mr.  Johnston 
suspended  publication.  Johnston  was  one  of  the 
most  brilliant  and  effective  writers  over  employed  on 
the  St.  Louis  press,  and  for  some  years  was  prominently 
connected  with  the  Mercantile  Library.  He  was 
highly  educated,  and  died  in  1867,  deeply  regretted. 

The  St.  Louis  Times. — There  have  been  four  news- 
papers established  in  St.  Louis  with  the  name  of 
Times.     The  earliest  of  these  was  founded  in  June, 

1829,  by  Stine  &  Miller.  While  Democratic  in  tone, 
the  paper  was  violently  opposed  to  Senator  Thomas 
H.  Benton,  then  the  acknowledged  leader  of  the  Mis- 
souri Democracy.    S.  W.  Foreman  was  the  editor.    In 

1830,  Mr.  Stine  retired,  and  the  papier  passed  into 
the  hands  of  T.  J.  Miller  &  Co.,  the  "  company" 
being  Rev.  E.  P.  Lovejoy,  better  known  as  "  the 
Alton  martyr,"  who  withdrew  from  the  paper  in  Feb- 
ruary, 1831.  Mr.  Lovejoy's  interest  was  purchased 
by  J.  L.  Murray  and  R.  K.  Richards.  F'inally,  in 
1832,  the  paper  was  sold  under  legal  process.  Charles 
Keemle  purchased  the  plant,  but  allowed  the  paper  to 
expire. 

The  Rev.  E.  P.  Lovejoy,  owing  to  his  extreme 
abolition  principles,  passed  through  a  stormy  career, 
ending  in  death  at  the  hands  ol'  the  Alton  mob. 
During  his  connection  with  the  Times  he  gave  the 
paper  a  strong  abolition  bias.  He  was  of  the  Pres- 
byterian faith,  and  in  1833  or  1834  started  a  religious 
paper  in  St.  Louis,  called  the  »SV.  Lonis  Observer. 
This  journal  was  so  strongly  tinctured  with  the  edi- 
tor's political  views  that  both  he  and  his  paper  be- 
came exceedingly  obnoxious  to  the  people,  and  in 
June,  1836,  a  small  mob  visited  the  office  of  the  Ob- 
server, upset  the  press,  and  threw  the  type  into  the 
street.  Subsequently  Rev.  Mr.  Lovejoy  took  his 
press  and  type  and  went  to  Alton,  111.,  but  his  char- 
acter as  an  agitator  having  preceded  him,  a  party  of 
Alton  citizens  on  his  arrival  cast  both  press  and  type 
into  the  Mississippi.  On  giving  a  pledge  that  he 
would  confine  his  journalistic  work  exclusively  to  re- 
ligion, Mr.  Lovejoy  was  permitted  to  revive  his  paper 
and  publish  it  there  under  the  title  of  the  Alton  Ob- 
server. For  a  while  he  kept  his  pledge,  but  finally 
disregarded  it  and  renewed  the  publication  of  aboli- 


A-'\ 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


tionist  ai'p;un)ents.  Again  hvs  office  wab  ruidcd  and  the 
press  and  type  thrown  into  tho  Missispippi.  A  new 
press  was  ordered,  and  on  the  citizens  of  Alton  de- 
claring it  enuld  not  be  landed,  soino  of  Mr.  Lovejoy's 
political  friends  armed  themselves  and  attempted  to 
(^uvrd  it.  A  riot  ensued,  in  which  a  citizen  and  Lovc- 
jov  were  killed  and  others  wounded. 

Anothci  paper  appeared  April  3,  1850,  under  the 
title  of  the  St.  Louis  Times.  It  was  Democratic, 
and  mi8  published  daily,  weekly,  and  tri-weckly. 
Judge  Walker,  fornitnly  of  the  AVw  Orleans  Delta, 
wa?  editor,  and  Mr.  McFarlund,  also  a  journalist,  was 
associated  with  hiui.  Durin<;  the  first  month  of  its 
existence  A,  H.  Buckner  became  the  editor.  In  a 
few  months,  however,  the  paper  became  embarrai:9ed, 
«nd  was  purchased  by  W.  B.  Foster,  and  John  Lough- 
borough  became  editor,  vice,  B'ickner,  retired.  In  Jan- 
uary, 1852,  Mr.  Foster  associated  with  him  Willia-i 
R.  Price.  In  October  of  the  same  yeur  tho  Unin.i 
was  absorbed,  and  the  two  were  published  as  the  St. 
Loiiin  Tones,  by  Philips,  Price  &  Norris.  Air.  Foster 
having  previously  sold  his  interest  to  Mr.  Price. 
This  is  the  Inst  account  we  find  of  it. 

In  September,  1858,  still  another  St.  Louis  Times 
was  started,  but  seems  to  have  had  a  very  brief  exist- 
ence. 

Vlie  fourth  and  last  St.  Loin's  Times  was  estab- 
lished in  July.  18G(i,  and  its  career  nflbrds  one  of  the 
most  ii:tcro!>ting  chapters  in  the  history  of  St.  Louis 
journalism.  Its  founders  were  D.  H.  Mahoney, 
Stilson  Iluichins,  and  John  Ilodnett,  all  of  Iowa, 
where  liutchins  had  made  a  notable  record  as  a  State- 
rights  Democratic  editor.  The  design  was  to  estab- 
lish a  paper  more  a;_-gre»sively  Democratic  than  the 
Kepiitiliiaii  was  supposed  to  be.  The  paper  was  in- 
tensely Soutiiern  in  tone.  Under  the  management  of 
Hutchins,  who  was  the  editor,  it  soon  became  un  influ- 
ence, and  was  recognized  as  one  of  the  most  sprightly 
papers  St.  Louis  had  ev^^r  had.  Still  it  suffered  from 
the  lack  of  sufficient  funds  (the  original  capital  was 
only  sis  thousand  dollars),  and  the  early  files  show 
a  good  deal  of  crudeness.  In  December,  18t)7,  Ma- 
honey withdrew  and  returned  to  Iowa,  and  in  18(ii) 
Muj.  Henry  Kwing,  of  Tennessee,  bought  a  third  in- 
terest. His  money  put  the  paper  fairly  on  its  feet, 
and  it  prospered  to  such  an  cxter,t  that  in  July  1872, 
Hutchins  sold  Kwing  his  interest  for  tho  handsome 
sum  of  one  hundred  thousand  dollars.  Kwing  died 
in  1873,  and  a  new  management  succeeded,  with  C. 
A.  Maniz  as  president.  Prominent  in  the  combination 
was  also  John  Ilodnett  and  tiio  Hon.  G,  B.  Clark,  who, 
however,  soon  retired.  Maj.  C.  C.  Rainwater  then 
went  into  the  oompatiy.     In  Juno,  1874,  Frank  J. 


Bowmao  and  the  Hon.  Uel.sus  Price  obtained  a  con- 
trolling interest,  and  put  (Jol.  K.  II.  E.  Jam.  -iin  ji, 
charge.  Col,  Jameson  was  soon  afterwards  suiM-ocded 
by  Mr.  Hutchins. 

On  the  5th  of  June,  1875,  Senator  Celsus  IVice 
entered  the  Times  office  and  took  passcssion  of  its  en- 
tiro  management,  conferred  upon  him  by  a  vcito  uf 
the  directory,  Charles  A.  Mantz  and  Kstill  .Millcnry 
having  voted  to  remove  Mr.  Hutchins  and  iilacc  .Mr. 
Price  in  control.  The  finances  of  the  paper  went  on 
from  bad  to  worsa,  and  ultimately,  in  July,  IST").  I). 
C.  Stone  sold  out  the  concern  on  a  deed  of  dust  f(;r 
one  hundred  and  thirty -one  thousand  two  hundivi  a:it 
fifty  dollars  to  Col.  John  T.  Crisji,  a  well-known  poli- 
tician, who  reinstated  Hutchins,  under  wliu.ne  inanauc- 
ment  aflairs  revived.  Among  those  associated  with 
him  were  R.  H.  Sylvester,  a  forcible  writer  ;  Mni.  Jolin 
N  Edwards,  now  of  tho  Sedalia  (Mo.)  Deiiiucnil ;  and 
Waltei  B.  Stevens,  now  the  capable  city  editor  of  the 
Globe- Democrat.  J.  11.  Lambert,  formi'riy  ul"  the 
AfiW  York  Sun,  was  -ilso  a  writer  on  the  papur.  The 
Times  was  distinguished  for  it  clear  and  I'moilile  ut- 
terances, and  it  performed  especially  able  work  during 
tho  Presidential  campaign  of  1876;  bat  various  cir- 
cumstances conspired  to  prevent  a  repetition  of  the  I 
early  financial  success.  The  concern  was  coiitiiiually  j 
embarrassed,  and  in  May,  1877,  B.  M.  Cliauilwr.s.  a 
banker,  having  purchased  the  property  at  public  saio  j 
for  filly  thousand  dollars,  assumed  control,  ami  dis- 
placed Mr.  Hutchins,  who  announced  his  iiUenlinn  nfl 
commencing  the  practice  of  law. 

Mr.  Chambers  appointed  R.  H.  Sylvester  niana^'ins;  j 
editor,  Edward  Willet  political  editor,  W.  H.  Sioviiisj 
city  editor,  J.  H.  Carlin  assistant  city  editor,  ami  C.i 
S.  Fisher  business  manager.  Chambers'  nionev  kopti 
the  paper  afloat  until  November,  1878.  when  a  part- 
nership was  formed  with  Walcott  &  Hume,  who  were! 
then  conducting  the  Joiirnaf,  and  from  Nov.  llij 
1878,  to  Oct.  23,  1879,  the  paper  ajipcarod  .ih  ilia 
Times-Journal.  Hume  became  tlu^  editor  of  ihtj 
cohibinution,  and  Walcott  the  business  niaiiauiT. 

The  Journal  originated  with  the  lldnd/ix-Z'ihmi 
(progenitor  of  the  Age  of  Steel,  as  ineiitionod  in  ihi 
history  of  that  japer),  which  whs  estab'.i.^lu'il  in  H,')8 
Itbecap;utho  property  of  Walcott&  Iluinc,  wlmcali 
it  the  Journal  of  Commerce,  and  projected  a  diilj 
evening  edition.  The  Daily  Juunin/,  tiius  c.<ial( 
lishcd,  was  under  the  management  of  Mr.  Ilunic,  | 
forcible  writer. 

In    18711  tho  Journal  yiM  sold,  subject  In  a  lin 
mortgage  of   fifleen    thousand  six   hundred  lioilan 
which  was  given  Juno  1,   1877,  bearing  interest 
the  rate  of  nine  per  cent.,  with  H.  L,  Sutton  as  trusta 


THE  PRESS. 


923 


iiied  a  con- 
[uiii<  -on  in 

«  siii'i'oeded 

elsus  Price 
n  of  its  iMi- 
y  a  vijtfi  of 
11  Miilonry 
id  iiliici!  Mr. 
iper  wi'iit  on 
ly,  1875,  1). 
of  trust  i'cr 
huiidii"'  a;ii 
-known  poli- 
lose  iiiiiiia'.'o- 
iocitttcd  with 
r ;  Miij.  Jolm 
viitiici-iil ;  and 
editor  of  the 
niorly  of  the 
B  paper.    Tiie 
J  forcildc  ut- 
D  work  during 
at  various  cir- 
)etition  of  tlie 
ras  continually 
,  Cliaudwrs.  x 
r  at  ]i\il>lio  sale 


rol.  and  dis- 
is  iiileuticin  nf  I 


iti 


tor  niana:;in^j 

f.  1$.  Stovi'iisJ 

•ditov,  and  ('. 

uionoy  ki'ptj 

when  a  inirl-| 

inio,  who  wiTol 

rom    Nov.  lt)4 

ipoari'd  .IS  ih« 

oditor  of  iliaj 

manasicr. 

Mitionod  in  ih^ 
islu'd  in  H'i8| 
lino,  \slioc;il' 
■iij.M'li'd  a  'lii'l 
((/,  thus  ostiiB 
Mr.  lluiui-,| 

Lijoi't  to  a  tin 
ilidrcd  dnliatl 
in^'  interest 
ilton  as  trusts 


t"  John  E.  Lawton,  representing  Williamson,  Stewart  ' 
ji  V.O.,  wholesale  paper  dealers.  Previous  to  this  ' 
transaction  the  Journal  had  been  published  in  con-  . 
ncciion  with  thv  DiKpofch,  and  subsequently  it  was  ' 
Iscorporated  witli  the  ?Vme»,  and  the  paper  was  known  ; 
as  the  Timrs-Joiiiiinl,  as  stated  above.  In  politics  it  , 
ira.s  independent. 

In  July,  1879,  Chambers,  who  owned  three-fifths  i 
of  the  £tock  (then  rated  at  one  hundred  t'.iousand 
Jolla'-'*),  placed  A.  S.  Mitchell,  formerly  of  the  Acws  j 
and  Intrlllgenwr,  etc.,  in  charge  of  the  Ttmcs-Journal,  I 
advertised  the  paper  for  sale.  Walcott  &  Hume  ; 
took  legal  steps  ugainst  Chumbers'  proceedings.  \ 

In  August,  1879,  Chambers  sold  the  paper  to  Dr. 
Jatncs  P.  Bock,  of  St.  Louis,  who  assumed  the  in-  , 
debtednuss  and  mortgages,  some  fifk.y  thousand  dollars  . 
I  in  all,  and  continued  Mitchell  as  manager  and  editor,  ' 
I  but  Walcott  &  Hume's  vigorous  opposition  disheart- 
ened liim,  and  he  threw  the  paper  back  on  Chambers'  , 
hands.  The  'fi's.ex-Jonrnal  was  then  in  debt  to  the  | 
I  estcnt  of  fifty  thousand  dollars.  ^ 

Finally,  in   October,  1879,  Chambers  di,«posed  of  i 
I  the  paper  to  J.  H.  U.  CundiiT,  then  a  resident  of  St. 
Jiiscph,  Mo.,  but  now  of  the  editorial  staff  of  the 
\^.L<iin»  Jifpiihlivan,  wh')dr()])ped  Juiinin/  from  the 
title  and  mado  the  paper  une<|uivocally  Democratic, 
liodso  conducted  it  through   the   Presidential  cam- 
[«i;,'n  of  1880,  when,  becoming  persuaded  that  he 
could  not  lunger  sustain  the  paper,  he  made  arrange- 
ments with  the   Rrpiiillcan  to  print  it,  lii.s  intention 
ltiein>!  to   fulfill    his    i-ontracts   and   discontinue  the 
I  (Hierpri.se. 
John  Hampton  lioads  Cundiflf  was  born  in  Hump- 
■liirc  County,  Va..  Nov. '.'0,  1832.  His  parents,  Lay  ton 
p.  and  Hannah  Cundiff,  emigrated  west,  and  settled 
I  in  Buchanan  County,  Mo.,  in  1840.     When  James 
l»aii  fourteen  years  of  uge  his  father  returned  on  a 
lksino».s  t.'ip  to  the  East,  where  he  died.     His  patcr- 
sil  u'ra'idliither  was  a  descendant  of  a  French   Hu- 
Ip-mit  family,  and  his  grandfathers  on  both  sides 
lierved  in  the  Iverolutionary  army.     His  early  educa- 
liional  advantages  were  limited,  owing  to  the  lack  of 
Itroitcr  facilities  in  the  neighborhood,  and  at  the  age 
loffificen  lie  apprcnticod  himself  to  the  printing  busi- 
ym.    On  reaching  his  majority  he  began  the  pub- 
lioilnn  of  n  country  newspaper  at   Parkville,  Mo. 
I  He  wa.s  moderately  successful,  but  disposed  of  the 
l}ro|H'rty  in  1854.      During  the  same  year,  in  conjunc- 
lijii  with  1'.  S,  P'biitH,  he  purchased  the  .SV.  ./tisr/ih 
ICwV/c,  which  was  then  a  weekly  paper.     In  1857 
lifv  heiiaii  the  publication  of  a  daily  journal,  the  first 
liiSi.  .loseph  and  the  first  in  Northwestern  Missouri. 
IliJune,  18G1,  he  joined  the  Confederate  army  under 


Gen.  Sterling  Price,  and  served  throughout  the  war, 
beginning  as  a  private  and  advancing  by  successive 
promotions  to  the  rank  of  colonel,  and  taking  part  in 
a  number  of  battles  in  Louisiana,  Mississippi,  Ten- 
nessee, Aikansas,  and  Missouri.  In  18G5  he  went  to 
Mexico,  and  was  occupied  some  time  in  farming  in  the 
State  of  San  Luis  I'otosi.  In  IStiG  ho  obtained  a 
position  with  the  Imperial  Railway  Company,  oper- 
ating a  road  between  the  cities  of  Mexico  and  \'era 
Cruz.  He  remained  in  this  capacity  until  August, 
1867.  In  June  of  the  following  year  he  returned  to 
St.  Jostiph,  and  revived  the  .SV.  Jnfrph  d'nzri/r  where 
it  had  been  left  in  1861.  Although  the  enterprise  was 
undertaken  without  capital,  it  proved  so  successful  as 
to  make  the  paper  worth  twenty-five  tlioui^and  dollars, 
for  which  it  was  sold  in  1873.  Mr.  Cundift'  was 
elected  clerk  of  Buchanan  (!ounty  Circuit  Court  in 
1874,  and  served  a  number  of  times  on  the  Demo- 
cratic State  Central  Committee.  On  tlio  1 1th  of  Oc- 
tober, 1855,  ho  married  Miss  Cecilia  E.  Keedy,  daugh- 
ter of  Dr.  Daniel  G.  Keedy.  He  is  now  one  of  the 
valued  I'lembcrs  of  the  liepuUivniiK  staff,  and  is 
widely  recognized  as  a  vigorous  and  brilliant  writer. 

Under  the  agreement  made  betwoon  Mr.  Cuii- 
diff  and  the  propriotoi's  of  the  Rtjuili/inm  in  1879, 
the  Tiiiifs  was  printed  with  the  /i'efmUi'cuii'a 
forms,  and  was  in  fact  the  Rcpii/</ic(iii,  except  in 
name.  Chambers  objected  tu  th's  proceeding  and 
sought  to  enjoin,  but  the  application  was  refused  by 
the  Court,  and  Frank  J.  Bowman,  the  lawyer,  who 
owned  twenty-eight  thousand  dollars  of  Chambers' 
notes,  secured  by  mortgage  on  the  paper,  placed  a 
trustee  in  possession  of  the  concern,  had  a  re;;civer 
appointed  (Charles  Grooii),  and  procured  an  order  for 
a  sale  of  the  paper  under  foreclosure.  The  sale  took 
place  Feb.  8,  1881,  and  the  paper  was  struck  off  to 
Mr.  Bowman  for  twenty-four  thousand  five  hundred 
and  fifty  dollars.  The  check  for  the  purchase-money 
was  given  by  George  Knapp  &  Co.,  proprietors  of  the 
Itrpuhlmm,  for  which  paper  thy  sale  was  a  decided 
victory,  as  it  removed  effectually  from  compotition  the 
only  important  Democratic  rival  it  ever  had. 

Thus  ended  the  checkered  career  of  the  TitiuH. 
The  amount  of  money  lost  in  conducting  it  has  never 
been  definitely  ascertained,  but  it  must  have  been  a 
very  large  sum.  Slilson  Hulchi'is  was  jiractically  the 
creator  of  the  Tiimn.  He  was  born  in  New  Hamp- 
shire in  1838,  was  partially  educated  at  Boston,  and 
attended  Harvard  University  for  a  season,  but  did  not 
complete  the  course.  When  but  sixteen  yeur«  of  age 
he  contributed  to  tlie  lionton  I'ott,  Ihinlnii  llrnild, 
and  other  journals.  In  1855  he  went  West,  and  C(m- 
ducted   the  North  /owati  with  such  ability  that  in 


Bi.;-;;  t 


924 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


1859  he  WdS  induced  to  take  charge  of  the  Journal 
at  Des  Moines,  but  public  sentiment  induced  by  the 
war  rendered  his  Stnte-rights  views  unpopular,  and 
he  was  forced  to  dispose  of  his  interest  in  that  paper. 
Soon  afterwards  he  assumed  the  control  of  the  Du- 
buque Herald,  the  oldest  and  most  influential  Demo- 
cratic paper  in  the  State,  and  his  vigilance  and  courage 
during  the  crucial  years  of  the  war  made  him  nation- 
ally famous.  In  18G5  he  retired  from  this  paper, 
and  the  next  year  assisted  in  establishing  the  St.  Louis 
Times.  The  paper,  as  already  stated,  had  not  much 
money,  but  Hutchins'  energy  and  ability  made  up  for 
the  lack  of  it.  For  months  his  labors  were  of  the 
most  exhausting  character,  for  much  of  the  time  he 
was  editor,  business  manager,  pressman,  solicitor,  and 
reporter,  but  his  ability  and  untiring  energy  soon  met 
with  proper  appreciation,  and  the  Times  made  money 
very  fast.  In  1872  he  was  elected  to  represent  the 
Sixth  District  of  St.  Louis  in  the  Legislature,  and 
was  prominent  as  a  debater  in  that  body.  In  Janu- 
ary, 1873,  he  bought  a  controlling  interest  in  the  Sf. 
Louis  Dispatch,  but  it  was  not  a  paying  investment. 
In  the  winter  of  1875  he  resumed  control  of  the 
Times  again,  and  for  some  months  managed  both  the 
papers  personally.  Finally  he  sold  the  Dispatch,  and 
concentrated  his  efforts  on  the  Tiims.  In  1874  he 
was  again  ;flect<>d  to  the  Legislature.  In  1877  he 
lefl  St.  Louis  to  uwume  the  editorship  of  the  Wash- 
iufftoii  Post,  which  position  he  now  occupies. 
•  A,^  a  writer,  Mr.  Hutchins  is  clear,  humorous,  and 
incisive,  with  a  tendency  to  irony  and  sarcasm  of  the 
keenest  sort.  He  is  rapid  and  fecund  in  composition, 
and  his  energy  and  versatility  are  shown  in  his  labors 
during  the  early  years  cf  the  Times.  He  possesses 
social  (jualities  of  a  high  order,  and  he  has  many  de- 
voted friends  in  St.  Loui;;,  but  his  aggressiveness 
made  him  many  enemies,  and  to  this  fact  must  prob- 
ably be  attributed  much  of  his  want  of  success  during 
the  later  years  of  nis  residence  in  that  city. 

Muj.  Henry  Ewing,  proprietor  of  the  Times  after 
the  Grst  withdrawal  of  Stilson  Hutchins  from  the 
management,  dio''  on  the  13th  of  June,  1873.  He 
was  born  in  Nashville,  Tcnii.,  in  1841,  and  was  the 
son  of  ( )rville  Kwing.  The  family  was  one  ol'  the 
most  influential  in  Tennessee.  In  18()3  he  was  mar- 
ried to  Knima,  daughter  of  E.  T.  Burr,  of  IJutcsville, 
Ark.  When  the  war  broke  out  Maj.  Kwing  espoused 
the  hide  of  the  South,  and  served  with  gallantry  and 
distinction  during  the  war.  He  wus  a  member  of 
Gen.  Zollicotter's  statf,  and  wus  by  the  side  of  that 
officer  when  he  wos  killed  at  the  battle  of  Mill 
Springs.  Ho  also  took  part  in  the  battles  of  Shiloh 
and  Corinth,  and  was  ailerwards  assigned  to  duty  on 


the  ;tatt  of  Gen.  John  S.  Marmaduke,  and  partici- 
pated in  all  the  important  engagements  in  tlii'  Inm. 
Mississippi  department  until  the  close  of  the  war. 

After  the  capture  of  Gen.  Marmaduke  he  lH>canie 
Gen.  Fagin's  chief  of  staff,  which  was  the  last  iidsition 
he  held  in  the  army.  At  the  close  of  the  war  he 
returned  to  Nashville  and  establi.shed  the  wliolcsale 
grocery-house  of  Ewing  &  Co.,  which  is  now  one  nf  i 
the  most  extensive  in  the  South.  In  the  fall  uf  18i;9 
he  removed  to  St.  Louis  and  bought  a  third  interest 
in  the  Times,  Stilson  Hutchins  and  John  lludnett 
owning  the  other  two-thirds.  In  August  1S72,  he 
bought  Mr.  Hutchins'  interest,  and  subsequently  held 
the  controlling  interest  in  that  paper. 

The  Globe-Democrat  originated  with  the  Ihrnncmt, 
which,  in  turn,  was  the  descendant  of  the  old  Argui\ 
and  the  Signal,  both  of  which  were  conducted  bv 
William    McKee.       The   Argus   was   originally  the  I 
Workingman  s  Ai'-  ,cate,  a  Democratic  paper  ettab- 
lishcd    in    1831  and   afterwards   sold  to  licjwlin  ^ 
Mayfield,  who  transformed  it  into  the  .■\rgiis. 

Mr.  Bowlin  was  for  a  long  time  judge  of  the  Criiu- 
inal  Court  of  St.  Louis  County,  and  was  also  uiini^ierl 
to  Paraguay.     Early  in  1838  the  Argus  became  ai 
daily,  having  passed  through  the  hands  uf  Mi's:<n!.  I 
Mayfield,    Lawhead    &   Corbin.       It    was   now  tbel 
property  of  the  Messrs.  Watson,  who  were  conipelW' 
to    suspend    in    Novetaber,  1839.      On    the   ni 
day  Andrew  Jackson  Davis  became  the  picipriutor,! 
and  made  William  Gilpin  editor.    In  June,  ISIil,  .Mr.| 
Davis  was  killed  in  a  street  encounter  with  \V.  R 
Dames.      An   article   reflecting   on   youn^'    IJariiejl 
had  appeared  in  the  Argus.     It  was  written  by  (iil-j 
pin,   the   editor,  and    Darnes   informed   Davis  that 
he  would    hold    him    personally  respon.sible  in  tliaj 
future  for  like  publications.     He  wuf  also  sivere  in 
his  strictures  on  Gilpin,  and  the  latter  wrote  an  cvii) 
more  bitter  article,  which  was  published  ;  wh('ii'U|»)ii 
Darnes,  having  purchased  a  small  iron  eaiie,  huiitoi 
up  Davis,  and  assaulted  him  in  such  a  maiiuer  that  hJ 
died  a  day  or  two  later.     Darnes  was  tried,  lonviotci 
of  manslaughter,  and  fined  'ive  hundred  dollar^.    .\J 
R.  Corbin  succeeded  Davis  us  ijroprietor,  and  a.«.siiLil 
atcd  with    him   II.  S.   Higgins,  John  l^liiiuley.  iiiiJ 
William   Corse.       In    December,  1841,  .^lr.  Oirln^ 
announced  the  failure  of  the  Argus,  which  passet 
into  the  hands  of  Shadrach  Penn,'  a  prominent  Lmiid 

■  iSliailraoh  Pono,  Jr.,  was  l)arn  in  Marvluml,  r  lmt  FrilTilj 
While  lie  nrui  quite  younx  liin   pnrcnin  reiiiovnl  l,>  ii  larm 
tlio  iiitiTJor  111'  Kentucky.     Wlien  he  booainenf  ^uiiiliK  sf 
cominiinuiul  lri>riiin|{  the  art  of  printing,  sli(iwi»(!  i-  iir  ,i|i|ir'i 
tioo  that  remarliahle  vigor  of  ulylo  nnd  lunilni-'  It  I'jlitio 
writing  for  which  he  wiw  iiftorwardii  distiiiguifliel.    ilt'l 


1, 1  iMf  Yw\'n'\ 

i,f  .iiliilili-i«>' 
in,;  K  i\n  .iiip''< 

guisliel.    II"' 


vvv'/ern'msifi-- 


I 


>;•;■.  ■.♦■: 


1    * 


,lS4il,Mr,| 

witli  W.  I'.l 

ouiij:    DariitsI 

it  ten  l)y  (iil- 

l);ivis  iliatj 

nsibli'  in  ill 

SI)  severe  IBI 

role  iiii  cvn 

;  wlu'ri'ii)! 

I'llIU',  llUIltlfl 

iiim'Vtliathd 
ril,  I'lMivii'lrfl 

i  ,lolhirs. 
r,  and  ;i>S"i:il 
(^(ii'pilcy.  anJ 
,  Mr,  M<\\ 
wliii'li  jiii*- 
iiiiiii'iil  I'liiiH 


■;-■  €'■■ 

X    lis 


i'! 


924 


uiiisl  ij; 


UTaTABV    ni?    a  «  TKTm    t  r»f ttci 


•(       Vj     At,    llilj...j4', 

iii    in-  iv.'  ■  ■  I    !i.c 


'T  .I'.fl  i*;ir  rr 


wl.ich  w- 


>l'>lu.        Ill    IHk 


jiih  (.■{'  till'  III 


■  f  lliiid'! 


«:  fiiiHruilijlL'  i'ji.rvMt  ir>  that.  j»upor. 
The  (J!ob?-r»i-iiioeraf  iri>;ici:ii.>.l  •  itlj  (■ 


■  '.V      It     ,;    t 


i  lln      .'i>';'«.i 


•J    "■•       niiuug  iiir  nil M   lie  Mtitu  ultorwnrdi)  Ulatliiguisl.eil.    Ili4 


«3:©IRM13M    i?©ijnTM    AM©    PlKl^    STKSISTS, 


villc  journalist 
Reporter,  whicF 
Samuel  Treat,  t 
one  of  its  editoi 

Mr.  Penn  die 
ihen  sold  to  L. 
the  I  ^11  ion.  It 
Ricliiird  Pliillipi 
Kee.  tliori  piiblis 
who  iiior^ed  botl 
one  (if  the  progc 

Tlio  SiffHdl  w 
ihc  first  Free-S( 
lablislied  in  18-J 
Bridp',  0.  D.  F 
Alfri'il  Vinton,  1 
opposed  to  the  ( 
Francis  P.  Blair. 
licatioti  was  disc 


I  frequently  left  to  ma 
I  fitb  irliioh  ho  wa.'4 

Iwcniy-one  years  of 

olhiT  geiitleDirn  of 
I  ibfir  liliniries,  from 
I  kni'fflpilge,  being  o 
I  !lie  Jrii'iire  of  goverr 
I  ill  iiiHiiu^^enicnt  of  f] 
I  ioon  bi'i'iuiie  I'clebrii 
I  ilsuirhlor  (if  the  gull 

iiiluiileeroil  as  a  priv 

a\  nil?  with  (loveri 
IXiirtliKi'iiicrn  froiitici 
I  tkf  rivi'i-  TImine.'i.  11 
|u<ler  the  immediate 
Al  the  close  of  the 
limali'  atVnirs,  but  so 
|iiiiii);i'i]]cnt  o'  u  i.'ui 
liho|ireilic'leil  thiit  Oe 
liiraov.  unci  as  early  » 
lafcjocl,  urging  the  cl 
Ibufh  there  were  onl 
litlbt  time  to  8u|i|>ur 
IwMr.  Penn  hesitate 
|K.lilic|.o|iuliirlty  of  li 
Iw-mTiu),'  in  his  9up| 

I'liriiiiitho  violent  s 
Im!  .Mr.  I'eiin  opp 
Irtil  victor  the  new  m 
li",  the  Comnionweii 
lfrind|ilp.  I'lir  whieh  h 
Im'tIuus  opponents. 

I'uriii);  lien.  Jiieksoi 

Imioii  of  ihe  tlien  Pres 

Wit  ihf  fiiiiioiia  pnnio  gi 

i:  If',  puhlishcd  in  si 

ilifii'liuiiiistration. 

'H  lliiri'n's  niensurvai 
|:^ilk'  I'icrtion  of  Proa 
-  "1. 1."iiis,  eatabliabei 
lijilini;  it. 


THE   PRESS. 


925 


villc   journalist,    who   revived    it    as    the  Mmoiiri  ': 
Hrporter,  which  soon  became  an  influential  journal.  ' 
Samuel  Treat,  afterwards  the  well-known  jurist,  was 
one  of  its  editors. 

Mr.  Penn  died  June  16,  1846,  and  the  paper  was 
ihen  Hold  to  L.  Pickering,  who  changed  its  name  to 
the  rnion.  It  finally  drifted  into  the  hands  of 
Ricluird  Phillips  and  then  into  those  of  William  Mc- 
Kee.  then  publishing  the  Siffiiul,  a  Free-Soil  paper, 

»ho  lucrged  both  papers  into  the  Mmouri  Dcmorntt, 
I  one  of  the  progenitors  of  the  Globe- Democrat. 

Tlio  Siijiiiil  was  the  successor  of  the  Banil/inmr, 

ihe  lirst  Free-Soil  paper  in  Missouri,  which  was  es- 

lablislied  in  1849  \)y   William    McKee,  Hudson  E. 

BriJgi",  0.  D.  Filkj,  John   How,  John   M.  Kruni, 
1  Alfrt'tl  Vinton,  Edward  Walsh   and  others  who  were 

iipposcd  to  the  extension  of  slt.very.     Itfi  editor  was 
I  Francis  P.  Blair.    In  less  than  three  months  its  pub- 

llcatiuii  was  discontinued,  but  in  1850  it  was  suc- 


trtquently  left  tn  manngc  tho  editorial  department  nf  the  piiper 

lilli  wliijh  ho  wftii  connected  iis  nn  apprentice  before  ho  wiis 

I  ifentj'one  years  of  age.     The  Hon.  John  J.  Crittenden  and 

ither  i;outlenipn  of  tho  legul  pr»fe8.«ion  i;avo  him  tho  use  of 

I  ihcir  libraries,  from  which  ho  stored    his    mind  with    useful 

I  IniiitlflKCi   being   ejpccially    devoted    to   such   n.«    relnlcd   ti> 

I  tbeJi'icnce  of  government.     At  hi.<*t  he  undertook  tho  editor- 

I  ill  in8nii;;enicnt  of  n  political  paper  in  (ieorgetown,  Ky.,  «nd 

Kion  bi'i'ume  celobrated  as  a  political  journnlist.      After  tho 

I'lau'.'hliT  of  the  gallant   Kentuckinns  at  tlie  river  liaisin,  he 

iMiunteered  ns  a  private  in  common  with  many  of  his  friends, 

1  nil?  with  (lovornor  .Shelby  during  tlie  campaign  on  tho 

|\  rtliwi'.ilcrn  frontier,  which  was  terniinatcd  by  tho  victory  at 

lihrrivci  Tliamcs.     He  was  at  that  battle,  being  then,  however, 

|.:iler  llii'  immediate  command  of  Col.  .Simrall. 

At  the  close  of  the  war  he  engago<l  for  a  short  time  in  mer- 
Imali'  ;ilTiiirs,  but  soon  returned  to  his  favorite  pursuit,  the 
Ixina^i'iiicnt  o''  tt  i'.juiocrati.  journal.  Ho  was  the  first  editor 
III,'  |<rcilioted  that  Geu.  Jackson  would  be  elevated  to  tho  I'rcs- 
liKn).  mill  as  early  as  181".)  wrote  an  elaborate  article  on  the 
hitifcl,  urging  the  claims  of  tho  hero  of  New  Orleans.  Al- 
\\:'\if\t  lliere  were  only  a  few  in  Kentucky  who  were  prepared 
littli:it  time  to  support  (ien,  Jackson  in  preference  to  Mr.  Clay, 
littMr.  I'cnn  hesitated  not  to  endanger  his  private  interests 
lKillic|iii|iutarity  of  his  journal  by  declaring  boldly  for  him  and 
KH'vt'riiig  in  his  support  until  the  close  of  his  administration. 
IiiiriiiL'tlio  violent  struggles  in  Kentucky  on  tho  relief  ques- 
:.!i!  Mr.  I'enn  opposed  the  relief  party,  assailing  with 
IfMi  vijtor  tho  new  court,  stay  laws,  two-thirds  laws,  replevin 
if.  the  Comni'inwealth  Bank,  etc.  Kventually  he  saw  the 
ItMiililo  I'lir  which  he  contended  triumph  over  his  frequently 
|r.ct'>riiiii.>i  opponents. 

liiiriiig  (ten.  Jackson's  administration,  at  tho  earnest  solici- 
lu'.iiiiut'  the  then  President,  ho  remained  at  Washington  dur- 
lb:;hr  t'auious  panio  sessions,  contribuling  greatly  by  his  nblo 
If)  It'.,  published  in  several  Democratic  papers,  to  the  success 
ihcailministration.  He  was  a  lealous  supporter  of  IVesidcnt 
lUg  Buna's  measures  of  publio  policy,  and  labored  assiduously 
lt>i the  election  of  President  Polk.  Subsequently  he  removed 
!'•  't.  I.ouis  established  the  Afimoiiri  llcporler,  and  Jied  while 
lililing  it. 


ceeded  by  the  Slffititl,  published  by  William  McKee 
and  William  Hill,  which  advocated  the  same  views. 
In  1858,  Messrs.  McKee  &  Hill,  having  purchased 
tho  Ionian,  merged  the  two  papers,  as  stated  above, 
into  the  Missouri  Democrat.  The  Democrat  had 
been  established  in  the  interest  of  Col.  Thomas  H. 
Benton  and  the  Free-Soil  wing  of  the  Democratic  party. 
It  was  published  from  August,  1852,  up  to  March  12, 
1853,  when  it  was  incorporated  with  the  Uiiioii  and 
Signal,  retaining  its  own  name.  Francis  P.  Blair 
was  the  chief  editor,  as  well  as  one  of  the  proprietors, 
and  his  principal  associates  and  successors  were  B. 
Gralz  Brown,  afterwards  Governor  of  Missouri,  Peter 
L.  Foy,  and  W.  S.  McKee,  a  cousin  of  William  Mc- 
Kee." 

Published  in  a  slave  Slate,  and  antagonized  by  a 
powerful  and  energetic  political  element,  the  Devno- 
crat  passed  through  a  long  and  arduous  struggle  for 
existence,  but  William  McKce,  to  whom  the  general 
management  of  the  paper  was  intrusted,  succeeded  in 
keeping  it  alive  and  in  paying  off,  in  1859,  the  last 
installment  of  (he  indebtedness  to  llichard  Phillips, 
incurred  in  the  purchase  of  the  Union.     In  1860  the 
paper  was  completely  out  of  debt  and  enjoying  a  fair 
measure  of  prosperity.     The  Democrat,  which   had 
been  an  enthusiastic  advocate  of  Col.  Thomas  H. 
Benton   for  Congress,  and   had  also  supported   the 
adraini-stration    of    President    Buchanan,    gradually 
drifted  into  the  ranks  of  Republicanism,  and  during 
the  campaign  of  1860,  and  throughout  the  agitated 
period  which  succeeded  it,  up  to  the  breaking  out  of 
the  civil  war,  preserved  a  bold  and  consistent  attitude 
in    opposition    to  .secession   and   in    defense   of  the 
Union.     As.'<,  dialed  with   Mr.  McKee  in   the  man- 
agement  of  the    Democrat   was   George  W.   Fish- 
back,  originally  its  commercial  editor  and  afterwards 
a  general  contributor  to  the  editorial  columns,  who 
had   purchased  an  interest  in  the  establishment   in 
January,   1857.      About   the  same   time  B.   Gratz 
Brown  became  part  proprietor,  but  his  interest  was 
subsequently  transferred  to  Mr.  Fishback.    Mr.  Blair 
and  Mr.  Brown  both  severed  their  connection  with 
'  the  paper  in  1865,  and  Daniel  M.  Houser  purchased 
'  a  one-sixth  interest,  the  firm  becoming  McKee,  Fish- 
back   &   Co.      During  the  civil  war  the  Democrat 
was  the  steady  and    unequivocal   supporter  of  the 
administration  at  Washington,  and  of  ita  war  meas- 
ures in  Missouri  and  elsewhere.' 

The  Democrat  had  to  face  not  only  the  rigid  sur- 
veillance of  the  military  authorities  and  the  hostility 

\       >  William  S.  McKcc  died  Oct.  1.1,  1854. 

I      *  At  tho  beginning  of  the  war  one  of  the  principal  cditora 

'  of  the  Democriil  was  A.  H.  Lewis,  who  died  Sept.  26,  1862. 


92ti 


HISTORY   OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


of  the  Southern  sympathizers  of  St.  Louis  and  Mis- 
souri, but  also  the  aiigre^sive  rivalry  of  an  o])position 
journal,  conducted  by  persons,  some  of  whuui  had 
formerly  been  members  of  its  own  staflP.  In  1862 
the  Union,  a  loyal  con.servative  paper,  which  had  its 
origin  in  tlie  Blair-Fremont  difficulty,  was  established 
in  opposition  to  tlie  Democrat.  Gen.  Francis  P.  Blair 
having  procured  the  removal  of  Fremont  from  the 
command  of  the  Missouri  Department,  the  anger  of 
the  Democrat  was  aroused,  and  that  paper  commenced 
a  war  on  Gen.  Blair,  who  was  at  the  time  an  owner 
of  some  of  its  stock.  The  breach  that  occurred  re- 
sulted in  the  establishment  of  the  "  Union  Newspaper 
Company,"  embracing  such  names  aa  those  of  Francis 
P.  Bluir,  0.  D.  Filley,  John  How,  Barton  Able,  and 
other  prominent  Union  men.  P.  L.  Foy  was  the 
editor-in-chief,  A.  W.  Alexander  was  a  leading  edi- 
torial writer,  and  Col.  William  Cuddy  was  managing 
editor.  It  subsequently  became  what  was  then  locally 
known  in  Missouri  politics  as  the  organ  of  the  "  Clay- 
bank"  party,  while  the  opposition  were  stigmatized  as 
"  Charcoals."  The  Union  made  an  energetic  fight 
against  the  Fremont  Republicans,  and  was  the  first 
paper  in  the  West  to  advocate  Mr.  Lincoln  for  the 
second  term  to  the  Presidency.  The  Democrat  kept 
ut  its  masthead  John  C.  Fremont  for  the  Presidency, 
in  opposition  to  Lincoln,  and  affiliated  with  the  Ger- 
mans in  sending  delegates  to  the  Cleveland  Conven- 
tion, where  Fremont  was  put  in  nomination ;  but 
subsequently  the  Democrat  transferred  its  allegiance 
to  Lincoln,  and  was  recognized  as  the  leading  Lincoln 
organ,  while  the  Union  appeared  to  be  ignored.  After 
one  or  two  changes  in  its  struggle  for  existence,  the 
Union  was  purchased  by  a  company  composed  of  Mr. 
Colburn,  Charles  P.  John.son,  James  Peckham,  E. 
B.  Thomas,  and  others.  The  name  was  changed  to 
that  of  the  Dispatch,  and  the  time  of  issuing  from 
morning  to  the  afternoon.  After  many  vicissitudes  the 
paper  was  absorbed  into  the  present  Post-Dispatch. 

In  1872,  Mr.  Fishback,  having  become  dissatisfied 
with  the  management  of  the  Democrat,  endeavored  to 
purchase  the  interest  of  the  other  partners,  McKee 
and  Houser.  At  that  time  oiie-half  of  the  stock  was 
owned  by  Mr.  McKee,  one-third  by  Mr.  Fi.shback, 
and  ono-sixth  by  Mr.  Houser.  MeK(U!  and  Hou.ser 
refused  to  soil  to  Mr.  Fishback,  nor  would  they  pur- 
chase his  interest  at  the  price  demanded.  Thereupun 
Mr.  Fishback,  in  order  to  procure  a  settlement  of  tlu' 
matter,  took  the  necessary  steps  for  the  appointment 
of  a  receiver  and  the  dissolution  of  the  partnership 
by  the  Circuit  Court.  A  notice  was  then  .served  upon 
McKee  and  Ilou.ser,  in  which  Mr.  Fishback  declared 
that  the  partnership  was  dissolved.     On  the  22d  of 


March,  1872,  the  Denwcrat  was  sold  by  order  of  the 
court,  and  a  newspaper  of  the  2Hd  gives  the  followin» 
account  of  the  transaction  : 

"  In  cnin|iliunce  ivilli  tlio  order  of  .Tiidge  Miiilill,  ol  ih,.  d,. 
ouit  Court,  the  illimuri  Demmiiil  newrpapor,  togothvi  witli  ,|{|  1 
its  nppurtciiuDucB,  prcsios,  siibseriptiun-IiBts,  engine,  t.v|„..  oii..ei 
Iriiscs  of  olVicc  IjuildiiiK,  goncl  will,  e\o,,  wiis  sold  yiMi  rlin  to  j 
(Jcorgo  W.  Fisliljiiclf,  ono  of  Die  proprietors,  for  iIn    .um  ,fl 
$I5B,I00.     By  tlio  ternis  of  ttio  roiirt's  order  tlio  liil  lin);»„  f 
restricted  to  tlio  partners  thoiosolvos,   vi/..:  Wiliiuin   ILHj, 
owning  one-lialf;  (Joorgo  \V.  Finlibaclt,  owning  oniMlnnl;  ajj  I 
D.  M.   Houser,   owning  one-Ki.\tli.     Tlio  sale   wa.i   -inn.lv  ; 
equitable  transaetion  to  adjust  anil  close  up  a  piirtner-lii|ni||i,,|,  I 
the  partners  had   failed   to   settle  by  their  own   effirii?.    fu 
terms    of   the   sale   were  ono-half  cash,    one-fourlli   in  t|ir,,,| 
months,  and  unc-fourth  in  six  months.     The  sale  t'».l,  |ilai.T;it| 
the  oOiee  of  Irwin  I.,  Kuiith,  one  of  the  counsel  of  M<'Kie;uid| 
Houser.     The  partners  were  attended  by  their  couiimI,_s  T  f 
aiover  and  II.  N.  Ilitcheoek  for  Fishback.  and  Sannicl  Kn'nl 
and  Irwin  L.  .<uiilh  for  .MoKeo  and  Houser, — togctlur  iviili  Wii.l 
liaui  E.  Burr,  president  of  the  .St.  Louis  National  Hank:  A.ilT 
Kdwards,    United   .Slates   assistant    treasurer,  and  (iin.  J 
Knllertim,  ns  friends  of  Fishback  ;  James  Uiclianlun,  \\,  \\\ 
Benton,  and  Henry  T.  Blow,  fricmls  of  McKee;  ainl  ('iin*|jn.| 
tine  Maguire,  Thomas  Walsh,  and  ux-Collector  Harris,  frim.lil 
of  Houser.     Thoophile  Papin  aeteii  us  auctiuneur.    TI]clir>iUdr 
was  mailo  by  Mr.  Fishback  at  $1U0,(IUU,  to  which  .Mr.  McKh 
re.''pondc<l  with  one  for  $l,'iO,UUO.     The  third  bid  na-  s|;.,ni„ij 
and  the  fourth  $200,01)0,  and  then  the  bids  were  nii  liurniie 
$.'iOO0  up  to  $:!:iO,000,  when  they  dropped  first  to^llliMl.ilnu 
$500,  and  at  last  to  $100.     Suvcnty-fivo  wore  made  :it  ilic  \mh 
figures,   Mr.  MoKee's  last  bid  being  $450,000,  and  .Mr.  (ubJ 
back's  the   purchasing   price.     The  sale  will  be  forniulK  conij 
pleted  on  Monday,  and  Mr.  Fislibuck  will  then  tiike  pi».e!iigJ 
of  the  oflice  and  property.     This  is  the  first  dirot  |iubli<' i.i|i 
of  a  large  and  established  newspaper  that  has  tiikiii  \i\K(\t 
this  country  for  many  years,  and  the  price  paid  aO'orJ^ 
information  of  the  cash  value  of  such  a  journal,     it  haflrd 
held  a  difiicult  nnttter  to  accurately  esliniate  the  uurlii  of  ■ 
an  institution,  on  account  of  the  varied  properties  thai  iiukeil 
up.     The  actual  material  in  the  iJeimnrat  establisiinuMit  n  iil| 
be  valued  at  a  comparatively  small   proportion   ul  tln'  imi 
which  the  journal  bus  just  sold  for;  but  this  material  i'iiiii|in.J 
only  a  small  proportion  of  the  real  value  of  the  isialilisliintgl 
The  attributes  of  age,   established   character,   puliticnl  vkm 
advertising  patronage,  public  inlluencc,  and  suliM'ri{iii<m.liii 
all  grouped  usually  under  the  head    if  'good  will,'  loiiftiigl 
the  substantial   elements  nf  value   iu   an   estnbli^lK'(|  joiirii 
They  are  of  u  moral  nature,  and  to  a  (wrtain  e.vtent  imiMrni 
tiblc.     The  lji:iinici-nt  has  its  o'vn  share  of  tlK-  valuiiblrekujini 
and  they  represent  a  large  proportion  of  the  liamljume  {J 
for  whirb  the  paper  was  solil.     Notwithstaudin);  rumor- lot! 
contrary,  wc   iindorrtand   that  the  political  c<ini|ili'.\iiiD"!  i 
Ihniwfiit  will  rcnmin  unchiin«;ed,  and  that  it  will  ciintiinifl 
give  a  cordial  support  to  the  administration  of  I'ri'si.liiitiiiiJ 
Mr.  Fishback  is  an  e.vporiem.'ed  and  accompMslail  juuraii 
who  has  had  a  connection  with  the  Uenwrnii  for  ncurW  (i^hiej 
years;  be  will  therefore  lie  perfectly  at  home  in  liis  |>i,<iii<iDl 
sole  proprietor.     Mr.  MeKee  anil  Mr.  Houser,  in  rLliiin; 
the  profession,  will  bear  with   thorn   the  conllal  g'n>|  uiil 
esteem  not  only  of  journalists,  but  of  all  uitizeiis  nliu  h\i 
personal  ai.'i)uaintancc  with  them." 

George  W.  Fi.shback,  who  thus  bccanio  soIo['M|1 
etor  of  the  Democrat,  was  born  at  Batavia.  ClomJ 


THE  PRESS. 


927 


der  of  the 

)  ftillliwili;; 


I,  of  llio  Cir. 
Ithfi  witli  all 
e,  t.v|K'.  rasM, 

r  III''  -urn  i.f 
)  biii  iinj;  ff;n 
lliiuii  M.'Km, 
nt'-tliinl;  m\ 
u«  >iui|.ly  sn 
lner-lii|i  wliiih 
I  elT"rls.  TU 
lurtli  in  three 
,0  t<"tl»  iilui;e;il 
of  MrKceiiiid 
counsel, -S.T. 
1  Suiiiiu'l  Kirni 
;ctluT  with  ffil. 
nl  ISniik:  A.O, 
mill  liin.  J  ,\ 
iiinl-.,n.  W.  11. 
>;  iiii'l  Ciin-tan- 
•  llavvis.  friinJil 
lor.  Tliclirstljii 
liioli  Mr.  McK 
)iil  »ii>  sKJ.iiml 
iro  nil  iiii-rt'ii^e 
,  ta$llHlO,ihcii 
[iiiiiluiit  (lie  hti 
(O,  Bud  Mr.  ^'i^^l. 
l)»  funirally  coiU' 
n  take  pn>^e!si 
Jii-wl  |iubli''!i 
nA  titken  |ilai-e  ii 
mill  iilTurJ: 
■Hill.  It  lias  lit 
tho  «ortii  I'l"  *u 
■lies  lliul  uiAfi 

Illvllli-llllUMIt  »>lllj 

■lion  111  ilic  I'll 
|mfttiMi-,ili;iim|iti' 
tlu'  I'Slalili-'liiiienl 
li-,  jiolitioal  viei 
1  pulisi'riiilifinJ 
m1  will,'  I'OiiHii 
ilftblislicl  ymm 
In  extent  iinlHr 
|.  viiliiabli'i'lrtKii 
iliu  Imnils.iiiie  I"' 
jiUnj;  iuiu'ir*Iol' 

Ciinilllexi"!! 

it  will  ciintiiiM 
uf  I'rfsi.lmtiiiii 
|n|ili.-lieil  juurMli 
I'or  nearly  ii;lii 
lie  in  hi-  |»'-i'i » 
lor,  in  reliiins;' 
ilial  i;"'«l  "il! 
liliiens  »lw  l» 


IcillIK'  Siile  I'ri 

Katiivia.  (Irnii 


Co.,  Ohio,  on  the  3d  of  December,  1828.    His  father  | 
emi'-'rated  from  Virginia  to  the  southern  portion  of  j 
Ohio  when  it  was  almost  a  wilderneg.s,  and  coranienccd  ' 
the  practice  of  the  law,  which  he  pursued  with  succesa 
for  tliirty-five  years,  being  at  one  time  a  judge  of  the 
Court  of  Common  Pleas.     George  W.  Fishback  was  \ 
educated  with  a  view  to  becoming  a  lawyer  at  College 
Hill,  Ohio,  and  graduated  at  that  institution.      He  | 
then  removed  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  became  succes- 
sively commercial  editor,  editor,  and  joint  proprietor,  j 
jDil  filially  sole  proprietor  of  the  Mmoiiii  Drmocntt.  \ 
As  a  writer,  Mr.  Fishback  was  both  trenchant  and  i 
»itty,  and  in  the  early  days  of  the  Ih'mocriil  contrib-  | 
I  utcd  largely  to  its  success.  I 

After  the  purchase  of  the  Demonat  by  Mr.  Fish-  j 
back,  a  stock  company,  with  a  capital  of  five  hundred 
thousand  dollars,  was  formed,  Mr.  Fishback  retaining 
1  controlling  interest.  The  remainder  of  the  stock 
was  distributed  among  W.  P.  Fishback  and  Otto  II.  ! 
Hasselman,  previously  of  tlie  InJiamipuIi»  Jouniut, 
R,  Holmes,  J.  B.  McCullagh,  and  other  persons  con- 
nected with  the  editorial  and  business  departments  of 
the  paper. 

Messrs.  MoKee  and  Houser,  unwilling  to  remain 
inactive,  determined  to  establish  another  daily  news- 
paper in  St.  Louis,  and  on  the  18th  of  July,  1872, 
ippearcd  the  first  number  of  the  Gluhr.,  which  soon 
became  a  formidable  rival  of  the  Dimomil.      The 
publication  office  of  the  new  paper  was   on  Third 
Street,  between   Pine  and    Chestnut  Streets.       The 
political  convictions  of  the  Globe  were  expressed  in 
ihe  declaration  "  that  in  the  jirevalence  or  overthrow 
of  Republican  principles  is  wrapped  up  the  thrift  and 
dory  or  the  ruin  and  disgrace  of  the  American  people." 
The  paper  was  conducted  with  marked  ability,  and 
18.1  successful  from  the  start.     Its  editor  was  Charles 
R.  Davis,  who  died  on  the  20th  of  July,  1873.    Mr. 
Davis  was  born  Dec.  24, 1826,  in  New  London,  Conn. 
By  persi.stent  endeavor  he  wa.s  enabled  in   184!)  to 
tntcr  Marietta  College,  Ohio,  and  graduated  at  that  in- 
idimtioii  in  1854.    He  removed  to  St.  Louis  in  1857^ 
iml  coninicneed  his  journalistic  career  as  a  reporter  on 
tk'  Di'iiini-nit.     Several  years  later  he  became  one  of 
Itlif  editorial  writers,  and  .subsequently  managing  editor 
iol'lhat  paper,  with  which  ho  remained  until  the  Globe 
lallid  him  to  its  editorial  chiiir. 
In  the  fall  of  1873,  J.  Ii.  McCullagh,  one  of  the 
itincipal  writers  for  the  Democrat,  left  that  paper  to 
mie  the  managing  editor  of  the  Gb<' e,  and  the 
ompotition,  which  had  been  close  and  eager  from  the 
iiitjit,  was  now  intensified.     In  January,  1874,  the 
'Iniu  punliased  the  Staals-  Zeitung  from   Joseph 
'ulitzer,  and  thus  secured  valuable  press  franchises. 


It  soon  became  upparcnt  that  one  of  the  two 
papers  must  succumb  unless  their  interests  were 
united.  The  latter  course  was  decided  upon,  and  on 
the  18th  of  May,  1875,  negotiations  for  their 
consolidation,  which  had  been  pending  for  some 
time,  were  consummated  by  the  purchase  of  the 
Demoinit  by  McKce  &  Houser,  for  three  hundred 
and  twenty-five  thou.sand  dollars.  The  Globe  and 
Demoeriit  were  then  merged  into  one  paper  with  the 
name  of  the  Globe- Democrat,  which  was  i.ssued  in 
the  form  of  a  quarto.  The  Gbtbe  had  already  sup- 
planted the  Democrat  in  the  favor  of  the  Repub- 
licans of  Missouri,  and  had  taken  a  leading  position 
among  the  journals  of  the  Mississippi  Valley.  The 
consolidation,  iiowever,  greatly  strengthened  its  re- 
sourcos  and  extended  its  influence,  and  the  new  paper 
soon  acquired  a  vast  circulation.  At  that  time  more 
than  one-half  the  people  of  Missouri  and  nearly  one- 
half  the  people  of  Illinois  differed  from  it  in  political 
sentiment,  and  its  conspicuous  success  from  the  begin- 
ning and  the  extensive  circulation  which  it  speedily 
secured  in  both  Slates  are  therefore  all  the  more  re- 
markable. Among  Mr.  McCullagh's  early  associates 
in  the  editorial  management  of  the  paper  were  John 
A.  Dillon  (who  subsequently  established  the  Evening 
Pout),  George  W.  Gilson,  Henry  McKee,  Philip  G. 
Furguson,  Capt.  John  H.  Bowen,  and  others. 

William  McKee  continued  to  be  the  chief  proprietor 
and  guiding  spirit  of  the   Gbibc-Democrat  until  his 
death  on  the  20th  of  December,  1879.    Mr.  Kee  was 
bom  in  the  city  of  New  York,  on  the  24th  of  Sep- 
tember,   1815.     He   was  of  Irish   descent,  and   his 
father,  after  emigrating  to  the  United  States,  engaged 
in  the  lumber  business  as  master  of  a  vessel  which 
plied  between  Maine  and  the  West  Indies.    In  1820, 
Capt.  McKee  removed  to  St.  Clair  County,  III.,  and 
settled  with  his  family  about   fourteen    miles  from 
Kaskaskia,  but  four  years  later  returned  to  New  York, 
where  William  McKoe  received  the  rudiments  of  edu- 
cation at  the  free  schools.     He  was  afterwards  sent 
to  the  Lafayette  Academy,  but  his  fatlier  having  met 
with  reverses,  he  obtained  employment  as  a  clerk  in 
:  the  office  of  Maj.  M.  M.  Noah,  then  publishing  the 
old   Eminirer.     From   the  Enquirer  ho  passed  into 
the  office  of  the  Courier  and  Enquirer,  under  James 
Wat.son  Wiibb,  and  remained  with  him  until  1833. 
He  then  went  back  to  the  office  of  Maj.  Noah,  who 
at  that  time  was  publishing  the  Evening  .SVa/',  and 
remained  there  until  the  cessation  of   that  journal. 
Among  the  employes  of  the  Evening  k^t<ir  who  were 
I  as,sociates  of  Mr.  McKee  were  Messrs.  Simmons  and 
;  Abell,  who  afterwards  started  the  Ledger  in  Phila- 
'  delphia,  and  subsequently  the  Baltimore  Sun. 


928 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


In  tho  moan  time  liis  father  and  the  family  had 
again  coniu  West,  but  he,  occupying  a  fair  position 
and  saving  money,  had  remained  in  New  York.  At 
the  stoppage  of  the  paper  on  wliich  he  was  employed 
lie  went  out  to  his  grandfather's,  in  Sullivan  County, 
N,  Y.,  and  begun  to  lay  plans  for  the  future.  He  had 
worked  hard  and  had  saved  hia  money,  and  he  finally 
determined  to  go  West  and  invest  his  little  capital  in 
some  newspaper  property.  Leaving  New  York  in 
July,  1841,  he  made  his  way  to  St.  Louia,  where  he 
spent  some  time  at  his  father's  house,  and  then  en- 
tered the  employ  of  Charles  G.  Ilauisey,  who  was 
publishing  a  daily  paper  called  the  Nr.w  Em.  In 
1842,  in  conjunction  with  William  Ruth,  he  pur- 
chased tho  Gazette.  Two  years  later  Mr.  Ruth  sold 
his  interest,  and  tho  entire  establishment  passed  into 
Mr.  McKce's  hands.  This  business  prospered  very 
well  for  a  time,  but  Mr.  MoKee  had  made  an  unfor- 
tunate selection  of  a  book-keeper  and  confidential  man, 
who  lefl  without  his  knowledge,  and  aa  he  was  con- 
aidcrably  in  debt  to  hia  former  partner,  tho  half-in- 
tereat  he  had  purchased  of  Mr.  Ruth  became  the 
property  of  Edmund  Flagg.  The  publication  waa 
carried  on  by  McKee  &  Flagg  until  Mr.  Flagg 
aold  his  interest  to  a  Mr.  Lord,  who  had  been  a  pro- 
fessor in  Bowdoin  College,  Maine. 

In  1849  some  eight  or  ten  prominent  and  wealthy 
citizens,  opposed  to  the  further  extension  of  slavery, 
conceived  the  idea  of  establishing  a  daily  journal  for 
the  promulgation  of  their  views.  They  selected  Mr. 
McKee  as  the  publisher,  and  under  his  immediate 
control  the  liiirnbunier  was  started.  The  paper 
created  quite  a  sensation  in  the  political  world, 
and  the  boldness  of  its  editorials  attracted  universal 
attention.  It  was  not  a  financial  success,  and  in 
a  short  time  its  publication  was  discontinued. 
After  this,  Mr.  McKee  having  saved  a  little  out 
of  the  crash  of  the  paper,  established  a  job-office  on 
Second  Street,  which  he  continued  up  to  1850. 
In  the  latter  year  he  effected  a  consolidation  with 
William  Hill,  who  also  had  a  job-office. 

In  1850,  Messrs.  McKee  and  Hill  commenced  the 
publication  of  the  tSigiial,  which  advocated  the  same 
political  principles  as  the  Barnburner,  and  in  1852 
propositions  were  made  to  take  hold  of  a  paper  called 
the  Democrat,  which  had  been  started  in  the  interest 
of  Benton  and  what  was  called  the  Free-Soil  wing  of 
the  Democratic  party.  This  was  a  crisis  in  the  polit- 
ical career  of  Benton,  and  a  momentous  period  in 
the  history  of  the  State.  Absolute  success  waa  im- 
possible to  the  Free-Soilers,  but  they  succeeded  in  or- 
ganizing a  minority,  which  formed  the  nucleus  around 
which  Union  men  rallied  to  save  the  State  from  seces- 


sion in  1861.  Messrs.  McKeo  and  Hill  acci'|it.(l  ilio 
proposition  to  take  charge  of  tho  heinorrtil,  nuil  ilmj 
paper  and  its  managers,  with  Mr.  McKee  at  tli>'  la^ad 
entered  earnestly  upon  tho  work  of  freeing  tlir  State 
from  slavery.  The  Democnit,  after  leading  :i  duulit. 
ful  and  precarious  existence  for  some  years,  wa-  \u\u\\v 
established  on  a  permanent  basis,  and  at  the  b(  u'iiiniijiT 
of  tho  civil  war  WBS  a  prosperous  and  iMfluenti;i|j,mr. 
nal.  Mr.  McKec  had  always  been  a  firm  and  consjs. 
tent  opponent  of  slavery,  and  ho  now  took  radical 
ground  against  secession.  The  Democrat  yiclijed  an 
ardent  support  to  the  Lincoln  administruticjii,  ami 
claimed  and  received  a  large  share  of  the  cruiiit  fur 
having  saved  Missouri  from  sece-ssion.  Suhsciiuenily 
Mr.  McKee  had  the  gratification  of  hearing  riuin  Mr. 
Lincoln  these  words  of  commendation ;  "  You  have 
been  of  more  service  in  saving  Missouri  from  seces- 
sion than  would  have  been  twenty  rejiinnins  „f  I 
troops."  The  expression  of  the  Union  soldiirs  was 
unanimous  and  hearty.  Every  pa.s8ing  regiment  made 
a  point  of  halting  in  front  of  the  office  and  jiiviu" 
three  cheers. 

William  McKee  was  a  man  of  great  phv.sical  and  I 
moral  courage,  without  being  in  the  least  o.'-ti'ntutiwiji 
in  the  display  of  this  quality.  When  perwnal  dan- 1 
ger  threatened  him  he  never  shrank.  Ilu  never { 
sought  a  quarrel,  and  never  quailed  when  mie  wmI 
forced  upon  him.  At  the  beginning  of  the  war.wlienl 
his  office  was  surrounded  by  a  mob  tlircuti'iiini.' hiJ 
life  and  the  destruction  of  his  property,  he  Mniidl 
manfully  at  his  post,  ready  to  sacrifice  all  rather  ihaal 
yield  to  the  demands  of  the  multitude.  His  cDunii.'el 
and  determination  made  him  a  hero  in  tho  i-ycs  ufl 
even  his  enemies,  and  no  man  in  the  city  was  inure| 
respected  personally  by  the  masses  than  Jlr.  .McKce.l 
In  many  other  trying  political  crises  he  preserved  iliel 
same  calm  courage  of  demeanor,  and  throughout 
career  as  a  journalist  invariably  '•  hewed  close  to  tliel 
line."  While  his  labors  were  directed  mainly  tu  thej 
advocacy  of  political  principles  and  ideas,  lie  did  uoll 
neglect  the  material  interests  of  the  couiiiiunitviD( 
which  ho  lived,  but  was  always  among  lliu  turcuiusd 
with  his  influence  and  personal  example,  in  securiiij 
their  advancement. 

He  never  sought  office,  either  elective  or  a|ip(iiii(| 
ive.  When  struggling  with  poverty  and  all  maniiei 
of  discouragements,  he  preferred  to  depend  uiimi  hii 
own  individual  labor  and  efforts  rather  than  .'■eck  thi 
emoluments  of  office.  Freely  and  cheerfully  lie  pivJ 
his  influcnie  to  secure  positions  for  others,  but  oskei 
none  for  himself. 

In  the  management  of  his  journal,  he  alw.iys  ioj 
structcd  hia  subordinates  to  adhere  strictly  totiictrutj 


THE   FUESS. 


929 


and  riover  piirblu  the  fuots ;  and  if  by  chance  any  one  ' 
had  juHt  cause  of  complaint  against  anything  tiiat  ap- 
pcuri'd  in  the  paper,  he  was  evur  ready  to  luaito  a 
6ati>t'aLtory  correction.  Ho  fully  uoniprehended  the 
iuiiiionse  power  of  the  engine  ho  controlled,  and  was 
carclul  in  wielding  its  force  in  such  a  manner  that  no 
chnr^'o  of  willful  abuse  could  bo  brouj:ht  against  him. 
Hu  Kioii  nu  pleasure  in  wounding  th(s  feelings  of  even 
an  riiemy,  and  never  did  so,  except  in  upholding  the  . 
trutli  and  vindicating  the  right. 

A^  A  journalist,  ho  thoroughly  comprehended  the  | 
responsibilities  of  his  position  and  the  requirements 
of  tiiti  public.  He  cudcavorcd  to  keep  puuc  with  the 
progress  of  events  and  the  spirit  of  (he  ago,  and 
8ouj:lit  to  direct  great  enterprises  by  pointing  out  the 
tdviintagcs.  His  whole  life  wu.s  passed  in  the  midst 
of  scones  of  activity,  and  his  time  was  constantly  oc- 
cupit'il.  His  life  would,  no  doubt,  have  been  eoiisidcr- 
abiy  prolonged  if  he  had  been  less  iLssiduous  in  attend- 
ing w  his  business  ;  but  ho  could  not  endure  idleness, 
and  WHS  never  more  happy  than  when  immersed  in 
tlic  complicated  affairs  of  his  journal. 

Mr.  McKee  was  not  generally  known  as  a  writer. 
I  His  business  was  to  plan  and  direct,  leaving  the  exe- 
mtioii  to  others.     Yet  ho  was  well  quulitied  to  wield 
the  editorial  pen,  if  he   had  chosen  to  do  so,  for  ho 
iisscssed  a  ready  command  of  language,  a  fund  of 
I  iufDriiiiition  on  all  subjects,  and  a  general  knowledge 
of  men  and  measures  equaled  by  few.     He  had  a  keen 
wse  (if  the  humorous,  and  an  exhaustlcss  fund  of 
inecJiite  and  reminiscences.     Ho  was  personally  ac- 
qaainti:d  with  a  majority  of  the  leading  public  men 
lof  iliu  Union,  and  knew  their  strong  and  weak  points 
It!  if  by  intuition.     In  business  matters  his  judgment 
Iw  almost  infallible.     Ho  seldom  made  a  mistake  in 
I  die  direction  of  his  own  affairs,  and   his  advice  to 
lihosc  who  sought  it  rarely  proved  erroneous.     But  it 
jupon  his  career  as  a  leader  of  the  Free-!rioil  movement 
iiD  Mis^souri  that  his  reputation  chiefly  rests.     When 
lie  came  to  the  State,  a  young  man  of  slender  means, 
iiiprctcntious  and  unknown,  he  warmly  espoused  the 
lause,  then  supported  by  a  mere  handful.     He  re- 
vived to  labor  for  its  success,  although  for  a  time  the 
lnnJirtaking  appeared   utterly  hopless  and   Utopian. 
hail  he  did  not  despair,  but  persevered  in  the  face  of 
iMuceivable  difficulties,  and  lived  to  see  his  most  .san- 
Ipiine  hopes  crowned  with  success.     Missouri  became 
lifree  State,  and  slavery  was  abolished  throughout 
like  Union.     In  achieving  this  victory  many  fell  in 
lilie  fijrlit,  many  grew  faint-hearted  and  discouraged, 
luny  deserted  to  the  enemy ;  but  William  McKee 
licTor  faltered  for  a  moment,  never  doubted  the  ultimate 
it,    In  tlie  course  of  the  long  and  bitter  contro- 
59 


versy  ho  made  enemies,  and  dealt  and  received  lutrd 
blows,  but  no  one  could  over  accuse  him  of  malice  or 
persoinil  hatred  towards  any  one.  Ho  was  always 
ready  to  forgive  a  wrong,  and  to  confer  a  favor  when 
asked.  Peasonully,  Mr.  McKee  was  very  popular. 
Oenial  and  kind-hearted,  with  a  pleasant  word  for  all 
in  whose  company  he  was  thrown,  he  drew  around 
him  many  warm  friends  of  all  political  parties.  Id 
his  manners  and  iiabits  he  was  extremely  unostenta- 
tious, shunning  everytiiing  that  had  the  appearance 
of  vanity  and  pride,  and  avoiding  rather  than  court- 
ing the  notice  of  men  in  high  official  position.  He 
had  an  aversion  to  taking  part  in  public  meetings  and 
demonstrations  of  all  kinds,  regarding  such  displays 
as  more  pretentious  than  sincere.  He  did  not  seek 
popularity  in  any  way,  but  depended  upon  the  merit 
of  his  course  to  uomnicnd  him  to  the  public.  Only 
once  was  he  known  tn  actively  participate  in  a  politi- 
cal convention,  and  that  was  in  1870,  when  the  Uepub- 
lican  State  Convention  met  at  Jeft'erson  City  and  gave 
birth  to  the  Liberal  movement  which  resulted  in  the 
election  of  B.  Gratz  Brown  as  Governor.  He  was 
the  ruling  spirit  of  that  convention,  and  to  him  more 
than  to  any  one  else  were  the  disfranchi.sed  Democrats 
indebted  for  the  early  restoration  of  their  political 
rights.  Having  accomplished  his  purpose  in  that 
movement,  he  continued  the  advocacy  of  the  doctrines 
of  the  National  llepublican  party,  from  which  he  had 
never  departed  in  the  local  schism,  and  remained 
until  his  death  a  steadfast  adherent  of  Gen.  Grant  and 
in  favor  of  the  third  term. 

As  previously  stated,  .Mr.  McKee's  interest  in  the 
Jkmua-at  was  purchased  by  George  \V.  Fishbaek  in 
1872,  and  in  July  of  that  year,  in  coiijunetion  with 
D.  M.  Houser,  he  established  the  Ghili .  On  the 
eonsolidatiun  of  the  two  journals  in  1875  ho  became 
the  senior  proprietor  of  the  Globe- Demw.itit.  For 
more  than  a  year  prior  to  his  death  Mr.  McKee  was 
afflicted  with  heart-disea.se,  and  his  demise  was  sud- 
den and  unexpected.  He  had  been  at  the  office  of 
the  GMic- hcmixral  on  the  morning  of  Dec.  19, 
187'.),  in  his  usual  health,  and  went  home  early  in 
the  a'ternoon.  Late  that  night  he  rose  from  bed, 
complaining  to  his  wife  of  not  being  able  to  sleep, 
and  drawing  an  easy-chair  to  the  fire,  sat  down. 
Soon  afterwards  he  became  insensible,  and  at  12.45 
A. .M.,  December  20lh,  expired.  His  wife  (who  was  Miss 
Eliza  Hill,  daughter  of  Samuel  Hill,  of  New  York, 
and  to  whom  he  was  married  in  July,  1855)  and 
I  dauuhter  survived  him.' 


UM 


!       '  In  connection  with  ita  notice  of  Mr.  MoKee's  deiitli,  the 
I   Globe- Oemocrut  printoil  the  following  reminiacencos  of  peraonil 
friends ; 


930 


HISTOKV   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


The  (loath  nf  Mr.  McKco  did  not  in  any  way  aifcct 
the  publifulion  of  the  Ulobe-lhitim-nU  an  a  iiews- 
puper.  The  uompany  waH  a  corporation,  entirely 
free  from  debt,  and  the  Htock  wan  owned  by  a  few 
individuaU.  Itn  paid-up  eapilai  was  8500,()()0,  of 
which  Mr.  McKee  owned  SliOU.OUO ;  D.  M.  HouKcr, 
$16(>,000;  J.  B.  McOuliafjh,  $20,000 ;  Henry  Me- 
Kcc,  910,000 ;  and  S.  llay,  910,000.  The  not  reve- 
nue in  1H78  was  9120,000.  BcitidcH  this  stock,  Mr. 
McKee  owned  real  estate  worth  9150,000,  and  bond.s 
and  other  .securities  to  a  larf^er  amount,  IiIh  estate 
bein^  csliniated  at  9750,000. 

The  Glitic-Devioa-at  '\n  now  published  by  the 
(llobe-Democrat  Printing  Company,  of  which  D.  M. 
Houser  in  proHideiit ;  Henry  McKoe,  vice-president ; 
and  S.  Kay,  secretary. 

Daniel  M.  Houser  was  born  in  Washington  County, 
Md.,  Dec.  23,  1834,  and  in  188!)  was  taken  by  his 
parents  to  Clark  County,  Mo.,  whore  he  enjoyed  the 
somewhat  limited  advantages  of  the  country  schools 
of  the  period.  In  184(3  the  family  removed  to  St. 
Louis,  and  from  1847  to  1850  ho  attended  the  public 
schools  of  the  city.  In  1851  ho  entered  the  Union 
newspaper  establishment  as  office-boy,  and  con- 
tinued with  the  concern  when  it  was  merged  into 
the  Missouri  Democrat,  then  owned  by  Messrs.  Hill 
&  McKee.  His  industry  and  aptness  for  the  busi- 
ness attracted  the  attention  of  his  employers,  and 
he   rose  gradually,  until  in   1855   Hon.  Francis  P. 


"  Mr.  ("hnrles  ii.  Hninacy.  governiiicnt  nppraiHcr  nt  this  port,  ' 
win  piiblixher  of  tlie  \cw  Km  when  Mr.  Mi'Kee  came  to  St. 
Louis  n»  njoiirnoyiimn  printer  in  smroh  of  iMiiployment.  He  \ 
hail  Itnown  Mr.  McKcoV  fiither  in  N'ow  Yoric,  and  suys  ho  i 
worl<c(l  under  liiiu  ima'iiub.'  Ilu  giivu  Mr.  MoKi'o  employ-  ; 
ineiit,  iind  the  intinmey  then  cstiiblishod  cmitiniu'd  unhroiien. 

"Ex-.Iudgo  .lohn  M.  Krum  wiw  a  warm  personal  friend  of 
Mr.  MeKee,  iiml  had  honn  so  for  over  thirty  years.     lie  wim 
one  of  the  ooutrihutors  to  the  lliiniliurnet,  and  loolts  iiauli  upon   [ 
that  paper  ns  the  cnidlu  uf  tliu  Uepubliuan  party  in  Missouri. 
-Mr.  Kruin  was  mayor  of  the  eity  about  that  time,  liaviu);  pre- 
viously held  the  same  position  at  Al  on,  and  passed  through  the  I 
baptism  of  bliiodatthokillinKof[io\.  joy.  .  .  .  '  William  MiKeu,' 
he  said,  *  was  a  goixl  man,  a  much  better  man  than  nine-tenths  i 
of  those  who  maligned  him.   No  one  ever  asked  him  for  a  favor  i 
without  receiving  a  courteous  reply.    Uv  was  true  to  his  fiienils  j 
and  magnanimous  to  his  enemies.     He  workeil  his  wiiy  up  ty   | 
industry  and  economy,  and  he  did  not  become  inllatcd  by  pros- 
perity, but  was  the  same  genial,  kind-hearted  gentleman  all  the 
time.     I  knew  him  intimately,  and  loved  and  bunored  him  as  a 
friend  and  astociate.     Ilia  character  and  bis  services  to  the  city 
and  State,  in  fact,  to  tho  whole  Union  and  the  world,  will  ho 
better  appreciated  now  that  he  is  gone.     The  scars  of  old  oim- 
llicls  will  be  covered  by  the  wrinkles  of  lime,  and  he  will  be  ru-   : 
membered  as  a  iiiun  who  playeil  an  important  part  in  the  alt'airs 
of  Missouri, nsa  man  of  integrity  and  sterling  tvorth.    He  lod  an 
active  life,  and  bis  career  was  u  success,  to  far  as  success  osn  be 
aohievod  in  the  brief  space  allotted  to  man  on  earth.'  " 


Blair  purchued  Mr.  Hill's  interest,  and  Mr.  llMUHcr 
u.ssumed  the  general  management  of  the  oRit.'  1,,.^. 
forming  also  tho  duties  of  book-koeper.  Sub!<rniii.|,||,. 
ho  purchased  Gen.  Blair's  interest,  and  became  i  m,,,,. 
bor  of  tho  firm  of  MuKee,  Fishback  &  Cu.,  im]  i;,,. 
ton  years  conducted  tho  financial  dopartmcin  u|'  tin, 
establishment,  with  what  success  may  appear  frun  ii,,, 
fact  that,  as  previously  stated,  tho  reliriiiiiiit  of  j 
Messrs.  McKeo  and  Housor  having  been  agror.)  ii|,„„ 
(1.  W.  Fishbauk  bought  tho  paper  for  four  liumlreii 
and  fifty-six  thou.sand  one  hundred  dollars. 

Messrs.   McKee   and    Housir,  us  we   have  n,.,,,, 
afterwards    established    the    St.    Louis    G/nlu,  with 
Mr.    Houser  aa   business  manager.      Tht'y   li.ul  [|n,  I 
hearty  indorsement  of  their  friends,  who  olfcrcij  lo 
subscribe    liberally   to    tho    enterprise,  but   ilny  Jt.. 
clined  the  proffered  aid,  preferring  to  take  ilw  risk  I 
alono.     Upon  the  (Jlohe  Mr.  Houser  expiinie,]  mme 
of  the  best  work  of  his  life,  and  the  new  p;i|i(ir  in,. 
mediately  sprang  into  a  vigorous  existenw,  ;i>Miiiiiii- 
a  leading  position  among  the  journals  of  ilii>  \Vest, 
Finally,  as   heretofore   stated,   Messrs.    McKoe  :inil| 
Houser  repurchased  the  stock  of  the  Dfniiicnti.mA 
produced  tho  Globe- Democrat,  tho  leading  Ki  ptililiiai,  I 
pa|)er  of  the  Southwest. 

Upon  the  death  of  Mr.  McKoe  in  1879.  .Mr.  Iluu. 
scr  became  president  of  the  corporation  ami  li.aj  ofl 
the  management,  a  position  which  ho  .mill  (iceiinios. 
Under  his  capable  direction  tho  businos.s  ol  ijio  papirl 
has  grown  enormously,  ita  circulation  ami  iiitiinMioej 
have  been  widely  extended,  and  it«  outfit  has  |),.,„I 
greatly  enlarged  and  improved.  It  is  a  vtry  valualilJ 
projjerty,  and  is  conceded  to  occupy  a  fori'innst  imsi-r 
tion  among  tho  newspapers  of  tho  Uiiilid  Siaios.l 
The  great  success  which  attended  the  St.  Jinui>  (ll„lA 
and  that  which  has  marked  tho  career  uf  tlu'  Gl,le\ 
Dcmocnil  is  one  of  the  marvels  of  inodirii  journal- 
ism. Much  of  it  is  undoubtedly  due  to  the  pradiciHl 
managt'inent  of  Mr.  Houser.  To  make  a  iipwspapej 
successful  requires  more  than  ordinary  .«iiL'initv,  d* 
manding  as  it  does  the  exercise  of  koeii  ami  roadij 
judgment,  great  enterprise,  and  indoniitabio  mv^ 
and  perseverance. 

Although  Mr.  Hou.ser's  bu.siness  ha.s  lirmii:lit  hia 
clo.sely  into  contact  with  politics  and  pitliilLJaiis.  hJ 
has  never  sought  office,  but  has  conti'iiti'il  liiinsi'lj 
with  attending  strictly  to  the  duties  of  ills  ixartiJ 
position.  He  takes,  however,  a  great  interest  in  publ 
lie  affairs,  and  is  interested  in  several  uf  the  luofl 
prosperous  institutions  of  the  city.  As  ii  mwspapd 
manager,  he  is  conceded  to  be  one  of  \hc  most  cun 
potent  in  the  country,  and  his  upright  and  siraL-lid 
forward  course  in  St.  Louis  (which  has  been  tlii>  ciu 


THK   l'UK8S. 


!)31 


of  hiH  biiNiiieiw  riiruor)  Iiiin  ouriiitd  rnr  liiiu  the  cnnB- 
Ji'iieo  iind  t'!«tt!(aii  of  llio  ciiliru  uoniiiiiiiiily. 

In  1862,  Mr.  Houscr  wax  mnrricd  tii  Mits  Mnjr^iu 
Iir.'rurn,  of  St.  IjouIm,  who  dwl  in  Fchruury,  1880, 
mill  hnN  two  Honx  and  n  diiu^litur. 

Mr.  MuCuIlogh  m  Htill  tlio  niiinugin);  uditor  of  thn 
(lIul/p-Drniocrdt,  iind  under   hi.s  iiblu    iiuidnneo  the 
paper  enjoy.t  nil  uiidiininiHiicd  prodjierity  mid  infliionee. 
.Iiweph  Biirbridge  MeCulliiudi  was  born  at  Dulilin. 
Irt'hmd,  in   November,  1842.     At  llie  aj^e  of  eleven 
he  cniifiruted  to  Amerien,  iirrivinj;  in  Now  York  in 
ISfiH.     In  tlio  hitter  city  lie  wa.s  apprenticed  to  learn 
the  trade  of  printer  in  fht!  office  of  the   Frrrmnna 
Joinmil,  and  tivo  years  later  (1858)  removed  to  St. 
Ijoiiw,  where  ho  ent('red  the  office  of  the  Chrktinn 
j^ilfin-iile  in  a  Himilar  eapiirity.      Hnvinj;  learned  the 
art  of  short-hand  writiii<;,  he  procured  u  po.silion  (in 
1859)  u»  reporter  on  the  Ihmoival,  and  developed  ho 
uiucli  aptitude  and  talent  for  his  calling  that  he  wan 
selected  to   represent    that  paper  at  Jefferson   City 
Juriiif!  the  eventful  session  of  the  Legislature  in  1859- 
60.     He  discharged  the  duties  of  this  position  with 
an  industry,  ability,   and  tact  which  won   him  tho 
approval  of  his  employers ;  but    on  returning  to  St. 
Ijouis  he  severed  his  connection  with    the  Democrat 
and  went  to  Cincinnati,  where  he  speedily  secured  em- 
ployment as  a  writer  for  the  Gazette.     On  the  break 
ing  out  of  the  civil  war  young  McCullagh  entered  the 
army  us  lieutenant  in  the  Benton  Cadet.s,  Gen.  Fre"- 
mont's  body-guard,  with  whom  he  served  until  Fre- 
munt  was  suspended,      lie  was  then  appointed  army 
ciirrespondent  of  the    Vinciiiiinti   Commercial,   and 
participated   in   the  buttle  of  Fort  Donelson,   being 
one  of  the  few  who  vidunteered  to  go  on  board  the 
irouilad  "  St.  Louis,"  the  first  gunboat  that  succeeded 
iu  passing  the  fire  of  the  fort.     On  the  following  day 
be  participated  in  tho  land  fight,  and  then  and  subso- 
(luently,  at  Shiloh  and  Vicksburg,  proved  himself  as 
fearless  on  the  actual  field  of  battle  as  in  the  arena  of 
inlerprising  and  aggressive  journalism.     Upon  leav- 
ing the  army  alter  tho  surrender  of  Vicksburg,  Mr. 
McCullagh   was   tendered   and   accepted  tho  post  of 
WiLshington   correspondent  of  tho    (Cincinnati   Com- 
mtrcial.     He  continued   to  till  this  responsible  and 
Jiliciitc  position  from  Pecomber,  ISfiiJ,  until  18()8, 
Then  he  resigned  it  to  become  the  editor  of  the  Cin- 
finwili  Enquirer.     As  war  correspondent  Mr.  McCul- 
laL'h  had  especially  distinguished  himself,  his  letters 
tivuling  those  of  the  famous  "  Bull  Run"  Russell  of 
Ae  London  Times  in  brilliancy,  pieturesqueness,  and 
impliic  power ;  and  as  Washington  correspondent  of 
the  Cincinnati  Commercial  he  attained    a   natioral 
telcbrity.     Among  the  journalists  with  whom  he  was 


brought  into  active  compi-titioii  at  Washingion  were 
Carl  Kchiirz,  since  then  I'liited  Slates  senator  and 
Secretary  of  the  Interior,  and  now  one  of  the  princi- 
pal editors  of  the  A'<  i/'  Yor/,'  Eccnlmj  I'otf  ;  (Jeorgo 
Alfred  TowiHeiid.  familiarly  known  to  the  news)iap('r 
world  uncler  the  »'>m  de  pfiimeol'  '^  Oath,"  and  White- 
law  Ueid,  forsonii'  years  past  editor  of  the  .\'ew  York 
Trllniw.  Mr.  Mct'ullagh  at  once  took  a  leading  rank 
'  among  the  Washington  correspondents,  and  his  letters 
over  the  signature  of  "  Mack"  attracted  wide-spread 
attention,  lie  soon  established  friendly  and  even  in- 
timate relations  with  leading  piihlie  men.  and  by  his 
skillful  manipulation  of  the  art  of  "  interviewing"  sue- 
'  ceeded  in  procuring  most  valuable  infornialion  for  his 
I  paper.  Mr.  McCullagh  may,  in  fact,  be  said  to  have 
introduced  the  j)ractice  of  "  interviewing,"  and  to  have 
'  demonstrated  its  great  value  and  utility  from  a  journal- 
I  istic  point  of  view.  In  the  spring  of  1867  be  printed 
a  memorable  interview  with  the  late  Alexander  H. 
Stephens,  in  which  the  latter  eritici.sed  the  conduct  of 
Jefferson  Davis,  holding  him  personally  responsihio 
for  the  disa.strous  downfall  of  the  Confe<leraey.  Tho 
interview  created  a  sensation  throughout  the  country, 
and  brought  Mr.  McCullagh 's  personality  as  an  enter- 
prising and  able  journalist  into  special  prmninence. 
An  interview  with  Andrew  Johnson  on  the  subject  of 
his  impeachment  trial  was  another  noteworthy  triumph 
of  .Mr.  Me(.'ullagh's  skill,  and  added  greatly  to  his  repu- 
tation. 

In  1870,  Mr.  McCullagh  retired  from  the  editorial 
management  of  the  Cincinnati  Enquirer  in  order  to 
found  the  Republican  of  Chicago,  but  in  the  great  fire 
which  devastated  that  city  in  the  fall  of  1871  the 
establishment  was  destroyed,  and  the  fruits  of  the 
arduous  labor  of  years  on  the  part  of  Mr.  McCullagh, 
including  a  valuable  library,  were  swept  away,  lie 
at  once  returned  to  St.  Louis,  and  obtained  a  position 
as  editor  of  tho  Democrat,  but  subse(|uently  assumed 
editorial  charge  of  the  Globe,  and  finally  of  the  Globe- 
■  Democrat. 

There  are  few  members  of  the  journalistic  profes- 
sion who  equal  or  even  approach  Mr.  McCullagh  in 
versatility  of  talent  and  capacity  for  discharging  tho 
manifold  duties  of  his  laborious  and  responsible  posi- 
tion. The  marvelous  success  of  tho  Globe- Democrat 
has  been  very  largely  due  to  his  skillful  management  of 
its  editorial  departments,  his  untiring  industry,  and 
his  swift  and  nearly  always  unerring  judgment.  No 
journali.st  in  the  country  possesses  a  keener  or  juster 
appreciation  of  the  value  of  news,  or  a  mnturer,  more 
discriminating  taste  in  deciding  the  mode  of  its  pre- 
sentation to  the  public.  As  an  editor  he  has  proven 
even  more  successful  (if  that  were  possible)  than  as  a 


II 


932 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


corrcspuiidunt.  Ili^  (mrii<;rapl)ii  liiive  long  been  fuiiioua 
fur  their  vi<;or,  pungency,  and  wit,  und  the  edituriul 
culuiuns  of  tlu!  Glolie-Demtiaat  afford  continued  and 
coi>«tnntly  multiplying  evidciicesof  \m  Aupcriurnbility 
ss  u  writer.  Without  hi'.ving  enjoyed  the  bencfitH  of 
college  training,  ho  pussesseo  noverthclesa  a  ripe  au- 
quaintanoe  witii  the  English  classica,  obtained  by  eloso 
and  arduous  i-tudy.  IIIh  language  is  choice  and  vigor- 
ui-8,  and  few  men  know  how  to  employ  it  in  contro- 
versial  writing  with  v>reuter  skill  or  to  better  advantage. 
In  personal  jimrnali.sm  he  is  u  master,  and  there  are 
very  few  of  his  fellow-journalists  who  cure  to  cope 
with  him.  Studious  n'ld  temperate  in  his  iiabits,  Mr. 
Mr-Culhigh  is  nevertheless  a  valued  acquisition  at  all 
eoeial  gatherings,  iiis  inimitable  wit  being  highly 
prized  on  all  such  occa.sit)ns.  lie  is  still  a  young 
man,  in  the  full  possession  of  his  reuiarkable  faculties 
and  attainments  as  one  of  the  leading  thinkerL  and 
writers  of  the  day. 

The  Western  Examiner. — One  of  the  earliest  mag- 
azines published  in  St.  ljoius(if  not  the  very  earliest) 
vas  toe  Wfxttrn  Kxuminer.  A  specimen  number 
was  issued  Nov.  10,  1833,  and  the  publication  was 
regularly  launched  Jan.  1,  1H34,  Its  mottu  was,  , 
"  It  is  error  only,  and  not  truth,  that  shuns  investi- 
gation ;"  and  its  objects  were  declared  to  be  "  the  free 
di,scu.sriion  of  subjects  connected  with  uionds  and  the 
happiness  of  society,  and  to  oppose  the  productions  of 
scclariaii  ])arlisaiis."  It  was  an  eight-page  pamphlet, 
and  appeared  twice  a  month.  Jolin  Uobb  was  its 
piibisher,  and  it  was  edited  by  an  association,  none 
of  whose  names  were  given  ;  the  articles  were  signed 
"  Veritas,"  "  I'lato,"  •'  C'el.sus,"  "  Alpha,"  '•  Prome- 
theus," etc.  Wiilium  C.  Barrows  was  traveling 
agent,  I'.iid  (he  only  other  name  of  a  St.  Louisian 
illtere.^t('d  in  the  publication  that  a  search  through  tlie 
first  volume  discloses  was  Dr.  Joseph  11.  De  Prefoii- 
taine. 

The  Wfnti  III  L'xnmiiicr  abounded  in  the  freest  of 
free  thinking,  and  gave  mucii  space  to  tiio  alleged 
escapades  of  clergymen.  It  engaged  in  frequent  war- 
fare with  'J'/ir  Ailvoi'iiti,  the  tS/uplieril  <>/'  llic  Vullry, 
a  L'athiilic  publication,  and  the  iSV.  Litiii»  Ohtirwr.  a 
Prcsbytciiaii  paper,  edited  by  the  li<'V.  K.  I'.  Lovc'- 
joy,  which  subse(|uently,  on  account  of  its  |iroiiouiiced 
nbolitioiiiMn,  fell  a  victim  to  luob  iaw.  The  lirst  vol 
ume  of  the  Winii  rii  Exinninrr  is  in  ihe  Mercantile 
Iiibniry.  How  long  the  |)ublicati(in  flourished  is  nut 
known. 

Anzeiger  desWestens. — On  the  31si  nf  October, 

IHlif),  appeared  the  lirsi  number  o*'tlie  Anzrijvr  ilrs 
Wmifiiit.  Cliii>tiaii  Himpiige,  a  Meckkiiburger,  who 
had  been  managing  an  "  intelligence  and  cummissiuii 


house"  in  St.  Louis,  was  the  founder  ;  and  ussoeiaied 
with  him  as  publisher  was  B.  J.  Von  Festen,  who.  Injw- 
ever,  withdrew  in  less  than  a  month.  Bimpagi  w^ij 
a  cultivated  man,  but  seemed  unsuited  for  jouniti  isni. 

This  paper  was  not  generally  acceptable,  and  he  - 

retired,  engaged  in  land  surveying,  and  died  .>  lew 
years  later  in  South  Missouri. 

On  the  22d  of  February,  1836,  William  W.b, ,  I,,.. 
came  editor.  He  was  born  in  Altenburg,  Gcnuuny 
in  1808,  studied  law  at  Jena,  and  when  in  WM  the 
Polish  rebellion  broke  out  started  for  the  iVuiit. 
intending  to  engage  in  the  conflict.  The  police,  how- 
ever, would  not  permit  him  to  cross  the  frontier,  but 
sent  him  home.  He  then  made  several  atiriii|i;s 
to  resume  his  studies,  but  the  turn-place  aii4  iho 
fencing-school  had  greater  attractions  for  hiiu  ihan 
the  lecture  hidl.  Accomplished  in  all  the  sport.s  i.t 
the  student,  Irs  intellectual  gifts  were  also  ('llll.^il|(.'^- 
able,  and  in  spite  of  many  extravagances  he  \.  i.s  |i(in. 
ular  with  his  fellows,  especially  because  of  his  lilji-riy. 
loving  utteiances,  which  led  to  his  impri.'^diiiiu'iit  ui 
Leipsic  on  a  charge  of  demagogery  and  v.Au,.^ 
seditiously.  He  escaped,  came  to  this  couiitiv,  luil 
finally  settled  in  St.  Louis,  where  he  becaiiii'  li!,ra. 
rian  of  the  collection  of  books  which  was  the  mihIiu- 
of  the  Mercantile  Library. 

The  Aiiziiifir  assumed  new  life  under  his  iiiaiiui;. 
mcnt.     Owing  to  his  denunciation  uf  the  bur!iiiiL;ul' 
a  negro,  his  office  was  threatened  by  a  mob,  bin  w;i> 
not  attacked.     He  protested  vigorously  againsi  th, 
Native  Americanism  that  Lroku  out   periodicully  in 
St.  Louis  from  1835  to   18,">0,  and  was  e([u:illv  [ir- 
Mounccd  in  his  opposition  to  slavery.     A  ycjrurv, 
afler  taking  editorial  charge  of  the  Aiizcii/i r  hi'  lie- 
came   the    proprietor   of    that    paper.     Aiimiiu'  iL. 
contributors    to    his  journal    were    Dr.    Kiiuilinaim. 
Frei'-jrick   Mui-ncli,  and  Gustav  Koerncr,  wiiu  mii.- 
sei|innlly   became    Lieutenaiit-Uovcrtior   nf    Vl'mib. 
From  1K42  i"  181(i  the  paper  was  issued  three  iiiii.> 
a  week.      Ill  October,  1842,  Wilhelm   Pulm  |jec;,iu(  i 
assi>tMii(   editor.      Palm   was  educated  at  tin'  lliriib 
University,   his   specialty   being    the    l.'iiiguaiii'.s  anil 
mathematics.      When  still  u  very  yor.ng  uiaii  lie  re- 1 
niovi'd  ti'  "^1    Louis,  found  employinent  in  liie  liiiruiil 
III'  the  land  survi^y,  and  finally  esiablished  tin'  liml 
of    Palm  &   lliibi'itson,   which   "oiidueted  a  I'liiiiilrjl 
and    niaeliine  simp,    and    built    the    first    ioii'iiinliii'l 
in   the   West.      He  supplied   t!:e   Ohio  ami   .\|i-.i<. 
sippi  Kailriiad  with   its  iirst  ten  lueomulives.     Iliai- 
quired  a  fortune    >iid  in  IH(iG  retired  *'rani  liii>iiit'y,i 
and    Hpeiit   many   year<   nbroad  for  his  liealili     ilel 
hoped   to    return   U>  America,   but  died  in   1^77  ^J 
Dresden.      He   bequeathed    much    of    his   e^tali  io| 


THE   PRKSS. 


988 


'    and  UAHIR'l.ltcd 

esten,  who,  liuw- 
.  lJiuipn!;i  was 
d  for  JDunr.i  Imii. 
ible,  and  lit'  -  nm 
and  died  a  I'lW 

rilUttiu  Will),  r  lie- 
nbur}!,  GcniKinv 
»lion  ill  l'"*''"  'I'l' 
jd    for  lilt!  rniiii, 
The  police,  liow- 
»  t,\ie  froniii  r,  Imt 
5   several  attiiiniis 
urn-j>liiee  n'"'  'I'l' 
ions  for  liiui  iliaii 
n  all  tlic  hpiirtsdl 
were  al^'o  luiiMiler- 
i^ancoh  ho  \  is  i«ip. 
icause  of  his  lilnrij- 
UK  iii'.pvisDiiment  ai 
rcery  mid    la'Vm: 
;o  this  fomiiiy,  iimi 
re  he  bocium'  lilira- 
iiich  was  llie  nuiliib 

I'e  under  his  luiniai:- 

nn  of  the  buniiiii  "t 

d  by  11  niob,  1)111  \v;i> 

j-orously  against  ll.. 

13   out    peviodii  all)  in 

and  was  eiiually  iir- 

avery.     A  )■'•;"■"'■■ 

ibc  Aiixe!'f''  li''  !" 

paper.     Ani""'::  i'" 

■ere    Dr.    En^i'lmami, 

Koernur,  vi\n>  >"i- 

Uovornor  nf    V\w'\: 

was  issued  ilm'c 'iiii'> 

.illioliu    I'alll)   '"^l"* 

Llucated  ot,  the  l!>rlin 
Uio    l.'in'.'uaiies  aiii 
■  I-;  yolMlj:    niall  In'  K- 
,yu.e;it  in  tiie  bimJU 
eMablished  tlx'  lira 
-.)nductcd  a  ^'<»«''". 
till!    first    loi'.im.ilive 
J,-  Ohio  wild  Mi'MJ. 
l.icouiotives.     llfiw 
retired  *'r<mi  Ihimh^'^ 
|'„r  his  healtli     He 
but   died  in   l-^TT  -l 
„ch    of   his   -'•"'  >^l 


y 


d 


Waghington  University.  In  1844,  Artliur  Olshauscn 
beeame  n  partner,  and  freed  Weber  from  many  busi- 
ness cares.  The  publication  of  a  German  paper  in 
these  days  was  attended  with  prcut  financial  difficul- 
ties, and  at  the  best  no  great  amount  of  success  was 
attainable.  Olshnusen's  money  and  labor  kept  the 
na|)cr  afloat.  Mr.  Olshauscn  still  lives,  and  is  one  of 
the  prominent  Oarman  citizens  of  St.  Louis.  For  some 
vears  he  was  a  larf;e  owner  in  the   WrxllicJir  Post. 

Meanwhile  the  Tribune  had  been  established,  and 
being  a  daily,  became  a  formidable  rival  of  the  An- 
zeii/ir.  In  1846  iho  Amriijrr  also  appeared  as  a 
daily.  In  1847,  Olshausen  became  sole  owner  of  the 
pn|iei.  The  difficulties  att(!ndin<;  the  publication  con- 
tinned,  and  in  1850  Weber  severed  his  connection 
with  the  paper  and  was  elected  justice  of  the  peace, 
serviiij;  with  ability  until  his  sudden  death  in  1852. 

I'nder  Weber's  management  the  paper  w  known 
ihrDiighout  the  land  as  scarcely  second  to  any  uf  the 
Gerinau-Amorioan  pre-is.  Weber's  style  was  clear 
anil  familiar,  yet  always  strong  and  dignified,  ami 
marked  by  great  originality,  lie  paid  great  attention 
tu  the  current  German  literature,  and  was  a  stanch 
ai)fi('tle  of  "  Young  Germbiiy." 

Weber's  successor  was  Henry  Boernstein,  who  was 

lK)rn  in  Hamburg  in  1805,  and  was  reared  at  Lcni- 

Intj:,  Austrian  Poland,  where  ho  studied  medicine. 

After  leaving  school  he  entered  the  Austrian  army, 

and  served  five  years.     He  then  resigned  hi^  com- 

iiiis<ii);i  and  went  to  Vienna,  where  he  becaiiic  eon- 

ui'Cteil   with    the   leading  journals.      He   also   wrote 

>everal  popular  plays,  and  was  a[)pointed  secretary  of 

llie  two  great  theatres  of  Vietnia.  under  Carl,  the  cele- 

lirateil  staire  manager  of  (ierniany.      He  then  became 

>tai;e  inanuger  in  several  of  the  leading  cities  of  (iir 

uiiiDV  and  Italy,  and  in  1!^41,  with  his  wife,  eiiteri-ii 

upon   a    stiir    tngagement    in    ','.       lei.  ling    tierniaii 

liiji's,  meeting  with  groat  sjci-esH.      In  IK  12  he  was 

mananei'  of  the  (Jerinan  oi""'u  at    I'aris,  and  then  of 

till'  llalian  opera.      Dui'^g     '1   this   |ii'ii.iii   ln' i'<irre- 

•|Hincle(l   with   the   leading  j.)unials   of  the  day.  hut 

liiiillv  liireeled  his  attention  exclusively  t  .   literature. 

Ill' WHS  an  enthusiastic  advocate  of  |-.olitie,i|  riccdiiiii, 

i.i'l  while  in  i'uris  hailed  with  joy  iiie  iliilhroiiemeiit  of 

Luis  Philippe  and  the  <>ntal)lishinent  of  i\w   li'rench 

ri|ul)lic  ,    hut  wlun   the  return   of   :i    Konaparte   to 

fotrer  as  dictator  was  assured  he  left  for  America,  ai..i 

mly  in  l«»lt  settled  at   Highland,  111       His  iiieiaiy 

iliilitii's  heeoniing  known,  he  was  uttered  the  ediiorsh'p 

>f  the  .\in<'tgrr.     Hi  began  briskly,  and  imiulged  ■*o 

frrt'ly  Ills  t<'ndcn'.!v  to  sensa'.ionnlisin,  assailing  people 

|titliiint  much  jmlginent,  thai   Olshausen,  then    the 

ipt"|irietor,  was  very  glad  to  withdraw  from  tho  paper. 


Boernstein  gave  the  paper  a  strong  "  free-soil"  bias 
and  in  1854-50  declared  himself  unequivocally  in 
favor  of  "  free  soil"  and  the  Republican  party.  Mean- 
while he  had  become  owner  of  the  paper,  and  was 
making  it  pay  hand.somcly.  In  addition  to  his  jour- 
nalistic labors  he  conducted  a  theatre,  a  hotel,  and  a 
brewery,  together  with  several  saloons.' 

Mr,  Bocrnstcin's  influence  with  his  countrymen  at 
one  time  was  very  great,  and  when  the  war  broke  out 
he  did  much  to  consolidate  the  German  sentiment  of  St. 
Louis  in  favor  of  the  Union.  The  Antelgcr  more  than 
once  narrowly  escaped  being  mobbed.  Ho  was  promi- 
nent in  organizing  tho  German  troops  for  the  defense 
of  the  United  Stales  arsenal,  and  went  into  the  field 
with  a  colonel's  commission.  President  Lincoln  subse- 
quently appointed  him  consul  to  Bremen,  and  he  went 
abn-Mt  hut  at  the  invitation  of  Hon.  Francis  1*.  Blair 
reliiDied  in  1804  to  take  part  in  Mr.  Lincoln's  second 
campaign  for  tho  Presidency.  He  then  loll  ()orma- 
nently  for  Europe,  and  now  lives  at  Vienna,  where  ho 
corresponds  for  several  American  papers.  His  "  Eu- 
ropacische  Plaudercien"  (European  Tittle  Tattle )  is  an 
interesting  feature  of  the   Wettli'ihr  Pout. 

The  war  seriously  deranged  the  prosperity  of  the 
Anzelijer.  and  in  February,  1803,  its  publication  was 
suspended. 

One  of  the  most  prominent  persons  connected  with 
tho  Aiizrii/er  was  l]ol.  Charles  L.  Mernays,  who  for  a 
long  time  was  its  editor-in  chief 

Charles  Louis  Bernays  was  horn  at  Meiilz,  in  Hesse- 
Darmstadt,  Germany,  in  1815.  His  early  ediiealion 
was  received  at  Oggershrini.near  Mannheim,  and  at  I  he 
(iymnnsiunis  of  Fiankfoit  and  Speyer.  and  he  after- 
wards studied  at  the  rnivTsities  of  Munieli,  (ioltin- 
gen,  and  Heidelberg.  He  adopted  the  profession  of 
the  !aw.  but  :<oon  drilicd  into  journalism,  and  after  n 

'  A  (iroiniiii'iil  lefiuiiiite  <if  llnornxtilii  in  lii»  liiiKinrKs  nilor- 
|iii«M>  wiiK  KroiU'  i'k  Scliai'lcr.  \lv  niia  liorn  In  th«  kiii»:'liilil 
of  Wilrtuiiihvr);,  iii'iiiinn.v,  in  ISI'J,  nml  (iri^viiiaii  In  In*  rciiioval 
to  tliii  llnilml  .'^liitcn  liulil  ii  |>'>?<ilion  an  I'liiel'  of  tho  niniinti'il 
(lolioi'.  <">n  riMirli  nf  tlii"  roiinlrv  lii>  r-elllcil  In  St.  Iiunis,  and 
ontiTi'il  into  |>iirlni'i<lii|i  willi  Bi>orn<li'ln  in  tlio  liri'vtInK  linci- 
ne".  IlrrinK  llu-  Mixi'iui  wur  liii  -i'ivimI  dh  ii  iMi|ilaiii  in 
tliK  Si.  I.oair  L«Ki'ii),  iiii'l  uHit  lii<  rularii  lo  Si.  I.oaia 
I'oiitiiniivl  I.I  inunitol  an  iiL-liM' inlinsi  in  lln'  wi'll'iire  "f  tlio 
loi'ni  inililiit  nr^iin'./.uliiiii''.  II"  iifruiiiiniiiiril  lln'  i'v|i<'ilill<in 
ii..i>»  ',,  iiiir4TniM  <i-'M(rl  innlor  I)  i.  Kni.  tin  rt-in-l  llii' .Ifii- 
ni-'in  nixl  .Muiilifoiiioiy  raiil',  aiul  mi  llu'  lirinkin;!  out  nl'  tlia 
fivil  wii  I,!!"!  iiinliniiillv  '..,  iiv.uilii.;<  llii'  .SiMinJ  li<)(iiiiiiil 
111'  .MiiKiMiii  Vi.liiiilifrK.  iliiiiv  lliioiie-liii.i  wii«  ii|ii.oiiili..l  i.il 
(invi,  .iml  Kif.liTick  .•iilmofci  lii'Ulfnaiil-fiil.iml.  Tin-  lattiir  wui 
|iri-i'iit  lit  till'  liiiitli!  of  Iliiiinvillp.  iini)  wlicii  Ilic  leriii  of  rn- 
ll«tiiieiit  i\|iir.'.|  ii'orjjiiiilni'il  llio  ri'nimi'nl  iiinl  bfciiino  it"  rol- 
ontil.  Al  ihr  llxht  III  I'.ii  Ki.liti'  Ciil.  .■<i'liiH'l«r  wnn  i-liKlilly 
woiiti.li'il.  .'■!  tlic  liiiltli'  III  Miirl'rii'flmio'  lii'  wiii-  niiionK  llie 
killi'il. 


9:!4 


inSTOllY   OF  .'•".AINT   LOUIS. 


Tiii'ied  uxpericncb  as  vi  iiuwspiipiT  writer  and  editor  in 
teriniuiy  imd  in  Paris,  where  he  became  acijuainted 
with  Karl  Mnrx,  Heinrich  Heine,  and  other  eminent 
men.  and  v/as  a.s.soeiated  with  Henry  Bocrn.stuii:  in  the 
publication  of  the  Virivanis,  he  determined  to  emi- 
^'I'ate  to  Amer!>;a.  In  the  inean  time  the  republic 
had  boeii  ilccbred  in  F.-ancc,  and  Mr.  Bernays  was 
«ent  as  aftuc/ir  to  the  French  embassy  to  Viciiia.  but 
on  hi.''  return  to  "aris  he  and  Mr.  Hoernsii-in  deciiied 
10  carry  out  their  orif^inal  project  ol'  emiirrati'i^  to  the 
United  States.  He  accordinj.;ly  ."iiiled  from  Havre  on 
the  11th  of  l)(;itnibci%  1818,  'ht;  understanJitin  beiii'.; 
that  Bocriu;tci(i  ^houl<l  follow  hiui  in  the  spring.  Mr. 
Bcrnays  settled  at  HiuhL.nd,  III.,  and  enjrajicd  in 
trade,  at  which  he  prospered  lor  .'<everal  years,  after 
whicli  hi'  removed  to  St.  Louis  t'>  join  Boern.stcin 
in  tile  publication  ct'  (ho  ;\.nxil<jtr.  During;  the  ad- 
ministiation  of  President  Lincoln,  Mr.  Bernays  was 
sent  as  consul,  first  to  Zuiicli,  and  afterwards  to  Hcl- 
sitifior,  and  on  his  return  to  St.  Jiouis  as.su'ned  the 
chief  editorship  of  the  Aii-iii/ir.  His  serviee^  in  the 
cuu.se  of  the  Uiiioii,  and  more  especially  in  behalf  of 
thi^  administration,  (hen  meditiitini;  the  removal  of 
Fremon'..  were  warmly  commi^nded  in  a  letter  from 
Mont;i()mery  Blair,  a  member  of  Lincoln's  eabiiict. 
Mr.  Bernay.s  entere<l  the  Federal  arn.y  with  the  rank 
of  paymaster,  and  at  the  close  of  tiie  war  received 
tlio  brevet  of  colonel,  lie  then  became  u  member 
of  the  editorial  staff  i)f  the  lii/tiili/icuii,  and  ul.so 
corilrihufed  articles  to  the  Aiizt'ii/i:r.  Af^er  failing 
health  made  it  necessary  for  him  to  relinijuish  active 
editorial  work,  In.'  oecuj»ied  him.sell' by  writing  weekly 
letters  lor  newspii|u'rs  in  Kurope  and  Aineriea,  cs- 
jiecially  for  the  SliiuhZiilHifj  of  Chicago.  He  died 
011  the  2Jd  of  June,  1S7!). 

On  May  :!1,  IH.'il,  Dr.  Henry  William  (leinpp, 
editor  of  the  (ii'rmiiii-Ainrritnii,  and  co-proprieior  of 
th«  Air.iii/ir,  dicil  ill  St.  Louis,  aged  fifty-three  years. 

Pr.  H.  Meinersshageii,  at  one  time  assoeiale  eiiitor 
<>f  the  .l;i,:' /(/<;•  (now  dead),  was  born  in  Bremen, 
was  liighly  eonnected,  and  "  ^i."  a  juilgc  of  the  Lu- 
beck  court,  .\fter  coining  to  the  United  States  he 
occupied  the  position  of  mairagiiig  editor  of  a  ijerman 
daily  paper  in  I'ittsbiirgh,  and  subse(|uentl}  removed' 
to  St.  Louis. 

On  the  lltth  of  .luly,  \Xt;:\.  the  .!;..../././  was  re- 
vived under  the  title  of  Dir  Sruf  Ainelijrv  dm  W'rM- 
pH.-i.  Ii  wa.'<  pulilishtd  by  the  "  Iiidepi  lident  I'rcss 
AH8ueiatioii,"and  Carl  Uaeiizer  was  editor  and  nmiiuger. 
Kvei'tually  the  word  "new"  was  dropped  from  the 
title,  and  the  paper  regarded  itself  ns  (lie  sitctessoi  of 
(lie  old  Aii-.iit/ii.  Ill  a  few  years  the  '  Iiidepeiidint 
I'ress  Association''  was  sui'ceedcd  by  the  "  An/eiger 


Association,"  comprising  essentially  the  same  nicinljur- 
'^hip  of  leading  Democratic  citizens,  who  yet  own  tin; 
concern.  Carl  Dr.en/.tr  is  p.-csidont  of  the  comi|„iiiv. 
which  is  managed  by  a  directory  composed  ol  ('url 
Duenzer,  tiie  Hon.  E,  C.  Kehr.  and  Judge  CI,  irj^s 
Speck.  Carl  Dacnzer  is  editor-in-chief,  and  Iv  1), 
Knrgau  city  editor, 

Carl  Dacnzer  was  born  in  the  Grand  Duchy  I'  IJ;,. 
den,  (icrmiiny,  and  having  participated  in  the  r<  vulu. 
tioii  of  1848-49,  found  it  desirable  to  leave  lii* 
<'ounti'y.  He  conse<|ueutly  came  to  Auieri(;i,  imd 
.soon  afterwards  settled  in  St.  Louis,  which  li:i>  sjine 
been  the  theatre  of  his  activity.  H(!  is  distin;_'iii>lie(i 
for  the  clearness  and  vigor  of  his  style,  and  the  fj. 
tent  and  variety  of  his  genera!  information,  lu  ilios,. 
respecis  he  is  thought  to  have  no  su|ierior  on  iIh'  (itr. 
man  ])ress  of  America.  His  special  strength  lies  in 
the  diseu.ssion  of  eoiisiiiutioiial  ({uestions. 

St.  Louis  Tribune. — The  first  of  (juite  a  smrov 
sioi)  ol'  TiilitiHis  appeared  July  11,  18158.  'flip 
Whiiis,  wunting  a  campaign  paper,  sent  for  Frederifk 
Krctschmar,  a  capable  journalist,  and  proini.'^cil  liim 
money  and  support  for  u  journal  in  (heir  iiitcrc.si. 
Neither  money  nor  support,  iiowever,  was  loriliedni- 
ing,  and  alter  the  election,  when  publii'atioii  cil'  ih,. 
papf.'r  ceased,  Krclsehmar  was  conipelled  to  pav  ilic 
bills.  The  TiHiiinc  was  printed  in  Geniiun  uii'l 
Knglisb,  and  Krelsehmar  and  his  wife  sat  ii|i  iii;.'lii 
af'er  night  translating  from  one  language  to  tlu' 
other.  Kretschniar  was  tbi-  first  (■eriiian  justice  nl' 
the  peace  in  St.  Louis,  and  for  .several  liriin  «;i. 
cl.'rk  of  the  Criminal  Court,  holding  that  putiitioij 
when  he  died  in  18(il.  His  widow  and  .s<<iis  .siill 
reside  in  St.  Ijouis.  The  latter  are  inleioied  in  ;i 
large  printing-house,  which  beani  their  fatlnTs  iiiinii'. 

On  the  I'lili  of  .Fuly,  1844,  appeared  the  Ihuisd' 
Tiiliuiii ,  published  by  N.  11.  Corniany.  and  |iiiuti'i| 
entirely  in  (ierman.  The  editor  was  Charles  .Iiuksli, 
and  the  paper  was  issin-d  every  day  in  the  week  ix- 
ee|)t  Monday,  the  publication  otTu'e  being  nn  Vinr 
Street,  between  Main  and  Second.  In  Maieii,  hl.V 
Oswald  Benckeiidorf  became  the  editor.' 

The   Tiiliune  continued  under  the  inuliat.'i'iiieijl  if 

I  Ofwnlil  Iteiieltrndorf  wtm  horn    iii'nr  .^Iflttn,  (iiTtnnii\.  iia< 

<*(| iIimI  at  till' livniiiit'-iiou  lit  Hitllf,  ^tlldi(>l|  Inn  in  lErriiri  unl 

III  rMJuu,  mill  ill  ISII  <>iiiiii'tii  Amiririt  mill  M'ttli'it  III  tt  :irrriii>n, 
Mo.     Hi' ilririuil  III  Si.  I.iiiiiii,  Willi  11   ciirriiT  nil  tlir    '' I'-iKir  fur  ] 

II  tiiiip,  mill.  Ills  wiirlli  111 iiiin^  kiinwii,  wim  iilli'ini  il lil  n 

ii|ii|i.  11(1  Han  liiiiiri'l  mill  iiiiliistriiiiif,  Ik-miiIi'm  Im'Iii);  tiiielr 
gitti'il,  mill  iinilor  lii"  iiiiiiiii^i-iiiciil  the  Trilntnt,  Itiii);  :i<liii1r, 
'iiiiii  iiiili<tri|i|ii'il  till'  liniK/n  I  llicn  II  tri  nesklv  I.  llrlnivii  i 
liiiii  mill  Mr.  Wpljer,  nf  llui  Aintitjfr,  thorn  wiiii  nn  riiriii-<(  rj. 
vnlry  an  In  which  shniilil  |iri''i'iil  the  |iuhllo  «illi  Ihi'  m-i 
thiiiiKhtrul  |iii|ii'r, 


THE  PRESS. 


935 


lie  game  uuiiubcr- 
who  yet  owii  ttie 
of  tlio  com  1, my, 
!Oinposed  iil  Carl 
id  Jud>;e  Cl.nrles 
chief,  and   K.  1). 

ind  Duchy  .  I' Uii. 

led  in  tho  ■  ■  volu. 

ible    til    h':i'.  I'  liis 

to    AuieniM,  mid 

<,  wliifli  hii>  Miiiv 

lo  is  (listilll.'lli^lll!^l 

Btjk",  niid  I  lie  (I 
riiiiitioii.  Ill  iluvi' 
ijierior  ou  tin'  (Jit- 
ial  strength  \\v>  in 
estioim. 
of  ((uito  a  siiii'Pv 

11,  I8:is.    'IV 

, sent  for  Fniloriik 
and  jiniiniscil  Iimii 
1  in   their  iiiicriM. 
BVer,  was  foriliiMiii- 
publicalioii  "I  it"' 
juijiolled  to  ]r.i\  till' 
id   in    Gt'iiiiiiii  iiii'l 
lis  wife  Mil  ii|i  iii,::lii 
le   langtiajio  i"  iln' 
Ciernian  jii>iii.'i' "f 
several    Iriiii*  «;i- 
ildin;;   ihiit  ii.ii-iti^ni 
idow  and  ^'iis  sliil 
are  iiitiTcMrd  in  ;i 
llieir  fatln'i  s  naiiiiv 
ijieared  thr  D-uhii' 
rmany.  and  iniiiti'i 
was  Cliarles  Jucksli. 
day  in  tlic  wivk  >s- 
lieiiii:  "11  ViiK- 


itfii 


IM.V 


In  Man 

r.lilor.' 

I  lie  niaiiiiU'i'K'ii'  "' 


ir  Sli'ltin,  (iiTiiiniiJ.  ••' 
ludii'il  lii»  ill  ll'iliii«"l 
tiinl  nU\vi  ill  «  iirri'iii"". 
irriiT  on  Ih"'  '''  i'"""^'' 
,11,  wiin  "IliTi-.i  llM  i"lil" 
,,„,  lu'»i.l.'<  li''iii|t  fi"'.' 
i,  Inlniix.  l..iii|!;i'l»'ly. 
„  tri  wMkly  I.  lli'l*'""  ] 
ll,ori>  wim  I'll  ''1"""'  "■ 
„.   |,iil.lio    «illi  •I"'  "'■•■'  ' 


Caimany  and  Bcnckendorf  until  it  was  merged  into  the 
Ihmncrnlif  Triliinif,  under  the  nionugement  of  J.  G. 
Woerncr,  afterwards  judjje  of  the  Probate  Court  of  St. 
Ijduis.  In  Sept  ember,  1851,  the  office  was  attacked  by 
aiii'ih,  which  broke  the  windows,  but  was  prevented 
bv  the  police  from  piining  an  entrance  to  the  com- 
posing-room. The  cause  of  the  attack  is  said  to  have 
been  the  severity  of  some  remarks  in  (he  Trlliune.  as 
toi'ii'tain  conduct  on  the  part  of  some  of  the  persons 
im|ilieated.  [n  185U  tlio  Trilmiif  passed  into  the 
hands  of  (J.  Kribben,  and  atlerwards  suspended. 

On  tlie  (Jth  of  Seplendier,  1880,  the  present  ,SV. 
ifln/s  Trihinir  was  ostablislicd.  Its  proprietors  were 
William  Kaufmann,  of  tlie  Aiizfi^er,  of  CleVfland, 
Oliiii.  Eiuil  Paetow,  a-ssistant  editor  of  the  same 
paper,  and  (Jtto  Ililpert,  traveling  agent  of  the 
W'rsllich:  I'ost.  iiilpert  was  selected  as  business 
man!i;_'er,  and  has  filled  that  position  ever  since. 

Till' first  editor  was  Ferdinand  llarrsler,  previously 
Iw'iil  editor  of  the  Aiiurikn.  but  Fritz  (Jloganer  suc- 
loeili'il  him  in  Marcli.  1881,  and  is  still  ediiiir.  ilerr 
GloLMiier  was  borif  in  Silesia  in  IS,")?.  He  received  a 
ciill('|.'f  e  Incalion,  and  when  nineteen  years  of  age  be- 
anie associate  editor  of  a  daily  jiiiper  in  Hreslau,  the 
Silcsiiin  capital.  He  came  to  America  in  1877,  and 
alter  lliree  years  sjieiit  in  business  and  in  st inlying 
•S' language  and  institutions  of  the  country,  resumed 
:,  Id  |iriife,ssion  and  became  editor  of  tlie  Cleveland 
.i... (•///'•(',  the  proprietor  of  which  paper  transferred 
him  III  St.  Louis. 

Tlie  local  editor  is  WiHiimi  Katzelcr,  a  Pru.ssii-n, 
Urn  in  18.')0,  who  was  a  lieutenant  in  the  Prus.sian 
irniy.  He  immigrated  lo  this  country  in  187-i,  and 
fur  some  lime  was  a  reporter  on  the  Amvi'lkn.  Ho 
111."  tii'i'ii  on  the  Tii'iiiif  IVmn  the  .start. 

Till'  new  paper  met  with  success  fioni  the  beginning, 
I  iiiillia:<  now  a  large  daily  circulation,  including  Sunday. 
Ill  |iiililie»  it    is   iinJependent,  fivoring,  however,  tlu; 
Kipalilican   (larty   on    national   (|uesliiiiis,  and    advo- 
ciiiiiil:  political,  judicial,  and  economical  reforms 

.Mr.  I'aetow,  mentioned   as  one  ol'  the  founders,  is 
Uiivt  owner  of  the   i'liiriiiniil!   .\iiZfli)vr,  t!ie  Tiilniin 
kiiiL'  niiilrolled  ui  present  by  Messrs.  Kanfiii.inn  ami 
|ilil|>i'ii 

The  Post-Dispatch  I'lijoys  the  distinct imi  of  being 
lilio  tiisl  iviiMy  suc;;e.Hsl'nl  venture  iu  afternoon  journal 
i>ni  111  Si.  liouis.  Previous  to  its  estalilislinienl  success 
h.iil  attended  but  two  papers  of  the  kind,  but  even  in 
I lliiw  cas(>s  good  fortune  was  transitory  and  uncertain, 
lud  the  history  of  evening  journalism  in  St.  liOuis  luid 
Ibtcn  a  liiiig  record  of  failure  and  loss 

The  I'iikI-  Dif/iiilili  can  trace  its  linea'je  back  to  the 
111  iif  "Inly,  1838,  wlien  the  St.  l.iiiiin   En  nli,,/  (In- 


-lite  made  its  appearance,  under  llie  uuinageuient  of 
Holbrook  &  Allen  (David  H.  Ilolbrook  and  (J.  S. 
Allen),  with  W.  S.  Allen,  a  brotlier  of  one  of  the 
proprietors,  as  editor.  In  August,  1811,  (!.S.  Allen 
sold  his  interest  to  P.  A.  Gould,  editor  of  the  Mlx- 
aaiiri  Fiinmr,  and  the  paper  was  continued  by  the 
firm  of  Holbrook  &  Gould,  the  editor  being  Mr. 
(lould.  In  the  following  year  Holbrook  k  Gould 
sold  the  Gii.-.cltc  to  Henry  Singleton,  who  in  turn 
disposed   of  it   one   year   later   to   McKee  &   Uuth, 


l'(lsr-li|SI'.\l(  II    IIIIMMN*!. 
.'il.'.  ,V  ,'.17  MmkrI  St.,  Si.  |„iii|«. 

during  whose  proprietorship  it  was  edited  by  Kdinund 
Klagg.  l;i  1W47  it  was  sold  to  Mr.  Jdird,  who  in  less 
than  half  a  year  dispo.scd  of  the  plant  and  good  will 
tn  a  .Mr.  Ku'.rgles,  who  established  ihe  AVoii'/iy  Mirror, 
'I'lie  Mlrriir  was  not  successful,  and  in  ISIS  it  was 
•sold  to  Pa.scliall  &  Kamsey,  who  established  the  Siio 
A.Vk,  wliicli  in  turn  was  sold  in  IS  lit  in  'riiomas  Yeat- 
man  and  .1.  H.  Croekell.  The  name  of  the  paper  was 
I'lianged  In  the  In'i  //i(/i  iiri  i\  which  a  few  months  later 
was  purchased  by  (ieorge  K.  iiudd,  who  conducted  it 


936 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


successfully  for  nearly  three  years.  In  the  mean  time 
A.  S.  Mitchell  &  Co.  had  established  the  Evening 
Newg,  which  soon  became  so  successful  that  the  7/i- 
telh'grncer  was  forced  to  succumb,  and  in  1857  the 
two  papers  were  consolidated  under  the  name  of  the 
Eveniitf/  News  and  Intelligencer. 

In  18G7  the  Ncics,  which  had  dropped  the  Intelli- 
gencer from  its  name,  was  sold  to  the  Dinpatcli,  which 
had  been  established  in  1864  by  Messrs.  Coburn, 
Johnson  &  Pcckhum  ;  the  Johnson  of  the  firm  being 
the  well-known  Governor  Charles  P.  Johnson.  The 
Dispiitch  combination  was  formed  for  the  purchase  of 
the  Uniiin,  then  owned  by  O.  D.  Filley,  Giles  F. 
Filley,  John  How.  and  Peter  L.  Foy.  After  the 
transaction  had  been  consummated  the  name  of  (he 
paper,  at  the  sugj^estion  of  Governor  Johnson,  was 
cliang(>d  to  the  Di»pulch,  and  a  stock  company  was 
formed  with  the  name  of  the  "  St.  Louis  Dispatch 
Printing  and  Publiching  Company,"  the  directors 
being  Josiuh  Fogg,  John  S.  Cavendur,  liichard  T. 
Coburn,  James  Pcckham,  and  C.  P.  Johnson.  Mr. 
Coburn  was  the  editor,  Mr.  Johnson  assistant  editor, 
and  Mr.  Peckhaui  was  in  charge  of  the  business 
management.  After  a  checkered  career  of  six  months 
the  paper  reverted  to  the  former  proprietors  of  the 
Union.  In  April,  1808,  it  was  purchased  by  Peter 
L.  Foy  and  William  H.  McHenry,  who  conducted  it 
as  a  Democratic  journal.'  Mr.  Foy  sold  his  interest 
to  Mr.  Fishback,  of  the  Democrat,  and  in  December, 
1871,  the  firm  of  Foy  &  Mcllenry  was  succeeded  by 
that  of  William  H.  McHcnry  &  Co.  D.  Robert 
Barclay,  who  had  already  bought  the  interest  of  Mr. 
Fishback,  then  purchased  the  other  two-thirds  owner- 
ship from  Mcllenry  &  Co.,  William  II.  and  Estill 
Mcll(Miry  retiring.  The  Diitpatch  was  never  very 
profitable,  and  Mr.  Barclay  is  said  to  have  lost  a  fortune 
in  it.  Ill  187:>  he  solil  it  to  Stilson  Ilutchiiis  on  a 
valuation  of  one  hundred  and  twenty  thousand  dol- 
lars. Maj.  John  N.  Edwards,  now  of  the  Srdalia 
(Mo.)  fhniocfiit,  was  editor.  In  187'),  Mr.  Ilutchins 
took  charge  of  the  .SV.  fjimin  Times,  and  for  a  season 
run  the  two  ])ap('rs  togctlior.  Later  in  that  year  lit! 
sold  the  /h's/Kifc/i  to  Mr.  Allison,  of  Stculu'iivillc, 
Ohio,  at  a  sacrifice.  Allison  lost  all  ho  cared  to  lose 
and  tlu'ii  Kiild  to  Wolcott  fc  Iliimi',  who  were  [lub- 
li,slu'rs  ol'  tlie  Juinnal.  The  next  scenic  of  this 
''Strange,  eventful  history"  was  the  passage  of  the 
paper  into  the  hands  iit'a  receiver,  and  its  sale  on  the 
Hull  of  December,  IS7S,  to  Joseph  Pulitzer  lor 
two  thousand  five  hundred  dollars.  It  was  then  in  a 
moriliund  conditimi.  .M'ter  its  purchase  the  /h's/mti/i 
WHS  published  for  two  days,  and  on  the  12th  it  was 
announced  that  a  consolidation  had  been  effected  with 


the  Evening  Post.  The  latter  journal  had  1 n  es- 
tablished nearly  one  year  before  by  John  A.  nillon 
the  first  numlier  appearing  on  the  10th  of  J:iiinar3-. 
Mr.  Dillon  had  been  an  editor  on  the  St.  Louis  fjlohr,. 
Democrat,  and  was  one  of  the  brightest  jouriiMli.itK  of 
the  city.  He  had  published  thebesteveniug  ji,  |,..rSt, 
Louis  had  had,  but  despite  its  able  manngenicni  ii  jiqj 
not  met  with  the  financial  success  it  deserved.  The  ni'w 
journal  appeared  as  the  St.  Louis  I'ost  and  Jjisi„iii-li 
for  about  two  weeks,  and  the  name  was  then  chauiicd  to 
the  Post- Dispatch.  Serious  diflSculties  continued  to 
face  the  management  after  the  consolidation.  The  /'„g< 
had  been  printed  on  the  Ghihe- Democrat' x  |irt'n.«iM 
but  the  proprietors  of  the  Post- Dispatch  ncit  Ijeinw 
satisfied  with  this  arrangement,  leased  a  liuildiiii:  m\ 
Fifth  Street,  and  the  paper  was  printed  on  its  unn 
press  and  issued  from  its  own  office.  In  Mav,  IST'J 
the  rival  Evening  Star  was  purchased  at  shciill's  ^i,lle 
by  the  Post- Dispatch,  and  in  the  fall  of  that  year 
John  A.  Dillon  retired  from  the  management  of  the 
latter  paper.  His  interest  was  purchased  hy  Mr. 
Pulitzer,  who  thus  became  the  sole  proprietor  <il'  the 
paper. 

Joseph  Pulitzer  was  born  near  Vienna,  .\iisiri;i, 
and  received  a  good  classical  education  in  tii:it  eiiy. 
When  quite  young  he  served  as  a  soldier  in  the 
Schleswig-Holstein  war,  and  contracted  a  keen  ihirsi 
for  a  milftary  life.  When  that  contest  was  dvcr  lie 
came  to  the  United  States,  then  (18ti4i  in  tiie  thme:* 
of  the  civil  war.  On  the  very  day  of  his  anival  iit 
New  York  heenli.st«d  in  the  First  New  York  ^  l.iiieujni 
Cavalry,  and  was  with  his  regiment  at  Ceilur  Creek. 
Five  Forks,  etc.  After  t!ie  war  he  rcinoved  in  ,<i. 
Louis,  and  for  luck  of  better  employ iiieiii.  nhiaineil 
work  as  a  hostler  at  Benton  Barracks,  ami  wassue- 
ce.«sively  fireman  on  a  ferry-boat,  lahorer  on  (lie  I.evee, 
driver  of  a  carriage,  niid  "the  fyi/d.ii'-se.Mnn  nf  the 
chiileru  cemetery  on  Arsenal  Island.'  Tlie  LTeat 
obstacle  he  found  was  his  iunoianee  of  the  lanjiinL'e ; 
lu'iicc  he  was  assiduous  in  learning  it.  lli>  lir^t  -uii- 
stuntial  start  was  made  when  he  accept <'d  a  illflieiilt 
and  somewhat  dangerous  coinniission  to  visit  we-irrii 
regions  to  get  the  land-grant  deeds  of  ilie  .\ilaiiiieaiiil 
Paeilic  Railroad  recorded.  On  redirniiii;  in,'>:i.  \,,\m  j 
he  began  the  study  of  the  law.  Imt  having  attraeinl  lli 
attention  of  Carl  Schurz,  was  offered  a  posilinii  mi  iln; 
Wcslliche  Post,  wliich  he  accepted.  He  jiinvr.i  i>i 
lie  an  excellent  writer,  and  in  six  years  was  i  lit. ir  anj  1 
part  proprietor  of  that  paper,  in  1S7L',  nwim;  in 
differences  relative  to  the  political  niunagemeni  nf  tha 
pa|ier,  he  retired  from  (he  editorship,  ami  in  I''"") 
sold  his  interest.  Mr.  Pulitzer's  course  while  eiliinri 
of  the  Westliche  /W  brought  him  into  special  |irniiii. 


THE  PRESS. 


937 


had  lici'ii  cs- 
\\n  A.  Uillnn, 
\\  of  Jaimary. 

Louis   <!hi}ii;. 

jouriiiilisls  of 
:nii!;i)ii;|ii'rSt. 

f»L'IllCIIt   il  llild 

ved.   Thiin'w 
and  Di^itiiifk 
lien  eliiiii'^i'il  to 
s  cuiitiiiiii'd  to 
tion.    Till'  I'usi 
■jcriit'.i  jirosses, 
•ilcli  mil  being 
u  Imililiti'^  on 
ted  on  its  uwn 
In  May,  ISTl), 
at  sheriff's  sale 
ill  of  tlial  year 
lujrenieiit  ul'  the 
tham'd  liy  Mr. 
voprietiir  of  the 

Mennu,  Austrin, 
ion  in  ilnit  eiiy. 
1  soldici  ill  the 
ed  il  keen  tliirsl 
CHt  W;is  ciVrr  tic 
M  I  in  tlif  ilinii's 
of  lii>  aniviii  iit 

York  I  liiiiciiliii 
Cedar  Cri'i'ii. 

reiiKivcd  I"  St. 

ini'iil.  I'liliiiiii'd 

s,  and  vviis  >uv- 

III!  till'  lii'Vn', 

.o'-M'Xliiii  "f  the 
Till'   liniit 
r  till'  lairj:u;i:i' ; 
11  i~  tii>t  «u!i- 
|iti'd  a  ilitlii'ult 
I.I  vi-it  \vi'>ii'm 
ilic  All:iiilii.-iiiiil 
:,i„-  1,1  St.  Liiuil 
ini;altr.n'li'clilii.' 
a  |iiisiliiiii  111!  lliii 
lie  pri'Vi'il  M 
rs  wa^<  nlii'ir  iiinl 
IST'J,  iittiiiL'  '0  I 
ll,li_-,i|lli'Ill  "f  ilio 
i|i,  and  in  !""''» 
ir«i'  wliili'  I'llitiir  j 
ilij  s|ieciai  lirmiii- 


nonce  before  the  country,  on  account  of  his  af!p;res8ive 
advocacy  of  Liberal  Republican  principles.    Ho  labored 
with  all  his  stioogth,  both  in  the  columns  of  his  news- 
paper and  on  the  stump,  to  array  the  German  vote  in 
op]iosition  to  the  "  regular"  organization  of  the  Re-  ', 
publican  party.     His  success  was  very  marked,  and  , 
his  name  at  once  became  conspicuous  in  the  political  | 
iiU'rature  of  the  day.     Out  of  the  ci.iwpnign  of  1870,  1 
in  which  he  bore  such  a  prominent  part,  sprang  the  I 
Gri'oley  movement  of  187-,  and  it  was  Mr.  Pulitzer 
who,  with  another  gentleman,  framed  a  cull   for  a 
national  convention  of  Liberal  Republicanii.     In  that 
convention  his  influence  was  promptly  felt  and  recog- 
nized, and  he  was  among  the  most  active  and  ener- 
jjetic  of  its  members.     Mr.  Pulitzer  was  elected  to  the  . 
State  Legislature  from    the   Fifth   District  in  ISG'J, 
and  in  1870  was  appointed  by  Goverimr  IJrown,  and  i 
uDaiiimously  confirmed  by  the  State  Senate,  a  mem- 
ber iif  the  Board   of  Police    Commissioners  of  St.  ' 
I/iui.'<.     In  December,  1874,  he  was  elected  to  the 
Stati'  Constitutional  ('onvention.     During  the  same  I 
vcar   lie   purchased    the  Stuals-Zeiliinff,    a  German 
paper  that  hud  worn    itself  out  in   the  .'ndeavor   to 
lin'ak  down  the   Wi'ntlirhe  I'osf,  and  two  days  later  ho 
M  the  Zei'tiini/  YTCBs  franchise  to  the  Qlnlie,  which 
vriis  then  greatly  in  need  of  such  a  stimulus.      In  the 
I'linsiitiitional   Convention  of  1875  he  was  an  inde-  | 
latiL'ahle  worker,  and  was  once  more  brought  promi- 
nontly  before  the  public  in  connection  with  his  scheme 
fur  the  union  of  the  city  and  county  governments, 
which  in  substance  was  unanimously  adopted  by  the 
oonveiition. 

Mr.  Pulitzer  is  not  only  an  able  journalist  and 
wrilpr,  hut  also  a  graceful  and  forcible  speaker,  both 
writing'  and  speaking  fluently  in  Knglish  as  well  a.s  in 
(icriDan. 

Mr.  Pulitzer's  next  venture  in  journalism  after  the 
iuinhZiitnnij  episode  was  the  )mrchase  of  the  l)lx- 
I  Mii'h,  which,  as  wo  have  seen,  was  speedily  followed 
Iv  its  consolidation  with  the  l'ii»t. 

Hcsidi's  being  one  of  the  must  brilliant  and  versa- 
lili'  jiiurnnlists  of  the  day,  Mr.  I'lilitzer  is  one  of  the 
aiosi  siicei'ssful,  as  the  wonderful  growth  of  the  /W- 
hitjuili-h  sufiicienlly  attests, — eourageous,  energetic, 
fertile  in  resources,  keen  in  the  realization  of  oppiir- 
;iiiiities  as  they  present  themselv(>s,  and  (|uick  i"  LTasp 
I  iDiJ  huld  I  hem. 

Up  to  the  time  that  Mr.  Pnlil/.cr  a.s.siimt'd  the  wlmle 

I  kimien  iif  nmnnging  the    Pnst- Ih'sputc/i   its   L'rowili 

I  lu'oii  .slow,  itM  daily  eireulatinn   being  unly  about 

hre  thousand  copies.      Ho  at   once  set  to  work  with 

itiaracterislic  energy  to  strengthen  all  the  depart inents 

I  tu  iiiluBe  new  life  and  vigor  throughout  the  estab- 


lishment. "  Push  and  independence"  were  the  mot^ 
toes  of  both  the  editorial  and  business  management, 
and  such  was  the  vigor  with  which  the  affairs  of  the 
paper  were  conducted  that  it  smm  began  to  assume  a 
prominence  in  the  community  which  no  evening  paper 
had  ever  before  been  able  to  attain.  The  following 
figures,  showing  the  I'ust-Dinpiitch's  circulation  at 
different  periods,  afford  .some  idea  of  the  results  that 
have  been  achieved  under  Mr.  Pulitzer's  manage- 
ment : 

Dec.  30,  1878,  circulation,  31C0  ;  in  1879,  4984; 
in  1880,  8740;  in  1881,  20,320;  in  June,  1882, 
23.000. 

In  addition  to  its  extensive  circulation  the  J'ust- 
Dis^pntch  enjoys  a  valuable  advertising  patronage,  and 
its  proprietors  have  already  been  enabled  to  make 
many  im|  ortant  improvements,  and  to  supply  them- 
selves with  new  machinery  and  all  the  appointments 
of  a  first-clnss  newspaper.  The  old  Ih'xpiitch  had 
little  machinery,  and  that  very  poor  ;  the  Kviutiiij  Punt 
had  none  whatever.  The  Pusl-Diapa/rh  now  owns 
and  occupies  a  double  building,  three  stories  high, 
515  and  517  Market  Street,  specially  constructed  to 
serve  its  requiremi  nts,  and  is  now  jirinted  on  two 
large  "  Hoe  perfecting  presses,"  each  costing  twenty- 
five  thousand  dollars,  and  each  with  a  capacity  of 
fifteen  thousand  cut,  pasted,  and  folded  quarto  (eight- 
page)  papers  an  hour.  With  a  new  building,  new 
presses,  new  engine  and  general  machinery,  new 
stereotyping  outfit,  etc.,  the  Pott-Dlspntch  pos.sesscs 
undoubtedly  one  of  the  most  complete  and  most  con- 
veniently arranged  newspaper  establishments  in  the 
United  States. 

I'Vonting  on  Market  Street,  the  building  occupies 
a  lot  firty-tlirec  by  one  hundred  and  twenty  feet,  and 
is  centrally  located,  being  one  hundred  and  firty  feet 
from  the  court-house  and  opposite  the  Opera-House. 

The  front  is  of  nul  briek,  lined  with  black  galvan- 
ized iron  and  stone  trimmings,  three  stories  high,  well 
lit  up.  and  handsoino,  though  entirely  unpretentious. 
The  fittings  are  black  and  gold,  and  the  whole  effect 
is  pleasing  as  well  as  impressive.  On  the  first  floor 
are  the  eouiiting-rooni.  press-niom.  iMiilerrooin,  sales- 
rooms, carriers'  rooms,  and  other  offices.  The  count- 
inirrnoni  is  fitted  up  with  elegant  ash  counters  upon 
Kastiake  models. 

Ill  the  rear  id'  the  eounting-rooin  is  the  salesroom, 
where  the  newsboys  get  their  papers,  and  the  .system 
of  selliiii!  thi'se  papi'rs  has  to  be  perfect  to  be  at  all 
etfeetivc.  The  (|uiek  issue  to  the  boys  necessilatc>8 
the  employment  of  a  number  of  clerks,  and  the  Arabs 
'ji  (  their  pajiers  entirely  by  check.  Tli"  large  and 
spaeioiis  press-room,  containing  the  etmiiies  and  the 


hj 


938 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


boiler-room,  is  acrutwtlio  courtyard  ui,  the  rear.  Up- 
stairs tlic  front  rooms  arc  devutud  to  tho  editorial  »iid 
local  staff  and  to  the  telej;raphiu  oflBco  of  the  /'ogt- 
JJispatch.  The  rear  portion  of  the  second  story  is  de- 
voted to  the  printers  and  stcrootypers,  the  coraposin^- 
rooni  bcin<<;  one  of  the  best  lighted  and  best  arranged 
in  the  West.  The  architect  of  the  building  was  James 
McGrath. 

To  Mr.  Pulitzer,  of  course,  this  splendid  success  is 
mainly  attributable.  It  isi  a  isuccess  wrenched  from 
disastrous  defeat  by  industrious  effort  backed  by  intel- 
ligence and  ability.  But  he  has  had  able  assistants, 
e.spccially  in  the  nianagin<;  editor,  Col.  John  A. 
C'ockerill,  one  of  the  most  versatile  men  ever  connected 
with  the  press  of  St.  Louis.  Cul.  Cockcrill  was  born  in 
Adams  County,  Ohio,  Dec.  5,  I84ti.  His  father,  J. 
R.  Cockerill,  a  native  of  Loudon  County,  Va.,  was  a 
member  of  Congre.><s  from  Ohio,  and  colonel  of  the 
Seventieth  Ohio  Regiment  during  the  late  civil  war. 
John  A.  Cockerill  received  a  common-school  educa- 
tion, and  in  June,  IStil,  when  less  than  fifteen  years 
old,  enli.'ited  in  the  Twenty-fourth  Ohio  Regiment 
as  a  drummer.  He  served  in  the  Army  of  West 
Virginia,  and  afterwards  with  the  Army  of  the  Ohio 
cauipui;^ns  of  Buell  and  Rosecrans,  and  was  mustered 
out  in  18(}3.  From  18ti5  to  18G8  he  edited  a  weekly 
paper  at  Hamilton,  Ohio,  and  was  afterwards  asso- 
ciated with  C.  L.  Viillandigham  in  the  ownership  and 
editorship  of  the  JJui/tuii  (Ohio)  Lcih/in-.  In  the 
spring  of  1S70  he  obtained  a  position  on  the  Clm-in- 
nali  /Jiiifiiin'r  as  reporter,  was  promoted  to  be  city 
editor  six  months  afterwards,  and  was  made  managing 
editor  a  year  later,  .serving  as  such  until  187l>,  when 
he  went  to  Kurope  us  correspondent  with  the  Turkish 
army  in  the  war  with  Russia.  Returning,  he  assisted 
in  establishing  the  Wnshiiit/toii  I'lmt,  and  subso- 
((Ufiiily  a.v.iumed  the  position  of  managing  editor  of 
the  liiiltiiuDie  Gtixrtlr,  which  he  retained  fi)r  cue 
and  a  half  years.  Finally,  in  1879,  he  removed  to 
St.  Louis  and  joined  the  /'ost-Dispulc/i. 

Mr  Cockerill  is  a  trenchant  and  brilliant  writer, 
and  has  the  reputation  of  being  one  of  the  wittiest 
'•  paragraphcrs"  on  the  Amerieau  press.  His  edito- 
rials are  always  crisp  and  vigorous,  and  permeated  by 
u  sponianeons.  natural  humor  which  greatly  enhances 
the  effectiveness  of  his  journalistic  work.  Col.  (Cock- 
erill is  |>resid('nt  of  the  KIk  Club,  and  a  member  nl' 
the  Tally-Ho  (,'lub  and  St.  Louis  Cavalry.  At  the 
reunioti  of  the  Army  of  the  Tennessee  at  St.  Louis, 
in  1882,  he  responded  to  the  toast,  "  Tho  Press,"  and 
was  very  highly  emnplimented  by  (ienerals  Sherman 
and  Sheridan,  and  other  distinguished  officers  of  the 
United  States  army  who  were  present. 


'  On  the  22d  of  January,  1880,  tho  press-  and  i  ws- 
roonis  of  tlie  Post- Dispatch  were  damaged  by  lii  ilm 
total  lo.ss  being  about  five  thousand  dollars.  Thf 
injury  was  speedily  repaired,  and  tho  estab!i>liiii>'iit 

j  is  now  one  of  the  best-equipped  printing-offices  in  i||(, 
country.     Tho  Post-lJinpnfcli  is  a  marvel  of  JHiiriiaJ. 

:  istic  success,  and    may   be  justly   regarded    ii~   dne 

I  of  the  best  evening  papers  in  the  country.  U  Ik 
always  brimful  of  news  and  attractive  misoliany. 
and  its  editorials  are  frank,  aggressive,  and  able.     IV,. 

I  litically  it  is  Democratic,  but  thoroughly  indciMrnlciii 
and  outspoken,  criticising  honestly  and  fearleslv  tiiu 
acts  of  leading  men  in  it«  own  as  well  as  in  the  (i|i|)i|. 
site  party.  From  its  inception  it  has  been  tiimiicially 
as  well  as  politically  independent,  and  at  no  tiiiu'  has 
it  been  compelled  to  seek  extraneous  aid.  Tci  ijuotu 
its  own  language,  "  No  bank,  banker,  or  lucikcr  was 
ever  asked  for  loans,  discounts,  or  credits  in  »iiv  >li;i|i(' 

;  Everything  the  Post- Dispatch  purcha.sed  it  huiijlit  fur 

i  cash.     It  neither  needed  nor  asked  favors  fVi>iii  tjj,. 

I  monej'cd  corporations.  The  proprietor  owned  ii  xileiy 
and  ('onipletely  and  without  cncumbranci',  and  iliiis  ii 
h.i.t  neither  to  crouch  nor  cringe.  FinaMeially  vm\- 
pictely  independent,  it  was  e(|ually  so  edituriallv.  N'm 
parly,  ring,  corporation,  or  clique  has  ever  |iaiil  it  a 
dollar  for  illegitimate  purposes,  or  ever  been  railud  nn 
ibr  assistance." 

Being  thus  free  to  speak  and  to  strike  wliciuvcr  it 
listed,  tho  I'oKt-hispaldi  has  steadily  and  eoiLxis^lciitl)' 
assailed  all  abu.ses,  and  has  labored  unieniitiiimlv  in 
behalf  of  politietd  and  social  reforms  in  St.  \.<m\>.  \{i 
fearlessness  is  best  illustrated  by  the  fact  that  during: 
three  years  seventeen  libel  suits  were  institnti'd  ii^ainsi 
it,  aggregating  two  hundred  and  fifty  thonsaiiil(iM|lar> 
in  the  damages  claimed.  <  H'  these  seventeen  suits  mily 
one  was  lost  by  tlic  /'ust-Zh'spnlrh,  which  was  niulclcj 
in  tho  sum  of  lifty  dollars, — a  fact  wliii-h  in  iisilf  af- 
fords the  completest  vindication  of  thi;  paper's Lii'iiiral 
fairness  and  honesty.    The  /'ost-J>isjiii/cli  cuniinin's  in 

I  grow  and  to  flourish,  and  is  now,  as  it  has  Ijnn  I'ldm 
the  start,  one  of  the  brightest  and  ablest  e.\|Mjn('iii.s  nl' 
Western  journalism. 

Missouri  Demokrat. — Kdward  Warren,  a  ymiii.' 
lawyer  of  St.  Louis,  achieved  considerable  ici'iitaiiHii 
us  the  "  poet"  of  the  Anzclgcr.  In  1841!  lie  startid  i 
the  Di mokriit,  because  the  Aiizciyrr  was  iiul  .Jiiai 
enough  in  its  support  of  the  Van  Hiiren  ailiiiiiii^ini 
tion.  He  was  an  active  and  ca])i.i  le  man.  Imii  iIic 
liermans  regarded  him  as  being  more  of  a  imliiioiaii 
than  a  journalist,  and  withheld  their  conlidi'iict'  Hi) 
paper  conse(|uently  survived  only  two year.'<.     in  h^'t 

I  he  obtained  a  consulate  abroad  (at  Trieste  i.  and  nevor  I 

'  returned  to  .\meric.i.     He  also  became  the  ediinr  of  J 


THE   FRKSS. 


989 


preiss-  and  i   ws- 
na^ed  by  Hi    iIib 
jil   dollars.     The 
he  efitubli>liiiii'tii 
tin)?-offii!t's  111  tlifc 
Diirvel  of  JMiiiiuil. 
regarded    a-   mie 
i  country.      It  in 
ictive   iiiisr.  liuiiv, 
fe,  and  able.     I'u- 
ighly  iiidi'iHiiileiii 
and  fearU•^ ';  tlie 
cU  aa  ill  tile  n|,|)ii- 
aa  been  tiiiiim'ially 
ind  at  110  tiiiii'  lia> 
JUS  aid.     'I'll  i|m)ic 
ker,  or  bnikcr  was 
redits  in  any  >lr,iiK' 
diased  it  bdiiijlit  t'ur 
ed  favors  fiuiu  itu' 
etor  Dwncil  ii  miIcIv 
jbranee,  ami  tlms  ii 
,     Financially  cuiii- 
r  so  editiiriiilly.    N" 
has  ever  paiil  il  a 
r  ever  been  lalloil on 

o  strike  wIhtovit  it 
dily  and  eoiisiytcniiy 
ed  unreniittini;!}  in 
lus  in  St.  iioui^,   Its 
the  fact  that  durinji 
ere  inHtitiitfd  a-uiii'-t 
fiy  thousand d'lllars 
Heveliteen  Miiis  mi'iy 
wliieli  was  nmli'li'd 
whieh  ill  ii>iH'  at- 
f  the  paper's  gumiral 
Hnjiiilch  fiiiiiiiim'stii 
as  il  lia.s  bi'iii  lioiii 
il  ablest  expoiiuiits  »< 


ct 


1 


rd  Wanvii,  a  ymiii: 
siderable  repulation 

In  184:i  111'  siurted 
■iyer  was  imt  '::}m\ 
II  Hureii  aduiiiiiatra 
man.  Imt  tlio 

iu(ire  i)f  a  iMiliiicmu 
heir  eontidimi'    1''' 

twoyear,'*.  I"  t"*!'' 
ttl  Trieste  i,  and  m'vor 
beeauic  the  eJi'"'  "^  I 


«l 


die  Austrian  IJnijd's.  For  some  time  Ii.  F.  V'olland 
wa.s  publisher  of  the  Demokruf,  wliich  must  not  be 
euiil'iunded  with  the  Kii<;lish  Danocrnt,  established 
jonii'  years  Inter. 

Autipfaff. — In  1842  there  appeared  a  sheet  witli 
ihifi  I'llii  ("  Antipriest").  It  was  edited  by  Ileinrieh 
Kucl',  a  born  agitator,  who  was  the  first  in  St.  Louis 

10  preach  eommunism.  He  left  St.  Louis  and  settled 
jg  II  couiniunist  colony,  and  in  1845  his  paper  was 
merj-'ed  into  the  Vorwitertu,  which  manured  to  live 
,iniv  about  one  year. 

Die  "Waage. — In   1844,   I'aul  Follemins  was  in- 

I  viti'd  to  come  to  St.  Louis  and  assume  the  editorial 

management  of  the   Anzn'i/cr  des    Wegteim,  but  the 

I  arraii^iement  was  not  perfected,  and  Follemins  estub- 

lisiicd  Dii'  H'(»'»y»('' The  Venture").  It  was  conducted 

jiith  ability  and  .spirit,  but  those  were  not  the  tiroes, 

jiid  the    slavc-holdiiif;   city   of  St.   Louis   certainly 

iia:<  iKit  the  place,  for  a  journal  that  indulged  in  Fob 

leniiiis'  radical  method  of  dealing  with  the  question 

[of  slavery  vh.  abolition.     Follemins  was  a  brother  of 

U'linrli's  Follemins,  fur  several  years  Professor  of  Ger- 

nti  Literature  at  Harvard  University,  and  the  friend 

vi  Clianning,  Theodore    I'arker,  and   tJolin   Quincy 

I .\d;iiii.s,  and  was  hin.self  a  remarkable  eharaeter.      In 

1811  and    IHl.')   be   fought   against    Napoleon.     In 

liliiiso  days  his    love  for    the   VhIiiIuhiI  was   almost 

I fiiiatical ;   in  later  years  it  settled  down  into  a  re.so- 

llutf  and   practical    liberalism.       Despairing   of  the 

hiiualiiiii  at  home  he  eaine  to  America,  iiiten<Iing  to 

Ijitablisli  somewhere  in  the  far  West  a  German  free 

ptale,  for  many  besides  himself  dreamed  of  founding 

11  oiiiiinioiiweallh   composid  exeluv'^'ely  of  Germans. 
Bui  wlicn  he  arrived  at  St.  Louis  t      association  had 
k>iilvi'd,  and  he  betook  himself  to  farming  in  War- 
Inn  (.'iiiinly,  where  be  labored  |iatieiitly  until  called 

Id  St.  Ijiiuis  lo  lake  a  position  on  the  Aii:.ii;/>r. 
ISvliilily  of  judgment,  wit,  penetration,  and  a  good 
I'lyji'  characterized  his  writings,  but  they  were  nn- 
liuiiwl  I'iiher  to  the  period  or  the  place.      He  had  few 

railcrs,  and   after  issuing    only   three    numbers   hi! 
liliiiiJoiied  the  publication,  returned  to  his  farm,  and 
linOeliilier  of  that  year  succumbed  to  u  fatal  fever. 
Der  Reformer  was  a  weekly  paper  established  in 

I>IT  as  the  organ  uf  a  communist  union.     It  did  not 
jur'ivc  very  long. 
Der   Freisinnige. — In   November,  lS4(i,  L.  F. 

Billaiid  established  a  weekly  for  /reisiniii(/r,  or  frec- 

Imiiiiid  folks;    G.  Scho    was   the   editor.      It   was 

Iniionulisiic  in  tone,  and  died  young. 
St.  Louis   Zeitung.— In    1848,  .\ntoii    KickhofT 

Isablisliud    l)i<:   Si.    Louis    Zi'i'liiii;/,  a  semi  weekly  ; 

Iki  the  cholera  and  hard   times  of  the  next    year 


caused  its  suspension.  Kickhoff  has  had  a  remark- 
able career.  At  the  age  of  sixteen  he  composed 
prose  and  verse,  and  published  fruits  of  his  talents 
in  the  papers  of  his  province  (Lippstadt,  Westpha- 
lia). These  were  so  strongly  colored  that  a  judicial 
jiroceeding  was  lodged  against  him,  which  he 
evaded  only  by  leaving  the  country.  He  arrived  at 
New  Orleans  in  January,  1847,  where  he  shipped  as 
a  common  steamboat  band,  and  as  such  navigated  all 
the  Western  rivers,  the  Mississippi  to  the  falls  and 
the  Missouri  far  beyond  the  borders  of  civilization. 
Arriving  in  St.  Louis  in  January,  1848,  he  is  next 
known  as  a  teacher  in  the  St.  Louis  University. 
From  St.  Louis  he  went  to  Dubu(|ue,  where  he 
started  a  paper ;  and  after  an  adventurous  career  of 
some  years,  during  which  he  wandered  from  lowu  to 
Louisiana,  he  went  to  New  York,  and  in  1854-56 
was  connected  with  the  St<iiilH-Zfiliiii(f,  and  then  with 
other  papers,  became  a  prominent  Democratic  politi- 
cian and  speaker,  and  in  1877-7'J  was  a  member  of 
(,'ongress.  He  now  enjoys  a  fixed  reputation  as  a 
liitinOinr  and  as  a  busy  and  usel'ul  man. 

Tages-Chronik, — In  1851 ,  Franz  Saler  established 
Tiii/iii-< 'liroiii/c  (''Daily  Ulironiele"'),  a  two-cent 
iiKirniiig  paper,  with  a  bias  in  favor  of  Catholieism. 
Among  its  early  editors  was  Anton  Bocckling;  later 
(in  1858)  the  name  of  Adelliert  Loehr  appeared  as 
editor.  Tni/is-Cliioiii/c  lasted  some  twelve  years, 
when  Mr.  Saler  sold  the  advertising  patronage  to 
('arl  Daenzer,  of  the  new  Anxilijir  (/<:i  U'cslms.  and 
also  disposed  of  his  type.  Saler  was  for  twenty-three 
years  owner  of  the  Ihralil  des  0'/<iiilit'iis,  the  German 
Catholic  paper.  He  still  lives  in  St.  Louis,  at  the  age 
of  seventy-five,  and  retains  a  clear  recidlection  of  mat- 
ters eonnecled  with  his  journalistic  career. 

Westland. — Hen'  may  very  properly  be  mentioned 
Wr.tt/iiiid,  a  periodical  which,  although  printed  ut 
Heidelberg,  Germany,  was  edited  in  St.  Louis.  Dr. 
George  ivigelmann  and  Capt.  Karl  Neyfeldt  were  the 
liublishers,  and  their  editorial  colleagues  were  Freder- 
ick Muench,  William  Weber,  Theodore  Hilgard,  Jr., 
Dr.  Von  Koenige,  and  (iustav  Koerner.  The  tdjjeet 
was  lo  atbird  accurate  and  trusty  inlormaiion  to  in- 
tending immigrants  eoncerning  the  soil,  climate,  etc., 
cd'  Mi.s.ouri  and  the  neighboring  States.  Three  well- 
filled  numbers  were  issued,  when  the  difficulties  of 
communication  between  the  editors  and  the  printers 
compelUd  a  susjiension  of  the  publication.  Dr. 
George  Kngelinann  was  the  soul  of  the  enterprise. 

The  St.  Louis  Price-Current  was  established  by 
Josiah  Anderson,  in  the  fall  of  1848,  as  an  adjunct 
to  the  I'liijili's  <)i(/iiii.  During  1848,  and  up  to 
18»t),  it  was  issued  semi-weekly  in  letter  sheet  form. 


940 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


In  1849  a  semi-weekly  edition  of  the  Orgna  iras 
commenced  in  connection  with  the  lettcr-Nheet,  but  in 
1852  both  editions,  the  Organ  and  the  I*rice-Ciirrrnt, 
became  weeklies,  and  were  thus  continued  by  Mr.  An- 
derson until  the  Ist  of  February,  1856.  At  this  time 
Charles  0.  Gontcr  purchased  an  interest  in  the  estab- 
lishment, and  the  publication  of  the  Dni'h/  /'ri'ci- 
Current,  a  letter-sheet,  with  a  weekly  edition,  in  reg- 
ular newspaper  form  was  begun.  The  office  was  at 
No.  8  Olive  Street.  In  18f)2  the  publication  of  the 
Price- Current  was  suspended,  owing  to  the  derange- 
ment of  the  mails,  but  was  resumed  in  January,  1864. 

Mr.  Anderson,  the  senior  partner,  came  to  St.  Louis 
in  1842.  Before  his  connection  with  the  Organ  he 
had  been  river  and  commercial  reporter  of  the  h'r- 
puliltcan.  He  died  in  September,  1878,  and  the 
business  was  managed  by  C.  G.  Gonter  &  Co,  In 
1880,  Mr.  Gonter  sold  his  interest  to  Joseph  C. 
Pritchard,  and  the  firm  became  Harkcr  &  Pritehard, 
the  senior  member  (George  M.  Harkcr)  having  had 
a  large  interest  in  the  firm  for  many  years.  The 
I'ri'ii'- Current  is  exclusively  devoted  to  mercantile 
quotations,  and  is  the  representative  organ  of  the 
leading  produce,  commission,  and  grocery  houses  of 
the  city. 

Western  Journal — Western  Journal  and  Civ- 
ilian.— In  January,  1848,  was  established  the 
Wnlern  Journal,  a  monthly  publication  devoted  to 
agriculture,  mauufuctures,  the  mechonic  arts,  etc. 
The  names  of  Micujah  Tarvcr  and  T.  F.  Risk  ap- 
peared as  editors,  and  among  the  early  contributors 
were  H.  A.  Prout,  M.D.,  Judge  John  M.  Kruni, 
Thomas  Allen,  iind  Professor  John  11,  Tioe.  Alfred 
8.  Waugh  contributed  on  interesting  series  of  papers 
on  fine  arts.  After  a  while,  and  without  any  notice, 
the  name  was  changed  to  the  l^/■>!^;•M  Jnurnal  and 
Cirilian.  In  1851,  Risk  withdrew,  and  became  the 
puhli.sher  of  the  Wmlrrn  /fevi'rw,  a  monthly  de- 
voted to  education,  general  literature,  temperance,  in- 
ternal improvements,  etc.,  Kbbert  &  lli,sk  being  the 
pulplisliers.  In  January,  18515,  he  is  heard  of  «s 
editor  of  the  JUincrZ/mii/  and  lieriew,  the  Weittirn 
RirUw  having  ..ppurently  been  absoihed. 

The  Wntirn  Journal  and  Civilian  was  published 
at  lea.st  until  May,  1855,  the  date  of  the  last  number 
in  the  imblic  libraries,  M.  Tarver  and  II,  Cobb  were 
editors  and  proprietorf,  Mr,  Cobb  was  a  lawyer  by 
profession,  and  among  the  contributors  were  Bernard 
Pralte,  l)r,  11.  A,  Prout,  and  Edward  Stagg, 

The  magazine  was  a  curious  melange  of  commerce, 
fine  arts,  agriculture  literature,  transportation,  trans- 
lations from  French  and  Germun^  politics,  etc,  and 
rather  deserved  the  fun  that  was  sometimes  poked  at 


it.  The  Republican  once,  acknowledging  the  xw^'m 
of  a  copy  "with  four  poetical  honbonn  fii  ni  the 
junior  editor,"  remarked,  "  We  do  not  kiK.n  that 
Hunt  or  DeBow  or  any  other  commercial  stnti-iii'lan 
ever  ventured  on  poetry.  It  is  highly  improhiiiilf  that 
a  man  whose  cranium  is  rented  out  as  a  stmv  Ikiu^q 
for  fish,  lard,  molasses,  and  tobacco,  lead,  hi'iii{i,  laj. 
low,  cheese,  and  pig-iron  can  possibly  keep  lii'<  Jma;;- 
ination  in  nimble  order  and  his  acquaintance  wiih  iji^ 
Muse  on  the  best  of  terms.  The  Pegasu>  nf  the 
junior  is  a  tame  and  sorry  nag, — hog-backed,  im  doubt 
by  commercial  drudgery." 

Mr,  Tarver  died  in  St,  Louis,  May  17,  1S,")(;. 

The  Evening  Hews,  a  two-cent  Democriitic  jour. 
nal,  was  established  April  17,  1852,  by  ('liarles  (i, 
Ramsey  and  Abram  S.  Mitchell.  It  was  editi'il  with 
ability,  and  soon  attained  a  considerable  pi>|iuliritv. 
In  1860  its  circulation  had  increased  to  four  tl'iiuNiml 
copies  daily,  seven  thousand  weekly,  and  five  iiundred 
tri-weekly.  The  editor  was  Abram  S.  Mitiheil,  and 
the  associate  editor  Daniel  N.  Grisson,  now  a  ini'mbcr 
of  the  llepnhlivan  staff.  Its  competition  pnivinjr  too  I 
keen  for  the  Intelligencer,  a  daily  journal  wliieli  had  I 
enjoyed  a  fair  measure  of  success,  the  latter  paptT 
was  sold  in  185S  to  A.  S.  Mitchell  &  Co.,  wIki  Ct 
four  years  managed  the  two  papers  separately  and 
independently.  But  in  the  hard  times  of  lK,")7tlie 
Intelligencer  was  merged  in  the  AVit's,  ami  t'di-  Nime 
time  the  consolidated  paper  w:is  known  as  the  Ihilij  \ 
News  and  Intelligencer. 

Some  time  after  its  incorporation  by  the  ialler  with  I 
the  Newn  the  words  and  Intelligemrr  were  (Iropjid I 
from  the  title,  and  the  paper  became  once  mop' iliel 
Evening  Xews.  The  Xews  survived  until  \%'i 
when  Mr,  Ramsey  sold  it  to  the  Dinpaltli.  Hd'urai 
the  war  the  News  was  a  fairly  enterprisiiiir  jniirnal, 
and  was  prosperous;  but  during  and  alter  ilio  warl 
a  more  vigilant  stylo  of  journalism  was  deiiiandt'd,! 
and  the  paper  fimiid  itself  outstripped  in  llie  r:ici 

Abram   S,  Mitchell,  one  of  the  limnders  nf  ihei 
Xews,  was  born  Dec.  1,  1820,  near  Nashville,  IVnn. 
Ilis   parents  were   both    natives  of    VirL'inia.     Hill 
grandfather,    Thomas    Mitchell,  was  a  iin'ivhani  inl 
Lynchburg,  Va.,  during  the  Revolution,  and  wa<  }l 
man  of  education,  but  his  store  was  plumiiriil  hy  ihe 
British  and  he  was  reduced  to  poverty.     Ili'  n-'riidl 
to  teaching,  but  died  soon  after.     The  family  iiciiigl 
quite  destitute  ond  helpless,  emigrated  to  Tiii"'"^v'«J 
There  were  two  sons,  Thomas  and  Ruliert  .1 . 
.several  daughters.    After  struggling  in  varinus  ways  ml 
support  himself  as  he  grew  up,  among  oiIhts  wurkJ 
iiig  at  the  shoe   business,  Robert  J.   Miieiii'H,  linT 
father  of  Abram   S.,  joined  the  standard  of  lionJ 


THE   PRESS. 


941 


Ju('k::!on,  who  was  raising  volunteers  for  the  Indian 
irar^.  and  served  under  tliat  leader  in  a  campaign 
against  the  Crcelcs,  and  also  in  one  against  the  Sciui- 
noK's.  Ileturning  to  Tennessee  he  married,  coni- 
niciiued  farming,  and  in  1827  removed  to  the 
Hati^^hess  River,  in  Wi^it  Tennessee. 

Abrani  S.  Mitchell  was  sent  by  his  father  to  the 

gehiiols  of  the  neighborhood,  but  soon  exhausted  the 

I  little  that  they  could  impart.  He  was  fortunate  enough, 

liow'ver,  to  meet  with  an  excellent  teacher  in  the  person 

oftlic  Rev.  James  Holmes.     During  intermissions  of 

I  schiiol  he  sought  work  to  aid  in  his  own  support.    He 

I  applii'd  at  a  brick-yurd,  but  was  rejected  i'or  want  of 

iirciiL'th,  and  was  afterward  employed  in  tending  a  bark- 

I  mill  ill  a  tannery.    In  1837,  just  m  he  was  preparing  to 

Siiijili  his  education  by  a  collegiate  course,  his  father 

bfcame  bankrupt  by  having  become  security  lor  a 

I  sherilV,  and   all   of  his   property   was   sold   to  meet 

his  l"ind.     However,  u  few  years  later,  Robert  W. 

saiit'oril,  u  friend  of  the  family,  feeling  an   interest 

in  young  Mitchell,  and   appreciating  his  desire  for 

I  III  education,  aided  him  in  going  to  college  at  Dan- 

Ivillo,  Ky.,  where  he  remained  only  eighteen  mouths, 

iii'l  graduated  with  full  honors,  having  accomplished 

Mil  thiit  time  what  usually  rei{uired  a  much   lunger 

iNriod  to  perform.     He  taught  school  until   he  re- 

llioved  himself  of  the  debt  he  incurred  in  his  eduea- 

Itiiiii  (iiliiiut  seven  hundred  dollars),  and  then  studied 

[iiw  ill  Danville,  and  established  a  newspaper  called 

\Vir/:/i/  Kintiichi/   Triliiiitf,  in   connect  ion   with 

I  James  S.  Hull.     That  year  he  supported  the  Whig 

Icaiiiiidate   for  Governor,  who,  alter  election,   before 

Latiiiii  any  other  appointment,  bestowed  upon  liim 

Itlieoflicc  of  Assistant  Secretary  of  State. 

.\biuii  this  time  Mr.  Mitchell  married  Miss  Bodley, 

lif  Lixiiigton,  Ky.     After  serving  the  term  of  his 

lilHiiiiiuieut,  he  and  his  father-in-hiw,  H.  I.  Bodley, 

lletiTiuiued  i;u  removing  to  St.  Louis,  which  they  did 

liD  1841),  the  8e,\8on  of  the  dreadful  visitation  by  the 

ItUiM.  by  which  he  lost  his  wife  and  child.     This 

lloinestic  affliction   uuluced   him   to   return  to  Ken- 

liiiiky,  where  in    a   hliort   time  ho   received    an    in- 

liiiaiiiiii  to  become  assistant  editor  of  the  >SV.  Lijiiis 

\hlliijfiti-er.      He  accepted  the  invitation,  but  did 

1m  lung  remain    connected   with    the    paper.      He 

Ilvi  received  an  invitation  to  become  editor  of  the 

h'j'iiUiciiii   liannvr  at   Nashville,  Tenn.,  which  he 

IWiiied.      He  then    became  land   agent  and   after- 

Iwils  secretary  of  the   Pacific    Railroad   Company. 

Iftiiie  time  after  leaving   this   appointment,  at   the 

isiinii  (il  Slime  of  the  most  prominent  citizens 

Itt  .Missouri,  Mr.  Mitchell,  as  previously  stated,   in 

lioiiiiectiDn  with  Charles  (J.  Ramsey,  established  the 


Kveiung  New*.     He  was  half  owner  and  chief  editor 
of  the  journal. 

Mr.  Mitchell  was  married  the  second  time  in  Sep- 
tember, 1851,  to  Mury  Brent  Talbot,  granddaughter 
of  (lovernor  William  Owsley,  of  Kentucky. 

C.  G.  Ramsey,  his  partner,  continued  with  the 
N<wa  until  its  decease  in  I8ti7,  and  then  had  an  in- 
terest in  the  Dispntch.  Upon  the  absorption  of  that 
paper  by  the  Pout  he  went  out  of  journalism,  and  was 
until  February,  1H8I!,  inspectorof  customs  at  St.  Louis. 

The  Westliohe  Post  (German  daily)  was  estab- 
lished Sept.  27,  1857.  The  first  publishers  were 
('arl  Duenzer,  at  present  of  the  Ansiiijcr  ili»  Wistcm, 
and  Dr.  V.  Wenzel  'who  hud  edited  a  newspaper  at 
Belleville,  III.),  under  the  firm-name  of  Dacnzer  Hi, 
Wenzel,  who  were  succeeded  by  Messrs.  Wenzel  and 
D.  Hertlo.  The  lutter  wrote  an  interesting  history 
of  the  Germans  in  .Missouri,  especially  dealing  with 
the  war  period,  when  political  and  military  affairs 
were  conspicuou.sly  shaped  by  German  voters  and 
Soldiers.  In  April,  18G4,  Theodore  Piute  became 
publisher,  and  at  the  same  time  Dr.  Kuiil  Prcetorius 
acquired  un  interest  in  the  paper,  and  became  editor- 
in-chief.  Dr.  Prcetorius  has  remained  in  that  ])u.sition 
continuously  until  the  present  time.  In  1HU7,  Arthur 
Ulshausen'  (publisher  of  the  old  Aiiz<ii/er  ilcs  UV. <<<■;«) 
ac(|uired  an  interest,  and  in  May  of  the  same  year 
Carl  Schurz  became  a  partner  and  Dr.  Prcetorius'  as- 
sociate in  the  editorial  management.  The  publishing 
firm  was  then  Plate,  Prcetorius,  Ulshausen  &  Schurz. 
Messrs.  Plate  and  Olshuusen  have  gradually  dispo.sed 
of  much  of  their  interest,  and  Messrs.  Prcetorius  and 
Schurz  are  the  principal  owners  of  the  paper,  which 
is  now  published  by  the  Westliche  Post  Association, 
Emil  Prcetorius,  president ;  Felix  Coste,  secretary 
and  treasurer. 

In  April,  1874,  the  paper  was  first  issued  from  its 
present  commodious  and  convenient  building,  ut  (he 
corner  of  Fifth  and  Market  Streets,  the  imiperty 
having  been  purchased  May  27,  1871,  for  about 
ninety  thousand  dollars  cash. 


>  Mr.  OlBliuuscn'n  lirolhor,  Thcoiloro  Olslnuison,  ut  ono  tlmo 
11  mciiibcr  uf  llio  viliioiinl  nL.tV  of  the  HVni/ir/n  «(,  ilii'il  nt 
Uiimliiir);.  lieriiiiuiVi  MuK'h  III,  l.SilU.  .Mr.  Ul-lnuispii  |ilayvii  u 
|iruiiiinuiit  piirt  in  tliu  htni^Klu  ut' Si.'liU"<ni|{-ll(>U(uin  iiKitin^t 
Dcniiiiirlt,  iinil  tniilt  ril'iiKO  in  tlie  I'liltcil  .^^liiti'."  nl'tur  tliu  luiliire 
lit'  tlio  (Mii?<o  whiuli  he  hii'l  i'!'|iiiiiHvi|.  L)uriii}(  Ihti  civil  wur  ho 
WU8  cliicf  r.lilor  <if  till)  Wrntlirlir  I'lmi,  and  liceiiiiie  on«  of  the 
iiuist  eiiriiviit  iiiutiKiins  of  tliiit  I'p'M'b.  Al  llio  end  of  t'lii  wiir 
he  .«olil  hin  liitiTent  in  Iht-  Wenlluhe  I'wil  iiml  rctiirncil  to  Kii- 
rnpi!  on  iiucount  "f  ill  liciilth,  mtnblirliiii);  hin  residcnca  at 
/iM'ii'li,  Swit7.crliind.  Mis  |iriviito  ehaructor  niiH  nniin|>eikeli- 
iible,  iind  ho  onjoycd  iind  drHor\  od  the  re'<|ieot  of  u  largo  circle 
of  frienda.     lie  wiu  never  marriud. 


m 


942 


HISTORY   OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


The  Wr*llichf  Putt  \n  Kopublieitii  in  politicM,  and 
(luring;  the  war  cxcrtod  n  powerful  infliienco  in  behalf 
of  the  Union  among  iho  (iennnns.  It  hnn  buvn 
edited  with  marked  ability,  and  i»«  one  of  the  nioMt 
prosperous  German  papers  in  the  country.' 

|)r.  Kniil  PrcetoriuH,  who  as  editor-in-chief  has 
iruided  the  Winlliche  I'mtl  with  conHiimiuatn  ability 
and  skill,  was  born  in  Uheiiish  Hesse  (Khcinplniz) 
in  1H27,  was  educated  first  at  the  Oymnasiunis  at 
Mainz  and  Darinstiidt,  and  then  at  the  University  of 
Gicssen  and  the  celebrated  University  of  Heidel- 
berg,  and  was  graduated  at  the  latter  institution  as 
Doetor  of  Laws  in  184H.  lie  began  the  practice  of 
law  with  considerable  success,  but  in  consequence  of 
having  participated  in  the  revolutionary  movements 
of  1848-50,  he  was  in  the  latter  year  obliged  to  leave 
Germany.  He  arrived  in  St.  Louis  in  1854,  engaged 
for  a  while  in  mercantile  pursuits,  and  then,  the  war 
coming  on,  devoted  his  time  and  means  to  organizing 
German  regiments  and  sending  them  to  the  field. 
In  18(i2  he  was  elected  to  the  State  Logislaluro  on 
the  radical  emancipation  ticket,  and  in  that  body  took 
an  advanced  position  as  an  "  immediate  emancipa- 
tionist." In  I8()4  he  resumed  business  pursuits,  but 
took  an  active  part  in  the  Presidential  campaign  of 
that  year.  During  the  same  year,  as  already  stated, 
he  beeanie  the  editor  of  the  Wittliclic  Pout.  In 
1872  bo  identified  himself  with  the  Independent  llc- 
publican  movement,  and  contributed  much  to  its  suc- 
cess. Dr.  Preetorius  is  a  crisp,  clear  writer,  and 
a  logical  and  convincing  sjwaker.  His  lectures  on 
aesthctical,  philosophical,  and  historical  themes  have 
attracted  much  attention  not  only  among  Germans, 
but  among  the  Knglish-speaking  people  of  the  West, 
and  his  sagacious  direction  has  placed  the  Wvullli-hi- 
Post  in  the  front  rank  of  American  journalism. 

Hon.  Carl  Schurz,  whose  assistance  proved  of  great 


■  Aiiioni;  llie  iiiiiny  tuli'iitcil  'iieii  nlio  liiivc  L'ontribiitol  to  (lie 
L'uluinns  of  the  ir<«//i'  Ac  /'u«(  wiin  Willinin  Stcngul,  who  ilicd 
Oct.  211,  IH.'<|).  lie  wiis  born  in  (icriniiny  in  1S.1II,  nnil  !<tudii'<l 
law  at  Iho  (Juivoriiit;  of  Tiibiiigcn.  In  uonsci|Ui-noo  u(  lliu 
active  piirt  ho  )>la.vi'(l  in  tlio  ruvi>luti»n  of  1S4.S  he  wn»  i^ini- 
pollol  to  loiivo  bin  nntivu  oi>nntr,v,  un<l  cnnio  to  Aincriui.  inali 
inn  lliu  homo  in  Now  York.  Fn  IS.'^ili  lie  enii);rnt('d  Wivsl,  iiml 
nt  Ciiiciiiniiti  on'croil  the  |irofc?»ion  of  journalii'ni.  In  ISIll, 
whi'U  the  war  oponi'd,  ho  was  ono  of  the  lirsl  to  jio  to  the  IVoiit. 
entering  the  Nintli  Oliio  Kogiiiicnt  ns  cliii|>liiin.  Tlio  |Hisiiion 
wiiH  noliictivoenougli  for  liiin.  it  nil  lie  wus  ina<lou:i|itiiin.  In  ttnit 
cnpiu'ity  lie  led  his  coinpimy  in  miiny  n  hiird  fought  cunllict, 
tnking  pnrt  in  the  hiiltles  of  the  Wilderness,  Lookout  Monn- 
tiiin,  nnd  other  noted  engagements.  At  the  cio«eof  the  war  he 
settled  in  St.  l.ouii",  and  boeann>  aiiiii.tlHnt  editor  of  the  ir<»(- 
lirhe  I'lml,  a  position  ho  filleil  until  his  death,  lie  left  ii  wife 
ond  six  ehildren.  Mr.  iSlengel  wu."  a  well  known  politieiil 
writer,  and  had  many  friends. 


value  to  Dr.  Preetorius  in  solidifying  and  cv  ndiiio 
the  influence  of  the   Wmllichr.  I'lint,  was  born  m  fj),. 
lar,  near  Cologne,  March  2,  1829.     He  passeij  : '  roii-li 
the  Gymnasium  at  (Cologne,  and  spent  lwi>  \.arsut 
the  famous  University  of  Bonn,  taking  a  ('Hiir«e  of  j 
history,  philosophy,  etc.      He  was  an  rner^'i  ii.'  ii(.(„r 
in  the  revolution  of   1848,  and  partieipatcl   in  d,,. 
defense  of  Kastadl.      He  became  a  prisoner  wlo'n  ijn. 
place   capitulated,  but  escaped  to  Swiizerliiil      He 
next  distinguished  himself  by  the  brilliant  ti  -^  ue  (>|'» 
friend  named  Kinkcl  from  the  fortress  of  Spiiiidau 
af\er  which  he  went  to  London  (in  18.'il  ,,  aini  >|,|.||| 
a  year  there  ttmching  music  and  the  Inngiia-i .     I,,  I 
18.52  he  emigrated  to  America,  spent  three  tears  In 
Philadelphia,  and  then  removed  to  WIsciiiimh      {{(, 
soon  became  noted  throughout  the  country  as  an  ilo. 
(juent  and  effective  speaker,  not  only  in  tiermati  Imtl 
in  Kngli.sh.      President  Lincoln  appointed  iiini  iiiini«.  I 
ter  to  Spain  in  IStJl,  but  desiring  to  engnic  jn  ii,,,  j 
war,  he  returned  in   December  of   that  yiar.  iiml  ml 
brigadier-general    served    creditably    thniuLrlnnit  iluj 
war.     In  March,  18(i2,  ho  delivered  a  s]iw(li  infaviirl 
of  abolishing  slavery  in  order  to  restore  tin    iiaiioiijll 
unity,  and  during  the  campaign  of  18lil  )iim|,>  several 
powerful  speeches   in   favor  of  Lincoln's  rc-electioii. 
In  18(!5,  President  Johnson  sent  him  Suiuli  ,iiiiiv(«. 
tigate  the  condition  of  the  Southern  penplc.     In  ISiliii 
he  was  for  several  months  editor  of  the  M/ciV  (Midi  )| 
Post,  and    in    18t)7    purchased   an    iiitere.-it   in  iliel 
Wettllche  Po»t,  and  became  ono  of  itn  cditurs.    IqI 
18G9  ho  was  elected  to  the  United  Stntes  Si'iiite  fn.ial 
Missouri,  and  served   with  distinclioti,  nciiipylni: 
foremost  'rank  as  a  scholarly  and  tli)(|ueni  deliaterJ 
His  senatorial  career  was  marked  by  great  iiide|ieiii|J 
ence,  and  in  1870-72  he  led  the  revolt  in  the  llc.l 
publican   party  against  the  administratinti  uf  lliiiJ 
(irant,  which  culminated  in  the  nomiiiHtion  of  llonii'4 
Greeley,      In  1870  he  pronounced  in  favnr  of  tin  r* 
moval  of  the  disabilities  of  those  whom  the  .Missouri 
(Constitution  iiad  disfranchised.     In  IS?,")  In>  leiintl 
from  the  Senate  and  resumed  his  editorial  diiiics  nij 
the    WfgtUvhr    I'oat,  but  in    1877   President   lla\a 
a}ipoiiited  biin  Secretary  of  the  Interior,  and  Ins  |i>ui 
years'  administration   was  nmrki^d  by  iiiatiy  rel'oriui 
In    1S81    be  withdrew  from  the   Westlicli'    I'ost.rd 
tainiiig,  however,  his  interest  in  the  paiicr.  andliemiii 
editor  and  part  owner  of  the  New  York  Kiriilnii  I'-i 
who.se  editor  for  many  years  was  the  pnct,  Willian 
Cullen  Bryant. 

Edward  Lcyh,  now  one  of  the  principal  ineiiilwlj 
of  the  editorial  stall'  of  the   Wfulliclif  I'l'Hi.  w.is  foj 
many  years  connected  with  the  (Jermnii  ( 'nninfi'imh 
of  Haltimoro,  first  as  an  editorial  writer  and  aUcrwar 


TlIK   F'RESS. 


048 


aH  mnnnginx  editor.  Mr.  lieyli'n  onrlicfit  ncwHpnpor 
expcriiiiicn  in  Rnitiiiiore  wiih  on  (ho  cditnriul  staff'  of  , 
till'  liiilliiiinre  Wei/i-er,  mid  ii(> subscquontly  fstiihllHlii'd 
(lie  Xiw  Ci>n't:ii/>onilriit.  He  left  Halliniore  in  Miiy, 
ISf^l,  to  accept  an  editoriul  poHition  on  the  We$tlwlw 
I'll.*/.  As  H  tenic,  brillinnt,  nnd  logical  writer,  Mr. 
Lcyh  li«»  no  superior  on  tiie  Oernian-Anierican  press. 
His  informntion  on  political,  hi.storicnl,  and  Hcieiitific 
Milijects  is  tliorough  and  accurate.  Ilo  lias  corrc- 
spmidcd  with  several  of  the  leadiii<;  papers  of  Herliii, 
including  Die  (Jnrfeiiftiuhr,  bnd  has  done  much  lit- 
oriiry  work,  anion^  it  n  translatioii  into  Oerman  of 
JdiKpiin  Miller's  po<>nis  that  possusse.'i  all  the  lire  and 
npirit  of  the  original.  The  translation  was  published 
in  Itorlin  and  has  been  greatly  admired,  and  had  an  ' 
,      iisive  sale  in  Germany. 

The  Hornet. — In  January,  1H74,  A.  H.  (Running- 
hiini.  a  native  of  Louisiana,  who  had  for  simie  lime 
Iweii  connected  with  the  press  of  New  Orleans,  re- 
moved to  St.  Louis  and  obtained  a  position  as  repor- 
ter on  the  Glolie-Drmntrnt.    Subsi'(|ucntly  he  became 
managing  editor  of  the  Poul,  but  lell  it  in  DeciMiiber, 
187H.  when,  in  connection  with  Messrs.  Metiuflin  and 
.Inliii  llodnott,  well-known  newspaper  men,  he  eslab-  , 
lislieil  the  Eveiiiiiij  Slur,  which  aller  a  troubled  career  | 
of  about  seven  months  was  ab.sorbed  by  the  present  i 
I'lml  Dinptilfli.      lie  wos    then    for  a   short    period 
lity  editor  of  the  /'asl/h'spntch.    On  Sept.  11,  187!), 
he  established   The  llonief,  a  humorous  weekly  illus- 
iratcd  by  the  chromolithograph  process.     In  March,  ' 
IrtSd,  a  stock  company  with  twenty  thousand  dollars 
oiipital  was  organized,  with  Mr.  Cunningham  as  pres- 
ident and  W.   U.  Nave  as  secretary.       Li   August, 
1882,  the  publication  suspended.     Mr.  Cunningham 
Li  now  connected  with  the  Gluhf-Drmorriit. 

Volks-Zeitnng -Die  Neue  Welt— Staata-Zeit- 
mg — Courier. —  In  186t>-(i7  the  Vof/a-Ziiimi;/,  a 

lierninn  evening  paper,  was  e.slablislicd  by Hce- 

nwii.      Ill  November,   IStJS,  it  was  merged  in   />/« 

.V'lir  Wilt,  a  morning  paper,  started  by  a  stock  com- 

p:iiiy  composed  mainly  of  stockholders  of  the  Oer- 

ni;\n  Hunk.    The  first  editors  of  Pii-  Xnir  Wilt  were 

lleinrich   Binder,  now  of  the  Alinid  I'ogf,  Dt'troit, 

iDil  Curl  lloewer,  now  of  Washington,  D.  C.      A. 

Willlinrtilz,  at  present  a  well-known  teacher  of  music, 

I  WHS  liusiiiess  manager  for  a  season  ;  and  among  others 

flio  nelcd    in  that   capacity  was    Louis   Soldan,  at 

present  principal  of  the  Normal  School,  St.   Louis. 

j  Filially,  alter  losing  n  large  amount  of  money  for  its 

ttoekliiilders  (somo  authorities  say  eighty   thousand 

dillarsi,  it  was  absorbed  in  the  Sl(i(ilii-Z<iliiiifj,a  paper 

fSiaUislicd  by  Oustav   IJruere,  now  business  inaiia- 

jcr  of  tho  Anzetger.     Ernest  Schicrcnberg,  now  of 


ihr  Aiixi'ii/er  but  then  of  St.  Charles,  Mo.,  became 
editor  of  the  Stnnln-Zn'tiiiii/,  and  remained  such  during 
its  exJMtenee.  Among  othera  connected  with  the 
paper  was  Dr.  Makk,  now  of  Colorado.  The  property 
was  a  losing  one  for  u  long  time,  and  finally  it  was 
sold  at  public  auction  to  Joseph  I'ulitzcr,  who  pub- 
lished it  one  day  and  sold  tho  telegraphic  franchi.xe 
to  the  (Itiibr. 

In  the  following  week  the  Coiin'ir  was  established, 
an  evening  paper,  with  Dr.  Mukk  as  editor.  In  about 
a  year  he  lefl  it  to  establish  an  opposition  paper,  the 
Volh-aliliitt,  and  was  succeeded  by  llerr  Ilarsseii,  now 
of  tho  Wtitlh'ilir  I'ott.  The  V<ilk»hhut  succeeded  in 
killing  the  (.'oiirlrr,  but  in  the  struggle  it  killed  its(>lf. 
Ill  1H75  Dr.  Makk  was  the  editor  and  proprietor  of 
the  .SV.  Ijimiii  Vo/kMiitl,  a  weekly  and  Sunday  jour- 
nal. 

Amerika. — In  1872  an  association  known  as  the 
(lernian  Literary  Society  was  organized  for  the  pur- 
pose of  establishing  a  German  Demucralic  paper.  It 
numbered  several  hundred  members,  and  the  first 
ofiicers  wore:  President,  Henry  J.  Spaunhorst ;  Vice- 
President,  John  H.  Grcfenkamp;  Secretary,  Anthony 
Koesloin. 

The  paper  Amnika  first  appeared  Oct,  17,  1S72. 
William  Heinert  was  tlio  business  manager ;  Anthony 
llellmich,  editor;  Dr.  Kdward  Preuss,  assistant 
editor;  ('liarles  H.  Elker,  commercial  editor.  In 
1H78,  Hellmi(Ji  retired,  and  Dr.  Preuss  became 
editor,  and  still  occupies  that  position.  Ho  was  for- 
merly editor  of  the  Abend  Si'liiile,  a  German  weekly, 
Amfrilcn  publishes  morning,  Sunday,  and  weekly 
editions,  and  has  a  large  circulation.  In  politics  it  is 
Democratic.  The  present  officers  of  tho  publishing  so- 
ciety are:  President,  William  Druhc;  Vice-President, 
Joseph  Gummersbach ;  Secretary,  Edward  Preuss; 
Business  Manager,  Jcdin  Peitzmeier. 

St.  Louiser  Laterne. — In  1876,  L.  Suessmann 
estttbli.shed  l>le  Lttlcriir  ("The  Lantern"),  a  hu- 
morous and  satirical  illustrated  paper.  It  was  printed 
in  the  (ierman  language,  and  published  weekly.  In 
1871'  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  th<'  Laterne  Publish- 
ing Company,  Ijouis  Willichs,  prosiilcnt;  G.  Hrueck- 
iier,  secretary.  In  April,  1882,  G.  Brueckner  &  Co. 
became  proprietors.  In  July,  1882,  an  edition  in 
English  was  c(mimenced,  but  after  two  numbers  wa8 
discontinued.  The  Lutcnie  was  suspended  in  tho 
summer  of  1882,  but  in  December  its  publication  was 
resumed  by  Louis  Willichs.  Its  sprightly  humor  is 
.  appreciated  by  German  readers.' 


*  Aiiutlutr  |>i))>rreiilleil  '/Vic  /.'inUni  vtna  piiblidlKHl  in  St.  I.uiiis 
in  IS.'il  unfl  f^i.'. 


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33  WEST  MAIN  STREET 

WEBSTER,  NY.  14380 

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944 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Volkstimme  des  Westens  was  started  in  1877 
by  a  literary  associatioa  of  the  Socialist  Labor  party, 
Germans.  Dr.  Otto  Walster  was  eaitor  in-chief,  and 
it  was  the  recognized  organ  of  the  Socialists  in  the 
West.     It  lived  two  or  three  years. 

The  Spectator. — On  the  18th  of  September,  1880, 
John  K.  Reavis  founded  The  Spectator,  a  weekly 
paper,  twenty  pages  in  size,  devoted  to  art,  society, 
the  drama,  literature,  and  matters  of  general  social 
interest.  Upon  the  second  issue  George  I,  Jones 
became  associated  with  Mr.  Reavis  as  publisher,  and 
in  April,  1882,  a  company  was  incorporated  with 
thirty  thousand  dollars  capital,  George  I.  Jones  being 
chosen  president,  and  John  R.  Reavis  secretary. 
Journals  of  this  class  had  not  previously  been  success- 
ful in  St.  Louis ;  in  fact.  The  Spectator  is  the  only 
weekly  that  ever  attained  any  permanent  footing.  It 
is  believed  that,  with  the  exception  of  the  San  Fran- 
cisco Argonaut,  The  Sptectator  is  the  most  successful 
weekly  paper  of  this  kind  in  America,  its  circulation 
being  large,  and  its  advertising  patronage  handsome. 

Mr.  Reavis,  who  is  still  its  editor,  was  born  in 
Cooper  County,  Mo.,  in  1848;  was  educated  at  the 
Kentucky  University ;  became  part  owner  of  the  Lex- 
ington (Mo.)  Caucasian  in  1873 ;  removed  to  St. 
Louis  in  1875,  and  joined  the  staff  of  the  ?'Hnes,  then 
under  the  charge  of  Stilson  Hutchins,  as  a  canvasser, 
and  in  1878  was  engaged  on  the  livening  Post  as  a 
reporter,  under  John  A.  Dillon.  He  remained  in 
that  capacity  until  he  founded  The  Spectator,  in  the 
management  of  which  he  has  exhibited  signal  ability 
and  tact.  Mr.  Reavis  is  a  graceful  and  polished 
writer,  and  a  frequent  and  valued  contributor  to  the 
press  of  St.  Louis. 

Mr.  Jones,  the  publisher,  is  a  graduate  of  Harvard 
College,  and  while  he  devotes  himself  mainly  to  the 
bu.'iinoss  interests  of  the  paper,  often  writes  for  its 
columns,  and  always  in  a  logical  and  effective  manner. 
Mr.  Jones  i.s  also  one  of  the  largest  and  most  enter- 
prising book  publishers  in  St.  Louis,  and  the  history 
of  the  St.  Louis  bridge,  published  by  him,  is  the 
finest  work  that  has  ever  issued  from  a  St.  Louis 
press.  The  success  of  The  Spectator  is  largely  due 
to  his  conservative  judgment  and  excellent  taste. 

The  Spectator's  corps  of  writers  is  large,  and  its 
literary  character  is  of  a  high  order.  The  art  depart- 
ment has  from  the  first  been  conducted  by  W.  R. 
Hodges,  one  of  the  regular  contributors  to  the  late 
American  Art  Review;  while  the  dramatic  depart- 
ment has  also  from  the  first  been  conducted  by  Henry 
W.  Moore,  a  recognized  authority  in  dramatic  criticism 
throughout  the  country.  In  February,  1883,  The 
Spectator  absorbed  The  Criterion. 


The  Evening  Chronicle  was  established  July  It], 
1880,  by  the  Chronicle  Publishing  Company,  which 
was  controlled  by  J.  E.  Scripps,  of  Detroit,  who  was 
successfully  managing  papers  of  a  similar  character 
at  Detroit,  Cleveland,  and  Buffalo.  The  Chmnlek 
was  a  six-column,  two-cent  paper,  and  its  leadiii<r  fea- 
tures were  the  treatment  of  subjects  in  a  crisp  and 
unconventional  way.  It  at  once  achieved  great  popu- 
larity, and  is  now  one  of  the  recognized  newspaper 
institutions  of  the  city.  Stanley  Waterloo'  was' the 
first  managing  editor,  and  in  November,  1882,  lie  was 
succeeded  by  Dr.  John  B.  Wood,  a  well-known  jour- 
nalist of  New  York,  where  he  was  for  many  years 
connected  with  the  Sun,  Herald,  etc.  Dr.  Wood  is 
known  to  the  profession  as  "  The  Great  American 
Condenser,"  and  was  once  president  of  the  New  York 
Press  Club. 

In  1880-81,  C.  M.  Howell  (who  was  also  for  a 
season  city  editor  of  the  Republican)  was  city  editor 
of  the  Chronicle.  In  1882,  W.  V.  Byars,  a  very 
capable  writer  of  the  Times  and  other  newspaper  stuffs. 
was  city  editor.  In  August,  1882,  he  was  succeeded 
by  F.  H.  Burgess,  formerly  connected  with  several 
Michigan  papers,  and  for  f:,uie  years  associate  editor 
of  the  Detroit  Evening  News. 

Early  in  1883  the  Chronicle  moved  into  a  well-ar- 
ranged newspaper  building  of  its  own  on  Sixth  Street 
near  Market. 

St.  Louis  Daily  News. — A  morning  paper  with 
'  this  title  appeared  Nov.  6,  1881.  It  was  a  seven- 
I  column  quarto,  was  modeled   upon    the  New  York 

>  Stanley  Wiiterloo  was  born  in  St.   Clair  County,  Midi,,  in 
1846,  and  U  a  graduate  of  Miuhigan  University  (ol>i>s  of  Isiis), 
After  a  sliort  experionoo  at  xcliool-tcauhin);,  he  wciil,  in  1S69, 
to  Chicago  and  became  a  re|iorti^r  on  the  Trihiine,  Time,  mil 
Paul  ;  was  assistant  editor  of  tho  Inniirance  Speclntnr,  now  |.iilj.  | 
lislied  in  Now  York,  and  woe  with  Goodseli  Urothers,  ivlioiw»  | 
i  publish  tho  Daily  Graphic.     Ho  became  editor  of  tlio  .ImfiiMi 
Jliiiltlvr,  a  monthly  now  |iubliahod  in  New  York,  and  while  )n  | 
cbnrgo  of  this  publication  organized  the  "Waterloo  Printing 
[   Company,"  which  tho  great  flro  swept  out  of  existence.    He  I 
I  then  rcuiovod  to  St.  Louis,  where  he  published  the  ItidhUrlMi 
I  circulation  in  Chicago,  but  (iually  left  that  paper  anil  j»iui'j| 
tho  staff   of  Wallcott  &    Hume's    Dally  Jdurnal  (e»l:ibli-lied  I 
about  that  time)  as  editorial  writer  and  part  owner.    Inl!;i[ 
he  beciimu  news  eilitor  and  editorial  writer  on  tho  ItrpiMima, 
and  afterwards  city  editor  of  the  same  paper,  a  position  which  | 
he  tilled  with  distinction  for  four  years.     He  then  orgunizol  al 
I  stuck  company  for  tho  jiublication  of  a  two-cent  diiily  \n\x 
J  and  subsequently  effected  a  union  with  Mr.  Soripps'  coiii|iany,| 
I   which  was  preparing  to  occupy  the  same  field.    .Soon  afitrl 
I   forming  the  connection  with  the  Uepubllcan  hebeennioiircgnbrl 
oorrespondent  of  tl     VinciiDiali  Guteile.     He  siib.sc(|iicntl)' re-f 
linquixliud  this  position  to  become  correspondent  nml  grneriil| 
repr  lenlativo   in   St.   I.ouis  of  the  A'eio    Korik  .Sun,  Chictujot 
I    Tri  >Hiir,  anci  ri'iiriima^'fiifiii'rer,  but  on  establishing  the  rkoa-| 
to/    he  abandoned  this  oonneotion. 


THE  PRESS. 


945 


stttblished  July  31, 
<;  Company,  which 
f  Detroit,  who  was 
a  aimilar  character 
lo.      The  Chronicle 
and  its  leadiii-.'  fea- 
acts  in  a  crisp  and 
ichieved  great  popu- 
cc^nized  newspaper 
J  Waterloo'  was'^tlie 
.-ember,  1882,hewas 
,  a  well-known  jour- 
was  for  many  years 
,1,  etc.     Dr.  Wood  is 
the  Great  American 
,ent  of  the  New  York 

(who  was  also  for  a 
lican)  was  city  editor 
;V.  V.  Byars,  a  very 
other  newspaper  staffs, 
882,  he  was  succeeded 
onnected  with  several 
e  years  associate  editor 

»  moved  into  a  well-ar- 
ts own  on  Sixth  Street 

\  morning  paper  with 

881.     It  was  a  seven- 

upon    the  New  York 

it.  Cliiir  County,  Midi.,  in 
1  University  (oln?3  of  1S6S). 
■aching,  he  went,  in  1S69, 
.in  the  Ti-ihime,  7Viiii»,  and 
L„-„.ic<!,S|)ec(ii(i-r,nowi>»l)- 
looilsell  Ilrothors,  wlionutt  i 
iame  oiiitor  of  llio  Amnkm 
In  New  York,  and  ivliilc  in 
id  the  "  Wiilerluo  I'linlinj 
;opt  out  of  oxistfiicf.   lie 
L  published  the  //niWnfor 
left  thiit  pivper  luvl  'yM 
Wnily  J<i»rmd  (e?tiibli-lieJ  ] 
livnd  part  owner.    In  ISU 
I  writer  on  the   Itrp'il'H""' 
Imo  paper,  a  position  nliioli 
[ars.     He  then  (pruiiniwl  i] 
of  ft  two-cent  ■luil.v  1«1'"' 
Lth  Mr.  Soripps'  ooiii|a";', 
jho  same  Held.    .Soun  after  j 
|„<J/icaiihebecaineare|:al« 
|i«t(«.     He  8ub>ec|ucnlly  re- 
1  uorrespondont  ami  g>ii"»' 
e   A'eio    Ynrk  Sin<,  Chmif] 
utone8tublWiingthe('»™«-f 


Sim,  ana  sold  for  two  cents  a  copy.     It  was  Demo-  ' 
cratic  in   politics,  and  among  its  stockholders  were 
Bcvcral  capitalists  of  that  politica'  complexion.    Edwin  ; 
Harrison  was  president  of  the  publishing  company,  , 
George  Mills  was  vice-president  and  secretary,  and 
Thomas  Smith  was  treasurer  and  business  manager.  ' 
George  Mills  was  managing  editor;  11.  A.  Dyer,  tele- 
graph and  sporting  editoi  ;  E.  A.  Skeel,  news  editor ; 
George  Kelly,  commercial  editor;  George  Eddy,  city  i 
editor;  John    Ilodnett,   advertising   and  circulation  : 
agent.     The  paper  was  well  edited,  but  the  financial 
management  was  unsuccessful,  and  in  March,  1882, 
it  ceased  to  exist,  having  sunk  from  twenty-five  thou- 
eaiid  to  thirty  thousand  dollars  in  its  short  but  ani- 
mated career. 

George  Mills,  formerly  editor  of  the  News,  is  a 
leading  journalist  of  St.  Louis,  and  is  best  known 
for  his  writings  on  art,  on  which  subject  he  is  an  ac- 
knowledged authority.  His  judgment  is  excellent, 
his  taste  cultivated  and  refined,  and  his  style  clear, 
nervdus,  and  graceful. 

The  Criterion. — In  May,  1882,  was  establi.shed  The 
Critrriun,  a  weekly,  published  by  a  company  of  that 
name;  F.  Weber  Benton,  editor  and  manager;  John 
J,  Kciche,  secretary.  Mr.  Benton  had  been  editor  of 
a  country  paper  in  Missouri.  The  Criterion  was 
mainly  devoted  to  the  discussion  of  literary  and  social 
matters.  It  soon  engaged  the  pens  of  the  finest 
writers  in  the  city,  among  them  that  of  Dr.  M.  W. 
Willis,  a  scholarly  contributor  to  some  of  the  most 
prominent  periodicals  of  America.  It  speedily  ob- 
tained great  popularity,  but  in  February,  1883,  was 
absorbed  by  The  Spectator. 

Shepherd  of  the  Valley.— In  1834  or  1835  the 
Sluiihurd  of  the  Valley  was  established  as  tJie  organ 
of  the  Catholic  Church.  In  1839,  Thomas  Mullen 
started  the  Catholic  Banner.  Its  career,  like  that  of 
the  Shepherd,  is  shrouded  in  oblivion.  In  1851,  11. 
L  Bakcwell  re-established  the  Shepherd  of  the  Vrd- 
ky.  It  existed  until  185^,  and  became  the  property 
of  Uev.  Dr.  J.  H.  Higli  and  J.  Oilman,  LL.D.,  who 
made  it  a  •'  Know-Nothing"  organ  under  the  title  of 
The  True  Shepherd  of  the  Valley  and  St.  Louis 
Know- Nothing. 

In  1851),  B.  D.  Killian  began  the  publication  of 
the  ^Ycs^ern  Banner.  How  long  it  lasted  is  un- 
linown. 

The  Herold  des  Glaubens  ("  Herald  of  Faith") 
MS  established  in  1850  by  Franz  Saler.  In  1875 
increasing  years  induced  Mr.  Saler  to  sell  the  paper, 
which  then  fell  under  the  control  of  the  German 
Printing  and  Publishing  Association,  G.  H.  Timmer- 
niaii,  president;  Johr  J.  Ganahl,  vice-president; 
00 


Joseph  Gummersbach,  secretary ;  Very  llev.  Dr. 
Muchlsiepen  and  Francis  Cornet,  directors.  Joseph 
Wegmann  is  the  editor,  and  L.  Blankemeier  is  the 
business  manager. 

The  Herold  des  Glauhens  is  a  Catholic  German 
weekly  journal,  has  over  thirteen  thousand  circulation, 
and  is  the  official  organ  of  several  dioceses,  besides 
having  the  indorsement  of  numerous  dignitaries  of 
the  church,  many  of  whom  have  written  for  it  edi- 
torially and  otherwise. 

The  Western  Watchman  was  established  in  1865 
by  Rev.  D.  S.  Phelaii,  a  priest  of  the  Catholic  Church, 
at  Medina,  Mo.  The  "  Drake  Constitution,"  then 
in  force,  prescribed  a  "  test  oath"  for  clergymen,  and 
Mr.  Phelan,  refusing  to  take  the  oath,  was  impris- 
oned. The  Western  Watchman  was  started  to  agitate 
for  a  repeal  of  the  obnoxious  law.  In  18G7  the  paper 
was  removed  to  St.  Louis,  Mr.  Phelan  having  been 
transferred  to  the  parish  of  "  Our  Lady  of  Mount 
Carmel,"  in  Baden,  North  St.  Louis.  Ho  is  still  the 
editor,  and  W.  H.  Phelan  has  been  for  ten  years 
business  manager.  It  Is  published  weekly,  and  is  the 
organ  of  the  English-speaking  Catholics  of  the  diocese. 
Baptist  Publications. — The  first  Baptist  news- 
paper in  Missouri  was  issued  in  18-12,  under  the 
auspices  of  the  General  Association,  and  was  called 
the  Missouri  Baptist,  the  organ  of  the  denomination 
in  Missouri  and  neighboring  States.  It  lasted  only 
until  1844. 

In  1848  the  Western  Watchman  was  established, 
with  Rev.  T.  W.  Lynd  editor.  It  survived  until  the 
early  years  of  the  war.  Another  Missouri  Baptist 
was  established  in  18G0  by  the  Mi.ssouri  Baptist  Pub- 
lication Society ;  llev.  S.  II.  Ford  editor.  This  also 
died  during  the  war. 

In  181j5,  John  Hill  Luther  began  the  publication, 
at  Palmyra,  Mo.,  of  the  Missouri  Baptist  Journal, 
which  next  year  was  recognized  as  the  State  paper  by 
the  General    As.sociation.     About  a  year   later  the 
Baptist  Record  made   its  appearance  at  St.  Louis, 
under  the  editorial   conduct  of   llev.  A.  Kendriek, 
\y.\).     In  1868  the  two  papers  were  consolidated  at 
i  St.  Louis,  and  the  name  of  Central  Baptist  was  given 
'  to  the  new  journal,  who.se  aim  was  to  unite  the  Bap- 
.  tists  of  Missouri  on  u  common  platform.     Luther  & 
Kendriek   were  the  publishers.     lu  1874,  Dr.  W. 
Pope  Yeaman  bought  an  interest  in  the  paper  and 
then  became  sole  proprietor,  and  in  1877,  llev.  Wm. 
'  Ferguson  became  owner   and   editor;  but  in  July, 
I  1882,  the  latter  sold  it  to  llev.  William  H.  Williams, 
a  well-known   Baptist   clergyman  of  Charlottesville, 
Va.     The  paper  circulates  widely,  and  is  a  fine  prop- 
erty.    It  is  published  weekly. 


f  i 


!  I 


946 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


The  Ameiiviin  Baptist  Floy,  a  forty-eight-column 
quarto,  was  established  in  January,  1875,  by  the  Rev. 
D.  B.  R;iy,  who  has  been  its  editor  and  proprietor  ever 
since.  The  original  title  was  The  Baptist  Battle- 
Flag,  but  in  1880  the  name  was  changed  to  the  pres- 
ent one.  The  Baptist  Flag  claims  the  largest  circu- 
lation of  any  paper  of  its  denomination  west  of  the 
Mississippi.  Its  peculiar  feature  is  polemic  theology 
and  church  history.  Mr.  Ray,  the  editor,  was  once 
connected  with  the  Baptist  Sentinel,  a  Kentucky 
paper,  and  is  the  author  of  "  Baptist  Succession,"  a 
hand-book  of  Baptist  history,  and  an  exhaustive  and 
authoritative  treatise.  He  is  also  the  author  of  a 
"  Text- Book  on  Campbellism." 

The  Regular  Baptist  Magar.iiie  was  established 
in  1875  by  B.  H.  Burnara,  and  has  been  continu- 
ously owned  and  edited  by  him.  It  is  published  by 
J.  T.  Smith  &  Co.,  and  is  issued  monthly.  It  com- 
prises forty  pages,  and  is  the  organ  of  the  "  primi- 
tive" (or  regular)  Baptists,  in  contradistinction  to  the 
"  missionary"  Baptists,  who  are  strongly  represented 
in  Missouri. 

St.  Louis  Christian  Advocate. — This  paper,  a 
weekly,  was  published  first  in  1850  by  "a  committee 
of  the  St.  Louis  and  Missouri  Annual  Conference  for 
the  Methodist  Church  South,"  consisting  of  Rev.  J. 
Boyle,  editor  pro  tun.;  J.  Mitchell,  associate  editor 
pro  tern. ;  Rev.  F.  A.  Morris,  A.M.,  Rev.  Richard 
Bond,  M.D.,  corresponding  editors.  In  1851  the  St. 
Louis  and  ^Missouri  Conferences  unanimously  peti- 
tioned that  the  Rev.  Dr.  R.  M.  McAnnally  be  as.signed 
as  editor,  and  in  December  of  that  year  he  assumed 
that  position,  having  been  transferred  from  Holston 
Conference.  This  relation  continued  until  1868, 
when,  at  his  own  re(iuest,  he  was  relieved.  For  four 
years  the  Rev.  T.  jM.  Finney  conducted  the  paper, 
assisted  by  Rev.  Dr.  Thomas  E.  Bond,  of  Boston,  and 
in  1872,  at  the  general  solicitation  of  leading  mem- 
bers of  the  denomination,  Dr.  McAnnally  resumed 
the  editorial  management,  and  has  been  the  editor 
without  interruption  ever  since.  The  paper  has  al- 
ways been  the  organ  of  the  Methodist  Church  South. 

Dr.  McAnnally  was  born  in  Tennessee  in  1810,  and 
was  the  son  of  a  well-known  Methodist  minister.  He 
commenced  to  study  law,  but  abandoned  it  for  the  min- 
istry, and  at  the  age  of  nineteen  was  ordained  with 
full  powers  for  the  ministry,  and  soon  became  con- 
spicuous as  an  eloquent  and  effective  preacher  of  the 
Methodist  Church.  He  preached  in  Tennessee,  North 
Carolina,  Virginia,  and  other  States  until  1843,  when 
he  became  president  of  the  female  college  at  Knox- 
ville,  a  position  he  held  for  eight  years.  Under  his 
management  the  school  became  permanently  famous. 


In  1851,  as  stated  above,  lie  took  charge  of  the  C'/'i/s- 
tian  Advocate. 

In  addition  to  his  editorial  duties,  which  have  Kcuii 
performed  with  singular  acceptability,  Dr.  McAnii:illy 
has  written  several  important  works.  Beside  st'v.ral 
theological  treatises  of  minor  interest,  he  has  publi-liej 
"  Methodism  and  Slavery,"  discussing  the  official  cnn. 
nection  of  that  church  with  slavery ;  "  Lifo  and 
Labors  of  Bishop  E.  M.  Marvin,"  and  the  lives  ol'  the 
Rev.  Dr.  S.  Patton,  the  Rev.  William  Patton.  niul 
others.  His  most  ambitious  work  is  a  "  Hi.stiMy  (jf 
Methodism  in  Missouri."  One  crown  octavo  vcjlmne 
has  already  appeared,  and  the  work  will  enibiaee 
another  volume,  perhaps  two. 

Dr.  McAnnally  is  a  fearless,  lucid,  and  fdicible 
writer,  and  in  the  exciting  controversies  which  have 
agitated  the  church  and  the  country  since  his  iMinnoc- 
tion  with  the  Advocate  has  never  hesitated  to  uttrrliis 
convictions  regardless  of  consequences.  All  his  work 
bears  the  impress  of  a  strong,  healthy,  and  iiiiginal 
mind. 

Central  Christian  Advocate. — Some  time  in  18,")2 
or  1853  the  Rev.  W.  D.  R.  Trotter  began  the  publi. 
cation  of  the  Central  Christian  Adcorate,  a  Metho- 
dist journal.  It  never  commended  itself  to  the  Gen- 
eral Methodist  Conference,  and  lasted  only  two  or 
three  years.  In  1856  the  Conference  authorized  the 
founding  of  a  new  paper  and  gave  it  the  name  df  the 
Central  Christian  Advocate,  and  in  1857  elected  Jo- 
seph Brooks  as  the  first  Conference  editor,  J.  L.  Conk- 
lin  having  been  the  first  editor  provisionally.  Mr. 
Brooks  served  four  years,  and  was  succeeded  by  the 
Rev.  Charles  Elliott,  who  served  four  years.  B.  R 
Crany  then  served  eight  years,  and  in  187-  the  Rev. 
Dr.  B.  St.  James  Fry  was  elected  to  the  position, 
which  he  has  continuously  held  up  to  the  jiresont 
time,  the  paper  constantly  remaining  the  property  of 
the  General  Conference.  It  is  published  by  the  West- 
ern Methodist  Book  Concern,  and  is  the  organ  of  the 
Methodist  Episcopal  Church  for  Missouri  and  the 
neighboring  States.     It  is  issued  weekly. 

Joseph  Brooks,  the  first  editor,  assumed  the  editnr- 
ial  chair  at  a  critical  period.     The  Methodist  Church 
had  divided  on  the  subject  of  slavery,  and  the  coming 
war  was  already  foreshadowed.     lie  placed  his  paper  on 
tlie  anti-slavery  side  of  the  contest,  and  when  the  war  I 
broke  out  enlisted  as  chaplain  in  the  First  Missouri  | 
Artillery,  and  was  transferred  to  the  Eleventh  .Mis- 
souri Infantry.     He  very  early  advocated  the  enlist- 
ment of  colored  troops,  and  in  order  to  show  Iiis  faiih  I 
in  the  experiment,  he  permitted  himself  to  be  trans- 
ferred to  one  of  the  colored  regiments.    After  ihemr  I 
he  settled  in  Arkansas,  was  elected  to  the  Lcgislaturf, 


THE  PRESS. 


947 


rge  of  the  C'A  c/s- 

which  havo  1>olmi 
J,  Dr.  McAniriUy 
Beside  sowral 
.he  has publi-lied 
ir  the  o£Bcial  ccm- 
ery ;    "  Life  iiiiil 
od  the  lives  of  the 
lliam  Patton,  and 
is  a  "  History  of 
iwn  octavo  volume 
rork  will   embrace 

ucid,  and  fon-ible 
i^crsies  which  luive 
ry  since  his  eon  nee- 
esitatedto  utter liis 
uces.  All  his  work 
ealthy,  and  original 

-Some  time  ill  18r)2 
ter  be<i;an  thi\  puWi- 
Advorate,  a  Metho- 
id  itself  to  the  Gen- 
lasted    only  two  (ir 
irence  authorized  the 
re  it  the  name  of  the 
in  1857  elected  Ju- 
•e  editor,  J.  li.  Cdiik- 
provisionally.    Mr. 
|as  succeeded  by  the 
four  years.     H.  F. 
ind  in  1872  the  Rev. 
|ted  to  the  positimi, 
d  up  to  the  iiresont 
ining  the  property  of 
iblished  by  the  \Vest- 
id  is  the  organ  oftlw 
)T  Missouri  and  the 

weekly. 
',  assumed  the  cdilnr- 
[hc  Methodist  Cliurih 
ivery,  and  the  eoniiii? 
lie  placed  his  piipiTO" 
lest,  and  when  the  mr 
in  the  First  Missouri 
|to  the  Eleventh  Mis- 
advocated  the  enlist- 
irder  to  show  his  faith 
_  himself  to  be  trans- 
imonts.    After  the  mr  I 
;ed  to  the  Lcjiislalure, 


and  in  1872  claimed  to  have  been  elected  Governor, 
but  was  kept  out  of  his  seat  until  1874,  when  upon 
being  installed,  President  Grant  interfered  and  de- 
posed him.  This  controversy,  known  as  tlie  Brooks- 
Baxter  war,  created  a  great  sensation  all  over  the 
country.     He  died  in  1877. 

Dr.  Charles  Elliott,  his  editorial  successor,  had 
been  for  many  years  an  editor  of  church  papers.  He 
wrote  a  work  entitled  "  Delineation  of  Roman  Catho- 
licism," and  the  principal  mission  of  his  life  was  op- 
position to  C!atholicism.  He  died  at  Mount  Pleasant, 
Iowa,  in  1869. 

Dr.  Fry,  the  present  editor,  is  a  native  of  East 
Tennessee,  but  his  boyhood  was  passed  in  Cincinnati. 
For  four  years  he  was  president  of  Worth!  ngton 
Female  College,  for  three  years  was  chaplain  in  the 
army,  and  in  1865  was  appointed  to  the  charge  of 
the  Methodist  Book  Concern  at  St.  Louis.  He  is  the 
author  of  several  Sunday-.school  books,  of  a  prize 
e.ssay  on  "  Property  Consecrated,"  and  of  the  lives  of 
Bishops  Whatcoat,  McKendree,  and  Roberts. 

German  Evangelical  Publications. — A.  Wie- 
busch  &  Sons  are  printers  for  .several  publications 
issued  by  the  Evangelical  Synod  of  North  America 
iGerman). 

Ikr  Frii'deiishutf  was  established  in  1849  by  the 
Church  Society  of  the  West,  representing  the  United 
Evangelicals,  a  German  Protestant  denomination. 
Subsequently  the  United  Evangelicals  developed,  and 
organized  the  Evangelical  Synod,  which  continued  the 
publication  for  .some  years.  It  has  a  large  circulation, 
and  is  issued  semi-monthly.  Rev.  C.  A,  Witte  is 
editor  of  Der  Friidensbote  ("  Messenger  of  Peace"). 
Christtichc  Kiinkr-Ziitung,  a  semi-monthly  illus- 
trated paper  for  the  young,  was  established  in  1866 
by  the  Evangelical  Synod  of  North  America. 

The  Theoloyische  Ziitsclnift  was  founded  in  1872. 
It  is  a  monthly  periodical,  designed  for  the  ministers 
of  the  Evangelical  Synod. 

The  Kviiiiijilisvher  GrmeludeliltUt  is  a  monthly, 
started  in  1878  as  the  organ  of  the  Evangelical  Pas- 
tors' Union  of  St.  Louis. 

Christlioher  Bunder-Bote. — This  periodical,  the 
organ  of  the  General  Conference  of  the  Mennonites  of 
North  America,  is  also  published  by  A.  Wiebusch  & 
Sous.  It  waa  established  Jan.  1,  1882,  and  appears 
semimonthly.  The  Rev.  David  Goerz,  Halstead, 
Kan.,  is  the  editor. 

Protestantische  Familien-Blatt.— Some  six  years 

ago  there  flourished  a  paper  of  this  name,  but  it  was 

merged  in  Der  Protcstautuclien  Zeithlattter  of  Cin- 

j  ciiinati,  which  in  turn  was  merged  into  Die  Uniini, 

»nd  then  died.     On  the  Ist  of  July,  1882,  the  pub- 


lication of  Prdtiatiiiilische  Fiimilivu-IHntf  was  re- 
sumed by  the  Rev.  J.  G.  Eberhard  and  the  Rev  J.  F. 
Joiias,  Evangelical  Protestant  clergymen  of  St.  Louis. 
It  is  devoted  to  bringing  about  a  union  between  the 
Evangelical  Protestant  congregations  of  North  Amer- 
ica and  those  of  kindred  ways  of  thinking.  Rev. 
Mr.  Eberhard  is  editor;  Rev.  Mr.  Jonas,  business 
manager. 

The  St.  Louis  Presbyterian  was  edited  by  Rev. 
E.  Thompson  Baird,  who  in  1 854  transferred  to  Rev. 
N.  L.  Rice,  editor;  Keith  &  Wooils,  publishers.  The 
Preibyterian  was  then  in  its  eleventh  year.  In  1862 
we  find  that  John  H.  Schenek.one  of  the  proprietors 
of  The  Preshj/tcridii  newspaper,  was  placed  under 
arrest  on  the  charge  of  having  been  a  capt.nin  in  the 
Confederate  army. 

In  1865,  R.  P.  Farris  began  the  publication  of  the 
Sf.  Louis  Preshyteriiiii,  a  weekly.  For  a  few  years 
it  was  issued  by  the  Presbyterian  Publishing  Com- 
pany, bat  is  now  printed  by  J.  'J\  Smith  &  Co.  Mr. 
Farris  is  still  editor.  It  is  a  six-column  quarto,  is 
issued  weekly,  and  circulates  generally  in  the  West 
and  South.    A  special  edition  is  published  for  Texas. 

The  St.  Louis  Observer  was  established  in  1876,  at 
3Iacon  City,  Mo.,  by  the  Rev.  W.  Benton  Farr,  D.D., 
a  Presbyterian  clergyman,  and  J.  D.  Howe  and  J.  R. 
Malone,  bankers  of  that  place.  Sub,sequcntly  Mr. 
Farr  removed  to  Alton,  III.,  taking  the  paper  with 
him  ;  Howe  and  Malone  withdrew,  and  Messrs.  Perrin 
and  Smith  took  an  interest.  The  firm  was  then  known 
as  the  St.  Louis  Observer  Publishing  Company,  the 
oflSce  of  the  paper  being  in  St.  Louis.  In  April, 
1882,  Mr.  Farr  withdrew  from  the  company,  remain- 
ing, however,  as  editor,  and  the  Rev.  W.  C.  Logan 
bought  Smith's  interest  and  became  associate  editor. 
The  Observer  is  the  organ  of  the  Cumberland  Pres- 
byterians, and  circulates  very  largely  among  the  people 
of  that  denomination  in  the  North  and  West.  It  is 
a  six-column  quarto,  published  weekly,  and  is  con- 
ducted with  marked  ability. 

The  Missouri  Presbyterian  was  established  in 
18G5  by  Aaron  F.  Cox,  formerly  of  the  »SV.  Louis  Ob- 
server. Mr.  Cox  died  Nov.  5,  1869.  Mr.  Cox  was 
born  in  Philadelphia,  and  his  publishing  career  began 
in  Louisville,  Ky.,  in  1855,  on  the  Wtttchman  and 
Evangelist,  which  was  united  with  the  Missouri 
Cumberland  Presbyterian  in  1858.  The  consolidated 
paper  was  published  in  St.  Louis  under  the  name  of 
the  <SV.  Louis  Observer.  He  retired  from  that  paper 
in  1862,  and  became  the  publisher  of  liie  Missouri 
Presbyterian  in  1865.  He  was  the  first  superin- 
tendent of  the  Pratte  Avenue  Mission  Sunday-school, 
which  culminated  in  the  organization  of  a  prosper- 


'%■ 


ill- 
lit 


948 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


ous  church,  Ho  was  atnoiii;  the  first  who  organized 
the  St.  Louis  Provident  Association,  and  took  a  lead- 
ing part  in  tlie  organization  of  other  equally  wortliy 
benevolent  operations. 

The  St.  Louis  Evangelist  was  orit;inally  a  Presby- 
terian monthly,  founded  in  January,  1875,  by  the  Rev. 
J.  W.  Allen.  Mr.  Allen  is  a  native  of  Belmont,  Ohio. 
He  was  born  in  1837  ;  graduated  at  Washington 
College,  Pa,,  in  18G0  ;  pursued  theological  studies  at 
the  Western  Theological  Seminary  at  Alleghany  City, 
Pa.,  and  served  iis  pastor  of  Presbyterian  Churches  for 
several  years. 

In  the  fall  of  1882  the  Presbyterian  News  Company 
was  organized  (with  twenty  thousand  dollars  capital) 
to  publish  The  Evangelist  as  a  weekly,  and  in  January, 
1883,  the  paper  so  appeared.  Rev.  E.  Cooper  was 
appointed  editorial  manager,  and  the  Revs.  H.  D. 
Ganse,  J,  11,  Brookes,  and  S.  J.  Nicolls  were  appointed 
an  editorial  committee.  The  board  of  directors  of  the 
Presbyterian  Newspaper  Company  is  organized  as  fol- 
lows: President,  Carlos  S.  Greeley;  Vice-President, 
John  R.  Lionberger;  Secretary,  Edward  Cooper; 
Treasurer,  J.  W.  Allen. 

The  Christian. — In  1864,  E.  L.  Craig,  a  prominent 
preacher  in  the  Disciples  (or  Campbellitc)  Church, 
founded  The  Gospel  Echo,  a  monthly  publication, 
of  which  he  was  both  editor  and  proprietor.  In 
1867  he  sold  the  paper  to  J.  C.  Reynolds,  a  professor 
in  Abingdon  College,  Illinois,  also  a  preacher  in  the 
Christian  denomination,  and  now  president  of  Canton 
University,  Missouri,  who  a  year  later  associated  with 
hini,self  J.  II.  Garrison,  a  brilliant  young  graduate  of 
Abingdon  College.  In  1873  The  Gospel  Echo  was 
consolidated  with  The  Christian,  of  Kansas  City,  and 
the  publication-office  v/as  removed  to  St.  Louis.  A 
stock  company — The  Christian  Publishing  Company 
— was  formed  to  publish  it  and  other  religious  works. 
Gospel  Echo  was  then  dropped  from  the  title.  James 
H.  Garrison,  James  B.  Goff,  and  John  C.  Reynolds 
were  the  first  directors  of  the  company.  The  present 
editors  arc  James  II.  Garrison  and  James  H.  Smart. 

The  company  also  publishes  a  full  line  of  Sunday- 
school  papers,  its  leading  issues  being  The  Little  Sower, 
a  weekly,  formerly  of  Indianapolis,  and  the  Gospel 
Teacher,  a  monthly,  both  edited  by  W.  W.  Darling. 
The  Christian  Publishing  Company  also  publishes  a 
forty-eight-page  ladies'  illustrated  magazine  under  the 
title  of  the  Christian  Monitor.  It  was  started  at  In- 
dianapolis in  1861  by  Mrs,  M.  M.  B.  Goodwin,  and 
was  removed  successively  to  Cincinnati  and  Oskaloosa, 
Iowa.  In  1879  it  was  bought  of  Mrs.  Goodwin  by  the 
present  publishers.  Mrs.  S.  E.  Smart  is  editor,  and 
Mrs.  Goodwin  is  associate  and  corresponding  editor. 


The  Church  Ntws  was  established  in  ISCU,  and 
is  published  in  the  interest  of  the  Episcopal  dinecse 
of  Missouri,  being  the  organ  of  the  bishop.  For  the 
past  twelve  years  G.  W.  Matthews  has  been  the  pub- 
lisher.     It  appears  monthly. 

The  Jewish  Tribune.— In  1876,  Godlove,  Fred- 
man  &  Wolfncr  established  the  Jewish  Tribune.  Sub- 
sequently it  became  the  property  of  Rev.  Dr.  Soiines- 
chein  and  Rev.  Mr.  Spitz,  who  were  its  editors.  The 
Tribune  was  originally  devoted  to  society  matters 
among  the  Hebrews,  but  Messrs.  Sonneschcin  &  8pitz 
made  it  largely  a  theological  paper.  Finally  it  was 
bought  by  M.  C.  Reefer,  who  is  business  niaiiaaer 
and  local  editor.  The  ed"tor  is  Dr.  David  Stern,  of 
Wilkesbarre,  Pa.  It  is  published  weekly,  and  is  the 
organ  of  We.stern  and  Southwestern  Israelites, 

Kellogg's  St.  Louis  Becord. — This  journal,  i^ued 
weekly,  is  devoted  to  the  interests  of  the  well  known 
A.  N,  Kellogg  Company,  whose  business  (that  of  sup. 
plying  new,spaper  publishers  with  printed  or  'auxil- 
iary" sheets)  may  properly  claim  mention  in  an  article 
devoted  to  the  press  of  St.  Louis.  This  system,  so 
widely  practiced  in  America,  was  invented  bv  Mr, 
Kellogg,  a  country  editor  in  Wisconsin  diuinir  the 
war,  who  went  into  the  business  on  a  largo  .H'aKi 
in  Chicago  in  1875.  The  St,  Louis  house  was 
opened  in  May,  1872,  and  has  been  under  the  chari;e 
of  F.  C.  Wood,  manager.  It  regularly  supplies  nearly 
five  hundred  papera  with  printed  sheets,  and  alsd 
furnishes  about  one  hundred  offices  with  a  greater  or 
less  (juantity  of  "  auxiliary"  plates.  The  house  oe- 
cujiies  a  large  building  at  the  corner  of  Walnut  and 
Third  Streets, 

St.  Louis  Newspaper  Union. — The  object  of  this 
concern  is  also  to  supply  country  (and  other)  pub- 
lishers with  printed  sheets.  It  was  established  in 
Juno,  1878,  by  the  "  Kansas  City  Times  Publishini; 
Company,"  but  in  July,  1881,  the  connection  with 
the  Times  was  severed,  James  E,  Mnnford  beeoniinL' 
sole  owner.  The  concern  supplies  about  one  liuiidnl 
and  thirty  papers  with  sheets.  It  occupies  a  fnur- 
story  building  at  513  and  515  Elm  Street,  and  makes 
its  facilities  known  by  means  of  a  publication  called 
the  Printers'  Journal.  Charles  A.  Gitchcll  is  man- 
ager. 

Mr.  Munford,  the  proprietor,  has  been   for  forty 
years  a  resident  of  St.  Louis,  for  thirty  years  of  the  I 
period  a  lawyer,  but  for  the  last  ten  years  has  been  I 
actively  engaged  in  the  newspaper  business.     He  \s  | 
one  of  the  owners  of  the  Kansas  City  Times. 

Hackstaff's  Monthly.— In  January,  1880,  ap-j 
peared  the  first  number  of  this  publication,  a  hand-j 
somely-printed  montiily  devoted  to  the  graphic  artj,| 


THE   PRESS. 


949 


ii 


lied  in  ISii'J.  and 
Episcopal  diiiccse 
bishop.  Fur  the 
lias  been  tlir  [mb- 

6,  Godlovo,  I'red- 
sh  Tribiiiii:    8ub- 
■  Rev.  Dr.  Smines- 
e  its  editors.    The 
to  society  niiitters 
annesclicin  &  Spitz 
sr.     Finally  it  was 
business  niaiiacor 
Or.  David  Stern,  of 
weekly,  and  i.i  the 
rn  Israelites. 
This  journal,  i«ucd 
I  of  the  well-known 
isincss  (that  of'siip- 
i  printed  or  'aiixil- 
uention  in  an  article 
,8.     This  system,  su 
IS  invented  hy  Mr. 
isconsin  duriiiL'  tlio 
,s  on    a  lar;;c  s^calf 
.    Louis   house  was 
>en  under  the  charge 
ilarly  supplies  nearly 
ed   sheets,  and   abu 
les  with  a  greater  or 
;e3.     The  house  oe- 
irner  of  Walnut  ami 

. The  object  III' lhi^ 

ry  (and  other)  jiub- 

was  established  in 
Ity  Times  I'ublisbiiii; 
Ithe  connectidii  with 
I.  Munford  becoming 
js  about  one  hundn  J 

It  occupies  a  i'our- 
llm  Street,  and  makes 

a  publicatien  called 
Is  A.  Gitcliell  is  man- 

},  has  been   for  forty  j 
|r  thirty  years  of  the  j 
ten  years  has  been  I 
per  business.     He  is  | 
lis  Cit^  Times. 
January,  1880,  ap-j 
publication,  a  hanJ- 
to  the  graphic  art8,j 


the  book  and  paper  trades,  and  general  literature.  ' 
It  was  edited  by  W.  P.  Wade,  then  a  prominent 
lawyer,  and  a  well-known  lUtiratrur  and  law  writer, 
and  now  of  Denver,  Col.  It  was  illustrated  to  a 
jiiuitcd  extent.  Among  the  contributors  were  Harriet 
Prescott  Spofford,  and  most  of  its  articles  were  paid 
for  at  liberal  rates.  The  contents  were  varied  and 
interesting,  the  literary  standard  was  high,  and  the 
publication  had  certain  popular  features  which  prom- 
ised much  for  success.  The  second  number  (Feb- 
ruary, 1880)  confirniod  the  excellent  impression  pro- 
duced by  its  predecessor,  but  it  proved  the  last.  Owing 
to  certain  difficulties  in  the  way  of  getting  tlie  maga- 
zine "  handled"  by  the  news  companies  and  by  the 
trade,  the  publishers  (George  C.  Hackstaflf  &  Co.) 
became  discouraged  and  abandoned  the  enterprise, 
having  lost  two  thousand  two  hundred  dollars  in  the 
experiment.  The  project  had  indisputably  many  of 
the  elements  of  success,  and  deserved  a  better  fiite. 

The  St.  Louis  Illustrated  Magazine  wsis  origi- 
nally Whittakcrs  Magaziv^  established  in  October, 
1870,  by  Charles  Whittaker,  proprietor  and  editor. 
In  the  fall  of  1871,  F.  J.  dlinore,  formerly  connected 
with  several  papers  in  Iowa,  became  the  owner,  and  ■ 
is  still  its  manager  and  editor.  It  is  a  forty  to  fifty  ■ 
page  monthly,  with  a  large  circulation  and  a  fine  ad- 
vertising patronage,  and  is  regarded  as  the  first  really 
paying  and  prosperous  magazine  ever  published  in  St. 
Louis.  It  is  devoted  to  fashions,  general  literature, 
etc.  Mr.  Whittaker,  its  founder,  is  now  a  resident 
of  Chicago,  and  lias  become  quite  famous  as  an  in- 
vcutiir. 

Wara's  Valley  Monthly.— In  3Iay,  1875,  Charles 
E.  Ware  establi.shcd  irtires  Vn/ly  Monthly,  a  Jour- 
nal of  Wcsfrni  Thought  and  Life.  W.  51.  Leftwich, 
a  prominent  Methodist  clergyman,  was  the  editor.  It 
was  never  very  pro.sperouH,  but  Jlr.  Ware  thinks  it 
might  have  been  made  to  pay  had  he  been  able  to  de- 
vote more  time  and  attention  to  it.  Other  publishing 
enterprises  engrossed  his  energies,  and  after  two  or 
three  years  lie  so'd  it  to  Gen.  M.  J.  Wright,  in  whose 
luiuds  it  died  in  about  a  year. 

Mr.  Leftwich  went  from  St.  liOtiis  to  Tcnne.s.see, 
and  is  now  instructor  in  an  educational  institution  at 
Columbia,  Tenn.  Gen.  Wright  is  now  superintendent 
of  the  Historical  Archives  of  the  Southern  Confeder- 
acy at  Washington,  D.  C. 

Western  Educational  Review. — In  1866  or 
thereabout  the  Weston  Educational  Review,  a 
montiily  magazine,  was  established  by  Professor  0. 
H.  Feathers,  a  well-known  elocutionist  of  that  period, 
his  publishers  being  Habert  &  Co.  In  1872  the 
name  was  changed  to  The  Western,  K.  F.  Hubert  & 


Co.  being  the  publishers,  and  Profe.-*sor  Thomas  Da- 
vidson the  editor.  Its  contents  were  mainly  of  an 
educational,  literary,  and  scientific  character.  It  ex- 
pired not  long  after. 

In  1875  it  was  revived  by  the  Western  Publishing 
Association.  Professor  H.  II.  Morgan,  now  principal  of 
the  High  School,  was  editor,  and  among  his  assistants 
were  Dr.  W.  T.  Harris,  D.  J.  Snider,  Z.  G.  Wilson, 
F.  G.  Cook,  and  B.  V.  li.  Dison,  most  of  whom  were 
and  still  are  prominently  connected  with  the  public 
schools  of  St.  Louis.  In  1878-79  the  magazine  was 
published  by  G.  I.  Jones  &  Co.,  and  in  1880-81  by 
II.  W.  Jamieson.  With  the  i.ssue  for  December,  1881, 
the  publication  discontinued.  The  magazine  aimed 
to  represent  the  literary  culture  of  the  West,  and  its 
editor,  Mr.  Morgan,  gave  to  it  much  painstaking  and 
self-sacrificing  labor. 

The  Western  was  distinguished  for  its  high  literary 
character,  and  enjoyed  an  excellent  reputation,  not 
only  throughout  America  but  in  Europe.  It  did  not, 
however,  meet  with  sufficient  appreciation  in  St.  Louis, 
and  in  the  aggregate  some  fifteen  thousand  dollars  was 
lost  in  the  attempt  to  make  it  pay,  which  it  was  on 
the  point,  of  doing  when  Mr.  Jamieson's  other  and 
more  pressiiig  business  rendered  its  discontinuance 
advisable. 

Kunkel's  Musical  Review. — In  November.  1877, 
Kunkel  Bros,  established  a  Musical  lieview,  a  monthly 
periodical  devoted  to  music  and  art.  It  soon  took 
high  rank,  and  is  now  regarded  as  one  of  the  best  pub- 
lications of  its  class  in  America.  For  four  years  it 
has  been  edited  by  I.  D.  Foiilon,  A.M.,  LL.B. 

The  Universe. — A  magazine  of  this  name  was  es- 
tablished in  October,  1882.  It  was  devoted  to  gen- 
eral reading, — history,  biography,  travels,  education, 
science,  art,  poetry,  reliirion,  commerce,  and  politics. 
J.  E.  Diekenga  was  the  editor,  H.  M.  Davis  a.ssoci- 
ate  editor,  and  George  B.  GroflF  manager. 

Atlantis. — In  May,  1845,  Cormany  &  Benckeu- 
dorf  established  Atlantis,  a  semi-monthly  devoted  to 
helh's-kttres. 

The  Vanguard. — A  paper  of  this  name  was  estab- 
lislitd  by  the  Revs.  Sherman  and  Ellis,  in  July,  1881, 
somewhere  in  Illinois,  where  these  gentlemen  were 
conducting  a  series  of  "  holiness"  meetings.  For  sev- 
eral months  it  was  published  in  a  tent  with  which 
they  wandered  about  that  State,  and  in  October  of 
1881  it  settled  at  Quincy,  111.,  and  in  April,  1882,  it 
!  was  removed  to  St.  Louis.  In  October,  1882,  Mr. 
Ellis  retired,  and  Mr.  Sherman  became  sole  proprietor 
and  editor.     It  is  published  semi-monthly. 

Southern  Law  Review. — This  publication  was 
established  in  Nashville,  Tenn.,  in  1872,  as  a  quar- 


95U 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


terly.  In  18  r5  it  was  boufiht  by  Soule,  Thomas  & 
Wenlwortli,  who  removed  it  to  St.  Louis.  In  1876 
it  was  bou<;ht  by  G.  I.  Jones  &  Co.,  who  conducted 
it  until  1880,  when  tlicy  sold  it  to  the  Review  Pub- 
lisliiiif;  Company.  In  1877  it  appeared  as  a  bi- 
monthly. AmoD}?  its  editors  was  Hon.  S.  D.  Thomp- 
son, now  of  the  St.  Louis  Court  of  Appeals.  Lucien 
Eaton  is  the  present  editor.  The  S'nilheni  Lata 
Revliw  is  regarded  as  an  able  and  useful  publica- 
tion, and  ill  Europe,  where  it  widely  circulates,  it  is 
recofrnized  as  a  representative  American  journal. 

The  Siiuthvrn  L<tw  Review  was  conducted  as 
Buch  until  January,  1883,  when  it  absorbed  the  cele- 
brated American  Law  Review,  published  for  many 
years  by  Little,  Rrown  &  Co.,  of  Boston,  Mass.,  and 
took  its  name.  It  appears  bi-  monthly,  and  its  con- 
tributors are  among  the  most  eminent  law  writers  of 
the  country. 

The  Central  Law  Journal  was  established  in 
1874  by  Soule,  Thomas  &  Wentworth,  the  editors 
beinn;  J.  F.  Dillon  and  S.  D.  Thompson,  subsequently 
well-known  judji;es.  The  ownership  has  passed  suc- 
cessively to  G.  I.  Jones,  Jud<;e  Thompson,  and  W. 
H.  Steven.son,  and  la.stly  to  Mr.  Soule,  who  is  sole 
owner.  J.  D.  Lawson  was  the  second  editor,  and 
\V.  L.  Murfrec,  Jr.,  is  the  present  editor.  It  is  pub- 
lished weekly,  and  the  circulation  is  claimed  to  be 
second  to  that  of  no  law  journal  in  the  United  States. 
It  contains  twenty  pav;es  octavo. 

American  Journal  of  Education. — In  1867,  J. 
B.  Merwin,  who  had  been  connected  with  the  Home 
and  Sclioul  Journal  of  Chicago,  established  the 
American  Journal  of  Eilitcatlon,  and  has  remained 
its  editor  and  proprietor  ever  since.  Mr.  Merwin  was 
associated  with  Horace  Mann  and  Henry  Barnard  in 
establishin<>;  the  school  systems  of  Massachu.setts  and 
Connecticut.  He  made  the  American  Journal  of 
Education  a  progressive  publication,  and  under  his 
management  it  has  largely  contributed  to  building  up 
the  school  system  of  the  Southwest.  The  Journal 
of  Education  has  a  large  circulation,  and  editions 
are  printed  for  Missouri,  Illinois  and  Wisconsin, 
Kan.sas  and  Colorado,  Texas,  Mississippi,  Arkansas, 
and  Tennessee.  A  specialty  of  the  Journal  of  Edu- 
cation has  been  the  publication  of  plans  for  school- 
houses,  many  of  which  have  been  adopted  in  the 
States  mentioned. 

The  Teacher. — In  January,  1853,  Professor  John 
H.  Tice,  superintendent  of  the  public  schools  of  St. 
Louis,  established  T/h:  Teacher,  a  monthly  publica- 
tion of  much  ability  and  interest.  At  the  end  of  a 
year  or  so  it  was  discontinued  for  want  of  support. 

Masonic  FublicatiouB. — The  first  Masonic  pub- 


lication in  St.  Louis  was  the  Masonic  Ulijnct  and  l,;i. 
era  ■!/  Mirror,  established  in  1848  by  J.  W.  S.  .Mjt- 
rliell,  P.G.M.,  and  a  very  prominent  Mason  of  iliat 
period.  It  was  soon  after  suspended,  but  revivtil  in 
January,  1849,  as  a  monthly.  In  1854,  Mr.  Miii  hell 
transferred  the  magazine  to  the  publishers  of  a  similar 
journal  at  Marietta,  Ga.,  with  which  it  was  consoli- 
dated. 

In  January,  1867,  George  Frank  Gouley  cstab- 
lished  The  Frciniaaon.  and  conducted  it  until  1874- 
75,  when  it  was  merged  in  the  Voice  of  M/i.tann/. 
Exceedingly  sad  recollections  cluster  about  Goule3's 
name.  He  was  born  in  Delaware  in  1832;  studied 
law  in  the  office  of  James  A.  Bayard,  United  Slates 
senator  from  that  State ;  was  for  some  time  ])rivatL' 
secretary  of  Senator  Stephen  A.  Douglas,  and  boramu 
well  acquainted  with  the  public  men  and  politics  of 
the  country;  removed  to  the  West  in  1801,  and  wns 
for  a  short  time  in  business  in  St.  Louis  and  ' ' 
Nebraska.  In  1864  he  became  assistant  secretary. 
and  in  1866  grand  secretary  of  the  Grand  Jjodjre 
of  Masons  of  Missouri,  and  was  re-elected  aniMially 
until  his  death.  He  was  very  prominent  in  t'le  order, 
filled  many  of  the  highest  positions  in  the  State,  and 
always  with  ability,  zeal,  and  fidelity.  He  was  a  mas- 
ter of  Masonic  law,  a  fluent  speaker,  a  strong  writer, 
and  an  acknowledged  power  in  the  Masonic  fraternity 
of  Missouri.  As  an  editor,  he  won  a  national  repu- 
tation. This  gifted  man  was  one  of  the  victims  of 
the  Southern  Hotel  fire,  which  occurred  on  the  lltli 
of  April,  1877.  On  the  following  Sunday  he  was 
buried  with  imposing  ceremonies. 

Knights  of  Honor  Magazine. —  In  January. 
1881,  R.  H.  Robbins  established  the  Knli/ltts  of 
Honor  Magazine,  a  monthly  devoted  to  the  interests 
of  the  Knights  of  Honor,  a  secret  beneficiary  society. 
It  expired  in  May,  1882. 

Qoldbeck's  Musical  Instructor. — In  April,  1882, 
Robert  Goldbeck,  a  well-known  music-teacher,  started 
•the  Musical  Instructor,  a  monthly.  Its  leadini:  fea- 
tures are  complete  graduating  courses  for  the  [liano, 
the  voice,  and  harmony,  and  it  at  once  took  a  liigli 
position  among  the  musical  publications  of  the  cuuu- 
try. 

Fonetic  Teacher. — This  magazine  was  established 
in  July,  1879,  by  Professor  T.  R.  Vickroy,  of  St.  Louis. 
a  prominent  member  of  the  American  Spelling  llefurm 
Association.  Four  numbers  appeared  that  year,  and 
in  1880  the  Teacher  began  to  be  published  reirularly 
as  a  monthly.  In  1882  it  appeared  as  a  semi -monlhl}'. 
It  is  printed  in  the  transition  alphabet  of  the  Spellini; 
Reform  Association,  and  is  the  organ  of  that  body. 
whose  object  is  the  simplification  of  English  ortliog- 


THE  PRESS. 


951 


ine. —  In    Jiinuiiry, 

led  the   Kii!(jlih  of 

roted  to  tliu  interests 

beneficiiiry  society. 


raphy.      ItM  appenrancc  marked  the  real  be<{iunin}; 
of  practicui  spelliiif;  roforin. 

The  St.  Louis  Philatelist,  devoted  to  stamp  and 
fiiiu  coiloetiiiji,  lias  been  published  for  several  years, 
"  as  often  as  practicable,"  for  free  distribution  to 
immismutists,  etc.  E.  F.  Gambs,  a  coin  and  stamp 
dealer  of  St.  Louis,  is  the  editor  and  publisher. 

The  St.  Louis  Practical  Photographer  is  an  I 
illustrated  monthly  journal  devoted  to  the  elevation  ! 
and  improvement  of  the  photo<;raphic  art.     It  was 
e.«tablished  Jan.  1,  187G,  by  J.  H.  Fitzgibbon,  by 
whom  it  has  been  niana<{ed  ever  since.     This  is  next 
to  the  oldest  photographic  journal  in  America,  and  I 
has  a  high  standing  in  the  photographic  world.  : 

In  the  fall  of  1882,  Mr.  Fitzgibbon  died,  and  the 
publication  of  the  I'hotographer  was  suspended  until 
Jan.  1, 1883,  when  it  was  resumed  by  Mrs.  Fitzgibbon, 
beginning  a  new  series. 

Ladies'  Magazines. — In  1872  the  «SV.  Louis 
MiigiiziiK!  (a  monthly)  was  established,  and  soon  fell 
into  the  possession  of  Miss  Julia  M.  Purinton  (now 
Mrs.  Julia  M.  Purinton  Thompson).  It  was  exclu- 
sively a  ladies'  magazine,  being  set  up,  edited,  and  pub- 
lished by  women.  It  attained  quite  a  circulation,  but 
its  career  was  short,  not  much  exceeding  a  year. 

Early  in  1872,  Mrs.  Charlotte  Smith  and  Miss 
Mary  Nolan  I'ounded  the  Inland  Monthly.  This  was 
exclusively  a  woman's  paper.  Not  only  was  the  typo 
set  up  by  lady  compositors,  but  Miss  Nolan  often  made 
up  the  "forms"  herself,  work  usually  done  hymen. 
Owing  to  disagreements  in  regard  to  the  management. 
Miss  Nolan  retired  in  about  four  months,  and  estab- 
lished a  magazine  of  her  own.  Under  Mrs.  Smith's 
conduct  the  Inland  Monthly  attained  considerable 
celebrity,  and  was  a  promising  literary  experiment. 
Subsequently  she  brought  out  editions  simultaneously 
in  St.  Louis  and  Chicago,  and  finally  moved  the  maga- 
zine to  the  latter  place,  where  it  died  in  1878-79. 

Mrs.  Smith  was  born  in  Tennessee  in  1843,  and 
was  reared  in  limited  circumstances,  which  with  deli- 
cate health  prevented  her  receiving  a  thorougli  educa- 
tion. After  residing  at  Memphis,  Mobile,  and  Phila- 
delphia, she  removed  to  Chicago  in  1871,  but  the 
gr°at  fire  caused  her  to  settle  at  St.  Louis,  where  she 
determined  to  attempt  the  publication  of  a  magazine 
worthy  of  the  great  Mississippi  valley,  and  the  result 
was  the  Inland  Monthly,  which  she  edited  with  great 
ability.  It  was  admittedly  one  of  the  best  publica- 
tions of  its  kind  in  the  West. 

Mrs.  Smith  was  noted  us  a  philanthropist,  and  de- 
rived the  greatest  pleasure  from  relieving  the  wants 
of  the  distressed.  She  was  a  frequent  and  helpful 
visitor  in  the  prisons,  poor-houses,  and  hospitals  of  the 


city.     For   some  year,-*   Mrs.  Smith   has   resided  in 
Washington,  D.  C. 

Among  those  associated  with  her  on  the  Inland 
Monthly  at  one  time  WiW  L.  U.  Roavis,  author  of 
several  publications  concerning  St.  Louis. 

The  Central  Magazine  was  the  title  of  Miss 
Mary  Nolan's  magazine  above  mentioned.  It  was 
published  five  years,  and  appeared  to  be  flourishing, 
when  domestic  reasons  induced  its  discontinuance. 
Miss  Nolan  was  a  graceful  and  accomplished  editor, 
and  the  Ceiilral  Magazine  was  one  of  the  most  versa- 
tile and  generally  interesting  periodicals  ever  pub- 
lished in  St.  Louis.  Miss  Nolan  still  resides  in  St. 
Louis,  and  is  busy  with  her  pen  contributing  to  the 
Eastern  and  local  papers. 

Colman's  Rural  World.— In  1848,  Ephraim  Ab- 
bott established  the  Valley  Fanner,  a  small  monthly 
pamphlet.  Five  years  later  it  was  bought  by  Norman 
J.  Colman,  who  changed  the  name  to  Colman's  Rural 
World,  and  soon  after  made  it  a  weekly.  Mr.  Col- 
man has  been  its  publisher  ever  since ;  it  is  now  a 
six-column  quarto,  with  a  large  circulation.  Its 
specialty  is  the  advocacy  of  sorghum  culture  and  the 
manufacture  of  sugar  from  that  plant,  and  it  is  the 
only  publication  in  the  United  States  devoted  to  this 
industry.  It  is  the  organ  of  many  of  the  State  as- 
sociations. Col.  Colman  has  long  been  prominent  in 
public  matters.  In  1806-68  he  was  a  member  of 
the  lower  house  of  the  General  Assembly,  and  in 
1874  was  elected  Lieutenant-Governor  on  the  Demo- 
cratic ticket  with  Governor  Hardin.  For  ten  years 
ho  was  one  of  the  board  of  curators  of  the  State 
University.  He  has  been  president  of  the  State 
Horticultural  Society,  and  is  now  president  of  the 
Mississippi  Valley  Cane-Growers'  Association  and  of 
the  National  Association  of  Nurserymen,  Seedsmen, 
and  Florists. 

The  Journal  of  Agriculture  and  Fanner  was 
established  in  1860  by  W.  V.  Wolcott  and  J.  S.  Mar- 
maduke  as  a  monthly,  under  the  title  of  The  Illus- 
trated Journal  of  Agriculture.  After  about  a  year, 
Vincent  and  J.  S.  Marmaduke  succeeded  as  publish- 
ers, and  about  a  year  later  Marmaduke,  Chew  &  Co. 
became  publishers.  It  was  next  published  by  the 
"  Journal  of  Agriculture  Company,"  consisting  of  J. 
S.  Marmaduke  (president),  Leslie  Marmaduke,  T.  T. 
Turner,  Charles  H.  Turner  (secretary),  W.  B.  Collier, 
Philip  Chew,  and  L.  H.  Baker.  Eventually  Philip 
Chew  bought  all  the  stock,  and  with  it  was  consoli- 
dated the  Weekly  Missouri  Farmer,  published  at 
Boonville,  Mo.,  which  was  moved  to  St.  Louis.  The 
new  publication  took  the  name  of  The  Journal  of 
Agriculture  and  Farmer,  as  at  present,  and  appeared 


952 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


weekly,  with  Chow,  Cordoll  &  Co.  iis  publisliurs. 
After  a  year  Mr.  Cordell  (wlio  wu.s  a  fanner)  retired, 
and  for  two  yours  Chew  .".:  harness  conducted  tlio 
paper,  but  in  1878  Mr.  Chew  bought  Harness  out, 
and  has  been  sole  publisher  ever  since.  During  most 
of  the  tii.ie  of  Mr.  Chew's  connection  with  the  paper 
he  has  had  the  absolute  ninnagcincnt.  Mr.  Chew  was 
born  in  Mississippi,  and  came  to  St.  Louis  to  seek  his 
fortune.  Ho  had  but  thirteen  dollars  ii.  his  pocket 
when  ho  landed  in  the  town.  His  subsequent  career 
has  been  creditable  in  the  liifrhest  degree. 

The  St.  Louis  Midland  Farmer  was  founded  in 
1872  by  G.  W.  Matthews  &  Co.  (G.  W.  Matthews, 
P.  C.  Wood),  and  has  been  edited  and  published  by 
them  ever  since.  It  is  a  general  agricultural  and 
family  paper,  and  appears  weekly. 

The  Overseer  was  established  in  1879  by  W.  F. 
Bohn,  and  edited  by  F.  H.  Bacon  ;  it  is  published 
monthly,  and  is  the  organ  of  the  Ancient  Order  of 
United  Workmen.  In  1880  it  absorbed  the  J/moin-i" 
Wor/ciniin,  devoted  to  the  same  secret  society,  and  pub- 
lished by  the  Missouri  Workman  Publishing  Com- 
pany, which  had  then  been  in  existence  about  a  year. 

The  Western  Live-Stock  Journal,  established 
in  1874,  after  an  unimportant  career  was  bought  by 
S.  H.  Burt  in  July,  1881,  and  subsequently  by  liim 
consolidated  with  the  St.  Louis  Spirit.  In  June, 
1882,  its  publication  was  begun  as  a  daily,  and  it  was 
the  first  daily  paper  west  of  the  Mississippi  exclu- 
sively devoted  to  live-stock  interests. 

South  and  West.— In  August,  1880,  Alfred 
Avery,  who  had  become  well  known  as  the  founder  and 
successful  manager  of  Home  and  Farm,  at  Louisville, 
Ky.,  settled  in  St.  Louis  and  established  South  and 
West,  himself  being  editor,  and  Alfred  Avery  &  Co. 
publishers.  The  partners  were  A.  Mansur,  a  leading 
dealer  in  farm  implements  in  St.  Louis,  and  C.  S. 
Wheeler,  of  Kansas  City.  South  and  West  is  an  agri- 
cultural and  family  paper,  and  appears  semi-monthly. 

Western  Sporting  Life. — The  first  attempt  to 
establifih  an  exclusively  sporting  journal  in  St.  Louis 
was  made  in  July,  1881,  when  the  St.  Louis  Sports- 
man, edited  by  Ca^jt.  C.  W.  Bellairs,  appeared.  It 
collapsed  in  the  following  October,  and  was  succeeded 
on  the  last  day  of  that  year  by  the  Western  Sporting 
Life,  founded  by  B.  W.  Alexander,  a  wealthy 
gentleman  of  St.  Louis,  greatly  interested  in  sporting 
matters,  Capt.  Bellairs  being  editor,  and  Gwynne 
Price  field  editor.  In  April,  1882,  Mr.  Alexander 
sold  his  interest,  and  the  paper  was  conducted  by 
Messrs.  Bellairs  and  Price,  but  suspended  publication 
iu  the  following  autumn. 

Capt.  Bellairs  was  formerly  an  officer  in  the  Royal 


Horse  Artillery  of  the  British  army,  having  grailimioii 
from  the  Royal  Military  Academy  at  Woolwicli  in 
1858.  Ho  obtained  his  captaincy  in  1871.  II.  Ijan 
traveled  much,  jtieking  up  sporting  knowledge  all  mvit 
the  world ;  has  for  many  years  been  a  regular  cuii. 
tributor  and  correspondent  of  letiding  Kriglish  and 
East  Indian  sporting  papers  and  periodicals,  uu.l  I'cr 
the  American  Field  in  this  country. 

Gwynne  Price  was  born  in  the  west  of  Engliiiid,  Id 
a  thoroughly  sporting  district,  and  early  maiiil'oiril  u 
great  fondness  for  all  kinds  of  country  amusenn'iitH, 
taking  part  in  many  public  events  in  that  region.  IIo 
is  a  crack  shot,  and  an  enthusiastic  sportsman.  Hi; 
removed  to  Missouri  some  six  years  ago,  and  forsunio 
time  was  engaged  in  hunting.  Since  tlu'u  he  has  shut 
several  important  matches.  He  is  the  author  of  a  very 
successful  little  work  entitled  "  The  Gun,  and  How  to 
use  It." 

The  St.  Louis  Spirit  was  established  about  1870, 
by  Steele  &  Burt,  as  n  weekly  secret  society  papor.  In 
about  a  year  Steele  retired,  and  Burt  continiu'd  tlie 
publication  until  October,  1881,  when  the  paper  was 
consolidated  with  the  Weilcrn  Live-Stock  ./miriidl, 
which  he  had  previously  published. 

£1  Commercio  del  Valle. — This  paper  (a  monthly) 
was  established  in  1876  by  John  F.  Caliill.  It  is 
published  in  Spani.sh  and  English,  and  is  tliu  only 
paper  of  the  kind  in  the  Mii^sissippi  valley.  It  is  de- 
voted exclusively  to  the  development  of  the  valley 
trade  with  Mexico,  South  and  Central  Amorica,  tlm 
West  Indies,  and  other  Spanish-speaking  countries.  It 
circulates  'argely  in  all  the  great  commercial  CLMitres 
of  Spanish  America,  and  is  claimed  to  have  done 
much  towards  developing  trade  between  St.  Louis  and 
those  lands. 

J.  F.  Cahill,  the  editor  and  publi.sher,  is  a  niifiveof 
Virginia.  From  1804  to  1872  he  lived  in  Ciib;i,  con- 
ducting a  wholesale  drug  business,  and  for  some  time 
acting  as  agent  of  the  New  York  Associated  Press, 
His  residence  in  Cuba  enabled  him  to  acquire  a  l'hoJ 
knowledge  of  Spanish.  When  the  Cuban  relioilion 
broke  out  his  business  was  confiscated,  and  he  came 
home.  After  recovering  his  health  he  removed  to  8t. 
Louis  and  engaged  in  the  drug  business  until  lie  was 
able  to  carry  out  a  plan  he  had  long  .  i.tortained  of 
starting  El  Commercio  del  Valle,  which  tiaiuslated 
means  "  Commerce  of  the  Valley,"  lie  is  tlmrouLdily 
conversant  with  Spanish,  writing  and  speaking  it  with 
facility,  and  since  1878  has  been  Mexican  eoiisul  at 
St.  Louis.  He  has  been  urged  for  the  position  of 
United  States  minister  to  Mexico,  and  no  doubt  would 
have  been  so  appointed  but  for  President  Garfield's 
assassination. 


THE   PRESS. 


9S8 


LePatriote. — A  weekly  paper  with  the  nbnvo  name, 
th«  organ  of  tho  French- American  people  of  the 
Western  States,  was  established  in  October,  1877,  by 
L.  0.  Lavat,  and  one  and  a  half  years  later  was 
boiii^ht  by  L.  Seguenot  and  E.  Boudinet.  M.  Se- 
iiuciiot  is  editor.  It  is  a  political,  literary,  scientiBc, 
and  commercial  journal,  and  is  tho  only  French  paper 
in  Missouri. 

Revue  de  I'Ouest,  a  French  weekly  paper,  wa.s 
started  in  18,'J4,  and  had  a  lari^e  circulation.  J.  Wolf 
was  proprietor,  and  Louis  Cortambert,  a  gentleman  of 
Enc  attainments,  was  its  editor. 

Hlas. — In  187IUhe  "  Bohemian  Literary  Society" 

I  established  Illas  ("  Tho  Voice"),  edited  by  the  llov. 

I  Joseph  Heson.     It  is  tho  organ  of  the  Bohemian 

Calluilics,  and  is  the  only  paper  of  that  character  in 

1  America.     It  is  published  weekly,  and  is  a  six-column 

(|uarto. 

American  Trade  Journal  and  Grain  Review. — 

I  111  September,  1881,  McClelland,  Winter  &  McClelland 

established  tho  Grain  Review.     The  senior  member 

III'  tlie  firm  was  T.  L.  McClelland,  formerly  of  the 

¥itlsliiirgh  Evening  Chronicle.     This  is  believed  to  be 

lilie  only  paper  in  the  country  exclusively  devoted  to 

like  i.'rain  and  elevator  interests,  ami  its  specialty  is 

!he  luiblication  of  statistics  on  the  subject  from  tho 

jreat  grain   centres   of  the   country.     It   is  issued 

I  monthly. 

hi  February,  1883,  the  journal  appeared  as  the 
Ihiiricnn  Trade  Journal  and  Grain  Review,  tho 
Ifiirmer  title  not  being  regarded  as  sufficiently  express- 
liDL'the  comprehensive  character  of  the  publication. 

St.  Louis  Commercial  Gazette. — This  paper  was 
[founded  in  1869,  by  Sheffield  &  Stone,  as  the  Western 
Ymnmi  rci(d  Gazette.     About  the  same  time  the  same 
liini  also  started  the  St.  Lonis  Home  Journal,  a  paper 
lifthe  New  York  Ledger  style,  and  which  was  really  a 
Imdit  to  its  founders.     It  numbered  among  its  most 
Imminent  contributors  Marian  Ilarland,  John  Estcn 
Ifooke.  and  most  of  the  leading  local  writers  of  essays, 
l;«iry,  and  stories.     The  Home  Journal  was  not  sus- 
lained,  and  in  1872  the  two  papers  were  merged  into 
lioe  as  the  Home  Journal  and  Commervial  GazcHe, 
lijcfoted  to  literature  and  the  commercial  and  manu- 
liciuring  interests  of  the  Mississippi  Valley."    Finally 
:  paper  took  a  purely  commercial  character  as  the 
IJ!.  Louts   Commercial   Gazette,  and  was  well  sus- 
l«d.     In    1873,  K.   H.  Stone   retired,  and  Mr. 
lieffield  became   sole   owner.      At   that   time   Mr. 
Ikeffield  conducted  the  largest  advertising  agency  in 
West,  but  in  July,  187-4,  he  became  bankrupt, 
k  tiie  paper  (a  most  valuable  asset)  was  sold  by 
rier  of  the  court  to  Francis  Ricker.     Eventually 


W.  L.  Thomas,  who  had  been  its  editor,  purchnsed  it 
from  Ilicker,  and  in  1878  sold  a  half-interest  to 
K.  II.  Stone,  since  which  time  the  paper  has  l)een 
published  by  Thomas  &  Stone.  It  is  a  weekly  paper 
of  large  size,  and  is  devoted  to  the  commercial  and 
manufacturing  interests  of  St.  Louis  and  the  Missis- 
sippi valley,  and  is  conducted  with  conspicuous 
energy,  ability,  and  taet. 

St.  Louis  Miller. — In  December,  1878,  Thomas 
&  Stonc!,  by  request  of  several  of  tho  leading  millers 
and  mill-furnishing  hou.ses  of  St.  Louis,  began  pub- 
lishing tho  St,  Loiiix  Milter.  The  {)aper  was  suc- 
cessful from  the  first  number. 

The  proprietors  of  these  pajiers  ore  both  young 
men.  Mr.  Thomas  is  a  native  of  St.  Louis;  Mr. 
Stone  was  born  near  Cleveland,  Ohio.  Both  papers 
are  under  the  editorial  management  of  William  L. 
and  P.  II.  Thomas,  and  Mr.  Stone  has  charge  of  the 
advertising  and  soliciting  department.  The  Commer- 
cial Gaxette'm  the  only  distinctively  eommereial  pajier 
in  St.  Louis,  and  tho  <SV.  Louis  Miller  i.s  also  alone 
in  its  field,  its  nearest  competitor  being  at  Chicago. 

Age  of  Steel— In  1857,  Robert  M.  Widmar 
started  the  Mississippi  Handels  Zeitung  ("  Journal  of 
Commerce  "),  a  German  paper,  published  weekly.  It 
was  under  the  editorial  charge  of  Robert  M.  Widmar, 
Dr.  Koch,  and  Joseph  Bauer.  In  1861  it  was  changed 
to  an  English  paper.  The  Journal  of  Commerce. 

Robert  M.  Widmar  was  born  in  Dresden,  king- 
dom of  Saxony,  Germany,  where  after  the  com- 
pletion of  his  education,  including  a  thorough  com- 
mercial training,  he  entered  upon  a  course  of  medical 
studies,  which  he  completed  with  honor  and  credit  at 
an  extremely  early  age.  He  soon  after  removed  to 
this  country  and  settled  at  Galveston,  Texas,  where 
he  commenced  the  practice  of  his  profession  and  was 
appointed  quarantine  physician.  Subsequently  ho 
removed  to  St.  Louis,  gave  up  the  practice  of  his 
profession,  and  became  connected  with  the  newspaper 
press  of  St.  Louis.  Believing  that  the  German  ele- 
ment of  the  city  and  State  would  sustain  a  first-clasa 
German  paper,  he  commenced  the  publication  of  the 
Mississipfii  Handels  Zeitung,  which  he  conducted 
with  marked  ability  until  1861,  when  his  ofiice  was 
destroyed  by  fire.  His  losses  were  heavy,  and  with 
a  war  already  commenced  that  promised  to  be  long 
and  exhaustive,  his  business  propects  were  far  from 
being  bright ;  but  within  a  few  months  he  com- 
menced the  publiciition  of  the  St.  Louis  Journal  of 
Commerce,  as  successor  to  the  Handels  Zeitung.  Mr. 
Widmar  died  in  June,  1866,  and  after  his  death  the 
Journal  of  Commerce  was  bought  by  Wolcott  & 
Hume,  and  under  their  management  flourished   for 


j;  ■; 


964 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


aevoral  years,  until  thoy  Mlurted  a  daily  paper,  Thr 
St.  LihiIk  Jduniiil,  in  conni'ction  with  it  and  Buflered 
the  weekly  to  run  down.  In  1878  it  was  bonj^ht  by 
die  Journal  of  Coiuuierce  Coinpuny,  of  whicli  C.  K. 
ReifHnider  h  necretary  and  buxinusH  nmnaf^er,  and 
Merrill  Watson  is  treasurer  and  editor.  The  eoin- 
pany  has  a  paid-up  eapital  of  twenty  thousand  dollars, 
and  is  payinj^  liberal  dividends  on  that  amount. 

Mr.  Watron  beu;an  newspaper  work  in  1873  on 
the  (Joliimbim  (Ohio)  ./nu-iitil,  and  subsequently  for 
two  years  was  conneeted  with  the  Cleviiatid  Jfiia/d 
as  city  editor.  In  1878  he  removed  to  St.  Louis  and 
took  charjje  of  the  Joncnnl  nf  ('oniDierrc,  in  company 
with  Mr.  lieifsnider,  who  hud  been  for  five  years  busi- 
ne.ss  solicitor  for  the  Ckvcliiiul  Herald,  since  which 
year  the  two  }j;entleuien  have  conducted  the  paper. 
In  August,  1880,  the  name  was  changed  to  The  Age 
of  She/,  under  which  title  it  rivals  the  best  of  the 
industrial  journals  west  of  New  York.  Its  reviews 
of  the  iron,  steel,  and  kindred  markets  are  accepted 
as  authoritative  in  the  West. 

Mines,  Metals,  and  Arts  was  the  name  of  an 
eight-page  quarto  weekly  established  early  i"  1874 
by  Charles  E.  Ware  &  Co.  Joseph  E.  Ware,  a  i..  n- 
ing  engineer  of  fine  attainments,  was  the  editor. 
The  publication  possessed  many  excellencies  an  I 
came  to  be  regarded  as  a  promising  prrperty,  but 
after  about  three  and  a  half  years'  existence  the  pro- 
prietors, finding  themselves  hampered  by  other  busi- 
ness, suspended  its  publication.  Many  leading  iron- 
men  have  urged  the  publishers  to  resume  the  work, 
but  they  have  not  as  yet  signified  their  intention  of 
doing  so. 

The  Merchants'  Manifest  was  established  in  1876 
by  the  Merchants'  Manifest  Company.  It  is  published 
every  forenoon,  giving  the  receipta  by  rail  and  river 
for  the  twenty-four  hours  preceding.  M.  J.  Lee  is 
manager. 

The  Weekly  Hotel  News,  founded  in  November, 
1881,  by  A.  J.  Pierce,  editor  and  proprietor,  is  an 
eight-page  journal. 

The  same  gentleman  publishes  the  Visitors'  Guide, 
for  daily  distribution  on  in-coming  trains. 

The  Daily  Hotel  Register,  established  Nov. 
10,  1882,  by  Fulerwider  Bros.  &  Co.,  is  a  six-column 
folio,  which  publishes  the  hotel  arrivals  and  other 
matters  of  kindred  interest. 

The  St.  Louis  Union.— In  the  latter  part  of  1880 
an  association  of  workingmen  known  as  the  Co-oper- 
ative Printing  Company  established  T/ie  Union,  a 
weekly  journal  devoted  to  trades-unionism  and  the 
elevation  of  the  laboring  classes.  It  was  a  five-column 
quarto,  and  attained  a  respectable  circulation,  but  did 


not  pay,  and  near  the  end  of  IH81  was  sold  uiulcra 
mortgage.  The  now  owners  soon  afterwards  -,|il  |t 
to  A.  11.  Brown,  who  eventually  transferred  ii  \,>  1^., 
brotlier,  W.  H.  Brown,  who  is  the  present  edi:i.r  anj 
proprietor. 

The  Missouri  Immigrant  was  establishoi  .i;ii,.  i 
1880,  under  tlie  auspices  of  the  State  Boaril  mI  Im- 
migration.  In  18*^'  ll.>muel  Archer  became  |,in|iri. 
etor  and  editor.  The  paper,  an  eight-page  iiimitliK. 
is  devoted  to  immigration,  agriculture,  stork  riiLtini.', 
wool-growing,  and  mining,  and  has  done  imiuh  to 
advertise  Missouri  abroad.  It  is  judiciou.sly  cJituil, 
and  its  articles,  both  original  and  c(  ntributcd,  uro  of  { 
u  high  order  of  merit. 

The  Imperial  State,  u  monthly  paper,  was  e.stali- 
lished  in  August,  1881,  as  an  auxiliary  to  tiic  Stulc 
Board  of  Immigration,  but  not  uceomplishjn^-  Jiu 
good  that  was  expected,  was  discontinuud  with  the] 
fifth  number.     M.  8.  Fife  was  editor. 

Western  Insurance  Review. — This  publitation, 
now  a  forty-page  monthly,  was  established  in  1807 
by  II.  L.  Aldrieh,  who  has  remained  its  cditur  anj] 
proprietor  ever  since.     He  is  a  native  of  Ndrthurnl 
New  York,  and   served    in   a  New   Y'ork   ri'i;iiiaut| 
during  the  war,  obtaining  a  commission  as  captain. 
After  the  war  he  removed  to  St.  Louis,  and  luiindedl 
the  Riverside  Printing  Company.     This  eMtorjirise,! 
however,  he  subsequently  abandoned  in  order  to  cstab 
lish  the  Review,  which  has  been  a  very  sucw'.s.sfu!  veiiJ 
ture.    It  is  published  exclusively  in  the  interest  ul'  lifeJ 
fire,  and  marine  insurance,  embracing  all  topii's  rdativa 
to  the  system,  and  is  a  journal  of  acknowledged  standi 
ing  and  influence. 

The  Western  Trade  Journal  was  suirtcd  id 
1867  by  William  Bell  as  editor  and  proprietoij 
After  an  existence  of  one  and  a  half  years  it  passe 
into  the  hands  of  the  present  publisher.^,  tliu  (!liaiuben 
Publishing  Company,  and  G.  W.  Biiggs  becaiuo  anj 
has  been  the  editor  ever  since.  It  is  a  ccmiiui'R'i^ 
U..1  agricultural  paper,  published  weekly,  and  clain 
a  large  circulation  in  the  southwest. 

Real  Estate  Bulletin. — This  paper  was  tuundej 
in  1879  by  Pierce  Brothers  (Parker  II.  Pierce  aii 
William  G.  Pierce).  It  is  the  oflieial  organ  of  til 
Real  Estate  Exchange,  and  is  the  first  paper  cxciusivej 
devoted  to  real  estate  in  St.  Louis.  It  is  publishi 
weekly. 

St.  Louis  Railway  Register.— This  publicatii 
was   esUblished  in   1875  by  Willard  H.  Smith,| 
lawyer  of  St.  Louis.     It  was  continued  three  ya 
and  then  expired.     Subsequently  it  was  revived  i 
D.  McArthur  (formerly  connected  with   the  TVd 
Journal),  who  is  its  present  .publisher ;  F.  H.  Baa 


THK   I'UKSS. 


!t55 


iirterwiiril^  •  ild  it 
ranslerri!'!  ii  in  lii» 
present  edit  it  und 

,  estttblishfil  .Ian.  1, 
State  Utmril  »{'  Ini- 
;lier  beeiuuo  )irn{iri- 
eight- im};L'  munilil). 
ulturo,  Htouk  I  iiifiin;:, 
liu9  done  iimch  to 
H  juJ'.citmsly  cdituil, 
J  ccntributt'd,  ariMil' 

\\]y  paper,  was  ostali- 1 
iixiliary  to  tin'  Stiitf 
)t   acconiplisliiii;.'  -la' 
liscontinued  with  ilioi 
editor. 
^, — This  pulilication,] 
8  cataWislied  in  IHI'm] 
inniued  its  editw  and! 
a  native  of  Ntirthernj 
New   York   ri'<;inK'iil| 
joimiiissioii  as  c':iiitaiii.| 
St,  Louis',  and  iuundedl 
lany.     This  enti'rpri?e| 
doned  in  order  to  istab 
>n  a  very  successful  veiiJ 
ily  in  the  interest  of  fifej 
[racing  all  topics  rclativa 
of  acknowledged  standi 

arnal  was  started  i^ 
editor  and  proprietuij 
a  half  yeurs  it  passe 
tublisliers.  the  Chaiubed 
Iw.  Bii^gs  became  anj 
Ice.  It  is  i»  coniuicn'ii 
Ihed  weekly,  and  claii 
Ihwest. 

Ihis  paper  was  founde 
l(Parker  U.  l'''CTce  at 
Ihe  ofiBcial  organ  ul  tJ 
Ihc  first  paper  exclusiw 
Louis.     It  is  puWH 

Ister— This  publicati 
Willard  H.  Smith,] 
continued  three  y 
lently  it  was  revived 
Inected  with  the  Tn 
[publisher;  F.H.Ba( 


is  editor.  Till!  liniliiiii/  lii'ijiuli  r  is  published  weekly, 
anil  \*  devoted  to  railway,  nmnufaeturin<;,  and  kindred 
iaiircHtH.  There  had  be(rn  provinus  atleniptH  at  rail- 
way journalism  (one  the  lllutliiited  lidiluni/  AVirx, 
pulilished  by  Wm.  (lonklin^,  which  lusted  two  or 
ihrce  yearn),  but  the  linlliniij  ItiijUler  iw  the  only 
guccessful  experiment  of  the  kind.  Willard  II.  Smith, 
the  founder  of  this  paper,  is  now  publishing  the 
Riiihnii/  lievii-ir  at  Cliioagu. 

The  St.  Louis  Stove  and  Hardware  Reporter, 
.stiiblished  in  1875  as  the  "  house  organ"  of  the 
Kxcdsior  Manufacturing  Co.-i.  ny,  was  pureluuscd  in 
1871'  by  Frederick  Ilower.  It  is  published  semi- 
uioiiilily,  and  is  devoted  to  the  intere.sts  of  the  .stove 
and  hardware  trades. 

The  St.  Louis  Daily  Market  Reporter  was  es- 
lablished  in  March.  18UG,  by  O'Connor  &  Co.  It  is 
asniall  "  broadside,"  published  every  afternoon,  under 
I  the  ]iatronage  of  the  grain  and  eommi.s.sion  men,  etc., 
piviug  prices  of  the  day  and  other  matters  of  special 
I  interest. 

The  St.  Louis  Weekly  Dry-Ooods  and  Grocery 
lEeporter  was  established  in  1872  by  II.  F.  Zid^r, 
ever  since  its  editor  and  publisher.  It  is  issued 
neekly,  and  is  n  'h  blication  of  one  hundred  and 
twenty-eight  pages.  Its  peculiarity  i.s  the  (juoting  of 
lictual  ^I'lrket  values  (jobbers'  prices)  of  dry  goods 
lind  groceries.  It  is  claimed  by  Mr,  Zider  to  be  in 
1  very  flourishing  condition.  There  are  only  two 
utlier  similar  publications  in  the  country,  one  at  New 
lYork  and  one  at  Chicago, 

The  St.  Louis  Furniture  Manufacturer,  cstab- 
ilished  Jan.  1,  1879,  by  C.  F.  Anderson,  formerly  of 
ICiiicinnati,  is  devoted  exclusively  to  the  furniture 
liotorests  of  St,  Louis,  It  circulates  generally  in  the 
litsion  tributary  to  St.  Louis,  and  is  the  organ  of  the 
lit.  Louis  Furniture  Exchange. 

The  Western  Commercial  Traveler  was  cstab- 

liihed  in  February,  1880,  by  S,  H.  Soyster,  proprietor 

editor,  as  a  monthly  commercial  travelers'  paper. 

IId  July,  1882,  it  appeared  as  a  weekly,  with  a  list  of 

luintributors  comprising  some  of  the  best  known  and 

lioat  popular  writers  in  the  country.     Besides  being 

lile  organ  of  the  commercial  travelers,  it  has  a  decided 

literary  and  humorous  complexion. 

The  St.  Louis  Orocer  was  started  in  January, 

1318,  by  Greeley,  Burnham  &  Co.,  publishers,  A. 

.Cunningham,  editor.     In  February,  1881,  it  was 

mgbt  by  the  Grocer  Publishing  Company,  which 

continued  to  conduct  it.     It  is  devoted  to  the 

)tere.st9  of  the  wholesale  and  retail  grocers  of  the 

ity.  is  the  largest  paper  of  its  class  west  of  New  York, 

I  is  generally  considered  to  have  no  superior  in  its 


field  in  the  country.  It«  editor  is  F,  II.  FelkiT,  an 
able  writer  on  eonmiercial  subjects.  The  offiet^rs  of 
the  Grocer  Publishing  Company  arc  W,  F.  Coulter, 
piesident  and  manager;  P.  II.  Felker,  vice-president 
and  editor  ;  Manning  Treadway,  secretary  and  treas- 
urer. 

The  Mississippi  Valley  Orocer,  a  weekly  price- 
current,  was  established  in  May,  1880,  by  Brookmire 
&  Uanken  ;  S.  II.  Jackson,  editor 

St.  Louis  Druggist. — On  t..^  st  of  September, 
1882,  appeared  the  St.  L'hii'h  /tiiii/i/i)!/,  a  weekly 
journal  devoted  to  the  interests  of  retail  pharmacists, 
and  published  by  the  Druggist  Publishing  Company, 
of  which  the  president  and  manager  is  W.  F.  Coulter  ; 
Viecl'resident,  W.  A.  Fritsche  ;  Secretary  and  Treas- 
urer, (Jeorge  S.  Weare ;  Editor,  J.  A.  Peters. 

The  National  Tribune,  an  eight-page  weekly,  was 
founded  May  H,  1870,  by  J.  W,  Wilson,  by  whom  it 
has  since  been  ,  ,■  meted.  A  large  circulation  is 
claimed  in  the  Souti.  .  otern  States.  The  editor,  Mr. 
Wilson,  is  a  colored  mun  of  influence.  In  July,  1882, 
he  was  appoin'  -d  deputy  collecto'  (  eity  and  State 
taxes. 

Oath-Rimmon  was  founded  in  October,  1880,  by 
Charles  0.  Wilson,  ediu.f  and  manager.  The  name 
means  "  Tlie  Exiiiied  I  ress,"  ond  the  publication  (a  six- 
teen-page pamphlet  monthly)  is  "  devoted  to  religious 
reform  and  the  rcstoriitioii  of  primitive  Christianity." 
It  especially  advocates  the  prohibition  iif  t'n'  '.iquor 
traffic  and  the  suppression  of  all  i^r-cret  societies. 

Journal  of  Speculative  Philosophy. — This  jour- 
nal (now  published  in  New  York)  was  established  in 
St.  Louis  in  1866  by  Professor  W.  T.  Harris,  LL.D., 
first  as  a  quarterly  and  then  as  a  monthly.  It  enjoyed 
and  still  retains  a  high  celebrity  as  one  of  the  ablest 
journals  of  its  class  in  existence. 

The  Platonist. — This  is  the  title  of  a  monthly 
published  in  St.  Louis  in  1881,  the  editor  being 
Thomas  M.  Johnson,  a  lawyer  of  Osceola,  Mo.,  a  gen- 
tleman well  known  to  students  of  speculative  philoso- 
phy. T/ie  Platonixt  was  devoted  to  the  dissemination 
of  the  Platonic  philosophy. 

The  National  American  is  a  weekly  Native  Amer- 
ican newspaper,  established  in  1879  by  Augustus  C. 
Appier.  It  was  soon  suspended,  but  in  January, 
1881 ,  was  revived.  Its  platform  is  as  follows ; ''  Native 
Americans  for  all  offices  of  honor,  profit,  or  trust 
within  the  gifl  of  the  American  people ;  an  English 
education  of  the  people  at  public  expense,  free  from 
all  ijctarian  bias  or  control ;  no  union  of  church  and 
State ;  all  allowed  to  worship  God  according  to  their 
own  conscience."  It  is  also  strongly  in  favor  of  the 
temperance  cause.     Benjamin  Walter  is  the  editor. 


956 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Mr.  Appier,  a  native  of  Baltimore,  Md.,  is  a  pub- 
lisher of  large  and  varied  experience,  having  been  con- 
nected with  papers  in  Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  IlliDois, 
Iowa,  and  Missouri.  He  wa"  publisher  of  the  Ifaiinibn! 
(Mo.)  Democrat,  a  daily,  when  it  was  suppressed  by 
Col.  Smith  in  1861, — the  first  paper  in  the  country  to 
bo  suppressed, — and  subsequently  for  five  years  he 
conducted  tiie  Osceola  (Mo.)  Democrat,  now  the 
Osceola  Daily  Svn.  In  St.  Louis  he  was  connected 
in  1871  with  T/ie  Gontinent,  a  weekly  that  was  soon 
merged  into  The  DnUi/  Sun,  conducted  by  hiinoolf, 
Joseph  Ketterer,  and  A.  J.  Quigley, — a  Denioeratic 
paper,  devoted  to  the  "  Order  of  1876."  In  about 
three  months  The  Sun  was  absorbed  by  Stilson 
Hutchins,  of  The  Times. 

The  Communist, — A  small  monthly  paper  was 
established  in  January,  1868,  by  Alexander  Longley 
(one  of  a  somewhat  noted  family  of  reformers)  as 
the  organ  of  the  "  Reunion  Community,"  a  .social  ex- 
periment soon  after  started  near  Carthage,  Mo.,  but 
which  after  three  years  of  struggling  existence  failed. 
Part  of  the  time  The  Communist  was  published  at 
the  community.  It  advocates  "  liberal  communism," 
in  contradistinction  to  "  religious  communism,"  and 
is  also  devoted  to  the  interests  of  phonography,  pho- 
netic reform,  etc.  It  is  now  the  organ  of  a  movement 
to  establish  a  connnuiiity  near  St.  Louis.  In  1878, 
Mr.  Longley  established  a  monthly,  the  Phonetic 
Educator,  himself  being  the  publisher,  and  Elias 
Longley,  the  phonographic  author  of  Cincinnati,  the 
editor.  This  publication,  liowever,  soon  removed  to 
Cincinnati. 

American  Nationalist. — In  July,  1882,  a  paper 
with  this  title  was  established  by  R.  II.  Robbins,  who 
had  been  publisher  of  several  papers  in  Carondelet 
and  other  places.  It  is  devoted  to  the  order  of  "  Na- 
tional Americans,"  and  also  advocates  the  prohibition 
of  the  liquor  traflBc.  For  the  remainder  of  1882  it 
appeared  monthly,  after  which  it  was  transformed  into 
a  weekly  publication. 

Personal  Rights  Advocate. — On  Aug.  20, 1882, 
appeared  the  first  number  of  the  Personal  Rights 
Adcocatf,  a  Sunday  morning  weekly,  established  to 
oppose  prohibition.  It  was  issued  by  tiie  "  Eureka 
Publishing  Company,"  and  among  the  contributors 
were  James  E.  Munford,  a  prominent  lawyer,  Walter 
King,  and  others.     It  is  a  six-column  quarto. 

Greenback  Papers. — The  St.  Louis  Echo  was 
started  in  1878,  and  continued  a  year  or  two.  West- 
brook  &  Keller  were  the  publishers,  and  John  Samuel, 
a  well-known  labor  agitator,  was  the  editor.  In  1880, 
J.  B.  Follet  published  a  campaign  Greenback  paper 
with  the  title  of  the  Lightning  E.rprcss.     In  1881, 


P.  P.  Ingalls,  of  Iowa,  established  the  St.  Louis  E.r- 
prcss, but  after  a  six  or  eight  months'  career  lii,-  con- 
solidated it  with  a  paper  previously  owned  liv  lijni 
the  lotoii  State  Trilmne. 

In  the  spring  of  1881,  H.  A.  Post  reiimvcd  a 
paper  called  the  Post  from  Quincy,  111.,  to  St.  Louis 
where,  under  the  title  of  the  Missouri  Pus/,  it  was 
edited  by  H.  Martin  Williams.  Early  in  1882,  I'nst 
sold  the  paper  to  parties  who  removed  it  to  Ivmisas 
City.  The  Post  was  immediately  succeedoil  liy  the 
People's  Advocate,  established  in  March,  1882.  J. 
F.  Crews  iind  E.  F.  Henderson  are  publishcr.i,  and  II, 
Martin  Williams  is  the  editor.  The  Advumti  is  a 
five-column  quarto,  published  weekly. 

The  Humorist,  a  four-page,  seven-column  weekly, 
was  established  Nov.  16,  1879,  by  Wolf  k  Co., 
the  firm  comprising  Mr.  Wolf,  a  practical  news- 
paper man  from  New  York,  and  Henry  lleiniani.!', 
who  had  been  connected  in  various  capacities  with  tlio 
German  press  of  St.  Louis.  In  1881,  Mr.  llermaimj 
purchased  Mr.  Wolf's  interest  and  became  sole  jm)- 1 
prietor.  The  specialty  of  this  paper  is  light,  laujih- 
able,  and  romantic  reading. 

The  Truth. — For  some  years  Edward  Biedeil,  al 
rich  and  benevolent  member  of  the  I're.vlivterianj 
Church,  has  maintained  "  The  Truth,  Hiljje,  BciokJ 
and  Gospel  Tract  Depository"  for  the  dissoiuinalion  ni 
religious  instruction.  Among  the  publications  is  Tht 
Truth,  i,ssucd  monthly.  James  H.  Brooks,  a  relirod 
Presbyterian  minister,  is  editor,  and  C.  B.  Cox  is  jjul). 
lisher. 

The  Drug  World. — In  January,  1881,  Lawienca 
&  Son  est.iblished  The  Drug  World,  devoted  in  tiid 
drug,  paint,  oil,  and  glass  interests.  It  is  puhlisjiea 
monthly. 

The  Medical  Oleaner. — Lawrence  &  8on  alsn  eaj 
tabli.shed,  Jan.    1,   1882,    The  Medicd  dhnnn: 
quarterly,  containing  the  choicest  gleanings  I'luni  t'oi 
eign  and  American  medical  journals. 

The  Homoeopathic  News,  published  bi-nionthlj 
by  the  Luytics  Homceopathic  Pharmacy  Coin|iany, 'vi 
established  in  1S70  by  Dr.  H.  C.  G.  Luyiies.  wiirtj 
still  the  editor  and  proprietor.     The  same  partiis  )ii 
lish  the  Populacre  Ildmocopiilhischc  Zriluvij,«.\\  cii; 
page  monthly,  now  in  its  eighth  year. 

The  St.  Louis  Clinical  Record  i.s  a  liiiitytvi 
page  monthly,  founded  in  187H  by  Drs.  Ilarda\vaya( 
Shaw.  About  a  year  later  it  became  the  pnijierlyi 
Dr.  W.  B.  Hazard,  the  present  editor.  It  is  dovot^ 
to  medicine  and  surgery,  and  is  in  the  interest  of  I 
regular  school  of  practice. 

The  St.  Louia  Clinical  Review,  founded  in  1 
by  Dr.  P.  G.  Valentine,  a  liomueopathic  physician, 


THE  PRESS. 


957 


le  St.  Lmiis  E.f- 
is'  career  lu'  con- 
owned  liv  liim, 

Post  reiiiov'd  a 

111.,  to  St.  liimis, 
own'  Poi'l-  it  was 
irly  in  18S2,  I'u.st 
loved  it  til  Kuiisiis 

sucoeedoil  liy  the 
March,  18SJ.    J. 

publisher?,  and  H, 
rhe   AdvarnU  is  a 

dy. 

fcn-coluuin  weekly, 
,  by  Woir  &  Co.,  I 
a   practical   news- 
I  Henry  lli'nimm.s,  I 
a  capaci'i'''*  with  the 
1881,  Mr.  Hermann  I 
nd  became  snle  \iiii- 
aper  is  liillit.  laudi-j 

3  Edward  Hrwlcll.  al 

of  the   Presbyterian j 

Truth,  l?ilile.  UeokJ 

ir  the  dissemination  of] 

publieations  is  Tht 

H.  Bniol^s,  a  retired 

nd  C.  B.  Cox  is  iiub 

ary,  1881,  Lawrencd 
iuM,  devoted  to  tliJ 
sts.      It  is  imlilislie^ 

vrence  &  Son  also  es 

St  s^^loaniiiiTS  I'roiu  tol 

rivals. 

published  bi-nioiitlil 

lartuaeyCoinir.my.'v; 
C.  G.  Luyties,  wlio 
The  same  parties  pul 

year. 

scord  is  :i  il'"'.^-" 

fby  Drs.  llanlawayal 

Iccanie  the  iiroperiy 

[editor,     li  i^  '1^'^'^' 

I  in  the  interest  of 

Hew,  founded  in  1! 
Bopothic  pliysioi""' 


10 


still  its  proprietor  and  editor,  circulates  widely  in 
homa'opatluc  circles,  and  is  claimed  to  be  a  represen- 
tative journal  of  that  school  of  medicine.  It  is  pub- 
lished monthly. 

The  St.  Louis  Eclectic  Medical  Journal  was  es- 
tablished Jan.  1,  1873,  by  George  H.  Field,  M.D., 
a  prominent  eclectic  physician,  and  lias  been  conducted 
by  him  up  to  the  present  time.  It  is  issued  monthly, 
and  contains  about  fifty  pages.  It  is  the  organ  of  the 
Eclectic  school  of  medicine. 

American  Medical  Journal. — This  publication 
was  established  in  1873  as  the  organ  of  the  eclectic 
school  of  practice.  It  is  a  monthly,  and  is  edited  by 
George  C.  Pitzer,  M.D.,  Professor  of  the  Theory  and 
Practice  of  Medicine  in  the  American  Medical  Col- 
lege of  St.  Louis. 

Art  and  Music— In  October,  1881,  H.  A.  Iloth- 
erniel  established  Art  and  jViisic,  a  finely-illustrated 
nionthly,  to  which  many  of  the  local  artists  contrib- 
uted sketches.  It  was  indifferently  sustained,  however, 
1  and  ill  the  summer  of  1882  was  removed  to  Cliicago. 
Peters'  Musical. — From  18G8  to  1S7G,  J.  L. 
Peters,  a  music  dealer,  published  Peters'  Mi(sical,  a 
monthly,  and  in  January,  18s2,  the  publication  was 
resumed.     It  is  devoted  exclusively  to  music. 

Shattinger's  Musical  Review. — In  May,  1882, 
I  A.  Sliattiiiger,    a    music    dealer,   established    >S/utt- 
i&ifji'f'n  Miisiriil  licviiw,  a  monthly  magazine  devoted 
I  to  music  and  literature;    A.  Shattinger,  editor  and 
ublislier. 

American  Prohibitionist. — There  have  been  sov- 
I era!  attempts  at  publishing  temperance  papers  in  St. 
llouis.  Of  the.se  the  most  promising  perhaps  was  the 
|,bH(/iV('»  ProhlhitiontKt,  condueted  by  Frank  M. 
Bemis,  in  1877-79.  It  was  radically  in  favor  of  pro- 
llibitioii.  3Ir.  IJeniis,  attending  a  meeting  of  friends 
|(f  the  liquor  traffic,  was  attacked  and  injured  to  such 
lin  extent  as  to  be  confined  to  his  room  for  a  long 
llfriod.     Meanwhile  the  paper  died. 

The  Cimeter. — In  January,  1883,  the  Rev.  Geo. 
Iw,  Uniiliey,  a  Methodist  clergyman,  established  The 
llTiiif^T,  a  monthly  temperance  magazine,  twenty-four 
Ifip's  octavo. 

The  American  Celt. — Irish-American  papers  have 
liiu  time  to  time  appeared  in  St.  Louis,  the  latest 
Iwiii;  The  American  Cdt,  conducted  by  Charles 
dlirien  &  Co.  It  is  an  oight-page  illustrated  weekly. 
The  Dramatic  Critif;  was  established  Dec  21, 
IliS'.',  by  the  Dramatic  Critic  Company,  composed  of 
lu  Webb,  John  T.  Smith,  and  F.  B.  Rotiock.  It 
lb  a  sixteen-page  weekly,  devoted  exclusively  to  the 
lltima  and  music,  and  is  the  only  dramatic  publication 
liestuf  the  Mississippi,  and  the  only  fivo-cent  dramatic 


paper  in  the  country.  The  editor  is  Alexander  R. 
Webb,  who  was  city  editor  of  the  old  Journal  and 
Dispatch,  assistant  city  editor  of  the  Times,  and  in 
1882  assistant  city  editor  of  the  Republican.  He 
has  also  been  manager  or  advance  agent  of  several 
.jading  dramatic  combinations. 

American  Tribune.' —On  the  8th  of  March,  1883, 
appeared  the  first  copy  of  the  American  Tribune,  a 
four-column,  iwolve-page  v/eekly,  e  lited  by  L.  U. 
Reavis,  and  devoted  to  the  '■  commercial,  industrial, 
social,  educational,  and  moral  advancement  of  St. 
Louis,  Missouri,  and  the  Mississippi  valley."  Among 
the  objects  which  it  specially  iidvocatcs  are  the  removal 
of  the  national  capital  from  Washington  to  some 
central  location  in  the  Mississippi  vall'-y,  and  the  ex- 
tension of  the  rule  of  the  American  Constitution  over 
North  America  and  the  adjacent  i.slands  of  the  sea 
i'rom  Panama  to  the  north  pole.  Jlr.  Reavis,  the 
proprietor,  is  well  known  as  the  indefatigable  author 
of  a  number  of  treatises  on  St.  Louis  and  its  future, 
which  afford  abundant  evidence  of  great  industry  and 
special  ability  in  the  grouping  of  important  facts  re- 
lating to  the  trade,  advancement,  and  prosperity  of  the 
city. 

Hiscellaneous  Newspapers. — Tn  nJililion  to  .ho  rorcgoiiig, 
lliu  following  vuniures  in  journali^ui  have  boL'n  niaJu  fruni  tiiiio 
to  tiino  ill  St.  Louis  : 

The  Si.  ImiiIh  (\iiiriev  was  issued  Dm.  8,  ISL'S,  nnil  whs  ilis- 
eontinuiul  ilurin;;  the  siime  inontli.  Tho  MliHoitri  OhHervrr  was 
piiblishcil  (luring  the  sauio  year,  but  al'tenvanls  suspondiMl. 

TItc  Coinmerridt  Ihillelhi  wu.s  established  in  ls;i4,  by  Cliarles 
Keeiiile,  Williain  I'roston  Clark,  and  Samuel  I!.  Cliurehill,  iis  iv 
staniliird  Ueuiocnitie  journal.  In  I.^.')"  it  beeanie  tht  property 
ot'  Samuel  li.  Churchill  and  Charles  (i.  Hamsey,  who  made  it  a, 
Whig  organ.  Subsequently  Oliver  Harris  owned  nn  interest  ill 
it,  and  V,  1'.  Kllis  then  bought  it  and  miide  it  an  organ  id'  the 
"  Native  Aiueriean  party,"  under  tho  title  of"  Thr.  Native  -Iwer- 
R'oii  lliillrliii.  It  was  published  u  short  time,  and  was  finally 
suspended.  iMr.  Kllis,  in  1812,  published  the  Old  SrhmU 
Veniacnit,  but  abandoned  it  tn  accept  the  ollicc  of  cliarij» 
(Vajfuirv*  to  Vene/iiela. 

The  Snlnnliiy  Sews,  a  purely  literary  journal,  was  established 
in  1S37,  by  Cliarles  Keemle  and  Maj.  Alplionso  Wctmoro,  and 
although  excellent  in  all  of  its  departments,  failed  to  receive 
tho  support  it  merilel,  and  died  on  Miij.  Wetmoro's  hands  after 
a  brief  existence,  during  which  Col.  Keemlo  witlidrcw. 

The  WeAlern  Min'ov  aiitl  Liitliet*  Literary  Giizette  was  pub- 
lishetl  early  in  IS.t?.  I.ato  in  tho  same  year  James  lluggles 
published  it  as  The  ]\'e9teni  Mii-roi;  Lilerart/  tiiul  Politicttl  Oii- 
zelle. 

The  Trnntlalor,  a  literary  weekly,  was  publi'hcd  in  1S,18. 

Tho  prospectus  of  a  .\fiiniiiig  ('hiniiidc  was  is.med  on  tho  4th 
of  June,  18:i!l,  and  in  I  SOU  the  St.  Lmtin  Daily  'Chronicle  was 
owned  by  Francis  Saler  and  Adelbert  Luohr,  who  i<dsu  published 
a  weekly  edition. 

On  tho  2lith  of  August,  1838,  the  announsuiuent  was  made 
that,  under  tho  name  of  the  Lnemnutiee  and  Miatouri  and  Illi- 
M"i'»  (lazetle,  the  proprietors  of  the  .SV.  Liiuii  Evening  Ometle 
proposed  to  issue  from  their  olBoo  every  Thursday  a  paper  do- 
votod  to  internal  improvements,  political,  ouuimeroial,  and  agri- 


958 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


cultural  inforiijiitii>n,  inanuractiircs,  science  and  the  artK,  liter- 
iilnrc,  education,  and  the  news  u(  the  day. 

In  October,  18,39,  Messrs.  Watson  <t  Nichols  established  an 
evening  paper  under  the  name  of  the  Daily  I'ennniit,  devoted 
to  "  literature,  foreign  and  domestic  intelligence."  It  ulti- 
mately espoused  the  Native  American  cause. 

The  Iiiilcpindeiit  Drmncrat  was  started  in  1842  by  W.  T. 
Ycoiiians,  of  The  IJouiiviUe  Rvginter. 

Thi-  Iferiiltl  iif  Itcliyioiia  Libeiii/  appeared  in  1844  as  a 
weekly;  II.  Chamberlain,  editor  j   I.  M.  Julian,  publisher. 

Thi  Cnth'iUc  Seim-  liflli  r,  a  Catholic  weekly,  was  published 
in  1815. 

Tht  Si.  Loiiin  Sim  was  started  in  St.  Ijouia  in  1845  by  A.  W. 
Scharitt.  It  appeors  to  have  had  a  brief  existence,  for  a  yeor 
later  we  find  that  The  Si,  Lmii»  Sun  had  been  started  to  adver- 
tise the  owner's  "  sugar-coated  pills."  In  1871,  The  /Mill/  Suii 
was  established  as  "  a  Democratic  journal,"  but  did  not  long 
survive. 

In  1845,  Col.  Kccuile,  Matthew  Field,  and  Joseph  M.  Field  es- 
tablished The  Hereille.  In  18511  the  paper  was  solil  to  Anderson  i 
Co.,  who  merged  it  with  The  I'enph'i  Orijnn.  The  llevcillewaa 
one  of  the  best  papers  published  up  to  that  time  in  St.  Louis. 
Joseph  M.  Field  was  then  one  of  the  most  popular  writers  in  the 
country.  For  a  long  time  ho  was  connected  with  the  New  Or- 
lenna  Ficai/mie,  and  his  sketches  under  the  iiom  rfe  plume  of 
"Straws"  were  widely  reprinted.  He  was  the  author  of  several 
ploys,  and  was  the  first  manager  of  the  "  Varieties  Theatre." 

I'he  Xiitive  Ameriiim  had  a  brief  but  partially  successful  ex- 
istence.    It  was  established  in  IS4t!  by  V.  P.  Ellis. 

The  WiiHhiiiyloii  Tempeniine  /'(i^ifi,  edited  by  V.  P.  Ellis,  ex- 
isted for  a  short  time  in  1842. 

The  Libertij  Banner  was  published  in  1844. 

The  Ciithulic  Vubinel,  a  magazine,  was  established  in  May, 
1843,  by  Charles  N.  llolcomb,  for  the  "exposition,  illustration, 
and  vindication  of  the  Catlioli(^  principles." 

The  St.  Lnnit  Magnet  was  published  by  T.  J.  McNair  in 
1846. 

The  Liberia  Adioealc,  a  monthly  devoted  to  African  colo- 
nization, nourished  in  1847.     Rev.  Mr.  Finlej  was  editor. 

The  Bible  Ailmealc,  a  mimtlily  jmblication  devoted  to  primi- 
tive Christianity,  was  conducted  by  S.  B.  Aden,  Rev.  J.  R. 
Howard,  T.  R.  Creath,  and  T.  M.  Allen  in  1848. 

The  Si.  AoiiiK  foul  and  Myat'c  {■'ainil;/  was  publishoii  in  1848, 
by  W.  F.  Chase  and  Edmund  Flagg,  as  a  representative  of 
various  serret  orders. 

77/1  Daily  and  Weekly  Fountain  was  established  in  .Inly, 
1848,  to  1)0  "chiefly  devoted  to  the  cause  of  temperance,  and 
the  advocacy  of  the  societies  and  clubs  formed  to  promote  this 
object  and  the  cause  of  temperance  reform."  In  July,  1841), 
Mr.  Ha.'-es,  the  proprietor,  announced  his  inability  to  continue 
it  for  want  of  support,  and  sold  it  to  Rev.  Hiram  P.  Goodrich. 

/.<  Oourrler  de  Si.  I.ouin,  published  twice  a  week,  was  estab- 
lisheil  in  June,  1850,  and  published  entirely  in  French.  10. 
Fcrreno  was  the  oilitor,  Cli.  Fr.  lilattau  printer. 

The  Si.  /.unit  Daily  /.ri/i/er  was  the  name  of  a  paper  founded 
in  1851  by  T.  H.  Cavanaugli. 

The  Si,  Louis  Inanrnuee  Jieporler  and  (lenerat  Adrertiner 
was  published  in  1851  by  J.  E.  Courtney. 

The  Spirit  of  the  Went  WHS  published  weekly  in  1851  by 
Smith  it  McKee. 

7'he  Ouanlian  was  established  in  IS05  by  James  Clemens.  It 
was  a  literary  Catholic  weekly. 

Tht  Teinperanee  Battery  was  started  in  January,  IS52. 

The  Iriah  yli/rootirr  existed  in  1852,  as  did  also  the  Miaeellany 
and  Heviem,  published  monthly  by  J.  F,  Risk,  of  St.  Louis,  and 
I.  Ebbert,  of  Memphis. 


The  Mitiouri  Slanlt-Xeilnng\n\»  established  by  Loui^  IHclicr 
formerly  assistant  editor  of  the  Ameirjer  den  Wcnlmii  in  |sj4 
It  was  the  fourth  Oerman  ]iaper  in  the  city  ut  thit  tiin'-. 

The  Union  Banner,  a  teniperunce  journni,  was  puljli.^iiij  .,( 
112  Main  .Street  in  1849  and  1850. 

Le  Monilcur  de  I'Oneiil,  u  French  paper,  was  establi-hcil  in 
St.  Louis  in  April,  ISSti,  by  E.  De  Lano  Maryat,  a  New  Hiiean, 
journalist. 

The  St.  Louia  Aineriean,  H.  H.  Ilolton,  publisher,  wii-  -lariej 
as  an  "American  Republican  organ"  in  1844.  In  l>,ifi  y/,, 
St,  Lontt  Eveninij  Amtriean  was  established  by  Mallitl,  Willij 
&  Covert,  and  supported  the  American  party  also. 

The  St,  I^ouia  Bank- Sole  Reporterf  Counterfeit  J>ft<>i;r  ,(„,/ 
Wholemde  Prices  Current  was  established  by  J.  P,  M.  Ilinvarii 
A  Brothers  in  1857. 

The  Krening  Bulletin,  a.  daily,  made  its  appearance  .liilv  18 
1859,  under  the  management  of  Col.  James  Pcckhum  ami  Jolm 
L.  Bittinger.  In  October  of  the  same  year  it  |)assoil  into  tho 
possession  uf  E.  Longuemure,  and  into  that  of  Thoinas  >nc:id 
in  1S6I.' 

The  St,  Louin  Daily  K.rpresn  was  established  in  IS.iS  l,v  ffji. 
liam  Cuddy.  lis  first  issue  was  in  miniature  form,  which  cun- 
tinued  for  some  months,  until  an  increase  of  size  was  Jiistiricd 
by  the  growth  of  its  patronage.  In  1860  it  was  a  l.irgc  an! 
flourishing  sheet.  A  weekly  edition  of  the  Krprens  was  also 
published. 

In  1860,  Richard  Edwards  published  the  I'to/dr'^  /V<m.  a  I 
daily  journal,  independent  in  |)olit'ics  and  religion  ;  the  I'uiiilc' 
Wiekly  Press,  a  family  newspaper;  Edirards'  .Wwr/i/y,  '■■i\\\ 
organ  of  the  progressive  in  art,  literature,  science,  iigiiiulturo 
banking,  internal  improvements,  etc.,  and  Edicanh'  ir,«(,,ii 
Alinanae,  At  the  beginning  of  1860,  R.  V.  Kenneilv,  T.  M. 
Ilalpin,  and  James  I'ockham  established  the  Ilonn'  /V<i..  a 
family  and  literary  paper. 

The  Daily  Journal,  ]iublished  on  Pine  Street,  belwecMi  Fuurth  I 
and  Fifth,  was  suppressed  on  the  13th  of  July,  ISdl,  by  ilioj 
United  States  military  authorities. 

The  O'azette,  published  in  Dnglish  and  (lerniMii,  nas^iarli'l] 
Dec.  28,  1861. 

The  Metropolitan  lleeord  existed  in  1864,  and  was  .-U|i|in'<-i'4| 
by  the  Federal  government. 

'  Col.  James  Peckham  died  July  2,  1 809,  at  Hot  ■•^pringj,! 
Ark.  Col.  Peckham  was  a  native  of  .New  York,  ami  ruinovodj 
to  St.  Louis  about  ten  years  before  his  death,  wliirc  he  furniodl 
a  connection  with  the  prc'S,  and  was  afterwards  onGiiftheijab-l 
lishcrs  and  editors  of  The  Erening  Bulletin,  When  Ihu  warf 
broke  out  he  enlisted  in  the  Union  army.  His  ap|ii>iniimiit  i 
lieutenant-colonel  of  the  Eighth  Missouri  bore  llie  dalenf  ili^ 
20th  December,  1861,  to  rank  from  the  4lh  of  ,luly  |irfv 
He  afterwards  resigned,  but  was  recommissioiied  na  the  I 
March,  1862.  Ho  remained  with  the  regiment  but  a  few  niuiillu, 
however,  resigning  on  the  1st  of  the  following  June  to  a>!i>l  i 
recruiting  the  Twenty-ninth  Regiment,  of  which  ho  was  ma* 
missioned  lieutenant-colonel  Sept.  6,  1862,  which  pojilioii  hi 
held  until  the  20th  of  February,  1863,  when  ho  was  prouiotw 
colonel.  He  was  attached  to  Uluir's  Fifteenth  Army  Ciii|}s,:in4 
participated  in  various  expeditions  and  actions  cju  tlic  .Missitj 
sippi  and  Vazoo  Rivers,  including  the  sieges  of  Virkfliiiri;aiil 
Corinth.  He  also  took  part  in  the  battles  of  Lonkciut  .Muunl 
tain  and  Missionary  Ridge.  Col.  Peckham  was  a  liiatc  mi 
gallant  officer,  and  was  wounded  several  times  in  acliori.  llj 
was  the  author  of  the  "Life  of  Oen.  Lyon."  Ilcliiiil<  greij 
interest  in  political  matters,  aiul  was  a  pleasani  and  tllwlit 
speaker.  (Jul.  Pookbani  was  thirty-nine  years  of  iige,  aii'l  i 
a  wife  and  two  children,  who  resideil  in  Kirkwocl,  ,Mo. 


AMUSEMENTS. 


959 


hedby  Ijouis  liiilicr, 

[f»    WcftlllH   ill    ISj4, 

ttt  thilt  I'unr. 
i:\,  was  imli'.ifiii'J  nt 

r,  wfts  cstabli.-licd  in 
[aryat, aNi"«  'Mleans 

Ijublii-hor,  wii^  started 
1S44.     Ill  l^'ili,  The 
icil  by  MiiUiti,  Willis 
uty  alKo. 

Illi(ei/ci(  J>rti''l<ir,  ililli 
I  by  J.  P.  M.  ll.waPl 

;9  nppciiriUK'v  .luly  13, 
les  rt'ckhuiii  and  Jolin 
^ear  it  luisscil  inlo  tho 
that  of  Tboiiias  Sncail 

blishedin  IS.iS  l,y  Wil- 
aturo  furiii,  wlntli  oun- 
jgo  of  si/.o  wus  justifieil 
16(1  it  was  a  large  and  j 
(  the   /■>;"•'«»  was  also  j 

111  the  I'enjili''"  rirw.  J  I 
lid  ruligion;  tlu'  I'mjilt'i  j 
EJiritrilii'  il'ii'lilii,  "an  I 
uvo,  scieiict'.  agrii'iilturo,  ] 
and  Eilwiiiih'  W'utrm ) 
R.  V.  Ki^nncilv.'l'.  M. 
shed  till!  //"""'  '''■'«'■  ^ 

ic  Street,  belwceii  lAiurtli  j 
hof  July,  l^l''l,  by  lliol 

ind  (icrmiin,  wii"  >tarli4j 

1804.  and  was  Miiiinw-odl 

;,  ISli'.t,  at  Hot  SiiringsJ 
New  York,  and  rciuoitdl 
,  doatli,  wtuTc  lie  fornicdl 
fterwardsoncnf  tlicpab-r 
(ii//eriii.     When  the  vvarj 
my.     His  Biili"intimiil  i 
<ouri  bore  tho  date  nf  i' 
he   Itli  of  .luly  |irevioujJ 
.missioned  on  tlic  llli  o^ 
—.•gimentbut  a  IVw  nwntlilj 
oUowing  Junctoa^Ji'ti 
nt,  of  whieh  lie  was  c.mJ 
18t!2,  which  ro'ilioti  hi 
when  ho  was  iiroiuoicJ 
ittcenth  ArniyC"r|)!,iiii 
id  aetions  on  the  Mi*"" 
,«ieK«aof  Vi.d>?lniri.'ai 
lattlcs  of  Lookout  Miiu 
iklium  was  u  brave  a 
nil  times  in  artioii.    U( 
I.yon."     lie  took  ,H 


'I 


l.y 
la  a  \ile»saii 


1  and  elTcciifj 


lino  years 


„(■  age,  anil 


\\<i 


I  in  Kirkwoo. 


I,  Mo. 


The  Mintouri  Journal,  a  Qerman  daily,  and  suicesaor  to  The 
ilimouri  Itadteal,  Buspended  publieation  in  Fobru.iry,  1865. 

The  Weekly  Hetpeiiim  was  xtarted  Jiinuaiy,  18(1",  by  J.  W. 
Allen. 

Tlie  UrpiKUntiir.  an  independent  Democratic  paper,  having 
for  its  object  "  the  repudiation  of  the  national  debt,  except  that 
portion  represented  by  legal-tender  notes,"  was  started  as  a 
weekly  by  Burrell  B.  Taylor,  Samuel  linger,  and  John  Bourne 
in  February,  1868,  and  was  discontinued  two  months  Inter. 

7'he  Jiwhh  Sentinel  was  removed  from  Louisville  to  .St.  Louis 
in  1808. 

The  Si.  Limit  Krening  Mail,  an  offspring  of  The  Weekly 
JfdiY,  made  its  appearance  in  18"tl,  under  the  management  of 
,\.  C.  George  A  Co. 

Knrly  in  January,  1869,  it  was  announced  that  "  Mr.  (Joorgo 
Xegus,  who  has  been  connected  with  the  city  press  for  tho  last 
eight  years,  proposes  to  commence  the  jiublication  of  a  new 
erening  paper,  to  bo  ^.»l!ed  the  .V(. /.oiii's  Kvenimj  I'lmi,  on  or 
jbout  the  18th  of  tho  month."  Tho  office  was  at  No.  208  North 
Third  Street. 

/Vie  Weekly  Salrt  was  begun  in  1861)  by  J.  {'.  Kays  A  Co., 
am',  was  devoted  to  cattle-breeding  and  selling  interests  and 
agriculture. 

The  Si.  LuniH  Law  Hecord  was  established  in  .St.  Louis  as  a 
daily  in  1871,  for  the  purpose  of  giving  a  rcord  of  the  courts. 

The  Si.  LoHiH  CoHiiei-  (German)  was  estiblished  by  "The 
Courier  Company"  in  IS71,  of  which  Henry  Gaiubswas  presi- 
lent,  and  David  Skuteh  was  vice-president  and  business  inan- 

1  '««>■• 

'Tlie  St.  Louis  Printers'  Union"  was  established 
I  July  5,  1852.  Its  original  officers  were:  President, 
Tliouias  Gales  Forster ;  Vice-President,  Charles  W. 
Colbtirn  ;  Recording  Secretary,  John  N.  Straat ;  Cor- 
responding Secretary,  W.  A.  Thompson ;  Treasurer, 
licorge  A.  Rowley ;  Janitor,  Henry  C.  Shea. 

"The  St.  Louis  Press  Club"  was  organized  in  1866, 
I  ttitli  P.  G.  Ferguson  as  president,  and  George  Negus, 
secretary.  It  met  originally  at  Nos.  1  and  2  Chest- 
laut  Street,  and  was  purely  social  in  its  character, 
I  king  composed  mainly  of  tlie  active  reporters  and 
llocal  editors  connected  with  tho  daily  journals  of  the 
I  eity,  including,  however,  among  its  members  many 
Ipromitient  newspaper  men,  officials,  and  well-known 
IdiizcDs.  The  club,  although  created  more  particu- 
!irly  for  the  convenience  and  social  enjoyment  of  the 
I  mcinbers  of  the  St.  Louis  press,  was  intended  to  advance 
like  interests  of  journalism  generally,  and  to  aflbrd  an 
Iijreeuble  resort  to  all  members  of  the  press  from  the 
Iwuntry  and  from  other  cities  who  may  visit  St. 
I  Louis. 

In  1881-82  the  Press  Club  was  reorganized, 
liml  on  Fob.  16,  1882,  quarters  on  Chestnut  Street 
liear  Eighth  were  opened.  Tlie  rooms  were  elegantly 
Ifcrnishod.  The  officers  of  the  club  were :  President, 
|P. G.Ferguson;  Vice-Presidents,  Morrison  Renshaw, 
|W  J,  Thornton,  and  John  Mueller;  General  Secre- 
lury,  Leon  F.  Witzig;  Corresponding  Secretary,  F. 
ID.  White ;  Treasurer,  George  D.  Kelly ;  Sorgeant-at- 


Arms,  Alfred  Spink;  Executive  Committee,  W.  B. 
Stevens,  W.  F.  Coulter,  John  C.  Martin,  Stanley 
Waterloo,  Fred.  Weber,  John  F.  Cahill,  and  L.  A. 
Clark.  It  survived  until  late  in  the  fall  of  the  same 
year,  when  it  ceased  to  exist. 


CHAPTER   XXIV. 

AMUSEMENTS. 

"  FiDDLTNO  and  dancing  and  the  usual  amount  of 
gossiping  and  small  talk,"  we  are  told,  were  tho 
standard  amusements  of  the  olden  days,  and  one  of 
the  curious  customs  of  the  time  was  the  "judgment 
sales"  on  Sunday  afternoons.  These  sales,  ordered  by 
a  decree  of  the  Governor,  always  took  place  on  Sun- 
days, at  the  church  door  at  the  close  of  the  mass,  at 
twelve  o'clock  noon,  that  being  the  only  idle  afternoon 
of  the  week.  As  all  the  people  of  the  village  were 
idle  on  Sunday,  there  was,  of  course,  a  better  pro.spect 
of  obtaining  a  larger  attendance  at  the  sales.  With 
the  majority  the  religious  duties  of  the  day  were  dis- 
charged with  the  close  of  mass,  which  all,  or  nearly 
all,  made  it  their  duty  to  attend,  and  there  was  usually 
a  large  and  animated  assemblage  on  these  occasions. 
Previous  notice  of  the  sale  having  been  given,  the 
property  was  "  cried"  for  three  successive  Sundays, 
and  awarded  to  the  highest  bidder  on  the  third  Sun- 
day. Usually  there  were  no  other  bidders  than  the 
two  or  three  persons  who  might  desire  the  property, 
and,  strange  as  it  now  appears,  there  was  no  specula- 
tion in  town  lots  at  that  day  in  St.  Louis.  The  sales 
were  consequently  made  with  great  promptness,  and 
the  property  was  generally  "  knocked  down"  at  the 
value  of  the  improvements,  "  the  lot  being  considered 
as  part  of  the  appurtenances  of  the  improvements." 

Theatrical  entertainments  were  introduced  at  a 
comparatively  late  period,  and  for  some  years  were 
restricted  to  amateur  performances.  The  circus  made 
its  appearance  considerably  in  advance  of  the  regular 
drama,  and  it  is  related  that  one  of  the  earliest,  if  not 
the  first,  of  the  "  shows"  to  exhibit  in  St.  Louis  was 
that  of  a  3Ir.  Brown,  who  "  did  a  week's  flourishing 
business  near  the  corner  of  Main  and  Green  Streets." 
Tho  orchestra  is  said  to  have  consisted  o'  two  musi- 
cians (a  fiddler  and  a  clarionet-player)  "  placed  on  a 
narrow,  high  platform."  The  entertainment  invariably 
closed  with  "  a  fire-cracker  act,"  which  was  extremely 
i  popular  with  the  juvenile  ponion  of  the  audience. 
•  The  "  Salt-House"  (i.e.,  a  warehouse  for  storing  salt), 
ou  Second  Street,  was  used  as  a  theatre  about  this  time, 


960 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


and  performances  were  given  by  amateur  companies. 
On  tlie  15th  of  January,  1814,  Eugene  Leitensdorfcr 
gave  un  exhibition  of  his  sleight  of  hand,  which  ap- 
pears, if  we  may  judge  by  the  preliminary  announce- 
ment, to  have  been  quite  as  wonderful  a  performance 
as  any  modern  "  magicians"  can  boast. 

A  regular  dramatic  organization  of  amateurs  known 
as  the  "  Roscian  Society"  had  been  formed  prior  to 
Dee.  31,  1814,  for  on  that  day  it  was  announced  that 
the  society  would  present  a  comedy  called  '■  The 
School  for  Authors,"  followed  by  the  farce  "  The 
Budget  of  Blunders,"  at  the  court-house  on  the  6th 
of  January,  1815.  The  amateurs  would  seem  to 
have  acquitted  themselves  to  the  satisfaction  of  the 
public,  as  the  Gazette,  speaking  of  their  performance, 
said,  "  A  number  of  the  young  geutlemen  of  St. 
Louis,  having  raised  a  dramatic  corps,  made  their 
dcbiil  in  tlie  performance  of  the  comedy  of  the 
'  School  for  Authors,'  with  the  farce  '  Budget  of 
Blunders.'  Much  curiosity  was  excited,  and  a  great 
many  attended  to  witness  the  blunders,  but  all  were 
pleased,  all  were  surpri.^ed  to  see  tacticians  in  a  parcel 
of  recruits."  A  montli  later  they  repeated  the  ex- 
periment, the  Gazette  of  Feb.  4, 1815,  announcing  that 
"  on  Thursday  the  admired  comedy  of  '  Who  wants  a 
Guinua  ?'  was  presented  to  a  crowded  house,  and  the 
lovers  of  the  drama  were  again  gratified  in  beholding 
the  principal  characters  well  filled,  and  it  was  the  gen- 
eral opinion  that  Messrs.  B — ,  S — n,  P — e,  K — y, 
B — t,  II — 11,  B — d,  B — y,  and  P — es  would  grace  a 
city  theatre." 

From  the  fact  that  the  Gazette  did  not  venture  to 
print  the  names  in  full,  but  merely  indicated  them  by 
means  of  letters  and  dashes,  it  is  very  evident  that  the 
"  personal  journalism''  of  the  present  day  was  then 
unknown  in  St.  Louis  as  elsewhere. 

On  Friday  evening,  March  31,  1815,  the  favorite 
comedy  of  the  "  Poor  Oentleman,"  with  the  afterpiece 
of"  Hit  or  Miss,"  was  given,  presumably  by  the  same 
company.  A  year  later  (Feb.  10,  181G)  tiie  society 
announced  through  the  columns  of  tiio  Gazette  that 
they  regretted ''  to  inform  the  public  that,  in  conse- 
quence of  the  serious  indisposition  of  one  of  their 
performers,  their  next  representation  is  unavoidably 
postponed  until  Saturday  evening,  the  17th  inst., 
when  tlicy  will  present  Home's  celebrated  tragedy  in 
five  acts,  called  '  Douglas,'  to  which  will  be  added 
the  much-admired  farce  called  'Darkness  Visible.'" 

On  Saturday,  25th,  Tuesday,  the  28th,  Thursday, 
the  30th  of  January,  and  Saturday,  the  Ist  of  Feb- 
ruary, 1817,  '•  in  Mr.  Everheart'a  room,"  were  exhib- 
ited wire-dancing  and  balancing,  "  with  other  extra 
performances." 


A  building  had  either  been  erected  or  an  nM  one 
adapted  to  tiie  purposes  of  a  theatre  as  early  ii,<  1817. 
It  is  said  to  have  stood  on  the  square  boumlnl  by 
Third  and  Fourth,  Spruce  and  Almond  St-cei,-;,  the 
same  block  in  which  the  hospital  of  the  Sisters  of 
Charity  once  stood.     A  loft  over  a  stable  in  ilu;  rear 
of,  and  connected  with,  the  old  Green  Tree  Tavern 
on  Second  Street,  is  also  said  to  have  been  used  fur 
theatrical   entertainments.     On    the    Ist   of   March 
1817,  "a  grand  concert  of  music"  was  "  performed 
at   the   theatre"  by  Messrs.  Thomas  and   Louther 
"assisted  by  several  amateurs."     The  inference  from 
the  language  of  the  "unouncement  would  seem  to  be 
that  Thomas  and  Louther  were   not  amateurs  but 
"  professionals."    Early  in  1818,  William  Turner,  with 
his  wife  and  daughter,  arrived   in  St.  Louis,  •'  with 
the  intention  of  doing  what  Ire  could  in  the  thuatrieal  j 
way,  with  the  aid  of  city  amateurs."     Traditions  are  | 
conflicting  as  to  the  scene  of  his  theatrical  venture. 
One  account  has  it  that  his  performances  were  L'ivea  I 
in  a  frame  building  constructed  for  the  purpose  onj 
Third  Street,  near  Spruce;  another  that  the  theatre  I 
was  not  then  built,  but  that  "the  only  place  tliatj 
Turner  could  procure  to  give  such  entertainments  as  I 
he  was  enabled  to  fudge  up  was  the  upper  loft  of  a] 
large  barn  or  stable."' 

Turner  succeeded  in  procuring  the  co-operation  of] 
several  young  men,  presumably  members  of  the  l{os-| 
cian  Society,  and  with  the  aid  of  his  wife  and  daudi-l 
ter  launched  out  upon  his  theatrical  career.     His  i'i4 
perionce  in  St.  Louis  was  not  encouraging.    The  i 
attraction    presented    appears  to  have  been  a  fareeJ 
"  The  Spoiled  Child,"  in  which  his  daughter,  VMmi 
Turner,  then  about  ten  years  of  age,  took  part,  bul 
whether  owing  to  the  fact  that  the  "  theatre"  wa 
difficult  of  access,  or  to  a  want  of  interest  in  the  pub 
lie,  the  company  played  only  a  short  time.     During 
Mr.  Turner's  stay,  Mr.  Martin  was  given  a  benefij 
at  the  theatre  (April  11,1818),  Martin  appearinp:! 
GoMjiiich  in  the  "  Road  to  Ruin,"  and  Mrs.  Turne( 
as  Sojihia.     Master  Turner  also  had  a  benefit  on  th 
24th  of  the  same   month,   the    entertainment  eua 
prising  "  George  Barnwell,  the  London  AppronticeJ 
and  a  farce,  the  "  Children  in  the  Wood."    On  th 
Fourth  of  July  following,  in  honor  of  the  day,  "TJ 
keli,or  the  Siege  of  Mongatz,"  was  performed,  tuj;ellil 
with  a  patriotic  address  by  Mrs.  Turner,  a  soui; 
Mr.  King,  and  a  patriotic  farce,  "  Yankee  Chroiia 
ogy."     A  transparency  was  placed  in  front  boarid 
t,ho  legend,  "  The  Genius  of  America."   On  the  25^ 
of  the  same  month,  Shukspeare's  "  King  Henry  I\ 

>  "  Early  Theatrioala  in  St.  Louis,"  by  N,  M.  Ludloff, 


AJIUSEMENTS. 


961 


ed  or  an  nlil  one 
as  early  as  1817. 
juaro  bouiiilnl  by 
uoiid  St'cets,  tlie 
of  the  Sistvis  of 

stable  in  llie  rear 
reen  Tree  Tiivcrii, 
lave  been  used  fur 
le  Ist  of  March, 
"  was  "  pcrformeil 
nas  and  Lnutlier, 
riie  inference  frmn 
t  would  sci'ui  to  be 

not  anialoiirs  but 
'illiam  Turner,  with 
n  St.  Louis,  •'  with 
jld  in  the  thoatriLul  j 
•s."  Traditions  ave  | 
3  theatrical  veiuuic 
)rmanccs  were  given  I 

for  the  purpose  ual 
lier  that  the  theatre  I 
the  only  place  tliatj 
ich  entertaiinnents  as  I 
3  the  upper  loft  of  a| 

ig  the  co-operation  of 
Imembens  of  the  lies- 
his  wife  and  daugh- 
rical  career.     His  ex^ 
jouratrin;;.    The  ehie 
have  boon  a  fareej 
his  daughter,  Emmj 
if  age,  took  part,  bul 
It   tho  "  theatre"  wi 
if  interest  in  the  puk 
short  time.     Duiiiij 
was  given  a  benefi| 
Martin  appcarinf 
liu,"  and  Mrs.  Tuiue 
had  a  benefit  on  tl 
entertainment  coi 
London  Apprentice,! 
the  Wood."    On  tl 
onor  of  the  day,  "Ti 
-as  performed,  togetlil 
rs.  Turner,  a  sou;.' ' 
CO,  "  Yankee  ChrouJ 
aced  in  front  bearid 
luerica."   On  the  25j 
"  King  Henry  l\ 

,B,"  by  N.  M.  Liidlo". 


wa.s  presented,  the  afterpiece — every  performance  had 
its  afterpiece  in  those  days — being  "  The  Intriguing 
Valet,"  and  on  the  followingWcdnesday  evening,  July 
29th,  "  lliehard  III."  was  given,  with  the  farce 
"liaising  the  Wind.'  The  "professionals"  engaged 
in  these  perlbrmances  were  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Turner, 
Mif'S. Turner,  JJnster  Turner,  and  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Vos. 
John  H.  Vos'  had  come  to  St.  Louis  from  Kentucky, 
and  is  said  to  have  assisted  Turner  in  the  production 
of"  Pizarro"  and  "  Bertram,"  the  latter  of  which  was 
played  at  the  St.  Louis  Thcatro  in  February,  1818. 
Turner  appears  to  have  left  St.  Louis  some  time 
during  the  summer  of  1818,  as  there  is  no  mention  of 
him  or  his  family  in  the  theatrical  announcements  of 
subsequent  years.  He  is  said  to  have  gone  East, 
ultimately  settling  in  New  York,  where  he  became  a 
publisher  of  plays  known  as  "  Turner's  Edition." 

During  the  "flush  times"  of  1817-18  a  number 
of  responsible  names  were  obtained,  and  the  first  in- 
stallment was  paid  on  stock  of  a  company  to  erect  a 
handsome  theatre.     A  foundation  was  laid  on  the 
1  south  side  of  Chestnut  Street,  midway  between  Second 
I  and  Third,  but  the  money  needed  for  completing  the 
I  structure    was   not    forthcoming   and    the   building 
stopped.      A   livery-stable,  and    later   the   principal 
I  police-station,  subsequently  occupied  the  site.     Soon 
afterwards  another  stock  company  was  formed,  and  a 
frame  building  erected  for  theatrical  purposes.     It 
stood  on  "  city  block  30,"  bound  by  Olive,  Locust, 
land  Main  Streets  and  an  alley.     It  fronted  east,  and 
stood  about  forty  feet  back  from  the  west  side  of  Main 
1  Street,  extending  to  the  middle  of  the  block,  being 
1  about  sixty  feet  wide  by  one  hundred  and  twenty  long. 
I  The  stage  was  about  thirty  foot  deep.     It  was  a  rough 
1  structure,  with  one  tier  of  what  were  called  boxes, 
Uith  simply  pine  benches  for  seats,  without  a  covering 
I  of  any  kind.     These  were  divided  in  sections.     The 
1  lit.  which  would  seat  about  three  hundred  people,  was 
Ikuishcd   with  the  same  kind  of  benches,  and  all 
I  without  any  support  for  the  back.     In  all  about  xix 
lluiidred  persons  could  be  seated,  and  notwith,standing 
Ilk  primitive  character  of  the  building  and  its  accom- 
lnodations,  we  are  told  that  people  came  "  Mondays, 
JWednesdays,  Fridays,  and  Saturdays,  paying  their 
l;ir  admission,  and  appearing  to  enjoy  tho  enter- 

'  X.  M.  Ludlow,  in  hts  interesting  reminiscenoes  of  "  Early 
Italricnls  in  St.  Louis,"  Bays,  "Vos  had  oocasiouftlly  acted  on 
mil  singe,  and  played  Ilichind  III.,  Machtth,  Othelln,  JloUo, 
liil  Vmrara  very  fairly  for  tliose  days,  but  lie  played  '  poker' 
Italwllinn  either.  Ho  was  a  thoughtless  and  orrotie  follow, 
Itithout  any  stability  of  character.  I  heard  that  with  tho  as- 
liisince  of  some  anintours  ho  performed  after  a  fashion  Sher- 
lilin'a  phiy  of  '  Pitarro,'  his  wife  attempting  the  part  of  Cora, 
lt>l  It  was  said  to  have  been  a  sorry  sight." 
Gl 


tainmcnt  as  much  as  those  of  any  theatre  of  the 
present  day."  The  auditorium  was  almost  without 
decoration.  The  scenery  was  "  good,  but  limited  to  six 
or  eight  scenes,  these  having  been  painted  by  John 
Douberman,  a  very  clover  artist,  then  living  in  St. 
Louis,  and  withal  an  actor  of  no  contemptible  abili- 
ties." 

After  Mr.  Turner's  departure,  Mr.  Vos  was  tho 
theatrical  manager  of  St.  Louis,  and  it  was  under  his 
direction  that  the  new  theatre  was  opened.  On  the 
27th  of  January,  1811),  the  following  advertisement 
iippeared : 

"Tho  new  theatre  will  be  opened  on  Munday  evening,  Feb- 
ruary 1st,  when  will  bo  presented  tho  comedy  of  'She  Stoops 
to  Conquer,'  to  which  will  be  added  the  much-admired  furce, 
'The  Village  Lawyer.' 

"Tho  bo.x-booka  will  bo  l  encd  on  Thursday,  January  28th, 
from  10  A.M.  until  2  p.m.,  and  continue  open  every  day,  exoept- 
in;;  tho  days  of  performance,  when  they  will  positively  close  at 
twelve  o'clock. 

"tiontlemen  taking  whole  bo.xcs  will  please  .send  servants  to 
keep  them. 

"Smoking  in  the  theatre  prohibited. 

"Tickets  may  bo  had  at  the  theatre,  or  at  the  store  of 
Messrs.  Collet  &  Kennedy. 

"The  doors  will  bo  opened  at  six,  and  curtain  will  rise  at 
seven.  Price  of  admittance,  one  dollar;  children  under  twelve 
years,  half-price.     Nothing  bui  current  money  will  be  received. 

"Musicians  who  are  inclined  to  play  will  call  at  the  theatre, 
whore  arrangements  will  be  made  with  them  for  the  season. 

"  Four  or  live  steady  men,  who  are  willing  to  assist  as  super- 
numeraries, will  be  well  paid  for  their  services." 

Dr.  Y''oung's  tragedy,  "  The  Revenge,"  was  an- 
nounced on  the  3d  of  February,  1819,  as  being  in 
rehearsal.  On  the  9th  of  July,  1819,  the  museum 
of  wax  figures  and  large  paintings,  exhibiting  at  the 
Illinois  Hotel,  opposite  the  store  of  C.  Wilt,  adver- 
tised the  following  attractions : 

''  Maj.-Gen.  Andrew  .lackson 

Crowned  by  the  Qoddess  of  Liberty  and  tlie  Orleans  ISeuuty. 

Com.  0.  H.  Perry. 

Gen.  Zebulon  M.  Pike. 

Baron  Tronck,  etc.,  etc.,  etc. 

Profiles  correctly  taken  and  framed." 

In  the  latter  part  of  the  year,  E.  P.  Maury,  for- 
merly an  editor  of  Thomas  H.  Benton's  political  organ 
in  St.  Louis,  while  passing  through  Nashville,  so  far 
convinced  the  already  popular  managei  and  actor,  N. 
M.  Ludlow,  of  the  favorable  prospects  for  theatrical 
enterprise  in  St.  Louis,  that  the  latter  opened  a  cor- 
respondence with  Isaac  N.  Henry,  the  publisher  of  Mr. 
Maury's  paper,  with  the  result  of  consummating  a 

j  contract  in  November. 

I      Mr.  Ludlow,  describing  his  journey  from  Nashville 

I  to  St.  Louis,  gives  a  vivid  picture  of  the  trials  and 
embarrussmonts  of  an  actor's  life,  as  well  as  of  the 

I  roughness  and  uncertaiaties  of  travel  iu  those  days. 


962 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


"About  tlip  l8t  of  October,  ]819,"  bo  writes,  "  I  had  deter- 
mined to  visit  St.  Louiii,  then  coiiiiidrrcd  tlio  western  extremity 
of  civiliziitiun.  Many  of  my  Nushviilo  friends,  among  whom 
were  Janiei<  and  Robert  Woods,  Thomas  Yentmun,  Jolin  I'.  Ir- 
win, and  Willtina  Tannehill,  represented  to  me  that  the  po]>ulu 
tion  of  tlie  town  was  only  about  three  or  four  thousand,  most 
of  whom  were  French  people  of  Canadian  descent,  wlio  would 
probably  tal<e  little  if  any  interest  in  English  dramas.  But 
remembering  what  my  wife's  relative,  Mr.  Maury,  had  told  nie, 
and  linowing  that  he  bad  just  come  from  there,  where  he  hail 
been  editing  a  Democratic  newspaper,  the  political  mouthpiece 
of  Se:  tor  Thomas  II.  Denton,  and  relying  on  bis  observation 
and  un^iaectl  judgment,  I  decided  to  miitto  the  venture.  My 
wife  had  an  acquaintance  in  St,  Louis,  Mr.  Isaac  N.  Henry, 
who  was  the  publisher  of  the  newspaper  that  Mr.  Maury  had 
been  editing.  He  was  a  Tonnesseean,  and  reared  near  her 
father's  residence.  Prompted  by  my  wife's  suggestions  and 
desires.  I  wrote  to  Mr.  Henry  for  information.  He  promptly 
replied,  and  in  a  friendly  way  pointed  out  the  probable  incon- 
veniences I  would  have  to  encounter,  particularly  those  of  trans- 
porting myself  and  company  to  St.  Louis.  The  journey,  if 
undertaken  by  land,  would  be  uncomfortable,  especially  for  the 
female  portions  of  the  company.  It  would  have  to  be  done  in 
wagons  and  horseback,  througli  u  wild  and  sparscly-scttlcd  por- 
tion of  Illinois.  If  undertaken  by  water  it  would  be  still  more 
tedious  and  not  less  uncomfortable,  the  only  means  of  water 
conveyance  at  that  early  day  being  keel-boats.  Steamboats 
had  not  yet  navigoted  the  waters  of  the  Cumberland,  and  only 
one  or  two  very  small  ones  had  visited  St.  Louis  from  any  quar- 
ter. These,  I  think,  were  the  '  Gen.  Pike'  and  the  '  Missouri 
Packet.' 

"Against  these  aiid  other  difficulties  Mr.  Henry  presented 
some  encouraging  prospects.  He  said  that  the  inhabitants, 
both  French  and  American,  were  hospitable  and  generous,  were 
generally  fond  of  amusements,  and  especially  those  of  a  theali  1- 
cal  description,  and  concluded  bis  letter  Ijy  saying,  'Should 
you  not  be  deterred  from  visiting  St.  Louis  by  the  difficul- 
ties of  getting  there,  I  think  you  will  not  regret  being  the  first 
to  plant  the  standard  of  the  drama  on  the  west  bank  of  the 
great  Mississippi  Kiver.'  By  the  middle  of  November  I  hail 
engaged  the  amateur  theatre  in  St.  liOuis,  and  embarked  with 
my  com))any  on  board  a  keel-boat  bound  to  that  town.  On  the 
Cumberland  Kiver  we  stopped  somewhere  below  the  Harpeth 
Shoals  to  take  on  board  a  load  of  hollow  castings,  pots,  kettles, 
etc.,  as  our  freight.  Our  trip  down  the  Cumberland  and  Ohio 
was  unbearable  to  an  imjiatient  man  like  myself,  but  when  we 
had  the  water  of  the  Mississippi  to  stem  it  became  an  intoler- 
able nuisance.  Hut  there  was  no  way  of  escaping  from  it:  we 
were  in  for  it  and  must  go  ahead.  We  proceetled  at  the  rate  of 
about  two  miles  an  hour  up  the  river,  whicli  was  done  by  cor- 
delling, — that  is.  a  half-dozen  of  men,  with  a  rope  over  their 
shoulders,  one  end  of  which  was  attached  to  tlie  boat,  pulled  her 
up  against  the  current  by  main  strength.  We  proceeded  in  this 
way  until  we  reached  Cape  Girardeau,  where  myself,  wife,  and 
child  left  the  boat.  I  would  have  been  pleased  to  have  remained 
if  we  could  have  got  along  a  little  faster,  for  Jackson,  the  cap- 
tain of  the  boat,  was  a  jolly,  good-hearted  Irishman,  and  used 
to  afl'ord  me  a  de.il  of  amusement  by  talking  to  his  nun.  Wo 
wore  two  day?  getting  to  the  cape,  fuvty  miles  by  ivnter.  The 
afternoon  of  the  evening  we  reached  there,  the  ca])taln  was  hur- 
rying his  men  for  fear  we  would  not  roach  the  ilcsired  point 
before  dark,  as  it  was  usual  to  stop  and  tie  up  for  the  night. 
Growing  impatient,  he  shouted  out  to  the  men.  'Pull,  boys! 
pull  oway  stoutly!  for,  by  jabcrs,  I'll  reach  the  cape  before 
dark,  if  I  have  to  work  all  niglit  for  it  I'  ami  lie  did  it.  About 
■even  yeara  afterwards  I  passed  from  Now  (    iea>'s  to  Louisville 


with  him,  when  he  was  captain  of  the  '  Hibernia,'  one  .,f  the 
finest  steamers  then  on  the  .Mississippi  Itiver. 

"At  Capo  Gin.rdeau  I  learned  that  there  was  a  steiinn  r  ex- 
pected hourly  irom  Now  Orleans,  the  'Missouri  Packet,'  Cipt. 
Koad,  that  would  pass  up  the  river  to  St.  Tjouis,  and  con.lu.lcd 
to  let  the  company  proceed  on  board  the  keol-hoat,  an^l  wiih 
my  wife  and  child  wait  the  arrival  of  the  steamer.  The  solmiiiI 
day  after  she  did  arrive,  and  I  embarked  on  bor.  She  h  as  mod- 
erately fast  while  under  headway,  but  being  small  and  wenk- 
bandod,  she  could  not  take  on  much  wood  at  Iho  tinif.  nn.l  it 
appeared  to  nio  wo  were  half  the  time  wooding,  'fhen  llio  .vip. 
tain  would  not  run  ot  night ;  and,  to  the  l)cst  of  my  rccolli|.|j„„, 
we  wore  four  or  five  days  getting  to  St.  Louis,  a  distance  "(  niicut 
one  hundred  and  sixty  miles.  The  boat  landed  sonuivlioro 
near  the  foot  of  Plum  Street,  and  as  I  walked  up  Main  low:inU 
Market,  looking  for  tho  newspaper  office  of  my  friend,  Mr. 
Henry,  and  observed  the  queer-looking  buildings,  most  ol'tlium 
wood  or  stone,  with  hero  and  there  an  old-fashioned  1  rcncli 
buibling,  such  as  I  had  so"  .  two  years  before  in  \ew  iirUans 
I  began  to  fear  I  had  mad<i  a  great  mistake  in  coniin"  to  .St, 
Louis." 

Mr.  Ludlow  at  once  engaged  Mr.  Vos,  tlio  fdiniL'i- 
manager  of  the  theatre,  and  his  wife,  and  sot  tn  work 
to  organize  a  regular  theatrical  eonipaiiy.  "'i.  thus 
describes  the  difiFerent  members  of  his  troupe,  who.  he 
says,  were  the  first  "professional"  repre.stnitalives  of 
the  drama  in  St.  Louis  and  "  several  other  now  lari^e 
cities  of  the  West  and  South  :" 

'•  John  H.  Vos  .  .  .  was  a  house-painter  by  trade.     He  l.ud 
received  a  good  education,  and  it  was  said  of  liiiii  that  he  was  j 
the  son  of  a  Scotchman,  a  resident  of  South  Carolina.  ...  Ho 
was  nearly  six  feet  in  heigbc,  and  when  dressed  for  Olhilh,  was 
the  very  brau  ideal  of  the  character.     This  was  ei|iially  true  nf  I 
his  UoUv,  the  Peruvian,  both  of  which,  as  also  /'.■•e.ini.  /„,,„, 
and  Xi/f/oii>p,  in  '  Evadne,'   be  played  very  respectably.    IIo| 
died  early  in  life.     His  wife  was  a  Kentucky  lady  of  good  c! 
nections  in  and  about  Lexington.     She  had  no  talent  l'.jrtlio| 
stage,  and  very  early  withdrew  from  it.     Mr.  A.  Caijiill 
native  of  one  of  the  Eastern  States,  was  about  forty  years  nf  a|;e I 
at  the  time  I  speak  of,  was  a  very  respectable  actor  nl  heavy  I 
tragedy  and  sedate  old  gentlemen.     He  was  a  printer  by  liaJe.l 
This  gentleman  took  a  wonderful  resemblance  to  Gilbert  .Siuurl'sl 
likeness  of  Gen.  George  Washington.    Mr.  Doubcrniaii.  wlio  liadl 
good  taste  in  such  matters,  for  bis  benefit  got  up  a  tableau  of  Siu-I 
art's  picture  of  the  Woshington  family  at  breakfast,  aii'l  it  »iu| 
the  most  perfect  resemblance  that  could  be  given.     Mr.  Curt'illj 
as  tho  general,  .Mrs.  Ludlow  as  Lady  Washington,  .Miss.«eynuiun 
as  Miss  Custis  (tho  general's  step-daughter),  and  Donljerwan  ii 
the  negro  in  the  rear  waiting  on  the  table,  neio  /m  -»i'nii7, s  i)| 
the  picture.     Mr.  llauna  was  a  very  fair  actor  without  mud 
genius.     He  was  painstaking,  careful,  and  always  rcliahle.    H4 
disappeared  from  the  stage  early  in  life.     He  was  said  to  hei 
halter  by  trade.    Mrs.  Hanna,  his  wife,  was  older  than  her  \mt\ 
band.    She  had  been  st.me  tinie  on  the  stage,  and  known  a-  .Mrsj 
Seymour.     She  played  fat,  jolly  old  women  very  well.    .Mili 
Seymour,  her  daughter,  was  a  clever  actress  in  young  la.lia 
pans.     At  a  very  early  ago  she  married  Mr.  Caijjiii.    Sire  rsj 
inained  on  the  stage  many  years,  marrying  a  .eei'-uul  tini^ 
Miss  McCaffrey  jilayed  walking  ladies,  but  early  left  tlir  fiaj 
for  the  walks  of  private  life.     Mr.  James  0.  Lewis  was  a  ver] 
fair  actor  in  second  comedy  and  juvenile  tragedy,     lie  was  i 
engraver  by  trade,  and  a  tolerably  fair  painter  of  liliene>:i 
few  years  after  the  time  I  speak  of  he  was  oiiipl.iyeil  In  (led 


AMUSEMENTS. 


963 


bernia,'  one  uf  tlie 

was  a  pteiiiinT  cx- 
ouri  Piicki't,'  ('ii|it. 
luU,  ami  eciivluilcd 
(eol-boat,  an<l  with 
earner.    Tho  scouml 

her.  She  «n.-»  iinil- 
ig  BinttU  iiii'l  ivciik- 

at  the  t'lnu'.  ;inil  it 
iing.  Then  I  lie  i';i|i- 
st  of  tiiy  ri'Ciilli'L'linn, 
9,  a  distance  "I' :ili"Ut 
I  luniled  sdiiW'wlicro 
[Cil  ii|)  Main  tiiwiinls 
•  of  my  fricn.l,  Mr. 
ildings,  most  of  theia 
jhl-fashioni'il  I'rencli 
*ore  in  New  Orlfuns, 
ake  in  coniini;  tn  St. 


r.  Vos,  tlio  foniier 
fc,  and  spt  to  wmk 
)inpany.  "i^  tlius 
his  troupe,  who,  he 
'  represiMitiiiivo.s  of  I 
ral  olhor  now  lariie 


iter  by  traile.     Ilv  l.ad 
aid  of  \ii[n  that  lio  win 
)uth  Carolina.  ...  He  ] 
1  dressed  for  0(1.  //..  was  I 
his  was  ci|ually  Iruo'if  I 
as  also  /',■«.■.!. I/,  /.i./.i 
very  resiieelably.     llo  I 
tucky  lady  of  !;oo,l  en- 1 
had  no  talent  for  tlioj 
Mr.  A.  Carj:ill  wiis  A 
abont  forty  yeurs  of  •,i;:ej 
peotable  actor  of  hravyl 
was  a  printer  by  iniJc.l 
ani'e  to  Gilbert  .Slunrt'jl 
Douberninn.wliolialj 
gotuiialabloaoof  flu- 
it  breakfast,  an^  it  ivii 
be  given.     Mr.  CiirsHH 
ishington,  MissSeyniouif 
iter),audPoul)eruiiina 
ible,  were  /ar-«iiiii7r«  ol 
air  aetor  without  uiuca 
nd  always  reliable.    U^ 
He  was  said  I"  lii'i 
was  older  than  her  liiH' 
ago,  andkno\>na-Mrlj 
fomcn  very  well,    Mirf 
aotre.<3  in  young  la'lio 
1  Mr.  Cargill.    Slic  r* 
irrying  a  eeoonil  lim^ 
but  early  left  tlic  stag 
loa  0.  Lewis  was  a  vof; 
lile  tragedy.    He  was  ■ 
painter  oniliem■^Jl■^. 
3  waf  employed  by  del 


Cuss,  of  Detroit,  to  paint  tlie  likenesses  of  the  most  distinguished 
Indian  ehiefs  that  the  general  might  select  from  those  he  had  to 
deal  witli  in  Ills  oflieial  <Mipacity,  Mr.  Lewis  was  a  considerable 
time  in  the  general's  employ,  and  was  finally  succeeded  by  Mr. 
Catlin. 

"  Mr.  King  wa  a  very  gentlemanly  man,  nndplayed  walking 
gentleman  very  respectably.  He  liad  little  or  no  histrionic  tal- 
ent, but  he  sang  ve^y  well,  dressed  well,  and  was  a  very  fair 
pianoforte  performer.  He  taught  music  for  awhile  in  8t.  Louis, 
where  T  left  him  in  the  spring  of  l.'<21,  and  I  know  not  what 
hioame  of  him. 

"  George  Washington  Frethey  was  the  son  id'  a  barber  who 
cut  my  hair  and  shaved  me  in  Pittc-burgh  in  the  summer  and 
lull  of  ISI.'i.  He  was  the  most  fearless  man  I  ever  met  with; 
he  was  another  Napoleon  the  First  for  bravery  and  calm  deter- 
mination, and  this  man  was  only  five  feet  live  inches  in  height, 
and  a  tailor  at  that, — a  Jiigmy  In  size,  but  a  lion  in  cour- 
age, if  bis  feelings  were  outraged,  he  would  attack  a  giant  in 
si/0  and  strcngtii.     He  was  a  very  fair  actor  in  low  comedy. 

"John  Finlay  was  an  Englishman  :  had  been  a  sailor  in  the 
liritish  navy  I  had  been  wounded  and  lost  his  left  leg  from  the 
middle  of  his  thigh,  and  walked  with  the  assistance  of  a  wooden 
one  strapped  on  to  the  stump.  Ho  seldom  acted  any  character, 
and  then  only  when  iho  wooden  leg  was  admissible,  such  as 
Cdijii'IuI  /'o«i(  in  the  '  Poor  Gentleman,'  and  like  characters. 
But  he  had  an  excellent  voice  for  singing,  and  could  give  Uib- 
den's  sea  songs  in  a  style  inferior  only  to  Inclcdon,  the  cele- 
lirated  English  vocalist.  Then,  us  to  his  moral  ka-nic-ter, 
Your  Honor  (as  the  old  sailor  says  in  the  drama  of  '  lilack- 
Gycd  Susan'),  he  could  play  tho  fiddle  like  an  angel,  and  could 
■ing  '  .^11  in  the  Downs'  and  '  lien  Block'  so  as  to  charm  a  school 
uf  uicrmaids  or  porpoises  around  a  ship  in  a  dead  calm. 

"Sam  Jones  (the  lisherman,  as  lie  used  to  be  called),  a  few 
years  after,  was  found  at  the  liowcry  Theatre,  New  York,  since 
when  I  have  not  heard  of  him,  Pilly,  I  was  told,  turned  auc- 
tioneer und  made  money  in  some  town  in  the  groat  North- 
west." 

Mr.  Ludlow  opened  liis  theatre  about  the  middle 
uf  December,  1819,  the  play  being  "The  Honey- 
moon," with  the  following  cast:  jDu/o;  Ar<mza,  Lud- 
low; Rolando,  Vos;  Covnt  Montalbnn,  King; 
Ballhazer,  Cargill ;  iVock  Duke,  Hanna;  Lopez, 
Douberman  ;  Lnmpedo,  Frethey ;  Campdlo,  Flann- 
agau  ;  btikes  Servant,  Jones  ;  Juliniia,  Mrs.  Lud- 
low ;  Volunte,  Mrs.  Vos;  Zamora,  Mis.s  Seymour; 
Hostess,  Mrs.  Ilanna. 

Before  the  performance  began  Mr,  Ludlow  recited 
an  "  address,"  in  which  he  spoke  of  the  introduction 
of  the  drama  in  the  then  "  far  town  of  the  West," 
and  prophesied  that  the  town  and  Territory  (Missouri 
I  had  not  then  been  admitted  as  a  Stuic)  would  "be- 
I  come  in  time  tho  centre  of  civilization  on  the  conti- 
nent of  North  America."  The  play  was  the  first 
ever  given  in  St.  Louis  by  a  regularly  constituted 
tompaiiy  of  professional  actors,  and  the  performance 
1  »as,  in  fact,  the  founding  of  the  drama  in  this  now 
i.Teat  and  populous  city.  Mr.  Ludlow  feared  that 
ihe  Governor  of  the  Territory,  Gen.  William  Cluvk, 
would  impose  a  tax  upon  him  in  return  for  the  privi- 
lege of  giving  theatrical  perfovmaiices,  but  a  pleasant 


interview  with  the  Governor  dissipated  his  apprehen- 
sions in  this  respect. 

The  performances  were  given  three  times  a  week, 
Tuesdays,  Thursdays,  and  Saturdays.  Four  or  five 
musicians  composed  the  orchestra,  one  of  whom  was 
living  in  St.  Louis  in  1880. 

Besides  theatrical  eniertainments,  St.  Louis  enjoyed 
about  this  time  the  attractions  of  a  lecture  course  and 
a  cotillion  assembly.  On  the  1st  May,  1818,  Rev. 
Mr.  Peck  invited  "  the  ladies  and  gentlemen  of  St. 
Louis  to  attend  a  course  of  scientific  lectures  to  be 
delivered  ...  in  his  school-room  every  Friday  at 
fou.'  o'clock  P.M. ;  subject  thi.s  day,  '  Geography.'  " 
The  following  notice  as  to  the  cotillion  parties  ap- 
peared in  the  Gazelle  of  Dec.  8,  1819: 

"  CotiUiun  Pitrtien. — Tiie  subscribers  to  the  cotillion  parties 
are  notified  that  the  first  ball  will  be  given  on  Wednesday,  the 
loth  inst.  Gentlemen  who  wish  to  subscribe  will  call  on 
Messrs.  James  Kennorly  and  James  (!.  Soulard,  who  have  tho 
subscription  list. 

"  Pierre  Chouteau,  Sr.,  James  Konnerly,  James 
O.  Soulard,  D.  I!.  Hoffman,  Risdon  H.  Price, 
William  Christy,  Wilson  P.  Hunt,  John  B. 
Sarpy,  managers." 

About  the  middle  of  January,  1820,  Samuel  Drake, 
Sr.,  manager  of  the  Kentucky  theatres,  arrived  in  St. 
Louis  with  his  company,  and  established  a  theatre  in 
opposition  to  Mr.  Ludlow,  the  performances  being 
given  "  in  a  small  ball-room  in  the  City  Hotel,  of 
which  Mr.  Bennet  was  landlord,"  then  standing  on 
tho  corner  of  Third  and  Vino  Streets.  This  build- 
ing, somewhat  remote  from  the  business  portion  of  the 
town,  stood  almost  alone  on  what  was  then  called  the 
Second  Bank  and  Vine  Street.  The  only  street  lead- 
ing to  it  was  unpaved,  either  as  to  road-bed  or  foot- 
ways, but  the  disadvantages  of  location  were  more 
than  counterbalanced  by  the  superiority  of  Mr. 
Drake's  company,  which  consisted  of  him,self,  his  two 
.sons,  Samuel  Drake,  Jr.,  and  Alexander,  his  daugh- 
ter Julia,  his  brother-in-law.  Palmer  Fisher,  and  his 
wife,  Henry  Lewis,  James  Douglass,  James  0.  Lewis, 
and  a  few  others.  He  commenced  his  performances 
late  in  January,  and  played  in  opposition  to  Mr.  Lud- 
low for  about  three  weeks,  when  at  the  suggestion  of 
Isaiic  N.  Henry  the  two  companies  were  consolidated. 

About  the  1st  of  February,  1820,  "  She  Stoops  to 
Conquer"  was  given  by  tho  united  companies, — Sir 
Charles  Marlow,  Mr.  Cargill ;  Young  Marlow,  Mr. 
Ludlow ;  Old  Hardcastle,  S.  Drake,  Sr. ;  Hastings, 
J.  0.  Lewis ;  Tony  Lumpkin,  Alexander  Drake  j 
Miss  Hardeastln,  i\Iiss  Denny  ;  Mrs.  Hardcastle,  Mrs. 
Lewis;  Miss  Neville,  Mrs.  Mongin,  with  the  farce 
"A  Day  after  the  Wedding,"  Col.  Freelove,  Mr. 
Ludlow ;  Lady  Elizabeth,  Miss  Julia  Drake, 


964 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Sheridan's  "  Rivals"  was  afterwards  played.  The 
niaiiiigers  disagreed  later  in  the  year  and  jMr.  Lud- 
low withdrew,  while  Mr.  Drake,  after  pluyiug  a  few 
weeks  longer,  left  St.  Louis,  his  late  partner  remain- 
ing in  that  city.  The  theatre  was  clo.sed  for  some 
time,  but  Isaac  N.  Henry  induced  William  Jones,  a 
manager  with  whom  Mr.  Ludlow  was  then  playing 
in  Nashville,  to  engage  it,  and  it  was  reopened  about 
Dec.  10,  1820,  with  the  comedy  of  "  The  Soldier's 
Daughter,"  cast  as  follows  :  Governor  Ileartall,  Mr. 
Jones;  Frank  Ifeartull,  Mr.  Ludlow;  Charles 
W()0(ib)/,Mr.Lcms;  Young  Mal/ort,  Mr.  Yos;  Fer- 
ret, Mr.  Cargill ;  Timothy  Quaint,  Mr.  Frethy;  Ser- 
vant, Mr.  I'illey  ;  Widow  Cheerlij,  Mrs.  Groshon  ; 
Mrs.  Mul/orl,  Mrs.  Ludlow ;  Susan,  Mrs.  Vos. 

Before  closing  an  unprofitable  season  in  February 
following,  Mr.  Jones  gave  benefits  to  several  of  his 
company.  Mr.  Doubernian,  the  artist,  paid  the  man- 
ager a  fixed  sum  on  his  night,  and  produced  the  tableau 
of  "  Washington  and  his  Family,"  which  has  already 
been  described.  On  this  occasion  the  house  was 
"  packed"  with  people,  and  the  curtain  rose  to  the 
tune  of  "  Hail  Columbia." 

After  an  experience  of  three  months,  Mr.  Ludlow 
came  to  the  conclusion  that  his  Nashville  friends  were 
correct  in  their  admonitions  as  to  the  difficulties  and 
dangers  of  theatrical  enterprise  in  St.  Louis.  "  Not- 
withstanding the  people  there  were  kind,  hospitable, 
and  generous,"  he  writes,  "  the  population  was  too 
limited  to  .sustain  a  theatre  for  a  continuous  season  of 
many  weeks."  In  March,  1820,  therefore,  he  con- 
cluded his  season  and  di.sbanded  his  troupe,  deter- 
mined to  depend  for  the  future  upon  his  own  efforts 
and  those  of  his  wife,  until  a  more  favorable  opportu- 
nity arose  for  entering  into  management  again.  "  I 
liked  the  people  of  St.  Louis,"  he  adds,  "  and  thought 
I  could  perceive  natural  advantages  that  it  had  which 
must  in  the  future  make  it  a  large  and  prosperous 
city ;  with  this  view  I  rented  u  house,  resolving  to 
remain  here  and  watch  comin'^  events." 

Amateur  theatricals  still  survived  and  flourished, 
and  another  dramatic  organization — the  Thespian 
Society — had  been  formed.  On  the  2d  of  February, 
1820,  this  society  presented  the  comedy  "  The  Jew  and 
the  Doctor,"  with  the  farce  "  The  Toothache."  For 
aeveral  years  amateur  performances  seem  to  have  been 
the  only  form  of  theatrical  entertainment  in  St.  Louis. 
In  February,  1823,  the  Thespian  Society  produced 
(for  the  first  time  in  St.  Louis)  "  The  Rivals"  and 
"  The  Rendezvous,"  and  on  Thursday,  June  26th, 
"The  Poor  Gentleman"  and  "Monsieur  Tonson," 
and  on  July  2d,  "The  Mail-Coach,  or  Adventures 
from  New  York  to  Charleston,"  in  which  a  Mr.  Dul- 


ton  took  a  leading  part.  About  the  8th  of  Au;:ii>st 
u  circus  company  arrived,  and  exhibited  on  a  lot  in 
the  rear  of  the  old  theatre. 

In  1825  a  large  brick  house  on  Church  Street,  for- 
nierly  occupied  by  Scott  &  Rule,  was  fitted  up  a-^  a 
theatre,  and  here  on  Monday  evening,  October  H  lili, 
Cherry's  comedy  in  five  acts,  "  The' Soldier's  Daii;,'li. 
ter,"  was  presented  by  the  Thespian  Society.  Previous 
to  the  comedy  an  address  was  delivered  "  by  one  uf 
the  gentlemen,"  followed  by  a  farce  in  two  acts 
called  "Fortune's    Frolic."      On  the  6th  of  July, 

1826,  Mrs.  J.  W.  Green  informed 

"  the  Indies  and  gentlemen  of  St.  Iioiiis  thiit  her  concert  of 
voeul  uiusic,  intorspcrsud  with  recitation!^,  ndvertiaed  to  tiikc 
place  on  Monday  evening,  whiidi  waa  postponed  in  conscrinimo 
of  the  unfnvomblo  state  of  tlic  weather,  will  positively  tiike 
phii'e  this  evening,  Thursday.  The  concert  will  coninienie  wiih 
the  celebrnted  bravura  putriutic  song  of  '  The  Genius  uf  to. 
lumbia,  or  Freedom's  Fame  to  Heaven  Shall  Ring,'  aci;uni|.n. 
nied  by  Master  Philipson  on  the  pianoforte,  a  young  ainuliin  of 
fiiurtcen  years  of  age." 

During  the  summer  of  1827,  James  II.  Caldwell, 
an  experienced  and  successful  manager  in  the  West, 
determined  to  establish  a.  theatre  in  St.  Loui.s,  and 
for  that  purpose  leased,  with  the  privilege  of  |iiir- 
chase,  a  warehou.se,  known  as  "  the  Old  Salt-lIou,<e.'' 
belonging  to  Scott  &  Rule,  which  stood  on  the  west 
side  of  Second  Street,  about  one  hundred  feet  north 
of  Olive  Street.  This  building  was  converted  into  a 
theatre  by  Mr.  Caldwell,  who  added  fifty  feet  to  it  fur 
a  stage,  and  it  was  opened  on  the  30th  of  June, 

1827,  with  the  "  Honeymoon"  and  "  Rosina,"    The 
season  was  filled  up  with  light  pieces. 

On  Friday  evening,  July  13th,  was  prcscntetl  tiie 
melodramatic  opera  of  "  Rob  Roy,  or  Aukl  Lani: 
Syne,"— /?«^i  Hoy  McGregor  Campbell,  Mr.  Cald- 
well; Helen  McGregor  (her  second  appearain'e' 
Mrs.  Tatnall.  At  the  end  of  the  play  Monsieur 
Tatin  and  Mrs.  Tatnall  danced  a  pas  dc  (Im.r,  the 
whole  concluding  with  the  farce  "  The  Speetie  Bride-  i 
groom,  or  a  Ghost  in  Spite  of  Himself" 

The  opera  "  The  Devil's  Bridge,"  Count  Belm.  i 
Mr.  Still ;  Countess  Ronsalvina,  Miss  Plaeide,  was  j 
presented  on  Friday  evening,  July  20tli,  followed  by! 
"The  Three  and  Deuce,"  Mr.  Caldwell  personating] 
the  three  characters  of  Pertinax  Single,  Pcrc^irinei 
Single,  and  Percival  Single.  On  Thursday,  JulyJ 
26th,  was  given  Diamond's  "  The  Foundling  of  the! 
Forest,"  with  Mr.  Caldwell  as  Be  Valmont,  and  .Mrs.j 
Tatnall  as  The  Unknown  Female,  together  with  thai 
comic  opera  "  The  Poor  Soldier,"  with  Mr.  Still  as| 
Patrick.  On  Thursday,  August  19th,  was  presented 
"  Henry  IV.,  or  the  Humors  of  Sir  John  Fal-I 
staff," — Fahtaff,   Mr.    Gray;    Westmoreland,  by 


AMUSEMENTS. 


965 


ic  8th  of  Aiij:\ist 
biteJ  on  a  lot  in 

Jhurch  Street,  for- 
raa  fitted  up  iis  a 
ing,  October  2  Itli, 
a' Soldier's  Diui;;h. 
Society.  Previous 
ivered  "  by  oin!  uf 
farce  in  two  :n.ts 
the  Gth  of  July, 

[s  that  her  coneorl  uf 
Of,  advertised  to  take 
stiinnod  in  conscfiiitnoo 
Br,  will  positively  tiikc 
urt  will  comiiienic  with 
)f  '  The  Geuiua  uf  to- 
Shall  Rii'Ki'  iiecoiiiii- 
irte,  a  young  uimitiMir  of 

James  H.  Caldwell, 
jnager  in  tlie  West, 
re  in  St.  Louis,  and 
lie  privilege  of  jiur- 
he  Old  Sult-Uoti.'^e," 
h  stood  oil  the  west 
I  hundred  feet  north 
was  converted  into  a 
led  fifty  feet  to  it  lor 
the  30  th  of  June, 
,nd  "  Rosina.''  Tlie 
eces. 

was  presented  tiie 

ioy,   or  AuUl  Lan;.' 

CumpUtl,  Mr.  Cui.l- 

second   appeimime', 

the   pliiy  Monsieur 

a  pas  dc  ih  n.r,  tlie 

The  Spectre  Bride- 

imself" 

dge,"  Count  BeliiKi, 
Miss  Placide,  was  I 
ily  20th,  followed  by  i 
Caldwell  personating  j 
IX  Single,  Peiriime\ 
On  Thursday,  July! 
'he  Foundling  of  tiiej 
)e  ValmonI,  and  Mrs.f 
h,  together  with  thel 
'  with  Mr,  Still  asj 
It  19th,  was  presented 
of  Sir  John  Fal-j 
Wetlmorchind,  by 


young  gentleman  of  St.  Louis,  "  his  first  appearance 
on  any  stage,"  after  which  "  The  Devil  to  Pay."  On 
Friday,  August  17th,  was  represented  "The  Maid 
and  Mi-gpie,  or  which  is  the  Thief?"  and  "  The  Forty 
Thie\e8,"  this  being  the  last  night  of  the  season. 

Social  amusements  were  not  neglected  for  the  stage. 
One  of  the  salient  events  of  interest  to  beaux  and 
belles  during  1827  was  a  splendid  ball  given  on  the 
8th  of  January  by  the  United  States  ofiicers  at  Jef- 
ferson Barracks.  On  the  same  night  a  ball  was  given 
at  Mr.  Barbee's  mansion-house  in  St.  Louis,  which 
was  "numerously  attended,"  a  circiunstance  showing 
the  gayety  of  social  life  in  the  town  at  that  period. 
On  Tuesday,  the  8th  of  January,  in  the  following  year 
(1828),  an  anniversary  ball  was  given  in  commemo- 
ration of  the  victory  of  New  Orleans  at  the  City 
Hotel.  This  was  during  the  administration  of  John 
Quincy  Adams,  and  party  feeling  ran  so  high  that  it 
is  recorded  as  a  notable  circumstance  that  this  dance 
was  "  attended  indiscriminately  by  persons  of  both 
the  political  parties  which  now  divide  the  country." 

A  Mr.  Howe  reopened  the  theatre  Saturday,  July 
l(t,  1828,  with  "  Town  and  Country,"  and  a  company 
nearly  all  strangers  to  the  St.  Louis  stage.  The  fol- 
lowing Wednesday  he  produced  "  The  Soldier's 
Daughter,"  having  in  the  cast  as  Fniiik  Ilent-tnll,  L, 
Smith  ;  Governor  Heartall,  Mr.  Anderson  ;  Timothy 
Qiialiif.S.  Smith;  Widow  C/ieerly,  Mrs.  Rowe;  Mrs. 
Mtdforf,  L.  Smith ;  and  followed  it  with  "  The  Three 
Hundred  Pound  Note,"  Bilh/  Black,  Mr.  McCaf- 
ferty ;  Miss  Arlington,  Mrs.  Rowe,  with  the  original 
"  Bavarian  Girl's  Broom  Song." 

Mr.  Howe's  performances  were  given  four  nights 
in  the  week, — Monday,  Wednesday,  Friday,  and  Sat- 
urday.    On  the  22d  of  July,  1828,  P.  Lewis,  "pro- 
fessor of  music,"  with  his  four  children,  the  youngest 
of  whom  was  only  five  years  of  age,  gave  a  concert 
"at    Mr.    Rankin's    long    room,     adjoining    Mrs. 
Paddock's."     The  instruments  on  which   they  per- 
formed were  the  piano,  harp,  violin,  and  violoncello. 
On  the  6th  of  August,  Coleman's  "  Heir-at-Law" 
and  an  afterpiece  "  Winning  a  Husband,"  in  which 
latter  Mrs.  Rowe  sustained  eight  characters,  were  given 
at  the  theatre.     The  "  splendid  dramatic  spectacle," 
"Zembuca,  or  the  Netmaker  and  his  Wife,"  was  pro- 
duced, "  by  particular  request,"  on  the  27th  r f  the 
same  month,  preceded  by  "an  admirable  piece"  by 
John  Howard  Payne,  called  "  'Twas  I,  or  the  Truth 
a  Lie."   A  Turkish  pas  siid  was  executed  during  the 
first  act  of  "  Zembuca"  by  Mrs.  Kenny,  and  Mi-s.  Rowe 
sang  the  song  "  Bid  Me  Discourse,"  and  the  air  from 
"  Der  Freischutz,"  "  When  a  Lover  Kneels  before  Her," 
On  Wednesday  evening,  September  3d,  the  "  Gam- 


bler's Fate,  or  a  Lapse  of  Twenty  Years,"  by  Charles 
Thompson,  founded  on  the  French  play  of  "  La  Vie 
d'un  Joueux,"  was  given  in  St.  Louis  for  the  first 
time,  with  Messrs.  Anderson  and  Barry  in  the  rolis 
of  Girmaine  and  Malcum,  two  gamblers,  and  Mrs. 
Rowe  a».lnllii;  preceded  by  "  The  Spoiled  Child," 
with  Mrs.  Rowe  as  Little  Pichk.  Between  the 
pieces  Mrs.  Rowe  danced  a  sailor's  hornpipe,  dressed 
in  character,  and  Mrs,  S.  Smith  sung  the  cantata 
"  William  Tell."  Mr.  Anderson  had  a  benefit  on 
September  10th,  signalized  by  the  first  production  in 
St.  Louis  of  the  '■  Merchant  of  Venice,"  with  the 
following  cast:  Shylock,  Mr,  Anderson;  Gratiano, 
L,  Smith ;  Bassdnio,  Mr.  Barry ;  Portia,  Mrs. 
Rowe ;  Xerissa,  L.  Smith  ;  Jessica,  S.  Smith.  At  the 
end  of  the  comedy,  Mrs.  Kenny  danced  a  fancy  ^a» 
senl,  the  entertainment  closing  with  the  farce  "  The 
Liar." 

Later  in  the  same  month  "The  Will,  or  the  Old 
Bachelor  in  the  Straw,"  was  produced,  and  at  the  end 
of  the  comedy  Mr.  McCaft'erty  sang  a  new  comic 
song,  "  A  Hit  at  the  Law,"  and  Mrs.  Rowe  the 
"  popular  mermaid  song."  Mr.  Kenny  and  Mr. 
McCaflferty  also  gave  a  comic  duet,  "  The  Rival 
Beauties,"  which  was  followed  by  "  The  Falls  of 
Cly'e,"  with  Mrs.  Rowe  as  Ellen  Enfielf.  During 
the  first  act  Mrs.  Kenny  executed  a  Scottish  ^)fj,s  senl. 

About  this  time  (September,  1828)  James  H. 
Caldwell,  "  manager  of  the  New  Orleans,  Natchez, 
Na.shvillo,  and  St.  Louis  theatres,"  issued  a  piosjiec- 
tus  announcing  the  intended  construction  of  a  theatre 
in  St,  Louis,  The  proposed  building  was  designed 
to  contain  without  inconvenience  six  hundred  persons, 
and  was  to  have  a  front  of  fifty-three  and  a  depth  of 
one  hundred  feet.  A  saloon  or  lobby,  "  forming  a 
place  for  a  promenade  during  the  intervals  of  the 
acts,"  was  included  among  the  conveniences  of  the 
establishment.  The  cost  of  the  building  was  esti- 
mated at  fifteen  thousand  dollars,  which  sum  it  was 
proposed  to  raise  by  issuing  stock  of  one-hundred- 
dollar  shares.  Mr,  Caldwell  offered  to  take  seven 
hundred  and  fifty  shares,  leaving  the  other  half  to  be 
subscribed  by  the  citizens.  Part  of  this  amount  had 
,  already  been  taken  at  the  time  of  the  announcement 
(September  16th).  It  was  added  that  if  the  required 
amount  was  obtained,  the  theatre  would  be  com- 
menced without  delay,  "  upon  the  site  of  the  present 
'  one,"  and  would  be  completed  '•  so  as  to  receive  a 
company  next  fall," 

The  proposed  building  was  never  erected,  and  Mr. 
Caldwell  continued  to  use  the  old  "  Salt-House"  theatre 
until  the  expiration  of  his  lease,  in  1834.  About  the 
1st  of  October,  1828,  Reynolds'  comedy,  "The  Exile, 


U66 


IIISTOUY   OF  SAINT   LOUIS. 


or   the  Itussiaii    D!lu^lltcr,"  wiis  produced   for   tho 

first  time  in  St.  Louis,  with  Mr.  Anderson  us  Varan, 

Mrs.  L.  Smith  as  Alexiiiti,  Mrs.  Uowu  as  Cnthartnp, 

Mrs,  S.  Smitli  us  the    EniprcM  Ellr.afieth.     During 

the  performance   a  representation  of    a  snow-storm 

(evidently  a  great  stage  effect  in  those  days)  was  given, 

and    between    tlie    play  iind   afterpiece,  Sheridan's 

"  Critic,"  a  fancy  pas  si  ul  was  performed  by  Mrs, 

Kenny.     It  is  evident  from  the  frequent  mention  of 

this  lady's  nunie  in  the  thcatriciil  announcements  tliat 

she  was  a  popular  dancer,  and  a  "  strong  curd"  at  most 

of  the  performances.     On  the  3d  of  October  Mon- 

crieff'i  "  Wanted,  a  Wife"   was   played.     After  the 

comedy   songs   were   .sung   by  Mr,  Kenny   and    S. 

Smith,  and    the   inevitable  fancy  pas  seal  of   Mi's. 

Kenny  was  executed.     "  In  compliment  to  the  Jockey 

Club,"  Hoicroft's  "  Road  to  Uuin,  or  the  Sports  of  the 

Turf,"  was  played  on  the  Thursday  evening  following. 

On  the  14th  of  the  same  month  "  Guy  Mannering" 

was  presented  for  the  first  time  in  St.  Louis,  with  Mrs. 

Rowe  as  Me^  Afcni/ies.     During  the  performance  a 

number  of    songs  were  sung  by  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sol 

Smith,  after  which  IMoncrieff's  "  Somnambulist,  or 

the  White  Pimntoni  of  the  Village,"  was  given.    On 

the  1st  of  June,  1829,  Brown's  circus  arrived  in  St. 

Louis,  and  exhibited  on  a  lot  adjoining  the  Missouri 

Hotel.     J.  Purdy   Brown  was  a  famou.s  equestrian 

manager  of  these  days  in  the  South  and  West,  and 

for  a  time  was  associated  with  the  manager  and  actor, 

N,  M.  Ludlow.     Mr.  Brown's  announcement  of  the 

attractions  of  his  show  reads  as  follows ; 

"The  ladies  and  gentlemen  of  St.  Louis  are  rciiiiectfully  in- 
formed that  J.  1*.  Brown's  company  having  arrivcil  from  New 
Orleans,  they  will  present  their  seuond  performance  this  evening, 
and  continue  for  a  limited  period  prior  to  their  departure  for 
Louisville.  The  amphitheatre  is  Hilculntcd  for  extensive  pub- 
lic accommodation,  and  will  be  open  every  night  this  week ;  and 
in  order  that  a  combination  of  attraction  may  bo  brought  for- 
ward, the  proprietor  has  the  pleasure  to  announce  that  besides 
the  talen  ts  of  lli^  ex  tensive  and  well-organized  equestrienne  troop 
and  much-admired  stud  of  horses,  he  has  at  considerable  ex- 
pense effected  an  engagement  with  the  juvenile  dramatic 
prodigy,  Miss  Lane,  also  with  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Kinloch,  all  from 
the  London  and  New  York  theatres. 

"  The  amusements  will  ccmsist  of  a  splendid  routine  of  horse-  ] 
manship  and  feats  of  agility  by  the  whole  equestrian  troop  of 
male  artists:  and  the  celebrated  equestrian  heroine,  Mrs.  M'il- 
liams,  from  Uroadway  Circus,  New  York,  will  ride  her  graceful 
and  intrepid  act.  In  the  course  of  the  evening  two  favorite 
longs  by  .Mrs.  Kinloch." 

Mr.  Brown  combined  the  attractions  of  the  theatre 
with  those  of  the  circus,  and  the  performance  con- 
eluded  with  a  scene  from   the  "  Heir-at-Law,"  with  i 
Miss  Lane  as  Dr.  Pangloss,  and  the  farce  "  Actress 
of  All  Work,"  the  "  Manager"  being  played  by  Mr, 


Kinloch,  und  Muria  and  five  other  eharacters  by  Mhs 
Lane. 

In  1830  a  Mr.  Huppard  opened  a  museum  oppusiii. 
Messrs.  Scott  &  Rule's  establishment,  in  which  lir  ux- 
hibitcd  minerals,  fossils,  petrifactions,  insects,  reptiles, 
paintings,  Indian  idols,  war-elubs,  dresses,  etc.,  and 
some  articles  made  by  the  mysterious  race  whicli  pro- 
ceded  the  Indians  on  the  American  continent.  Ou 
Wednesday,  Juno  30th,  Miss  Placide  had  a  benefit  at 
the  theatre,  tippearing  as  T/ieresn  in  ''The  Orjiliiri  of 
Geneva,"  which  was  followed  by  "  The  One  Iliiiiclnd 
Pound  Note,"  with  Mr.  Ileringer  as  Bi/fi/  Bind:  ami 
Miss  Placide  as  MU»  Arlimjton,  with  the  "  B:ivariaii 
Girl's  Broom  Song."  On  Wednesday,  July  21sl,  was 
presented  "  Masaniello,  or  The  Dumb  Girl  of  Portici." 
the  thrilling  sensational  effects  of  which  wore  thus 
briefly  but  graphically  announced  :  "  Grand  criiptidn 
of  Mount  Vesuvius,  terrific  explosion,  forked  liu'lii- 
nings  rend  the  sky,  the  burning  lava  impetuouslv  flow. 
down  the  side  of  the  mountain,  und  the  whole  ((nintiv 
becomes  uwfully  illuminated.  Fendla  plunges  into  tlio 
sea;  grand  display  of  fireworks  ;  popular  tuinuli.  and 
death  of  Masaniello" 

On  Wednesday,  July  27th,  Mr.  Parsons,  from  tlu' 
Boston  theatre,  opened  an  engagement  of  three  niudits 
with  Rev,  C.  Maturin's  ''  Bertram,"  followed  by  "  A 
Village  Lawyer."  On  Wednesday,  August  lltli,was 
given  "  Man  and  Wife,  or  More  Secrets  than  One," 
and  "  The  Lady  of  the  Lake,"  on  which  oecasiun  Mis;- 
Clark  sang  "  I'd  be  a  Butterfly,"  "  Hurrah  for  tlio 
Bonnets  of  Blue,"  "  Draw  the  Sword,  Scotland,"  and 
"  The  Light  Guitar."  On  Tuesday,  August  24th,  the 
season  closed  with  the  production  of  "  Rob  Ruy"  and 
"  The  Romp." 

Mr.  Caldwell's  efforts  to  raise  funds  for  the  erection 
of  a  theatre  having  failed,  he  seems  to  have  sub-let 
the  old  "  Salt  Theatre,"  for  we  find  that  in  April, 
1831,  a  Mr.  Pearman  was  manager  of  the  estublisli- 
ment.  On  tho  5th  of  that  month  Mr.  Holland  had  a 
benefit,  the  entertainment  commencing  with  a  piece 
called  "  Family  Jars,"  with  the  song  "  Wedlock  is  a 
Ticklish  Thing,"  by  Mr.  Holland,  after  which  '•  Cherry 
Bounce"  and  the  "  Day  after  tho  Fair"  were  given. 
On  the  27th  the  opera  "  Rosina.  or  the  Reapers," 
was  produced,  and  on  the  Saturday  following  the 
opera  "  Floating  Beacon,  or  the  Norwegian  Wreck- 
ers." About  the  middle  of  May,  1831,  N.  M.  Lud- 
low returned  to  St.  Louis  with  a  company  organized 
for  him  by  J.  H.  Caldwell,  and  played  for  about  sI.k 
weeks  at  the  Salt  Theatre.  The  company  opened 
"  with  a  good  comedy  and  farce,"  and  for  a  few  ni},'hu 
drew  fair  houses.  Subsequently  "  Paul  Jones,"  a 
spectacular  drama,  was  produced,  and  on  the  29th  uf  i 


AMUSKMKNT8. 


%7 


ihnractara  by  Miss 

I  muMcum  opjiiisiti" 
it,  in  which  In'  ex- 
IS,  insects,  rejiiilM, 

dresscg,  etc.,  .m\ 
118  race  whicli  ]iro- 
in  continent.  On 
tie  had  u  benefit  at 

II  "TheOrpliiiKif 
The  One  Iliiiulmi 
IS  Billij  lilncl:  an.l 
itli  the  "  Biivarliiu 
lay,  July  21  si,  was 
nb  Girl  of  Portid," 
r  whicli  wen!  thus 
;  "  Grand  friiptiim 
)sion,  forked  liirlit- 
a  impetuously  flow- 
d  the  whole  ((luntiy 
?^Z(iplunj;es  iiitotlie 
popular  tmnuli .  anil 

'.  Parsons,  from  tlio 
nent  of  three  iiiulits 
n,"  followe<l  by  "  A 
,y,  August  11  til,  was 
I  Secrets  than  One," 
which  occasion  Mis'- 

"  Hurrali  for  tlio 
ford,  Scotland,"  and 

August  24th,  the 
f  "  Rob  Roy"  and 

inds  for  the  erection 
ims  to  have  sub-let 
find  that  in  April, 
Ter  of  the  cstublisli- 
Mr.  Holland  had  a 
encing  with  a  piece 
jong  "  Wedlock  is  a 
afterwhich'- Cherry 
Fair"  were  given. 
1.  or  the  Reapers," 
irday  following  the 
Norwegian  Wrock- 
1831,  N.  M.  Lud- 
company  organized 
ilayed  for  about  six 
le  company  opened 
and  for  a  few  nights 
"  Paul  Jones,"  a 
and  on  the  29tli  of  ■ 


June  and  6th  of  July  the  Oriental  drama  "  Cherry 
and  Fair  Star,"  witii  "  gorgiM)us  effects,"  wa.s  given 
fur  the  benefit  of  Mr.  and  Mr.s.  Ludlow.  The  char- 
acter of  Lnutj  Turn  Coffi-ii  in  "  Paul  Jones"  was 
played  by  John  Gilbert,  afterwards  and  for  many 
years  the  distinguished  actor  of  old  men's  parts  at 
Wallaek's  Theatre,  New  York.  On  tlio  1st  of  July, 
Mrs.  McClure  appeared  for  her  own  benefit  as  the 
heroine  in  "  Joan  of  Arc,"  and  as  Kul/ifrlne  in  "  The 
Taming  of  the  Shrew."  On  the  following  evening 
"The  Hypocrite"  was  given,  together  with  an  after- 
piece and  a  number  of  songs,  "  by  Old  Sol,  Old  Murks, 
and  Mrs.  Smith." 

On  the  Fourth  of  July  the  patriotic  drama  "  She 
would  bo  a  Soldier,  or  the  Plains  of  Chippewa," 
written  by  M.  M.  Noah,  the  veteran  New  York  jour- 
nalist, Wiis  presented,  with  "  Sprigs  of  Laurel"  for  the 
afterpiece.  Mrs.  and  Mrs.  Sol  Smith  were  mem- 
bers of  Mr.  Caldwell's  company  at  tiiis  time,  and 
played  with  Mr,  Ludlow  in  St.  Louis.  The  last  per- 
formance of  the  season  was  given  on  the  6th  of  July, 
and  on  the  9th  the  company  left  St.  Louis  for  Nash- 
ville. 

On  the  14th  of  June  of  this  year  the  following  ex- 
hibition was  announced  in  opposition  to  the  theatre  : 

•'  l'\)r  tlirpi-  ilays  only.  Unpreceilonted  attraL'tion.  Now  ex- 
bibilini;,  alive,  at  the  Jetl'crson  Hotel,  entrance  on  I'ino  Street, 
an  I'liormoua  unaconila,  or  mountain  serpent,  eouiinonly  i  alloi) 
'The  Terror  of  Ceylon' ;  also  the  boa  constrictor,  or  ;{reat  ser- 
pent ul'.rava,  the  real  aspofAlexan<lria, those  astonishing  rep- 
tiles of  many  hue.=i,  the  chameleons,  and  the  hca<l  of  a  New 
Zealand  chief,  handsuincly  tattooed  and  in  line  preservation." 

About  Aug.  15,  1833,  J.  P.  Brown  returned  to 
St.  Louis  and  erected  an  amphitheatre,  in  which  he 
gave  circus  performances.  In  September  he  opened 
the  Salt  Theatre  also,  and  among  other  pieces  pro- 
duced October  Ist  "  The  Honest  Thieves."  In  the 
course  of  the  evening  "  Bob"  Farrell  sang  six  comic 
Bongs,  and  appeared  in  the  fifth  act  of  "  Richard 
III.,"  personating  Kit-hard  "  in  his  own  peculiar 
style." 

In  1834,  N.  M.  Ludlow,  having  heard  that  James 
H.  Caldwell's  lease  of  the  Salt  Theatre  had  expired, 
wrote  to  a  friend  in  St.  Louis,  and  through  his  agency 
rented  the  building  from  the  Ist  of  September.  On 
arriving  in  St.  Louis,  about  the  last  week  in  Augu.st, 
he  found  the  theatre  "  a  wretched  affair, — dirty,  illy 
contrived,  and  poorly  provided  with  scenery."  He 
at  once  had  it  cleaned  and  painted,  and  opened  early 
in  September  with  a  comedy  and  farce.  The  audi- 
ences were  only  moderately  large,  the  weather  was 
warm,  and  the  building  uncomfortable.  Leaving  his 
company  in  St.  Louis,  Mr.   Ludlow  started  South 


toward  the  close  of  the  month,  and  in  November  the 
company  left  St.  liiiuis  and  joined  Mr.  Ludlow  at 
New  Orleans. 

Karly  in  May,  1835,  Mr.  Ludlow's  company  began 
another  sua.son  in  St.  Louis,  and  Mrs.  I'rilchard,  his 
first  star,  appeared  about  July  1st,  and  bud  a  benefit 
July  10th.  Iler  first  piece  was  "  The  Wandering 
Boys,"  Paul,  Mrs.  Pritchard ;  Jitnltn,  Mrs.  Minnich; 
Count  de  Cioissj/,  Mr.  Ludlow,  after  which  "  The 
Wreck  Ashore"  was  given.  During  Mrs.  Pritchurd's 
engagement,  Sol  Smith  and  J.  M.  Field  appeared  on 
alternate  nights.  Mr.  Smith  opened  Saturday,  July 
11th,  as  Maicwonn  in  "The  Hypocrite,"  and  Philip 
Gmbiis  in  "  102."  On  Monday  following  Mr.  Field 
made  his  first  appearance  in  St.  Louis  as  Richard  III, 
Next  night  Mr.  Smith  appeared  as  Martin  lliywood 
in  "  Rent  Day,"  and  Del^ih  in  "  Family  Jars."  This 
was  followed  by  Mr.  Field  in  Reuben  Gilroy,  and  Mr. 
Smith  as  Kit  Corly  in  "  Town  and  Country,"  with 
the  farce  "  My  Aunt,"  Mr.  Field  as  Daricdl,  and  on 
the  following  night  "  Wild  Oats,"  Rovn;  Mr.  Field, 
and  "  Three  and  Deuce,"  the  three  Siuylcs,  Mr. 
Smith.  The  next  night  was  Mr.  Smith's  benefit,  for 
which  the  bill  was  "  Charles  11.,"  Caplain  Copji,  Mr. 
Smith,  the  Mirrj/  Monarch,  Mr.  Field,  and  ••  The 
Illustrious  Stranger,"  Bonbcll,  Mr.  Smith.  On  Mon- 
day, July  20th,  Mr.  Field's  benefit  occurred,  on  which 
occasion  the  plays  were  "  A  New  Way  to  Poy  Old 
Debts,"  <S'<V  Giles  Overrr.ach,  Mr.  Field;  Justice 
Grodi/,  Mr.  Smith ;  Wdtbom,  Mr.  Ludlow ;  Lord 
Lovell,  M.  C.  Field ;  Allworth,  Mr.  Thompson ; 
Marall,  Mr.  Watson;  Meff  Overreach, -Mra.  Watson; 
Lad//  Allworth,  Mrs.  Ludlow,  and  Mr.  Field's 
"  Tourists  in  America."  Immediately  after  their 
benefits  Messrs.  Smith  and  Field  started  East,  but 
before  leaving  St.  Louis,  Mr.  Smith  had  effected  a 
partnership  with  Mr.  Ludlow,  under  the  firm-name  of 
Ludlow  &  Smith,'  which  continued  for  eighteen  years. 


'  Solomon  F.  Smith,  known  to  the  public  aa  "Sol"  Smith,  was 
one  of  the  famous  comedians  of  bis  generation,  and  a  theatrical 
manager  of  largo  and  varied  experience  in  the  West  and  South. 
He  was  born  at  N'orwicb,  Oswego  Co.,  N.Y.,  in  1801.  His  father, 
Levi  Smith,  when  a  hoy,  was  a  lifer  in  a  volunteer  company  in  the 
Revolutionary  war.  After  the  close  of  the  war  he  learned  the 
trade  of  a  goldsmith,  married,  and  Qnally  settled  on  a  military 
tract,  where  he  had  located  forty  acres  of  land,  for  which  he 
had  received  a  patent  for  his  military  services.  This  was  in 
Solon,  (.'ourtland  Co.,  N.  Y.,  then  almost  a  wilderness.  At  the 
age  of  thirteen  Solomon  was  taken  into  the  store  of  his  brother 
Silas,  in  Boston,  where,  however,  he  did  not  remain  long.  In 
ISU  lie  moved  to  Albany,  N.  Y.,  and  engaged  as  a  clerk  in  the 
store  iif  another  brother,  where  he  remained  three  years.  Here 
ho  cm|iliiyeil  his  leisure  time  in  reading  Shakespeare's  plays, 
with  wliich  he  becimie  familiar  before  he  had  ever  seen  a  pl»y 
acted.     While  in  .\lbany  he  went  to  the  theatre  for  the  first 


968 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Tho  new  firm  on^nged  Mr.  Field  to  pliiy  in  their 
company,  be);innin);ut  Mobile  in  thi'  f'olluwing  nutunin. 

lime,  ami  iiubai'<|iirnll,v  JiiineU  llic  ooinpiinv,  bolnx  I'lirollud  a» 
a  Hii|ii'rniiiiiernry.  Hi'  mxl  rcinovi'il  In  'I'riiy,  iiinl  tliiri  In  Siini- 
togii  nnd  i^cihi'iiiii'tnily,  nml  tiiinllv  utiirtuil  Tor  tho  Went.  Aftur 
>  loilsome  jiiiiriicy  hu  iirrivi'il  at  Cinniiiiiiili,  wliciii')'  lin  pni- 
ueedcd  to  Lotiii^villo,  wlitTt*  hu  (jni^iiKi'd  hh  iin  ji|i|irenti('t«  in  tlio 
]irintlii);  bii.4ino><ii,  hoth  wnrkfii);  an  ii  pi>.n|i(iiiiti>r  ami  I'arr.viiiK 
tho  iirwsiiaiicr.  Ilooiiiiiin);  dinMatii'lli'il  with  thu  Irivitiiiuiit  ho 
ri'ccivoil  he  rt'iiiuvcil  to  Viin'cnncH,  Inil.,  iinil  again  onKnKi'cl 
hiinxeir  hk  an  upjironlii'u  in  a  printing  ofllci'.  Ili'i'i'  lie  liei'iiino 
io  ox|>oi't  that  he  wuk  pininnltMl  tii  llio  riiri'manahip  mT  tlii'  vrtab- 
liahnirnt.  At  VInciMini's  lio  joineil  a  Thiiapian  Socicly,  ami 
plnyoil  ciinu'tly  parts  with  nnmo  snccr.H.-*  nf*  an  ainatour.  At 
length  tho  printinK-i'llico  huincil  iluwn,  ami  Iw  waniKrcil  tn 
NuhIivIIIi',  where  ho  rn)(>ge<l  as  a  jnnrniyman  printer.  Alter 
working  at  the  "  cane"  lor  a  nhort  time  he  lel't  Nashville  ami  triiv- 
eleil  <in  loot  to  CineinnaH,  where  he  joined  his  lirolher.«,  nearly 
all  of  whom  had  .settled  in  that  city.  Here  he  joined  another 
Thespian  Clnb  and  acted  Yiniug  yorval,  whieli  eliaraclor 
was  his  earliest  ideal  of  a  hero,  [n  1820  ho  returned  to  Vin- 
eonnex.aml  there  met  a  drainalie  company,  whieh  he  joined,  and 
roinnienced  |ilMyin);on  a  re)cular  stage  at  a  salary  of  six  dollars 
per  week.  .After  playing  eight  weeks  Im'  returned  to  Cincinnati 
and  ileteriuined  to  study  law.  He  eoniinenced  thi)  study  in 
earnest,  but  his  passion  for  the  stage  soon  seized  him  again,  and 
he  engaged  hiniself  as  a  ]ironipter  in  the  Cincinnati  theatre, 
seas(Mi  of  1821-1.'2,  without  relim|uishing  his  idea  of  studying 
law,  whieh  he  continued  at  inter\als  for  sonie  months.  In  July, 
1S22,  he  eoininenced  printing  a  |iaper  in  Cincinnati  calle<l  the 
Jii(tfp*'iufint  Prena.  This  enterprise  ho  relim|uished  the  next 
year,  and  having  sold  the  paper,  went  t<>  fiexington,  Ky.,  and 
after  playing  one  night  in  the  theatre  coninionced  the  organiza- 
tion of  a  regular  dramatic  company.  Tlu'reaftcr  for  thirty  years 
he  ff)liowed  the  occupation  of  theatrical  manager  and  actor. 
Before  his  linal  adoption  of  the  stage  as  a  profession  ho  hud 
married,  and  his  wife,  jiossesslng  attractive  dramatic  talents, 
probably  hail  much  to  do  with  deciding  his  profession.  He 
traveled  with  his  company,  giving  ilramatie  performances 
ami  concert.^  in  the  Ohio  Uiver  towns  and  places  of  suflicient 
iui|iorlanue  in  the  interior  with  varying  success.  In  the  winter 
of  1827-2.'^  he  played  in  Xew  Orlean.s,  Natchez,  Mem|ihi8,  .''^t. 
Louis,  and  other  cities  on  the  Mississippi  lUvor.  In  St.  Louis 
ho  was  associated  with  X.  M.  Ludlow  in  the  management  of 
the  Salt-House  Theatre  on  Seciuid  .Street,  between  Olive  and 
Locust  .Streets,  and  of  the  new  theatre  at  the  corner  of  Third 
nnd  Olive  , 'streets,  which  was  opencil  .Inly  !),  1H.T7.  He  aban- 
doned theatrical  management  and  all  business  connection  with 
tho  theatre  in  IS.').!,  and  soon  thereaflor  turned  his  attention  to 
the  practice  of  hiw  in  I^t.  Louis.  During  the  hitter  years  of  his 
life  he  eocasionally  mingled  in  politics,  and  in  ISRl  was  elected 
a  member  of  tho  Missimri  State  Convention  as  an  Uncomlitional 
Union  man. 

Sol  Smith  prepared  an  epitaph  for  himself  to  be  engraved 
upon  a  plain  stone  in  Bellcfontaino  Cemetery,  St.  Loui.s,  as 
follows; 

"Sol  Smith,  Retired  Actor. 
1801-18—. 

" '  Life's  but  a  walking  shadow,  a  iioor  player. 
That  struts  ami  frets  his  hour  upon  the  stage. 
And  then  is  beard  no  more.* 

"  *  All  the  world's  a  stage. 
And  all  the  men  and  women  merely  playcn.* 

"  Exit  Sol." 

He  died  on  the  14th  of  February,  1869. 


Ill  July  of  tliiH  year  a  yoiin^  Kn^liHliunin  naincil 
Speiiecr,  wlio  had  hucn  eiij;a<.'('d  liy  Mr.  Linllow  a-  n 
8tock  ikctor,  appeared  four  nights  a.s  u  "Htar"»i  ilio 
"  Salt"  Theatre.  On  the  21gt  of  July  he  uppeiin  ij  us 
liiitnim  in  "Ouy  Miiniierinj»,"  and  in  a  farci';  i>[) 
the  second  ni^ht  lui  ,/ocoko,  in  the  "  Maid  of  Miliui ;" 
and  on  the  third  and  fourth  nights  in  "  lilaek- Kvci] 
Susan"  and  "  Hob  lloy,"  a  farce  beinj;  given  in  mliji. 
tion  to  the  play  every  ninht.  He  is  deserihed  as  li;iv. 
inn  been  "  no  actor  and  only  a  tolerable  Hinder,  but, 
a  high-toned,  honorable  gentleman,  courteous,  and 
brave,"  and  a  few  years  later  was  killed  while  H-Jn- 
ing  by  the  side  of  Col.  Faimin,  in  Mexico,  'i'liu 
next  '-stars"  at  Mr.  Ludlow's  theatre  wen;  CliurliM 
K.  Mason,  tragedian,  and  Mr.i.  Hainlilin,  wile  of 
Thomas  Hamblin,  manager  of  the  Bowery  Tluiitrc, 
New  York. 

Their  engagement  began  on  the  Slat  of  July,  und 
they  played  on  alternate  nighta,  Mr.  Mason  »|p|ii.'iir- 
ing  in  "Hamlet,"  "Tho  Iron  Chcsl,"  "  Maclicih," 
"  The  Robbers,"  "  A  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  IVIjts," 
etc.,  and  Mrs.  Hamblin  in  "  The  Belle's  Stratajicm," 
"  The  Stranger,"  "  The  Day  After  the  Wedding,"  und 
other  plays.  Mr.  Ludlow  subsctjuently  detennincil  to 
produce  "  Romeo  and  Juliet,"  with  both  stars  in  the 
east,  and  accordingly  on  the  13th  of  Augn.st  the  jiluv 
was  given,  with  Mrs.  Hamblin  as  JitHit  and  Mr.  .Mu- 
8011  as  Romeo.  The  "  double  engagement"  continued 
for  six  nights,  Mr.  Mason  and  Mrs.  Hamblin  appcur- 
ing  together  in  Coleman's  "  Mountaineers,"  "  Tainiiii,' 
of  the  Shrew,"  "  The  Merchant  of  Venice,"  '•  The 
Water  Witch,"  and  other  pieces.  Tho  venture  does 
not  appear  to  have  been  very  profitable,  and  as  the 
weather  was  hot,  but  little  was  done  by  Mr.  Ludlow's 
company  until  the  middle  of  September,  wlioii  Mrs. 
Pritchard  returned  and  played  six  nights.  On  llie 
28th  of  September,  Miss  Kliza  Riddle  appeared  for 
the  first  time  in  St.  Louis,  in  Knowles'  "  Ilunelibiick." 
and  at  once  established  herself  as  n  popular  iUvoritc 
She  became  Mrs.  J.  M.  Field,  and  retained  her  liold 
on  the  public  until  her  final  return  to  the  Kast  in  ISM. 
On  her  second  night  she  appeared  its  Juliet  in  "  Ro- 
meo and  Juliet,"  with  M.  C.  Field  (afterwards  her 
broi  .2r-in-law)  as  Romeo,  ond  on  her  third  iiii.'iit  ii.« 
Mlxa  Jhrrillon  in  "  Wives  as  They  Were  and  Maids 
as  They  Are,"  and  Colin  in  "  Nature  and  Philosophy." 
During  the  remainder  of  her  engagement  she  appeurcJ 
successively  as  Belvidera  in  "  Venice  Preserved,' 
liianca  in  "  Fazio,"  Ernestine  in  the  "  Soninaiubu- 
list,"  Waller  Arlington  in  "  The  Idiot  Witness"  (on 
which  occasion  Mr.  Hernizen,  afterwards  a  favorite  low 
comedian  in  the  W^est  and  South,  made  his  first  ap- 
pearance before  a  St.  Louis  audience),  and,  for  her 


AMUSKMKNTS. 


969 


;liHl)iiinn   nnnii'd 
\\r.  LuilUiw  ii-  :\ 

a  "  Blftf"  lit  ilio 
y  ho  upiit'iui'il  im 
I  in  n  faroi' ;  on 
Mttiil  of  Miliiii  ;" 
in  "  Uiiu'k-Kvi'il 
iii;  j»iven  in  mlili- 
ili!8cril)od  lis  liav- 
irable  »in,i;er,  but 
,    courtwms,  ;inil 
lilliiil  while  ti.;lil- 
ill   Mexico.     'I'lii! 
itrc  wcro.  Cliiirles 
llttnil)lin,  will'  (if 

Bowery  Tliciitro, 

■ilst  of  July,  iiiul 
Ir.  Sliison  ii|iiiinir- 
icsl,"  "  Mni'lioili," 
u  I'liy  Old  Dc'liU," 
JcUo's  Stratiiiiem," 
he  Wi'ddinji,"  and 
jntly  detormiiu'il  tn 
h  both  stars  in  tlie 
of  Augnst  tlu'  iiliy 
rullit  und  Mr,  M;i- 
ii'cment"  continued 
3.  Ilainbliii  aiipour- 
nineera,"  "  Tmniii;.; 
of  Venice,"  '■  The 
The  venture  dues 
lofitablc,  and  as  tlu' 
lie  by  Mr.  Ludlow's 
Lteniber,  when  Mrs. 
ix  nij:;hts.     On  tlic 
kiddle  appeared  for 
rles'  "  lluncliback," 
a  popular  favorite. 
retained  iier  hold 
Ito  the  East  in  ISM. 
as  Juliet  in  "  Ho- 
|old  (afterwards  her 
1  her  third  nii;lit  iu» 
ley  Were  and  Maids 
re  and  Philosoiihy-" 
;eiuent  she  appeiircd 
enico   Preserved." 
In  the  "  Somnambu- 
Idiot  Witness"  (on 
•wards  a  favorite  low 
h,  made  his  first  ap- 
fieuce),  and,  for  her 


benefit,  Mm.  Ihveily  in  "Tiio  Uaniestcr."     Miss  Kid- 
dle  was    followed    by   Mrs.    A.   Drake,  wlio   j)luyed 
Jliiiitca,  Mm.   Ifiillrr,  hnliiUu  in  "  The  Fatal  Mar- 
riiij^e,"  JiiUd  in  "  Tlie  Ilunehbaek,"  and  otiier  rols. 
Mrs.  Ludlow,  wife  of  the  manager,  wishing  to  with- 
draw from  the  stajje,  was  niveii  ti  farewell  benefit  on 
the  i;Uh  of  October.     On  that  occasion   Mrs.  ('owell 
(wife  of  Jo.icph  Cowell)  made  lier  first  appearance  in 
St.  Louis.      Mrs.   Drake  and   Miss  lliddle,  who  liad 
V(duntoered  their  services,  were  also  in  tlie  cast,  the 
play  being  "  Adrian  und  Orilla."     Mrs.  Ludlow  con- 
tinued to  act  until  the  close  of  tlio  season,  about  ten 
niu'lits   later,   and    subsequently    reappeared    on    the 
sta};e  at   Mobile.     Mr.  and  Mrs.  Cowell  made  their 
first  appearance  together  in  St.  Louis  on  the  15th  of 
October,  in  "  The  Belle's  Stratagem,"  which  was  fol- 
lowed in  succes-iion  by  "  The  Miller's  Maid,"  "  Paul 
Pry,"    "  The  Dead   Shot,"  "  Happiest   Day  of    ray 
Life,"   etc.     Mi.ss   Riddle   next   appeared    in  ''  The 
School  for  Scandal,"  her  brother  William  taking  the 
part  of  Sir  I'fUr ;  and  on  the  last  night  but  one  of 
the  season   Mr.  Lud'  I'l  bad  a  benefit.     The  play  on 
this  occasion  was  "  '1  'i  ■  Poor  Gentleman,"  and  in  the 
(list  as  Lieut.   Wurthiiiffton  was  Col.  ('liarles  Keenile, 
a  prominent  citizen  and  veteran  journalist  of  8t.  Louis, 
who,  being  a  warm  personal  friend  of  Mr.   Ludlow, 
consented  to  appear  for  "  one  night  only."     Writing 
about   this   performance,  Mr.  Ludlow  declares  tliat ' 
"Col.  iveeralo  conducted  himself  more  like  u  veteran 
tlmn  a  new  reernit  going   through  his  third   drill." 
.\i\er  '•  The  Poor  Gentleman,"  the  romantic  drama 
Thalaba"  was  given.     On  the  following  night,  the 
last  of  the  season,  "  The  Wife,  or  my  Father's  Grave" 
wa.s  given   for  the  benefit  of  Miss  Kiddle,  who  ap- 
peared in  the  leading  ro/e  supported  by  Mr.  Ludlow. 
The  company  which  played  at  Mr.  Ludlow's  theatre 
(luring  the  season  of  1835  embraced  the  following: 
X.  M.  Ludlow,  M.  C.  Field,  Joseph  Cowell,  William 
Riddle,  George  Hernizen,  J.  E.  Watson,  N.  Johnson, 
Jpencer,  Thompson,  Barclay,  Wolfe,  Williams,  Kelly, 
I  Morris,  La  Rue,  Edgorton,  occasionally  Samuel  Cowell, 
ilieii  a  small  boy,  Miss  Eliza  Kiddle,  Mrs.  Ludlow, 
Mrs.  Cowell,  Mrs.  Watson,  Mrs.  Minnich,  Miss  Stan- 
uard,  Mrs.  Johnson,  and  Mrc.  Milton.     Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Watson  left  the  company  about  the  middle  of  the  sea- 
son, and  Mr.  Johnson  and  Mrs.  Stannard  withdrew  a 
I  little  later. 

The  theatrical  season  of  1830  in  St.  Loui.s  was  in- 
Iwijurated  on  the  9th  of  June,  1836,  i.".ndcr  the  joint 
I  management  of  Ludlow  &  Smith,  who  also  con- 
I  iluctcd  a  theatre  at  Mobile.  The  first  night's  perform- 
lance  was  "The  Hunchback,"  with  M.  C.  Field  as 
duster  Walter,  and  Miss  E.  Riddle  as  Julia,  followed 


by  u  farce,  S(d  Smith  assuming  the  leading  part  in 
the  latter.  Miss  Kiddle  continued  to  hr.  th(<  principal 
attraction  of  the  company  for  about  two  weeks,  Mr, 
and  Mrs.  Lyons,  of  the  New  Orleans  theatrical  com- 
pany, next  appeared  in  "  Douglas,  the  Noble  Shepherd," 
and  were  foil  ,ved  by  Mrs.  Sol  Smith  as  Mi-k.  llii/Zer 
in  '•  The  Stranger."  On  the  27th  of  June,  J.  M. 
Field  began  an  engagement  as  llenediet  in  "  Much 
Ado  about  Nothing,"  wlii(di  was  followed  by  "  A  New 
Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts,"  and  other  plays.  On  the 
Fourth  of  July  "  The  Soldier's  Daughter"  was  given, 
and  for  the  afterpiece  "Tom  Thumb,"  the  part  of 
Tout  Thumb  being  performed  by  Marcus  Smith,  then 
about  eight  years  old,  who,  as  Mark  Smith,  afterwards 
became  a  famous  comedian.' 

At  the  close  of  Miss  Kiddle's  engagement  the 
managers  re-engaged  lier  for  both  the  St.  Louis  and 
Mobile  theatres.  On  the  7th  of  July,  Miss  Nelson 
began  astar  engagement,  commencing  in  ••  Victorine." 
She  also  appeared  as  Romiliiid,  and  in  a  number  of 
other  co/ci.  After  Miss  Nelson's  engagement,  Mrs, 
A.  Drake,  "  tbeSiddons  of  the  West,"  appeared  iFuly 
28th  as  Julia  in  "  The  Hunchback,"  and  closed  an 
engagement  of  nine  nights  with  "  Tour  do  Ncsle." 
She  Was  followed  by  Miss  Meadows  in  a  round  of 
juvenile  characters,  with  which  the  "  spring"  season 
clo.scd. 

The  theatre  was  reopened  on  Monday,  Augu.nt  29th, 
with  Mrs.  Pritchard  as  the  star  performer,  the  play 
being  "  The  Italian  Brigand,"  in  which  she  as.sumed 
the  roll'  of  A/e.t.i(in(lrf)  Mduaroul.  During  her  en- 
gagement, N,  M.  Ludlow  appeared  in  the  low  comedy 
part  of  Nipperkia  in  "  Sprigs  of  Laurel,"  in  which  ho 
became  very  popular  in  the  West.  Miss  Eliza  Petrio, 
though  engaged  as  a  member  of  the  stock  company, 
followed  Mrs.  Pritchard  as  the  "  star,"  opening  Sep- 
tember 9th  in  "Perfection."  On  the  19th,  21.st, 
and  24th  of  September,  respectively,  Mrs.  Sol  Smith, 
M.  C.  Field,  and  N.  M.  Ludlow  were  given  benefits. 
On  the  evening  of  September  28th,  Mrs.  Ludlow 
made  her  second  "  last"  appearance,  but  this  time  it 
was  really  the  last,  as  she  never  returned  to  the  stage. 
A  number  of  other  benefits  followed,  among  them  one 


1  Mark  Smith  wivs  born  ut  New  OrloniiB,  .Ian.  7, 1329,  und  was 
tlio  son  of  "  Sol"  Smith.  He  appeared  at  a  very  curly  age  in 
children's  parts,  ami  sung  between  the  nets.  While  still  u  lad 
ho  went  to  i^ea,  but  after  a  trip  to  Liverpool  returned  to  New 
Orleuna,  und  was  apprenticed  to  the  iron  finishing  business  in 
St.  Iiouis.  Ho  subsequently  went  to  New  York,  un(l  made  hia 
first  appcnrunce  on  the  stage  nt  the  Bowery  Theatre.  After 
playing  there  for  some  timo  he  returned  to  St.  Louis,  and  bo- 
eanie  a  member  of  Ludlow  &  Smith's  company.  He  continued 
to  refide  in  St.  Louis  until  his  death  in  August,  1871,  and  was 
an  extremely  popular  and  versatile  comedian. 


970 


HISTORY   OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


for  Sol  Smjtli,  Sr.,  which  occurred  on  the  1st  of  Oc- 
tober. Oil  the  3d,  Mrs.  Henry  Lewis  commenced  an 
en{;ngeniont,  appearing  as  lii'anca  in  "  Fiizio."  Subse- 
quently she  a.ssumed  a  number  of  mule  characters, 
Richard  III.,  William  Tell,  Virginius,  and  others. 
She  was  followed  by  Mrs.  Duff,  a  famous  actress  in 
her  day,  who  played  four  nights,  commencing  October 
13th  with  the  tragedy  of  "  Adelgitha."  After  Mrs. 
Duff  came  Miss  Riddle  for  five  nights,  and  her  en- 
f';agement  closed  the  summer  season  of  1836. 

Old  St.  Louis  Theatre.— In  February,  1837,  the 
old  Salt-House  Theatre,  together  with  such  scenery 
as  the  company  had  left  behind  on  its  departure  for 
tliB  South,  was  destroyed  by  fire.  Nearly  two  years 
before,  however,  Mr.  Ludlow  had  set  about  the  erec- 
tion of  a  new  theatre,  and  the  enterprise  was  already 
well  advanced.  The  old  structure  had  always  been 
unsuitod  to  the  purposes  of  a  theatre,  and  had  long 
since  become  too  sm.ill  to  accommodate  the  theatre- 
goers of  St.  Louis.  In  the  summer  of  1835  a  sub- 
scription for  the  erection  of  the  new  theatre  was  set  on 
foot  by  Mr.  Ludlow,  who,  assisted  by  (Jol.  Meriwether 
Lewis  Clark  and  Col.  Charles  Keemle,  succeeded  in 
obtaining  subscriptions  to  the  amount  of  thirty  thou- 
sand dollars,  Mr.  Ludlow  agreeing  to  pay  ten  per 
cent,  per  annum  on  the  entire  outlay  for  building  and 
ground,  and  to  put  in  the  scenery  at  his  own  expense. 
A  meeting  of  the  stockholders  was  held,  and  a  build- 
ing committee  appointed  consisting  of  Col.  Joseph  C. 
Laveille,  Col.  M.  L.  Clark,  and  N.  M.  Ludlow.  A 
lot  at  the  southeast  corner  of  Third  and  Olive  Streets, 
where  the  post-office  now  stands,  was  selected  by  Col. 
Clark,  whose  choice  was  approved  by  the  other  mem- 
bers of  the  committee.  The  question  having  been 
raised  wiiether  the  front  on  Third  Street  was  suf- 
ficiently large,  twenty  additional  feet  adjoining  the 
south  side  of  the  lot  were  purchased  from  Col.  John 
O'Falloii,  the  dimensions  of  the  whole  lot  being  eighty 
by  one  hundred  and  iifty  feet,  running  buck  to  an 
alley.  Col.  Clark  then  proposed  that  the  stockholders 
be  recjue.sted  to  double  their  subscriptions,  and  his 
suggestion  was  adopted.  In  a  short  time  the  sum  of 
sixty-five  thousand  dollars  had  been  secured,  Messrs. 
Ludlow  and  Smith  agreeing  to  pay  a  yearly  rental  of 
ten  per  cent,  of  this  amount.  The  corner-stone  was 
laid  May  24,  1836,  at  five  o'clock  in  the  afternoon, 
and  the  foundation  of  the  building  was  laid  in  the 
fall  of  1836.  The  walls  were  built  up  to  an  average 
height  of  ton  or  twelve  feet  before  the  work  was  in- 
terrupted by  cold  weather.  During  the  winter  the 
head  carpenter,  Alexander  Crowl,  assisted  by  John 
Gibson,  John  Varden,  and  others,  was  actively  en- 
gaged on  the  "  inside  work,"  and  the  scenic  artist. 


John  R.  Smith,  was  preparing  the  scenery.  On  ilie 
10th  of  April,  1837,  Mr.  Ludlow  arrived  in  St. 
Louis  from  Mobile,  and  found  the  prospect  fm-  the 
early  opening  of  the  theatre  very  discouraging.  The 
roof  had  not  as  yet  been  placed  on  the  building,  but 
the  timbers  for  the  inside  work  were  ready  to  be  ad- 
justed, and  Mr.  Ludlow  came  to  the  conclusion  tluit 
he  might  be  able  to  open  the  house  to  the  public  on 
the  Fourth  of  July.  The  work  was  pressed  forward 
with  great  rapidity,  and  on  the  1st  of  July  the 
Ludlow  and  Smith  Company  arrived  from  Mobile. 
In  the  mean  time  the  St.  Louis  Theatre  Cmn. 
pany  had  been  incorporated  by  the  Legislature,  and 
had  accepted  its  charter  at  a  meeting  in  the  town 
hall  on  Saturday,  the  3d  of  March,  1837,  at  throe 
P.M.  The  first  board  of  directors  were  M.  Lewis 
Clark,  Joseph  C.  Laveille,  William  Heniiistead. 
Edward  Beebe,  Charles  Keemle ;  committee  oii  .sub- 
scriptions, which  were  received  at  the  town  hall, 
M.  Lewis  Clark,  Joseph  C.  Laveille,  and  Willinm 
Hempstead.  The  building  committee  at  thi.s  time  eciti- 
'  sisted  of  M.  Lewis  Clark,  Joseph  C.  Laveille,  William 
Hempstead,  Edward  H.  Beebe,  and  Charles  Keemle. 
Although  the  Fourth  of  July  had  been  fixed  for 
'  the  opening  of  the  theatre,  Mr.  Ludlow  subsoquenliy 
:  determined  to  open  it  on  the  3d,  which  hap|ii'iied  to 
]  be  his  birthday  and  Monday,  the  first  play-day  of  the 
I  week.  Ludlow  and  Smith  had  ofiered  a  prcniiuni  of 
one  hundred  dollars  for  a  poetic  address  to  tlic  piibHe 
on  the  opening  of  the  new  theatre,  and  seventeen  or 
eighteen  were  handed  in  to  the  committee  of  .selec- 
tion, who  awarded  the  priieo  to  Edward  Jolini^on,  of 
i  Greensburg,  Pa.  Mr.  Johnson  happened  to  be  in 
St.  Louis  on  the  opening  night,  and  went  to  the  the- 
I  atre  without  being  aware  of  the  choice  of  the  com- 
mittee. He  was  pleasantly  surprised  on  hearing  (lie 
address,  which  was  delivered  by  Joseph  M.  Field,  to 
find  that  it  was  his  own  composition.  The  address 
was  followed  by  Tobin's  comedy  of  "  The  Honey- 
moon," with  the  following  cast : 

Jhike  Araiiza,  J.  M.  Field;  Count  Monlnllin.^h. 
I  Barker ;  Itohindo,  M.  C.  Field  ;  Bulthaxm;  Mr.  Hub- 
bard ;  Lamprdo,  Sol  Smith  ;  Jacqiieii,  Thomas  I'la- 
eide  ;  Lopfz,  Mr.  Kelly ;  Campclfn,  Thomas  Pearson ; 
Scrvnnfs,  Misses  West,  Chambers,  etc.  ;  •lidlnmi,  Miss 
E.  Riddle;  Volunte,  Miss  Petrie;  Ztdnoni,  Mrs. 
Hubbard  ;  Ifosfens,  Mrs.  Salzmau  ;  Mrs.  Lopez,  Mrs. 
Voght. 

After  the  comedy  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bennio  danced  a  I 
tambour  major  jig,  which  was  succeeded  by  the  farce  ] 
of  ''  Simpson  &  Co.,"  with  Mr.  DeCamp  as  Mr.  Simp- 
soil,  M.  C.  Field  as  Mr.  Uromley,  Miss  E.  Kiddle  as  j 
'  Mm.  Siiiipnoii,  and  Miss  Petrie  as   Mm.  llrumlii, 


AMUSEMENTS. 


))71 


Count  Moiitnltin.  Mr. 

Balthazar,  Mr.  Uul)- 

Tactjiiei,,  Thomiis  Via- 
\elln,  Thoiniw  Poarson ; 
jsrs,  etc. ;  Juliana,  Miss 

etrie ;    Xamoia,  Mrs. 


The  company  at  the  time  was  composed  of  the  i'ollow- 
iiig:  N.  M.  Ludlow,  Sol  Smith,  Sr.,  Joseph  M.  Field, 
Miitthew  C.  Field,  Vincent  DeCamp,  Thoraaa  Placide, 
Messrs.  Fremont,  Andenson,  Hubbnrd,  lliloy,  Barker, 
Kelly,  Jiickson,  Pearson,  Thorpe,  Newton,  Sergeant, 
Jones,  West,  and  Chambers,  Miss  Eliza  Kiddle,  Miss 
Eliza  I'etric,  Mrs.  Hubbard,  Mrs.  Salzman,  Mrs.  Kutz, 
Miss  Voght,  and  Miss  licnning,  to  which  were  added 
lis  dancers,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Bunnic ;  leader  of  the  or- 
chestra, Mr.  Myers;  scenic  artist,  John  R.  Smith. 

The  St.  Louis  Theatre  was  designed  by  George  L 
Barnett,  and  in  its  time  was  undoubtedly  the  finest 
theatre  in  the  valley  of  the  Mississippi,  and  one  of 
the  finest  in  the  United  States.     Its  dimensions  were 
seventy-three  by  one  hundred  and  sixty  feet,  and  the 
geiierrl  arehiteetural  .style  of  the  exterior  was  fonie, 
that  of  tlie  interior  ('orint)iian.     The  front  was  taken 
from  the  temple  of  the  Ercctboum  at  Athens.     The 
portico  Wiis  supported  by  six  columns,  each  thirty-five 
feet  in  height  and  about  six  feet  in  diameter  at  the 
base.     In  the  rear  of  the  columns  and  fronting  the 
Baldon    windows  was  a  veranda    running  the  whole 
length  of  the  portico.     The  front  was  surmounted  by 
a  figure  of  Shakespeare,  in  the  act  of  being  crowned 
by  Fame,  with  the  motto  below,  "  He  was  not  for  an 
age,  but  for  all  time."     Tiio  vestibule,  in  the  Corinth- 
ian style,  was  from  the  octagonal  tower  of  Andronicus 
Cyrrhcstes.    There  were  two  .saloons,  tlie  first,  or  grand 
saloon,   seventy    by  twenty-five    feet,   occupying   the 
wluile  front  of  the  theatre.     On  the  south  side  of  the 
building  was  a  lesser,  or  ladies'  .saloon,  on  a  level  with  the 
first  tier  of  boxes.     The  auditorium  was  divided  into 
a  pan|uet  and  throe  tiers  or  galleries  of  seats.     The 
dress  circle   would    seat    about   three   hundred,  the 
family  circle  about  throe  hundred  and  fifty,  tlie  gal- 
lery about  four  hundred  and  fifty,  and  the  panjuet 
about  four  hundred,   in    all    fifteen    hundred   seats. 
The  entrance  to  the  first  and  secimd  tiers  and  par- 
quet was  tbrougii  a  large  vestibule,  twenty  feet  in 
depth  by  forty  in  width,  thence  through  three  large 
doors  into  the  lobby  of  the  first  tier.     Through  the 
centre  of  the  first  tier  was  the  passage  to  the  parquet, 
and  on  each  side  of  the  lobby  a  flight  of  stairs  lead- 
in);  to  the  second  tier.     The  entrance  to  the  gallery 
was  from  the  outside  of  the  building  to  a  flight  of 
winding  stairs,  having  no  connection  with  the  other 
entrances.     The  house  being  designed  for  a  summer 
theatre,  had  a  number  of  very  large  windows  on  each 
1  Bide. 

The  floor  of  tlio  panjuet  was  so  constructed  as  \o 
I  be  easily  removed,  so  us  to  convert  the  building  into 
in  amphitheatre  for  equestrian  purposes.     The  dome 
was  about  fifly  feet  high  from  the  floor  of  the  parquet. 


and  was  richly  decorated  with  paintings  .of  figures 
representing  Apollo  and  the  Muses.  The  proscenium 
boxes  were  very  hand.some,  and  decorated  in  ta.steful 
style.  The  stage  was  .seventy-three  by  fifty-five  feet 
in  width,  and  in  the  rear  on  a  level  with  the  stage 
were  the  green-room,  manager's  room,  and  star's  room. 
The  prices  of  admission  were,  boxes  and  parquet,  one 
dollar;  jirivate  boxes,  one  dollar  and  filly  cents;  all 
other  parts  of  the  house,  fifty  cents.  The  building 
continued  to  be  u.sed  as  a  theatre  by  Ludlow  and 
Smith  until  the  lOtli  of  July,  1851,  when  it  was 
closed,  the  property  having  been  purchased  by  the 
general  government  with  a  view  to  the  erection  of 
a  cu.stom-housc.  The  building  was  demolished  as 
far  as  the  foundation  walls,  when  work  was  sus- 
pended, and  the  walls  were  not  finally  removed  until 
the  winter  of  185!^.  '•  Quite  an  excitement,"  we 
are  told  by  a  newspaper  writer  of  •he  day,  '•  attended 
the  digging  up  of  the  old  St.  Louis  Theatre's  corner- 
stone" on  the  21. St  of  January,  IS.")!?. 

The  performance  on  the  night  following  the  open- 
ing (July  4,  18157),  Noah's  "Plains  of  Chippewa," 
was  given  with  the  following  cast : 

Gcneval  Scott,  Mr.  Hubbard;  Liiutiiiant  Lfiniox, 
J.  M.  Field ;  Jcn-j/  Mai/flowci;  T.  Placide ;  Hon. 
('iiplain  Penilraijon,  M.  C.  Field  ;  La  Hole,  Mr. 
DeCamp ;  Christine,  Miss  E.  lliddle.  During  the 
play  Miss  Henning  danced  the  "  Jacksou  hornpipe," 
and  the  evening  concluded  with  the  "  Review,  or  the 
Wag  of  \Vindsor,"  with  Mr.  DeCamp  as  Cahb  Qua- 
tim,  Mr.  Riley  as  Lnonei/  Mc  Twn/fcr,  and  T.  Placide 
as  John  Lump.  Mr.  Ludlow  made  his  first  appear- 
ance in  the  new  theatre  on  Monday,  July  17,  as  Or. 
/'anffl'iss.  He  was  supported  by  J.  M.  and  M.  C. 
Field,  Thomas  Placide,  Mi.ss  Riddle,  and  others.  The 
juvenile  Miss  Meadows  appeared  in  u  round  of  char- 
acters about  this  time,  and  drew  good  houses.  On 
the  12th  of  August  the  opera  "  Der  Freischutz"  was 
given,  with  J.  M.  Field  as  Caspar,  M.  C.  Field  as 
Adiilpli,  and  Thomas  Placide  as  Killiaii.  The  per- 
formance was  attended  by  a  band  of  nine  Sioux  In- 
dians, who  were  greatly  astonished  and  delighted  at 
what  they  saw.  The  opera  had  quite  a  run,  being 
repeated  many  nights,  and  was  followed  by  Mrs. 
Drake,  and  then  by  the  boy  actor,  Joseph  Burke, 
known  to  the  public  as  "  Master  Burke,"  who  played 
/^>Hi(o  in  "  Romeo  and  Juliet,"  7'erri/  0' Rourke  in 
"  The  Irish  Tutor,"  Sir  Abel  Haiidi/  (an  old  man's 
part)  in  "  Speed  the  Plough,"  and  other  characters. 
Besides  his  wonderful  dramatic  abilities.  Master  Burke 
was  a  talented  musician,  and  introduced  solos  on  the 
violin  and  dances  into  his  plays.  On  the  27th  of 
August,  Charles  B,  Parsons  made  his  first  appearance 


972 


HISTORY  or"  SAINT  LOUIS. 


as  a  "  star"  in  the  rSle  of  Damon  in  "  Damon  and  ' 
Pythias."  On  the  31st  of  August,  N.  H.  Bannister's 
prize  tragedy,  written  for  Mr.  Parsons,  entiled  "  Caius 
Silius,  the  Slave  of  Carthage,"  was  produced,  with 
Mr.  Parsons  in  the  title  role.  On  Thursday,  Sep- 
tember 7th,  Mr.  Pursons  appeared  for  the  last  time 
on  the  stage,  and  subsequently  became  a  minister  of 
the  Methodist  Church. 

Signor  Vivalla,  the  ''  wonder  of  the  world,"  followed 
Mr.  Parsons  in  tricks  of  lej^erdemain,  and  was  suc- 
ceeded by  Mrs.  Pritchard,  who,  from  the  frequency  of 
her  appearance  at  brief  intervals,  would  seem  to  have 
been  a  great  favorite  in  St.  Louis.  On  the  22d  of  Sep- 
tember, 1837,  Sizer's  circus  began  a  series  of  exhibi- 
tions on  a  vacant  lot,  and  on  the  same  date  a  benefit 
was  given  Alexander  Growl,  superintendent  and  master 
builder  of  the  new  theatre.  The  performers  were  N. 
M.  Ludlow,  Sol  Smith,  Sr.,  Miss  Riddle,  Mr.  and 
Mrs.  Bennie,  and  others.  On  the  21st  of  September, 
Sheridan  Knowles'  play,  "  The  Wrecker's  Daughter," 
was  given  for  the  first  time  in  St.  Louis.  In  the  latter 
part  of  September,  Mr.  Plumer,  an  English  vocalist, 
and  Mrs.  Bailey  (formerly  Miss  Watson)  arrived  in 
St.  Louis,  and  played  a  brief  engagement.  In  October 
following  the  opera  "  Cinderella"  was  produced,  and 
on  the  18th  of  October,  Mr.  Ludlow  had  his  benefit, 
which  Wiis  followed  by  the  usual  series  of  benefits  for 
other  members  of  the  company. 

On  the  occasion  of  Miss  Petrie's  benefit  that  popular 
actress  was  addressed  from  a  private  box  by  James  B. 
Bowlin,  who,  on  behalf  of  the  young  men  of  the  city, 
presented  her  with  a  gold  watch  and  chain  and  a  hand- 
some set  of  diamond  and  pearl  jev»olry.  On  the  1st  of 
November,  for  J.  M.  Field's  benefit,  a  tragic  play  en- 
titled "  Aaron  Burr,  Kmperor  of  Mexico,"  written  by 
W.  H.  Smith,  of  Alabama,  was  produced  but  was  not 
successful.  The  season  closed  November  4th,  and  a 
few  days  later  Miss  Eliza  L.  Riddle,  tiie  loading  lady, 
and  Joseph  M.  Field,  one  of  the  principal  mcTubers 
of  the  company,  were  married  at  the  residence  of  Mr. 
and  Mrs.  Charles  Keemle. 

The  season  of  1838  began  on  the  11th  of  January, 
and  for  this  the  first  winter  season,  Messrs.  Ludlow  and 
Smith  organized  an  entirely  new  company,  consisting  of 
the  following:  Field,  acting  manager;  Messrs.  Lync, 
Brunton,  Rice,  Ilcnry,  Bendeu,  Rogers,  MciBride, 
West,  Rose,  'liller,  Genfsen,  etc. ;  Mesdames  Petrie, 
Henry,  Brunton,  Muller,  Lyne,  Foster,  etc. ;  leader 
of  orchestra,  Mr.  Muller;  musicians,  Messrs.  Foster, 
Jones,  Robyn,  Braun,  Lothian,  Foster,  Johnson, 
Schnell,  etc.  The  house  was  opened  with  Sheridan 
Knowles'  play  of  "  William  Tell,  or  the  Hero  of 
Switzerland,"  and  the  opera  of  "  Cinderella"  was  re- 


peated. On  the  15th  of  April  the  famous  Ellen  Tioe 
made  her  first  appearance  in  St.  Louis  as  Julin  in 
the  "  Hunchback,"  and  remained  for  two  weeks,  per- 
sonating Juliet,  Marianna  in  "  The  Wife,"  Lmly 
Teazle,  Constance  in  "The  Love  Chase,"  /mi.  and 
other  roles.  She  returned  to  St.  Louis  in  1839.  and 
played  another  highly  successful  engagement.  Mjsg 
Tree  was  followed  in  1838  by  John  Sefton,  the  Kn;;- 
lish  comedian,  Mrs.  Gibbs,  an  English  singer,  and  tlie 
celebrated  Ravel  family  of  gymnasts  and  aeriil)at.s, 
commencing  on  the  11th  of  May,  1838.  Their  en- 
gagement closed  the  spring  season  of  that  year. 

The  fall  season  commenced  early  in  June,  Mis^; 
Clifton  being  the  "  star."  During  her  engagement 
Bulwer's  "  Lady  of  Lyons"  was  produced  for  the  first 
time  in  America,  with  Miss  Clifton  as  Piniline.  She 
was  followed  by  John  R.  Scott,  the  tragedian,  after 
whom  came  Mr.  Hodges  and  Miss  Nelson  in  "  (,'in- 
derella,"  and  then  Mrs.  Shaw  in  "  The  Wife,  or  a  Tale 
of  Mantua."  The  fall  season  ended  with  the  ongaire- 
mentof  Mr.  Llcivellyn  and  his  trained  horse  Mazojipa, 
which  commenced  on  the  9th  of  August,  after  wliich 
benefits  were  given  for  the  prominent  members  of  the 
company. 

Madame  Celeste  was  the  first  "  star"  for  the  season 
of  183!),  but  her  engagement  was  lot  as  suceussfiil  as 
were  some  of  the  previous  ones.  In  January  of  this 
year  it  was  announced  that  W.  S.  McPherson  had 
purchased  the  Museum,  and  had  fitted  it  up  in  a 
handsome,  comfortable  style.  On  the  12th  of  April 
*'  the  long-expected  girafl'o"  arrived,  and  was  exliibiied 
for  one  week  near  the  upper  market.  Dan  Maihlo 
followed  Madame  Celeste,  and  was  followed  in  turn 
by  Miss  Ellen  Tree,  on  the  occasion  of  who.se  Imncflt 
(April  30th)  "  as  high  a.s  five  dollars  premium  was 
oflFered  and  refused  for  boxes."  After  Miss  Tree  came 
C.  Mason,  who  was  so  much  discouraged  In  t!ie 
smallncss  of  his  audiences  that  he  forfeited  his  en- 
gagement and  "  took  his  leave  of  a  St.  Louis  audience 
forever."  He  was  followed.  May  Gth.  by  Edwin  Fnr- 
rest,  who  appeared  in  "  Virginius,"  and  on  the  lollow- 
ing  night  as  Othello.  During  his  engagement,  .Mr. 
Forrest  appeared  in  nearly  all  his  famous  oharaciers, 
and  on  the  occasion  of  hia  benefit.  May  18th,  |iiaveJ 
the  two  roles  of  Metamora  and  Willium  Tell.  On  liie 
following  Monday  evening  Madame  Celeste  reappeared  j 
in  "  The  French  Spy,"  which  was  succeeded  by  "The 
Wizard  SkiflF,"  "  Wept  of  Wish  Ton  Wish,"  eie.  At  j 
Madame  Celeste's  benefit  the  receipts  ainoiuited  to 
one  thousand  one  hundred  and  forty-nine  dollars,  an 
unprecedented  sum  for  St.  Louis.  On  the  3d  of  Judd 
Mr.  Love,  "  the  celebrated  dramatic  polyphonist. 
made  hie  debxtt  in  St.  Louis,  and  on  the  Gth  an  eilii-  j 


AMUSP]MENTS. 


973 


ramouB  Ellen  Tree 
Louis  as  .Itdiii  in 
)r  two  weeks,  |ier- 
'he  Wife,"    Lmly 
Chase,"  Ion.  and 
jouis  in  1839.  iind 
ngagemont.     Miss 
1  Sefton,  the  Iviu- 
liah  singer,  niul  the 
lasts  and  iiei'nl):its, 
1838.     Their  e«- 
of  that  year. 
,rly  in  June,  Miss 
ig  her  engagement 
roduced  for  the  first 
n  as  Pmih'iie.    She 
the  tragedian,  after 
iss  Nelson  in  ■  (,'in- 
The  Wife,  or  a  Tule 
ed  with  the  oiij.'agc- 
ined  horse  Mazejipa, 
August,  after  which 
nent  meiabers  of  the 

'  star"  for  the  .-oason 
9  not  as  suceessful  as 
In  Januiiry  of  this 
I  S.  McPher.^on  had 
id  fitted  it  up  ill  a 
the  12th  of  April 
■d,  and  was  exhibited 
arket.     Dan  Marlile 
ras  followed  in  turn 
mn  of  who.se  lienofit 
ollars  proniiniM  was 
Vftcr  Miss  Tree  eaiiie 
discouraged   hy  the 
he  forfeited  his  en- 
a  St.  Louis  audience 
(ilh,  by  Edwin  For- 
"  and  on  the  follow- 
is  engagement,  Mr. 
is  famous  eharactois. 
it,  May  IStli.imiyod 
•lliam  Tell.  On  the 
ne  Celeste  reaiiiieaioJ 
succeeded  by  "  Tiie 
Ton  Wish,"  etc.  At  | 
•eceipts  anmnnted  to 
forty-nine  dollars,  an 

On  the  :!d  of  June  I 
araatic   polyplionist. '  j 
on  the  Cth  au  esiii- 


liition  of  the  Signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Inde- 
pendence, "  arranged  as  in  Congress  in  1776,  and  at 
the  interesting  time  when  the  committee  appointed  to 
draft  the  declaration  enters,"  was  opened  at  90  Second 
Street,  between  Vine  and  Locust.  The  figures,  as 
large  as  life,  were  dressed  in  the  costume  of  the 
period  and  "  as  on  the  occasion  referred  to,  the  im- 
mortal author,  JeflFerson,  with  scarlet  waistcoat  and 
breeches."  A  combination  of  which  the  principal  at- 
tractions were  George  H.  Barrett,  John  R.  Scott,  and 
Master  Burke  next  played  at  the  theatre,  and  on 
the  15th  and  19th  of  June  respectively  Sol  Smith 
and  Master  Burke  were  given  benefits,  and  on  the 
22d  the  "  School  for  Scandal"  was  rendered  by  the 
combination.  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Sloman  followed,  and  the 
spring  season  closed  on  the  Fourth  of  July. 

On  the  12th  of  August,  the  thJktre,  having  been 
refitted,    repainted,    and    decorated,   was    reopened. 
The  season  was  a  poor  one,  and  the  only  incident 
worthy  of  note  was  the  production  of  "  The  Jewess," 
founded  on  "  Ivanhoe,"  with  Mrs.  Farren  as  Rebecca.  ; 
The  fall  season  closed  on  the  11th  of  December,  in  ■ 
the  latter  part  of  which  month  Concert  Hall,  a  building 
ninety  by  forty  feet,  and  finished  in  plain  but  elegant 
style,  was  opened,  with  Mr.  Wells  as  lessee.     On  the 
9th  of  March,   1840,  MacKenzie  and  Jefferson  an- 
nounced that  they  had  fitted  up  a  room  in  Concert 
Hall  for  dramatic  representations.      They  produced 
that  night  "  The  Lady  of  Lyons,"  with  the  following 
CiSt:  ClanJe  AfehwttCyMr.  Leicester;  Colunel Davins, 
Mr.  Jefierson  ;  Deschapplvs,  Mr.  Sankey  ;   Madame 
Ihmhiijipks,  Mrs.  Jefferson  ;   J'aulinn  Dcschapplfx, 
Mrs.  Ingersoll ;    J>amc  Mdnotte,  Mrs.  MacKenzie. 
After   the   play   Mr.   Gerinon   sang  "  The   Lass   of 
Gowriu,"  which  was  followed  by  a  comic  .song  by 
Master   Jefferson,   and   a   sailor's   hornpipe   by  Mr. 
Burke,   concluding   with    "  An   Affair   of    Honor," 
Major  JJimitkc?/,  Mr.  C.  L.  Green ;    Martha,   Mrs. 
Gernion. 

The  Concert  Hall  referred  to  was  erected  by  Ed- 
ward J.  Xaupi.  It  was  located  on  Market  Street,  be- 
tween Second  and  Third,  and  was  occupied  by  him  as 
a  dancing  academy  until  1855.  It  was  subsequently 
used  as  a  Mormon  temple,  a  furniture-store,  and  again 
as  a  ball-room.  M.  Xaupi  was  the  first  dancing- 
master  to  introduce  the  masked  ball,  and  "  with  such 
safeguards  and  restrictions  that  the  first  people  of 
the  city  were  regular  in  their  attendance  through  the 
season."  Every  Friday  night  an  assembly  was  given, 
at  which  were  frequently  present  Miss  Augustine 
Chouteau,  the  Sarpys,  Renshaws,  Deveaus,  Carrs, 
Prattes,  Von  Phuls,  Christys,  Bogys,  Bertholds, 
Berthouds,  Pauls,  Paschalls,  Carr  Lanes,  Oiasgows, 


Bowlins,  Wrights,  Cabann('-s,  Papins,  and  others. 
In  1848,  M.  Xaupi  was  deputed  to  carry  resolutions 
of  congratulation,  adopted  by  the  citizens  of  St. 
Louis  at  a  meeting  held  at  the  court-house,  to  Lara- 
artinc,  Ledru  RoUin,  and  Louis  Blanc,  leaders  of  the 
French  revolution  of  that  year. 

In  Paris  he  was  entertained  by  the  American  con- 
sul, Peter  Parley  Goodrich,  and  on  his  return  to  St. 
Louis,  in  1849,  he  introduced  the  redowa  and  Berlin 
galop,  and  in  1850  the  Bavarian  schottische,  which 
became  extremely  popular.  In  1851  he  brought  out 
the  polka  quadrille  which  bears  his  name,  and  in 
1852  the  Cellarius  waltz.  During  the  same  year  ho 
introduced  the  Danish  dance,  and  in  1853  the  polka- 
mazourka  and  the  polka-redowa.  In  1855,  Mr. 
Xaupi  removed  from  the  Concert  Hall  to  Veranda 
(afterwards  Armory)  Hall,  and  in  1858  introduced 
the  varsouvienne.  A  polka,  arranged  by  him  and 
known  as  Xaupi's  polka,  appeareit  in  1860.  During 
the  war  he  retired  to  a  farm,  but  after  the  cessation 
of  hostilities  returned  to  St.  Louis  and  resumed  the 
teaching  of  dancing. 

The  spring  season  of  1840  at  the  theatre  commenced 
on  the  25th  of  March,  the  leading  members  of  the 
stock  company  being  Mr.  and  Mrs.  George  P.  Farren, 
Thomas  Placide,  Mrs.  W.  H.  Smith,  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Joseph  Cowell,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  H.  L.  Bateman.  The 
"  stars"  were  E.  S.  Connor,  Mr.  Llewellyn,  with  his 
trained  horse,  Madame  La  Compte,  C.  Eaton,  Mr. 
Sinclair,  Mr.,  Mrs.,  and  Miss  Barnes,  George  H. 
Barrett,  A.  A.  Adams,  and  Dan  Marble.  During 
this  season  the  price  of  admission  was  reduced  from 
one  dollar  to  .seventy-five  cents.  The  season  closed 
July  4,  1840,  and  the  fall  sea.son  opened  September 
"  St,  with  drama  on  the  stage  and  equestrian  perform- 
ance in  the  parquet  instead  of  a  farce.  Tiiis  season 
closed  about  the  end  of  October,  and  was  not  a  profit- 
able one  for  the  managers. 

The  spring  season  of  1841  began  on  the  26th  of 
April  with  "  The  Dramatist,"  in  which  Mr.  Ludlow 
and  the  stock  company  appeared,  Ben  De  Bar  playing 
the  rSlc  of  Dandle  Dinmont  in  "  Guy  Mannering" 
on  the  second  night.  After  a  few  nights  of  good 
plays  the  horses  were  again  introduced,  and  dramatic 
and  equestrian  performances  given  in  conjunction. 
This  did  not  continue  for  any  length  of  time,  and  the 
equestrian  troupe  departed  to  act  under  canvas.  Early 
in  May,  Hackett,  the  famous  comedian,  played  a  few 
times  as  Fahtaff  in  "  Henry  IV.,"  and  the  Fahtaff 
of  the  "  Merry  Wives  of  Windsor,"  JVimrod  Wild- 
j  fire  in  the  "  Lion  of  the  West,"  Momimr  Morbleu, 
I  and  Solomon  Swap  in  Coleman's  "Who  Wants  a 
Guinea?"     Following  Mr.  Hackett  came  Mrs.  Fitz- 


\JIL. 


974 


HISTORY  OF   SAINT   LOUIS. 


\rilliam  and  J.  B.  Buckstone,  the  great  English 
actor  who  played  for  two  weeks. 

The  season  closed  about  the  middle  of  June,  and 
durin;^  the  vacation  the  prices  of  admission  were  re- 
duced from  seventy-five  cents  to  fifty  for  dress  circle 
and  parquet,  and  from  fifty  to  thirty  cents  for  the 
family  circle.  The  price  of  admission  to  the  gallery 
remained  at  twenty-five  cents.  On  the  3d  of  July, 
1841,  the  menagerie  and  circus  of  Raymond,  Weeks 
&  Co.  gave  an  exhibition,  occupying  a  square  of  in- 
closed ground  immediately  east  of  the  new  or  North 
Market  Mr.  Ilackett  returned  to  St.  Louis  in  Octo- 
ber, and  commenced  his  engagement  on  the  25th  with 
Falslaff,  following  it  with  "  On  His  Last  Legs," 
"  Monsieur  Tonaon,"  and  other  plays.  The  stock- 
holders of  the  St.  Louis  Theatre  Company  held  a 
meeting  Jan.  3,  1841,  and  elected  the  following  di- 
rectors for  the  ensuing  year :  Joseph  C.  Laveille, 
John  Ford,  Albert  G.  Edwards,  David  B.  Hill.  On 
the  1st  of  February  following,  Mr.  Stickney,  proprie- 
tor of  the  Planters'  House,  gave  the  third  of  a  series 
of  assemblies.  The  spring  season  of  1842  at  the  St. 
Louis  Theatre  began  early  in  May,  with  the  engage- 
ment of  Mrs.  William  Sefton  and  E.  S.  Connor,  and 
closed  in  the  latter  part  of  June.  On  the  22d  of  that 
month  ex-President  Van  Bureu  and  suite  visited  the 
theatre-  The  fall  season  commenced  about  Septem- 
ber 1st,  but  did  not  prove  remunerative.  It  ended 
about  the  last  of  November,  at  which  time  Miss 
Eliza  Petrie  and  James  Thome  left  the  company. 

In  April,  1843,  the  St.  Louis  Theatre  was  .sold, 
under  a  deed  of  trust,  for  twenty  thousand  dollars, 
that  sum  having  been  borrowed  in  1837.  The  prop- 
erty, which  had  cost  the  stockholders  seventy-eight 
thousand  dollars,  was  purchased  by  George  Collier, 
who  proposed  to  Ludlow  and  Smith  (who  had  lost 
seven  thousand  dollars  by  the  sale)  that  a  stock  com- 
pany be  formed,  with  twenty  thousand  dollars  capital, 
with  the  understanding  that  the  members  become 
personally  bound  to  him  for  the  amount  of  their  sub- 
scription, of  which  they  were  to  pay  ten  per  cent,  an- 
nually. They  were  also  to  keep  the  property  insured, 
r.nd  pay  ten  per  cent,  interest  on  the  twenty  thousand 
dollars,  and  Ludlow  and  Smith  were  to  pay  a  rental 
of  three  thousand  dollars.  The  scheme  fell  through, 
owing  to  the  fact  that  only  three  thousand  dollars  was 
subscribed,  the  subscribers  being  Gen.  Bernard  Prutte, 
Sr.,  James  Clemens,  Jr.,  and  Ludlow  and  Smith.  The 
theatre  was  thcti  rented  by  Mr.  Collier  to  Ludlow  and 
fcuiith  for  three  thousand  dollars  a  year. 

The  spring  season  of  1843  commenced  on  the  2()th 
of  May  with  "  The  Honeymoon"  and  the  "  Actress  of 
All  Work,"  Miss  Caroline  Chaj)man  appearing  as  the 


Actress.  Miss  Chapman  played  as  a  star  for  about 
two  weeks,  and  was  followed  by  Ben  Do  Bar  and 
William  Chapman  in  "  Robert  Macaire,"  etc.  On 
the  8th  of  June,  Dr.  Lardner  commenced  a  series  of 
lectures  on  astronomy,  and  on  the  10th  Mr.  Do  Bar 
had  a  benefit.  During  the  same  month  Otto  Motiy 
gave  exhibitions  of  "  chariot  racing"  and  "  Olympic 
games."  On  the  2l8t  of  July,  Miss  Emma  Inco, 
the  dameusc,  who  had  been  ploying  a  brief  enL':ii;e- 
ment,  had  a  benefit,  and  on  the  following  evonini; 
Mrs.  Brougham,  wife  of  the  famous  John  Brouirlmm, 
made  her  first  appearance  in  St.  Louis  in  the  "  Scliooi 
for  Scandal."  She  returned  i"  October,  and  played 
in  "As  You  Like  It."  Following  Mrs.  Brouirliiim 
the  Seguin  Opera  Troupe  commenced  an  engagement 
(July  24th)  with  "  La  Sonnambula." 

The  fall  seasow  of  1843  commenced  on  the  'Id  of 
September    with    the    melodrama   "  The   Wandeiin" 
Boys,"  followed  by  a  farce,  and  on  the  21st  of  Septem- 
ber Joshua  Silsbee  made  his  first  appearance  in  St. 
Louis,  and  played  on  altf^rnate  nights  with  Dan  Mar- 
ble, both  of  them  bting  representatives  of  Yankee 
characters.     On  the  22d  of  September,  during  their 
engagement,  Marshal  Bertrand,  one  of  the  generals 
of  the  first  Napoleon,  attended  the  theatre.     A  new 
drama,  "  Redwood,"  was  produced  on  the  25th,  with 
Silsbep  and  Marble  both  in  the  cast,  but  it  was  not 
successful.     The  fall  season  closed  with  the  month  of 
October,  and  no  dramatic  performances  appear  to  have 
been  given  at  the  St.  Louis  Theatre  until  the  follow- 
ing spring.    On  the  22d  of  February,  1844,  William 
S.   Allen,  formerly  editor  of  the   Gazette,  lectured 
before  the  Lyceum.    Sol  Smith,  together  with  the  other 
members  of  the  Ludlow  &  Smith  company,  arrived 
from  New  Orleans  on  the  3d  of  April.     The  ••  star" 
was  the  famous  English  tragedian   Macready,  who 
began  his  engagement  in  St.  Louis  on  the  9th.    The 
opening  play  was  "  Hamlet,"  with  Mr.  Macready  in 
the  title  role,  supported  by  Mr.  Ryder  as  the  Ghost, 
J.  M.  Field  as  Lairtes,  Mr.  Eddy  as  the  Kinc/.  Mr. 
Farren  as  Polonivs,  Sol  Smith  as  the  Griivi'-di<jg(r. 
Mrs.  Farren  as  the  Queen,  and  Mrs.  J.  M.  Field  as 
Ophrlin.     In  addition  to  "  Hamlet,"  the  farce  ''Art- 
ful Dodger"  was  given,  with  J.  M.  Field  and  .Mr?. 
Farren  in  the  principal  voles.    During  the  reuiaiiidor  uf 
his  engagement  Mr.  Macready  appeared  as  Nichilini, 
Othello,  ^Verncr,  lago,  and  Macbeth.     About  tiiis  tiiiio 
Vieuxtenips,  the  French  violinist,  and  his  sister  pive  a 
concert  at  the  Planters'  House.    On  the  20tli,  llackeit, 
the  comedian,  began  a  brief  engagement,  appearinfras 
Falstaff,  and  in  other  characters.    On  the  1  "th  of  May 
a.  benefit  was  given  to  Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  M.  Field,  who 
then  retired  from  the  stage  for  several  years,  Mr.  Fioid 


AMUSEMENTS. 


975 


need  on  the  'Jd  of 
'  The   Wiimloring 
lie  21st  of  Septoni- 
appearaiico  in  St. 
its  with  Dan  Mar- 
tativea  of  Ymikeo 
nber,  durini:  their 
le  of  the  generals 
3  theatre.     A  new 
on  the  25th,  with 
ast,  but  it  was  not 
with  the  month  of 
nees  appear  to  have 
e  until  the  follow- 
iry,  1844,  William 
Gazette,  lectured 
ither  with  the  other 
company,  arrived 
pril.     The  "  star" 
in   Macroady,  who 
on  the  9th.    The 
Mr.  Macroady  in 
^der  as  the  (jhost, 
as  tlie  Kiiii).  Mr. 
the  Gnnr-ib'nijn. 
rs.  J.  M.  Field  a.< 
,"  the  farce  "  Art- 
Field  and  Mrs. 
the  reniaindor  ut' 
eared  as  NicluH'it. 
About  thii' time 
nd  his  sister  gave  a 
the  20th.  Ilaekett, 
ment,  appearing'  a^^ 
)n  the  17th  of  May 
J.  M.  Field,  wlio 
•«1  years,  Mr.  I'iuld 


having  associated  himself  with  his  brother,  M.  C. 
Field,  and  Col.  Charles  Keenile  in  establishing  the 
Reveille,  a  daily  newspaper,  in  St.  Louis.  Edwin 
Forrest,  between  whom  and  Maeready  there  was  a 
pronounced  and  bitter  rivalry,  followed  the  English 
actor  two  months  later,  appearing  at  the  St.  Louis 
Theatre  as  Richelieu  on  the  10th  of  June,  to  which 
succeeded  Metamorn,  Spartaciis,  Othello,  Richard 
III.,  Jack  Cade,  etc.  Herr  Alexander,  a  German 
magician,  who  had  given  a  series  of  four  enter- 
tainments at  the  theatre  immediately  after  Mr. 
Hackett'a  engagement,  appears  to  have  remained  in 
St.  Louis  some  weeks,  for  on  the  22d  he  announced 
an  exhibition  at  the  Concert  Hall.  On  the  24th 
Henry  Placide  began  an  engagement,  appearing  in 
his  famous  character  of  Graudfather  Whitehead. 
On  the  Fourth  of  July  the  first  day  performance  was 
sjiven,  and  Mr.  Ludlow,  in  his  "  Dramatic  Life  as  I 
Found  It,"  records  that,  "  Matinees  being  then  a  new 
thing  in  the  West,  some  of  the  company  refused  to 
play  on  this  occasion."  The  spring  season  closed  with 
the  performance  that  night,  and  the  fall  season  began 
on  the  26th  of  August  with  "  She  Stoops  to  Con- 
quer." 

During  the  summer  two  benefits  for  charitable  ob- 
jects wore  given,  one  on  the  21st  of  June,  in  aid  of 
the  sufierers  by  a  great  fire  in  New  Orleans,  and  the 
other  July  6th,  for  the  benefit  of  the  sufferers  by  the 
flood  at  St.  Louis.  Shortly  after  the  opening  of  the 
theatre  for  the  fall  season,  Mr.  Ludlow  went  to  Cin- 
cinnati to  take  the  place  uf  his  partner,  Mr.  Smith, 
who  was  ill,  and  left  the  St.  Louis  Theatre  in  charge 
of  J.  M.  Weston,  stage  manager,  George  Stanley, 
prompter,  and  A.  B.  Cook,  treasurer.  In  October  a 
new  play,  "  Mary  Tudor,"  translated  and  adapted  from 
the  French  by  Edmund  Flagg,  of  St.  Louis,  was  pro- 
duced with  success,  and  was  followed  by  "  The  Bride 
of  Abydos."  On  the  31st  of  October  a  now  lease  of 
the  theatre  for  three  years  from  the  proprietor,  George 
Collier,  was  eflFected  by  Messrs.  Ludlow  and  Smith, 
who  agreed  to  pay  him  two  thousand  dollars  per 
annum.  On  the  following  evening  (November  1st) 
Miss  Sylvia,  who  afterwards  became  leading  lady  at 
the  theatre,  made  her  debut  as  Ernestine  in  the  "  Loan 
of  11  Lover."  The  season  closed  on  the  2d  with  the 
benefit  of  N.  M.  Ludlow. 

The  season  of  1845  commenced  April  26tli.  It 
was  not  a  profitable  one,  owing,  perhaps,  to  the  finan- 
cial condition  of  the  country.  The  only  "stars" 
which  proved  attractive  were  J.  R.  Anderson  and  the 
Sejiuin  Opera  Troupe.  The  theatre  was  closed  from 
July  4th  to  September  Ist,  and  the  fall  season  closed 
in  October. 


The  "  Olympic  Arena"  and  New  York  Circus,  con- 
ducted by  Howes  &  Mabie,  arrived  in  St.  Louis 
about  September  25th,  and  gave  equestrian  per- 
formances. In  the  following  November,  M.  Korpony, 
a  dancing-master,  appeared  in  St.  Louis,  and  on  the 
22d  of  that  month  announced  that  he  was  prepared 
to  teach  the  polka,  which  he  claimed  to  have  intro- 
duced into  this  country,  and  other  dances.  He  added 
that,  "  if  adequately  encouraged,"  he  would  make  St. 
Louis  his  permanent  residence,  and  proposed  that  if 
four  hundred  families  or  young  gentlemen  subscribed 
by  the  year  he  would  undertake  to  teach  them  two 
lessons  a  week  throughout  the  year,  charging  for  such 
instruction  to  each  family  or  subscriber  twelve  dollars, 
and  reserving  to  himself  a  "  brief  time  in  each  year 
to  vi.sit  the  Eastern  cities  to  avail  himself  of  any  im- 
provements in  his  art."'  He  seems  to  have  met  with 
"adoqtiate  encouragement,"  for  in  October  of  the  fol- 
lowing year  we  find  that  he  had  rented  Odd-Fellows' 
Hall  for  a  series  of  years  and  fitted  it  up  for  dancing 
assemblies.  On  the  25th  of  November  (1845)  a 
soiree  musicalr  was  given  at  the  Planters'  House  by 
the  Orphean  Family,  who  among  other  airs  sang 
"  The  Pilgrim  Fathers,"  as  given  by  them  at  the 
Astor  House  festival  of  the  New  England  Pilgrim 
Society.  At  this  time  there  was  another  theatre  in 
St.  Louis,  the  Vaudeville  Theatre,  No.  24  Main 
Street,  between  Market  and  Walnut,  where,  under  the 
management  of  Madame  Louise  Thieleman,  Miss 
Young  had  a  benefit  on  the  26tli  of  November.  On 
the  10th  of  December  following  it  was  announced 
that  "  an  enterprising  gentleman"  had  leased  the  hall 
of  the  Mechanics'  Institute  and  Lyceum,  at  the  south- 
east corner  of  Third  and  Pine  Streets,  for  the  purpose 
of  giving  theatrical  exhibitions,  and  on  the  15th  the 
hall  was  opened  under  the  name  of  "  The  National 
Theatre."  Howes  &  Mabie  returned  with  their 
circus  in  March,  and  on  the  26th  of  that  month  an- 
nounced that  they  would  give  a  day  performance  on 
the  following  Saturday  at  the  Olympic  Arms,  at  the 
corner  of  Fourth  and  Locust  Streets. 

The  summer  season  of  1846  commenced  on  the 
25th  of  April,  with  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Charles  Keau  in 
the  "  Gamester."  On  the  following  Monday  they  ap- 
peared in  "  Much  Ado  About  Nothing,"  which  was 
succeeded  by  "  Macbeth,"  the  "  Merchant  of  Ven- 
ice," "  As  You  Like  It,"  "  The  Stranger,"  "  Hamlet," 
"The  Iron  Chest,"  "Lady  of  Lyons,"  "Romeo  and 
Juliet,"  "  Ion,"  and  other  plays.  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
Kcan  were  followed  by  the  Nun  Acrobat  Company, 
and  on  the  18th  of  May,  Miss  Mowatt's  comedy 
"  Fashion"  was  presented  for  the  firat  time  in  St. . 
liOuis,  and  on  the  following  night  a  benefit  was  given 


976 


HISTORY   OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


for  the  fund  of  the  Firemen's  AsBociation.  On  this 
occasion  Mr.  Farren  delivered  a  "  fireman's  address," 
and  N.  M.  Ludlow  appeared  as  Nipperken  in  the 
"Rival  Soldiers."  The  Swiss  Bell- Ringers  gave 
three  concerts  on  the  1st,  2d,  and  3d  of  June,  and 
James  E.  Murdoch  commenced  on  the  1st  an  engage- 
ment at  the  St.  Louis  Theatre,  in  the  course  of  which 
he  appeared  in  "  Hamlet,"  '•  Venice  Preserved," 
"  Othello,"  "  Macbeth,  '  "  Lady  of  Lyons,"  "  School 
for  Scandal,"  •' Pizarro,"  "Money,"  "  Romeo  and 
Juliet,"  and  a  number  of  other  plays.  James  Sils- 
bee,  the  delineator  of  Yankee  characters,  commenced 
an  engagement  on  the  13th  of  June,  appearing  in"  Yan- 
kee Land"  and  the  "  Forest  Rose,"  and  subsequently 
as  the  Yankee  peddler.  Sum  Slick,  and  other  kindred 
roles.  The  famous  tragedian,  J.  B.  Booth,  played  his 
first  engagement  in  St.  Louis  in  June,  1846,  arriving 
r-!  the  evening  of  the  17th.  He  appeared  on  the 
opening  night  in  "  The  Iron  Chest,"  and  subsequently 
in  "  A  New  Way  to  Pay  Old  Debts,"  "  Richard  III.," 
"  The  Apostate,"  "  Bertram,"  and  for  his  benefit  in 
John  Howard  Payne's  tragedy  of  "  Brutus,  or  the 
Fall  of  Tarquin."  The  theatre,  contrary  to  the  usual 
custom,  was  kept  open  during  August,  the  perform- 
ances being  given  by  the  stock  company  until  the 
27th,  when  Dan  Marble  commenced  a  series  of  Yan- 
kee delineatic.is.  He  was  followed  on  the  8th  of 
September  by  a  company  of  Sable  Harmonists,  who 
appeared  three  nights,  the  entertainment  being  pre- 
ceded by  a  play  rendered  by  the  stock  company.  On 
the  14th  of  September,  E.  S.  Connor  appeared  as 
Richelieu,  and  subsequently  in  a  number  of  other 
roles.  He  was  succeeded,  September  30th,  by  Miss 
Julia  Turnbull,  the  dancer.  On  the  8th  of  October 
Richard  F.  Russell  had  a  benefit,  and  on  this  occasion 
J.  M.  Field,  who  had  retired  from  the  stage,  appeared 
and  acted  on  this  and  subsequent  nights.  On  the 
13th  a  benefit  was  given  to  the  new  orphan  asylum, 
on  which  occasion  the  tragedy  of  "  George  Barnwell," 
and  a  drama,  "  The  Orphan,"  were  performed.  On  the 
following  night  Mr.  Murdoch  commenced  another 
engagement,  appearing  in  '•  Hamlet,"  and  subsequently 
in  a  new  drama,  "  Witchcraft,"  and  in  other  plays. 
He  was  followed  on  the  22d  by  a  company  of  gym- 
nasts, knonr.  .13  "  Bedouin  Arabs."  Mr.  and  Mrs. 
J.  W.  Wallack  opened  on  the  27th  with  "  Pizarro," 
to  which  succeeded  "  The  Hunchback,"  "  Love's  Sacri- 
fice," etc.  On  the  7th  of  November,  the  last  night 
of  the  season,  Sol  Smith  had  a  benefit,  on  which  oc- 
casion "  The  King  of  the  Commons"  and  the  "  Poor 
fciolJier"  were  produced. 

SigDor  Blitz,  the  famous  magician,  arrived  in  St. 
Louis  in  March,  1847*,  and  gave  the  first  of  u  series 


of  entertainments  on  the  22d.     The  summer  season 
of  1847  commenced  April  19th.     John  Collins  was 
the  first  "  star,"  and  began  with  "  The  Irish  Anibn;!- 
sador"  and  "  Born  to  Good  Luck."     The  next  "  star"' 
was  the  danseuse  Madame  Augusta,  who  appeared  (in 
Monday,  May  3d,  in  the  pantomime  "  La  Geselle,"  as- 
sisted by  Monsieur  Fredericks,  Charles  Parsloe,  and 
others.     On  the  17th  of  May,  Camillo  Livori,  the 
great  Italian  violinist,  gave  a  concert,  which  was  re- 
peated on  the  second  night.     Two  nights  later  .Air. 
Ludlow  appeared  for  the  first  time  that  season,  play- 
ing Young  Wilding  in    the    "  Liar."      Dan    Marble 
commenced  an  engagement  of  four  nights  on  the  olst, 
and  was  followed  June  4th  by  James  R.  Andersim, 
who  played  a  number  of  tragic  r6les,  and  on  the  14th 
by  Mrs.  Anna  Cora  Mowatt,  who  appeared  as  Pun- 
line  in   the  "  Lady  of  Lyons,"  supported  by  E.  L. 
Davenport  as  ('laude  Mclnotfe.     Mrs.  Mowatt's  en- 
gagement lasted  for  twelve  nights,  during  which  A\e 
played  Juliet,  Julia  in  "  The  Hunchback,"  Jieulrlce 
in  "  Much  Ado  About  Nothing,"  Mrs.  Hulle.r,  Lm, 
Rosalind,  and  other  standard  characters.     On   the 
29th  of  June,  Miss  Mary  Taylor  and  W.  H.  Chippen- 
dale appeared  in  the  comedy  "  Naval  Engugeuientji," 
and  subsequently  in  "  London  Assurance,"  "  A  Roland 
for  an  Oliver,"  and  other  plays.     Miss  Julia  Dean 
followed    on   the    19th  of  July  as  Julia   in   "The 
Hunchback,"    and   played    an    engagement  of   ten 
nights,  appearing  as  Evadnc,  Ion,  Margaret  Elmore 
in  "  Love's  Sacrifice,"  the  Countess  in  "Love,"  Mrs. 
Oakley     in     "The     Jealous     Wife,"    Jiianca    in 
"Fazio,"  Marianna  in  "The    Wife,"  and,   on   the 
occasion  of  her  benefit,  as  Juliet.     N.   B.  Clarke,  a 
member  of  the  stock  company,  had  a  benefit  on  the 
30th  of  July,  and  appeared  for  the  last  time  on  the 
St.  Louis  stage.     Madame  Ciocca,  a  dancer,  awisteJ 
by  Signer  Murra,  began  an  engagement  on  the  16th 
of  August,  and  was  followed  (August  2Gth)  by  Mrs. 
Henry  Lewis  and  her  husband  and  daughter,  "  La 
Petite    Bertha,"  who    played  a  brief    engagement. 
During  the  absence  of  the  regular  company  in  the 
South  the  theatre  was  leased  (August  27th)  by  the 
owner  and  manager  of  the  Cincinnati  Aihenicuiii,  for 
the  purpose  of  giving  equestrian  performances.     Miss 
Dean  returned  to  St.  Louis  in  September,  appearin;; 
on  the  3d  as  Evadne,  aud  afterwards  in  a  scries  of 
characters  with  which  her  name  had  become  identi- 
fied.    Her  benefit  occurred  on  the  10th,  when  she 
appeared  as  Mrs.  llaller  in  "  The  Stranger,"  and  as 
Widow  Cheerly  in  "  The  Soldier's  Daughter."    Mrs, 
Louisa  Hunt  commenced  an  engagement  of  thirteen 
nights  on  Monday  evening,  Sept.  13,  1847,  appearing 
as  Conttance  iu  "  The  Love  Chase,"  and  as  Joteph 


% 
V 


AMUSEMENTS. 


977 


in  "  The  Young  Scamp."     On  the  subsequent  nights 
she  played  Ion,  liosalitii/,  the  Widow  Brady,  Donna 
Olivia,  Isabella,  Fortunio,  and  other  parts.     Or.  her 
last  and  benefit  night  she  played  Pauline  in  "  The 
Lady  of  Lyons."     Dan  Marble  followed  Mrs.  Hunt, 
and  played  eleven  nights.     Among  the  benefits  given 
to  different  members  of  the  company  about  this  time 
was  that  of  Mrs.  Russell,  Sr.  (October  4th),  who  was 
then  very  popular  in  St.  Lo-iis.     On  the  14th,  A. 
Singer  made  his  dihut  as  uu  actor  in  the  role  of  Caricvi 
in  John  Howard  Payne's  ''  Ther6so,  the  Orphan  of 
Geneva."      A    week    later    (October    20th)    Mile. 
Dimier,  a  French  dancer,  assisted  by  Mile.  Fanny 
Mautin,   Monsieur  Schmidt,  Mr.  Charles,  and  Miss 
Kennerly,  began  an  engagement  which  lasted  eight 
nights,  afler  which  J.  H.  Hackett  returned  and  ap- 
peared in  his  familiar  impersonation  of  Fahtaff  and 
in   other  roles.     The  most  prominent  event  of  the 
season  was  the  remarkable   success  of  the  Viennese 
children,  under  the  direction  of  Madame  Josephine 
Weiss.     The  children,  forty-eight  in  number,  were  ; 
very  graceful  dancers,  and  played  ten  nights  in  St.  ; 
Louis  to  large  audience!',  ccmmencing  November  5th 
and  concluding  November  16tl',  their  last  perform-  \ 
ancc  terminatitig  the  summer  »  ason  at  the  St.  Louis 
Theatre. 

The  season  of  1848  did  net  commence  until  the 
f<ccond  week  in  April,  and  during  the  interval  the 
Orphean  family  (about  the  1st  of  March)  gave 
three  concerts.  Dan  Rice  &  Co.'s  circus  exhibited  in 
St.  Louis,  giving  the  last  p'jrformance  on  the  27  th  of 
May,  and  Madame  Anna  Bishop  arrived  on  the  6th 
of  June,  accompanied  by  her  early  tutor.  Monsieur 
Boschea,  wh  )  was  a  perfoimer  on  the  harp,  and  gave  a 
concert  at  the  Planters'  House.  At  the  St.  Louis 
Theatre  the  season  was  inaugurated  early  in  April 
by  the  Viennese  children,  who  were  followed  by  Miss 
Julia  Dean,  Mrs.  Farren,  Mr.  Wiuchell,  Mrs.  Louisa 
Hunt,  George  W.  Jameson,  John  li.  Scott,  George 
Hill,  Charles  Dibdin  Pitt,  J.  B.  Booth,  who  played 
an  engagement  about  the  middle  of  October,  and 
Madame  Augusta,  whose  engagement  closed  the  sea- 
son November  11th.  In  the  spring  of  1849,  Dan 
Marble  played  his  last  engagement  in  St.  Louis,  and 
soon  after  died  of  cholera  in  Louisville. 

For  the  season  of  1850  the  first  persons  an- 
nounced as  "stars"  were  C.  A.  Logan  and  his 
daughter  Eliza,  who  were  followed  by  Mr.  Hudson, 
James  E.  Murdoch,  the  Manvers  Opera  Troupe,  C.  D. 
Pitt,  Ben  Do  Bar,  Mrs.  Farren,  Julia  Dean,  Charles 
Burke,  and  the  Bateman  children.  On  the  10th  of 
October,  Mrs.  Chapman  had  a  benefit.  Lectures  ap- 
pear to  have  been  a  popular  form  of  entertainment  in 
62 


St.  Louis  about  this  time.  On  the  2lst  of  November 
the  Rev.  W.  G.  Elliot  delivered  the  second  of  a 
series  of  lectures  in  Wyman's  Hall,  before  the  Mercan- 
tile Library  Association,  "  Rome"  being  the  subject.  A 
few  evenings  before  the  first  lecture  had  been  delivered 
by  Col.  Benton.  The  ninth  and  last  lecture  rus  de- 
livered on  the  22d  of  December,  at  the  same  place, 
by  Rev.  Father  Smarius,  a  professor  in  the  St.  Louis 
University. 

Bates'  Theatre. — On  the  9th  of  January,  1851, 
a  new  theatre,  known  as  Bates'  Theatre,  situated  on 
Pine  Street  near  Fourth,  was  opened  by  John  Bates, 
the  play  being  the  "  Honeymoon,"  with  the  Ray- 
monds, Mr.  Fleming,  Miss  Maywood,  and  others  in 
the  east.  Before  the  play  Mr.  Fleming  delivered  the 
opening  address,  which  was  written  by  Edmund  Flagg, 
of  St.  Louis.  The  movement  for  the  erection  of  the 
theatre  began  about  May,  1848,  and  was  prosecuted 
vigorously  by  Mr.  Bates,  who  already  owned  a  theatre 
in  Cincinnati.  The  building,  which  was  eighty-four 
by  one  hundred  and  thirty-one  feet,  was  erected  on 
the  north  side  of  Pine  Street,  about  midway  between 
Third  and  Fourth  Streets.  The  manager  was  Mr. 
Bates'  son,  James  W.  Bates,  and  the  stage  manager, 
R.  Malone  Raymond.  J.  W.  Bates  continued  to 
manage  the  theatre  until  his  death  on  the  11th  of 
February,  1853,  from  the  effects  of  an  accidental  fall 
on  the  pavement.  Jlr.  Bates,  who  was  about  thirty, 
five  years  of  age,  was  his  father's  only  son,  and  had 
assisted  his  father  in  the  management  of  theatres  at 
Cincinnati  and  Louisville.  Shortly  after  his  death  his 
father  relinquished  the  management  of  the  theatre  in 
St.  Louis,  which  he  finally  sold.  Among  the  actors 
who  appeared  at  the  theatre  were  Charlotte  Cushman, 
J.  Wilkes  Booth,  Maggie  Mitchell,  who  made  her 
first  appearance  as  Fanchon  there  ;  J.  K.  Emmet, 
Thomas  Connor,  Ristori,  James  Anderson,  the  Eng- 
lish tragedian ;  Charles  Matthews,  Edwin  Adams, 
James  E.  Murdoch,  Charles  Kean  and  Ellen  Tree, 
Madame  Celeste,  James  Wallack,  Rogers  and  Shelly, 
G.  V.  Brooks  and  his  wife,  Avonia  Jones,  daughter 
of  the  eccentric  Count  Johannes ;  James  Wallack, 
Jr.,  E.  L.  Davenport,  the  Raven  family,  and  many 
others. 

Among  the  vocalists  who  sang  at  the  thctre  were 
Madame  Nilsson,  Pauline  Lucca,  Parepa  Rosa,  and 
Louisa  Pyne.  Miss  Blanche  Dc  Bar  made  her  dihiU 
there  as  Miss  Hardcastle  in  "  She  Stoops  to  Conquer," 
and  Ben  De  Bar  and  Mark  Smith  often  appeared  on 
the  stage  together.  It  was  on  the  same  stage  that 
William  J.  Florence  and  Barney  Williams  secured 
their  first  successes  in  the  West,  and  Lotta  her  first 
"  hit"  east  of  the  Pacific  Slope.    What  came  very  nea 


! 


978 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


being  a  terrible  catastrophe  occurred  in  Bates'  Theatre 
in  1853,  while  the  famous  Ravel  family  were  playing 
an  engagement.  After  the  theatre  was  closed  and 
locked  up  the  ceiling  fell  with  a  terrible  crash.  Had 
there  been  an  audience  present  many  lives  would  have 
been  lost. 

Ben  De  Bar  became  manager  of  the  theatre  in 
1856,  having  purchased  it  from  Mr.  Bates  for  fifty- 
six  thou.sand  dollars,  and  its  name  was  changed  to  the 
St.  Louis  Theatre,  and  in  1860  to  "  De  Bar's  Theatre." 
Adah  Isaacs  Menken  made  her  last  appearance  in 
Mazeppn  in  St.  Louis  at  De  Bar's.  The  theatre  was 
the  scene  of  two  murders, — the  killing  of  Mabel  Hall, 
a  ballet-dancer,  by  Edgar  Moore,  and  the  murder  com- 
mitted by  William  Wieners.  About  1874  the  prop- 
erty was  leased  to  William  Mitchell,  who  changed  the 
name  to  "Theatre  Comique."  Ben  De  Bar  died  in 
the  summer  of  1877,  leaving  the  property  as  a  part 
of  his  estate,  and  appointed  John  G.  Priest  as  ex- 
ecutor of  his  will.  Some  time  prior  to  his  death  Mr. 
De  Bur  gave  a  deed  of  trust  on  the  property,  and  under 
this  deed  of  trust  it  was  sold  to  George  Fales  and 
Alfred  G.  Baker,  of  Philadelphia. 

Mr.  Mitchell  leased  the  theatre  fo*-  six  years,  and 
during  the  latter  portion  of  that  period  the  manager 
was  William  H.  Smith.  The  building  was  destroyed 
by  fire  on  the  9th  of  December,  1880. 

On  the  2d  of  March,  1851,  a  number  of  gentlemen 
signed  a  letter  to  P.  T.  Barnum,  requesting  him  to  de- 
liver a  temperance  lecture.  Following  are  the  names 
of  the  signers:  L.  M.  Kennett,  Louis  A.  Labeaume, 
Alexander  J.  P.  Garesche,  J.  B.  Colt,  N.  J.  Eaton, 
W.  M.  McPherson,  George  Maguire,  Thomas  Harney, 
F.  A.  Dick,  Benjamin  Farrar,  R.  J.  Adams,  Samuel 
Copp,  Jr.,  John  Hogan,  J.  B.  Crockett,  Charles 
A.  Drake,  J.  H.  Alexander,  Wayman  Crow,  John 
Simonds,  IL  D.  Bacon,  Robert  K.  Woods,  J.  E.  Wood- 
ruff, and  R.  M.  Henning.  Mr.  Barnum  accepted  the 
invitation,  and  Messrs.  Ludlow  &  Smith  having  ten- 
dered hini  the  use  of  their  theatre  for  the  occasion, 
the  lecture  was  delivered  there.  An  admission  fee  of 
ten  cents  was  charged,  and  the  proceeds  given  to  the 
orphan  asylum. 

Mr.  Barnum  was  the  agent  for  the  famous  singer, 
Jenny   Lind,  who  arrived  in  St.  Louis  in  March, 
1851,  and  gave  her  first  concert  at  Wyman's  Hall  on 
the  18th  of  that  month.     The  conductor  was  Julius  i 
Benedict,  and  the  orchestra  was  led  by  Joseph  Burke,  j 

The  price  of  admission  was  fixed  at  five  dollars  to 
all  parts  of  the  hall,  and  the  seats  were  sold  at  auction. 
Ten  cent«  for  admission  to  the  auction-rooms  being 
charged,  the  sum  realized  from  auction-room  admis-  | 
sions  was  handed  to  the  mayor  to  be  applied  to  ehari-  I 


table  pnrposeLi.  The  second  concert  took  place  March 
20th,  and  "  Casta  Diva,"  gems  from  "  Norma,"  and 
the  "  Bird  Song"  were  among  the  selections  rendered. 
She  was  assisted  by  Signer  Belletti,  baritone.  On 
the  following  day  P.  T.  Barnum  delivered  another 
temperance  lecture  at  the  theatre,  and  on  the  L'lM 
Mile.  Jenny  Lind  gave  a  third  concert. 

The  streets  in  the  vicinity  of  the  hall  were  thron<'ed 
with  people,  and  many  persons  gathered  at  open  win. 
dows  and  even  on  the  roofs  of  houses  to  catch  the 
dulcet  strains  <     the  singer's  voice.     Miss  Lind  w,i.s 
presented  on  the  24th  of  March  with  a  certific.iie  of 
membership  in  the  Polyhymnian  Society.  Mr.  Haven 
president  of   the  society,  presented   the   certificate 
which    was   enveloped   in    two   small  and  beautiful 
satin  flags,  the  one  American  and  the  other  Swedish. 
Mi.ss  Lind  thanked  them  for  their  serenade  of  the 
previous  evening,  and  solicited  from  them  a  concert 
in  order  that  she   might  hear  their  full  orchestra. 
The  society  complied  with  her  request,  and  gave  a 
concert  at  which    Miss  Lind  was  present,  accompa- 
nied by  Messrs.  Benedict  and  Belletti.     Two  davs 
later  Gen.   Tom   Thumb  arrived  in  St.  Louis,  and 
prepared  to  hold  "  levees"   at   Wyman's  Hall,     On 
the  night  of  March  26th,  Jenny  Lind  gave  her  last 
concert,  and  on  the  morning  of  the  27th,  Hon,  L.  y\. 
Kennett,  mayor  of  the  city,  received  through  L.  C. 
Stuart  the  sum  of  $2000  from  Miss  Lind  and  Mr. 
Barnum,  for  the  following  charitable  purposes :  Or- 
phans'   Home,   8250;    Protestant   Orphan  Asylum, 
8250  ;  Catholic  Male  Orphan  Asylum,  $250  ;  German 
Ladies'  Benevolent  Association,  $250 ;   and  for  the 
relief  of  distressed   emigrants  of  every  nationalitv, 
81000. 

On  the  27th  of  May,  1851,  Elliott  R.  Graliani, 
who  was  to  have  filled  an  engagement  at  Bates'  The- 
atre, died  at  the  American  Hotel.  About  tlii.s  time 
Miss  Charlotte  Cushman  played  at  Bates'  Theatre,  for 
the  first  time  in  St.  Louis,  and  on  the  2d  (if  June, 
Miss  Davenport  commenced  an  engagement  at  the 
St.  Louis  Theatre,  appearing  as  Julia  in  the  "  Hunch- 
back." The  summer  season  of  1851  was  the  last 
season  under  the  management  of  Ludlow  &  Smith 
at  the  St.  Louis  Theatre.  It  commenced  earlv  in 
May,  and  embraced  the  following  attractions :  Mile. 
Frank  ballet  troupe,  the  Bateman  children,  C.  Burke, 
Mr.  Collins,  Mrs.  Farren,  Miss  Davenport,  and 
Messrs.  Macallister  and  De  Bar.  The  season  termi- 
nated in  July,  and  soon  after  the  properly  was  sold 
by  its  owner,  George  Collier,  to  the  United  States 
government,  and  a  custom-house  and  post-ufiice  were 
erected  on  the  site.  On  the  10th  of  July  the  mem- 
bers of  the  stock  company  tendered  Messrs.  Ludlow 


AMUSEMENTS. 


079 


ok  place  March 
"  Norma,"  iuid 
jtions  rendered. 

baritone.  On 
livered  nnotlier 
,d  on  the  22d, 
t. 

11  were  thronged 
:ed  at  open  win- 
icn  to  ciitcli  tlie 

Miss  Lind  was 
h  a  certificate  of 
ety.  Mr.  Haven, 

the  certificate, 
11  and  beautiful 
le  other  Swedish. 

serenade  of  the 
1  them  a  concert 
ir  full  orchestra, 
uest,  and  gave  a 
present,  accoinpa- 
lletti.     Two  days 
n   St.  Louis,  and 
man's  Hall.    Dii 
lind  gave  her  last 
27th,  Hon.  L.  M. 
ed  through  L.  C. 
iss  Lind  and  Mr. 
ble  purposes;  Or- 

Orphan   Asylum, 

ra,  $250  ;  German 
2,i() ;    and  for  the 

every  nationality, 

lliott  II.  Graham, 
jut  at  Bates'  Tlic- 
About  this  lime 
Jfiates'  Theatre,  for 
In  the  2d  of  June, 
Ingagement  at  the 
yia  in  the  '•  Hunch- 
.851  was  the  last 
Ludlow  &  Smith 
Immcnced  early  in 
attractions:  Mile. 
shildren,  C.  Burke, 
Davenport,  and 
I  The  season  ternii- 
property  was  sold 
Jtho  United  States 
Ind  post-ofiice  were 
of  July  the  mem- 
Id  Messrs.  Ludlow 


&  Smith  a  complimentary  benefit  prior  to  their  re- 
tirement from  the  business  in  St.  Louis. 

"  Female  pedestrianism"  was  not  unknown  at  the  j 
West  even  at  this  relatively  early  day,  for  in  October,  ! 
1851,  we  find  that  a  Miss  Cushman  had  undertaken  | 
the  feat  of  walking  five  hundred  miles  in  five  hun-  j 
drcd  consecutive  hours.  She  was  described  as  being  i 
"  a  graceful  as  well  as  a  rapid  walker,"  and  while  on  | 
duty  was  dressed  in  full  "  Bloomer"  costume,  consist-  [ 
ing  of  pink  silk  dress,  pink  trousers,  and  bonnet 
iiiiiimed  with  cherry-colored  ribbon.  Large  crowds,  | 
we  are  told,  were  attracted  "  by  this  novel  spectacle." 

Orand  Opera-Honse. — On  the  1 5th  of  September,  ' 
1851,  the  old  St.  Louis  Theatre  was  reopened  for  a 
brief  period  by  J.  M.  Field,  with  a  company  from  ; 
the  Varieties  Theatre,  New  Orleans,  then  under  the  ; 
management  of  Thomas  Placide,  which  included  W.  i 
H.  Chippendale,  George  Holland,  Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  : 
M.  Field,  and  others.     As  the  St.  Louis  Theatre  was  [ 
about  to  be  torn  down,  Mr.  Field  had  already  deter-  j 
mined  to  procure  the  erection  of  another  theatre,  and  ! 
on  the  2d  of  May,  1851,  had  published  an  announce-  ' 
ment  of  his  sclicnie,  in  which  he  proposed  that  the  the-  ' 
atre  be  built  by  sub,scription,  and  that  certain  privileges  I 
be  extended  to  the  stockholders,  among  them  being  a 
free  admission  to  the  theatre,  "  the  accommodation  of 
a  reserved  portion  of  the  front  of  the  house,  box,  or 
parquet,"  the  use  of  "  an  elegant   saloon  or   club- 
room,"  and  the  right  to  sell  their  stock  should  they 
desire  to  do  so.    Mr,  Field  also  proposed  to  repay  the 
amount  of  the  capital  stock  to  the  holders  in  ten  an- 
nual installments,  with   the  understanding  that  the 
annual  payments  should  constitute  a  fund  with  inter- 
est accumulating  for  ten   years,  which  fund  should 
stand  as  an  insurance  upon  the  building,  to  be  drawn 
upon  in  case  of  fire,  in  which  event  a  renewal  of  the 
ten  years'  contract  was  to  be  permitted. 

At  the  end  of  the  ten  years  the  capital  stock,  with 
the  accumulated  interest,  was  to  be  divided  among 
the  subscribers,  and  the  property  was  to  belong  to  Mr. 
Field.  It  was  proposed,  also,  to  so  construct  the  thea- 
tre as  to  permit  its  conversion,  by  raising  the  flooring 
of  the  parquet  to  a  level  with  the  stage,  into  a  ball- 
room, the  stockholders  to  have  the  right  to  avail  them- 
selves of  its  use  for  dancing  assemblies  once  in  every 
month.  The  project  was  taken  up  by  the  Varieties 
Dramatic  Association,  an  organization  that  had  its 
beginning  in  a  social  club.  The  first  formal  meeting 
of  the  Varieties  Dramatic  Association  was  held  June 
10,  1851,  at  the  Planters'  House.  There  were  pres- 
ent Messrs.  C.  P.  Chouteau,  Sanford  J.  Smith,  B.  W. 
Alexander,  Peter  Brooks,  and  J.  M.  Field.  Mr. 
Chouteau  was  elected  president  of  the  association, 


Mr.  Smith  vice-president,  and  Mr.  Anderson  secre- 
tary and  treasurer.  The  erection  of  the  theatre  hav- 
ing previously  been  agreed  upon,  a  building  nommittee 
was  appointed,  to  consist  of  Messrs.  Chouteau,  Field, 
and  Alexander,  and  resolutions  were  adopted  appoint- 
ing George  L  Barnett  the  architect  of  the  new  thea- 
tre and  calling  for  the  payment  of  subscriptions  as  fol- 
lows: Twenty  pev  cent,  on  August  15lli  of  that  year, 
twenty  per  cent,  on  September  15th,  twenty  per  cent, 
on  October  15th,  twenty  per  cent,  on  Jan.  1, 1852,  and 
twenty  per  cent,  on  March  1,  1852.  C.  P.  Chouteau 
was  chairman  of  the  Planters'  House  meeting,  and 
J.  M.  Field  secretary.  Treasurer  Anderson  at  once 
issued  orders  for  the  payment  of  one  hundred  dollars 
on  each  subscription  on  the  dates  designated,  which 
showed  that  the  amount  of  a  single  subscription  was 
five  hundred  dollars.  The  articles  of  the  association 
adopted  by  these  gentlemen  set  forth  that  the  stock 
of  the  as,sociation  was  to  be  twenty-five  thousand  dol- 
lars, in  shares  of  five  hundred  dollars  each. 

A  lot  on  the  south  side  of  Market  Street,  between 
Fifth  and  Sixth  Streets,  was  leased  from  T.  S.  Ruth- 
erford for  thirty  years,  as  the  site  of  the  new  theatre, 
which  was  to  be  known  as  the  "  Varieties  Theatre." 
The  lot  had  a  frontage  of  seventy-two  and  a  half  feet, 
and  a  depth  of  one  hundred  and  thirty-eight  feet,  and 
on  it  was  erected  a  handsome  building,  "  with  many 
novel  and  important  improvements  adopted  from  the 
designs  of  Barthelcmy's  Theatre,  lately  erected  in 
Paris  and  now  attracting  wide  attention  in  Europe." 
The  corner-stone  was  laid  on  the  18th  of  August,  1851, 
by  Sol  Smith,  "  the  oldest  man  of  the  theatrical  profes- 
sion in  St.  Louis,"  the  orator  of  the  occasion  being 
Uriel  Wright.  The  following  articles  were  deposited 
in  the  corner-stone : 

j       A  copy  of  several  morning  city  papers,  both  English  and 
Oernmn. 

A  full  account,  from  the  Mimouri  llepuhlican,  of  tlie  Paci6o 
:   Ruilroad  celebrntion. 

A  memoir  of  the  association  concerned  in  the  theatre  enter- 
pri.xe,  with  the  names  of  the  subscribers,  officers,  and  architect, 
'  and  the  city  otfioors. 

\       Daguerreotype  liltenesscs  of  Uriel  Wright,  orator  of  the  day, 
I  and  J.  M.  Field,  manager. 

I       Lithograph  of  the  St.  Charles  Theatre,  New  Orleans,  with 
I  portraits  of  its  managers,  Sol  Smith  and  N.  M.  Ludlow. 

A  proof  copy  of  Mr.  Wright's  speech,  and  the  various  Amer- 
'  ican  coins  of  the  year  1851. 

I  The  theatre,  which  was  known  as  the  Varieties 
i  Theatre,  opened  with  a  performance  by  a  good  stock 
!  company,  under  the  management  of  J.  M.  Field,  on 
the  10th  of  May,  1852.  The  first  piece  on  this 
occasion  was  a  prelude  entitled  "  You  Can't  Open," 
written  by  Edward  W.  Shands,  of  St.  Louis,  which 
was  followed  by  the  comedy  "  When  There's  a  Will 


U8U 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


There's  u  Way,"  in  which  Mr.  and  Mrs.  J.  M.  Field 
pluyed  tlie  lending  parts,  assisted  by  C.  L.  Stone  and 
MissM.  A.  Hill.  After  the  comedy  Madame  Cioccii, 
Mile.  Baron,  Mens.  Espinosa,  and  others  executed  a 
number  of  donees,  and  the  entertainment  concluded 
with  the  farce  "  The  Good  for  Nothin;;,"  willi  Annie 
Lonsdale  (her  first  appearance  in  St.  Louis)  as  JVr»« 
the  Good  fur  Nothing,  supported  by  W.  H.  Chippen- 
dale. Mr.  Field  oflFored  seventy-five  dollars  for  tlio 
first  and  fifty  dollars  for  the  second  best  poem  to  be 
delivered  as  the  opening  address,  which  "  must  be 
written  by  a  citizen  of  St.  Louis  and  presented  by 
the  30th  instant ;"  but  whether  a  prize  was  awarded 
to  any  other  competitor  than  Mr.  Shanda  does  not 
appear.  The  new  theatre  was  u  handsome  building, 
finely  decorated  and  furnished,  but  Mr.  Ludlow  tells 
us '  "  not  so  largo  and  comfortable  for  a  summer 
theatre  as  the  St.  Louis  Theatre."  The  season,  which 
terminated  on  the  13th  of  June,  1852,  was  not  re- 
munerative to  51  r.  Field,  who  retired  a  year  later. 

The  theatre  remained  closed  for  two  years,  after 
which  Dr.  Henry  Boernstein,  a  prominent  journalist 
of  St.  Louis,  opened  it  with  a  German  theatre  com- 
pany. Ho  failed  after  a  brief  season,  and  it  was 
again  closed.' 

For  a  time  the  building  was  used  us  a  club-house, 
and  in  )8C5,  Messrs.  George  Deagle  and  George  D. 
Martin  took  the  house  and  restored  its  name.  Varieties 
Theatre.  After  several  successful  seasons  under  their 
management,  it  fell  into  the  bunds  of  A.  B.  Wake- 
field and  Stilsou  Hutchins.  The  name  was  then 
changed  to  Wakefield's  Opera-House.  The  theatre 
was  remodeled,  and  the  opening  performance  was  given 
in  the  fall  of  1872.  A  year  later  Ben  De  Bar  took 
possession,  and  it  was  thereafter  known  as  De  Bar's 
Opera-House.' 


'  "Drnmntio  Lifo  na  1  Found  It,"  by  N.  M.  Ludlow,  p.  717. 

'  Ale.Tnndor  Pfvifier,  the  Gormnn  trngedian,  died  in  St.  Louia 
on  the  13th  uf  Se|iteinber,  1S66,  iit  the  age  of  sixty-one  ycarr. 
Ho  nns  nn  actor  of  extensive  reputation  nnd  bigli  runk  in 
Germany,  but  a  diflcrcnce  with  the  manager  of  the  theatre  at 
Mannheim,  Iladen,  growing  out  of  the  expression  of  liberal 
political  views  by  Mr.  I'lViflcr,  determined  him  to  emigrate  to 
this  country,  which  he  did  in  1851.  At  Cincinnati,  Chicago, 
and  St.  Louis  ho  played  very  successful  engagement.",  appear- 
ing as  JIamlet,  William  Tell,  Don  Carlm,  Charles  ile  Moor, 
SarcinHc,  Faunt,  Kiitij  Lear,  and  other  characters.  He  made 
St.  Louis  his  home,  and  during  the  remainder  of  his  life  wan  a 
prominent  and  useful  member  of  the  euuimunity, 

•  Ronedict,  or,  as  ho  was  generally  known,  lien  De  Bar,  was 
born  in  Chancery  Lane,  London,  on  the  5th  of  November,  1.S12, 
and  died  on  the  28th  of  August,  1877.  His  father  wa$  at  that 
time  a  book-keeper  in  tlio  Bank  of  England,  but  afterwards  be- 
oauie  business  manager  and  a'gent  fur  an  Irish  nobleman,  whose 
estates  lay  in  County  Down,  Ireland,  The  family  removed  to 
a  little  town  named  Hillsboru',  in  that  county,  where,  in  1826, 


In  1875,  John  W.  Norton  became  buHincss  inun- 
ager  for  De  Bar,  and  sinuo  the  comedian's  dcutli  luis 
been  the  sole  manager.  The  new  Grand  Opera- 
House  was  built  by  Pierre  Chouteau.    The  last  per- 

the  elder  De  Bar  died,  leaving  the  family,  con.'iisling  ni  i||« 
widow  and  two  chiMren,  illy  provided  for.  Bin  remaiiji.l  \\ 
school  until  his  twelfth  year,  a  few  inontha  al'ti'r  his  tuiliti'a 
death,  when  he  was  placed  in  a  grocery-store  in  order  tn  Icinii 
the  business.  The  occupation  proved  very  dista-tcl'iil  tn  him 
and  he  ."oun  after  ran  away  and  ji'ined  a  theatrical  coinimnv 
lie  subsequently  entered  an  attorney's  uflice,  with  the  licn  of 
becoming  a  lawyer,  but  finally,  his  mother  realizing  thai  hi>  in- 
elinatlon  for  I  lie  stage  was  as  strong  an  over,  determined  In  iicr- 
luit  him  to  become  an  actor.  Ben  thereupon  proceeded  to  l.oii- 
don,  and  obtained  a  situation  as  a  ballet-dancer  in  a  uiinur 
theatre,  where  he  made  the  ac(|uaintanee  of  Mr.  Corri,  wlii>bo- 
eame  noted  in  after-years  as  a  ballet-master,  and  was  treasurer 
for  Mr.  De  Bar  at  Hates',  then  known  us  the  ,St.  Louis  Tlnatri!. 

In  1832,  Ben  De  Bar  made  his  first  appearance  as  apliivirut 
the  Theatre  Uoyal,  Margate.  Kent,  Kngland,  under  tlie  iiiana"c 
mcnt  of  Faucet  Savillc,  taking  llie  part  of  the  page  in  llii'  laioo 
of  "The  I'ngo  and  the  Purse."  His  first  engiigeiiienl  »a-  as 
"general  utility,"  and  afterwards  "walking  geritliuian."  .\ 
year  later  ho  w.is  called  on  unexpectedly  to  take  the  pari  of 
leading  man,  and  acquitted  himself  so  salislaetorily  thai  iiij 
salary  was  increased  from  $3.25  to  $3.75  a  week.  I'min  ihe 
Theatre  Royal  he  went  to  the  Victoria  Theatre,  then  iiuina^'oil 
by  Henry  Wulliick,  where  he  remnined  iinlil  llic  spring  iif  ls;!j. 
In  that  year  James  H.  t'aldwell  had  finished  biiililiiig  iho  St. 
Charles  Theatre  in  New  Orleans,  and  accoinpniiicd  his  a;;('nt, 
Ki'iiiiet,  to  England  to  secure  actors  for  the  opening  on  N'ovi'iri. 
ber  3(Hh  of  that  year.  Among  those  he  engageil  was  lion  lio 
Bar.  who  wos  to  receive  a  salary  of  fifteen  dollars  per  witli, 
which  was  a  large  advance  on  what  he  was  then  getliug,  liuu 
accordingly  eame  to  America,  bringing  with  him  his  uioihcr 
and  his  sister,  who  afterwards  married  .Tunius  liruliis  I'ooih, 
.fr.,  and  became  the  mother  of  Blanche  Do  Bar  lloolli,  hiii 
who  is  known  on  the  stage  as  Blanche  Do  Bar. 

On  board  the  vessel  in  which  Caldwell  and  De  Iiarcro»ii|  Ihe 
ocean  were  o  number  of  theatrical  celebrities,  among  tliiin  Mis.* 
Charlotte  Cushman,  Mrs.  Conell,  Mrs,  Macder  (foruiorly  Mis* 
Clara  Fisher),  the  Madeira  prodigy,  who  was  the  first  hi  play 
protean  parts:  Mr.  Latham,  the  celebrated  singer,  ami  .Mr, 
Finn. 

On  the  opening  night  uf  the  St.  Charles  Theatre.  Ilea  Hn 
Bar  appeared  as  .ViV  Heiijamin  Uarkbile  in  the  "Selioul  for 
Scandal."  ,\s  his  agreement  with  Mr.  t'aldwell  was  Ihat  ho 
should  play  anything  that  he  was  east  for,  he  had  fittoil  himself 
for  a  great  variety  of  rdlet.  At  that  time  he  was  a  good  look- 
ing young  man  "with  a  healthy  English  face,"  slim  and  iiilic. 
and  expert  at  broadsword  exercise.  As  fitrapailo,  a  ilniiikon 
corporal,  in  "  The  Dumb  tiirl  of  tienon,"  he  made  a  ^fai  liit, 
the  principal  feature  of  the  rSle  being  asnord  combat  willi  livo 
antagonists.  In  1837  he  appeared  in  Now  York,  at  ihcolil  Xa- 
tional  Theatre,  on  Leonard  and  Church  Streets,  as  Frnulc  Friiki/. 
Here  he  made  the  acquaintance  of  Mrs.  Muria  Conduit,  an  Kii^'- 
lish  opera-singer,  who  was  then  a  widow,  and  in  a  slmrl  liiiio 
was  married  to  her.  During  the  following  year  (ISoS)  ho 
played  at  the  old  St.  Louis  Theatre,  being  "second  coiiioJj 
man"  in  the  company  of  Ludlow  i,  Smith.  From  St.  bonis 
he  went  to  Louisville,  Cincinnati,  and  Nashville.  AllhcoiiJ 
of  his  Nashville  engagement  ho  procured  a  flat-lioat  for  Iho 
transportation  of  himself  and  company,  which  was  pro|iellcd 
by  rowing  down  the  Cumberland  Rivor,  a  distance  of  ;orcral 


AMUSKMKNTS. 


1)81 


rles  Thcntre,  lion  IIp 

'e.  in  tlie  "Solioiil  for 

OulllWt'U  WI13  tliiit  li» 

r,  he  hnil  fiUcl  himself 

(!  he  W113  a  good-look- 

fiicc,"  Bliiii  anil  li'lio, 

Sliapniln,  n  ilninkcn 

ho  iniulo  a  groal  hit, 

iword  coinhnt  with  l«o 

iw  Yurk,  nt  the  old  Na- 

,rcct:i,  as  Ffniik  f n'lJ'j/. 

uriii  Conduit,  nti  Ens- 

■,  and  in  a  short  time 

Dwlng  year  (1?3S)  ho 

eiiig  "  second  comcilj 

nith.     I'ruui  ^t.  houis 

Nashville.     At  the  end 

red  a  nat-I)oat  for  the 

,  which  W!is  iiropcllcil 

■,  a  ilistunce  of  sovoral 


forraanco  was  (jivoii  at  the  old  opera-house  on  tlic 
night  of  April  11,  1881,  when  the  Rankins  closed 
•with  the  "  Danitea."  Durin;j:  the  lust  perforiuancc 
the  wo.rkinen  bcjran  tearin;;!;  down  the  house,  and  when 

hundred  inila»,  to  a  point  whom  thoy  wore  cnahlod  to  take  th<' 
atoainer  fur  Now  Orleans,  In  thu  latter  uity  Mrs.  Do  liar  died 
shortly  after  their  arrival,  leaving  iin  infant  ilaughter,  who  after- 
wards herame  Mr,-.  l>e.\ler.  In  1810  ho  went  to  London,  in- 
trodncinft  hin  siiccialty  of  Mtmr  nt  tho  Standard  Theatre,  hut 
returned  to  Now  York  during  tho  same  year  and  obtained  an 
engagement  with  Ilauihlin  iit  the  old  Itowory  Theatre.  I'p  to 
thi!«  time  he  had  autcd  only  trai^ic  or  ^oriu-coniic  eharaeters,  but 
the  low  comedian  of  the  liowery  dying  •ml  lenly,  he  wan  east 
for  ft  low  comedy  r/ilr,  miudi  to  his  disgust.  It  turned  out,  liow- 
ovor,  that  it  was  u  fortnnati'  thing  tor  him,  us  that  lino  of  ihar- 
actors  proved  to  he  his  forte. 

His  next  engiigeiiient  was  at  the  Olympic,  New  York,  of  which 
Mr.  Mitchell  was  the  proprietor,  lie  remained  in  New  York 
Foveral  years,  and  in  ISili  married  his  second  wife.  Miss  Hen- 
rietta Einuia  Adelaide  \'alleo,  »  ballet-dancer,  who  was  born  in 
Philadelphia  in  182s.  She  made  her  ili'l'ni  as  a  danseuso  nt 
the  Walnut  Street  Theatre  in  that  city  in  IS.'ill,  traveled  after 
wards  with  Fanny  Kllsler,  and  in  ISIS  made  a  bit  in  the 
French  S/i;),  She  retired  from  tho  stage  in  New  Orleans  in 
18.-)7. 

Mr.  He  Itar  hocanio  proprietor  of  the  Chatham  Theatre, 
Chatham  Square,  New  York,  in  ISlil,  nnd  froiiucntly  appeared 
as  an  actor.  He  retained  the  theatre  for  three  years,  ami  then 
coinraencod  a  starring  tour  which  busted  for  four  years,  appear- 
ing in  tho  principal  cities  of  the  United  .'^tates.  He  then  re- 
visited Kngland,  where  he  remained  one  year,  appearing  aa 
J/(/»f  to  large  houses  in  London.  On  his  return  to  New  Y'ork  ho 
■tartcil  on  another  "tarring  tour,  and  in  1850  became  stage  man- 
ager at  tho  St.  Charles  Theatre,  New  Orleans,  then  under  thocon- 
trol  of  Luillow  A  Smith.  In  lS.),'i  the  latter  linn  offered  to  sell 
him  for  ten  thousand  dollars  their  franchises,  wardrobe,  books, 
icenery.  and  properties.  T'he  building  hail  been  erected  by  Lud- 
low it:  Smith,  but  they  had  sold  it  to  the  (ins  liank,  taking  a 
lease  for  five  years,  of  which  two  years  were  unexpired.  Mr. 
De  Bar  had  but  two  thousand  Ave  hundred  dollars  at  the  time, 
and  five  thousand  dollars  was  required  to  bo  paid  down,  nnd  the 
balance  in  ono  year.  But  Mr.  He  Bar  being  the  especial  fa- 
vorite of  a  host  of  tho  prominent  young  men  of  the  place,  they 
came  to  hia  assistance  and  bought  enough  season  tickets  at  fifty 
dollars  each  to  make  up  the  amount  of  the  first  payment.  The 
purchase  was  made  and  the  season  proved  so  profitable  that  Mr. 
Do  Bar  realized  a  profit  of  thirty  thousand  dollars.  He  after- 
wards purchased  the  building  and  owned  it  until  his  death.  In 
1853  ho  purchased  tho  St.  Louis  Theatre,  which  had  been  built 
on  Pino  Street  by  iTohn  Bates,  of  Cincinnati,  and  conducted  this 
theatre  successfully  until  18711,  when  ho  leased  it  to  Mr.  Mitchell, 
having  purchased  a  commanding  interest  in  the  Wakefield  or 
Grand  Opera-IIouae,  which  he  continued  to  manage  until  bis 
death.  As  an  actor,  Mr.  De  Bar  was  extremely  popular,  his 
favorite  and  most  succeasful  charactera  being  the  Drmiken  Cor- 
poral in  the  "  Dumb  Girl  of  Genoa,"  Tom  Tape,  Dick  Swivel- 
kr,  the  Artful  Dodder,  Rnarintj  Ralph  Stackpole,  llliienkiii, 
Robert  MacairCf  ToodleK,  the  Mock  Duke,  Tony  Lumpkin,  Mark 
Mtddle,  the  Slage-Slruck  Tailor,  nnd  the  Shakosperian  rClei  of 
Faltlaff,  Touchtlone,  and  the  Grave-Digger  in  "  Hamlet."  His 
Falilaff  was  one  of  tho  famous  characterizations  of  bis  day,  and 
io  it  he  rivaled  Hackett,  During  the  later  years  of  his  lifu  he 
■tarred  in  Kahtaff,  and  everywhere  received  tho  commendations 
«f  the  public  and  the  critics.     Mr.  De  Bar  cherished  the  hope  of 


the  audienec  came  out  tliuy  found  tho  ontiro  front 
torn  away,  and  within  twenty-four  hours  every  vestige 
of  the  theatre,  e.xceptino;  the  four  walls,  had  been  re- 
moved. The  house  was  remodeled  and  refurnished, 
and  is  in  every  respect  a  magnificent  theatre.  The 
buildiiijr  was  reopened  to  the  public  on  the  29th  of 
August,  1881,  on  which  occasion  Mayor  William  L. 
Kwing  delivered  the  dedicatory  addro.«s.  At  the 
close  of  tho  mayor's  remarks  the  curtain  fell  for 
a  moment,  and  rose  upon  a  drop  with  the  figures  of 
the  Mu.scs  painted  on  it.  Miss  Emma  Stockman  then 
appeared,  attired  in  Greek  costume,  and  recited  a 
prologue  entitled  "  The  Mask  of  the  Muses." 

The  curtain  then  rose  on  "  Fritz  in  Ireland,"  with 
J.  K.  Emmett  in  the  title  role.  The  first  audience 
was  a  brilliant  and  fashionable  one,  and  ever  since  the 
opening  the  opera-house  has  enjoyed  undiminished 
popularity.  It  is  one  of  the  most  complete  and  best- 
equipped  theatres  in  tho  country,  and  the  manager 
spares  no  pains  to  secure  the  leading  attractions  of 
the  day. 

St.  Louis  seems  to  hiive  been  a  rather  doubtful  city 
for  theatrical  enterpri.se8  about  1852.  "The  new 
theatre  on  Pine  Street,"  we  are  told  by  a  writer  in  the 
<SV.  Louis  lirpiihUam,"  now  the  Comique,  continued 
to  grow  in  the  favor  of  tho  people.  The  company,  in 
nearly  itU  positions  and  business,  was  immeasurably 
superior  to  the  old  company  of  Ludlow  &  Smith, 
while  the  scenery,  by  Leslie,  and  the  wardrobe  and 
properties  were  such  as  had  never  been  seen  hero. 


appearing  in  tho  character  in  his  native  country,  in  the  same 
theatre  at  which  ho  appeared  as  a  ballet-dancer,  but  died  before 
carrying  this  project  into  execution. 

His  humor  was  unctuous  and  genuine,  and  bis  personal  char- 
acter was  that  of  a  gonial,  warm-hearted  man.  Aa  a  manager, 
ho  introduced  to  tho  St.  Louis  boards  at  various  times  tho  most 
distinguished  operatic  and  dramatic  talent,  with  a  few  excep- 
tions, to  be  procured  in  the  United  States  or  England.  When 
"stars"  appeared  at  his  theatre  ho  frequently  assumed  the 
comedy  rCihn,  thus  greatly  enhancing  tho  value  of  tho  enter- 
tainment. He  was  particularly  kind  to  Lotta,  who  wai  n  favor- 
ite with  him,  and  when  he  appeared  with  her  the  contrast  of 
his  size  nnd  build  with  lier  diminutive  proportions  never  failed 
to  produce  a  ludicrous  effect.  Mr,  Do  Bar  was  identified  with 
the  St,  Louis  stage  as  actor  and  manager  for  a  period  of  thirty 
years,  and  made  a  deep  and  permanent  impression  upon  the 
community,  not  only  by  bis  worth  as  an  actor  and  tact  and  en- 
terprise as  a  manager,  but  also  by  the  joviality  of  his  tempera- 
ment and  his  activity  in  furthering  laudable  enterprises.  The 
immediate  oatise  of  his  death  was  softening  of  tho  brain,  super- 
vening on  paralysis.  Mr.  De  Bnr  waa  a  Mason,  and  a  member 
for  nearly  twenty-one  years  of  Missouri  Lodge,  No.  1.  Hia  re- 
mains were  conveyed  to  Masonic  Hall,  and  lay  in  state  for 
twenty  hours,  after  which  the  funeral  took  place  from  hia  resi- 
dence. No.  1111  Chestnut  Street,  according  to  the  ritual  of  the 
Protestant  Episcopal  Church,  of  which  he  wag  n  member.  The 
body  was  interred  at  Bellefontnine  Cemetery. 


982 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


Still,  ud1c88  the  management  put  out  strong  iittrac- 
tions,  a  bcgf^arly  account  of  empty  boxcB  was  the  in- 
evitable result.  At  that  time  St,  Louis  was  notori- 
ously a  bad  theatrical  town." 

Madame  Bishop,  the  singer,  returned  to  St.  Louis 
iu  Jonuary,  1852,  and  gave  a  series  of  •'  lyric  enter- 
tainments." About  this  time  a  museum  in  the. second 
and  third  stories  of  the  post-oihee  building  whs  opened 
to  the  public.  The  exhibition  comprised  "  a  forest  of 
animals,  a  large  variety  of  birds,  in  which  every  clime 
is  represented  by  several  specimens,  almost  every  spe- 
cies of  reptiles  find  insects,  and  nearly  four  hundred 
ancient  coins."  The  exhibition  occupied  some  six  ur 
seven  large  rooms.  Among  the  historical  objects 
were  numbers  of  the  Uonlon  Kcws- Letter, ''  published 
by  authority,"  from  Monday,  April  18th,  to  Thurs- 
day, April  21,  1720,  a  money-chest  said  to  have  be- 
longed to  William  Penn,  and  the  hilt  and  part  of  a 
sword  said  to  have  been  dropped  by  an  officer  at  Brad- 
dock's  defeat  at  Fort  Du  Quesne.  In  addition  to  these 
were  shown  "  two  of  the  largest  mosaic  specimens  in 
the  country,"  a  number  of  paintings,  eosraoramic 
views,  specimens  of  Chinese  Imndicrafl,  minerals,  etc. 

The  American  Hippodrome  announced,  Aug.  7, 
1852,  that  it  would  exhibit  on  the  "  floating  palace" 
at  the  foot  of  Market  Street.  The  "  floating  palace" 
had  seven  thousand  five  hundred  square  feet  of  space 
in  the  dress  circle,  and  nearly  four  thousand  feel  in 
the  gallery. 

Ole  Bull,  the  violinist,  appeared  in  St.  Louis  early 
in  December,  1852,  and  gave  several  concerts. 

People's  Theatre.— In  the  fall  of  1852,  Dr.  George 
T.  Collins  determined  to  erect  a  new  theatre,  to  be 
known  as  the  People's  Theatre,  and  on  the  21st  of 
August  it  was  announced  that  the  site  of  Stokes' 
Amphitheatre  on  the  south  side  of  Olive  Street,  be- 
tween Third  and  Fourth,  had  been  secured,  and  that 
a  building,  sixty-seven  by  one  hundred  and  twenty- 
eight  feet,  with  a  capacity  for  seating  from  two  thou- 
sand to  two  thousand  tive  hundred  persons,  would  be 
erected.  The  rates  of  admission  were  to  be  re'luoed 
from  tho.sc  previously  charged  in  St.  Louis  to  thirty- 
five,  twenty-five,  and  fifteen  cents  to  the  various  jjuris 
of  the  house.  The  architect  was  George  I.  Barnett, 
and  the  builders,  Joseph  Uodgman  and  William  B. 
Mawzy,  who,  in  connection  with  Otis  Haven,  were  the 
proprietors. 

The  ornamental  work  and  decorations  were  exe- 
cuted by  J.  B.  Laidlaw  and  Thomas  Noxon.  The 
theatre  was  opened  on  the  9th  of  December,  1852, 
by  Hodgman,  Mawzy  &  Haven,  under  the  manage- 
ment of  G.  T.  Collins,  who  wrote  the  opening  address, 
which  was  recited  by  Mr.  Perry.     The  address  was 


followed  by  the  comedy  "  Wild  Outs,"  and  a  nuinljer 
of  songs  and  dances,  the  entertainment  closing  wjili 
a  farce.  Dr.  John  K.  Atkinson  subsequently  hKLMino 
the  manager,  and  among  the  actors  in  the  c(jni|uiiY 
were  Brooke,  in  low  comedy ;  Huntley,  in  old  nun's 
parts;  Perry,  in  genteel  comedy  and  tragedy;  Mrs. 
Reeves,  in  "  singing"  roles ;  Allen,  in  general  work 
and  Mile.  Oceana,  in  dances.  The  orelicstni  was 
under  the  direction  of  J.  Bernard.  Dr.  Atkinson 
did  not  retain  the  management  long,  and  was  .suc- 
ceeded by  Miss  Julia  Bennett.  About  this  tinii>  Sir 
William  Don,  the  English  actor,  played  an  enviifrc- 
ment  at  the  People's.  On  the  Gth  of  March,  1,S,J4 
George  Wood  became  manager,  opening  with  a  sttock 
company  which  included  Mr.  and  Mrs.  Briinidn 
Sallie  St.  Clair,  and  others.  Mr.  Wood  leased  asioru 
on  Fourth  Street,  adjoining  the  building,  and  ciin- 
structed  a  new  entrance  to  the  theatre,  which  wa.t 
reopened  by  the  Kellers,  who  played  to  large  houses. 
Subsequently  J.  H.  McVicker,  of  Chicago,  became 
Mr.  Wood's  stage  manager,  and  played  in  "  Yankee" 
pieces.  The  scenic  artist  of  the  theatre  was  a  .Mr, 
Laidlaw,  who  was  afterwards  murdered.  Among  the 
actors  who  appeared  at  the  People's  Theatre  IViiiu 
time  to  time  were  Peter  ilichings,  Henry  I.  Bateuuui, 
Henry  Perry,  John  Mortimer,  James  Walluek,  Sr., 
and  Edwin  Booth.  The  sensational  plays  "  Pirates 
of  the  Mississippi"  and  "  Wizard  of  the  Wave"  were 
produced  during  Mr.  McVicker's  management,  and 
in  1857  or  1858  William  E.  Burton  played  an  en- 
gagement of  several  weeks'  duration.  The  People's 
Theatre  was  afterwards  transformed  into  a  large  bull- 
ing saloon  conducted  by  Mr.  Lupc. 

The  new  People's  Theatre,  situated  on  the  south- 
west corner  of  Sixth  and  Walnut  Streets,  was  ereeted 
by  Jlitchell  &  Robertson,  the  present  owners,  in 
1881,  and  was  opened  to  the  public  September  10th 
of  the  same  year,  under  the  management  of  W.  11. 
Smith.  The  building  is  three  stories  high,  well  cou- 
h'rueted,  and  is  a  first-class  theatre  in  every  partieular. 
.;-5i  ue  the  opening  none  but  the  best  attractions  iiave 
1'  icn  engai:ed.  The  building  cost  nearly  one  liuudred 
and  twenty-five  thousand  dollars. 

Mr.  and  Mrs.  Barney  Williams  played  an  engage- 
ment in  St.  Louis  in  March,  1853,  during  nliich 
Barney  Williams  appeared  in  the  character  of  Mose. 
Spalding  &  Rogers'  Circus  and  Great  European  and 
American  Show  exhibited  in  St.  Louis  during  the  same 
y>jar.  On  the  24th  of  March,  1853,  James  P.  IJailcy, 
who  had  been  treasurer  for  Ludlow  &  Smith  for  ? 
number  of  years,  died  in  St.  Louis. 

Early  in  December,  1853,  the  Ravel  family  com- 
menced an  engagement  at  Bates'  Theatre,  and  ic  the 


AMUSEMENTS. 


983 


Tiavel  fumily  com- 
Iheatre,  and  ic  the 


latter  part  of  December,  lH5:t,  Miu  Stone  delivered  a 
BoricB  of  lectures  at  the  Mercantile  Library  Hall,  the 
Bubjcot  of  her  lecture  on  the  2Ut  being  "  The  Le^ul 
and  Political  Di.Mabilitieti  of  Woioun." 

Tho  Oornian  Theatrical  Assuciation  conimenci'd  a 
series  of  performances  for  charitable  objects  at  the  , 
Varieties  Theatre  on  tho  17th  of  January,  IBSIJ. 

Matilda  Heron  first  appeared  in  the  role  of  Cumillf, 
in  which  she  afterwards  acquired  such  an  extensive 
reputation,  before  a  St.  Louis  audieiicu  early  in  Janu- 
ary, 1850.  The  enj^ugement  was  originally  for  six 
iiij^hta,  but  such  was  her  success  that  Miss  Heron  pro- 
longed her  stay  in  St.  Louis  to  four  weeks,  during 
which  she  nightly  "  crowded  the  theatre  with  the 
niust  enthusiastic  and  discriminating  audiences."  At 
a  benefit  given  to  MLss  Heron  the  house  is  said  to 
have  been  tho  largest  that  had  ever  assembled  at  any  ' 
theatre  in  St.  Louis,  d:  this  occasion  Miss  Heron  > 
delivered  an  "  addrcsji." 

On  the  19th  of  January,  1857,  Edwin  Booth,  the  1 
famous  tragedian,  made  his  first  oppeurunce  in  St. 
Louis,  personating  Jiiclmrd  111. 

In  the  latter  part  of  April,  1862,  J.  Wilkes  Booth, 
vlio   afterwards  assassinated    President  Lincoln,  ap- 
peared at  the  St.  Louis  Theatre,  playing  Cliarhg  l)e 
Moor  in  "  The  Robbers"  on  the  opening  night  of  his  } 
engagement.  I 

Academy  of  Music. — During  the  winter  of  18ri3 
the  Legislature  of  Missouri  incorporated  the  "Acad- 
emy of  Music  Association,"  with  Truman  Woodruff, 
William  MoKee,  O.  H.  Piatt,  Edwin  Ticknor,  and 
Jnnics  ]>.  Leonard  as  incorporators.  These  gentlemen  \ 
were  empowered  to  form  an  association,  whose  object 
should  be  "  to  erect  u  spaciou.s  hall  and  other  build- 
ings to  accommodate  public  as.semblic8  for  different 
objects,  and  to  furnish  an  adequate  number  of  rooms 
tu  accommodate  private  as  well  us  public  assemblies." 
The  capital,  in  shares  of  one  hundred  dollars,  was  to 
be  one  hundred  thousand  dollars,  with  the  privilege  of 
incrciising  it  to  two  hundred  thousand  dollars.  At  a 
meeting  held  on  tho  24th  of  June,  18G4,  the  Phil- 
harmonic Society  was  invited  to  co-operate  in  the  en- 
terprise, and  the  following  persons  were  appointed  a 
committee  to  solicit  subscriptions :  J.  H.  Lucas,  Francis 
Whittaker,  D.  A.  January,  J.  M.  Krum,  S.  H.  Laflin, 
George  I.  Barnett,  Charles  Balmcr,  H.  C.  Marston, 
George  W.  Parker,  C.  B.  Lord,  Benjamin  Stickney, 
G,  B.  Allen,  0.  D.  Filley,  John  Whittuker,  L.  C. 
Gamier,  John  How,  Henry  L.  Patterson,  Charles  ' 
Taussig,  William  D'Oench,  Edward  Chase,  W.  A. 
Hargadine,  George  Knapp,  Dabney  Carr,  G.  L.  Stans- 
berry,  W.  L.  Ewing,  B.  M.  Runyan,  J.T.  Swcaringen, 
W.  H.  Benton. 


The  project  seems  to  have  lain  dormant  until  tho 
winter  of  1605,  when  another  charter  wa."  granted  by 
the  Legislature,  with  the  following  as  incorporators  : 
Adolphus  Meier,  E.  A.  Fcllerer,  James  H.  Lucas, 
Charles  Speck,  Edgar  Ames,  John  M.  Krum,  M.  L. 
Lintbn,  Charles  Balmcr,  Edward  (/'base,  Charles 
Taussig,  William  H.  Hcnton,  Nicholas  SchacH'er, 
Charles  B  Lord,  Benjamin  Stickney,  William  Robyn, 
Gerard  B.  Allen,  William  D'Oench,  George  W.  I'ar- 
ker,  Charles  F.  Meyer,  George  1*.  Plant,  Henry  A. 
Homyer,  Henry  Shaw,  Felix  Costo,  John  R.  Shepley, 
and  John  II.  Fissc.  Tho  capital  stock  was  fixed  at 
one  hundred  thousand  dollars,  with  tho  privilege  of 
increasing  it  to  three  hundred  thousand  dollars,  each 
holder  of  at  least  five  shares  of  stock  to  be  allotted 
one  reserved  seat  for  all  dramatic  and  operatic  per- 
formances ;  but  no  stockholder  to  have  more  than  tivo 
such  seats,  and  tho  directors  to  have  tho  option  of 
canceling  such  allotment,  after  paying  the  owner  tho 
price  of  the  stock.  Tho  holders  of  tho  seats,  more- 
over, were  to  have  no  share  in  the  profits  or  income 
of  the  corporation.  Charles  Balmcr,  Edward  Chase, 
and  George  W.  Parker  were  appointed  commissioners 
to  open  books  for  the  subscription  to  the  capital  stock. 

On  the  5th  of  October,  1805,  tho  building  known 
as  the  Bowery  Theatre,  situated  on  Broadway,  be- 
tween Cherry  and  Wash  Streets,  was  destroyed  by 
fire,  the  only  property  saved  being  about  one  thousand 
dollars'  worth  of  jewelry  "  which  was  in  a  drawer  in 
the  bar-room"  and  a  few  boxes  of  cigars.  Mr. 
Eshcr.  the  manager,  estimated  his  loss  at  ten  thou- 
sand dollars,  for  half  of  which  amount  he  was  in- 
sured. The  building  belonged  to  the  Rankin  estate, 
and  was  valued  at  fifteen  thousand  dollars. 

Another  structure,  subse<{ucntly  known  as  the 
Broadway  Museum,  was  erected  on  the  site,  and 
this  too  was  damaged  by  fire  in  September,  1807. 
At  that  time  "  the  long  hall  in  the  upper  story"  was 
occupied  by  a  Mr.  llutchins,  who  conducted  a  wax- 
works exhibition. 

Olympic  Theatre. — During  the  autumn  of  1805, 
Moses  Flaniiigan,  of  St.  Louis,  and  G.  H.  Metcalfe, 
of  tho  "  Champs  Ely.sees  Circus"  in  New  York,  de- 
termined to  erect  a  "  Hippotheatrou"  for  circus  per- 
formances, and  on  t'.ie  0th  of  Decembor  it  was 
announced  that  plans  iiad  been  prepared  by  George 
I.  Barnett,  architact,  for  a  building  to  be  situated  on 
a  lot  sixty  by  one  hundred  and  twenty  (bet,  on  Fifth 
Street  opposite  the  Southern  Hotel.  The  building 
was  to  be  constructed  after  the  pattern  of  a  regular 
theatre,  with  a  capacity  for  seating  fifteen  hundred 
people,  and  was  to  be  adapted  to  both  theatrical  and 
circus  performances,  with  a  "  complete  ring  and  stage ;" 


984 


HISTORY   OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


the  entrance  to  the  stiifie  ropn'sontinj:  n  "  palnce  with 
a  fjiiteway  in  the  centre."  The  estimated  cost  of  the 
building  and  its  appointments  wa.s  seventy-five  thousand 
doUar.s.  A.-;sociaied  with  Messrs.  Flannigan  and  Met- 
'■i.ifo  were  Ch:irle.i  Kilers,  Charles  Maurice,  and  Col. 
Klopper.     The  huiiding  was  completed  and  opened 


OI.TMl'IC  "IIEATUK, 
Fifth  Slri'ut,  1 1.  Iioiila,  Mu. 

under  the  management  of  Edwin  Dean  on  the  23d  of 
April,  186G.  on  which  occasion  the  address  was  de- 
livered by  L.  M.  Shreve.  The  performance,  given 
by  Levi  &  North's  company,  was  such  as  is  usually 
seen  in  the  ring  of  a  circus,  beginning  with  a  "  grand 
equestrian  mtree,"  and  embracing  "  single  acts  of 
equitation,  fancy  and  comic,"  etc.    It  continued  under 


thi.s  management  for  a  short  time,  when  Mr.  Flaii- 
nigan  became  involved,  and  borrowed  thirty  thousand 
dollars  on  the  property  from  Dr.  Gilbert  R.  Spaulding 
and  David  Bidwell,  who  were  then  managing  theatres 
in  Memphis,  New  Orleans,  and  Mobile.  At  the 
close  of  the  season  in  1867,  Messrs.  Spaulding  and 
Bidwell  found  themselves  in  pos- 
session  of  the  Olympic.  The 
V    ^  building  was  remodeled  by  Mr. 

;  T~*B!\,  Cbnrles  Spaulding,  who  in  18G7 

opened  it  under  the  manngp. 
ment  of  Spitulding  &  Bidwel!  :u 
a  variety  theatre.  At  the  ckise 
of  the  season  they  entered  into 
a  contract  with  John  W.  Al- 
baugh,  wh  J  assumed  the  raaniii;e- 
ment  during  the  season  of  18G8- 
69.  In  the  spring  of  18(!!1  tliey 
purchased  Albaugh's  interest, 
and  abolished  the  variety  busi- 
ness. On  the  first  Monday  in 
September,  1869,  the  Olympic 
opened  its  doors  for  the  first 
time  as  a  legitimate  theatre,  un- 
der the  management  of  Spimld- 
ing,  Bidwell,  and  Charles  H. 
McDonough.  The  actor  who 
appeared  on  the  following  niglit 
was  Dominick  Murray. 

At  the  opening  of  the  season  of 
1871  the  management  clianucd 
to  Spaulding  &  Pope,  Messrs. 
Bidwell  and  McDonough  dispo- 
sing of  tlieir  interest  to  ('liarlcs 
R.  Pope,  the  actor.  It  e<intiii- 
ued  under  the  management  ot 
Spaulding  &  Pope  for  five  sea- 
sons, when  Mr.  Pope  sold  out  liis 
interest  to  Mr.  Spauldin;:,  who 
has  continued  the  nianngcment 
alone  ever  since.  The  old  Olym- 
pic was  demolished  on  the  ht  of 
April,  1882,  and  the  pro.-ent 
building,  which  is  one  of  the 
most  complete  and  magnificent 
theatres  in  the  West,  was  erec- 
ted on  the  old  site,  on  Fifth  Street  near  Walnut. 
The  structure  was  completed  Aug.  12,  1882,  Ii  is 
of  Indiana  cut  stone,  elaborately  curved  and  orna- 
m' ited,  with  galvanized  iron  cornice,  and  has  a 
frontage  of  one  hundred  and  fifteen  feet  on  Fifth 
Street,  with  a  handsome  entrance  twenty-eight  Icet 
wide. 


AMUSEMENTS. 


986 


St.  Louis  Opera-House. — Euvly  in  1866  it  wos 
(lelermined  to  erect  a  thcAtrc,  to  be  icnown  as  the  "  St. 
Louis  Opera-House,"  on  Fifth  Street,  on  "  the  site  of 
the  old  Gothic  Church"  of  the  Christian  denomina- 
tion, afterwards  converted  into  a  livevy-stable,  be- 
tween Franklin  Avenue  and  Wash  Streets,  and  on  the 
25th  of  February  the  names  of  the  following  persons 
were  announced  as  stockholders : 

D.  A  Januury,  S.  C.  Sharpe,  Lamb  .t  Quiiiliii,  .S.  G.  .Sour-!, 
Or.  J.  K.  Washington,  R.  B.  Lcc,  PortiT  .t  Wulf,  C.  0.  Dutulier, 
H.  F.  Hitolicook,  Fogg,  Miles  4.  Co.,  J.  K.  lilytlie.  .lolin  I'M- 
wards,  Krastus  Wells,  Froubo  ,t  Co.,  A.  II.  Sinilh,  W.  I'.  Rliiy- 
ook,  John  0.  Mclliii,  James  .''pore,  A.  U.  Moroim,  .fiunca  vjoriii- 
ley,  II.  C.  Yeager,  0.  Hart,  Weston 
linsooine,  T.  A.  Buckland,  James  0. 

Itroadhead,  J.  A.  Moodie,  John  J.  ^B^ 

Oiitley,  John  0.  Codding,  0.  W. 
Heycr,  W.  II.  C'ollin»,  D.  Miller,  .S. 
Withiipgton,  Fnulknor  A  Lamb,  Oiis- 
tnvo  Ilobentbal,  F.  Sternberg,  James 
II.  Blood,  C.  A.  Montross,  and  others. 

The  building  was  completed 
during  the  y^ar,  and  in  the 
latter  part  of  September  an  in- 
f(irmal  gatliering  of  the  stock- 
holder.'j  and  their  friends  was 
held  for  the  inspection  of  the 
new  structure.  The  officers  of 
the  coiporation  at  that  time 
were  U.  F.  Lamb,  president  ; 
George  F.  Parker,  vice-presi- 
dent; B.  F.  Hitchcock,  sec- 
retary and  treasurer;  and  H. 
Dunstor,  director  of  amu.se- 
ments.  The  structure  was 
opened  to  the  public  on  the 
Ist  of  October,  the  stage  munugcr,  Mr.  Feiiiio.  deliv- 
ering the  opening  address,  after  which  the  drunia 
■'  Crime  in  the  Metropolis"  was  presented.  At  tirst 
the  building  was  used  ns  a  theatre  .uid  museum  coin- 
biucd,  but  failing  to  prove  remunerative  waa  sold, 
the  principal  purchasers  bein;;  A.  K.  Northrup,  .Mr. 
Lamb,  of  the  fii'm  of  Lamb  &  Gu'nian,  and  others. 
Ill  the  spring  of  1867  it  was  lease!  by  J.  li.  C.  Esher, 
who  reopened  it  as  a  theatre.  Wurly  in  July  the 
"  Naiad  Queen"  was  produced,  but  in  the  12th  the 
theatre  was  destroyed  by  fire.  The  loss  was  estimated 
to  be  two  hundred  thou.sand  dollars. 

Peagle's  Varietiea,  subsequently  known  as  iio 
Adelphi  Tiieatre,  was  ori^Mnally  a  schoolliouso,  sim- 
nted  on  the  east  side  of  Sixth  Street,  between  Locust 
and  St.  Charles,  but  was  leased  from  the  school  board 
by  George  Dcagle,  and  transformed  into  a  variety 
theatre.     Its  name  was  afterwards  changud  t-j  the 


Adelphi,  and  Mrs.  Deafjle  beuatue  the  manager,  but 
did  not  conduct  it  as  a  theatre  longer  than  a  few 
weeks.  Early  in  1877  the  building  was  leased  to 
George  E.  Finch  &  Co.  for  a  livery-stable. 

Pope's  Theatre  occupies  the  site  and  contain)-  part 
of  the  four  walls  which  inclosed  the  old  Unitarian 
Church  on  the  northwest  corner  of  Olive  and  Ninth 
Streets.  The  church  property'  was  purchased  by 
Charles  R.  Pope,  who  transformed  the  edifice  into 
a  handsome  theatre.  The  eiiurch  was  built  in  1851, 
and  occupied  as  a  place  of  worship  regularly  until 
18V!(.  The  valedictory  sermon  was  p-eaclied  by  Rev. 
Dr.  John  Snyder,   Rev.  Dr.  W.  G.  Elliot  a.ssisting 


I'OPE  S    TllEATHK. 

in  the  services,  July  S,  1879,  only  a  few  days  before 
the  work  of  demolishing  the  church  was  begun.  In 
just  seventy-two  days  after  the  workmen  began,  a 
magnificent  theatre  was  completed.  The  building  is 
of  brick,  with  four-fe-jt  walls  all  round  the  outside, 
and  will  seat  two  thousand  and  eighty-seven  persons. 
The  cost  of  the  thei>  '.  with  an  addition.il  improve- 
ment in  liie  summe  o^  S81,  was  one  hundred  and 
ten  thousand  dollars. 

The  theatre  was  opened  Sept.  22,  1871).  The 
usual  address  and  prologue  were  delivered,  after 
which  a  fine  dramatic  performance  was  given,  with 
Lawrence  Bariett,  the  tragedian,  as  JTamlrf.  The 
theatre  is  still  managed  by  ^Mr.  Pope,  whose  liberality 
and  enterprise  have  made  it  one  of  the  most  attractive 
and  ])(ipulnr  p'aei' ■  of  amusement  that  St.  Louis  has 
;  over  known,  and  om^  of  the  most  successful  theatres 
'  in   ii!'.'  country.     When  the  theatre  was  erected  an 


986 


HISTORY  OF  SAINT  LOUIS. 


opinion  prevailed  among  supcrsutious  people  to  a 
great  extent  that  the  transformation  of  a  church  into 
a  place  of  amusement  would  be  attended  by  fiilure, 
but  in  this  case  the  enterprise  has  been  favored,  and 
Pope's  Theatre  continues  to  be  one  cf  the  most 
flourishing  institutions  of  St.  Louis.  Mr.  Pope's 
aim  from  the  beginning  has  been  to  maintain  the 
highest  standard  of  dramatic  art,  and  to  provide  the 
most  superior  attractions  to  be  obtained.  In  this  re- 
spect he  has  met  with  very  gratifying  success.  The 
Union  Square  Theatre  Company  of  New  York  has 
frequently  appeared  at  his  house,  where  also  the  Madi- 
son Square  Theatre  plays  are  regularly  domiciled. 
All  the  attractions  from  the  Boston  Theatre  and  the 
spectacular  plays  of  Kiralfy  Brothers  have  been  pro- 
duced at  Pope's,  besides  the  performances  of  mat.y 
other  first-rate  companies.  Its  advantageous  location 
opposite  the  custom-house  has  much  to  do  with  the 
popularity  of  the  theatre,  which  is  being  continu^My 
extended  and  strengthened  by  the  energy  and  business 
tact  of  the  manager. 

Charles  11.  Pope  was  born  in  1832  at  Orlishausen, 
a  small  village  near  Weimar,  Saxony,  celebrated  as  the 
home  of  Goethe  and  Schiller.  His  father's  name  was 
Uoehr,  and  his  mother's  was  Papst,  or  Pope,  and  on 
entering  upon  his  career  as  an  actor  he  decided  upon 
taking  the  latter's  family  name  (Pope)  as  being  more 
euphonic.  His  father  was  an  architect,  and  a  gen- 
tleman of  fine  literary  attainments.  He  enjoyed  the 
friendship  of  Goethe,  and  was  closely  associated  with 
all  the  men  of  prominence  in  Thuringia,  a  land  well 
known  to  literature  and  art  as  the  "  Saxon  Switzer- 
land.'' He  was  an  advanced  thinker,  and  his  repub- 
lican impulses  led  him,  in  1840,  to  emigrate  to  America. 
He  settled  at  Rochester,  N.  Y.,  where  may  yet  be 
seen  many  monuments  of  his  taste  and  skill  in  the 
churches  and  public  buildings  of  iliut.  beautiful  city. 

The  son  enjoyed  superior  educational  advantages, 
and  for  nearly  two  years  was  under  the  tutelage  of  a 
Jesuit  priest,  from  whom  he  obtained  a  knowledge  of 
several  languages.  At  the  age  of  fourteen  he  entered 
a  printing-ofiBce  in  Rochester,  where  he  remained  for 
three  years,  and  soon  learned  to  contribute  to  the  col- 
umns of  the  paper  ho  was  serving  as  an  apprentice- 
boy.  During  the  .last  year  of  this  engagement  ho 
visited  a  theatre,  and  from  that  moment  he  resolved 
to  go  on  the  stage.  The  actor  who  so  greatly  im- 
pressed him  was  A.  A.  Adams,  a  contemporary  of 
Forrest,  and  a  dangerous  rival  of  that  great  actor,  but 
who  died  before  his  genius  had  reached  its  full  fru- 
ition. Young  Pope  became  a  member  of  the  stock 
theatre  where  i^dams  was  acting,  and  took  the  hum- 
blest parts,  but  he  had  a  good  voice,  and  was  a  careful 


student ;  consequently  he  made  rapid  progress.  In  a 
•few  months  he  left  Rochester  for  Washington,  and 
thence  removed  to  New  York,  where  for  years  he  was 
connected  with  the  Bowery  Theatre  as  utility  actor. 
He  quickly  advanced  to  the  leading  position  in  that 
now  historic  theatre,  playing  such  parts  at'  Mcrvutin, 
Sir  Thomas  Clifford,  Ludomco,  Matih'sw  Elnmre 
etc.  He  played  two  great  engagemon'j  as  support  to 
Edwin  Forrest. 

In  1854  he  engaged  with  Eov:  De  Bar  as  leadin" 
actor  and  stock  star  for  the  St.  Charles  The.  ''c,  Xew 
Orleans.  He  first  appeared  as  Rolla,  and  his  imper- 
sonation wcs  highly  praised  by  both  press  and  prblic. 
In  the  spring  of  the  next  year  (1855)  he  arrived  ia 
St.  Louis  with  Mr.  De  Bar,  and  played  Charhs  Ik 
Moor,  making  a  decidedly  favorable  impression.  At 
the  close  of  the  season  he  returned  to  New  Orlcins, 
but  came  bank  to  St.  Louis  in  the  following  spring. 
He  went  on  a  tour  to  California  with  the  well-knov,'n 
actress  Julia  Dean-llayne,  whose  schoolmate  hv  Im -. 
been  in  Rochester.  When  not  playing  wi'.iv  heir  i' 
starred  as  Claude  Mehwtte,  Othello,  Hiimlet.  Jnr'  m".-. 
•jtc,  and  was  well  received.  This  trip  consumed  abo?. 
a  year,  at  the  end  of  which  he  returned  to  "  the  Slates" 
by  steamer,  and  settled,  with  his  widowed  mother,  at 
Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  where  lie  spent  several  pro.sperons 
years.  In  1858  he  returned  to  St.  Louis  and  on- 
gaged  with  Mr.  De  Bar  as  a  stock  star,  playing  up 
and  down  the  river  until  the  war,  and  performing 
acceptably  all  the  leading  rSles  of  the  legitimate  drama. 

In  1861  he  again  visited  California,  and  spent  three 
years  on  the  Pacific  slope,  starring  in  California,  Wash- 
ington Territory,  Nevada,  etc.  In  1862  he  essayed  in 
San  I'rancisco  for  the  first  time  the  part  of  Cluirles  De 
Moor  in  Qerman,  and  made  a  brilliant  success.  In 
1863  he  became  interested  in  mining  in  Nevada,  and 
for  several  months  retired  from  his  profession  in  the 
hope  of  becoming  a  millionaire,  but  the  expectation 
was  not  realized. 

In  the  fall  of  1864  he  returned  to  New  York  and 
played  a  star  engagement  at  Niblo's  Theatre,  after 
which  he  made  a  tour  of  the  country  in  legitimate 
characters. 

In  the  spring  of  1865  he  appeared  at  the  Stiidt 
Theatre  in  the  character  of  Othello  in  German,  meet- 
ing with  his  usual  success,  and  subsequently  played  the 
r6le  in  all  the  towns  where  there  was  a  leading  German 
theatre. 

In  1867  he  was  married  to  Miss  Margaret  E.  Ma- 
oaulay,  sister  of  the  well-known  actor  B.  Maeaulay, 
of  John  T.  Maeaulay,  the  present  manager  of  Macau- 
lay's  Theatre,  Louisville,  Ky.,  and  of  Oen.  Daniel 
Maeaulay,  then  the  mayor  of  ludianapolio. 


pid  progress.  In  a 
r  Washington,  and 
jre  for  years  he  was 
tre  a."  utility  actor, 
ag  position  in  that 
,  parta  at'  Mcrcutio, 
Matlh'iw  Elmore, 
inon'd  as  support  to 

De  Bar  as  Idadinc 
larles  Thc'^e,  New 
■)lla,  and  his  imper- 
th  press  and  prblic, 
1855)  he  arrived  ia 
played  Charles  Dn 
)le  impression.  At 
ed  to  New  Orleans, 
>e  following  .spring. 
rith  the  well-knovru 
I  schoolmate  he  h.nl 
(laying  witK  her  V< 
3,  Tfamle/.  ///vw";: 
trip  consumed  about 
rned  to  "  the  Slates" 
widowed  mother,  at 
several  prosperous 
St.  Louis  and  on- 
ck  star,  playing  up 
ar,  and  performin;; 
he  legitimate  drama. 
rnia,  and  spent  three 
in  California,  Wash- 
1862  he  essayed  in 
e  part  of  Charles  De. 
rilliant  succe9.s.  In 
ling  in  Nevada,  and 
lis  profession  in  the 
but  the  expectation 

id  to  New  York  and 
iblo's  Theatre,  after 
Duntry  in  legitiiu.ite 

peared  at  the  Stadt 
llo  in  German,  nieet- 
sequently  played  the 
as  a  leading  German 

iss  Margaret  E.  Ma- 
actor  B.  Macaulay, 
.  manager  of  Macau- 
ind  of  Oeu.  Daniel 
iianapolin. 


t  ,/j....I 


4':^  ■ 
■-mi. 


.'"aft 


■r 


98'J 

opinjoo    procailed   nroi.i'.     • ;  ••■ 
greut  pxli.'iit  i.hat  the  ti 
a  pliiee  of"  iiuiiMinii(>nt  v.i  !,..• 
hut  in  iliis  i.aso  t.lif  evtor]^!!. 
Pt'lio'*   ThentrL    Cinitin  art 
rt'iiirWhlrv.'    insdiutiond    •;»    >c. 
Slim  from  llie  bo^Mnuiug  lee  1 
higbeet  sinndard  of  draiaui  ■•  .. 
niofit  Mipi-rior  iittractl'iis  to  lo  ' 
spoet  lie  liiif  iiift  with   vi-r\  gratii'vi 
Union  Square  Th<>ntro  Compm 
fre(pii''it!y  npjwnrcd  ■•t  his  house, 
son   S<|uar!'  Thfutrt-   plays  .n  ■ 
All  the  attractions  from  thi 
spi?i'tn<'uliir  piii/H  of  Kiniifv 
(lucfetl  ut  l'opi''s,  b''^iiKv  II- 
othor  first-ratfl  eou.     -> 
<ippi>bito.  iho  ou"''  1- 
'populariiy  "f  t' •■   ' 
(•x;endc': 
tucl  (if  ■ ' 


IliHTORV 

■l:      I,-  pi- 

.   'A'  A  cllUT<  ' 

...Ir.l  by  '  1 

l....-uih. 
,   11    to 

Mr 

ail'.!  ; 
Ijtairiei-- 

ilVi'.;;   ■ 

•    .i-ft  «rid  th() 
iii.Tii  pro- 
.   ,  -  '  f  ttianv' 
'agcons  locHiic 

tti   do  Vi'v'    -^ 


>«»»)■.  K» *>,.♦,  C('lebr»t<»i^  W  ti- 
ll!-.:  :     ui.Li  ;?•  iiiilar.     Hi-- lather's  isau.-:  wi-s 
Rrt             ■     in  suoiluM-'s  was  Prtpstj  Of  J*ope,  hi;  i  nn 
enieiiiiy;;  upon  hi.<  cai'vor  as  atraptor  ho  defidevi   u. 
tnkin;i  till)  iiitt^rV  !'\mii_y  tiaine  (Pope)  afe  Wui,:  fi-  •■' 
■  4pli<iijii!.     Hi'<  fi'thv^  w;is  uii  archiif-r.  ami  -i  jr- 
tieraan  of  Gil  •  uio^imei.  ujoyid  tt' 
friendship  ol  L'.it!-    aih  w.^s  cionolv  i-ixiutci  wi^- 
all  the  men  nf  prcmLKriCe  in  Thuringta,  u  land  wt 
ku<»wn  to  litorature  and  «rt  us  the  "Saxon  Swi(*;^ 
land."     He  Wfts  an  advuncwd  thinker,  and  hin  r<-put' 
lican  impu'sos  li^d  him, in  l->-tO.  tor^nii^rato  toAuK'iic' 
Ho  settled  at  RocheaitT,  N.  Y.,  whora  infty  yet  h 
si'.en  many  tnontiincutu  of  his  Insti'  and  skill  io  tin 
church*  s  nn^  Tilj'ti'  Imildiiij-rs  of  '.Lai.  i'nauiifu   (">  . 

Th'>  -  ■■  d  Kiipcri-ir  <>ducalionjil    idvr 

and  iov  u-OMily  \'Ji-)  ya^  '  ■     '■     i 

Jo*uit  prii'.it,  fn»rr.  w* 

sev^-rai  laiipu  '  ■       ' 

a  priiil-itijl-othi  1.'  :n  Jl  ' 

tiiroo  \f'ars.  and  soon  i-    . 
umns  of  the  paper  he  wm» 
hoy       Dnrini!  ihr  .Isfil.  ycai        Hii: 
tIh  -  J  »  ihoutre.  lind  from  t'      mn'       i 
th«  iitagH.     The  ■  v 

-  wii«  A.  A.  -^  ' 
'   'I'ucorouH  ri         • 


jiiciitly  he  made  rapid  proerfrv 
■  ria  left  RochiMter  for  Wa.shinrt. 

■<  ;)n  >'Hd  ui  Nvw  York,  whore  for  yen 
..<!  with  the  Bowory  Thiairc  as  utii 
.   vikly  udvaneud  to  the  h'ading  positior 
:-.  la-tovif  thtlitre,  pbyiat;  Nueh  partj<  as  A 

.;•/•   T/i'-Ttlii.x    i'liffoid.     L'ldoviC'J.    Mtirlheir     J. 

.  -.(.'.     He  played  two  ^reat  engoj^enu-nts  ;«  mipp 
'   iirin  Forvi'Kt. 

In  1851  h"'  engaged  with    iJen  D«  Bar  ,»•   ' 
..tor  and  stofk  star  for  the  St.  Charles  Thfn!- 
'lilean*.      yic  fir^t  ai-jmarod  us  H'lJfa.  and  !• 
Koattou  i»:ie  hinli'iV  prais-^d  by  both  press  r.    .  : 
'  [ii  the.  sprif  g  iS  thv  ne\t  jitar  (1853)  1 
'  St.  Louis  with  Mr    De  .'Jar,  and  playmi 
'  J/ "J    tnnV.iiij!  a  d''<  idfcdiy  favurable  ini|i  : 
lh<!  Reason  he  re(  urued  to  .'■ 
,u    .  aok  to  Ht.  Louin  in  the  foli.  ■ 
■-  :i*  JO  a  t' nr  to  Caiifnriiia  with  ti  ■ 
•'•  Juli*  ])i!im  Ilayno,  whohft  scho< 
.    !;  ■        ■■fr      When  not  playinir 
'    .Hrl)i<i!te,  Oihdh.  //■■'/; 
.'.ivcd     This  trip  eoi. 
;  vrhich  hi:  relurn-'d  !  - 


ui  ■ 
th.: 


m  genius  i  .     i- 

'  ci.'JMDC   J.  nKI.ll.- 
\W   H«>litl<!     'Uk' 

■  .  >  good  '■0 


■  sti 


a  ■■ 
■'•nr- 

.v.'th 


■inrf 


1)-/ 


'".!    vitii  his  .vidoW' 

:  nt.  soVf-.;  • 

*.>:    Ill'   r..:!ijC'iiHi   to   St.  L 

Mr.  !>i;  Bar  -.w  a  Btock  "'i! 

nntil  the  wni 

'•  Jillg  r-()/.  .-of  the   ■ 

V  i»it«d  (Iiilifori.i  ! 

■  ilio  sh'pe,  starring  ill  Cati' 

or, ,  N.  yada,  etc.    In  1-^(12 

•o  for  li  •;  first  lime  the  part . 

•uaii.  luvd  (iriili*  a  brilliant 

.^nlO  intiT(»st*;<l  io  mioini.-  ii 

on'hf;     -  !ir.;d  from  lii-i  pr 

!  njiilionairf,  b'l'    I 

i        returned     .  > 
"gag>.inient  at   Nibl.i 
.■|i     I  tour  III"  til-,   ciiiii!  t\ 


;1.     .;'  ill!-'  of  'P<i")  ho  i;ppe,i 
(■;•  ;ri'  m  i  no  eliarai  ter  i  f  Uth<:ll'. 
r.  ■'■it I-   lif  Qsnal  Hiicc(;s«,  and  nabt<'.' 
'.  I!  towns  where  there,  wa"^ 


■  •MiT  lio  was  married  to  Mi'>-   '-• 
■i.i/  ly,  «dter  of  the  welt- kn-/ 
if     din  T.  Mtteaulay.  the  pre.ietit  i.    - 
I  y^   Tiieatre,  Louisville,   Ky.,  nn.i 
■U;auliiy,  then  the  mayor  of  Indian  .- 


apid  pruL'i  ■ 
or  VVfthhu"  '■ 
lore  for  y  ' 
aire  as  ui. 
ing  posit!:- 
h  parij!  as  .1, 

(.  Mii'ihi'i    ;. 

enu'.ats  aa  supp 


I  D«  Bar  .     ' 
harlus  li: 

citli  press  ;'..'l 

185;. 

1  piaviMi  . 
i!)le  iiiipr'.- 
ued  1  - 
.he  fi'iii.x 
with  thi- 
iC  sohool.r. 
plajir'r'  V 

trip ... 
irn.^d 

t   80  V, 
3    St     i 

ock  "  11 


':'^^'^^^^C 


AMUSEMENTS. 


987 


In  1868,  Mr.  Pope,  yielding  to  domestic  considera- 
tions, became  manager  of  the  theatre  at  Indianapolis, 
and  in  1869-70  associated  himself  with  Ben  De  Bar, 
and  for  two  years  managed  the  St.  Charles  Theatre, 
New  Orleans.     In    1870-71   he  managed  the  new 
Opera- House,  Kansas  City,  and  from  thence  removed 
to  St.  Louis  at  the  solicitation  of  Dr.  Gilbert  R.  Spaul- 
ding,  and  entered  into  partnership  with  him,  becoming 
manager  of  the  Olympic  Theatre.     As  a  manager,  ; 
Mr.  Pope  was  as  successful  as  he  had  been  as  an  actor.  > 
He  always  made  money,  even  where  others  failed.    His  ' 
administration  of  the  Olympic's  affairs  was  efficient  and 
prosperous,  and  owing  to  his  exertions  the  people  of 
St.  Louis  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  such  stars  as 
Sothern,  Miss  Neilson,  the  Florences,  etc. 

In  1874,  having  seen  Salvini  in  "Samson,"  "The 
Gladiator,"  etc.,  and  being  strongly  impressed  with  ' 
the  wonderful  genius  of  that  great  actor,  Mr.  Pope  , 
conceived  the  idea  of  appearing  in  .some  of  his  roles;  ^ 
and   Salvini,  having  been   informed  of  Mr.  Pope's  : 
abilities  as  an  actor,  and  his  physical  fitness  for  the 
character  of  Samson,  presented  him  with  a  copy  of  j 
that  play,  which  he  was  himself  acting  at  the  time  I 
with    marked   succes.s.      Mr.   Pope   engaged  W.  D. 
Howells,  the   novelist,  to   make   a   translation,  and 
then  played   the    leading   rdf<:  'i  all  the  pro  unent 
cities   of  the  United   States  and  Canada.     Hv   was  • 
everywhere  received  with  signal  expressions  of  ap- 
proval.    In  1874  he  paid  another  visit  to  California, 
which  was  succeeded  by  a  starring  tour,  in  the  course 
of  which  he  played  in  the  leading  cities,  meeting  with 
great  success  as  Samson,  Mac.Lcth,  Riclwlieu,  Hamlet,  ', 
and  other  legitimate  characters.     In  1876  he  severed 
his  connection  with  the  Olympic  Theatre,  and  became  \ 
manager  of  the  Varieties  Theatre,  New  Orleans,  where 
he  also  played  the  usual  legitimate  repertoire. 

In  1877  he  visited  Australia,  and  opened  at  the 
Theatre  Royal,  Melbourne,  with  Richard  III., 
giving  a  strong  and  vigorous  interpretation  of  the 
character,  which  resulted  in  a  long  and  interesting 
newspaper  discussion,  in  which  Mr.  Pope's  conception 
of  the  crook-backed  tyrant  was  perfectly  justified  and 
his  merits  as  an  actor  fully  conceded.  A  wund  of 
"heavy"  characters  followed,  and  were  thought  to  be 
the  finest  produced  in  that  country  since  the  tragic 
death  of  the  great  and  justly-esteemed  favorite  Gus- 
tavus  Brooke.  He  visited  Sydney,  Tasmania,  etc., 
playing  before  the  leading  public  men  of  the  country, 
whose  friendship  ho  enjoyed.  In  1878  he  returned 
to  the  United  States  via  the  Sandwich  Islands,  stop- 
ping there  a  month,  and  playing  before  King  Kala- 
kaua,  whom  he  had  met  during  that  monarch's  visit 
to  St.  Louis  some  years  before.    Thence  he  proceeded 


to  San  Francisco,  playing  at  the  California  Theatre, 
and  then  to  Indianapolis. 

A  starring  engagement  throughout  the  country  fol- 
lowed, and  in  the  spring  of  1879,  having  a  family 
growing  up  which  it  was  desirable  to  settle,  he  came 
to  St.  Louis,  and  reaching  the  conclusion  that  the 
city  was  in  need  of  a  first-class  theatre,  he  determined 
to  build  one.  The  result  is  seen  in  the  elegant 
'  Pope's  Theatre,"  at  Ninth  and  Olive  Streets,  the 
success  of  which  has  been  one  of  the  theatrical  mar- 
vels of  the  country.  It  at  once  secured  the  favor  of 
the  public  and  the  profession,  and  among  the  attrac- 
tions which  have  appeared  there  may  be  mentioned 
Salvini,  Rossi,  the  Florences,  John  T.  Raymond,  Her 
Majesty's  Italian  Opera  Company,  Ideal  Opera  Com- 
pany, Madison  Square  Theatre  Company,  Union 
Square  Theatre  Company,  Daly's  Company,  Geistinger, 
Gallneyer,  Carlotta  and  Adelina  Patti,  etc.  That  its 
erection  gave  an  impetus  to  theatre-building  in  St. 
Louis  cannot  be  denied,  as  is  evidenced  by  the  beauti- 
ful structures  that  have  since  been  constructed. 

Among  Mr.  Pope's  characteristics  as  an  actor  are  a 
fine  stage  presence  and  an  elegant  carriage.  Tall, 
muscular,  and  sinewy,  he  was  chosen  by  Salvini  as  a 
fit  representative  of  Samson,  the  Bible  hero  of  super- 
human strength.  He  possesses  a  rich,  well-trained 
voice,  and  as  a  reader  combines  both  melody  and 
strength.  A  man  of  research  and  culture,  he  forms 
an  intelligent  and  scholarly  comprehension  of  the  part 
to  be  studied,  and  presents  it  with  superior  grace  and 
dignity.  Of  late  years  his  talents  as  an  actor  have 
been  subordinated  to  the  cares  and  duties  of  manage- 
ment. In  the  latter  capacity,  as  in  the  former,  his 
efforts  have  been  strenuously  directed  towards  the 
elevation  of  the  stage  and  of  the  theatrical  profession. 
His  position  in  the  dramatic  firmament  is  fixed,  and 
his  friends  do  not  fear  a  comparison  with  the  foremost 
actors  of  the  American  stage. 

The  Pickwick  Theatre,  on  the  northwest  corner 
of  Washington  and  Jefferson  Avenues,  was  built  in 
1879-80,  by  J.  R.  Jennings,  who  first  contemplated 
erecting  a  music-hall  on  the  ground,  but  afterwards 
resolved  to  build  a  theatre,  with  a  large  hall  on  the 
first  floor,  and  a  summer-garden  attached.  The  enter- 
prise w;is  completed  May  13,  1880,  when  the  theatre 
was  opened  with  Nathal's  English  Opera  Company. 
The  theatre,  including  tlie  garden,  has  a  frontage  of 
one  hundred  and  eighty-three  feet  on  Washington 
Avenue.  It  is  built  in  the  Renaissance  style,  of  brick 
and  stone,  a  spacious  balcony  extending  along  the 
east  side  capable  of  seating  several  hundred  persons. 
A.  A.  Phillips  supervised  the  construction  of  the 
building,  and  became  the  manager.     Id  the  spring  of 


988 


:S 


HISTORY  OP  SAINT  LOUIS. 


1882  the  garden  attached  was  fitted  up  aa  an  alfresco 
theatre,  where  entertainmentR  are  given  during  the 
suoimer  Bcason.  This  is  b<!autifully  illuminated 
during  the  performance,  and  presents  a  very  attrac- 
tive appearance.  The  seating  capacity  of  ihe  theatre 
proper  is  one  thousand.  During  the  summer  season 
the  al  fresco  theatre  is  leased  to  managers  who  fur- 
nish first-class  attrantions.     The  spacious  hall  is  used 


for  dancing,  lectures,  and  other  entertainmenb 
during  the  winter  season  the  theatre  is  the  heJ 
ters  for  amateur  theatricals.  Many  amateuj 
have  made  their  dibut  here  are  now  successful  I 
J.  R.  Jennings,  of  New  York,  formerly  a  resil 
St.  Louis,  is  the  owner  and  manager.  The  [ 
the  theatre,  including  recent  improvements, 
hundred  thousand  dollars. 


XMD  OV  VOLUUX  L 


3. 


tures,  and  other  entertainments,  whil 
er  season  the  theatre  is  the  headquai 
ir  theatricals.  Many  amateurs  wh, 
dibut  here  are  now  successful  artists 
of  New  York,  formerly  a  resident  o 
e  owner  and  manager.  The  cost  o 
uding  recent  improvements,  was  on< 
id  dollars. 


